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Yolume  G. 


JANUARY. 


Humbgr  1 


Subscription  Price, 
$1.50  a  year. 


SAN  JOSE,  CALIFORNIA,  JANUARY,   1875. 


Single  Copies, 
15  cents. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page    3,  Kditorial.— Wire    in   Dried   Apples. 
Bi'St     Advertisinj^     Medium.      Local 
Movements  in  Bu.siucss.    Notes. 
•■       4.   Editorial  Notes. 

'•  5,  Poetry.— To  a  Dandelion  in  January. 
Courage  to  do  Riylit.  Tlie  Forest 
Trees.  Backbone.  What  are  we  go- 
ins  to  do?  Don't  ruu  in  Debt.  Ac- 
complished. 

••  C,  Editorial.— A  Fine  Stock  Farm  and 
facts  from  Heal  Practice. 

*•      T,  A  Fine  St-ock   Farm   and  facts  from 

Ileal  Practice  (continued).  Jerseys 
vs.  Durhamsand  Ayrshires.  Japan- 
ese Maples.     Etc. 

**  8,  Editorial. —Raisin  vs.  Wine  Grapes. 
Merino  and  Cotswold.  To  prevent 
Ruts  in  Roads.  Shipping  Meat  in- 
stead of  Grain. 

*'  9,  Correspondence.- Experience  of  a 
Lady  Canvasser.  From  Jas.  O.  Har- 
ris. Live  Slock  and  Population. 
Meeting  of  the  National    Grange  in 

Charleston.  Roots  for  Stock  Feed- 
ing Orange  Culture  iu  Upper  Cali- 
fornia. 

••  10,  Domestic— Cooking  Eggs.  Only  fif- 
ty cents  a  Week.    Colored  Inks.    Etc. 

*•  11,  Household  Reading. —Home  (poet- 
ry).—Chats  with  Farmers'  Wives  and 
Daughters — No  2.  Early  Rising.  For 
self  or  for  others.  Ants  vs.  Caterpil- 
lars.   Short-Horn  Statistics.    Etc. 

*♦  13,  Dairy.  —  Somethihg  about  Milk. 
Managing  Cows  in  Holland.  Give 
plenty  of  food  to  Cows.    Etc. 

*•    13,  Poultry    Yard.  —  Eggs    vs.    Meat. 

Sex  in  Poultry.     Gapes  in  Chickens. 

To  insure  the  Hat<;hingof  Eggs.  Etc. 
•*    14,  Apiary.— Bee  Culture  in  California. 

Nature  of  Bees. 

•'  15,  Nature  of  Bees  (continued).- Flori- 
cultural,— Ferns  as  Window  Plants. 
A  Plant  St^nd.  Soil  for  Floriculture. 
Sand  and  Water  for  Cuttings.  Salt 
a.s  Manure. 

*'  IG,  Porcine.— Wheat  and  Vegetables  for 
Hogs.  Feeding  Swine.  Quality  in 
Pork.- Piseicnlturw.- Care  of  Gold 
Fish.  The  Greatest  Ci-op  in  the 
World. 

**  17,  The  Sheep  Herd  —Combing  Wools. 
Every  Farmer  should  be  a  Sheep- 
Grower.  Etc.  When  to  Sell  Wheat. 
Etc. 

18,  The  Horse. — Shall  we  encourage 
Walking  Horses?  How  to  purchase  a 
Horse.  Mules  and  Horses  at  the 
South.    Bonner  as  a  Horse-Fancier. 

Boys  and  CJirls.— Give  us  a  Chance 
(poetry).  Time  waits  for  no  Boy.— 
EducationaL— To  Young  Men.  Ed- 
ucation of  Girls. 

Correspondence. 


Booms,  No.  334  Santa  Clara  st. ,  San  Jose. 

^.  c.  F  s  :ei  is: z IT  s, 

Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County. 

The    Singer    Seiving     Narhine    Conpany 
sold,  iu  1873.  o3a,  444  Macbiues,  aud  113,^54 

UOBB  THAN  ANX  OIBlEA  SsWINO   MACHINE  CuUPANV. 


fi^  We  have  &  First-class  Machinist  emplnyod,  ami 
make  the  repairing  of  all  eorts  of  Sewin;,'  Machinon  a 
specialty.  Old  luachiues  taken  in  exchange  for  new. 
All  work  warranted. 


BEUKSHniE  PIGS  FOR    SALE. 

PON'T    RAISE    SUCH    LOOKING    HOGS 
as  this  when  you  can  get  Pure-bred  Berk- 
shires   to    improve  your    common    stock. 
We  have  now  Three  Pairs  of   as  fine-bred    Berkshire 
Pigs,  three  months  old,  as  can  be   found  in  America, 
which  will  be  8old  to  tboso    first    ordering,  if  taken 
this  month,  at  $40  a  pair. 
Pedigrees  furnished  with   full  guarantee  of  purity 
Addi-esB, 

S.  HARRIS  HERRING, 
Editor   California   Agriculturist  and  Lite 
Stock    Journal,  San  Jose. 


HBSDS. 


OF  EVERY  VARIETY. 

Fieeh  and  reliable,  such  as  experience  and  care  only 
can  select. 
Grass  and  Clover  Seeds,   Kentucky  Bine 

Grass.  Hungaiuan,  Okchaed,  Italian  Bye,  Red  Top, 
Timothy,  MESQurr.  Sweet  Vernal,  Choice  Califoh- 
NLi  Alfalfa,  White  Cloveb,  Red  Clover,  etc. 

Alan,  Ramie,  Jute  and  Tobacco  seeds;  together  with 
a  fine  and  complete  collection  of  Thee  seeds,  Acstha- 
lian  Blue  Gum,  Hkqucha  Gkjantea,  Finds  iNsiGNis.etc 

For  sale,  wholesale  and  retail,  by 


B.  P.  WELLINGTON, 


Importer  and  Dealer. 
425  Washington  street,  San  Francisco. 


mm 

SEEDS. 

Veg  stable 

SEEDS. 


Si)ooncr'.s  Prize  Flower  Seeds. 

SPOONBE'S  BOSTON  MARKET 

VE&ETABLE  SEEDS. 

Descriptive  Priced  Catalogue,  with 
over  150  illustrations,  mailed  free  to 
apidicaut. 

W.  H.  SPOONER,  Boston,  Mass. 


CALIFOI^NIA 
GLOVE  FACTORY, 


SAN   JOSE. 


WILCOX  &  WILLIAMS, 

Manufarturers  and    dealirn  in 

GIiOVSS  AND    eAtJXVTXiZSXS 

Of  all  descriptions. 


Heavy    Bnck    Gloves    for    Teamsters'    and 
Farmers^  U«e,    Heavy  and    Liifjlit  Gaunt- 
lets for  Liadies  and  Gentlemen.  Heavy 
and    I>i<;;^lit    Buckskin    Gloves   for 
Gentlemen,  and  tlie  Moat  Styl- 
ish.    !!iorts     of      Fine     Kid 
Gloves    for   I^adiea. 


ff?"  The  very  best  materials  are  used  in  our  Factory, 

and  skilled  workmanship  is  guaranteed. 

Store  and  Factory:  3^9  First  street,  under  the 
New  Odd  FelloWH'  Hall. 


The  American  Sardine  Go's  Boneless  Sardines,  are 
much  better,  and  less  than  half  the  coBt  of  import- 
ed Sardines.  apr  lyr. 


A  B 

To    All   Who    Require    Light   for 
Household  and  Other  Purposes. 


The  Recent  production  of  "  Mineral 

Sperm,"  together  with  the  peerless  Dual  Burners 
for  all  kinds  cf  lumps,  is  one  of  the  most  important 
events  of  the  times. 

Mineral  Sperm  Oil  is  as  safe  as  sperm  or  lard  oil, 
has  no  offensive  smell,  and  finer  illuminating  power 
than  any  oil  yet  produced. 

YOU  CANNOT   EXPLODE  IT. 

If  the  lamp  should  fall  and  break,  the  oil  would  ex- 
tinguish all  flame.  One  gallon  goes  as  far  as  two  of 
the  best  coal  oil. 

The  Burners  fit  any  lamp.  Call  and  see  them,  at 
L.  H.  HOLLOW  AY'S,  where  you  will  find  a  complete 
assortment  of  Lamps  and  l-amp  Fixlures,  and  also  the 
completcst  assortment  of  Groceries  and  Provieions,  at 
prices  which  defy  competition. 

C.  A.  IZOT7CS, 

Successor  to  L.  H.  HOLLOW  AY,  wbo  will  conduct  the 
bupiness  on  the  same  liberal  principles  and  tc-rnis 
a£  heretofore. 

311  Santa  Clara  Street, 

San  Jose  Bank  Building. 


California  Horticulturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


beeedehs'  dieectory. 


Parties  desiring  to  purcbaee  LivC  Stock  will  find  in 
thiK  l>irect»ry  the  naiueB  of  aome  of  the  most  reliable 
Bretiders. 

Our  Rates. — Cards  of  two  lincB  or  less  will  be  in- 
Bcrtod  in  this  Diroctory  at  the  rate  of  50  cents 
per  month.  A  line  will  average  about  eight  words. 
Paynble  annually. 


CATTLE. 


COL.EMAIV  VOtJlVGER,  San  J"Be.  Santa  Clara 
t'ounty,  Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Hom  Cattle. 

R.  G.  SIVKATH,  Men lo  Park.  San  Mateo  Co  ,  Cal., 
choice  -Jerbey  Cows,  Heifers  and  Bull  Calves  for  sale 

CAKR  <b  CHAPMAX,  Gabllan,  Nontr-roy  county, 
Cal.,  breeders  of  Trotting  Horses,  Bhort-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine. 

R.  B.  CANNON,  Suisun.  Solano  county,  Califorma, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

JOS.  L.  CHARIBBRS,  St.  Johns,  Colusa  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

CHARLIES  CIjARK,  Milpitas,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

C.  COMSTOCK,  Sacramento,  California,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 


J.  BREWSTER,  Gait  Station.  Sacramento  county, 
Cal  ,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle, 


WM.    EXEflllXG,    Napa,    California,-  bi-eeder   of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

C.  B.  POLHEMUS,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Sliort-Horn  Cattle, 

W.  I..  OVERHISER,  Stockton.  San  Joaquin  Co.. 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

WM.  Q,UINN,  San   Jose,   Santa  Clara  countv,  Cal., 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.    B.  REDSIOND.    Black    Point,  Marin   count;, 

Cal .,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

GEO.  R.  VERNON,    Oakland.    Alameda    county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

MOSES  WICK,  Oroville,  Butte  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

CYRUS  JONES  <&    CO.,   San    Jose,   Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeders  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


S.  B,  EMERSON,  Mountain  View,  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  and  Holstein 
Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

J.  R.  ROSE,  Lakeviile,  Sonoma  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 


G.  I>.  MORSE,    San  Francisco,  Breeder  of  Short- 
Horn  and  Devon  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND  GOATS. 


I..  J.  HAN'CHETT,  San  Jiwp,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Oal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.  R.  JEWKIA^    Petaluma,  Sonoma  county,  Cal. 

breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

SKNBCA   DANIEI  S,    Lakeviile,   Sonoma  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 

CUAS.G.  BOCKIVS,  Lomo  Place,  Sutter  county, 
Cal..  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

JOHN  JVDSON,  Bloomfleld,  Sonoma  county,  Cal., 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

A,   MILLARD,  San   Rafael,  Marin  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Jerseys  and  Alderueya. 

H.  P.  I.IVBRMORE,    San  FranciBco,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 


BENNKTT  &  PAGE,   San  Fiancieco,  breeders  of 

Short-Horn  Cattle. 

IiEWIS  PIERCE,  Suisun,  Solano  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattlo. 

S.  N.  PUTNAM,    breeder   of    Pure-bred  Durham 

Cattli',  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 


SWINE. 

a.  HARRIS  BARRING,  San  JoBe,  Cal.,  breeder 
of  Best  Purebred  Berkshire  Swiuo. 

CH.\RL.G:s  CI.ARK,  Milpitas.  Santa  Clara  county, 

Cal.,  brtK-dcr  of  x^urebred  Berkwhire  Swiue, 


MEAT  MARKETS. 


TEDDY  &  BKO.,  Stall  No.  1,  City  Market,  do  a  gen- 
J  eral  butchering  and  nmrket  buaiuess.    City  orders 
delivered  fri^e  of  extra  charj^e. 


MRS,  ROBERT  BLACOW,  Centerville,  near 
NilcH  Station,  Alameda  county,  Cal.  Pure-blooded 
French  Merino  Rama  and  Ewes  lor  sale. 

A.  G,  STONESIPER,  HiU's  Ferry,  Stanislaus  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Sheep. 

A.  VROMAN,  Jenny  Lind,  Calaveras  county,  Cal., 
CotHWold  Bucks  for  sale.  References,  Moody  &  Far- 
ish.  San  Francisco;  Shippee,  McKee  &  Co..  Stockton, 

MARSH  «&  RETICKER,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
county,  breeders  of  Pure  Anyora  Goats. 

LENDRUM  ^  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal.,  im- 
porters and  breeders  of  Pure  Angora  Goats. 

LENORUM  &  ROGERS,  "Watsonville,  Cal.    Im- 
porttTB  and  breeders  of  the  finest  Cotswold  Sheep 
and  Angora  Goats. 


MCCRACKEN  &  LEWIS,    San  Jose,  Cal.    Im- 
porters and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goats.    Alf>o, 
fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 

MEIIINO   RAMS.- Pure   blood    and    Grades.    The 
finest  in  the  State.    Address,  McCrackeu  &  Lewis, 
San  Joso. 

THOS.  BUTTERFIELD  &  SON, 

BKEEDEU8  AND  IMPORTKRe  OF 

ANGORA    OR    CASHMERE    GOATS, 

!^zf"  Also,  Cotswold  and  nthiT  long  wool  Sheep. "^38 

FRENCH  AND  SPANISH  MERINOS. 
HOL.LISTER,      MONTEREY     CO.,      CAL. 

POULTRY. 


M  FALLON,  Seventh  and  Oak  streets,  Oakland, 
Cal.,oflfers  for  sale  Eggs  from  every  variety  of  choice 
Fowls. 

ALBERT  E.  BURBANK,  43  and  44  California 
;\Iarki't,  Sau  Fraucisio,  importer  and  breeder  of 
Fancy  Fowls,  Pigeons,  Rabbits,  etc. 


MISGELLANEO  US. 


DAWSON  4.*  BANCROFT,  U.  S.  Live  Stock  Ex- 
chant,'e,  sdutheast  corner  o4  Fifth  and  Bryant  streets 
San  Francisco.  All  kinds  of  common  and  thorough- 
bred Stuek  always  on  exhibition  and  for  sale. 

BARRY  &  WALLACE.  386  First  street.  Handsome 
tiu-nouts  always  on  hand  at  fair  prices.  Fine  hearso 
for  funerals.    Give  us  a  trial. 

J      H.GORDON,  351  Santa  Clara  street,  below  Second. 
•     Gas,  water  and  Bteam  fitting,  and  general  plxuub- 
ing  business.     Charges  very  mooerate. 


BSANGUINETTI,  418  an4  4-20  First  si.  BookcaBPB, 
•    wardrobes,  kitchen  safes  and  picture  frames  made 
to  order.    Furniture  made  and  repaired. 


W    WARNER   HENRY,  Jobber  of   groceries    and 
,  provisions.  No.  4*21  Clay  street,  near  Sausome. 
Orders  from  the  country  promptly  attended  to. 

TBOSCHKEN,   Hardware,   Builders'   Materials, 
■    Housu  FurniHhing  Utensils,  and  pU  kinds  of  Shelf 
Hardware,  417  First  Street,  San  Jose. 


R.  S.  THOMPSON, 

N.VPA,    (A  I,. 


^f.r^-l.'A'i^ 


IMPOKTER  AND  BIIEEDER  OF 
THOROUGH-BRED 

BERKSHIRE  SWINE. 

~        E.  A.  CLAEK,         ' 
Attorney  at  Law, 

M  liik  i:id  Goscral  Business  A^ent, 

SU:  A  R C  II  1  N  4J   AND  <M>  N  V  K  V  A  N  C  I  N « 
pnniiptly  and  correctly  dnrm— Heal  Kstatebuut^ht 
and  sold.  Ofi-ick;— In  Post  Oflice  Uuildiug. 


LOUIS    CHOPARD, 


J  E  w  E  L  L  l:  li  , 

And   dealer  in 

SPECTACLES  AND  CUTLERY, 

At  Low  Figures* 


BF&.  Watches  and  Jewelry  carefully  repaired. 

AMMO  N  I  A! 

— FOR — 

"WASHIITG 

— AND — 

Cleansing  Purposes. 


THIS  ARTICIjE  is  rNrVERSALLT  USEO 
in  Europe,  and  although  only  recently  introduced 
for  general  family  use  in  San  Francisco  and  neighbor- 
hood, is  already  in  great  demand.  It  is  now  the  in- 
tention of  the  niannfacturers  to  introdiu^e  it  all  over 
the  Pacific  Coast.  With  this  idea  they  olfer  It  at  pricea 
which  bring  it  within  the  reach  of  every  household. 
It  is  unequaled  for  cleansing 

Woolen  Fabrics, 

Cutlery, 

Carpets  or  Croctery, 

Scmbbing^  Floors, 

Wasliin^jT  Paint, 

Removing;  Greastr  Spots, 

Sliampooning'  or  Batliing^. 

It  renders  water  soft,  and  imparts  a  delightful  sense 
of  coolness  after  washing. 


PRICE— Per  Pint  Bottle,  25  cents;  per  Quart  Bottle, 
40  cents;  per  Half  Gallon,  75  cents. 


The  trade  supplied  with  all  grades  of   AMMONL\  at 
San  Francisco  prices. 

D.  MCcSEXVZIS,     ■ 

no  3t  San  Joso  Foundrj",  Sole  Agent. 

Milton  Campbell. 

—  DEALKU   I.N^ 

STOVES, 

PUMPS, 

lEOlT  PIPES. 

TIN  EOOFING, 

ETC.,  ETC. 
385  FIEST  ST.,  near  Central  Market. 

SAN   JOSE. 

SANTA  CLARA  TANNERY. 

JACOB  EBEKHARUT,  I'uoi-rietor. 

ALL  KINDS  OF  LEATIIEU.  SHEEP   SKINS,   AND 
W(^OL.     Highest  price  paid  for  ShuciJ  Skins,  Tal- 
low, Wool,  etc. 

JACKSON  LEWIS. 

DK.M.EIC  IN 

^^  Watches 

and  Jewelry,  Silver  and 
PLATED  "WAHE, 

'■2r><.>  Suntu  Clara  St.,  Sau  Joi^e. 

AGENT  FOR  THE  DIAMOND  SPECTACLES. 


fiMHObit  Liiawy 


6  '5,t.fc.fc 


e  Caii 


m^m^wm 


riciilturist 


Vol.  6. 


SAN  JOSE,  CALIFORNIA,  JANUARY,  1875. 


No.  1. 


Wire  in  Dried  Apples. 

Eds.  Aoeiculturist  : — Consignmenta  of 
Alden  dried  fruits  have  lately  been  received 
by  our  grocers,  which  are  highly  approved 
of  by  the  honse-keepera  of  San  Diego. 
There  is,  however,  one  drawback  to  the 
dried  apples,  and  I  wish  to  know  if  it  is 
an  accidental  one,  incident  to  the  quantity 
shipped  here,  or  whether  it  is  a  usual  de- 
feet  in  the  preserving  process.  I  find 
minute  pieces  of  wire  about  the  thickness 
of  medium  cotton  thread,  and  from  an  inch 
to  half  an  inch  in  length,  imbedded  in  the 
slices,  necessitating  the  overhauling  of  every 
single  piece  preparatory  to  cooking.  I 
think  it  about  as  safe  to  swallow  a  needle 
or  a  pin  as  one  of  these  slight  but  tough 
pieces  of  wire.  A  busy  housekeeper  who 
has  little  time  to  spare  grudges  the  bestow- 
al of  so  much  of  it  upon  a  mess  of  apple- 
sauce. Mrs.  J.  P.  RowE, 

San  Diego. 

We  think  that  the  pieces  of  wire  spoken 
of  by  our  correspondent  must  have  come 
there  by  the  scaling  off  of  particles  of  the 
wire  meshes  upon  which  the  fruit  rested  while 
drying,  owing  to  the  action  of  the  heat  of  the 
furnace  and  acids  of  the  fruit  upon  imperfect 
■nires.  We  never  before  heard  of  such  a 
thing. 


Battle  Mountain,  Nev.,  I 
December  20th,  1874.      j 

Ed.  Agricitltubist.  Dear  Sir: — Please 
forward  me  your  valuable  paper;  enclosed 
please  find  price  of  same.  Will  you  have 
the  kindness  to  inform  me  if  hogs  will  do 
well  on  raw  artichokes,  or  what  general  in- 
formation you  may  have  in  relation  to  feed- 
ing and  fattening  hogs  on  same.  Also,  if 
they  will  do  well,  whore  I  can  obtain  % 
ton  and  at  what  price.       Yours  Kesp'y, 

H.  C.  Emmons. 

Wo  have  seen  hogs  fatten  on  the  ground 
artichoke  on  Spoon  River,  Illinois.  The  hogs 
run  in  the  pastures  where  they  were  grow- 
ing, and  rooted  them  up  as  they  wanted 
them.  We  do  not  know  where  the  roots 
can  be  obtained  nor  at  what  price.  Will 
some  reader  who  has  cultivated  them  here 
answer  and  give  their  experience. 


Best  Advertising  Mediums. 

The  Agricultural  Journals  find  their  sub- 
scribers mainly  among  the  best  class  of  the 
country  population.  They  necessarily  em- 
ploy a  good  deal  of  various  and  special 
talent,  and  expend  on  themselves  a  larger 
amount  of  money  than  other  journals,  and 
must  therefore  obtain  a  larger  circulation  to 
live  and  thrive.  Thus  they  form  a  highly 
important  and  influential  class  of  news- 
papers, and  have  a  peculiar  value  to  adver- 
tisers. Perhaps  no  others  are  read  so  care- 
fully and  thoroughly,  and  so  much  pre- 
served for  re-reading  and  reference. — Ad- 
vcrtwers'  Magazine. 


The  mind  advances  by  steps:   some  men 
take  one,  some  two,  some  three. 


The  San  Jose  Society  for  the  Prevention 
of  Cruelty  to  Animals,  has  just  issued  from 
our  ofiice,  1,000  Constitutions  and  By-laws 
and  the  Act  under  which  the  Society  was  in- 
corporated. It  is  a  16-page  pamphlet, 
pocket  size  with  a  colored  cover,  and 
is  published  for  gratuitous  distribution.  Per- 
sons wishing  to  organize  snch  a  society,  or 
feeling  an  interest  in  this  one  should  send  for 
a  copy.     Every  humane  person  must  approve 

of  its  objects.                                          ;■,.;,,    ..;;; 
*-•-> '    -  ^ 

Lottery  Advertisements-— We  have  just 

received  two  grand  schemes  for  swindling  the 
unweary,  and  been  offered  great  inducements 
to  advertise  the  same.  We  wish  there  was  a 
simple,  plain  law  against  advertising  such 
abominations.  No  decent  paper  will  do  it  to 
be  sure.  It  should  be  reason  enough  why  a 
paper  should  not  be  patronized  by  respectable 
persons  when,  for  money,  they  ■will  encourage 
so  shameful  a  vice  as  the  lottery  business. 


Mr.  J.  J.  H.  Gregory  of  Marblehead, 
Mass.,  has  his  annual  advertisement  in  our 
columns.  He  was  the  original  introducer  of 
some  of  the  best  vegetables  now  found  on 
every  table.  He  comes  this  season  -nath  a 
new  squash,  and  a  number  of  tempting 
specialties,  some  of  which  are  finely  illus- 
trated from  engravings  taken  from  photo- 
graphs. The  fact  that  so  many  of  his 
varieties  of  seed  are  of  his  own  growing, 
is  a  golden  fact  for  farmers  and  gardeners. 
.•-•-» 

The  California  State  Grange  has  never 

authorized  or  given  official  recognition  to  any 
paper  in  this  State  as  an  organ  of  the  Grange 
movement.  Whatever  has  been  published 
has  been  done  as  private  speculation  by 
Individuals,  at  their  own  discretion.  The 
idea  has  prevailed  that  certain  papers  are 
Grange  organs,  and  should  be  respected  as 
such.  Patrons  should  not  allow  themselves 
to  be  humbugged. 

• — <  •  > 

Sugar  Beets  for  Stock. 

In  a  paper  before  the  Little  Falls,  N.  T., 
Farmers'  Club,  Harris  Lewis  said:  "  I  have 
concluded  that  the  best  varieties  of  the 
French  and  German  sugar  beets  are  the  most 
nutritious,  the  most  acceptable  to  the  cow, 
and  produce  the  best  flavored  milk  of  all  the 
roots  I  ever  fed.  But  all  these  sugar  beets 
go  down  to  the  crown  in  the  soil,  and  cost 
three  or  four  times  as  much  labor  per  ton  to 
harvest  them  as  it  does  to  harvest  any  one  of 
the  kinds  of  beets  known  as  the  mangold 
wurzel.  Again,  the  sugar  beets  seldom  yield 
more  than  20  tons  per  acre,  while  the  man- 
gold wurzel  often  j-ields  over  40  tons  per 
acre.  I  would  recommend  the  large  wurzel, 
such  as  the  Norbiton  giant,  long  mammoth, 
red,  yellow  ovid  and  yeUow  globe,  for  gen- 
eral cultivation,  as  those  kinds  that  will  give 
the  greatest  yield  per  acre,  and  as  cattle  food, 
give  entire  satisfaction  to  all  dairymen  or 
cattle  feeders,  who  maj-  grow  and  feed  them 
in  connection  with  hay,  or  other  dry  forage, 
during  the  winter.  The  more  I  feed  beets  to 
cows  the  greater  value  I  place  upon  them,  as 
good,  nutritious,  health-promoting  food. 


LOCAL  MO  VEMENTS  IX  BUSINESS. 

A  fine,  large,  new  jewelry  store  has  been 
opened  at  324  Santa  Clara  street,  San  Jose, by 
L.  Houriet  &  Co.  It  is  ahead  of  anything  in 
San  Jose  in  the  magnificence  of  its  appoint- 
ments and  amount  of  stock. 

Business  is  extending  up  First  sWeet  quite 
rapidly.  San  Jose  seems  to  be  in  a  prosper- 
ing condition — more  so  than  for  several  years 
past,  if  we  are  to  judge  by  the  growth  of 
business. 

John  Rock  has  opened  his  yard  in  San  Jose 
for  the  sale  of  all  sorts  of  fruit,  ornamental 
and  shade  trees,  plants  and  vines,  etc.,  both 
out  of  door  and  green-house.  Mr.  Henu  is 
his  salesman  again  this  season,  and  the  stand 
is  at  the  same  place,  near  Wells,  Fargo  & 
Co's.,  First  street. 

Our  old  friend  and  partner,  Mr.  L.  H.  Hol- 
loway,  has  sold  his  grocery  store  to  a  gentle- 
man named  Huff,  who  takes  possession  the 
first  of  this  month.  Mr.  Holloway  goes  to 
San  Francisco  to  engage  in  the  same  business 
in  connection  with  a  publication  to  be  devoted 
to  the  grocery  trade,  so  we  understand. 

A  new  glove  factory  has  opened  attractively 
at  330  First  street,  under  the  new  Odd  Fel- 
lows' HalL  This  is  an  enterprise  that  is 
bound  to  succeed,  as  already  the  demand  for 
California  made  gloves  has  run  out  the  cheap 
trash  that  is  imported  to  make  money  on. 


Refonn  Journals. — Says  an  exchange: 
"Journalism  in  the  line  of  reform  is  very 
difiicult  business.  Somebody  has  to  make 
sacrifices,  and  generally  the  last  ones  who  are 
willing  to  make  them  are  those  who  are  most 
to  be  benefitted  by  their  being  made."  The 
reason  why  this  is  so  seems  to  be  this:  the 
majority  of  men  and  women  prefer  amusement 
to  Instruction,  and  would  sooner  be  flattered 
in  their  vices  than  to  listen  to  reproof  or 
make  an  eflbrt  at  correction.  It  is  more  con- 
venient to  run  in  the  ruts  of  social  opinion 
than  to  stem  the  current  in  pursuit  of  some- 
thing better.  The  majority  of  mankind  dis- 
like to  reason  or  act  out  of  the  narrow  circle 
of  conventional  ways  and  ideas. 


The  Santa  Clara  Valley  Agricultural 

Society  hold  an  annual  meeting  for  the  elec- 
tion of  oflicers  on  the  7th  of  this  month.  An 
attempt  will  be  made  by  those  opposed  to  re- 
form to  perpetuate  the  horse  racing,  and  pool 
selling,  and  liquor  selling  features,  while 
those  who  would  see  the  society  conducted 
\nth  the  object  of  advaucing  the  faa*mera' 
interests  and  not  as  a  horse  race,  will  oppose 
it.  The  life  membership  is  $50,  which  is  so 
high  that  but  few  farmers  can  afford  to  take 
memberships.  This  gives  the  jockeys,  who 
can,  for  the  "benefits"  derived  from  their 
' '  avocations  ' '  afford  to  join,  a  chance  for  a 
majority. 


^'.o 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


•i 


I « ^ive  ^faiik^aurti<tl,i 


S.  HAEEIS  HEEEING  &  CO., 

Etliturs  and  Publishers. 


OFFICB:  Over  the  San  Jose  Savinjofs  Bank, 
Balbaeh^M  BuiUliti^,  Santa  Clai'u,  Street, 
near  First,  San  Jvae. 


SFECIAL  TESUS  TO  A0E17TS. 


RATES  OF  ADVERTISING. 

Per  one  Colnmn ....¥15  00  Per  Month 

"    half  Column 8  00    *• 

"    fourth  Column 4  00    *'        " 

'*    eighth  Column 2  00    **        •• 

"    Bixtebiith   Column .,    1  00    •*        •' 

K^  We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  to  our  resolution 
to  admi*  none  but  worthy  bnsinesfi  advertising  in  our 
columns,  and  to  keep  clear  of  patent  medicine,  liquor, 
and  other  advertinemeDts  of  doul)tfTil  influence. 

The  large  circulation,  the  desirable  clasp  of  readers, 
and  the  neat  and  convenientform,  renders  thiB  Journal 
a    choice   medium  for  reaching  the  attention  of  the 


EDITOEIAL  NOTES. 


stock  Breeders  will  find  it  to  their  advan- 
tage to  extend  the  circulation  of  this  journal. 
The  general  farmer  who  reads  its  columns 
must  become  impressed  with  the  importance 
of  keeping  more  and  better  stock.  Indeed, 
the  fact  that  the  most  important  part  of  a 
good  farm  is,  or  should  be  its  live  stock,  is 
one  that  is  worthy  of  being  widely  discussed. 
The  very  best  agricultural  writers  express 
themsblves  in  this  way,  and  the  very  best  far- 
mers are  the  ones  who  best  know  how  indis- 
pensable good  stock  is  upon  a  farm  that  pro- 
duces the  maximum  of  profit. 

The  Reformer  who  expects  to  be  appre- 
ciated for  the  eft'orts  he  or  she  may  make  in 
behalf  of  humanity  in  any  direction,  or  in 
any  cause,  is  entertaining  a  fallacioiis  notion, 
and  the  sooner  their  mind  is  disabused  of 
such  dreamings  the  better.  The  only  real 
success  is  in  the  accomplUhment  of  good,  and 
thfit  should  be  the  main  thought — self  should 
be  least  thought  of.  The  reward  of  phil- 
anthropy is  enjoyed  by  those  on  whom  good 
deeds  are  bestowed.  The  giver  must  depend 
for  his  reward  in  a  subhmo  faith  that  all 
must  bo  well  that  results  from  well  doing; 
very  seldom  does  a  reformer  become  popular 
with  the  masses,  the  great  majority  of  them, 
hard  working  and  poor,  move  through  this 
world  without  the  plaudits  of  mankind,  and 
frequently  more  scorned  than  admired. 

We  have  tried  the  Ammonia  for  Washing 
advertised  liy  ]>.  McKenzio.  Wife  Rays  it 
saves  one-third  the  labor  and  leaves  the 
clothes  beautifully  white  and  clean.  It  dis- 
solves the  dirt,  and  little  rubbing  is  required 
to  cleanso  tlie  clothes. 


The  Grangers'  Guide  is  a  new  publication 

of  twenty-four  pages,  published  by  Bro.  Earl, 
who  is  an  officer  of  the  Grangers'  Immigrant 
Bureau.  Although  published  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  Grangers,  it  is  really  a  private 
speculation,  as  much  as  any  other  paper.  It 
may  have  a  mission  to  fill,  and  it  may  fill  it. 
The  paper  makes  a  very  credible  appearance, 
but  gives  a  very  glowing  and  one-sided  ac- 
count of  the  country.  It  is  published  osten- 
sibly to  induce  immigration  to  this  State,  and 
to  show  immigrants  where  homes  can  be  ob- 
tained at  a  reasonable  cost.  How  much  of 
self-interest  is  involved  we  are  not  able  to  say. 

The  man  who  undertakes  to  establish  a 
manufactory  for  the  production  of  any  article 
on  this  coast  has  got  to  fight  his  way  against 
importers  and  dealers  generally.  The  starch 
factory  that  was  started  in  our  county  some 
years  since,  was  actually  crushed  by  imjjort- 
ing  parties  who  held  the  monopoly  of  the 
trade,  through  dealers,  and  who  had  enriched 
themselves  at  the  people's  expense.  The 
furniture  manufactory  in  San  Jose,  is  an  ob- 
ject of  special  spite,  and  the  importers  wiU 
do  the  best  they  can  to  kill  it.  The  furniture 
made  at  this  factory  is  better  than  has  ever 
been  sold  for  the  same  money  in  San  Jose, 
and  we  hope  that  whoever  wants  such  articles 
as  they  manufacture  will  patronise  the  home 
factory,  in  preference  to  being  humbugged 
with  imported  goods. 

Carl  Brown. — San  Jose  can  lay  claim  to 
an  artist  who  promises  to  gain  for  himself 
considerable  distinction.  Mr.  Carl  Brown 
came  here  last  Summer  at  the  call  of  Mr. 
Brohaskie  to  paint  new  style  scenery  for  his 
theater.  The  rapidity  and  excellence  with 
which  he  brought  out  new  scenery  was  the 
astonishment  and  delight  of  all  theater-goers, 
and  did  much  to  make  the  "Opera  House" 
popular.  Lately  Mr.  Brown  has  been  paint- 
ing portraits,  which  have  gained  him  much 
credit.  He  has  also  patuted  a  battle  scene 
which  exhibits  a  large  conception  of  the  ideal. 
Having  settled  here,  and  being  of  an  enter- 
prising disposition,  he  has,  in  addition  to  the 
use  of  his  pallet,  opened  a  skating  rink  on 
the  Opera  House  floor,  where  the  active  youth 
of  San  Jose  can  devote  some  of  their  surplus 
vitality  to  physical  development. 

The    California    Agriculturist    is   not 

moved  to  San  Francisco.  It  is  still  jiubUshed 
at  San  Jose,  and  will  most  probably  continue 
to  be  for  some  time  to  come.  We  have  had 
no  notion  of  moving.  Although  we  claim  as 
our  field  the  whole  broad  land  of  the  Pacific 
States,  yet  wo  are  content  to  call  San  Jose 
our  home.  When  it  was  announced  that  Mr. 
G.  W.  Henning's  paper,  which  ho  calls  the 
Granijer,  was  going  to  be  moved  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, many  persons,  owing  to  similarity  in 
the  sound  of  names,  took  us  for  the  Granger 
man,  and  I'lcc  versa.  There  has  been  a  good 
deal  of  "confusion  worse  confounded, "  first 
and  last,  since  we  unfortutuitely  associated 
his  name  with  ours  for  two  months  in  1H73. 
It  will  b(^  recollected  that  the  ValifornUi  (jrangcr 
was  started  soon  after  that  short  partnership 
was  abruptly  ended.  When  wo  would  not  be 
roped  into  receiving  bribe  money  for  advo- 
cating the  interest  of  a  political  party,  and  ' 
could  not  be  persuaded  to  give  up,  at  his  own 


terms,  our  interest  in  the  Agbicultithist, 
which  we  estabhshed,  the  threat  that  the  Ag- 
BicULTDBisT  should  be  killed  was  freely  made. 
We  had  always  objected  to  making,  or  at- 
tempting to  make,  the  AoaicpLTtrEisT  an  or- 
(/an  of  any  society  or  party.  Wo  preferred  to 
be  free  and  untrammelled;  to  discuss  "any 
matters  in  the  interests  of  the  farmers  with 
but  one  motive — the  farmers'  good.  Without 
authority  from  the  Grangers,  but  as  a  catch- 
word, the  name  (granger  was  given  to  Hen- 
ning's paper.  While  Henning  was  in  the 
AoKicTTLTnEisT  he  put  at  the  head  of  this 
journal,  contrary  to  our  expostulations,  claim- 
ing that  he  had  the  authority  and  the  right  so 
to  do,  these  words :  ' '  The  AGRiciTi.TtrBiST 
having  been  recognized  as  the  only  organ  of 
the  Patrons  of  Husbandry  on  the  Pacific 
Coast,  we  respectfully  solicit  the  aid  of  the 
officers  of  Granges  in  making  it  a  perfect  ex- 
ponent of  the  principles  and  working  of  the 
Order,"  etc.  On  complaint  of  the  proprie- 
tors of  the  Rural  Press  to  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  State  Grange,  the 
Committee  wrote  to  "Herring  &  Hen- 
ning," ordering  us  to  take  down 
that  announcement  as  it  was  made  without 
authority,  etc.  And  they  further  declared 
that  they  desired  to  recognize  no  paper  as 
an  organ,  but  trusted  to  the  good  wiU  of  the 
whole  intelligent  press  to  favorably  discuss 
and  advocate  the  Grange  interests.  Thi 
sentiment  suited  us,  and  a  modest  person 
would  naturally  think  it  would  have  satisfied 
Mr.  Henning.  But  the  first  thing  he  did 
when  we  dissolved  partnership,  was  to  start 
the  California  Granger.  He  might,  with  as 
much  propriety,  have  called  it  the  Grangers' 
Confidence.  By  taking  up  the  popular  cry, 
and  assuming  a  name  that  would  imply  au- 
thority in  Grange  matters,  our  "would-be 
leader "  led  ofl'.  But  now  th.at  he  has  de- 
parted from  our  town  to  San  Francisco  to 
take  the  wind  oxit  of  the  sails  of  our  old 
rival  the  liural  Press,  we  surely  ought  to  be 
satisfied.  It  is  an  ill  wind  that  blows  nobody 
good.  We  condole  the  Jiui-al  Press  on  their 
acquisition  of  such  a  rival.  The  Rural  Press 
has  always  given  a  gi-eat  deal  of  Grange  in- 
telligence and  has  been  faithful  and  sound 
upon  all  questions  concerning  Patrons.  Its 
advice  has  been  reliable,  and  it  is  a  good 
agricultural  as  well  as  Grange  paper.  We 
shall  be  sorry  to  see  the  Rural  demolished 
although  when  it  is  out  of  the  way,  we  may, 
by  having  one  less  agricultural  paper  on  this 
coast  to  contend  with,  bo  able  to  gather  a 
larger  harvest  of  subscribers. 

Christmas  has  passed  ofl",  as  did  Thanks- 
giving Day,  quietly  with  us,  but  not  the  less 
as  a  holiday.  It  was  joy  enough  to  see  the 
many  happy  faces  and  hear  the  laughing 
voices  out-welling  with  kindness.  Why  can- 
not the  world  always  be  as  cheerful?  Alas! 
for  the  selfishness  that  takes  from  our  lives 
so  much  of  good  will  and  joy  that  might 
come  from  well-doing.  These  holidays  come 
like  gleams  of  sunshine,  and  it  the  clouds 
they  rend  would  only  stay  away  during  the 
whole  year,  our  days  would  always  bo  happy, 
and  as  good  as  "  Christmas  and  New  Year" 
all  the  time.  Let  us  all  remember  that  as 
long  as  thoro  is  a  chance  to  improve  it  is  our 
duty  to  progresB. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Dandelion   in  January. 

J  ju.i  make  a  mistako,  my  darling? 

Dirt  you  bear  the  joy-bells  riug, 
Det'p  iu  the  tanKle  of  Rraesfs, 

Till  yoii  tUouj/ht  it  was  surely  Spring? 
,  And  forth,  in  your  winbome  beauty. 

You  st<;iiiif(l  with  a  modest  ail*, 
Mntchiufi  the  golden  weather 

With  the  grace  of  your  golden  hair. 

It  iR  not  in  the  least  6urpriBing 

That  a  sUy  60  tender  ag  this 
ShuuM  wakeu  the  dreaming  flowers 

As  if  with  an  April  kiss. 
Indeed,  the  marvel  is  only 

That  all  the  beautiful  train 
Violet,  fiuow-drop  and  lily. 

Do  not  troop  hither  again. 

If  we,  with  our  grown-up  learning. 

Wero  not  BO  dreadfully  wine, 
We  should  oi-rtrtinly  think  that  Summer 

^Vas  standing'  before  our  eyi^s; 
For  hurc  are  her  glorious  colors, 

And  here  in  her  fervjd  sun. 
Tray,  how  could  you  tell,  little  flower, 

Her  reign  was  over  aud  dune  ? 

But  what  will  you  do  when  a  morning 

ShaU  come  to  your  dwelling-place. 
And  si:"wl  with  a  dnrk  displeasure, 

Into  your  laughing  face? 
"Where  will  you  hide  in  the  morning 

That  shatters  your  house  so  fair, 
And  weaves  a  glitter  of  hoar-frost 

Ovei'  your  faded  hair? 

Not  with  the  touch  of  April. 

Not  with  the  breath  of  May, 
Cometh  the  chill  old  Winter, 

Her  weight  on  your  heart  to  lay. 
My  poor  little  dandelion. 

When  you  heard  the  joy-bells  ring, 
Why  did  you  not  wait  and,  listen, 

Aud  be  sure  that  it  was  Spring  ? 

Up  from  the  tiny  flower 

Came  a  voice  as  fine  as  a  thread: 
I  tell  you.  in  ench  an  hour, 

I  couldn't  lie  still  in  bed; 
And  to  see  this  Indian  Summer, 

And  its  light  as  clear  as  May, 
Is  worth  whatever  mny  happen 

On  yoiu"  dread  wintry  day. 

Courage  to  Do  Right. 

We  may  have  conrnge,  all  of  us. 

To  start  at  honor's  call. 
To  meet  a  foe.  protect  a  friend. 

Or  face  a  cannon  ball; 
To  show  the  world  one  hero  lives — 

The  foremost  in  the -fight- 
But  do  we  always  manifest 

The  courage  to  do  right? 

To  answer,  nol  with  steady  breath, 

And  quick,  unfaltering  tongue. 
When  tierce  temptation,  ever  near. 

Her  syren  song  has  sung  ? 
To  care  not  for  the  bantering  tone. 

The  jest  or  studied  slight; 
Content  if  we  can  only  have 

The  courage  to  do  right? 

To  step  aside  from  fashion's  Gour.^«, 

■     Or  cnstom's  favored  plan. 

To  pluck  an  outcast  from  the  street. 

Or  help  a  fellow  man? 
If  lint,  then  let  us  nnbly  fry, 

llenceforth.with  :ill  our  might, 
In  every  case  to  muster  up 

The  courage  to  do  right. 


The  Forest  Trees. 

BY  ELIZA  COOK. 

Up  with  your  heatls,  ye  sylvan  lords! 

Wave  proudly  iu  the  breeze: 
For  oar  cradle  bands  and  colfin  boanle 

Must  come  from  the  forest  trees. 

Wo  blesa  ye  for  yonr  Summer  shade, 
When  our  weak  limbs  fail  and  tii-e; 

Our  thanks  are  due  for  your  Winter  aid, 
When  wo  pile'the  bright  log  Are. 

Oh  I  where  would  be  onr  rule  on  the  sea, 

And  the  fame  of  the  sailor  band; 
Were  it  not  for  the  oak  and  cloud-crown'd  pIno 

That  spring  on  the  quiet  land? 

When  the  ribs  and  masts  of  the  good  ship  live 

Ami  weather  the  gale  with  case; 
Take  his  glass  from  the  tar  who  will  not  give 

A  health  to  the  forest  trees. 

Ye  lend  to  Life  its  earliest  Joy, 

And  wait  on  its  latest  page- 
In  the  circling  hnop  for  the  rosy  boy, 

And  the  easy  chair  for  Age. 


The  old  man  tottere  on  his  way. 

With  footsteps  sbt»rt  aud  slow; 
But  without  the  stick  for  his  help  and  stay, 

Nor  a  yard'  length  could  he  go. 

The  hazel  twig  in  the  stripling's  hand 

Hiith  magic  power  to  please; 
And  the  trusty  stafl  and  sleuder  wand 

Are  pluck'd  from  the  forest  trees. 

Ye  are  seen  in  the  shape  of  the  blessed  plow 

And  the  merry  ringing  flail; 
Ye  shiue  in  the  dome  of  a  monarch's  home. 

And  the  sacred  altar-rail. 

In  the  rustic  poYch,  the  panoU'd  wall, 
In  the  gay  triumphal  ear; 

In  the  rude-built  hut,  or  the  banquet  hall- 
No  matter,  there  ye  arel 

Then  up  with  your  koads,  ye  pylvan  lordsl 

Wave  proudly  iu  the  breeze; 
From  our  cradle  bands  to  our  coflin  boards, 

We're  in  debt  to  the  forest  trees. 


Backbone. 

When  you  see  a  fellow-mortal 

Without  fixed  aud  fearless  views. 
Hanging  on  the  skirts  of  others, 

Walking  in  their  cast-oft'  shoes, 
Bowing  low  to  wealth  and  favor 

With  uncovered,  abject  head, 
Keady  to  retract  or  waver' 

Willing  to  be  driven  or  led; 
Walk  yourself  with  firmer  bearing. 

Throw  your  mortal  shoulders  back. 
Show  your  spine  has  nerve  and  marrow — 

Just  the  things  which  his  must  luck. 

When  you  see  a  theologian 

Hugging  close  some  ugly  creed. 
Fearing  to  reject  or  question 

Dogmas  which  his  priest  may  read. 
Holding  back  a  noble  feeling. 

Choking  down  each  manly  view, 
Caring  more  for  fonus  aud  symbols 

Than  to  know  the  good  and  true; 
Walk  yourself  with  firmer  bearing. 

Throw  your  mortal  shoulders  back, 
Show  your  spine  has  nerve  and  marrow — 

Just  the  ihings  which  his  must  lack. 

WTien  you  see  a  politician 

Crawling  through  contracted  holes, 
Beggiug  for  some  fat  position 

In  the  ring  or  at  the  polls, 
With  no  sterling  manhood  in  him, 
Notliing  staple,  broad,  or  sound. 
Destitute  of  pluck  or  ballast, 

Double-sided  all  around; 
Walk  yourself  with  firmer  bearinpf. 

Throw  your  mortal  shoulders  back, 
Show  your  spine  has  nerve  and  marrow- 
Just  the  things  which  his  must  lack, 
A  stronger  work 
Was  never  heard 
In  sense  and  tone 
Than  this — backbone. 

A  modest  song  and  plainly  told — 

The  text  is  worth  a  mine  of  gold. 

For  many  men  most  sadly  lack 

A  noble  stiflne  s  in  the  back,  —[Sol. 


What  Are  We  Going  to  Do? 

What  are  we  going  to  do,  good  friends. 

In  the  year  that  is  to  come, 
To  baftle  that  fearful  fiend  of  death 

Whose  messenger  is  rum  ? 
Shall  we  fold  our  hands  and  bid  him  pass. 

As  ho  has  passed  before, 
Leaving  his  deadly  poisoned  draught 

At  every  unbarred  door? 

What  ai'e  we  going  to  do,  good  friends. 

Still  wait  for  crime  and  pain. 
Then  bind  the  bruises,  and  heal  the  wounds. 

And  sooth  the  free  aKam? 
Let  the  flend  still  torture  the  weary  wife. 

Still  poison  theconiing  child. 
Still  break  the  suffering  mother's  heart. 

Still  drive  the  sister  wild? 

Still  bring  to  the  grave  the  gray-haired  sire, 

Still  miirtvr  the  brave  youn^^  soul. 
Till  the  vyaters  of  death,  like  a  burning  stream, 

O'er  the  whole  great  nation  roll; 
And  poverty  take  the  place  of  wealth. 

And  sin  and  crime  and  shame 
Dnig  d..wn  to  the  very  depths  of  hell 

The  highest  and  proudest  name? 

Is  this  our  mission  on  earth,  good  friends. 

In  the  years  that  are  to  come? 
If  not.  let  us  rouse  aud  do  the  work 

Against  the  spirit  of  rum. 
There  is  not  a  soul  so  poor  and  weak. 

In  all  this  goodly  land. 
But  against  this  evil  a  word  may  speak, 

And  lift  a  warning  hand. 

Then  lift  awaming  hand,  good  friends. 

With  a  cry  for  home  and  hearth. 
Adding  voice  to  voice,  till  the  sound  shall    sweep, 

Like  the  rum's  death-knell,  o'er  the  earth. 
And  the  weak  and  wavering  shaU  hear. 

And  the  faint  grow  brave  and  strong. 
And  the  true  and  good  and  great  and  wise 

Join  himds  to  right  this  wrong. 


Don't  Run  in  Debt« 

Don't  run  in  debt— never  mind, never  mind 

If  your  clothes  are  all  faded  and  torn; 
Fix  "em  up,  make  them  do;  it  is  better  by  far 

Than  to  have  the  heart  weary  and  worn. 
Who  will  love  you  the  more  for  the  set  of  your  hat, 

Or  your  rufif,  or  the  tie  of  your  shoe; 
The  style  of  your  boots  or  shade  of  cravat, 

If  they  know  you're  in  debt  for  the  new? 

Good  friends,  let  me  beg  of  yon,  don't  mnJn  dcT)t, 

It  the  chairs  and  the  enfa  ai-e  old; 
They'll  fit  your  backs  better  than  any  new  set 

Unices  they  are  paid  for— witli  gold. 
If  the  bouse  is  too  small  draw  the  closer  together, 

Keep  it  warm  with  a  hearty  good  will; 
A  big  one,  unpaid  for.  in  all  kinds  of  weather. 

Will  send  to  the  warm  heart  a  chill. 

Don't  nin  in  debt— dear  girls,  take  a  hint, 

If  the  fashions  have  changed  since  laft  season. 
Old  Nature  is  out  in  the  very  same  tint— 

And  old  Nature,  methinks,  has  some  reason; 
But  just  say  to  your  friends,  I  cannot  afford 

To  spend  time  to  keep  up  with  fashion, 
My  purse  is  too  light  and  honor  too  bright 

To  be  tarnished  with  such  silly  passions. 

Gents,  don't  run  in  debt— let  your  friends,  if  the  want. 

Have  fine  houses  and  clothing  and  flowers; 
But,  unless  they  are  paid  for,  be  more  of  a  man 

Than  to  envy  their  sunshiny  hours, 
If  you've  money  to  spare,  I've  nothing  to  say. 

Spend  your  dollars  and  dimes  as  you  please; 
But,  mind  you,  the  man  who  bis  note  has  to  pay 

Is  the  man  who  is  never  at  ease. 

Kind  husbands,  don't  run  in  debt  any  more, 

'Twill  fill  your  wife's  cup  full  of  sorrow, 
To  know  that  a  neighlmr  may  call  at  \oxir  door 

With  a  bill  you  must  settle  to-morrow. 
O.  take  my  advice— it  is  good— it  is  truel 

But,  lest  you  may,  some  of  you,  doubt  it, 
I'll  whisper  a  secret,  bow,  seeing  'tis  you— 

I've  tried  it,  and  kJiow  all  about  it. 

The  chain  of  a  debtor  is  heavy  and  cold. 

Its  links  all  corrosion  and  rust; 
Gild  it  o'er  as  you  will,  if  is  never  of  gold; 

Then  spurn  it  aside  with  disgust — 
"I've tried  it,  and  know  all  about  it,'* 


rAccomplished. 

Softly  fell  the  twilight  sha<low, 

Overbill  and  vale  and  dell, 
And  the  moonbeams,  soft  and  radiant, 

Kissod  the  tree-tops  as  they  fell; 
While  wituin  a  low-walled  chamber 

On  a  rude  couch  lay  a  child, 
Pale  and  fragile  as  a  lily. 

With  a  sweet  face,  pure  and  mild. 

On  her  brow  was  stamped  the  impress 

Of  the  holy  band  above. 
And  from  out  her  eyes  so  lovely 

hhune  the  lightof  heavenly  love. 
"  Mother,"  aud  the  pale  lips  parke<l 

With  a  trembling,  gasping  moan— 
"  Mother.  I  must  die  ami  leave  you: 

Die  and  leave  you  all  alone. 

"  All  alone,  for  father  is  not 

Like  the  father  I  once  knew — 
Stong  and  upright  in  his  manhood, 

Gentlr,  loving,  kind  and  true. 
I  have  wept'and  prayed,  oh!  mother. 

How  I've  beggetl  that  Ood  would  hear 
lly  petition  for  my  father, 

And  you,  my  mother  dear. 

"  I  am  dying  now,  dear  mother. 

And  before  another  dawn 
I  shall  bid  farewell  to  earth  life — 

Who  will  love  you  when  I'm  gone  ?" 
The  form  beside  the  couch  there  kneeling 

Trembled  as  with  pain  of  death. 
The  white  face  from  out  the  pillows 

Kobe,  while  with  deep  drawn  breath 

Spoke  the'mother,  'mid  her  weeping, 

Sti-uggling  with  a  nameless  dread— 
"Oh.  my  child,  my  precious  darling! 

Can  I  live  when  vo\i  are  dead  ?" 
Then  another  form  rose  upright, 

Tremblii;gly  approached  the  bed, 
Fell  upon  his  knees  beside  it. 

And  in  broken  accents  said: 

"  Child,  I  will  care  for  your  mother, 

•And  if  God  calls  yuu  away, 
I  will  love  her  as  you've  loved Iier. 

Hear,  mv  darling,  while  I  pray. 
Our  i'ather."— low  the  words  came. 

Choked  with  sobs  of  grief,  and  sl<»w, 
*'  Spare  our  darling!    If  she  mtst  die. 

Give  us  fitrengtn  to  bear  the  blow. 

"  And  again.  Oh,  Father!  hear  mo 

While  upon  my  knees  I  vow, 
I'll  forever  leave  the  wine  cup 

Which  has  brought  me  thus  so  low." 
"  God,  I  thank  thee,"  the  child  murmured. 

Drooping  low  her  lovely  head; 
Then  a  hush  reigned  in  the  chamber. 

And  the  fair,  sweet  child  was  dead. 


KNOWLEDGE  is  no  burden. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


A  FINE  STOCK  FARM   AND  FACTS 
tFROM  REAL  PRACTICE. 

On  a  clear,  bright  December  morning, 
Buch  as  would  be  called  a  Spring  morn- 
ing in  any  other  country,  we  found  a  seat 
on  board  the  Southern  Pacific  train  and 
rode  to  Mountain  View  Station.  Along 
the  road  farmers  were  busy  plowing  and 
putting  in  crops  of  grain.  The  early- 
sown  and  volunteer  fields,  and  the  pas- 
tures, were  as  densely  green  as  fields  and 
pastures  get  to  be  in  the  Atlantic  States 
in  the  month  of  May.  The  only  sign  of 
Fall  and  Winter  was  the  slight  frost  that 
in  places  shone  white  as  spotless  snow,  in 
contrast  to  the  tender  green,  and  the 
nearly  leafless  trees, whose  freshly  strewn, 
drifted  leaves  rustled  beneath  the  tread, 
as  all  Autumn  leaves  do.  A  blending  of 
Spring  and  Autumn  at  once  inspired  the 
soul  with  its  life  and  tinged  it  with  sad- 
ness. The  bright  skies,  the  singing  birds, 
and  the  green  fields  said  Spring,  and  new 
life,  and  joy,  while  the  work  of  Autumn 
was  as  clearly  visible  in  bleached  stub- 
bles and  '.  lien  leaves. 

From  Mountain  View  Station,  which  is 
a  small  railroad  village,  containing  the 
usual  taverns,  saloons,  stores,  blacksmith, 
etc.,  we  walked  some  three  miles,  past 
several  snug  little  farms,  past  the  old 
town  of  Mountain  View,  which  was  estab- 
lished before  the  railroad  was  built,  a 
better  looking  place  than  the  new  one, 
but  composed  of  about  the  same  number 
of  inevitable  saloons,  etc.,  and  past  more 
neat  farms,  until  we  finally  halted  at  the 
fine  stock  farm  belonging  to 

S.  B.  EMERSON. 

This  is  a  farm  we  have  long  contem- 
plated visiting.  Mr.  E.  has  been  fairaing 
where  he  now  is  over  twenty  years.  His 
experience  has  been  varied  and  large,  and 
he  has  given  as  much  attention  to  the 
breeding  of  valuable  farm  stock  as  any 
man  in  the  State.  We  not  only  desired 
to  see  Mr.  Emerson's  farm  and  to  look  at 
his  stock,  but  to  obtain  facts  and  get  his 
ideas  on  the  jiiost  essential  matters  per- 
taining to  his  business  as  a  farmer,  so  as 
to  report  his  methods,  etc.  Not  finding 
him  at  home  when  we  arrived,  wo  found 
in  his  foreman  of  the  stock  yard,  Mr. 
Jerome,  an  intelligent,  kind  and  trusty 
man,  and  from  him  gained  much  useful 
information. 

On  Mr.  Emerson's  return,  we  were  in- 
duced to  remain  all  night,  and  although 
he  did  not  introduce  us  to  his  wife,  wo 
were  treated  as  generously  by  a  bachelor, 
in  a  bachelor's  abode,  as  tho  most  hospit- 
able lady  in  the  land  could  have  treated  a 
husband's  friend.  But  how  a  good-look- 
ing man  with  a  farm  can  be  engaged  in 
the  fine  stock  business  without  a  wife,  is 
sometliing  of  wliich  the  public  ought  to 
have  a  right  to  Jemaud  an  explanation. 

As  we  do  not  often  ramljle,  if  our  read- 
ers will  excuse  the  license  we  have  taken 
in  this  long  preamble,  we  will  proceed  to 
business. 


For  several  years,  Mr.  Emerson  has 
paid  a  good  deal  of  attention  to  raising 
fine  dairy  stock.     He  imported  the  first 

HOLSTBIN    STOCK 

to  this  Coast,  and  has  taken  several  first 
premiums  on  them  at  diflferent  fairs.  He 
has  now  the  fine  Holstein  bull  Oppodoes 
8th,  which  lie  is  serving  to  about  fifty 
fine  heifers,  the  product  of  another  fine 
Holstein  bull  and  Durham  cows  selected 
on  account  of  their  good  milking  quali- 
ties. The  Holstein  stock  is  large,  black 
and  white,  not  admired  so  much  for  form 
as   for   milk-producers.     The   cross  with 


Short-horns  has  greatly  improved  the 
looks  of  the  stock,  and,  as  the  Durham 
cows  were  all  fine  for  milk,  while  it  has 
giveen  a  greater  beef  value  to  the  heifers, 
it  has  probably  not  detracted  from  their 
which  took  first  premiums  at  the  State 
Fair  this  season. 

value  as  milkers.  These  heifers  he  holds 
at  $150  each.  Mr.  E.  has  now  some  45 
head  of 

DURHAM  cows  AND  HEIFERS, 

full  bloods  and  grades,  worth  $100  and 
upwards  each.  To  these — several  of  which 
have  now  young  calves  by  Sheriff",  and 
are  giving  large  quantities  of  milk — be  is 
serving  the  fine 

IMPORTED  BTJIiL,  SHERIFF. 

This  is  the  bull  Mr.  E.  imported  last 
season  together  with  the  cows  Cambridge 
and  Isabella,  the  pedigrees  of  which  here 
follow: 

SUERIFF,  red;  calved  8tli  June,  1870;   bredby  A.  J. 
Kobarts,  Esq.,  Lillingstone  Dayrell,  Bucks, 
Euglaud;  got  by  Cberry  Unke  *ij7.'iii, 
Dam  Seraiihiua  3d  by  Knyiil  Essex  *18(i67, 

—  Spangle  by  Fitz  Clarence  *H479. 

—  Seraphine  by  Sweet  William  *'7.571, 

—  Seraphiiia  by  Earl  ot  Essex  "1)955; 

—  Suppliire  by  Stratton  *5336, 

—  Kuby  by  Fanatic  *1996, 

—  Rule  by  Red  Rover  *-J902, 

—    by  Kufns  *^576, 

—    by  Empei*or  "1014. 

S.  B.  Emerson. 

Isabella  23d,  roau;  calved  21lh   Fcbiuary,  1872; 
got  by  Kuigbt  of  Canada  [7:!(;],  (H13, 
Dam  Isabella  14tli  by  Tith  Duke  of  Nortbumber- 
land  47 14, 

—  laabflla'id  by  Buccaneer  "11217, 

—  Isabella  Howard  by  the  Yeoman  "12220, 

—  Idalia  by  Lord  Marlboro'  "7166, 

—  Is:ibel  by  Belshazdar  "1703, 

—  Iniogcne  by  Argus  "579, 

—  Sister  to  Isabella  by  Pilot  '496, 

—    bv  Agamemnon  "9, 

—  by  Mr.  IJurrell's  Bull  of  Burden  "1796. 
S.  B.    Emekson. 

Cambuuige  12tli,   red;    calved    ISt.li    Marcb,  1S70; 
got  by  (Iralid  Duke  of  Oxfonl  [325],  5733, 
Dam  Cabrilgc   8th  by   Graud    Duke    of  Morton 
5732, 

—  Clicriy  Tie  by  Lord  of  the  North  "1 1743, 

—  Celi;t  Ity  3d  DuUa  of  Ntn-tliiiinburland  "3G47, 

—  Conillower  l>y  B;iahaw  "11192, 

—  (.Columbine  by  Helmsmiin  "2109, 

—  Columbia  by  Columella  *904, 

—  Cbarl»)ttina  by  Kegent  "544, 

—  Charlotte  l*;i!atiiie  by  I'abitine  *478, 

—  Charlotte  by  r;ilmtlo\ver  "480, 

—  Crimson  by  TalrioC  ''4sri, 

—  Young  Milbank  by  Drillield  "223, 
_  by  Mr.  C.  Holmes'  Bull  '314, 

S.    B.  Emekson. 
AiUDRiK  DtiKE  3d,  red;  calved  "tli  .Inly,  18?  1;  bred 
by  <•.  Ij-Vaiinietrr,  Clark  county,  Kentucky; 
got  by  Airdrie  Duke,  .WUb, 
Dam  (icm'.5lb  l>y  I)i(d<  Taylor  "S.'iOH, 

—  ({rni  2(1  by  Foiilham  Duke  of  Oxford 

—  (iem  (imported)  bv  Broker  "9993, 

—  (iulnare  by  Norfulk  "2377, 

—  Mcdora  by  Ambo  "tiI36, 

—  Blossom  by  .Mcuninn  "2295, 

—  Sister  to  Isabella  tiy  Pilot  "496, 

—     by  Agamcuinon  *9, 

_     by  Burrell's  Bull  of  Burden  TA'a. 


2803, 


Airdrie  Duke,  5306,  by  Airdrie,  2478;  dam  Until 
2d  bv  2d  Duke  of  Airdrie  *19C0O;  g.  d.,  Ruth  by 
Challenger  (imported)  324,  &.c. 

Dick  Taylor,  5508,  by  Airdrie,  2178;  dam,  Ruth 
by  Challenger  (iniporl<ul)  324,  &c. 

Fordham  Dnke  of  Oxford,  2863.  by  Duke  of 
Gloster  •11382;  dam  Oxford  5th  by  Duke  of  Nor- 
Ihbmberland  'igiO,  &c. 

Challenger  (imported)  334,  by  4lh  Duke  of  York 
*101()7;  dam  Chanlot  by  Usurer  *9763,  &c. 

Airdrie,  2478  (Ued  Roee  tribe),  by  Duke  of  Air- 
drie »12736;  dam  Duchess  by  Buena'Vista  299,  &c. 
Mr.  Thornton,  the  celebrated  English  auctioneer, 
reports;  "  I  saw  the  Bull  Airdrie,  rising  thirteen 
years  old,  a  m;ignilicent  anim;il.  not  too  lirge,  but 
exceedingly  symmetrical,  stylish  and  handsomi!, 
with  a  splendid  head  and  line  masculine  charac- 
ter." 

S.  B.   Emeeson, 

From  each  of  the  above  cows  Mr.  E. 
has  now  bull  calves  some  three  or  four 
months  old,  sired  by  the  celebrated  Air- 
drie Duke  3d.  These  are  really  beautifnl, 
show  all  the  points  of  good  breeding,  and 
are  valued  at  $500 each.  Parties  desiring 
to  improve  their  stock  would  do  well  to 
examine  this  herd  of  cattle. 

HORSES. 

As  Mr.  E.  carries  on  a  very  large  farm, 
it  is  necessary  for  him  to  keep  a  good 
many  horses.  He  says  that  for  the  first 
ten  years  he  made  a  great  mistake  ia 
breeding  the  "thoroughbred"  running 
and  trotting  stock  for  farm  use,  and  lost 
thousands  of  dollars  in  the  experiment. 
Let  "  professionals"  say  what  they  will, 
he  knows  that  such  stock  is  not  worth  ten 
cents  for  farm  purposes,  and  don't  want  a 
drop  of  such  blood  in  horses  for  farm 
work.  They  are  too  small;  too  nervous 
and  excitable;  lack  the  disposition  and 
ability  to  work,  and  are  neither  easily 
managed  nor  tit  for  farm  use. 

THE  PUNCH  AND    CLYDESDALE 

are  the  horses  he  breeds  from.  Good 
common,  useful  American  mares  bred  to 
Punch  and  Clydesdale  stallions  produce 
the  best  horses  for  the  farm  by  all  odds. 
Mr.  E.  was  very  emphatic  in  his  asser- 
tions on  this  point,  and  evidently  with 
reasons. 

SHEEP. 

For  several  years  Mr.  E.  kept  a  flock 
of  several  hundred  sheep,  Spanish  Meri- 
no breeds,  on  his  farm.  They  were  pro- 
fitable in  clearing  the  land  of  foul  weeds, 
etc.,  but  he  now  has  nothing  but 

PURE    COTSWOLDS. 

These  he  believes  to  be  the  most  profita- 
ble sheep  for  farmers  with  limited  range 
of  pasture  to  keep.  His  oiiiniou  is  that 
the  best  wool  is  i)roduced  on  sheep  that 
are  about  half  Cotswold  and  half  Merino. 
He  had  sheared  from  lambs  one  to  three 
years  old,  which  were  bred  from  Spanish 
Merino  ewes  and  i)ure  Cotswold  rams,  on 
an  average,  twenty  pounds  of  highest 
priced  wool  annually.  Ho  is  now  pro- 
ducing a  fine  lot  of  Cotswolds.  Some  of 
those  imported  last  season  from  Canada 
are  probably  as  fine  as  any  in  the  world. 
Mr.  Emerson  believes  in  the  principle 
that 

EVERY     FARMER     SHODLD     RAISE 
MEAT, 

and  not  rely  on  a  butcher's  wagon  to  come 
round  two  or   throe   times  a  week.     It  is 


2in-\ 


California  AoRicuLTURist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


poor  economy  to  buy  what  can  be  better 
produced  at  home.  Ho  has  given  little 
attention  to  any  speeial  breed  of  hogs, 
but  prefers  the  Essex  and  Berkshires  to 
any  others  for  his  own  use.  When  he 
wants  meat  ha  always  has  a  fat  pig.sheep, 
steer,  or  some  kind  of  poultry  at  hand, 
which  cost  but  little  to  produce. 
He  has  also  a  family  (?) 

ORCHAED,  VINEYARD  AND   GARDEN, 

which  supplies  the  principle  portion  of 
his  fruit  and  vegetables.  Owing  to  the 
dryness  of  his  soil,  it  is  not  protitablo  nor 
convenient  to  produce  all  sorts  of  vege- 
tables without  irrigation.  For  this  pur- 
pose, and  to  supply 

WATER  FOR   HIS  STOCK, 

a  wooden  pipe  runs  back  some  two  miles 
to  the  hills.  Large  tanks,  holding  many 
thousand  gallons  of  water,  are  jirovided 
as  a  reserve.  From  these,  iron  pipes  run 
to  the  several  yards  and  stables,  where 
are  ample  watering  troughs  conveniently 
situated. 

A  LARGE  BARN 

shelters  several  hundred  tons  of  excellent 
hay.  Long  sheds  are  winged  on  either 
side  to  stable  the  stock ;  also  L's  at  one 
end  for  stock,  arranged  into  separate 
stalls.     In  large  corrls  are 

IMMENSE    STACKS   OP  STRAW. 

Every  season  all  the  straw  produced  on 
the  farm  is  carefully  stacked  for  the  stock 
to  feed  upon  whenever  the  feed  in  pas- 
tures is  short  and  when  Winter  storms 
make  the  soil  soft  and  easily  poached. 
We  saw  a  portion  of  a  straw  stack  ten 
years  old.  Mr.  Emerson  says  that  the 
straw  improves  with  age.  The  cattle, 
horses,  and  sheep  like  it  best.  It  seems 
to  be  easier  masticated  and  digested  after 
it  remains  in  stack  a  few  years.  Instead 
of  scattering  his  straw  in  the  pastures  he 
lets  the  stock  run  to  the  stack  and  help 
themselves.  What  straw  is  trampled  un- 
der feet  makes 

EXCELLENT  MANURE 

with  the  droppings  of  the  animals.  This 
is  applied  to  the  surface  in  the  hay  fields. 
This  (last)  season  the  Emerson  farm  pro- 
duced 400  tons  of  hay,  wheat  and  volun- 
teer hay.  Mr.  E.  says  that  when  cut  at 
the  right  time  he  considers  barley  hay  the 
best.  The  only  objection  is  the  beards. 
Wheat  hay  is  better  than  any  other  be- 
sides barley.  Next  ranks  rye  and  oats 
hay.  Our  California  hay,  from  sown 
grains,  is  better  than  Eastern  timothy. 
To  his  milch  cows  and  work  horses  plenty 
of  good  hay  with  ground  barley  and  wheat 
bran  is  liberally  fed;  and  good  hay  is 
given  to  other  fine  stock  when  pastures 
are  short. 

HOLDINO    HAT    FOR  A    GOOD  PRICE 

is  a  regular  practice  in  years  of  plenty. 
In  this  way  Mr.  E.  says  that  his  hay  has 
averaged  him  at  least  $20  per  ton  ever 
since  ho  commenced  to  farm.  The  same 
with 

WHEAT    AND    OTHER   GR.UN, 

of  which,  last  year,  he  raised  24,000  bush- 


els. By  holding  for  a  good  price  when 
it  is  cheap,  he  has  made  his  wheat  bring 
him  on  an  average  not  less  than  $2  25  per 
hundred  pounds.  For  instance,  in  18C3, 
wheat  fell  to  1/i,  and  by  holding  one  year 
it  rose  to  3}^.  At  another  time  he  held 
on  to  his  wheat  three  years  to  get  his 
price,  and  got  it. 

SYSTEM  op  CULTINATION. 

The  soil  on  this  farm  is  rather  lighter  than 
the  average  of  valley  lands — such  soil  as  dries 
out  quickly  in  unfavorable  seasons.  Mr.  E. 
says  his  experience  is  that  the  best  grain  is 
produced  when  the  soil  is  plowed  not  over 
three  inches  deep.  To  cultivate  deeper  is  a 
waste  of  team  power,  and  productive  of  no 
good  results.  After  plowing  for  grain,  whether 
it  is  done  early  or  late,  the  soil  is  thoroughly 
harrowed.  A  Buckeye  drill  is  used  to  sow 
the  grain.  Forty  pounds  of  White  Austr.alian 
wheat  is  drilled  in  to  the  acre.  The  drills  are 
run  as  deep  as  the  plow  runs — about  three 
inches.  An  average  of  ten  acres  a  day  can  be 
put  in  with  the  drill.  Much  better  results 
are  gained  from  using  the  driU  than  from 
broad-cast  sowing,  to  say  nothing  about  the 
saving  of  seed.  Where  grain  is  grown  this 
year,  hay  is  grown  next,  and  the  third  year 
the  iield  is  pastured.  His  stubble  fields  are 
are  also  pastured  every  season.  Mr.  Emer- 
son's farm  is  divided  into  convenient  fields 
for  this  system  of  rotation.  He  believes  that 
pasturing  a  field  is  better  than  summer-fal- 
lowing it.  His  system  of  taking  ofi'  a  crop  of 
hay  and  then  pasturing  leaves  the  land  clean 
of  all  foul  weeds,  so  that  his  grain  is  always 
clean.  His  hay  is  also  clean,  and  of  first 
quality,  and  his  pastures  are  always  rich  in 
nutritious  feed.  This  systen  of  cultivation 
enriches  his  farm.  It  wiU  produce  better 
crops  now  than  it  would  twenty  years  ago. 
He  says  that  one  year  with  another  his  farm 
produces  forty  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre, 
and  it  is  not  uncommon  that  sixty  bushels  are 
taken  from  a  single  acre".  While  the  raising 
of  stock  is  profitable,  it  makes  his  farm,  for 
hay  and  grain,  much  more  valuable.  No  far- 
mer can  aflford  to  carry  on  a  farm  in  Califor- 
nia without  stock  enough  to  make  some  such 
system  practicable.  Think  of  a  drj'  farm  of 
7.50  acres  producing  400  tons  of  hay,  24,000 
bushels  of  grain,  mostly  wheat,  and  keeping 
130  head  of  horses  and  cattle,  besides.  And 
what  this  man  has  done,  cannot  others  do? 
There  is  as  much  in  system,  or,  in  other 
words,  in  the  man,  as  there  is  in  the  soil. 
And  what  is  done  on  a  large  farm,  where  so 
much  hired  help  is  necessary,  surely  can  be 
better  accomplished  on  a  small  farm,  where  a 
man  can  at  once  supervise  and  do  the  most  of 
the  work  himself. 

We  must  not  forget  to  mention  the  imple- 
ment house, or  shed,  where  the  Pitt's  thi-esher, 
thresher  engine,  header,  grain  cleaner,  plows, 
harrows,  drill,  wagons,  etc.,  are  sheltered. 
Also,  the  blacksmith  shop,  where  all  the  tools 
necessary  to  repair  and  mend  any  machine  on 
farm  can  be  found.  Mr.  Emerson  himself 
learned  the  use  of  tools  and  the  carpenter 
trade  when  a  bej',  and  he  has  a  handy  man 
whose  business  it  is  to  keep  all  implements, 
buildings,  etc.,  in  repair.  He  was  making 
steel  plow  points  the  day  we  were  there.    The 


saving  that  any  farmer  can  make  by  having 
shelter  for  his  imi^lements,  and  a  set  of  tools 
so  as  to  be  able  to  repair  the  most  of  his  own 
farm  machines,  is  worth  considering.  Mr.  E. 
remarked,  "  H  we  did  not  take  care  of  and 
repair  our  own  tools  and  machinery,  it  would 
take  all  wo  can  make  to  pay  blacksmith  and 
store  bills." 

There  are  many  other  particulars  that  we 
might  mention  in  connection  with  this  farm. 
Our  object  is  to  give  some  of  the  main  points 
of  Mr.  Emerson's  experience  and  practice. 
Our  readers  can  take  them  for  what  they  are 
worth.  There  is  no  practical  farmer  who  has 
followed  the  business  for  over  twenty  years  on 
this  Coast,  but  has  learned  from  experience 
something  that  would  add  to  the  ganeral  store 
of  useful  knowledge  on  the  subject  of  farm- 
ing here,  if  it  could  be  brought  out  and  made 
known.  We  wish  our  farmers  were  more 
communicative  and  ready  to  write  their  expe- 
rience. H  we  can  get  at  it  in  no  other  way, 
we  propose  to  visit  one  or  more  places  each 
mouth,  and  report  as  nearly  as  we  can  in  our 
own  style  the  facts  we  can  gather;  such  as 
will,  we  think,  prove  of  interest  to  our  own 
farmers,  and  to  those  in  the  East  who  are 
thinking  of  coming  here,  and  are  on  the  look 
out  for  just  such  information  as  hundreds  of 
our  most  experienced  farmers  are  abundantly 

able  to  give. 

^-^-^ 

Jerseys  vs.  Durhams  and  Ayrshires. 

Our  contemporaries  of  the  Sacramento 
Valley  Agricullurhii  say : 

"  As  for  fattening,  our  experience  and  ob- 
servation shows  that  they  (Jerseys)  take  on 
fat  more  quickly  than  the  Durhams  or  Ayr- 
shires, which  is  a  great  point,  when  we  con- 
sider that  the  steers  have  to  be  fatted  for  the 
slaughter-house. ' ' 

This  may  be  the  extensive  (?)  experience  of 
the  writer,  but,  if  so,  it  is  in  exact  opposition 
to  that  of  the  great  majority  of  other  stock 
breeders.  As  milkers,  and  for  the  very  best 
quality  of  rich  milk,  the  Jersey  is  ahead,  but 
there  the  merits  of  the  animal  rest. 


Japanese  Maples. 

The  Rural  Press  mentions  a  recent  importa- 
tion of  twenty-four  varieties  of  maples  from 
Japan  by  a  gentleman  of  San  Francisco.  The 
Press  says. 

The  trees  were  accompanied  with  beautifully 
colored  plates  descriptive  of  the  foliage  of  all 
the  varieties.  These  plates  were  executed  by 
the  Japanese,  the  coloring  as  well  as  other 
parts  being  done  by  hand.  A  leaf  of  every 
one  of  the  24  varieties  is  given,  its  form  and 
color  being  represented  in  all  their  miuutia. 
The  varieties  of  foliage  displayed  here  is  re- 
markable, many  of  the  leaves  being  extremely 
unique  in  form  and  color. 

The  importation  consists  of  sis  trees  of  each 
variety;  all  grafts,  and  all  in  excilleut  condi- 
tion for  planting  in  Cahfornia.  The  growth 
of  this  interesting  family  of  maples  will  be 
watched  with  a  good  deal  of  interest  by  horti- 
culturists generally,  as  well  as  by  those  who 
were  fortunate  enough  to  procure  them. 


A  Vermont  lady  fainted  away  at  a  partj',and 
when  a  young  man  cried  out  for  some  one  to 
saw  her  corset  strings  in  two,  she  arose,  drew 
a  pair  of  shears,  and  said  she'd  Uke  to  see 
'em  saw. 


One  may  live  a  hero,  a  conqueror,  or  king; 
but  he  must  die  a  man. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


RAISIN  VS.  WINE   GEAPES. 

The  followiug  advice,  from  the  Sacra- 
mento Tkcod,  is  just  such  as  we  have  been 
giving  for  the  last  three  years.  When  we 
stated,  two  years  ago,  tliat  raising  gi-apes  for 
wine  was  not  profitable,  and  that  certain  par- 
ties were  rooting  up  their  vines  and  convert- 
ing the  land  into  grain  fields,  a  howl  was 
raised  against  us  by  the  press.  We  were 
charged  with  trying  to  injure  '-the  great  and 
growing  industry  of  the  Pacific  Coast— wine- 
making."  We  then  advised,  as  we  do  now— 
and  as  sensible  writers  generally  do  now— the 
converting  of  the  wine  vineyards  into  raisin 
vineyards. 

It  has  been  proved  that  the  Mission  vine 
makes  the  very  best  root  to  graft  other  varie- 
ties onto.  The  White  Muscat  of  Alexander, 
the  best  raisin  grape,  does  better  grafted  on 
the  Mission  than  it  does  on  its  own  root. 

Planting  wine  vineyards  has  kept  many 
men  poor,  and  made  many  drunkards,  in 
California,  but  whoever  has  cultivated  fine 
raisin  and  table  grapes  has  made  money. 

But  hear  what  the  Mecord  has  to  say  about 
the  matter: 

Don't  Desteot  the  Grape  Vines. — We 
learn  that  many  persons  in  different  portions 
of  the  State  who  have  small  vineyards,  and 
who  do  not  wish  to  make  their  grapes  into 
wine  or  brandy,  for  the  reason  that  wine  and 
brandy  cannot  be  made  to  pay  on  a  small 
scale,  are  talking  of  digging  up  their  vines. 
Such  persons  generally  have  the  Mission  or 
Native  California  grape,  and  perhaps  no  other 
in  cultivation,  and  we  are  fully  aware  that  the 
past  experience  of  such  is  anything  but  en- 
couraging for  the  future,  without  same  change 
that  will  prsmise  and  bring  better  remunera- 
tion for  the  use  of  their  laud,  and  the  labor 
necessary  to  cultivrte  the  vineyard,  pick  and 
market  the  grapes.  We  also  know  that  at 
this  time  a  very  little  adthtioual  outlay  will 
bring  this  desired  change.  Let  these  native 
vines  be  grafted  with  the  White  Muscat  of 
Alexandria  or  White  Malaga  grapes,  and  the 
second  year  after  gi-afting  the  crop  will  very 
nearly  equal  in  amount  the  present  crop  of 
native  grapes.  Instead  of  having  on  hand 
then  a  grape  valueless  to  you  for  wine-making 
purposes,  on  account  of  your  situation,  and 
good  for  no  other  paying  purpose,  you  will 
have  a  crop  of  grapes  valuable  for  raisins. 

Then  the  objection  that  you  have  but  a 
limited  quantity  will  not  apply,  for  you  can 
make  a  small  quantity  of  raisins  just  as 
cheaply,  and  with  just  as  much  certainty  that 
they  will  be  of  good  quality,  as  though  you 
had  the  largest  vineyard  in  the  State;  you  can 
make  them,  too,  when  you  would  be  doing 
little  else,  when  your  labor  and  time  cannot 
ba  bettor  or  mora  profitably  employed.  No 
farmer  should  bo  so  short-siguted  at  this  time 
when  we  all  know  the  great  curse  and  draw- 
back to  California  agriculture  is  want  of  vari- 
ety in  production. 

Again,  raisins  have  been  made  in  many  lo- 
calities by  the  Alden  process,  and  we  believe 
in  every  instance  those  making  them  are  well 
satisfied  with  the  results,  both  financially  and 
otherwise,  and  many  of  them  are  preparing  to 
increase  their  vineyards  instead  of  decreasing 
them.  Alden  machines  will  be  erected  in 
nearly  every  locality  in  the  State  within  a  few 
years',  and  it  would' be  a  pity,  just  as  circum- 
stances are  so  promising  to  render  your  vines 
valuable,  to  root  them  out,  and  thus  throw 
•away  all  the  labor  and  expense  of  cultivating 
them  up  to  the  present  time  and  the  good 
prosi^ects  for  profits  in  the  futrire. 


"See,"  said  a  sorrowing  wife,  "how peace- 
ful the  cat  and.  dog  are."      "Yes,"   said  the 
elulant    husband,     "but    just  tie  them  to- 
gether and  then  see  how  the  fur  will  fly," 


MERINO  AND  COTSWOLD. 

We  believe  that  a  good  cross  between  the 
Merino  and  Cotswold  can  he  produced  that  will 
greatly  imiirove  tbe  Meiiuo  for  uoclul  wool  and 
mutton.— California  Agkicultcuist. 

We  think  that  the  writer  of  this  paragraph 
does  not  fully  understand  the  subject  he  is 
tiding  to  handle.  We  do  not  believe  that 
a  cross  between  the  Merino  and  Cotswold 
would  give  a  superior  article  of  wool.  It 
would  certainly  produce  wool  of  a  coarser 
texture  than  the  pure  Merino,  and  of  less 
length  and  strength  than  pure  Cotswold  wool. 
We  have  distinct  classes  of  wool  -fine  wool, 
and  long  wool.  Both  of  these  classes  have 
their  importance  in  the  factories,  and  fine 
wool  cannot  be  worked  to  advantage  without 
long  wool,  neither  can  a  fine  quality  of  wool- 
en goods  be  made  without  the  use  of  fine 
wool.  There  is  greater  demand  for  "warp," 
and  has  been  for  years  in  this  country,  tlian 
for  filling.  We  are  satisfied  that  the  time 
is  not  far  distant  when  we  will  have  factories 
to  work  up  every  pound  of  wool  raised,  and 
will  have  to  raise  long  wool  or  import  it. 
Combining  wools  used  in  the  Eastern  fac- 
tories are  now  brought  from  Canada,  where 
the  Cotswold,  Southdown  and  Leicester 
breeds  predominate.  The  ^Teat  object  in 
raising  long  wool  is  to  have  it  as  strong  as 
possible,  and  in  order  to  do  this  the  sheep 
must  have  better  range.  Whenever  an  ani- 
mal falls  off  in  flesh,  then  there  will  be  a 
weak  place  in  the  fibre,  which  will  be  apt  to 
break  in  combing.  In  the  large  Eastern 
factories  it  has  been  found  that  the  wool 
from  pure  bred  Cotswold  and  Leicester  is  the 
very  best  warp  that  can  be  used,  and  any  at- 
tempt to  cross  these  animals  with  fine  wool 
will  not  only  make  the  long  wool  less  valu- 
able for  warps,  but  will  impair  the  quality 
of  the  fine  wool  for  filling.  Experiments 
are  good  sometimes,  but  they  should  always 
be  made  with  a  thorough  understanding  of 
the  end  aimed  at,  and  the  result  desLred.- 

lu  the  above   the   Sacramento    Valley  Agri- 
cidlm-uil,  of  Dec.  20th,  has  quoted  our   words 
correctly.     The   opinion   we   expressed    was 
the  result  of  mature  deUberation,  and  is  con- 
firmed by  the   experience   of  many  practical 
wool  growers  on  this   coast.     It   will   be   no- 
ticed in   our  report  of  a  visit  to  S.  B.  Emer- 
son's   farm,    that   Mr.    E.    is    of   the   same 
opinion.     We  have  deferred  the   above   criti- 
cism of  our  opinion  to   Lewis  &  McCracken, 
well-known    wool    gi-owers    in     our    valley. 
They  both   say  that  they  have  produced  and 
sold  wool  from  Cotswolds  graded  on  Merino 
sheep,   first  and   second    crosses,    that    has 
brought  33   per   cent,   more  per  pound  than 
the  pure  Merino  wool  sheared   at  the  same 
time.     This   they   have  done  for  the  past  two 
years.     They     assert     that    a    seven-eighth 
Cotswold    from    pure     Merino    produces   a 
combing  and  delaine  wool,   which  demands 
the  very  highest  price  in  the  Eastern  markets, 
as   can  be  proved  by  the  quotations  of  the 
Boston,   New  York  and  Philadelphia  com- 
mercial papers.     On  the  other  hand  a  three- 
quarter   to    fifteen-sixteenth   Merino   from    a 
Cotswold  cross  not  only  gives  a  better  frame, 
and  mutton  value  to  Merinos,  but  also  greatly 
increases  the  value  of  the  wool. 

On  this  coast  where  at  two  seasons  tho 
pasture  is  short,  and  where  scab  is  bad,  and 
it  is  found  practicable  to  shear  the  sheep 
twice  each  year  tho  fine,  short,  pure  Merino 
wool  is  not  as  valuable  as  the  longer  staple 
from  a  little  mixture  of  Cotswold  blood. 
Markets  are  governed  by  the  demand  for 
different  grades  of  wool.  The  wool  in  the 
greatest  demand  now  is  just  such  staples  us 


can  be  produced  from  graded  sheep  at  either 

end  of  the  grade.  The  kinds  of  clothing 
the  most  in  fashion  and  in  demand  are  man- 
ufactured from  just  such  wool.  In  Cali- 
fornia the  woolen  mills  use  neither  the  finest 
Merino  nor  the  very  longest  combing  wools, 
they  demand  such  wool  as  will  make  the  best 
goods,  for  usefulness. 

What  our  contemporary  says  about  "  warp 
and  filling  "  is  very  true,  so  far  as  it  goes. 
A  very  strong  warp  is  needed  for  a  verj-  fine 
and  week  filling,  but  the  best  cloth  for  actual 
service  has  both  substantial  warp  and  filling. 
The  homespun  that  the  writer  of  this  article 
used  to  wear  in  school-boy-days,  V70ven  by 
mother's  own  hand  on  the  family  loom,  was 
of  this  sort,  and  it  was  almost  everlasting. 
Our  only  excuse  for  "  expaciating  "  uj^on  this 
subject  is  that  it  is  one  of  much  importance 
to  all  wool  growers. 


To  Prevent  Ruts  in  Roads. 

A  Western  exchange  contains  the  following 
practical  hints  on  this  subject: 

The  art  of  road-making  is  yet  in  its  infancy 
in  this  country.  The  roads  are  not  laid  out, 
made,  or  repaired  with  reference  to  economy 
of  draft  in  using  them.  Deep  ruts  are  soon 
worn  in  them  by  the  common  vehicles  that 
past  over  them,  and  these  grow  worse  and 
worse,  until  they  are  almost  impassable  in 
Spring.  Broad  cart  tires  are  a  partial  remedy 
for  these.  Longer  yokes,  both  for  oxen,  and 
for  double  horse  wagons  and  carts,  compell- 
ing the  teams  to  walk  in  the  same  line  with 
the  wheels  that  come  after  them,  would  be  a 
still  better  remedy.  On  most  country  roads 
there  are  two  tow-paths  and  two  ruts,  aud  it 
is  not  noticeable  that  the  tow-paths  are  always 
in  much  the  better  order.  Longer  yokes 
would  bring  the  paths  and  ruts  together.  The 
feet  of  the  teams  would  break  down  the  sides 
of  the  ruts,  and  fill  them  as  fast  as  they  were 
formed.  This  would  improve  the  road  bed, 
and  make  the  draft  of  loads  easier.  We  C4in- 
not  shorten  tho  axle  trees  without  increasing 
the  danger  of  upsetting,  but  we  can  lengthen 
the  yokes  with  safety.  Legislation  is  needed. 
W'e  reg.ard  this  idea  as  a  most  practical 
one ;  but  unless  the  whole  community  of  team- 
sters would  observe  the  rule,  it  would  only 
make  the  traveling  all  the  more  difficult  for 
the  one  or  two  who  might  try  it.  Legislation 
would  be  the  only  way  to  compel  a  general 
reform  of  the  kind. 


Shipping  Meat  Instead  of  Grain. 

Mr.  Joseph  Harris  says,  in  tho  American 
AijricnUarisl,  "I  hope  and  believe  that  the 
time  is  not  far  distant  when  not  a  bushel  of 
wheat  or  corn  will  leave  our  shores.  We 
ought  to  raise  all  our  own  wool,  and  supply 
the  world  with  pork,  bacon,  hams  and  lai-d. 
To  ship  a  carload  of  thin  hogs  from  Iowa  to 
Bufialo,,  and  send  four  carloads  of  corn  along 
with  them,  to  fatten  them  here,  paying 
freight  and  commission  on  both,  is  poor 
policy.  To  shiji  corn  to  Ireland  to  malco 
pork  and  bacon  for  the  English  market,  is 
equally  unwise.  Better  feed  out  our  own 
corn  at  home,  and  learn  to  furnish  the  bacon, 
hams  and  lard,  which  the  foreign  market  de- 
mauds." 

This  advice  will  as  well  apply  lo  tho  Pacific 
States  as  to  the  Eastern  and  Western  States. 
Our  wheat  and  barley,  if  converted  into  pork 
to  supply  the  home  market,  would  pay  bet- 
tor than  to  ship  it  to  Europe  and  imporj 
bacon. 


Xo  man  knows  what  good  friends  are  worth 
until  he  is  without  them. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


fyxxt^mulnm. 


Experience    of    a     Lady    Canvasser- 
Some  Hints  for  Lady  Readers. 


Eds.  Aoricttltukist. — I  have  some  more 
subscribers  for  your  monthly,  I  write  to  send 
their  names.  Such  funny  times  as  one  has 
canvassing!  I  have  many  an  inward  chuckle 
at  the  excuses  people  make  for  refusing  to 
subscribe,  half  tempted  by  the  showy  chromo. 
To  some  I  set  forth  in  glowing  colors  the 
sound  temperance  views  of  the  editors  which 
forbid  the  acceptance  of  liquor  advertise- 
ments, while  to  others  I  explained  the  bene- 
fits of  temperance  in  diet,  and  the  important 
hints  derived  from  the  Hygienic  department, 
and  the  valuable  information  gained  on  hor- 
ticulture and  agriculture  for  those  cultivating 
the  soil.  "  Wal  now,"  said  one  communi- 
cative old  lady,  "  there's  Susan  Ann,  she  sets 
a  store  by  pictors.  Her  bedrum  is  a  sight  ter 
behold,  with  the  curiousest  scenes  out  o'  the 
Harper's-  Wcek'iei/  and  the  New  York  Graphic, 
is  that  what  they  call  it?  I  know  pretty  well 
she'd  like  ter  patronize  yer.  How  much  do 
you  say  for  the  hull  four  of  them  pieters 
without  the  paper,  which,  I  dare  say,  there 
ain't  a  soul  in  the  house  would  ever  look  at. 
Not  sell  the  chromos  without  subscribing  'for 
the  paper?  Well  I  never!  There's  no  use 
talking,  Susan  Arm  has  just  enough  money 
laid  by  to  get  her  a  smart  hat  for  the  Thanks- 
giving time,  and  I  don't  know  about  her 
lajan'  it  out  for  readin'  matter.  I  guess,  on 
the  whole,  you'd  better  call  agin  when  the 
gal  is  to  hum,  and  then  we'll  give  you  an 
answer. ' ' 

Several  families  had  more  books  and 
papers  subscribed  for  than  they  found  time 
to  read.  One  young  mother,  with  three 
babies  todilliug  around  her,  said  she  could 
not  see  her  way  clear  to  sit  down  from  morn- 
ing till  night  except  to  tend  to  baby.  "Is 
there  another  baby?"  I  asked.  "Yes  in- 
deed!" and  she  led  the  way  into  a  back  room 
where  lay,  stretching  itself,  a  tiny  creature, 
fat  and  good  uatured.  The  cooking,  wash- 
ing and  ironing,  and  caring  for  these  four, 
besides  the  family  mending,  and  meals  to  be 
regularly  served  when  father  comes  home, 
devolved  upon  this  one  young  creature, 
scarcely  twenty-five  years  of  age.  At  night, 
when  all  the  "bairns"  were  tucked  up  in  their 
little  beds,  I  can  well  imagine  the  state  of 
mental  exhaustion  she  must  be  in,  and  a 
swift  walk  in  the  fresh  air  would  be  far 
more  conducive  to  health  than  sitting  at 
home  reading. 

One  whose  name  I  send  told  me  she  hoped 
each  paper  contained  something  in  the  do- 
mestic line,  for  really  we  all  need  new  ideas 
on  the  proper  way  of  doing  things  which 
cannot  be  learned  from  school  books. 

Everywhere  I  go  I  find  women  struggling 
for  a  better  way  to  get  through  with  life's 
disagreeable  duties.  A  young  wife,  fresh 
from  boarding  school  life,  tells  me  she  wishes 
she  could  have  spent  a  little  time  before  her 
marriage  in  watching  a  good  housekeeper 
manage  her  work,  for,  tht)Ugh  her  husband 
provided  a  Chinee  boy  to  do  the  cooking,  she 
found  it  very  humiliating  to  confess  even  to 
herself  her  incapacity  to  tell  him  how  to  con- 
coct some  favorite  dish  her  husband's  mother 
made  to  perfection.  It  is  well  perhajis  for 
the  health  of  the  coming  generation  that  our 
young  women  are  so  delicieut  in  the  old  sys- 
tem of  cooking  which  has  sent  so  many  to 
their  graves  or  left  them  utter  wrecks  upon 
society — living  illustrations  of  the  efl'ects  of 
intemperance  in  cooking.  If  we  could  but 
have  the  new  system  of  simple  diet  intro- 
duced   and   presented   in   a   favorable   light. 


these  young  mothers  would  spend  less  anx- 
ious time  nursing  their  babies  through  teeth- 
ing and  the  little  ailments  of  cliildhood; 
the  wet  compress  to  soothe  to  sleep  when 
bowels  are  irritated;  the  hot  bottles  for  the 
feet  when  cold — and  many  other  simple 
remedies  so  grateful  to  the  Uttle,  fretful  suf- 
ferers. " 

Come  all  ye  successful  mothers  of  strong, 
healthy  children,  send  in  your  experience  to 
help  other  mothers  to  save  theii-  little  ones 
from  the  destroying  angel,  and  nU  the  good 
thoughts  which  come  to  us  in  our  homes 
which  have  a  tendency  to  assist  others  in  the 
holiest  work  given  to  woman,  the  rearing  of 
the  young,  let  us  not  keep  to  ourselves,  but 
share  with  all  who  read  the  columns  of  the 
Califoknia  AaiiicoLTUKisT.  Nell  Van. 


NiooLAns,  Sutter  Co.,  Cal.  I 
December  8th,  1874.      ) 

Eds.  Aoeicultpkist  : — Please  find  enclosed 
$1  75  as  per  your  statement  of  my  account 
due  you. 

I  like  the  Ac  ■icultukist  as  a  good  friend 
to  the  farmer  and  to  all  classes  of  mankind. 
The  cause  of  my  discontinuing  to  be  a  sub- 
scriber is  unavoidable,  having  lost  by  death, 
in  July  last,  my  wife,  daiighter  and  son — I 
am  therefore  left  a  wanderer  on  the  earth,  no 
permanent  home  or  address.  With  good 
wishes  for  the  success  of  the  AomcnLTUKisT, 
I  am,  Eespectfully, 

J  AS.  O.  Haeeis. 

We  extend  our  heartfelt  sympathy  to  our 
friend  in  affliction,  and  wish  him  consolation 
of  spirit  above  the  reach  of  ill. 


Live  Stock  and  Population. 

Professor  Thorold  llogers,  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, England,  has  made  up  a  curious  re- 
turn of  the  proportion  of  domesticated  live 
stock  to  the  population  in  the  most  pi-ominent 
countries  in  the  world.  It  shows  the  follow- 
ing results : 

Great  Britain  has  one  cow  to  ever  twelve 
persons,  a  sheep  for  ever3'body,  and  one  pig 
for  every  six. 

France  has  a  like  proportion  of  sheep,  a 
double  share,  comparatively,  of  cows,  but 
only  one  pig  to  six  persons. 

The  Swedes  have  a  cow  between  three  and 
one-half  of  them,  a  sheep  between  two  and 
three-quarters,  and  a  pig  to   a  baker's  dozen. 

There  are  as  many  sheep  as  there  are  Nor- 
wegians in  Norway,  when  they  are  all  at 
home,  and  two  and  one-half  of  them —  the 
Norwegians — are  entitled  to  a  cow.  They 
can  have  one  and  one-eighteenth  of  a  pig 
each. 

Denmark  has  a  cow  for  three  persons,  as 
many  sheeiJ  as  persous,  and  a  pig  for  four  and 
three-quarter  persons. 

Prussia,  with  her  usual  uniformity,  has  an 
equal  number  of  cows  and  pigs,  one  to  every 
five  inhabitants,  besides  a  sheep  apiece  all 
round. 

Wurtemberg  has  a  quarter  as  many  cows  as 
people,  a  sheep  to  two  and  three-quarters  and 
a  pig  to  seven. 

Bavaria  rates  the  same  as  Wurtemberg,  as 
to  cows  and  sheep,  and  is  as  much  better  off 
for  pigs  as  one-lifth  is  better  than  one-sev- 
enth. 

Saxony  has  a  sheep  and  a  pig  for  ever)' 
eight  persons,  and  a  cow  for  every  six. 

Holland  has  a  cow  to  four,  a  sheep  to  four, 
and  a  pig  to  twelve  persons. 

Belgium  has  a  cow  to  every  six  persons,  a 
sheep  to  nine,  and  a  pig  to  eight  (which  is  an 
Hibernicism). 

Austria  has  a  cow  to  six,  and  a  sheep  and  a 
pig  to  every  five  persons. 

Switzerliuid  runs  up  to  the  Swodish  stand- 
ard on  cows,  one  to  three  and  oue-half  per- 
sons, and  has  a  sheep  for  five  and  a  pig  for 
seven  and  oue-half  persous. 

We  Americans  close  the  list  with  a  cow  for 
every  four  of  us,  a  sheep  apiece,  and  one  pig 
to  every  one  and  one-half. 


Meeting  of  the    National    Grange   in 
Charleston. 

The  National  Grange,  Patrons  of  Husband- 
ry, of  the  United  States  will  commence  its 
annual  session  in  Charleston,  on  the  first 
Wednesday  in  February,  1875.  It  will  be  a 
great  occasion  for  this  city,  for  the  State  of 
South  Carolina,  and  for  the  South  generally 
— indeed,  we  may  say,  for  the  whole  eountn-, 
since  it  will  promote,  as  nothing  else  could, 
the  true  unity  of  the  Kipublic  and  fraternal 
feeling  and  kindliness  among  the  people  of  all 
parts  of  our  land.  It  will  bring  here  repre- 
sentative men  from  every  State  and  Territory 
of  the  Union,  and  the  British  Provinces,  all 
working  together  for  the  common  good  and 
all  bound  to  each  other  by  the  most  sacred 
obligations  and  the  closest  brotherly  ties, 
The  spectacle  will  be  impressive  and  its  sig- 
nificance of  the  gravest  import.  The  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Granges  come  here  for  work, 
and  that  work  will  be  of  the  most  serious  and 
important  character.  We  trust  it  will  be  wisely 
performed.  But  we  believe  in  recreation  as 
well  as  in  work,  and  the  Patrons  of  Charles- 
ton anu  of  the  State  intend  to  provide  such 
means  of  recreation  as  will  make  the  visit  of 
our  brc  'hers  and  sisters  from  abroad  as  xileas- 
ant  as  we  have  no  dcnibt  it  will  be  profitable. 
Next  mouth  we  hope  to  Vie  able  to  give  our 
lirogramme  of  reception  and  entertainment  in 
full.  In  the  meantime,  brothers  and  sisters 
of  the  North,  the  South,  the  East  and  the 
West,  be  assured  that  a  warm,  hearty,  frater- 
nal welcome  awaits  you  in  this  famous  old 
historic  "City  by  the  Sea."  We  open  the 
doors  of  our  homes  and  our  hearts  with  true 
Southern  hospitality  to  all  who  come  with  the 
Pass- words  and  Signs  of  the  "Noble  Order  of 
Patrons." — Rural  Carolinian  for  iJecembtr. 


Roots  for  Stocl<  Feeding. 

In  Brittany,  the  parsnip  is  becoming  the 
favorite  root  for  stock  feed,  and  its  culture  is 
exteuchng.  In  the  Channel  Islands  this  root 
forms  a  large  portion  of  the  fodder  to  the 
Jersey,  Guernsey  and  Alderney  cows,  and 
much  of  their  value  as  rich  milkers  is  un- 
doubtedly due  to  the  use  of  this  root  for  a 
long  series  of  years.  It  is  well  known  to 
physiologists,  says  the  New  York  Tribune, 
how  great  an  effect  upon  the  condition  of  a 
breed  of  animals  is  caused  by  a  long  period 
of  careful  feeding,  and  this  is  a  conspicuous 
instance  of  it.  This  root  in  many  parts  of 
France  is  substituted  for  oats  as  feed  for 
horses,  sixteen  pounds  a  day  being  given  with 
the  best  effect.  For  pigs  it  is  also  largely 
used,  nine  pounds  of  cooked  roots  being  fed 
four  times  a  day.  One  great  advantage  of 
this  root  is  its  hardiness;  the  supply  for 
Sjiring  may  be  left  in  the  ground  all  Winter, 
and  is  in  the  best  conchtion  to  harvest  at  any 
time  when  needed. 


Orange  Culture  in  Upper  California. 

The  San  Francisco  Chronical  tells  of  a  clus- 
ter of  sixteen  oranges  on  a  limb  two  feet 
long  that  grew  at  Camp  Seco,  in  the  orchard 
of  J.  J.  Mackay.     It  says: 

The  fruit  is  larger  than  the  Los  Angeles 
oranges  and  is  sweet  and  juey.  The  tree 
upon  which  it  grew  is  .about  twelve  years  old, 
but  the  fruit  was  gi-afted  upon  it  a  few  years 
ago.  Jlr.  Mackay  has  been  very  successful 
in  demonstrating  the  fitness  of  that  section 
for  the  culture  of  the  orange.  The  trees 
bear  prolifically.  One  branch  in  his  orchard 
last  season  had  a  cluster  of  twenty-six 
oranges  upon  it.  Mr.  Mackay  has  found  a 
ready  market  for  the  fruit.  In  a  few  years 
many  of  the  hills  of  that  section,  now  com- 
paratively unproductive,  will  be  waving  with 
orange  groves  ami  returning  a  handsome  re- 
ward to  husbandmen. 


Those    who    taught  us  to  talk  omitted   to 
teach  us  when  to  hold  our  tongues. 


California  Agriculturist  akd  Live  Stock  Journal. 


GGS  bear  a  relp.tion  to  other  animal  food 
similar  to  that  which  seeds  bear  to  other 
vegetable  food.  They  are  the  deposi- 
tories of  vitality,  stored  up  to  forai  a 
new  link  in  the  continuation  of  the 
species.  They  are  probably  the  purest  form 
of  animal  food,  though  they  compare  unfavor- 
ably with  seeds  in  many  respects.  They  lose 
their  vitality  sooner,  and  they  partake  more 
or  less  of  whatever  impurities  may  have  be- 
longed to  the  animal  that  produced  them. 
They  are  not  so  nutritious  as  some  of  the 
seeds,  and  they  require  more  care  in  cooking. 
Like  seeds,  one  of  their  principal  ingi'edi- 
ents  is  albumen,  which  is  nearly  pure  in  the 
white;  but,  unlike  vegetable  albumen,  it  coag- 
ulates with  heat;  if  the  heat  is  great,  becomes 
so  hard  as  to  be  extremely  diflficult  of  diges- 
tion. Hence  eggs  are  more  easily  digested 
raw  than  cooked,  and  hence  also  the  objection 
to  hard  boiling.  Dr.  Beaumont  found  bits  of 
harh-boiled  egg-white,  no  larger  than  a  pea, 
sometimes  remained  in  the  stomach  after 
everything  else  had  yielded  to  the  action  of 
the  gastric  juice.  Such  logic  is  unanswerable. 
He  deduced  from  it  the  importance  of  careful 
mastication.  We  women  can  go  a  step  fur- 
ther, and  find  in  it  an  intelligent  reason  for 
so  cooking  the  eggs  that  they  will  not  require 
this  extra  care.  Fried  eggs  are  still  worse 
than  those  which  are  boiled,  both  because 
subjected  to  a  greater  degree  of  heat,  and  be- 
cause of  cooking  fat  into  them. 

Even  in  the  common  method  of  boiling 
them  rapidly  in  "three  and  a  half  minutes" 
the  albumen  next  the  shell  is  quite  too  hard. 
It  should  be  uniform  and  custard-hke,  and 
this  is  secured  by  the  method,  now  becoming 
quite  common,  of  merely  letting  the  eggs 
stand  from  seven  to  ten  minutes  in  hot  water. 
This  should  be  boiling  hot  at  first,  but  the 
cool  eggs  reduce  its  temperature  somewhat. 
The  exact  time  required  will  vary  with  the 
relative  proportions  of  eggs,  with  the  heat 
and  thickness  of  the  utensil  used,  with  the 
warmth  of  the  place  where  it  stands,  and 
with  the  weather  also,  a  little  more  time  be- 
ing required  in  dull  weather.  The  cook  will 
soon  learn  what  allowance  to  make  for  her 
utensils;  and  for  the  rest  she  must  use  her 
judgment  every  time.  They  are  not  so  easily 
spoiled,  however,  as  in  boiling.  If  left  in  a 
little  too  long  they  can  be  plunged  into  cold 
water  for  a  minute  or  two.  If  kept  hot  until 
the  whites  stiffen,  the  yolks  will  not  be  hard. 
The  yolk  should  be  cooked  just  enough  not 
to  break  rapidly  when  turned  out.  These 
are  properly  speaking  not  "boiled  eggs, "  but 
"curdled  eggs." 

These  ciirdled  eggs  make  an  admirable 
dressing  for  many  breakfast  dishes — boiled 
samp,  oatmeal  mush,  cracked  wheat,  and  es- 
pecially small  hominy.  The  gentle  method 
of  cooking  eggs  may  also  be  observed  in  mak- 
ing egg-toast.  Have  the  milk  almost  boiling, 
in  a  tlut  dish,  and  break  in  the  eggs  one  by 
one,  cooking  a  few  at  a  time,  and  being  care- 
ful not  to  let  them  run  together.  Sprinkle  in 
a  little  salt,  and  let  them  stand  hot  and  cov- 
crc^d  until  firm  enough  to  take  up  without 
breaking.  Then  have  ready  some  spht  batter 
biscuit  (gems;,  softened  in  hot  milk  and  laid 
on  a  platter,  and  when  the  eggs  are  done  dish 
them  one  on  each  half  of  a  biscuit  and  serve 
warm.  This  is  a  handsome  dish,  and  though 
not  (piite  so  digestable  as  homiuy  dressed 
with  eggs  curdled  in  the  shell,  it  is  still  far 
bettor  than  fried  potatoes  and  griddle  cakes 
that  form  the  staple  of  so  many  breakfasts, — 
licicnce  of  llmlth. 


"Only  Fifi'y  Cknts  a  "Week." — A  few 
evenings  ago  n  young  man  said  in  my  lu^aring 
"I  am  getting  to  be  more  economical  in  to- 
bacco using.  Now  I  ouly  \ise  fifty  ci'uts'  worth 
(?)     a  week.      1    used  to  use    nearly  double 


,?»~ 


that  amount,  but  have  quit  using  so  much, 
but  mast  have  fifty  cents'  worth." 

Only  fifty  cents  a  week  ;  which  is  only 
twenty-six  dollars  a  year;  which  is  only  -tix 
humlrcd  and  fifly  dollars  in  twenty-five  years, 
saying  nothing  about  the  interest—and  all  for 
tobacco.  And  then  said  gentleman  would  be 
only  forty-five,  and  proljably  would  not  quit 
using  it.  It  is  quite  safe  to  say  that  he  will 
chew  up  and  spit  out  at  least  one  thousand 
dollars  before  he  dies. 

This  same  fellow  frequently  talks  about  the 
oxtravapauce  of  women,  and  says  "a  man  had 
better  be  murdered  than  married."  I  have 
always  noticed  that  the  men  who  have  the 
most  to  say  about  woman's  extravagance  and 
expensive  families,  used  tobacco  themselves, 
and  that  it  was  quite  a  large  item  in  the  fam- 
ily account.  I  suppose  their  consciences 
smite  them,  and,  Adam-like,  they  must  say  it 
was  Eve.  It  is  rather  strange  that  all  of 
Adam's  sons  take  after  their  father.  And 
money  is  not  all  it  costs.  Just  think  of  the 
delightful  work  of  cleaning  up  alter  these  to- 
bacco-chewers.  One  cannot  help  exclaiming: 
Oh,  for 

A  spot  yet  undcfiled  by  those  who  nse  the  weed. 

And  where  mankind  the  rules  of  neatness  heed. 

Then,  if  the  one  that  has  caused  all  this 
loathsome  work  chances  to  come  in  and  does 
not  find  the  woman  "  WTeathed  in  smiles,"  he 
goes  out  cursing  women  for  being  so  cross, 
and  sighing  for  a  land  where  women  are  un- 
known. 

Alas!  how  much  money  and  happiness  is 
annually  spent  for  tobacco. — Kate  Meuel,  in 
Fanners'  Union. 

CoLOEED  Inks. — The  following  recipes  have 
been  well  tested  and  are  commended  by  good 
authorities  as  preferable  to  the  solutions  of 
aniline  dyes  which  are  now  so  extensively 
used  as  colored  inks: 

Green. — Two  parts  acetate  of  copper,  one 
part  carbonate  of  potash,  and  eight  parts 
water.     Boil  till  half  is  evaporated,  and  filter. 

Blue. — Three  parts  Prussian  blue,  one  pait 
oxalic  acid,  and  thirty  parts  of  water.  When 
dissolved,  r  Id  one  part  of  gum  arable. 

Yellmo. — One  part  fine  orpiment,  well  rub- 
bed up  with  four  parts  thick  gum  water. 

linl. — With  the  aid  of  a  gentle  heat,  dis- 
solve four  gi-ains  of  carmine  in  one  ounce  of 
aqua  ammonia,  and  add  six  grains  of  gum 
arable. 

Gold. — Kub  gold  leaf,  such  as  is  used  by 
book-bineers,  with  honey  till  it  forms  a  uni- 
form mixture.  When  the  honey  has  been 
washed  out  with  water,  the  gold  powder  will 
settle  at  the  bottom,  and  must  be  mixed  with 
gum-water  in  sufficient  quantity. 

iSUver. — Silver-leaf  treated  in  precisely  the 
same  manner  gives  a  silver  ink.  Both  these 
inks  may,  when  di-y,  be  pohshed  with  ivory. 

Black. — Three  ounces  crushed  gall -nuts,  two 
ounces  crystallized  sulphate  of  iron,  two 
ounces  gum-arabic,  and  twenty-four  ounces  of 
water. 

White. — Fine  French  zinc-white,  or  white- 
lead,  rubbed  up  with  gum-water  to  the  proper 
consistency. — Boston  Jouriml  of  Chemistry. 


Fried  Potatoes. — Who  will  say  after  read- 
ing this  that  a  poetic  mind  will  not  invest 
anything  with  interest.  Just  think  of  fried 
])otatoes  melting  away  "like  a  kiss  on  the 
sweet  hps,  with  a  dying  crackle,"  etc.: 

Select  eight  large  potatoes,  pare  and  slice 
thin,  soak  in  cold  water  for  two  hours,  and 
stir  common  table  salt  into  the  water,  one  tea- 
spoonful  to  a  quart,  and  allow  them  to  remain 
in  the  brina  half  an  hour  longer.  Pour  them 
upon  a  screen  to  drain,  and  put  on  a  spider 
with  a  pound  of  clear  lard  over  a  brisk  fire. 
Wipe  the  sliced  potatoes  dry  on  a  towel ;  wait 
until  the  lard  is  smoking  hot  and  jiour  a  large 
plateful  into  the  spider.  The  result  is  like  a 
small  se:i  in  a  white  squall,  and  now  the  cook 
shows  the  artistic  soul,  which  every  votary 
of  that  noblest  of  the  arts  must  possess  to  be 
worthy  of  the  name.     Patient  and  cahu,  with 


steady  and  incessant  motion  of  the  skimmer 
she  prevents  adhesion  of  any  too  affectionate 
slices,  and  watches  carefully  for  the  tender 
blush  of  lirownness  to  appear.  Slowly  it 
creeps,  and  deepens  until  it  rivals  the  hue  of 
the  fragrant  Havana.  Haste  then  takes  the 
place  of  caution,  lest  any  martyrs  bum  for 
the  perfection  of  the  others,  and  they  must  be 
quickly  spread  upon  another  srieve  to  drain 
until  dry,  and  greaseless  enough  for  the  fairest 
fingers,  then  served  hot,  to  melt  away  like  a 
kiss  on  the  sweet  lips,  with  a  dying  crackle 
Uke  the  fallen  leaves  of  Auttmin. 


Old  Potatoes. — An  Eastern  exchange  gives 
this  advice:  Potatoes,  to  be  good,  should 
never  be  exposed  to  the  light,  but  be  kept  in 
as  dark  a  place  as  possible.  After  they  begin 
to  sprout  in  the  Spring  they  should  be  taken 
up  from  the  bins  or  heaps  and  kept  in  boxes 
or  banels  saved  out  for  family  use,  instead  of 
picking  them  over  and  spreading  them  every 
few  weeks,  put  them  into  enough  barrels  so 
that  you  can  easily  turn  them  from  one  to 
another.  Have  one  extra  barrel,  and  once 
every  week  turn  them  all  out  from  one  barrel 
to  another;  this  keeps  them  moving  so  often 
that  the  sprouts  cannot  grow  enough  to  do 
much  harm.  The  sprouts  which  come  out 
from  the  potato  nse  up  the  nourishment  it 
contains,  and  leave  it  soft,  watery  and  insipid. 
By  treating  them  as  proposed  above,  they 
may  be  kept  in  comhtion  for  the  tiible  several 
weeks  longer  than  by  sprouting  them,  and  at 
the  Siime  time  save  a  good  deal  of  work. 


Keep  it  from  Them. — ^Don't  give  liquor  to 
children.  Possibly  you  can  do  it  with  safety 
but  the  chances  are  against  it.  One  of  the 
first  Uterary  men  in  the  United  States  said  to 
a  writer:  "There  is  one  thing  which,  as  yon 
visit  different  places,  I  wish  you  to  do  every- 
where, that  is,  entreat  every  mother  never  to 
give  a  drop  of  strong  drink  to  a  child.  I  have 
had  a  fight,  as  for  my  hf e,  aU  my  days  to  keep 
from  dying  a  drunkard,  because  I  was  fed  on 
spirits  when  a  child,  and  acquired  a  taste  for 
it.  My  brother,  poor  fellow,  died  a  drunk- 
ard. I  would  not  have  a  child  of  mine  take 
a  nrop  of  Uquor  for  anything.  Warn  every 
mother,  wherever  you  go,  never  to  give  a  drop 
to  a  child,  as  she  valuesits  future  happiness. " 


Making  Good  Paste. — Mix  two  tablespoon- 
fuls  of  wheat  floor  with  cold  water  to  a 
smooth  paste  by  putting  in  but  Uttle  of  the 
water  at  a  time;  its  consistency  must  be  a 
little  thinner  than  ths  thickening  for  stews. 
Place  it  upon  the  fire  to  heat  thiough  without 
boiUng;  apply  it  with  a  small  brush.  It  is 
best  to  make  it  as  needed,  though  a  small 
piece  of  alum  wiU  keep  it  from  turning  sour- 

An  Economical  Wat  of  Making  Books  for 
THE  Little  Ones. — Cut  pieces  of  cotton  or 
muslin  the  size  of  the  book  -panted;  six  leaves 
will  do;  bind  them  together  with  a  jjiece  of 
ribbon,  and  on  them  paste  pictures  of  almost 
any  description.  Get  tne  little  ones  inter- 
ested; they  will  soon  make  a  collection.  Cut- 
ting them  out  of  old  books  and  papers  will 
often  keep  the  little  chatter-boxes  quiet  when 
mamma  is  puzzling  her  brains  for  something 
to  amuse  them.  On  the  first  leaf  can  be 
pasted  letters  to  spell  Picture  Book. 


Artesian  Wells  in  Titlake  Cofntt. — We 
have  recently  had  our  attention  called  to  the 
artesian  well  bored  by  Mr.  W.  S.  Chapman  on 
his  ranch  near  the  town  of  Merced.  A  large 
streiuu  is  discharged  from  it,  which  courses 
its  way  across  the  plains  ten  or  twelve  miles 
and  finally  enters  the  San  Joaquin.  Some 
four  or  five  thousand  head  of  cattle,  and  as 
ninuy  sheep,  depend  upon  this  stream  for 
water.  Mr.  W.  W.  Wright  informs  us  that 
during  the  past  Summer  he  has  met  an  arte- 
sian force  of  two  feet  hydrostatic  in  wells 
of  twenty -five  feet  which  he  has  bored.  There 
evidently  is  no  difHculty  about  obtidning  arte- 
sian water  in  Tulare  Valley.—  l'iA'«ii«  Ihlla. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


|c«idittg» 


Honr)e> 

wORE  Ihftn  buildinp  yhowy  iDRUSions, 
Muru  thau  dress  anil  fine  array. 
More  than  domes  and  lofty  steeples. 

More  than  stttion,  power,  and  sway: 
M:ikc  your  home  both  neat  and  taeteful, 
•     BrJRht  and  pleatsant,  always  fair. 
Where  each  heart  shall  rest  contented, 
Oroteful  for  each  bounty  there. 

Seek  to  make  your  home  most  loving; 

Let  it  bo  a  smiling  spot. 
Where  in  sweet  coutentnient  renting. 

Care  and  sorrow  are  forj^ot; 
Where  the  flowers  and  trees  are  waving. 

Birds  will  sing  their  sweet-efit  song; 
Where  the  purest  thoughts  will  linger, 

Ooulidence  and  love  belong. 

There  each  heart  will  rest  contented. 

Seldom  wishing  far  to  roam; 
Or,  if  roaming,  still  will  ever 

Cherish  happy  thoughts  of  homo, 
SueU  a  home  makes  man  the  better, 

Sure  and  lasting  the  control; 
Home  with  pure  and  bright  surroundings 

Leaves  its  impress  on  the  soul. 


Chats    With     Farmers'     Wives    and 
Daughters — No.  2. 

BY    "JEWELL." 

The  question  often  arises  in  my  womtiu's 
mind:  Wliich  is  actually  most  necessary  for 
the  welfare  of  our  children — their  present  and 
future — that  our  entire  time  be  spent  in  the 
daily  round  of  duties  which  "  home  life" 
brings  to  every  mother,  or  that  a  few  moments 
or  hours,  daily,  be  taken  to  cultivate  her  mind 
and  fiiU  her  soul  with  inspiration  to  fresh  ex- 
ertions? I  believe  that  the  busy  farmer's  wife 
even  should  take  this  time,  which  is  right- 
fully hers,  and  that  she  shoiild  be  provided 
with  books  and  papers  that  she  may  catch 
glimpses  of  the  outside  world,  which  often 
seems  to  have  forsaken  her  in  her  isolation 
and  heavy  burdens.  While  I  do  not  wish  to 
be  harsh,  still  I  feel  that  a  farm  life  is  gener- 
ally more  burdensome  upon  women  thau  men, 
and  few  farmers  fully  understand  and  appre- 
ciate this  fact. 

To  stay  indoors  and  cook,  wash,  iron,  sew, 
sweep,  etc.,  every  day,  mouth  and  year,  bo- 
sides  the  di'aiu  upon  life  and  soul  of  child- 
bearing,  nursing  the  sick,  and  the  resiJousi- 
bility  of  bringing  up  the  little  ones,  is  actually 
more  than  most  women  are  able  to  do — unless 
strong  in  body,  which  few  of  our  women  of 
to-day  are. 

I  feel  hopeful  that  the  future  benefit  of  the 
Grange  movement  is  to  come  through  its 
women.  Their  attendance  weekly  at  the 
Grange  meetings  is  not  only  a  relief  to  them, 
but  widens  their  circle  of  acquasntauces  and 
sphere  of  social  life;  and  is  at  once  npUftiug 
to  both  brothers  and  sisters.  The  mingling 
of  the  feminine  element  in  the  busi- 
ness as  well  as  pleasure  of  the 
meetings  will  tend  to  purify  the  one  and  cul- 
tivate the  other,  which  must  give  health  and 
joy  to  many  a  home. 

■  »■  '^  . 

Eably  llisiNG. — Early  rising,  in  civilized 
society,  always  tends  to  shorten  life.  Early 
rising  of  itself  never  did  any  good.  Many  a 
farmer's  boy  has  been  made  an  invalid  for 
life  by  being  made  to  get  up  at  daylight,  be- 
fore his  sleep  was  out.  Many  a  young  girl 
has  been  stunted  in  body  and  mind  and  con- 
stitution by  being  made  to  get  up  before  the 
system  has  had  its  fuU  rest.  All  who  are 
growing,  all  who  work  hard,  and   aU  weakly 


persons,  should  not  get  up  until  they  feel  as 
if  they  would  be  more  comfortable  to  get  up 
than  to  remain  in  bed;  that  is  the  only  true 
measure  of  sufficiency  of  rest  and  sleep.  Any 
one  who  gets  up  in  the  morning  feeling  as  if 
he  "would  give  auytliing  in  ihe  world"  to  re- 
main in  bed  a  while  longer  does  violence  to 
his  own  nature,  and  will  always  suffer  from  it 
— not  immediately,  it  maybe,  but  certainly  in 
later  years,  by  the  cumulative  ill-eS'ects  of  the 
most  unwise  practice.  In  any  given  case,  the 
person  who  gets  up  in  the  morning  before  he 
is  fuUy  rested  will  lack  just  that  much  of  the 
energy  requisite  for  the  day's  pursuit. 

As  a  people,  we  do  not  get  enough  sleep,  we 
do  not  get  enough  rest,  we  will  not  take  time 
for  these  things;  hence  our  neruousness,  our 
instability,  our  hasty  temper,  and  the  prema- 
ture gi\'ing  out  of  the  stamina  of  life.  Half 
of  us  are  old  at  three  score,  the  very  time  a 
man  out  to  be  in  his  mental,  moral  and  physi- 
aal  prime.  Half  of  our  wives,  especially  in 
the  farming  districts,  die  long  before  their 
time,  because  they  do  not  get  rest  and  sleep 
proportioned  to  their  labor.  Nino  times  out 
of  ten,  it  would  be  better  for  all  parties  if  the 
farmer  should  get  up  and  light  the  fires  and 
prepare  breakfast  for  his  wife,  she  coming  di- 
rectly from  her  toilet  to  the  breakfast  table, 
because  it  almost  always  happens  that  she 
has  to  remain  up  to  sit  things  right  long  after 
the  husband  has  gone  to  bed,  when  he  really 
has  nothing  to  do  after  supper  but  to  go  to 
bed.  This  is  a  monstrously  cruel  imposition 
on  wives  and  mothers. — Hall's  Journal  of 
Health. 


FoK  Self  on  for  Others? — The  secret  of 
dullness  and  discontent  with  many  a  life  is, 
that  it  has  no  other  life  to  bless.  It  is  shut 
up  in  itself.  It  never  breaks  bounds  and  gets 
abroad.  Get  out  of  self,  begin  to  think  of 
another,  to  care  for  another,  and  all  the  tides 
of  the  soul  are  in  motion.  The  dull  self- 
brooding  is  at  an  end. 

When  self  is  forgotten,  its  weariness  and 
fretfulness  are  forgotten.  It  is  delivered  from 
its  own  burdened  consciousness,  by  eutei-iug 
with  hearty  good  will  into  the  e:^«ience  of 
the  friendless  and  helpless. 

This  is  the  cure  which  is  needed  for  jaded 
spirits.  It  is  sovereign  and  infallible.  Find 
somebody  to  help,  and  you  help  yourself; 
some  heart  to  cheer,  and  you  cheer  your  own ; 
some  burden  of  another  to  bear,  and  yours 
becomes  light;  enter  into  the  straitened  lot  of 
one  in  need,  and  you  get  enlargement  from 
y oivr  own  bondage ;  learn  to  weep  with  those 
that  weep,  and  your  tears  are  a  balsam  to 
your  O'rni  heart;  rejoice  with  those  that  do  re- 
joice, and  your  own  gi-iefs  are  assuaged,  and 
your  joys  are  doubled.  It  may  be  but  little 
that  you  can  do;  do  that  little,  and  the  world 
is  so  much  happier  and  better,  and  a  brighter 
sky  shines  upon  your  face.  You  ha^e  but  an 
ounce  or  two  of  strength  to  si^are;  share  that 
with  one  who  is  spent,  and  the  perfume  of 
this  small  benefaction  wiU  be  to  you  as  reviv- 
ing incense.  The  remedy  is  safe  and  sure. 
♦«« 

GiBLS,  let  us  tell  you  a  stubborn  truth.  No 
young  woman  ever  looked  so  well  to  a  sensi- 
ble man,  as  when  dressed  in  neat,  plaiu,  mod- 
est attire,  without  a  single  ornament  about 
her  person.  She  looks  then  as  though  she 
possessed  worth  in  herself,  and  needed  no 
artificial  rigging  to  enchance  her  value.  If  a 
young  woman  would  spend  as  much  time  in 
cultivating  her  temper,  and  cherishing  kind- 
ness, meekness,  gentleness,  merey,  and  other 
quiilities,  as  most  of  them  do  in  extra  dress 
and  ornaments  to  increase  their  personal 
charms,  she  would,  at  a  glance,  be  known 
among  a  thousand.  Her  character  would  be 
read  in  her  countenance. 


"Dew  Drop  Billiards"  is  the  sign  over  a 
Cincinnati  billiaixl  saloon.  The  advice  is 
good.  We  second  it,  and  say  to  aU  young 
men,  "Do  drop  billiards." 


Ants  vs.  Caterpillars. 

The  Belgian  Official  Journal,  referring  to 
the  ignorant  conduct  of  those  who  destroy  all 
kinds  of  birds  and  insects  indiscriminately, 
insists  on  the  necessity  of  children  in  jirimary 
schools  being  taught  to  distinguish  between 
useful  and  noxious  insects,  and  thus  to  exer- 
cise their  destructive  faculties  against  the 
latter  only.  The  writer  praeeeds  to  say  that 
the  ant,  which  is  very  disagreeable  and  incon- 
venient in  many  respects,  does  excellent  ser- 
vice in  chasing  and  destroying  caterpillars 
with  relentless  energy.  A  farmer  who  had 
noticed  the  fact,  and  had  had  his  cabbages 
literally  devoured  by  caterpillars,  at  last  hit 
upon  the  expedient  of  having  an  ant  hill,  or 
rather  nest,  such  as  abound  in  pine  forests, 
brought  to  his  cabbage  plot.  A  sackful  of 
the  pine  points  abounding  in  ants,  was  ob- 
tained and  its  contents  strewn  around  the 
infested  cabbage  plants.  The  ants  lost  no 
time,  but  immediately  set  to  work;  they  seized 
the  caterpillars  by  their  heads.  The  next  day 
heaps  of  dead  caterpillars  were  found,  but 
not  one  alive,  nor  did  they  return  to  the  cab- 
bages. The  value  of  ants  is  well  luiown  in 
Germany,  and  although  their  eggs  are  in 
great  request  as  food  for  young  partridges, 
pheasants  and  nightingales,  there  is  a  fine 
against  taking  them  from  the  forests.  The 
ant  is  indefatigable  iu  hunting  its  prey;  it 
climbs  to  the  very  tops  of  trees,  and  destroys 
an  immense  quantity  of  noxious  insects. 
«  ■  » 

At  the  late  election  iu  Michigan,  the  ques- 
tion of  woman's  sufl'rage  was  voted  on,  and 
3'J,000  votes  were  cast  in  favor,  which  would 
seem  to  indicate  the  number  of  advanced  men 
in  the  State.  We  all  know  that  no  State  is 
much  ahead  of  Michigan  for  schools,  farm- 
ing and  fruit-growing.  The  Grand  Kapida 
I'osl  relates  the  following: 

A  dirty,  debased,  and  ignorant-looking  man 
came  in  to  vote.  Said  one  of  the  ladies,  of- 
fering him  a  ballot, 

' '  I  wish  you  would  oblige  ns  by  voting  this 
ticket." 

"  What  kind  of  a  ticket  is  that?"  said  he. 

"Why,"  said  the  lady,  "you  can  see  your- 
self." 

"  But  I  can't  read,"  he  answered. 

"  Why,  can't  you  read  the  ballot  you  have 
there  iu  j'our  hand,  which  you  are  about  to 
vote?"  the  lady  asked. 

"  No,"  said  he;  "I  can't  read  at  all." 

"  Well,"  said  the  lady,  "  this  ballot  means 
that  you  are  willing  to  let  the  women  as  well 
as  the  men  vote." 

"Is  that  it?"  he  replied.  "  Then  I  don't 
want  it;  the  women  don't  know  enough  to 
vote. ' ' 


Short-Horn  Statistics. 

The  National  Association  of  Short^hom 
Breeders,  which  recently  met  at  Springfield, 
Illinois,  having  entnisted  Aleck  Charles,  Ce- 
dar Bapids,  Iowa,  with  the  work  of  procuring 
complete  statistics  of  all  Short-horns  now 
living  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  for 
publication  iu  the  report  of  their  proceedings, 
we  would  urge  upon  every  one  of  our  readers 
who  are  breeding  Short-horns,  either  upon  a 
large  or  small  scale,  to  send  in  prompt  and 
careful  returns;  and  those  who  have  not  re- 
ceived blanks  for  that  purpose  -n-ill  be  fur- 
nished them  free  of  charge  promptly,  on  ap- 
plication to  Mr.  Charles.  Short-horn  men 
will  please  give  this  their  very  earliest  atten- 
tion, for  by  so  doing  the  forthcoming  rei)ort 
of  the  American  Association  of  Breeders  will 
be  made  the  most  valuable  and  interesting 
publication  ever  issued  in  this  country. — Na- 
limial  Live  Stock  Joarn/il. 


A  Cow  With  a  Wooden  Leg. — An  English 
country  paper  records  the  following  f:icts:  A 
young  cow  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Wilson,  in 
Borrowdale,  Cumberland,  recently  broke  her 
leg.  It  was  amputated,  and  a  wooden  leg 
suppUed,  and  she  is  now  walking  about  and 
doing  weU. 


California  Horticulturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


Mt  §M\h 


Something  About  Milk. 

?("-?)  

nf  ijJHE  Massachusetts  Flcnighman  has  been 
a||;L  giving  a  series  of  articles  on  milk,  from 
Ji//v  which  we  extract  some  curious  items  of 
%KJ   information: 

Milk  is  produced  by  the  females  of  all  that 
class  of  animals  known  to  naturalists  as  the 
mainmalia,  and  was  evidently  designed  by 
Nature  as  the  uoiirishment  of  the  young  of 
those  animals.  As  such  it  has  been  used  by 
man  from  the  earliest  periods  of  the  human 
race.  The  milk  of  the  camel  is  still  used  in 
Africa  and  in  some  parts  of  Asia;  that  of 
mares  in  Tartary  and  Siberia,  and  that  of 
goats  in  Italy  and  Spain,  while  that  of  the 
cow  is  most  universally  used  and  most  widely 
esteemed. 

Milk  is  a  compound,  an  opaque  fluid,  gen- 
erally white,  of  a  sweet  and  agreeable  taste, 
and  made  up  of  an  oily  or  fatty  sulistance 
known  as  butter  which  gives  it  its  richness, 
of  a  caseous  or  mucilaginous  substance  which 
gives  it  its  strength  and  from  which  cheese  is 
obtained,  and  of  a  serous  or  watery  substance 
which  makes  it  refreshing  as  a  beverage,  with 
a  small  per  cent,  of  sugar  of  milk  to  which 
it  owes  its  sweetness. 

In  the  milk  of  the  cow,  which  we  are  now 
to  consider,  the  fatty  substance  ranges  from 
two  and  a  half  to  seven  per  cent.  th«  cheesy 
matter  from  three  to  ten  per  cent,  and  the 
watery  parts  from  eighty  to  nineiy  'ler  cent. 
Although  to  the  naked  eye  milk  appears  to 
be  one  homogeneous  mass,  yet,  when  viewed 
under  the  microscope,  myriads  of  little  glob- 
ules of  various  sizes  and  forms,  but  mostly 
round  or  ovoid,  seem  to  swim  suspended  in 
the  watery  substance,  and  on  a  more  minute 
examinatfon  it  will  be  found  that  these  are 
the  oily  particles  encased  or  surrouned  by  a 
cheesy  film,  and  which  by  their  comparative 
lightness  are  soon  to  rise  to  the  surface  and 
form  theyeUowish,  semi-liquid  coating  known 
as  cream. 

These  particles  are  so  minute  that  they 
filter  throTigh  the  finest  paper,  and  they  are 
so  generally  ditt'nsed  through  the  mass  of  milk 
as  it  is  drawn  from  the  cow,  that  they  do  not 
interfere  with  its  ready  assimilation  with 
water  or  other  unfermeuted  liquids,  .although 
its  weight  is  four  per  cent,  more  than  that  of 
water,  and  notwithstanding  the  diJi'ereuce  in 
sijeeific  gravity. 

Cold  condenses  milk,  while  heat  liquefies 
it.  The  elements  of  which  it  is  composed, 
varying  as  they  do  in  character  and  specific 
gravity,  rapidly  change  their  relative  positions 
when  the  milk  is  at  rest.  The  oily  or  but- 
tery i)articles  rise  to  the  surface,  while  the 
serous  or  watery  matter,  on  account  of  its 
greater  weight  soon  falls  to  the  bottom. 

The  oily  particles  of  milk  in  rising  bring  up 
along  with  them  a  large  proportion  of  the 
cheesy  matter  adhering  to  them  mechanically, 
and  some  of  the  watery  partieh^s  by  which 
they  are  surrounded.  If  these  particles  rose 
up  jiure  and  free  from  the  admixture  of  the 
other  substances  they  would  appear  in  the 
form  of  pure  biAter,  and  one  of  the  priuci])al 
objects  of  churning  is  to  free  or  disengage  the 
oily  substance  from  the  other  elements,  which 
in  rising  it  has  brought  up  with  it. 

The  caseous  matter,  under  the  influence  of 
liigh  temperature,  has  a  tendency  to  collect 
and  form  a  body  l)y  itself,  known  as  curd,  and 
in  forming  this  partial  solidification  it  be- 
couics  separated  from  the  whey,  or  serous 
matter,  so  that  after  a  lapse  of  time,  the 
tliree  principal  constituents  of  milk  will  ap- 
pear in  forms  distinct  and  peculiar  to  them- 
BiUvos,  and  we  then  have  the  cream  or  butter, 
the  curd  or  cheese,  and  the  liquid  whey  as 
separate  elements.  This  separation  some- 
times takes  place  with  gi'eat  rapidity,  especi- 
ally under  the  influence  of  great  heat  or  sud- 
den   changes  of    the    atmosphere,    and   not 


unfrequently  before  the  butter  particles  have 
had  time  to  rise  to  the  surface. 

The  cheesy  matter  previous  to  coagulation 
is  easily  soluble  in  water,  but  after  a  com- 
plete coagulation  has  taken  place  it  becomes 
insoluble. 

The  serum  or  whey  is  not  left  perfectly  pixre 
and  free  from  mixture,  but  still  holds  in  sus- 
pe)ision  some  cheesy  and  butter  particles 
which  can  be  separated  by  ebullition.  It  also 
holds  in  suspension  some  alkaline  elements, 
in  a  basis  of  potassa,  and  some  sugar  of  milk 
amounting  usuallj'  to  about  three  and  a  half 
per  cent  of  its  weight. 

The  separation  of  the  three  chief  elements 
of  milk  is  much  more  readily  effected  in  that 
of  the  cow  than  in  that  of  other  animals,  and 
the  apjiarent  affinity  which  they  have  when 
first  drawn  from  the  udder  is  only  instantane- 
ous, since  the  separation  commences  even  be- 
fore milk  has  left  the  udder,  and  is  continued 
with  considerable  rapidity  as  soon  as  it  comes 
to  rest  in  a  favorable  position. 

When  subjected  to  great  heat,  or  when 
brought  to  a  boiling  point,  milk  loses  its  finest 
and  most  delicate  properties  and  its  flavor  or 
fragrance. 

The  number  of  stomachs  or  powerful  di- 
gestive organs  of  the  cow,  and  of  the  rumin- 
ating animals  generally,  is  wonderfully  ad- 
apted to  promote  the  largest  secretions  of 
every  kind. 

The  specific  gi-avity  of  milk  is  greater  than 
that  of  water,  that  of  the  latter  being  one 
thousand,  and  that  of  the  former  one  thous- 
and and  thirty-one  on  an  average,  though  it 
varies  greatly  as  it  comes  from  different  cows, 
.and  even  at  different  times  from  the  same  cow. 
A  feeding  of  salt  given  to  the  cow  will,  in  a 
few  hoi./s,  cause  the  specific  gravity  of  her 
milk  to  vary  from  one  to  three  per  cent. 

Milk  will  ordinarily  produce  from  two  to  fif- 
teen per  cent,  of  its  own  volume  in  cream,  or, 
on  an  average,  not  far  from  twelve  and  a  half 
per  cent.  Eight  quarts  of  milk  will,  there- 
fore make  about  one  quart  of  cream.  But  the 
milk  of  cows  that  are  fed  so  as  to  produce  the 
richest  milk  and  butter  will  often  far  exceed 
this,  sometimes  giving  oner  twenty  per  cent, 
of  cream,^Bid  in  rare  instances  twenty-five  or 
twenty-six  per  cent.  The  product  of  milk  in 
cream  is  more  regular  than  the  product  of 
cream  in  butter.  A  veiy  rich  milk  is  lighter 
than  milk  of  a  poorer  quality,  for  the  reason 
that  cream  is  lighter  than  skim-milk. 

Of  the  different  constituents  of  milk,  case- 
ine  is  that  which  in  its  composition  most  re- 
sembles animal  matter,  and  hence  the  intrinsic 
value  of  cheese  as  a  nutritive  article  of  food. 
Hence,  also,  the  nutritive  qualities  of  skim- 
med milk,  or  milk  from  which  the  cream  only 
has  been  removed,  while  the  milk  is  still  sweet. 
The  oily  or  fatty  parts  of  milk  furnish  heat  to 
the  animal  system ;  but  this  is  easily  supplied 
by  other  substances. 


Managing  Cows  in  Hoi,i.and. — From  a  con- 
densed report  of  Dr.  Staring,  in  the  London 
Field,  on  the  Dairy  Husbandry  in  HoUaud.we 
make  the  following  extract: 

In  the  dairying  districts — mostly  exposed 
tracts  of  land  without  a  tree — the  usual  plan 
of  protecting  cows  against  the  cold  and  wet  is 
to  fasten  round  their  bodies  a  thick  tow  cloth, 
and  occasionally  a  rough  shedding  is  erected 
to  serve  them  as  shelter.  On  their  return  to 
the  stables  they  arc  attached  by  the  neck  to 
two  stout  posts,  having  movable  rings  which 
slide  up  and  down  as  the  animal  changes  its 
position.  The  usual  arrangement  is  for  the 
cows  to  stand  fa(!C  to  face  in  two  rows.  Be- 
tween the  latter  runs  a  feeihug  passage,  and 
liehind  the  cattle  there  is  a  channel  and 
plenty  of  room  to  remove  the  droppings. 
Frnm  time  to  time  pea,  rye,  barley  anil  oat 
straw  are  substituti>d  for  a  change,  and  either 
rape  or  linseed  cake — about  a  cake  a  head — 
is  ilissolved  in  the  water  thoy  drink.  Some 
farmers,  however,  prefer  to  give  the  cake  in 
its  dry  stale,  thinking  it  goes  f\uth<!r  in  that 
way,  and  is   more  wholesome.      Turnips  are 


not  much  grown  or  used  as  cattle  food  in  the 
dairying  districts;  they  are  occasionally  given, 
however,  as  a  supplementaiy  article  of  diet, 
also  beets,  carrots,  white  and  red  clover,  and 
spurry;andin  the  vicinity  of  towns  there- 
fuse  of  breweries  and  distilleries  is  a  common 
feeding  material. 

The  calves  are  never  allowed  to  suck,  and 
receive  for  the  first  four  weeks  piu-e  milk, 
after  that  sour  milk,  buttermilk,  or  whey, 
according  to  circumstances.  At  the  end  of 
four  months  the  same  nourishment  is  given 
them  as  to  the  full-gaown  cattle;  but  they 
often  get  sour  milk,  etc.,  besides.  In  those 
localities,  such  as  the  neighborhood  of  Ny- 
kerk  and  Nymegen,  in  Guelderland  and  Veg- 
hel,  and  Breda,  in  North  Brabant,  where  the 
fattening  of  calves  is  largely  and  successfully 
carried  on,  the  usual  plan  is  to  put  them  di- 
rectly after  birth  into  small  pens  or  boxes, 
which  are  just  large  enough  for  them  to  stand 
up  and  lie  down  in,  and  kept  dark.  Tue 
calves  get  twice  a  day  as  much  fresh  drawn 
milk  as  they  can  consume,  and  for  the  first 
week  each  animal  is  fed  exclusively  on  its 
own  mother's  milk.  Such  importance  do 
some  farmers  attack  to  the  calves  consuming 
nothing  but  milk,  that  they  muzzle  the  creat- 
ures in  order  that  they  may  not  chew  and 
swidlow  any  of  the  litter.  A  calf  fattened  in 
the  above  way  will  weigh  in  ten  to  twelve 
weeks,  fat  and  lean  together,  150  to  200 
pounds. 

.«-*-» 

GrvE  Plentt  op  Food  to  Cows. — It  is  pro- 
bably true  that  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  profit 
which  might  be  realized  from  the  dairy  stock 
of  this  country,  is  annually  lost  to  their 
owners,  from  want  of  the  necessary  quantity 
and  the  proper  quality  of  food  which  should 
be  given  them.  L.  F.  Allen  gives  experiments 
by  Dr.  Ehode-Eldena,  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Agiiculture,  in  Prussia,  of  the  compara- 
tive yield  of  milk  from  cows,  by  pasturing 
and  stable  feeding,  or  soiling,  through  seven 
years  of  each  system.  The  average  per  cow 
for  the  whole  seven  years  in  pasturing  was, 
1,583  quarts,  while  the  average  per  cow  for 
the  seven  years  of  stabling  or  soiling,  was 
3,4-12  quarts.  From  this  result  it  is  seen  that 
the  cow  is  capable  of  producing  one  hundred 
per  cent,  more  than  she  usually  does,  provid- 
ed she  is  kept  in  the  most  comfortable  man- 
mer,  and  fed  with  the  gi-eatest  milk-produciutj 
substances.  She  may  produce  but  half  of 
the  .above  quantities  if  not  properly  housed 
in  the  Winter,  and  scantily  fed  during  the 
whole  year.  In  either  case,  the  original  cost 
or  value  of  the  cow  is  the  same;  the  care  is 
about  the  same,  while  all  the  loss  in  her  pro- 
duction is  caused  by  a  lack  in  quantity  and 
quality  of  food,  coupled  with  a  lack  of  com- 
fort during  the  inclement  seasons  of  the  year. 

A  FAEMEKs'  miUc  company,  with  $200,000 
for  disposing  of  the  farmers'  milk  in  New 
York  without  the  aid  of  middlemen,  has 
started  Inisiuess  in  Connecticut.  This  is  one 
of  the  most  important  enterprises  to  the  far- 
mers of  the  Hoiisatonic,  Shepang  and  Nauga- 
tuck  valleys  that  has  been  undertaken.  If  it 
siicceeds  as  its  projectors  anticipate,  the  milk 
distributing  business  in  New  York  city,  it  is 
supposed,  will  go  into  the  hands  of  an  honest 
conqiauy,  controlled  by  the  fia-mers  them- 
ers  themselves.     Thus  the  ball  is  roUiug. 


fuKiiE  are  now  in  the  State  of  New  York 
more  than  500  cheese  factories,  using  tho 
milk  of  over  200,000  cows. 


Frantjtno  a  Hor.sE.— The  only  one  of  Col. 
Dodd's  old  associates  who  is  living,  is  Mr. 
Charles  Forrester,  the  present  superintendent 
of  the  newspaper  department  in  the  rostotfice. 
He  remembers  when  Col.  Keeside,  the  great 
mail  contractor  of  former  days,  had  to  bring 
a  horse  behind  his  mail  coach  from  Washing- 
ton to  New  .Jersey  as  mail  matter.  The  ani- 
mal was  forwarded  by  a  member  »f  Congress, 
under  tho  franking  privilege. — A^cio  I'oric 
iS'uii. 


w, 


Jg^ll- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Meat. 


tOITLD  it  not  130  well  to  substitute  more 
eggs  for  meat  in  our  daily  diet?  About 
one-third  of  the  -weight  of  an  egg  is 
solid  nutriment.  This  is  more  than 
can  be  said  of  meat.  There  are  no 
bones  and  tough  pieces  which  have  to  be  laid 
aside.  A  good  egg  is  made  up  of  ten  parts 
shell,  sixty  parts  white  and  thirty  parts  yolk. 
The  white  of  an  egg  conUiius  eighty-six  per 
cent,  water;  the  yolk  fifty-two  per  cent.  The 
average  weight  of  an  egg  is  about  two  ounces. 
Practically,  an  egg  is  animal  food,  and  yet 
there  is  none  of  the  disagreeable  work  of  the 
butcher  necessary  to  obtain  it.  The  vegetari- 
ans of  England  use  eggs  fieely,  and  many  of 
these  men  are  eighty  and  ninety  years  old,  and 
have  been  remarkably  free  from  illness.  A 
good  egg  is  alive.  The  shell  is  porous,  and 
the  oxygen  of  the  air  goes  through  the  shell 
and  keep  up  a  kind  of  respiration.  An  egg 
Boon  becomes  stale  in  bad  air,  or  in  dry  air 
chai-ged  with  carbonic  acid.  Eggs  may  bo 
dried  and  made  to  retain  their  goodness  for  a 
long  time,  or  the  shell  may  be  varnished, 
which  excludes  the  air,  when,  if  kept  iu  a 
moderate  temperature,  they  may  be  kept  good 
for  a  number  of  years.  The  French  people 
produce  more  eggs  than  any  other,  and  ship 
millions  of  them  to  England  annually.  Fresh 
eggs  are  more  transparent  at  the  center,  old 
ones  on  the  top.  Very  old  ones  are  not  trans- 
parent in  either  place.  In  water  in  which 
one-tenth  of  salt  has  been  dissolved,  good 
eggs  sink  and  indifferent  ones  swim.  Bad 
eggs  float  in  pure  water.  The  best  eggs  are 
laid  by  young,  healthy  hens.  If  they  are 
properly  fed,  the  eggs  are  better  than  if  they 
are  allowed  to  eat  all  sorts  of  food.  Eggs  are 
best  when  cooked  four  minutes.  This  takes 
away  the  animal  taste  that  is  offensive  to  some 
but  does  not  so  harden  the  white  or  yolk  as  to 
make  them  hard  to  digest.  An  egg,  if  cooked 
very  hard,  is  difficult  of  digestion,  except  by 
those  with  stout  stomachs;  such  eggs  should 
be  eaten  with  bread  masticated  very  finely. 
An  excellent  sandwich  can  be  made  with  eggs 
and  brown  bread.  An  egg  spread  on  toast  is 
fit  for  a  king — if  kings  deserve  any  better  food 
than  anybody  else,  which  is  doubtful.  Fried 
eggs  are  less  wholesome  than  boiled  ones.  An 
egg  dropped  into  hot  water  is  not  only  a  clean 
and  handsome,  but  a  delicious  morsel.  Most 
people  spoil  the  taste  of  their  eggs  by  adding 
pepper  and  salt.  A  little  sweet  butter  is  the 
best  dressing.  Eggs  eoutiiin  much  phosphor- 
ous, which  is  supposed  to  be  useful  to  those 
who  use  their  brains   much. — Poultry  lievkw_ 

Sex  rtJ  Poultet. — The  following  is  from  a 
corresponpent  of  the  London  Juuniai  of  Uor- 
licullure  : 

One  of  your  correspondents  revives  the  old 
question  about  the  sex  of  eggs;  I  send  my 
experience.  Last  year  an  Old  Country  poul- 
try-keeper told  me  he  could  disliuguish  the 
sex  in  eggs.  I  laughed  at  him,  and  was  none 
the  less  skeptical  when  he  told  me  the  follow- 
ing secret:  "  Eggs  with  the  air  bladder  on  the 
center  of  the  crown  of  the  egg  will  produce 
cockerels;  those  with  the  bladder  on  one  side 
will  produce  pullets."  The  old  man  was  so 
certain  of  the  truth  of  this  dogma,  and  his 
poultry  yard  so  far  confirmed  it,  that  I  deter- 
mined to  make  an  experiment  upon  it.  I 
have  done  so,  carefully  registering  every  egg 
"bladder  vertical,"  or  "bladder  on  one  side," 
rejecting  every  one  in  which  it  was  not  decid- 
edly one  or  the  other,  as  in  some  it  is  only 
very  slightly  out  of  the  center.  The  follow- 
ing is  the  result:  Fifty-eight  chickens  were 
hatched,  three  are  dead,  eleven  are  yet  too 
young  to  decide  upon  their  sex;  of  the  re- 
maining forty-four  every  one  has  turned  out 
exactly  true  to  the  old  mjin's  theory.  This, 
of  course,  may  be  an  accidental  coincidence, 


but  I  shall  certainly  try  the  experiment  again. 
1  am  now  trying  the  same  theory  upon  ducks' 
eggs. 

A  Westchester,  Pa,,  man  gives  the  results 
of  his  experiments  as  follows:  Last  Summer  I 
hatched  122  chicks  from  eggs  selected  on  this 
principle,  Il'J  of  which  were  pullets.  I  al- 
ways select  eggs  of  medium  size,  believing 
them  to  be  the  best  for  this  purpose.  I  then 
get  a  large  kerosene  lamp  and  take  an  egg  in 
my  right  hand,  between  the  thumb  and  two 
forefingers,  big  end  uppermost,  and  hold  it  as 
near  the  light  as  possible;  then  hiy  the  little 
finger  of  the  left  hand  across  the  middle  of  the 
middle  of  the  egg.  This  will  throw  the  light 
in  the  egg;  then  turn  it  around  slowly,  and 
you  will  perceive  a  dark  spot  the  size  of  a 
three-cent  piece,  directly  in  the  center  of  the 
large  end,  or  on  one  side.  As  I  raise  poultry 
for  eggs  and  for  market,  I  of  course  set  only 
eggs  for  pullets,  with  a  few  for  cockerels'  to 
replace  the  cocks  of  last  year.  It  would  be 
well  for  an  amateur  to  break  a  few  eggs, 
empty  out  the  contents,  and  examine  the 
large  end,  where  the  air  chamber  in  the  dif- 
positious  will  be  distinctly  seen. 


The  principal  points  by  which  to  discern 
the  quality  of  the  iiesh  in  a  fowl  are,  says  the 
Cottage  Oardener,  the  color  of  the  feet  and  the 
kind  of  skin.  The  yellow  foot  generally  in- 
dicates a  fowl  with  tough  flesh,  heavy  bones, 
and  yellow  fat.  It  is  very  rare  that  this  color 
does  not  show  itself  in  the  skin.  However,  it 
does  not  exclude  certain  qualities  of  the  flesh 
in  the  pure  descendants  of  the  two  exotic 
races.  Cochin  China  and  Brahma  Pootra. 
With  the  exception  of  yellow  and  green, 
which  can  never  be  recommended,  all  other 
colors,  from  black  to  white,  are  equally  indi- 
cations of  an  excellent  flesh.  When  the  skin, 
and,  above  all,  that  of  the  sides  and  breast, 
is  of  a  fine  tissue,  delicate  and  easily  extend- 
ed, also  having  a  rosj'-pearled  color,  one  may 
be  certain  that  the  flesh  is  good,  and  will  fat- 
ten rapidly. 


Gapes  in  Chickens. — Some  eighteen  years 
ago  I  came  to  live  on  an  old  farm,  where  the 
gapes  made  such  fearful  ravages  on  the  young 
chickens  that  it  seemed  almost  needless  any 
longer  to  set  the  hens.  I  came  across  the 
horse-hair  remedj-  iu  the  Country  GKiUlvman, 
tried  it,  and  the  result  was  that  I  operated  the 
first  Summer  on  from  fift)'  to  sixty  chickens 
with  perfect  success.  Chickens  very  rarely 
have  more  than  three  or  four  worms,  but  I 
have  taken  as  many  as  eight  from  young  tur- 
keys. Each  year  the  number  attacked  de- 
creased, till  last  year  there  were  only  two. 
None  die  from  the  treatment,  but  you  need  to 
take  them  when  they  first  begin  to  gape.  For 
a  few  moments  after  they  leave  your  hand, 
after  treatment,  they  will  gajoe  and  sneeze  a 
little,  and  then  are  as  bright  and  livelj'  as  ever. 
It  distresses  me  to  read  of  so  manj*  losing 
their  chicks  when  so  simple  a  remedy  will 
save  them.  Some  think  the  horse  hair  cruel, 
but  it  is  a  mistake,  and  even  if  cruel,  it  is  soon 
over.  I  take  no  particular  care  of  my  chicks, 
beyond  cooping  them,  feeding  them  corn  meal 
and  giving  water. 

Remedy. — Take  a  stifif  horse  hair,  make  a 
pointed  loop,  insert  it  in  the  wind-pipe,  push 
it  down  as  far  as  it  will  go,  with  the  rest  of 
the  hair. between  your  thumb  and  forefinger; 
twist  it  quickly,  then  draw  it  out.  You  may 
not  get  any  worm  the  first  or  the  second  time, 
but  they  loosen  so  that  the  third  or  fourth 
time  they  come;  sometimes  all  three  will  come 
at  the  first  drawing.  The  operation  must  be 
done  quickly;  it  needs  two  to  do  it — one  to 
hold  the  struggling  chick,  the  other  to  oper- 
ate.— C.  jB.  S..  ill  Country  Gentleman. 

We  have  cured  the  same  complaint  by  dip- 
ping a  feather  into  kerosene  and  running  it 
down  the  windpipe,  twisting  it  around  two  or 
three  times.  It  loosens  the  worms  and  the 
chicken  coughs  them  out.  It  is  an  easy  and 
sure  cure. 


Ti^NstjEE  THE  Hatching  of  Eggs. — A  cor- 
respondent of  the  Poultry  liemrd  gives  the 
following  plan  as  better  than  sprinkling  eggs 
with  water  to  insure  hatching.  It  is  sound, 
for  it  is  well  known  that  hens  which  make 
their  nests  on  the  ground  are  apt  to  bring  oflf 
large  broods.  The  earth  keeps  an  equable 
warmth,  and  anpx^lies  the  necessary  moisture 
to  the  eggs: 

I  put  about  two  or  three  inches  of  fine, 
moist  earth  into  the  box  I  want  to  put  the  hen 
in,  press  it  down  firmly,  and  have  it  a  little 
deeper  in  the  center,  a  handful  of  straw  or 
hay  on  toj)  of  it,  and  the  nest  is  ready  to  re- 
ceive the  eggs.  The  earth  contains  all  the 
moisture  necessary  for  the  good  of  the  eggs. 
If  your  box  is  deep,  more  earth  may  be  put  iu, 
a  foot  deep  will  do  no  hurt.  You  say  wheat 
screenings  are  poor  food  for  chickens.  My 
experience  is  difl'erent.  I  consider  them  the 
best  and  healthiest  feed,  and  use  them  almost 
exclusively,  and  only  give  a  little  corn  at 
night.  Wheat  screaniugs  will  make  the  hens 
lay,  keep  them  from  getting  broody,  and,  I 
think,  will  in  a  great  measure  prevent  cholera. 

No  amount  of  care  in  i^ropariug  the  nest  or 
moistening  the  eggs  will  insure  a  large  brood 
if  the  eggs  are  not  good.  After  eggs  have 
been  under  the  hen  three  days  the  germ  be- 
comes sufficiently  developed  to  make  it  deter- 
minable whether  the  egg  will  hatch  or  not. 
They  may  be  examined  at  this  stage,  by  hold- 
ing before  a  light,  and  those  which  show  no 
evidence  of  fecundity  discarded  and  replaced 
by  fresh  eggs.  Care  must  be  taken  not  to 
handle  them  too  much,  and  fresh  eggs  should 
not  be  placed  in  the  nest  later  than  three  days 
after  the  hen  begins  to  set,  or  she  may  leave 
the  nest  before  they  are  hatched. 


When  poultry  is  kept  in  a  yard,  it  is  best  to 
dig  up  a  small  corner  occasionally  to  let  them 
hunt  for  worms  and  beetles,  and  then  sow  it 
in  oats  and  corn  and  lettuce.  They  always 
want  a  dusting  place;  a  box  of  ashes  with  sul- 
phur intermiaed  is  what  they  need  for  this. 


That  farmers  and  manufacturers  are  mutual 
producers  and  consumers — that  is,  that  each 
is  a  consumer  of  the  other's  products — is 
quite  plain.  It  ought  to  be  equally  plain  that 
it  is  for  their  mutual  advantage  and  profit  that 
they  be  in  juxtaposition.  The  cost  of  trans- 
portation between  them  is  a  tax  on  both,  and 
it  increases  with  the  distance  between  them. 
If  the  price  were  fixed  to  the  producer, 
whether  of  agricultui-al  or  mechanical  pro- 
ducts, then  the  cost  to  the  consumer  must  in- 
crease with  the  distance  between  them;  if  the 
price  were  fixed  to  the  consumer,  the  profit  to 
the  producer  must  be  diminished  as  the  dis- 
tance between  them  increases.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  the  cost  of  intei-vening  transportation 
is  a  tax  which  is  di^•ided  between  them,  and 
this  would  still  hold  true  were  that  cost  re- 
duced to  its  minimum.  To  transportation 
companies  and  middlemen  distance  may  "lend 
enchantment  to  the  view,"  but  he  is  an  un- 
wise farmer  who  does  not  do  all  in  his  power 
to  encourage  manufacturers  to  locate  beside 
him. 

Faem  Machines. — The  Tlw-iiZ  says :  Know- 
ledge of  machinery  is  becoming  one  of  the 
most  important  requisites  in  a  farmer  or  a 
farmer's  help.  No  machine  should  go  upon 
any  farm  without  the  farmer  comprehending 
it  iu  all  its  parts,  the  requirement  and  relation 
of  each  part  to  the  other,  how  to  adjust  and 
care  for  it,  how  to  remedy  difficulties  that  may 
arise,  ank  keep  the  whole  machine  in  proper 
working  condition  without  the  aid  of  a  ma- 
chiuist,  uuless  in  exceptiouil  circumstances. 
It  should  be  the  first  duty  of  the  hired  help  to 
learn  the  same  lesson,  if  he  is  to  be  intrusted 
with  the  machine's  use.  This  is  urged  as  a 
matter  of  economy.  It  is  frequently  the  ease 
that  a  non-observant  farmer  loses  the  time  of 
his  men  and  his  own,  besides  making  a  bill  at 
the  blacksmith's  or  machinist's,  when  a  little 
gumption  and  ten  minutes'  time  properly  ap- 
plied would  have  saved  all  loss. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


SID  *  ■» 


Bee  Culture  in    California.^ 


P  to  the  time  of  the  influx  of  the  gold 
hunters  in  18i8  9,  sayB  the  Sficrnraento 
BccoTd,  tha  honey  bee  was  nnknown  in 
California,  and  it  was  as  lute  as  1856  or 
'57,  we  think  before  any  were  intro- 
dneed.  The  tirflt  brought  into  the  eonutry 
found  a  profusion  of  wild  flowers  every  where 
and  as  a  consequence  increased  in  numbers 
■with  a  rapidity  unparalleled  in  the  history  of 
bee-keeping,  and  made  a  quantity  of  honey 
theretofore  unheard  of  by  the  most  experi- 
enced apiarians  of  the  world.  While  this 
honey  lacked  the  peculiar  and  familiar  flavor 
of  the  white  clover  and  other  cultivated  crops 
of  the  Eastern  States  and  Europe,  it  was  stiU 
of  an  excellent  flavor  and  unexceptional  in 
color,  and  of  course  in  a  new  country,  where 
delicacies  and  luxuries  had  been  scarce  and 
costly,  commanded  a  good  price  and  fuund  a 
ready  market.  This  attracted  the  attention  of 
speculators  who  knew  nothing  of  the  science 
or  art  of  bee-keeping,  and  soon  the  country 
■was  flooded  with  bees  imported  from  all  parts 
of  the  Eastern  country.  Having  been  sub- 
jected to  improper  treatment,  want  of  ventila- 
tion, sweating,  etc.,  on  the  passage,  and  not 
being  properly  cared  for  on  arrival,  the  worst 
kinds  of  bee  disease  soon  became  very  preva- 
lent, and  for  a  number  of  years  the  mortality 
more  than  equaled  the  increase.  This  unex- 
pected turn  in  the  business  brought  the  value 
of  stands  or  hives  down  from  the  speculative 
price  of  from  $100  to  $il30  each,  to  which 
they  reached  at  the  high  tide  of  excitement,  to 
a  mere  nominal  sum,  and  those  who  had 
rushed  into  the  bee  business  now  as  anxiously 
and  hurrietUy  rushed  out  of  it.  Many  who 
could  not  sell  theii-  stock  at  any  price  simply 
abandoned  them  to  take  care  of  themselves. 
A  few  men,  however,  who  had  been  trained 
to  the  business,  and  who  entered  into  it  at 
first  as  a  legitimate  business,  believing  they 
could  with  careful  management  make  it  pay 
them  a  proper  return  for  the  investment  of 
their  means  and  their  labor,  worked  right 
along  through  all  this  excitement  and  sjiecu- 
lation,  and  through  the  following  depression, 
keeping  their  bees  in  a  healthy  condition,  and 
adopting  all  the  improvements  in  hives  and  in 
management,  and  increasing  their  stock  and 
improving  it  by  the  sul:>stitution  of  the  yellow 
Italian  for  the  black  German  bee,  and  barely 
paying  their  expenses  from  the  pro- 
ducts of  their  apiaries,  and  looking  to  outside 
operations  for  the  maintenance  of  their  fami- 
bes.  To  add  to  the  discouragements  and  dif- 
ficulties of  these  few  men  who  had  once  been 
cheated  out  of  the  fmr  and  natural  reward 
for  their  enterprise  and  labor  by  the  over- 
speculation  and  then  the  following  depression, 
just  as  they  began  again  to  see  a  better  time 
coming,  when  they  should  have  a  clear  field  in 
■which  their  bees  could  gather  honey,  and  a 
growing  market  for  the  products  of  those 
bees,  another  difficulty,  more  serious  because 
more  permanent  than  the  f  ormi  r  stared  them 
in  the  face. 

The  open  country  that  had  formerly  been 
covered  with  wild  flowers  upon  which  the  bees 
had  fed,  and  from  which  they  had  gathered 
the  only  good  honey,  was  now  being  appro- 
priated for  stock  or  for  wheat,  and  for  other 
agrieirltural  purposes.  The  whole  natural 
bee  food  was  being  rapidly  destroyed,  and  none 
of  the  crops  cultivated  stijiplied  the  place  of 
it.  The  peculiarity  of  the  California  climate 
precluded  the  successful  cultivation  of  the 
white  clover  so  universal  in  the  eastern  coun- 
try, and  which  there  more  than  comjjensated 
for  the  wild  flowers  supplanted  by  it.  With  a 
large  stock  of  bees  on  hand  these  few  legiti- 
mate apiarist  found  themselves  thus  deprived 
of  all  feed  for  them,  from  which  any  paying 
amount  of  honey  of  good  mcrehantablo 
quality  could  bo  made.  Tlien  came  the  divid- 
ing up  of  the  apiaries,  and  an  attempt  to 
adopt  the  nomadic  i)lan  of  beo-kceping.  Some 


were  sent  to  the  raoitntains  and  some  towards 
the  sea,  among  the  tule  islands.  This  plan 
gave  hopes  and  some  promise  of  sueces.s.  A 
fair  amount  of  pretty  good  honey  was  gath- 
ered some  seasons  in  the  mountains,  but  the 
prevalence  of  the  buckeye  in  these  districts,  a 
'*«leadly  poison  to  the  bee,  was  found  a  great 
drawback,  and  finally  compelled  the  abandon- 
ment of  these  fields.  A  fair  amount  of  honey 
wa.s  gathered  from  the  low  tule  lands,  but  of 
poor  quality.  As  a  consequence  of  these  dis- 
couragements, the  number  of  those  who  per- 
severed in  the  business  was  continually  grow- 
ing less. 

About  five  years  since,  however,  J.  S.  Har- 
bison, the  leading  apiarist  of  the  State,  made 
a  trip  through  the  southern  counties  in  search 
of  bee  pasture.  He  found  such  good  promise 
that  soon  after  his  return  he  removed  a  small 
apiary,  in  the  ownership  of  which  he  had  as- 
sociated a  Mr.  Clark  with  himself,  to  San 
Diego.  These  were  the  first  bees  in  that 
county.  The  success  with  which  this  small 
venture  was  attended  has  induced  Mr.  Harbi- 
son to  gather  tip  all  his  bees  from  all  other 
localities  and  transfer  them  to  the  same 
county.  Mr.  Harbison  has  now  in  that  coun- 
ty two  thousand  hives  of  bees,  which  last 
year  produced  150,000  pounds,  or  75  tons  of 
surplus  hauey  of  a  very  excellent  quality.  Of 
this  he  has  shipped  per  railroad  over  CO  tons 
to  the  Eastern  States,  mostly  to  Chicago  and 
New  York.  His  sales  of  honey  for  the  year 
will  equal  the  nice  little  sum  of  $30,000. 

This  places  Mr.  Harbison  the  foremost  bee 
man  in  the  world.  So  far  as  money  making 
from  the  business  is  concerned,  and  he  un- 
doubtedly occupies  the  same  position  as  to 
the  knowledge  of  the  business,  there  not  be- 
ing in  the  world  his  eqiial  in  this  respect. 
The  labor  in  and  about  all  his  apiui'ies  is  now 
done  by  apprentices,  who  are  availing  them- 
selves of  the  opportunity  to  learn  the  business 
while  their  labor  pays  their  personal  expenses. 
Eight  young  men  are  thus  engaged,  and  some 
of  them  have  become  so  expert  as  to  be  in- 
trusted with  the  entire  management  of  some 
of  his  apiaries.  Other  parties,  since  they 
have  learned  the  success  attending  the  bee 
business  in  San  Diego  county,  have  also  re- 
moved a  large  number  there,  and  good  jiidges 
estimate  the  product  of  the  apiaries  of  the 
country  last  year  at  $100,000. 

EXTENT  AND  NATURE  OF  BEE  PASTtlKES. 

The  bee  pastures  of  the  southern  counties 
extend  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Lower  Califor- 
nia, occupying  a  belt  of  counti-y  about  eight 
miles  wide — commencing  about  on  an  aver- 
age of  ten  miles  from  the  coast — approaching 
nearer  or  receding  further  back,  according  to 
the  topography  of  the  country.  This  belt  is 
a  very  irregular,  broken  mountainous  country, 
mostly  unfit  for  general  agricultural  purposes, 
and  on  this  the  bee-keepers  place  their  hopes 
of  immunity  from  the  encroaches  which  have 
proved  their  discomfiture  in  other  portions  of 
the  State.  Experience  has  shown  that  the 
best  localities  for  the  apiai-y  is  neither  at  the 
highest  elevation  or  deepest  depression, 
neither  on  the  mountain  nor  in  the  valley  be- 
low, but  at  a  ijoiut  half  way  between  the  two. 
At  this  point  a  medium  temperature  is  secured, 
and  the  bees  are  thus  placed  where  they  have 
access  to  the  earliest  food  in  the  valleys  be- 
low and  the  latest  on  the  mountain  above. 
The  distance  the  bees  have  to  fly  to  obtain 
their  food  is  thus  divided,  which  is  -no  small 
consideration.  One  can  ap])reciate  this  last 
proposition  when  he  reflects  that  the  bees  of 
Mr.  Harbison  last  year  gathered  up  and  car- 
ried to  his  several  apiaries  150,000  pounds  of 
honey.  The  honey  is  gathered  from  a  great 
variety  of  flowers,  but  the  chief  dependence  is 
on  a  .species  of  white  sage  which  is  found  in 
great  abundance  on  the  entire  range  of  coun- 
ti-y,  from  Sautji  Barbara  to  Lower  California, 
averaging  about  eight  miles  wide. 

The  bee  men  are  rapidly  taking  up  and  oc- 
cu]iying  the  best  locations  in  all  this  ri'gion. 
They  are  laying  out  the  proceeds  of  their  en- 
terprise ami  labor  in  permanent  improvements 
and  arc  preparing  to  make  permiment  homes. 
Though  the  principal  business  and  depend- 


ence is  the  apiary,  they  all  cultivate  some 
land  and  keep  some  cows,  Bome  horses  and 
hogs,  and  some  of  them  some  sheep.  We  are 
informed  that  the  bee  men  alone  have  done 
more  in  the  settlement  of  the  county  of  Han 
Diego  than  all  other  classes,  in  the  past  five 
years.  The  land  being  occupied  by  the  bee- 
keepers has  not  yet  been  surveyed  and  pnt 
into  the  market  by'  the  General  Government, 
but  they  are  taking  it  up  with  a  view  to  pre- 
empting it  as  soon  as  they  can  do  so,  and  ■we 
understand  they  propose  asking  Congress  for 
special  legislation  to  enable  them  to  obtain 
title  to  large  tracts  each. 


Natorb  op  Bees. — Mr.  S.  8.  Lauderff'com- 
muni<;ates  to  the  CfrrisiiuH  Leader  a  long  arti- 
cle on  bees,  from  which  we  make  the  follow- 
ing extracts : 

The  bee  has  never  failed  to  attract  the  at- 
tention and  study  of  all  naturalists,  and  of  all 
who  feel  an  .interest  in  the  works  of  nature. 
Their  skillful  work  seems  to  manifest  the  in- 
telligence belonging  to  the  higher  orders  of 
animals,  and  even  to  surpass,  is  some  respects 
the  intellectual  faculties  of  man. 

In  a  perfect  hive  of  bees,  there  are  three 
kinds.  The  "queen,"  the  mother  of  the 
whole  colony,  the  "  workers, ' '  of  the  neuter 
gender,  those  that  do  all  the  work,  and  the 
"drones,"  the  male  bees,  inho  take  up  room 
in  the  hive,  live  on  the  products  of  the  work- 
er, but  bring  in  no  honey.  These  three  kinds 
of  bees  have  very  difl'erent  organizations  and 
instincts,  and  their  offices  in  the  hive  are  en- 
tirely difl'erent,  and  yet  each  is  necessary  to 
the  others,  and  all  are  indispensable  to  the 
existence  and  continuation  of  the  colony. 

The  queen  is  a  fully  developed  female.  In 
all  animated  nature,  we  usually  find  the  male 
and  female  of  about  the  same  number,  but 
bees  are  an  exception  to  this  law.  Here  there 
is  b  nt  one  female  to  many  hundreds  of  males, 
and  many  thousands  of  workers  which  are  of 
neither  gender. 

The  queen  is  impregnated  by  copulating 
but  once  in  her  lifetime  with  the  drone  while 
on  the  wing,  high  up  in  the  air,  and  in  forty- 
six  hours  after  her  fecundations,  all  things 
being  right,  she  begins  to  lay  eggs,  and  it  is 
stated  by  those  who  profess  to  know,  that  she 
is  capable  of  laying  2,000  eggs  in  twenty -four 
hours.  Huber,  a  bhnd  Swiss  natiualist  of 
great  celebrity,  advocated  the  idea  that  the 
ovaries  of  the  queen  contain  a  regular  succes- 
sion of  the  difl'erent  kinds  of  eggs  necessary 
to  produce  the  three  kinds  of  bees  we  find  in 
a  hive.  He  made  an  experiment  which  proved 
to  him  that  if  the  hive  contained  no  drone 
comb,  she  dropped  her  male  eggs  at  random, 
and  no  males  were  produced,  and  so  if  there 
was  no  worker  comb,  she  dropped  her  worker 
eggs  anywhere,  and  no  workers  were  reared. 
This,  in  substance,  if  the  theory  of  Professor 
Agassiz,  as  advanced  in  his  lecture,  "  Life  in 
the  Bee  Hive." 

But  the  most  generally  recognized  opinion 
on  this  subject  now  is,  that  the  eggs  of  the 
queen  are  all  alike,  and  that  it  is  only  the 
difl'erent  kind  of  cells  in  which  they  are  laid 
whether  drone  or  worker,  and  the  different 
kinds  of  food  and  treatment  they  receive  from 
the  workers  in  their  embryo  state,  that  make 
the  three  kinds  of  bees.  If  this  theory  be 
true,  and  it  has  many  facts  in  its  stipport, 
the  queen  has  no  knowledge  of  the  kind  of 
eggs  she  is  depo-siting  in  the  difl'erent  cells, 
nor  does  she  know  what  kind  of  bees  they 
will  produce.  And  yet  there  are  facts  which 
favor  the  other  sidc^  of  the  question. 

The  fact  that  all  eggs  laid  before  fecunda- 
tion produce  drones  only,  seems  to  favor  the 
Huber  theory.  The  queen  has  a  sting  which 
she  only  uses  to  sting  another  queen.  She 
can  bo  handled  without  any  more  fear  of  be- 
ing stung  by  her  than  by  a  drone,  which  has 
no  sting.  She  lives  four  or  five  years,  if  no 
accident  happens  to  hor;  but  in  the  latter  [lart 
of  her  life  she  ceases  to  be  prolific,  and  the 
colony  ]irocced  at  once  to  raise  another  <iueen 
to  take  her  place.  This  they  do  by  building 
a  queen  cell,  and  if  when  the  cell  isabuut  half 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


done,  the  queen  does  not  lay  au  egg  in  it,they 
take  one  from  a  worker  cell  uud  put  into  it,o"r 
they  build  a  queen  cell  around  a  worker  egg 
in  a  worker  cell,  and  by  feeding  the  insect  in 
its  embryo  state  with  royal  food,  a  sort  of 
creamy-like  substaucs,  and  perhaps  by  some 
other  process  known  only  to  tbemselves,  the 
egg  that  would  have  become  a  worker,  if  it 
had  remained  in  a  worker  eel!,  becomes  a 
queeu.  The  office  of  the  queen  in  the  hive 
seems  to  be  only  to  lay  eggs.  She  has  no 
care  for  thera  after  they  are  deposited  in  the 
cells,  but  all  such  as  the  workers  convert  into 
queens  -she  is  sure  to  destroy,  unless  in  some 
way  prevented,  if  she  does  not  go  out  with  a 
swarm  before  the  young  queeu  is  sufficiently 
advanced  iii  its  cell  to  be  regarded  as  a  rival. 
She  has  power  over  her  ovaries  so  that  she 
she  can  lay  eggs  or  not,  as  circumstances  in 
the  hive  make  it  necessary  or  not.  A  queeu 
in  a  large  colony,  when  honey  is  being 
brought  in  abundantly,  will  lay  five  time.s  the 
eggs  that  the  s<ime  queen  would  in  a  small 
colony  under  reverse  circumstances. 

One  other  mysterious  fact  I  would  name 
here,  is  that  the  egg  from  which  a  queen  is 
reared  is  hatched  into  a  perfect  bee  in  sixteen 
or  seventeen  days  from  the  time  it  was  laid, 
wherea-s  if  a  worker  had  been  reared  from 
that  egg,  it  would  have  taken  twenty-one  or 
twenty-two  days.  The  difi'erent  food  and 
treatment  the  queen  grub  receives  not  only 
alters  the  gender  of  the  bee,  its  shape  and 
.size,  but  also  makes  a  difference  of  four  or 
five  days  in  hatching.  The  drone  is  the  male 
bee  and  has  no  sting,  no  means  of  gathering 
honey,  nor  of  secreting  wax,  nor  of  doing  any 
kind  of  work  for  the  common  good  of  the 
colony.  Like  some  in  human  society,  they 
are  non-producers,  living  by  others'  toil  and 
industry,  regular  gentlemen  loafers.  Their 
only  use  is  to  fecundate  the  queen,  and  keep 
up  by  their  pi-eseuoe  in  the  hive  the  necessary 
animal  heat  to  rear  the  brood.  They  live  one 
Summer  and  are  killed  off  in  the  Fall. 

The  workers  are  imperfectly  developed  fe- 
males, and  they  do  aU  the  work  that  is  done 
in  the  hive.  They  secrete  the  wax  from  their 
own  bodies,  and  build  it  into  comb;  they 
gather  the  pollen  for  the  young  and  thahouey 
for  all;  they  feed  and  rear  the  brood;  they 
fight  all  the  battles  necessary  to  defend  the 
colony  against  harm.  They  live  but  a  few 
months  when  the  weather  is  such  that  they 
cannot  go  out.  They  have  eyes  by  which 
they  can  see  in  daylight,  but  all  their  mys- 
terious work  in  the  hive,  which  has  surpassed 
the  skill  of  all  meehauics,  and  excited  the 
wonder  of  all  naturalists,  is  done  in  perfect 
darkness,  where  eyes  of  common  structure 
can  be  of  no  use. 


A  swAUM  of  bees  have  established  them- 
selves on  the  top  of  a  Cincinnati  church  stee- 
ple. What  a  chance  for  a  sermon  on  the  be- 
atitudes, and  what  a  hint  to  the  congregation 
that  they  should  humble  be! 


A  Gardener's  Lesson. 

Two  gardeners  had  their  crops  of  peas 
killed  by  the  frost.  One  of  them  was  very 
impatient  under  the  loss,  and  fretted  about  it 
very  much.  The  other  went  patiently  to  work 
at  once  to  plant  a  new  crop.  After  a  while 
the  impatient,  fretting  man  went  to  his  neigh- 
bor. To  liis  surprise  he  found  another  crop 
of  peas  growing  finely.  Ho  wondered  how 
this  could  be. 

"  These  are  what  I  sowed  while  you  were 
fretting, "  said  his  neighbor. 

"  But  don't  you  ever  fret?"  he  a,skedi.      '   ' 

"Yes,  I  do;  but  I  put  it  off  untiU  I  hare 
repaired  the  mischief  that  may  have  been 
done." 

"  Why,  then  jou  have  no  need  to  fret  at 
all." 

"True,"  said  the  friend,  "and  that  is  the 
reason  I  put  it  off." 


Some  men,  like  flowers,  ai-e  fitter  for  a  cor- 
ner than  a  fuU  light.— Semca. 


/**^ 


g\mmUm,\l 


Ferns  as  Window  Plants. 

CTpEW  plants  require  less  attention  and  yet 
'jlT  gi'fe  more  satisfaction  to  dwellers  in 
ff'rij  towns  than  do  the  hardier  descriptions 
<^^  of  ferns.  From  the  fact  that  many  of 
ate  them  are  greenest  and  best  in  Winter, 
■when  other  plants  are  out  of  bloom,  their 
culture  ought  to  be  patronized  by  the  poorer 
classes  who  cannot  afford  more  expensive 
plants.  Among  the  limestone  formations  of 
North  Lancashire  the  fern  commonly  known 
as  Stag's-head  is  very  numerous  and  luxuri- 
ant. The  Ijeautiful  green  fronds  grow  to  a 
length  of  twelve  to  eighteen  inches,  and  many 
of  them,  when  cultivated  in  pots,  fork  so  as 
to  be  rare  and  beautiful  ferns,  the  tips  of  the 
fronds  forming  into  a  bunch.  I  would  Cidl 
the  attention  of  city  horticulturist.s  to  the  fact 
that  these  ferns  might  be  gathered  at  a  very 
trifling  expense  and  sent  to  town  by  wagon 
loads,  seeing  that  the  hedges  are  full  of  them 
in  the  district  named.  Arrived  in  the  efties, 
they  may  be  potted,  and  a  good  profit  realized 
from  the  sale  at  from  9d.  to  Is.  per  pot.  They 
will  live  for  many  years,  and  would  form  a 
"thing  of  joy"  in  many  humble  homes,  to 
the  dwellers  in  which  the  sight  of  a  green 
leaf  is  apleasnre.  The  beautiful  little  Maiden- 
hair, Royal,  Parsley  and  other  ferns  are 
cqu.illy  common  in  the  district. — London 
Fkld. 

There  are  several  varieties  of  fine  ferns  in 
California  that  can  be  easily  transferred  from 
the  wild  glens  to  the  sitting-rooms  of  our 
people.  They  will  grow  with  moss  in  hang- 
ing baskets  or  in  pots.  The  best  thing  is  a 
stand,  such  as  is  described  in  the  following 
article,  only  a  plant  stand  for  ferns  should  be 
covei-ed  with  a  glass  case  to  grow  ferns  in 
full  perfection.  A  simple  frame  can  be  made 
to  hold  the  glass  frames. 


A  Pi,ANT  Stand.— The  lack  of  a  desirable 
place  to  keep  plants  often  prevents  the  pleas- 
ure of  raising  them.  They  must  have  light, 
and  air,  and  sunshine,  and  it  is  not  always 
convenient  to  devote  the  brightest  windows 
to  their  occupancy.  If  kept  on  the  ledges, 
they  are  in  danger  of  being  chilled  on  a  frosty 
night;  and  it  is  a  tax  to  be  compelled  to  move 
the  heavy  pots  every  time  the  thermometer 
drops.  A  flower  stand  of  some  sort  that  can 
be  readily  moved  from  window  to  window  is, 
therefore,  a  necessity.  The  old-fashioned 
wooden  ones  are  clumsy,  heavy,  and  take  up 
too  much  room.  The  modern  wire  frames 
are  pretty  and  light;  but  one  of  moderate  size 
costs  ten  or  twelve  dollars,  which  is  a  great 
deal  to  put  in  the  stand  when  we  wish  to  put 
it  in  the  flowers. 

We  saw  something,  the  other  day,  that 
seemed  to  serve  both  economy  and  conveni- 
ence. A  box  three  feet  long,  a  foot  and  a 
half  wide  across  the  bottom,  and  eighteen 
inches  deep,-  is  made  of  common  pine.  The 
sides  flare  outward,  so  that,  at  the  top,  they 
measure  six  or  eight  inches  more,  from  edge 
to  edge,  than  at  the  bottom.  The  box  stands 
on  four  legs  with  casters,  and  under  the  bot- 
tom of  the  box,  a  piece  of  wood  fancifully  cut 
on  the  edge  (a  sort  of  pine  valance),  holds 
the  legs  firmly  and  firmly  and  symmetrically 
together.  The  top  of  the  box  is  nearly  even 
with  the  window-siU,  and  when  the  \\hole  is 
constructed,  it  ma.y  either  be  painted  m  colors 
or  stained  dark-brown,  to  match  the  furniture 
wood.  The  inside  of  the  box  is  better  pre- 
served from  decay,  if  lined  with  zinc  or  tin; 
but  it  will  last  one,  possibly  two  seasons, with- 
out any  lining  at  all.  Over  the  bottom  is 
spread  a  three-inch  layer  of  bits  of  broken 
flower  pots,  and  on  this  is  set  a  double  row 
of  pots,  or  as  many  as  will  stand  evenly  on 
the  surface.  Then  a  thick  layer  of  sand  is 
poured  over  the  broken  pieoas,  and  the   ^est 


of  the  space  filled  up  with  earth  till  it  is  even 
with  the  top  of  the  flower  pots.  In  the  bed 
thus  formed,  bulbs  or  slips  ai-e  planted  be- 
tween the  pots,  and  vines  are  started  at  the 
corners.  When  the  latter  are  well  under  way, 
wires,  on  which  the  vines  twist,  are  fastened 
diagonally  from  corner  to  corner,  forming  a 
beautiful  green  arch  over  what  seems  to  be  a 
bed  taken  thus  bodily  from  the  garden, 
hometimes  a  tiny  hanging  basket,  or  an  ivy 
growing  in  water,  is  hung  from  where  the 
wires  cross  in  the  arch,  but,  even  without  it, 
there  is  no  appearance  of  barrenness.  A  car- 
penter will  make  the  box  for  two  dollars  and  a 
half,  and  the  rest,  painting  and  all,  can  be 
readily  done  at  home. — Mx. 


Soil  foe  Flceicultoke.— Most  flowers,  if 
not  all,  succeed  best  in  sandy  loam,  made 
nch  by  the  addition  of  well-rotted  manure, 
which  should  be  thoroughly  mixed  with  the 
soil.  .Such  a  soil,  thus  prepared,  will  not  be- 
come hard  or  bak'd,  but  will  become  loose 
and  porous.  It  will  not  only  aflord  the  small 
and  tender  plants  a  chance  for  existence,  but 
it  will  also  enable  them  to  perfect  themselves 
with  vigor  and  beauty.  If  your  garden  is 
composed  of  a  stiff,  heavy  soil,  a  good  dress- 
ing of  sacd  and  manure  will  assist  it  wonder- 
fully in  the  way  of  plant  development;  and 
some  of  the  most  delicate  plants,  that  would 
not  succeed  at  all  in  such  soil,  in  its  unim- 
proved condition,  will,  after  such  preparation, 
flourish  in  the  most  satisfactory  manner. 


Sand  and  Waiek  foe  Cuttings.— The  Bevu 
ITorticok  recommends  the  following  mode  of 
striking  the  cuttings  of  soft-wooded  plants: 
Take  a  flower  pot  saucer,  fill  it  with  river 
sand,  and  place  the  cutting  in  the  same,  hav- 
ing first  satui-ated  the  whole  with  water.  The 
saucers  are  put  in  a  sunny  place,  and  always 
kept  full  to  the  brim  with  water.  Almost  any 
kind  of  cutting  will  grow  then. 

This  method  of  striking  delicate  cuttings  is 
the  best  we  know  of,  and  is  practiced  by  gar- 
deners in  California.  Any  Mnd  of  a  saucer 
or  deep  plate  wiU  do  to  use. 


Salt  as  Manure. 


Various  experiments  have  been  made  by  M. 
Peligot  and  others  in  Europe  to  test  the  value 
of  salt  as  a  manure.  The  following  summing 
up  seems  to  have  been  anived  at: 

Salt  should  never  be  applied  other  than  in 
a  pulverized  state,  and  never  be  employed  on 
imperrious,  cold  and  humid  soils.  The  best 
manner  to  use  it  is  to  combine  it  with  other 
manures,  a  dose  of  200  weight  to  the  acre  be- 
ing sufficient.  When  to  destroy  insects  it 
should  be  applied  before  sunrise.  In  the  case 
of  cereals,  salt  strengthens  the  stems  and 
causes  the  ears  to  fill  better,  and  favors  the 
dissolution  and  assimilation  of  the  phosphates 
and  silicates.  It  acts  ngorously  on  ijotatoes; 
it  can  be  detected  in  their  ashes  to  the  extent 
of  one-half  of  one  per  cent.  Asparagus  is  a 
veritable  glutton  in  the  presence  of  salt.  A 
dose  of  300  pounds  per  acre  acts  without  fail 
on  beets,  injuring  its  value  for  sugar  pui-poses 
but  enhancing  it  for  the  feeding  of  cattle. 
Colza  has  as  marked  a  predilection  for  salt  as 
asparagus,  and  in  Holland,  where  the  culture 
of  peas  is  so  extensive,  salt  is  something  like 
a  necessity.  Mixed  with  hay  in  the  propor- 
tion of  a  quarter  of  a  pound  to  a  hundred 
weight,  the  fodder  is  rendered  more  .appetiz- 
ing; but  the  best  way  to  feed  it  to  animals  is 
to  allow  them  to  enjoy  it  in  the  shape  of  rock 
salt.  It  is  calculated  that  a  horse  appropri- 
ates daily  one-tenth  of  an  ounce  of  salt,  an 
ox  one-half  that  quantity,  and  a  sheep  and  a 
pig  one-half  that  requiied  by  an  ox. 

A  MAN  in  Stark  county,  Ind.,  pays  his  boy 
ten  cents  a  quart  for  potato  bugs,  aiid  the  boy 
says  if  next  year  is  as  good  as  this  he  can  buv 
the  old  man  out. 


California  Horticulturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


mmxL 


Wheat  and   Vegetables  for  Hogs. 


M     FAKMER  in  Tennessee  writing  to  the 

\'    I!ur<d  Sun  tells  how  a  neighbor  fattened 
his  hogs  on  wheat  with    turnips.      Any 

iP  other  vegetable  with  wheat  would  do 
as  well  as  turnips,  which  are  less  nutri- 
tive than  mangle  wurtzels  and  other  beets, 
which  will  grow  in  California  better  than  tur- 
nips will,  and  with  greater  profits  for  feed. 

Beets  sown  on  good  soil  in  Februarj'  or  the 
latter  part  of  January  on  the  dry  lands  in 
California  will,  by  the  advantage  of  an  early 
start  and  fair  growth  before  the  end  of  the 
rainy  season,  make  a  good  crop  where  wheat 
or  barley  will  grow  without  irrigation.  Any 
farmer  that  can  grow  wheat  can  grow  beets, 
and  wheat  and  beets  together  are  as  good  as 
wheat  and  turnips. 

We  venture  the  assertion  that  wheat  is  the 
best  single  grain  to  fatten  hogs  on  that  grows, 
and  also  that  there  is  no  branch  of  farming 
that  will  pay  better  in  this  State,  where  not 
one-sixth  of  the  pork  used  is  produced,  than 
raising  and  fattening  hogs. 

Our  soils  are  prolific,  and  with  proper  man- 
agement can  be  made  to  produce  as  much 
solid  hog-feed  to  the  acre  as  the  corn  lands  of 
Missouri,  in  wheat,  peas  and  barley,  and 
beets  and  squashes. 

We  extract  from  the  letter  in  the  Rural  Sun, 
and  hope  our  farmers  may  be  instructed  to 
their  good: 

Fat  Hogs — Turnips  and  Ground  Wheat. 
Col.  Boyd  of  Marshall  county  failed  in  his 
corn  crop  this  year,  and  is  fattening  his  hogs 
on  turnips  and  wheat.  He  cuts  up  the  tur- 
nijis  and  tops,  to  which  he  adds  one  bushel 
of  ground  wheat  for  each  twenty  hogs,  as  the 
daily  rations,  the  turnips  in  quantity  as  much 
as  they  will  eat.  The  mixture  is  thoroughly 
cooked  and  fed  cool,  on  which  he  thinks  he 
can  m.ake  his  hogs  as  fat  in  slHy  dai/s  as  he 
could  on  corn  in  ninety.  He  has  never  known 
hogs  to  fatten  as  rapidly  when  fed  on  corn  or 
any  thing  else.  To  feed  twenty  hogs  ninety 
days,  the  usual  time,  would  require  at  least 
lifteen  bushels  of  corn  each,  or  three  hundred 
bushels  for  the  twenty.  Col.  Boyd,  to  reach 
the  same  results,  would  feed  sixty  days  and 
consume  sixty  hushci'i  of  wlxeat,  added  to  a  full 
supply  of  turnips,  which  are  of  but  compara- 
tive little  value.  You  see  in  fattening  twenty 
hogs,  a  clean  saving  of  two  hundred  and  forty 
bushels  of  grain  by  Col.  Boyd's  mode  of  feed- 
ing turnips  and  wittat. 


Feeding  Swine. — One  of  the  important 
things  in  feeding  hogs,  and  indeed  all  animals, 
is  to  feed  regularly.  They  have  no  clocks,aud 
are  not  supposed  to  observe  the  sun  and  stars 
very  closely,  still  hogs  are  not  ignorant  of  the 
flight  of  time,  and  they  reckou  very  accurately 
as  to  the  hours  for  meals.  If  accustomed  to 
be  fed  at  six  o'clock  in  the  morniug,  twelve  at 
noon,  .-ind  six  at  night,  they  want  their  food 
pretty  jiromptly  at  these  hoursf,  and  will  grunt 
and  grumble  if  they  don't  have  it.  This 
grunibliug  must  be  avoided,  for  it  wears  off 
more  tli'sh  from  men  and  hogs  than  is  com- 
monly supposed.  We  have  been  amused  on 
going  into  hog  pens,  when  the  hogs  are  fed 
regularly,  to  notice  how  little  attention  they 
]iay  to  visiti>rs  at  any  time  except  meal  hours. 
They  sleep  right  on,  and  it  sometimes  re- 
quires some  hard  pokes  to  arouse  them,  and 
when  aroused  they  ar<'  as  apt  to  make  for  the 
door  as  the  trough.  On  the  other  hand,  hogs 
fed  irregularly  are  on  the  (/ui  vivc  to  see  if 
somebody  has   not  brought  them    something 


good  to  eat.  Hogs  are  creatures  of  habit.and 
they  may  be  accustomed  to  t^vo  or  three,  or 
half  a  dozen  meals  a  day.  We  should  cer- 
tainly prefer  three  to  half  a  dozen.  Feeding 
them  every  time  we  pass  the  hog  pen,  as  is  the 
custom  of  some,  is  a  weariness  to  the  Uesh  of 
both  man  and  beast. 


Quality  in  Pork. — We  all  know  what  a 
ditl'erence  there  is  in  pork.  Breed  has  some- 
thing to  do  in  this  matter,  but  not  so  much  as 
many  suppose.  It  is  the  kind  of  feed  that 
makes  the  quality  in  pork.  Use  milk  or  whey 
largel}'  and  your  pork  is  sure  to  be  soft,  flab- 
by, and  will  fry  away  at  least  half.  What  is 
left  is  not  relishable.  Hence  our  dairy  pork 
is  our  poorest  pork,  varying  according  to  the 
amount  of  grain  that  is  fed.  So  still-fed  pork 
is  in  bad  repute.  Miscellaneous  feed  makes 
ordinary  pork,  often  quite  ordinary.  Slop 
will  not  do,  there  seems  to  be  too  much  water. 

The  grains  are  what  is  wanted  to  make  good, 
sweet  pork — pork  that  is  solid  and  will  fry 
well.  Hank  pork  is  unendurable,  and  yet 
there  is  much  of  it,  and  some  people  like  it, 
like  the  pork  from  large,  strong  hogs. 

A  dirty,  offensive  sty  is  an  element,  no 
doubt,  of  producing  strong  and  even  ftetid 
pork. 

Have  clean  quarters,  a  clean  animal,  good 
ventilation  and  feed  grain.  For  drink,  give 
cold,  not  in  any  way  foul,  water.  Do  not 
house  too  closely,  nor  feed  too  sharply ;  look 
to  the  couveuience  of  the  hog,  and  fat  him  so 
that  he  is  in  good  condition. 


A  noG  in  Dubuque  slipped  up  stairs  into  a 
house  where  a  party  was  being  held,  and  got 
into  the  room  where  the  eatables  were  stored, 
which  he  proceeded  to  devour.  The  Telegraph 
says  the  hog  was  chased  until  he  was  caught, 
but  the  delicacies  he  had  eaten  could  not  be 
recovered.  This  is  the  strange  part  of  the 
affair. 


fij^cicultuviJ* 


Care  of  Cold    Fish. 

'ILL  some  of  your  readers  answer  the 
following  questions:  What  is  the  aver- 
J/  age  life  of  gold  fish'/  Should  the 
'^  aquarium  be  set  in  the  sun  or  in  the 
shade?  Do  they  need  hard  or  soft 
water?  Do  they  need  to  be  fed  daily?  If  so, 
what  is  the  best  food?  M.  B. 

Seth  Green  is  reported  to  have  given  the 
following  directions  for  the  management  of 
gold  fish :  Use  any  well,  creek  or  river  water 
that  is  not  impregnated  with  mineral.  Change 
the  water  when  the  fish  c(mie  to  the  top  and 
stay  there,  and  breathe  jiart  water  and  part 
air.  Take  out  nearly  all  the  water,  leaving 
enough  for  the  fish  to  swim  in,  and  fill  the 
vessel  with  fresh  water.  Never  take  the  fish 
in  j'our  hand.  If  the  aquarium  needs  clean- 
ing, make  a  not  of  mosquito  netting,  and  take 
the  fish  out  in  it.  There  are  many  gold  fish 
killed  by  handling.  Keep  your  aquarium 
clean,  so  that  the  water  looks  as  clear  as  crys- 
tal. Watch  the  fish  a  little,  and  you  will  find 
out  when  they  are  aU  right.  Feed  them  all 
they  will  eat  and  anything  they  will  eat,  meat, 
worms,  fish  wafer,  or  fish  spawn.  Take  great 
care  that  you  take  all  that  they  do  not  eat  out 
of  the  aquarium.  Any  decayed  meat  or  veg- 
etable in  the  water  has  the  same  smell  to  fish 
that  it  has  to  you  in  the  air.  If  your  gold 
fish  die,  it  is  attributalile,  as  a  rule,  to  one  of 
three  causes — handling,  starvation,  or  bad 
water. — liural  New  Yorker. 


There  is  something  very  sensible  iu  the  im- 
pronjptu  rt'mark  of  a  young  lady:  "If  o;ir 
Maker  thought  it  wrong  for  Adaui  to  remain 
single  when  there  was  no  woman  on  earth, 
how  criminally  wrong  arc  the  old  bachelors, 
with  the  world  full  of  pretty  girls." 


The  Createst  Crop  in  the  World. 

A  question  widely  discussed  involves  the 
relative  value  of  the  wheat,  cotton,  tea  and 
hay  crops  of  the  world.  Which  of  these  pro- 
duces employs  the  greatest  amount  of  the 
world's  capital?  It  is  said  that  hay  leads  the 
rest,  and  the  items  that  enter  into  the  account 
as  stated  are  somewhat  startling,  and  will 
make  a  Granger's  hair  stand  on  end.  Cotton 
and  tea  are  local  crops,  while  hay  is  produced 
everywhere  the  world  over,  and  thus  the  hay 
crop  greatly  out-weiahs  either  of  the  other 
two.  The  aggregate  reported  value  of  all 
farm  products  in  the  United  States,  for  1870, 
was  $2,447,538,0.58;  but  as  this  includes  ad- 
ditions to  stock,  "betterments,"  etc.,  it  is 
probably  too  high.  Now,  the  hay  crop  for 
that  year — that  is,  the  grass  dried  and  cured 
for  use  or  sale — is  reported  at  over  27,000,000 
tons.  This,  at  half  the  selling  price  in  the 
large  cities,  would  amount  to  $405,000,000, 
and  is  far  greater  th.an  the  aggregate  home 
value  of  the  cotton  crop  or  any  other  crop. 
But  the  cured  "  hay"  is  but  a  portion  of  the 
grass  crop.  The  other  portion  is  used  on  the 
ground,  and  it  requires  considerable  calcula- 
tion to  get  at  thf  value  so  used,  even  in  the 
roughest  way.  In  the  first  place,  live  stock, 
including  horned  cattle,  horses,  sheep,  swine, 
etc,,  tothevalue  of  $1,-525,000,000,  were  fed 
from  it  that  year.  Averaging  the  lives  of 
these  at  five  years,  we  have  one-fifth  of  that 
sum  as  representing  the  grass  fed  to  them  iu 
1870,  viz:  $305,000,000;  next  we  find  the  value 
of  the  animals  slaugtitered  for  food  in  that 
year  to  be  $300,000,000,  and  as  this  is  an  an- 
nual product,  the  whole  of  it  wdl,  for  the  pre- 
sent, be  credited  to  the  grass  crop;  next  we 
find  that  the  butter  crop  of  1870  was  514,000,- 
000  pounds,  which,  at  the  low  average  of  25 
cents,  amounts  to  $128,000,000,  and  this  goes 
to  the  credit  of  grass;  next  we  have  2:35,000,- 
000  gallons  of  milk,  which  averaged  at  the 
low  estimate  of  10  cents  per  gallon,  adds  $25,- 
000,000  more  to  the  credit  of  tfie  grass  crop; 
then  we  have  100,000,000  pounds  of  wool  at 
25  cents  per  pound,  adding  $25,000,000  more; 
and,  finally,  53,000,000  pounds  of  cheese,  at 
10  cents,  adding  over  $5,000'000  to  the  total 
credits  to  the  grass  crop  of  1870,  which  ag- 
gregates $887,000,000.  Now,  let  us  add  the 
value  of  the  "  hay"  crop  as  given  above,  viz. : 
$405,000,000,  anil  we  have  a  grand  total  for 
"hay"  and  the  products  of  grass  consumed 
on  the  ground  of  $1,292,000,000!  This  is, 
of  course,  subject  to  deduction,  as  the  meat, 
butter,  milk,  cheese,  and  wool-producing  ani- 
mals consume  other  food  besides  grass  and 
hay.  To  make  ample  allowance  for  this,  we 
deduct  the  entii'e  value  of  the  corn  and  oat 
crops  of  1870,  estimated  at  $270,000,000,  and 
this  leaves  a  remainder  of  $1,082,000,000  to 
be  ereditod  to  the  haj'  and  grass  crop  of  that 
year,  when  the  reported  aggregate  of  all  farm 
products  was  $2,447,528,058.  If  our  esti- 
mates make  even  the  roughest  approach  to 
accuracy,  the  value  of  that  crop  was  two- 
fifths  of  the  aggregate  value  of  all  farm  pro- 
ducts, and  hence  we  may  infer  that  two-fifths 
of  the  capital  then  invested  in  agiicultural 
pursuits  was  devoted  to  the  grass  crop,  aiui 
this,  in  the  United  States,  equals  (iu  round 
numbers)  $4,575,0()O,O00r  From  these  figures 
the  deduction  is  jialpable  that  King  t^otton  is 
uncrowned  and  ilethroued,  and  we  may  bo 
forced  to  admit  that  all  "flesh"  and  all  else  is 
hay,  if  not  "grass." — Hay,  Straw  and  Orain 
lieporter. 


Wasaino  Windows. — In  washing  windows 
or  otli<>r  gfass,  never  use  soap  unless  it  can  be 
thoroughly  rinsed  olV;  wash  ott  the  dirt  in 
clean  warm  water;  after  the  glass  is  dry,  nd) 
with  a  little  paste  or  whiting  and  water,  in  the 
center  of  each  pane.  With  another  cloth 
rinse  over  the  glass,  then  rub  with  a  dry  cloth 
till  it  shines  like  crystal. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


tHE  following,  by  a  coiTespondciit  of  tbe 
Rural  Xew  Yorker,  contains  some  practi- 
cal suggestions  that  are  worthy  the  con- 
sideration of  Calif ornia  wool-growers : 
Occasionally  there  comes   into  the  Custom 
House  Appraiser's  office,  from  Australia,  some 
combing  wool  of  a  much  finer  grade  than  the 
ordinary    combing    wool    from   the   English 
blood  sheep.     I  judge  that  it  must  be  froui  a 
cross  between  the  English  long  wool  breeds, 
either  Cotswold  or  Leicester,  and  the  Mermo 
of  that  section.      The    wool   is    very    much 
sought  after  by  those  engaged  in   the  worsted 
branches  of  manufacture,  like  delaines,  shawls 
and  various  stuff  goods;  and  as  that  branch  is 
constantly  extending  there  is   not  likely  to  be 
diininution  of  the  demand  for  wools  suited  to 
that  industry.     Would  it  not  gieatly   aid  the 
sheep  husbandry  of  the  country  if  we  were  to 
diversify  our  breeds  of  sheep,  and  adapt  them 
more  to' the   demands  of    a   rapid   change  in 
manufacturing  industries.  The  improvements 
in  machinery,  and  in  taste  and  fashion,  have 
■wrought  a  wonderful    change   in   the   public 
mind    relative  to  worsted  goods.     A   careful 
examination  of  people's  clothing  satisfies  me 
that  at  least  nim-tenths  of  the  textile  fabrics 
worn  by  either  sex   are  the   product    of   the 
worsted  manufacturers.     When  we  know  how 
w<n-sted  manufacture  facilitates  the  mixture  of 
other  and   cheaper   material  with   wool,  con- 
stantly cheapening   the    production,  we  need 
not  be  surprised  at  the  rapid  extension  of  the 
industry. 

As  at  present  conducted  American  sheep 
husbandry  is  of  little  aid  to  the  home  manu- 
facturer in  the  great  leading  industries  of  the 
world.  England  is  the  great  producer,  as  she 
is  the  great  consumer,  of  worsted  wools,  and 
hence  she  monopohzes  the  markets  of  the 
world  in  the  various  worsted  fabrics  through 
the  facilities  for  obtaining  cheap  raw  material. 
"The  rapid  increase  of  the  worsted  manufac- 
ture as  compared  ^^^th  the  woolen  is  no  doubt 
to  be  ascribed  to  the  greater  simplicity  of  the 
processes  and  to  the  recent  introduction  of 
combing  machines,  but  most  of  all,  to  the 
introduction  of  cotton  warps  in  18.3.5,  which 
not  only  cheapened  the  goods  but  vastly  in- 
creased the  variety." 

We  can  produce  cheap  cotton.  Ought  we 
not  to  so  vary  our  production  of  wool  as  to 
place  withiu  the  reach  of  the  manufacturer 
cheap  wool,  and  thereby  successfully  compete 
for  the  markets  of  the  world  in  texible  fab- 
rics? If  we  will  adapt  our  sheep  husbandry 
more  to  the  English  system  of  making  meat, 
and  not  wool,  the  great  object,  and  choose 
those  breeds  which  are  so  valuable  for  mutton 
Bs  well  .as  far  combing  wools,  we  can,  on  our 
cheap  lands,  and  with  our  universal  good 
market  for  meat,  grow  wool  much  cheaper 
than  it  can  be  produced  in  England  and 
largely  extend  our  manufacturing  and  cognate 
industries. 

Going  more  into  detail,  it  seems  to  me  a 
capital  crop  may  be  made  upon  our  grade  Me- 
rinos by  judiciously  selected  South  Down 
males,  and  in  certain  sections,  like  the  Vine 
Grass  regions  of  the  South,  with  the  long 
wool  varieties,  enhancing  the  business  profits 
by  the  increased  income  both  in  his  wool  and 
meat.  For  it  is  not  to  be  disguised  that  good 
combing  wool,  whether  from  South  Downs  or 
Cotswolds,  is  worth  much  more  in  the  mark- 
ets than  the  fine  clothing  wool  of  the  Merino, 
while  the  increased  weight  adds  largely  to  the 
profits  in  the  carcass. 


ready  money.      Besides  these    reasons  there 
are  many  others.     Sheep  are  the  best  scaven- 
gers that  can  be  kept  on  a  place,  and  m  two 
y eras'  pasturing  on  a  foul  piece  of  ground  will 
destroy   the  weeds  that   will  defy   any  other 
method  to  exterminate.     Weeds  are  the  great- 
est absorbents  of  moisture  we  have,  and  where 
they  grow  among  other  crops  soon  deprive  the 
plants  of  all  moisture,  when  they   wither  and 
die.     When  sheep  husbandry  shaU  become  in 
this  State  a  part  of  the  farm    operations,  we 
will  have  a  much  higher  standard  in  the  qual- 
ity of  wool  produced  than   under  the  present 
system.     When  breeding  on  a  small  scale,  the 
farmer  will  have  time   to  cull    out   worthless 
stock  and  breed  only  those  that  are  known  to 
be   good.     All    thoroughbreds,    of    whatever 
stock,  do  not  produce    good  animals,  and  in 
breeding  this  fact  must  be  remembered.  Where 
there  is  a  herd  of  a  thousand  or  so  it  is  im- 
possible to  pair  the  males  and  female  so  as  to 
produce  good  ottspring.      Every   year  we  are 
gaining  ground  in  the  matter  of  raising  fine 
stock;  but  until  every  farmer  is  a  stock  raiser 
we  shall  not  have  reached  the  point  of  perfec- 
tion.    Every  fanner  should  be  a  wool-produc- 
er  a   dairyman,   a    hog-raiser,   and   a   stock- 
drover  on  a  small  scale.     It  is  much  easier  to 
drive  hay  to  market  when  it  has  legs  under  it 
than  to  bale  it  and  ship  on  the  cars.     We  do 
not   advocate  the    feeding  of    wheat   to  beef 
cattle  or  hogs,  but  we  do   hold  that  the  wheat 
should  be  sent   to    miU  by  the  producer,  and 
the  bran  and  shorts  retained  and  fed  to  stock 
and   converted    into    pork,  beef,   butter  and 
cheese.     And  there   are  other   products  more 
profitable  than  wheat  which  it  wiU  pay  to  feed 
stock. 

The  foregoing,  from  the  Sacrammto  Valley 
Agricultunst,  contains  much  hard  sense  pertin- 
ent to  the  question.  We  differ  only  in  one 
thing:  we  do  believe  in,  and  advocate  feeding 
wheat  to  stock,  in  localities  long  distances 
from  market.  There  is  no  better  feed  for 
hogs  and  chickens,  and  it  is  economy  to  con- 
vert wheat  into  pork,  beef,  mutton,  etc., 
where  it  grows  luxuriantly  and  the  price  it 
commaneis  is  below  m  cents  per  pound. 


EvEKY  Farmer  Should  be  a  Sheep- 
Grower.  —There  are  many  reasons  why  every 
farmer  should  keep  a  small  number  of  fine- 
wool  sheep  on  the  farm.  By  raising  his  own 
mutton  a  large  saving  is  made  in  the  butcher 
bill;    the  sale  of  the  wool  will   always  bring 


Why  Johnson's  Cotswold  Bam  Didn't 
Take  the  Fkize. — Max  Adeler  writes  to  the 
Danliury  Neics  thus : 

Our  county  fair  is  just  over,  but  Johnson's 
Cotswold  ram  did  not  take  the  prize  that  was 
offered  for  the  best  animal  of  that  kind.  Judge 
Pittman  was  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Eams,  and  he  manifested  the  deepest  interest 
in  Johnson's  ram,  indicating  clearly  that  if 
any  sheep  ought  to  take  a  prize  that  one  cer- 
tainly ought  to.  Johnson's  ram  was  by  itself 
in  a  pen  with  a  high  board  fence,  and  before 
adjudicating  the  prizes  the  Judge  thought  he 
had  better  go  in  and  make  a  close  examina- 
tion of  the  animal  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining the  fineness  of  its  wool,  etc. 

As  soon  as  the  Judge  reached  the  interior 
he  walked  towards  the  ram,  whereupon  the 
ram  lowered  his  head  and  began  to  shake  it 
ominously.  Just  as  the  Judge  was  about  to 
feel  the  tleece  the  ram  leaped  forward  and 
planted  his  head  in  the  Judge's  stomach,  roll- 
ing him  over  on  the  ground.  Before  the 
Judge  had  time  to  realize  what  had  happened 
the  ram  came  at  him  again  and  began  a  series 
of  promiscuous  butts,  each  given  with  the 
precision  and  force  of  a  xule-driver.  It  but- 
ted the  Judge  on  the  back,  on  the  ribs,  on  his 
arm,  and  on  his  shoulder-blades,  on  the  bald 
place  on  his  head,  on  his  breast,  on  his  shins; 
it  butted  his  nose,  it  butted  his  watch  into  a 
mass  of  loose  cog  wheels,  it  butted  his  spec- 
tacles oft",  it  butted  his  hat  into  black  silk 
chaos;  it  butted  him  over  into  the  corner  and 
up  against  the  fence,  butted  down  another  of 
the  committee,  butted  three  small  boys  into 
fits,  butted  the  money  taker  at  the  gate,  and 
then  fled  out  into  the  country,  butting  harm- 
lessly at  the  fresh  air. 

The  Judge  did  not  distribute  the  prizes  that 


day.  When  they  collected  him  from  various 
parts  of  the  pen,  they  wiped  the  mud  from 
his  trousers  and  the  blood  from  his  nose,  and 
sent  him  home  in-ith  a  perennial  stomach-ache 
and  a  determination  to  start  after  that  wan- 
dering mutton,  the  first  thing  in  the  morning, 
with  a  shotgun, 

^ ^-•-^- 

We  were  amused,  says  the  Colorado  Chief- 
tain, at  the   novel  and   ingenious  manner  of 
corralling  a  flock  of   thirteen  hundred  sheep. 
It  consisted   of  bunching   them  together  and 
running  a  canvass  fence   around   them.     The 
canvass    was    fastened    between    two    small 
stakes,  each  pair  set  about  ten  feet  apart.  The 
canvass  is  about   two  feet  in  width,  and  the 
lower  edge  is  calculated  to   be  about  eight  or 
ten  inches  from  the   ground.     The  stakes  ex- 
tend so  far  below  the  canvass   as  to  allow  of 
their  being  set   far  enough    in  the  ground  to 
keep  it  in  upright  position.     Like    a  fish-net 
it  can  be  taken  down,  rolled  up  and  put  away 
in  the  wagon.     It   is  certainly  a  very  conve- 
nient way  of  corralling  sheep  of  nights  while 
dri\-ing  long  journeys.     They  may  be  made  to 
hold  two  or  three  thousand  in  a  bunch.    This 
novel    fence   was  invented   by   A.  S.  McWil- 
liams,  of  Colusa  county,  California. 

When  to  Sell  Wheat. 

If  farmers  could  always  know  with  accuracy 
just  the  amount  of  old  grain  and  flour  left 
over,  and  the  true  condition  of  the  crops  all 
over  the  world,  so  that  they  might  be  able  to 
judge  of  the  ratio  of  supply  to  demand,  they 
would  be  prepared  to  decide  whether  the  early 
market  is  what  it  ought  to  be  or  not;  but  so 
long  as  there  are  gn-ain  speculators  all  over 
the  world  trying  to  bear  the  market  by  exag- 
gerated statements  of  the  amount  of  the  old 
crop  left  over  in  the  great  grain  centres  of  the 
world,  and  with  over-estimates  of  the  new 
cro]i,  they  are  left  without  a  reliable  guide. 

There  was  a  time  when  speculators  were 
able  to  subsidize  almost  the  entire  press,  and 
procure  such  crop  statements  as  should  suit 
their  own  interests  and  mislead  the  farmers, 
but  the  time  for  that,  we  trust,  is  rapidly  pass- 
ing by.  and  the  time  rapidly  approaching 
when  the  intelligent  farmer  shall  be  quite  as 
well  informed  upon  the  prospective  condition 
of  crops  and  markets  any  other  class.  "ttTien 
the  farmer  shall  have  become  thoroughly  in- 
formed upon  all  questions  liable  to  affect  the 
prices,  he  will  be  a  great  deal  better  jjrepared 
to  decide  when  to  sell  his  crops  than  he  has 
been  or  is  now. 

Perhaps  we  may  lay  it  down  as  a  general 
rule,  that  when  tlie  last  year's  crop  has  been, 
generally,  a  short  one,  and  the  present  one  is 
abundant,  the  early  market  will  be  the  best; 
but  when  the  last  one  was  abundant,  and  the 
current  one  is  short,  the  latter  markets  wiU 
higher. 

The  possession  of  vast  tracts  of  land  by 
one  man,  or  the  ownership  of  sufficient  area 
to  make  a  county,  if  not  a  good-sized  state, 
when  vested  in  two  or  three  men,  precludes 
the  possibiUtv  of  small  farms  ever  being 
reached.  Yet" this  is  the  situation  in  Califor- 
nia to-day,  and  instead  of  being  remedied,  is 
constantly  increasing,  and  the  degrajlation 
consequent  upon  this  condition  of  things  is 
sure  to  follow.  It  has  been  generally  admit- 
ted that  the  crying  sin  of  other  countries  has 
been  the  system  of  tenant  farming,  which 
causes  the  utter  helplessness  of  the  real  cul- 
tivator of  the  soil  against  the  nominal  owner 
thereof;  and  yet  we  are  fastening  this  same 
system  here.  

The  irrieation  statutes  of  the  Territory  of 
Colorado  were  borrowed  from  the  adjoining 
Territory  of  New  Mexico.  New  Mexico  re- 
ceived them  from  the  old  empire  of  Mexico. 
Mexico,  as  a  Spanish  province,  got  them  from 
the  mother  country,  Spain,  where  they  had 
long  been  digested  and  matured  by  the  Moor- 
ish law-givers,  and  the  Moors  by  the  southern 
borders  of  the  Mediterranean,  had  long  cen- 
turies before  brought  them  from  Eg>pt. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Shall  We  Encourage  Walking  Horses? 

fs},  

;T  is  hardly  possible  to  take  Tip  a  journal 
during  tlie  Summer  and  Autumn,  without 
seeing  either  items  or  extended   accounts 

.  of  what  horses  have  accomplished  in 
Kg  trotting  or  niuning.  We  scarcely  ever 
see  accounts  of  their  endurance  in  hauling 
loads  at  a  given  pace,  or  the  number  of  miles 
they  have  accomplished  in  a  given  number  of 
hours  at  a  walking  gait;  and  yet  this  practic- 
ice  is  of  far  more  importance  than  their  endur- 
ance at  sjieed. 

Agricultural  fair  managers,  who  might  not 
inaptly  be  called  "Agricultural  horse-trot 
managers,"  advertise  widely  the  large  amount 
devoted  as  premiums  for  trotting  and  running, 
but  not  a  word  as  to  horses  exhibiting  the 
greatest  endurance  and  speed  at  a  walking 
gait.  Why  not?  "  Oh,  it  will  not  draw  the 
crowd."  Vei-y  well;  if  agricultural  fairs  are 
simply  intended  to  draw  that  class  of  human- 
ity whose  end  and  aim  in  life  is  trotting  and 
running  horses,  and  betting  thereon,  well  and 
good. 

These  is,  however,  now  and  then  an  indi- 
vidual who,  while  he  admires  the  noble  ani- 
mal at  speed,  very  well  knows  that  this 
eternal  pandering  to  mere  speed  is  not  only 
vitiating  the  taste  of  the  public,  but  is  also 
tending  to  breed  out  other  valuable  traits  that 
can  ill  be  spared. 

A  good  walkiug  horse  should  make,  at  that 
gait,  an  average  of  four  miles  an  hour.  How 
many  can  do  it?  Very  few.  Why  so?  The 
walking  gait  has  ceased  to  be  cultivated. 

By  the  careful  training  of  ambitious  and 
active  horses,  they  may  be  made  to  walk  five 
miles  an  hour  as  easily  as  the  ordinary  horse 
now  walks  three.  There  is  no  reason  why  an 
average  pace  of  four  miles  an  hour  should 
not  be  kept  up  with  ordinary  loads  through- 
out the  daj'.  In  the  day's  travel,  this  would 
make  a  gain  of  ten  miles,  and  the  trained 
would  have  accomplished  forty  miles  against 
the  thirty  for  the  untrained  one,  and  this  just 
as  easUy  to  the  horse  of  spirit  as  to  the  one 
with  the  slower  gait.  If  the  horse  has  not 
mechanical  structure  for  this  gait,  of  course 
he  cannot  do  it.  Having  it,  it  may  be  brought 
out  just  as  easily  as  a  trotting  or  running 
gait;  and  if  premiums  were  given  for  this 
purpose  at  our  agricultural  fairs,  it  would  be 
found  that  individual  horses  would  be  able  to 
make,  not  only  five  miles  an  hour,  but  some 
of  them  six.  The  naturally  fast  walker,  when 
trained,  will  even  do  a  given  amount  of  work 
at  the  increased  pace  eiasier  than  at  the  slow 
pace.     This  we  know  from  experience. 

The  energy  displayed  among  all  classes  of 
breeders  has  been  directed  constantly  to  re- 
duce and  degrade  the  walking  gait,  and  as  a 
consequence,  we  find,  each  year,  fewer  and 
fewer  fast  walking  horses.  This  spirit  has 
pervaded  our  fair  rings  until  now  it  is  difficult 
to  find  a  premium  oli'ered  fur  the  fastest  walk- 
ing horse.  In  looking  over  the  premium  Usts 
received  by  us  for  1871,  embracing  nearly  all 
the  Western  States,  we  find  only  two  premi- 
ums offered  for  Walking  horses,  one  by  the 
Kansas  City,  Missouri,  Industrial  Exposition, 
and  the  other  by  Northeastern  Iowa  Agricul- 
tural Society.  We  are  glad  to  be  able  to 
chronicle  these  two,  and  hope  that  the  num- 
bi-r  may  be  yearly  increased  until  the  fast 
walking  horse  shall  at  least  be  regarded  on  u 
pur  with  other  road  and  working  horses.  A 
gri-at  error  has  been  made  in  ignoring  this 
most  valn.ible  of  all  the  gaits  of  the  horse. 
Certainly,  reform  is  needed  in  this  direction. 
—  Wesleni,  Mural. 


How  TO  Purchase  a  Hobse. — First.  Exam- 
ine the  eyes  in  the  stable,  then  in  the  light; 
if  they  are  in  any  degree  defective,  reject. 

2.  Examine  the  teeth  to  determine  the  age. 

3.  Examine  the  poll,  or  crowu  of  the  head, 
and  the  withers,  or  top  of  the   shoulders,  as 


the  former  is   the   seat  of  poll   evil,  and  the 
latter  that  of  fistxila. 

4.  Examine  the  front  feet,  and  if  the  frog 
has  fallen,  or  settled  down  between  the  heels 
of  the  shoe  and  the  heels  are  contracted, reject 
him ;  as  he,  if  not  already  lame,  is  liable  to 
become  so  at  any  moment. 

Next  observe  the  knees  and  ankles  of  the 
horse  you  desire  to  purchase,  and  if  cooked, 
yon  may  be  sure  that  it  is  the  result  of  the 
displacement  of  the  internal  organs  of  the 
foot,  a  consequence  of  neglect  of  the  form  of 
the  foot  and  injudicious  shoeing. 

5.  Examine  for  interfering,  from  the  ankle 
to  the  knees,  and  if  it  proves  that  he  cuts  the 
knee,  or  the  leg  between  the  knee  and  the 
ankle,  or  the  latter  badly,  reject. 

"Speedy  cut"  of  the  knee  and  leg  are  most 
serious  in  their  effects. 

Many  trotting  horses,  which  would  be  of 
great  value  were  it  not  for  this  single  defect, 
are  by  it  rendered  valueless. 

6.  Cai'efully  examine  the  hoofs  for  cracks, 
as  jockeys  have  acquired  great  skill  in  con- 
cealing cracks  in  the  hoofs. 

If  cracks  are  observable  im  any  degree,  re- 
ject. 

Also,  both  look  and  feel  for  ringbones, 
which  are  callouses  on  the  bones  of  the  pas- 
tern near  the  foot;  if  apparent,  reject. 

7.  Examine  the  hind  feet  for  the  same  de- 
fects of  the  foot  and  ankle  that  we  have 
named  in  connection  with  the  front  feet. 
Then  proceed  to  the  hock,  which  is  the  seat 
of  curb  and  both  bone  and  blood  spavins. 

The  former  is  a  bony  enlargement  of  the 
posterior  and  lower  portion  of  the  hock-joint; 
the  second  a  bony  excrescence  on  the  lower, 
inner,  and  rather  anterior  portion  of  the  hock, 
and  the  latter  is  a  soft  enlargement  of  the 
synovial  membrane  on  the  inner  and  upper 
portion  of  the  hock.  They  are  either  of  them 
sufficient  reason  for  rejecting. 

8.  See  that  the  horse  stands  with  the  frent 
feet  well  under  him,  and  observe  both  the 
heels  of  the  feet  and  shoes,  to  see  if  he  "for- 
ges" or  over-reaches,  and  it  case  he  does,  and 
the  toes  of  the  front  feet  are  low,  the  heels 
high,  and  the  heels  of  the  front  shoes  a  good 
thickness,  and  the  toes  of  the  hind  feet  are  of 
no  proper  length,  reject  him;  for  if  he  still 
over-reaches  with  his  feet  in  the  couilition 
described,  he  is  ineui-able.  If  he  props  out 
both  front  feet,  or  points  them  alternately, 
reject. 

0.  In  testing  the  driving  qualities,  take  the 
reins  while  on  the  ground,  invite  the  owner 
to  get  into  the  vehicle  first,  then  drive  your- 
self. Avoid  the  display  or  the  use  of  the 
whip,  and  if  he  has  not  sufficient  spirit  to  ex- 
hibit his  best  speed  without  it,  reject.  Should 
he  drive  satisfactorily  withoiit,  it  will  then  be 
proper  to  test  his  amiability  and  the  extent 
of  his  training  in  the  use  of  the  whip. 

Thiiroughly  text  his  loalking  qualilivs  first,  as 
ihdt  gait  is  more  hnportanl  in  the  liorse  of  all 
work  than  great  trolling  speed.  The  value  of  a 
horse,  safe  for  all  purposes  without  blinds,  is 
gi-eatly  enhanced  thereby. 

10.  Always  purchase  of  the  breeder  of  the 
horse,  if  practicable;  the  reasons  are  obvious. 
— Maryland  Farmer. 


Mules  and  Houses  at  the  South. — What- 
ever may  be  said  in  favor  of  the  horse  as  an 
agriciiltural  laborer  above  the  mule  at  the 
North,  certain  it  is  that  the  position  of  the 
Arkansas  correspondent  of  the  Ammcan  Farm 
Journal  is  well  taken,  favoring  the  mule  in 
Southern  agi-iculture : 

Mules,  on  an  average,  are  more  valuable 
than  horses,  are  easier  raised,  are  not  as  sub- 
ject to  disease,  are  not  likely  to  run  away  in 
wagoning  and  plowing,  are  longer  lived,  will 
do  more  work,  and  re(iuiro  less  feed  and  at- 
tention; they  are  strongi'r,  will  draw  heavier 
loads  and  stan<l  a  great  deal  more  hardship, 
and  are  in  every  way  iinferablu  to  the  horse 
for  general  farm  use.  Jlales  come  in  earlier, 
being  ready  for  light  work  when  three  years 
old.     They  will  then  do  enough   work  on  the 


farm  te  pay  for  their  feed,  and  after  having 
attained  the  age  of  four  years  they  are  ready 
for  any  kind  of  service.  But  the  horse  (colt) 
must  be  kept  until  he  is  four  j'ears  old  before 
he  is  worked  at  all,  and  when  he  is  four  he 
must  be  a  first-rate  colt  to  bring  as  much  as 
the  mule  will  at  two  years  old.  But  assume 
the  animals  are  both  required  for  farm  work, 
see  what  a  difference  there  is  in  favor  of  the 
mule. 

The  working  life  of  the  mule  can  be  as 
safely  estimated  at  thirty  years  as  that  of  a 
horse  at  ten  years.  So  while  a  mule  is  work- 
ing its  life  out,  three  horses  will  be  required 
to  do  equal  service. 

But  these  are  not  the  only  items.  The  sav- 
ing of  feed  is  at  least  one-fourth,  or  not  less 
than  047  bushels  of  corn  and  327  tons  of  hay. 
These  amounts  added  to  the  original  saving  in 
purchase  of  animals  show  an  advantage  in 
favor  in  favor  of  the  use  of  the  mule  over  the 
horse  of  over  $1,000  during  the  ordinary  life 
of  the  animal. 

The  mule  is  less  dainty  about  food,  un- 
ground  grain  and  dry  feed  being  just  the 
things  for  him.  There  are  still  other  advan- 
tages in  favor  of  the  mule  too  numerous  to 
mention  in  a  short  article  like  this. 


BoNNEE  AS  A  Hoese-Fanciee. — The  New 
York  con'espondent  of  the  Boston  Times  says 
Bonner  ows  $250,000  worth  of  equine  pro- 
perty; spends  five  or  six  hours  out  of  every 
twenty-four  in  his  stables  or  on  the  road.  He 
loves  horses,  thinks  horses,  talks  horses. 
Nevertheless,  if  he  wants  to  drive  to  a  neigh- 
bor's house,  or  to  a  distant  part  of  the  city 
in  the  evening,  he  always  hires  a  carriage  from 
a  livery  stable.  Dexter  and  the  other  noble 
steeds  are  altogether  too  fine  for  ordinary 
employment.  IJonner's  bill  at  livery  is  re- 
ported to  be  $1,500  a  year,  while  the  interest 
on  the  value  of  his  horses  at  the  legal  rate  is 
$17,500  per  annum.  He  paid  $25,000  for 
Dexter,  and  was  pronounced  profoundly  fool- 
ish therefor.  He  could  have  sold  him  again 
for  $.50,000,  although  he  would  not  take 
$100,000.  It  is  one  of  his  idiosyncracies 
that  he  never  sells  anything;  he  is  onlj'  a 
buyer.  Of  all  the  real  estate  he  has  pur- 
chased he  has  never  disposed  of  a  single  foot. 
He  keeps  whatever  he  gets,  and  gets  more. 
It  is  said  he  has  made  up  his  mind  to  own 
Goldsmith  Maid;  and  doubtless  he  will  do  so, 
if  the  mare  can  be  got  for  money.  Bonner 
can  afford  to  be  extravagant.  His  entire 
property  to-day  cannot  be  worth  less  than 
$5,000,000;  and  yet  it  is  only  a  few  years 
since  he  was  a  toiling  printer,  delighted  to 
earn  $30  per  week. 

Bonner  did  not  make  his  money  on  fast 
horses  but  on  the  New  York  Ledger.  His 
fancy  for  horses  is  simply  an  extravagance. 
Where  one  man  makes  anything  on  race- 
horses ten  men  lose,  as  at  other  gambling,and 
become,  in  a  sense,  demoraUzed  in  the  bar- 
gain. A  horse  is  in  reality  worth  only  what 
of  real  service  there  is  in  him. 


A  Gigantic  Grain  Elevytor.— The  New 
York  Central  and  Hudson  Kiver  Railway 
Company  is  now  building  at  the  foot  of  GOth 
street,  on  the  Hudson  Kiver,  in  New  York,  a 
grain  elevator,  capable  of  holding  from  1,000,- 
000  to  1,2(10,000  bushels  of  grain.  This  ele- 
vator will  be  usi'd  principally  for  storage 
purposes  for  the  grain  brought  on  in  the 
Company's  ears,  and  intended  for  tnmsfer- 
ment  to  sea-going  vessels  and  canal  boats. 


The  weiiilthy  land  owner  has  ever  the  poor 
tenant  at  a  disa<lvantnge,  for  the  fiiumcinl 
burdens  of  the  Govcrnuieut  fall  mostly  ui)on 
the  lattwr,  and  the  former  nianipulati's  Legis- 
latures and  laws  in  his  own  behalf,  as  his  light 
taxation  jiroves.  It  may  be  claimed  that  this 
evil  can  never  be  in  this  country,  since  the 
law  of  entail  does  not  obtain  here,  but  the 
system,  by  whatever  cause  produced,  is  the 
same. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal 


ouji  mil  ^ivfe* 


bive  Us  a~  Chance. 

ERE  we  ftre!  dou't  leave  us  out, 
Jnst  IjceaUBe  wc^'rejiitle-  boysl 

Thi>UKli  we're  not  bo  bold  nnd  stout, 
lu  ttie  wcrld  we  make  a  noiso. 

You're  a  year  or  two  ahead, 
Hut  we.  step  by  btep,  advance; 

All  the  world's  before  you  spread- 
Give  tlie  littlu  boys  achaucel 

Never  slight  us  in  your  play, 
Yuu  were  once  as  small  as  we: 

■We'll  be  big.  like  yon,  some  day, 
Then  perhaps  our  power  you'll  see. 

■\Ve  will  meet  you.  when  we've  ijriiwn, 
With  a  brave  and  fearless  (glance; 

Don't  think  all  this  world's  your  own- 
Give  iho  little  boys  a  chaueol 

Little  hands  will  soon  be  strong 
For  the  work  that  tliey  must  do; 

Little  lips  will  sing  their  song 
When  these  early  days  are  through. 

So,  you  big  boys,  if  we're  small. 
On  our  toes  you  needn't  dance; 

There  is  room  enough  for  all- 
Give  the  little  boys  a  chance. 


Time  Waits  for  No  Boy. 

Jack  and  Harry  had  to  recite  their  lessons 
to  their  fiilher  every  d.ay  at  two  o'clock,  but 
they  were  thoughtless  hoys  who  liked  to  play 
and  idle  away  the  time,  so  very  often  the  les- 
sons were  not  ready,  because  they  had  put  oif 
studying  too  long.  Over  and  over  again  had 
they  been  reproved,  until  at  last  they  thought 
they  would  really  try  to  be  dilUgent  and  punc- 
tual. For  almost  a  week  they  did  pretty  well, 
but  then  there  came  a  day  when  the  sun  was 
so  bright  and  warm  and  the  air  so  soft  that  it 
seemed  as  if  nothing  in  the  world  could  draw 
them  away  from  under  the  old  apple  tree, 
where  they  lay  in  the  tall  grass  on  their  backs, 
looking  up  at  the  cool  green  leaves  and  the 
peeps  of  blue  sky.  There  they  lay  and  talked 
of  all  that  they  meant  to  do,  and  the  things 
they  wished  they  had,  and  the  places  they 
wanted  to  visit. 

"  Uncle  Heni7  is  going  to  send  for  us  some 
day  very  soon,"  said  Harry,  "  to  go  with  him 
out  to  Mr.  Cheesebro's  farm,  to  stay  all  night 
and  the  next  day.  Won't  it  be  splendid?  I 
shall  carry  luy  fishing  rod,  for  there  are  trout 
in  the  brook,  and  I  may  carry  Ben's  gun  and 
hunt  hares." 

"  "i'es,  and  what  good  things  we  shall  have 
to  eat,"  said  Jack.  "There'll  be  mince  pies 
and  doughnuts,  and  roost  goose  and  pickles, 
and  plum  pudding.  Do  you  remember,  the 
other  time  we  went,  how  Mr.  Cheesebro  gave 
us  great  slices  of  cake  between  meals  and 
filled  our  pockets  with  nuts?" 

"  Guess  I  do!"  answered  Harry.  "  I  have 
been  wanting  to  go  again  ever  since.  Sammy 
Cheesebro  said  next  time  we  came  he'd  have 
a  party  and  play  old-fashioned  games.  Won't 
it  be  fun?     I  wonder   what  day   uncle  Henry 

is  going."  .,   T     ,     t. 

"  He  said  pretty  soon,  said  Jack,  hope- 
fully. "  Say,  Harry,  you  know  that  big  swing 
they've  got  out  in  the  baru,  and  the  high  hay 
mows !  Oh,  what  fun  we  shall  have !  I  wish 
we  were  there  now,  and  then  we  shouldn't 
have  that  awful  arithmetic  lesson  to  learn." 

"  That  awful  geography  lesson,  you'd  better 
sa}',"  replied  Harry.  "I  took  a  look  at  it 
before  I  came  out  here,  and  it's  dreadful.  We 
have  to  bound  every  country  in  Asia.  Can 
you  do  it?" 

"No,  but  it  won't  take  long  to  learn.  Say, 
Harry,  see  that  fish  hawk  away  up  in  the  sky. 

wish  I  had  a  bow  and  aiTOW. 
.    "Ho!  I  don't.     I  wish  I  had   a   rifle."  said 
Harry,  shaping  his  eyes  to  look  up. 

And  so  they  planned,  and  dreamed,  and 
talked,  lying  luxuriously  in  the  tall  nodding 
grass,  with  birds  to  sing  over  them  and  flow- 
ers to  sweeten  the  air.  If  they  had  only 
learned  their  lessons  first!  But  time  flew,  the 
hours  sped  by,  and  when  at  last  they  reluct- 
antly arose  and  went  into  the  house  after  their 
books,  behold,  it  was  one  o'clock,  and  there 
was  lunch  waiting  for  them! 


They  stared  at  each  other  in  dismay,  and 
then,  being  very  hungry,  they  began  to  eat 
their  sandwiches  and  gingerbread,  aud  talked 
over  the  situation  between  the  mouthfuls. 

"We  never  can  learn  it  all,  never!"  ex- 
claimed Harry.  "  There  are  two  endless  sums 
in  practical  payments  to  work  out,  and  then 
all  those  countries!  If  we  had  two  hours, 
even!" 

"Tell  you  what,"  said  Jack,  let's  set  the 
clock  back  an  hour!  He  always  looks  at  the 
clock  before  he  calls  us,  and  he  won't  think 
nor  find  out  about  it." 

Harry  whistled,  thought  it  over,  aud  made 
up  his  mind. 

"  All  right,"  ho  said.  "We'll  do  it.  Your'e 
awfully  sharp.  Jack.  Here,  pull  that  big 
chair  around,  so  I  can  stand  in  it  and  reach 
up  to  the  hands." 

It  took  but  an  instant,  the  clock  ticked  on 
as  tranquilly  as  before,  but  now  the  hands 
pointed  to  twelve  instead  of  one,  and  the 
boys  had  the  two  hours  they  wanted  for  their 
studies. 

A»  ay  they  hurried  to  their  books,  and  while 
the  quickest  one  worked  out  the  long  sums, 
the  other  delved  at  boundaries.  It  was  hard 
work,  but  they  kept  at  it  as  if  the)'  were  run- 
ning a  race.  Half  an  hour  after  their  father 
ctime  up  the  avenue,  walking  very  fast,  and 
almost  out  of  Ijreath. 

"Bless  me!"  he  said,  as  he  looked  at  the 
clock.  I  thought  it  was  a  great  deal  later  than 
this!  So  much  for  getting  one's  lunch  away 
from  home.  Brown  must  have  his  as  early  as 
eleven  o'clock.  Well,  I'm  glad  it's  no  later. 
I  shall  have  time  to  write  two  or  three  letters 
before  I  coll  the  boys." 

And  he  shut  himself  into  his  library  among 
his  papers.  There  was  quiet  in  the  house  for 
an  hour  longer,  during  which  time  the  boys 
applied  themselves  almost  breathlessly  to  their 
tasks.  The  arithmetic  exercise  was  ready.and 
the  boundaries  were  almost  learned,  only  it 
seemed  as  if  Jack  never  could  get  Siam  and 
Anam  right. 

At  half-past  one  by  the  clock  their  father 
come  out  of  the  library. 

"Come,  boys,"  he  called  loudly.  "No 
lessons  to-day !  Hurry  on  your  jjlckets  and 
hats;  uncle  Henry  wants  you  to  go  out  to  Mr. 
Cheesebro's  -with  him,  and  I'm  going  to  drive 
you  over  to  the  train." 

How  the  boys  sprang  up  and  shouted,  and 
dashed  away  their  books.  They  were  all  ready 
by  the  time  the  horse  was  at  the  door.  Harry 
had  not  forgotten  his  fishing  rod,  and  Jack 
wore  his  trousers  that  had  the  deepest  pockets. 
Their  mother  stood  on  the  steps  to  see  them 
off. 

"Hurry  along!"  called  their  father  from 
the  carriage.  "  We've  none  too  much  time. 
The  train  starts  at  ten  minutes  past  two,  pre- 
cisely!" 

"Oh!  why!"  faltered  Jack,  and  Harry 
stopped  short,  looking  dumbfounded. 

"  What's  the  matter?"  cried  their  father. 
"  Hurry,  I  tell  you!  We've  no  time  whatever 
to  lose." 

" The  clock  is  too  slow!"  said  Harry,  des- 
pairingly. 

"Slow!  no,  it  isn't.  I  set  it  by  railroad 
time  myself  this  morning.  What  do  you 
mean?" 

"  We  put  it  back  a  whole  hour,"  the  boys 
confessed,  mournfully. 

"  What  on  earth  did  you  put  it  back  for?" 
exclaimed  their  father. 

' '  So  we  could  have  time  to  learn  our  les- 
sons." 

Their  mother  looked  grave  and  pitying. 
Their  father  jumped  out  of  the  carriage,  and 
called  the  hired  man  to  tjike  the  horse  back  to 
the  barn. 

"  Well,  my  lads, "  he  s,iid,  "come  into  the 
house,  and  I'll  hear  you  recite  your  lessons. 
You've  lost  your  chance  of  going  out  to  Mr. 
Cheesebro's,  aud  I  think  you  have  pretty  tho- 
roughly learned  another  lesson  besides  your 
geography  aud  arithmetic.     Come  in." 


Akt  young  miss  would  rather  have  her  cor- 
sets tight  than  her  "feller." 


HAT  are  you  living  for?  What  is  your 
aim,  and  what  do  you  intend  to  do  in 
this  world?  Have  you  no  object,  no 
aim,  no  notions  of  your  own?  We  are 
living  in  an  age  of  progression,  and 
each  is  expected  to  act  his  part.  A  part  which 
will  be  of  use  to  the  world,  an  honor  to  them- 
selves, and  a  glory  to  our  nation,  Each  is 
expected  to  make  an  effort,  an  effort  for  the 
good  of  all.  Good  aspirations  lead  on  to  ever 
increasing  efforts,  and  indicate  the  grandeur 
of  our  destiny.  We  must  have  high  aud  noble 
aims,  and  then  strive  to  reach  them.  Success 
is  sure  to  follow  earnest,  unceasing  toil.  It 
may  take  long  years  of  labor,  but  still  press 
on.  You  will  be  all  the  better  for  your  striv- 
tng.  Life  is  a  race,  and  many  are  on  the 
course.  Yon  must  either  run  or  be  trodden 
under  foot.  The  multitude  is  moving  on,  you 
must  not  look  behind,  or  defeat  is  certain. 
Young  man,  have  an  object  in  view,  and  then 
press  on  to  gain  the  prize.  "  You  can  if  you 
will."  Will  you?  What  if  you  should  fail 
once  or  twice?  Men  are  scarce  that  have 
never  failed  in  their  undertaking.  You  must 
not  expect  to  succeed  better  than  others.  No- 
thing valuable  is  oVjtainable  without  labor. 
Your  success  will  depend  upon  yorf  strict  ad- 
herence to  your  business.  "As  a  first  prin- 
ciple, let  every  transaction  be  of  that  pure  and 
honest  character  that  you  would  not  be 
ashamed  to  have  appear  before  the  whole 
world  as  clearly  as  to  yourself.  It  is  of  the 
highest  consequence  that  you  shotild  not  only 
cultivate  correct  principles,  but  that  you 
should  place  your  standard  so  high  as  to  re- 
quire great  vigilance  in  living  up  to  it." 

The  above  is  a  quotation  from  Lawrence. 
Every  young  man  should  adopt  it  as  a  rule  by 
which  to  govern  his  life.  And  to  you  that 
may  read  this,  I  would  say,  form  a  purpose 
of  your  ovm.  Try  to  be  something.  There 
is  a  place  for  you,  all  you  have  to  do  is  to 
find  it.  Aim  high  and  you  wiU  hit  something 
above  your  lev^.  Reader,  have  a  noble  ob- 
ject in  view,  and  then  with  all  your  might 
press  forward  untU  you  reach  it,  and  it  is 
yours.  J.  H.  Funk. 

BanviUe,  Iowa,  Oct.  15,  1874. 


EnncATioN  of  Giels. — There  are  elements 
at  work  at  both  ends  of  the  system  of  female 
education,  that  are  destined  to  achieve  great 
results  for  women.  One  is  the  school  of 
Natural  History  at  Pennikese  Island, at  which 
more  than  half  the  pupils  are  female  teachers, 
and  the  other  is  the  establishment  and  gradu- 
al spread  of  kindergarten  schools  for  the  nurse- 
lings. Undoubtedly  the  opening  of  colleges 
to  women  and  the  co-education  of  the  sexes 
is  another  element  not  less  potent  in  its  ef- 
fects. The  aptitude  of  women  for  patient  in- 
vestigations, for  mathematical  calculations  in 
which  time  and  accuracy  rather  than  boldness 
and  originality  enter,  her  delicate  touch,  her 
quick  perception — all  these  eminently  fit  her 
for  excellence  in  various  departments  of  natu- 
ral and  mathematical  science.  Education  and 
training  is  all  she  needs  to  open  w  ide  to  her 
many  fields  of  useful  labor  hitherto  occupied 
almost  entirely  by  men. 

So  long  as  boys  and  girls,  men  and  women 
live  in  the  same  family,  we  must  believe  in 
co-education  within  certain  limits.  The  basis 
of  friendship  is  sympathy,  and  the  greater 
the  sources  whence  that  sympathy  flows,  the 
stronger  and  more  enduring  will  be  the  friend- 
ship. Love  is  friendship  sublimated — we  do 
not  refer  to  that  passion  of  quick  growth  and 
decline  which  springs  from  physical  contrasts 
of  temperment,  but  that  which  has  its  seat  in 
reason  is  judicious,  and  by  consequence  grows 
mightier  and  more  absorbing  as  youth  departs 
and  autumnal  ripeness  clothes  the  intellect 
and  the  heart  with  those  qualities  that  com- 
mand honor  and  veneration.  So  we  would 
have  the  boys  and   girls   study  substantially 


ik 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


the  same  text  books,  varying  them  according 
to  their  natural  aptitudes,  both  alike  being 
held  to  a  high  standard  of  scholarship.  Thus 
will  girls  be  titted  for  marriage  to  intelligent 
men,  with  whom  they  may  realize  all  those 
delights  and  advantages  which  spring  from 
the  purest  friendship  and  the  warmest  love. 
Thus  may  they  be  qualified  to  be  the  mothers 
and  teachers  of  a  race  of  superior  men  and 
women.  Thus  may  they  enjoy,  as  they  pass 
through  life,  the  infinite  provisions  every- 
where around  them  for  culture  and  for  happi- 
ness. 

The  lives  of  many  women  in  so-called  easy 
circumstances  are  perfectly  pitiful.  Lacking 
early  and  liberal  culture,  they  are  easily  fet- 
tered by  the  dull  routine  of  household  and 
nursery  duties,  from  which  it  is  almost  im- 
possible that  they  should  lift  themselves,  or 
bo  lifted  by  their  husband  or  anybody  else. 
Had  they  once  swept  on  free  and  easy  wing 
through  the  heaven  of  high  literature  of  art 
or  of  science,  a  new  book,  fine  picture,  a  fresh 
discovery,  would  be  as  an  open  door  from 
their  cage,  through  which  for  a  brief  space 
they  could  tly  to  the  upper  realms  of  thought 
and  enjoyment,  and  leave  dull  care  behind. 
With  what  freshness  and  spirit  would  they 
return  to  their  duty  again! 

It  is  true  that  certain  plants  flourish  best  in 
certain  soils,  but  in  compounding  the  soil  of 
our  flower  beds,  we  take  it  for  granted  that 
though  a  dozen  different  varieties  of  seed  are 
planted  in  the  same  bed,  each  will  appropri- 
ate to  itself  only  those  elements  suited  to  its 
growth.  Our  care  is  that  what  each  needs 
shall  not  be  wanting,  and  we  trust  to  the  in- 
stinct of  the  plant  to  reject  that  which  is  hurt- 
ful. 

In  like  manner  we  would  have  our  daugh- 
ters possess  every  advantage  for  the  most 
varied  and  liberal  culture,  trusting  that  health- 
ful and  normal  natures  will  appropriate  those 
elements  suited  to  their  various  idiosyucracies 
and  reject  everythind  that  ministers  to  irreg- 
ular and  abnormal  growth. — Tlie  Hcience  of 
JlecUlh. 


Faemeks  cannot  occupy  a  little  spare  time 
better,  or  more  profitably,  than  in  reviewing 
their  operations  during  the  last  year.  Every 
year  has  its  lessons,  and  experience  is  the 
best  of  instructors  for  those  who  have  ears  to 
hear.  It  is  true  that  the  interferences  of  a 
Higher  Power  are  more  perceptibly  felt  and 
have  more  immediate  effects  in  the  profession 
of  the  farmer  than  in  any  other.  Kain  and 
drouth,  cold  and  heat,  insects  and  blight, 
storm  and  sunshine,  bring  with  them  their 
blessings  and  their  calamities;  and  these  come 
alike  on  all.  The  farmer  cannot  feel  respon- 
sible for  a  "bad  year."  But  he  can  look 
back  and  see  where  he  has  failed,  either  in 
the  exorcise  of  his  industry  or  his  judgment, 
and  lay  a  lessor  for  the  year  upon  which  he 
has  just  entered,  and  this  retrospect  with  a 
view  to  correct  errors  in  the  future  is  a  chai"- 
acteristic  of  all  successful  farmers. 


A  KoYAX  Marriage. — When  two  young  peo- 
ple start  out  in  life  together  with  nothing  but 
a  determination  to  succeed,  avoiding  the  in- 
vasion of  each  other's  idiosyncrasies,  not  car- 
rying the  candle  near  the  gunpowder,  but 
sympathetic  wiih  each  other's  employment, 
willing  to  live  on  small  means  till  they  get 
large  facilities,  paying  as  they  go,  taking  life 
here  as  a  discipline,  with  four  eyes  watching 
its  pearls,  and  four  hands  fighting  its  battles 
— whatever  others  may  say  or  do,  that  is  a 
royal  marriage.  It  is  so  set  down  in  the 
heavenly  archives,  and  the  orange  blossoms 
shall  wither  on  neither  side  the  grave. 


Parasites. — It  is  common  to  note  that  each 
species  of  animal  has  its  own  parasites,  which 
can  exist  only  ui)on  creatures  which  have 
more  or  less  kinship  with  their  host.  Thus 
the  attcarix  mynUv.r,  which  torments  the  domes- 
tic cat,  is  found  iu  all  species  of  filis,  while 
the  fox,  so  closely  resembling  the  worlf  or  the 
dog.  is  never  troubled  with  the  tiviiiu  tiviuila, 
common  in  the  last  mentioned  animal. 


NOTES   OF  TRAVEL. 

BY  MBS.   C.  F.  YOUNG,  M.  D. 

'^VV'HIS  sixteenth  day  of  November,  in  Con- 
tra Costa  county,  the  hills  are  delicately 


% 


tinged  with  the  green  of  Spring  grasses. 
'  The  summer-fallowed  ground  contrasts 
finely  with  tints  of  color  that  are  at  this 
hour  reflected  on  the  clouds — not  in  pink,  or 
blue,  or  amber,  but  a  combination  of  all,  by 
degrees  softly  shading  down  to  the  sky  line  of 
a  rosy  sunset,  and  purple  mists  suggestive  of 
trojiical  lands  not  far  away.  Indeed,  within 
ten  miles,  to-day,  one  can  find  the 

ORANGE,  lemon  AND  BANANNA 

growing  in  the  open  air.  A  profusion  of 
flowers  that,  east  of  the  Eocky  Mountains, 
would  be  found  only  iu  the  conservatories  of 
the  wealthy,  or  the  hot-houses  of  professional 
gardeners,  bud  and  bloom  on  the  porches  and 
by  the  garden  walks  of  this  workingman's 
home,  receiving  only  the  modicum  of  care 
given  by  children  and  a  feeble  woman.  Mea- 
dow larks  have  filled  the  whole  day,  since 
earliest  dawn,  with  music.  A  pair  of  them 
are  now  gathering  supper  under  a  rose  tree 
within  twenty  feet  of  our  open  window. 

Yesterday  we  passed  over  thirty  miles  of 
country  roads.  We  saw  many  fields  of  early 
sown  summer-fallowed  and  volunteer  wheat 
evenly  seeded  and  growing  finely.  People 
were  sowing  grain,  others  looking  after  the 
squirrels,  many  others  rushing  ahead  with  the 
plowing — gang  plows,  two,  four,  and  six- 
horse.  Query :  Why  cannot  women  and  girls 
manage  ^ang  plows,  and  put  in  grain,  thus 
learning  how  to  enter  into  the  care  and  daily 
hopes  of  the  farmer,  as  well  as  the  profits  of 
the  crop?  One  of  the  prettiest  fields  of  oats 
we  have  ever  seen  was  put  in  by  a  fourteen- 
year-old  girl  —plowing,  seeding,  reaping,  and 
taking  care  of  the, team  also.  A  sulky  plow 
and  improved  machinery,  and  hearty  encour- 
agement, were  hers.  She  could  make  bread 
snd  sew  nicely;  sing  and  play  sacred  music. 
Did  it  hurt  her  to  know  how  to  manage  a  crop 
or  have  an  interest  in  the  details  of  farm 
work'? 

the  contrast. 

We  have  seen  this  week  a  father  at  work  in 
the  mines  while  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres 
of  hill  and  interval  lands  and  two  acres  of 
orchard  were  neglected.  The  daughter,  in 
this  case,  is  in  the  city  seeking  work;  her  hus- 
band, intemperate;  her  mother,  pining  over 
"the  might  have  beens"  and  hoping  the 
"  Lord  will  next  time  give  her  daughter  a 
good  husband."  Chickens  were  in  the  house; 
old  rags  about  the  door-step;  the  hay  not 
stacked  or  sheltered.  Depend  upon  it,  the 
self-respecting,  tired,  ambitious  women  are 
best  help-iueets  and  housekeepers. 

Walking  through  the  garden  wo  asked, 
"Can  you  uot  prune  these  young  trees 'f 

"  No,"  they  scornfully  replied; 
women's  work  is   in   the  house, 
the  strong-minded  kind!" 

Verily  not,  and  no  prospect  of  any  strength 
of  character  being  imparted  to  the  children 
born  in  the  house. 

The  cows  were  yet  in  the  coral,  hungry  and 
thin.  "  We  cmly  strij)  thciii  a  little  tor  the 
children.  It's  cheaper  to  buy  than  to  make 
butter." 


'  we  think 
We  are  not 


We  thought  we  could  see  how  milk  and  but- 
ter and  fruit,  with  a  wind-mill  to  lift  water  to 
irrigate  one  acre  of  garden,  might  be  made  to 
yield  a  good  living,  and  how,  little  by  little, 
acres  of  nut-bearing  trees  might  grow  to  pro- 
ductiveness and  beauty.  Oranges  and  lemons 
were  possible—as  possible  on  the  sheltered 
side  of  the  Diablo  hills  as  in  any  part  of  the 
State,  and  even  one  tree  would  add  very  much 
to  the  beauty  of  the  home  life. 

"  Did  you  dry  any  fruit?"  we  asked,  "  or 
can  any?" 

"  Oh,  no.  It  don't  pay  to  do  such  drudg- 
ery when  we  can  buy  it  so  cheap." 

This  is  the  rock  upon  which  so  many  Cali- 
fornia people  break  up.  "Many  a  little  makes 
a  mickle,"  say  the  Scotch  people.  It's 
equally  true  that  dimes  make  dollars.  A 
pound  of  apples  dried  nicely  for  winter  use 
saves  twelve  and  a  half  cents  at  least,  besides 
the  time  and  shoe  leather  required  to  go  after 
them.  The  home-made  article  can  be  free 
from  cores  and  skins:  the  store  article  may 
have  both.  Bowls  of  grape  jam — made  with 
only  one  pound  of  sugar  to  the  pound — might 
have  been  prepared  (fifty  for  every  family  of 
four),  delicious  and  healthful,  from  fruit  that 
to-day  is  rotting  on  the  vines.  The  fact  is, 
dear  reader, 

IT  DOBS  NOT  PAT 

to  buy  anything  that  you  can  make  or  save  at 
home  in  time  and  materials  that  otherwise 
would  be  wasted. 

Then,  there  are  whole  reefs  of  rocks  on 
which  to  be  shipwreck  in  the  trifling  story 
papers — "given  away  if  you  will  buy  the  flashy 
cheap  chromos."  Morning,  noon  and  night 
some  one  may  be  seen  reading  the  exciting 
continued  tales  of  impossible  heroes  and 
heroines.  Wherever  this  habit  is  formed, and 
becomes  a  passion,  jilows  and  harrows  are 
rusting,  chickens  roosting  over  the  harness, 
the  stock  is  neglected,  fences  down,  weeds 
abounding,  trees  and  vines  scragly  from  ne- 
glect, and  the  house,  inside  and  out,  in  a 
worse  condition.  These  people  are  dyspeptics 
in  brain  as  well  as  stomachs.  Exciting  food 
and  unnatural  stories  please  best.  They  do 
not  relish  simple  bread  and  baked  apples,  nor 
pleasant  and  instructive  farm  journals.  In- 
finitely better  for  all  parties  to  rise  early  and 
work  late;  to  scrub  floors,  and  pull  weeds,and 
by  hand,  pare  apples  to  dry.  Better  even  to 
walk  five  miles  with  a  basket  of  eggs  to  sell, 
than  to  fret  and  whine  and  dawdle  over  a 
sickly  story  or  a  flashing  fashion  plate.  The 
first  brings  self-respect  and  propriety :  the  last, 
discontent  and  ruin. 

The  Scotch  and  Welsh  people,  who  com- 
mence very  small,  working  by  the  day,  in  a 
few  years,  have  snug  and  thrifty  homes.  Our 
countrymen  and  women,  iu  too  many  in- 
stances, by  their  dislike  of  plain  work,  and 
their  foolish  desire  to  be  fashionable,  sink 
away  from  broad,  fertile  acres  and  the  possi- 
bilities of  beautiful  homes,  and  then  blame 
capital  and  Providence. 

To  help  correct  this  false  pride,  let  each 
reader  of  the  Agriculturist  try  to  persuade 
one  other  person  to  subscribe  for  and  read  a 
copy  each  mouth  of  the  glad  new  year.  Ed- 
ited by  a  workingman,  who,  with  his  wife, has 
solved  the  problem  of  making  home  attrac- 
tive and  beautiful  with  only  the  materials 
within  the  reach  of  the  humblest  toiler,  cer- 
teinly,  in  the  coming  year,  many  lessous  can 
be  given  to  assist  those  who  wish  to  leani 
and  are  willing  to  ti-y  to  improve  their  homes 
and  their  hearts. 


AVhen  a  mau  owns  the  land  upon  which  the 
labor  of  his  life  is  expendiil,  and  which  ho 
exjiects  to  leave  as  a  legacy  to  his  children, his 
interest  in  the  political  att'airs  of  the  nation 
must  be  vastly  greater  than  when  uo  sense  of 
respousiliility  exists,  and  when  a  system  which 
tends  to  weaken  tlie  citizen's  iutercst  in  the 
att'airs  of  slate  threatens,  it  is  time  to  meel  it 
with  determined  resistance. 


Bashfulness  is  often  like   the    jjlaitiug  on 
sjJoons — when  it  wears  ofl'it  shows  the  brass. 


tl' 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Cleaning  a  Field  From  Thistles  With 
Sheep. 

Mr.  Hawkins  aud  Mr.  Broughton,  of  So- 
lano county,  live  near  together.  They  each 
have  a  hundred  acre  field  adjoining.  The 
soil  is  alike.  Year  after  year  these  fields 
have  been  sown  in  wheat  until  the  average 
croi>  was  not  more  than  fifteen  or  twenty 
bushels  to  the  acre;  beside  this  the  little 
thistle,  or  nettle  as  some  caU  it,  had  almost 
taken  possession  of  them.  During  the 
month  of  February  last  year,  Mr.  Hawkins 
put  600  sheep  on  his  and  let  them  remain 
until  August.  In  the  meantime  they  ate  up 
every  particle  of  vegetation  and  trampled  the 
whole  field  into  a  perfect  dust  bed.  Yet 
when  they  were  taken  off  they  were  per- 
fectly fat.  Last  winter  it  was  put  in  wheat, 
and  when  harvested  produced  fifty-eight 
bushels  to  the  acre,  the  whole  being  per- 
fectly free  from  thistles,  while  Mr.  Brough- 
ton  got  only  fifteen  from  his,  and  any 
amount  of  thistles.  May  not  farmers  learn 
a  lesson  from  this?  This  land  did  not  lie 
profitless  as  fallow  ground  does,  but  the 
sheep  were  a  source  of  revenue.  While 
thoy  enriched  the  soil  they  cleared  it  of 
weeds  and  prepared  it  for  a  more  abundant 
yield. — Sonoma  Demoivai. 

A  Model  Republic. 

The  little  Republic  of  Switzerland,  perched 
among  the  Alps,  is  the  pattern  Republic  of 
the  world.  Its  population  consists  of  2,- 
400,000  souls,  and  there  are  485,000  house- 
holds of  families.  Of  the  heads  of  these 
famihes  405,000  possess  landed  property,  so 
that  the  whole  of  the  real  estate  of  the  Re- 
public may  be  said  to  be  distributed  among 
the  whole  of  its  people.  The  exports  of  the 
country  amount  to  $58,000,000,  and  the  rate 
of  pauperism  is  the  lowest  in  Europe.  Taxes 
are  nominal,  officers'  salaries  low,  defalca- 
tion and  civic  corruption  are  unknown,  and 
the  oflices  (local  and  federal)  go  a  begging. 
Such  are  a  few  of  the  effects  of  the  extensive 
diffusion  of  property,  and  nearly  equal  pay 
for  service  public  aud  private. 


Advancing  and  Retreating  Races. 

As  the  wild  man  retreats,  so  the  wolf  who 
shared  the  forest  with  him  is  forced  to  yield 
to  the  prowess  of  the  dog,  that  comiianion 
of  the  second;  while  the  lordly  bison  is  com- 
pelled, year  by  year,  though  the  requisite 
"  nine  points  of  law  "  be  on  his  side,  to  re- 
linquish his  rich  prairie  haunts  to  the  more 
sturdy  ox.  The  wild  hog,  too,  that  most  in- 
trepid and  tenacious  of  brutes,  disappears  in 
some  unaccountable  way  from  his  favorite  re- 
sort of  field  aud  forest,  where  the  domestic 
hog  roots  aud  riots  in  his  stead  in  ever-in- 
creasing numbers.  Wherever  these  two  op- 
posing forces  meet  there  seems  to  be  but  one 
inevitable  result — the  lower  type  must  con- 
form to,  and  be  blended  with  the  higher,  or 
be  exterminated. — Phrmological  Journal. 


Testing  SEEre. — In  n  portion  of  Den- 
mark, where  one-fifth  of  the  land  is  culti- 
vated to  clover,  the  vitality  of  the  seed  is 
tested  by  placing  a  quantity  of  the  seed  on  a 
knife  blade,  and  heating  it  over  a  lighted 
candle.  The  good  seed  will  pop  open  and 
pop  off,  while  the  worthless  remains  and  car- 
bonizes on  the  blade.  Mr.  Christian  Baggs, 
of  Oakland,  reminds  us  of  this  fact  in  res- 
ponse to  an  inquiry  for  practical  tests  for 
seeds. — Ttural  Press. 


Koora 

next  to 

WI!  I  OUT'S 

Ph.itciKruph 

Oiill.:r>', 

Santa      Olara 

Street 


Dr.  H.  Klein,  Surgeon  Dentist 


X   want  every  man,  woman  and 

child  TO  KNOW  that  I  Hell  GtntB'  (Nothing.  Men's 
and  BoyH'  HatB,  Ladies*,  GentH'  and  Children's  Under. 
■wear  and  Furnishing  GuodB,  DoraeBticB,  Dress  Goods, 
White  ilu-.dB.  Embroideries,  Laces,  lUbbons,  Kuch- 
ingH,  Hiiiidk.rchit.-tH,  Gloves,  Corsets,  HositTy,  Faus, 
Flowers,  Tit^s,  Jrwelry,  Buttons,  etc.,  eto,  cliieai>«r 
tlkun  anyone  else  in  San  «Tuse. 

A.   M.  FELDMAN, 
4X9  First  street,  next  to  Hardware  btore. 


1090m,DENIIST, 


SAN  JOSK. 


OFFirE, 

253 

Haiita 
Clara  Ht 


Ether  and  Chloroform  carefully  administered  when 
desired.  de 


Published    Quarterly. January  Numchr  just 

issued,  and  contains  over  100  Pages, SOD  Engravings, 
descriptions  of  more  than  500  of  our  best  Flowers 
and  Vegetables,  with  Directions  for  Culture,  Coi.oked 

Plate,  etc. 'ihemost    useful    and  elegant   work    of 

the  kind  in  the  world. Only  25  cents  for  the  year. 

Pubhshed  in  English  and  German. 

Address,    JAMES  VICK,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


R.  C.  Kirbj  &;  Co., 

TANNERS! 

SANUCRUSeAK-MlSSOLELimSR 


Wholesale  Dealers. 


OFFICE 


402  and  404  Battery  St., 


San  Francisco. 


THE 

Jackson  Wagons 

Arc  known  to  be 

Sold  on  this  Coast.  Snlil  quite  as  low  ae  the  very 
many  poor  oues  offered  for  Bale.  We  warrant  them 
for  two  years.  For  sale  in  San  .Jose  at  San  Francisco 
prii-c-K  by  Haskell  <!k  Slott,  Agents,  corner  of  Third 
and  Santa  Clara  streets. 

a.   D.  ARTHUR  &  SOIV, 

Importers,  San  Francisco. 


Silence  is  the  fittest   reply  to  folly. 
Sorrows  are  sliadows  of  past  joys. 
A  near  lantern  is   better  than  a  dis- 
tant star. 


SAN  JOSE  INSTITUTE  AND  BUSINESS 
COLLEGE. 

A    Day    and      Boarding    School     for 
Both  Sexes. 

The  next  session  commences  the  first  Mon- 
day in  January,  1875. 

The  Faculty  consists  of  a  corps  of  eight 
Teachers,  secured  with  reference  to  their  par- 
ticular qualifications  and  fitness  for  their  re- 
spective positions. 

The  Modern  Languages,  Drawing  and 
Painting  are  taught  by  highly  accomplished 
and  experienced  Teachers. 

The  Institute  is  divided  into  Primary,  In- 
termediate, Grammar  and  Academic  Dejiart- 
ments,  which  are  in  a  flourishing  condition, 
under  the  tuition  of  first-class  Teachers.  These 
departments  are  under  the  supervision  of  Mr. 
Isaac  Kinley,  a  teacher  of  long  and  success- 
ful experience. 

The  Business  College  Depaetmekt,  under 
the  Principalship  of  James  Vinsonhaler,  oc- 
cupies a  new,  commodious  and  elegantly  fur- 
nished room.  It  is  complete  in  all  its  appoint- 
ments, and  in  thoroughness  and  eiiiciency 
ranks  with  the  best  Business  Colleges  in  the 
St:i.te. 

BoAKDiNO  Depabtment.  —  The  rooms  are 
pleasant  and  neatly  furnished.  Boarders  are 
required  to  furnish  their  own  toilet.  Kefer- 
ences  will  be  required  from  those  who  are 
unknown  to  the  Principal.  This  department 
is  under  the  supervision  of  Mrs.  A..  M.  Gates. 

Sessions. — The  year  is  divided  into  two  ses- 
sions of  twenty  weeks  each,  and  the  Sessions 
into  two  Quarters  of  ten  weeks  each. 

EXPENSES  PEE  QUABTEB  OF  TEN  WEEKS. 

Board,  washing,  light  and  room $70  00 

Primary  Department 9  00 

Intermediate  Department 10  00 

Grammar  Department 12  00 

Academic   Department 15  00 

Business  College  Department 25  00 

German  (3  lessons  per  week) 8  00 

French  or  Spanish    (extra) *^  00 

Piano  Music • 15  00 

Piano  Music,  with  use  of  piano 20  00 

Drawing  (3  lessons  per  week) 8  00 

Oil  Painting,  Water  Colors,  etc.,  charges 
according  to  the  time  given. 

Any  Student  entering  the  Business  College 
Department  may  have  the  privilege  of  enter- 
ing the  Institute  Department  without  extra 
charge. 

Advantages. — None  but  experienced  and 
competent  teachers  employed.  This  Institu- 
tion is  free  from  sectarian  bias,  and  combines 
the  very  desiable  advantage  of  a  thorough 
Academic  and  Business  education. 

Scholars  attending  from  a  distance  have 
the  advantage  of  boarding  in  the  Institution, 
and  of  having  reasonable  care  exercised  over 
their  deportment  and  progress.  They  are 
also  free  from  the  temptations  and  vices  to 
which  the  young  are  subjected  in  larger  cities. 

All  business  correspondence  should  be  ad- 
dressed to 

JAMES  VINSONHALER, 

San  Jose,  Cal. 


JJoart^__and      Hoia.e. 


5.  A 


MODEL  WEEKLY  PAPER  FOR 
THE  HOME.  The  Choicest  Lit- 
erature. Superb  IlluetrationB.  Twelve 
Ghaphio  ETCHI2JGS,  copies  of  celebrat- 
ed workti  of  art.  presented  at  once,  free 
to  every  subecriber.  An  Ukrfvaled 
PremiumI  Twenty  pages  weekly,  only 
$3  00  a  year,  postage  prepaid  on  the 
paper.  See  It  at  uewn  Ptande.  Ask 
your  Po&tmaster  to  ehow  you  Hearth 
AND  Home  and  the  Etchingb  and  give 
him  your  order. 

Ladies  at  Homeandmfn  who 

h;i\e  other  but;ineR.s  wanted  as  ageutB. 

Novel  plans,  pleasant  work,  good  pay. 
Si-nd  3  cent  stsrap  for  full  particulars,  or  $1  50  for  out 
fit,  ini'luding  the  twelve  Etchings  in  elegant  portfolio 
and  the  paper  six  months  to  your  address.  The 
Graphio  Co.,  Publishers,  39  aud  il  Park  Place,  New 
York.  Bep 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


JOHIT  KOCK'S 

iniESEEIES, 


SAN   JOSE,   CAL. 


We  offer  this  peasou  a  complete  stock  of 

Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees,  Shade 

Trees   and    Evergreens, 

Palms  and  Plants, 


THE      FIE.ST 

AND  ONLY  PREMIUM 

WaP  ftwardcd  to  us  by  the  Santa  Clara  Valley  Agricnl- 
turftl  Siiciety,  at  their  Fair,  held  in  San  Jose  October, 
1H74,  for  the 

Best  Nursery  in  Santa  Clara  County. 

To  Dealers  and  those  -who  plant  largely  we  ■will  make 
a  lihural  difii^oiiut. 
Catalogues  fiinilRhed  on  application. 

30^3S  B.OCH, 

de  ^  •■:'        — ,.,.  San  Jose,  Cal. 

K^^STAIT    BROS'. 

ALUM  EOCK  AVENUE 

HUUSEHIES, 

SAN    JOSE, 


IP-     YOU       ^VAIVT      HANDSOME,      WEI.I*- 
Trsined,  and   Vigorous,   Healthy  Trees  come  to 
onr  Nnrsi'ry. 

If  ymi  want  Fruit  Trees    true   to  name,  and  of  Best 
VarioticB  for  our  clinjate,  come  to  our  Nursery. 
Our  NuFBericB  are  very  much  enlarged. 
"W'e  )iave  a  large  and  complete  sKBurtment  of 


FR 


T   TREES. 


OUP^  SPECIALTY: 

FSIVIT  TK.SI3S 

Of  AH  Kinds  &  Varieties. 


We  have  also  an   afisortment  of   hardy   Ornamnntal 
Trcet;  and  EvcrgrconH. 

X.  &.  3.  KANSTA'S', 

ALUM  BOCK  AVENUE  NURSEEIES, 

SAN  JOSE,  de 


rXn. 


FARMERS' 


ION. 


(SuccoasorB  to  A.  Phibteb  &  Co.) 

Corner  of  Second  and  Santa  Olara  Sts., 


SAN  JOSE. 


CAPITAL 


SANDEESON'S 

f^  mil  HOUSES. 

Fruit  Trees,  Ornamental  Trees,  Shrubbery, 
Flowering  Plants,  etc.,  in  great  variety, 

Choire  KiHTijretm  Trees,  Shrubs  and  \"ut('s,  I*abns, 

Magnoliati,  Fer)is,  I*ot-pla}iL%  Uavijini}  B(U>- 

kets,    etc.,  liare^   ExoUa  and  Ihtrdy. 

BonqiiolM.  Wreaths,  (*roi4»nn  Jind  Flornl  Doc- 
oralloiiM   of  All     Kinds    to    Order. 

NurRorlPR  Two  miles  north  of  San   Joki-,  on  the  Mil- 
piUsroad.  Ij.  K  SANDERSON. 


$  I  oo,ooo. 


Wm.  Erkbon,  PreBident, 


H.  E.  Hills,  Manager. 


"Wm.  Erkfiin, 
I-,.  F,  Chipman, 
Horace  Little, 
O.  T.  Settle, 


Thomas  E.  Snell. 


J.  P.  Dudley, 
David  Campbell, 
James  Singleton, 
E.  A.  Braley,... 


0^'  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  BuHlneKH.  Also, 
receive  di-pcfiits,  on  which  such  interest  will  be  al- 
lowed as  may  be  agreed  upon,  and  ihako  loans  on  ap- 
proved security. 


S^]N"  JOSE 
SAVi^CS    BAiyK, 


280  Santa  Clara  Street. 


CAPITAL  STOCK 


Oflic«rs: 


ProRident 

Vice-President. . 
Cashier 


$300,000 


-.John  H.  Mooee 

S.  A.  BiHHOP 

.H.   H.  Reynolds 


Directors : 

John  H.  Moore,  Dr.  B  Bryant, 

H.  Mabury,  S.  A.  Bishop, 

H.  U.  Reynolds,  James  Hart, 

James  W.  Whiting. 


NEW   FEATURE: 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts,"  bearing  inter- 
estat  fi,  Sand  10  percent  per  annum;  interest  payable 
promptly  at  the  end  of  six  mouths  from  date  of  de- 
posit. The  "  Receipt"  may  be  transferred  by  iudorse- 
ment  and  the  principle  with  interest  paid  to  holder. 

Interest  also  allowed  on  Book  Accounts,  beginning 
at  date  of  deposit. 

Our  vaults  are  largo  and  strong  as  any  in  the  State, 
and  spicially  adapted  for  the  safe-keejjing  of  Bonds, 
StockB.  Papers,  Jewelry,  Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc., 
at  trifling  cost. 

Draw  Ex'-hango  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  In 
Cro]d  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates. 

Buy  and  sill  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


National  Gold  Bank 

OF  SAN  JOSE. 


Paid  Tip  CapUal  (Gold  Coin) S">00,  000 

Aulhtirizcfl  Capital . . .»!,  000, 000 

Prenident JOHN    TV.  HrNPfi 

Vii-L.-Pl-CBident WM.  L.  T18D.\LE 

Cashier  uud  Su cretary GEO.  P.  SPARKS 

Directors: 

C.  Burrel,  0.  G.  HnrriBdii, 

Wm.  1).  Tisilalo,  E.  C.  SinRli'tarr, 

E.  L.  liradloy,  Wm.  L.  Tisdiilp, 

John  W.  Hinds. 


FARMERS. 

PAIHT  YOUR   BUILDIiraS 


— A^fD    YOUE — 


ZMPX.SMSXTTS! 


TJSE    THE    BEST  1 


USB     THE 


raiLin: 


I — 

It  Costs  Less,  Lasts  Longer  and  Looks 

Brighter  than  Any  Other  Good  Paint. 

It    Does  iioi  Crack,   Tior  Chalk,   nor  Peel  Off. 
SEE   THAT   YOUR  PAINTER   USES   IT. 

Remember,  it  is  prepared  in  Liquid  Form,  ready  for 
applicatiun;  can  be  ubtaiued  of  Any  Shade  or  Color, 
and  is  Composed  of  the  Befit  Materials,  thoroughly  in- 
corporated. Bo  that  it  does  not  spoil  by  standing. 

For  Beauty  of  Finish  and  Brilliancy  of  Color  it  iB 
without  a  rival. 

Remember,  with  this  Paint  yon  can  do  your  own 
painting  better  than  it  can  bo  done  with  any  other 
Paint. 

It  Is  alivays  Keady  for  Use. 

Paint  your  Houses—  Paint  your  Wagons.  Mowing 
MachincB,  Plows,  etc.,  etc.  It  Pays  in  the  long  run  to 
do  it. 

The  Averill  Paint  is  the  Paint  for  everybody 
the  Best  and  Mofit  Economical  Paint  in  the  world. 

Ask  your  store-keeper  for  it. 


Will  allow  interest  on  Deposits,   buy  and  sell  F.\- 
chauge,  make  collections,  loan  money,  and  transact 

A  General  Banking  Business. 

Special  inducements  ofl'erod  to  fanners,  merchants, 
nieebauics,  and  all  classes  for  commercial  accounts. 

Cor.  First  and  San  Fernando  Sts., 

SAN  JOSE.  sop 


Published  Quarterly. January  Number  just 

issued,  and  contains  over  100  Paces,  500  Engsavings, 
descriptions  of  more  than  500  of  our  best  Flowers 
and  Vegetables,  wi  th  Directions  for  Culture,  Colored 

Plate   etc. The  most    useful    and  elegant  work   of 

the  kind  in  the  world. Only  25  cents  for  tlie  year. 

Published  in  English  and  German. 

Address,    JAMES  VICK,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

J.  U.  SPEI^CER, 

Real     Estate    Agent 

AND 

Cexxeral     Auctioxieer. 


FAUMS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION  — 
Valley  and  Hill  lands— High  und  Low  priced 
Farms— Farms  to  suit  everybody.  Corr»'spondenco 
solicited.  Business  Chances  a  specialty.  Property  of 
every  description  bought  and  sold.  Houses  rented, 
and  Loans  negotiated.  oc 


m  NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  ALMANAC 

And  Teetotalers'  Year  Book,  for  1875, 

Cont.j.inH  72  piipep  of  Statistice  of  Temperanco,  Aner- 
ilot.H,  Stories.  IHizzlee.  Ch"if«  JUnstnitionB.  l'oht('ffl<o 
AdUrt'SM  of  UlUctTs  of  Stiitti  and  Natiouftl  Bodies,  a  full 
DintliTy  t>f  nil  TrmiH-niuct'  Orniiiilziitions  in  N«"W 
Vorlf  .ity  and  ISrooklTU,  uU  TfrnptniULti  ruhlindionB 
and  I'uptTh.  etc..  ftf."Si-nt  by  m:dl  on  reiript  «'f  priro, 
Ten  r«ntB,  single  copies;  $1  P*t  dozen:  $7  per  hundred. 

AddrosB,  J.  N.  STEARNS.  Publishing  Ap't. 

CS  ReadeStroet,  ^'l.•\v  York. 


V^^^a^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


MY  ANNUAL  CATAI-OGUE  OP  VEGETA- 
ble  auil  Flower  SL-etls,  for  1S75,  will  he  ready  by 
January  Ist  for  all  wht)  apply.  Customers  of  last  Bca- 
Bou  need  uot  write  for  it.  lu  it  will  be  found  several 
vuhiable  varieties  of  uew  vegetables  introduced  for 
the  first  time  this  seasnn,  having  made  new  vesetHbles 
a  spifialty  for  many  years.  Growint;  ovee  a  hund- 
jiED  AND  FIFTY  vauieties  Oil  uiy  scvi-ral  furiuK.I  would 
particularly  invite  the  imtroiiH;,'*'  of  miirltet  gardeners 
and  all  others  who  are ehiietijilly  disimus  to  have  their 
seed  pure  and  fresh,  and  of  the  very  beht  strain.  All 
st'eds  sent  out  from  my  estHblit^Lnieut  are  covered  by 
three  warrantB  as  given  in  my  catulofiue. 

JAMES  J.  H.  GREGORY, 

Marblehead,  Mass. 


THE  NEW  IMPEOVED 


Side   Feed   and  Back   Feed. 


THE  LIGHTEST  RUNNING,  MOST  SIM- 
PLE, AND  MOST  EASILY  OPERATED 
SEWING  MACHINE  IN  THE  MARKET. 

'3  in 

If  there  ia  a  FLOKENCE  MACHINE 
within  one  thousand  miles  of  San  Fran- 
cisco not  working  well,  I  will  fiz  it  with- 
out any  expense  to  the  owner. 

SAMUEL  HILL,  Agent, 
No.  19  New  Montgomery  Street, 

GRAND    HOTEL    BUILDING, 

«AN  FRANCISCO. 


I 


ZiOC^e     dk    2)i£oxitague, 

IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  &o. 

112  and  114  Battery  Street 

SAN  PRAN'CISCO. 

WM.   SHEWS 

EH  mmmm  establishment, 

115  KEARXTf  ST.,   SAN  FRANCISCO. 

This  "well  known  '*Pjilace  of  Art,  "  formerly  lo- 
cated on  Montgomery  St.,  No.  417,  is  now  on 
Kearny  St.,  No.  115  and  has  no  connection  with  auy 
other.  Strangers  viirtiting  the  City  will  find  it  for  their 
interest  to  patronize  this  establishment  for  any  kind 
of  picture  from  Minature  to  Life  Size. 

N.  B.  The  very  best  Kembraurlt  Cards  Album  rizo 
$2  per  doz.  equal  to  any  that  cost  $4  on  Montgomery 
St.;  other  sizes  equally  low  in  proportion.        ap 


&  HYDE, 

Cor.  Kearny  and  Suffer  Sts. 

SAW  FRANCISCO, 

WUOLEaALE  ANU  UETAIL  DEALF.RS  IN 

SHEET  MUSIC, 

Musical  Instruments, 


MUSICAL    MEItCIIANI>ISE, 

Orders  from  the  Interior  promptly  filled. 

MANUFACTUBEIIS  OF  THE 


Acknowledged  by  Musicians  to  be  the  Best  LoW 

Priced  Instruments  ever  ofiered  for  &alo 

on  this  Coast. 


THE  UNEQUAIiLED 


These  Superb  Instruments  have  achieved  a 
Rucci'Rs  unparalleled  in  the  history  of  Piano-forta 
Manufacture. 

They  are  remarkable  for  Great  Volume,  Purity 
and  Sweetness  of  Tone,  and  Dmrability. 


THE  CELEBRATED 


OBGJ0IS 


^ 


<> 


The  Most  Desirable  InRtmnientK  in  the  market 
for  church  and  parlor.    Over  2S.0OO  now  in  use. 

SHERMAX  &  HYDE, 

GEXEIi.LL    AnEXTS, 

SAN  FRANCISCO. 


Tus-tin's  Fatexxt 

FIRST  PREMIUM  r  ■(\ 

WIND -MILLS  lit; 

—  AND  ~ 

HORSE-POWERS. 

Factoiiy— Comer    Market  and  i 
Beal  Sts.,  San  Fran<-iM-0. 
Send  for  DEGCEIPTIVD  CI2CIILAES. 

w.  I  TusTiN,  patentee:. 


THE  PARKER  GUN. 


SEND   STAMP  FOR  CIRCULAR 

PARKER  BRO'S 

WEST  MERIDEN.CT. 


^sicalRe^IEW 


One  Dollar  per  annum.     Each  issne  con- 
tains valuable  reading,  and  t^cr 

SI  -WORTH  OF  NEW  MUSIC. 

Send  your  address  with  $i,  in  postage 
stamps  or  currency,  to 

SHERMAN  i  HYDE, 

San  FRANcisca 

FARM   FOR  SALE. 


Within  Sis  Miles  of  Eeno,  Nevada. 


A  Most  DesiraWe  Farm  of  160  Acres. 


TXTLXS  — U.    S.    FATEIO'T. 


THIS  PINE  FARM  IS  SITUATED 
at  the  slope  of  the  mountains  southwest  i 
from  Ueno,  and  is  surrounded  with  an  excel- i 
lent  free  Stock-Ran^e,  Upon  it  is  one  of  the  ,ZAs^ 
best  fruit  orchards  iu  Nevada.  Over  500  bearinfi  troi  s 
of  ehoioeet  varieties.  Also  a  Iarf;e  lot  of  small  fruits. 
Alfalfa,  Timothy  and  Grain  do  finely.  Conneeted 
with  the  Farm  is  a  40-acre  lot  of  Timber,  containing 
some  2,tHX)  cords  of  Wotxl.  Also,  a  Fish  Pond.  The 
place  is  pleasantly  situated  near  a  good  market.  The 
soil  is  first-rate,  and  the  location  and  climate  healthy. 
It  offt  rs  special  advantjif^es  fiT  a  good  homo  to  an  en- 
tt-rprisinft  man  with  a  family. 

For  terms,  address  the  Proprietor. 

JAS.  S.  TOLLES. 

sap  Beno,  Nevada. 

MUITIT  &  GO'S. 


jl  First 

^i        SAN  JOSE. 


Street, 9(!1 
JOSE.        tttJl 

MEAT  MARKET 

IO.  G.  T— GRANGEK  LODGE,  No.  295,  meets 
•  eveay  MONDAY  evtping,  at  8  o'clock,  in  their 
Hall,  No  284  Sauta  Clara  street,  over  the  S.  J.  Savings 
Bank.  Members  of  sister  Lodges  and  sojourning 
members  in  good  standiug  are  invited  to  attend. 

S.  J.  BACON,  W.  C.  T. 
PEnETMAN  r.  Page,  W.  Sec'y. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


1  Optician       and 

M  a  nufacturing 

Jeweler. 


Blacksmith. 


Patent 

Tire-Setter. 


Stoves, 


Kitchen 

Utensils. 


Groceries, 


Provisions, 


Family 


Supplies. 


Physician 


Bennett's 

Fnruituro 

Manufactory, 

San  Jose. 


Vr.    T.    E.A.VES, 

(Late  of  Virginia  City,) 

WATCH-MAKER,  JEWELLER 


PRACTICAL  OPTICIAN, 

Opp.  tlie  AuzcraiR  House, 
No.  268  Santa  Clara  Si„  San  Jose. 

N.  B.— A  fine  selection  of    Clocks  and 
Silverware  always  on  hand. 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  Blacksmith  and  Carriage  Shop. 

Balbarh's  New  Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond st.itnd   Fountain  Alley, 

SAN   .JOSE. 

New  Work  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
Implements,  etc. 

West's      American    Tire-Setter. 


FRED.  KLEIN, 

STOVES, 
SHEET-IRON, 

Copper,     Tinware,     Iron    Pumps, 
Kitchen  UtetisUs, 

CeleTDrated  Peerless  Stoves. 

Si'il  Santa  Clara  St , 

Near  PoBtolBce.  San  Jose. 


WfV9.    FISCHER. 

Fresh  &EQCEEIES,?M!SIONS, 

Hardware,  Etc.,  Etc., 
BOUGHT    LOW, 

— AND— 

rOR    SAIiZ:     CHEAP, 

— AT— 

No.  294  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Near  Spring  &  Go's  Auction  Store, 
SAN  JOSE. 

Everybody  that  knows  WM.  FISCHER 
{and  he  is  well  known]  will  tes- 
tify that  his  Goods  are 

The  Best  and  the  Cheapest  in  Town. 


SANIA  CLAEA   VALLEY 

DE-TTG  STOB.S, 

Cor.  Santa  ClaratSi  Tliird  sts. 
SAN    JOSE, 

JOHZV  D.  SCOTT,  IVE.])., 

Physician  and  Drugr/ist. 

SAir  JOSE 


Wliolt'riiilt*  ami  ICftuil. 


J.  S.  Bennett,  Prop'r. 

FACTORY, 

Cor.  Fourth  and  San  Peirnando  St?. 


Salesroom,  Ho.  Sll  First  Street, 

San  .)<^hk,  Cal. 


B  S  C  R  §  B  E 


— FOB  THE — 


U  N  S  H  I  N 


— THE    ONLY — 

CHILDREFS  MAGAZINE 

PnliliKhid  on 

THE    PACFiC    COAST. 


Only     ^I.IO    a    Year. 

A  mm  mmki  mmv, 

And  one  that  ■will  continue 

A    Source    of    Pleasure 

Dxiring  the  whole  year. 


AddreBS,  SUNSHINE,  Postofflce  Box  288  Santa  Clara. 


JANUARY.             1 

s. 

M. 

T. 

w. 

T. 

F. 

s. 



1 

2 

3 

4 

~~5 

~6 

7 

8 

y 

10 
17 
24 

1  1 
18 
25 

12 

13 
20 

114 
21 

15 
22 
29 

16 
23 
30 

26 

27 

2^ 

31 

.. 

__ 

P.  T7^.  HEAHDOIT, 


■WTia   A.  ZiEVT^IS, 

Watch-maker  and  Jeweller, 

No.  309  First  Street, 

SjVN  JOSE. 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

ffiieoxBloek.No.  Kill  First  St,, 
SA2V    JOSE,    CAXi. 

California  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AUD  SHOES, 

A  Large  and  Superior  ABSortment. 

Iffo.    400     First    Street, 

Wilcox  Block,  San  Joee. 


These  Valves  are  the  sim- 
pUt^t  and  must  ]>ert"ert  in  muatruc- 
tion  of  any  Valve  ever  inventi^d.  Fur 
cheiipnnsK,  durability  and  capaidty  of 
dischart^ng  water,  tbey  are  nut  equaled 
by  any  other  Valve.  We  manufacture 
sizes  from  3  to  7  inches  diameter,  and 
for  Hand.  Windmill  and  Hurse-power 
or  Steam  Pumps. 

We  alKo  keep  on  hand  and  manufac- 
ture the  best  and  cheapest  Well  Pipes. 

FRED.  KLEIN, 

Dealer  in  Stoves,  etc.,  Nu.  '2^7  Santa 
Clara  street,  a  few  doors  west  of  the 
Postoffice,  Sau  Juse, 


Liig-lit  and 

Heavy  Wagons, 

Express  Wagons, 
Tup and 

Op«n  Bng-ffies* 
Carriages, 

RockaAvays, 
Gigs  and 

Baronclkes. 

MADE    OF   THE    VERY    BEST    ASSORTED    MA- 
terial.    All  wurk  warranted.    Jobbing  of  all  kindH. 

Painting,  Trimsiinj,  Blaoksmithing,  aai 
Woud  Work. 

n[!i.Orders  -ivill   receive  Prompt  Attention. 

C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

C^AnnlAGK    MAKEll.        PIONKEK    CAR- 
J  riago  Shop. 

314  Skcond  Street, 

lictwocn   Santa    Claia    street    and    Fountain    Alley. 

SAN  JOSE. 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

aST  First  Street. 


THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE 

PAID  FOB 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


D.  J.  Ports:.  lalm  T.  Colihin. 

PORTER  &.  COLAHAN, 

Eeal  Estate  and  Fire  Insurance, 

Fostoj]ice  corner^  San  Jose. 


^^Jna  Insurance  Co.  of  Hartford 
lionduii    Assurance,     of  Lon- 
don,   Fireman's  Fund^    of 
San    Francisco. 

Confeyancing   by    John    T.    Colahan, 
Nutary  Public. 


C.    SCHRODER, 

CALIFQENIA  imi  FACTQE?, 

349  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Near  the  Opera  House,  San  Jose. 

Confectionery  in  Great  "Variety, 
Wholseale  and  Retail. 

Ity  Orders  promptly  attended  to. 


SAN  JOSE  m  factsr: 

IDXAUSLICE  O'BRZEU, 

Wluilisale  and    Retail 

Candy  Manufacturer, 

:IN7  First  Street, 

Near  San  Fernando,  San  Jose. 


GARDEN  CIIV  DRUG  STBP.E, 

(Deutsche  Apotheke), 

No.    :i:JO    Snndi  C'liira  SI  .     (south 

siilc.)     IJitWirii    First  and    S.i-ond 

sts,  kteiiK  I'liiihtHiitly  on  liand 

WB.Z  Drugs  mi   Uoaiciscs.    Cbciciul:,    Fe^ 

fumory.  ToUot  and  Fancy  Artclos.  Etc. 

Pnrf  SodaWatiron  ilraui,'ht.  I'liysiciiins' 

prescriptioiisiareflilly  colli  poundt-'il. 

HENS?  PESSNECEEE,  Prop'r. 
Residi'lH-e.  No.  11(1  First  stri-it,  north- 
west i-oruer  of  Fox  avenue.  do 


RHODES  &  LEWIS, 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.  355  First  Streot, 

SAN  JOSE. 


ft 

Boots 

and 

Shoes. 


Patent 
Pump 
Valve. 


Groin 


Dealer. 


Heal  Estate, 

Fire  Insurance, 

Notary  Public, 
C  o  nyeyancing. 


Candy 


Factory. 


Fresh   Candy 

and 

Ice  Cream. 


l^ 


Volume  6. 


51  »  %n 


Subscription  Price, 
$1.50  a  year. 


SAN  JOSE,  CAL.,  APF^IL,  1875. 


Single  Copies, 
15  cents. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page  13,  Editorial.— A  Fine  Herd  of  Short-borne. 
Fair  Tactics. 

**    76,  Editorial  Noteg. 

•*  77,  Poetry. — Only  a  Farmer's  Daughter. 
Under  tbe  Daisies.  "What  is  His  Creed? 
I've  Been  Thinking.  Souls,  Not  St.ition8. 
Wishing  and  Having.  Why?  Do  Some- 
thing. 

**  78,  Editorial.— How  to  Keep  Up  a  Good 
Flow  of  Milk.  Villainous  Laud  Trans- 
actions.    Loss  of   Moisture  froiu  the  Suil. 

••  79,  Editorial,— A  San  Jose  Prune  Orchard. 
How  They  Like  thu  Agkicultdiust. 

••  80,  EditoriaL— Fattening  Beef  Cattle  for 
M^irket.  Correspondence. —The  Cul- 
tivation of  the  Olive  in  California  (by  l>r. 
John  D.  Scott), 

*•  81,  Correspondence  (continued)  . —  Curi- 
ous Epitaphs  (by  Elisa  E.Anthony). 

**  83,  Household  Reading;.— A  Farmer's 
Wiful'll  Be.  Chats  V  ith  Farmers'  Wives 
and  Dau^'hters  (by  Jewell).  Hints  on 
Training  Children. 

••  83,  Stock  Breeder,— Utility  Above  Fancy 
in  Breeding. 

•*  84,  Stock  Breeder  (continued).  —  Higb- 
Priced  Stock.  English  Short-Horn  Sales 
for  1875.  Miscellaneous. — Dust  for 
the  Animals,     Flax  Culture. 

•*  85,  Poultry  Yard.— The  Kind  of  Fowls  to 
Keep.  Selection  of  Turkeys  for  Breeding. 
The  BestPoultry  for  (ieueralUae.  Ducks. 
Crossing  Breeds. 

••  86,  Porcine. — More  Hogs  and  Less  Wheat. 
Improvement  in  Breeding  Swiue.  The 
Berltshsre  Pig.  Dressing  Black  Hogs. 
Money  in  Hogs.    Etc. 

••    87,  SUeep    and    Goats,— What    Breed    is 

Best?  The  Merino.  Salt  and  Charcoal 
fur  Sheep.  Helhiuks  Sheep  Pay  Best. 
A  Comparison  of  Sheep.    Breeding  Sheep. 

••  88,  Apiary.— The  Inmates  of  the  Hive. 
Shade  fur  Bees.  Bees,  Wa&pg  and  (irapes. 
Etc. 

*•  8y,  Dairy.  —  Treatment  of  Heifers.  More 
Abuut  Cheese.  To  Purify  Dairy  Utensils. 
Boys  end  Girls.— Mud  Pies.  What 
the  Baby  Saw  in  the  Glass.  Bad  Boys 
Make  Bad  Men.  To  Boys  and  Young  Men. 
About  So. 

"  90,  Woman's  Progress. — Bnsiness  Suit- 
able for  Woman.  What  Women  Have 
Gnined.  Sensible  Fashions  fur  Women. 
A  Novel  Experiment  in  Houee-keeinng. 
Anti-Corset  Society. 

•'  91,  Hygienic— Milk  as  a  Diet.  Washing 
the  Inside  of  the  Body.  What  Alcohnl 
Will  Do.  Sound  Common  Sense.  Wet 
and  Dry  Bathing.    Etc, 

**  93,  Educational.  —  Before  and  After 
Schoul.  Do  Farmers  Read  Enough  ?  For 
the  Boys.  Diversity  of  Gifts.  Live  adn 
Dead  Weight  of  Cattlo.     Etc. 

-Coming  Stock  Sales.    Etc. 


LOOK  TO  YOUR  INTERESTS 


AND    GO    TO    THE 


Farissrf  Fimke  Store, 

412  FIEST  ST.,  SAN  JOSE. 


Spring'  Beds  IWade    to  Order  at 
Iiess  than  Wholesale  Prices. 

Z.  TAYLOR. 


WOODLAND 
FOUIiTKV 


YARDS 

Victorious ! 


Half  the  Awards  at  the  Last  State  Fair. 


Bend  for  Price  List  of  EGGS  and  FQ-SVLS. 

DE.  W.  J.  PRATHEB, 
ap  Woodland,  Yulo  Co.,  Cal. 


A.  O.  HooKEn. 


■ff.  F.  GUNCKEL. 


E.  A.  Ci^HK. 


J.  "W.  Haskell. 


CLARK  Si,  HASKELL, 

Real  Estate,  and  deneral  Business  A^ent, 

SEARCHING  AND  CONVEYANCING 
promptly  and  correctly  done — Real  Estate  bought 


and  sold. 


Ofiii-e;— In  Post  Office  IJuilding 


HUBBARD  Sl  GO'S 

First    Street, PS| 

SAN   JOSE.         Wyi 


MEAT 


JOSE. 
ARKET. 


SAITTA  CLARA  TANNERY. 

JACOB  EBEEHARDT,  Puoprieioh. 


ALL  KINDS  OF  LEATHER.  SHEEP   SKmS,   AND 
WOOL.    Highest  price  paid  for  Sheep  Skins,  Tal- 
low, Wool,  etc. 


BLOOMINGTON   NURSERY,  Bloomington,    HI — 
F.  K.  PuoE.vix.    Siiring  lists   free,  or  tho  set  uf 
four  catalogues,  post  free,  for  twenty  cents.  fe3t 


PELTON'S 


SZX-FOIiD 

HORSE-POWER. 

TTAVING  MADE  NEW  ARRANGEMENTS 
-*-"'■  with  MR.  McKENZIE,  1  ani  prepared  to  supply 
my  PowerB  to  all  persons  favoring  me  with  thi-ir  or- 
ders. All  Powers  hereafter  manufactured  can  only  be 
obtained  of  me  or  my  Agents.  In  future  they  will  be 
made  under  my  directiunB  and  specificaticns,  and 
U'lthing  but  a  prime  quality  of  Machinery  Iron  will 
be  used  in  their  manufacture. 

I  have  nreatly  improved  the  application  and  bracing 
of  my  Levers,  which  will  give  them  ample  strength. 

All  Powers  fully  warranted. 

For  further  infonnatiou  eend  for  circulars  and  price 

list  to 

S.  FEXiTOZO',  Patentee. 

ap  San  Jose.  California. 

C.  A.  HOUGH 

WILL  HOT  BE  UHDERSOLD 

ITF.  IS  NOW  SF.I.LIN'G  THE   P.FST  OF 


FINEST  [IMPOKTED 


7  S  lAi 


AND  BEST  QUALITIES  OF 

COFFEES. 

Superior  Eastern  Bacon,  Ham,  Cheese,  Cod- 
fish, and  Carolina  Eice. 

The  Non-Explosive  Mineral  Sperm  Oil 

and  Celebrated  Dual  Burners 

at  Reduced   Prices. 


The  Finest  HONEY  in  the  world,  and  ehoiee  grades  of 
TOBACCO     AND      CICARS 

At  the  Lowest  Price  for  CASH. 


A.     S  O  TT  G  S, 

HOLLOWAY'S  OLD    STAND. 

311    Santa     Clara    Street, 

San  Jose  Bank  Building, 


California  Horticulturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


BUEEDERS'  DIHECTOEY. 


Parties  (iPKiriiig  to  purebaHe  Live  Stuck  will  find  in 
this  Directory  the  names  of  some  of  the  most  reliable 
Breeders. 

OtTR  Rates.— Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  will  be  in- 
serted in  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50  cents 
per  month.  A  line  will  average  about  eight  "words. 
Payable  annually. 

CATTLE. 


C   B.    POl^HKMUS,  Sau  Jose.  Santa  Clara  county, 
CaL,  brei'ikT  of  Sbort-Horu  Cattle, 


S.  N,  PUTNAM,  breeder  of  Pure-bred  Durham 
Cattle,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 

S.  B.  EMERSON,  Mountain  View,  Santa  Clara 
county,  CaL.  breeder  of  Short-Horu  and  Holstein 
Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

CHARIjES  CI^\RK,  Milpitas.  Santa  Clara  county, 
CaL,  br'^der  uf  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

WM.  Q,UINN,  Smu  Jose,  Santa  Clara  countv,  CaL, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

CYRtrs  JONES  &  CO.,  San  Jose.  Santa  Clara 
county,  CaL,  breeders  of  Short-Horu  Cattle. 


COLEMAN  TOITNGER,    San    Josp.   Santa  Clara 
county,  CaL,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


L,  J.  HANCHETT,  San  Jobc,  Santa  Clara  county, 
CaL,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

R.  G.  SNKATH,  Menlo  Parli.  San  Mateo  Co.,  CaL, 
choice  -Turbey  Cows.  Heifers  and  Bull  Calves  for  sale 

CARR  «&  CHAPMAN,  Gabilan,  Nouterey  cnnnty, 
CaL,  breeders  of  Trottiuy  Horses,  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine. 

R,  B.  CANNON,  Suisun,  Solano  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

JOS,  r..  CHAMBERS,  St.  Johns,  Colusa  county, 
CaL,  breeder  of   Short-Horn  Cattle. 


C.  COMSTOCK,  Sacramento,  Calif oruia,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.  BREAVSTER,  Gait  Station.  Sacramento  county, 
CaL,  breeder  of  Shurt-Horu  Cattle. 

IVM.    FLEMING,    Napa,    California,    breeder    of 
Shoi"t-Horn  Cattle. 


W,  li,  OVERHISER,  Stockton.  San  Joaquin  Co., 
CaL,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

J.    B.   REDMOND,    Black    Point,   Marin    county, 
CaL,  breeder  of  Sbort-Horn  Cattle. 

GEO.  R.  VERNON,    Oakland,    Alameda    county, 
CuL,  breeder  of  Short-Horu  Cattle. 

MOSES  TVICK,  Oroville,  Butte  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Shoi-t-Horn  Cattle. 

J,  R.  ROSE,    Lakeville,  Souoma  county,  Califor- 
nia,  breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 

G.  D.   MORSE,    San  Francisco,  Breeder  of  Short- 
Horn  and  Devon  Cattle. 

J.  R.  JEWELL,    Petaluma,  Sonoma  county,  CaL 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

SENECA  DANIEl  S,    Lakeville,   Sonoma  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 

CHAS.G.  BOCKIUS,  Lomo  Place,  Sutter  county, 

CaL,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

JOHN  JtJDSON,  Bloomfleld,  Sonoma  county,  CaL, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

A.  MILLARD,  Sau  Rafael.  Marin  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Jerseys  and  Alderneys. 

H.  P.  LIVERMORE,    Sau  Francisco,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

BENNETT  &  PAGE,    San  Francisco,  breeders  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 


LEWIS  PIERCE,  Suisun,  Solano  county,  Califor- 
nia, breetier  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

~~  SWINE.  ' 

S.   HARRIS  BARRING,  San  Joee,  Cul.,  breedur 
of  Best  Purebred  IJerliKliire  Swine. 

CHARLES  CIiARK,  Milpitus,  Snnta  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  purebred  BerkBlliro  Swine, 


MEAT  MARKETS, 


I   EDDY  k.  BUG.,  Stall  No.  1.  City  Market,  do  a  rcu. 
J  eral  butchering  and  market  buBlneBS.    City  orders 
eli  vored  free  of  extra  charge. 


^     JOSE    CLOTHiNG     ST 

266  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 

O'BANIOIT    &   2SESTT, 

nSerchant  Tailors  and  Clothiers,  Sealers  in  All  Kinds  of 

CEITTS'     FTTniTISIIIITa      GOODS, 

LIGHTSTONE  BLOCK,  Nearly  Opposite  the  Auzerai^House. 


SHEEP  AND   GOATS. 


KIRS.  ROBERT  BI^ACOVV,  Centerville,  near 
Nlk'K  Station,  Alameda  comity,  Cal.  Pure-blooded 
French  Merino  Uams  and  Ewes  lor  sale. 

A  .  G.  STONBSIPER,  Hill's  Ferry,  Stanislaus  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Sheep. 

A.  VROMAN,  Jenny  Lind,  CalaveraB  county,  Cal., 
Cotswuld  Bvuks  for  sale.  References,  Moody  &  Far- 
itih,  San  Francisco;  Shippee,  McKee  k  Co.,  Stockton. 

MARSH  «»  RETICKER,  San  Joee,  Santa  Clara 
county,  breeders  uf  Pure  Anyt.ira  Goats. 

LEIVDRUM  «St  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal.,  im- 
porterti  and  breeders  of  Pure  Angora  Goats. 

C.  P.  BAILEY,  San  Jose  Cal.,  importer,  breeder 
and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  AuRora  Goats.  Fine 
Pure-bred  aud_Grade  Goats  for  sale. 

TENDRIIM  &  ROGERS,  Wateonville,  Cal.    Im- 
^  porters  and   breeders  of  the  finest  Cotswold  Sheep 
and  Angora  Goats. 

McCRACKEIV  &  LEWIS,   San  Jose,  Cal.    Im- 
porters and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goats.    Also, 
fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 

MERINO    RAMS.- Pure   blood    and    Grades.    The 
finest  in  the  State.    Address,  McCracken  &  Lewis, 
San  Jose. 

THOS.  BUTTERFIELD  &  SON, 

BREEDERS  AND  IMPORTERS  OF 

ANGORA  OR  CASHMERE  GOATS, 

i3^F*  Also,  Cotswold  and  other  lone  wool  Sheep. ""^ 

FRENCH  AND  SPANISH  MERINOS. 
HOLL.ISTER,      MONTEREY     CO.,     CAL. 


POULTRY, 


M  FALLON,  Seventh  and  Oak  streets,  Oakland, 
Cal.,  uflers  for  sale  Eggs  from  every  vaiiety  of  choice 

Fowls. 

ALBERT  E.  BURBANK,  13  and  '44  California 
Market,  San  Francisco,  importer  and  breeder  of 
Fancy  Fowls,  Pigeons,  Rabbits,  etc. 

MRS.  L.  J.  "WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Premium 
Fowls.  White  Leglniru.  S.  S.  Hamburg,  Game  Ban- 
tams, and  Aylesbury  Ducks.     Also,  Eggs. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


DAWSON  &  BANCROFT,  U.  S.  Live  Stock  Ex- 
change, southeast  corner  o4  Fifth  and  Bryant  streets 
San  Framisco.  All  kinds  of  common  and  thorough- 
bred Stuck  always  on  exhibition  and  for  sale. 


SPLENOID  CARD  PHOTOGRAPHS,  only 
$•■4  a  duZL-n,  and  Cabinets  ^4  a  dozen,  at  HOW- 
LAND'S  Gallery  (Heuring's  old  stand]  No.  359  First 
street,  San  Jose.  fe  ly 

BARRY   &    WALLACE,  3HG  First  street.   Handsome 
turuouts  always  on  hand  at  fair  prices.  Fine  hearse 
for  funerals.    Give  us  a  trial.  ■• 

JH.  GORDON,  351  Santa  Clara  street,  below  Second . 
•     Gas,  water  and  steam  fitting,  and  general  plumb- 
ing business.    Charges  very  moaerate. 

I>      8ANGUINETTI,  418  an4  420  First  st.  Bookcases, 
>•   wardrobes,  kitchen  safes  and  picture  frames  made 
to  order.    Furniture  ma<Je  and  repaired. 


W    WARNER   HENRY,  Jobber  of   groceries    and 
,  provisions.  No.  4'21   Clay  street,  near  Sausomo. 
Orders  from  the  country  promptly  attended  to. 


TBOSCHKEN,    Hardware,   Builders"   Materials. 
■   House  Fui'nishing  Utensils,  and  all  kinds  of  Shelf 
Hardware,  417  First  Street,  Sun  Jose. 


The  American  Sardine  Co's  Boneless  Sardines,  ore 
much  better,  and  less  than  half  the  cost  of  import- 
ed Saixlines,  apr  lyr. 


LOUIS    CHOPARD, 


JEWELLER, 

And  dealer  in 
SPECTACLES  AND  CUTLERY, 

At  Low  Figures. 


.  Watches  and  Jewelry  carefully  repaired. 


JOUST  nOCEZ'S 

HUHSEHIES, 

SAN   JOSE,   CAL. 

Wc  offer  this  season  a  complete  stock  of 

Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees,  Shade 

Trees   and    Evergreens, 

Palms  and  Plants, 


THE      FIRST 

A^D  ONLY  PREMIUM 

Was  awarded  to  us  by  the  Santa  Clara  Valley  Agricul- 
tui-al  Society,  at  their  Fair,  held  in  Sau  Jose  October. 
1S74.  for  the 

Best  Nursery  in  Santa  Clara  County. 

To  Dealers  and  those  who  plant  largely  we  will  make 
a  liberal  discouut. 

Catalogues  furnished  on  application. 

JOHU  ROCK, 

de  Sau  Jose,  Cal. 


HEEDS. 


SEESN 


OF  EVERY  VARIETY. 

Fresh  and  I'eliable,  such  as  experience  and  caro  only 
can  select. 
Grass  and  Clover  Seefig,   Kentucky  Bine 

Grass.  Hl5N<iAKiAN.  OnrnAiiD,  Italian   Kve,  Keii  Top, 

Tl.MOTHY,  MESQttIT,  SWEET    VeRXAI.,  CHOICE     CaUFOK- 

KiA  Alfalfa,  ^\'HITE  Clover,  Hed  Clover,  etc. 

Also,  ll-AMiE,  JtrxE  and  Tobacco  seeds;  together  with 
a  flue  and  complete  collection  of  Tree  seeds,  Austra- 
lian Blue  Gum.  Sequoia  Oicantea.  Pinub  lNsiGNis,ctc 

For  sale,  wholesale  and  retail,  by 

B.  P.  WELLINSTON, 

lm]iorter  and  Dealer. 
425  Washington  street,  San  Francisco. 

R.  S.  THOMPSOIT, 

NAPA,    t'AI,. 


lill'OBrHR  AND  BREEDER  OF 
THOnorCH-URKD 


BERKSHIRE    SWINE. 


California  Agriculturist 


.ikXtOi 


E^mwm  s^r^ooK  JTouri^iar^i,,, 


Vol.  6. 


San  Jose,   Cal.,  i^prll,  1875. 


Uo.  4. 


A   FINE  HERD   OF   SHORT-HORNS. 

Everybody  who  visits  San  Jose  should  take 
a  ride  to  Ahim  Eock  Springs,  over  the  grand 
new  drive  from  San  Jose  to  that  jioint.  And 
they  should  bear  in  mind  that  at  the  Avenue 
Eanch  is  one  of  the  finest  herds  of  Short- 
horns on  this  Coast,  the  property  of  Cyrus 
Jones  &  Co.,  breeders  and  importers.  The 
drive,  which  leads  around  hills  that  overlook 
the  valley  into  a  deep  canon,  wild  with  stream, 
forest  and  rocky  declivities,  where  is  a  warm 
spring  and  other  attractions,  is  becoming 
noted  by  all  tourists.  After  rising  to  the  top 
of  the  grade,  a  branch  road  leads  to  the  right, 
to  Buena  Vesta  Point, a  grand  outlook  over  the 
valle)',  donated  to  the  public  by  the  proprie- 
tors of  Avenue  Ranch.  The  road  continues 
to  the  stock  yards  and  residences  of  the  pro- 
prietors. 

Mr.  Cyrus  Jones,  who  has  principal  charge 
of  the  fine  stock  department,  is  a  breeder 
long  known  in  Illinois  and  Kentucky  and 
noted  for  his  success.  What  brought  him  to 
this  State  was  partial  failure  of  health  in  the 
inclement  climate  of  his  native  home.  But 
he  came  here  to  make  California  his  home, 
and  has  chosen  a  locality  at  once  healthy  and 
adai^ted  to  the  business. 

Gen.  Giles  A.  Smith,  whose  fine  residence 
commands  a  magnifilent  view  of  our  valley, 
is  a  partner  upon  the  same  farm,  as  was  Mr. 
F.  H.  Hicks,  lately  deceaseed. 

These  gentlemen  came  here  about  two  years 
ago  with  their  stock,  and  an  acquisition  it 
was  to  California  when  they  came.  Our  far- 
mers have  been  so  slow  in  arriving  to  an  ap- 
preciation of  such  stock,  that,  to  less  confi- 
dent and  persevering  men,  the  results,  so  far 
as  sales  are  concerned,  would  have  been  some- 
what discouraging.  But  the  people  here,  as 
well  as  in  the  East,  are  fast  awakening  to  the 
advantage  of  breeding  the  best  stock. 

This  herd  is  fast  increasing  in  numbers  and 
value.  Only  one  thing  has  been  really  dis- 
couraging, and  that  was  a  disease  common  in 
California,  and  ajjparently  peculiar  to  this 
State,  that  attacked  this  herd  last  Fall.  It  is 
common  here  among  herds  that  are  in  good 
condition — seldom  attacking  animals  poor  in 
flesh.  It  may  be  properly  called  the  "Xellow 
Disease,"  as  the  first  symptoms  are,  ex- 
crement hard  and  yellow,  and  afterwards 
the  skin  all  over  the  animal  gets  as  yellow  as 
saSron.  The  bowels  are  constipated,  the  appe- 
tite fails,  and  the  animal  eats  earth  till  its 
bowels  are  completely  clogged  with  it.  The 
disease  has  been  considered  incurable,  but  al- 
though every  animal  in  this  herd  was  attacked 
only  four  died,  but  these  were  very  valuable 
stock  and  the  loss  is  severe  enough.  At  the 
time  of  our  visit  most  of  the  others  were  well 
and  all  were  considered  safely  over  the  com- 
plaint. The  animals  that  died  were  examin- 
ed.    The  spleen  showed  a  mass  of  corruption 


when  cut  into,  th-j  kidneys  were  badly  affect- 
ed, and  the  bowels  were  plugged  up  with  the 
earth  the  animals  had  eaten.  The  gall  was 
enlarged,  and  the  liver  affected.  When  the 
disease  appeared,  the  animals  had  been  eat- 
ing nothing  but  dry  feed  for  some  time,  and 
had  had  the  run  of  a  stubble  field,  with 
plenty  of  good  water,  air  and  exercise.  The 
successful  treatment  consisted  iu  opening  the 
bowels  with  physic,  giving  clysters  to  aid 
evacuation,  and  assisting  each  organ  to  do  its 
proper  work  in  freeing  the  bowels  and  blood 
of  impurities.  The  animals  are  now  in  good 
order,  and  show  little  ill  effects  from  the  sick- 
ness. 

The  two  breeding  bulls  of  this  herd  are  of 
superior  blood.  Master  Maynard,  three  years 
old,  of  fine  form  and  pedigree.  Duchess  pre- 
dominating, is  a  model  of  symmetry.  We 
lost  the  notes  we  took  the  day  we  visited  the 
herd,  and  cannot  give  particulars  as  to  names 
and  pedigrees,  but  Mr.  Jones  has  them  all 
at  his  tongue's  end,  as  familiarly  as  possible. 
The  two  year  old  bull  is  also  very  fine ;  in- 
deed, these  two  bulls  were  selected  East  last 
Fall  by  Mr.  Joues,  aud  are  of  the  best  blood 
extant.  Among  his  fine  cows  are  two  that  it 
is  hard  to  choose  between  for  perfect  beauty. 
They  cost  Mr.  Jones  $1,600  each.  One  of 
them  has  a  red  IjuU  calf  which  Mr.  Joues 
values  at  $1,000 — no  less — and  he  is  worth  the 
money.  A  finer  lot  of  young  calves  were 
never  seen  on  this  Coast.  The  most  of  them 
are  bull  calves — unfortunately,  Mr.  Jones 
thinks,  for  him,  but  we  tell  him  forhmatdy  for 
this  State,  as  our  stock  men  need  hundreds  of 
such  to  breed  to  their  herds.  We  expect 
Jones  &  Co.  will  publish  the  pedigrees  of  this 
herd  soon. 

It  ^AW  ijay  any  stock  man  to  visit  Avenue 
Ranch,  talk  with  the  proprietors,  and  judge 
of  the  merits  of  the  animals  for  himself. 


"FAIR"    TACTICS. 

The  feeling  among  the  mass  of  the  farmers 
in  this  valley  against  pool-selling-horse-racing 
at  our  fairs  is  growing  so  strong  that  the 
jockey  members  of  the  Santa  Clara  Valley 
Agricultural  Society  feel  put  upon  their  met- 
tle to  use  every  means  to  protect  their  horse- 
gambUng  interests. 

A  great  majority  of  the  life  members  seem 
to  be  horse  jockey  men,  who  have  been  called 
in  more  to  manage  races  than  to  advance  the 
industrial  interests  of  the  community.  To 
draw  the  lines  still  closer,  and  discourage  per- 
sons who  are  interested  in  elevating  the  in- 
dustrial above  the  sporting  interest  from  join- 
iug  the  Society,  the  memt)ers  raised  life  mem- 
berships from  $25  to  $50. 

The  annual  meetings  for  electing  officers 
and  doing  other  business  are  held  in  Jauiiary. 
Annual  members,  to  be  able  to  vote,  must  get 
their  tickets  at  or  before  that  meeting.  A 
disposition  was  beginning  to  be  shown  by 
several  farmers  aud  others  to  get  annual 
memberships,  costing  $5,  so  as  to  attend  the 
meetings  aud  take  part  in  the  business  of  the 
Society,  instead  of  waiting  until  the  Fall  fair 
to  get  annual  membership  tickets  after  the 
biisiupss  arrangement  for  the  season  had  all 
been  made.  Now,  in  order  to  still  further 
defeat  the  disposition  of  the  worlcingmen.who 
have  always  represented  the  industriid  feat- 
ures of  the  fair,  the  jockeys  have  erected  a 
fortification  of  defense  by  allowing  no7ie  but 
life  members  to  vote  at  their  business  meetings. 


One  of  the  active  annual  members,  Mr.  A.  C. 
Erkson,  tells  how  this  last  move  was  made: 

At  an  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Society,  in 
the  latter  part  of  January  last,  the  Commit- 
tee on  Constitution  and  By-Laws,  consisting 
of  Gary  Peebles,  Coleman  Younger  and  Oliver 
Cottle,  reported  among  other  things  that  none 
but  life  members  be  hereafter  allowed  to  vote 
at  the  meetings  of  the  Society,  thus  ruling 
out  all  the  annual  members. 

There  were  just  fourteen  members  present 
when  this  report  was  made.  When  the  ques- 
tion came  up  on  the  adoption  of  this  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  Mr.  A.  C.  Erkson, 
an  annual  member,  opposed  it;  setting  forth, 
among  other  reasons,  that  it  would  disfran- 
chise a  great  majority  of  the  members  who 
now  contributed  to  the  support  of  the  Society. 
Almost  all  the  funds  received  now  by  the  So- 
ciety come  from  annual  members,  and  it 
•would  be  manifestly  unjust  to  deprive  them 
of  their  vested  rights  to  share  in  its  manage- 
ment. 

Mr.  Peebles  and  Mr.  Younger  urged  the 
necessity  of  such  a  change  in  Constitution 
principally  for  the  reason  that  it  would  be  very 
easy  for  some  designing  person  or  persons  to 
procure  the  memberships  of  enough  other 
persons  to  out-vote  tha  life  members,  who 
have  hitherto  had  the  principal  control  of  the 
institution,  and  to  alienate  or  sell  its  real 
estate  or  to  squander  its  funds  in  building  a 
pavilion,  or  iu  some  way  to  injure  or  destroy 
its  usefulness. 

In  reply  to  that  argument  Mr.  Erkson  re-  ■ 
marked  that  such  statements  and  insinuations 
were  anything  but  complimentary  to  the  great 
mass  of  working  farmers  in  this  county,  as 
well  as  to  the  mechanics  who  have  contribut- 
ed of  their  money  and  time  and  trouble  in 
making  the  exhibitions  the  success  they  have 
been,  and  such  aspersions  on  their  honesty 
and  good  faith  would  be  resented  by  them. 
Mr.  E.  remarked  that  he  had  contributed  some 
$75  in  the  payment  of  annual  dues,  which 
was  at  least  three  times  more  than  any  one 
present  had  contributed;  that  he  had  served 
on  committees  of  various  kinds,  and  had  the 
interests  of  the  Society  as  much  at  heart  as 
auy  life  member  could  have,  and  he  believed 
he  expressed  the  sentiments  of  four-fifths  of 
the  annual  members  when  he  said  that  if  you 
pass  this  vote  disfr.anchising  them  you  have 
struck  a  blow  which  will  be  fatal  to  the  future 
welfare  of  the  Society. 

Mr.  O'Donnell,  Mr.  Ryland,  Mr.  Jones, 
Mr.  Cottle  and  one  or  two  others  sijoke  on 
the  question;  every  one  of  them  being  iu  favor 
of  excluding  annual  members.  The  question 
was  then  put  and  carried,  every  one  voting 
for  the  change  except  myself.  I  then  bowed 
myself  out,  saying  that  I  could  be  of  no  fur- 
ther use  to  them — Jlr.  Ryland  kindly  remark- 
ing that  "although  no  longer  a  voter,  thej' 
would  be  very  glad  of  my  counsel  and  any 
other  assistance  I  conld  render." 

The  idea  that  there  would  be  a  disposition 
on  the  part  of  annual  members  to  squander 
the  means  of  the  Society,  must  have  been  ad- 
vanced to  blind  honestly  inclined  members  to 
the  real  objects  of  the  jockeys.  The  only 
iuterest  that  any  anuual  member  who  is  oj)- 
posed  to  making  horse-racing  a  leading  inter- 
est has  shown,  is  to  correct  some  of  the 
abuses  that  already  exist,  and  advance  the 
Society  and  the  people.  But  if  any  one  has 
$5  to  pay  for  a  membershij)  he  can  still  have 
the  houor  of  being  one.  If  he  cannot  vote, 
he  can  "render  assistance"  and  give  aid  and 
comfort  to  the  cause. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


n 


'^^^ 


we  ^tacji  ^oimiiiV 


S.  HAERIS  HEEEING  &  CO., 

Editors  and  Publishers. 


y^LlS^^^vi^  "^--rp  ^'0^-. 


M 


-^^r'^i^'-^^r'^  ^^^OSSs^ 


OPFIC'K:  Over  fUe  San  Jose  Savinfjs  BanK, 
Ball>acU''s  Building-,  Sa,iita,  Clara  Street, 
near  First,  Sait  aJose. 


SPECUL  TEEMS  TO  AGENTS. 


BATES  OF  ADVERTISING. 

Perono  Column SIS  00  Per  Month 

"    half  Oolniim 8  00    " 

"    fourth  Column 4  00    "        " 

"    eighth  Column 2  00    " 

"    Bixtet'nth  Column 100    "        " 

V£^  We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  to  our  resolution 
to  iidmif  uoue  hwi  worthy  business  advertising  in  our 
columns,  and  to  keep  clear  of  [):itt-iit  uietlicine,  liquor, 
and  other  advertisements  itf  donlttlul  intliience. 

J'he  large  circulation,  the  (li-hir;il'l''  chiss  nf  readers, 
and  the  neat  and  ronvenieiitforin.  n  nd-  rs  this  Juiirnal 
a  choice  medium  for  reaching  the  attention  of  the 
maBses. 


EDITORIAL  NOTES. 


The  annual  meeting  of  the  California  Tho- 
roughbred Cattlo  Breeders'  Association  will 
be  held  at  the  Grand  Hotel,  at  San  Eraucisco, 
on  Tuesday,  April  6th,  at  2  p.  m.  The  an- 
nual election  of  ofiScers  will  take  place,  and 
other  important  business  will   be   transacted. 

The  idea  prevalent  amongst  many  farmers 
that  the  gopher  will  not  eat  the  roots  of  the 
eucalyptus,  pepper  tree  and  castor  oil  plant 
is  erroneous.  We  have  seen  these  plants  de- 
stroyed by  gophers,  who  seem  to  grow  as  fat 
on  such  food  as  on  the  most  succulent  vege- 
table. Strychnine  and  phosphorus  are  the 
proper  condiments  "to  stay  the  stomach"  of 
these  rodents. 

ftuantity  of  Vegetables   to  Feed   an 

Animal  Daily.  —  Several  persons  have 
thought  that  we  placed  the  estimate  too  high 
— 24,000  pounds  of  vegetables  to  a  steer  in 
four  mouths'  feeding,  or  200  pounds  per  day. 
But  Mr.  Story  says  they  will  eat  that  much. 
AVhen  we  remember  that  there  is  only  about 
8  per  cent,  of  nutriment  in  a  beet,  or  about 
16  pounds  in  200,  it  will  not  seem  very  pre- 
posterous. And  thoy  will  eat  just  about  as 
much  hay  with  the  beets  as  thoy  woidd  with- 
out thorn.  It  is  natural  for  animals  of  the 
bovine  species  to  keep  the  stomach  distended 
when  feed  is  plenty.  They  can  digest  their 
food  best  when  the  ponch  is  fiill,  and  they 
cannot  keep  healthy  without  full  stomachs. 
An  animal  that  oats  all  the  vegetables,  roots 
or  squashes,  that  ho  wants  will  not  care  to 
drink  much  water.  But  to  take  on  fat  (juickly 
they  must  oat  nil  thoy  want  of  rich  food  with- 
out exertion,  !Uid  bo  kept  quiet  and  rciiting  as 
niuch  as  possible. 


A  subscriber  in  Missouri  asks  whether  a, 
person  can  enter  a  piece  of  land  under  the 
homestead  law  in  California.  Yes,  if  the 
person  can  find  a  ijieco  of  Government  land. 
There  is  some  Government  laud  worth  having 
in  out-of-the-way  places,  but  nearly  all  of  the 
desirable  land  is  monopolized  by  grants  and 
grabbers.  Probably  no  State  in  the  Union 
has  been  so  cursed  with  land  pirates  ns  Cali- 
fornia has.  In  some  parts  of  the  State  n  man 
who  attempts  to  pre-empt  land  does  so  at  the 
peril  of  his  life.  Stock  men  overrun  much 
desirable  laud  open  to  pre-emption,  and  it 
seems  that  the  rights  of  indiviuals  are  as 
little  respected  as  when  there  was  no  law  but 
revolvers  and  bowie  knives. 

The  grape  is  the  only  plant  we  now  think 
of  that  will  be  benefitted  by  allowing  the  mois- 
ture in  the  surface  soil  to  escape  or  be  taken 
up  by  other  plants.  And  especially  when 
growing  in  rich,  moist  soil  is  this  the  case. 
We  have  known  good  crops  of  grapes  to  grow 
and  be  sweet  and  fine  on  soil  that  had  been 
allowed  to  overrun  with  weeds,  while  just 
over  a  fence,  where  the  soil  was  carefully  cul- 
tivated, the  grapes  were  mildewed,  sour  and 
almost  worthless  from  excess  of  richness  and 
moisture  in  the  soil.  We  have  watched  this 
thing  for  the  last  five  years,  and  feel  assured 
that  it  is  policy  on  moist  soils  to  absorb  the 
moisture  by  cultivating  some  succulent  crop, 
or  allowing  grass  to  grow  between  the  rows  of 
grape  vines. 

Good  Butter  Cows. — The  best  proof  that 

it  pays  to  get  good  cows  and  then  feed  them 
plentifully  of  good  grass  ixnd  hay  is  given  by 
the  experience  of  Mr.  F.  T.  Holland,  who  re- 
sides in  the  Evergreen  district,  east  of  San 
Jose.  He  has  four  fine  cows,  three  of  them 
high  grade  Aldernies  and  one  a  first-rate 
American  cow.  In  the  Fall  and  Winter  he 
feeds  roots  and  squashes  with  hay,  and  al- 
ways gives  hay  night  and  morning  when  grass 
is  ever  so  good,  and  he  always  has  a  lot  of 
green  grain  and  corn  growing  to  furnish  green 
feed  when  the  grass  in  his  pasture 'gets  dry. 
Good  stock  and  good  feeding  is  his  motto. 
From  the  four  cows  he  has  been  making  fifty 
pounds  of  butter  a  week  during  the  flush  of 
grass  feed.  This  is  jjrobably  not  excelled  by 
any  four  cows  in  this  State.  Mr.  HoUand  has 
a  forty  acre  farm  which  he  takes  pride  in  till- 
ing according  to  correct  practice,  and  he  at- 
tributes his  success  with  his  cows  as  much  to 
good  feed  as  to  tine  stock. 

The  Present  Dark  Age  of  Inquisition. 

We  sometimes  hear  persons  speak  of  the  Dark 
Ages  and  the  age  of  the  Inquisition  as  some- 
thing that  is  jjast.  But  some  events  of  the 
present  day  don't  look  much  as  though  we 
had  advanced  very  far  ahead  of  "yeold  times. " 
F<u'  instance,  the  incarcerating  of  PhilosojAer 
Pickett  in  the  jail  .at  San  Fr.ancisco,  and  keep- 
ing him  there  in  defiance  of  the  just  sense  of 
the  community  without  trial,  and  for  no 
greater  offense  than  disputing  the  right  of  a 
judge  to  hold  his  seat  longer  than  the  time  he 
was  elected  and  honorably  entitled  to  hold  it, 
under  the  ruling  of  the  same  court  that  a 
contoitjd  had  been  committed.  For  months 
poor  Pickett  has  been  .suffering  the  abuse  of 
unjust  cciufinouient  in  this  boasted  free  gov- 
ernment.    The  'judges  who   keep  him    there 


should  be  arraigned  for  contempt  of  law  and 

justice  and  ever  sense  of  honor  and  humanity. 
At  any  rate,  if  all  who  have  a  supreme  con- 
tempt for  a  Supreme  Court  that  will  assert  its 
supremacy  over  a  poor  old  man,  who  never 
meant  harm  to  any  good  man  or  motive,  by 
imprisoning  him  in  this  abusive  manner  could 
be  imprisoned,  there  would  be  but  few  decent 
people  left  to  tell  the  tale.  Such  justice 
ought  to  be  mobbed  if  there  is  no  other  law  to 
reach  the  case;  and  if  there  is,  then  the  whole 
community  who  witness  the  outrage  are 
equally  guilty  with  the  contemptible  judges 
who  inflict  and  permit  such  an  outrage  upon 
humanity. 

Orange  Culture.  —  From  the  time  we 
started  this  journal,  wo  have  insisted  that  it 
is  not  necessary  to  go  to  Lower  California  to 
start  an  orange  orchard,  for  the  fruit  can  be 
produced  in  all  the  foot-hills  about  the  great 
interior  valleys,  and  in  the  valleys  themselves, 
below  the  snow  line.  Every  year  is  convinc- 
ing more  people  of  the  truth  of  our  assertion. 
For  several  years  fine  oranges  have  been 
grown  in  Stockton,  Sacramento,  Marysville, 
OroviUe,  Bidwell's  Bar,  Grass  Valley,  and 
many  other  places  in  the  upper  country — or- 
anges that,  in  size,  beauty  and  flavor,  are  not 
surpassed  by  any  grown  in  the  south.  One 
of  the  most  remarkable  trees  is  at  Bidwell's 
Bar,  Butte  county,  near  the  snow  line.  It  is 
now  about  twenty  yeais  old,  is  about  a  foot 
in  diameter  of  trunk,  spreads  twenty  feet,  and 
is  some  30  feet  high.  There  is  said  to  be  upon 
it  now  seven  hundred  oranges.  We  saw  this 
tree  fifteen  years  ago;  also  trees  at  Marysville 
that  are  now  doing  finely.  This  season  there 
has  been  a  better  demand  for  orange  trees  in 
this  part  of  the  State  than  ever  before,  and 
the  demand  will  increase  from  year  to  year 
until  every  home  orchard  will  contain  orange 
as  well  as  apple  trees. 


SENDING  PAPERS  EAST. 

Quite  a  number  of  our  subscribers,  after 
reading  the  Agricultuklst,  send  it  East  to 
their  friends.  We  often  hear  from  them. 
Following  is  a  word  such  a  subscriber  sends 
us  in  way  of  encouragement: 

Eds.  Ageicttltubist:  A  word  of  encourage- 
ment may  not  harm  you  from  away  down  in 
the  Old  Bay  State: 

' '  The  papers  you  send  us  are  read  and  re- 
read, then  loaned,  and  then  sent  to  distant 
friends.  T —  thinks  he  can't  see  to  read  our 
home  paper,  but  he  can  see  to  read  yours 
through  and  through,  partieularlj'  'that  AoRi- 
cuLUUiiisT, '  which  he  often  speaks  of  as  giving 
him  the  greatest  interest."  (T —  is  an  old 
California  pioneer.) 

"  I  am  sure  you  nor  any  one  else  ought  to 
be  sick  in  California.  Oh,  we  have  had  siicU 
a  IVinkr,  and  now  the  walking  is  horrible. 
The  snow  is  till  very  deep  (March  15th),  but 
no  sleighing,  for  it  is  slop,  slop.  Some  streets 
seem  like  rivers.  But  when  we  do  have  a 
pleasant  day,  it  seems  so  bright  that  we  can 
look  forward  to  a  'coming  Spring.' " 

Yours,  "CrsH." 

We  will  assort,  right  hero  that  there  is  no 
pupor  in  the  State  that  uses  clearer  new  type, 
or  is  more  carefully  printed  than  the  Agri- 
cCTLTtiRisT.  We  take  a  pride  in  sending  out  a 
neat  paper,  stitched  and  trnumed,  and  ready 
to  read  like  a  book,  without  tearing  or  cutting 
of  leaves.  Wo  spare  no  pains  to  make  it  ac- 
ceptable to  everybody,  and  of  such  a  charac- 
ter that  it  will  always  bo  w'olcomed  into  every 
aniily. 


.M 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Only  a  Farmer's  Daughter." 


X^VHE'S  only  a  farmer's  daughter," 
'^x       A  etylieh  lady  B:iiJ, 

ff  With  a  Bcorufal  glance  of  her  handsome  eyo 
>       And  a  toes  of  her  haughty  head. 

She  was  frilled  and  flounced  and  fiirbelowed 

In  the  very  latest  style  ; 
Hur  head  was  a  wonder  of  crimps  and  curie. 

And  her  train  something  lues  than  a  mile, 

Her  hands,  that  sparkled  with  many  a  ring, 

Were  shapely  and  fair  to  view  ; 
As  they  wi'll  mij^iht  be,  for  no  useful  work 

Were  they  ever  allowed  to  do. 

To  hear  her  talk  of  the  "  lower  class," 

Of  their  sins  against  propriety, 
Of  "  ht-T  family,"  and  of  "  country  girls," 

And  her  horror  of  *' mixed  society," 

One  would  think  that  among  her  ancestry 

She  numbt^red  at  least  an  Earl. 
(Her  father  was  once  a  carpuntc-r. 

And  her  mother  a  factory  girl.  > 

They  say  she  is  brilliant  and  beautiful ; 

I  will  not  their  words  dt-ny  ; 
But  ah!  the  farmer's  daughter 

Is  fairer,  by  far,  to  my  eye. 

She  is  not  in  the  height  of  fashion. 

But  is  vi;ry  becomingly  dresHed, 
With  flounces  enough  tor  comfort, 

And  they  look  as  if  made  of  the  best. 

Mirth  and  innocent  happiness 

Out  of  her  blue  eyes  shiut: ; 
Her  hair  is  untortured  by  crimps  and  curls. 

And  she  wears  it  by  right  divine. 

No  mother  toils  in  the  kitchen  for  her. 

While  she  on  the  sofa  loils, 
Novel  in  hand,  dressed  in  her  best, 

Keceiving  her  morning  calls. 

A  share  in  the  heat  and  burden  of  life 

She  willingly,  cheerfully  takes. 
And  duty  and  love,  in  that  hapi>y  home, 

A  pleasure  of  labor  makes. 

And  though  you  may  smile  at  this  curious  fact, 

I  have  seen  her  with  hoe  in  her  hand, 
While  she  planted  the  corn,   or  waged  war  on  the 
weeds, 

When  man's  help  was  scarce  in  the  laud. 

And  her  flowers— well,  next  summer  you'll  see  them 
yourself, 

As  you  ride  past  the  farm  on  the  prairie, 
And  mark  the  home,  covered  witli  roses  and  vines, 

The  work  of  this  Martha  or  Mary. 

And  I'm  sure  you  will  say,  spite  the  verdict  of  those 

Who  live  out  in  fashion's  gay  whirl, 
That  "  only  a  farmer's  daughter  "  means 

Only  a  sensible  girl  1 


Under  the  Daisies. 


It  is  strange  what  a  great  deal  of  trouble  wo  take, 
What  eacrilice  most  of  us  willingly  make. 
How  the  lips  will  smile  though  the  heart  may  ache. 
And  we  bend  to  the  ways  of  the  world,  for  the  sake 

Of  its  poor  and  scanty  praises. 
And  time  run.  on  with  such  pitiless  flow, 
That  our  lives  are  wasted  before  we  know 
What  work  to  finish  before  we  go 

To  our  long  rest  under  the  daisies. 

And  too  often  we  fall  in  a  useless  fight. 
For  wrong  is  so  much  in  the  place  of  right. 
And  the  end  is  so  far  beyond  our  sight, 
'Tie  as  when  one  starts  on  a  chase  by  night, 

An  unknown  shade  pursuing. 
Even  BO  do  we  see,  when  our  race  is  run, 
That  of  all  we  have  striven  for,  little  is  won. 
And  of  all  the  work  our  strength  has  done, 

How  little  was  worth  the  doing. 

So  most  of  us  travel  with  very  poor  speed, 
Failing  in  thought  wh^re  we  conquer  in   deed. 
Least  brave  in  the  hour  of  greatest  need, 
And  making  a  middle  that  few  may  read 

Of  our  life's  iutricate  maze  .. 
Such  a  labyrinth  of  right  and  wrong, 
Ik  it  strange  that  a  heart  once  brave  and  strong 
Should  falter  at  last  and  most  earnestly  long 

For  a  calm  sleep  under  the  daisies. 

But  if  one  poor  troubled  heart  can  say, 

*'  His  kindness  softened  my  life's  rough  way," 

And  the  tears  fall  over  our  lifeless  clay, 

We  shall  stand  up  in  memory  in  brighter  array 

Thiin  if  all  earth  ring  with  ()nr  praises. 
For  tile  giiod  we  have  done  shall  never  fade, 
'J  hough  the  work  be  wrought  and  the  wages  paid. 
And  the  wearied  frame  of  the  laborer  laid 

All  peacefully  under  the  daisies. 


What  Is  His  Creed? 

Ho  loft  a  load  of  anthracite 

In  front  of  n  pnur  woman's  door. 
When  the  deep  auow,  frozen  and  white, 
Wrapped  street,  and  square,  mountain  and  moor. 
That  WHS  hiH  deed- 
He  did  it  well. 
*•  Wliat  was  his  creed  ?" 
I  cannot  tell, 

Blessed  "  in  his  basket  and  In  his  store," 

In  sitting  down  and  rising  up  ; 
When  more  he  got  he  gave  the  more, 
Withholding  not  the  crust  and  cupi 
He  took  the  lead 

In  each  good  task, 
"What  Was   his  creed?" 
I  did  not  ask. 

His  charity  was  like  the  snow. 

Soft,  white,  and  silent  in  its  fall ; 
Kot  like  the  noisy  winds  that  blow 
From  ahiv-iring  trees  the  leaves— a  pall 
For  flower  and  weed 

Drooping  below. 
•'  What  was  his  creed?" 
The  poor  may  know. 

He  had  great  faith  in  loaves  of  bread 
For  hungi-y  [leople,  young  and  tdd. 
And  bopc-iuKpired,  kind  words  he  said 
To  those  he  sheltered  from  the  cold. 
For  we  must  feed. 
As  well  as  pray. 
"  What  was  his  creed?" 
I  cannot  say. 

In  words  he  did  not  put  his  trust. 

His  faith  in  words  he  never  writ ; 
He  loved  to  share  his  cup  and  crust 
With  all  mankind  who  needed  it. 
In  time  of  need 

A  friend  was  he. 
•*  What  was  his  creed?" 
He.told  not  me. 

He  pnt  his  trust  in  heaven,  and  he 

Worked  well  with  hand  and  head; 
And  what  he  gave  in  charity 
Sweetened  his  daily  bread. 
Let  us  take  heed. 
For  life  is  brief. 
What  was  his  creed? 
What  his  belief? 


Tve  Been  Thinking. 

I've  been  thinking,  I've  been  thinking. 
What  a  glorious  world  were  this. 

Did  folks  mind  their  business  mora 
And  mind  their  neighbors'  less  I 

For  instance  you  and  I,  my  friend, 

,,Are  sadly  prone  to  talk 

Of  matters  that  concern  us  not. 
And  others'  follies  mock. 

I've  been  thinking,  if  we'd  begin 

To  mind  our  own  affairs. 
That  possibly  our  neighbors  might 

Contrive  to  manage  theirs. 
We  have  faults  enough  at  home  to  mend. 

It  may  be  so  with  others  ; 
It  would  be  strange  if  it  were  not. 

Since  all  mankind  are  brothers. 

Oh,  would  that  we  had  charity 

For  every  man  and  woman  I 
Forgiveness  is  the  mark  of  those 

Who  think,  "  to  err  in  human." 
Then  let  us  banish  jealousy, 

Let's  lift  our  fallen  brother. 
And  as  we  journey  down  life's  road. 

Do  good  to  one  another. 


Souls,  not  Stations. 

Who  shall  judge  a  man  from  manners? 

Who  shall  know  him  by  his  dress? 
Paupers  m.ay  be  fit  for  princes, 

I'rinces  tit  for  something  less. 
CrumpUd  shirt  and  dirty  jacket 

M)iy  bi-chitlie.  tht^  golden  ore 
Of  thedfcprst  thdughtsand  feelings; 

Satin  \e.-it  could  do  no  more. 

There  are  springs  of  crystal  necrar 

Ever  swelling  out  of  stone  ; 
There  are  purple  buds  and  golden. 

Hidden,  crushed  and  overgrown. 
God,  who  counts  by  souls,  not  dresses, 

L'»ves  and  prospers  y^iu  and  me. 
While  he  values  thrones— the  highest — 

But  as  pebbles  in  tne  sea. 

Man.  upraised  above  his  fellows, 

Oft  forgets  his  fellow  then  : 
Musters,  rulers.  lords,  remember. 

That  your  meanest  hands  are  men  I 
Men  by  labor,  men  by  feeling, 

Men  by  thought  and  men  by  fame. 
Claiming  equal  rights  to  sunshine, 

In  a  man's  ennobled  name. 

There  are  foam-embroidered  oceans ; 

There  are  little  weed-clad  rills  ; 
There  are  little  inch-high  saplings  ; 

There  are  cedars  of  the  hills; 
But  God,  who  counts  by  souls,  not  stations. 


Loves  and  prospers  you  and  mo, 
For  to  him  all  vain  distinctions, 
Are  as  pebbles  in  the  sea. 

Toiling  hands  alone  are  builders 

Of  a  nation's  Wealth  and  fame  ; 
Titled  latinees  is  pensioned. 

Fed  and  fattened  on  the-  same. 
By  the  sweat  of  other's  foreheads, 

Living  only  to  rejoice, 
While  the  pnor  man's  outraged  freedom 

Vainly  lijftcth  up  its  voice. 

But  truth  and  justice  are  eternal, 

Burn  with  loveliness  and  light. 
And  fiunsst's  wrongs  will  never  prosper 

While  there  is  a  sunny  right. 
And  G(^,  whose  world- heard  voice  is  singlag 

Boundless  love  to  you  and  me. 
Will  sink  oppression  with  its  titles. 

As  the  pebbles  in  the  st-a. 


Wishing  and  Having. 

BY   B.  H.   STODDABT. 

If  to  wish  and  to  have  were  one,  my  dear, 

Vou  wuukl  be  sitting  now. 
With  not  a  care  in  your  trnrler  lieart, 

Nut  a  wrinkle  upon  your  brow  : 
The  clock  of  time  would  go  back  with  you. 

All  the  years  you  have  been  my  wife, 
Till  its  golden  hands  ha*l  pointed  out 

The  happies^hour  of  your  life. 
I  would  stop  tnem  at  that  immortal  boor; 

The  clock  should  no  long.-r  run. 
You  could  not  t>e  sad,  and  sick,  and  old. 

If  to  wish  and  to  have  were  one. 

You  are  not  here  in  the  winter,  ray  love. 

The  snow  is  not  whirling  down  ; 
You  are  in  the  heart  of  the  summer  woods. 

In  your  dear  old  seaside  town. 
A  patter  of  little  feet  in  the  leaves, 

A  beautiful  boy  at  your  side- 
He  is  gathering  flowers  in  the  shady  nooks —    . 

It  was  but  a  dream  that  he  died  I 
Keep  hold  of  his  liands  and  sing  to  him. 

No  mother  under  the  sun 
Has  such  a  seraphi«  child  as  yours. 

If  to  Wish  and  to  have  are  one. 

Methinks  I  am  with  you  there,  dear  wife, 

In  that  old  house  by  the  saa  ; 
I  have  flown  to  you  as  the  bluebird  flies 

To  his  mate  in  the  poplar  tree. 
A  sailor's  hammock  banes  at  the  door. 

You  swing  in  it,  hook  in  hand  ; 
A  boat  is  standing  in  for  the  beach. 

Its  keel  now  grates  the  sand; 
Your  brothei-s  are  coming— two  manly  men. 

Whose  livi-s  have  only  begun— 
Their  days  will  be  long  in  the  land,  dear  heart. 

If  to  wish  and  to  have  are  one. 

If  to  wish  and  to  have  were  one,  Ah,  me  f 

I  would  not  be  old  and  poor. 
But  a  young  and  jirosperous  gentleman, 

With  never  a  dun  at  the  door  ; 
There  would  be  no  past  to  bewail,  my  love, 

Thexe  would  be  no  future  to  dread  ; 
Your  brothers  would  be  live  men  again. 

And  my  boy  would  not  be  dead. 
Perhaps  it  will  all  come  right  at  last. 

It  may  be  when  all  is  done, 
We  shall  be  together  in  some  good  world, 

Where  to  wish  and  to  have  are  one. 


Why? 

BY  HART  L.  ariTEB. 

Why  came  the  rose  ?    Because  the  sun,  in  shining, 
Found  in  the  mold  si'iue  atoms  rare  and  fine. 

And  stooping,  drew  and  warmed  them  into  growing 
Dust,  with  the  spirit's  mystic  countersign. 

What  made  the  perfume  ?    All  his  wondrous  kisses 

Fell  on  the  sweet,  red  mouth,  till,  lost  to  sight, 
The  love  l>ecBme  too  exquisite,  and  vanished 
Into  a  v-iewless  rapture  of  the  night. 

VThy  did  the  rose  die?    Ah,  why  ask  the  question? 

-There  is  a  time  to  love:  a  time  to  give; 
She  perished  gladly,  folding  close  the  secret 

Wherein  is  garnered  what  it  is  to  live. 

— [Scribner  for  February. 


Do  Something. 

If  the  world  seems  cold  to  you. 

Kindle  fires  to  warm  it. 
Let  their  comfort  hide  from  you 

Winters  that  deform  it. 
Hearts  as  frozen  as  your  own 

To  that  radiance  gather  ; 
You  will  soon  forget  to  moan— 

"  Ah,  the  cheerless  weather  ! 

If  the  world's  a  "  vale  of  tears," 

Smile  till  rainbows  span  it ; 
Breathe  the  love  that  life  endears, 

Clear  from  clouds  to  fan  it. 
Of  your  gladness  lend  a  gleam 

I"*nto  souls  thtjt  shiver  ; 
Show  them  how  dark  sorrow's  stream 

Blends  with  hope's  bright  river. 


California  Horticulturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


f' 


HOW  TO  GET  A  GOOD  FLOW  OF 

MILK. 

How  to  keep  up  a  good  flow  of  milk  seems 
to  be  a  qUBstiou  thiit  puzzles  many  of  our 
fai-mers.  As  soou  as  the  feed  begins  to  get  a 
little  short  and  dry,  the  lluw  of  milk  gets 
short,  which  shows  couclusively  that  to  keep 
up  a  good  supply  of  milk  the  eows  must  have 
a  good  supply  of  green  feed.  If  a  farmer 
will  take  pains  to  have  a  patch  of  wheat,  rye; 
or  barley  sown  that  he  can  cut  a  quanty  of 
each  day  to  soil  his  cows  with,  the  flow  of 
milk  will  not  decrease.  A  patch  of  corn  or 
sorghum  can  follow  the  green  grain,  or  a 
patch  of  alfalfa  will  answer  the  same  purpose. 
It  needs  no  new  testimony  to  prove  that  it 
pays  to  soil  dairy  cows.  It  has  been  conclu- 
sively proven  time  and  again.  A  good  wind- 
mill will  supply  water  to  irrigate  enough  green 
feed  for  half  a  dozen  cows  through  the  entire 
Summer,  where  they  have  the  run  of  a  pasture 
and  stubble  fields  in  addition. 

In  order  to  have  cows  in-  good  order  when 
the  green  grass  starts  in  Winter,  every  farmer 
shoidd  have  stored  a  quantity  of  good  hay  to 
feed  them  twice  a  day.  Even  after  the  grass 
gets  to  be  abundant  enough  to  fill  the  stom- 
ach, it  is  found  best  to  continue  the  feeding 
of  hay.  Cows  that  get  plenty  of  good,  nu- 
tritious hay,  in  addition  to  grass,  never  get 
sick  and  bloated  on  gi'ass,  but  keep  healthy 
and  give  a  maximum  quantity  of  milk.  Straw 
is  not  so  good,  as  it  is  hard  to  digest  and  does 
not  supply  the  nutriment  needed.  No  cow 
can  give  a  good  quantity  of  rich  milk  unless 
her  stomach  is  in  good  order,  her  digestion 
perfect,  and  the  supply  of  food  is  of  good 
quality  and  plenty  of  it.  If  the  pasture  is  so 
short  that  it  takes  up  her  entire  time  during 
the  day  to  collect  enough,  then  she  will  not 
give  a  full  quantity,  for  she  needs  a  good  deal 
of  rest  as  well  as  food.  A  good  feed  of  hay 
in  the  yard  or  stable  when  green  feed  is  short, 
or  a  soiling  of  green  grain  or  corn  fodder  when 
the  feed  gets  dry  in  pasture,  will  make  it  all, 
right.  A  crop  of  vegetables,  such  as  beets, 
squashes,  etc.,  to  feed  when  pastures  fail  in 
the  Fall  and  early  Winter,  shpuld  be  consid- 
ered indisi^ensable.  Bran  is  good  at  any  time 
of  the  year,  but  good,  sweet  hay  is  just  about 
as  good  as  bran.  It  should  be  remembered 
that  hay  for  cows  should  be  cut  when  quite 
green;  for  horses,  it  is  better  cut  later  than 
for  cows.  For  instance,  if  it  is  wheat  hay, 
it  should  be  cut  when  the  grain  is  in  blossom 
for  cows,  and  when  it  is  in  milk  for  horses. 
A  horse  seems  to  require  more  solid  feed;  he 
chews  his  feed  finer  than  a  cow  does.  A 
cow  can  digest  green  hay,  or  hay  cut  when 
quite  green,  better  than  she  can  hard  hay,  or 
hay  cut  after  the  seed  is  formed. 

See  that  the  cows  have  a  plentiful  supply  of 
deitn  water,  as  pure  as  possible,  at  all  times. 
And  bear  in  mind  that  it  is  economy  to  feed 
liberally,  and  that  without  a  full  supply  of  nu- 
tritious food  there  will  be  a  failure  in  the 
quantity  and  quality  of  the  milk.  And  an- 
other thing  is  important:  It  will  not  do  to 
let  cows  got  poor  at  any  season.  They  must 
be  kejit  in  good  condition,  or  else  they  cauuot 
be  expected  to  give  a  large  yield  of  milk  oven 
when  feed  is  good  and  they  have  regained 
their  lost  flesh. 


VILLAINOUS  LAND  TRANSACTIONS. 

There  is  a  good  deal  of  villainy  exposed 
nowadays.  Investigating  Committees  are 
occasloually  playing  havoc  with  the  designs 
of  mean  men,  and  either  showing  up  their 
transactions,  or  preventing  them  from  spring- 
ing the  traps  that  they  have  set  to  defraud 
honest  people.  There  is  need  enough  for  in- 
vestigation, it  seems,  in  almost  eveiy  public 
department ;  for  wherever  investigation  is 
honestly  conducted,  there  is  almost  sure  to 
be  found  some  rottenness.  Perhaps  in  no 
instance  was  there  ever  found  more  blackness 
than  has  been  and  may  be  brought  to  light 
through  the  fraudulent  land  monopolies  and 
grabs  in  California. 

We  have  just  been  looking  through  the 
Reports  of  the  Joint  Committees  on  Swamp 
and  Overflowed  Lands  and  Land  Monopoly, 
presented  at  the  Twentieth  Session  of  the 
Legislature  of  California,  1874.  A  mass  of 
testimony,  taken  before  the  Committees,  is 
here  given,  together  with  short  reports  of  the 
Committees  themselves.  We  wish  that  this 
book  of  354  pages  could  be  placed  in  the 
hands  of  every  person  who  takes  interest 
enough  in  such  matters  to  carefully  peruse  it. 
We  obtained  ours  by  addressing  the  Secretary 
of  State,  Sacramento,  and  paying  the  express- 
age  on  it  to  San  Jose.  We  think  that  the 
parties  who  appear  by  the  testimony  rendered 
to  be  absolutely  guilty  of  dishonesty  and 
fraudulent  transactions,  should  be  held  up  to 
the  peo))le  in  their  true  light,  and  be  publicly 
jjublished  for  their  villainy,  that  they  may 
be  known  as  dangerous  and  untrustworthy. 
There  seems  to  be  one  ver}'  prominent  charac- 
teristic about  these  men  who  rob  the  people 
•and  government  :  They  do  not  often%ick  the 
face  to  put  themselves  forward  whenever  they 
think  there  is  a  hope  of  gaining  prestige,  and 
making  something  out  of  the  confidence  po- 
sition can  in  any  way  give.  For  instance, 
wo  notice  that  one  of  the  most  conspicuous 
amongst  the  villains  who  are  pointed  out  by 
the  Committee  is  one  Josiah  Earle,  the  same, 
we  believe,  that  holds  or  has  an  office  close  to 
the  Grange  headquarters  in  San  Francisco, 
and  the  same  that  has  issued,  for  extensive 
circulation,  a  Grangers'  Emigrants'  Guide  to 
California,  with  the  expressed  countenance  of 
the  Executive  Committee  of  the  State  Grange 
of  California.  And  this,  too,  for  the  appar- 
ent purpose  of  getting  the  confidence  of  the 
thousands  who  are  looking  towards  California 
for  homes,  that  they  may  seek  the  same 
through  him.  Now,  we  take  the  privilege  of 
publishing  a  portion  of  the  Report  of  the 
Swamp  and  Ovei-flowed  Lands  Committees, 
as  showing  their  opinion  of  this  fellow, 
founded  upon  the  testimony  given  before 
them  by  several  witnesses,  that  Grangers  and 
other  readers  may  form  their  own  opinion  of 
Josiah  Earle,  who  would  sail,  under  the 
Grange  flag,  as  the  Emigrants'  Guide  ? 

Your  Committee  is  satisfied,  from  evidence, 
that  the  grossest  frauds  have  been  committed 
in  swamp  land  matters  in  this  State,  but  are 
unable  to  suggest  proper  remedies  for  lack  of 
full  information. 

A  great  amount  of  interest  has  attaclu'd  to 
what  is  known  as  the  •'  Inyo  Grab,"  attempted 
to  be  perpetrated  by  one  Josiah  Earle  ;  and 
as  this  is  a  ri;presentative  outrage  of  a  general 
class  of  operations,   your  committee  has  felt 


constrained  to  give  the  subject  matter  a  thor- 
ough investigation.  Suuimariziug  the  evi- 
dence, we  find  :  That  the  speculator  in  this 
case  is  the  Register  of  the  United  States  Land 
Ofiiee,  at  Independence,  Inyo  County — a  po- 
sition doubtless  secured  for  the  purpose  of 
furthering  his  grand  scheme  of  obtaimng  land 
not  sul:>ject  to  location  under  the  swamj)  land 
laws  of  the  State,  iMiless  deception  and  fraud 
could  be  invoked  to  his  assistance.  This  en- 
terprising gentleman  made  application  for  one 
hundred  and  thirty-three  thousand  acres  in 
Inyo  County,  about  twelve  thousand  acres  of 
which  we  find,  by  abundant  evidence,  are 
covered  by  bona  fide  pre-emption  and  home- 
stead settlers,  who  have  lived  upon  those 
lauds  for  j-ears,  and  many  of  whom  are  the 
oldest  residents  in  the  county. 

The  lands  were  surveyed  by  the  General 
Govei-nmeut  some  years  since,  and  returned 
as  high,  which  they  unquestionably  are,  as 
tltere  cap  be  no  crops  produced  thereon  iriWi- 
oiil  e:rh-iisiL-(  ami  ojiixkinl  hfriyution.  'J'his  Mr. 
Earle  (the  applicant  and  Register  in  question) 
then  made  a  peremptory  demand  upon  Mr. 
Hardenbergh,  the  United  States  Surveyor 
General,  for  this  State,  for  the  privilege  of 
naming  a  local  Deputy  United  States  Sur- 
veyor to  do  this  particular  work,  and  of  course 
in  the  interest  of  his  friend  Earle.  This,  for- 
tunately for  the  unsuspecting  settlers  who 
knew  nothing  of  it,  was  refused  ;  as,  had  it 
been  done,  there  would  have  been  but  little 
hope  of  rediess  for  the  settlers— had  Earle 
been  successful  in  procuring  the  selection  of 
a  tool  ready  to  do  his  bidding  in  the  segrega- 
tion as  "swamp"  of  these  high,  dry  lands; 
and  as  Earle  had  himself  appointed  Register 
of  the  United  States  Laud  Othce,  probably  in 
order  to  exercise  his  ofScial  position  to  fur- 
ther his  personal  interest  in  connection  with 
this  black  and  infamous  transaction. 

In  furtherance  of  the  same  line  of  policy, 
one  Joseph  Seeley,  acting  as  Deputy  County 
Surveyor,  received  and  forwarded  the  applica- 
tions of  Earle,  and,  to  the  mind  of  your  com- 
mittee, must  have  been  aware  of  the  perjury 
committed  by  Earle,  stating  that  the  land  was 
"swamp,"  and  that,  "to  his  actual  knowl- 
edge no  residents  or  claimants  "  were  in  pos- 
sesssion  of  the  land. 

With  a  less  honest  or  vigilant  Surveyor 
General — one  who,  for  instance,  would  have 
listened,  with  willing  ear,  to  Earle's  statement 
that  "  we  can  get  all  the  land  over  there" — 
this  outrageous  attembt  at  fraud  and  robbery 
might  have  been  practicable  ;  but  the  appUca- 
tions  were  refused,  and  the  papers  held  for 
some  hoped-for  authorized  examination. 

Necessarily  your  committee  started  in  un- 
informed, and  not  until  after  tedious  investi- 
gation could  we  be  able  to  recommend  such 
legislation  as  would  effectually  reah  and  eiu-e 
the  gigantic  evils  which  have  grown  out  of 
the  reckless  land  policy  of  the  Government, 
and  to  provide  a  correction  of  the  laws  which 
have  been  so  manifestly  in  the  interest  of  the 
speculator. 

■  »i 1^  . 

LOSS  OF  MOISTURE  FROM  THE  SOIL. 

How  to  best  utilize  what  moisture  there  is 
stored  in  the  soil  by  winter  rains,  is  a  matter 
of  much  importance  to  farmers  in  this  coun- 
try, where  we  cannot  depend  upon  Summer 
rains,  and  especially  in  places  where  irrigation 
cannot  be  resorted  to. 

t)ur  grain  fields  should  be  so  left  that  as 
little  moisture  as  possible  will  escape  through 
the  surface  soil  into  the  air.  We  are  satisfied 
that  two  or  three  inches  of  loose  soil,  left 
light  and  fine  by  harrowing,  is  bettor  than  to 
roll  the  last  thing  and  leave  the  soil  pressed 
down  hard  on  tho  surface.  The  loose  soil 
will  act  as  a  mulching  to  the  moist  soil  under- 
noatn,  while  tho  soil  that  is  pressed  down 
will  absorb  the  moisture  from  below  and  ex- 
IJOse  it  to  the  air  to  be  licked  up  and  carried 


:^=^^f 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


away  by  the  winds.  This,  we  are  satisfied,  is 
as  true  in  practice  an  in  theory,  and  we  ac- 
cept it  as  a  fact,  notwithstantling  some  men 
may  differ  from  us. 

All  plants  absorb  moisture  from  the  soil 
where  they  grow.  Most  weeds  are  greedy 
absorbents  of  water,  and  no  weeds  should  be 
allowed  to  rob  the  water  from  grain-iields  and 
orchards.  It  pays  to  go  over  grain-fields 
and  pull  out  mustard,  and  to  cultivate  and 
hoe  orchards  and  gardens  as  long  as  there  is 
any  sign  of  growing  weeds. 

We  call  attention  to  experiments  made  in 
June,  1870,  bj'  Messrs.  Lawes  and  Gilbert,  of 
England,  to  ascertain  not  only  the  amount  of 
water  in  land  lying  fallow,  but  also  in  that 
on  which  a  crop  of  barley  was  growing.  In 
making  this  experiment,  each  nine  inches  of 
earth,  to  the  depth  of  four  and  a  half  feet, 
were  separately  tested.  These  analyses 
showed  that  an  acre  of  dry  soil  three  inches 
deep  weighs  1,0(JO,UOO  pounds  or  fiUO  tons  ; 
tilty-four  inches  deep  weighs  eighteen  times 
as  much,  or  9,  ODD  tons  ;  when  wet,  about 
one-eighth  more. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  ceutage 
of  water  in  the  land  at  different  depths  : 

Fallnw  land,    Burluy  land.    Diffejence. 
iRt  nine  inchcB    .  .  2l),:llJ  II.'.H  H.« 

2nd  "         "  .    .  2il..'>3  19. 32  10.21 

3d     "        "  .    .  34,84  22.83  12.01 

4th   "         "  .    .  34..-i3  2.5.09  9.23 

Mb   •'        •<  .    .  31.31  2C  98  4.33 

(ith   "         "  .    .  33..5D  20.83  7.17 


Mean    .   .    .     30.65  22.09  8.56 

From  these  figures  is  appears  that  the  bar- 
ley crop  must  have  jjumped  up  and  evapo- 
rated 1,035  tons  of  water  per  acre. 

Messrs,  Lawes  and  Gilbert  say  :  "As  the 
excavation  proceeded,  barley  roots  were  ob- 
served to  have  extended  to  a  depth  of  between 
four  and  five  feet,  and  the  clayey  subsoil  ap- 
peared to  be  much  more  disintegrated  and 
much  drier  where  the  roots  Jiad  penetrated 
than  where  they  had  not." 

Aside  from  the  main  subject  of  this  article 
we  can  see  plainly,  by  this  experiment,  one 
of  the  great  advantages  there  is  in 

SnilMEn-r  ALLOWING. 

By  summer-fallowing,  that  is,  plowing  the 
ground  in  the  Spring  and  leaving  the  surface 
light,  so  that  moisture  cannot  readily  escape 
into  the  aij,  and  keeping  weeds  and  jjlants 
from  growing  that  will  draw  away  moisture 
from  the  soil,  nearly  all  the  Winter's  rains 
remain  stored  in  the  soil  during  the  season  to 
be  added  to  by  another  rsiiny  season.  The 
great  benefit  of  summer-fallowing,  then, 
seems  to  be  the  supplying  of  such  soils  as 
are  not  thoroughly  saturated  by  one  season's 
rain,  with  two  season's  rain  for  one  crop  of 
gi-ain.  At  any  rate,  this  is  one  very  impor- 
tant consideration  of  summer-fallowing  ;  and 
crops  can  be  grown  by  this  means,  where, 
with  but  one  season's  rain  alone,  they  would 
dry  out  before  maturity.  When' grain  is  sown 
early  so  as  to  profit  by  all  the  moisture  of  win- 
ter weather,  and  the  foliage  covers  the  soil  be- 
fore dry  weather,  the  growing  grain  in  a  meas- 
ure protects  the  soil  from  drying  sun  and 
winds. 


M 


Farmers,  White  Your  ExrEKiENCE.^It  is 
not  so  much  by  publishing  new  theories,  as 
by  keeping  tried  and  tested  facts  before  its 
readers,  that  the  agricultural  press  benefits  the 
farmers,  and  there  is  no  one  but  may  contrib- 
ute something  from  his  observation  and  expe- 
rience that  will  benefit  his  neighbor. 


A  SAN  JOSE  PRUNE  ORCHARD. 

Probably  the  best  prune  orchard  in  the 
world  is  that  belonging  to  Mr,  J,  M.  Patter- 
son, of  San  Jose.  It  is  not  a  very  extensive 
orchard — less  than  2,000  trees — but  it  is  a 
very  profitable  one.  The  trees,  set  in  rich, 
moist,  alluvial  soil,  12  feet  apart,  are  remark- 
ably thrifty,  and  produce  crops  of  very  supe- 
rior fruit. 

Last  season  600  Gross  Prune  de  Agen  trees 
produced  some  twenty-five  tons  of  fruit, 
woi'th,  at  wholesale,  not  less  than  four  cents 
per  poind,  or  $52,000.  The  fresh  fruit 
brought,  in  20- lb  boxes,  in  New  York,  twenty- 
five  cents  per  pound,  and  in  San  Francisco 
was  worth,  nicely  packed  in  smaU  boxes,  from 
six  to  eight  cents  per  pound.  The  same  va- 
riety of  prunes,  pitted  and  dried  by  the  Alden 
process,  were  sold  here,  wholesale,  to  an 
Eastern  firm  for  thirty  cents  per  pound,  and 
thee  pounds  of  green  would  make  one  of 
dried  fruit. 

There  were  produced  in  the  same  orchard 
over  five  tons  of  the  Petit  Prune  de  Agen,  a 
small,  very  sweet  prune,  and  one  in  demand 
for  its  excellence.  These  are  prized  as  drying 
prunes,  and  will  only  lose  one-half  by  evapo- 
ration. The  difference  in  flavor  between  this 
prune  and  the  large  Gross  Prune  de  Agen  is 
considerable:  the  small  prune  is  very  sweet, 
while  the  larger  is  quite  tart  for  a  prune. 
There  were  several  tons  of  Damson  plums 
and  a  quantity  of  Green  Gages  and  other 
plums  jsroduced  in  this  orchard,  all  of  very 
fine  quality.  Every  Heason  the  fruit  is  thinned 
out  nearly  one-half  when  from  one-quarter  to 
one-half  grown,  to  keep  the  trees  from  over- 
beariufj.'  The  advantage  in  this  is,  the  trees 
are  prevented  from  breaking  and  what  fruit  is 
left  grows  to  a  very  large  and  uniform  size. 

Mr.  Patterson's  experience  in  the  pnine 
and  plum  business  is  valuable  to  himself,  and 
would  be  to  any  one  who  contemplates  going 
into  the  business  of  cultivating  such  fruit. 
He  expresses  the  opinion  that  the  Fellenberg 
is  the  very  best  prune  for  drying  that  has  been 
yet  produced.  It  is  about  as  tari  as  the  large 
prune,  the  pit  separates  freely  from  the  fruit, 
and  it  dries  very  readily  with  little  more  loss 
than  the  small  prune. 

The  "American  taste,"  as  a  nurseryman 
said  lately,  while  we  were  talking  upon  this 
subject,-  "demands  tart  frnits,  and  we  have 
to  be  governed  in  our  selections  of  varieties 
by  this  taste."  With  some  exceptions,  this 
is  true;  and  probably  a  tart  prune  may  be 
more  in  demand  than  the  sweetest  Petit  Prune 
de  Agen,  although  this  fruit  must  always  be 
in  demand  for  its  delicate  flavor  and  sweet- 
ness. 

Mr.  Patterson  says  that  the  genuine  Green 
Gage  plum  will  long  be  in  good  paying  de- 
mand for  canning  and  jelly.  There  is  a  large 
demand  and  ready  market  for  almost  any 
<]uantity  of  such  in  the  States  east  of  the 
mountains.  There  is  such  a  demand,  in  fact, 
that  the  Imperial  Gage  is  palmed  oft"  for  the 
Green  Gage  in  cans  and  jellies.  Also  there 
are  counterfeit  jellies  that  never  saw  a  plum 
at  all.  This  Mr.  P.  spoke  of  as  most  deplor- 
able, and  a  subject  for  investigation.  Cali- 
fornia fruits  are  generally  held,  like  California 
honey,  as   far  superior  to    anything   put    up 


up  East,  and  the  business  of  putting  up  fruits 
here  for  the  Eastern  markets  should  be  so 
firmly  established  in  honest  practice  as  to  re- 
tidn  its  good  name  and  make  it  remunerative 
and  satisfactory. 
,  Mr.  Patterson  says  that  there  is  a  difference 
of  two  years  in  the  bearing  age  of  plum  trees 
between  the  budded  and  grafted  trees,  the 
grafted  trees  bearing  two  years  sooner  than 
the  budded  ones.  This  is  his  experience. 
Grafted  trees  four  years  in  orchard,  set  when 
one  year  old,  bore  ten  pounds  each.  When 
the  trees  are  eight  to  ten  years  old  they  will 
bear  one  hundred  pounds  to  the  tree  on  an 
average.  T^n  acres  in  plums  and  prunes,  on 
suitable  soil,  are  all  that  any  one  family  would 
want  or  need.  It  would  bring  in  a  liberal  in- 
come every  year.  Twelve  feet  distant  (300 
trees  to  the  acre)  is  far  enough  apart  to  set 
plnm  and  prune  trees  in  the  orchard.  When- 
ever a  tree  does  not  produce  the  variety  of 
fruit  wanted,  he  cuts  the  head  off  and  grafts 
at  once.  It  is  poor  policy  to  have  trees  in  the 
orchard  that  do  not  produce  the  kinds  that 
are  profitable. 

Mr.  Patterson  is,  this  Spring,  whitewashing 
the  trunks  of  the  trees  up  into  the  limbs  as 
far  as  he  can  reach  handily,  to  kiU  all  parasit- 
ic plants  and  insects.  He  is  sure  that  lime 
wash  does  not  injure  the  bark,  but  rather  pro- 
tects it  from  heat  and  drying  winds  by  its 
coating,  to  the  advantage  ol  the  tree.  The 
surface  soil  is  kept  well  cultivated,  so  as  to 
prevent  the  waste  of  moisture  from  the  lower 
soil  by  evaporatien  and  to  keep  all  weeds  from 
exhausting  the  moisture  and  richness  of  the 
soil.  He  does  not  prune  heavily,  but  thina 
out  the  fruit. 

He  is  offered  $2,000  a  year  for  the  fruit  his 
orchard  contains  without  further  expense  to 
himself  than  cultivating  and  caring  for  the 
trees.  This,  on  about  six  acres  of  orchard, 
many  of  the  trees  of  which  are  too  young  to 
bear  much. 

HOW   THEY  LIKE    THE    AGRICUIc 
TURIST. 

We  often  receive  cheering  words  from  onr 
subscribers  who  renew  their  subscriptions. 
We  do  all  we  can  to  make  a  good,  practical 
journal,  and  of  course  we  like  to  see  that  our 
efforts  are  in  a  measure  successful.  A  lady 
writing  from  Washoe,  Nevada,  and  paying 
two  years  in  advance,  writes  :  We  all  like 
your  paper  very  much,  and  feel  that  we  can- 
not do  without  it.  May  you  gain  a  rich  re- 
ward for  the  noble  stand  you  have  taken  and 
maintained  pgainst  intenqierance  and  other 
evils  ;  and  that  all  true  friends  of  Eight  may 
aid  you  is  our  fervent  prayer. 

Mr.  J.  T.  Wood,  of  Carson,  Nevada,  pay- 
ing his  subscription  and  sending  a  new  one, 
writes  :  I  believe  there  is  not  another  paper 
in  America  that  furnishes  so  miich  useful 
reading  for  so  small  a  subscription  price.  So 
long  as  I  live  you  will  have  me  for  a  friend 
and  subscriber.  You  deserve  to  prosper,  and 
no  good  man  will  keep  you  out  of  your  sub- 
scription money.  I  wiU  get  some  more  sub- 
scribers. I  consider  it  a  loss  to  Nevada  that 
the  California  Agricultukist  has  not  a  more 
extensive  circulation  here. 

Moses  Hopkins,   of  Nicolans,   Sutter   Co., 
California,  writes  :  "  I  prize   your  paper   for 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


a 


its  moral  tone  and  anti-humbug  sentimeuta, 
and  take  jileasure  iu  adding  my  name  to  the 
list  another  year." 

Another  subscriber,  Mr.  W.  E.  Cooley,  a 
farmer  near  Los  Angelea,  sends  some  new 
names  and  says  ;  "I  am  hoping  to  give  your 
paper  a  start  in  this  vicinity  another  year." 

We  have  many  good  friends  amongst  our 
subscribers  who  are  practical,  earnest  men 
and  women,  and  who  are  working  to  ad- 
vance the  interests  of  the  Aoricultukist. 
We  need  the  assistance  of  all,  for  it  is  slow 
work  to  build  up  a  paper  on  its  merits  alone, 
without  the  aid  of  every  one  who  can  lend  a 
helping  baud.  Papers  that  are  run  in  the 
interest  of  railroads,  land  monopolies  and 
corporations,  and  cater  to  any  interest  that 
©fl'ers  pay,  soon  gain  large  circulations  and 
are  so  upheld  that  success  comes  without  a 
struggle.  But  a  paper  that  hesitates  not  to 
attack  any  evil,  and  is  conducted  on  principle, 
and  is  devoted  singly  to  the  greatest  good  of 
the  honest  portion  of  the  community,  does 
have  a  hard  row  to  hoe,  and  if  it  cannot  live 
and  be  made  successful  by  the  friends  of 
rightful  progress,  it  stands  no  show  whatever. 
We  have  often  said  that  we  would  sooner  fail 
in  a  good  cause  than  succeed  in  a  bad  one, 
but  we  rejoice  that  we  are  succeeding  in  a 
good  cause,  and  owe  much  of  that  success  to 
the  good  will  and  efforts  of  good  people,  our 
friends. 

FATTENING  BEEF-CATTLE  FOR 
MARKET. 

Last  month  we  gave  an  account  of  A.  N. 
Story's  experience  iu  fattening  cattle  on  his 
farm.  We  then  stated  that  this  Spring  his 
cattle  would  not  bring  the  usual  price — 10  to  12 
cents  on  foot — owing  to  an  abundance  of  good 
feed  and  fat  beef  elsewhere.  He  has  brought 
us  an  account  of  fifty  head,  sold  at  7  cents  on 
foot.  He  never  before  got  less  than  IU  cents 
on  foot  for  such  beef  at  this  season  of  the 
year.  But  notwithstanding  the  low  price  of 
beef  this  excejitional  year,  figures  will  show 
that  Mr.  Story  is  ahead  on  the  enterprise. 
For  the  fifty  head  of  cattle,  the  price  paid, 
reckoning  all  losses  out,  did  not  exceed 
twenty  dollars  per  head,  or  $1,000.  The  cat- 
tle, when  fattened,  averaged  700  pounds  each, 
at  7  cents,  $4!)  per  head,  or  $2,450,  which  left 
$1,450  to  pay  for  feeding.  Mr.  Story's  farm 
of  about  380  acres  will  fatten  100  head  a  year, 
besides  raising  other  stock  enough,  with  a  di- 
versity of  products,  to  pay  running  expenses. 
At  7  cents  this  would  be  $2,900  a  year  income. 
But  11  cents  has  heretofore  been  the  average 
price  of  his  fat  cattle  iu  the  Spring.  Reck- 
oning them  at  10  cents  and  the  weight  at  700 
pounds,  100  head  fattened  each  year,  aud  the 
figures  will  stand  thus  :  100  head  cost  $20 
each— $2,000  ;  100  head  bring  $70  each— 
$7,000  ;  increase  in  value — $5,000.  We  have 
reckoned  no  interest  on  money  invested,  nor 
Mr.  Story's  time,  as  every  farmer  has  to  put 
in  his  own  time  somehow.  The  way  he  man- 
ages, his  expense  for  hired  help  is  not  heavy. 
Mr.  Story  always  has  hay  or  grain  to  sell, 
and  is  not  confined  altogether  for  resources 
to  his  cattle.  Let  any  farmer  reckon  for  him- 
self, and  he  will  see  that  raising  and  fatten- 
ing stock,  in  connection  with  hay  and  grain 
fanning,  will  pay. 


fym^mitntt. 


The  Cultivation  of  the  Olive  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

BY  JOHN  D.    SCOTT,    M.  D. 

M  — 

Q|j7r)s.  Aonicui/TUEisT :  The  visitor  to  this 
Jjl.  State  is  as  much  astonished  as  delighted 
(y^  to  Bee  the  groves  of  evergreen  olive 
o^  trees  in  and  about  the  old  missions  so 
common  in  California.  The  cultivation  of 
this  beautiful  and  valuable  tree  has  ever  been 
associated  in  his  mind  with  the  siinny  vales 
of  France  and  the  balmy  airs  of  Italy.  He 
forgets  for  a  moment  that  the  great  Pacific 
Ocean  Stream,  bubbling  Tip  from  the  Torrid 
zone  and  laving  and  warming  these  AVestern 
shores,  is  doing  for  us  what  the  Gulf  Stream 
in  the  East,  flowing  across  the  Atlantic,  does 
for  Western  Europe.  It  is  well  known  that 
whilst  England,  France,  Portugal  .and  Spain 
are  basking  in  warm  sunshine.  Nova  Scotia, 
New  Brunswick  .and  the  New  England  States, 
in  the  same  latitudes,  are  shiveriug  iu  the 
frigid  grasp  of  Winter.  A  similar  cause  pro- 
duces the  same  efTect  here.  Whilst  we  are 
enjoying  an  Italian  climate,  our  minister  to 
China  writes  us  that  the  denizens  of  the  so- 
called  Flowery  Kingdom  are  bound  fast  in  the 
icy  fetters  of  Winter.  It  seems,  then,  to  be 
one  of  the  great  climatic  laws  of  our  globe 
that  the  isothermal  lines  shall  rise  to  very 
high  latitudes  on  the  Western  borders  of  the 
two  great  continents,  whilst  they  fall  very 
low  on  the  Eastern,  giving  a  mild  and  genial 
climate  to  Western  Europe  and  Western  Amer- 
ica, and  a  frozen  one  to  Eastern  America  and 
Eastern  Asia. 

These  trees  were  planted  here  by  the  Jesuit 
Fathers  over  three  quarters  of  a  century  ago. 
Whilst  Europe  was  being  bathed  in  the  blsod 
of  unholy  and  mad  ambition,  these  noble, 
self-sacrificing  men,  tossed  by  the  stormy 
waves  of  two  oceans,  or  daring  the  untried 
perils  of  a  trackless  continent,  were  here  in 
these  Western  wilds  endeavoring  to  establish 
the  Kingdom  of  the  Prince  of  Peace — their 
sword  the  Word  of  God,  their  Stand.ard  the 
Cross.  What  more  appropriate  selection 
could  they  have  made  from  the  vegetable 
kingdom  to  remind  them  of  their  own  native 
Italy, 

"  Land  of  arts  nnd  arniB, 
Where  Nntiire  spreads  her  rit-hest  charms," 

than  the  olive? — first  harbinger  of  dry  land 
at  the  Deluge,  and  ever  after  deemed  the  em- 
blem of  peace.  Whilst  the  stately  monu- 
ments of  conquerors  and  kings  will  crumble 
into  dust,  the  olive  alone,  ever  self-producing 
and  self-peqietuating,  which  these  Pioneer 
Fathers  first  planted  ,  hero  will  keep  their 
names  and  unselfish  deeds  as  green  in  the 
memories  of  men  as  the  emerald  leaves  upon 
its  own  boughs.  The  simple  children  of 
forest  and  plain  whom  they  were  accustomed 
to  gather  around  their  holy  altars  for  morn- 
ing and  evening  worship,  are  scattered  and 
gone ;  the  mission  villages  they  established  are 
lading  into  the  dim  twilight  of  historj',  and 
even  the  stately  temples  of  God,  so  sacredly 
cherished  and  so  elaborately  adorned  with 
the  painted  scenes  of  the  Apostolic  age,  are 
fast    crumbling   into  the   dust    wlicucc  they 


arose.  But  the  olive  will  never  die.  Having 
found  a  soil  as  congenial,  aud  a  climate  and 
skies  as  warm  and  beautiful,  as  ever  blessed 
its  native  Italy,  it  will  go  on  increasing  in 
numbers  and  usefulness  until  the  teeming 
millions  of  the  Pacific  shall  rise  up  and  call 
its  first  propagators  "blessed." 

There  are  many  hundreds  of  these  trees 
now  flourishing  and  in  full  bearing  in  the 
various  missions  in  this  State.  They  have 
proved  hardy  and  productive,  so  that  their 
cultivation  here  is  not  a  matter  of  venture  or 
experiment.  If  the  recommendation  was  now 
first  made  to  plant  the  olive — if  we  were  called 
on  to  send  to  France  or  Italy  for  our  first 
trees,  at  great  risk  and  expense,  to  enter  upon 
an  uncertain  aud  untried  business,  there 
would  be  great  reason  for  hesitating  in  follow- 
ing the  advice.  But,  as  we  have  indicated 
above,  all  these  experiments  have  been  made 
for  us,  and  they  have  j^roved  eminently  suc- 
cessful. The  trees  grow  here  thriftily,  bear 
abundantly,  and  many  hundreds  of  gallons 
of  oil  are  profitably  manufactured  from  them 
yearly. 

In  addition  to  its  commercial,  the  Olive  has 
an  ornamental  value.  Its  perpetual  verdure 
is  most  grateful  to  the  eye,  its  shade  is  dense 
and  cooling,  aud  when  loaded  with  its  dark 
purple  berries,  it  presents  the  appearance  of 
millions  of  jets  set  in  oceans  of  emer.ild  green. 

The  trees  are  easily,  cheaply  and  rapidly 
propagated  by  pieces  of  the  roots,  suckers, 
seeds,  or  cuttings.  The  latter  mode  is  most 
generally  adopted.  A  trench  is  dug  six  or 
eight  inches  deep,  and  the  soil  thrown  out  on 
one  side.  On  this  inclined  bank  cuttings 
about  a  foot  long  and  from  one  to  one  and  a 
half  inches  in  diameter,  are  laid  about  afoot 
apart.  The  ditch  is  now  fiUed  up  and  the 
soil  drawn  up  to  near  the  top  of  the  cuttings. 
But  one  stem  is  permitted  to  grow.  The  soil 
is  kept  loose  about  the  young  trees  and  free 
from  weeds.  Thej'  are  watered  occasionally, 
and  at  three  years  old  they  are  ready  for  the 
orahard.  Their  distance  apart  is  3G  feet  in 
light,  hilly  soil ;  in  rich  soil, 48  feet.  Vegetables, 
corn,  beans,  and  other  light  crops  may  be  cul- 
tivated in  the  inter-spaces  to  help  to  pay  ex- 
penses until  the  olives  come  into  full  bearing. 
They  begin  to  bear  here  in  the  sixth  year, 
sometimes  earlier,  and  the  fruit  maj'  be  pro- 
fitably gathered  aud  couverted  into  oil  about 
the  tenth  or  twelfth  year. 

Would  it  not  be  advisable  for  our  fruit-cul- 
turists,  in  setting  out  orchards,  to  give  an 
olive  tree  every  fourth  space?  WTien  the 
short-lived  trees  shall  have  perished,  the  olive 
will  be  in  full  bearing,  and  will  constitute  an 
inheritance  of  incalculable  value.  A  full- 
grown  tree  produces  from  50  to  75  gallons  of 
oil  annually,  which  at  $4.50  per  gallon  would 
far  outstrip  in  value  any  other  fruit  tree — the 
far-famed  Los  Angeles  oraugo  not  excepted. 
Some  exceptional  trees  have  been  known  to 
yield  300  galhms  each  in  a  yeai',  which  would 
be  worth  more  than  the  whole  annual  product 
of  some  farms  that  we  are  acquainted  with. 

As  the  oil  contains  the  same  principles  as 
fresh  butter — oUin  uud  )nariffirin — its  universal 
use  in  the  south  of  Eurojie,  in  all  culinary 
preparations,  is  at  once  obvious.  The  peojilo 
there  use  it  iu  the  thousands  of  ways  iu  which 
we  hero    use   pork,  bacon,    lard    and  butter. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


The  reason  why  it  is  looked  upon  with  so 
nmch  repugnance  by  our  people  is  that  we 
Tery  seldom  see  a  fresh  article.  When  it 
reaches  us  it  is  generally  old  and  strong,  and 
consequently  unpalatable.  There  is  as  much 
difference  between  the  freshly  pressed  oil, 
which  has  a  sweet,  nutty  flavor,  and  that 
which  we  see  geuerally  in  our  market,  as 
there  is  between  nice,  new-made  butter,  just 
from  the  churn,  and  the  strong,  rancid  article 
"old  enough  to  speak  for  itself."  Hence,  to 
popularize  its  use,  it  must  be  raised  in  our 
own  country,  when  a  healthy  and  valuable 
article  of  food  will  be  added  to  our  produc- 
tions. We  cannot  have  too  many  food  pro- 
ducts. **  We  know  not  what  a  day  may  bring 
forth."  A  nation,  to  be  truly  independent, 
must  not  only  be  so  politically,  but  gastro- 
iiomically.  Full  stomachs  are  deadly  foes  to 
bread  riots. 

France  lost  nearly  all  her  olive  trees  from 
cold  in  the  years  170U  and  178H.  The  frosts 
of  that  country  sometimes  kill  the  extremities 
of  the  the  bearing  limbs,  thus  cutting  off  the 
crop  entirely  for  that  year  or  very  much  di- 
minishing it.  Neither  of  these  accidents  have 
ever  been  known  to  happen  here,  so  that, 
with  full  crops  every  year  at  a  fair  remuner- 
ation, that  ijrofit  would  be  greatly  enhanced 
in  cases  of  partial  or  total  failure  of  crops  in 
Europe.  Prior  to  the  disastrous  year  of  1788 
France  consumed  $15,00(),U0U  worth  of  oil, 
yet  was  compelled  to  import  $6,U0(),0U(I  more 
to  supply  her  home  demand.  England  im- 
ported, in  the  year  1830,  2,791,0.57  g.illons. 
In  1850  the  United  States  imported  !f91,600 
worth;  in  1855,  $1(;5,173,  and  in  1859  $535,- 
975.  Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  its  com- 
mercial value  when  it  is  knowu^that  the  little 
kingdom  of  Naples  exports  annually  7,300,000 
gallons.  Now,  as  the  olive  is  a  sea-side  tree 
and  grows  to  absolute  perfection  in  all  our 
southern  coast  counties,  a  very  short  calcula- 
tion would  go  to  show  that,  with  a  little  fore- 
sight and  industry,  California  would  soon 
become  the  oil  mart  of  the  world,  as  Italy  is 
to-day;  for  each  one  of  our  coast  counties 
would  make,  perhaps,  half  a  dozen  Napleses. 
And  this  need  not  be  at  the  expense  of  the 
rich  wheat  laud  of  our  valleys,  for  the  olive 
is  known  to  flourish  equally  well,  if  not  bet- 
ter, on  rolling,  rocky  lands,  of  which  we  have 
millions  of  acres  in  our  foot-hills  that  could 
not  be  applied  to  a  better  purjjose.  And  when 
these  acres  shall  have  been  covered  all  over 
with  olive  trees,  in  full  bearing,  the  question 
as  to  "what  shall  we  do  with  our  boys  and 
girls?"  will  be  of  easy  solution  in  the  short 
and  appropriate  answer  "Set  them  to  picking 
olives." 

The  olive  tree  is  of  extraordinary  longevity. 
Some  are  known  to  be  400,  others  7U0  years 
old  at  the  present  time,  and  bid  fair  to  flour- 
ish for  many  centuries  yet  to  come.  There 
are  some  in  Italy  which  are  supposed  to  have 
been  in  existence  since  the  time  of  Pliny. 
Others  still  linger  about  the  Mount  of  Olives, 
but  whether  they  ever  extended  their  shelter- 
ing boughs  over  the  kneeling  Savior,  history, 
perhaps,  will  ever  be  silent. 

Its  timber  constitutes  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able of  woods.  It  takes  a  high  pohsh,  and 
is  greatly  prized  by  cabinet-makers.  It  is 
used  extensively  in  in-laying  with  other  valu- 
able woods.  The  wood  of  the  root,  when 
polished,  presents  a  marbled  appearance,  and 
is  used  for  making  snuff-boxes,  dressing  cases 
and  other  ornamental  articles. 

Dried,  pickled  and  preserved  olives  are 
used  as  food. 

The  bark  and  leaves  are  used  in  medicine  as 
astringents,  tonics  and  febrifuges. 

The  gum  i*siu  which  exudes  from  the  trees 
is  used  in  perfumery. 

The  oil  makes  very  superior  castile  and 
toilet  soaps. 

It  forms  an  important  ingredient  in  hair- 
oils,  cosmetics,  plasters  and  ointments. 

Large  quantities  of  it  are  used  in  woolen 
mills  in  dressing  cloth. 

Before  the  discovery  of   petroleum,  it  was 


universally  used  for  illuminating  purposes. 

Jewelers  use  the  finest  of  the  oil  in  lubri- 
cating their  watch  and  clock  works. 

Mixed  half  and  half  --i'lth  lime  water,  it 
forms  one  of  the  best  applications  for  burns 
and  scalds.  Every  family  should  keep  a  bot- 
tle of  this  mixture  on  hand  in  case  of  emer- 
gency. 

Rubbed  all  over  the  body,  it  is  said  to  have 
afforded  protection  from  the  plague;  but 
whether  this  be  true  or  not,  its  external  use  is 
growing  rapidly  in  favor  with  the  regular 
profession  in  diseases  of  the  chest,  bowels  and 
joints.  Extreme  unction,  as  it  might  be 
called  in  these  cases,  has  been  known  to  act 
like  a  charm  in  the  last  stage  of  croup,  when 
everything  else  had  failed  to  afford  relief. 

It  is  a  valuable  antidote  to  a  great  many 
poisons,  and  is  believed  to  act  efBciently  in 
this  way  in  poisonous  doses  of  strychnine. 

With  so  many  uses  for  it  already,  and  when 
we  manufacture  a  sweet  home  article  to  be 
universally  used  in  our  culinary  preparations 
as  it  is  used  in  Europe,  there  is  not  much 
danger  of  our  over  stocking  the  market  with 
oil,  at  least  for  several  centuries  to  come. 

There  are  different  varieties  of  the  olive,  as 
there  are  of  the  api^le  and  pear.  These  are 
perpetuated  by  cuttings,  grafts  or  buds.  New 
varieties  may  be  produced  by  planting  the 
pits,  just  as  in  the  case  of  plums  and  peaches. 
Those  who  have  the  means  and  leisure  could 
not  employ  their  time  more  beneficially  to 
their  country  or  profitably  to  themselves 
(since  the  late  act  of  Congress  securing  abso- 
lute ownership  to  new  varieties  of  fruit)  than 
to  plant  the  seeds  and  raise  new  varieties  of 
this  beautiful  and  valuable  tree. 

No  long  or  tedious  process,  no  expensive 
machiuerj'  is  required  to  secure  the  oil.  A 
cheap  .ipparatus,  something  like  our  old  cider 
mills,  bruises  the  fruit  from  the  stones  and 
reduces  it  to  a  soft  pulp.  This  is  separated 
from  the  pits  and  placed  in  a  common  lever 
or  screw  press,  when  the  oil  is  gradually 
forced  out  of  it.  The  pits  are  afterwards 
enished  and  afford  an  inferior  article.  The 
oil  is  received  into  wooden  or  earthen  vessels 
where  it  is  permitted  to  stand  from  twelve  to 
twenty-four  hours  to  allow  the  mucilage  to 
settle.  The  oil  is  then  carefully  poured  off' 
into  barrels,  where  it  rests  twenty  days,  when 
it  parts  with  any  remaining  impurities.  The 
oil  cake  is  broken  up,  mixed  with  warm  water 
and  subjected  to  a  second  pressure,  when  an 
additional  quantify  is  -obtained  equal  to  the 
first.  The  refuse  is  then  converted  into  a 
valuable  fertilizer,  so  that  nothing  is  lost. 
One  huudi'ed  pounds  of  olives  produce  about 
twenty-seven  pounds  of  oil. 

Mr.  James  Lick,  the  great  California  phil- 
anthropist and  millionaire,  with  that  peculiar 
foresight  which  enabled  him  to  amass  a 
colossal  fortune,  did  not  overlook  the  olive. 
With  that  prescience  which  has  distinguished 
him  in  all  his  firiancial  operations,  he  early 
foresaw  the  immense  value  of  this  industry 
and  planted  an  olive  orchard  of  several  hun- 
dred trees  on  his  place  adjoining  this  city  on 
the  southwest,  which  is  just  now  coming  into 
bearing,  at  about  nine  years  old.  He  pro- 
poses to  begin,  next  season,  the  manufacture 
of  oil.  Far  down  in  the  distant  future,  when 
these  trees  shall  have  attained  their  full 
growth,  and  produce  thousands  of  gallons  of 
oil  annually,  men  will  assemble  beneath  their 
cool  and  refreshing  shade  and,  without  a  dis- 
senting voice,  will  pronounce  that  olive  orch- 
ard one  of  Mr.  LickJs  best  and  most  produc- 
tive investments. 

The  expectation  of  sudden  riches  has  hith- 
erto been  the  bane  of  California.  The  fabu- 
lous mineral  wealth  of  the  country  in  the 
flush  times  of  '49,  and  the  almost  equally 
wonderful  advance  in  real  estate,  have  well 
nigh  turned  men's  minds.  They  are  even 
now  loth  to  enter  the  trodden  paths  of  patient 
indu-stry.  But  the  lessening  chances  of  spec- 
ulation, the  fall  of  interest  and  the  rapid 
increase  of  a  competitive  population  with 
Eastern  ideas  of  business,  are  fast  producing  I 
that  equilibrium    which   alone    guarantees  a 


sound  and  permanent  basis  of  prosperity. 
Far-sighted  business  men  are  learning  to 
be  content  with  a  less,  because  a  more  certain, 
profit.  Instead  of  running  after  bonanzas, 
they  are  investing  their  surplus  funds  in  lands, 
buildings  and  manufactures.  And  among 
their  profitable  investments  there  is  none  bet- 
ter than  the  planting  of  olive  orchards.  Be- 
sides, this  is  in  the  line  of  that  diversified 
industry  which  can  only  render  a  people  great, 
rich  and  truly  independent. 

Many  of  the  lower  animals,  with  a  wonder- 
ful instinct,  lay  up  provisions  for  the  imme- 
diate future,  but  man,  with  higher  intellectual 
endowments  and  a  loftier  ambition,  lays  up 
treasures,  not  only  for  the  immediate,  but  for 
the  remote  future.  This  looking  forward — 
this  anticipation  of  the  wants  of  coming  gen- 
erations, can  only  be  indulged  in  by  beings 
"longing  for  immortality."  This  laudable 
attempt  to  perpetuate  ourselves  in  the  physi- 
cal surroundings  of  earth  is  but  an  exponent 
and  measure  of  the  "divinity  within  us,"  and 
the  more  this  wise  forethought  is  exercised, 
the  higher  we  rise  in  the  scale  of  excellence. 
Then  plant  the  olive  for  the  future — plant  it 
for  posterity — plant  it  for  the  coming  millions 
— erect  for  yourself  a  monument  that  will 
out-last  empires — plant  the  tree  that  produces 
the  oil  of  gladness  that  it  may  be  poured  ujMm 
the  "troubled  waters"  of  the  future — plant 
the  emblem  of  peace. 

San  Jose,  Aj^ril,  1875. 


Curious  Epitaphs. 

BY  ELISA  E.  ANTHONY. 

Eds.  AoKictri-TURisT :  I  send  yon  a  few  epi- 
taphs, humorous  and  curious,  which  I  found 
in  an  old  book  lately,  some  of  which  may 
afford  your  readers  as  much  amusement  as 
they  did  me. 

The    following    epitaph      was    written   by 

Franklin  many  years  before  his  death : 

"  Tlie  body  of  Benjaiuin  Franklin,  printf  r,  (like  the 
cover  of  an  old  book,  its  contents  torn  out,  and  stript 
of  its  letters  and  gilding)  lies  bere.  food  fur  worms; 
yet  the  work  itself  shall  not  bo  lost,  for  it  will  (as  he 
believes)  appear  once  more  in  a  new  and  more  beauti- 
ful edition,  corrected  and  amended  by  the  Author." 

Fuller,   the   well-known  author  of   British 
Worthies,  wrote  his  own  epitaph  as  it  appears 
in  Westminster    Abbey.     It    consists   of   but 
four  words,  but  it  si)eaks  volumes; 
"  Here  lies  Fuller's  earth." 

Byron's  misauthopy  vented  itself  in  an  epi- 
taph on  his  Newfoundland  dog,  which  he 
concluded  with  the  following  lines: 

"  To  mark  a  friend's  remains  these  stones  arise; 
I  never  knew  but  one,  and  here  be  lies." 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  an  epitaph  in 
the  church-yard  at  North  Shields,  which  has 
been  the  subject  of  much  laughter  to  many 
persons  on  account  of  its  absurdity: 

"  In  menrory  of  James  Bell,  of  North  Shields,  who 
died  mth  of  January,  1763,  aged  42  years.  Margaret, 
widow  of  the  abi>ve  ssiid  James  Bell,  died  Dec.  Wth, 
aged  49  years.  She  was  wife  after  to  Wm.  Fenwick. 
of  North  Shields." 

The  following  lines  were  -written  underneath 
it  with  a  pencil: 

"  As  in  the  Scriptures  it  is  said. 

No  marriages  in  heaven  are  made. 

It  Seems  that  M.nrgarel*s  ghost  did  go 

To  Pluto's  drearv  realms  below. 

"NN'tiere  she.  poor  soul,  not  long  had  tarried 

Till  her  friend  Will  and  her  gt»t  marrietL" 

The  following  quaint  epitaph  is  copied  from 
a  church-yard  in  Finsbury,  near  Chatham : 

"Time  was  I  stood  as  thou  dost  now. 
And  viewed  Trie  dead  as  thou  dost  me: 

Ere  long  thou'It  lie  as  low  as  I. 
And  others  stand  to  look  on  thee." 

How  true  is  the  above! 

The  following  is  an  inscription  on  a  tomb- 
stone in  JIassachusetts.     It  is  beautiful: 

•'  I  came  in  the  morning^it  was  Spring, 

And  I  smiled; 
I  walked  out  at  noon — it  was  Summer, 

And  I  was  glad; 
I  sat  me  down  at  even — it  was  Autumn, 

And  I  was  sad; 
I  laid  me  down  at  night— it  was  Winter, 

Arid  I  slept." 


VjJ>^^jg^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


A  geutleman  traveliug  iu  Europe  copied  the 
following  lines  from  a  tombstone  in  a  grave- 
yard in  Lluugollcu,  North  Wales: 

"  Our  life  in  but  b  Winter  day — 
Snme  ouly  bruakfaHt  and  away; 
Others  to  ditincr  stav,  anil  lue  well  fed; 
The  oiliest  man  but  HiipB  and  RoeK  to  bed; 
Who  Koee  the  aooucBt  has  the  leaat  to  pay." 

In  Luton  Church-yard,  Bedfordshire,  an 
nncourtly  voice  from  the  dead  to  the  living 
sj^eaks  as  follows: 

"  Reader,  I  have  left  a  world 

In  which  I  liad  much  to  do, 
Swciitinti  and  fretting  to  get  rich— 

JuHt  such  a  fool  as  you." 

San  Jose,  March,  1875. 


|ii0U0cIioltl  fvCiidittg, 


m 


A  Farmer's  Wife  I'll  Be. 


[[.  I  nm  a  wild  and   laughing  giri,  just  turned  of 
'  Bweet  sixteen, 

IIL  Ab  full  of    fim  aud  mischief  as  any  you  have 
seen. 
And  wiien  I  aril  a  woman  grown  no  city  beaux 
for  nie. 
If  e'er  I  marry  in  my  life,  a  farmer's  wife  I'll  be. 

I  love  a  country  life  :  I  Irive  a  joyous  breeze  ; 

I  love  to  hear  the  singing  birds  among  the  lofty  trees. 

The    lowing  herds,  thu  bleating  flocks  make  music 

sweet  for  nje. 
If  e'er  I  marry  iu  my  life,  a  farmer's  wife  I'll  bo. 

I  love  to  feed  the  chicltelis.  I  love  to  feed  the  cow;- 
I  love  to  hear  the  farmer's  boy  whistling  at  his  jdow  : 
And   fields  of    corn  and    waving    griun  are  pleasing 

sights  for  mc. 
If  e'er  I  marry  iu  my  life,  a  farmer's  wife  I'll  be. 
I  love  to  see  the  orchards  where  the  golden  apples 

grow ; 
I  love  to  walk  in  meadows  where  sparkling  streanrlets 

How. 
The  fliiwery  banks  and  shady  nooks  have  many  charms 

for  me. 
If  e'er  1  marry  in  my  life,  a  farmer's  wife  I'll  be. 

Let  other  girls  who  Jove  it  best,  enjoy  the  gloomy 

town. 
And  dusty  streets  and  dirty  walks  to  ramble  up  and 

clown  ; 
But  flowery  fields,  and  shady  woods,  and  starry  skies 

for  Hie. 
If  e'er  I  marry  in  my  life,  a  farmer's  wife  I'll  be. 

—  [K.   V.   R.  M. 


Beautiful  maidens— aye,  nature's  fair  queens, 
Some  in  your  twenties  and  some  in  your  teens, 
Seeking  accomplishluents  wurtliy  your  aim, 
Htriviug  for  learning,  thirsting  for  fame. 
Taking  such  pains  with  the  style  of  yoiir  hair, 
Keepingyour  lily  complexions  so  fair, 
Miss  not  this  iteni  in  all  your  gay  lives — 
Learn  to  keep  house,  you  may  one  day  be  wives. 


Chats     With     Farmers'     Wives     and 
Daughters — No.  5. 

BY     "JEWELL." 

Now,  girls,  I  want  you  to  feel,  that  iu  re- 
couiitiDg  the  experiences  of  this  pet  farmer's 
wife  of  mine,  I  am  simply  showing  what  any 
one  of  you  may  do  when  you  marry  a  farmer, 
provided  you  only  begin  right.  But  to  ex- 
pect the  present  farmer's  wife  to  change  her 
mode  of  life,  or  to  suppose  the  old  farmer 
willing  to  allow  of  such  a  change,  is  not  to 
be  thought  of  ;  and  yet  it  could  be  done,  pro- 
vided the  icill  was  strong  enough  to  do  it. 
This  is  the  story  she  told  me  of  her  experi- 
ence in  farm  Itfe  : 

When  my  husband  concluded  to  go  to 
farming  I  opposed  it — had  never  lived  on  a 
farm  and  knew  nothing  of  it  save  its  hard- 
ships as  I  had  seen  them.  So  we  compro- 
mised by  saying  I  should  have  only  one  hired 
man  to  cook  for,  and  only  as  many  cows  and 
chickens  as  I  cared  to  see  to  myself.  I  have 
a  fine  lot  of  fowls  and  make  butter  from  half 
a  dozen  good  cows,  and  always  get  the  best 
prices  ;  making  more  money  than  many  who 
keep  twice  the  number.     It  is  now  four  years 


since  we  started,  and  if  we  don't  grow  rich  as 
fast  as  some  of  our  neighbors,  neither  of  us 
are  broken  down  and  life  baa  not  been  robbed 
of  all  of  its  joys. 

In  haying  time  and  harvesting  the  grain, 
we  let  the  work  out  by  contract  some  years, 
we  putting  uiJ  a  tent  and  the  men  feeding 
themselves.  Once  we  hired  the  men  and  fur- 
nished rations  for  them  to  cook,  but  it  did 
not  work  so  well'  Two  years  in  succession 
we  had  the  same  men  come  to  us.  We  have 
two  meals  a  day  the  year  round — breakfast  at 
eight  and  dinner  at  two.  In  summer  there 
was  a  good  two  hours  work  before  breakfast 
and  no  complaint  from  any  good  man.  Also, 
there  is  always  plenty  of  cooked  food  in  the 
puntry  for  a  supper  if  any  one  wants  ;  but  I 
felt  it  a  duty  to  myself  and  children,  and 
would  not  sacrifice  all  for  money.  A  living 
we  are  sure  of.  Our  expenses  are  light, 
though  we  subscribe  for  as  many  books  and 
liapers  as  we  can  read  ;  but  I  buy  few  fine 
clothes — we  don't  need  them,  aud  I  don't  as- 
j)ire  to  dress  as  city  ladies  do,  biit  ouly  for 
my  work  and  comfort — one  suit  a  year  to  go 
to  town  in  is  enough. 

Such  is  the  substance  of  her  experience, 
which  I  thought  good  at  the  time,  and  the 
older  I  grow  the  more  practical  I  believe  it  to 
be.  The  idea  that  a  farmer  or  his  wife  should 
be  obliged  to  work  earlier  and  laWr  than  any 
other  laborer  is  simply  absurd.  I  know  they 
do,  but  does  that  make  it  right  ?  I  also  know 
that  if  they  would  put  the  night  into  work 
as  well  as  the  day  they  would  accomplish 
more  srill.  Why  don't  they  do  it  ?  They  say 
plants  set  out  at  night  flourish  best.  Their 
answer  and  mine  is,  that  nature  requires  rest. 
If  so,  then  take  it — don't  overwork  if  you 
don't  get  rich  so  fast  ;  better  be  poor  aud  ro- 
bust than  rich  and  broken  down — unable  to 
enjoy  life. 

And  right  here  let  me  answer  "  M.  E.  O. 
W."  who,  I  see,  takes  me  up  on  the  "two- 
meal"  question,  she  believing  that  farmers 
need  to  eat  oftener  than  other  people.  I  will 
reply  by  saying  that  what  has  been  done  can 
be  done  again.  I  know  of  a  farmer  in  New 
York  State  who  for  years  has  practised  the 
two-meal  system  with  perfect  success — ■ 
cooking  no  meat  either,  aud  the  same  gang  of 
men  would  return  three  or  four  years  to  har- 
vest, liking  the  plan  and  food,  saying  they 
worked  easier  and  accomplished  more  than 
under  the  old  system.  1  do  not  give  my  own 
experience  simply  because  I  am  a  looker-on, 
and  know  no  more  about  the  success  or  fail- 
ure of  either  plan  than  "M.  E.  O.  W."  her- 
self, who  only  tries  one  way  and  condemns 
the  other.  I  do  know  from  observation,  how- 
ever, that  most  farmers  practise  the  three- 
meal  system  and  believe  it  the  only  way  to 
do.  Under  the  two-meal  system,  with  a  sim- 
ple, light  lunch  in  the  evening  when  needed, 
the  necessary  number  of  hours'  labor  can  be 
done  in  the  field  during  the  day  with  less 
trouble.  More  rest  for  limbs  and  stomach 
can  be  taken  and  enjoyed.  Under  the  three- 
meal  system  how  about  the  wives  1  Where 
does  the  rest  come  in  to  them  I  I  dined  with 
one  the  other  day,  and  took  notes.  The  wife 
had  been  busy  and  on  her  feet  since  early 
daylight,  and  besides  getting  dinner  over  the 
hot  stove,  waited  on   the  family   and   helped 


the  children,  never  sitting  down  till  the  men- 
folks  had  finished  eating  and  left,  when  she 
sat  down  at  the  table  a  few  minutes,  ate  a 
little  cold  potato  and  fried  bacon,  bread  and 
butter,  drank  a  cup  of  tea  and  was  ready  to 
clear  the  dishes  off  aud  begin  work  again. 
This  woman  has  China  help  provided  too  ; 
but  then  there  is  plenty  for  all  to  do,  she 
says,  with  dairying,  cooking,  etc. 

No  wonder  the  nursing  baby  gets  fed  with 
bread  and  milk  while  mother  is  busy  getting 
dinner  ;  no  wonder  the  child  thrives  better 
on  rested  cow's  milk  than  on  the  iired  moth- 
er's milk  ;  and  no  wonder  that  so  many  of 
our  farmers'  wives  bring  their  babies  up  on 
the  bottle  nowadays.  Amongst  the ,  wives  in 
one  Grange  that  I  know  of,  out  of  seven 
babies  born  during  the  past  six  or  eight 
months,  five  are  being  brought  up  on  the 
bottle.  The  mothers  are  unable  to  nourish 
their  babies  after  birth.  Query — Can  they  be 
perfectly  nourished  before  ?  How  is  this  for 
blooded  stock,  Farmers  ?  What  would  you 
say  to  a  breed  of  cows  that  could  bear  but 
not  suckle  their  young  ?  I  do  not  say  a  word 
against  the  labor  of  man  'or  woman.  All  is 
ennobling,  provided  they  do  not  do  too  much 
of  it.  Dish-washing  is  as  truly  necessary 
and  as  fine  as  any  other  duty  when  it  is  well 
done.  The  kitchen  is,  or  should  be,  as  truly 
genteel  as  the  parlor,  aud  every  room  in  the 
house  should  be  a  part  of  a  perfect  home. 
I  have  seen  ladies  in  the  jjarlor  whose  dis- 
cords on  a  piano  wrung  my  heart,  and  a  poor 
excuse  in  the  kitchen  is  just  as  bad.  But 
bringing  the  matter  to  a  practical  point — sure- 
ly ,by  bad  management  or  something  wrong 
in  theory,  our  farming  population  are  not 
generally  the  most  healthful,  the  best  pro- 
vided for,  the  most  intelligent  nor  the  hap- 
piest, indoors  or  out.  They  snould  be,  and 
may  be,  too,  it  the  best  system  of  labor,  eat- 
ing, rest,  recreation,  etc.,  are  adopted  aud  in- 
telligently lived,  in  accordance  ^^•ith  reason 
and  right. 


Hints    upon  the  Subject  of  Training 
Children. 

What  to  Teach. — The  child  should  be 
taught  that  his  eyes,  ears,  hands,  all  the  or- 
gans of  his  body,  all  the  faculties  of  bis  mind 
are  his  servants,  anil  that  it  is  his  business  to 
see  to  it  that  they  serve  him  faithluUy,  that 
they  report  accurately  what  is  passing  about 
him  aud  respond  promptly  and  fully  to  his 
demands.  Such  sentences  as  "I  didn't  no- 
tice," "  I  heard  but  I  don't  remembta-, "  have 
no  business  in  a  child's  vocabulary.  He 
should  be  taught  to  apprehend  clearly,  that  _ 
to  say  "I  forgot"  is  ouly  another  way  of 
saying  "  I  did  not  care  enough  to  remember." 
Educate  the  faculties  to  prompt  action,  teach 
the  senses  to  respond  fully  to  every  impres- 
sion made  upon  them.  When  you  give  a 
command  or  communicate  a  thought  to  a 
child,  secure  his  attention,  use  the  simplest 
and  most  direct  terms  and  do  not  repeat  Ihem. 
Supi'i  tluous  words  are  deiin>rali/ing  uiul  reiter- 
ation a  bid  for  iuattentiuu.  Some  uf  us  are 
born  clods  ;  more  of  us  become  so  through 
vi<'ious  training.  Jliike  the  child  sell-con- 
scous  and  you  have  established  an  enduring 
feud  bi'tween  him  and  his  ^capabilities. 
Henceforth  his  feet  are  an  embarrassment  to 
him,  aud  no  nuuiber  of  pockets  is  adequate 
to  the  satisfactory  bestowid  of  his  hands. 
He  fancies  all  i^yes  are  tipon  him,  and  his  very 
blood  tmns  mutinous  and  Hies  in  his  face 
without  just  cause  or  provocation.  It  is  his 
right  to  be  unconscious ;  to  develop  from 
within    outward    as   sweetly   and   unostcuta- 


f( 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


tiously  as  a  flower  ;  not  to  be  thrust  into  not- 
ice V)y  hiivint;  his  snyiugs  and  doings  repeated 
in  his  presence,  nor  snubbed  into  silence  und 
conscious  inferiority  by  being  constantly  re- 
minded that  "children  should  be  sceu  and 
not  heard."  Hardly  anything  is  moro  essen- 
tial in  the  management  of  children  than  the 
tiudly  ign(.>riug  eye  that  does  not  notice  too 
much.  I  pity  the  child  who  is  the  centi'e  of 
a  blindly  doting  or  injuiticiously  critical  fam- 
ily, whose  every  saying  is  repeated,  every  act 
commented  upon,  and  where,  in  consequence, 
naturalness  is  imijossible. 

Polite Childeev. — " Thankyou,  Ch.arlic," 
said  ilrs.  Brown,  as  her  little  sou  handed 
her  a  jiaper  he  was  requested  to  bring. 

"Thankyou,  Bridget,"  said  the  little  fel- 
low a  few  hours  after,  as  he  received  a  glass 
of  water  from  his  nurse. 

"Well,  Mrs.  Brown,  you  have  the  best 
mannered  children  I  ever  saw,"  said  a  neigh- 
bor. "I  should  be  thankful  if  mine  were  as  po- 
lite to  me  as  yours  are  to  the  servants.  You 
never  speud  half  the  time  on  your  children's 
clothes  that  I  do,  and  yet  every  one  notices 
them,  they  are  so  well-behaved." 

"  We  always  try  to  treat  our  children  po- 
litely," was  the  tpiiet  reply. 

This  was  the  whole  secret.  When  I  hear 
parents  grumbliug  about  the  ill-manners  of 
their  children  I  always  wish  to  ask,  "Have 
you  always  treated  them  with  politeness  'i" 

llauy  parents  who  are  polite  and  polished 
in  their  manners  toward  the  world  at  large 
ai'e  perfect  boors  inside  the  home  circle.  If 
a  stranger  offer  the  slightest  service  he  is 
gratefully  thanked  ;  but  who  ever  remembers 
to  thus  reward  the  little  tireless  feet  that  are 
traveling  all  day  long,  up-stairs  and  down,  on 
countless  errands  for  somebody  ?  It  would  be 
policy  for  parents  to  treat  their  children  po- 
litely for  the  sake  of  obtaining  more  cheerful 
obedience,  if  for  no  other  reason.  The  cost- 
less use  of  an  "  If  you  please  "  and  "  I  thank 
you,"  now  and  then,  will  go  far  to  lighten  an 
otherwise  burdensome  task.  Say  to  your  son, 
"John,  shut  that  door,"  and  with  a  scowl, 
he  will  move  slowly  towards  it  and  shut  it 
with  a  bang.  The  next  time  say,  "John, 
will  you  shut  the  door,  please  ?"  and  he  will 
hasten  with  a  smUe  to  do  your  bidding. 

Putting  Childkento  Bed.— We  have  seldom 
seen  anything  more  impressively  appropriate 
than  the  suggestion  made  by  an  exchange  rel- 
ative to  the  manner  of  putting  children  to 
bed  without  rejjroof  for  any  of  that  day's 
sins  of  omission  or  commission.  Take  any 
time  but  bed-time  for  that.  If  you  ever 
heard  a  little  creature  sighing  and  sobbiug  in 
its  sleeji,  you  could  never  do  this.  Seal  their 
closing  eyes  with  a  kiss  and  a  blessing.  The 
time  will  come  when,  all  too  soon,  they  will 
hvy  their  heads  upon  the  piUow  lacking  both. 
Let  them  then,  at  least,  have  this  sweet  mem- 
ory of  a  happy  childhood,  of  which  no  future 
sorrow  or  trouble  can  rob  them.  Give  them 
their  rosy  youth.  Nor  need  this  involve  wild 
license.  'The  judicious  parent  will,  not  so 
mistake  my  meaning.  If  you  have  ever  met 
the  man  or  the  woman  whose  eyes  have  sud- 
denly filled  when  a  little  child  has  crept 
trustingly  to  its  mother's  breast,  you  may 
have  seen  one  in  whose  childhood's  home 
"dignity"  and  "severity"  stood  where  love 
and  pity  should  have  been.  Too  much  indul- 
gence has  ruined  thousands  of  children — too 
much  love  not  one. 

Kememeer. — Whatever  yon  wish  your  chil- 
dren to  be,  be  it  yourself.  If  you  wish  them 
to  be  happy,  healthy,  sober,  truthful,  affec- 
tionate, honest  and  moral,  be  yourself  all 
these.  If  you  wish  them  to  be  lazy,  and 
sulky,  and  liars,  and  thieves,  and  drunkards, 
and  swearers,  be  yourself  all  those.  As  the 
old  cock  crows,  the  young  one  learns.  You 
will  remember  who  said,  "Train  up  a  child 
in  the  way  he  should  go,  and  when  he  is  old 
he  will  not  depart  from  it."  And  you  may, 
as  a  general  rule,  as  soon  expect  to  gather 
grapes  from  thorns  or  figs  from  thistles,  as  to 
get  good,  healthy,  happy  children  from  dis- 
eased, lazy  and  wicked  parents. 


% 


Scolding.— What  good  does  scolding  do  ? 
It  does  no  one  the  least  service,  but  it  creates 
infinite  mischief.  Scolded  servants  never  do 
their  work  well.  Their  tempers  are  roused, 
as  well  as  the  mistress's,  and  they  very  often 
fail  in  their  duties  at  awkward  moments,  sim- 
ply to  spite  her  and  to  "serve  her  out." 
Very  wrong  in  them,  doubtless  ;  but  human 
nature  is  trail,  and  service  is  a  trying  institu- 
tion. It  does  no  good  to  husband  or  child, 
for  it  simply  empties  the  house  of  both  as 
soon  as  possible. — N.   Y.  Observer. 


^im\\  |5vcc(lcv. 


utility  Above  Fancy  in   Breeding. 

#  

F  wo  were  to  judge  of  the  character  of  our 

stock  breeders  by  the  prices  occasionally 
paid  for  fancy  animals  under  the  influ- 
ence of  unusual  competition  or  wild  ex- 
citement, as  at  the  New  York  Mills  sale  of 
last  year,  for  instance,  we  should  undoubtedly 
do  great  injustice  to  the  average  American 
breeder,  who  is,  after  all,  a  thorough  ntilita- 
rian,  and  knows  that  real  merit  will  win,  in 
the  long  run,  in  this,  as  in  every  other  kind 
of  business. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Pickerell,  of  Illinois,  the  newly 
elected  President  of  the  American  Association 
of  Short-horn  Breeders,  is  one  of  the  right 
kind  of  men  to  bring  the  ideas  and  practices 
of  the  Short-horn  breeders  down  to  a  solid, 
hard  pan  foundation,  if  they  are  in  need  of 
such  training,  as  it  has  certainly  seemed  to  us 
that  they  have  been  for  a  year  or  two  past. 
His  lecture,  delivered  at  the  annual  conven- 
tion of  Short-horn  breeders  at  Springfield, 
Hi.,  last  January,  is  one  of  the  most  sound 
and  sensible  iiroductions  we  have  read  on  the 
subject  of  breeding  for  a  long  while,  and  we 
commend  it  to  the  attention  of  breeders  every- 
where. 

No  one  who  breeds  Short-horns  intelligent- 
ly, either  with  an  eye  to  profit  or  pleasure, 
but  has  his  fancy,  both  as  regards  the  real, 
living,  moving  animal,  and  the  j)aper  Short- 
horn, with  pure  ancestry  pedigreed.  Then 
there  are  particular  fancies  in  regard  to  the 
horns,  their  size,  shape,  length,  color;  points 
in  or  points  out,  points  up  or  points  down ; 
fancies  about  fhe  nose,  its  shape,  size  and 
color — tints  that  the  skin  should  be;  size  of 
the  head,  length  of  the  face,  width,  etc.  Then 
the  jaws,  eyes,  ears,  throat-latch,  etc.  The 
same  in  regard  to  long  necks  and  short  necks, 
thick  necks  and  slim  necks,  chubby  necks, 
etc. ;  shoulders  set  right  or  obliquely,  thick  or 
thin,  heavy  or  light,  rough  or  smooth,  points 
bare  or  covered ;  brisket  prominent,  smooth, 
wide,  narrow,  low  down,  plump  or  flabby; 
crops  thick  or  thin,  sharp,  high  or  low;  thick 
or  light  "through  the  heart,"  long  ribs  or 
short  ribs,  high  sprung  or  low  sprung,  ribbed 
up  close  or  long  coupled;  thick  loins  or  light 
ones;  same  of  hips  and  flanks  (fore  and  aft); 
rumps  up  or  down,  square  or  peaked,  long  or 
short,  smooth  or  straight;  quarters  long  or 
short,  square  or  cut  in;  twist  full  or  straight, 
twisted  in  or  twisted  out;  hind  legs  long  or 
short;  bones  fine  or  coarse,  straight  or  crook- 
ed; tail  fine  or  coarse,  long  or  short,  with  the 
bush  do.;  white  or  red;  hide  thick  or  thin, 
mellow  or  hard,  yellow  or  white;  hair  coarse 
or  fine,  long  or  short,  thin   or  "full  of  hair." 

Then  the  color,  from  plain  white  to  fancy 
red,  with  all  the  tints  and  shades  imaginable 
between  the  two.  Then  the  general  "make- 
up" and  finish,  as  a  whole;  style  and  carriage. 
Fancies  about  pedigree,  whether  of  this  stain 
{or  family)  or  of  that;  whether  one  cross,  six 
crosses,  or  sixteen,  makes  a  thoroughbred,  or 
a  full-blooded;    wether,  if  the  dam  runs   to  a 


certain  starting  point,  with  the  sire  of  some 
other  blood,  makes  it  more  of  that  family  or 
vice  versa;  or  whether,  if  the  pedigree  is  right, 
it  makes  any  difference  about  the  animal  at 
all.  Then  there  are  prejudices  in  favor  of 
and  against  everything  named,  and  many 
more,  perhaps.  How  far  do  these  things 
bear  out,  for  or  against,  the  real  or  useful,  to 
their  advantage  or  disadvantge'i"  That's  tLe 
question. 

The  intrinsic  value  of  the  horns,  is,  per- 
haps, about  twenty  cents — worth  but  little  to 
the  animal  for  protection,  as  a  "muley"  fre- 
quently masters  the  whole  herd.  Their  real 
value  is  as  an  index  to  the  breeder,  which  is 
very  frequently — nearly  always  by  our  award- 
ing committees  at  our  fairs — taken  the  wrong 
way.  As  many  a  good  animal  has  been  dis- 
carded, thrown  out,  or  sacrificed,  for  having 
a  heavy  horn — placed  behind  an  animal  hav- 
ing a  delicate,  steer  horn — when,  perhaps,  in 
real  merit  the  first  had  hundreds  of  pounds 
of  meat  in  valvable  parts  more  than  th<!  other. 
While  we  fancy  horns  of  a  peculiar  kinil,  we 
must  be  careful  not  to  let  our  prejudices  run 
awiiy  with  other  merits  of  real  value,  for 
while  a  heavy,  coarse  horn  may  not  be  an  ad- 
vantage, or  desirable,  a  light,  delicate  one, 
other  things  being  equal,  should  always  bo 
objected  to  in  a  bull.  The  nose  of  itself  is 
valueless  when  it  comes  to  the  block.  All 
admit  that  the  most  fashionably  bred  and 
fancy  pedigi'ees  occasionally  show  black 
noses. 

In  regard  to  the  color,  it  has  been  said  that 
the  fashionable  color  of  to-daj-  was  once  an 
actual  objection.  Then  the  color  does  not 
establish  the  blood;  nor  is  there  any  positive 
proof  that  the  quality  of  the  meat  is  gov- 
erned by  it.  May  we  not  well  ask.  Is  there 
anything  more  than  prejudice  in  the  color  of 
the  nose?  Yet  fancy  sacrifices  ni.any  good 
animals  on  account,  not  only  of  a  black,  but 
of  a  smutty  nose.  The  head  of  a  dead  ani- 
mal, of  itself,  is  worth  but  little,  and  like  the 
horn,  is  more  of  an  index  to  the  living  animal 
than  real  worth.  It  is  true,  in  weight,  it 
amounts  t*6omething  more  than  it  comes  to 
at  the  lowest  price  paid  for  beef.  Then  after 
the  true  value — which,  like  the  horn,  is  often 
misconstrued — in  the  living  animal  is  consid- 
ered, we  should  not  let  a  fancied  defect  (of 
course  I  do  not  allude  to  a  malformation, 
which  should  always  be  discarded  in  breeding 
animals)  prejudice  us  too  much  against  other 
real  merits  of  the  animal.  The  throat-latch 
(to  use  a  common  expression)  is  required  by 
fancy  to  be  hght  and  slim,  and  for  a  little 
ehubbiness  the  whole  animal  is  made  to  take 
a  back  position,  while  it  is  very  generally  a 
good  index  to  a  good  feeder  and  a  thick  ani- 
mal. It  seems  curious  that  our  half-fledged 
Short-horn  fanciers  generally  see  more  to 
condemn  than  to  commend,  very  frequently 
sacrificing  the  real  merits  for  a  few  fancy 
points.  Fancy  puts  great  stress  on  a  long, 
slim  neck — one  that  can  hold  a  high  head. 
Reality  says  that  a  neck  that  is  long  enough 
to  reach  to  the  ground  to  drink  and  eat  is 
long  enough.  Unnecessary  weight  is  objec- 
tionable, because  it  is  low  priced  beef,  and 
the  less  of  it  the  better,  other  things  being 
equal.  In  our  prejudice  we  forget  that  a 
thick,  short  neck  sometimes  weighs  less  than 
a  long,  slim  one,  besides  being  generally  car- 
ried by  a  body  that  corresponds,  especially  as 
to  thickness.  Fancy,  perhaps  looks  over 
more  and  carries  it  further  into  the  ranks 
of  breeders  in  the  shoulders  than  most  any 
part  of  the  animal. 

In  our  prejudices  against  minor  defects  we 
frequently  overlook  more  real  merits  and  pass 
them  by,  "letting  light,  sharp  tops,  bare  points 
and  coarseness  generally  in  the  shoulder,  take 
the  lead.  Really,  there  is  about  as  much 
difi'erence  in  the  value  of  the  shoulder  by 
the  way  it  is  formed,  as  any  other  portion;  a 
poor,  thin,  coarse  shoulder  is  a  loss  always  in 
point  of  real  value,  behind  a  good  or  smooth 
one,  that  nearly  approaches,  in  point  of  value 
the  higher-priced  beef.  Here,  too,  we  get 
great  weight.  Consequently,  the  shoulder 
should  be  considered  a  more  weighty  matter 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


thau  some  of  the  light  fiiucies.  Fiincy  places 
great  stress  ou  the  brisket.  lieality  (the 
butcher)  says  it  is  uot  high-jiriced  beef,  aud, 
intrinsically,  worth  but  little.  A  long,  prom- 
inent brisket  adds  weight  to  low  i)riccd  beef 
with  out  adding  to  the  real  value  as  an  index 
to  a  broad  chest  and  strong  constitution. 
Fancy  makes  a  strong  point  in  favor  of  a 
heavy  brisket.  The  fore  legs — and  hind  ones 
too — fancy  overlooks  sometimes,  and  substi- 
tutes mill-posts  in  size  and  many  inches  in 
length,  lieality  says  that  soup  is  good,  but 
costs  too  much  to  make  coarse  shins  profitable 
as  they  never  sell  for  what  they  cost  in  the 
carcass.  Great  weight  in  the  crops  adds  to 
the  value  of  other  pai-ts  per  pound  over  light 
ones.  Fancy  and  prejudice  frequently  over- 
look this  fact — forgetting  that  light  crops  are 
classed  as  low  priced  beef,  while  heavy  or 
thick  crops,  besides  taking  the  weight  from 
the  paunch  and  offal,  add  to  the  weight  Oi  the 
high  and  valuable  parts.  Fancy,  and  preju- 
dice also,  frequently  makes  great  sacrifice  in 
the  heart,  as  the  light  and  delicate  points  so 
much  admired,  generally  carry  the  same  deli- 
cate proportion  to  the  heart,  the  most  vital 
part  of  the  beast. 

If  the  animal  is  light  "through  the  heart" 
and  behind  the  shoulders,  the  action  of  that 
organ  will  be  hampered  and  the  robustness  of 
the  animal  wdl  be  diminished.  Fancy  over- 
looks many  faults  in  the  loins  and  hips;  while 
usefulness  says  that  the  ribs  should  be  well 
sprung — "round  as  a  barrel!" — and  uot  too 
short;  a  little  paunchiness  can  be  overlooked, 
as  a  good  feeder  generally  has  some  place  to 
put  it.  Loins  are  fancy  cuts  in  reality,  and 
should,  if  thick  and  broad,  even  it  a  little 
arched,  overbalance  many  minor  defects  of 
other  points.  Broad  loins  necessarily  make 
■wide  hii)s,  but  they  should  uot  be  rugged,  or 
rough — not  too  prominent,  esijecially  iu  a 
bull. 

Flanks  are  quite  important,  if  good,  and  of 
but  little  importance  if  light.  The  fore-Hank 
especiidly  should  be  full,  to  give  room  for  the 
internal  organs,  and  to  add  to  the  value  of  the 
plates.  A  low,  thick  hind  Haul*  is  also  very 
desirable,  adding  weight  without  occupying 
space  that  is  needed  for  anything  else. 
Great  weight  is  added  to  valuable  parts  by 
having  the  rumps  straight  aud  square,  carry- 
ing their  width  well  down  to  the  quarter. 
Peakedness  is  really  objectionable,  aud,  if  it 
comes  from  hips  too  wide,  they  had  better  be 
narrowed.  Fancy  frequently  protrudes  the 
quarters — rounding  them  up  behind,  which 
is  frequently  done  at  the  exijeuse  of  their 
length,  making  them  "cut  iu"  aud  too  short, 
besides  adding  coarse  meat.  The  twist  should 
be  well  let  down,  aud  full,  as  daylight  is  uot 
much  needed  at  that  point.  The  quality  of 
tne  quarter  is  nuieh  enhanced  by  being  in- 
creased in  weight  in  a  few  points  at  no  ex- 
pense of  space.  "Steak"  comes  down  better 
in  a  straight  hiud  leg  than  in  a  crooked  one. 
Thigh  bones  are  necessary,  but  might  just  as 
well  be  covered  with  meat  as  to  be  bare.  The 
shorter  from  the  ground  to  the  hock,  and  the 
longer  from  there  up  the  better.  As  hind  leg 
Boup  is  no  better  than  fore  leg  soup,  the  less 
the  better.  Fancy  runs  wild  ou  the  tail,  con- 
demning an  animal  frequently  on  account  of 
its  length  or  shortness,  even  the  brush  com- 
ing in  for  a  full  share  of  condemdatiou  or 
praise — I  suppose  on  the  ground  that  "the 
beautiful  should  be  encouraged,  as  the  useful 
will  encourage  itself."  "Ox-tail"  soup  is 
about  its  only  use  —after  fly-time. 

Fancy  "goes  in"  on  the  hide  with  no  little 
prejiidice  for  or  against  certain  imaginary 
qualities  that  are  freiinently  taken  as  superior 
to  the  best  forms  and  largest  preponderance 
of  valuable  parts.  Especuilly  is  the  fancy  of 
f(!eliMg  (jualities,  when  taken  against  the  form 
of  an  animal,  overestimated,  as  many  thick 
or  hard-hidi-d  animals  that  are  well  formed 
will  testify  by  their  quick  growth  aud  heavy 
weights.  The  quality  of  the  flesh  is  what  is 
wanted,  aud  reality  says  that  the  feeling 
quality  of  the  hide  does  not  always  determine 
that.  Of  course  the  color,  thickness,  plia- 
bility, etc.,   of  the  hide  is  more  of  au  index 


thau  a  reality  of  itself.  A  good  covering  is 
needed,  and  that  is  why  thSanimalbas  a  hide 
at  all.  It  is  true  we  take  advantage  of  it,  and 
sometimes  get  our  foot  iu  it  iu  more  w.ijs 
that  one.  The  same  might  be  said  of  the 
hair,  for,  after  nature  is  provided  for,  the 
balance  is  nearly  all  fancy.  The  color  of  the 
hair,  varying  from  white  to  red,  which  are 
sure  tokens  of  Short-horus,  is  much  more 
fancy  than  reality,  aud  our  prejudices  are 
governed  more  by  this  ditierenee  thau  men 
are  willing  to  acknowledge.  So  in  regard  to 
pedigrees.  Fancy  would  lead  us  to  a  differ- 
ent conclusion,  from  the  way  it  runs  crazy 
after  some  old  bull  that  lived  perhaps  a  hun- 
dred years  ago,  with  no  more  than  a  number 
for  a  pedigree — condemning  others,  withoiit 
any  more  reason,  for  doiug  the  same  thing. 
Reality  says  that  pedigree  fanciers  live  in 
"glass  houses"  and  should  be  careful  about 
"throwing  stones."  Reality  says  that  pedi- 
gree and  form  constitute  the  animal,  and  that 
either  without  the  other  will  surely  "play 
out"  iu  the  end.  How  far  we  can  follow 
fancies  aud  make  stock  profitable  is  a  question 
that  time  alone  can  settle.  That  many  are 
guilty  (more  or  less)  of  following  fancy  to  the 
sacrifiece  of  reality,  no  one  can  successfully 
deny.  For  my  owu  part,  auy  fancy  (or  whim, 
if  you  please)  that  I  can  follow,  without  sac- 
rificing usefulness,  that  will  please  my  cus- 
tomers— that  they  are  willing  to  pay  for — I 
intend  to  follow  just  as  long  as  they  are  iu 
that  notion;  but  I  am  not  willing,  while  fancy 
demands  a  sacrifice  of  usefulness,  to  follow 
in  the  fashion,  even  at  the  risk  of  being 
called  au  "old  fogy."  These  points  maybe 
too  strongly  presented — overdrawn.  If  so, 
the  writer  only  has  to  apologize,  because  he 
thinks  there  is  danger  enough  already  to 
warrant  it.  He  would  suggest  that  others 
make  a  note  thereof,  and  then  do  as  they 
please,  of  course. — N.  E.  Farmer. 


High-Priced  Stock. — English  agricultural 
journals  are  having  quite  a  warm  discussion 
on  the  subject  of  the  high-prices  being  de- 
manded and  paid  for  Short-horns  of  certain 
strains.  The  AyricuUural  Gtnelte  thiuks  the 
matter  entirely  overdone,  while  the  North 
British  AgrictUturisl  takes  the  opposite  side. 
It  says:  Those  high-bred  aud  high-priced 
Short-horus  which  have  of  late  come  iu  for 
so  much  abuse  at  the  hands  of  certain  agri- 
cultural journalists,  cost  perhaps  too  much 
money,  but  that  breeding  entirely  from  certain 
strains  is  a  mistake,  is  open  to  question. 
Take  two  representative  bulls,  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire's  Duchess  bull,  aud  Lord  Erwiu; 
say  nothing  about  pedigree,  the  latter  may  in 
a  sense  be  the  best  beast;  but  there  is  no  man, 
half  a  judge,  not  to  speak  of  peiligree,  would 
prefer  him  to  the  Duchess  bull.         *         * 

*  So  it  is  with 
Bates  aud  Booth  cattle  of  high  descent.  The 
big  prices  are  the  very  thing  that  keeps  the 
stream  pure  and  helps  to  fertilize  the  whole 
Short-horn  world.  There  is  a  certain  potency 
iu  a  small  quantity  of  this  high-bred  blood — 
latent  it  may  have  been  in  the  original — but 
when  mixed  with  that  of  more  plebian  origin 
it  finds  its  way  into  those  thick-fleshed  ani- 
mals which    "painstaking   breeders"   like    to 


English  Shoet-Hoen  Sales  for  1875. — We 
copy  the  following  list  from  the  Mark  iMne 
Express  and  ]  publish  it  as  a  guide  to  breeders 
in  fixing  upon  the  dates  tor  the  local  sales: 
April  28,  part  of  Col.  Kingscote's  herd  at 
Kingscote,  Wotten-under-Edge,  Gloucester- 
shire. April  2'.),  part  of  Mr.  Bowly's  herd, 
at  Siddington  House,  Cirencester.  April  :)0, 
probably  the  whole  of  Mr.  J.  A.  Mumford's 
herd,  Chilton  I'avk,  Thame.  August  2.'),  the 
large  portitm  of  the  Karl  of  Dunuiore's  herd, 
Dunmore,  Stirling,  N.  B.  Septendier  2,  the 
entire  herd  (about  100  head)  of  the  late  Mr. 
Torr,  of  Aylesby  Manor,  Grimsby,  Lincoln- 
shire. September  7,  part  of  Lord  Skelmers- 
dale's  hi'rd,  Latliom  House,  Onnskirk.  Sejit. 
9,  Short-horns    belonging  to   Messrs.    Foster 


and  More,  near  Carlisle.  September  10,  part 
of  Sir  Wilfred  Lawson's  herd,  Brayton,  Car- 
lisle. September  22,  part  of  Mr.  H.  J.  Shel- 
don's herd,  Brailes  House,  Shipston-on-Stour. 
September  23,  Mr.  J.  W.  Philips'  Short- 
horns, Heybridge,   Cheadle,  Staffordshire, 


It  has  been  decided  by  the  stock-breeders  of 
Connecticut  to  hold  a  Spring  meeting  as  well 
as  a  Fall  meeting  this  year.  The  premiums 
at  the  former  will  amount  to  $12,000,  and  at 
the  latter  about  $10,000. 


Dust  for  the  Animals. 

A  writer  in  the  ComUry  Oenileman  thus 
"goes  for"  the  advocates  of  combing  and  cur- 
rying: 

I  do  not  advocate  dirty  sun-oundiugs,  but 
merely  deny  there  is  any  benefit  in  grooming 
young  or  breeding  stock  generallj',  and  main- 
tain that  if  sheltered  by  night  and  allowed  to 
roam  about  by  day,  then  evil  instead  of  good 
arises;  for  I  never  knew  an  instance  of  lice 
hurting  well-fed  aud  healthy  young  stock 
when  suffered  to  go  out  and  about  diuly, 
whereas,  in  many  instances  I  have  seen  colts 
and  calves  which  have  been  curried  aud 
brushed,  that  have  swarmed  with  vermin,  and 
the  owner  has  been  obliged  to  dress  with  poi- 
son to  get  rid  of  them. 

Sand  and  dust  rubbed  into  a  lousy  animal's 
coat  will,  by  a  few  applications,  cause  lice  to 
disappear,  for  the  animal  will  shake  itself  aud 
they  will  fly  out  with  the  dust,  the  same  as 
fleas,  etc.,  are  shaken  out  of  a  heu's  feathers 
after  she  has  dusted  herself  in  soil  or  ashes. 
See,  too,  how  horses  and  mules  will  roll  every 
opportunity,  and  by  turning  over  on  their 
backs,  try  all  they  can  to  have  some  dust  ou 
everj'  part  of  the  body,  thus  proving  beyond 
any  question  that  some  dust  is  gratifying  to 
the  feelings  of  the  animals.  Yes,  let  auy  gen- 
tleman have  any  or  aU  of  his  nags,  draught 
horses  or  mules  cleaned  to  look  their  very 
best,  and  then  turn  them  out  of  doors  with- 
out halter  upon  them,  and  if  every  one  of 
them  does  not  lie  down  aud  roll  in  the  most 
dusty  place  convenient,  I  will  forfeit  my 
rejjutatiou  as  a  judge  of  what  is  good  for  live 
stock. 


Flax    Culture. 

Flax  is  a  very  quick  crop — the  producer  can 
receive  his  money  within  four  mouths  from 
the  time  of  sowing  the  seed.  If  seed  alone  is 
wanted,  the  best  yield  can  be  obtained  from 
di'y,  rolling,  moderately  rich  land.  If  straw 
is  wanted,  choose,  moist,  rich  land,  such  as 
our  creek  snd  river  bottoms.  The  land  should 
be  clean  from  weeds.  On  dirty  land,  the  ex- 
pense of  raising  aud  harvestiug  the  crop  will 
be  more  than  doubled.  The  soil  must  be  put 
in  the  fiuest  possible  condition,  aud  be  made 
smooth  and  mellow  before  the  flax  is  sown. 
The  seed  should  be  covered  with  a  brush  har- 
row or  roller,  as,  if  covered  too  deep  it  will 
not  come  well.  A  heavy  ram  immediately 
after  sowing  will  cover  the  seed  sutfieiently, 
provided  the  soil  bo  very  fiue  and  mellow. 
Great  care  should  be  taken  to  procure  seed  of 
good  (juality.  It  should  be  fully  matured, 
plump  and  glossy,  and  free  from  foul  seeds. 
If  good  seed  is  desired,  sow  from  sixteen  to 
twenty  quarts  to  the  acre.  If  sown  two  thick 
the  heads  w  ill  be  smaller  and  not  so  well  filled 
with  seed. 

Flax  should  be  cut  as  soon  as  the  bolls  be- 
gin to  twtn  brown;  as,  if  left  standing  too 
long,  th<'re  will  be  a  great  loss  of  seed  iu  har- 
vesting. It  may  be  cut  with  almost  any 
reaper,  and  if  raised  jirimipally  for  seed, there 
is  no  necessity  for  bindiug  it,  but  it  may  bo 
left  iu  gavels  until  dry,  when  it  is  ready  for 
threshing.  It  is  better  to  thresh  early.  For 
threshing,  some  use  a  flail;  others  tramp  out 
the  seeil  with  horses;  while  others  use  the 
common  threshing  machines,  with  some 
slight  alterations.  The  average  yield  is  from 
twelve  to  fifteen  bushels  per  acre. — Ex. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


'.I. 


»Y  "faucy  for  chickens,"  writes  a  cor- 
respouJeut  to  the  Ci.xiidry  (JaiUcimm, 
dates  from  my  boyhood,  and  since 
7^wl\  then  I  have  been  a  close  observer  of 
jft.^  their  habits,  and  during  the  past  ten 
yeius  have  had  opportunity  to  test,  by  actual 
experiment,  my  long-coueeived  notions  of  the 
important  place  thej'  hold  among  the  produc- 
tive elements  of  the  farm.  Experience  has 
convinced  me  that  there  is  scarcely  any  inter- 
est of  the  farm  that  will  pay  so  large  a  return 
on  the  investment  and  labor  bestowed  upon 
it  as  will  the  keeping  of  the  domestic  fowl  iu 
flocks  of  '25  to  200,  the  uumbi-r  within  these 
limits  depending  upon  the  accommodations, 
extent  of  territory,  and  care  devoted  to  them; 
and,  farther,  that  the  egg-producing  depart- 
ment of  the  poultry  yard  is  that  in  which  lies 
the  greater  profit.  There  is  an  undoubted 
profit  iu  breeding  them  for  the  spit,  but  so 
much  more  in  keeping  them  for  the  produc- 
tion of  eggs,  that  I  consider  the  fotmer  ob- 
ject secondary  to  the  latter.  Please  accept 
the  statement  of  the  fact  that  the  past  five 
years'  management  of  a  flock  averaging  175 
shows  an  annual  profit  of  $350  from  eggs 
alone.  Assuming  the  proposition  that  they 
will  pay  largely,  it  behooves  us  to  consider 
the  merits  of  dift'ereut  breeds,  and  discover, 
if  possible,  the  best  variety  for  laying.  Un- 
der this  head  I  propose  to  give  you  a  leaf 
from  my  diary. 

Some  ten  years  since,  I  bought  with  my 
small  farm  the  poultry  on  it,  about  fifty  head 
of  common  fowls;  at  the  same  time,  I  pro- 
cured from  another  source  a  trio  of  Black 
Spanish  fowls,  from  which  I  reared,  during 
the  season,  about  twenty  pullets.  The  change 
from  city  to  country  life  gave  a  keen  relish  to 
everything  fresh  and  rural,  and  we  "  fared 
sumptuously"  every  morning  on  the  fresh 
laid  eggs;  but  with  the  fall  of  the  leaf  our 
short-lived  pride  of  the  table  soon  came  to 
grief.  Three  eggs  a  day!  What  a  beggarly 
show!  Wheat  screenings,  table  scraps, sheep's 
plucks  and  oyster  shells  in  vain  wooed  dame 
Partlett  to  fecundity;  but  with  the  December 
days,  a  gradual  increase  in  the  yield  was  de- 
veloped. The  combs  of  my  Spanish  beauties, 
"mantling  high"  with  the  red  emblem  of  ma- 
turity, blazoned  forth  the  secret  of  the  change, 
and  a  bountiful  supply  of  fresh  laid  eggs 
once  more  graced  our  table.  Selected  only  as 
handsome  specimens  of  the  feathered  tribe, 
the  great  superiority  of  the  Spanish  as  layers 
was  not  at  first  suspected;  but  I  immediately 
began  my  experiments,  and  in  the  following 
Spring  I  found  that  six  Spanish  hens,  kept 
apart  to  secure  purity  of  eggs  for  hatching 
purposes,  gave  an  average  of  three  eggs  each 
in  four  days  for  the  space  of  six  weeks — 
while  the  common  fowls,  under  similar  cir- 
cumstances, laid  only  every  other  day. 

In  ray  judgment  the  best  three  varieties  of 
laj'ers  known  to  us  are  the  Leghorns,  Span- 
ish and  Hamburgs,  and  first  of  all  1  place  the 
Leghorns.  The  eggs  of  the  Hamburgs  are 
too  small,  while  the  Leghorns  lay  a  large, 
plump  egg,  and  they  mature  much  earlier 
than  the  Spanish.  Chickens  hatched  in  the 
Spring  will  mature  and  commence  laying 
earlier  in  the  ensuing  Fall  than  the  Spanish, 
and  this  is  a  great  consideration,  since  it  is  on 
those  Spring  pullets  that  we  must  rely  for  our 
Fall  and  Winter  supply  of  eggs.  I  believe 
the  Leghorns  will  lay  the  heaviest  weight  of 
eggs  in  the  year  of  all  breeds  in  proportion  to 
their  size  and  food  consumed,  while  the  Brah- 
mas,  will  produce  the  lightest  with  like  re- 
latiiui  to  size  and  food  consumed.  There  is 
a  ditfereuco  in  the  laying  qualities  of  fowls  of 
the  same  variety,  and  I  have  noticed  that 
those  with  the  largest  combs  and  wattles,  or 
great  predominance  of  the  "red"  in  the  face 
and  about  the  head  are  invariably  the  best 
layers. 


Ducks. — A  farmer's  boy  writes  us  from 
East  Kludge  saying  that  he  has  a  pair  of 
ducks,  and  asking  how  he  shall  take  care  of 
them  so  as  to  make  the  most  of  them. 

About  a  year  ago  we  published  what  wc 
knew  about  ducks,  but  as  this  seems  to  have 
escaped  the  attention  of  our  yonng  friend,  we 
don't  mipd  repeating  some  of  it.  In  the  first 
place  then,  you  want  to  remember  all  the 
time  that  the  duck  is  a  great  feeder.  He  is 
not  very  particular  as  to  what  he  eats,  but  he 
wants  a  great  deal,  and  when  he  has  it,  grows 
very  rapidly  and  keeps  fat  all  the  time.  This 
Winter  your  ducks  vrill  eat  almost  anything 
which  you  can  give  them  from  the  table, 
crusts  of  bread,  potato  peeling,  old  turnips, 
bits  of  meat,  and  "swill"  generally,  besides 
grain.  Next  Summer  they  will  catch  and  eat 
an  innumerable  number  of  bugs,  worms, 
snails  and  insects  of  all  kinds,  and  this  is  one 
great  reason  why  we  like  ducks;  they  also 
relish  fish,  frogs  and  tadpoles,  but  are  not 
grass  eaters  like  geese.  This  Winter  you 
want  to  keep  them  where  they  can  have  a 
warm  place  to  sit  nights  and  a  chance  to  wad- 
dle around  in  the  sun  days.  A  tub  of  water 
to  which  they  can  have  access  will  furnish 
them  all  the  water  they  need,  and  some  kinds 
will  get  along  well  without  even  that.  We 
would  not  shut  them  in  a  small  pen  as  it 
would  soon  become  nasty  and  foul. 

They  probably  will  not  lay  next  Winter,  but 
by  April  they  should  commence  and  lay  an 
egg  every  day  until  Fall.  They  are  apt  to 
drop  their  eggs  anywhere  they  happen  to  be, 
but  if  encouraged  to  go  to  the  barn  for  feed, 
and  if  furnished  a  good  place,  can  generally 
be  made  to  lay  there. 

They  are  poor  hatchers,  careless  of  their 
business  when  first  hatched.  We  would 
therefore  take  their  eggs  and  set  them  under 
hens.  The  eggs  hatch  in  31  days  and  they 
require  no  attention  but  what  the  hen  will 
give  them.  When  once  the  hen  is  sitting 
leave  her  alone.  When  once  the  ducklings 
hatch,  feed  them  with  boiled  eggs  and  flour, 
and  crumbs  of  bread  soaked  in  sour  milk,  for 
a  few  days,  and  after  that  give  them  boiled 
meal,  boiled  potatoes,  cooked  bran  and  any 
bugs  or  angle  worms  you  can  find.  For  the 
first  week  or  ten  days,  or  longer  if  the  weath- 
er is  not  fine,  keep  them  confined  in  pens 
where  they  can  only  get  at  water  enough  to 
drink.  If  they  are  let  loose  they  take  to  the 
water  and  get  cold  and  die.  More  ducklings 
are  killed  by  going  too  early  into  the  water 
than  any  other  way.  For  this  reason  do  not 
let  them  out  when  the  grass  is  wet.  After 
they  are  three  weeks  or  two  months  old,  they 
may  be  let  loose  to  forage  in  the  garden  or 
field,  but  they  should  be  brought  home  every 
night.  Do  not  give  them  raw  food  except 
bugs  and  worms.  Ducks  need  wattr  iu  the 
Summer,  but  will  do  nicely  without  a  great 
deal.  As  we  have  said,  when  well  fed  they 
grow  rapidly,  and  are  ready  for  market  early. 
Mirror  and  Farmer. 

Curd,  made  by  scalding  milk  to  separate 
the  whey,  is  as  good  feed  for  young  ducks  as 
can  be  procured. 


Selection  of  Turkeys  for  Breeders. 
What  I  have  to  say  will  be  addressed  more  to 
farmers  than  fanciers.  It  is  to  be  supposed 
th,T(fr  fanciers  know  enough  to  keep  the  best, 
while  most  farmers  (in  this  vicinity,  at  least) 
sell  the  largest  and  best,  and  keep  over  a  little 
late  turkey  that  will  not  sell. 

I  think  thetronze  is  the  best  breed.  They 
are  very  hardy,  grow  to  a  large  size,  and  have 
splendid  i^lumage.  The  selection  in  breeding 
stock  is  of  the  utmost  imjiortance.  I  would 
not  keep  over  a  young  gobbler  weighing  (at 
six  months)  less  than  18  pounds — 20  or  25 
pounds  would  be  better — and  the  hen  to 
weigh  at  least  12  pounds  at  the  same  age.  A 
gobbler  weighing  20  pounds  at  that  age,  is 
cheaper  at  .JIO  than  one  weighing  but  12  or  14 
pounds  would  be  if  given  to  him. 

I  remember  the  first  Bronze  gobbler  I  bought 

cost  me  $7.75.   He  then  weighed  18".i  pounds. 

1  I  felt  rather  cheap  about  it,  but  it  was  the  best 


investment  I  ever  made  in  poultry.  The  De- 
cember aft«r  he  was  one  year  old  he  weighed 
35  pounds,  and  he  now  weighs  40  pounds.  I 
would  select  a  gobbler  that  was  broad  across 
the  back,  short  legged,  and  square  built.  .A. 
tall,  stilty,  tliin-bnilt  bird  is  not  worth  keeping 
— always  remenibcring  that  a  young  Bronze  is 
comparatively  tall. 

The  hen  should  be  short  legged,  square 
built  and  long  bodied.  I  have  read  of  young 
hens  weighing  18  or  20  pounds,  but  have 
never  seen  them.  If  any  one  has  any  such 
hen  to  sell,  at  any  price,  I  should  be  glad  to 
hear  from  him.  It  is  just  as  much  trouble  to 
get  a  turkey  old  enough  to  take  care  nf  itself 
that  will  weigh  but  6  or  7  pounds,  as  it  is  one 
that  will  weigh  from  12  to  20  pounds.  An- 
other thing,  most  farmers  kill  the  old  birds  in 
the  Fall.  Now,  I  consider  old  birds  worth 
double  (for  breeders)  the  price  of  young  ones. 
If  I  had  an  old  hen  that  took  care  of  the  young 
turkeys,  was  all  right  otherwise,  I  would  keep 
her  until  she  was  at  least  five  yeai's  old.  And 
a  gobbler  that  proved  a  good  bird  at  maturity, 
I  would  keep  as  long.  The  young  turkeys 
will  be  largsr  and  stronger  when  hatched,  and 
are  easier  to  raise. — Ex. 


The  Best  Poultri  for  Geueral  Use. — In 
answer  to  this  question,  a  correspondent  of 
the  I'ouUry  World  says  he  has  arrived  at  tho 
conclusion  that  the  Brahmas,  all  things  con- 
sidered, are  the  best  for  general  purposes,  for 
the  following  reasons: 

I  have  found  them  the  best  Winter  layers 
if  started  early  iu  the  season;  this  is  the  time 
of  the  year  when  eggs  are  iu  the  greatest  de- 
mand, and  the  price  then  realized  is  fully 
double,  for  ordinary  family  consumption.  I 
find  that  it  costs  but  little  more  to  keep  them 
in  Winter  than  in  the  Summer  season ;  and 
for  limited  premises,  where  fowls  cannot  en- 
joy a  good  range,  the  excess  in  any  portion  of 
the  year  varies  but  slightly. 

Good  care  under  all  circumstances,  and  at 
all  times,  is  a  prime  necessity  to  success  in 
breeding  fowls.  These  larger  birds  need  no 
better  treatment  than  do  the  smaller  varieties. 
At  an  early  age,  the  cocks  are  ready  to  kill, 
and  they  average  much  larger  chickens  for 
market  uses,  at  a  time  when  dead  poultrj- 
brings  the  best  price  in  the  cities,  than  do 
small  breeds. 

As  mothers,  the  Brahma  hens  cannot  be 
excelled.  The  chickens  are  hardy,  and  make 
a  fine  table  fowl  if  properly  fed  and  strictly 
cared  for  from  the  shell;  and,  when  in  good 
condition,  in  the  early  Fall,  they  will  dress 
from  ten  to  twelve  pounds  a  pair  (often  heav- 
ier), which  is  almost  twice  the  dead  weight  of 
average  marketable  chicks,  now-a-days,  of 
the  common  varieties.  This  extra  weight  will 
far  more  than  compensate  for  the  extra  cost  of 
good  care  and  keeping;  and  the  Brahmas 
may  be  limited  to  narrow  confinement,  by  en- 
closure with  a  four-post  high  fence,  which  is 
a  consideration  of  consequence  in  many  lo- 
cations. 

■ — •-♦-• 

Crossing  Breeds. — I  have  a  flock  of  twenty- 
four  hens,  a  cross  mostly  of  White  Leghorn 
and  the  Light  Brahma.  They  have  laid  fairly 
during  the  past  Winter,  but  in  three  days  of 
the  last  week  in  February  they  laid  respec- 
tively fifteen,  twenty,  and  twenty-one  eggs. 
Can  any  one  tell  me  of  so  large  a  yield  of 
eggs  from  this  cross  thus  far?  The  produce 
is  hardy,  of  good  size,  and  fuller  in  the  breast 
that  the  pure  Brahmas,  and  almost  as  broad 
on  the  back  and  in  the  rump.  The  legs  are 
nearly  free  from  feathers,  which  is  a  great  im- 
jjrovement  to  my  eye,  and  they  are  not  such 
inveterate  setters  as  I  find  the  Brahmas.  In 
fact,  some  do  not  want  to  sit  at  all,  and  others 
that  do  can  be  broken  up  in  three  or  four 
d.ays,  instead  of  as  many  weeks,  as  it  has  often 
taken  me  with  pure  Brahmas,  and  I  have 
tried  every  method  for  this  purpose  I  ever 
heard  of.  This  cross-breed  of  hens  has 
proved  superior  to  my  Houdans  in  laying  the 
past  winter. — A.  B.  Alien,  in  Country  (jenUe- 
riwn. 


""S&'^W^- 


California  Horticulturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Remedies  fob  Hen  Lice, — As  the  Summer 
heats  incrfiise  hen  lice  multiply  auJ  the  broods 
need  constant  looking  after.  It  is  a  safeguard 
to  put  tobacco  in  the  nests  of  siting  hens. 
Refuse  tobacco  or  old  stems  will  answer  the 
purpose.  If  lice  are  already  in  the  hennery 
make  a  strong  decoction  of  tobacco  and  apply 
it  with  a  syringe  all  over  the  inner  surface. 
Sulphur  sprinkled  in  the  nests  and  about  the 
roosts  is  also  a  good  remedy.  Insects  do  not 
like  the  smell  of  brimstone.  Another  remedy 
much  used  recently  and  very  easily  applied  is 
kerosene  oil.  Strips  of  listing  from  the  tai- 
lor's shop  are  tacked  upon  the  roosting  jioles, 
and  these  are  saturated  with  the  oil.  The  hens 
upon  the  poles  get  some  of  this  oil  upon  their 
feathers,  and  wherever  it  touches  it  drives  off 
the  insects  or  kills  them.  Carbolic  acid  is  a 
cheap  destroyer  of  insect  life.  It  is  largely 
diluted  with  water  and  applied  to  all  parts  of 
the  house.  If,  m  very  old  houses,  one  appli- 
cation is  not  sufficient,  repeat  it. — X. 

A  lime  wash,  made  of  tobacco  juice  and 
lime,  is  also  good  to  drive  away  lice  from 
buildings  and  roosts. 


mmxL 


More  Hogs  and  Less  Wheat. 


"il?  Union  some  hard  sense  under  this  head, 
t^u%  and  had  it  been  written  for  California 
(^Q3  farmers  it  could  not  have  been  worded 
much  better.  Read  it,  and  consider  well  the 
facts. 

Why  don't  we  raise  pork?  I  cannot  tell, 
unless  it  be  that  the  goddess  Ceres  has  so  fas- 
cinated and  blinded  us  by  her  charms  that 
wheat,  and  wheat  only  could  we  sow  and  reap 
on  our  virgin  soil.  But  the  goddess  sutlers  a 
terrible  eclipse  this  year,  and  let  us  quietly 
break  from  her  leading  strings  and  discuss  the 
pros  and  cons  of  raising  swine  for  profit  after 
the  example  of  our  thrifty  neighbors. 

It  must  be  admitted  the  price  of  pork  fluc- 
tuates greatly,  but  none  can  doubt  it  will  bear 
a  good  price  for  two  or  three  years.  Besides 
we  should  at  least  supply  oiu'  own  rapidly  in- 
creasing wants  at  all  times.  It  is  a  burning 
disgrace  to  us  farmers  that  we  have  to  import 
pork,  bacon  and  lard.  We  belive,  on  the 
contrary,  that  it  would  be  a  wise  and  prudent 
policy  for  our  own  farmers  to  go  into  the  busi- 
ness largely,  and  export  this  product  by  mil- 
lions of  dollars  annually.  The  large  and  in- 
creasing export  to  Europe  will  keep  up  a  fair 
market,  and  we  can  ship  pork,  bacon  and 
lard  much  cheaper  than  wheat.  But  let  us 
pass  to  the  next  question— 

HOW  SHALL   WE  BAISE  THEM? 

First,  how  iioi  to  Ho  it.  Don't  attempt  to 
hang  up  high  hopes  and  expectations  on  the 
big-boned,  long-legged,  lean,  slab-sided,  two- 
forty  racers;  or  even  the  common  scrubs  of 
slow  growth,  but  ravenous,  all-devouring  eat- 
ers. Don't  keep  only  the  breeding  hogs  over 
Winter.  Don't  freeze  them  by  cold,  wet, 
nnlittered  pens,  and  don't  starve  them  with 
wish-washy,  homeopathic  doses. 

Commence  with  the  best  well-bred  grade  of 
pigs  you  cau  easily  find  of  any  of  the  early 
maturing  breeds.  These  are  so  widely  dif- 
fused there  is  no  excuse  for  keeping  inferior 
ones.  Breed  to  a  thoroughbred  male  of  the 
most  hardy  and  early  maturing  blood — we 
would  choose  Berkshires,  and  be  sure  you  are 
not  deceived  by  men  who  will  sell  grades 
for  pure  breds.  The  young  pigs  should  bo 
drojiped  in  March  or  early  in  April,  and  give 
them,  without  fail,  a  well-littered,  warm  pen. 
Give  them  the  best  start  in  life  you  can.  They 
will  pay  you  richly  for  care  and  good  feed. 
Have  a  clover  lot  in  early  Summer  to  turn 
them  in.  lu  August  turn  them  into  the  corn 
(grain)  field,  fencing  off  a  small  area  by  a 
hurdle  fence.  After  harvesting  this  lot  move 
the    fence    round    another    lot,    unless   you 


choose  to  follow  up  with  the  store  hogs.  Keep 
changing  as  necessary  your  hurdle  fence,  and 
watch  the  jiorkers  grow  fat.  You  may  give 
the  fluishing  touch  to  them  in  your  pens  if 
you  keep  into  December.  Kill,  cut,  barrel, 
smoke  and  try  out  the  product  yourself,  and 
learn  to  do  it  well.  Vou  then  reap  the  whole 
harvest,  and  save  the  middlemen's  profit. 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  or  seventy-five 
pounds  of  the  sweetest,  nicest  quality,  turned 
when  eight  or  nine  months  old,  will  swell  out 
the  pocket  book  to  a  greater  rotundity  than 
wheat  or  beef — and  think  of  the  little  labor 
and  expense.  Try  it,  farmers.  But,  remem- 
ber, the  keystone  of  success  is  the  use  of  a 
pure-bred  male  of  one  of  the  improved  breeds, 
and  generous  care  and  feeding. 


Impovement  IN  Bkeedino  Swine. — At  all 
our  fairs,  at  all  our  markets,  and  upon  the 
premises  of  all  good  farmers,  we  see  the  most 
surprising  evidence  of  improvement  in  our 
stock  of  hogs.  Pure  blood  has,  within  the 
last  twenty  or  thirty  years,  done  more  to  im- 
prove our  swine  than  any  other  class  of  do- 
mestic animals.  Several  reasons  may  be 
assigned  for  this:  In  the  first  place,  the 
breeding  of  pigs  is  an  easier  and  more  simple 
matter  than  the  breeding  of  horses  or  cattle, 
or  even  sheep.  We  breed  here  for  flesh  and 
fat  only;  and  owing  to  the  extraordinary  fe- 
cundity of  the  species  we  may  modify  the 
characteristics  of  a  variety  in  a  comparatively 
short  period.  In  the  next  place,  as  hogs 
make  no  other  return  for  their  keeping  than 
that  derived  from  their  carcass  when  slaugh- 
tered, the  importance  of  the  best  form  and 
quality  for  the  production  of  the  most  jirofit- 
able  carcass,  is  more  manifest  and  pressing 
here  than  with  any  other  species.  It  requires 
very  little  intelligence  to  discover  that  to  pro- 
duce pork,  bacon  and  lard  profitably,  we  must 
have  a  variety  of  pigs  that  can  be  brought  to 
their  average  maximum  weight  at  from  ten  to 
fifteen  months  old — experience  has  demon- 
strated that  it  will  not  pay  to  keep  them 
longer.  For  this  purpose  we  must  have  a 
round,  straight  carcass  on  short  legs.  Me- 
dium sizes  are  better  than  very  large  ones, 
more  economical,  and  produce  better  pork, 
selling  usually  for  the  best  prices. 

The  farmers  of  America  are  entitled  to  great 
credit  for  sagacity  in  resorting  to  superior 
blood  for  the  improvement  of  their  swine;  and 
when  we  reflect  how  extending  and  wide- 
spread has  been  the  benefit,  and  how  self-evi- 
dent its  great  value,  we  wonder  that  the  same 
judicious  practice  has  not  been  resorted  to  in 
the  improvement  of  other  stock.  As  we  have 
said,  the  beneficial  results  are  more  immedi- 
ate here,  and  secured  at  less  expense  than 
where  pure  blood  is  resorted  to  for  the  im- 
provement of  cattle;  but  the  necessity  is  not 
greater  in  tiie  one  case  than  the  other,  though 
it  is  more  obvious. 

For  twenty-five  to  fifty  dollars  we  may  se- 
cure the  best  thoroughbred  boar,  and  if  he 
has  work  enough  to  do  he  will  more  than  pay 
for  himself  the  first  season.  For  one  hund- 
red and  fifty  to  three  hundred  dollars  a  good 
thoroughbred  bull  may  be  had;  and  he,  too, 
may  be  made  to  pay  for  himself  in  a  single 
season.  While  the  keeping  of  inferior  cattle 
does  not,  to  an  unobserving  farmer,  appear  so 
self-evideutly  unprofitable  as  the  keeping  of 
scrub  pigs,  the  loss  is,  nevertheless,  grejjter, 
as  the  rearing  and  keeping  of  cattle  involves 
so  much  more  expense. — Cor.  National  Live 
iStock  Joiu'ncd. 


Dressing  Black  Hogs. — If  care  is  taken  in 
scalding  black  hogs  they  cau  be  dressed  as 
white  as  any  white  hog.  It  is  a  well  known 
principle  that  all  black  substances  absorb 
he.it.  Hence  in  dressing  black  hogs  tho 
water  should  not  bo  so  hot  as  in  scalding 
white  ones.  If  this  simple  rule  bo  observed, 
there  will  bo  no  dilUculty  in  dressing  black 
hogs.  Instead  of  this  color  being  an  objec- 
tion, I  consider  it  as  an  advantage,  for  tho 
skin  of  a  black  hog  will  always  be  found  to 
be  smooth  and  glossy,  free  from  cutaneous 
eruptions  and  always  clean. 


The  Berkshibe  Pig. — The  old  Berkshire 
hog  was  held  in  very  high  esteem  for  many 
years,  centuries  perhaps.  It  was  regarded  as 
the  best  pig  in  England,  and  was  naturally 
selected  as  the  basis  of  the  wonderful  improve- 
ments which  have  built  up  tho  reputation  of 
the  modem  Berkshire  on  such  a  basis  of  in- 
trinsic good  qualities.  It  is,  no  doubt,  true 
that  much  of  the  improvement  is  due  to  the 
Chinese  cross. 

Sidney,  a  popular  English  writer  on  swine, 
says:  "Among  the  black  breeds,  by  universal 
consent,  the  improved  Berkshire  hog  stands 
at  the  head  of  the  list,  either  to  breed  pure  or 
to  cross  with  inferior  breeds.  The  Berkshire 
was  originally  a  large  breed  of  a  black  and 
white  and  spotted  sandy  color.  The  'late' 
Lord  Barrington,  who  died  in  1829,  did  a 
great  deal  towards  improving  the  Berkshire 
breed,  and  the  improved  Berkshires  are  al- 
most all  traced  back  to  his  herd.  They  are 
now  considered  by  Berkshire  fanners  to  be 
divided  into  middle  and  a  small  breed.  If 
first  class  they  should  be  covered  with  long 
black  silky  hair,  so  soft  that  the  problem  of 
'uuiking  a  silk  purse  out  of  a  sow's  ear'  might 
be  solved  with  a  prize  Berkshire.  The  white 
should  be  confined  to  'four  white  feet,  a  white 
si)ot  between  the  eyes,  and  a  few  white  hairs 
behind  each  shoulder.'  " 

The  Berkshire,  now  so  far  improved  of  it- 
self, has  been  extensively  used  to  give  size 
and  constitution  to  other  breeds,  to  the  Es- 
sex, etc.  It  must  be  regarded  as  a  great  and 
desirable  acquisition  to  our  American  swine, 
and  we  are  glad  to  see  so  many  fine  specimens 
at  our  fall  cattle  shows. — Mass.  Ploughmom. 


Money  in  Hogs. — We  have  repeated  that 
there  was  money  in  pork  if  farmers  would 
raise  good  stock  hogs  and  take  advantage  of 
the  improved  breeds  introduced  into  our  State. 
We  are  furnished  with  proof  of  this  as  fol- 
lows: Mr.  Joseph  Oppenheimer,  of  Colville, 
Oregon,  two  years  ago  purchafed  a  good  Berk- 
shire boar  pig  of  S.  G.  Reed,  for  the  purpose 
improving  his  stock  of  hogs.  He  recently 
kUled  twenty  graded  hogs  18  months  old  and 
their  average  weight,  dressed,  was  366  pounds 
— two  of  them  weighing  respectively  470  and 
and  478  pounds.  Who  cau  doubt,  then,  that 
It  will  pay  to  improve  our  breed  of  hogs?  It 
is  a  great  mistake  to  suppose  that  hogs  can 
only  be  fattened  with  wheat.  Every  farmer 
should  have  a  boiler  conveniently  fixed  to 
cook  hog  feed,  and  then  he  could  utUize  all 
his  root  crops,  boil  potatoes,  squashes,  apples, 
etc.,  add  a  little  chopped  wheat  to  strengthen 
the  diet,  and  so  insure  hogs  well  and  cheaply 
fattened.  There  is  no  better  opening  for  a 
sure  thing  in  connection  with  farming  than 
for  every  farmer  to  raise  at  least  twenty  hogs 
and  fatten  thus  each  year.  We  even  assert 
that  he  would  not  lose  money  on  them  if  he 
had  to  feed  them  wheat  worth  a  dollar  a 
bushel.  But  the  first  thing  to  do  is  to  im- 
prove the  stock  of  animals. —  WUlamelle  Far- 
mer. 


Wheat  or  Corn  as  Feed  for  Hogs. — A  cor- 
respondent of  the  Kansas  Farmer  says  a  large 
hog  feeder,  in  Illinois,  informs  him  that  he 
has  produced  eleven  jiounds  of  pork  from  a 
bushel  of  corn,  and  seventeen  pounds  from  a 
bushel  of  wheat.  He  grinds  the  wheat.pours 
boiling  water  over  it  and  allows  it  to  stand 
some  hours. 


The  Most  Nutritious  Food. 

The  following,  according  to  the  celebrated 
Dr.  J.  C.  Beck,  shows  tho  amount  in  pounds 
nourishment  contained  in  a  hundred  jiounds 
each  of  the  article  of  food  as  stated  below: 

Corn,  97  Ihs;  peas,  93;  beans,  90;  rice,  90; 
wheat,  85;  barley,  83;  rye,  80;  bread,  80;  meat 
S.'j;  beets,  18;  carrots,  14;  turnips  and  gi-eens, 
about  8. 

See  how  many  of  the  family  can  remember 
lUid  give  tho  per  cent,  in  the  order  as  above. 


s^jr* 


— ""^0^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Ihcfp  iuid  (60iit 


What  Breed   is  Best? 

tHE  best  breed  of  sheep  for  any  given 
climate  and  kind  of  pasturage  is  a  ques- 
tion that  is  worthy  of  some  discussion, 
as  wide  difference  of  opinion  prevails 
among  sheep  men.  The  breeders  of  each  va- 
riety seem  to  think  their  favorites  the  right 
ones  always.  But  the  experience  of  those 
who  are  engaged  in  the  business  for  profit  is 
probably  the  most  conclusive,  especially  when 
the  business  is  intelligently  conducted  with  a 
single  eye  to  success. 

It  has  been  demonstrated  that  the  Mexican 
sheep,  graded  with  Merino,  produces  too 
short  a  staple  of  wool,  when  sheared  twice  a 
year,  to  bring  a  remunerative  price.  And,  as 
there  are  two  seasons  of  short  feed,  and  the 
wool  is  consequently  weakened  thereby,  it  is 
necessary  to  shear  twice  to  avoid  the  weak 
place  ia  the  fleece  which  would  render  it 
worthless  for  fulling.  If  our  sheep  men 
could  so  contrive  as  to  feed  their  sheep  in  the 
Fall,  and  prevent  the  "break  in  the  wool,"  it 
would  be  best,  undoubtedly.  But  there  are 
large  sheep  ranges  that  are  now  occupied  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  saving  of  feed  for 
them  is  not  deemed  practicable.  Shearing 
them  twice  a  year  is  the  settled  custom,  and 
a  breed  of  sheep  that  will  grow  a  longer  fleece 
than  the  pure  Merino,  or  Merino  mixed  with 
the  common  sheep,  is  needed  for  open  ranges. 

Some  of  our  experienced  breeders  are  now 
mixing  the  Cotswold  with  the  Merino  to  give 
length  to  the  wool,  and  they  find  it  a  good 
thing  to  do.  The  Cotswold  not  only  gives  a 
greater  length  to  the  wool,  but  also  gives  a 
heavier  carcass,  making  the  weathers  much 
more  profitable  as  mutton  sheep.  By  select- 
ing the  finest  sheep  for  breeders,  and  care- 
fully crossing  a  few  times,  until  a  uniform 
texture  of  wool  can  be  obtained  throughout 
the  herd,  it  is  found  that  one-fourth  to  one- 
half  Cotswold  with  Merino  produces  the  re- 
quired length,  without  giving  coarseness 
enough  to  materially  lessen  the  value  of  the 
fleece.  The  experience  of  McCraeken  & 
Lewis,  of  San  Jose,  who  own  several  flocks 
of  sheep,  and  who  have  been  experimenting 
for  some  years  in  this  direction,  is,  so  far, 
conclusive  of  the  superior  value  of  the  cross 
of  the  Cotswold  with  the  Merino  and  common 
sheep  over  the  cross  of  the  Merino  and  com- 
mon sheep  alone,  as  generally  bred.  Our 
climate  and  sheep  ranges  are  peculiar,  and  it 
needs  a  good  deal  of  experience  to  discover 
the  best  exact  crosses  for  greatest  profit 
where  sheep  must  depend  entirely  on  pastur- 
age for  subsistence. 

But  when  farmers  generally  find  it  profit- 
able to  keep  a  small  flock  of  sheep  upon  their 
farms,  (as  they  surely  will,  in  time,  in  Cali- 
fornia) it  will  probably  be  found  best  to 
keep  the  sheep  in  good  condition  the  year 
round  and  shear  once  a  year.  Then  either 
the  long  wool  and  heavy  carcass  or  the  very 
fine  wool  sheep  will  be  found  best  in  their 
purity,  as  there  will  always  be  a  demand  for 
the  finest  staples  at  high  figures,  and  also  for 
the  long,  strong  combing  wools  at  good  prices. 

But,    until    the    time   comes  when   it  will 


no  longer  be  profitable  to  occupy  large  uncul- 
tivated ranges  with  sheep,  of  course,  it  is  a 
matter  of  a  good  deal  of  concern  to  such 
large  sheep  owners  to  get  the  best  breeds  and 
crosses  to  suit  their  purposes. 


The  MEKtNO.— This  is  what  a  writer  in  an 
Eastern    paper    says  in  favor  of  the  Merino 

sheep: 

For  wool  growing,  the  Merino  has  no  equal, 
and  the  mutton  standpoint  is  not  so  objection- 
able as  some  would  have  us  believe,  either  in 
quality  or  quantity. 

Where  the  proper  breeding  has  been  given 
to  produce  heavy  carcasses,  the  Merino  has 
and  always  will  produce  more  mutton  to  the 
acre  than  any  other  breed.  It  is  the  poor 
num'B  breed,  for  they  will  live  and  do  well  on 
loss  food  than  any  other  breed. 

For  the  pruduction  of  fancy  wool,  the  South- 
down, and  perhaps  all  the  Downs  are  to  be 
classed  under  this  head,  so  far  as  quality  of 
mutton  goes.  Some  of  the  Downs  are  "bet- 
ter for  wool  than  the  famous  Southdowns. 
Those  above,  kept  up  to  the  standard  of 
breeding  and  feeding,  are  very  profitable,  and 
are  unquestionably  the  most  fancy  looking 
sheep  in  a  flock  of  from  twenty  to  thirty-five. 

The  combining  of  wool  and  mutton  is  met 
exactly  in  the  Cotswolds,  Leicesters  and  Lin- 
colns.  Their  large,  heavy  carcasses  covered 
with  long,  lustrous  wool,  seem  the  very  em- 
bodiment of  sheep  perfection.  These,  like 
the  Downs,  required  and  demand  rich  pas- 
tures and  abundant  food.  Their  breeding 
qualities  are  not  so  good  as  the  Downs,  and 
seldom  do  well  in  flocks  of  any  size — say  from 
twenty-five  to  fifty,  is  as  many  as  are  profita- 
ble to  keep  in  one  flock.  Their  mutton  is  too 
fat  for  the  American  taste,  but  their  early 
maturity  and  great  size  will  continue  to  make 
them  popular,  especially  while  the  demand 
for  combing  wool  lasts.  There  is  no  reason 
to  suspect  any  decline,  either  on  their  mutton 
or  wool.  Their  adaptation  to  bad  treatment 
and  poor  pastures,  or  hilly  pastures,  will  for- 
bid them  ever  becoming  what  is  required  of 
them,  by  the  careless  or  common  shepherd. 


S.4XT  AND  Charcoal  tor  Sheep. — The  use 
of  charcoal  as  well  as  salt  has  been  highly 
recommended  for  cattle,  as  tending  to  keep 
them  in  good  condition  and  help  their  general 
improvement.  Salt  acts  healthily  on  the 
blood.  Charcoal  strengthens  and  heals  the 
mucus  membrane  throughout  the  alimentary 
canal,  and  increases  the  power  of  the  diges- 
tive organs,  healing  any  unhealthy  condition 
existing  there.  It  prevents  worms  generating 
in  the  stomach,  etc;  it  absorbs  the  putrescent 
gas  by  which  worms  are  generated,  and  they 
subsequently  die.  The  free  use  of  charcoal 
and  salt  will  contribute  to  protect  cattle  from 
epidemics,  and  wiU  counteract  the  eS'ects  of 
putrescent  or  septic  water.  Many  farmers 
have,  doubtless,  noticed  that  cattle  and  sheep 
are  remarkably  healthy  when  running  among 
the  charred  stumps  and  logs  recently  burned 
ofl'  fields.  We  have  known  a  flock  of  sheep, 
poor  in  flesh,  to  improve  to  that  extent,  when 
permitted  to  run  among  charred  logs  for  a 
few  weeks,  that  they  would  bring  double  their 
former  value.  The  good  eft'ect  is  not  perhaps 
so  marked  with  cattle,  but  is  always  advan- 
tageous to  the  health  and  prosperity  of  the 
animal. 


He  Thinks  Sheep  Pat  Best. — In  "Some 
Sheep  Talk, ' '  in  the  Xalionai  Live  Stock  Jour- 
nal, an  experienced  stock  keeper  says: 

I  have  been  feeding  some  three  hundred 
head  of  cattle,  and  I  am  satisfied  that  even 
with  the  most  favorable  conditions  for  selling 
when  the  time  comes,  I  shall  make  a  great 
deal  more  money,  dollar  for  dollar,  on  the 
money  I  invested  in  sheep  than  I  sh.all  make 
on  the  capital  invested  in  cattle.  I  have 
about  six  hundred  sheep,  running  without 
any  particular  attention  or  care,  and  have  sold 


one  thousand  four  hundred  dollars'  worth  of 
wool  of  this  year's  clip,  and  have  two  hundred 
and  fifty  lambs  besides.  I  do  not  think  it 
possible  to  have  done  so  well  on  an  equal 
amount  of  capital  invested  in  cattle.  One 
great  advantage  sheep  have  over  other  stock 
is,  they  never  die  of  the  contagious  diseases 
which  they  contract.  They  get  the  scab  crt 
foot  rot,  or  something  else,  and  if  unchecked 
it  gets  them  in  bad  condition,  and  would  ul- 
timately, perhaps,  kill  them.  But  the  very 
worst  contagious  disease  to  which  sheej)  are 
subject  give  the  owner  ample  time  to  treat  tho 
aflfccted  animals,  and  the  diseases  are  gener- 
ally of  a  character  which  yield  readily  to 
treatment. 


A  Comparison  of  Sheep. — A  sheep  breeder 
says:  All  farmers  should  know  the  most  i)ro- 
fitable  breed  of  sheep,  and  they  %W11  never 
know  except  as  I  have  learned — by  experi- 
ence. 

The  Merino  is  a  small  breed  and  makes  a 
small  turn-out  of  wool  but  a  large  qualtity  of 
grease  and  dirt,  which  is  very  bad  for  the 
buyer.  If  exposed  to  the  weather,  as  sheep 
generally  are,  they  are  short  Uved;  their 
lambs  are  delicate  and  much  trouble  to  raise. 

The  Southdown  is  a  much  hardier  sheep, 
and  better  for  wool  or  mutton  than  the  Meri- 
no; will  shear  more  wool  and  not  so  much 
grease  and  dirt;  has  a  heavy  carcass  and  is 
superior  as  mutton. 

The  Cotswold  is  acknowledged  by  all  know- 
ing stock  men  to  be  the  heaviest  breed  now 
known,  sometimes  weighing  three  to  four 
hundred  pounds.  Their  wool  is  from  three 
to  five  times  as  long  as  the  Southdown  or 
Merino,  and  is  called  combing  or  delain,  and 
is  more  sought  after  than  any  other  kind. 
They  are  vei-y  prolific,  sometimes  giving  birth 
to  three  or  four  lambs,  and  most  always  two. 
I  have  weighed  lambs  three  weeks  old  which 
weighed  thirty  to  forty  pounds.  They  stand 
the  Winter  as  well  if  not  better  than  any  other 
breed.  The  Southdown  is  thought  to  be  su- 
perior as  a  mutton  sheep,  but  I  have  never 
been  able  to  discover  the  difference  when 
brought  to  the  table.  The  cross  of  the  two 
makes  the  Shropshiredown,  a  very  fine  sheep 
for  all  purposes. — Souihfm  Farmer. 


Deessiko  Sheep. — If  you  want  good,  sweet 
mutton.lkill  your  sheep  without  worr3-ing  and 
fatigue,  the  less  exercise  the  better.  Hang 
him  up  by  the  hind  legs  and  clean  him  at 
once.  Now  change  ends;*hang  him  by  the 
head,  and  skin  down  to  the  tail;  the  job  ia 
done  in  half  the  time,  and  done  neatly.  It  is 
not  the  wool  that  gives  mutton  the  sheepy 
taste  and  smell,  it  is  the  food  dui-ing  exercise 
aud  after  being  killed,  hence  the  necessity  of 
speedy  work  until  cleaned.  This  much  I 
have  written  for  the  young  farmers,  and  ex- 
pect some  will  try  my  plan,  but  the  old  far- 
mers are  like  I  am — have  a  way  of  their  own, 
and  will  do  it  their  way  or  die.  Now,  I  hojje 
some  of  these  hard  heads  will  tell  what  they 
know  about  sheep,  too.    -Sx. 


Extensive  Use  of  the  "Weed." 

The  Americans  are  a  nation  of  tobacco 
chewers  and  smokers,  though  not  so  much  as 
some  others  given  to  the  use  of  snuff.  The 
statistics  of  traffic  in  the  "weed"  are  inter- 
esting. They  show  that  dviring  the  last  fiscal 
year  we  exported  318,097,804  pounds,  valued 
at  $130,39'J,181,  and  imported  10,000,000 
pounds  of  leaf  aud  stem,  valued  at  §5,332,- 
548  41,  and  845.744  pound  of  cigars,  or,  in 
round  numbers  7(5,888,000  cigars,  worth  $3,- 
038,628.  In  the  same  time,  from  foreign  and 
domestic  material,  we  manufactured  1,780,- 
901,000  cigars.  The  average  daily  consump- 
tion is  placed  at  5,168,000,  and  the  revenue 
realized  by  Government  was  §39,392,936. 


Petersham  has  produced  an  auctioneer  who 
tells  the  truth.  He  recently  told  a  bidder, 
"You've  got  a  good  bargain  on  that  sleigh  you 
bid  off  for  $2  50.  It  is  just  .as  good  for  "the 
hens  to  roost  on  as  one  that  costs  $60. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


The  Inmates  of  the  Hives. 


5S  N  order  for  a  colony  of  bees  to  maintain 
3  '.  an  existence  (other  conditions  being  favor- 
J  j-  able),  it  is  necessary  for  the  hive  to  con- 
s\  tain  three  kinds  of  bees:  1.  The  work- 
ifj  crs,  which  are  undeveloped  females,  are 
those  bees  that  perform  all  the  labor  of  the 
hive.  They  elaborate  the  wax,  build  the  comb, 
provide  for  and  uurse  the  young,  gather  the 
honey,  collect  the  pollen,  and  defend  and 
protect  the  hive.  The  life  of  a  woi'ker  bee, 
during  the  busy  season,  is  very  short — not 
over  80  days — CO  days  may  be  an  average.  In 
seasons  of  inactivity — as  when  torpid  from 
cold — they  live  much  longer.  2.  The  queen 
bee  is  the  mother  of  the  colony.  She  is 
sometimes  called  "the  king"  by  the  ignorant. 
There  is  only  one  to  each  hive.'  The  term 
"queen"  leads  many  persons  to  siippose  that 
she  rules  the  hive  like  a  sovereign  with  a  roy- 
al scepter.  Such  is  not  the  case.  It  is  true 
she  has  a  queenly  look,  but  her  office  is  only  to 
lay  eggs  that  are  to  hatch  and  develop  into 
young  bees.  After  she  deposits  the  egg,  she 
cares  no  more  for  it,  but  leaves  it  entirely  to 
be  provided  for  by  the  workers.  It  is  very 
important  for  the  bee  keeper  to  be  familiiw 
with  the  appearance  of  the  mother  bee,  so 
that  she  can  be  readily  distinguished  and 
found  when  necessary.  The  abdomen  of  the 
queen  is  much  longer  than  that  of  a  worker, 
and  is  also  free  from  hairs.  The  wings  look 
shorter,  while  the  legs  are  longer  and  have  no 
baskets  for  carrying  pollen.  The  black  queen 
resembles  a  black  wasp  more  than  a  worker 
bee.  As  she  runs  rapidly  when  scared,  and 
seeks  a  place  to  hide,  the  novice  often  has 
great  difficulty  in  finding  her.  When  you 
wish  to  look  for  her,  disturb  the  bees  as  little 
as  possible,  and  commence  to  look  carefully 
on  the  second  or  third  frame  from  the  outside. 
Look  in  the  corners  and  around  the  sides  of 
the  frame.  Examine  closely  each  frame.  If 
she  is  not  to  be  found  on  the  frames  of  comb, 
and  has  not  been  overlooked,  then  she  is  on 
the  sides  or  bottom  of  the  hive.  Sometimes 
it  may  be  necessary  to  remove  all  the  frames, 
and  shake  the  bees  on  a  sheet  in  front  of  the 
enti'ance,  and  then  look  out  for  the  queen  as 
she  goes  in.  After  the  eyes  once  get  familiar 
with  her  appearance,  very  little  trouble  wall 
ever  be  experiencecf  in  finding  her.  Italian 
queens  are  very  readily  distinguished  by  their 
bright  color  and  quiet  habits.  On  removing 
from  the  hive  the  card  of  comb  containing  the 
Italian  queen,  she  seldom  ever  runs  like  the 
black  one,  but  often  proceeds  with  her  opera- 
tion of  laying  as  though  she  were  in  the  hive. 
Ciueens  usually  live  about  three  years;  and 
are  said  never  to  leave  the  hive  except  to  meet 
the  drone  or  to  lead  out  a  swarm.  AVhen 
once  fertilized,  the  operation  is  for  life. 
Queens  are  often  superseded.  As  soon  as  the 
vigor  of  a  qucon  becomes  impaired,  the  work- 
ers, in  seeming  anticipation  of  her  barren- 
ness or  death,  proceed  to  make  preparations 
to  rear  another  mother  for  the  colony.  After 
selecting  the  egg  or  young  larva,  they  proceed 
to  enlarge  the  cell  around  it,  and  to  deposit  a 
great  mass  of  a  whitish  gelatinous  substance 
around  the  young  grub,  called  royal  jelly, 
which  is  the  food  that  noiirishes,  develops  and 
transforms  the  larva  that  would  otherwise  be 
a  common  worker  into  a  princess.  How  this 
royal  jelly  accomplishes  this  wonderful  trans- 
fcu-nuition  is  a  great  puzzle  with  apiarians. 
Many  untenable  theories  have  been  advanced 
to  account  for  it,  but  no  doubt  the  bees  will 
keep  the  true  secret  to  themselves  for  some 
time  to  come.  In  about  six  or  seven  days 
from  the  time  the  cell  is  started  the  bees  seal 
it  over.  It  now  has  some  little  resemblance 
to  a  ground  pea.  On  an  average,  the  young 
queen  will  hatch  in  about  twelve  days  from 
the  start  of  the  cell.  In  from  five  to  ten  days 
she  will  go  out  to  meet  the  drone,  and  in  a 
few  days  more  she  will  be  laying.  This  field 
of  apistical    science  ati'ords   great    room   for 


thought  and  observation. 

3.  The  drones  are  the  male  bees.  They  are 
large,  lusty  lookiug  fellows,  and  make  a  loud, 
coarse  sound  when  on  the  wing.  Their  mis- 
sion is  to  fertilize  the  young  queens.  When 
this  is  accomplished,  the  workers  have  no  fur- 
ther use  for  them;  and  as  they  are  non-pro- 
ducers from  necessity,  not  having  the  requi- 
site organs,  and  having  no  sting  or  means  of 
defense,  they  are  unceremoniously  ejected 
from  the  hive  or  killed,  when  the  honey  or 
pasturage  begins  to  fail.  They  are  retained 
much  longer  in  strong  colonies  than  in  weak 
ones.  When  one  colony  keeps  its  drones  long 
after  the  rest  have  destroyed  theirs,  it  argues, 
in  all  probability,  that  it  has  no  queen,  and 
needs  attention. 

The  bees  that  Sampson  found  in  the  lion's 
carcass  no  doubt  l:>uilt  their  comb  to  the  skel- 
eton ribs  in  the  same  geological  forms  that 
bees  of  the  present  day  build  theirs.  This 
may  be  instinct,  the  same  that  characterizes 
many  of  their  other  operations;  but  I  have 
never  yet  found  the  economy  of  the  hive  to  be 
governed  by  invariable  law.  Many  of  their 
actions  and  operation  seem  to  be  actuated  by 
a  higher  instinct,  bordering  on  the  principle 
of  cause  and  effect.  Who  of  us  is  always 
capable  of  drawing  the  exact  line  of  demarka- 
tion  between  instinct  and  reason? — /.  P.  II. 
Broimi,  in  Our  Ucmie  Journal. 


Shade  for  Bees. — My  observation  and  rea- 
soning have  led  me  to  the  conclusion  that 
shade  is  an  advantage,  and  a  decided  one,  to 
bees.  I  do  not  mean  a  dense  shade,  but  one 
partially  relieved  by  sunshine,  such  as  bees 
left  to  themselves  "vould  and  do  naturally  se- 
lect— in  the  tops  or  upper  part  of  trees,  in  a 
forest,  seldom  if  ever  the  lower,  humid  part  of 
the  wood.  Why  is  this?  Evidently  because 
bees  require  a  temperate  condition  of  the  ut- 
mo.sphere,  neither  too  cold  nor  too  warm,  too 
damp  or  too  dry,  too  light  or  too  dark.  These 
three  conditions  are  of  importance,  and  it 
should  be  the  business  of  the  bee  keeper  to 
aim  at  securing  them.  I  presume  no  one  will 
pretend  that  they  are  a  disadvantage;  that  an 
excessively  hot  or  an  extremely  cold  season  is 
a  favorable  one;  that  bees  will  do  well  in  a 
season  of  severe  drouth  or  great  humidity,  or 
with  little  sunshine  to  enliven  them.  The 
point  is  not  alone  the  abundance  of  honey  to 
be  collected,  but  the  condition  and  inclination 
of  the  bees  to  gather  it.  Bees  prefer  to  be 
undisturbed;  require  harmony  in  the  hive, and 
a  fiivorable  condition  of  the  atmosjjhere. 
There  are  many  other  things  that  have  an  in- 
fluence on  bees,  so  that  we  see  that  it  is  not 
alone  good  pasturage  that  is  required.  How- 
ever mui'h  honey  there  is  to  be  gathered,  on  a 
wet  day  little  is  done.  The  same  is  the  case 
with  an  extreme  of  cold,  and  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent with  excessive  heat ;  but  not  so  much 
with  the  latter,  as  bees  on  the  wing  or  in  col- 
lecting honey,  feel  less  the  solar  influence. 
This  brings  mo  back  to  my  iioint,  the  locality, 
the  habitation  of  the  bees,  which  is  different 
from  its  range.  The  one  has  air,  freedom; 
the  other  combines  heat,  if  the  hive  is  jilaced 
in  the  sun,  and  especially  on  a  southern  in- 
dication with  the  wind  warded  off.  Such  a 
situation  I  have  found  generally  to  be  unfav- 
orable. I  say  generally,  as  there  are  cool  and 
otherwise  favorable  seasons  that  are  excep- 
tions, in  which  colonies  so  situated  hare  done 
well. . 

But  how  can  the  favorable  atmospheric  con- 
ditions be  secured?  Nothing  is  easier.  An 
orchard  or  a  grove  will  do  it.  It  needs  only 
part  shade,  piu-t  sunshine.  This  tempers  the 
rays  of  the  sun,  and  secures  the  necessary 
moisture  in  a  drouth,  and  also  leaves  a  chance 
for  the  escape  of  an  excess  of  hiimidity. 
There  is  a  protection,  and  the  encotiragement 
which  boes  seem  to  derive  from  the  presence 
of  trees — perhaps  from  their  long  habit  of  as- 
sociation with  them.  Here  there  is  no  melt- 
ing heat  concentrated  on  the  hive.  Itiscom- 
jjaritively  cool  inside  and  pleasant  without. 
The  best  success  I  have  ever  known  with 
bees  has  been  in  orchards  and  shaded  door- 
ways, unless  I  except  a  few  cases  in  the  woods, 


where  wild  swarms  turned  out  the  most 
honey.  Now  there  are  some  seasons  in  which 
the  exposed  hives  will  do  as  well  as  those  pro- 
tected by  trees,  and  even  better  sometimes — 
when  there  is  a  lack  of  sun,  for  instance.  But 
take  the  seasons  on  an  average,  and  the  dif- 
ference is  decidedly  in  favor  of  protection.  I 
am  persuaded  that  an  elevated  range  is,  on 
the  whole,  better  than  a  low  place  or  valley. 
— Counlry  Gentleman. 

Bees,  Wasps  and  Gkapes. — Some  persons 
imagine  that  the  bees  injure  fruits,  and  es- 
pecially grapes.  They  are  greatly  in  error. 
It  is  useless  to  insist  on  the  part  taken  by 
bees  and  hornets  in  the  prejudice  done  to  our 
vineyards.  First  let  us  consult  the  books.  I 
do  not  find  a  siujle  book  on  agriculture,  hor- 
ticultnx'e,  fruit  or  grape  culture,  that  does  not 
cit«  the  wasp  among  noxious  insects  that 
should  be  fought  incessantly  and  mercilessly; 
while  not  a  single  book  mentions  as  such  the 
industrious  honey  bee,  whose  vindicator  I 
now  am. 

The  wasp  pierces  the  fniits;  to  the  grapes  it 
leaves  nothing  but  the  skin  and  the  seeds. 
The  bee  only  profits  by  those  spoils;  for  she 
usually  goes  from  blossom  to  blossom,  gather- 
ing honey  in  gardens  and  fields.  If  at  times 
she  is  seen  in  orchards  and  viaeyards,  where 
she  only  goes  after  the  wasps,  it  is  only  to 
gather  the  remains  of  the  feast. 

Curious  experiments  have  been  tried,  it  ap- 
pears: Some  sound  fruits  were  placed  simul- 
taneously within  the  reach  of  both  wasps  and 
bees,  the  former  have  soon  achieved  the  their 
work  of  destruction,  while  the  latter  stars'ed 
to  death. 

Therefore  bees  do  not  eat  grapes.  So,  it  is 
with  i^rofound  conviction  that  I  say  to  those 
who  wish,  if  not  to  prohibit,  at  least  to  render 
impossible  the  establishment  of  hives  in  the 
neighborhood  of  large  cities,  under  the  fal- 
lacious pretext  that  they  destroy  grapes.  Ke- 
spect  the  bee,  since  she  respect  our  fruits;  let 
her  Uve  in  peace  near  us,  she  never  will  be 
ungrateful.  Is  she  not  the  mysterious  instru- 
ment that  helps  and  facilitates  the  phenome- 
non of  the  fertilization  of  flowers,  and  per- 
haps produces  those  innumerable  and 
beautiful  varieties  by  carrying  pollen  from  the 
calyde  of  one  into  that  of  another?  Is  she 
not  the  living  image  of  work,  and  gives  us 
the  perfumed  honey  and  the  wax  that  we  use 
so  diversely? 

Respect  the  hives,  leave  them  where  the 
industrious  genius  of  man  placed  them,  for 
they  are  a  source  of  wealth  for  the  roof  that 
shelters  them,  and  for  the  country  that  nour- 
ishes them. — Buclier  du  Sud  Utccsl. 


Alwats  feed  your  bees  for  two  orthree  days 
after  they  have  swarmed,  be  the  weather  fair 
or  foul.  They  will  repay  your  attention  and 
your  liberaUty  with  usury,  before  the  season 
is  over. 


Human  Nature  in  Checkers. 

An  aged  couple  were  verj-  fond  of  checkers, 
and  played  qviite  frequently.  When  be  beat 
she  lost  her  temper.and  declared  she  wouldn't 
play  again.  It  vexes  him  to  have  her  act  so, 
but  he  controls  the  in'itation,  and  talks  to  her 
about  it.  He  tells  her  how  wrong  it  is  for 
people  at  their  ago  in  life  to  be  disturbed  by 
such  trifles,  add  shows  her  so  clearly  the  folly 
of  such  a  course,  that  she  becomes  ashamed 
of  her  weakness  and  returns  to  the  game,  and 
plays  it  so  well  that  she  beats  him.  Then  he 
throws  the  checkers  in  one  direction  and  kicks 
the  board  in  another,  and  says  he  will  never 
play  with  anybody  who  cheats  so  all-firedly, 
and  stalks  moodily  to  bed,  and  leaves  her  to 
pick  up  the  things. 

The  rate  on  fruit  between  Santa  Clara  and 
San  Francisco  the  coming  season,  by  rail, will 
be  as  follows:  On  berries,  per  chest,  '25  cents; 
half  chest,  12;^  cents.  Other  kinds  of  fruit, 
shipped  in  boxes  or  otherwise,  15  cents  per 
huiidrid  weight. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Treatment  of  Heifers. 

y' jfi'HE  longer  the  young  cow  with  her  first 
'Jj'f  and  second  calf,  can  be  made  to  hold 
^|(  out,  the  more  surely  will  this  habit  bo 
ra^  fixed  npon  her.  Stop  milking  her  four 
'%(jt  months  before  the  next  calf,  and  it  will 
be  difficult  to  make  her  hold  out  to  within 
four  or  six  weeks  of  the  time  of  calving  after- 
wards. Induce  her,  if  possible,  by  moist  and 
succulent  food,  and  by  careful  milking,  to 
hold  out  even  up  to  the  time  of  calviug,  it 
you  desire  to  milk  her  so  long,  and  this  habit 
will  be  lil«ly  to  be  fixed  upon  her  for  life. 
But  do  not  expect  to  obtain  the  full  yield  of  a 
cow  the  first  year  after  calving.  Some  of  the 
very  best  cows  are  slow  to  develop  their  best 
qualities;  and  no  cow  reaches  her  prime  till 
the  age  of  five  or  six  years. 

And  hero  wo  have  a  suggestion  to  make,  of 
too  great  importance  to  be  overlooked  or  dis- 
regarded, with  reference  to  the  time  the  young 
heifer  should  be  allowed  to  come  in.  Sup- 
pose a  heifer  came  in  with  her  first  calf  iu 
Winter,  or  cold  weather,  which  prevents  the 
distension  of  the  tissues  of  the  skin,  and  on 
dry  food,  such  as  she  would  generally  have  at 
that  season,  and  which  produces  at  best  but 
little  milk.  The  organs  of  secretion  will  have 
but  a  slight  development,  compared  with  what 
they  otherwise  would,  and  will  adapt  them- 
selves to  a  small  yield  of  milk.  This  will  be 
likely  to  become  a  fixed  habit  whicli  it  will  be 
exceedingly  difficult  to  break  up.  Hence  we 
somtimes  find  external  signs  and  actual  re- 
sults contradictory. 

The  extreme  importance  of  care  and  atten- 
tion to  these  points  cannot  be  over  estimated. 
There  is  a  constant  tendency  to  dry  up  in 
milch  cows;  and  it  must  be  guarded  agaiust 
with  special  care,  till  the  habit  of  yielding  a 
large  qnautitj',  and  yielding  it  long,  becomes 
fixed  in  the  young  animal,  when,  with  proper 
care,  it  maj'  easily  be  kept  up. 

If  gentle  and  mild  treatment  is  observed 
and  persevered  in,  the  oijeration  of  milking 
ajipears  to  be  one  of  pleasure  to  the  animal, 
as  it  undoubtedly  is;  but  if  an  opposite  course 
is  pursued — if,  at  every  restless  movement, 
caused,  perhaps,  by  pressing  a  sore  teat,  the 
auimal  is  harshly  spoken  to — she  will  be  apt 
to  learn  to  kick  as  a  habit,  and  it  will  be  dif- 
ficult to  overcome  it  ever  afterwards. 

With  the  exception  of  the  policy  of  milking 
cows  to  the  time  of  calving,  which  we  believe 
to  be  bad  for  both  calf  and  cow,  the  above 
from  the  Massachusetts  Ploughman  we  consider 
sound  advice  on  the  subject. 


More  About  Cheese. — It  is  important,  says 
the  Afa^s.  Plmightnan,  that  rennet  enough 
should  be  prepared  at  once  for  the  whole  sea- 
Son,  in  order  to  secure  as  great  a  uniformity 
in  strength  as  possible.  The  object  should 
be  to  produce  a  prompt,  complete,  and  firm 
or  compact  coagulation  of  all  the  cheesy  mat- 
ter. To  obtain  a  good  quahty  of  rennet  that 
will  effect  this,  the  animal  should  be  in  per- 
fect health,  and  the  stomach  should  be  emp- 
tied of  its  contents,  salted  and  dried  without 
any  scraping  or  rinsing,  and  kept  in  a  dry 
place  for  one  year,  when  it  is  fit  for  use,  but 
if  it  is  allowed  to  accumulate  dampness,  it 
will  lose  its  strength.  In  Cheshire,  so  cele- 
brated for  its  superior  cheese,  the  contents  of 
the  stomach  are  frequently  salted  by  them- 
selves, and  after  being  a  short  time  exposed 
to  the  air  are  fit  for  use;  while  the  well  known 
and  highly  esteemed  Limburg  cheese  is  mostly 
made  with  rennet  prepared  as  in  Ayrshire, 
the  curd  being  left  in  the  stomach,  and  both 
dried  together.  The  general  opinion  is  that 
rennet,  as  usually  prepared,  is  not  fit  to  use 
till  nearly  a  year  old. 

Perhaps  the  plan  of  making  a  liquid  rennet 
from  new  and  fresh  stomachs,  and  keeping  it 
in  bottles  corked  tight  till  wanted  for  use, 
would  tend  still  further  to  secure  this  end. 


To  PuErFY  Dairy  Utensils. — Stand  on  end 
in  a  convf  nient  place  for  use,  an  open-headed 
vessel  of  suitable  dimensions  for  the  size  of 
the  dairy,  say  from  half  a  barrel  to  a  hogs- 
head. In  this  alack  some  good  quick  lime, 
enough  to  make  thin  whitewash  when  filled 
full  of  water,  and  cover  to  keep  out  dust  and 
dirt.  The  lime  will  settle,  leaving  a  saturated 
solution  of  lime  over  it,  as  clear  as  spring 
water.  After  using  the  milk  pans,  etc.,  wash 
them  as  other  utensils  are  washed  and  rinsed; 
then  dip  them  in  the  adjoining  cask  of  clear 
water,  giving  them  a  quick  turn,  so  that  every 
part  becomes  immersed  therein ;  set  them  to 
drain  and  dry,  and  the  purification  is  com- 
plete without  any  scalding  process,  from  the 
new  i^au  to  the  old  worn  out  one. 

The  lime  in  the  clear  water  instantly  neu- 
tralizes the  acidity  of  the  milk  yet  remaining 
in  the  crack  or  seams,  etc.,  of  the  milk  ves- 
sels, to  destroy  which  the  process  of  scalding 
has  been  performed. 

In  the  case  of  a  small  dairy,  or  one  cow,  the 
clear  water  may,  if  preferred,  be  dipped  out 
for  the  time  being  and  poured  gently  back 
again,  the  lime  purifying  the  water  and  keep- 
ing it  good  all  Summer. 


kn  mu\  ©ivb* 


Mud    Pies. 


i'l'lXOUIl  little  sun-bonnftts,  ruffled  and  neat. 

Covering  tangles  of  sunnhiuy  hair; 
Chubby  pink  fingers,  that  busily  work; 

What  haveyoufouud  that  is  beautiful  there? 
Toiling  like  elves  iu  their  shadowy-wrapt  caves, 

Lying  so  far  down  from  sound  and  fz'om  sight 
That  no  romembrauco  of  daylight  ean  break 

O'ur  the  dai'k  caliu  of  their  moruingless  night. 

Find  you  the  diamond ,  red  garnets  and  pearls. 

Emeralds,  topazes,  rubies  and  gold  ? 
Find  you  the  aey  at  whose  magical  touch, 

(jem  laden  chambers  of  earth  will  unfold? 
What  do  your  merry  eyes  see  that  is  fair  ? 

Is  it  the  sky  that  drifts  soft,  amber  light? 
Is  it  the  blossom  of  lily  and  rose? 

Is  it  the  lark  that  sings  on  her  flight  ? 

Is  it  the  brown  thrush  whose  musical  strains 

From  the  green  hedges  and  thieki  t-nooks  thrill? 
Is  it  the  field,  blossom-dotted  and  fresh? 

Sparkling  river  or  diadem  hill  ? 
No,  your  wise  heads  bend  thoughtfully  down. 

O'er  the  soiled  hand  tliat  so  busily  Hies, 
Holds  not  a  thought  of  earth's  beauty  and  joy — 

Making  and  caring  for  only  mud  pies. 

Qiieer  little  pics,  sprinkled  over  with  stones, 

Criiiisou,  and  yellow,  and  speckled  with  blue; 
Trace-worked    with    broken  twigs,  powdered  with 
saud; 

Soiled  leaves  and  blossoms,  yet  wet  with  the  dew; 
Crimped, pinched  and  scalloped,  indented  with  holes 

Where  little  lingers  pressed  heavily  down; 
Bits  of  green  mosses  and  delicate  ferns. 

Over  these  homely  pies  daintily  strewn. 

Ah!  little  children,  not  you  alone 

Gathering  the  grime,  while  the  good  and  the  true 
Bid  souls  come  up  into  heavenly  light, 

Tells  of  grand  <leeds  that  they  grandly  may  do. 
Others  than  you  till  the  earth  day  by  day. 

Working  unconscious  of  glonfied  skies; 
Blind  to  the  beautiful,  blind  to  the  true. 

That  all-transffguring  over  them  lies. 


What  the  Baby  Saw  in  the  Class. 

Mamma  had  gone  and  Aunty  held  him  be- 
fore the  mirror  to  quiet  his  cries.  In  an  in- 
stant his  face  was  ratliant  with  smiles  while 
the  tears  rapidly  i-olled  out  of  sight.  His  hair, 
like  rings  of  gold,  clustered  about  his  head 
glistening  in  the  sunshine,  and  he  was  a  picture 
to  behold. 

For  full  ten  seconds  gazed  baby  on  his  own 
reflected  image  with  -wide  open  eyes.  Then, 
chancing  to  move  his  hand,  he  noticed  the 
same  movement  in  the  baby  in  the  glass.  He 
glanced  first  at  his  own  chubby  fist,  then  at 
the  reflected  one,  as  if  comparing  them.  Un- 
able to  comprehend  the  meaning  of  it  all,  he 
came  back  to  himself  and  burst  out  crying 
anew,  dealing  Aunty  a  heavy  blow  with  the 
little  doul>l(>d-up  "fist,  one  eye  all  the  while 
upon  the  other  baby,  who   quite  startled  him 


by  doing  the  very  same  thing.  In  a  moment 
the  cry  was  checked,  infantile  indignation  was 
awakened  and  a  btow  was  aimed  at  the  head 
of  baby  in  the  mirror. 

Here  is  a  les.^on  for  babies  of  an  older 
growth,  thought  I.  Seeing  yourself  as  others 
see  you  is  both  profitable  and  instructive, 
since  it  teaches  a  larger  charity  for  others. 

Nell  Van. 


Bad  Boys  Make  Bad  Men. — An  aged  sea 
captain,  who  had  spent  a  long  life  upon  the 
ocean,  said  to  a  lady,  "  On  ship  board  I  can 
tell  in  a  very  short  time  what  any  suilor 
was  in  his  boyhood."  It  was  because  "the 
boy  was  father  to  the  man."  He  added,  "I 
find  invariably  that  a  bad  boy  makes  a  bad 
man."  When  he  saw  a  reckless,  profane, 
vicious  "son  of  the  deep,"  he  at  once  con- 
cluded that  he  was  little  better  when  a  lad. 
Now  this  is  just  what  might  be  expected.  It 
is  just  wh;it  is  seen  in  other  things.  Poor 
wool  or  cotton  makes  poor  cloth.  Poor  cloth 
makes  a  poor  coat.  Poor  farms  produce  poor 
crops.  Poor  timber  makes  a  poor  house. 
And  so  wicked  children  make  wicked  men  and 
women. 

It  is  said  that  the  Emperoi  Nero  of  Korae, 
when  a  little  boy,  dehghted  to  torture  and  kill 
flies,  and  would  pursue  the  little  creatures 
hour  after  hour  to  pierce  them  aud  see  them 
flutter  and  die  in  agony.  As  he  grew  older 
he  exhibited  the  same  cruel  disposition  to- 
wards men.  When  made  emperor  he  ad- 
vanced in  cruelty  at  a  fearful  rate;  killed  his 
own  wife  aud  ordered  his  mother  to  be  assas- 
sinated. Nor  was  this  all.  He  finally  ordered 
the  city  to  be  set  on  fire,  just  to  see  how  it 
would  look.  And  when  it  was  burning,  he 
seated  himself  on  a  high  tower  and  played 
upon  his  lyre.  Was  this  strange'?  Is  not  a 
cruel  boy  hkely  to  become  a  cruel  man?  Kill- 
ing men  in  manhood  is  only  a  further  devel- 
opment of  killing  files  in  childhood. 


To  Boys  and  Yoctno  Men. — You  are  the 
architects  of  your  own  fortunes.  Eely  upon 
your  own  strength  of  body  and  soul.  Take 
for  your  motto  self-reliance,  honesty  and  in- 
dustry, for  your  star  faith,  perseverance  and 
pluck,  and  inscribe  in  your  banner,  "Be  just 
and  fear  not."  Don't  take  too  much  advice; 
keep  at  the  helm,  and  steer  your  ship.  Strike 
out.  Think  well  of  yourself.  Fire  above  the 
mark  you  intend  to  hit.  Assume  your  posi- 
tion. Don't  practice  excessive  humility ;  you 
can't  get  above  your  level — water  don't  run 
up  hill — put  potatoes  in  a  cart  over  a  rough 
road  and  the  small  potatoes  will  go  to  the  bot- 
tom. Energy,  icvincible  determinatit>n,  with 
a  right  motive,  are  the  levers  that  rule  the 
world.  The  great  art  of  commanding  is  to 
take  a  fair  share  of  the  work.  Civility  costs 
nothing  and  buys  everything.  Don't  drink; 
don't  smoke;  don't  swear;  don't  gamble;  don't 
steal;  don't  deceive;  don't  tattle.  Be  polite; 
be  eenerous ;  be  kind.  Study  hard ;  play  hard. 
Be  in  earnest.  Be  self-reliant.  Bead  good 
books.  Love  your  feUowmen  as  yourself; 
love  your  God;  love  your  country,  and  obey 
the  laws;  love  truth;  love  virtue.  Always  do 
what  your  conscience  tells  you  to  bo  a  duty, 
and  leave  the  consequence  with  God. 


About  So.— The  habit  of  taking  strong 
drink  is  hke  a  river.  An  occasional  glass  is 
of  little  account,  men  say,  and  they  take  it. 
Then  they  drink  oftener.  The  river  grows 
broader  and  swifter,  but  they  do  not  think  of 
this.  They  drink  yet  oftener,  aud  after  awhile 
the  little  stream  of  habit  has  grown  to  be  a 
wide,  roaring  torrent,  and  a  little  farther  on 
is  death. 


Dewdbops  at  night  are  diamonds  at  morn; 
so  the  tears  we  weep  here  may  be  pearls  in 
heaven. 


The  Sckntific  Americayi  thinks  that  people 
with  bad  colds  ought  not  to  kiss  babies,  as 
diptheria  might  easily  be  imparted  in  that  act. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


rogiT^^, 


Business  SuitabJe  for   Women. 

Ci.^DS.  ActRictJLTnisisT:  In  the  Popular  Sci- 
J|jJ.  ence  Montly  there  appears  an  article  from 
^5  the  able  pen  of  Dr.  Van  De  Warker  on 
S'i^,  the  subject  of  "  Women  in  the  Profes- 
sions and  Skilled  Labor. ' '  The  logical  con- 
clusions deduced  from  the  sexual  disability  of 
women  to  compete  with  men  in  business  pur- 
suits denote  great  stud}'  as  well  as  a  thorough 
understanding  of  the  subject.  But  we  would 
ask  how  many  of  our  tender,  struggling  sex 
are  not  compelled,  day  after  day,  to  lay  aside 
sexual  incompatibility  in  order  to  put  bread 
into  the  meuths  of  children  and  clothes  upon 
their  backs?  Is  the  wash-tub  better  fitted  to 
woman's  delicate  organization  than  mental 
pursuits?  Can  she  more  easily  attend  to  a 
house  full  of  boarders,  often  doing  the  entire 
cooking  for  them,  than  to  act  in  the  capacity 
of  physician,  or  attend  to  various  kinds  of 
skilled  labor  requiring  less  outlay  of  vital 
force?  Would  not  our  women  of  to-day  be 
far  healthier  if,  instead  of  uncongenial  drudg- 
ery, her  hie  was  filled  with  satisfying  work 
suited  to  her  taste  and  temperament? 

Training  schools  for  preparing  young 
women  for  self  support  in  the  way  which  suits 
them  best  will  place  before  us  a  different  con- 
dition of  things.  Physicians  of  both  sexes 
are  needful  to  attend  to  the  diseases  of  each. 
Then  our  young  women  would  not  neglect 
their  health  till  almost  past  remedy  before 
consulting  a  physician. 

Query :  Are  the  natural  infirmities  of  women 
a  greater  drawback  to  business  occupations 
than  the  rapidly  increasing  infirmities  of  men 
for  what  is  found  in  the  saloon  and  gambliue 

l,oI19  ■»,         ^      ,.  •» 


hall? 


Nell  Van. 


What  Women  Hate  Gained.— For  the  time, 
still  fresh  in  the  minds  of  middle-aged  per- 
sons, when  there  were  no  remunerative  occu- 
jiations  open  to  women,  when  there  was  no 
high  school  for  girls,  no  college  that  would 
admit  women;  when  women  lecturers,  law- 
yers, doctors,  editors,  and  ministers,  were  un- 
known, up  to  this  time,  when  all  these  things 
and  many  others  are  free  to  women,  the  gain 
seems  marvelous.  But  the  gain  in  le^al 
rights  is  even  greater.  ° 

It  is  not  thirty  years  since  a  married 
woman  could  not  own  money,  even  when 
she  had  earned  it  by  hard  work.  She  could 
not  make  a  will  of  any  property  she  pos- 
sessed. She  gave  birth  to  a  child,  and  the 
law  said  it  was  not  hers.  She  could  not 
make  a  contract.  She  could  not  make  a  valid 
deed  of  the  land  she  owned.  She  could  not  be 
the  guardian  of  children— not  even  of  her  own. 
She  had  only  the  pauper  right,  viz.,  the  right 
to  be  maintained.  AU  the  hard  work  of  her 
hands,  and  all  the  income  from  her  brain  be- 
longed to  the  husband,  who  owned,  and  was 
supposed  to  support  her.  To-day  a  wife  can 
legally  earn  aud  own ;  can  buy  and  sell  and 
sell  and  will;  can  make  a  valid  deed;  can  be 
guardian  of  children,  and,  at  the  marriage 
ceremony  is  not  necessarily  required  to  prom- 
ise to  obey. 

In  Wyoming  and  Utah  Territories  women 
are  voters.  In  Michigan  more  than  forty 
thousand  men  at  the  polls  cast  their  vote  for 
woman  suftrage.  Xu  many  States  women  are 
legally  elected  and  do  serve  on  the  school 
Board. 

Iowa  has  taken  the  first  legal  step  to  se- 
cure suftrage  to  women.  Three  judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  Maine  express  the  opinion 
that  women  may  legally  servo  as  justices  of 
the  peace  in  that  State.  In  Congress  and  in 
every  Northern  state  legislature,  the  equal  po- 
htical  rights  of  women  are  discussed. 

Thus,  from  the  smallest  of  all  beginnings 


through  three  decades,  has  the  good  cause  of 
woman's  rights  grown  into  place  and  power. 
Now  it  only  waits  to  be  crowned  with  woman 
suffrage. 

To  this  end  societies  exist  in  every  Northern 
State,  supi)lemented  by  county  and  town  so- 
cieties, by  political  clubs,  pledged  to  secure 
the  election  of  legislatures  of  such  men  as 
will  vote  for  the  enfranchisement  of  women. 

An  army  of  women  are  leagued  together  in 
solemn  covenant  to  secure  their  rights  to  a 
voice  in  making  the  laws  which  they  are  re- 
quired to  obey.  The  time  cannot  be  "far  away 
when  this  will  be  accomplished. 

As  an  incentive  to  activity,  it  should  never 
for  a  moment  be  forgotten'  that  in  the  differ- 
ent States  the  law  makes  women  the  political 
equals  of  paupers,  idiots,  lunatics,  felons;  of 
men  guilty  of  bribery,  forgery,  illegal  voting, 
duelling,  treason,  aud  any  other  crime  or 
weakness  which  unfits  men  to  be  trusted  with 
the  rights  of  citizenship. 

This  picture  of  gain  and  loss  closes  the 
year  IST-t.  May  the  next  one  end  with 
brighter  colors.— iucy  Stone,  in  the  Woman'a 
Journal. 


Sensible  Fashions  for  Women.— The  dress 
committee  of  the  New  England  Women's  Club 
seek  to  make  the  changes  in  women's  dress 
as  unobtrusive  as  possible.  They  begin  with 
the  under  garments.  Those  of  the  old  style 
which  they  utterly  condemn  are  the  chemise 
and  the  corset.  These  they  entirely  abandon. 
The  principles  which  they  "carry  out  are  these 
—perfectly  free  action  for  the  vital  organs, 
thus  abolishing  all  tight-fitting  waists  and  all 
tight  bands  around  the  waist;  an  equalizing 
of  the  heat  of  garments  over  the  entire  body, 
and  increasing  it  upon  legs  and  arms;  a  reduc- 
tion of  the  weight  of  the  clothing,  by  making 
skirts  as  few  and  light  as  possible;  the  sup- 
porting of  all  clothing  from  the  shoulders,  by 
attaching  skirts  to  waists  or  suspenders. 

The  garments  already  devised,  which  em- 
body these  principles,  are  the  chemiloon  and 
the  gabrille  underskirt.  The  first  is  made  of 
flannel  or  cotton,  a  long-sleeved  waist  and 
drawers  in  one,  covering  the  person  from 
wrist  to  ankles.  Outer  drawers  may  be  but- 
toned to  these.  The  stockings  are  drawn 
over  the  long  drawers  fitting  at  the  ankle, and 
fastened  with  safety  pins,  or  with  buttons 
fastened  on  the  drawers.  No  garters  are  al- 
lowed, because  these  hinder  the  circulation  of 
the  blood.  The  gabrille  under  skirt  is  made 
of  white  cotton  usually,  gored  from  shoulder 
to  hem,  after  the  plain  gabrille  pattern,  rather 
loosely  fitting,  and  sufficiently  short  and  scant. 
The  outer  skirts  button  upon  it,  so  arranged 
that  one  band  does  not  lie  over  another.  If  a 
hoop  is  worn  (and  this  is  recommended,  as  it 
keeps  the  folds  of  the  skirt  from  clogging  the 
limbs  m  walking,  and  holds  the  tops  of  the 
other  skirts  so  as  to  prevent  undue  heating  of 
the  pelvis  and  spine),  there  should  be  a  stout 
button  hole  in  the  middle  of  the  back  of  the 
hoop  band,  to  fasten  upon  a  strong  button  on 
the  back  seam  of  the  under  skirt  waist.  On 
eai-h  side  of  ibis  buttou  hole  place  the  buttons 
for  holding  common  suspenders,  placing  the 
front  buttons  just  over  the  firm  side  termina- 
tions of  the  upper  hoops.  This  brings  the 
suspenders  back  under  the  arms,  so  that  they 
do  not  interfere  with  the  bust.  The  balmo- 
rel  may  rest  njion  this  hoop,  with  a  binding 
made  in  Semicircular  shape,  so  us  to  lie  upon 
the  skeleton  below  its  binding. 

For  outer  dress,  the  plain  gabricUe  pattern 
is  recommended,  not  too  full  in  the  skirt,  and 
lightly  trimmed  if  trimmed  at  all.  This  for 
the  house  dress;  and  an  added  polonaise 
or  ovorskirt  and  sack  for  the  street.— ^i/ieri- 
can  Aariculturixt. 


A  Novel  Experiment  in  HousE-KEEriNO. 
The  troubles  and  vexations  which  house- 
keepers seem  inexorably  doomed  to  suffer  in 
consequence  of  the  great  difficulty— the  ap- 
parent imjiossibility,  as  a  general  rule— of 
obtaining  good  domestic  servants,  have  given 
rise    to    a    variety   of    curious    suggestions. 


Among  these  we  remember  none  more  singu- 
lar than  that  which  it  is  said  an  English  lady 
is  now  subjecting  to  the  test  of  actual  experi- 
ment. It  is  not  dilEcult  to  imagine  by  what 
process  of  reflection  a  woman  of  strong  phil- 
anthropic impulses  and  hopeful  nature, 
slightly  dashed  with  the  Quixotism  character- 
istic of  female  reformers,  might  be  led  to  con- 
ceive so  extraordinary  an  idea.  Probably  the 
lady  in  question  felt  acutely  the  annoyance 
inseparable  from  the  existing  system  of  do- 
mestic service;  on  the  other  hand,  she  saw  all 
over  the  land  a  class  of  young  women  need- 
ing employment,  but  unable  to  obtain  any 
which,  according  to  prevailing  social  ideas, 
they  could  accept  without  disgrace;  a  class 
sufficiently  refined  and  well-educated  to  qual- 
ify them  for  at  least  the  humbler  grade  of 
positions  as  teachers  or  governesses,  and  who 
for  that  very  reason  could  not,  without  a 
painful  feeliug  of  degradation,  become  house- 
hold servants.  She  saw  that  this  class.already 
too  numerons  to  titid  occupation  of  the  kind 
deemed  siutable  for  them,  was  rapidly  in- 
creasing with  the  more  general  diffusion  of 
education;  and  reflected  that  the  time  must 
come  when  a  proportion  of  those  belonging  to 
it  would  have  to  choose  between  menial  labor 
and  pauperism,  or  accept  a  lot  worse  than 
either.  She  knew  that  it  was  not  the  actual 
hardship  of  the  work  involved  in  domestic 
service,  but  the  popular  idea  that  such  occu- 
pation is  only  suitable  for  the  ignorant,  the 
ilhterate  and  those  coarsely  reared,  that  made 
young  women  possessing  a  measure  of  culture 
and  refinement  shrink  from  it  as  from  some- 
thing almost  equivalent  to  disgrace.  Having 
thus  got  at  the  real  difficulty  in  the  case,  the 
solution  would  not  be  far  to  seek  for  such  a 
person  as  we  conceive  the  originator  of  this 
new  sociological  experiment  to  be.  Accord- 
ingly, we  are  told  that  she  proceeded  to  put  it 
to  a  practical  test  by  dismissing  her  servants 
and  engaging  in  their  places  five  young  women 
of  the  class  that  had  aroused  her  benevolent 
solicitude.  These  were  to  act  respectively  as 
lady's  maid,  dairy  maid,  upper  house  maid, 
kitchen  maid  and  cook.  The  terms  of  the 
agreement  were  that  the  new  "help"  or  "do- 
mestic companions"  (for  of  course  no  such 
word  as  servant  figured  in  the  contract)  were 
to  receive  the  same  wages  paid  to  the  former 
incumbents  of  their  respective  positions;  and 
further,  that  when  off  duty  they  should  be 
treated  in  all  respects  as  equals.  When  there 
is  company  they  are  to  mingle  with  the  guests 
and  assist  in  entertaining  them;  when  the  lady 
of  the  house  rides  out,  they  are  to  join  her; 
in  short,  all  the  existing  barriers  between  the 
positions  of  mistress  and  maid  are  to  be 
broken  down.  Such  is  the  outline  of  the  new 
social  disi^ensation  which  is  said  to  be  now 
actually  on  trial. 


An  Anii-Cokset  Society. — If  there  ever  was 
a  country  distinguished  for  its  love  of  moral 
and  social  revolutions,  it  is  this  country  of 
ours.  Some  of  the  attempted  revolutions  are 
absurd  enough,  but  others  are  not  only  sound 
but  practical.  Among  these  is  the  efl'ort,  the 
organization  started  in  Brooklyn  by  a  num- 
ber of  ladies,  "to  put  down  corsets,  high- 
heeled  boots,  false  hair,  and  such  like  auxili- 
aries to  feminine  attraction."  This  is  an 
undertaking  that  at  once  commends  itself  to 
every  man  aud  woman  of  sense  iu  the  land. 
It  will  be  supported  heartily  by  the  medical 
profession,  and,  we  trust,  both  by  the  pulpit 
aud  the  press.  It  is  time  that  seusible  peojde 
shoiUd  put  their  foot  upon  senseless  clothing. 


Carbolic  Acid  a  Preservative  for  Hides. 
In  South  America  and  Australia,  it  is  stated 
that  the  immersion  of  hides  fiU'  twenty-four 
hours  in  a  two  per  cent,  solution  of  carbolic 
acid,  aud  subsequently  drying  them,  has  been 
successful  substituted  for  the  more  tedious 
and  expensive  process  of  salting. 


After  taking  up  a  carpet,  sprinkle  the  floor 
with  a  very  lUlute  carbolic  acid  before  sweep- 


^1 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Milk  as  a  Diet. 

ILK  being  furnished  by  nntiirfi  as  the 
only  food  for  the  young  miimiudl,  dur- 
ing a  certuiu  period  of  its  existence, 
contains  all  the  elements  necessary  for 
the  nutrition  and  growth  of  the  body. 
Out  of  the  caseine  of  milk  are  formed  the  al- 
bumen and  fibrine  of  the  blood,  and  the  pro- 
teinaceous  and  gelatinous  tissues.  The  but- 
ter serves  for  the  formation  of  the  fat,  and 
contributes,  with  the  sugar,  to  sujiport  the 
animal  heat  by  yielding  carbon  and  hydrogen 
to  be  burnt  iu  the  lungs.  The  earthy  salts 
are  necessary  for  the  development  of  the  bony 
system;  the  iron  is  required  for  the  blood  cor- 
pu.scles  and  the  hair;  while  the  alkaline  chlo- 
ride furnishes  the  hydrochloric  acid  of  the 
gastric  juice. 

It  is  somewhat  strange  that  a  prejudice 
should  exist  among  the  masses  in  rel.-itiou  to 
milk  diet.  Milk  is  in  general  readily  digested 
by  children  and  is  universally  conceded  to  be 
the  very  best  diet  for  them.  It  is  too  true 
that  when  milk  contains  too  much  oily  matter 
it  often  induces  various  disorders  of  the  di- 
gestive organs.  With  such  the  milk  which 
gives  very  little  cream,  or  skimmed  milk,  us- 
ually agrees.  Milk  is  a  very  useful  and  valu- 
able article  of  food,  both  for  the  child  and  the 
adult,  and  for  healthy  individuals,  as  well  as 
for  invalids  and  convalescents.  The  principal 
drawback  to  its  employment  in  many  cases  is 
the  difficult  digestibility  of  its  fatty  constitu- 
ent, butter. 

There  is  no  more  innocent  food  among  the 
■whole  list  of  aliments  than  pure  milk.  It 
contains  bone,  muscle,  fat,  and  brain  produc- 
ing substances,  in  an  eminent  degree,  and 
just  in  the  proper  shade  for  assimilation.  It 
is  true  that  milk  in  inordinate  quantities,  or 
if  the  diet  be  suddenly  changed  to  milk,  the 
per.son  will  sometimes  become  constipated, 
perhaps,  or  else  the  reverse.  But  this  is  not 
due  so  much  to  the  milk  as  to  the  change  in 
the  diet,  for  other  changes  in  ordinary  food 
would  produce  the  same  result.  It  is  true 
there  are  some  individuals  who,  from  some 
peculiar  condition  of  the  digestive  organs,  can 
not  take  milk;  and  this  exception  will  apply 
to  almost  every  article  of  food;  but  these  iso- 
lated facts  do  not  invalidate  the  general  rule. 
One  of  the  principal  objections  to  a  milk 
diet  in  the  cities  is  the  fear  of  adulterated  or 
impure  milk.  This  difficulty  may  be  easily 
obviated  bj'  knowing  of  whom  you  get  the 
milk.  It  is  true  that  in  cities  a  serious  diffi- 
culty iu  this  line  exists,  as  there  may  be  a 
large  quantity  of  milk  sold  which  is  the  pro- 
duct of  breweries  and  distilleries;  neverthe- 
less, this  IS  but  a  small  proportion  of  the 
whole  quantity  used;  the  great  bulk  is  brought 
direct  from  country  dairies,  and  undoubtedly 
is  furnished  in  a  pure  condition;  or  if  any- 
thing be  added  it  will  only  be  water.  The 
customer  may  test  the  article  sold  by  the 
milkman  and  also  that  of  the  dairyman,  and 
in  the  end  it  will  result  in  honest  dealing. 

Milk  is  becoming  one  of  the  great  reliances 
of  the  physician  iu  various  cases  of  disease, 
especially  in  typhoid  fever,  when  the  patient 
has  become  so  low  as  to  be  incapable  of  taking 
solid  food.  It  is  used  in  the  form  of  whey, 
and  is  an  excellent  diluent  and  nutritive.  It 
may  be  used  in  febrile  and  inflammatory  com- 
plaints. It  is  sometimes  prepared  by  means 
of  rennet,  and  is  denominated  "rennet  whey." 
White  wine  whey,  taken  warm  and  combined 
with  a  sudorific  regimen,  acts  powerfully  on 
the  skin  and  is  a  valuable  domestic  remedy  in 
slight  colds  and  febrile  disorders.  Cream  of 
tartar  whey  is  prepared  by  adding  a  quarter  of 
an  ounce  of  cream  of  tartar  to  a  pint  of  milk. 
It  may  be  diluted  with  water  and  used  in  fe- 
brile and  dropsical  compaints.  Milk  and 
lime  water  forms  a  very  useful  remedy  in 
some  initable  conditions  of  the  stomach  and 
uterine  organs. 


Washing  the  Inside  of  the  Body. — There 
is  no  cavity  in  the  body  which  water  is  not 
fitted  for  if  you  get  it  in  properly.  Why,  one 
of  the  best  things  you  can  do  is  to  wash  your 
blood,  and  the  great  folly  we  commit  in  going 
through  our  lives  from  childhood  to  the  grave 
is  that  we  do  not  wash  our  blood  as  we  ought. 
Infusions  of  coffee,  tea,  chocolate,  or  cocoa, 
or  cider,  or  beer,  do  not  wash  the  blood,  be- 
cause with  the  fluid  so  taken  in,  something  is 
carried  in  also  which  befouls  and  defiles  the 
blood.  Just  let  a  man  say  to  himself,  "It  ia 
Saturday  night;  I  have  worked  hard  all  the 
week,  and  Sunday  shall  be  a  day  of  rest  to 
me.  I  am  now  going  to  give  my  whole  sys- 
tem, between  this  and  Monday  morning,  a 
good  thorough  washing."  So  he  begins  to 
drink,  and  drink,  and  drinks  but  little  at  a 
time,  yet  between  Saturday  night  and  next 
Monday  morning  a  healthy  man  can  drink, 
without  x'roducing  disturbance,  a  gallon  of 
water.  Now  let  this  come  into  and  go  through 
his  circulation — through  his  lungs,  and  skin, 
and  kidneys,  and  bowels,  and  waste  materials 
are  caiTied  out — and  when  Monday  morning 
comes,  if  he  jumps  out  of  bed  and  gives  his 
external  skin  a  good  washing,  the  water  that 
he  washes  in  will  be  foul.  Or  if  he  prefers 
to  test  that  question  even  more  thoroughly, 
all  he  has  to  do  is  to  take  a  clean  sheet,  and 
wetting  it  in  good,  soft,  pure  water,  be  wrap- 
ped up  in  it  for  forty-eight  or  sixty  minutes, 
and  then  have  the  sheet  washed  in  a  tub  of 
water,  and  it  will  color  that  water  so  it  will 
look  dirty.  The  man  has  been  washed  inside 
— his  blood  has  been  waslied.  When  you 
have  washed  his  blood,  tissues,  bones,  nerve, 
muscle,  sinew,  membrane  and  brain,  and 
everything  in  him,  he  can  defy  all  pestilence 
for  that  week.  The  washing  of  a  person's 
outside  is  twice  as  necessary  as  the  washing 
of  a  person's  clothes,  and  yet  there  are  those 
who  are  very  particular  to  have  their  clothes 
washed  with  great  care,  who  are  not  at  all 
particular  to  wash  themselves. 


AVhat  Alcohol  Will  Do. — It  may  seem 
strange,  but  is  nevertheless  true,  that  alcohol, 
regularly  applied  to  a  thrifty  farmer's  stomach, 
will  remove  the  boards  from  the  fence,  let 
cattle  into  his  crops,  kill  his  fruit  trees, 
mortgage  his  farm,  and  sow  his  fields  with 
wild  oats  and  thistles.  It  will  take  the  paint 
oiT  his  building,  break  the  glass  out  of  his 
windows  and  fill  them  with  rags.  It  will  take 
the  gloss  from  his  clothes  and  polish  from 
his  manners,  subdue  his  reason,  arouse  his 
passions,  bring  sorrow  and  disgrace  ujjon  his 
family,  and  topple  him  into  a  drunkard's 
grave.  It  M'ill  do  this  to  the  artisan  and  the 
capitalist,  the  matron  and  the  maiden,  as 
well  as  to  the  farmer;  for  in  its  deadly  enmity 
to  the  human  race,  alcohol  is  no  respecter  of 
persons. — Temperence  Worker. 


Sound  Common  Sense. — If  you  are  well,  let 
yourself  alone.  One  of  the  great  errors  of  the 
age  is,  we  m.edicate  the  body  too  much,  the 
mind  too  little.  More  persons  are  destroyed 
by  eating  too  much  than  by  drinking  too 
much.  Gluttony  kills  more  than  drunken- 
ness in  civilized  society.  The  best  gymnasium 
is  a  wood  yard,  a  clearing,  or  a  corn  field.  A 
hearty  laugh  is  known,  the  world  over,  to  be 
a  health  promoter;  it  elevates  the  spirits,  en- 
livens the  circulation,  and  is  marvelously  con- 
tagious in  a  good  sense.  Bodily  activity  and 
bodily  health  are  inseparable.  If  the  bowels 
are  loose,  lie  down  in  bed,  remain  there,  and 
eat  nothing  until  you  are  well.  The  three 
best  medicines  in  the  world  are  warmth,  ab- 
stinence and  repose. — Dr.  Hall's  Magazine. 


Wet  and  Det  Bathing. — If  any  one  in 
these  days  will  exercise  in  the  open  air,  so 
that  each  day  he  wiU  perspire  moderately,  and 
if  he  will  wear  thin  uuder-garmeuts,  or  none 
at  all,  and  sleep  in  a  cold  room,  the  functions 
of  the  skin  will  sutler  little  or  no  impediment, 
if  water  is  withheld  for  months.  Indeed, 
bathing  is  not  the  only  way  in  which  its 
healthful  action   can  be  maintained  bj-  those 


living  under  the  conditions  at  present  exist- 
ing. Dry  friction  over  the  whole  surfoce  of 
the  bodj',  once  a  day,  or  once  iu  two  days,  is 
often  of  moie  service  than  the  application  of 
water. 

The  reply  of  the  centenarian  to  the  inquiry 
to  what  habit  of  life  he  attributed  his  good 
health  and  extreme  longevity,  that  he  believed 
it  due  to  "rubbing  himself  all  over  with  a  cob 
every  night,"  is  significant  of  an  important 
truth.  If  invalids  and  persons  of  low  vitality 
would  use  dry  friction  and  Dr.  Franklin's 
"air  bath"  every  day  for  a  considerable  time, 
we  are  confident  they  would  often  be  greatly 
benefited.  Cleanliness  is  next  to  godliness, 
no  doubt,  and  a  proper  and  judicious  u.se  of 
water  is  to  be  commended;  but  human  beings 
are  not  amphibious.  Nature  indicates  that 
the  functions  of  the  skin  should  be  kept  in 
order  mainly  by  muscular  exerci.se,  by  excit- 
ing natural  perspiration  by  labor;  and,  de- 
licious as  is  the  bath,  and  healthful,  under 
proper  regulation,  it  is  no  substitute  for  that 
exercise  of  the  body  without  which  all  the 
functions  become  abnormal. — 1}>-.  Nlclivt. 


Grasshoppers. 


In  reply  to  an  inquiry  by  a  correspondent 
of  the  New  York  lixin  as  to  whether  the  grass- 
hoppers so  destructive  to  crops  in  the  West 
are  the  same  as  those  which  infested  Egypt, 
and  also  whether  the  seventeen-year  is  a  na- 
tive of  this  country  or  imported,  its  able  agri- 
cultural editor,  Mr.  Fuller,  says: 

The  grasshoppers  of  the  Western  States  are 
of  an  entirely  distinct  species  from  those  in- 
habiting Egypt  or  other  portions  of  the  Old 
World,  but  belong  to  the  same  family  as  the 
locust  of  ancient  as  well  as  modern  times. 
Graiishopper  is  a  mere  local  English  name  for 
the  hundred  or  more  distinct  species  which 
inhabit  our  country.  The  one  to  which  you 
refer  as  doing  so  much  damage  in  the  Western 
States  is  known  to  entomologists  asCaloi-knus 
sprehis.  The  seventeen-year  locust  is  not  a 
locust,  that  is,  it  does  not  belong  to  the  grass- 
hopper or  Locuxlida',  but  to  the  Ciad(ui,  a  large 
species  of  flies,  which  have  no  mandibles  for 
biting  or  masticating  food  like  the  true  locust; 
consequently  they  do  not  consume  vegetable 
food,  and  the  only  injurj-  they  do  to  plants  is 
to  puncture  the  stems  and  twigs  in  depositing 
their  eggs.  Tney  are  also  native  Americans, 
at  least  so  far  as  is  known  to  science  or  his- 
tory. 


The  Preservation  of  Smoked  Meat. — Pro- 
fessor Nessler  says  that  the  keeping  qualities 
of  smoked  meat  do  not  depend  upon  the 
amount  of  smoking,  but  upon  the  uniform 
and  proper  drying  of  the  meat.  It  is  of  con- 
siderable advantage  also  to  roll  the  meat  on 
its  removal  from  the  salt,  before  smoking,  in 
sawdust  or  bran.  By  this  means  the  crust 
formed  in  smoking  will  not  be  so  thick;  and  if 
moisture  condenses  upon  the  meat  it  remains 
in  the  bran,  the  brown  coloring  matter  of  the 
smoke  not  penetrating.  The  best  place  to 
keep  the  meat  is  in  a  smoke  house  in  which 
it  remains  dry,  without  drying  out  entirely  as 
it  does  when  hung  in  a  chimney. 

1  wi  I »  I 

Recently,  at  the  Polytechnic  School  in 
Paris,  one  of  the  professors  inquired  into  the 
habits  of  the  one  hundred  and  sixty  students 
there,  and  then  made  a  comparison  between 
their  devotions  to  study  and  to  smoke.  He 
found  that  in  each  grade  of  the  school  the 
students  who  did  not  smoke  out-ranked  those 
who  did  smoke,  and  that  the  scholarship  of 
the  smokers  steadily  deteriorated  as  the  smok- 
ing continued.  On  account  of  several  trust- 
worthy reports  of  such  a  nature,  the  Minister 
of  Public  Instruction  in  France  issued  a  cir- 
cular to  the  directors  of  colleges  and  schools ' 
forbidding  the  use  of  tobacco  to  students,  as 
injurious  to  physical  and  intellectual  develop- 
ment. 


Subscribe  for  the  Ageicultueist. 


>^- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


(&duf«iti0ttal 


Before  School. 

ninel     Boys  and  girls,  do  yoxl 
be  quick,  mo- 


then- 


■•  Under  the 


VfUAHTEK  to 
hear?" 
"One  more  bucliwbeat, 

tiler,  dear. 
Where's  my  luncheon  box?" 
shelf— 
CJ^  Just  in  the  place  you  left  it  yourself  1" 
"  I  can't  say  my  tablel"    "O.  find  me  my  eapl" 
"  One  hiss  for  mamma  and  sweet  Sis  in  her  lap." 
"  Be  good,  dcarl"    "I'll  try."    "g  times  9'b  81." 
"Take  your  mittensi"    "All  right."    "Hurry  up, Bill; 

let's  run. " 
With  a  slam  of  the  door,  they  are  off,  girls  and  boys, 
And  the  mother  draws  breath  in  the  lull  of  their  noise. 


After  School. 

"  Don't  wake  the  babyl    Come  gently,  my  dearl" 
"  O  mother!  I've  torn  my  new  dress— ju.^t  look  herel 
I'm  sorry;  I  was  only  climbing  the  wall." 
"  J  mother,  my  map  was  the  nicest  of  all!" 
"  And  Nelly,  in  spelling,  went  up  to  the  headl" 
"  O  say!  can  I  go  out  on  the  hilt  with  my  sled?" 
"  I've  got  such  a  toothachel"    "The  teacher's  unfairl" 
"  Is  dinner  'moat  ready  ?    I'm  just  like  a  bearl" 

Be  patient,  worn  mother,  they're  growing  up  fast; 

These  nursery  whirlwmds,  not  long  do  they  last; 

A  still,  lonely   house  would    be  far  worse   than  the 

noise; 
Rejoice  and  be  glad  in  your  brave  girls  and  boys! 

— (It.  I,  Schoolmaster, 


Do  Farmers  Read   Enough? 

Is  it  not  true  that  many  farmers  read  very 
little,  hardly  enough  of  the  news  of  the   day 
to  keep  posted  in  regard  to  the  enrrent  events 
of  our  country,  to  say  nothing  of  the  foreign 
news?     Further,  do  they  read  that  which  per- 
tains to  their  business,  trying  to  improve  the 
mind  upon  the   great    study    of    agriculture? 
This  class  do  not   seem  to  realize  how  much 
education  and  improvement  of  the  mind  have 
to  do  with  farming.  They  count  strong  hands 
and  muscle  as  the  only  requisites  for  success- 
ful farming.      They    depend    altogether  too 
much  upon   the  weather   and  circumstances, 
and  too  little  on   skillful,  intelligent  manage- 
ment for  success  in  their  business.     We  know 
there  are  some  who  will  say  th;it  this  is   not 
true — that   many    ignorant,   unread  men    are 
quite  as  successful  in  tilling  the   soil  as  those 
who  read.     But   we  think  we   can  point   out 
some  of   the   reasons  to   show  that  the  same 
men  could  do  better  if   more  brain  labor  were 
applied  in  connection    with  the   labor  of   the 
muscles.     In  the  first  i>lace,  mind  is  regarded 
as  the  measure  of  the  man  in  every  other  pro- 
fession;  and  all  other    business    succeeds  in 
proportion  to  the  active  knowledge  and  intel- 
ligence the  man   has  who   manages  it.     Why 
should  it  not  be  so  with  the  farmer?  Much  as 
we  value   bone  and    muscle,  brains    are   the 
most  important.       The  body  is   but  the  tool, 
the  mind  is  the  hand   that  works  it.     It  is  to 
education    and  progress    in  the   arts  and  sci- 
ences that  all    our  enlightened  and   civilized 
countries  owe  their   greatness.     ,The   barbar- 
ous have    strength    of    body,  and   in    many 
countries    superior  soil    and    climate  to   our 
own.     Why    has  this  country   become   great 
and  prosperous  except  for  its  superior  culture 
of  the  mind?      Intelligence  is   strength,    and 
whateeer  power  or  influence  a  people  possess 
must  be  developed  through  the  intelligence  of 
that  people.     But,  to  apply  it  more  practical- 
ly to  the  business  of   farming,  we  would    say 
that  in  no  industrial  pursuit  is   the  improve- 
ment  of  the    mind — education  is   the   thing 
which  )iertains  to    the  profession — more  im- 
portant.    The  desired  culture  andinformation 
can  he  gained  mainly  through  reading.    New 
and  valuaVile    ideas    gained    by    reading    and 
study  will  be  as  so  much    capital  to  him.     A 
reader  is  generally   a  man  of   knowledge  and 
culture,    and  he   acts    in   proportion    to    his 
knowledge.     We   should  read    more   agricul- 
tural books    and    papers,  and  if  we»'cau    by 
reading  ascertain    a  lietter  way  of  doing  any 
kind  of  farm-work,  or   make    any    advances 
whatever    in  theory    or   pructici^  that   would 
benefit  us,  we   should  be    prejiarcd  at   once  to 
adopt  it.     If  wo  have   a  farm  of  poor  soil   to 


be  brought  up  to  a  certain  standard,  let  us 
study  the  science  of  agriculture  and  the  means 
best  and  most  economically  adai>ted  to  im- 
prove it  as  rapidly  as  possible.  If  we  are  the 
fortunate  possessors  of  a  soil  rich  in  all  the 
elements  of  fertility,  it  should  bo  our  constant 
aim  and  study  to  keep  it  so,  and  see  that  no 
injudicious  system  is  pursued  in  its  cultiva- 
tion, and  that  its  natural  fertility  remains  un- 
impaired, but  constantly  improved.  This 
applies  also  to  every  department  of  the  busi- 
ness, whether  it  be  in  the  cultivation  of  crops 
or  the  raising  of  stock.  A  farmer's  hbrary, 
books  and  papers,  which  are  in  the  reach  of 
everybody,  will  develop  and  improve  the 
mind,  so  that  farming  will  be  done  on  correct 
business  principles. — Neio  Eiiifland  Homestead. 

Fob  The  Bots. — Keflection  upon  observed 
facts  is  one  of  the  best  means  of  obtaining  an 
education.  Many  men  are  wise  who  hardly 
know  how  to  read.  Knowledge  is  not  wis- 
dom; but  knowledge  to  a  greater  or  less  ex- 
tent is  necessary  to  the  one  who  would  be 
wise.  Now  we  gather  knowledge — we  learn 
facts  by  reading,  by  experience,  and  by  ob- 
servation. But  we  cannot  be  ateaj/s  reading ; 
■we  would  not  wish  to  experience  many  things, 
but  we  can  always  observe,  and  that  without 
danger  to  ourselves.  We  observe  the  experi- 
ence of  others,  and  if  we  be  wise,  make  use  of 
the  facts  thus  gained  to  direct  our  own  life. 

Let  me  then  say  to  the  young,  learn  to  ob- 
serve, let  nothing  escape  your  eye  or  ear.  For 
instance  you  are  walking  in  the  city,  close  by 
the  corner  of  the  street  lies  a  man  in  the  gut- 
ter. Notice  him,  look  at  his  bloated  face  and 
bloodshot  eyes,  look  at  his  rags,  notice,  ob- 
serve, see  him  there,  use  your  eyes.  But  as 
we  come  nearer  to  hear  some  remarks  made 
by  the  men  standing  around  him.  Now  listen, 
hear — "He  was  the  best  lawyer  in  the  city, 
but  drink  has  brought  him  here."  So  says 
a  man  who  knows  the  drunkard.  Now  let  us 
travel  on  while  I  teach  you  to  reflect  upon  the 
fact  which  you  have  gathered  by  observation. 
Drink  has  brought  the  best  lawyer  in  the  city 
to  the  gutter.  Upon  reflection  you  will  con- 
clude that  drink  is  the  foe  of  mankind — a 
snare  for  the  foolish,  the  destroyer  of  many 
strong  men.  So  far,  so  good.  Observation 
well  made.  Reflection  has  done  her  work 
well.  Now  comes  the  test.  Are  you  wise? 
Let  me  see.  Come  with  me  and  have  a  drink. 
If  you  will  go  in  now  and  drink  then  you  are 
a  fool.  You  did  not  know  how  to  apply  the 
result  of  you  observation  and  reflection  to 
your  own  life.  Oh,  you  won't  go,  won't  you, 
then  you  are  wise.  Observation  and  reflec- 
tion has  given  you  a  principle,  and  you  wisely 
apply  that  principle  to  your  own  life.  Let 
us,  while  young,  learn  to  observe.  Reflect 
upon  the  facts  thus  learned,  and  then  show 
our  wisdom  by  the  application  of  these  prin- 
ciples to  our  own  life.  What  good  will  a  head 
full  of  facts  like  the  above  do  us,  if  we  do  not 
apply  them  to  our  lives?  The  carpenter  may 
have  his  chest  full  of  tools,  but  if  he  will  not 
use  them  they  will  beuetit  neither  himself  nor 
any  one  else.  A  few  tools  well  used  will  ben- 
efit more  than  many  never  touched.  So  a 
few  facts  well  thought  over  and  strictly  aji- 
pUed  to  the  life  often  make  a  man  great,  when 
the  walking  library  is  often  a  sot.  Let  us 
then  gather  facts  as  we  may,  by  reading,  ex- 
perience, or  observation.  Reflect  upon  and 
deduce  principles  therefrom,  and  apply  them 
to  our  lives,  and  be  not  only  educated,  but 
wise. 


DivEKsiTx  OF  Gifts. — One  of  the  most  dif- 
ficult questions  parents  are  called  on  to  set- 
tle concerns  the  particular  training  each  in- 
dividual child  requires.  No  two  of  a  dozen 
children  in  the  same  family  agree  in  disposi- 
tion, in  ability,  in  taste  and  inclination.  Each 
has  his  idiosyncracics  and  his  special  gifts 
which  render  special  treatment  necessary. 
One  boy  has  a  passion  for  farming,  his  bro- 
ther delights  in  music,  still  another  enjoys 
using  tools  and  solving  mathemiLtical  prob- 
lems. \S'hat  folly  it  would  be  to  subject  these 
three  boys  to  the  same  curriculum  of   study, 


and  expect  in  this  way  to  make  the  most  of 
them  as  men,  Not  what  we  put  into  a  boy's 
head  educates  them,  but  what  we  di-aw  out  of 
it.  Education  is  a  process  not  of  crammii\g, 
but  of  development,  and  wise  are  those  pa- 
rents who,  nuderstauditig  the  abilities  of  their 
children,  suit  the  training  each  receives  to  Ids 
special  requirements.  It  is  not  easy  in  a 
multitude  of  cases  to  tell  exactly  what  partic- 
ular talent  a  boy  or  girl  possesses.  We  most 
wait  for  time  to  develop  his  or  her  special 
gift,  and  while  so  doing  give  the  best  general 
training  in  our  power,  shaping  the  child's 
course  in  the  direction  in  which  it  seems  most 
probable  he  will  be  successful  in  winning  the 
desirable  things  of  this  life,  and  so  winning 
them  as  not  to  lose  in  the  life  to  come. — Mrs. 
Lyman,  t/i  j\'.  1'.  Tribune. 

Teacheu — "John,  you  young  scapegrace, 
come  here,  and  I'll  paj  you  back  your  impu- 
dence to  me  yesterday." 

Pupil — "No,  thank  you,  I  have  conscien- 
cious  scruples  against  taking  back-paj'  of  that 
sort."  

Live  and  Dead  Weight  of  Cattle. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  amount  of  flesh 
obtained  from  animals  sold  by  live  weight  is 
exceedingly  variable,  even  in  animals  of  the 
same  breed,  as  so  much  depends  on  the  con- 
dition or  fatness  of  the  beast.  There  is  also 
a  great  variation  in  the  quality  of  the  meat  in 
breeds;  as  a  rule,  the  finer  the  breed  of  the 
animals  the  more  eminent  the  prime  points, 
the  Short-horns  and  Heref ords  being  noted  for 
muscle  and  fat,  and  the  Ayrshires  and  Jerseys 
being  types  of  milk  producing  breeds.  Again 
the  Jerseys  are  eminent  for  richness  of  milk, 
and  the  Ayrshires  fot  quantity.  The  English, 
French  and  Belgians  have  instituted  numer- 
ous experiments  to  show  the  weight  of  the 
different  jiarts  of  the  animals  slaughtered. 
Two  instances,  one  a  bullock,  another  a  sheep, 
will  suffice. 

In  the  case  of  an  ox  a  live  weight  of  1,322 
pounds  yielded,  meat,  '771.4  pounds;  skin, 
110.5;  grease,  88;  blood,  55;  feet  and  hoofs, 
22;  head,  11;  tongue,  G.G;  lungs  and  heart, 
15.34;  liver  andspleen,  80.5;  intestines,  6G.15; 
loss  and  evaporation,  152.72;  makiug  the  total 
of  1,322  pounds. 

The  product  of  a  sheep  weighing  110.02 
pounds  were  as  foOows:  Meat,  551;  skin,  7.71; 
grease,  5.51;  blood,  5.508;  feet  and  hoofs, 
1.201;  head,  4.400;  tongue,  lungs,  heart,  liver 
and  spleen,  3.408;  intestines,  G.612;  loss  and 
evaporation,  l'J.656;  making  a  total  of  110.02 
pounds. 

French  statistics  show  that  the  same  cattle 
yield  as  much  as  70  per  cent,  meat,  while 
others  give  only  50  per  cent.  The  mean 
■B'eight  of  meat  produced  is  estimated  at  55 
per  cent,  of  live  weight.  In  the  case  of  the 
sheep,  the  production  is  from  40  to  45  per 
cent.,  the  fatter  animals  always  give  the 
greatest  net  weight. 

To  show  how  the  same  nile  will  apply  to 
the  United  States,  we  may  state  that  in  New 
York  native  steers  are  allrwtd  fifty-six  pounds 
to  the  hundred,  live  weight,  while  grades  are 
estimated  at  forty-six  pounds  per  hundred. 
As  an  instance,  weighing  net  500  to  700  !tw, 
will  bring  8)4  to  12;^  cents  per  Bj;  those  from 
700  to  800  lbs  will  bring  from  12^;  to  14  cents, 
and  grade  steers  875  to  1,200  Ujs  will  bring 
12,'/4_,to  15  cents,  and  weighing  1,400  to  1,500 
lbs  w'iU  brine  14  to  18  cents. 


The  propagating  houses  of  the  Agricultural 
Department  of  the  State  University,  at  Berk- 
eley, were  ready  for  use  last  August,  and 
since  that  time,  .says  the  Oakland  Stirs,  10,- 
000  i)lantsof  20  species  of  eucalyptus;  5,0(10 
acacias  of  25  species,  200  sjieciea  of  native  and 
foreign  conifcra',  also  utimerous  rare  ferns 
peculiar  to  Australia,  South  and  Central  Amer- 
ica, and  elsewhere,  and  many  species  of  tex- 
tile, medicinal  and  other  economic  jilaiits 
have  been  produced.  Wc  may  mention  112 
varieties  of  roses,  12  of  azaleas,  13  ol  canie- 
lias,  and  (J  of  m.agnolias,  for  ornamental  pur- 
poses. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


COMING  STOCK  SALES. 

We  gather  from  advertisement  in  the  Ka- 
tional  Live  Stock  Journal  the  following  an- 
nouucemeut3  of  sales  of  fine  Btock  to  take 
place  at  public  auction  during  April  and  May, 
1875. 

April  fith— C.  C.  Parks  &  Co.,  Waukougan,  III.; 
30  head  of  Clydesdale  horses  and  over  50  Cots- 
wold  slieep. 

April  7th— C.  C.  Parks  sells  the  entire  Glen 
Flora  herd  of  Shorthorns— l'J6  head. 

April  8th— Elliott  &.  Kent  will  sell  the  entire 
Elm  Grove  lierd  of  Short-horn  cattle,  at  Dexter 
Park  Stock  Yards,  Chicago;  111—65  head, 

April  9th — J.  H.  Lissinger  &  Co.  sells  Short- 
horns at  Dexter  Park,  Chicago,  III. — 45  head. 

April  14th— S.  VV.  Jacobs,  West  Liberty,  Iowa; 
Short  horns  of  the  "  Wapsie  Heril" — 70  head. 

April  l.'ith— Milton  Briggs,  Kellogg  Station,  Jas- 
per county,  Iowa,  will  sell,  OB  Oak  Hill  Stock- 
farm,  140  head  of  Short-homa  and  100  head  of 
Berkshire  swine. 

April  2lst — .lohn  Dolese  &,  Co.,  Sammit,  111.;  54 
head  Grade  Norman  horses. 

April  ■J7lh— J.  H.  PicUerell,  Decatur,  III.;  23 
head  of  the  Harriatown  heul  of  .Shorthorns.  Also 
22  Southdown  ewes,  and  12  Berkshire  swine. 

April  28th— Messrs.  Duncan,  Suiith,  Franklin  & 
Nichols,  Deciitur,  111.,  will  sell  130  head  of  Short- 
horns. 

April  29th — J.  H.  Spears  &l  Son,  Bloomiugtou, 
III.,  40  head  Shorthorns. 

April  30th — Jlessrs.  Prather  &  Foster  will  sell 
70  head  of  Shorthorns,  at  Springfield,  III.  Also, 
W.  Black  of  Carrallton,  111.,  will  sell  Shorl-hoius 
at  same  time  and  place- 

M.-iy  3d— W.  6.  Harding,  Nashville,  Teun.,  30 
head  fine  bred  hor.ses. 

May  7th — S.  Meredith  &.  Son,  at  Cambridge 
City,  Ind.,  will  sell  a  lot  of  Shorthorns. 

May  ISth— James  H.  Davis,  Danville,  Ky.,  will 
sell  50  head  of  Short  horn  cattle. 

There  will  also  be  sales  of  Short-horns  at  Dexter 
Park  Stock  Yards,  Chicago.  On  May  19th,  L.  W. 
Thorn,  30  head;  20lh,  J.  P.  .Sanborn,  75  head; 
21st,  Avery  &  Murphy,  75  head;  22d,  J.  R.  Shelly, 
110  head. 

M.iy  27— Cbiis.  Lowder,  Plaintield,  Ind.,  will 
sell  70  head  of  .Short-horns  and  50  Berkshire  Pigs. 


Our  readers  will  be  interested  in  Dr. 
Scott's  article  in  this  number  on  "  The  Culti- 
vation of  the  Olive  in  California."  What- 
ever subject  ha  "touches  pen  to"  is  ably 
handled. 


BEAUTIFUL  SCULPTURE. 

At  the  well-known  marble  works  of  Field, 
Combs  &  Gregory,  San  Jose,  we  lately  noticed 
a  piece  of  monumental  work  that  surpassed 
anything  of  the  kind  we  ever  saw.  It  was  de- 
signed by  Norman  Porter,  Esq.,  for  his  wife's 
grave.  The  design  was  unique,  and  showed 
originality  and  genius,  while  the  work  exhib- 
ited skill  of  a  high  order.  A  heavy  shield, 
bearing  an  inscription,  framed  in  a  border  of 
scroll  work,  was  surmounted  by  an  exquisite 
wreath  of  flowers,  which  were  brought  out, 
leaves  and  petals,  from  the  stone  as  natural 
a.s  possible,  looking  rich  enough  to  ornament 
a  parlor  vase,  and  too  delicate  for  out-of- 
doors,  even  in  our  fine  climate,  where  real 
flowers  are  almost  perjjetual.  Evidently  Mr. 
Comb's  own  hand  wrought  out  this  wonderful 
wreath,  for  who  else  but  him,  on  this  Coast, 
could  do  such  equisite  work? 


Subscribe  for  the  AoEiccrLTUiasT. 


TUE  SAN' JO  SB  BEAUTY. 

Prof.  A.  H.  Rockwell  met  not  only  with 
gi'and  success  in  his  excursion  through  our 
section  of  country,  giving  lessons  on  horse 
training  to  large  enthusiastic  classes  of  citi- 
zens, but  his  second  advent  in  San  Jose  was 
an  ovation.  He  obtained  many  more  new 
members  to  his  large  class  here,  and  man- 
aged to  interest  large  audiences  all  the  time, 
not  only  with  exhibitions  of  his  skill  in  hand- 
ling wild  and  vicious  horses,  but  by  giving 
rational,  common  sense  instruction  and  ex- 
planations of  his  methods. 

As  a  token  of  the  estimation  in  which  Mr. 
Kockwell  was  held  by  his  class,  several  mem- 
bers clubbed  together  and  purchased  of  Mr. 
Benj.  Fish,  of  Santa  Clara,  a  high-bred 
Comet  colt  for  $200  and  presented  it  to  Mr. 
Rockwell  on  the  last  evening  of  his  visit.  The 
colt  was  named  the  "San  Jose  Beauty, "  and 
declared  by  all  present  to  be  a  perfect  beauty 
and  wonderful  for  his  age.  We  shall  expect 
to  hear  from  this  colt  at  some  future  time,  as 
a  credit  to  its  name.  The  colt  was  worth 
much  more  than  was  paid  lor  him,  but  Mr. 
Fish  generously  consented  to  contribute  a 
liberal  share  of  the  gift.  We  understand  that 
Mr.  Rockwell,  before  leaving  this  county,  re- 
fused an  offer  of  $1,000  for  the  colt.  He 
says  that  he  will  make  it  worth  over  §10,000 
in  three  years'  time,  and  we  believe  him. 

The  presentation,  though  a  perfect  surprise, 
was  a  nice  little  affair.  Lawyer  Gibson  made 
a  fine  little  speech,,  and  Mr.  Kockwell,  evi- 
dently embarrassed,  returned  his  compliments 
iu  a  modest  manner  indicative  of  the  "inner 
man."  ' 


TUE  BEST  HORSE-POWER. 

Our  readejs  will  notice  Mr.  Pelton's  adver- 
tisement of  his  six-fold  horse-power,  which, 
in  mechanical  construction,  is  very  nearly 
perfect.  The  powers  have  also  stood  the  test 
of  trial;  and  the  evenness  of  pressure  upon 
the  numerous  bearings  is  so  balanced  that 
there  is  less  friction  to  be  overcome  to  a  given 
amount  of  power  than  in  any  horse-power  we 
have  ever  seen.  Fourteen  horses  h.ive 
threshed  2,000  bushels  of  wheat  within  ten 
hours,  in  good  threshing,  with  a  Peltou  six- 
fold power  more  than  once.  We  have  exam- 
ined testimonials  of  practical  men  whom  we 
bslieve  to  be  reliable,  and  also  talked  with 
men  who  know  what  the  machine  will  do. 
The  manufacture  of  these  powers  in  San  Jose 
is  an  industry  we  feel  proud  to  note. 


TUE  GREAT  MENAGERIE  AND  CIRCUS. 

Montgomery  Queen's  great  menagerie  and 
circus,  which  has  been  wintering  at  Havward's, 
California,  is  about  to  enter  the  field  for  a  sea- 
son's show  in  this  State.  Several  new  and 
valuable  animals  and  birds  have  lately  been 
added  to  the  grand  collection  at  great  expense, 
and  the  best  performers  in  America  have  been 
added  to  the  circus  troupe,  which   is  now  the 

best  that  ever  performed  on  this  continent. 

»  ^1  1^  . 

Lompoc. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Santa  Clara  Argiis 
writes  as  follows  ot  this  new  and  flourishing 
colony  in  Santa  Barbara  County. 

If  there  are  any  of  our  friends   that   wish  i 


to  purchase  lauds  of  the  company,  they 
would  do  well  to  come  down  before  the  sales 
which  begin  on  the  26th  of  April,  as  there 
are  only  about  2,000  acres  of  the  main  valley 
left.  The  prices  for  choice  laud  range  from 
$23  to  $7.5  per  acre.  Purchasers  have  ten 
years  in  which  to  pay  for  their  lands.  There 
are  over  30,000  acres  of  grazing  lands  for 
sale,  including  the  table-lands  near  the  beach 
and  the  rich  Hondo  valley.  The  Santa  Inez 
river  bounds  the  land  on  the  east  and  north. 
The  rivtr  is  a  large  stream  of  clear,  pure  wa- 
ter, its  banks  lined  with  heavy  timber.  There 
is  a  belt  of  timber  running  through  the  mid- 
dle of  the  main  valley  twelve  miles  long. 
No  purchaser  will  be  more  than  one  mile  from 
timber. 

There  are  four  large  creeks  and  numerous 
springs  on  the  ranch.  The  deepest  well  is 
thirty-two  feet,  the  shallowest  eight.  Every 
acre  of  the  valley  will  produce  a  paying  crop 
of  corn,  tobacco,  flax,  barley,  wheat  or  veg- 
etables, without  irrigation.  The  unplowed 
lands  are  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  oats, 
clover  and  filaria.  There  is  no  alkali,  no 
worthless  land.  Those  who  do  not  purchase 
wiU  at  least  have  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the 
most  fertile  spot  of  the  State.  The  t<jwn 
site  is  the  handsomest  and  best  laid  out  of 
any  on  the  coast.  It  is  well  supplied  with 
the  best  water  by  the  San  Miguelitik  Since 
Jinuary  330  lots  have  been  sold  at  frum  51 100 
to  $000.  Every  lot  that  has  changed  hands 
sinie  the  sale  has  been  at  an  advance. 

The  contractors  are  ready  to  begin  the 
wharf,  and  expect  to  finish  by  the  1st  of  May, 
1875.  Freight  from  here  to  San  Francisco 
will  not  exceed  $2.50  per  ton  by  schooners. 
Persons  shipping  should  send  their  freight  by 
Mr.  Clayton,  of  San  Francisco,  to  Point  Sal. 
There  is  a  good  road  from  here  to  Point  Sal. 
Teams  should  come  by  Guadalupe  and  strike 
the  Point  Sal  road.  It  will  not  be  necessary 
to  bring  hay  or  barley,  the  grass  is  good  and 
abundant.  It  will  be  well  for  parties  coming 
to  bring  tents  ;  house-room  is  very  scarce  just 
now. 

There  are  four  stores,  three  boarding- 
houses  and  three  blacksmith  shops.  No 
whiskey  will  over  be  sold  on  the  rancho  ; 
families  ought  to  think  of  this  as  one  of  the 
best  recommendations.  The  company  hiis 
made  ample  provision  for  the  future  accom- 
modation of  schoolchildren. 


Thorough  Culture. 

The  theory  that  there  can  be  no  drought  in 
the  soil  which  is  plowed  so  deeply  and  com- 
minuted or  pulverized  so  thoroughly  th:il  tho 
air  can  strike  down  into  it  far  enough  to  coma 
to  a  temperature  below  tho  dew  point,  is 
nothing  new.  That  theory,  says  the  Mary- 
land Farmer,  has  been  familiar  to  scientific  ag- 
riculturists for  years.  It  is  founded  on  the 
fact  that  whenever  the  atmosphere  comes  iu 
contact  with  a  substance  colder  than  itself, 
moisture  is  precipitated,  no  matter  how  dry 
the  season  may  be.  So,  if  a  soil  be  so  pre- 
pared that  the  atmosphere  can  penetrate  it  to 
a  point  where  the  soil  is  colder  than  atmos- 
phere, moisture  will  be  precipit«ted  at  that 
point,  and  then,  by  capillary  attraction,  be 
drawn  through  the  soil  to  the  surface,  whereby 
whatever  is  growing  or  planted  in  the  soil 
will  be  refreshed. 

This  is  all  very  fine  where  the  dew  point  is 
above  tho  temperature  of  moist  earth,  and  the 
atmosphere  is  loaded  with  moisture,  but  in 
our  Jrj%  suiuiy  climate  the  dew  point  is  lower 
than  the  moist  soil,  and  the  soil  would  dry 
out  instead  of  collecting  moisture  from  the  at- 
mosphere. 


10.  O,  T.— GR.\NGEai  LODGE,  No.  295,  meets 
•  eveay  MOXD.W  evepinR.  at  8  o'clock,  in  their 
Hall.  No  -iM  Haijta  Clam  etTe«-t,  over  the  S.  J.  Savings 
Bauk.  Mi-mbere  of  sister  Lodges  and  sojourDing 
memberE  in  good  standing  are  invited  to  attend. 

S.  B.  CUjDWELL,  W.  C.  T. 
Jobs  B.  Stevens,  W.  Secy. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


TO  PAIITT, 

A  New  Work  by  a  Practical  Palnt«*r,  depiKned 
for  the  upe  of  Trailesinen,  Itlechanirs,  Merch- 
ants, Farmers,  nud  as  a  Guide  to  Professional 
Painters.  Containing  a  plain,  common  sense  state- 
of  the  methods  employed  by  Painters  to  produce  sat- 
isfactory  results  in  Plain  and  Fancy  Painting; 
of  every  description,  including  Formulas  for  Mix- 
ing Paint  in  Oil  or  Water,  Tools  reqtiii-ed,  etc. 
This  is  jubt  tlie  Book  needed  by  any  person  having 
anything  to  paint,  and  makes  **  every  Alan  hla 
o^vn  Painter.*' 

Full  Directions  for  using  "Wliite  I^ead,  Ijamp- 
Rlack,  Ivory  Black,  Prussian  nine,  Ultra- 
Alarine,  Green,  Yellow,  Vermilion,  ISrown, 
I^ake,  Carmine,  Wliitin^,  Glue,  Pumice 
Stone,  Asphaltum  and  Spirits  of  Turpen- 
tine, Oils,  Varnishes,  Furniture  Varnish, 
Milk  Paint,  Preparing-  Kalsoniine, 

PAINT  FOE  OUT-BUILDINGS, 

Whitewash,  Paste  for  Paper-Hanjfing', 
Graining  in  Oak,  Maple,  Maliop;-any,  Rose- 
wood, Black  ^Valnut ;  Ha  lifting-  Paper, 
Staining,  Gilding,  Bronzing,  Transferring 
Decalcomania,  Making  Rustic  Pictures, 
Painting  Flower-Stand,  Mahogany  Polish, 
Rose^vood  Polish,  Varnishing  Furniture, 
Waxing  Furniture,  Cleaning  Paint, 

PAINT  FOR  FARMING  TOOLS, 

for  Machinery,  and  for  Household  Fixtures. 

TO  PAINT  A  FARM  WAGON, 

to  Re-varnish  a  Carriag-e,  to  make  Plaster 
Casts.  The  work  is  neatly  printed,  with  illuRtra- 
tions  wlitTfver  they  can  serve  to  toake  the  subject 
plainer,  and  it  will  save  many  times  its  cost  yearly. 
Every  family  should  possess  a  copy.  Price  by  mail, 
post-paid.  $  I  ,     Address 

Aiyrioulturist  and.  Live  Stock  Journal, 

SAN    JOSE,  CAL. 


km  hiw  Macliiies. 


Eooms,  ITo.  334  Santa  Clara  St.,  San  Jose. 

A..    C.   FSB.ZIZITS, 

Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County. 

The    Singer    Sewing     Machine    Conpany 
sold,  in  1873,  :i3;a,4r44r  Machines,  and  113,^54 

MORE  THAN  AKY  OTHER  MEWING   MACHINE  COMPANY. 


B^?*  Vi'c  have  a  First-class  Machinist  employed,  and 
make  the  r.-piiiring  of  all  sorts  of  ttewiug  Machines  a 
specialty.  Old  machines  taken  in  exchange  for  new. 
All  work  warranted. 


J.   N.  SPENCER, 

Real     Estate    Agent 


General     Auctioneer. 


(SucCCSBOra  to   A.  PHI8TER  &    CO.) 

Corner  of  Second  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 

BAN  JOSE. 


CAPITAL 


$100,000. 


Wm.  EiiKBON,  President. 


"n'ARMS      OF     ETEBY    DESCRIPTION  — 

-*  Valley  nnil  Hill  landa— High  and  Low  iJiirid 
Farms — FurniB  to  suit  everybody.  CorreHijondeiire 
Bolii^ited.  BuBinenfl  Chances  a  sperialty.  Property  of 
every  description  bought  nnd  sold.  Houses  rented, 
and  Loans  negotiated,  tn; 


H.  E.  Hll-LB,  Manager, 


Director*: 


Wm.  ErkRon, 
L.  F,  Chipraan, 
Horace  Little, 
0,  T,  Settle 


Thomas  E,  Snell 


J,  P.  Dudley, 
Davitl  ('ampbell, 
James  Singleton, 
E.  A.  Braley, 


HO"  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  BnsincBs.  Also, 
receive  deposits,  on  which  such  interest  will  be  al- 
lowed as  may  be  agreed  upon,  and  make  loans  on  ap- 
proved security. 


S^I^   JOSE 
SAVINGS    BANK, 


IJAINTIOIl'.S  Alnnnal— House  and  sign  painting, 
graining,  varniKliing,  pidishing,  kalsmiiining.  pa- 
periLig.  &c  ,  .jO  cents.  Dook  of  Alphahets,  ,'')0;  Scrolls 
and  Ornaments,  $1;  Carpenter's  Manual,  5();  Watch- 
maker and  Jeweler,  5ll;  TaxirlonniHt,  Bll:  Soap-maker. 
■i:>:  Authorship,  .^0;  Lightning  Calculator.  25;  Hunter 
and  TrapprT'K  (iuide,  aj;  Dug  Training.  X).  Of  liook- 
BcUors,  or  by  mail.  JKSSE  HANEY  kCO.,  Ill)  >,'a8 
sau  street,  N.  Y.  j-q 


28G  Santa  Clara  Street. 


CAPITAL  STOCK 


$300,000 


Oflicers: 

President John  H.  Moore 

Vicu-Preeideut S-  A.  Bishop 

Cashier H.  H.  Reynolds 


Directors : 

John  H.  Moore,  Dr.  B  Bryant, 

H.  Mabury,  S.  A.  Bishr)p, 

H.  H.  Reynolds,  James  Hart, 

James  W.  Whiting. 


FARMERS, 

PAIITT  YOUR  BUILDIiraS 


NEW^   FEATURE: 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts,*'  bearing  inter- 
est at  i».  Hand  10  percent  per  annum;  interest  payable 
promptly  at  the  end  of  six  mouths  from  date  of  de- 
poHit.  The  '*  Receipt"  may  be  transferred  by  indorse- 
ment and  the  principle  with  interest  iiaid  to  holder. 

Interest  also  allowed  on  Book  Accounts,  beginning 

at  rl;it»i  nf  deposit. 

( )ur  vimlts  are  large  and  strong  as  any  in  the  State, 
nnd  specially  adapted  for  the  safe-keeping  of  Bonds, 
Sto*ks.  Papers.  Jewelry,  Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc., 
at  tvitling  cost. 

Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  in 
Gold  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates, 

Buy  and  sell  l-egal  Tender  Notes  andtranaact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


National  Gold  Bank 

OF  SAN  JOSE, 


Pntcl  npCapilnl  (Gold  Coin) ».%00,000 

AutliurUud  Cuiiital . .  .81,  000,  000 

President JOHN    W.  HINPS 

Vice-President WM.  L.  TISl) ALE 

Cashier  and  Secretary GEO.  P.  SPARKS 

Directors : 

C.  Burrel,  C.  G.  Harrison, 

Wm.  D.  Tisdale,  E.  0.  Singletarv, 

E.  L.  Bradley,  Wra.  L,  Tisdale, 

John  W.  Hinds.  ,, 


— AND    YOUR- 


ZXiIFZiSMBlTT  S  ! 


Will  allow   interest  on  Deposits,   buy   and   ecll  Ex- 
chanf^e,  make  collections,  loan  money,  and  transact 

A  General  Banking   Business. 

Rjieiial  indun  inents  oflfLTed  to   fanners,  merchants, 
moclianics,  and  all  classes  for  comnierciul  accounts. 

Cor.  First  and  San  Fernando  Sts., 

SAN  JOSE.  Bop 


USE     THE 


USE    THE    BEST! 

mil 


It  Costs  Less,  Lasts  Longer  and  Looks 
Brighter  than  Any  Other  Good  Paint. 

/(    Does  not  Crack,   nor   Cliallc,   nor  Peel  Off. 

SEE   THAT   YOUR  PAINTER   USES   IT. 

Keniember,  it  is  prepared  in  Liquid  Form,  ready  for 
application;  can  l)e  obtained  of  Any  Shade  or  Color, 
and  is  Composed  of  the  Best  Materials,  thoroughly  in- 
corporated, BO  that  it  does  not  spoil  by  standing. 

For  Beauty  of  Finish  and  Brilliancy  of  Color  it  is 
without  a  rival. 

Remember,  with  this  Paint  you  can  do  yonr  own 
painting  better  than  it  can  be  done  with  any  other 
Paint. 

It  is  always  Ready  for  Use. 

Paint  your  Houses—  Paint  your  Wagons,  Mowing 
Machines,  Plows,  etc.,  etc.  It  Pays  in  the  long  run  to 
do  it.  ,     , 

The  Averill  Paint  is  the  Paintfor  everybody 
the  Best  and  .Most  Eeouomleal  Paint  in  the  world. 

Ask  youi-  store-keeper  for  it. 


SUBSCRIBE 

FOB  THE —  ■      -« 

UNSHIN-llij 

—THE    ONLY — 

CHILDREFS  MAGAZINE 

Published  vn 

THE    PACFIC    COAST. 


Only     ^I.IO    a,    TTear. 

ASUIUBLSPEEmroR  CHILDEEN! 

And  one  that  ■^•111  c(mtinue 

A    Source    of     Pleasure 

During  the  whole  year. 


Address.  SUNSHINE,  Postoffice  Box  288  Santa  Clara. 


Milton  Campbell. 


—  DKALER   IN  - 


STOVES, 

PUMPS, 

IRON  PIPES. 

TIN  EOOniTG, 

ETC.,  ETC. 
385  rmST  ST.,  near  Central  Market. 

.SAIV   JOSK. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


ii 


XiOC^e    (&    Mozitague, 

IMPOUTEKS  AKD  DEALEKS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  &c. 

112  and  114  Battery  Street 


SAN  FRANCISCO. 


WM.   SHEWS 

NEW  mmmm  mmmm, 

115  KEARNY  ST.,    SAX  FRAX<'ISt'0. 

This  well  known  *»PiiIace  of  Art,  "  formerly  lo- 
cated -m  Montgomery  St.,  No.  417,  is  now  on 
Ki-amy  St.,  No.  115  and  has  no  connection  with  any 
other.  Stran^?t■r8  visitiug  the  City  will  find  it  for  their 
iuUrest  to  patronize  this  establiehment  for  uuy  kind 
of  pii-ture  from  Minatnre  to  Life  Size. 

N.  B.  The  very  best  Kembrandt  Cards  Album  pize 
S  per'doz.  equal  to  any  that  cost  SI  on  Moutgomtry 
St.;  other  sizes  equally  low  in  proportion.        ap 


THE  NEW  IMPROVED 

fliOEEKCB 


Side   Feed   and   Back   Feed. 

THE  LIGHTEST  RUNNING,  MOST  SIM- 
PLE, AND  MOST  EASILY  OPERATED 
SEWING  MACHINE  IN  THE  MARKET. 

in 

If  there  Is  a  FLORENCE  MACHINE 
within  one  thousand  miles  of  San  Fran- 
cisco not  working  well,  I  will  £i  it  with- 
ont  any  eipanse  to  the  owner. 

SAMUEL  HILL,  Agent, 

No.  19  New  Montgomery  Streeti 

GRAND    HOTEL    BUILDING, 

UH  FRAKCteCO. 


V_ 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

CARRIAGE    niAKER.       PIONEER    CAR- 
riage  Shop. 

314  Second  Street, 

Between  Santa    Clara    street    and    Fountain    Alley . 

SAN  JOSE. 

Ag'ent  for  FisU  Bro.  's  IVafifons. 


Published   Quarterly. January  Number  just 

issued,  and  contains  over  100  Pages,  500  Enc.kavings, 
descriptions  of  more  than  500  of  our  best  Flowers 
and  Vegetables,  with  Directions  for  Culture,  (Joloked 

Plate,  etc. The  most    useful    and  elegant   work    of 

the  kinH  in  the  umtM Only  25  cents  for  the  year. 

Pubhsheti  in  English  ami  (.lernian. 

AdOrcib,    JAMES  VICK,  Rochester,  N.  Y, 


SHERMAN  &  HYDE, 

Cor.  Kearny  and  Suffer  Sfs. 

SAW  FRANCISCO, 

WHOLESALE  AND  llETAIL  DEALERS  IN 

SHEET  MUSIC, 

Musical  Instruments, 


MUSICAL    MERCHANDISE, 

Orders  from  the  Interior  promptly  filled, 

WANUFACTtTBERS   OF  THE 


Acknowledged  by  Musicians  to  be  the  Best  LoW 

Priced  Instruments  ever  offered  for  sale 

on  this  Coast, 


THE  UNHQUAIiLirD 


These  Superb  InstnimentB  have  achieved  ft 
mii'*ess  unparalleled  in  the  history  of  Piano-forte 
Bliinufactiu'e. 

They  are  remarkable  for  Great  Vohime,  Purity 
and  Sweetness  of  Tone,  and  Diu-abilitj', 

THE  CELEBRATED 


The  Most  Desirable  Instruments  in  the  market 
for  church  and  p;irlor.     Over  2S,0C)0  now  in  use. 

SHERMAN  &  HYD£, 

GEKERAI^    AOEXTS, 

SAN  FRANCISCO. 


Tvistia's  Patent 


FIRST  PREMIUM 

WIITD- MILLS! 

—  AND  — 

HORSE-POWERS.      Fl 

Factory — Comer    Market   and  ^ 

Beal  Sts.,  Sttu  Francibco. 

Send  for  DESCEIPTIVE  CI2CTTLAES.  ^ 

W.   I  TL'STIN,    PATENTEE. 


THE  PARKER  GUN/ 


PEND   STAMP  FOR  CIRCULAR 


PARKER  BROS 

WEST  MERIDEN.CT. 


liuSICAeiviEW 


One  Dollar  per  annum.     Each  issue  con- 
tains valuable  reading,  and  tnrr 

SI  -WORTH  OF  NEW^  MUSIC. 

Send  your  address  with  $i,  in  postage 
stamps  or  currency,  to 

SHERMAN  &  HYDE, 


San  FKANCisca 


p.  "W.  Reardoxi  c&  Co. 


o 

fj    o 


•-f 


tight  and  Heavy  W^asfons,  Express  Wn^ons, 

Top   anrt    Open    Bu^^ies,    Curriafres, 

Rocka-ways,  Gigs  and  Barouches. 

ADE    OF   THK    VERY    BEST    ASSORTED    MA- 
terial.    All  work  warrauted.   Jobbingof  all  kinds. 


M 

Painting,  Trimminj,  Blacbmitliinj,  aad 

BFi.Orders  will   receive  Prompt  Attention. 

THE 

Jackson  "Wagons 

An-  known  to  be 

TBB  BEST  FA&ZHX  ^XTAGOSTS 

Sold  on  this  Coast.  Sold  quite  as  low  as  the  very 
many  i>out  ones  offered  for  sale.  We  warrant  them 
for  two  years.  For  sale  in  San  Jose  at  San  Francisco 
prices  by  Haskell  «&  Mott,  Agents,  comer  of  Third 
and  Santa  Clara  streets. 

J,  D.  ARTHUR  &  SOX, 

Importers,  San  Francisco. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Horse-taming 
Outfits. 


Blacksmith. 


Patent 
Tire-Setter. 


Stoves, 

FRED.   KLEIN, 

^ 

S  T  O  ^^  E  S, 

^M 

SIIEKT-IRON, 

Kitchen 

Copper,     Tiiumre,     Iron    Pumps, 
Kitchen  Ulens-ils, 

Celeljratecl  Peerhss  Stoves, 

Utensils. 

^•■il  Santa  Clara  St., 

Near  PoBtofflce.                            San  Jose. 

Groceries, 


Provisions, 


Family 


Supplies. 


nmi 

SEEDS. 

Vegetililfl 

SEEDS. 


JMPEY   &    ijENNARD, 

Manufacturers  and  dealers  In 

Harness  and  Saddles. 

Sole  .\Kf uts  ill   San  .Ti)Ko  fur 
ROCKWELL'S 

Patent  Bits,  Bridles  and  Halters, 

the  best  ever  made. 
No.  2fi2   Santa    Clara  street,    opposite 
Auzerais  House,  San  Jose. 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Piunicr  Blacksmith   and  Carriaye  Shop. 
Ballia,cli*8  Xeiv   Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond st.aixl    Fontktuiii  Alley, 
SAN    J(>SE. 
Affent  for   Fisit    Uro.^s  Wagons. 

New  Work  and  rep;uring  of  Agricultural 
Implements,  etc. 

W^est's     American    Tire-Set  (er. 


WM.   FISCHER. 

FresiidHOCEm,  PROVISIONS, 

Hardware,  Etc.,  Etc., 
BOUGHT   LOW, 

— AND — 

rOR    SALE     CHEAP, 

— AT— 

No.  294  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Near  Spring  k  Co'e  Aui-tion  Store, 
SAN  JOSB. 

Everybody   tbat  knows  WM.  FISCHER 
(ami  he  is  well  known]  will  tes- 
tify that  his  tioods  ape 

The  Best  and  the  Cheapest  in  Town. 


Spooner's  Prize  Flower  Sefds. 
SPOONEE'S  BOSTON  MARKET 

VEGETABLE  SEEDS. 

Descriptive  Priced  Catalogue,  with 
over  150  il lustrations,  mailed  free  to 
apijlicaut. 

W.  H.  SPOONER,  Boston,  Slass. 


SANIA  CLAEA   VALLEY 

DKTJG   STOUE, 

aOO    Santa  dura  street.    Op- 
posite tile  Convent, 

BAN    JOSE, 

JOHN  S.  SCOTT,  M.D., 

PInixicinn  and  Diiiggiat. 


wsa.  A.  •z.jyws.s, 

Waloli-niaksr  aid  Jewdlsr, 

No.  309  First  Street, 

SAN  JOSE. 


ARTHURJS 
Illustrated  Home  Magazine. 


Blight.  Cheerful. 
prii^^Ttssive,  always 
up  to  tlie  advain  inw 
thout^ht  of  the  timr, 
th'-  Home  Magazine 
takes  rank  with  th«- 
leading  and  must  in 
flueutial  . periodicals 
of  the  day. 


187 


I  It  Is  on  the  side  of 
Tcniperauce  and  tnio 
U 'hristian  inorKlity. 
^V'hattver  is  hurtful  to 
''  Society  it  coudeninB 
without  fi-ar  or  favnr, 
and  makes  itself  felt 
in  thu  homes  of  the 
people  as  a  power  for 

The  Great  Household  ^s;r  t 

more  thoroughly  identified  with  the  people  in  their 
home  and  social  life  than  any  other  periodical  iii  the 
country. 

"Dehorah  Forman:  e,^Sr„^n^.'T 

new  serial  story  by  T.  S.  Arthur,  wiU  be  commeuced 
in  Janu;iry. 

"Fifty  Years  Ago;  S^'/w.^.:"^^^ 

"  "    "'         ""'  papers  will  be  fresh  and  new, 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

Wiicox  Block,  No,  100  First  St., 
SAXH'    JOSE,    CAIi. 

California  and  Eastern  3Iade 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES, 

A  Large  and  Superior  Assortment. 

JDTo.    40  0     First    Street, 

AVilcux  Block,  San  Joee. 


Eopella  Hire.     These 
and  uf  uuusal  interest 

Homes  for  the 


e, 


series    of 
admirably 
jestive  articles  on  Homes  anH  how  to  make  them 
plcasHUt  and  attractive.     By  Mrs.  E.  B.  Buflfey. 

"The  Story  Teller."  ^nt^lTl^ 

unusually  rich.  Besiiies  an  abundance  of  short  stories 
two  or  three  nerials  will  be  given  during  the  year. 
"  T^:---,:-,-,:...-..  ?5  Potts,  the  inimitable  de- 
JTipblboi W ay.  lineator  of  Home  Life 
and  Cliaracter,  will  have  an  article  In  every  month. 
T5,Tiio-;>K'U.'c,  NEWEST  PATTEltNS  for"^ 
^LlULviXwX^  O  Udies'  and  children's  dresses, 
are  given  by  special  arningemeut  every  mjnth. 

"  The  Lion  in  Love,"  i7lerrZ^^. 

©d   Reader,"  two  large  and  splendid  pn-nnuin  en- 
gravinys.    One  of  these  Bent  free  to  eveiy  subscriber. 

lE^  Publishers  of  the  AaBiruLTUKisT  will  supply 
tlu'abiive  Magazine  one  year,  with  premium  engraving 
and  patterns,  post  paid,  for  only  $2 — tbe  regular 
pricf  IS  $2   &Oa     Send  in  youriird<-i*s  at  once. 

Address.  Agbiculturist,  San  Jose,  Cal. 


AP.1IL.               1 

s. 

M. 

T. 

w. 

T. 

i'. 

s, 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

lO 

1  1 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

m: 

111:2-!;  Vi-[iii\c 


R.  C.  Karby  &  Co., 


Wholesale  Dealers. 


OFFICE: 

402  and  404  Battery  St, 

San  Fi'aiici?^co. 


These  Valves  are  the  sim- 
plest and  mt'st  perfect  in  construc- 
tion of  any  Valve  ever  invented.  For 
cheapness,  durability  and  capaeity  of 
discharging  witter,  they  are  not  eipinled 
by  any  other  Valve.  We  manufacture 
sizes  from  3  to  7  inches  diameter,  and 
for  Hand.  Windmill  and  Horse-power 
or  Steam  Pumps. 

We  also  keep   on  hand  and   manufac- 
ture the  best  and  cheapest  Well  Pices. 

FRED.  KLEIN, 

Dealer  In  Stoves,  etc..  No.  '2-11  Santa 
Clara  street,  a  few  doors  west  of  the 
Postoffice,  San  Jose, 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

927  First  Street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH  PRICE 

PAID  FOB 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


C.    SCHRODER, 

CALirOENIA  OANDI FACIOE?, 

349  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Near  tho  Opera  House,  San  Jose. 


Confectionery  in  Great  Variety, 
A%'liolseulu  and  Retail. 

8^"  Orders  promptly  attended  to. 


DI\.  J.  N.  KLIEN, 

SVRGEOIV    DENTIST. 


mm  m  im  stors, 

(Deutsche  Apotheke), 

HENEY     PIESSNECKEE, 

^     Proprietor, 

No.    .tao     Santa    Clara     Street, 

(Btt.  First  and  Second — South  Bide) 
SAN  JOSE. 


SAN  JOSE  m  FACTSEY. 

IVIAURICE  O'BRIESr, 

WUolesulo  and    Ketail 

Candy  Manufacturer, 

:IN7  Firt^l  Street, 

Near  Sau  Fornando,  San  Jose. 


RHODES  &.  LEWIS, 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.  355  First  Street^ 

SAN  JOSE. 


Boots 

and 

Shoes. 


Patent 
Pump 
Valve. 


Grain 


Dealer. 


Candy 


Factory. 


Room 

next  to 

WKIOIIT'S 

Pbotof,'raph 

Oallery, 

Santa      Clara 

Street 


Fresh   Ciiuily 

and 

Ice  Cream. 


''/iM^ 


A-4-A^' 


Subscription  Price, 
$1.50  a  year. 


SAN  JOSE,  CAL.,  MAY,    1875. 


Single  Copies, 
16  cents. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Pago  99,  Correspondence. - 

Dr.  Scott). 


Carbolic  Acid    (by 


100,  Bditorial  Notes.     Etc. 

101,  Poetry,  —  Grasshoppers.  Some  One's 
Servant  Girl.  Come,  Lovely  Spring.  Two 
Simple  Rules.  Christian  Advertising.  The 
Temperant'o  Picket.  Love.  Not  the  First 
Class.    Etc. 

10*3,  Editorial  Correspondence. 

103,  Editorial.— Extra  Value  of  Fine  Over 
Common  Cattle  for  Beef.  A  New  and  Im- 
portant Industry. 

104,  EditoriaL— What  Shall  We  Do  With 
Our  Immib'rauts?  What  Are  the  Graut^ers 
Going  to  Do  About  it.  Reclaiming  Alkaline 
Soils.    Summer-fallowing. 

105,  Hygienic. — Another  Physiological  Let- 
ter. DiRinfectante  and  Deodorizers.  Im- 
portance of  Wholesome  Beds. 

IOC,  Hygienic  (continued).  —  Purifying  the 
Blood.  Sunlight  a  Necessity.  Domestic^ 
Practical  Recipes.  Paragraphs  Worth  Ke- 
Membering.  Miscellaneous  Recipes.  To- 
bacco and  Bread. 

107,  Dairy  .—Nervous  Cows.  Creamery  Aver- 
ages. Apiary. — Most  Practical  BeeHivts. 
Buckwheat  for  Bee  Pasture.  The  Profits  of 
Farming.    Etc. 

■  108,  Stock  Breeder.— Keep  Pure  Breeds.  To 
Fatten  Cattle.  Dogs  and  Sheep.  Scrub 
Stock.    StockPays  All  the  Time.    Etc. 

'  109,  The  Horse. — Breeding  Horses  for  I^so. 
Hardy  Colts  the  Best.  Percherou  and  Nor. 
man  Horses.  Endurance  of  Eastern  Hordes. 
Pisciculture.— How  Fish  Spawn  Can  Be 
Hutched.  How  Oysters  Are  Born.  Trout 
and  White  Fish. 

'  110,  Pisciculture  (Continued). — Seth  Green 
audHisWurk.     Etc.      Poultry   Yard. — 

Dark    Brahmas.     Cock's   Combs    ae    Food. 
Guinea  Fowls. 

Ill,  Porcine.— How  to  Tell  the  Age  of  Hogs. 
The  Berkshire.  Feeding  Swine  in  Summer. 
Cost  of  Preparing  Pork  for  Market.  The 
Value  of  a  Thoroughbred  Boar, 

'  113,  Correspondence. — Notes  of  Travel  and 
Id«^as  Ui>on  Health  Subjects.  *' Honor  to 
Whom  Hiinur  is  Due." 

'  113,  Correspondence  (continued)  .—Politics 
and  Religion  in  the  Granges. 

'  11*,  Household  Reading.  —  Words  of 
Counsel  With  Parents.  A  Mothers  Influ- 
ence. False  Delicacy  Between  jSothers  and 
Daughters.    A  Cheerful  Home.     Etc. 

'  115,  Educational.— A  P.irody  for  the  School 
Room.  Taking  Agric\iltural  Papers.  Com- 
mon Sense.  Purs  Expression.  Words, 
Thoughts.  Actions.  Help  the  Children. 
Hi>w  to  Keep  a  Situation.    Etc. 

*  116,  Boys  and  Girls.— Mollie's  Troubles. 
How  a  Lad  Wheeled  Himself  into  Fortune 
and  luflucuce.  Silk-lined  House.  Moles 
and  Tuads. 

'    117,  Editorial. — ^New  Publications.    Etc. 


DOIT'T     THIITK 


Because  We  Trust 

THOSE  WORTHY  OP  CEEDIT 

We  canuot  sell 

Groceries,     Hardware, 

And  A.11  Kinds  of  Goods, 

As  Cheap  for  Cash 

As  Any  Store  in  Santa  Clara  Co. 


A 


TRY     US. 


UZESLAIS       i&      POZMCERO 

Market  Street,  San  Jose. 

PELTOIT'i 

SZX-FOI.B 

HORSE~PC 


I 


TTAVING  MADE  NEW  ARRANGEMENTS 

^^  with  MR.  McKENZIE,  I  am  prepared  to  supply 
my  Powers  to  all  persons  favoring  me  with  their  or- 
ders. All  Powers  hereafter  maniifactured  can  only  be 
obtained  of  me  or  my  Agents.  In  future  they  will  be 
made  under  my  directions  and  specifications,  and 
nothing  but  a  prime  quality  of  Machinery  Iron  will 
be  used  iu  their  manufactui'o. 

I  have  ■  reatly  improved  the  application  and  bracing 
of  my  Levers,  whieh  will  give  them  ample  strength. 

All  Powers  fully  wiuTauted. 

For  further  information  send  for  cii-culars  and  price 

S.  rZiLTO]>r,  Patentee. 

San  Jose,  California. 


list  to 


A.  O.  Hooker. 


W.  F.  GrscKEL. 


OFFICE, 

I       318 

'I  [First  St^ 

San  Jose. 


Mr.  STTTYVESA-ITT, 

Of  Eilgewood,  Pouglikeepsie,  New  York, 
wishiuf,'  to  increase  his  Short-horn  herd  of 
cattle,  oft'ers  for  sale  is  entire  herd  of 

AYI\SHII\E    CATTLE, 

Containing  Twenty-five    Cows  in   milk   ami  in  CAlf  to 
"ROBBIE       BRUCE," 

Undoubtedly  the  finest  Ayrshire  bull  iu  the  country; 
four  Heifers,  due  to  calf  by  the  same  Bull  during  the 
Summer;  seven  Heifer  Calves,  dropped  this  Spring: 
fmir  Bull  Calves  of  this  Spring;  one  yearling  Bull,  and 
the  Bull  ROBBIE  BRUCE.  This  entire  herd  will  bo 
Sidd  for  the  simi  of    $8,000. 

This  herd  is  ciunpuseti  of  the  two  entire  herds  for- 
merly belonging  to  Mr.  W.  Binni  of  Springfield  Mass., 
and  Mr.  H.  S.  Collins,  Collinsville.  Conn.  Mr.  Stuy- 
vesant  having  some  years  since  bought  these  two  en- 
tire herds,  and  having  had  a  weeding  out  sale  last  fall. 

Mr.  Stuyvesant  was  awarded  the  HERD  PRIZE  at 
the  New  York  St:ite  Fair  at  Rochester,  last  Fall,  with 
large  comijetition. 

THE   PEDIGREES 

of  this  stock  are    all  good.    Ctitalogiics  containing  ft 
description  of   the  herd   will    be   sent  on  application. 
Also,  catalogue  of  the  small  but  value  herd  of  Short- 
horns at  Ecigewood  written  out  on  applieation. 
Address,  JNO.  R.  STUY\'ESANT, 

Edgcwood,  Poughkeepsie,  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  T. 


LOOK  TO  YOUR  INTERESTS 


ANIJ    GO    TO    THK 


hwi  Mim  M, 

412  FIEST  ST.,  SAN  JOSE. 

Spring  Beds  JS&ade    to  Order  at 
Less  than  ^Vholesale  Prices. 

J^"  Repairing  done.  StjconLl-baucl  riirnittire  bonght 
ami  sold. 

Z.  TAYLOR. 

C.  A.  HOUGH, 

PEAI.hl!  IN 

CK0ISEFAMILnE9CSEISS.Pa0V!510H§, 

T£AS,  comiss, 

Cigars,    Tobacco,    Oil,   Lamps,    Etc. 

ALL  GOODS  WAKE.VNTED  FIRST-CLASS 

TERM  S-^C  ASH! 

c.    ^.    k  o  "cr  a  H, 

311    Santa     Clara    Street, 

San  Jose  Bank  Building. 


^^^ 


California  Horticulturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


BREEDERS'  DIRECTORY. 


Parties  desiring  to  imrcliaee  Live  Stock  will  ftii'l  in 
this  Directory  tbe  names  of  some  of  tbo  moBt  reliable 
Breeders. 

Ouu  Rates.— Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  will  be  in- 
serted in  this  Directory  at  the  r^te  of  50  cents 
per  month.  A  line  will  average  about  eij^bt  words. 
Payable  annually. 


CATTLE. 


C.  B.  POLHEMUS,  Sau  Jose.  Santa  dara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle, 

S.  N.  PUTNAM,  breeder  of  Pure-bred  Durham 
Cattle,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 

S.  B.  EMERSON,  Mountain  View,  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal..  breeder  of  Short-Horn  and  Holstein 
Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

CHARLES  CliARK,  Miliiitas.  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

WM.  Q,lirNN,  San  Jobp,  Santa  Clara  count^v,  Cal ., 
breeder  of  Short-Hurn  Cattle. 

CYRUS  JONES  &  CO.,  San  .Tose.  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeders  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

COL.EMAN  YOUNGER,  San  Jose.  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

Jj.  J.  HANCHETT,  San  Jose.  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

R.  G.  SNEATH,  Meiilo  Park.  San  Matoo  Co.,  Cal., 
choice  Jerbey  Cows,  Heifers  .and  Hull  Calves  for  sale 

CARR  &  CHAPMAN,  Gabilan,  Nonterey  county, 
Cal .,  breedei-s  of  Trotting  Horses,  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine, 

R.  B.  CANNON,  Suisun,  Solano  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Hom  Cattle  and  Swine. 

JOS.  Li.  CHAMBERS,  St.  Johns,  Colusa  county, 
Cal  ,  breeder  of  Short-Hom  Cattle. 

C.  COMSTOCK,  Sacramento,  California,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.  BREWSTER,  Gait  Station,  Sacramento  county, 
Cal,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

WM.  FLEMING,  Napa,  California,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

W.  L.  OVERHISER,  Stockton,  San  Joaquin  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 


J.    B.  REDMOND,    Black    Point,  Marin    county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


GEO.  R.  VERNON,    Oakland.    Alameda    county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

MOSES  WICK,  Oroville.  Butte  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J,  R.  ROSE,    LakeviUe.   Sonoma  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 

G.  D.  MORSE,    San  Francisco,  Breeder  of  Short- 
Horn  aud  Devon  Cattle.  

J.  R.  JEWEIiL,    Petaluma,  Sonoma  county,  Cal. 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

SENECA   D.ANIEI  S,    Lakeville,   Sonoma  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 


CHAS.G.  BOCKIUS,  Lomo  Place,  Sutter  coimty, 
Cal..  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

JOHN  .lUDSON,  Bloonifleld,  Sonoma  county,  Cal., 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

A.   MILCARD,  San  Rafael.  Marin  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Jerseys  and  Alderneys. 


U.  P.  I.IVERMORE,    San  Francisco,  breeder  of 
Short-Hom  Cattle. 

BENNETT  &  PAGE,    San  Francisco,  breeders  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

L.EWIS  PIERCE,  Suifiun.  flolano  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Short-Horn"  Cattle. 

SWINE. 

S.  HARRIS  BARRING,  San  Jose,  Cal.,  breeder 
of  Best  Purebred  Berkshire  Swine. 

CHARLES  C'LARK,  Milpitas.  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal..  bre-'der  of  pnrebreil  Berkshire  Swine, 


MEAT  MARKETS, 


I    EDDY  k  BHO.,  Stall  No.  1.  City  Market,  do  a  Rnii- 
A  eral  butchering  and  market  business.    City  orders 
dcliviindfroo  of  extra  charge. 


SAN     JOSE    CLOTHii^C 

266  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Tose. 


O'BANION    ^   KENT, 


BSerchant  Tailors  and  Clothiers,  Dealers  in  All  Kinds  of 

GEITTS'     FTjniTISSIlTa      GOODS, 

LICHTSTONE  BLOCK,  Nearly  Opposite  the  Auzerais  House. 


SHEEP  AND   GOATS, 


MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOAV,  Centerville,  near 
Niles  Station,  Alameda  county,  Cal.  Pure-blooded 
French  Merino  Rams  and  Ewes  lor  sale. 

A  .  G.  STONESIFER,  Hill's  Ferry.  Stanislaus  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Piu-e-blooded  French  Merino  Sheep. 

A.  VROMAN,  Jenny  Li nd,  Calaveras  county,  Cal., 
Cntswold  Bucks  for  sale.  References.  Moody  &  Far- 
iah,  San  Francisco;  Shippee,  McKee  &  Co.,  Stockton. 

MARSH  «)t  RETICKER,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
covinty,  breeders  of  Pure  Angora  Goats. 

liENDRUM  <t  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal.,  im- 
porters aud  breeders  of  Pure  Angora  Goats. 

C,  P.  BAITjEY,  San  Jose  Cal.,  importer,  breeder 
and  dealer  in  CaBhmere  or  Angora  Goats.  Fine 
Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for  sale. 

LEXDRUM  &  ROGERS,  Watsonville.  Cal.    Im- 
porters and  breeders  of  the  finest  Cotswold  Sheep 
and  Angora  Goats. 

MCCRACKEN  A  LEWIS,   San  Jose,  Cal.    Im- 
porters and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goats.    Al&o, 
fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 

MEllINO    RAMS.- Pure   blood    and    Grades.    The 
fiuest  in  the  State.    Address,  McCracken  &  Lewis, 
San  Jose. 

THOS.  BUTTEEFIELD  &  SON, 

BBEEDEnS   AND    IMl'ORTEnS  OP 

ANGORA  OR  CASHMKRE  GOATS, 

3^"  Also.  Cotswold  and  other  long  wool  Sheep. "^311 

FRENCH  AND  SPANISH  MERINOS. 
HOLLISTKR,     MONTEREY     CO.,      CAL.. 


POULTRY. 


M  PAI.L,ON,  Seventh  and  Oak  streets,  Oakland. 
Cal.,  offers  tor  sale  Egys  from  every  variety  of  choice 
Fowls. 


ALBERT  E.  BlIRBANK,  43  and  44  California 
Market.  San  Franeiseo.  importer  and  breeder  of 
Fauey  Fowls,  Piyeous,  Rabbits,  etc. 

SIRS.  I..  .T.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Premium 
Fowls.  White  Leghc.ru.  S.  S.  HamburK,  Game  Ban- 
tams, aud  Ayh-sbury  Dueks.     Also,  Eggs. 


MISCELLANEOUS, 


DAWSON  *&  BANCROFT,  U.  S.  Live  Stock  Ex- 
change, southeast  corner  o4  Fifth  and  Bryant  streets 
San  Francisco.  All  kinds  of  common  and  thorough- 
bred Stock  always  on  exhibition  and  for  sale. 

SPLENDID  CARD  PHOTOGRAPHS,  only 
$a  a  doz.-n,  and  Cabinets  S4  a.  dozen,  at  HOAV- 
LAND'S  Gallery  (Heuring's  old  stand]  No.  3r»i)  First 
street,  Sau  Jose.  fe  ly 


BARRY  &  WALLACE,  'WO  First  street.  Hands<mie 
turnouts  always  on  hand  at  fair  prices.  Fine  heurse 
for  funerals.    Give  us  a  trial. 


JH .  GORD ON ,  351  Santa  Clara  street ,  bel ow  Second . 
•     Gas,  water  and  steam  fitting,  and  general  plmub- 
ing  busiuess.    Charges  very  moaerate. 

BSANGUINETTI.  418  an4  420  First  st.  Bookcases. 
•    wardrobes,  kitchen  safes  and  picture  frames  made 
to  order.     Furniture  made  and  itipiiired. 


W    WARNER   HENRY,  Jobber  of   groceries    aud 
,  provisions,  No.  421  Clay  street,  near  Sansome. 
Orders  from  the  country  promptly  attended  to. 


BOSCHKEN,   Hardware,   Builders'   Materinls, 
lloiist!  FuriiiKhing  IltcnHils.  and  all  kinds  of  Shelf 
Hiinlwiire.  417  Fir^^t  Str.ft.  Sun  .lose. 


J. 


BLOOMINGTON    NURSERY,  Bloomington,    111 
F.  K.  Phoenix.    Spring  lists   free,  or  the  set  of 
four  catalogues,  post  free,  for  twenty  cents. 


fcyt 


Something'  of  Interest  to  Farmers. 

The  rapid  growth  of  our  country,  and  the  constantly 
increasing  demand  for  practical  and  durable  farm  ma. 
chinery,  has  brought  the  Wind-mill  into  almost  gen- 
eral use.  Its  prai  tical  value  is  no  longer  doubted;  no 
well-regulated  farm  can  afford  to  be  without  it.  By 
its  use  bed-dry  pastures  can  be  watered,  swampy  landB 
drained,  gardens  irrigated,  water  supplied  for  house 
and  barn,  wood  sawed,  corn  shelled,  feed  cut,  meal, 
Graham  and  buckwheat  flour  made  at  home  for  your 
own  use  and  that  of  your  ut-ighborB— in  short,  all  the 
work  that  is  done  on  a  large  farm,  and  which  at  some 
Beasons  of  the  year  necessitates  the  employment  of 
two  or  three  extra  hands. 

There  are  so  many  new  and  cheap  mills  in  the  mar- 
ket that  we  feel  it  our  duty  to  caution  our  farroere  that 
they  look  at  the  mill  and  not  the  price,  examine  the 
record  and  know  that  the  mill  is  one  thst  has  been 
thoroughly  tried  at  least  three  years  by  some  one. 
Wind  is  au  unruly  element  and  unless  a  wind-mill  is 
built  upon  true  mechanical  principles  and  from  strong 
and  durable  material,  it  is  liable  at  any  time  to  be  de- 
stroyed. It  costs  just  as  much  to  erect  a  i^oor  mill  as 
a  good  one,  and  it  will  not  pay  to  run  the  chance  of 
losing  your  labor,  time  and  mill  for  a  few  dollars 
more  at  the  start.  There  is  just  as  much  diflerence  in 
wind-mills  as  in  cloth.  A  good  article  costs  a  little 
more  but  wears  enough  longer  to  pay  for  the  extra 
cost.  Being  the  oiigiual  inventors  and  first  manufac- 
tiu-ers  of  what  is  now  known  as  the  Solid  Wheel  !Mill, 
we  feel  that  it  is  our  privilege  to  caution  those  about 
to  purchase  wind-mills.  We  commenced  nearly  eight 
years  ago,  and  have  faithfully  protected  all  our  mills 
aud  gu.ir.'inteed  their  work.  Gur  mill  has  been  tho- 
rouijlily  tcstfil.  and  is  now  inuseiu  thirty-three  States 
and  Ti  rritt.iries.  Seven  wind-mill  companies  are  now 
mauutacturiiig  under  our  license,  but  none  of  them 
are  allowed  to  make  our  particular  mill.  By  actual 
test  and  mathematical  calculation  we  secure  16  per 
cent,  more  power  than  any  other  wind-mill.  We  can 
obtaiu  this  because  our  fans  are  much  wider  and  two 
inches  longer  on  a  ten-foot  mill,  and  the  wheel  aud 
tail  being  in  a  line  the  mill  gets  all  the  wind.  The 
Eclipse  is  not  a  cheap  mill,  except  as  an  investment. 
Our  mills  cost  $10  more  than  the  general  average  price 
of  other  mills.  We  can  build  acheapermill  for  those 
that  wish  it.  but  having  had  a  long  experience,  we 
know  that  an  honestly  built  mill  cannot  be  made 
cheap.  We  are  able  and  willing  to  guarantee  our 
work,  and  parties  desiring  something  strong,  durable 
and  jKiwerful,  will  consult  their  interests  by  either 
sending  for  our  illustrated  circular  or  calling  on  our 
general  agent.    Respectfully, 

Wm.  H.  Wheeler,  Supt. 
Eclipse  Wind-Mill  Co.,  Beloit,  Wis. 

These  mills  are  being  introduced  on  this  coast 
through  Mr.  Charles  P.  Hoag.  of  Nos.  18  and  20  Fre- 
mont street,  near  Market  street,  San  Francisco. 

Mr.  Hi>ag  has  mills  from  10  feet  to  45  and  60  feet  in 
diameter,  and  from  2  to  30  hors-epower. 

Mr.  I,  A.  Hatch.  San  Jose,  is  agent  for  Santa  Cl»ra 
county.  He  has  lindmueh  experience  in  erecting  mills 
aud  tanks,  and  will  guarantee  his  work  and  the  mills 
he  puts  up.  my 


WOODLAND 
roviiTSL-K- 


VARDS 

a       Victorious ! 


Half  the  Awards  at  the  Last  State  Fair. 


Send  for  Price  List  of  EGGS  and  FOWLS. 

DU.  W.  ,r.  PK.\THER, 
ap  W'oodland,  Yolo  Co.,  Cal. 


E.  \.  Clark. 


J.  W.  Haskell. 


CLARK  L  HASKELL, 

M  Estate,  and  General  Business  A^ent, 

QEARCHING  AND  C  O  N  V  E  V  A  N<:  I  N  G 

O     promptly  and  correctly  done— Ileal  Estate  bought 
and  sold.  Offick;— In  Post  Olfice  Building.^ 


Room 

next  to 

WUKiHT'S 

Photograph 

Gallery, 

Santa      Clara 

Street 


Dr.  IT.  Klein,  Smgeon  Dentist 


m'w 


Vol.  e. 


Saxi    Jose,   Cal.,    May,  1S75. 


No.  5. 


CARBOIiIC   ACID. 

Its    Nature    and    Uses. 

By  JOHN  D.  SCOTT,  M.  D. 

^ 

iS'tt'ds.  Aghicultueist:  In  1832  Keichinback 
Jfi,  discovered  iu  beech  tar  a  peculiar  sub- 
Ay^  stance  -which,  from  the  jiroperty  which 
jjti/  it  possessed  of  preserving  meat,  he 
called  creosote,  from  two  Greek  words  meaning 
meat-preserver.  Two  years  afterwards  Riinge 
discovered  a  similar  substance  in  coal  tar,  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  of  Carbolic  Acid,  a 
contraction  of  carbou-oil-acid.  It  was  con- 
tended for  some  time  that  these  two  sub- 
stances were  identical,  but  upon  careful 
chemical  analysis  they  were  found  to  be  dis- 
tinct articles,  although  possessing  some  analo- 
gous properties.  "It  differs  from  creosote 
by  being  decidedly  acid,  in  being  precipitated 
by  acetate  of  lead,  and  not  being  acted  upon 
by  ammonia  and  air,  but  changed  by  even 
dilute  nitric  acid  into  a  red-brown  substance; 
it  also  precipitates  gelatine;  all  which  proper- 
ties are  wanting  in  creosote."  Owing,  how- 
ever to  this  close  resemblance,  creosote  is 
often  largely  adulterated  with  carbolic  acid. 

In  the  shops  it  occurs  in  two  forms,  solid 
and  liquid.  When  perfectly  pure  it  is  found 
in  white  masses,  or  crystals,  or  in  a  white 
liquid  heavier  than  water,  but  as  ordinarily 
kept  the  crystals  and  liquid  are  of  a  more  or 
less  brownish-red  color,  owing  to  imiiurities. 
It  combines  with  Ume  and  other  bases,  when 
the  products  are  known  as  carbolates,  some 
of  which  are  very  valuable  and  largely  used  in 
the  arts. 

It  is  very  volatile,  hence  its  gi-eat  value  as 
a  disinfectant.  It  is  also  powerfully  antisep- 
tic. A  green  hide  immersed  for  21  hours  iu 
an  aqueous  solution  of  the  acid  of  the  strength 
of  10  or  15  per  cent,  will  be  preserved  upon 
drying  for  years  from  putrefaction.  It  in- 
stantly deprives  stinking  fish  or  meat  of  its 
offensive  odor,  and  arrests  further  decompo- 
sition by  arresting  the  putrefactive  fermenta- 
tion. It  is  therefoje  one  of  the  most  valuable 
agents  iu  the  process  of  embalming  bodies, 
and  in  preserving  the  skins  of  birds,  animals 
and  reptiles  from  further  change  in  our  cabi- 
nets and  museums. 

It  was  largely  used  in  our  late  unpleasant- 
ness by  surgeons  on  both  sides  of  the  Poto- 
mac in  gun-shot  wounds,  diseases  of  the 
bones  and  foul  suppurating  abscesses  with 
the  most  gratifying  results.  It  not  only  acted 
as  deodorizer,  but  stopped  at  once  the  putre- 
factive fermentation,  thus  striking  at  once  at 
the  root  of  the  evil.  The  explanation  of  its 
salutary  results  may  be  found  in  the  fact  that 
their  morbid  processes  are  not  only  originated 
but  kept  up  by  exceeding  minute,  but  poison- 


ous, organisms  to  which  carbolic  acid  is  in- 
stant death.  By  injecting  solutions  of  5  to 
10  per  cent,  of  the  acid  to  the  water  they  are 
destroyed  by  the  million,  and  by  keeping  the 
parts  well  bathed  with  the  lotion,  or  covered 
with  cloths  wrung  out  of  it,  their  recurrence 
is  prevented. 

Taken  iu  medicinal  doses,  say  one  to  two 
grains  or  drops  to  the  ounce  of  sweetened 
water,  and  being  absorbed  into  the  system,  it 
seems  to  exert  a  specific  effect  upon  the  kid- 
nays  and  bronchial  tubes,  thus  constituting  a 
most  valuable  diuretic  and  expectorant. 
Hence  the  flooding  of  the  market  with  car- 
bolic troches. 

But  its  most  important  use  has  been 
thought  to  be  iu  the  destruction  of  those  veg- 
etable spores  and  morbific  animalcules  which 
have  of  late  been  proven  to  be  the  prolific 
source  of  many  epidemic  and  contagious  dis- 
esases  among 

MEN  AND  DOMESTIC   ANIMAiS. 

It  has  been  shown  that  it  acts  with 
distructive  agency  upon  these  germs  out  of 
the  body, and  it  has  been  reasonably  concluded 
that  it  would  act  with  equal  effect  upon  them 
iu  the  body.  With  this  view  it  has  been  ad- 
ministered internally,  but  not  sufficiently  long 
and  extensively  to  demonstrate  its  absolute 
merits. 

A  few  drops  of  a  weak  solution  are  sufficient 
to  prevent  the  mould  on  ink  and  other  vege- 
table solutions.  In  the  concentrated  form,  it 
is  said  to  have  been  used  to  destroy  the  pois- 
onous effects  of  dissection  wounds.  It  has 
been  recommended  in  vomiting, diarrhcea, dys- 
pepsia and  flatulence.  Whenever  putrefac- 
tion or  even  common  fermentation  is  suspect- 
ed in  the  stomach,  carbolic  acid  by  its  anti- 
fermentive  and  anti-septic  properties  would 
be  of  undoubted  efficacy. 

From  the  properties  of  carbolic  acid  already 
known  and  acknowledged  it  was  confidently 
expected  that  it  would  act  equally  well  as  a 
worm  medicine;  and  in  the  few  tri.ils  that 
have  been  as  yet  made  with  it,  it  has  not  dis- 
appointed that  expectation.  Against  the 
lumbricoids  or  large  red  worms  it  has  been 
found  efficient,  and  used  in  the  form  of  weak 
injection  we  might  reasonably  hope  to  find  it 
equally  serviceable  against  the  pin  worm  so 
distressing  both  to  grown  persons  and  child- 
ren. 

Owing  to  its  detergent  and  antiseptic  pro- 
perties it  makes  an  excellent  dentriflce  cleans- 
ing the  teeth  and  the  interspaces  between 
them  and  sweetening  the  breath. 

In  scarlet  fever,  diptheria,  erysipelas  and 
other  ihseases  dependent  upon  a  morbid  con- 
dition of  the  blood,  it  may  be  used  not  only 
hygienieally  but  internally  with  the  reason- 
able expectation  of  exerting  an  antiseptic 
action  on  that  imjjortant  fluid.  Upon  old, 
indolent  and  foul  ulcers,  either  in  the  form  of 
a  weak  lotion  or  ointment,  it  acts  with  great 
energy   by  not   only  cleansing   them  but    by 


stimulating    them   to   renewed    and  healthy 
action. 

In  the  crystals  or  concentrated  liquid  form 
it  acts  as  a  poworful  caustic,  turning  the  parts 
white  to  which  it  is  applied  and  removing  the 
cuticle,  which,  before  separation,  turns  to  a 
dark,  brownish  color.  The  application  pro- 
duces severe  pain,  which  lasts  for  an  hour  or 
more,  and  the  acid  in  this  form  should  bo 
used  with  extreme  caution.  It  is  by  its  pow- 
erful caustic  effect  in  killing  the  nerve  that  it 
instantly  relieves  the  toothache;  but  it  should 
never  be  used  in  this  way  by  unskillful  hands, 
as  it  will  produce  painful  eschars  in  the 
mouth  wherever  it  touches.  Of  course,  such 
a  powerful  disorganizer,  when  taken  into  the 
system,  would  produce  the  most  liolent  and 
fatal  effects.  A  solution  of  lime  in  water, 
which  converts  the  acid  into  carbolate  of  lime, 
would  be,  put  up,  the  readiest  and  most  ef- 
fectual antidote. 

In  itch  it  acts  as  a  specific,  destroj-ing  the 
insect  whose  presence  and  ravages  constitute 
the  cbsease.  It  is  equally  ser%iceable  in  many 
other  skin  diseases,  particularly  those  of  the 
head  and  scalp.  In  these  cases  it  is  used  as  a 
wash,  ointment,  or  bath.  In  diseases  of  the 
ear  with  purulent  and  offensive  discharges  it 
has  been  found  particularly  beneficial.  In 
scalds  and  burns,  in  the  proportion  of  10  to 
\'>  drops  to  the  ounce  of  water  it  has  been 
highly  recommended.  It  is  said  to  allay  the 
pain  instantly  and  dispose  the  parts  to  heal 
kiudl}'  and  without  subsequent  contraction. 

It  may  be  given  internally  in  the  dose  of  1 
or  2  grains,  or  drops,  as  the  case  may  be,  in 
one  ounce  of  sweetened  water.  As  a  caustic, 
it  is  used  as  obtained  from  the  shops,  care 
being  taken  to  limit  its  appUcatinn  to  the  dis- 
eased parts.  As  a  lotion  to  the  skin,  it  may 
be  dissolved  in  the  proportion  of  1  part  of  the 
acid  to  100  or  200  of  water.  As  an  applica- 
tion to  the  throat  in  scarlet  fever,  dii)theria, 
bronchitis,  catarrh,  etc.,  as  spray  in  an  atom- 
izer, it  may  be  used  in  the  projjortion  of  one 
grain  or  drop  to  the  ounce  of  water,  gradually 
increasing  the  strength  to  -i  or  5  as  thought 
advisable.  As  a  gargle  in  such  cases,  take  20 
grains  or  drops  of  the  acid,  half  a  drachm  of 
vinegar,  2  ounces  of  the  tincture  of  myrrh, and 
C  oz  of  water.  This  is  said  to  fail  but  seldom 
in  diptheria.  As  an  ointment  for  cancers, 
ulcers,  etc.,  5  grains  or  drops  may  be  rubbed 
up  with  an  ounce  of  lard,  unsalted  butter, 
suet  or  simple  cerate,  and  applied  on  cloths. 
As  its  prophylactic  and  disinfectant  proper- 
ties are  not  among  the  least  of  its  virtues,  it 
may  be  dissolved  in  the  proportion  of  an 
ounce  of  the  acid  to  one  gallon  of  water  and 
hung  round  the  sick  room  in  cloths  saturated 
with  the  solution,  introduced  into  the  dejec- 
tions, and  sponged  from  time  to  time  over  the 
bodies  of  the  sick.  It  is  thought  to  have  ex- 
erted vei-y  beneficial  effects,  used  in  this  way, 
in  private  and  hospital  practice,  in  arresting 
the  spread  and  mitigating  the  severity  of  ery- 
sipelas, diptheria,  puerperal,  scarlet,  yellow 
and  tyjihoid  fevers.  During  the  prevalence 
of  such  epidemics,  no  house  or  hospital  with 
a  single  case  of  any  of  these  dangerous  dis- 
eases should  be  without  an  abundant  suijply 
of  this  valuable  disinfectant.  In  times  of 
epidemics  and  jiestilences  our  street  sprink- 
lers might  be  converted  into  powerful  sanitary 
agencies  by  the  addition  of  a  few  ounces  of 
the  acid  to  each  ban-el  of  water. 

It  was  thought  to  have  exerted  a  highly 
useful  effect  in  checking  the  spread  and  mod- 
erating the  severity  of  the  late 

(^Continued  on  page  117,  this  issue.) 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


'     s. 


S.  HAEKIS  HEEEING  &  CO., 

Editors  anil  Publishers. 


p^-^iT^p^'uaiSJm 


OFFICE;  Over  the  San  .lose  Savings  Bnnk, 
Balb.-ii'lt's  Buildlii}:.  Santa  C'lai'U  Stieel, 
near  Firat,  S.an  Jose. 


SPECIAL  TSEMS  TO  AGENTS. 


BATES  OF  ADVEKTISING. 

Per  one  Column S15  0(1  Per  Month 

"    half  Column 8  00     "         •' 

"    fourth  Column 4  00    •' 

"    eishth  Column 2  00     "        " 

•'    nixteenth  Column 100    "        '* 

IE?-  Wo  are  determinecl  to  adhere  to  to  our  resolution 
to  admit  none  but  worthy  business  advertising  in  our 
columns,  and  to  keep  clear  of  patent  undicine,  liquor, 
and  other  advertisements  of  diMilittnl  influence. 

the  large  circulation,  the  dr  Mrulile  class  of  readers, 
and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  nnders  this  Journal 
a  choice  medium  for  reaching  the  attention  of  the 
niasscs. 


EDITORIAL  NOTES. 


An  industrial  exhibition  will  be  held  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Mechanics'  Institute,  in 
the  city  of  San  Francisco,  to  be  opened  on 
Tuesday,  the  17th  of  August,  1875,  at  II  a.m. 
and  to  continue  open  at  least  one  mouth 
thereafter. 

Our  compliments  are  due  to  Mr.  Boots,  of 
Alviso,  for  a  box  of  mammoth  aparagus.  His 
lociility,  near  the  buy,  can  beat  the  world  on 
asjiaragus.  Some  of  the  stalks  measured  4% 
inches  in  circuniferance,  and  many  exceeded 
four  inches,  and  Mr.  Boots  said  thtit  he  (hd 
not  bring  us  the  biggest  either. 

Great  anxiety  is  felt  and  expressed  on 
every  hand  as  to  what  shtiU  we  do  with  the 
many  immigrants  who  have  come  and  are 
coming  here  this  dry  season,  who  have  not 
the  means  to  purchase  homes  and  business. 
The  qticstion  is  simjily  answered  to  the  point: 
Encourage  families  to  find  cheap  lands  tind 
settle  upon  them;  aid  individuals  in  finding 
employment,  or  give  it  them  if  possible ;  in- 
stead of  hiring  Chinamen  because  they  work 
cheap,  open  your  Christian  hearts  and  give 
work  to  your  own  countrymen  and  women, 
who  come  here  to  live,  and  who  need  your 
aid,  and  are  able  with  faithful  work  to  rcttnn 
your^consideratiim.  The  country  is  largo 
enough  for  millions  of  industrious  people. 
Let  us  all  tncourago  the  immigrants  that  are 
coming,  and  let  John  go  to  the  Cclestiitl  King- 
dom where  all  his  interest  and  his  bones  must 
lie.  Another  thing.  There  are  many  tracts  of 
land  now  held  in  large  bodies  that  may  bo 
bought  up  and  divided  into  small  farms  and 
sold  (in  easy  trrins.  Here  is  a  chance  for  the 
wealthy  to  show  their  philantliropy  hy  invest- 
ing safely  and  wisely  and  well. 


We  call  attention  to  the  article  from  Dr. 
Scott  on  "Carbolic  Acid."  Stock-raisers, 
sheep-herders  and  poultry-keepers,  many  of 
them,  already  know  the  value  of  carbolic  soap 
as  a  destroyer  of  lice,  scab,  etc.  It  is  only  a 
few  years  since  its  efficacy  was  known.  But 
few  scientific  authorities,  and  those  only  the 
latest,  contain  the  information  which  every- 
body desires.  We  have'often  been  requested 
to  publish  something  late  and  reliable  upon 
this  subject,  and  how  to  use  carbolic  acid  in 
destroying  animal  and  vegetable  parasites, 
etc.  Dr.  Scott  is  your  man.  What  he  has 
not  explained  on  any  point  to  your  satisfac- 
faction  he  will  endeavor  to  do  through  our 
columns,  if  requested  by  those  desiring  it. 

Give  the  Children  a  Chance.— We  sec- 
ond the  hints  here  given  by  a  lady  in  an  ex- 
change: "I  would  give  every  boy  and  girl 
something  to  raise,  which  they  might  enjoy 
the  profits  of;  the  girl  could  have  fruit  trees, 
strawberry  beds,  bees,  poultry;  the  boys,  colts, 
calves,  sheep  and  farm  crojis.  It  should  be 
understood  that  this  must  not  interfere  with 
regular  school  or  family  duties.  It  should  be 
play-work  to  earn  the  wherewithal  for  greater 
pleasure.  I  would  treat  my  children  in  these 
matters  In  the  most  scrupulous  and  exacting 
business  way,  without  any  indulgence — leav- 
ing them  to  get  the  lessons  of  their  mistakes, 
just  as  they  will  have   to  do   in  the   outside 

world." 

■  »■  K ..— 

CONDITION  OF   THE   FRUIT  CROP. 

All  over  the  State  the  April  frosts  were  se- 
vere. We  have  intelligence  from  Los  Ange- 
les that  etirly  potatoes  were  killed  and  much 
fruit  injured.  When  they  have  such  frosts 
there,  the  rest  of  the  Sttite  must  suffer  worse. 
Much  fruit  at  Marysville  has  been  destroyed. 
AH  over  the  Sttito  apricots  and  almonds  are 
cut  short,  almost  without  exception,  and 
peaches  will  be  searce.  We  notice  favorable 
reports  from  Santa  Barbara  only.  In  some 
localities  even  apples  and  pears  are  killed — not 
the  trees,  but  the  fruits.  About  San  Jose  we 
have  taken  pains  to  ascertain  definitely  the 
condition  of  the  fruit  crop. 

Mr.  C.  T.  Settle,  manager  of  the  Alden 
drying  factory,  says  his  apricots  and  almonds 
are  all  killed.  The  French  prune — Petit  Prune 
de  Agen — is  nearly  aU  killed.  The  Hungarian 
prune — Gross  Prune  de  Agen — is  half  de- 
stroyed. The  Ickworth's  Imperatrice  plum, 
a  valuable  sort,  is  not  injured.  The  Black 
Tartarian  cherry  is  badly  cut  off;  not  half  a 
crop.  Other  varieties  a  full  crop.  There 
will  be  two-thirds  of  a  crop  of  pears;  tho 
Seokleand  other  early  v.arieties  suffered  most; 
late  pears  all  right.  Apples  will  show  little 
injury;  the  Bed  Astrachau  and  White  Winter 
I'earmsiiu  are  killed  tho  worst.  Blackberries 
and  grapes  were  not  advanced  enough  to  be 
hurt. 

Mr.  Patterson,  who  litis  the  finest  prune 
orchard  in  the  country,  says  his  crop  is  nearly 
(dl  killed.  The  only  prune  that  escaped  is 
tho  Follenburgh.  His  testimony  generally 
agrees  with  Mr.  Settle's.  Ho  adds  tho  Brad- 
shaw  plum  to  tho  list  littlo  injured,  and  says 
the  Winter  NuUis  sutl'ered  worst  of  any  pear. 
Mr.  Patterson's  place  is  on  low,  moist  soil, 
and    he  seems  to    suB'cr  a   greater  loss   from 


frost  than  any  other  one,  ■which   is  unfortu- 
nate. 

Judge  Archer  and  Mr.  Sweigart,  who  are 
largely  engaged  in  cherry  orcharding  on  high- 
er soil,  report  the  almost  entire  loss  of  Black 
Tartarian  cherries.  The  Gov.  Wood  and 
Napoleon  Bigarreau  have  escaped  injury; 
other  varieties  not  much  destroyed. 

Mr.  Tarleton,  who  is  an  extensive  orchard- 
ist,  reports  but  little  injury  to  his  fruit  crop. 
Early  strawberries  generally  were  badly  killed, 
but  the  late  crop  will  be  enough  greater  to 
make  it  up. 


LANDS  FOR  IMMIGRANTS. 

If  immigrants  who  come  to  this  State  with- 
out means  to  purchase  farms  in  settled  dis- 
tricts will  strike  out  for  outside  pubUc  lands, 
they  will  stand  a  chance  for  homes  and  for- 
tunes in  a  few  years.  But  they  must  be 
brave  and  venturesome  and  enterprising  to 
succeed.  We  point  out  a  _few  places.  The 
Call  says: 

We  can  state,  on  the  authority  of  the  Lake- 
port  Bfc,  published  in  Lake  county,  that 
Deputy  United  States  Surveyor  Perrin  has 
just  completed  the  survey  and  subdivision  of 
townships  10,  11  and  12  north,  range  13  west, 
and  of  township  12  north,  range  12,  in  that 
county,  which  tracts  are  now  open  to  home- 
stead and  pre-emption  entry.  The  See  says 
that  these  lands  are  good  for  farming  pur- 
poses. They  contain  timber  in  abundance 
and  are  well  stipplied  with  streams  of  running 
water.  Liike  isoue  of  the  most  healthlul  and 
beautiful  of  our  cotiuties.  It  contains  numer- 
ous patches  of  grazing  lauds,  and  is  among 
the  first  butter  and  cheese  locaUties  of  the 
State.  The  Bee  invites  poptilation,  and  there 
is  not,  pcrhtips,  any  region  where  the  induce- 
ments are  greater  fof  settlement. 

SHASTA   DISTKICT. 

We  are  informed  by  the  United  States  Reg- 
ister of  the  Shasta  District  that  there  are 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres  in  his  district 
of  unoccupied  land — some  good  farming,  ex- 
cellent grazing,  and  fine  timber  land.  "This 
is  one  of  the  largest  districts  in  the  State.  It 
extends  from  the  town  of  Tehama  to  the  Ore- 
gon line,  and  ninety  miles  wide. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  of  the  natural 
features  of  our  State  is  the  existence  of  two 
great  mountain  ranges,  running  northwest 
and  southeast,  viz.,  the  Sierra  Nevada  and 
Coast  Range  of  mountains.  Near  the  north- 
ern boundiiry  of  the  State  they  are  connected 
by  means  of  a  hititudinal  range,  in  which 
stands  the  grand  and  majestic  Mount  Shasta. 
Mount  Shasta  txinoug  the  monnttiins  of  this 
section  of  the  country  is  like  Saul  among  the 
thousands  of  Israel.  It  is  one  of  the  grand- 
est mountains  that  we  ever  gaxcd  upon.  The 
contrast  between  the  living  emerald  and  tho 
fairy-like  garment  of  i)ure  white  is  splendid 
beyond  description.  For  eight  thousand  feet 
or  more  the  mighty  giant  is  clothed  with  vari- 
otis  trees  of  evergreen,  but  (ho  upper  portion 
is  robed  in  a  garment  of  virgin  purity. 

Who  would  not  like  to  own  a  fine  farm  un- 
der tho  wing  of  this   sublime   Mount  Shasta? 

The  Sacramento  Aijricnllurht  thus  speaks  of 
Lodi: 

The  little  town  of  Lodi — formerly  known  as 
Moki'luiuuo  Station — is  one  of  the  must  de- 
lightful nn-id  retreats  in  tho  great  San  Joa- 
quin valley.  As  an  objective  point  for  immi- 
grants, it  jiossesses  many  advantages  worthy 
of  favorable  consideration. 


Tho  statistics  of  the  Governniont  show  that 
tobacco  costs  tho  nation  many  millions  more 
than  its  broad  does. 


i:^* 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


loctvin 


For  the  Agbicultitrist. 

Grasshoppers. 

BY     WA.LTEK. 

c^  

<r^HOU  curse  of  Western  emigration— 
A  scourge,  in  fact,  to  all  the  uaticn, 
And  we  may  say,  to  all  creatioa; 
U    As  great  an  evil  as  inflation. 


Or  slavery,  ere  emancipation; 
But  one  from  which  there's  no  salvation 
For  one  whose  helpless  situation, 
■With  farming  for  his  occupation, 
Anil  little  under  cultivation. 
Who  raises  on  his  smuU  plantation 
Just  food  enough  fur  Winter  ration. 
Indulging  the  anticipation, 
And  in  the  self-congratulation 
That  he  has  overcome  starvation. 
While  thus  iu  contemplation, 
Lends  wings  to  his  iniaginatiou, 
And  feels  he's  under  obligation 
To  the  great  Author  of  creation. 
His  neighbor  comes  with  information 
That  this  four-winged  abomination 
Is  eating  up  his  vegetation, 
And  comes  without  an  iuvation, 
And  yet  with  a  determination 
To  leave  behind  him  devastation- 
Alas!  complete  annihilation! 
Long  Lake,  Minnesota. 


Some  One's   Servant  Girl. 

She  stood  there  leaning  wearily 

Against  the  window  franie, 
Hei  face  was  patient,  sad  and  sweet, 

Her  garments  coarse  and  plain; 
*'Who  is  abv,  pray  '? "  I  asked  a  friend; 

The  red  lip  gave  a  curl— 
"Really.  I  don't  know  her  name; 

She's  some  one's  servant  girl." 

Again  I  saw  her  on  the  street, 

"With  burden  trudged  along: 
Her  face  was  8Wi;et  and  patient  still, 

Amid  the  jostling  throng. 
Slowly  but  cheerfully  she  moved, 

Guarding  with  watchful  care,  | 
A  niarki-rt  basket  much  too  large 

For  her  slight  hands  to  bear. 

A  man  I'd  thought  a  gentleman. 

Went    pushing  rudely  by. 
Sweeping  the  basket  from  her  hands, 

Bui  turning  not  his  eye. 
For  there  was  no  necessity. 

Amid  that  busy  whirl, 
For  him  to  be  a  gentleman 

To  some  one's  servant  girl. 

Ah!  well  it  is  that  God  above 

Looks  n  upon  the  heart. 
And  never  judges  any  one 

By  just  tlie  oiiter  part. 
For,  if  the  soul  be  pure  and  good, 

He  will  not  mind  the  rest, 
Nor  question  what  the  garments  were 

In  which  the  forms  wure  dressed. 

And  many  a  man  and  woman  fair. 

By  fortune  reared  and  fed, 
Who  will  not  mingle  here  below 

With  those  who  earn  their  bread. 
When  they  have  ijassed  away  from  life, 

Bi^yond  the  gates  of  pearl, 
Will  meet  before  their  Father's  throne 

With  many  a  servant  girl. 


Come,   Lovely  Spring. 

Come,  lovely  Lpring,  with  all  thy  tlowers, 
Primrose  and  violet,  come; 

Sweet  verdure  clotlie  again  the  bowers- 
Bee,  let  us  hear  thy  hum! 

And  hearts  shall  leap,  and  tongues  shall  sing 

And  welcome  forth  the  new-born  Spring. 

Thus,  e'en  as  Winter  stern  departs. 

Shall  all  our  sorrows  go; 
There  is  the  spring-time  of  the  heart, 

The  spirit's  genial  glow; 
The  sun  of  Hope,  with  glorious  ray. 
Drive  all  the  clouds  of  core  away. 

Two  Simple  Rules. 

Two  simple  rules  should  all  observe, 

If  they  would  truly  live; 
Deal  justly  with  each  one  they  serve. 

Aud  when  they're  wronged,  forgive. 


If  by  these  rules  theirlife  they'll  guide, 

Efich  heart  with  love  aglow, 
Thiur  days  on  earth  will  smoothly  glide. 

True  happiness  thcy'i  know. 


Christian  Advertising. 

I'm  a  poor,  hard-working  farmer,  that's  never  done  no 
harm, 

But  have  labored  bard  for  fifty  years  to  clear  my  little 
farm; 

And  my  dear  wife  has  churned,  and  spun,  and  toiled 
with  all  her  might, 

From  long  before  the  break  of  day  till  after  candle- 
light. 

We  read  our  Bible,  Sundays,  and  the  Christian  paper, 
too; 

As  our  paper  recommended  some  bonds  at  ten  per 
cent, 

I  called  ray  woman  to  me  to  see  if  fhe'd  consent 

To  Belling  ofiF  our  homestead,  that  we  might  thus  in- 
vest. 

And,  living  on  the  ten  per  cent.,  to  end  our  days  in 
resi, 

Our  pastor  came  to  see  ns.  and  approved  of  the  idee; 

"I  U  put  live  thousand  dollars  in,  'tis  all  I  have,"  says 
he— 

"The  savings  of  my  three  score  years,  for  I  am  grow- 
ing old. 

And  'twill  make  mo  independent  while  I  watch  my 
little  fold." 

I'm  stopping  at   the  poor-houso  now;  somehow   my 

bonds  dou't  pay. 
Thank  Gud!  my  darling  did  not  live  to  see  this  dreary 

day; 
For  when  she  heard  the  neighbors  say  we'd  come  upon 

the  town, 
It  somehow  broke  her  noble  heart!  she  hinder  wilted 

down. 

But  most  of  all  I  pity  them  who  put  the  notice  in; 

For  how  their  homeless  children  must  now  be  suffer- 
in'! 

Their  wives  must  take  in  washing,  and  must  scrimp 
in  every  way. 

As  the  bonds  they  had  such  faith  in  dou't  somehow 
seem  to  pay. 

When  I  heard  the  old  man's  story,  a  vision  rose  to 
view 

Of  splendid  brown-stone  mansions  on  a  spacious  ave- 
nue, 

And  how  their  pious  owners  must  enjoy  the  text  to 
see: 

'•As  to  the  very  least  of  these  you  did  it  untn  me." 
— [G.  B.  Bartlett.in  Christian  Register. 


The  Temperance  Picket. 

Out  on  the  edge  of  the  cold  curb-stone. 

In  front  of  a  whisky  saloon. 
She  calmly  sits  in  her  small  earap  chair 

By  the  light  of  the  lising  moon. 

She  pays  no  heed  to  the  passers-by. 

As  they  hurry  adown  the  street; 
Some  smile,  some  jeer,  some  pitying  look, 

But  she  patiently  keeps  her  seat. 

No  breastplate  of  steel  protects  her  form. 

Neither  weapons  of  modern  fame; 
"Good  will  to  men"  is  her  only  shield, 

Aud  her  watchword  is  Jesus'  name. 

She  uses  no  force  tn  keep  men  back 
From  those  dreadful  pitfalls  of  sin. 

But  quietly  touching  him  on  the  arm,  ' 

Says,  "  Please,  sir,  I  would  not  go  in. 

"  You  have  a  good  wife,  and  children,  two, 
Who  are  watching  for  you  to-night;' 

Just  pass  along  and  gladden  their  hearts 
By  turning  again  to  the  right." 

He  stops,  he  listens,  and,  with  a  sigh, 

He  says  in  a  faltering  tone. 
"  Too  true,  alas!  I  will  promise  henceforth 

To  let  the  accursed  drink  alone." 

**  Your  name,  if  you  please,  just  write  it  here;" 
And  he  stoops,  in  tlie  ijale  moonlight. 

To  sign  the  pledge,  then  proudly  declares 
He  will  be  a  new  man  from  that  night. 

One  brand  is  snatched  out  from  the  burning, 

Tolife  and  liberty  given- 
One  Soul  turned  from  darkness  to  light. 

And  scHt  on  the  straiglit  way  to  heaven. 

And  still  at  her  post  she  calmly  sits, 

As  the  long,  weary  hours  go  by. 
The  cold  March  winds  blow  over  her  cheek. 

And  the  stars  look  down  from  the  sky. 

The  crowd  has  gone  and  the  street  is  still, 

Savu  the  creaking  of  a  wicket, 
Aud  thus  till  midnight  she  watches  on— 

God  bless  the  temperance  picket! 

H.  M.  A. 


Love. 

'Tis  never  winter  in  the  heart 

So  long  as  love  remains; 
Let  snow  and  sleet  around  us  dart, 

A  radiant  summer  reigns. 

We  brave  the  cold  and  have  no  fear, 
We  fai-i^  the  storm  with  glee. 

For  love  is  life  and  summer- cheer, 
A  paradise  to  me. 


Not  the  First  Ciass. 

[Read   at  the  Mad  River  Valley  Grange,  Moreto^u, 
March  llth.] 

"  I  thought  of  the  Grange,  of  the  use  it  would  be 
To  even  a  foiehandecl  farmer  like  me; 
But  I  found  out  in  Season  to  let  it  all  pass 
That  the  order  of  Patrons  ia  not  the  first  class. 

•*  I  know  it  is  social  to  meet  once  a  week; 

It  is  good  for  the  farmers,  for  there  each  may  speak 

Of  what  is  his  interest,  what  he  huB  learned. 

Or  talk  of  low  prices  that  merchants  have  spumed. 

"  I  know  all  of  this,  but  still  I  dou't  dare 
To  send  iu  my  V  aud  bi;corue  a  uu-mber  there. 
Now  I  am  looked  up  to;  'tis  caste  I  regret. 
For  I  u:ight  lose  in  favor  with  the  popular  set," 

Now  these  are  the  words  of  a  farmer  I've  seen, 
Who  counts  on  his  acres  and  does  not  once  dream 
That  riches  take  wings;  if  his  shovild  not  last 
He'd  then  be  no  longer  one  uf  the  hrst  class. 

It  matters  not  now  whether  (Jranger  or  not, 
Thi:  tradi-'rs  may  flourish,  it  harms  not  his  stock. 
For  whc'ii  he  has  purchased,  wherever  h's  been, 
Because  he  is  wealthy  they'd  discount  fur  hiiu. 

He  takes  this  advantage  to  add  to  his  store — 
Thinks  less  of  the  Grangers  than  ever  liefore; 
HiH  neiglibors  mvist  sufli  r,  whose  pndits  are  less, 
No  Wonder  they're  seeking  to  gain  bome  redressl 

Wu  know  that  the  farmers  have  so  much  to  do; 
Their  time  for  improVL-ment  is  very  slmrt  too; 
They  must  work  un  the  farm  not  an  hour  let  pass; 
This  must  b^  the  reason  they're  not  the  flr^t  elass. 

As  they  gei  fair  returns  for  their  labor,  'tis  plain 
They'll  have  more  time  to  read  and  knowledge  obtain; 
While  here  at  the  Grange  we  may  also  exccll, 
BtiCome  better  informed,  and  tin.l  pleasure  a«  well. 

The  day  is  fast  coming  when  farmers  will  be, 

Ah  a  class,  as  re8pect<»d  as  any  \Vb  see; 

While  the  few  who  by  influence  their  calling  disgrace 

I  think  in  the  Grange  would  be  out  of  their  j>laoe. 

Let  the  shrewd  politipians,  lawyers,  traders  and  all. 
Scorn  us  now  if  they  will,  pride  will  yet  have  a  fall. 
We'll  be  upright  and  Iionest.phun  monop()lieseu  uiabso 
And  liraugers  ere  long  will  be  calk-d  the  first  cl.iss. 

H.  M.  MoNTliOMKUT. 


Physiology, 

If  yoTi  are  about  eij^hteen  years  of  age,  yon 
have  IGU  boues,  aud  500  muscles;  25  pouutls 
of  blood;  your  heart  is  5  inches  loug  aud  3 
broad;  it  beats  70  times  a  miuute,  4,200  times 
au  hour,  100, SOO  times  a  day,  aud  30,722,200 
a  year.  About  2  ounces  of  blood  are  thrown 
out  of  it  at  every  beat;  so  that  it  disburses 
about  seven  tons  of  that  life  uourishiug  ele- 
ment every  daj*.  Your  luugs  will  contain  a 
gallon  of  air,  and  you  inhale  21,000  gallons  a 
day.  The  weight  of  your  brain  is  something 
over  three  pounds,  aud  the  uuuiber  of  nerves 
upward  of  10,000,000.  Your  skiu  is  composed 
of  three  layers,  aud  varies  from  oue-eighth  to 
one-fourth  of  au  inch  in  thickness,  and  is 
subject  to  a  pressure  of  15  pounds  to  the 
square  inch.  Each  square  inch  cont-aius 
3,500  pores,  each  about  one-fourth  of  au  inch 
in  length,  making  au  aggregate  length  of 
the  entire  surface  of  your  body  of  201,166 
feet.  A  tile-ditch  fordraiuiag  the  body,  al- 
most 40  miles  long. 


We  are  sorry  to  learu  that  the  supposed 
strong  firm  of  St.  John.  Abbott  Sc  Co.,  ex- 
tensive dealers  iu  stock,  have  failed,  with  lia- 
bilities exceeding  :?250, 000.  A  meeting  of  the 
creditors  of  the  lirm  was  to  have  been  held  iu 
San  Fraucifco  on  Monday.  We  understand 
that  the  firm  states  that  if  au  extension  of 
time  is  granted  by  the  creditors,  they  will  be 
able  to  meet  all  demands.  The  firm  has  been 
largely  engaged  in  buying  and  selUing  cattle 
in  Fresno,  Tulare,  Kern,  Monterey,  San  Luis 
Obispo  aud  San  Francisco  counties  for  years, 
their  transactions  yearly  ranging  in  the  mil- 
lions. In  this  county  they  were  noted  as  the 
lessees  of  the  Laguua  de  Tache  grant,  near 
Kin£;stou.  Amou2  the  heaviest  losers  in  this 
county  are  Justin"  Esery  aud  Gilroy  &  Co., 
but  a  large  number  of  others  are  in  for  smal- 
ler amounts.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  firm 
will  be  able  to  relieve  itself  from  its  present 
financial  embarrassment.  The  heaviest  cred- 
itors of  the  firm,  we  are  informed,  reside  in 
Sau  Francisco. — Fresno  Expositor. 


:i, 


California  Horticulturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


EDITOEIAL  CORRESPONDENCE. 

HoLLisTER,  April  19th. 

SAN   JOSE  TO  HOLLISTEK. 

For  our  own  gratification  and  information, 
as  well  as  to  gather  up  fresh  inspiration  from 
the  country  for  our  pen,  we  have  taken  a  trip 
southward  through  the  Santa  Clara  and  San 
Benito  valleys;  one  grand  extension  of  valley 
lands  lyiug  between  the  coast  and  Diablo,  or 
Gabilan,  ranges  of  mountains,  that  join  a  few 
miles  south  of  HoUister  into  broken,  rugged, 
rounded  hills,  valleys  and  peaks  extending 
for  many  miles  further  south.  From  San  .Jose 
to  HoUister  the  valley  is  almost  continuous — 
occasionally  interrupted  by  hills  stretching 
out  across  the  level  lands  to  add  variety  to 
the  incomparable  scenery.  On  either  hand 
are  beautiful  farms  where  the  laud  is  not  mo- 
nopolized by  the  Murphy  and  other  grants. 
Whore  it  is,  are  broad  acres,  inviting  only  to 
mock  the  immigrant  who  would  settle;  it  is 
virtually  fenced  against  civUization  and  im- 
provement. What  a  shame  that  such  vested 
rights  are  superior  to  the  rights  of  man,  to 
the  earth  as  to  the  air  we  breathe. 

The  x\.pril  frosts,  together  with  winds  and 
drouth,  gives 

VEGETATION 

a  brown  appearance  quite  discouraging  to 
fanners.  But  the  few  warm  days  lately  have 
given  a  fresher  green,  and  although  a  fuU 
crop  is  not  possible  without  rain  soon,  yet 
there  will  be  only  a  partial  failure. 

GILROT. 

Gilroy  is  a  very  pretty  town  indeed, 
but  does  not  present  the  appearance  of  a 
very  flourishing  town.  There  are  too  few 
small  farms,  too  much  land  and  property 
monopoly,  and  not  enough  encouragement 
for  enterprise  in  competition  with  Chinese 
labor  which  the  tobacco  business  has  brought 
into  the  place.  And,  by  the  way,  we  are 
crediby  assured  that  this  tobacco  business  is 
a  curse  to  Gilroy  as  a  town,  and  of  no  benefit 
to  the  country  around;  that  the  tobacco  is  not 
of  as  good  quality  as  it  is  reputed  to  be  by 
the  influential  company  that  controlls  it.  The 
leaves  grow  eummy  in  our  (h'y  climate,  and 
the  flavor  is  too  strong.  We  are  no  tobacco 
man  in  any  sense,  but  have  been  observing 
the  movement  until  we  are  satisfied  we  can 
say  no  good  of  it. 

SA^  BENITO  VALLEY. 

From  Gilroy  to  Hollistcr  is  a  fine  farming 
country  wher(!ver  the  land  is  divided  up  into 
farms;  but  we  can  never  ride  through  unoc- 
cupied tracts  held  by  monopolists  without 
feeling  rebellious  against  a  system  that  will 
permit  such  a  thing.  The  crops  about  Hol- 
lister  look  even  better  than  in  the  Santa  Clara 
valley.  It  is  evidently  not  the  dry  and  un- 
inviting place  that  some  have  represented  it 
to  be. 

We  had  not  seen  the  place  in  four  years, 
and  although  we  expected  to  see  improve- 
ments, were  surprised  at  such  evident  signs 
of  prosperity.  The  town  itself  shows  not  so 
much  of  acquired  wealth  in  expensive  build- 
ings as  of  business  enterprise  which  is  the 
foundation  of  wealth.  The  residences  are 
narly  all  pretty,  one-story,  painted  houses, 
with  front  yards  neatly  fenced  and  set  out 
with  trees,  shrubbcn-y,  vines  and  flowers,  jiist 
such  houses  as   well-paid  mechanics,    trades- 


men and  laborers  can  own,  and  which  are  the 
best  indication  of  prosperity  and  comfort. 

Years  ago,  while  the  valley  was  still  a  sheep 
range.  Col.  HoUister  planted  some  pepper 
trees  around  his  residence.  These  are  now 
fine,  large  trees,  and  from  them  seeds  have 
been  planted  everywhere,  and  HoUister  is 
consequently  beautified  from  one  end  of  the 
town  to  the  other  with  this  magnificent  ever- 
green. There  is  no  finer  street  or  ornamental 
tree  than  the  graceful  {Schinus  molle)  South 
American  pepper  tree.  It  will  grow  in  the 
dryest  places  without  irrigation  but  is  suscep- 
tible to  moisture,  and  in  rich  soil  makes 
large  trees.  The  old  trees  here  are  splendid 
specimens,  and  the  young  ones  grow  remark- 
ably rapid,  as  does  everything  else  which  is 
cultivated  in  this  fertile  valley. 

While  this  whole  region  was  occupied  as  a 
sheep  ranch  it  was  thought  fit  for  nothing 
else.  It  was  not  supposed  that  a  crop  of 
gi-ain  could  be  grown  in  any  season,  or  that 
it  could  ever  be  covered  with  farms,  circhng 
about  so  flourishing  a  town.  The  exj^erience 
of  old  Californians  who  had  seen  the  country 
settled  up  in  other  sections,  where  it  was  pre- 
viously thought  to  be  equally  as  ill  adapted  to 
cultivation,  gave  a  few  confidence  in  this 
place,  but  the  majority  of  persons  who  saw 
the  big  sheep  ranch  were  incredulous.  The 
associating  who  bought  it  up,  divided  it  into 
farms  170  acres,  with  a  town  laid  off  into 
squares  and  lots,  have  proven  their  wisdom, 
and  not  only  made  homes,  but  in  the  rise  of 
property  have  acquired  more  wealth  than 
years  of  labor  could  accumulate.  Finer  farms 
cannot  be  found  in  the  State  than  some  of 
those  about  HoUister,  so  far  as  good  soil, 
facilities  for  mai-ket  and  beautiful  sun-ouud- 
ings  are  concerned.  A  few  are  well  improved 
and  many  are  being  improved  as  fast  as  the 
means  of  the  owners  wiU  admit.  The  best 
assurance  of  an  advancing  civilization  is  that 
the  land  is  owned  in  small  tracts  by  actual 
settlers.  On  the  richest  soil  near  town  there 
are  many  five  and  ten  acres  places  cultivated 
as  gardens,  orchards,  etc.,  where  wind-mills 
are  being  ei-ected  and  homes  built.  Fine 
schools,  pubUc  and  private,  several  and  other 
public  enterprises,  speak  well  for  the  place. 
The  place  is  only  about  six  years  old,  and  of 
course  everything  is  new— in  fact,  in  town 
and  out,  it  is  not  half  grown  yet;  but  is  like  a 
jjromising  child. 

The  Ijranch  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Kail- 
road  that  terminates  at  Tres  Pinos,  six  miles 
south,  runs  through  HoUister,  and  over  it  is 
transported  the  wheat  and  other  products  that 
seek  San  Francisco  for  a  market.  A  narrow 
gauge  railroad  will  be  built  to  connect  with 
the  Salinas  and  Monterey  road  and  with  the 
road  that  wiU  run  to  Santa  Cruz  and  up  the 
coast. 

Not  only  docs  an  immense  section  of  stock 
and  agricultural  lands  center  upon  HoUister 
as  a  trading  post,  but  there  is  lying  to 
the  east  and  south  a  large  mining  country, 
rich  in  quicksilver  and  other  metals.  Its 
prosperity  is  not  only  assured  by  present  de- 
velopments, but  the  prospe<:ts  are  all  flatter- 
ing. IloUister's  location  must  always  bo  in 
its  favor.  We  might  give  an  array  of  statis- 
tics that  would  be  interesting,  but  these  can 
bo  obtained  elsewhere. 


All  arrangements  have  been  perfected,  and 
pipe  purchased,  for  bringing  water  from  Pi- 
cacho  creek,  about  eight  miles  distant,  pure 
mountain  water,  to  supply  the  town.  The 
weU  water  is  not  bad,  only  a  Uttle  hard. 
Upon  the  top  of  a  bluff'-like  hill  at  the  north 
of  the  town,  which  commands  a  view  of  the 
surrounding  counti-y,  vdU.  be  placed  a  reser- 
voir. 

To-day  we  have  taken  a  ride  among  the 
farms  over  a  portion  of  the  San  Benito  and 
Santa  Anna  valleys.  The  latter  is  a  small, 
beautiful  valley,  nestled  among  hills,  six  to 
eight  miles  east  of  HoUister,  and  covered  by 
some  twenty  farms — a  perfect  gem  of  a  valley, 
such  as  can  be  found  nowhere  else  on  earth 
but  along  our  Pacific  slope.  Here  are  line 
farms  of  level  land,  well  fenced,  and  pastures 
on  either  side  reaching  into  and  over  the  hills. 
Grand  oak  trees,  in  clusters,  aflbrd  shaae  and 
protection  for  farm  houses  and  stock,  and 
add  much  to  the  loveUness  of  the  scene.  In 
the  center  of  the  valley  is  a  school  house,  the 
seal  that  stamps  our  country  to  independence 
and  freedom  forever.  Here  are  fine  fields  of 
gram  and  flax. 

FLAX    GBOAVDfO 

appears  to  be  quite  an  important  matter  in 
this  section,  and  even  about  HoUister,  in 
every  direction.  Notwithstanding  the  dry 
season,  full  crops  of  flax  wiU  be  grown  on 
many  farms.  On  the  farm  of  John  A.  Eeed 
is  a  large  field  of  as  fine  flax  as  can  be  seen 
in  any  season  in  any  country.  It  is  the  vari- 
ety known  here  by  the  name  "California 
Coast,"  or  "Monterey"  flax.  It  is  a  tall- 
growing  sort,  with  fine  seeds.  Another  kind, 
known  by  the  name  of  ChiU  flax,  a  shorter- 
growing  kind,  with  plump,  large  seeds,  does 
not  look  as  well  this  dry  year,  but  is  said  to 
be  a  fine  kind  in  wet  seasons.  The  best  field 
of  flax  we  saw  was  sown  just  after  the  last 
heavy  rains.  But  it  is  the  opinion  of  experi- 
enced farmers  that,  one  year  with  another,  it 
is  best  to  sow  as  early  as  possible;  the  same 
as  with  grain,  the  early  sown  averages  the 
best.  Mr.  M.  Pomeroy,  who  has  a  very  fine 
field  of  flax,  says  that  some  fields  will  average 
twelve  to  fifteen  hundred  jiounds  to  the  acre 
this  season.  The  late  sown  wiU  be  light,  but 
it  is  thought  the  whole  average  yield  in  this 
section  will  not  be  less  than  eight  hundred 
pounds  to  the  acre.  There  are  many  fine 
fields  of 

WHEAT  AND    BARLEY 

in  spite  of  the  dry  weather.  The  extremely 
cold  spell  that  did  so  much  damage  through- 
out the  State  had  a  serious  effect  here.  But, 
notwithstanding  the  reputation  of  HolUster  as 
a  di-y  place,  the  crops  wiU  average  very  good 
without  more  raiu,  wherever  the  crops  were 
weU  put  in  early  in  the  season,  or  before  the 
last  rains. 

The  finest  field  of  barley  we  saw  was  on  the 
W.  P.  Phillips  farm,  sown  early  on  light  but 
rich,  well-oiltivated  soil.  The  best  wheat  was 
on  heavier  soU  that  was  not  plowed  over 
three  inches  daep,  but  was  very  thoroughly 
plowed  with  narrow  plows  and  finely  har- 
rowed. We  find  but  few  adherents  to  the 
deep  plowing  theory.  The  most  of  old  Cali- 
fornians know  bettei  from  experience;  but 
none  can  plow  or  cultivate  too  thoroughly  or 
too   much  when  the  soil  is    in  suitable  coudi- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


tion.  Much  land  was  plowed  when  too  wet; 
some  was  allowed  to  lay  in  this  condition  till 
it  was  bilked  into  lumps  that  no  harrowing 
could  pulverize.  Of  course,  on  such  soil  only 
light  crops  will  be  produced.  Much  land  was 
too  lightly  harrowed  after  plowing  and  seed- 
ing— merely  scratched  in.  Such  shows  the 
drouth,  and  is  spotted.  ■  Farmers  who  are 
careless,  or  by  trying  to  do  too  much  do  not 
do  it  well,  are  the  ones  who  wiU  be  punished. 
We  saw  no  summer-fallowed  crops,  but  wo 
found  many  advocates  of  the  system.  The 
objection  seems  to  be  that  one  can  hardly  af- 
ford to  let  laud  lie  idle  a  whole  year  to  get  a 
crop  the  next,  when  four  years  in  five  a  good 
croj)  is  assured  without  all  that  trouble.  Sev- 
eral are  talking  of  trying  it,  though,  on  about 
one-quarter  of  their  laud  another  year,  "for 
luck."  One  thing  they  are  determined  not  to 
do  any  more,  that  is,  to  wait  to  see  whether  it 
is  going  to  be  a  good  season  before  sowing 
their  grain.  Several  who  did  wait,  then  sowed 
after  the  last  promising  rain  on  muddy  soil, 
will  have  to  harvest  by  pasturing.  Had  late 
rains  been  abundant,  the  late  sown  grain 
might  have  been  the  best. 

THE    PBICE    OF    FAKMS 

of  170  acres  varies  from  $40  to  $75  per  acre. 
Rich  garden  spots  at  San  Felipe  and  near 
town  range  from  $200  to  $400  per  acre,  in 
small  lots,  and  are  advancing  all  the  time. 

AN    IMMENSE    OECHAED 

of  over  300  acres,  in  one  body,  on  what  is 
called  the  San  Joaquin  Ranch,  four  miles 
northeast  of  Hollister,  was  this  Spring  set 
out  by  Flint,  Bixby  &  Co.  There  are  65,0U0 
trees  in  this  little  California  orchard,  mostly 
almonds,  but  numbering  many  prune  and 
apricot  trees.  The  soil  is  gavelly  adobe,  easy 
to  work,  and  rich  enough  for  the  purpose. 
With  proper  care,  this  orchard  will,  within 
half  a  dozen  years,  speak  for  itself.  One  can 
ride  nearly  two  miles  alongside  of  it  in  a 
straight  road. 

ARTESIAN     WELLS 

are  being  bored  in  this  and  adjoining  valleys. 
At  San  Juan  are  two  fine  flowing  wells  150 
feet  deep.  At  San  Felipe  are  several  flowing 
wells.  We  saw  Mr.  Patterson,  the  well  known 
well-borer  of  San  Jose  valley,  boring  a  well 
on  Phillips'  ranch.  He  has  gone  410  feet 
through  rich  soil,  and  expects  soon  to  strike 
a  flowing  stream.  We  couldn't  help  thinking 
how  would  some  of  the  farmers  in  New  Eng- 
land like  to  have  400  feet  of  soil  dropped 
upon  their  farins,  where  stones  are  the  prin- 
cipal crop.  But  in  California  valleys,  for 
miles  and  miles  in  extent,  anywhere  from  50 
to  500  feet  of  soil  is  nothing  to  be  wondered 
at. 


EXTRA  VALUE  OF  FINE  OVER  COM- 
MON CATTLE  FOR  BEEF. 

While  at  Hollister  we  had  a  long  conversa- 
tion with  Sir.  Oscar  Peck,  an  old  friend  and 
experienced  butcher,  on  the  question  of  com- 
parative values  of  common  and  well-bred  stock 
for  beef. 

Mr.  Peck  says  that  Spanish  steers  five 
years  old  will  average  about  500  pounds 
dressed  weight,  while  one-half  to  three- 
fourths  Durham  or  Devon  steers,  same  age, 
will  weigh  about  700  pounds;  also,  that  owing 
to  the  heavier  hides,  more  rough   taUow,  and 


extra  heavy  loiu  and  prime  cuts  of  beef,  the 
fine  cattle  will  average  worth  to  the  butcher 
one  cent  per  pound  more  on  foot,  dressed 
weight. 

Let  us  look  at  the  figures.  Common  beef, 
the  present  time,  is  worth  five  cents  on  foot. 
A  five  year  old  fat  Spanish  steer,  500  pounds, 
would  bring  $25.  An  improved  American 
steer,  same  age,  would  weigh  700  pounds, and 
be  worth  six  cents,  or  $42 — a  difference  of 
$17  per  head  in  favor  of  good  breeding.  The 
cost  of  raising  the  well-bred  animal  is  no  more 
than  the  low  bred. 

Last  Christmas  Mr.  Peck  bought  six  head 
of  Cotswold  and  Southdown  cross-bred  fat 
sheep  for  $6  per  head  that  weighed,  dressed, 
120  pounds  each.  The  pelts  sold  for  $2  each. 
Common  fat  sheep  were  worth  $3  50  per  head 
at  the  same  time,  and  would  average  only  50 
jjounds  each — pelts  worth  $1  25  each.  Any 
one  can  figure  for  himself  the  superior  profit 
of  the  fine  sheep  to  the  butcher. 

If  farmers  generally  fully  understood  the 
amount  of  clear  profit  there  is  in  breeding  and 
raising  only  the  best  breeds  of  stock,  there 
would  be  everywhere  a  demand  for  the  best, 
and  fine  breeding  males  to  grade  up  the  com- 
mon stock  would  be  the  order  of  the  day.  It 
costs  too  much  to  raise  cattle  to  sell  them  at 
low  prices  with  profit.  It  is  what  can  be  re- 
alized above  cost  that  counts,  and  viewed  in 
this  light  there  is  at  least  three  to  one  in  favor 
of  weU  bred  stock. 


A   NEW  AND    IMPORTANT   IN- 
DUSTRY. 

There  has  just  been  established  in  San  Jose 
an  industry  that  must  prove  of  great  import- 
ance to  California,  and  of  interest  to  our  citi- 
zens   and  all    inhabitants  of    the  Northern 
States  especially.     It  is  a  dyeing  house  and 
tannery  for  the   tanning   and  coloring  of  An- 
gora goat  pelts  and   preparaiug  them  for  use. 
Mr.  Henry  T.  Welch,  who  served   an  ajipren- 
ticeship  at  fancy  dyeing  in   Portland,  Maine, 
his  native  place,  and  who  has  been  employed 
as  dyer    at  the  San   Jose   Woolen  Mills  some 
four  years,  lias,  after  three  years  experiment- 
ing, succeeded  in  dyeing  Angora  goat  pelts  a 
beautiful,  glossy,  permanent  black  without  iu 
the  least  injuring  the  skins.     There  has  been 
no  difficulty  heretofore  in  coloring  the  mohair 
alone  with  the  use  of  hot  dyes,  but  to  color 
pelts    without   ruining  the    skins  has  been 
something  that  no  other  man  in  America  has 
succeeded   in  doing.       One  or   two  firms    in 
Europe  have  dyed  furs  and  pelts   black,  but 
even  they  do  not  leave  the  skin  strong  and 
soft.     Mr.  Welch  has  perfected  a  process  of 
his  own  that  surpasses  anj'thiug  ever  before 
discovered.     The  natural  gloss  of  the  mohair 
is  not    only  not   injured,  but   seems  to  be  in- 
tensified.    The  dyes  do  not  have  to  be  applied 
hot,  yet  they  so  permanently  color  the  mohair 
that  no  acids  alter   the  color,  and  even    chlo- 
rine gas  will  not  destroy  the  black.     Mr.  W.'s 
attention  as  first  called  to  this  matter  by  some 
Angora  goat  raisers  who  wished  to  get  pelts 
colored.     He  experienced  no  difliculty  in  col- 
oring any  excepting  dark  brown   and    deep 
black  colors.     His  success  is  the  reward  of  an 
indefatigable  determination  and  long,  patient 
expeiimentiug. 


Mr.  McCracken,  of  Lewis  &  McCracken, 
Angora  goat  breeders,  San  Jose,  has  entered 
into  copartnership  with  Mr.  Welch  in  this  en- 
terprise. The  firm  McCracken  &  Welch  have 
erected  a  dyeing  house  and  tannery  on  tho 
Guadiilupe  creek  just  west  of  the  San  Jose 
Woolen  Mills,  where  thej'  are  prepared  to  tan 
as  weU  as  dye  sheep,  goat,  deer,  wolf,  fox  and 
other  skins  and  furs  in  any  quantity  and  in  a 
manner  that  cannot  be  surpassed  in  the  world. 
They  prefer  to  tan  the  skins  they  dye,  as  the 
dyeing  process  is  best  commenced  before  the 
skin  is  completely  tanned,  and  when  the  work 
is  finished  it  is  nearer  perfectly  done  in  every 
resiject.  But  they  can  color  the  fur  on  skins 
that  are  already  tanned,  and  finely,  too,  but 
it  is  more  trouble  to  do  so. 

We  have  visited  the  establishment,  examin- 
ed the  skins  and  the  tanned  and  colored  pelts, 
fuis,  etc.,  and  are  satisfied,  as  is  every  one 
who  has  examined  the  work,  that  success  is 
certain. 

Now  as  to  the  importance  of  this  discoverj', 
it  can  hardly  be  over-estimated.  There  are 
no  prettier  or  better  buggy  or  sleigh  robes 
than  can  be  made  of  colored  Angora  gout 
pelts.  The  glossy  mohair  is  heavy  and  wavy 
naturally.  No  better  over-coat  robes  for  cold 
countries  can  be  made  of  any  material.  The 
skins  can  be  taken  from  the  animals  as  soon 
or  as  long  after  shearing  as  one  chooses,  and 
long  or  short  fur  or  mohair  is  the  result.  Wo 
have  seen  ladies'  capes  and  cloaks  made  and 
trimmed  with  Angora  that  were  very  beautiful. 
There  is  no  nicer  trimming  than  a  pure  white 
or  black  Angora  strip  from  a  tanned  pelt. 

Now  that  the  buffaloes  and  fur  bearing  ani- 
mals generally  are  getting  scarce,  the  An|;ora 
will  be  found  an  excellent  substitute  for  many 
IHirjJoses;  ami  now  that  the  breeding  and  rais- 
ing of  Angora  goats  on  this  coast  is  proved  to 
be  a  success,  and  must  become  a  great  indus- 
try, the  matter  can  at  once  be  seen  to  be  quite 
important.  Half  the  annusJ  increase  of  all 
flocks  are  males,  chiefly  valuable  for  pelts 
and  meat  until  they  are  very  high  grade,  when 
of  course  the  mohair  will  be  valuable  for  some 
years  before  kilhng.  But  every  goat  above  a 
three-fourths  grade  will  make  a  valuable  pelt 
whether  young  or  old.  The  market  for  these 
beautiful  and  valuable  pelts  will  be  almost 
uuUmited  and  as  -nido  as  the  uses  to  which 
they  may  be  put. 

We  will  not  overlook  the  fact  that  the  An- 
gora pelts  have  been  beautifully  tanned  and 
finished  and  manufactured  into  robes  for  some 
years  by  Mr.  Eberhardt,  tanner,  Santa  Clara. 
3Ir.  E.  deserves  much  credit  for  his  enterprise 
in  this  department  of  his  business.  He  has 
given  much  encouragement  to  the  breeders  of 
Angora  goats,  and  demonstrated  the  wide 
utility  of  the  tanned  pelts.  The  dyeing  of 
them  by  Mr.  Welch  has  put  the  finishing 
touch  to  the  trade,  and  as  a  result  a  new  im- 
petus will  be  given  to  the  Angora  business, 
and  wealth  will  flow  to  our  State  in  equal 
proportion  to  the  demand  and  supply,  which 
must  be  continually  enlarging. 

. ■>!■»■ 

Along  the  river,  above  Sacramento,  for  a 
distance  of  eight  or  ten  miles,  there  is  one 
vast  alfalfa  field,  some  of  it  standing  waist 
high.  The  farms  here  are  generally  di\'ided 
off  into  small  fields,  and  hogs,  cattle  and  sheep 
kept  in  the  different  divisions. — Sac.  Agricul- 


i'-!s^-<5%:- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


WHAT  SHALL   WE  DO    WITH  OJJK 
IMMIGRANTS? 

The   questiou     "  Wlint   Hhall  we    do   -n-ith 
our  immigrauts?"  is  forciug  itself  iipon  us  as 
the  thousands  are    coming  overland   this  sea- 
son.    A  dry  year   and  short  crops  will  not 
make  the  matter  any  easier   of   solution.     If 
this  country  was  open  to  settlement — in  other 
words,  if   our  lands  now  held  as   grants  and 
that  have  been  gobbled   up   in  large  tracts  by 
speculating  land  pirates,  were  open  to  preemp- 
tion—there would  be  a  chance  for  poor  people 
to  help  themselves.     But  as  it  now  is  they  are 
virtually  "fenced  out,"  and   left  to    starve  on 
the  highways  and  byways  of   our  State.     The 
country  is  broad  and   beautiful,  the  climate  is 
genial,  the   soil   prolific,  and   only  needs  the 
hand  of  industry  to  make  it  yield  abundantly 
for  aU.     There    is  plenty  of   room  for  many 
thousands  of  homes.     But  the  selfish  greed  of 
dishonest    men,  under  a   system  that   allows 
robbery  to  run  riot,  and  that  protects  villainy 
against  individu.il   right  in   our  free  country, 
has  brought  about  such  a  condition  of   afl'airs 
as  gives  no  encouragement   to   individual  en- 
terprise unless  backed  up  by  money    enough 
to  buy  out  somebody   that  holds    titles  to  the 
lands.     Then  again,  the    State   is  flooded  by 
Chinese  menials  who  can  live  upon  very  little, 
and  who  labor  for  less  wages  and  board  them- 
selves than  any  other  mortals  upon  the  earth. 
There  is  little  demand  for  intelligent  men  and 
women  at   remunerative  wages,  to   woi-k  for 
those  who  employ  labor.     The  immigrant  is 
doubly  barred  out.     The   broad  lands  are  not 
accessible  Nvithout  a  toll  that  a  poor  man  can 
nof  pay,  and  his  labor  cannot   be  readily  sold 
at  a  remunerative  price  in  competition  with 
the  Chinese.     Capital   has  no  soul,  and  only 
seeks  to  aggregate  to    itself,  at  the  expense  of 
human    effort,    evorythiug    possible.      There 
seems  to  be  but  one  principle  in  business,  i.e., 
to  make  as  much  money  at  once   as  possible. 
Human  wellfare  is  not  taken  into   considera- 
tion.    Money  is   not    the  servant — does  not 
conserve    the  interests   of    man,  but  is  the 
grand  h.ard  master  that   rules  and  ruins  with 
inexorable  pressure.     So   terrible   is  this  mo- 
nopoly that  but  few  persons  are  willing  to  de- 
vote money  to  advancing  human  welfare, even 
when  the  probabilities   are    that  it  will  be  re- 
turned.    Our  civilization  is  predicated  upon 
money;  mankind  worships  it,  is  a  slave  to  it, 
and  suiters  martyrdom   for  it,  to  be    crushed 
by  it.     And  for    the  reason    that   we    are  so 
cursed,    our   civilization    is   very    nearly    a 
failure.     While  anything  we    can  say  wiU  not 
remedy  the  matter,  we  cauuot  help   deprecat- 
ing the   condition,  and  feeling  solicitous   for 
the   many    new  comers    who    desire  to  make 
homes  amongst  us.     The  class  of  people  who 
come  here  to  live  are   just  such  as  we  need  to 
settle  up  the  State,  advance  the  industrial  in- 
terests, build  up  schools  and  further  the  gen- 
oral  prosperity  of  the  whole   people.     It  is  a 
narrow  despicable  principle  that  would  throw 
stumbling  blocks  in  the   way  of   encouraging 
the  settlement  of  this  State   by  making;  it  dif- 
ficult to  get  homes  and  to  obtain  labor.     And 
it  is  the  evident  d\ity  of  every  one  who  has  a 
feeling   of    humanity  and  patriotism    in    his 
bosom  to  do  all  he  can  to  remove  all   impedi- 
ments and  to  give  all  the  aid  and  comfort  pos- 
sible to  eviry  family  that   enti.TS  the  State  to 
make  tlieir  homes  amongst  us. 


WHAT  ARE  GRANGERS   GOING  TO 
DO  AEOUT  IT  ? 


Probably  more  than  one  half  the  immi- 
grants that  have  been  induced  to  come  to  Cal- 
ifornia this  year  have  been  induced  to  do  so 
through  the  lepresehtations  made  by  the  Im- 
migrant Aid  Committee  of  the  State  Grange. 
If  there  is  destitution,  want  of  work,  no 
chance  to  get  homes,  and  suffering  amongst 
those  who  are  willing  and  anxious  to  work 
and  cannot,  the  Grange  will  be  largely  respon- 
sible for  it.  The  placing  of  such  a  man  as 
Josiah  Earl  at  the  head  of  aiTairs  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  necessities  of  immigrants  who, 
having  confidence  in  the  Grange,  allow  them- 
selves to  be  directed  by  him,  is  a  mistake  that 
should  be  at  once  remedied. 

No  member  of  the  State  Grange  has  taken 
any  notice  of  the  investigation  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  swamp  and  overflowed  lands,  a  por- 
tion which  we  published  last  month.  Why 
not?  If  they  recognize  Mr.  Earl  as  their 
agent,  are  they  not  to  be  held  responsible? 
AVe  demand  of  the  State  Grange  to  know  why 
they  jdace  such  men  at  the  head  of  so  im- 
portant and  responsible  a  position. 

We  are  not  at  enmity  with  the  Grange. 
We  can  never  consent  to  see  the  influence 
of  the  Grange  subverted  to  the  uses  of  the 
most  villainous  laud  pirates  in  this  piratical 
State  to  prey  upon  immigi-ants  without  put- 
ting in  a  protest. 

The  Ageicttltukist  is  in  everj'  sense  a 
friend  to  the  poor  and  deserving,  and  in  no 
sense  a  supporter  of  intrigue  in  any  respect. 
The  leaders  in  the  Grange  have  steered  very 
shy  of  us.  They  have  never  communicated 
with  us,  or  rather  through  the  AGHicuLTtiEisT 
to  the  people,  as  they  have  done  through  sev- 
eral other  journals.  Honest  men  are  not  in 
the  habit  of  discarding  honest  means,  and 
we  challenge  the  State  Grange  Execuiive 
Committee  to  give  one  honest  reason  for 
treating  the  Agkicultueist  as  unfriendly  to 
Grange  principles  or  as  being  unworthy  of 
the   confidence    of  honest  men. 

Every  Grapger  in  this  State  has  a  right  to 
know  what  material  the  immigrant  aid  com- 
mittee, or  agency,  is  composed  of,  and  what 
it  is  doing.  And  it  is  clearly  the  duty  of 
every  Granger  to  lend  all  the  aid  possible  to 
immigrants,  to  assist  them  in  obtaining 
homes,  employment  and  honest  treatment. 
Let  your  humanity  become  materialized  in 
good  works. 

^  #  » 

RECLAIMING  ALKALINE  SOILS. 

Experiments  and  practice  in  Utah,  Colora- 
do, Nevada  and  California  have  proven  that 
the  way  to  reclaim  alkaline  soils  is  to  first  ob- 
tain a  good  drainage,  then  flood  -with  water 
and  leach  the  salts  from  the  soil.  On  light 
soils  that  water  will  readily  penetrate  and 
drain  ofi'  through  the  subsoil,  no  difficulty  has 
been  encountered  iu  producing  fine  crops 
where  irrigation  is  applied,  from  the  very  first 
season  of  cultivation.  The  alkali,  when 
washed  out  of  the  surface  soil,  is  prevented 
from  rising  again  by  irrigation.  But  let  the 
surface  get  dry,  and  as  the  moisture  raises 
from  below  the  alkali  held  in  solution  rises 
with  it  of  course,  and  as  the  water  evajiorates 

is  left  upon  the  surface. 


It  is  found  best  to  underdrain  where  the 
soil  is  fine  and  heavy,  then  irrigate  copiously 
the  first  year  and  drain  the  alkali  out  as  much 
as  possible.  As  the  alkaU  deposited  in  lower 
depths  cunnot  arise  unless  brought  up  by 
moisture,  the  policy  is  to  keep  the  moisture 
from  raising  either  by  irrigation  or  such  fine 
surface  cultivation  as  to  prevent  the  loss  of 
moisture  through  the  surface  into  the  air. 

The  correct  principle  once  understood,  the 
reclaimation  of  alkaline  soil  proves  to  be  very 
simple.  There  is  no  richer  soil  on  the  coast 
when  it  is  once  reclaimed  and  well  managed, 
and  it  is  inexhaustible.  Indeed  the  very  al- 
kali is  only  an  overplus  of  rich  earthy  salts 
which  would  be  a  fortune  to  some  farms  in 
the  East,  where  there  is  more  acid  than  alkali 
in  the  soil.  It  seems  to  us  that  if  some  per- 
sons we  know  of,  who  own  alkaline  soils, 
only  knew  how  valuable  they  would  l>e  if  once 
reclaimed,  and  how  easily  they  might  be  ren- 
dered fertile,  they  would  not  let  them  lie  idle 
in  poor  pasture  year  after  year,  as  they  do.  It 
would  be  a  good  investment  for  some  enter- 
prising man  to  buy  such  places  and  develop 
them  into  splendid  farms. 


SUMMER-FALLOW-REASONS  WHY 

The  want  of  rain  sets  many  persons  think- 
ing about  summer-fallowing  and  how  to  so 
cultivate  the  soil  as  to  best  economize  the 
moisture  it  contains  for  plant  grow'th.  Ex- 
perience has  abundantly  proved  that  crops  of 
grain  can  be  produced  on  land  that  has  laid 
fallow  a  year  when  adjoining  lands  that  raised 
a  crojj  wiU  fail  from  drouth.  In  seasons  of 
abundant  rains  it  is,  jjerhai^s,  economy  to 
crop  all  the  ground,  or  would  be  if  one  was 
oure  the  following  season  would  also  be  wet 
enoiigh.  But  in  this  uncertain  climate  it 
certainly  is  policy  for  every  farmer  who  lives 
upon  such  soil  as  depends  upon  the  rains  for 
moisture,  to  every  year  fallow  a  portion  of 
his  farm.  He  will  not  be  much  injured  by  so 
doing  in  good  seasons,  and  will  be  greatly 
benefitted  in  dry  ones,  as  aU  must  admit.  We 
notice  that  on  all  lands  that  laid  fallow  last 
year  there  is  promise  of  fair  crops  this  sea- 
son. We  notice  that  the  prevailing  opinion 
or  notion  as  to  why  summer-fallowing  land 
helps  the  next  crop,  seems  to  be  the  idea  that 
restbuj  the  soil  is  what  helps  it  and  makes  it 
produce.  Men  whose  knowledge  of  chemi&try 
is  very  limited  will  insist  that  it  recuperates 
the  soil  to  lie  so  long  idle;  that  gasses  in  the 
air  penetrate  the  soil  and  supply  material  for 
new  growth,  etc.  A  little  of  such  philosophy 
is  enough.  The  real  reason  is  simple  and 
satisfactoiy  without  such  conjectures.  Soil 
which  lies  fallow  retains  its  moistiu-e  through 
the  season,  if  it  is  left  in  proper  shape,  and, 
of  course,  another  season's  rain  added  to  it 
fills  the  soil  with  moisture  sufficient  to  with- 
stand drouth  and  make  a  crop  without  late 
rains  in  the  Sjiriug.  So  far  as  the  rest  to  the 
soil  is  concerned,  it  needs  no  rest,  and  may 
be  cropped  perpetually  if  sujipliedwith  water 
and  manure. 

On  farms  that  are  not  very  badly  affected 
by  drouth,  it  is  found  better  to  rotate  crops 
than  it  is  to  summer-fallow.  For  instance, 
where  grain  was  grown  last  year,  lot  it  volun- 
teer for  hay  this,  cut  early  and  jiasturo  the 
balance  of  this  season  and  next   year,    then 


^ 


"^v^ ; 


California  Agriculturist  akd  Live  Stock  Journal. 


pnt  in  grain  again,  and  the  gi-ain  crop  will  be 
as  good  as  on  (allowed  laud,  and  the  soil  will 
give  a  return  each  season.  But  on  very  dry 
soil  summer  fallow  is  the  only  sure  method  of 
getting  a  full  crop  in  any  season. 

The  proper  depth  to  plow  when  summer- 
fallowing  is  another  questipn  of  interest.  We 
do  not  think  it  makes  much  difference.  To 
plow  deep  a  great  expense  of  power  must  be 
used,  and  even  then  it  %vill  bo  necessary  to 
have  the  surface  finely  jjulverized  to  resist  the 
drying  effects  of  sun  and  winds  and  retain  the 
moisture  the  most  completely.  Shallow 
plowing,  or  thorough  surface  cultivation  with- 
out plowing,  wiU  answer  the  same  purposes. 
All  that  is  needed  is  to  make  a  few  inches  of 
light  soil  for  a  mulching  on  the  surface, which 
should  be  stirred  often  enough  to  keep  all 
weeds  from  growing,  and  be  just  thick  enough 
to  prevent  the  escape  of  moisture  from  the 
soil  into  the  air  by  evaporation. 

Some  persons  have  acquired  the  idea  that 
loose  earth  will  condense  moisture  from  the 
air,  and  think  that  if  they  stir  the  soil  deeply 
it  will  obtain  all  needed  moisture  without 
raiu.  This  is  a  serious  mistake,  in  our  dry 
climate  at  any  rate,  tractice  will  prove  that 
if  you  want  your  soil  to  dry  out  fast  the  best 
way  to  do  is  to  stir  it  deep  and  often,  and  sci- 
ence will  show  you  that  the  dew  point  in  our 
dry  climate  is  lower  than  the  temperature  of 
the  soil  in  Summer,  hence  the  impossibility 
of  such  condensation. 

The  fact  is,  we  have  to  depend  upon  what 
moisture  there  is  stored  in  the  soil  for  our 
crops,  and  we  should  see  that  a  sufficient 
amount  is  stored  there  to  produce  a  crop,  and 
then  so  cultivate  the  surface  soil  as  to  prevent 
its  escape  into  the  air. 

On  soils  that  can  be  irrigated,  or  that  are 
furnished  with  abundant  moisture  from  be- 
low, as  bottom  lands  are,  it  matters  not  so 
much  what  is  the  method  of  cultivation,  so 
long  as  the  soil  is  not  plowed  too  wet  or  al- 
lowed to  bake. 

The  object  of  this  article  is  to  show  the  use 
and  rationale  of  summer-fallowing  from  a 
practical  stand-point.  It  we  cannot  make  it 
rain,  and  so  make  it  an  object  for  farmers  to 
take  the  AoiucuLTCJiasT,  we  hope  to  give 
enough  hints  applicable  to  the  conditions  of 
our  climate  to  compensate  the  want  so  far  as 
we  are  concerned.  There  is  certainly  need 
enough  of  a  correct  understanding  of  how  to 
treat  soils  to  the  best  advantage  in  California, 
for  we  iind  many  contlictiug  theories  among 
farmers  concerning  this  thing. 


Not  long  ago  jute  fibre  was  known  in  Eu- 
rope only  in  the  form  of  gunny  bags.  A 
paper  read  by  l^vofessor  Hodges  at  the  last 
■  meeting  of  the  British  Association,  states  that 
last  year  1UI),UUU  tons  of  the  fibre  were  im- 
ported from  Calcutta  into  Dundee,  while  Lou- 
don, Liverpool  and  Glasgow  probably  receive 
half  as  much  more.  It  was  formerly  thought 
that  jute  could  not  be  bleached,  and  there- 
fore, that,  with  all  its  strength  and  other 
good  qualities,  it  could  be  used  only  for  bags 
and  coarse  fabrics.  It  is  only  in  this  raw 
state  thixt  it  is  worked  up  in  the  United  States, 
at  least  until  lately.  In  Ireland  and  Scotland 
the  bleaching  process  has  succeeded  perfectly 
giving  to  the  fibre  the  whiteness  of  linen  fab- 
rics, into  which,  indeed,  it  largely  enters.  It 
is  largely  worked  up  with  silk,  and  makes  the 
best  substitute  for  hair,  most  chignons  being 
made  of  it,  while  the  dust  from  the  mills  is 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  silk  hats. 
So  that  jiite  is  largely  worn  by  both  sexes. — 
Q'lceiislandt^r. 


Another  Physiological    Lesson. 

BY  ALFRED  POWElt,  CHIEF     COMMISSION     OF  VOUli  LAW, 
IltELAND. 


NO,  n— THE    BLOOD. 

^  IX  thoxl.'iand  years  after  his  era  began 

The  astonishiUK  fact  was  tliscovercd  by  man, 
y  That  the  blood  in  his  body  does  not  remain  still, 
k:'''>   But  rushes  along  like  the  race  of  from  a  mill. 

Cfvlnin  vessels  called  artt  ries.  hidden  within 
The  body,  conduct  from  the  heart  to  the  skin; 
While  others  called  veins  thrniinliout  every  part 
Of  the  system  conduct  from  the  skin  to  the  heart. 

The  heart  every  instant  gets  filled  with  new  blood. 
Prepared,  as  you'll  Bee,  Irom  the  air  and  the  food: 
And  this  new  blood  is  driven  throughout  the  whole 

frame, 
As  from  a  force-pump,  by  the  force  of  the  game. 

The  blood  in  its  passage  leaves  everywhere 
Some  of  what  it  has  got  from  the  food  and  the  air, 
Wliieh  is  all  t:iken  up  ere  a  moment  is  gone. 
To  rex>leuish  the  tissue,  the  fat  and  the  bone. 

Throughout  the   whole   structure — bone,  muscle  and 

skin — 
Where  the  arteries  eud  the  veins  begin. 
Anil  ehangiug  its  color  from  red  blood  to  black, 
The  blood  enters  the  veins  and  is  so  carried  back. 

Wlien  the  old  blood   arrives  by  the  veins  to  the  heart 
It  is  mixed  and  churneil  up,  in  a  chamber  apart, 
With  a  thick,  milky  Huid,  uiitritious  anti  govid. 
Which  the  stomach  and  bowels  have  drawn  from  the 
food, 

It  is  then  driven  off  by  a  similar  force 
To  the  lungs,  where  the  air  cells  vec  civo  it,  in  course. 
Where  at  every  breath  it  takes  up  through  the  skin 
The  material  parts  of  the  air  within. 

Thus  regenerate,  vigorous,  lusty,  and  red, 
And  once  more  forced  back  on  its  fountain  hc.id. 
To  the  artery  chamber  it  rushes  amain, 
And  is  ready  to  start  upon  service  again. 

What  we  get  from  the  air  is  equal  in  weight 
To  what  we  derive  from  the  food  that  we  eat; 
But  what  we  breath  out,  I  must  tell  you  once  more, 
Is  of  poisons  the  worst,  as  1  tojd  you  before. 

In  a  much  clearer  light  you  now  may  perceive 
What  it's  hooed  you'll  hold  fast  and  devoutly  believe. 
That  for  health  and  enjoyment  the  very  best  fare 
Is  the  soundest  ol  food  and  the  purest  of  ail". 

Then  show  that  you  value  your  blood  and  your  skin, 
Itemove  every  nuisance  without  or  within ; 
Obey  all  the  laws  that  are  made  to  that  end. 
And  regard  the  inspector  of  health  as  your  friend. 

If  your  house  has  a  taint,  employ  in  good  time 
Eitlier  carbolic  acid  or  chloride  of  lime: 
But  of  all  disinfectants  the  earth  is  the  best — 
Smells  covered  by  earth  are  forever  at  rest. 

With  all  these  precautions  don't  feaf  any  harm, 
And  yield  to  no  panic  or  foolish  alarm; 
When  the  enemy  comes  be  brave  but  prepared^ 
Survey  your  defenses  and  stand  on  your  guard! 


Disinfectants  and    Deodorizers. 

Infection  and  ill  smells  cause  a  great  variety 
of  diseases;  they  both  arise  from  decomposi- 
tion and  decay  of  vegetable  or  animal  matter, 
or  both.  To  deodorize  is  to  take  away  the 
bad  smell.  To  tlisinfect  is  not  only  to  do  this, 
but  to  arrest  the  progress  of  decay,  and  thus 
cut  oft'  the  supply  of  a  bad  odor.  Our  grand- 
mothers thought  they  got  rid  of  the  ill  odor  of 
a  sick-room  by  spriiikling  brown  sug.irou  live 
coal  or  burning  tar;  this  gave  a  strong  and 
more  agreerxble  odor;  it  overpowered  the  other 
so  that  it  was  not  perceived,  but  did  not  de- 
stroy it;  both  odors  were  really  iiresent,  and 
the  air  was  doubly  impure,  though  more 
agreeable  to  the  senses.  Hence,  to  deodorize 
an  ill-smelling  room  or  locality  intelligently, 
substances  must  be  used  which,  by  causing  a 
new  chemical  combination,  destroy  the  odor 
altogether;  but  if  the  decomposition  coutiu- 
tinues  to  go  on,  other  odoriferous  particles 
begin  to  arise  requiring  a  new  applieatiou  of 
the  deodorizer;  on  this  account  all  deodorizers 
are  efficient  only  teiu[)orarily;  hence,  the  only 
rational  method  is  either  to  remove  the  offend- 
ing material  or  employ  disinfectants  which 
arrest  further  decay.  If  the  material  both 
arrests  the  decay  and  destroys  or  absorbs  the 


ill  smell,  then  it  is  doubly  valuable.  Two 
hundred  grains  of  chloride  of  zinc  in  an  ounce 
of  water  is  a  powerful  agent  in  neutralizing 
bad  smells  and  in  arresting  both  animal  and 
veiretable  decomposition,  in  ships,  hospitals, 
dissecting  rooms,  cellars,  privies,  and  water- 
closets,  without  having  any  ill  smell  of  its 
o'ft'n.  For  disinfecting  purposes,  mix  one 
pint  of  the  above  fluid  to  four  gaUons  of 
water. 

There  arc  three  powerful  disinfectants:  car- 
bolic acid,  but  its  smell  is  objectionable,  chlo- 
rine and  permanganate  of  potash;  these  last 
two  are  quite  expensive.  These  disinfectants 
act  by  combining  with  deleterious  substances 
and  rendering  them  h:irmless,  while  antisep- 
tics prevent  and  arrest  the  decomposition  of 
animal  substances. 

The  on!y  perfect  disinfectant  is  habitual 
cleanliness  and  thorough  ventilation;  next  to 
that  is  a  dry  heat  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
degrees. 

'I'lie  most  common  anrl  available  disinfect- 
ant and  deodorizer  is  copperas,  crude  cojiper- 
as,  sold  by  druggists  at  a  few  cents  a  pound 
under  the  name  of  sulphate  of  iron,  one  pound 
to  two  gallons  of  water,  to  be  used  as  often 
as  necessary  to  render  all  odors  imperce]dible, 
acting  at  the  same  time  as  an  antiseptic,  de- 
odorizer, and  disinfectant,  and  if  instantly 
thrown  over  what  passes  from  the  body  in 
cholera  is  one  of  the  cheapest  and  best  means 
known  for  preventing  its  communication  to 
others. — ^V.  J.  Mechanic. 

[The  above  is  a  valuable  article,  and  should 
be  preserved.  There  is  far  too  great  neglect 
of  disinfectants  and  deodorizers.  I'or  many 
purposes  the  information  here  given  is  inval- 
uable. But  for  all  out-door  uses,  earth — dry 
earth  is  altogether  the  best.  The  only  diffi- 
culty there  seems  to  be  in  introducing  it  into 
use  is  that  it  does  not  cost  anything  and  is 
found  everywhere  ready  for  epplication.  If 
it  were  found  only  iu  certain  localities,  and  to 
be  bought  at  a  price,  its  merits  would  soon  bo 
recognized.  For  ces.s-pools,  or  out-houses, 
nothing  else  should  be  used.  Yet  olten  do 
we  see  people  going  to  a  distance  to  buy  lime, 
when  three  steps  would  take  them  to  good, 
loose  earth,  all  ready  for  use. — lltaUK  lie- 
former. 

Importance  of  Wholesome  Beds. — Sleep 
to  the  working  man  is  emphatically  Nature's 
restorer — reinvigorating  the  physical  system, 
which  through  much  toil  has  become  weary, 
and  keeping  up  the  flow  of  hfe  and  spirits 
which  are  necessary  to  the  performance  of  the 
arduous  duty  of  farm-life,  A  comfortable 
bed,  as  we  are  all  aware,  conduces  greatly  to 
one's  rest.  On  this  subject  a  recent  writer 
says: 

Of  the  eight  pounds  which  a  man  eats  and 
drinks  each  day,  it  is  thought  that  not  less 
than  five  pounds  leaves  his  body  through  the 
skin. 

And  of  these  five  pounds  considerable  per- 
centage escapes  during  the  night  while  he  is 
in  bed.  The  largest  portion  of  this  is  water, 
but  in  addition  there  is  much  effde  and  pois- 
onous matter.  This  being  in  great  part  gase- 
ous in  form,  permeates  every  part  of  the  bed, 
mattress,  blankets,  as  well  as  sheets,  which 
soon  become  foul  and  need  purification. 

The  mattress  needs  the  renovation  quite  as 
much  as  the  sheets.  To  allow  the  sheets  to 
be  used,  without  washing  or  changing,  three 
or  six  months  would  be  regarded  as  bad 
house-keeping;  but  I  insist  if  a  thin  sheet  can 
absorb  enough  of  the  excretion  of  the  body  to 
make  it  unfit  for  use  in  a  few  days,  a  thick 
mattress,  which  can  absorb  and  retain  a 
thousand  times  as  much  of  these  poisonous 
excretions,  needs  to  be  purified  as  often,  cer- 
tainly, as  once  in  three  months. 

A  sheet  can  be  washed.  A  mattress  can- 
not be  renovated  in  this  way.  Indeed,  there 
is  no  way  of  cleansing  a  mattress  but  by 
steaming  it  or  picking  it  to  pieces,  and  thus, 
in  fragments,  exposing  it  to  the  rays  of  the 
sun.  As  these  processes  are  scarcely  practic- 
able, with  any  of  the  ordinary-  mattresses,  I 
decidedly  am  of  the    opinion   that   the  good 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


oM-fashionecl  straw  bed,  which  can  every 
three  months  be  changed  for  fresh  straw,  and 
the  tick  be  washed,  is  the  sweetest  and  most 
healthy  nf  beds. 

If,  in  the  Winter  season,  the  porousness  of 
the  straw  ))eds  makes  it  a  little  uncomfortable 
spretjd  over  it  a  comforter  or  two  woolen 
blankets,  which  should  be  washed  as  often  as 
every  two  weeks.  With  the  arrangement,  if 
you  wash  all  the  bed  coverings  as  often  as 
onee  in  two  weeks,  you  will  have  a  delightful, 
healthy  bed. 

Now,  if  you  leave  the  bed  to  air,  with  open 
window  during  the  day,  and  not  make  up  for 
the  night  before  evening,  you  will  have  added 
greatly  to  the  sweetness  of  your  rest,  and,  in 
consequence,  to  the  tone  of  your  health. 

I  heartily  wish  the  change  could  be  every- 
where introduced.  Only  those  who  have  thus 
attended  to  this  important  matter  can  judge 
of  the  influence  on  the  general  health  and 
spirits. ^ili'/nw  Farmer. 


an  hour  or  so  in  the  sunlight;  and  that  you 
quench  you  thirst  with  no  other  fluid  than 
water. — Journal  of  Health. 


At  Lennoxtown,  Scotland,  a  lady  has  died 
from  lead  poisoning.  She  used,  by  medical 
advice,  the  ordinary  seltzer  water  in  siphon 
bottles,  and  the  water  has  taken  from  the  si- 
phon such  a  quantity  of  lead  that  it  is  sup- 
posed she  received  for  many  days  at  least  a 
grain  a  day. 


Practical   Recipes. 

BY     MES.     M.     E.    THOMASSON. 


fANY 


SALT-KISING  BKEAD. 

persons   are   fond  of   salt-rising 


PtiErFTiNO  THE  Blood. — Some  persons  ac- 
tually read  and  believe  the  medical  almanacs 
and  advertisements  of  nostrums  that  flood  the 
newspapers.  How  wisely  they  talk,  these 
advertisements,  about  the  necessity  of  jnirify- 
ing  the  blood;  but  they  would  lead  the  ignor- 
ant and  credulous  to  think  that  the  only  way 
to  get  pure  blood  is  to  take  doses  of  the  par- 
ticular kind  of  patent  medicine  advertised. 
Many  respectable  families  take  it  for  gi-anted 
that  some  kind  of  spring  medicine  is  neces- 
sary to  set  the  human  system  in  working  or- 
der, as  Winter's  cold  gives  way  before  the  ap- 
proach of  warm  weather;  whereas  it  is  only 
necessary  for  them  to  "cease  to  do  evil  and 
learn  to  do  well"  in  their  daily  eating,  drink- 
ing, breathing,  working  and  jjlaying. 

Persons  who  have  learned  and  pay  heed  to 
the  laws  of  health,  find  no  necessity  for  spring 
medicines.  They  are  all  of  the  time  purify- 
ing the  blood  by  their  simple  daily  habits. 
They  aim  to  make  their  blood  of  good  nour- 
ishing materials,  and  to  "cleanse"  it  by  pure 
air  breathed  into  the  lungs. 

It  seems  to  me  more  and  more  astonishing 
that  the  human  body  can  stand  so  much  abuse, 
especially  in  the  way  of  bad  air.  People  shut 
themselves  into  such  close  rooms  in  Winter, 
especially  at  night,  that  it  is  no  wonder  they 
are  driven  to  all  sorts  of  stimulants  to  whip 
up  their  flagging  energies,  and  no  wonder  that 
they  are  "all  run  down"  at  the  end  ol  Winter. 
One  of  the  most  common  mistakes  is  the 
supposition  that  air  is  pure  in  proportion  to 
its  coldness,  so  that  you  have  only  to  open  a 
door  into  an  unheated  room,  which  is  itself  a 
reservoir  of  foul  air  perhaps,  in  order  to  ven- 
tilate sufficiently  the  living  room  or  sleeping 
room.  I5ut  the  mistakes  in  diet  alone  are 
sufficient  to  account  for  the  biliousness  that 
prevails  in  early  Spring.  A  Winter  diet  made 
of  fat  pork  or  of  hot  pancakes  saturated  with 
butter  or  fat,  will  pretty  surely  bring  some 
sort  of  sickness  in  its  wake. — American  Aijrl- 
cuUwisl. 


bread  and  would  be  glad,  perhaps,  to 
have  a  recipe  that  can  always  be  relied 
0^  on.  For  the  benefit  of  such  I  send  the 
following:  As  soon  as  the  fire  is  made  for 
the  morning  meal,  put  into  a  tin  can  or  other 
vessel  (I  like  tin  best)  one  quart  of  warm 
water,  one  desert  spoonful  of  salt  and  one  of 
sugar;  stir  in  enough  wheat  bran  to  thicken; 
place  the  vessel  in  a  pot  of  warm  water  and 
set  in  a  w.arm  place  to  rise.  The  water  should 
be  kept  quite  hot,  as  a  much  greater  degree 
of  heat  is  necessary  for  this  kind  of  yeast  than 
for  any  commonly  used.  Be  careful  not  to 
scald  it.  In  about  five  hours,  or  when  the 
bran  has  risen  several  inches,  strain  through 
a  cloth,  adding  to  the  liquor  salt  and  warm 
water  sufficient  to  sponge  the  amount  of  flour 
desired  for  bread.  Keep  the  sponge  warm, 
and  when  light,  knead  and  bake  in  the  usual 
manner.  I  never  use  any  other  bread,  and 
my  neighbors  often  speak  of  "your  good  salt- 
rising." 

OPENING  FKUIT  CANS. 

I  would  hke  also  to  tell  your  readers  my 
method  of  opening  fruit  cans,  which  is  very 
simple  and  much  better  than  the  old  plan  of 
melting  and  giiuging  wax  in  order  to  remove 
the  lids.  Hold  the  can  in  the  left  hand,  while 
with  the  right  strike  softly  and  quickly  with 
the  handle  of  a  knife  on  the  lid  and  around 
the  top.  The  wax  will  fly  off,  leaving  the  can 
as  clean  almost  as  when  new,  causing  no  in- 
jury to  the  can  and  rendering  no  after  clean- 
ing necessary. 


MlscKLLANECtrs  Eecipes.— PrOTm  Cakes- 
nth  a  teaspoouful  of  salt  into  a  pint  of  thick, 
sweet  cream;  sift  in  slowly  a  quart  of  flour; 
roll  it  an  inch  thick,  cut  it  out  with  the  top  of 
a  tumbler,  and  bake  in  an  oven. 

VeqetaUe  Oysters— Vwt  one  quart  of  slicep 
oysters  in  two  quarts  of  water,  cook  till  very 
tender,  then  add  salt,  pepper  and  butter,  and 
a  h.-df  pint  of  sweet  cream.  Serve  with 
crackers. 

7jo(te— Take  a  cup  of  sweet  cream,  the 
white  of  three  eggs  beaten  to  a  foam,  a  tea- 
spoonful  of  salt  rising,  and  a  little  salt;  mix 
in  a  pound  of  sifted  flour  with  warm  milk 
enough  to  make  a  stiflf  dough.  Set  it  in  a 
warm  place,  and  it  will  rise  in  an  hour. 
Knead  it  into  rolls,  and  bake  on  a  floured  tin 
in  a  quick  oven  for  fifteen  minutes. 

Scrai)  FuihVwg—Fnt  the  scraps  of  bread, 
crust  and  crumb,  into  a  bowl  with  sufficient 
milk  to  cover  them  well.  Cover  with  a  sauce- 
pan lid  or  plate,  and  put  into  the  oven  to 
soak  for  half  an  hour.  Take  it  out  and  mash 
the  bread  with  a  fork  until  it  is  a  pulp;  then 
add  a  handful  of  raisins  and  as  many  currants, 
a  teaspoouful  of  brown  sugar,  half  a  cup  of 
milk,  some  candied  lemon  peel,  and  one  egg. 
Stir  it  up  well,  grease  a  pudding  dish,  and 
pour  the  pudding  in.  Grate  over  a  little  nut- 
meg, put  it  into  a  moderate  oven,  and  let  it 
bake  for  an  hour  and  a  half. 

Oranfie  Sirup— Squeeze  the  juice  from  the 
oranges;  to  a  pint  of  it  put  a  pound  of  white 
sugar;  set  on  a  moderate  fire.  When  the 
sugar  dissolves  put  in  the  peel  of  the  oranges 
and  set  the  sirup  where  it  will  boil  slowly 
eight  or  ten  minutes;  then  strain.  Do  not 
squeeze  while  straining.  Bottla  and  cork 
tight.  Excellent  eaten  on  almost  any  kind  of 
a  pudding.  An  excellent  sirup  can  also  be 
made  from  the  peels  and  pits  of  peaches;  also 
the  peels  and  cores  of  those  late  little  sour 
pears— some  prefer  half  quince  and  half  pear. 
Such  odds  and  ends  can  be  made  use  of,  and 
when  the  wind  and  snows  of  Winter  are  blow- 
ing, these  sirups  are  nice  eaten  on  our  buck- 
wheat cakes,  when  otherwise,  perhaps,  we 
would  be  obliged  to  use  black  molasses. 


Sunlight  a  Necessity.— Sun-baths  cost 
nothing,  and  are  the  most  refreshing,  life- 
giving  baths  that  one  can  take,  whether  sick 
or  well.  Every  housekeeper  knows  the  ne- 
cessity of  giving  her  woolens  the  benefit  of 
the  sun,  from  time  to  time,  especially  after  a 
long  absence  of  the  sun.  Many  will  think  of 
the  injury  their  clothes  are  liable  to,  from 
dampness,  who  will  never  reflect  that  an  oc- 
casional exposure  of  thair  own  bodies  to  the 
sunlight  is  necessary  to  their  own  health. 
The  suu-l)aths  cost  nothing,  and  that  is  a  mis- 
fortune, for  peO]ile  are  still  deluded  with  the 
idea  that  those  things  can  only  bo  good  or 
useful  which  cost  money.  Let  it  not  be  for- 
gotten that  three  of  (iod's  most  beneficent 
gifts  to  man — three  things  the  most  necessary 
to  good  health — sunlight,  fresh  air,  and  wat- 
ter,  are  free  to  all;  you  can  have  them  in 
abundance,  without  money  and  without  price, 
if  you  will.  If  yon  would  enjoy  good  health 
then  SCI!  to  it  that  you  are  suiiplicd  with  jiuro 
air  to  breathe  all  the  time;   that  you  bathe  for 


Eds.  Ageiculuueist:  I  am  very  much  inter- 
ested in  the  "Domestic  Department"  of  your 
paper,  but  am  very  much  surprised  how  little 
interest  is  taken  by  the  women  in   it.     In  go- 
ing around  to  the  farmers'  houses,  it  is  a  con- 
stant source  of    surprise  to    mo   to    see   how 
inconvenient  the  kitchens  are,  and  how  much 
useless  labor  the  farmers'  wives  and  daughters 
do.       Now,    I    will    venture    to     say    there 
is  not  five  complete  kitchens,  in  ranch  houses, 
in  Santa  Clara  county.     And   what   is  more, 
there  is  not  one  out  of  a  hundred  women  that 
spend    their    lives    doing    house-work    who 
knows  how  she  wants  a  kitchen  arranged  to 
be  convenient.     There  is  as   much  difference 
in  woman's  work,  between  doing  it  easy  and 
making  hard  work  of  it,  as  there  is  in  a  man's 
using  a  scytlie  or  mowing    machine.     Why, 
even  in  putting   in  a  sink,   where    they    have 
(ini,  it  is  left  to  the  car])enter,  so  that  instead 
.of  a  low,  long  and  wide  sink,  with    a  pitch  to 
drain  it  prouq)tly,  the  carpenter  puts  m  a  nice 
little  thing,  so  high  as  to  bo  iiiconveuient,and 
closed  up  beneath  flush  with  the  front,  to  pre- 
vent a  person  standing  close  to  it  as  they  had 
ought  to  to  work  easy,  and   so  level    that  the 
water  will  be  hours  running  oS. 

W.  A.  T. 


Paeageaphs  Woeth  Kemembeeing.— Ben- 
zine  and  common  clay  will  clean  marble. 

Dieting  will  aid  you   in  removing  pimples. 

Caster  oil  is  an  excellent  thing  to  soften 
leather. 

Spirits  of  ammonia,  diluted  a  little,  will 
cleanse  the  hair  very  thoroughly. 

Lemon  juice  and  glycerine  will  remove  tan 
and  freckles,  and  will  cleanse  and  soften  the 
hands. 

Stains  on  wall  paper  can  be  cut  out  -n-ith  a 
sharp  pcnkifc  and  a  piece  of  paper  so  nicely 
inserted  that  no  one  can  see  the  patch. 

A  good,  cheap  paint  for  floors  is  made  of 
five  pounds  of  French  ocher,  one  quarter  of  a 
pound  of  glue,  and  a  gallon  of  hot  water. 
When  well  lU-ied,  apply  one  or  two  coats  of 
linseed  oil. 

A  case  of  death  by  green  wall-paper  poison- 
ing has  occurred  in  Louisville,  and  exannna- 
tion  showed  that  the  paper  on  the  wall  of 
deceased's  bed-chamber  contained  two  grain8_ 
of  arsenic  to  the  square  foot. 


Tobacco  and  Beead.— Bishop  Janes  stated 
at  the  Round  Lake  camp  meeting,  last  Sum- 
mer, that  it  costs  the  Methodist  church  more 
for  tobacco  than  for  religion. 

The  statistics  of  the  Government  show  that 
tobacco  costs  the  nation  many  millions  more 
than  its  bread  does.  .,     ,      ,      ,, 

Wcndd  it  not  be  a  sad  thing  if  the  heathen, 
for  whose  salvation  we  are  contributing  men 
and  monev,  should  learn  these  facts? 

Shall  those  who  in  some  measure  realize 
the  greatness  of  this  evil,  and  are  laboring  to 
prevent  our  voung  people  from  being  led  mto 
its  wretclu'd'slavery,  by  the  exanqile  of  church 
members  and  ministers,  bo  frowned  down  by 
men  who  are  joined  to  their  idols  and  either 
cannot  or  will  not  reform'? 


\ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


To  Soften  Old  PnTTY. — A  receut  writer  in 
Tlie  Garden  says :  After  many  trials,  and  with 
a  variety  of  differently  shaped  tools,  with  va- 
rious successes,  I  at  last  accomplished  my 
end  by  the  simple  application  of  heat.  My 
first  experiment  was  with  a  soldering  iron, 
when,  to  my  great  delight,  I  found  the  putty 
became  so  soft  that  the  broken  glass  could  be 
removed  by  the  fingers,  and  the  putty  be  easily 
scraped  away.  All  that  is  required  is  a  block 
of  iron  about  two  and  a  half  ihches  square, 
flat  at  the  bottom,  drawn  out  for  a  handle, 
with  a  wooden  end  like  a  soldering-iron. 
When  hot,  not  red,  place  this  iron  against  the 
putty,  or  Hat  on  the  broken  glass,  if  any,  and 
pass  it  slowly  round  the  sides  of  the  square. 
The  heat  will  so  soften  the  putty  that  it  will 
come  away  from  the  wood  without  difficulty. 
<  m  > 

Medical  Peopekties  of  Eggs. — The  white 
of  an  egg  has  proved  of  late  the  most  effica- 
cious remedy  for  burns.  Seven  or  eight  suc- 
cessive applications  of  this  substance  soothe 
pain,  and  effectually  exclude  the  burn  from 
the  air.  This  simple  remedy  seems  to  be 
preferable  to  collodion  or  even  cotton.  Ex- 
traordinary stories  are  told  of  the  healing  pro- 
perties of  a  new  oil  which  is  easily  made  from 
the  yelk  of  hen's  eggs.  The  eggs  are  first 
boiled  hard,  and  the  yelks  are  then  removed, 
crushed  and  placed  over  a  fire,  where  they  are 
carefully  stirred  until  the  whole  substance  is 
just  on  the  pount  of  catching  tire,  when  the 
oil  separates  and  may  be  poured  oft'.  One 
yelk  will  yield  nearly  two  teaspoonfuls  of  oil. 
It  is  in  general  use  among  the  colonists  of 
South  Russia  as  a  means  of  curing  cuts, 
bruises  and  scratches. 


mxt 


Nervous   Cows. 

i?  — 

J^O  observing  person  can  have  the  care  of 
y  a  herd  of  cows  long  without  noting  a 
^\  great  difference  in  the  character  and 
^'-k  (hsposition  of  the  diflferent  animals.  In 
eis  fact,  as  Mrs.  Partington  observed  about 
folks,  there  is  as  much  difference  iu  cows  as 
there  is  iu  anybody,  and  the  feminine  peculi- 
arities that  we  are  apt  to  note  in  our  own 
kind,  may  many  of  them  be  detected  among 
the  domestic  animals.  Some  cows  are  so 
phlegmatic  and  good  uatured  that  a  moderate 
amount  of  ill-treatment  does  not  seem  to  dis- 
turb their  eqanimity.  Others  are  naturally 
vicious,  and  will  kick  and  hook  without  pro- 
vocation, from  "pure  cussedness."  There  is 
another  class  that,  while  not  vicious,  are  so 
nervous  that  they  may  easily  be  made  to  ap- 
jjear  ugly,  and  iu  time  become  really  so,  in 
consequence  of  rough  handling  or  careless- 
ness. It  requires  a  considerate  and  good  dis- 
positioned  man  to  manage  such  cows  and  get 
along  M-ith  them.  They  must  be  humored, 
spoken  kindly  to,  and  gently  handled  in  milk- 
ing. Swearing  at  them,  or  beating  them,  de- 
moralizes them  fearfully,  and  makes  them 
almost  useless  in  a  short  time.  It  is  often 
among  the  very  best  milkers  and  butter  mak- 
ers that  these  nervous  animals  are  found,  and 
we  cannot  afford  to  have  their  value  thus  im- 
p.iired.  No  violence  should  be  allowed  among 
the  cows  at  any  time,  but  if  you  have  impa- 
tient help,  or  are  quick  tempered  yourself, 
let  some  person  who  don't  get  mad  so  easily 
milk  the  nervous  cows. 


Ceeameky  Averages. — The  average  number 
of  pounds  of  milk  to  a  pound  of  butter  and 
to  a  pound  of  cheese  at  the  Aville  Creamery, 
Ellington,  N.  Y.,  for  1873,  was;  For  butter, 
;!S.U-'>ii  1I)S  of  milk  to  one  pound  of  butter.aud 
1J.U25  Bjs  of  milk  to  one  of  cheese.  The  net 
value  of  a  pound  of  milk  was  1.4128  cents. 


i  The   habit  of    being  always   industriously 

1  f  employed  is  a  great  safeguard  through  Ufe,  as 

if  well  as  essential   to  the  cultivation  of  every 

4/  virtue. 


Most  Practicable  Bee  Hives. 


,,   T  the  Northeastern  Bee  Keepers'  Associ- 
i^   ation,  held   at   Utica,    New  York,    last 
.Uw>  February,  Mr.  R.   Bacon   gave   his  ex- 
^3°   perience  as  follows: 

It  is  with  hives  very  much  as  with  mowing 
machines;  the  farmer  often  viewing    and  re- 
viewing the  dift'erent   machines  is    puzzled  to 
determine  which  is   the  best,  yet,  no   doubt, 
some  are  preferable  to  others.       So  it  is  with 
hives.     We    see  in   market   tall  hives,    short 
hives,    narrow    hives,     wide    hives  and   box 
hives,  one   story  hives,    two  story   hives,  bar 
hives,  and  many  other  hives,  and  men  ready 
to  show  you   the   good    qualities  of  one  hive 
over  the  other,  and  when   you    have  gone  the 
rounds,  if  you  have  had  no  practical   experi- 
ence in  bee  culture   or  have  no  judgment   of 
your   own,  you   may  be   led    to  believe    the 
poorest  hive    the  best.     I   would   advise  the 
beginner  in  bee-keeping  to   use    discretion  in 
this  matter  and  take  the  middle  ground.     He 
should  choose  hives  containing  frames  of  con- 
venient size,  and    safe  to  handle,  for  general 
use.     They    should    not    be   complicated   or 
costly;  they  should  be  capable  of  construction 
by  any  man  who  is  handy    \vith   tools.     The 
bee-keeper  who  does  not  depend  on  his  hives 
for  support  may  lay  out  money  for  costly  and 
fanciful  hives;  but  the  majority  of   bee-keep- 
ers want   a  cheap,    practical    hive.     I   have 
had  rough,  cheap    hives,   and   elegant,   costly 
hives,  and  I  have    found   tn   every   case,   all 
things  being  equal,  bees  have   done  full   as 
well  iu  my  rough  hives  as  in   the  more  costly 
onees.     The  wants  of  bees  are  few,  and  they 
are  not  partial  to    fancy   hives,  and  all  varia- 
tions from  their  wants  are  to  benefit  or  gratify 
the    taste  of  man.       Give  the   bees  a   proper 
shaped  hive,  and  sufficient  amount  of  room  in 
the  hive,  and   good  care,  and   they  will   give 
ample  returns.     Now,  there  has   been   much 
said  and  written  on  what  constitutes  a  proper 
size  and  shaped  hive.     Some  contend  a  hive 
should    be   large.     Others  say  twelve   inches 
square  is  the  proper  dimensions  for   a  stand- 
ard hive.      Now,    my  experienca   with   large 
hives  has.  been  anything  but  satisfactory;  they 
neither  give  new  swarms  nor  a  large   amount 
of  surplus    honey.     Of    course    I    speak    of 
working  these  hives   for  box  honey.     I  think 
an  extractor  would  show    better  results,    bui 
my  experience  in  the   other   extreme  of  hive 
has  been   no  better.      A    hive  twelve    inches 
square  is  too  small  for  bees  in  any  place.   The 
swarms  from    such  hives   will  be    small   and 
generally  inferior  compared  witn  swarms  from 
larger  hives.     There   is   but    little   room   for 
surplus  bees,  and  therefore  not  a  very  large 
amount  of  honey   can  be  expected,    and  with 
the  best  of   care   in   two  or    three  years,    the 
bees  will   be  gone.      Between    these   two  ex- 
tremes, I  believe  is  found  the  correct  medium. 
A    hive    sixteen   inches   long,   twelve   inches 
wide  and  twelve   inches  deep,  and  frames  to 
fit,  and  have  it  so  constructed  that  side  boxes 
or   extractor   can  be    used,  if  the   season  re- 
qiiires  it,  comes  nearer  to   what  I  think  is  the 
hive  for  general  use.     The  frames  are  of  con- 
venient size,  and  safe  to  handle  for  either  ex- 
tracting or  other  uses.      I  believe   it   is  often 
the  case  that  localities  cause  very  much  con- 
tention about  the  style  of   hive  and  the  man- 
agement of  bees,  and  were  we  to  consider  from 
each  other's    standpoint,  and  reason    accord- 
ingly, it  would  save  many   jangles  in  bee  cul- 
ture".    My  frames  tit  a  sixteen-inch  hive  and 
are  not  more  thay  fourteen  inches  long   and 
less  than  a  foot  deep.      They  hold  the  comb 
perfectly  and  have   no  difficulty   in  breaking 
down. 


sown  then,  it  not  only  forms  the  best  pastur- 
age for  the  bees,  but  usually  yields  a  good 
crop  of  seed.  It  is  one  of  our  best  honey- 
producing  plants.  The  proper  quantity  to 
BOW  to  an  acre  is  one  peck,  although  some 
prefer  to  sow  two  pecks.  I  raise  it  largely, 
and  succeed  best  by  sowing  only  one  peck  to 
the  acre.  The  number  of  acres  required  for 
thirty  colonies  of  bees  will  be  about  four,  if 
it  is  a  good  season  for  secreting  honey.  I 
have  known  one  acre  of  buckwheat  to  furnish 
food  enough  for  bees  so  that  HOO  pounds  of 
honey  and  85  bushels  of  grain  were  made 
from  it.  This  was,  however,  an  unusu- 
ally favorable  season.  Five  acres  are  the 
least  that  should  be  sown  for  the  number  of 
colonies  mentioned,  as  it  is  better  to  have 
"too  much  than  not  enough." — Ex. 


Buckwheat  fob  Bee  Pastceage.  —  The 
right  time  to  sow  buckwheat  for  bee  pastur- 
age, in  California,  is  from  May  to  July.  When 
the  soil  cannot  be  irrigated,  sow  iu  May.     If 


The  Profits  of  Farming. 

The  farmer  who  resides  within  reach  of  a 
good  market,  where  everything  he  can  pro- 
duce will  command  a  ready  sale  at  fair  prices, 
and  where  nothing  goes  to  waste,  has  a  de- 
cided advantage  over  the  farmer  who  lives 
farther  from  market  and  depends  upon  such 
staple  articles  of  produce  as  grain,  stock,  etc. 
The  perishable  articles  which  he  cannot  hand- 
die  yield  the  largest  profits.  The  advantages 
of  a  good  home  market  are  well  illustrated  by 
the  following  table,  taken  from  the  last  vol- 
ume of  the  Agi-iculturid  Report,  just  issued. 
It  shows  the  average  cash  value  of  farm  pro- 
ducts per  acre  in  each  State  and  in  the  Terri- 
tories: 

Average 
value  per  i 
States.  acre. 

Maine $14  16 

NfW  HampKliire 10  .W 

Vermont IT  H7 

MassatliuKttB 31  10  ; 

Khoile  Island 31  00 

Connecticut 33  '.tl 

New  York 22  'H 

New  Jersey 


Average 

value  per 

Stales. 

acre. 

Texas 

$12  S4 

.\rk:insa6    

17  m 

Tennessee  . .   . . 

12  70 

West  Virgiuia. 

1501 

15  54 

14  ."i" 

MichiRan 

15  C5 

Pennsylvania 20  80 

Delaware 13  24 

Marj;lanil 15  52 

Virginia  14  15 

North  Carolina 11  38 

South  Carolina .  10  45 

Rcor<;ia 11  IM 

Floriila 11  47 

Alabama 13  78 

Mississippi 15  61 

Louisiana 15  61 


27  90  I  Indiana 13  51 


Illinois     11  13 

Wisconsin 14  18 

Minnesota 1138 

Iowa  8  49 

Missouri 11  99 

Kansas 8  92 

Nebraska  ...    ITS 

California 15  10 

Oregon 16  70 

Nevada 44  30 

The  Territories 26  10 


The  Eastern  States,  which  are  not  half  as 
productive  as  those  at  the  West,  yield  double 
the  returns,  in  cash,  to  the  farmer;  Nevada 
and  the  Western  Territories,  not  producing 
the  supply  equal  to  home  demand,  pay  the 
farmer  from  two  to  five  prices  for  all  he  can 
raise,  which  makes  his  business  profitjible. 
the  value  of  the  laud  must  be  determined, 
therefore,  not  so  much  by  its  productive 
qualities  as  by  its  market  facilities.  The  far- 
mer who  can  get  as  much  money  out  of  ten 
acres  of  ground,  with  half  the  labor,  as  can 
be  obtained  by  his  brother  from  twenty  acres, 
can  afford  to  pay  very  much  for  his  ten  acres. 
The  saving  of  one-half  the  labor  is  not  for 
one  year  only,  but  it  is  a  perpetual  advautjige. 
The  farmer,"  therefore,  who  goes  far  away 
from  market,  in  order  to  get  cheap  lands, will 
discover  that  the  purchase  price  of  lands 
should  not  be  considered  so  much  as  the 
market  facilities. — Rural  jii'ioi. 


Cribbing  in  Hob.ses. — "Dr.  Cook,  of  El- 
mira,  Ohio,  wiites  the  Scientific  American  that 
cribbing  is  caused,  in  the  first  instance,  either 
by  the  front  teeth  growing  so  close  together  as 
to  press  and  give  pain,  or  by  something  get- 
ting between  them,  acting  as  a  wedge.  The 
horse  feels  relief  by  pulling  with  his  teeth  on 
any  hard  subsbince  like  the  side  of  a  plank. 
Dr.  Cook  saws  between  the  teeth  with  a  very 
thiu  saw,  which  removes  the  pressure  and 
cures  a  bad  habit." 

The  ghost  of  Noah  Webster  came  to  a 
spiritual  medium  in  Alabama,  not  long  since, 
and  wrote  on  a  slip  of  paper:  'It  is  tite  times.' 
Noah  was  right,  but  we  were  sorry  to  see  he 
has  gone  back  on  his  dictionary. 


H 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


f  tod;  ^rccilcr. 


Pure   Breeds. 


ANY  farmers  make  a  great  mistake   by 

alwaj's   beiug    anxious    to    change   or 

^..    cross  their  breeds.     It  they  would  first 

C\^»   determine  what  they  consider  to  be  the 

if^"^  best  breed  of  cattle  or  horses,  sheep  or 
Bwiue,  and  then  make  every  movement  in  im- 
proving and  perfecting  that  breed  and  keep- 
ing it  iu  the  highest  state  of  purity  -it  would 
be  far  better.  Every  farmer  knows  whether 
he  keeps  cattle  for  beef  or  butter  or  cheese. 
If  for  beef — if  that  is  the  main  object — the 
Short-horn  is  unsurpassed.  If  beef  is  the 
main  object  and  milk  a  secondry  oliject,  still 
the  Sh<n't-horn  stands  first,  and  every  ettort 
should  lie  made  to  keep  it  pure,  and  to  im- 
prove it,  for  the  purposes  for  which  it  is  kept. 
If  a  high  quality  of  butter  is  wanted — if  this 
is  the  main  object — Jersey  butter  eomuiauds 
the  highest  price  in  market;  and  Jersey  cows 
will  make  more  on  the  same  feed  than  any 
other  breed.  The  Jersey,  then,  should  be 
bred  pure,  and  be  improved  instead  of  cross- 
ing other  breeds  upon  it.  The  Devon  makes 
good  butter  and  beef,  though  small  for  beef 
purposes;  but  in  hilly  countries,  where  a  great 
deal  of  traveling  is  done  to  obtain  subsist- 
ence, and  where  there  is  considerable  expos- 
ure, and  especially  for  working  cattle  also — 
the  Devon  stand  high.  The  man  who  has 
the  Devons  should  keep  them  pure,  and  al- 
low no  other  crosses.  The  Ayrshires  are 
highly  recommended  for  cheese  purposes. 
Farmers  keeping  any  of  these  lireeds  should 
get  them  pure  as  soon  as  possible,  and  keep 
them  so. 

The  same  may  be  said  of  all  kinds  of  stock. 
If  you  have  Berkshire  swine  don't  cross 
other  br-'eds  on  them,  but  add  pure,  fresh 
blood  to  them.  When  you  buy. let  it  be  more 
Berkshires,  if  you  like  that  breed;  and  none 
seems  to  lie  healthier,  hardier,  better  gi-azers, 
or  coming  up  nearer  to  tlae  wants  of  the  far- 
mer. If  you  have  the  Peplaud-Chiua,  and  are 
jileased  with  as  large  a  hog  as  this,  and  if  you 
are  in  a  fine  corn  ceuintry,  you  should  not 
cross  another  breed  on  them,  but  liuy  more 
of  the  best  breeding  stock,  to  keep  fresh 
blood  in  it.  The  same  may  be  said  of  poul- 
try. Instead  of  keejiing  two  or  three  or 
half  a  dozen  varieties  of  poultry,  keep  one, 
and  keep  it  jiure,  and  try  to  have  the  best  of 
anybody.  It  is  always  disadvantageous  to  be 
obliged  to  shut  uii  poultry  in  yards.  Thej' 
want  exercise,  fresh  air,  a  variety  of  food. 
They  can  secure  these  better,  if  allowed  to  go 
whithersoever  they  choose,  than  to  be  shut  up 
iu  close  yards. 

One  of  the  advantages  in  keeping  stock 
pure  is,  you  can  sell  it  for  five  times  as  much, 
when  kept  ]iiire,  as  you  can,  if  constantly 
ciMssing,  so  you  can't  tell  what  you  have  got. 
This  is  the  course  breeders  are  pursuing,  and 
one  farmer  can  become  a  breeder  of  ]iure  tine 
stock,  as  well  as  another.  It  is  admitted  that 
skillful  breeders  are  making  money.  Let 
every  reader  become  a  skillful  breeder  of  some 
kind  of  stock.  It  is  no  more  trouble  than  to 
be  always  crossing.  Aim  at  excellence  as  a 
breeder,  and  you  can  reach  it  with  the  proper 
eft'ort. — Uitral  Wurkl. 

The  above  advice  is  correct  inasmuch  ns  it 
ajiplies  to  the  lireeding  of  pure  stock  of  any 
kind.  But  while  it  jiays  to  breed  pure  stock 
alone,  it  also  pays  to  mix  pure  blood  with 
common  stock  and  grade  it  up  as  fast  as  pos- 
sible. 


i^iZ^ 


Here  is  another  definition  of  a  thorough- 
bred, which  is  worthy  of  remembering.  "A 
thoroughbred  animal  is  the  offspring  r)f  a  dam 
and  sire,  each  of  five^lnl•olltaminated  crosses, 
and  a  half-thoroughbred  must  have  a  d.ani  er 
sire  that  is  full  thoroughbred.  A  full  blood 
anim.al  is  one  of  which  the  sire  and  dam 
have  e;ich  uncontamiuated  blood  of  the  same 
strain." 


To  Fatten  Cattle. — We  clip  the  following, 
by  E.  A.  Steele,  a  prominent  stock  raiser  of 
Kansas,  from  the  Drover's  Journal.  If  stock 
raisers  could  and  would  be  guided  by  it,  the 
quality  of  cattle  sent  to  miirket  would  be  rap- 
idly changed: 

The  price  of  cattle  fattened  for  market  de- 
pends on  the  symmetry  of  the  animal,  as  well 
as  the  fat  style,  as  shippers  term  it.  I  want 
here  to  state  that  good  blood  is  important,  but 
not  absolutely  necessary  to  make  what  is 
termed  a  good  seller.  In  order  to  fatten  a 
steer  to  bring  the  highest  market  price,  he 
must  be  kept  in  a  growing  condition  from  a 
calf,  and  in  no  case  allowed  to  go  hungry.  It 
is  the  starving  the  first  and  second  years  that 
\vilts  and  shrivels  up  a  steer,  that  causes  him 
to  be  sold  at  a  reduced  price.  No  amount  of 
feeding  will  make  him  a  first  class  seller,  no 
dift'erence  what  his  color  or  blood.  An  ani- 
mal well  fed  (I  care  not  what  the  blood — Tex- 
as or  not)  from  a  calf  until  he  is  three  years 
old,  will  be  smooth,  with  bones  well  covered, 
and  will  sell  at  a  profit;  while  a  half  starved 
animal  becomes  crooked  in  the  back,  bones 
projecting  and  shriveled  up,  takes  the  best 
part  of  the  Summer  to  get  in  a  condition  to 
live,  and  will  not  be  in  a  condition  for  market 
until  he  is  four  years  old,  and  then  will  bring 
a  price  which  is  unsatisfactory  to  the  produc- 
er, and  to  every  one  that  handles  him.  This 
is  no  theory,  but  a  fact,  deduced  from  close 
observation,  as  I  have  tested  the  plan  for  sev- 
eral years. 

It  will,  and  does  pay  to  feed  corn  to  calves 
and  yearlings.  They  start  out  on  grass  in  the 
Spring  strong  and  vigorous.  You  are  then 
able  to  market  yofir  cattle  the  Spring  they  are 
three  years  old,  weighing  1,400  pounds, which 
is  heavy  enough  to  bring  the  first  price.  The 
best  steer  I  sold  in  1S72  was  a  common  native. 
He  had  all  he  could  eat  from  a  calf,  and  was 
never  hungry.  He  was  a  handsome  animal, 
and  worth  more  per  pound  than  anything  I 
shipped  in  187'2.  He  weighed  in  Chicago 
1,350  pounds;  age,  three  years.  I  have  a 
steer  calf  eleven  months  old.  from  a  very  or- 
dinary cow.  The  calf  in  May  weighed  060 
pounds.  I  think  it  will  weigh,  when  three 
years  old.  1,-500  pounds.  I  do  not  wish  it  un- 
derstood that  I  am  not  in  favor  of  improving 
the  blood  as  well  as  feed. 

I  shipped  two  Texas  steers  this  Spring, 
which  were  three  years  old.  They  were 
smooth  and  nice,  and  I  sold  them  with  a  lot 
of  Durhams  four  years  old  at  the  same  price, 
and  they  were  worth  as  much  per  pound  and 
weighed  better  according  to  age.  They  were 
raised  and  fed  by  dilTereut  parties. 

Mammoth,  overgrown  steers  have  had  their 
day,  and  we  now  tome  down  to  the  neat,  com- 
pact, well  fattened  animal,  both  in  hogs  and 
cattle.  To  accomplish  this  in  cattle,  good 
feeding  from  a  calf  is  necessary. 


Docs  AND  Sheep. — One  might  ask,  why 
don't  you  kill  off  the  dogs?  The  reason  is  a 
simple  one;  a  farmer's  dog  often  saves  him 
his  crop.  Dogs  have  been  used  so  much  for 
the  protection  of  grain  from  stock  that  csjie- 
cially  iu  the  past  they  have  seemed  indispen- 
sable. As  a  solution  of  this  question,  how- 
ever, an  exchange  suggests  the  following:  It 
is  a  well  established  fact  that  bells  on  a  flock 
of  sheep  is  a  preventive  against  the  ravages  of 
dogs.  A  half-dozen  or  dozen  small,  clear- 
toned  bells  to  fifty  sheep  would  be  sufficient. 
Added,  kill  every  dog  suspected  of  depredat- 
ing uiion  them. 


SnauB  Stock. — "What  is  '  scrub  stock?'  " 
aslcs  a  correspmident  of  the  Ihiral  jVoc  Yorhrr. 
Whether  this  (]iiesliou  is  asked  in  good  faith 
or  not — whether  it  is  sent  in  "just  to  see 
what  we  will  say,"  or  not,  we  propose  to  an- 
swer it;  and  our  answer  is  that  it  is  any  kind 
of  stock  which  does  not  pay  maximum  profits 
for  keeping  and  feeding.  In  other  words  it 
is  that  kind  of  stock  which  is  not  Ihc  bed  for 
th(!  purjiose  for  which  it  is  kept. 


Stock  Pats  Axl  the  Time. — The  heading 
of  this  article,  says  the  Vall&y  Fanner,  was 
the  remark  of  an  old  farmer  the  other  day, 
while  deploring  the  failure  of  his  wheat  crop. 
"One  year  the  wheat  fails,  another  year  the 
corn;  but,"  says  he,  "stock  l»ys  all  the 
time."  He,  moreover,  remarked  that  the  far- 
mers who  early  gave  their  attention  to  stock 
raising,  had  gone  right  along  without  set- 
backs, and  had  outstripped  the  grain  growers. 

There  is,  no  doubt,  much  truth  in  the  old 
man's  remarks.  Stuck  is  the  surest  and  most 
remunerative.  But  in  thickly  settled  regions 
it  is  better  and  safer  to  divide  the  interest  be- 
tween the  two.  The  two  assist  each  ether 
and  improve  the  farm.  Waste  straw  and  of- 
fal of  the  stock  go  far  in  fertilizing  the  soil 
and  improving  its  capacity  for  productiveness. 
The  strength  of  the  soil  is  a  great  desideratum 
with  the  farmer.  The  soil  is  the  mine  of 
wealth — his  treasury — his  bank  of  deposit. 
He  must  keeii  it  good,  or  his  paper  is  protest- 
ed; his  reputation  as  a  farmer   is  dishonored. 

It  is  well  to  keep  a  variety  of  stock  as  well 
as  to  raise  a  variety  of  grain  crops.  The  gen- 
eral profits  of  each  year  are  thus  kept  nearly 
equal.  Farming  may  be  done  closer,  less 
wasted  and  more  made. 


In  Southwestern  Texas,  there  is  a  cattle 
raiser  who  has  lived  there  twenty  years.  On 
going  there  he  picked  up  a  dozen  cows  and 
bi-anded  them.  He  had  no  laud,  but  was  the 
jiossessor  of  a  wife,  two  or  three  children, and 
a  few  do^s  and  two  or  three  horses.  He  kept 
watch  on  his  cows  and  lived  in  a  hand-to- 
mouth  way  several  years,  sustaining  his  fam- 
ily by  the  capture  of  game  and  the  sale  of 
skius.  In  May,  1873,  he  owned  30,000  head 
of  cattle,  duly  branded,  and  ranging  over  the 
plains.  He  has  a  family  of  nine  children, 
five  of  whom  are  boys. 

His  eldest  child  is  a  girl,  nineteen  years  of 
age.  She  can  rope  a  steer,  kill  a  wolf  with  a 
rifle,  or  strangle  a  dog  at  arm's  length.  In 
the  man's  house  is  a  nail  keg,  nearly  filled 
with  gold  coins,  while  in  the  pantry  is  a  flour 
barrel  almost  filled  with  silver  pieces.  When 
he  sells  cattle  it  is  for  coin  which  is  dumped 
on  the  premises.  He  will  not  take  paper 
money  at  any  rate,  but  is  always  ready  to  sell 
steers  for  gold  or  silver.  The  house  occupied 
by  this  prosperous  family  is  low,  built  of  logs 
and  contains  three  rooms.  The  father  and 
mother  sleep  in  the  dining-room,  the  girl 
sleeps  in  the  spare  room,  while  the  boys  sleep 
iu  the  addition. 

. ■  ^1 1^  < 

Those  who  are  giving  their  attention  to  the 
breeding  of  pure  blooded  Norman  Pereherou 
horses  are  on  the  road  to  weidth.  Perhaps 
no  subject  has  been  spoken  of  so  often  as  the 
matter  of  choice  of  animals  for  breeding  pur- 
poses. At  the  same  time  there  is  no  doubt 
but  that  the  mass  of  our  farmers  to-day  are 
heedless  of  this  important  matter.  Why  is 
it  that  the  cry  is  made  to-day  that 
there  is  no  money  iu  raising  horses?  Simply 
because  our  farmers  do  not  accept  as  a  fact 
that  "blood  will  tell"  and  that  it  costs  but  a 
trifle  more  to  raise  a  horse  that  will  be  worth 
from  $200  to  I^IOO  when  he  is  four  years  old 
than  one  that  it  is  hai'd  work  to  sell  for  $75. 
— Fine  Stock  Gazelle. 


Says  the  Fine  Slock  Oazelle  :  Ponder  over 
this  showing,  you  wheat-growers  who  have 
mortgaged  your  farms  tor  machinery.  Four 
thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty  hogs, 
weighing  1,440,400  pounds,  were  shipped 
from  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  during  the  month  of 
January,  averaging  S^fi  30  pi'r  cwt.  Thus  u 
nice  little  $84,445  is  brought  right  into  one 
community  in  cash,  and  of  course  cannot  fail 
to  put  that  community,  financially,  in  much 
better  circumstances  than  its  neighbors  who 
have  had  no  faith  in  swine-growing. 


When  an  animal  has  been  gi-own  upon  cor- 
rect principles,  it  is  at  all  times  merchantable, 
and  the  addition  of  flesh  to  ahnost  any  re- 
quired aiuiumt  is  very  simple. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


orses  for  Use. 


Ij^EOBABLY  there  is  less  money  made  by 

IV  raising  horses  for  sale  than  in  any 
^W  other  stock.  It  is  only  occasionally 
^it  that  a  young  horse  wiU  bring  enough 
when  sold  to  pay  for  raising  him.  "SVe  do  not 
advise  horse-breeding  as  a  money-making 
business,  but  only  for  use.  It  does  pay  a 
farmer  who  has  use  for  horses  to  keep  at 
least  one  span  of  mares  of  such  breed  as  suits 
him  to  raise  colts  from.  The  mares  can  do 
just  about  as  much  work  during  the  year  as 
they  ordinarily  would  if  they  did  not  raise 
colts.  There  are  seasons  when  they  would 
be  at  rest,  and  a  sensible  farmer  will  so  man- 
ago  that  the  colts  will  bo  foaled  at  a  time 
when  it  will  least  interfere  with  the  usefulness 
of  the  mares  for  work. 

Occasionally,  a  man  can  make  something 
by  raising  fine  trotting  or  running  stock,  but 
seldom  indeed;  and  on  an  average  there  is 
more  time  and  money  spent  fooling  with  such 
"fine  stock"  than  they  are  all  worth  put  to- 
gether, even  at  their  fictitious  values. 

That  the  most  useful  horse  is  the  most  val- 
uable one  from  a  common  sense  stand-point 
of  values,  there  is  no  disputing.  The  farmer 
who  tries  to  improve  his  working  and  road 
stock  is  on  the  right  track,  whether  he  pleases 
the  jockeys  or  not. 

And  right  here  we  want  to  call  attention  to 
the  superiority  of  good  walking  horses  over 
those  of  slower  gait.  Everything  else  being 
equal,  fast  walkers  are  worth  twice  as  much 
as  slow  walkers,  for  farm  work  especially,  and 
for  any  kind  of  teaming. 


Habdt  Colts  the  Best. — Good  care  of  colts 
does  not  mean  keeping  them  in  the  stable, 
unless  it  be  during  storms.  A  colt  can  be 
made  tender  and  awkward  if  it  does  not  have 
have  the  full  benefit  of  out-of-door  exercise 
and  romping  over  fields  and  pastures.  Good 
feeding  is  a  necessity  to  rapid  growth  and 
and  complete  development,  but  ^rithout  that 
exposure  and  freedom  that  gives  hardiness 
and  nimblenoss  a  colt  cannot  become  a  per- 
fect horse.  Don't  make  the  colts  tender  and 
dumpish  by  confinement  when  they  are  grow- 
ing. Give  them  a  chance  in  the  full  air  and 
sunlight,  and  inure  them  to  some  endurance 
of  fatigue  and  change  of  weather.  But  feed 
them  well  and  train  them  in  the  way  they 
should  go. 


Perchekon  and  Noeman  Hokses. — Within 
the  past  few  years  quite  a  large  number  of 
stallions  of  these  breeds  have  been  brought  to 
this  country.  The  preference  of  most  of  our 
bneders  is  given  to  them  decidedly  over  the 
Clydesdales,  and  they  are  used  with  grand 
success  upon  mares  of  all  breeds  and  sizes. 
Even  the  little  Inchan  Pony  mares  ■nill  bear  a 
great  Percheron  stallion's  foals,  which,  as 
yearlings,  are  as  large,  or  larger,  than  them- 
selves, and  it  is  abundantly  proved  that  size 
is  not  an  essential  qualification  in  mares  to 
produce  large  colts  by  these  horses,  contrary 
as  this  is  to  the  views  which  prevailed  a  few 
years  ago,  namely,  that  the  best  system  of 
breeding  was  to  put  big,  roomy  mares  to  well- 
knit  and  compact  staUions  smaller  than  them- 
selves. 

The  demand  in  all  our  large  cities  now  for 


heavy,  quick-stepping  draft  horses,  a  pair  of 
which  will  step  oif  with  five  tons  over  a  good 
pavement,  is  so  gi'eat  that  our  farmers  must 
be  awake  to  meet  it.  Such  teams  will  bring 
$800  to  $l,'2O0.  They  ought  not  to  be  put  to 
hard  labor  before  they  are  five  or  six  years 
old;  but  from  the  time  they  are  three  until 
they  are  old  will  do  all  the  farm  work  and  not 
feel  it. 

As  this  style  of  horses  increases  in  the 
country,  the  desirability  of  keeping  the  mares 
for  breeding,  mil  lead  to  our  using  heavier 
teams  for  farm  work  which  will  be  greatly  to 
our  advantage. — Ex. 


Endukance  of  Eastern  Horses.— Australian 
horses,  unprepared,  unshod,  and  uncared  for, 
are  in  the  constant  habit  of  performing  forty, 
fifty,  or  even  sixty  miles  a  day,  when  on  a 
journey  over  roads  or  through  the  wild  native 
bush,  without  even  a  track.  Their  food  con- 
sists of  what  they  can  pick  up  for  themselves, 
in  many  cases  when  tethered  to  prevent  their 
strayiug,  and  their  grooming  in  having  the 
rough  mud  rubbed  ofi'  with  a  bunch  of  grass; 
but  they  have  at  least  one  advantage  over  jjoor 
Caradoc  in  being  allowed  to  ease  and  rest  their 
limbs  in  whatever  manner  they  choose  during 
the  night.  It  is  stated,  on  the  authority  of 
Abdel-Kader,  that  Arab  horses  will  travel  for 
three  or  four  months  at  the  rate  of  over  fifty 
miles  a  day  without  showing  fatigue,  and  are 
capable  of  doing  150  miles  in  a  single  day 
during  the  journey,  if  treated  with  care  and 
quietly  ridden  the  next.  Some  years  ago,  an 
Arab,  only  fourteen  hands,  one  inch  high,  was 
ridden  in  India  400  miles  in  five  days  for  a 
bet;  rnd  its  owner  offered  to  repeat  the  feat 
after  one  day's  rest.  Thisofi'er,  however,  was 
not  accepted,  as  the  game  little  horse  won  the 
match  the  first  time  with  the  greatest  ease. — • 
Land  and  Water. 


A  Public  sale  of  Percheron  horses  took  place 
at  Ouarga,  111.,  Februarj'  10th.  An  average 
of  $2,055  each  on  the  ten  young  stallions  dis- 
posed of  was  obtained. 


'iscicultuit. 


How   Fish  Spawn   Can   be   Hatched. 

,,  MONG  the  many  interesting  things  at 
SV«  the  exhibition  of  the  Central  New  York 
V  Poultry  Association  lately  was  a  new 
^ST  contrivance  for  carrying  and  hatching 
c)  fish  eggs,  the  invention  of  A.  Green, 
brother  of  Seth  Green,  the  famous  Father  of 
Fishes.  It  was  a  plain  compact  box,  not  over 
fourteen  inches  square,  which  coiatained  trays 
aliout  one  inch  in  thickness,  placed  snugly 
one  over  the  other,  and  tilling  the  box  com- 
pletely fuU.  The  bottoms  and  tops  of  the 
trays  were  composed  of  Canton  flannel,  and 
the  cost  of  the  whole  is  but  a  trifle.  The  fish 
eggs  are  placed  upon  the  flannel,  one  layer  in 
each  tray,  and  it  is  only  necessary  to  keep  the 
flannel  moist  to  secure  the  desired  result.  The 
eggs  can  be  hatched  in  fifty  days  or  in  one 
hundred  and  fifty,  just  as  the  owner  desires, 
the  length  of  time  necessary  being  governed 
entirely  by  the  temperature  of  the  place  in 
which  the  hatching  box  is  kept.  If  the  flan- 
nel is  kept  slightly  moist,  the  process  of 
hatching  goes  on,  whether  the  box  is  located 
ill  kitchen,  cellar,  pantry,  garret  or  parlor, 
just  the  same  as  if  the  eggs  were  in  a  hatch- 
ing house,  creek  or  river.  When  the  eggs 
show  signs  of  life,  the  trays  can  be  put  into  a 
pan,  those  that  are  wiggling  upon  their  own 
account  can  be  brushed  ott'  into  the  water  or 
allowed  to  paddle  away,  and  the  remainder 
can  be  replaced  in  the  box  and  hung  upon  a 
nail  until  evidences  of  other  lives  apjiear. 
Sevia'al  of  the  trays  were  in  the  pans  at  the 
poultry  exhibition,  and  the  visitors  were 
greatly  interested  in  seeing  the  young  fish 
break  out  of  their  egg?  and  s-nim  ofi"  with  the 
sacks  which  give  them  nourishment  for  thirty 
days  and  longer. 


How  Oysters  Are  Bsen. — Prof.  Lockwood, 
in  Popular  Science  Montldy,  says:  Our  bivalve, 
however,  does  not  spawn  after  the  manner  of 
mollusks  generally.  It  is  in  its  own  way  vivi- 
parous. It  does  not  emit  eggs;  but,  at  the 
proper  time,  sends  forth  its  young  alive.  The 
eggs  are  dislodged  from  the  ovaries,  and  com- 
mitted to  the  nursing  care  of  the  gill  and 
mantel.  At  first,  each  egg  seems  to  be  in- 
closed in  a  capsule.  It  is  of  a  yellowish  color; 
but,  as  incubation  or  development  progresses, 
the  color  changes,  first  to  a  gray,  then  to  a 
brown,  afterward  to  a  violet.  This  is  a  sign 
that  the  time  of  eviction  is  at  hand;  for  Na- 
ture now  issues  her  writ  to  that  effect.  And 
wonderful  little  beings  the}'  are  when  the  writ 
arrives  to  vacate  the  homestead;  for  whole 
troops  of  them  can  go  gracefully,  and  without 
jostling,  through  the  maziest  evolutions  iu 
that  tiniest  sphere—  a  drop  of  water. 

As  cited  by  F.  W.  Fellowes,  in  the  Ameruxin 
Knluralisl,  says  M.  Davaine:  "Nothing  is 
more  curious  than  to  see,  under  the  micro- 
scope, these  little  mollusks  travel  in  a  drop  of 
water,  in  vast  numbers,  mutually  avoiding 
one  another,  crossing  each  other's  track  in 
every  direction,  with  a  wonderful  rapidity, 
never  touching,  and  never  meeting."  The 
parent  oyster  has,  indeed,  a  ijrodigious  family 
to  turn  out  upon  the  world.  But  when  this 
time  does  come,  though  Winter  be  near,  her 
actions  are  summary,  and  the  wee  bairns  are 
every  one  ordered  from  home.  They  are  spit 
forth,  or  ejected  from  the  shell.  Filled  with 
water,  the  valves  are  suddenlj'  snapped  to- 
gether. Every  snap  emits  a  small,  whitish 
cloud.  Though  a  little  of  the  milky  fluid  be 
iu  it,  this  whitish  cloud  is  comjiosed  chiefly 
of  the  tiny  fry;  for,  individually,  they  ar<! 
almost  invisible.  Indeed,  who  shall  count 
the  oyster's  oft'spring?  Science,  by  her  own 
methods,  has  made  the  computation,  and  so 
she  gives  us  the  astounihng  assurance  that 
a  single  oyster,  during  one  spawning  season, 
emits  two  miUion  embryos! 


Seth  says  he  has  been  experimenting  upon 
this  process  since  18.55,  but  never  hatched 
spawn  to  his  satisfaction.  While  he  has  been 
busy  in  taking  care  of  the  general  improve- 
ments in  the  matter  of  fish  culture  with  great 
success  and  much  benefit  to  the  world  at  largo 
his  brother  worked  out  the  problem,  and  Seth 
gives  him  all  the  credit  due  his  invention,  for 
which  a  patent  has  been  asked.  The  Greens 
find  that  they  can  hatch  1,000,000  fish  eggs  by 
the  use  of  a  single  pail  of  water.  Brook 
trout,  salmon  trout,  white  fish  and  salmon  all 
grow  finely  in  the  box.  They  have  caiTied 
100,000  salmon  trout  from  the  New  York  State 
hatching  house  to  the  Pennsylvania  house  on 
two  trips.  In  one  trip  seventeen  were  found 
dead,  while  but  two  died  on  the  other.  Spawn 
can  be  carried  on  a  journey  of  130  days  with 
good  management,  and  no  more  loss  than  is 
sustained  in  the  hatching  house.  This  ap- 
pears to  be  the  invention  necessary  for  trans- 
porting the  spawn  across  the  ocean  to  Europe. 
With  it  there  could  be  no  failure  Uke  the  one 
which  occurred  recently  upon  the  fiist  trial 
trip. —  Vlica  Herald. 

Trout  and  White  Fkh. — B.  B.  Bedding, 
of  the  Fish  Commissioners,  and  J.  G.  Wood- 
bury, their  Superintendent,  took  to  the  Sum- 
mit from  Berkeley  15,000  young  brook  trout, 
half  of  which  were  to  be  planted  iu  the  North 
F(uk  of  the  American  river,  at  Soda  Spring, 
and  the  remainder  in  Prosser  creek,  which 
empties  into  the  Truckee.  These  trout  con- 
stitute one-third  of  the  number  hatched  at  the 
State  hatching  establishment  at  Berkeley 
from  50,000  eggs  from  New  Hampshire.  The 
rest  have  been  placed  iu  streams  in  different 
portions  of  the  State.  One  hundred  thous- 
and white  fish  eggs  arrived  a  few  days  ago 
from  the  Government  hatching  establishment 
at  Niles,  Michigan,  but  a  large  number  had 
hatched  out  while  en  route  and  died.  The 
young  fish  obtained  from  the  eggs  remaining 
will  be  introduced  into  Tulare  lake.  A  large 
number  of  white  fish  were  planted  in  Clear 
lake  two  or  three  years  ago. — Eecord-Union 


California  Horticulturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Seth  Gkekn  and  His  Woek. — The  name  of 
Seth  Green  will  always  be  an  honored  one  on 
this  coast;  and  the  Isaac  Waltons  of  Califor- 
nia will  cause  it  to  be  revered  and  esteemed 
among  their  children.  Although  many  may 
have  created  more  agitation  and  acquired 
more  notoriety,  yet  few  have  accomplished 
such  substantial  and  enduring  good  as  Mr. 
Green.  The  results  of  his  labors  will  last 
forever,  and  their  benefits  extend  and  multi- 
ply with  time.  Mr.  Green  has  recently  read 
an  address  before  the  National  Fish  Cultur- 
ists'  Association  of  New  York  on  fish  culture, 
which  is  replete  with  useful  suggestions  on  the 
subject  to  which  he  has  devoted  so  profitable 
a  life.  He  speaks  of  the  things  which  can  be 
accomplished  in  the  matter  of  fish  transplan- 
tation, and  says  of  New  York  that  all  its 
used-up  shad  rivers  can  be  stocked  again  and 
made  as  productive  as  in  their  best  days. 
Mr.  Green  relates  an  entertaining  experience 
of  how  he  was  iu  AVashington  in  1K(J8,  and 
hatched  a  few  shad  in  the  office  of  General 
Spinner — he  of  the  wonderfully  and  fearfully 
made  autograph.  He  told  the  General  that 
with  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  he  could 
stock  the  Potomac  with  young  shad,  and  in 
three  years  they  would  be  as  iilentiful  as  ever 
before.  And  the  honest  and  plain  old  Cer- 
berus of  the  Treasury  tried  to  get  members  to 
vote  the  appropriation;  and  when  the  plan 
fell  through  was  one  of  the  "maddest  men" 
around  the  Capitol. 

The  speaker  alluded  to  the  discouragement 
he  had  met  with  when  he  "went  to  the  Con- 
necticut and  Hudson  rivers  and  told  the  peo- 
ple he  was  going  to  hatch  shad  eggs,  and 
make  shad  plenty  and  cheap."  Everybody 
hooted  at  him.  Some  thought  he  was  a  rogue, 
while  others,  more  charitably  tempered, 
thought  he  was  only  a  lunatic. 

Mr.  Green,  in  conclusion,  lays  down  the 
vei'y  sensible  proposition  that  the  work  of 
fish  planting  "should  be  keptout  of  politics." 
That  when  fish  commissioners  have  acquired 
by  experience  a  knowledge  of  the  business,  it 
is  a  great  mistake  to  remove  them  and  fill 
their  places  with  new  hands.  And  finally,  he 
urges,  "the  State  appropriation  should  be 
made  so  small  that  it  will  not  be  worth  while 
for  any  shark  to  go  for  it." —  Vallejo  Chronicle. 


The  California  Fish  Commissioners,  says 
the  Alameda  Encinal,  have  established  a  flsh- 
hatching  institution  at  Berkeley,  on  what  is 
known  as  Strawberry  Creek,  especially  for  the 
benefit  and  edification  of  the  students  of  the 
University,  where  they  may  learn  the  habits 
of  the  finny  tribe  free  of  cost.  The  hatching 
house  is  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  "Wood- 
bury. The  ova  of  00,000  brook  trout  was 
placed  in  the  hatchery  about  six  weeks  ago. 
Of  these,  some  .50,000  have  already  been 
hatched,  and  12,000  placed  iu  Alameda  Creek, 
and  branches,  3,000  in  the  Maragua  Creek, 
and  branches,  and  the  balance  distributed  in 
the  northern  waters  of  the  State.  The  Com- 
missioners are  now  importing  the  ova  of  the 
white  fish  in  large  quantities,  through  Pro- 
fessor I5aird,  President  of  the  United  States 
Board  of  Fish  Commissioners.  Soon  the 
State  of  California  will  rival  the  most  favored 
fish  country  iu  the  world.  Every  new  variety 
seems  to  thrive  in  our  waters. 


The  jute  cloth  which  enters  so  largely  into 
the  manufacture  of  grain  bags  in  this  country 
— especially  iu  California — is  mostly  made  at 
Dundee,  Scotland,  where  there  are  5i)  im- 
mense mills,  one  of  which  employs  five  thous- 
and workmen,  engaged  in  the  manufacture. 
It  is  estimated  that  ten  per  cent,  of  the  value 
of  the  California  wheat  crop  is  expended  iu 
the  purchase  of  coarse  jute,  cotton  and  lineu 
bags. 


The  gentleman  who  asserted  that  nis  friend 
never  opened  his  mouth  without  putting  his 
foot  iu  it,  being  called  upon  to  apologize,  said 
he  was  very  sorry,  but  when  he  made  the  as- 
sertion he  did  not  know  the  size  of  his  friend's 
foot. 


Brown   Leghorns. 

tfr;ia 

rj'rt.'HEEE  is  no  denying  the  fact  that  the 
'""  Brown  Leghorns  are  fast  becoming  a 
most  popular  variety,  both  as  a  fancy 
and  a  useful  breed.  They  are  small, 
mature  quickly,  the  hens  come  into  lay- 
ing early,  and  for  that  reason  are  profitable. 
They  are  easy  keepers,  being  small  feeders 
and  prolific  egg-producers.  They  have  all 
the  markings  and  build  of  good  layers,  having 
large  combs  and  wattles,  of  a  beautiful  pink- 
red  color,  which  is  always  suggestive  of  fresh- 
laid  eggs.  New  beginners  are  apt  to  be  dis- 
couraged at  first,  but  experience  teaches  the 
virtue  of  patience  and  perseverance.  I  have 
learned  that  one  must  first  raise  his  layers 
from  good  stock  before  he  can  expect  even  a 
moderate  return,  and  fowls  purchased  from 
noted  breeders  are  not  always  reared  with  an 
eye  to  this  important  advantage.  It  is  suf- 
ficient for  them  that  the  bleed  has  a  name  for 
producing  eggs.  Fowls  for  this  purpose  must 
be  raised,  not  made — must  have  the  very  best 
of  care  and  feed,  from  the  shell  up,  to  estab- 
lish the  foundation  of  a  strong,  vigorous  con- 
stitution, iu  order  to  support  rapid  and  long 
continued  production,  as  well  as  to  reproduce 
stamina  iu  their  young.  I  have  every  reason 
to  believe  the  Brown  Leghorns  will  do  this 
and  amply  repay  their  own  with  a  good  sup- 
ply of  large,  fine  eggs  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year;  but  there  must  be  a  large  outlay  before 
expecting  a  return.  The  chicks  of  the  Brown 
Leghorn  are  hardy — as  much  so  as  any  vari- 
ety. The  chicks  require  a  certain  auiount  of 
care  until  they  are  six  or  eight  weed  old.  and 
by  experience  I  find  this  rule  to  hold  good  with 
all  breeds  and  varieties  of  poultry  when  in  an 
artificial  condition.  The  Brown  Legh'.'rn 
chicks  possess  the  %artue  of  feathering  early, 
and  thus  escape  much  danger  which  awaits 
their  featherless  V:>rethreu,  the  Black  Spanish 
and  Asiatics.  The  markings  of  both  the 
Brown  Leghorn  cock  and  hen  are  beautiful — 
indeed,  splendid  plumage  is  a  marked  charac- 
teristic of  the  breed. 

The  day  is  long  since  past  when  the  ques- 
tions "Do  hens  pay?"  "Are  they  profitable?" 
are  undecided.  I  have  had  many  years'  ex- 
perience, and  can  answer  that  I  know  they  do. 
From  the  long  list  of  debits  and  credits,  I  find 
the  balance  iu  their  favor.  The  hen  business 
(if  the  expression  be  allowable)  is  healthy, 
pleasant  and  lucrative;  but  one  must  in  some 
measure  be  born  to  it  (not  made),  with  a 
fondness  and  interest  in  nature,  a  close,  ob- 
serving eye,  and  a  mind  willing  to  inquire 
into  and  search  the  mysteries  of  nature  in  her 
own  fields,  and  learn  the  truth  of  the  unmis- 
takable knowledge  she  teaches  her  children; 
and  where  pleasure  is  born,  the  money  value 
ceases  to  exist,  and  the  profit  accrues;  thus 
labor  becomes  only  a  healthful  exercise.  To 
one  about  establishing  a  poultry  yard,  I  would 
advise  them  to  ijut  down  the  Brown  Leghorns 
on  the  list  as  a  good  variety,  not  only  for 
their  useful  qualifications,  but  for  beauty  and 
ornament. — Oouniry  OenUeman. 


Daek  BitAHMAs. — Much  has  been  said  lately 
about  this  useful  and  popular  fowl.  My 
opinion  is  that  there  is  not  a  more  thoroughly 
useful  fowl  in  existence.  As  a  jiroof  of  what 
I  state,  allow  me  to  make  a  few  remarks. 

A  friend  of  mine  who  is  quite  well  known 
as  a  Brahma  breeder,  has  this  year  reared 
sixty-one  chickens.  The  first  brood  consisted 
ef  eleven,  froiu  eleven  eggs,  turning  out  to  be 
six  cockerels  and  five  pullets;  this  lot  of  chicks 
were  sixtticu  weeks  old  on  May  'S\,  and  on 
that  day  a  pair  (cockerel  and  pullet)  weighed 
exactly  eleven  jiounds.  Three  of  the  five 
pullets  comnieneed  laying  at  fifteen  weeks 
old,  and  laid  nine  eggs  during  the  last  week. 
These  two  facts  are  quite  sutiicient  to  prove 
the  (|ualities  of  the  Brahiuas,  not  only  as  a 
rajiidly  gri>wiiig  bird,  but  also  as  a  good  layer. 
Souie   of    your  readers,    perhaps,    may   say,   ' 


"Ah!  but  this  is  only  a  solitary  instance."  In 
answer  to  that  I  state  the  following:  The 
same  breeder's  birds  iu  1871  commenced  lay- 
at  seventeen  weeks  old.  In  1872  the  pullets 
commenced  laying  at  sixteen  weeks,  and  this 
year  a  week  in  advance.  The  gentleman  to 
whom  I  allude  is  Mr.  W.  Mansfield,  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  forward 
condition  of  his  birds  is  simply  due  to  the 
high  feeding  and  good  attention  which  they 
receive  at  his  hands. 

A  few  more  remarks  and  I  have  done.  No 
man  can  breed  good  fowls  without  care  and 
trouble,  but  to  be  really  successfiil  he  must 
have  a  knowledge  of  the  habits  and  wants  of 
the  varieties  he  cultivates,  which  takes  a  long 
time  to  acquire.  I  have  bred  difi'erent  varie- 
ties, but  have  found  the  Brahmas  equal,  if  not 
superior,  to  all. — Cor.  London  Field. 


I  would  like  to  give  your  readers  a  little  of 
my  experience  in  the  matter  of  raising  poultry 
hoping  thereby  to  give  some  useful  hints.  I 
began  with  the  Brahmas,  and  for  market  find 
them  and  others  of  the  Asiatic  breeds  the  best. 
But  for  egg-i)roducers  give  me  the  Leghorns. 
I  find  their  eggs,  from  their  size  and  color, 
attract  buyers  much  more  readily  than  the 
darker  and  smaller  eggs  of  the  other  varieties. 

To  the  general  faruier,  I  recommend  a  cross 
of  the  White  Leghorn  and  Light  Brahmin  or 
White  Cochin. 

I  give  my  fowls,  for  feed,  a  mixture  of 
wheat  bran,  gTound  oats,  and  cornmeal, 
scalded,  three  times  a  day,  and  occasionally 
mix  it  with  l)one  dust. 

I  now  have  abdut  1,500  chickens  on  my 
farm  a  few  miles  from  the  city.  I  have  finally 
settled  on  two  breeds,  the  Brahmas  and  the 
Leghorns.  I  divide  my  chickens  into  three 
lots,  having  a  shed  for  each  division.  I  do 
this  because  I  think  they  are  less  liable  to 
disease.  As  a  proof  of  this  I  can  say  I  never 
had  a  chicken  die  of  the  cholera. — "Header," 
in  Prairie  Farmer. 


Cocks'  Comes  as  Food. —  The  combs  of 
Spanish  and  Leghorns  fowls  are  sold  in  some 
parts  of  Europe  as  choice  delicacies  for  the 
palates  of  those  who  sigh  for  fresh  appetizers. 
Under  the  name  of  "Cretes  deC'oq,"asup- 
jjly  of  these  morsels  has  been  recently  im- 
ported hither  from  Paris.  The  combs  are  of 
large  size,  both  single  and  rose,  and  are  put 
up  iu  white  vinegar,  in  long  tubular  glass 
bottles,  holding  about  a  pint,  sealed  with 
black  wax.  When  we  say  that  these  small 
bottles  cost  at  wholesale  in  Paris  more  than  a 
dollar  in  gold  each,  the  reflection  is  forced 
that  many  a  large  combed  rooster  may  in 
future  be  sacrified  to  Mammon,  as  many  were 
offered  up  to  Esculapius  There  are  enough 
large  combs  in  the  yards  of  some  of  our 
breeders  to  make  a  fortune  if  they  could  be 
utilized.  We  hope,  however,  the  combs  on 
the  Mechterrauean  class  will  be  reduced  in 
size,  as  many  large  ones  amout  to  positive 
deformity. — Poultry  World. 


GtjrsEA  Fowls  foe  the  Table.  -^  The 
Guinea  fowl  is  the  richest  and  most  palatable 
of  all  our  domestic  poultry.  We  can  remem- 
ber of  no  game  bird  among  the  Gallinaj  that 
surpasses  it,  and  when  our  grouse  aud  part- 
ridges and  prairie  chickens  bec<une  extinct,  as 
they  will  by-aud-by,  the  Guinea  fowl  will 
prove  a  perfect  substitute  for  them,  and  as 
it  breeds  freely  and  requires  but  little  care,  it 
will  be  practicable  to  breed  it  in  all  sectious. 
After  the  bird  attains  an  age  of  two  years  it 
needs  some  other  process  of  cooking  than  by 
roasting,  but  with  an  age  of  less  than  two 
years,  a  roasted  Guinea  fowl  will  discount 
anything  else  iu  the  edible  line  wo  can  raise. 


In  Sweden,  gardening  forms  a  jiart  of  the 
educational  system.  Upwards  of  2000  schools 
have  gardens  for  planting  attached  to  them, 
and  the  teachers  of  t'lenientary  schools  are 
obliged  to  learu  gardening. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


I'ovciue, 


How  to  Tell  the  Age  of  Pigs. 

„,  T  the  various  exhibitions  of  stock, where 
:7i\''  care  is  t.ikeu  to  test  the  correctness  of 
the  certificate  of  age  by  an  examination 
of  the  teeth,  pu^  occnpy  a  somewhat 
invidious  position,  inasmuch  as  they 
are  always  suspected  animals.  Disqualifica- 
tious  on  account  of  the  discrepancies  between 
the  state  of  the  dentition  and  the  age  stated 
by  the  exhibitor  are  of  constant  occurrence, 
and  outsiders  are  compelled  to  conclude  either 
that  the  dentition  of  jjigs  is  very  irregular,  or 
that  those  who  have  charge  of  the  animals 
are  singularly  inexact  in  their  reckoning. 
Certainly,  the  pig  is  not  to  blame,  for  the 
changes  which  take  place  from  birth  to  the 
completion  of  permanent  dentition  at  eigh- 
teen months  are  remarkable  for  their  regular- 
ity. Comparing  the  statements  of  the  older 
writers  on  the  subject  of  dentition  of  the  jng 
with  the  facts  which  have  been  recently  noted 
wo  may  conclude  that  an  improved  system  of 
breeding  and  feeding  has  had  great  influence 
in  advancing  the  development  of  the  teeth; 
but  whatever  was  gained  in  this  particular 
reached  its  culminating  point  years  ago,  and 
for  some  time  past  wo  have  noticed  that  the 
exceptional  cases  have  been  in  the  direction 
of  retarded  rather  than  premature  develop- 
ment of  the  teeth. 

At  birth  the  pig  has  the  temporary  tusks 
and  the  corner  incisors  well  up.  These  teeth 
are  very  fine  and  sharp,  almost  like  fine 
needles,  and  occnpy  a  position  on  each  side 
the  mouth,  leaving  a  clear  sjiace  in  front.  In 
a  mouth  to  six  weeks  the  central  temporaries 
are  cut,  and  soon  after  the  completion  of  the 
second  month  the  latteral  incisors  are  cut,and 
the  animal  has  its  full  set  or  temporary  teeth, 
including  three  molars  on  each  side,  toj)  and 
bottom,  six  incisors,  top  and  bottom,  and  a 
tusk  on  each  side,  top  and  bottom.  At  the 
age  of  six  months  the  premolars,  which  occu- 
py a  position  between  the  first  temporary  mo- 
lar and  the  tusk,  are  cut,  and  also  a  permanent 
molar,  which  is  fourth  in  situation.  The 
premolars  are  not  always  present,  and  in  their 
absence  the  fourth  molar  will  be  accepted  as 
an  indication  of  the  age  of  six  months.  At 
nine  months  the  permanent  tusks  are  cut, 
and  the  corner  permanent  incisors,  which 
often  prick  through  the  gum  soon  after  seven 
months,  are  fairly  up.  At  one  year  old  the 
central  permanent  incisors  take  the  place  of 
the  temporary  teeth,  and  the  fifth  molar  is 
also  in  position. 

Many  pigs  at  the  age  of  twelve  months  re- 
tain the  temporary  central  incisors,  and  we 
have  mot  with  no  instances  of  the  permanent 
centrals  being  in  their  place  before  the  full 
age  of  a  year ;  hence  the  fact  of  these  teeth 
being  well  up  in  an  animal  which  was  certi- 
fied to  be  under  one  year,  would  disqualify 
it.  At  fifteen  months  the  three  anterior 
molars  are  permanent,  and  they  maj-  be  easily 
recognized  by  their  recent  appearance,  and  by 
the  absence  of  any  signs  of  wear.  At  eigh- 
teen months  the  permanent  dentition  of  the 
pig  is  completed  by  the  cutting  of  the  last 
molar,  and  also  the  external  permanent  in- 
cisors. 

After  this  period  it  is  seldom  necessary  to 
define  the  age  of  the  pig,  nor  is  the  evidence 
which  is  afforded  by  the  growth  and  wear  of 
the  teeth  sufficiently  exact  to  enable  the  ex- 
aminer to  form  a  positive  opinion. — London 
Agncultural  Oazetle. 


The  Beekshires. — David  Z.  Evans,  Jr., 
thus  speaks  of  this  breed  in  the  Live  Stock 
Journal:  The  Berkshire  breed  of  swine  is 
much  esteemed,  and  deservedly  so,  for  its 
many  good  qualities.  One  of  its  chief  recom- 
mendations is  its  freedom  from  most  diseases, 
particularly  skin  diseases,  such  as  mange,  etc. 
With  precisely  the  same  management,  I  have 
seen   the  white  breeds   become  mangy,  while 


the  black  one  remained  i^erfectly  healthy, with 
the  skin  soft  and  smooth.  Besides  this,  they 
do  not  consume  as  much  food,  proportion- 
ately, as  most  other  breeds.  To  illustrate 
this,  I  will  give  the  average  feed  of  some  of 
mine.  I  have  pigs  weighing  from  two  to 
three  hun<lred  pounds,  breeding  sows  and 
boars,  which  get  for  their  daily  feed  three 
good  sized  ears  of  corn  and  three  common 
pailfuls  of  thin  slop,  the  slop  made  of  six 
quarts  of  wheat  middlings,  or  corn  and  oats. 
This  constitutes  the  food  for  each,  and  pro- 
duces as  tine  specimens  of  this  breed  as  can 
•be  found.  The  reason  for  this  is,  I  believe, 
that  they  assimilate  all  the  food  given  them, 
are  quiet  in  disposition,  and  when  kept  grow- 
ing from  the  start,  can  be  kept  in  extra  order 
with  only  a  moderate  amount  of  food.  Of 
course  when  they  are  growing — that  is,  when 
they  are  not  taken  from  the  sow  until  they 
are  about  ten  weeks  old — wo  give  heavier 
feeding  to  sows,  with  as  much  green  food  of 
different  kinds,  in  its  season,  as  they  will  con- 
sume readily,  making  the  lesser  iiroportion  of 
different  kinds  of  grain. 

The  best  specimens  of  Berkshires  have 
small,  shapely  jmck  ears,  areheavily  hammed, 
and  rather  heavily  jowled,  with  broad  shoul- 
ders and  a  square,  short,  broad  nose,  with  the 
forehead  sometimes  dished.  In  selecting  a 
boar  or  sow  for  breeding,  look  for  hams  as 
heavy  as  possible,  as  the  broad  and  deep 
shoulders  are  more  easily  found.  The 
straighter  you  can  get  the  back,  especially  on 
the  hams,  the  better  the  pigs;  and  avoid  one, 
particularly  a  boar,  which  has  shelving  hams, 
or  a  back  drooping  rapidly  from  the  fore-hips 
to  the  tail.  I  like  a  good  chest,  as  it  denotes 
strength  of  constitiition,  a  thing  which,  I  am 
sorry  to  admit,  has  not  been  considered  by 
many  lireeders  of  thoroughbred  stock. 

In  regard  to  dish-faced  Berkshires,  they  are 
very  hard  to  find,  and  yet  harder  to  breed. 
The  best  specimen,  perhaps,  which  I  ever  saw 
of  this  kind,  was  a  two-year-old  sow,  exhib- 
ited at  the  Middletown  (Del.)  fair,  last  Sep- 
tember. She  was  imported  from  the  queen's 
pens,  England,  and  had  one  of  the  finest 
formed  heads  possible.  Many  breeders  aie 
striving  to  produce  this  form  of  head,  but 
mostly  without  success. 


Feeding  Swine  ix  Summer. — A  correspon- 
dent of  the  Germantown  Telegraph  writes; 
5Iy  own  experience  of  pork-raising,  based 
upon  experience,  observation,  and  probably  a 
little  philosophy  of  things,  if  written  for  the 
benefit  of  others,  would  be  about  as  follows: 
During  the  hot  Summer  months  I  would  feed 
very  little  solid  feed,  such  as  corn  in  the  ear 
or  uncracked.  I  would  keep  hogs  upon  green 
feed  constantly,  either  grass,  oats  or  rye,  and 
feed  them  at  regulai*  intervals,  once  or  twice  a 
day,  upon  mashed  feed,  either  shorts,  chopped 
oats  or  rye,  buckwheat,  etc.,  feed  in  troughs. 
"When  fed  in  this  way  and  at  the  same  time 
allowed  access  to  water  and  shade,  hogs  will 
bear  crowding  through  the  hot  months,  a  very 
good  time  if  not  the  best,  to  take  on  flesh. 
This  puts  them  in  the  best  of  condition  for 
corn  feeding,  which  should  commence  about 
the  first  of  September,  when  the  new  crop  is 
still  soft  and  tender.  Treated  in  this  way 
hogs  become  probably  as  perfect  as  any  meth- 
od could  make  them.  Upon  the  whole,  I 
believe  it  the   cheapest  and  most  economical. 


Cost  of  Preparing  Pokk  for  Maeket. — 
The  charges  for  slaughtering,  cutting  and  cur- 
ing the  hoc  product,  and  for  smoking,  pack- 
ing, canvasing  the  same,  in  the  city  of  St. 
Louis,  are  about  as  follows : 

Hogs  slaughtered  for  slaughter  house  offal. 

Cutting  dressed  hogs,  curing  and  rendering 
the  lard,  "exclusive  of  salt  and  cooperage," 
25  cents  per  100  pounds,  hook  weight. 

Furnishing  salt  for  curing  green  meats,  in 
bulk,  25  cents  per  100  pounds  meat,  biUk 
weight. 

Pacldng  barrel  pork,  furnishing  salt  and 
pickle,  75  cents  per  barrel. 


Packing  hams  in  tierces,  furnishing  sweet 
pickle  §1  per  tierce. 

Sugar  curing  hams,  in  open  vats,  ready  for 
smoking,  one  cent  per  pound. 

Cooperage  furnished  at  market  price. 

Storage  free  on  the  product  to  March  1st. 

Oft'al  from  dressed  hogs  sold  free  of  charge 
and  proceeds  credited  to  the  owner. 

Smoking,  25  cents  per  100  pounds,  weight 
out  of  smoke,  including  fifteen  days'  storage. 

Packing  bacon  and  bulk  meats,  in  casks, 
"exclusive  of  package  or  salt,"  50  cents  per 
1,000  pounds. 

Packing  bacon  or  bulk  meats,  in  tierces  or 
boxes,  "exclusive  of  salt,  package  or  paper, " 
35  cents  per  package. 

Packing  bacon,  in  gunnies  or  bales,  "  ex- 
clusive of  bags  or  paper, "  ten  cents  per  pack- 
age. 

Ro-packing  pork,  including  pickle,  fifty 
cents  per  barrel.  Extra  salt  and  barrels  ne- 
cessary furnished  atmarliet  price. 

Cleaning  bulk  sides,  one  and  a  half  cents 
each;  bones  sold  and  proceeds  credited  to 
owner. 

Canvasing  and  washing  hams,  furnishing 
all  material  and  one  month's  storage,  one 
cent  per  pound. — Rural  ^yorld. 


Hog  Items. — The  pig  is  a  social  animal, 
and  generally  will  fatten  faster  in  company 
with  other  hogs  than  when  kept  alone. 

Pigs,  to  thrive  well,  and  be  healthy,  where 
full  fed  on  corn,  should  have  plentd  of  salt, 
sulphur,  and  wood  ashes,  where  they  can  run 
to  it  and  help  themselves.  Bituminous  or 
soft  stone  coal  will  furnish  the  sulphur,  and 
is  quite  valuable  for  hogs;  feed  it  by  throwing 
in  a  shovelful  or  two  at  a  time  in  its  natural 
state  only  breaking  up  in  pieces  the  size  of  a 
walnut. 

The  usual  practice  in  the  management  of 
hogs  is  to  keep  the  whole  stock  for  fall  kill- 
ing, through  the  previous  Winter.  In  this 
practice  lies,  perhaps,  the  secret  of  want  of 
success  in  hog  keeping.  The  mosteconamical 
method,  we  are  inclined  to  think,  wonld  be 
to  keep  sows  enough  to  have  the  whole  stock 
of  pen  hogs  come  about  the  first  of  March,  to 
be  well  prepared  with  roots,  a  lot  of  rye  or 
or  other  early  pasture,  and  a  clover  field,  to 
furnish  both  sows  and  pigs  with  full  supplies 
of  succulent  food  from  the  start,  and  through- 
out the  season.  Such  management  may  bring 
any  tolerable  breed  to  a  weight  of  150  to  175 
pounds,  by  the  middle  of  December. 


The  Jourtvil  of  Agricultnre  says:  'When 
corn  sells  for  15^^^  cents  per  bushel,  pork 
costs  l).-^  cents  per  pound. 

When  corn  costs  17  cents  per  bushel,  pork 
costs  2  cents  per  pound. 

When  corn  costs  25  cents  per  bushel,  pork 
costs  '.i  cents  per  pound. 

When  corn  costs  33  cents  per  bnshel,  pork 
costs  4  cents  per  pound. 

When  com  costs  50  cents  per  bushel,  pork 
costs  5  cents  per  pound. 

This  may  be  correct  when  hogs  are  fed  on 
corn  alone ;  but  where  hogs  are  raised  on  pas- 
turage and  stubble  fields,  it  costs  but  little  to 
grow  and  fatten  them. 

-w  ♦  »" ■ 

The  Vahje  or  a  Thoroughbred  Boab. — A 
breeder's  circular  says  that  "the  thoroughbred 
pig,  in  starting  a  herd,  is  chiefly  valuable  in 
breeding  the  common  stock.  By  using  a 
thoroughbred  boar  upon  common  sows,  yon 
get  a  half-blood  that  does  very  well  for  feed- 
ing inirposes,  which  can  be  further  improved 
by  selecting  the  best  sow  pigs,  feeding  them 
liberally,  and  again  getting  a  thoroughbred 
boar  and  using  on  them,  which,  if  practiced 
a  few  years,  will  produce  porkers  equal  to  the 
pure  blood.  But  graded  or  impure  males 
■  should  never  be  used,  as  the  tendency  is  to 
run  back  to  the  scrub.  The  thoroughbred,  if 
purchased  young,  can  be  had  for  from  S25  to 
$30  each.  He  can  be  used  one  season,  and 
sold  or   castrated   and  fed,  when  he  will  of 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


:\vi» 


liimseH  almost  or   quite  pay  for  his  original 
cost. 

At  first  thought,  to  many,  the  price  for  a 
pure-l)loocl('d  pig  may  seem  high;  but,  really, 
it  is  butter  to  pay  the  price  than  let  your  sows 
go  to  a  scrub  for  nothing.  Say  you  pay  $2.5 
for  a  boar,  and  breed  twenty-five  sows.  They 
will  raise,  say,  one  hundred  pigs,  which  is  a 
low  estimate.  The  pigs  then  cost  yon  twenty- 
five  cents  apiece,  and  will  make  hogs  that  will 
■weigh  at  fattening  time  one  hundred  to  two 
hundred  and  fifty  pounds  more  than  scrubs 
(which  grade  pigs  will  do  on  the  same  feed). 
You  have,  therefore,  au  increase  of  value  from 
$300  to  $700  in  one  yciu-,  with  the  price  of 
pork  at  $S  j)er  hundred,  and  yon  have  your 
boar  left.  Can  you  invest  your  money  at  a 
larger  i^cr  cent.  ? 


Notes     of   Travel,     and     Ideas    Upon 
Health  Subjects. 

BY     MRS.      O.     F.    YOUNO. 
^  WOODBEIDGE, 

ITT  AN  .Joaquin  county,  about  two  miles  from 
tm  Lodi  Station  is  a  quiet  little  rural  town 
""  of  about  fifty  families,  two  stores,  two 
smith  shops,  two  hotels — how  many  sa- 
loons this  deponent  knoweth  not, — one  school 
house,  one  Odd  Fellows'  and  one  Masonic 
hall.  The  last  is  used  by  the  Grangers,  who 
number,  it  is  said,  seventy-five.  There  are 
not  any  church  buildings  nor  temperance  so- 
cieties, and  yet  material  prosperity  is  evident 
in  every  direction. 

The  jjeople  are  largely  Southern.  They 
are  everywhere  proverbial  tor  the  real  comfort 
they  get  out  of  a  little.  Low-eaved,  rambling 
houses,  with  projections,  or  boxes,  added  for 
an  extra  bed-room  or  closet,  without  regard 
to  architectural  effect,  but  "very  convenient 
and  handy"  for  the  women  folk  inside;  low 
ceilings;  wide  windows;  broad,  open  fire- 
places; grassy,  sodded  door-yards,  with 
bunches  of  sweet-smelling  herbs,  loved  be- 
cause reminders  of  the  long-ago  homes  of 
childhood;  a  few  chickens;  the  sleek,  petted 
cow;  the  gentle  old  horse — all  these  things 
are  evidences  of  contentment.  You,  doubt- 
loss,  dear  reader,  are  thinking  that  a 

OKANDMOTHER 

would  complete  the  picture,  Y'es,  she  is  here 
— or  they  are  here — trembling,  gray-haired, 
loving  old  ladies.  No  one  but  a  gnrandmother 
could  keep  every  nook  and  corner  of  house 
and  -yard  so  scrupulously  clean  and  neat.  In 
all  these  semi-Southern  settlements  aged  peo- 
ple are  found  abiding  in  their  own  homes, 
having  sous  and  daughters  settled  around 
them.  Blessings  always  attend  those  who 
"honor  their  fathers  and  mothers. 

PROSPEKITY. 

Several  long  walks  brought  to  view  wheat 
fields,  substantial  buildings,  good  fences  and 
other  evidences  of  prosperity.  Wo  !udgo 
mixed  farming  is  quite  popular.  Cows,  hogs, 
sheep,  poultry,  etc.,  are  not  seen  in  largo 
numbers;  >)ut  a  few  to  be  seen  in  each  of  oiir 
long  walks  indicate  the  value  placed  upon 
them.  There  is  only  one  drawback  with 
these  people:  they  are  afraid  of  strangers,  and 
pin  their  opinions  too  much  upon  the  sleeves 
of  their  religions  and  pcilitical  loaders.  It  is 
not  possililo  for  mii:  man,  or  class  of  men,  to 
have  all  the  truth.     Even  a  woman  may  have 


a  truth  to  tell  worthy  of  credence,  which,  ac- 
cepted, would  preserve  bodies  and  elevate 
souls. 

I  THE    WORLD  MOVES, 

and  the  people  with  it,  in  s]>ite  of  their  pre- 
judices. One  half  our  people  live  too  fast — 
the  other,  too  slow.  When  will  the  golden 
mean  be  found?  The  slow  half  tell  us  "it  is 
wicked  to  study  physiology;  children  will 
learn  enough  without  being  taught  how  bones 


grow  I 


The    fast  half  say  "it   is   wicked  to 


have  children."  They  truly  know  too  much. 
Off  of  these  extremes  the  drug  and  quack 
doctors  thrive.  Every  ailing  on  the  one  hand 
calls  for  the  doctor  or  his  drugs;  on  the  other 
side,  crime  is  committed,  the  houses  are 
childless,  cold,  silent,  and — oh!  what  blighted, 
wasted  women  abide  in  them!  Angels  pity 
them!  How  can  they  hope  for  heaven  in  the 
hereafter?  If  the  Press  is  a  power  in  the 
land,  then  let  the 

PRESS  INSTRUCT   THE  PEOPLE, 

warning  young  women  and  men  of  the  hid- 
den reefs  and  terrible  quicksands.  The  sur- 
face may  be  ever  so  smooth  in  a  calm  day 
when  you  jointly  contemplate  these  untried 
waters,  but — woe,  woe,  woe  to  the  frail  barks 
that  tempt  the  turning  tide. 

YOUNG  MEN 

and  women  of  California,  we  entreat  you, 
study  well  these  questions.  Seek  mutually  to 
know  the  whole  truth.  Entering  into  mar- 
riage, be  sure  you  are  ready  and  fit  to  assume 
its  respousibiUties.  Each  one  of  j'ou  gladly 
accept  hints  and  promptings  in  reference  to 
the  improvement  of  farms  and  stock.  Will 
you  not  try  to  live  each  twenty-four  hours  of 
your  lives  temperately,  purely,  chastely  that 
the  children  of  your  love  m.ay    also  be  born  in 

THE    ASCENDING   SCALE? 

How  to  SO  Uve  that  we  may  drop  out  our 
bad  qualities  and  intensify  the  good  in  our 
nature,  is  one  of  the  vital  questions 
of  the  age,  imperatively  demand- 
ing the  closest,  most  consciencious  at- 
tention of  every  adult  citizen.  The  gibberish 
and  raving  of  the  inmates  of  a  private  assylum 
for  the  insane,  within  a  stones  throw  of  our 
open  mndow,  attest  the  iiuportance  of  this 
question.  Poor,  helpless,  ignorant  enslaved 
women — wives  while  yet  children.  Wretched 
unbalanced  men,  lost  through  lack  of  simplest 
jjhjsiological  knowledge.  How  long;  O, 
Lord,  how  long  before  knowledge  shall  run 
and  not  he  glorified,  but  be  permitted  to  glo- 
rify the  people  receiving  it? 


"  Honor  to  Whom   Honor  is  Due." 

Eds.  Agriculturist:  We  are  often  given,  in 
speeches  and  papers,  for  the  edification  and 
encouragement  of  our  boys,  glowing  accounts 
of  how  penniless  lads  have  risen,  liy  their  in- 
dustry and  perseverance,  to  wealth  and  influ- 
ence, position  and  fame.  We  are  told  how 
Benjamin  Franklin,  a  printer-boy,  by  his  in- 
dustry and  frugality,  rose  to  be  the  eminent 
philosopher  and  statesman  we  all  unite  in 
styling  him ;  how  Horace  Greeley  became  the 
foremost  journalist  of  his  time;  how  bankers, 
railroad  kings,  merchants,  senators.  Govern- 
ors, etc.,  who  were,  while  quite  boys,  thrown 
upon  their  own  resources,  to  battle  against 
the  stream  of  life  alone,  have,  by  their  energy 
and  diligence  in  whatever  calling  they  were 
engaged,  gained  for  themselves  wealth  and 
honor.  All  this  is  good,  and  we  are  ready  to 
accord  all  duo  honor  to  the  men  who  have  so 
boldly  and  successfully  striven  against  mis- 
fortune and  adversity.  We  are  glad  that  we 
have  such  examides  of  self-made  men  to  point 
to.  But  there  is  another  class  of  men  more 
deserving  of  honor,  we  think,  than  these. 
The  world   knows  little    or  nothing  of   them, 


and,  because  they  have  not  amassed  fortunes, 

seems  to  care  less.  That  they  have  fought 
just  as  manfully,  been  just  as  industrious  and 
frugal  in  their  habits,  equally  as  no- 
ble and  worthy  (if  not  more  so)  in  their  char- 
acters, seems  not  to  be  a  matter  of  notice,  so 
long  as  they  have  not  acquired  the  same  suc- 
cess— wealth.  Let  us  say  a  word  in  favor  of 
one  of  this  class.  We  have  not  far  to  go  to 
find  him.  He  is  a  poor  tradesman  in  our 
city.  Yes,  poor, — not  because  he  has  been  an 
idler  or  a  spendthrift,  a  drunkard  or  a  gam- 
bler, a  slow  or  incompetent  workman,  but 
because  he  had  not  an  opportunity — if  he  had 
the  desire — to  save  his  earnings.  His  parents 
were  poor,  and  it  required  more  than  the 
father  could  gain  by  his  daily  labor  to  pro- 
vide his  family  with  the  necessaries  of  life. 
From  the  time  the  son  entered  his  apprentice- 
sliip  his  wages,  too,  small  as  they  were,  were 
required  to  help  supply  his  sisters  and  broth- 
ers with  bread.  After  his  apprenticeship  ex- 
pired, he  went  to  another  town  and  diligently 
wrought  at  his  trade.  But  from  here,  too,  he 
sent  his  earnings  home  to  those  whom  he 
knew  were  in  need  of  his  helji.  Nor  did  this 
stop  when  he  had  aiTived  at  his  majority. 
No,  the  burden  only  increased.  Now  his 
father,  an  old,  gray-haired  man,  was  unable 
to  do  his  accustomed  part,  and  the  care  of  the 
whole  family  fell  upon  the  shoulders  of  the 
son.  For  years  this  state  of  things  lasted, and 
the  young  man  is  still  poor  in  the  world's 
goods,  but  rich  in  the  blessing  of  those  who 
have  had  so  large  a  place  in  his  heart. 

This  is  no  picture  of  the  imagination,  but  a 
true  statement;  nor  is  it  an  isolated  case  by 
any  means — we  have  many  such  men  among 
us.  If  Mr.  Franklin  deserved  the  greater 
praise  for  having  cut  wicks  and  run  eirands 
for  a  chandler,  then  surely  this  man  should 
be  honored,  for  often  the  people  in  an  East- 
ern village  have  seen  him,  after  returning 
from  school  and  on  Saturday,  standing  in  the 
snow  tr3'ing  to  e.arn  a  few  cents  by  sawing 
wood.  Mr.  Franklin  might  resolve  to  "save 
one-half  of  his  wages,"  but  this  poor  lad 
must  invest  all  his  scanty  earnings  in  another 
way.  And  yet  his  love  and  care  for  his  home 
is  no  credit  to  him  in  the  sight  of  a  cold, 
cheerless  world — if  he  is  poor.  Out  upon 
such  a  verdict!  All  honor,  loe  say,  to  such 
men.  Those  who  have  honestly  gained  wealth 
and  esteem  by  their  worth  and  industry,  are 
deserving  of  credit,  truly;  but  the  self-deny- 
ing, noble  poor  man  who  has  spent  himself 
in  his  love  and  cire  for  others  has  a  still 
gi-eater  claim  to  our  honor  and  praise.  The 
world  may  not  prize  his  virtue  and  worth, but 
such  men  are  the  nobility  of  our  race.  Because 
they  had  not  the  opportunities  of  others,  they 
are  none  the  less  praiseworthy. 

When  we  raise  our  voices  in  eulogy  of  the 
successful  men  who  were  once  errand  boys, 
let  us  not  forget  those  noble  men  who  begun 
a  little  lower  and  fought  equally  a  good  fight, 
though  they  are  not  senators,  or  have  not 
stores  of  wealth  as  the  fruits  of  their  labor. 

"Tliere  are  BprlnRs  or  crystal  nociar 

EvtT  BWflUiit^  out  of  Btoue  : 
TbtTf  are  purple  biidfi  aurt  golden. 

Hidden,  crushed  and  over(>rown. 
Crunipietl  fihirt  and  dirty  jacket 

May  lieilotlie  the  (j<.lde?i  ore 
Of  the  (leepesf  tlinii;:hts  itiid  feelings; 

Satin  vt;st  coultl  do  no  more. 

"Ood,  who  counts  l>y  sonls,  not  stations," 

does  not  honor  so  much  for  success. as  for  the 
earnest,  pure  cfi'ort.  Ijct  our  boys  be  taught 
that  the  acquirement  of  riches  and  fame  is  not 
the  tiuiiuna  suiiniKtram  of  success  iu  life.  Ijet 
them  know  that  wc  prize  higher  than  idl  else 
they  can  attain  to  sound  jiriiiciples  and  noble 
natures,  anil  oncourgc  them  in  their  etVorts  in 
this  direction  by  trying  to  bestow  our  praises 
where  due.  1'.  F.  P. 

San  Jose,  April,  1875. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


[Dedicated  to    the    Patrons.^ 

vozcxis  or  xzss:  workers. 

THE  NEWSPAPER  OVERTURNS  THE  WORLD. 

Politics  and  Religion  in  tlie  Granges— No.  S. 

BY    A.    OAYiOBD  SPALDINQ. 

As  before  qiiite  clearly  explained,  politics 
has  two  very  plain  and  distinct  features.  One 
is  proper,  commendable,  and  everywhere  ap- 
plicable, relating  to  the  business  affairs,  com- 
merce, and  social  arrangements  of  men.  The 
other  is  narrow  and  sectional,  disturbing  and 
corrupting  the  morals  and  the  peace  and  wel- 
fare of  society.  This  latter  kind  is  wholly  in- 
compatible with  Grange  i^rinciplcs,  and  is 
therefore  rejected  from  the  Order. 

Religion,  too,  is  open  to  the  same  criticism. 
There  is  the  true  and  the  false,  the  practical 
and  the  speculative.  Religion  is  natural,  and 
no  nation  is  found  without  it — being  mani- 
fested according  to  mental  and  moral  develop- 
ment. But  the  sectarian  quality  cannot  come 
come  into  the  Grange  for  obvious.  The  ele- 
ment of  principle  and  humanity  is  not  its 
all-pervading  power.  It  cuts  the  people  up 
into  antagonizing  factions,  under  senseless 
creeds  and  names,  and  consequently  curses 
while  it  blesses  the  world. 

THE    FAMILY   GKOUP 

of  parents  and  children  is  a  natural  and  beau- 
tiful order  of  all  grades  of  the  human  race. 
Each  family  is  a  home,  and  most  happy  and 
heavenly  may  it  be.  No  such  bliss  exists 
elsewhere  on  earth.  The  Grange  is  devised 
and  organized  after  the  family  pattern,  in 
larger  groups.  [Is  not  "a  family  in  a  larger 
group,"  with  children  kfi  out,  an  anomaly? — 
Eds.]  The  idea  is  exceedingly  simple  and 
practicable,  and  most  intelligent,  jierfect,  and 
attractive.  No  unselfish  farmer  or  working- 
man  can  fail  to  appreciate  and  accept  it. 
Hurrah!  then,  for  the  Granges!  Multiply  and 
speed  them  over  the  wide  continent.  Every 
interest  of  society  comes  under  the  head  of 
polities  or  religion,  which  must  be  freely  and 
fairly  discussed,  and  fully  understood.  Ig- 
norance is  our  ruin. 

THE  BATTLE  OF  THE  GKANGEKS 

is  for  labor  reform,  against  a  crusliing  mon- 
eyed aristocracy.  Old  parties  and  sects  are 
all  under  the  leadership  of  such  an  aristoc- 
racy— a  combined  money  power  with  social 
position  and  office-holding.  They  claim  their 
privileges  as  the  rightful  heritage  of  the  up- 
per-ten class,  on  the  ground  of  custom  and 
lirecedent;  and  the  brute  force  of  sword,  can- 
non, and  bloody  armies  stands  ready  to  de- 
fend them,  while  the  working  muscle  of  the 
common  peojUc  is  ground  up  for  their  use.  It 
is  a  world  monopoly  of  ages,  which  a  world 
co-operation  of  Grangers  and  Sovereigns 
must  overthrow.  It  is  the  battle  of  Arma- 
geddon. 

THE     MONOPOLY     AND    COBKUPTION     OF   POLITICS 

in  our  country  is  well  represented  by  such 
men  as  dis-Hon.  Bill  King,  of  Minnesota. 
How  he  gobbled  up  the  votes  in  his  district, 
by  the  power  of  Durham  bulls  and  subsidized 
newspapers.  He  won  the  election,  but  is 
bound  to  hang  himself,  Judas-like,  as  a  com- 
pensation.    Shame  on  the  jieople,  and  shame 


on  the  newspapers.  They  hang  tlteiiKielves, 
effectually,  by  such  voting  and  disgracing  the 
ballot-box. 

THE    SECTARIAN    MONOPOLY 

and  aristocracy  is  powerfully  and  proudly 
represented.  Money  unstinted  is  invested. 
But  that  first-class  Brooklyn  scandal,  though 
a  black  disgrace  on  civilized  Christendom, 
will  fortunately  do  very  much  to  break  the 
yoke  of  sectarian  thralldom  on  the  working 
class.  Thousands  of  similar  cases  may  exist 
around  us,  but  they  are  plebian,  and  fail  to 
come  to  the  surface,  or  get  into  the  newspa- 
pers. The  character  of  our  much-boasted 
civilization  may  be  judged  by  our  police  ga- 
zettes as  well  as  by  the  quality  of  high  func- 
tionaries. What  Indian  tribe  can  show  a 
worse  moral  record?  Yet  we  send  abroad  our 
pious  missionaries,  and  talk  of  exterminating 
the  Modocs,  and  actually  hang  them ! 
OUR  COMMON  EELIOION 

is  threadbare  with  formalism.  The  religion 
is  hid  away  too  far.  It  is  sky  religion.  The 
Grange  brings  things  down  among  the  people 
— into  their  houses  and  home.  A  heaven 
right  hero  at  our  door  is  far  more  convenient 
than  one  up  in  the  moon.  How  long  will  it 
take  to  make  earth  a  paradise  by  devoting  a 
hundred  and  fifty  millions  to  splendid  church 
buildings  in  New  York,  while  ninety  thous- 
and stout  men  there  are  unemployed,  with  no 
potatoes  in  the  cellar?  A  million  j'ears  won't 
do  it.  And  yet  that  is  the  sectarian  method 
all  round,  and  party  politics  join  in  to  help  it. 
It  is  a  religion  of  professional  aristocracy, 
with  Andover  kid-glove  graduates  to  pound 
and  expound  in  velvet-cushioned  desks.     But 

THE  TRUE   OBANGE    BELIGION 

is  better  suited  to  the  wants  of  plain,  homely 
and  sensible  workiugmen. 

"  Hb  who  tnowB  our  gi'eatest  needs' 
Eei'kH  not  mau  that  counts  his  beads. 
For  rif^hteouKness  is  not  in  creods, 

Nor  solfUiU  faces; 
But  lies  rather  in  kindly  deeds 

And  Christian  graccR," 

We  may  well  expect  a  blissful  heaven  in  a 
future  life;  but  the  important  work  of  the 
Grangers  now  is,  to  avoid  the  hell  of  monopo- 
\y  and  aristocracy  and  political  damnation. 
Some  contend  that  good  men  should  stick  to 
the  old  parties  and  sects  in  order  to  purify 
and  reform  them.  But  clearly  that  is  bad 
logic  and  poor  philosophy,  for  a  man  can 
never  lift  himself  into  a  basket  while  standing 
in  it.  And,  as  our  new  wine  of  reform  needs 
new  bottles  to  hold  it,  so  we  must  stand  out- 
side of  the  basket  and  outside  of  old  parties 
and  sects  if  we  would  lift  them  uii.  It  re- 
quires a  machine  more  powerful  than  any 
stump  puller  in  the  country. 

THE  GRANGE  MOVEMENT, 

then,  is  no  mixture  and  no  compromise,  but 
an  entirely  new  departure,  out  and  out.  Not 
in  party  interest  of  any  kind,  nor  sect;  but  it 
is  a  fanning-mill,  a  sifter,  that  is  to  separate 
the  cockle  and  chaff  of  politics  and  religion , 
saving  only  the  clean  wheat  of  principk.  That 
is  the  farmer's  gold.  We  may  now  discard 
old  names  altogether,  and  be  known  only  as 
the  Grange  party.  Then  nothing  is  left  am- 
biguous, but  all  is  distinctly  understood  and 
boldly  outspoken. 

No  dependence  for  reform  can  be  placed  in 
any  but  actual  and  responsible  workers.  None 
of  your  lily  fingers,  that  seek  the  easj'  places 
and  shirk  the  hard.  That  style  of  business  is 
playing  out.  That  is  what  spoils  church  and 
state,  and  sets  them  tumbling.  We  are  told 
a  hard  story  of  the  carpet-baggers  at  the 
South;  and  however  true,  the  North  is  sprin- 
kled over  thick  with  earpet-huggars  in  the 
shape  of  dandy  peddlers  and  traveling  agents 
for  jiatent  speculations,  to  gain  quick  and 
easy  fortunes,  and  avoid  the  sweat.  Thous- 
ands graduate  from  our  colleges  and  strive  to 


stand  in  public  desks  and  professional  offices 
because  such  positions  are  easy,  genteel,  and 
well  paid.  But  the  money  comes  out  of  far- 
mers and  workers.  Two-thirds  of  the  pro- 
fessional men  in  the  nation  are  so  many  two- 
legged  grasshoppers  —  and  worse  than  the 
little  famine-breeding  insects,  because  they 
(the  two-leggers)  stay  by,  and  enl  all  lite  time. 
They  are  always  on  hand  for  such  fancy 
things  as  require  the  least  toil.  They  are 
popular  dead  heads.  But  we  find  the  true 
emljlems  of  trust,  honor,  manliness  aiul  na- 
tional prosperity  are  the  ax,  hoe,  spade  and 
plow,  with  "hayseed  in  the  hair." 

THE  PBIKCIPLE  OF    FBATERSAL   UNITY 

and  co-operation  is  fundamental  in  the 
Grange.  This  not  only  kills  all  monopoly, 
but  it  will  wipe  away  that  old  red  dragon  of 
gory  war — that  most  fearful  and  universal 
scourge  of  mankind.  Government  otticers 
and  military  men,  under  our  present  violi-iit 
order  of  things,  are  interested  in  the  pIundiT 
of  battle  fields,  and  would  therefore  be  slow 
to  accept  any  doctrine  of  permanent  i)eaco. 
Their  trade  is  war.  But  when  all  shall  ht- 
come  Grangers  and  Sovereigns,  then  human 
carnage  will  be  forced  to  stop.  Othello's  oc- 
cupation will  be  gone.  So  roll  on  the  glori- 
ous Grange  ball  round  the  world.  Itoll  it 
along ! 

WOMAN  SUFFBAOE. 

The  woman  question  now  fills  up  the  l>ook. 
We  speak  of  the  Cirange  as  a  family  order; 
but  no  family  is  without  a  woman.  She  is 
mother,  wife,  sister,  and  does  a  great  deal 
wherever  she  is.  In  the  hive,  she  is  queen; 
in  sickness,  she  is  the  best  nurse;  and  she 
can  tend  the  baby  better  than  "  any  other 
man."  If  we  sleep  well  at  night,  a  woman 
has  made  the  soft  and  downy  bed.  Every  man 
is  proud  of  his  table  when  a  charming  lady 
pours  the  tea.  Where  woman  is,  there  is 
sweetest  music  and  the  i)erfume  of  roses; 
and  where  happiness  and  love  dwell,  surely 
woman  is  not  far  away.  Then,  would  not  all 
these  beautiful  things  be  represented  in  her 
vote?  Indeed  they  would.  Good  govern- 
ment is  not  wholly  made  np  of  bull  dogs, 
swords  and  guns,  and  the  noise  and  smell  of 
gunpowder.  Aurl  the  still,  small,  gentle  voice 
of  woman's  baUot  could  cert;iinly  do  no  harm, 
could  it? 

Champun,  Minn.,  April,  1875. 


Harrowing  Wheat. 


The  uniform  testimony  of  all  those  who 
have  tried  harrowing  wheat  in  the  Spring  is, 
says  the  RitnU  U'dM,  that  it  pays.  One  sub- 
scriber saj's:  "I  have  acted  upon  the  advice 
given  by  you,  audi  find  the  result  at  harvest 
most  satisfactory.  I  began  the  custom  by 
harrowing  fifteen  acres,  or  about  one  half  the 
usual  number  of  acres  that  I  sow.  My 
neighbors,  who  had  never  seen  it  done,  in- 
sisted that  it  would  kill  it  imt.  I  shall  con- 
tinue the  practice,  as  I  have  now  i)rocured 
one  of  the  Thomas  smoothing  harrows, which, 
in  a  great  measure,  enables  me  to  dispense 
with  the  roller,  which  I  still  use,  however, 
when  the  early  Spring  is  an  unusually  dry 
one.  I  think  by  using  the  harrow  that  the 
wheat  tillers — that  is,  stools — out  better  than 
when  it  is  not  cnltiv.lted  in  the  Spring." 

Another  subscriber  writes  as  follows:  "I 
find  that  haiTOwing  wheat  in  the  Spring  pays 
well.  It  gives  the  wheat  a  good  start,  and 
the  harrowed  portion  ripens  as  early  as  the 
unharrowed  part,  and  has  hea^■ier  seeds." 


Dk.  Habel  has  arrived  at  the  conclusion, 
after  mature  study,  that  guano  is  not  made 
from  the  excrements  of  sea  birds,  as  has  been 
hitherto  supposed.  Chemical  treatment  has 
disclosed  an  insoluble  residue  composed  of 
fossil  sponge  and  marine  plants,  and  animol- 
ciibB.  Hebel's  opinion  is  that  guano  is  made 
of  fossil  remains  of  which  the  organic  matter 
has  been  transformed  into  a  nitrogenized  sub- 
stance while  the  mineral  constituents  have  re- 
mained unaltered. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


ijou.OfhoW  I'Qdiiig, 


Words  of  Council  With  Parents. 

M  — 

OIjTds.  AcRrcuLTUiiisT:  Notwithstanding  my 
4^  short  acquaintance  with  your  paper,  I 
feel  an  earnest  denire  to  draw  my  chair 
within  the  "  domestic  circle"  and  say  a 
few  words  to  parents. 

I  have  often  desired  to  be  an  able  writer, 
that  I  might  employ  a  stj'le  of  composition  so 
charming  in  its  power  of  persuasive  eloquence 
that  parents  every  where,  and  in  every  con- 
dition, would  be  forced  to  realize  their  great 
responsibility.  I  am  frequently  astonished 
at  the  manner  in  which  parents  (good  people, 
too)  regard  the  welfare  of  their  children. 
They  will  talk  eloquently  about  what  obser- 
vation and  experience  have  taught  them  as 
regards  their  horses,  cows  and  pigs,  but  sel- 
dom will  a  word  be  uttered  in  reference  to 
family  culture.  The  little  ones  that  God  has 
committed  to  their  keeping,  with  the  solemn 
injuncticm  to  carefully  train,  are  permitted  to 
grow  up  in  a  way  to  suit  convenience.  Not 
because  of  lack  of  love — oh,  no;  but  because 
the  trials  and  burdens  of  life  are  suffered  to 
creep  iu  and  obscure  the  path  of  duty.  How 
many  poor,  tired  and  overworked  "  mothers 
thei-e  are  who,  in  order  to  indulge  in  the  un- 
limited extravagances  of  the  age,  are  forced  to 
expend  all  their  time  and  energy  in  the  vain 
and  unprofitable  endeavor  to  serve  the  body, 
while  the  mind  is  left  neglected. 

How  many  weary,  anxious  and  perplexed 
fathers  there  are,  too,  who  are  trying  iu  all 
sorts  of  ways  to  reach  a  higher  round  in  life's 
great  ladder,  regardless  of  consequences.  O ! 
the  confusion,  the  turmoil  and  strife  that  be- 
set us  all  in  our  journeyiugs  up  and  down. 
No  wonder  that  He  who  planned  this  myste- 
rious lailder,  and  set  each  round  in  wisdom, 
should  have  so  earnestly  warned  us  of  danger. 
Then  be  careful,  fathers  and  mothers,  guard 
wisely  and  well  your  sacred  trust — your  homes 
— your  children.  Can  there  be  anything  more 
beautiful  than  a  perfect  home — a  spot  more 
sacred  than  her  domain — a  gift  more  precious 
than  little  children  ? 

Mothers,  to  you  especially  is  a  noble  work 
intrusted.  Begin  it  early.  Let  your  little 
ones  feel  that  you  trust  them  fully.  Enter- 
tain and  iustrui't  them.  Converse  with  them, 
and  encourage  them  to  talk  with  you.  Many 
a  child  grows  up  hard,  unimpressible,  unlov- 
ing, simply  from  the  imposed  silence  in  which 
the  first  years  of  life  were  spent.  Remember, 
too,  that  innocent  amusement  is  the  very  life 
of  childhood;  that  too  much  restraint  is' pro- 
ductive of  evil.  Teach  your  children  to  con- 
fide in  you,  to  counsel  with  you  in  the  most 
trivial  affairs  that  concern  them. 

liut,  perhaps  I  have  trespassed  sufficiently 
for  once,  therefore  I  will  conclude  my  remarks 
at  some  future  time.  M.  E.  Thomasson. 


A  Mother's  Influence. — Who  can  measure 
the  intluence  of  a  mother  on  the  young  and 
immortal  minds  of  her  children?  "Her  looks, 
her  actions,  her  smiles,  or  her  frowns  on  her 
children  stamp  impressions  on  their  mimls 
which  will  last  forever.  She  gives  a  moulding 
influence  to  their  character,  their  course  of 
life,  their  tem|)oral  aud  eternal  well  being. 
They  rise  to  the  glories  and  happiness  of 
heaven,  or  sink  to  the  woes  and  ruin  of  a  lost 
eternity,  much  according  as  the  mother  trains 
them  up  for  God,  or  allows  them,  through 
neglect,  to  grow  up  in  selfishness  and  sin. 
The  mother  sits  at  the  threshold  of  their  ex- 
istence, aud  directs  their  first  tottering  foot- 
steps, Her  duties  lie  at  the  foundations  of 
human  society,  and  from  these  young  springs 
of  life,  flow  out  iu  all  their  after  existence, 
streams  of  bitter  or  sweet,  purified  or  poison- 
ous. 


False  Delicacy  Between  Mothers  and 
Daughters. — An  young  girls  near  the  boun- 
dary line  where  childhood  and  womanhood 
meet,  there  comes  a  natural,  wondering  inter- 
est as  to  the  difercnt  relationships  they  see 
around  them.  This  curiosity  being  the  voice 
of  nature,  imperatively  claims  satisfaction, 
and  if  the  mother  does  not  give  it  legitimately 
the  child  will  be  only  too  likely  to  gain  it  from 
sources  of  whose  very  existence  she  is  ignor- 
ant, simply  because  to  her  they  are  superflu- 
ous. 

There  are  thousands  of  mothers  who  will 
talk  with  the  kindest  unreserve  to  those  not 
liound  to  them  with  any  tie  but  that  of  friend- 
ship, who  yet  feel  the  most  false  aud  foolish 
delicacy  with  their  own  daughters.  I  know 
this  to  be  the  case.  A  great  many  young  girls 
have  come  to  me  for  information  and  advice 
on  personal  subjects,  whom  an  unnatural  re- 
serve kept  from  applying  to  their  own  moth- 
ers. I  know  it  again  by  experience.  I  found 
it  much  harder  to  do  my  duty  in  this  respect 
to  my  own  daughters  than  to  the  daughters  of 
others.  And  yet  the  duty  is  an  imperative 
one,  which  requires  to  be  attended  to  both 
much  earlier  and  more  positively  than  was 
necessary  iu  your  own  case.  For  assure  your- 
self of  one  thing,  that  the  knowledge  which 
came  to  women  half  a  century  ago  only  as  the 
result  of  experience,  is  ready  now  at  every 
street  corner  and  in  every  kitchen  for  your 
little  girl,  as  answer  to  her  fii'st  wondering  in- 
tuition. 

Nay,  while  she  still  nurses  her  doll  and 
wears  her  childhood's  aprons,  all  the  myste- 
ries of  human  nature  are  questioning  her  in- 
nocent heart.  Who  is  to  answer  her?  Will 
you  leave  her  to  soil  her  white  soul  with  the 
filthy  fancies  c^f  dime  novels,  or  still  worse 
books.  Is  some  servant  girl,  lewd  and  ignor- 
ant, to  usurp  her  mother's  holy  olfice,  aud 
defile  the  sacred  sanctuary  of  your  home?  Or 
will  you  with  calm  and  reverent  wisdom  lead 
herintothe  "house  of  life,"  and  show  her 
how  "fearfully  aud  wonderfully  we  are 
made." 

Will  you  not,  then,  explain  to  her  that  this 
human  "body  is  the  temple  of  the  Holy  Ghost 
bought  with  a  price,"  and  that  it  cannot  be 
defiled,  even  by  an  impure  thought,  without 
sinning  against  Him  who  cleansed  it  with  his 
own  precious  blood,  making  our  bodies  '  'mem- 
bers of  his  own."  Such  teaching  is  neces- 
sary to  keep  her  morally  healthy,  and  if  you 
can  succeed  iu  inspiring  her  with  a  profound 
reverence  for  purity  of  soul  you  have  done 
very  much  to  secure  her  health,  her  intellect, 
and  that  joyous,  cheerful  abandon  which, 
though  the  glorious  privilege  of  natural 
girlhood,  is,  alas!  every  year  becoming  more 
rare. 

But  this  first  primary  instrnction  neglected, 
what  follows?  Physical  abuse  and  degrada- 
tion. A  sin  against  nature  which  gradually 
makes  your  child  (born  a  little  lower  than  the 
angels)  below  the  beasts  of  the  field. 

I  am  quite  aware  that  this  is  a  very  delicate 
subject,  as  well  as  one  of  the  saddest  of  social 
problems.  But  ignoring  an  evil  does  not  an- 
nihilate it.  And  the  anger  of  those  whose 
false  refinemeut  foibids  them  to  speak  of 
things  it  does  not  forbid  them  to  do,  or  the 
scoffing  of  the  vulgar  and  light-minded  will 
not  deter  the  serious  and  benevolent  from  its 
consideration. 

rhysicians  see  the  mighty  evil  filling  our 
lunatic  asylums,  robbing  marriage  and  pater- 
nity of  all  its  divinity,  digging  myriads  of  tiny 
graves  for  infants  born  of  parents  too  en- 
feebled to  give  them  enduring  life,  aud  most 
of  them  with  a  groan  of  pity  "pass  by  on  the 
other  side." 

There  is  no  doubt,  however,  that  the  great 
majority  of  young  people  now  slaves  of  the 
most  repulsive  habits  might  have  been  saved 
had  their  parents  earlj'  explained  to  them  the 
eternal  laws  of  nature,  ami  their  intimate  con- 
nection with  "whatsoever  is  lovely  and  of 
good  report."  And  further,  it  is  also  the  duty 
of  parimts,  liavini)  iii.-<tnided,  to  iratrh  until  vir- 
tue  has   acquired  the   strength  of  habit — of 


habit  whose  foundations  are  laid  iu  piety  and 
knowledge. 

Slow,  insidious,  unsuspected,  suicide  is  be- 
coming a  household  crime.  Children  make 
their  own  coffins  day  by  day,  and  parents  are 
either  ignorant  or  indiS'erent  to  the  fact. 
Againist  this  sin  physicians  must  become  ac- 
tive missionaries,  for  their  words,  weighted 
with  knowledge,  will  have  an  irresistible  in- 
fluence. 

But  prevention  is  always  better  than  cure. 
And,  therefore,  mothers  and  daughters  should 
have  but  one  heart,  and  fathers  and  sons  walk 
together  as  friends. — Mrs.  A.  E.  Burr,  in  Sci- 
ence of  Health. 


A  Cheerful  Home. — A  single  word  may 
disquiet  a  whole  family.  One  surly  glance 
cast  a  gloom  over  a  whole  household;  while  a 
smile,  like  a  gleam  of  sunshine  may  light  up 
the  darkest  and  weariest  hours.  Like  unex- 
pected flowers  which  spring  up  along  our  path, 
full  of  freshness,  fragrance  aud  beauty,  so 
kind  words,  gentle  acts,  and  sweet  disposi- 
tions, make  glad  the  home  where  peace  and 
blessing  dwell.  And  the  influences  of  home 
perpetuate  themselves.  The  gentle  grace  of 
the  loving  mother  lives  in  her  daughters  long 
after  her  head  is  pillowed  in  the  dust  of  earth; 
and  fatherly  kindness  finds  its  echo  in  the 
nobility  and  courtesy  of  sous  who  come  to 
wear  his  mantle,  and  fill  his  place;  while  on 
the  other  hand,  from  an  unhapjiy,  mis-gov- 
erned aud  disorderly  home,  go  forth  persons 
who  shall  make  other  homes  miserable,  and 
perpetuate  the  sourness  and  sadness,  the  con- 
tentions and  strifes  and  railings,  which  have 
made  their  own  earthly  lives  so  wretched  and 
distorted. 

Toward  the  cheerful  home  the  children 
gather  "as  clouds  and  as  doves  to  their  win- 
dows;" while  from  abodes  of  discontent  and 
strife  and  trouble,  they  fly  forth  as  vultures 
to  rend  their  prey.  'The  class  of  men  that 
disturb  aud  distress  the  world  are  not  those 
born  and  nurtured  amid  the  hallowed  influ- 
ence of  Christian  homes — but  rather  those 
whose  early  life  has  been  a  scene  of  trouble 
and  vexation,  who  have  started  wrong  in  the 
pilgrimage,  and  whose  course  is  one  of  disas- 
ter to  themselves  and  trouble  to  those  arouna 
them. 


Labor-Saving  Machinery. 

The  saving  iu  the  operations  of  husbandry 
by  the  use  of  modern  implements  and  meth- 
ods is  equal  to  one-half  the  former  cost  of 
working.  By  the  improved  plow,  labor 
equivalent  to  that  of  one  horse  in  three  is 
saved.  By  means  of  drills,  two  bushels  of 
seed  will  go  as  far  as  three  bushels  scattered 
broadcast.  The  plants  come  up  in  rows,  and 
may  be  tended  by  horse-hoes;  being  iu  the 
bottom  of  little  furrows,  the  earth  tumbles 
dowu  against  the  plants,  which  is  not  so 
readily  heaved  out  by  the  Winter's  frost.  The 
reaping  machine  is  a  saving  of  more  than  one- 
third  of  the  labor  when  it  cuts  and  rakes,  and 
will  eventually  save  fully  three-fourths  when 
it  is  made  to  bind  automatically,  as  it  shortly 
will  be.  The  threshing-machine  is  a  saving 
of  two-thirds  on  the  old  hand-flail  mode.  The 
root-cutters  for  stock  in  Euglaud,  aud  in  some 
places  iu  the  Northern  States  and  Canada, 
much  reduce  the  labor  of  Winter  feeding. 
The  saving  in  the  labor  of  handling  hay  iu 
the  field  aud  barn  by  means  of  horse-rakes, 
horse  hay-forks,  etc.,  is  equal  to  one-half. 
With  the  exception  of  a  grain  drill — which 
had  a  jn-ecarious  existence  previtnis  to  1776 — 
all  these  improvements  have  bein  commenced 
and  brought  to  the  present  relative  perfection 
within  the  century  now  closing. — Harper's  for 
December. 


The  only  objection  to  the  female  chaplain 
of  the  Maine  Legislature  is  that  she  has  too 
much  to  say. 


Butter  will    remove  tar  spots.     Soap   and 
water  will  take  out  the  grease  stain. 


V; 


■""^t^^^X/ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


(frtucatioual 


A  Parody  for  the  School-Room. 

BY  DWIGHT  C.    PIERCE, 

To  know — or  not  to  know— that  is  the  queBtion — 

Whether  'tiB  nobler  in  the  mind  to  sufler 

The  evil  conRi-quenre  of  ignorRUce. 

Or  to  gu  to  school;  and,  grasping  new  ideaB, 

Dispel  the  old  unibignoufi  fops  and  raietg 

That  80  bewilder  the  untutored  mind; 

And.  by  dispelling  end  them  ?— To  learn— to  know^ 

And  by  judieiuus  study  Ray  we  end 

The  thousand  gross  mistakes  and  tedloUB  ills 

80  oft  occurring — 'tia  a  consuniniation 

Devoutly  to  be  wished.    To  know;  to  learn; 

To  learn  I  perchance  to  'xplain: — ay.  there's  the  mbl 

For  as  we  make  the  attempt,  what  dubious  thoughts 

And  abstruse  principles  present  themselves. 

In  dull  confusion,  niixiug  all  we  know; 

And  ere  we  shntlle  out  the  right  idea. 

We  make  a  pause.    Th(;re's  the  respect 

That  makes  an  explanation  live  so  long: 

For  who  would  take  the  long  and  crooked  route, 

The  mountain  climb,  or  plunge  into  the  gulf, 

Or  puzzle  over  the  debate  of  authors. 

Or  bear  the  whips  or  scorns  of  time  thus  spent 

To  bring  before  the  mind  but  one  idea, 

When  he  himself  might  his  recital  make 

With  shorter  method?    Who  would  yet  submit 

To  be  the  slave  of  ignorance  and  doubt, 

But  that  the  dread  of  being  in  the  rear, 

The  butt  of  ridicule,  or  something  to 

lie  learned,  puzzles  the  will:  and  makes  him  bear 

The  ills  in  cuisciinence,  rather  than  toil 

To  learn  the  truths  he  yet  knows  nothing  of. 

Thus  appn-lR'iisj..ii  (»ft  retards  our  ctmrse, 

And  thus  the  youthful  mind  is  oft  dismayed, 

And  lost,  amidst  the  mass  of  human  woes 

That  by  pernicious  ignorance  is  swayed. 

And  should  I  close  by  thus  portraying  ill. 

'Twould  leave  the  uiatter  none  the  better  still; 

For  when  you're  sick  should  the  physician  say, 

Your  case  is  very  bad,  indeed;  I  pray 

To  know  what  good  might  thus  be  done;  if  he 

Did  not  prescribe  and  give  the  remedy? 

So  I  would  say  to  all  who  tim'iotis  are. 

To  nobly  struggle,  break  the  iron  bur; 

'Tis  education  frees  the  mind  of  man. 

And  teaches  him  the  universe  to  scan. 


Taking  Agricultural  Papers. 

If  there  is  any  one  tiling  that  a  farmer 
should  always  make  a  necessity,  it  is  a  good 
a^riotiltnral  paper.  We  know  there  are  a 
large  number  of  farmers  who  think  thej'  can- 
not afford  to  pay  the  price,  and  who  think  it 
is  money  thrown  iiway;  but  we  will  venture 
the  assertion  that  no  farmer  will  ever  lose 
anything  by  subscribing  for  at  least  one  paper 
devoted  to  his  interests,  and  in  ninety-nine 
cases  out  of  a  hundred,  if  he  will  only  read 
it  carefully,  he  will  find  it  will  pay  a  thous- 
and per  cent,  profit. 

We  do  not  propose  to  say  that  he  must  fol- 
low everj'thing  that  he  reads,  but  use  his  own 
judgment  in  all  cases.  What  may  be  a  suc- 
cess in  one  particular  locality,  may  under 
other  circumstances  and  in  a  different  place 
be  an  entire  f.iilure.  But,  taking  the  year 
round,  and  reading  the  fifty  two  numbers  the 
farmer  will  receive,  he  is  sure  to  find  more  or 
less  that  will  profit  him;  he  will  find  in  a  very 
short  time  that  he  will  iQgk  upon  his  weekly 
paper  as  a  necessity,  and  one  that  cannot 
easily  be  dispensed  with.  If  the  farmer  has 
boys  whom  he  wishes  to  raise  up  intelligently 
they  must  have  something  to  read  and  in- 
struct them — something  that  will  induce  them 
to  try  new  experiments  themselves,  and  see 
if,  by  care  and  work,  they  cannot  better  their 
stock  and  grain.  Live  and  learn  is  what  we 
want.  One  of  the  best  waj's  to  help  your  boy 
to  make  a  good  farmer  is  a  good,  readable  ag- 
ricultural paper,  one  that  works  for  the  far- 
mer's interest,  and  is  practical  and  reliable. 
Every  other  branch  of  trade  has  its  weekly  or 
monthly  paper,  and  the  farmer  should  have 
his.  Just  the  same  as  every  other  branch  of 
trade  has  its  organization,  so  the  farmer 
should  have  his.  But  these  different  organiz- 
ations would  not  have  half  their  strength  were 
it  not  for  their  weekly  and  monthly  papers, 
which  circulate  among  them  and  inform  them 
of  what  is  going  on  in  their  particular  branch 
of  trade. — "Fa7-mer,"  in  Rural  World. 


Common  Sknse. — It  has  been  said,  in  an- 
other form  of  expression,  that  the  slightest 
excess  of  expenses  over  income   is  poverty, 


and  the  slightest  excess  of  income  over  ex- 
penses is  wealth.  The  ability  of  practical 
farmers  to  master  this  great  problem  of  life  is 
not  so  much  dependent  upon  what  they  know 
of  their  business  as  upon  the  faculty  to  apply 
what  they  know.  Success  in  business  is  due 
to  the  administration.  Capacity  in  adminis- 
tration is  due  to  the  faculty,  power,  or  quality 
called  common  sense,  which  everybody  speaks 
well  of  and  nobody  understands  exactly.  We 
infer  its  presence  or  its  absence  from  the  re- 
sults of  a  man's  life.  We  venture  upon  the 
definition  of  the  phrase  we  are  using,  not  so 
much  for  the  purpose  of  making  its  meaning 
clear  as  for  the  greater  purpose  of  giving  it  a 
loftier  place  in  your  thoughts.  Common 
sense  is  a  degree,  a  high  degree — in  fine,  the 
highest  degree  of  human  wisdom  applied  to 
practical  things.  It  is  not  learning;  it  is  not 
knowledge;  it  is  rather  the  faculty  of  ajiplying 
what  we  may  know  to  what  we  do.  Other 
things  being  equal,  the  practical  farmer  who 
knows  the  most  will  do  the  best;  but  other 
things  not  being  equal,  a  man  who  excells  in 
wisdom  and  admiuistraticm  may  surpass  a 
man  of  greater  learning,  or  even  greater  know- 
leclge  of  things.  But  do  not  allow  this  sug- 
gestion to  lead  j'ou  to  place  a  low  estimate 
upon  learning,  whether  general  or  profession- 
al ;  culture  of  every  sort  gives  us  capacity  to 
appreciate  wisdom,  and  ojjportuuity  also  for 
its  exercise. — Practical  Farmer. 


Puke  Expression. — Every  word  that  falls 
from  the  lips  of  mothers  and  sisters  should 
be  pure  aud  concise  and  simple;  not  pearls 
such  as  fall  from  the  lips  of  a  princess,  but 
sweet,  good  words,  that  little  children  can 
gather  without  fear  of  soil,  or  any  regret  to 
pain  through  all  their  life.  Children  should 
be  tiiught  the  use  of  good,  strong,  expressive 
words — words  that  mean  exactly  what  they 
should  express  in  their  proper  places.  If  a 
child  or  young  person  has  a  loose,  flung-to- 
gether  way  of  stringing  words  when  endeavor- 
ing to  say  something,  he  should  be  made  to 
"try  again"  and  see  if  he  cannot  do  better. 
It  is  painful  to  hear  m.any  girls  talk.  They 
begin  with  "My  gracious!"  and  interlard  it 
with  "So  sweet!"  and  "So  queenly!"  and  so 
many  phrases  that  one  is  tempted  to  believe 
they  have  no  training  at  all,  or  else  their 
mothers  are  very,  very  foolish  women.  There 
is  nothing  more  disgusting  than  the  twaddle  of 
ill-bred  girls;  one  is  provoked  often  into  tak- 
ing a  paj^er  and  reading,  and  letting  them  rip- 
ple aud  gurgle  on,  like  brooks  that  flow  they 
know  not  whither.  Mr  heart  warms  with 
love  for  sensible  girls  and  pure  boys;  and, 
after  all,  if  our  girls  aud  boys  are  not  this,  I 
fear  it  is  our  own  fault — for  this  great  trust 
rests  in  the  hearts  and  hands  of  the  women  of 
our  land.  If  we  have  a  noble,  useful  purpose 
in  life,  we  shall  infuse  the  right  spirit  into 
those  around  us. 

«-•-» 

WoEDs — Thoughts — .\ctions. — They  are  all 
important,  and  every  one  of  them  tell  upon 
our  present  aud  future  state.  The  eft'ect  of  an 
action — a  thought — a  word,  may  not  be  im- 
mediately evident;  it  may  never  be  discovered 
by  us  or  other  mort.als,  but  it  is  there,  it  is  in 
our  lives,  and  it  will  continue  to  work  upon 
our  destiny  for  c%-il  or  good  when  our  bodies 
shall  lie  mouldering  beneath  the  sod.  Like 
flakes  of  snow  that  fall  unperceived  upon  the 
earth,  the  seeming  unimportant  events  of  life 
succeed  one  another;  and  as  the  snow  gathers 
together — as  the  avalanche,  so  are  our  habits 
established  .ind  our  character  determined.  No 
single  flake  that  is  added  to  the  drift  produces 
a  sensible  change;  no  single  action  creates, 
however  it  may  exhibit,  a  man's  character; 
but  as  the  tempest  hurls  the  avalanche  down 
the  mountain  and  overwhelms  the  inhabitants 
so  passion,  actii)g  upon  the  elements  of  mis- 
chief which  pernicious  habits  have  brought 
together  by  imperceptible  accumulation,  may 
overthrow  the  principles  of  truth  and  virtue. 
How  important  it  is,  then,  that  we  maintain 
the  most  sleepless  guard  upon  our  passions, 
and  scrupulously  weigh  out  every  word, 
thought  and  action. 


Help  the  Childeen. — Parents,  help  the 
children.  Help  them  in  what?  To  study  aud 
learn  the  school  lessons.  Do  not  let  them  go 
to  the  school  with  no  lessons.  Talk  it  over 
together,  and  there  will  be  some  things  you 
can  tell  the  little  ones,  and  some  ways  in 
which  you  can  help  them.  There  will  be 
sure  to  be  some  things  you  can  make  them  • 
understand. 

Older  brothers  and  sisters,  help  the  child- 
ren. You  can  have  no  idea,  if  j'ou  have  not 
tried  it,  how  much  good  you  can  do  in  this 
way.  Moreover,  you  will  find  your  own  ideas 
of  a  subject  much  clearer,  after  you  have  tried 
to  make  it  plain  to  your  younger  brothers  and 
sisters.  Help  them  about  reading  their  school 
books.  When  they  say  they  have  read  them, 
talk  with  them  about  what  they  have  read. 
Ask  them  questions  about  it.  See  if  they  un- 
derstand it.  Slake  them  feel  that  to  rend  aud 
understand  the  book  is  the  thing  to  Vje  sought 
not  the  carrying  to  and  fro  of  a  bo(jk  more 
suitable  for  their  fathers  and  mothers  than 
for  themselves. —  Times. 


How  TO  Keep  a  SirnATios. — Boys,  be  ready 
to  throw  in  an  odd  half  hour  or  an  hour's 
time  when  it  will  be  an  accommodation,  and 
do  not  seem  to  make  a  merit  of  it.  Do  it 
heartily.  Though  not  a  word  be  said,  your 
employer  will  make  a  note  of  it.  Make  your- 
self indispensable  to  him,  and  he  will  lose 
many  of  the  opposite  kind  before  he  will  part 
with  you.  Those  young  men  who  watch  the 
clock  to  see  the  very  second  their  working 
hour  is  up — who  leave,  no  matter  what  state 
the  work  may  be  in,  at  precisely  the  instant — 
who  calculate  the  extra  amount  they  can  slight 
their  work,  and  yet  not  get  reproved— who 
are  lavish  of  their  employer's  goods — will  al- 
ways be  the  first  to  receive  notice,  when  times 
are  dull,  that  their  services  are  no  longer  re- 
quiied. 


Color  and    Germination. 

Actinism  is  the  chemical  power  which  is 
necessary  to  excite  germination  in  plants.  It 
emanates  from  the  blue  ray  of  the  spectrum, 
and  is  the  same  power  which  operatts  on  the 
sensitive  silver  in  photography.  Seeds  will 
not  germinate  so  long  as  they  are  exposed  to 
bright  light.  How  the  actinic  ray  reaches  the 
seed  in  the  ground  is  hard  to  understand;  but 
that  it  does  penetrate  where  the  luminous  ray 
is  unable  to  reach  is  plain  from  experiments, 
which  go  also  to  show  that  tht  exclusion  of  the 
luminous  ray  is  necessary  for  the  operation 
of  the  actinic.  Shade  is  always — absolute 
darkness  sometimes  necessarj-  for  the  success 
of  the  germinating  process.  Plant  cress  seed 
an  inch  deep  in  three  boxes;  over  the  first 
place  a  blue,  over  the  second  a  yellow,  and 
over  the  third  a  red  glass. 

The  seeds  under  the  blue  glass  will  be  np 
days  before  those  under  the  red;  and  of  those 
under  the  red  a  few  only  will  germinate. 
Those  under  the  yellow  will  not  germinate  at 
all.  It  is  found  that  those  seeds  which  come 
up  under  a  white  glass  in  from  eight  to  four- 
teen days,  will,  under  a  blue  glass,  be  up  in 
from  two  to  five  days;  that  where  thirty  per 
cent,  of  seeds  came  up  before,  sixty  per  cent, 
can  now  be  raised;  and  th.at  some  seeds  from 
tropical  countries,  which  could  not  formerly 
be  raised  in  this  climate  iiuder  a  white  frame, 
will  germinate  freely  under  a  blue  one. 

It  would  seem  that  the  depth  to  which  the 
air  can  penetrate  the  soil  is  the  measure  of 
the  dejith  of  germination.  This  is  the  practi- 
cal result. — Popular  ticieiice. 


Splittino  buds,  to  make  them  produce 
trees  bearing  apples  half  sweet  and  half  sour, 
is  denounced  b}-  a  New  England  nurseryman 
in  the  Boston  CuUicalor.  He  says  if  you  un- 
roll a  bud  you  will  find  a  minute  green  point 
at  the  centre,  to  cut  through  which  would 
simply  kill  it.  like  a  knife  in  the  heart  of  au 
animal.  If  the  half  of  a  bud  alone  could  be 
t.aken  and  grown,  and  the  crop  would  be  half 
apples  all  over  the  tree,  he  wonld  give  more 
credit  to  the  old  tradition. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^m)^  mil  €}\xb. 


Mollie's     Troubles. 

AM  little  Mollie, 

Eit^ht  years  old  to-day. 
Never  have  done  nofliQ' 

Only  juHt  to  play; 
Grau'iiia  Ba.vB  that  idleness 

W'uihfi  St  kind  o'  sin; 
Got  to  learn  to  work,  I  s'pose, 

Might  as  well  hegin. 

So  I  hemmed  a  towel — 

Real  well,  mamma  said — 
Had  a  dre'l'ul  time,  though, 

Losin'  out  my  thread; 
For  sonielin'  ailed  the  needle. 

Don't  know  "zaely  what. 
Till  mamma  took  and  tied  it 

In  a  little  knot. 

Don't  like  hemmin'  towels, 

"I'aint  a  bit  of  tun; 
I  was  dre'ful  thanklul 

When  the  thing  was  done. 
'Cause  then  I  sewed  for  dolly — 

Made  a  little  dress. 
And  made  it  just  as  nice,  too, 

Ab  you  couid,  1  guess. 

Made  it  wiz  two  ruffles, 

Overskirt  and  bnsiiue! 
Now,  what  more,  I  wonder. 

Could  a  dolly  ask; 
*Twa8  much  more  iuterestin* 

Thau  hemmin' towels,  too — 
I  wonder  why  the  good  things 

Are  so  hard  to  do  ? 

Then  I  pared  some  apples, 

Heliiiu'  Kate,  the  eook; 
Then  I  read  my  lessnu 

In  the  old  spelliu'  book. 
Now,  spelliu'  books  are  awful 

Everybody  knows; 
Just  matle  to  try  our  patience — 

Good  for  that  I  s'poso. 

"When  night  comes,  I  often 

Hear  my  mamma  say: 
*' Didn't  'sp(;ct,this  moruin'. 

Such  a  busy  day. 
Seems  to  me  I  never  had 

Quite  so  much  to  do." 
Tell  you  I  can  sympatize^ 

Feel  just  that  way,  too, 


How  a    Lad    Wheeled     Himself    Into 
Fortune  and   Influence. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  stockhokltTS  of  a  prom- 
inent railway  corporation,  recently  held  in 
Boston,  there  were  present  two  gentlemen, 
both  up  in  years,  one,  however,  considerably 
the  senior  of  the  other.  In  talking  of  the  old 
times  gone  by,  the  younger  gentleman  called 
the  attention  of  his  friends,  and  told  a  ple;ts- 
ant  little  story,  which  should  be  re:id  with 
l)rofit  by  every  poor,  industrious  and  striving 
hid.     We  use  his  own  language: 

"  Nearly  half  a  century  ago,  gentlemen,  I 
was  put  upon  the  world  to  make  my  own  liv- 
ing. I  was  stout,  willing  and  able,  consider- 
ing my  tender  years,  and  secured  a  place  in 
a  hardware  store,  to  do  all  sorts  of  chores  re- 
quired. I  was  paid  seveuty-tive  dollars  per 
year  for  my  services.  One  day,  after  I  had 
been  at  work  three  months  or  more,  my  friend 
there,  Mr.  B.,  who  h(jlds  his  age  remarkably 
well,  came  into  the  store  and  bought  a  large 
bill  of  shovels  and  tongs,  sad-irons  and  pans, 
buckets,  scrapers  and  scuttles,  for  he  was  to 
be  married  next  day,  and  was  supplying  his 
household  in  advance,  as  was  the  groom's 
custom  in  those  days.  The  articles  were 
packed  on  a  barrow,  and  made  a  load  suffi- 
cieutly  heavy  for  a  young  mule.  But,  more 
willing  than  able,  I  started  oti',  proud  that  I 
could  move  such  a  mass  on  the  wheelbarrow. 
I  got  on  remarkably  well  till  I  struck  the  mud 
road,  now  Seventh  Avenue,  leading  to  my 
friend  B.'s  house.  There  I  toiled  and  tugged, 
and  tugged  and  toiliul,  and  could  not  budge 
the  load  up  the  hill,  the  wheel  going  its  full 
half  diameter  in  the  mud  every  time  I  would 
try  to  propel  it  forward.  Finally  a  good-natured 
Irishman  passing  by  with  a  dray  took  my 
barrow,  self  and  all  on  his  vehicle,  and  in 
consideration  of  my  promise  to  pay  him  a 
'bit,'  landed  me  iit  my  de.stin;dion. 

"I  counted  the  iirtieles  carc'fully  as  I  deliv- 
ered them,  and  with  my  empty  barrow  trudged 


my  way  back,  whistling  with  glee  over  my 
triumph  over  difficulty.  Some  weeks  after  I 
paid  the  Irishman  the  'bit,'  and  never  got  it 
back  from  my  emi)loyers.  (Mr.  B.,  I  am 
sure,  would  have  remunerated  me,  but  he 
never  before  heard  this  story;  so  if  he  is  in- 
clined, he  can  compromise  the  debt  by  send- 
ing me  a  bushel  of  his  rare  rijje  peaches  next 
Fall.)  But  to  the  moral.  A  merchant  had 
witnessed  my  struggles,  and  how  zealously  I 
labored  to  deliver  that  load  of  hardware;  he 
even  watched  me  to  the  house,  and  saw  me 
count  each  piece  as  I  lauded  it  in  the  door- 
way. He  sent  for  me  the  next  day,  asked  my 
name,  told  me  he  had  a  reward  for  my  indus- 
try and  cheerfulness  under  difficulty,  in  the 
shape  of  a  five  hundred  dollar  clerkship  in  his 
establishment.  I  accepted,  and  now,  after 
nearly  half  a  centui-y  has  passed,  I  look  back 
and  say  I  wheeled  myself  into  all  I  own,  for 
that  reward  of  jjerseverance  was  my  grand 
stepping-stone  to  fortune." 

The  speaker  was  a  very  wealthy  banker,  a 
man  of  influence  and  position,  and  one  uni- 
versally respected  for  many  good  qualities  of 
head  and  heart.  Boys,  take  a  moral  from 
this  story,'  and  be  willing  and  industrious. 
'You  do  not  know  how  many  eyes  are  upon 
you  to  discover  whether  you  are  sluggish  and 
careless,  or  indirstrious  and  willing,  or  how 
many  there  are  who,  if  you  are  moral  and 
worthy,  will  give  you  a  stepping-stoue  to 
wealth  and  i^osition. — Arthur's  Magazine. 


Silk-Lined  House. — I  heard  too  little  boys 
down  by  the  brook  to-day,  talking  about  their 
fathers'  houses,  and  boasting  how  grand  they 
were.  Johnny  said  his  house  had  a  velvet 
carpet  in  the  parlor,  and  lace  curtains  at  the 
windows.  Willie  said  his  house  had  splendid 
glass  chandeliers,  that  sparkleil  like  diamonds; 
and  the  walls  were  beautifully  painted.  I 
thought  I  would  like  to  tell  them  about  a 
house  very  much  more  wonderful  than  those 
they  lived  in,  because  it  is  built  by  a  small  in- 
fect. 

This  house  is  made  by  a  kind  of  spider  that 
lives  in  California,  and  is  called  the  mason- 
spider.  His  house  is  very  marvelous  for  such 
a  little  fellow  to  make  all  by  himself,  without 
any  hammer,  or  saw,  or  trowel,  or  axe,  or 
nails,  or  plaster,  or  any  such  things  as  men 
use  in  building;  and  yet  his  mansion  is  fit  for 
a  little  queen;  for  it  is  Uned  throughout  with 
white  silk! 

This  spider's  house  is  nearly  as  large  as  a 
hen's  egg,  and  is  built  of  a  sort  of  red  clay, 
almost  as  handsome  as  the  brown  stone  they 
are  so  proud  of  in  New  York  city.  It  is  cy- 
lindrical in  shajie.  The  top  opens  with  a 
little  trap-door,  which  is  fastened  with  a  hinge, 
and  shuts  of  itself.  The  door  and  inside  are 
lined  with  the  most  delicate  white  silk,  finer 
than  the  costliest   dress  ever  worn  by  a  lady. 

Mr.  Spider  builds  his  house  in  some  crevice 
or  bores  a  cylindrical  hole  in  the  clay,  so  that 
all  is  concealed  from  view  except  this  tiny 
trap-door.  AVhen  he  sees  an  enemy  approach- 
ing, ho  runs  quickly  to  his  silk-lined  house, 
swings  open  the  little  door,  goes  in,  and,  as 
the  door  shuts  tightly  after  him,  holds  it 
firmly  by  placing  his  claws  in  two  openings  in 
the  white-silk  lining  of  the  door,  just  large 
enough  to  admit  his  little  hands  or  feet, 
which  ever  you  choose  to  call  them;  and  hero 
nestled  in  this  luxurious  retreat,  he  bids  defi- 
ance to  all  intrudefs. 

I  heard  all  about  this  spider  from  a  gentle- 
man who  had  been  to  C;ilifornia,  and  who 
had  brought  home  one  of  these  red-clay,  silk- 
lined  houses.  He  was  showing  it  to  some 
children  as  they  were  widking  near  me.  I 
wish  you  all  could  have  seen  it. — St.  Nicholas. 


The  Agricultural  Society  of  Franco  has  of- 
fered prizes  of  100(1  frames  ($'200)  each  for 
the  best  method  of  artificial  irrigation,  lOr 
the  best  means  of  destroying  the  l^hyliitxera 
vastalrix,  for  the  best  econtmiical  means  of 
utilizing  the  beet  root  and  its  products,  and 
for  the  educatiouid  establishment  which  shall 
have  t;iken  the  best  means  to  instruct  in  agri- 
culture and  horticulture. 


Mole   and  Toads. 


The  mole  is  a  much  abused  animal.  He  is 
generally  believed  to  be  a  vegetarian,  but,  on 
the  contrary,  he  is  carnivorous,  living  upon 
the  larva  or  grubs  of  winged  insects  or  upon 
insects  whose  proj^er  habitat  is  in  the  earth. 
We  have  never  detected  a  mole  eating  a  plant, 
but  in  evei-y  case  where  the  plant  has  been 
under-run  by  the  mole  and  consequently 
wilted,  we  have  found  that  its  roots  had  been 
previously  eaten  off  by  the  larva  of  the  cock- 
chafer (June  bug)  or  by  some  other  insect. 
Friend  in  the  country,  whom  we  visited  dur- 
ing the  Summer,  complained  of  the  havoc 
made  by  moles  in  a  large  bed  of  lilies.  On 
examination  we  found  scores  of  the  shoots  of 
the  lilies,  wilting  and  dying  on  the  rows, 
which  had  been  under-run  by  the  moles. 
These  shoots  were  found  gnawed  off,  and  in 
a  manner  to  indicate,  beyond  doubt,  that  they 
were  destroyed  by  the  grub  or  the  larva  of  the 
cockchafer,  and  not  by  the  moles.  The  bulbs, 
jjlanted  six  or  more  inches  deep,  were  un- 
touched, and  the  burrows  of  the  moles  were 
not  more  than  three  or  four  inches  below  the 
surface  of  the  soil.  Searching  in  other  parts 
of  the  bed  we  found  grubs  busily  at  work — 
the  bed,  part  of  a  freshly  tumed-under.  piece 
of  grass  laud,  being  full  of  them,  as  such 
land  is  always  sure  to  be. 

The  mole,  by  burrowing  about  in  our  gar- 
dens in  search  of  his  food,  often  does  much 
mischief  by  running  under  small,  freshly  set 
out  plants;  but  we  have  the  choice  of  two 
evils — the  bearing  with  the  small  amount  of 
injury  he  does,  or  bearing  the  far  greater  an- 
noyance and  injury  produced  by  grubs  and 
worms.  His  ijresence  is  a  sure  sign  that  our 
gardens  are,  or  have  been,  infested  with  these. 
The  accusation  that  he  is  a  vegetable  eater  is 
a  curious  instance  of  jumping  to  conclusions 
and  of  the  making  of  reliable  evidence  out  of 
mere  coincidences.  Because  plants  are  found 
gnawed  through  and  die  when  over  his  bur- 
row, it  is  concluded  that  he  is  the  cause, 
whereas  he  was  only  destroying  the  destroyer 
— rendering  a  service  instead  of  doing  an  in- 
jury- 

The  toad — almost  universally  despised  and 
upbraided  for  his  ugliness — is,  yet,  a  useful, 
good-natured,  quiet  fellow,  who  recognizes 
his  friends  and  those  who  are  kind  to  him. 
We  have  some  half  dozen  of  them  inoiu-  small 
garden,  and  among  them  one  old  patriarch 
who,  when  we  are  digging  or  hoeing,  will  sit 
winking  and  blinking  at  us  with  his  pretty 
eyes,  and  often  compel  us  to  lift  or  drive  him 
aside  to  get  him  out  of  harm's  way.  He  will 
stay  by  us  for  hours,  evidently  feehng  that  he 
need  fear  no  hurt.  Like  the  sparrow,  the  toad 
has  been  considered  a  nuisance,  and  in  some 
sections  extei-minated;  but  the  exterminators 
have  been  only  too  glad,  afterwai'ds,  to  get 
him  back  by  the  expenditure  of  large  sums  of 
money.  So  useful  are  toads  in  gardens  that 
they  are  sold  in  France  by  the  dozen,  for  the 
purpose  of  stocking  gardens  to  free  them 
from  many  injurious  insects.  The  toad  lives 
almost  entirely  on  winged  insect,  and  never 
does  harm  to  the  plant. 

We  trust  thiit  our  readers  ■will  accept  this 
jilea  for  these  useful  laborers  in  our  gardens, 
and  not  destroy  them  on  false  accusation.  By 
observing  their  habits  closely  and  discerningly 
it  will  be  found  that  they  are  friends,  and 
neither  enemies  nor  intruders.  The  ant  eats 
the  eggs  of  insects;  the  mole  larva,  and  the 
toad  the  winged  insect  itself.- — American  Gar- 
di-n. 


Drilling  Wheat. — The  Ainericnn  Aariciil- 
lurlst  says  every  year's  experience  is  in  favor 
of  drilling  wheat.  It  shows  more  and  more 
that,  as  against  sowing  the  seed  broadcast,  it 
is  economical  in  labor  and  seed,  and  gives  a 
better  crop.  The  difference  in  labor  is  at 
least  $1  an  acre,  or  the  cost  of  two  harrowiugs 
after  so%ving,  on  one  cultivating.  The  difl'er- 
enco  in  seed  is  at  least  halt  a  bushel,  (u-  fitly 
cents  to  $1  an  acre,  and  the  difference  in  the 
crop  is  fully  one-fourth,  or  upon  fiiirly  good 
soil,  six  bushels,  or  SjfU  per  acre. 


(,< 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


CAB.BOI.XC   ACID. 

{Continued  from  page  9U.) 

CATTLE     DISEASE 

in  Europe,  the  rinderpest.  It  was  used  nbout 
the  stalls  in  the  proportion  of  2  pounds  or 
pints  to  the  barrel  or  40  gallons  of  water.  In 
the  pleuro-pneumonia  of  cattle  it  has  been 
found  equally  serviceable  used  in  the  same 
■way.  In  these  and  other  blood  diseases  in 
cattle,  I  would  advise  the  internal  adminis- 
tration of  carbolic  acid  as  a  drink  in  the  pro- 
portion of  half  an  ounce  of  the  acid  to  the 
gallon  of  water.  In  murrain,  rinderpest,  the 
Texas  cattle  disease  and  others  of  a  like  fatal 
character  no  other  remedy  has  been  found  of 
any  specific  value  whatever.  If,  as  thought 
l)y  many,  these  diseases  depend  upon  the  in- 
troduction into  the  circulation  of 

POISONOUS    .SPOKES,    OR    ANIMALCULES, 

WO  must  follow  them  into  the  circulation,  run 
them  down,  capture  aud  destroy  them  in  the 
body  by  an  agent  which  we  know  will  destroy 
them  out  of  tlie  body. 

A  singular  disease  occurred  in  our  neibor- 
ing  county  of  Santa  Cruz  two  or  three  years 
ago.  "The  first  symptoms  ajjpear  to  be  an 
itching,  or  the  desire  to  rub  some  portion  of 
the  body,  the  friction  momentarily  allaying 
the  torment,  which  soon  returns  with  in- 
creased violence  until  skin  aud  hair  are  rub- 
bed off;  the  animal  becomes  frantic,  aud  dies 
in  a  period  varying  from  eight  to  twenty-four 
hours  after  the  first  symptoms  have  shown 
themselves.  Sometimes  they  bleed  to  death. 
Mr.  E.  McClure,  veterinary  surgeon  of  Phila- 
delphia, attributes  the  disease  to  cntozoic 
parasites  taken  into  the  stomach  from  the 
grass,  in  the  form  of  ova  of  these  parasites." 
These  were  cases  in  which  carbolic  acid,  ad- 
ministered internally,  would  in  all  probability 
have  destroyed  the  iJaratites  and  saved  the 
animals. 

The  known  efficacy  of  carbolic  acid  as  a 
wash  in  the 

SCAB    AND    KOT    IN  SHEEP 

needs  no  comment.  It  may  be  equally  ser- 
viceable in  grub  in  the  head  if  used  at  an  early 
stage  of  the  disease. 

On  account  of  its  deadly  influence  upon 
the  lowest  forms  of  animal  and  vegetable  life, 
it  has  been  used  with  great  success  among 
our 

DOMESTIC    FOWLS. 

These  are  well  known  at  times  to  be  afflicted 
with  vermin  that  literally  eat  them  up.  Hens 
will  sometimes  be  found  setting  upon  a  nest 
full  of  eggs  dead  and  covered  with  millions 
of  lice.  If  these  latter  be  examined  they  will 
be  found  filled  with  blood.  But  take  your 
hens  .ind  apply  a  solution  of  this  add  in 
about  the  strength  of  an  ounce  to  a  gallon  of 
water  to  the  bodies  of  the  birds,  under  their 
wings,  and  sprinkle  the  same  over  the  walls, 
roosts,  and  nests  of  the  hen  houses,  and  these 
vampires  will  soon  disappear.  In  cases  of 
swelled  head,  staggers  and  other  epidemic 
and  contagious  diseases  a  few  drops  of  the 
acid  might  be  added  to  their  water  troughs, 
and  the  disinfectant  solution  mentioned  above 
might  be  sprinkled  about  the  houses  and 
suspended  in  saturated  rags  among  their 
roosts.     In  the 

KIDNEY    DISEASE    AND    MEASLES  OF    HOOS, 

and  in  the  distemper  in  dogs  aud  colts,  car- 
bolic acid  used  as  directed  lias  been  found  of 
great  service. 

In  our  limited  space  we  have  been  able  to 
take  but  a  passing  glance  at  this  important 
subject.  Volumes  might  be  written  without 
exhausting  it.  With  hundreds  and  thousands 
of  intelligent  observers,  however,  throughout 
the  country  its  successful  employment  in 
many  of  the 

DISEASES   op    BOTH    MAN    AND    BEAST 

will  be  only  a  question  of  time.  When  we 
reflect  that  it  is  derived  from  coal,  we  cannot 
wonder  that  it  should  resemble  its  progenitor 
in  its  multifarious  uses;  for  coal  warms  the 
civilized   world,   cooks  for  half  of  mankind, 


besides  turning  half  their  machinery;  propels 
thousands  of  ocean  palaces  round  the 
world;  and  presents  us  with  pigments  that 
vie  with  the  rainbow  in  its  brilliant  hues. 
And  why  should  it  not?  It  is  but  the  con- 
centrated essence  of  the  forests  of  the  ancient 
world.  Luxuriating  in  an  atmospheric  ocean 
of  carbonic  acid  gas,  what'  wonder  that  those 
ancient  trees  should  gather  and  store  vip  the 
wealth  of  hydro-carbons  that  now  light  the 
humble  tenements  of  the  poor,  illuminate  the 
palaces  of  the  rich,  and  flash  their  diamond 
lights  along  the  thoroiighfares  of  the  great 
cities  of  the  world.  What  wonder  that  it 
should  contain  valuable  dyes,  brilliant  colors, 
exquisite  perfumes  and  valuable  remedies 
when  those  old  trees  bloomed  and  basked  in 
the  light  and  warmth  of  a  genial  sun?  It  is 
but  ancient  chemistry  reiieating  itself.  It  is 
but  the  resurrection  and  reproduction  of  the 
solar  rays  of  the  old  world  after  they  had  laid 
for  countless  ages  embalmed  in  the  rocky 
mausoleums  of  earth. 
San  Josk,  April,  1875. 


NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

Resoubcbs  of  Santa  Claea  Valley,  CALiron- 
NiA.     Published  by  the    San  Jose  Board 
of  Trade.     Illustrated  with  engravings  of 
several  public  buildings  and  private  resi- 
dences.    32  pages.  Mercunj  print.  Price, 
1.5  cents. 
This  book  is  designed  to  show  the  advan- 
tages of   our   valley  as  a  place  of  residence; 
and  the  c'imate,  soil,  productions,  educational 
and  other  important   matters   are   placed  be- 
fore enquirers  iu  a  concise  and  readable  shape. 
A  map  of  the  county  is   bound  in   wiih   the 
book.     Send  stamp  and  15  cents  to  San  Jose 
Board  of  Trade  for  a  copy. 

Life  and  Career  of  Tibukcio  Vasquez,  the 
Bandit  and  Murderer.     By    Eugene  T. 
Sawyer.     Price,  .50  cents.     B.  H.  Cottle, 
pubUsher,  San  Jose. 
This  is  the  title  of   a  48-page  pamphlet,  in 
cover,   illustrated   with  life-like   portraits    of 
Vasquez  and  Sherifl'  Adams.  It  is  as  complete 
and  accurate  an  account  as  could  be   written 
within  the   same  space.      Probable    there  is 
not  a  person  living  so  well   able  to  write  this 
work  as  Mr.  Sawyer.     As  a   reporter,  he  has 
kept  close  track  of   the  bandit,  and  has  inter- 
viewed parties   concerned  and   Vasquez  liim- 
self,  and  written    more   and    oftener   for  the 
press  concerning  his  career,   capture  and  exe- 
cution than  any  other  man.     Mr.  E.  K.  Dun- 
lap,  at  the  post-oflice  newstand,  San  Jose, has 
procured  the  sole  agency   for   the  book.      It 
will  be  found  intensely  interesting. 


AVEKILL  CHEMICAL  PAINT. 

The  Averill  Chemical  Paint  has  e^-idently 
now  a  run  of  business  that  it  deserves.  Since 
Tyler  Beach,  our  old  townsman,  took  the 
management  of  the  manufactory  it  has  done 
a  splendid  business.  Parties  living  in  the 
country  about  San  Jose,  who  think  of  paint- 
ing, aie  referred  to  the  following  named 
parties  and  buildings  in  San  Jose  that  have 
used  it:  Mr.  Tisdale,  of  the  Farmer's  Gold 
Bank,  on  the  Alameda;  D.  C.  Bailey's  house 
on  Third  street;  Mrs.  Ashley's  fine  house, 
fronting  St.  J.ime's  Piirk;  the  two  new  houses 
built  by  Mrs.  Hawes  on  Second  street.  James 
Lick  is  using  a  laage  amount  (COO  gallons)  on 
his  buildings  on  Lick's  homestead.  Mr.  J. 
S.  Carter,  grain  dealer,  has  painted  his  barn 
with  No.  4  tint.  Theodore  Lienzen,  Archi- 
tect, is  using  it  on  his  buildings.     Hay's  new 


building,  on  Second  street,  adjoining  Central 
Morket,  and  many  others.  By  examining 
for  yourselves  before  purchasing  paint,  you 
will  bo  convinced  that  for  superior  body  and 
gloss  there  is  no  paint  equal  to  it.  It  is  at 
once  the  cheapest,  most  durable,  and  best 
paint  made,  and  is  ready  prepared  for  use 
without  any  mixing. 

NEW  STORE  AND  FIHil. 

Messrs.  Smith  &  Byder,  jewelers,  have  fit- 
ted up  the  rooms  in  Wilcox  Block  formerly 
occupied  by  the  Farmers'  National  Gold  Bank 
and  opened  a  fine  assortment  of  American 
watches,  clocks,  and  gold  jewelry.  They  will 
make  a  specialty  of  heavy,  strong  watches 
for  farmers'  use.  They  are  also  sole  agents 
for  the  Chickering  piano  and  Estey  cottage 
organ.  Read  their  advertisement  and  give 
them  a  call. 


Nothing  has  yet  been  developed  in  regard 
to  the  Calaveras  valley  water  project.  The 
company  of  which  Felton  and  lIcLuughlin 
are  the  leading  spirits,  is  holding  back,  await- 
ing developments  in  San  Francisco.  They 
think  that  that  city,  before  long,  must  look  to 
them  for  its  water  supply.  Then  they  will 
conclude  the  purchase  of  the  land  iu  the  Cal- 
averas valley  and  proceed  to  the  erection  of 
the  great  dam,  which  will  have  a  hight  of  2:J0 
feet.  The  water  will  cover  an  area  of  about 
1400  acres,  and  will  have  an  average  depth  of 
100  feet.  The  volume  of  water  will  be  im- 
mense, and  will  be  gathered  from  the  creeks 
known  as  Smith's,  the  Arroyo  Hondo,  and 
the  Calaveras.  The  reservoir  will  hav(!  a 
water  shed  of  about  254  square  miles.  The 
cost  of  purchasing  all  the  land  required  by 
the  company  will  be  about  $2(11), 000.  Of  this 
amount  $45,000  have  already  been  paid.  The 
balance  will  be  paid  on  the  first  of  December 
next . — J/tTcur-y . 

The  habit  of  being  always  industriously 
employed  is  a  great  safeguard  through  life,  as 
well  as  essential  to  the  cultivation  of  every 
virtue. 


ORCHARD  FOR  SALE 

CViXTAININ'G  TEX  ACRES  OE  THE 
I  Viry  lipst  Land,  lully  iiiiprovcrt.  On 
tUe  place  arc  3  ains  of  lilarkbtmes.  1 
licre  (if  Strawberric  s.  .'i(X)  Barllett  Pear  tries 
tlirre  years  olil.  jilbt  L-oming  intu  bearing: 
11)0  Winter  Nelis  trees,  three  years  eld:  1 
aire  of  Foreign  Urapes:  an  Old  Orchard  in 
full  heariuR  of  Quince,  Bartlctt,  Winter 
NeliB  and  Easter  Beurre  Peare.  SIX)  Fi  ench 
Prune  trees.  Also,  a  House.  Barn,  Carriage 
H«>use.  :i  superior  Wells.  2  Windmills,  and 
a  Horse-power  for  raising  water.  For 
tenus.  etc.,  apply,  either  by  letter  or  per- 
sonally, to 

JOSEPH  L.EI.ON6, 

San  Jose.  Cal. 


LOUIS    CHOPARD, 

WATCHMAKER, 

J  t:  ^^M-:  L  L  E  R , 

And  dealer  in 

SPECTACLES  AND  CUTLERY, 

At  Low  Figures. 


O^  Watches  and  Jewelry  carefully  repaired. 

10.  G.  T.— GRANGER  LODGE,  No.  295,  meeta 
•  evcay  MONDAY  eveping.  at  8  o'clock,  in  tht-ir 
Hall,  No  284  Sauta  Clara  street,  over  the  S.  J.  Savint;;8 
Bank.  Mt-mbt-rs  of  eister  Lodges  and  sojourning 
members  in  good  standing  are  invited  to  attend. 

S.  B.  CALDWELL,  W.  C.  T. 

John  B.  Stevens,  W.  Sec'y. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


FARMERS, 

PAIITT  YOUE   BUILDmaS 


^AND    TdUn — 


ZMFZiSMZlTTS  ! 


USE    TI-IE    BEST  I 


USE     THE 


mmcHiiiiLFM 


It  Costs  Less,  Lasts  Longer  and  Looks 
Brighter  thun  Any  Other  Good  Paint. 

It    Does  not  Crack,   nor   Chalky   iwr  Peel  Off. 


SEE  THAT   YOUR  PAINTER   USES   IT. 


Remember,  it  is  prepared  iu  Liquid  Form,  ready  for 
application;  can  be  obtained  of  Any  Shade  or  Color, 
and  is  Composed  of  the  Best  Materials,  thoroughly  in- 
cori)orated.  bo  that  it  does  not  spnil  by  standing. 

Fur  Beauty  of  Finish  and  Brilliancy  of  Color  it  is 
■without  a  rival. 

Remember,  with  this  Paint  you  can  do  your  own 
painting  better  than  it  can  be  done  with  any  other 
Paint. 

It  is  al%vnys  Ready  for  Use. 

Pnint  yunr  Houses— Paint  your  Wngons,  IMowing 
Machines,  Plows,  etc.,  etc.  It  Pays  in  tlie  long  run  to 
do  it. 

The  Averill  Paint  is  the  Paint  for  everybody 
the  B.st  and  M.^t^t  Kcononil.al  Paiufc  in  the  world. 

AKli  your  sture-kcei^er  for  it. 


SUBSCRIBE 


FOK  THE ~~m     ^ 

u  N  s  n  I  N  _LJ 


? 


— THE     ONLY — 

CHILDREFS  MAGAZIUE 

Published  on 

THE    PACFIC     COAST. 

Only     Sl.lO    a    Year. 

A  suimnEEsinoR  children! 

And  one  that   will    rnntinne 

A    Source    of     Pleasure 

During  the  whole  year. 


Address,  SUNSHINE,  Postoffice  Box  288  Santa  Clara. 

Milton  Campbell. 


—  DKALER   IN- 


STOVES, 

PUMPS, 

IRON  PIPES. 

TIN  EOOFING, 

ETC.,  ETC. 
[UST  ST.,  near  Central  Market. 

.SAN   JOSE. 


FARMERS'  Ul 

(SuocesBorB  to  A.  Phisteu  &  Co.) 

Corner  of  Second  and  Santa  dlara  Sts., 


SAN  JOSE. 


CAPITAL 


$100,000. 


Wm.  Ekhboji,  President. 


H.  E.  Hills,  Manager. 


Dliectora : 


Wm.  Erkson, 
I.,  y.  cliipman, 
Hi'Vhci-  Little, 
C.  T.  Settle, 


Thomas  E.  Snell. 


J.  P.  Dudley, 
I>avid  ('ampliell, 
Jaiues  Singleton, 
E.  A.  Braley, 


KK?"  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  Business.  Also, 
receive  deposits,  on  which  such  inttrest  vfill  be  al- 
lowed as  may  t)e  agreed  upon,  and  make  loans  on  ap- 
proved security. 


S^N"  JOSE 
SAVEI^GS    BAfiK, 


280  Saii/a  Clara  Sliect. 

CAPITAL  STOCK       . 
Paid  in  Capital  (Gold  Coin) 


$600,000 
$300,000 


Officers : 

President John  H.  Moore 

Vice-President S.  A.  Bishop 

Cashier H.  H.  Keynolds 


Directors : 

John  H  Moore,  Dr.  B  Bryant, 

H.  Mabury,  S.  A.  Bishop, 

H.  H.  Eeynolds,  Jnmes  Hart, 

James  W.  Whiting. 


NEW  FEATURE: 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts,"  bearing  Inter- 
ewtat  6,  8  and  10  percent  per  imnum;  interest  payable 
prnmptlyat  the  end  of  six  months  from  dateof  de- 
posit. The  ■'  Receiijt"  may  be  transferred  by  indorse- 
ment and  the  principle  with  interest  paid  to  holder. 

Interest  also  allowed  on  Book  Accounts,  beginning 
at  date  of  deiJosit. 

Our  vaults  art-  lurtje  and  str'Hig  as  any  in  the  State, 
and  specially  fidaptcil  for  thr  safr-kfi  pin;;  i>f  Bonds, 
Sti.icks.  PajitTH,  Jewelry,  Wilverwari;,  tiusU  ll"xes,  etc., 
at  trifling  cdst. 

Draw  Exrhange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  in 
Goldnr  Ouricncy,  at  reasonable  rates. 

Buy  and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


rAB.iy[z:B.s' 

National  Gold  Bank 


OF  SAN  JOSE. 


P11I1I  iipra|ii(al  (Gold  Coin) .f5no,ono 

Aiitlioriii'il  Ciipilnl f  1,000,000 

President .JOHN    W.  HINDS 

Vi«--Presldcut E.  C.  SINGLHTAllY 

CashiiT \V.  T.  TISDALE 

Directors  t 

0.  Biirrcl.  C.  G.  Harrison. 

Wni.  II.  TiBiliile,  E.  0.  Siuslitiiry, 

E.  L.  Bnidliy.  Wm.  L.  Titidalo, 

Jolin  W.  Hinds. 


Win  allow  intprost  on  Deposits,  buy  and  srll  Ex- 
rhantie,  make  i-ollet'tlons,  loan  money,  anil  trausart 

A  General  Banking   Business. 

special  indnccment.s  offered  t<i   farmers,  nierrhants, 
mechanies,  and  all  classes  I'or  commercial  accounts. 

Cor.   First  and    Santa   Clara  Sts., 

SAN  JOSE.  sop 


HOW  TO  PAIITT, 

A  New  Work  by  a  Practical  Painter,  designed 
for  the  use  of  Tradesmen,  DIecUanics,  Merch- 
ants, FarnierH,  an<l  as  a  Guiile  to  Professional 
Painters.  Containing  a  plain,  common  sense  state- 
of  the  methods  employed  by  Painters  to  produce  sat- 
isfactory results  in  Plain  and  Fancy  Painting' 
of  every  description,  including  Forntulas  f»'r  Mix- 
ing Paint,  in  Oil  or  Water,  Tools  required,  etc. 
This  is  just  the  Book  needed  by  any  person  having 
anj-thing  to  paint,  and  makes  **every  Man  his 
own  Painter."" 

Full  Directiims  for  using  White  Leatl,  Lnntp- 
Blaclc,  Ivory  Black,  Prussian  Bine,  I'ltra- 
Marine,  Green,  YelloAv,  Vermilion,  Brown, 
Lake,  Carmine,  Whiting,  Glue,  Pumice 
Stone,  Asphaltum  and  Spirits  of  Turpen- 
tine, Oils,  Varnishes,  Furniture  Varnish, 
Milk  Paint,  Preparin<f  Kalsomine, 

PAINT  FOE  GUT-BUILDINGS, 

WUite^vash,  Paste  for  Paper-llan{f>ng"» 
Graining  in  Oak,  Maple,  Mahoj^'any,  Rose- 
wood, Black  Walnut ;  Uan<;ing'  Paper, 
Stainin^;,  Gildiii<;,  Bronzin<;,  Transferring 
Decalcomania,  Making  Rustic  Pictures, 
Paintiikg  Flower-Stand,  Mahogany  Polish, 
Rosowood  PoIislL.  Varnishing  Furniture, 
Waxing  Furniture,  Cleaning  Paint, 

PAINT  FOE  FAEMING  TOOLS, 

for  Machinery,  and  for  Uouseliold  Fixtures. 

TO  PAINT  A  FAEM  WAGON, 

to  Re-varniah  a  Carriage,  to  make  Plaster 
Casts.  The  work  is  neatly  printed,  with  illustra- 
tions wherever  they  can  serve  to  make  the  subject 
plainer,  and  it  will  save  many  times  its  cost  yearly. 
Every  family  should  possess  a  copy.  Price  by  mail 
post-paid.  $  I  ,    Address 

AL^riculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 

SAN    JOSE,  CAL. 


lil 


Kooins,  No.  331  Santa  Clara  st.,  San  Jose. 
Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County. 

The    Singer    Serving     Macliine     Conpany 
sold.  in"l.S73.  :»;W,4r't4  Macliims,  and  Ii:(,r-i5* 

MORE  THAN  ANY  OTHEIt  SEWING   MACHINE  COMPANY. 


tf?~  We  have  a  Fii-st-class  Machinist  employed,  and 
make  the  repairing  of  all  sorts  of  Sewing  Machines  a 
specialty.  Old  machines  taken  in  exchange  for  new. 
All  work  warranted. 


J.   N.  SPENCER, 

Real     Estate    Agent 

AND 

Cszieral     ii-actioxieer. 


It^arhis  of  evury  de.schiptioiv — 
Vulloy  and  Hill  Iniuis— llit^h  iiiitl  Low  prii-fd 
I-'iiniiH — l-'iiruis  to  Biilt  cvcrybudy.  CiTrfepoudeure 
Bolicited.  KuRiuess  ChniiceB  a  specialty.  Property  of 
every  dcKcriptiou  boiiglit  and  sold.  Ilouses  rented, 
and  LoallB  neyoUatrd.  oc 


IJAIX'TKR'S  Miinuiil— IlnUBO  and  bIrii  piiinling. 
yriti?iinR,  VHrniwIiinK.  lt<dit;hin{4.  kalsoniininR.  pa- 
perint'.  .V;.-  .  .".«  .clitB.  Itocd.  of  Alpliiilnts.  .Vl;  S.  rollB 
;ind  Ornanu'ntH.  fl:  Carpcnti-r'B  l\Iii7Hinl.  '>(!;  'Wnt.li- 
nuiker  iind  Jcwekr,  SI);  Taxidormist.  ."id;  Soai>-nial(er, 
■iri;  Autli.irsliip,  .''ill;  I.iglitninj,'  Calrulatir.  i'r.  Hunter 
and  'I'rapp.'r'K  (luide,  20;  Dok  Trainini;.  :!r).  Of  I'ook- 
BoU,  IB.  ..r  liv  mail.  JESSE  UANEY  ,^  CO.,  ll'.lKas 
Biul  Btreet,  N.  Y.  f" 


•^#ji3^^i^ 


fT"^., 


'WtM 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


ifj     Ziocl^e    <&    Mozitague, 

|-   \  IltPOKTERS  A2*D  DEALEUS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  &,c. 

112  and  114  Battery  Street 


S.VI«  FRANCISCO. 


WM.   SHEWS 

HEW  mmmm  establishment, 

H5  KEARNY  ST.,    SAN  FRANCISCO. 

This  well  known  *'Pu-lace  of  Art,"  formerly  lo- 
cateci  )U  Muntgoiucry  St.,  No.  417,  is  now  on 
Kearny  St.,  No.  115  aiul  hap  no  connotation  with  any 
other.  StrHiit^rrs  visiting  the  City  will  find  it  fortheir 
interest  to  patiom/i-  this  entabliehment  for  any  kind 
of  picture  fnini  Minature  to  Life  Size. 

N.  B.  The  very  best  Rembrandt  Cards  Album  Pi/.e 
$  per"'doz.  eqnal  to  any  that  cost  S4  on  Montf^'omery 
St.;  other  eizes  equally  low  in  proportion.        ap 


THE  NEW  IMPROVED 


Bide   Feed   and  Back   Feed. 

THE  LIGHTEST  RUNNING,  MOST  SIM- 
PLE, AND  MOST  EASILY  OPERATED 
SEWING  MACHINE  IN  THE  MARKET. 

sin 

If  there  is  a  FLORENCE  MACHINE 
within  one  thonsand  miles  of  San  Fran- 
cisco not  working  well,  I  will  fix  it  with- 
out any  expense  to  the  owner. 

SAMUEL  HILL,  Agent, 
No.  19  New  Montgomery  Street, 

GRAND    HOTEL    BUILDING, 

SAN  FRANCISCO. 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

C CARRIAGE    niAKER.       PIONKER    CAR- 
J  riage  Shop. 

314  Second  Street, 

Between  Santa    Claia    street    and    Fountain    Alley. 

SAN  JOSE. 

Agent  for  Fish  Bro. "s  Wagons. 

'  R.  S.  THOMPSON^ 

NAPA,    <    \  I, . 


IMPORTER  AND  BREEDER  OF 
THOROUGH-BRED 


BERKSHIRE    SWINE. 


SHERMAN  &  HYDE, 

Cor.  Kearny  and  Suffer  Sfs. 
saw  Francisco, 

WHOLESALE  AND  RETAII.  DEALEttB  IN 

SHEET  MUSIC, 

Musical  Instruments, 


MUSIC  A  L    MER  CIIA  NDISE, 

Orders  from  the  Interior  promptly  filled. 

MANTTTACTUHERa  OF  THE 


Acknowledged  by  Musicians  to  be  the  Bert  Low 

Priced  Instruments  ever  offered  for  sale 

on  this  Coast. 


These  Superb  Instruments  have  achieved  a 
success  unjiaralleled  in  the  historj-  of  Piano-forte 
Manufaeture. 

They  are  remarkable  for  Great  Volume,  Purity 
and  Sweetness  of  Tone,  and  Durability. 


THE  CELEBRATED 


/^ 


Atj^^g, — ^ — s — a — A — ■S' — j-==iit^<^ 


The  ]Mnst  Desirable  Instruments  iiS  the  market 
for  clmrch  and  jmrlor.     Over  23,00<3  now  in  use. 

SHERMAX  &  HYD£, 

GEXERAT,    AGESTS, 

S.tN   FRANCISCO. 


4?^ 


Tustiaa's  Patent 

FIRST  PRESIIUM  ■•    l\ 

WIND -MILLS!"' 

—  AND  — 

HORSEjPqWERS. 

F.\(T<>nY— Corner    Market   and  |  , 
Heal  Kts.,  Kiin  Francibco. 
Sond  for  DECCRIPTIVE  ClECin-AIiS. 

W.  I  TUSTIN,  PATENTEE. 


THE  PARKE RGUN.^ 


SEND   STAMP  FOR  CIRCULAR 

PARKER  BRO'S 

WEST  MERIDEN.CT. 
P.  "W.  Zleardon  <&  Co. 


o 

►1 

^'  01 
o    H 


Itijrlit  and  HeaA-yWagrons,  Express  "W'agons, 

Top    and    Open    Buggies.    <'arriiiges. 

Rockaways,  Gigs  ami  Barouclies. 

MADE    OF    THE    VERY    BEST    ASSORTED    MA- 
terial.    All  work  warratitiil,    Jnbbint^of  all  kiiidH. 

\M^^  IriniEBg,  Slacksmiihin^,  and 
^oud  Work, 

Reorders  ivlll   recc>i%'«  Prompt  Attention. 

THE 

Jackson  Wagons 

Are  known  Im  be 

THE  BEST  FARIVZ  WAaONS 

Sold  on  this  Coast.  SoUl  quite  as  low  as  the  verj' 
many  poor  ones  offered  for  huIo.  We  warrant  them 
for  two  years.  For  sale  in  San  Jose  at  San  Francisco 
prices  by  Uaskell  tSi  Mott,  Ayents.  corner  of  Thir(J 
and  Santa  Clara  streets. 

J.   D.  ARTHUR  &  SON, 

Inip(»rttre,  San  Francisco. 

■  SANIA  CLARA   VALLEY 

1DB.-C7C  STORE, 

400    Santa  Clara  street.    Op- 
posite the  Convent, 

SAN    JOSE, 

JOHSr  D.  SCOTT,  M.D., 

Physician  and  Druggist. 

HUBBARD  6l  GO'S 

OeiFirst    Street, 

H8i        SAN   JOSE. 

M  E  AT    MARKET. 

SAITTA  CLARA  TAHNERy. 

JACOB  EBERHARDT,  Peopeietob. 

ALL  KINDS  OF  LEATHER.  SHEEP  SKINS,   AND 
\\'0OL.    Highest  price  paid  for  Sheep  Skins,  Tal- 
low, Wool,  etc. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Patent 
Pump 
Valve. 


Grain 


Dealer. 


Candy 


Factory. 


Fresh   Cauily 

and 

Ice  Cream. 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

Wiifox'Blopk,No.l(ll  First  St., 
SAir    JOSE,    CAIi. 

Caiifomia  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AlTD  SHOES, 

A  Large  and  Superior  Assortment. 

rfo.    394     First    Street, 

^"ili.ux  Blurk,  Sau  Jose. 


''Phese  Valves  are  thesim- 

X  pl'-bt  aud  ]uost  perfect  in  cuUHtruc- 
tiun  of  auy  Valve  ever  iuveutrd.  For 
cheapness,  durability  iind  capacity  of 
diHiharj^nnf^  water,  tliey  are  not  equaled 
by  auy  utlier  Valve.  We  niauufacture 
sizes  from  U  ti>  7  iucliey  diameter,  aud 
fnr  Hand,  WinilmiU  and  Horse-power 
or  Steam  Pumps. 

We  also  keep  on  hand  and  nianufac- 
turu  the  best  and    clicaiieBt  Well  Pii'Es. 

FRED.  KLEIN, 

Di'alor  in  StovcB.  etc..  No.  221  Santa 
t'hira  street,  a  few  (iuors  west  of  the 
Pustoftice.  Kan  -Jofie, 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

337  Fiisl  Street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE 

PAID  FOR 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


C.    SCHRODEI^, 

mmik  mil  factor?, 

349  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Near  tho  Opera  House,  Kan  Jose. 


Coufecf  ionery  in  Great  Variety, 
AVIiol8«ale  and  Retail. 

ft^  Orders  promptly  attended  to, 


SIVIITH    &     KirSEII 
JEWELEI\S,  &} 

Wilcox  Block,  First  St.,  San  Jose. 

TKUE     TIME     BY     TRANSIT. 

EEPAIEDTO  A  SPECIALTY. 


Sole   agents   fcir   tlie    ChiCkering 

Piano  anil  Estey  Organ. 


mm  m  im  stbrs, 

(Deutsche  Apotheke), 

HENEY     PIESSNECKEE, 

Proprietor, 

No.    330     Santn    Clara     Street, 

(Bet.  First  and  Sei-ond — South  side) 
8.\N    JOSE. 


SAN  JOSE  m  pactqe: 

I^AVKICZ:  O'SRIEZU-, 

WliidiKiale  and    Uetail 

Candy  Manufacturer, 

38?  Pirtt,  Street, 

Near  San  Fernando,  San  .Tosn, 


THE  BEST  m  THE  WOELD. 

NO     HOXISEKEEPER     CAN      MAKE    SWEET    AND 
WHOLESOME    BREAD  WITHOUT  IT. 


This  well-known  and  long-established  YEAST  POW- 
PEU  is  now  in  ^n-at  demand.  Sales  increasin^f  daily. 
Now  ^5  KrosB  per  day  to  the  trade.  D.  CALLAGHAN, 
now  sole  mannfai'tiirer  and  proprietor,  uses  no  drugs 
— no  bone  dust;  pure  white  Cream  of  Tartar,  imported 
direct  and  groimd  on  the  premises,  being  the  chief  in- 
gredient. 


Always  on  hand  and  for  sale  at  lowest  prices: 

CallagfUan^s  Yeast  Po^vder,  in  1  lb  cans,  a  su. 

perinr  artiele. 
Callajsrhan^s  Cream  of  Tartar,    in  all  styles  of 

l>iickaf;es. 
Calla^Uan's  Pure   Hn^Iish   Bi-carbonate  of 

Soda  and  Saleratus^ 

FOR  SALE  BY    ALL    GROCERS. 

— ALSO  — 

Cream  of  Tartar  Crystals  and  Kn^lisli  Bi- 
carbonate  of  Soda,    in  kejLfa. 

FOR  SALE  By 

D.    CALLAOHAN   &  CO., 

MANUFACTUIIERS, 
my]     No.  131  Front  Street,    San  Francscio. 


MAY.       1 

s. 

M. 

T. 

w. 

T. 

F. 

s. 

2 

~3 

4 

~5 

~6 

7 

8 

9 

lO 

1  r 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

2f 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

RHODES  &  LEWIS, 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.   355  First    Street, 

S.\N  JOSE. 


R.  C.  Kirby  &  Co., 

TA1T1TE21S! 

SmCHIIZOAmKNEBSIllEUm:!! 


Wholesale  Dealers. 


OFFICE  I 

402  and  404  Battery  St., 

Sail  Francisco. 


Antor\io  Damor\te, 

Santa  Clara  Valley 

CAFDY    FACTORY, 

Wholesale  and  Retail. 
S7o.  233  Kensley  Block, 

Santa  Clara  St.,  San  Jose. 


B.  A. 


TC  H 


San  Jose, 


Has  the  agency  of  the 

ECLIPSE    WIND -MILLS 

I'or  Santa  Clara  county, 
And  erects  them  with  bis  own  hands, 
and  guarantees  perfect  Batisfu<tiou  or  no 
pay.      Excellent   references    given    aud 
working  mills  shown  on  application. 

(fc^  For  description,  see   page  98  May 
No.  Cal.  Agriculturist.  my 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  Blacksmith  and  Carriage  Shop. 
Balbarli'.s  New   Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond at.  aiifl    Fountain  Alley, 
SAN   JOSE, 
Agent  for  Fish   Bro.  'g  Wagons . 

New  Work  and  repairing  of  Agriculhiral 
Implements,  etc. 

West's      American    Tire-Setter. 


FRED.   KLEIN, 

STOVES, 
SHEET-IRON, 

dypper.     Tinware,     Iron    Pumps, 
Kitchen  Utensils, 

Celebrated  Peerless  Stoves. 

aar  Santa   Clara  St  , 

Near  PoBtuffice.  S-^n  Jobe. 


WM.   FISCHER. 

Fresh  GHOEEEIE^EOVISmS, 

Hardware,  Etc.,  Etc., 
BOUGHT    LOW, 

— ANP— 

FOR    SAIii:     CHEAP, 

— AT — 

No.  294  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Near  Spring  &  Co'B  .Auction  Store, 
SAN  JOSE. 

Everybody   tliat  knows   Wjr.  FISCHER 
{and  he  is  well  known]  will  tes- 
tify thiit  his  Goods  are 

The  Best  and  llie  CliPiiprst  in  Town. 


L,   HOURIET  Eu  CO., 

Importers  and   wholesale  and  retail 
dealers  iu 

WATCHES,    CLnCKS,    DIAMONDS, 

JKWEI.RY, 

Silver  and  Plated  IXTare. 

Iti'imiriTiK  iil-omi'tly  und   ik  ,itly  done. 

No.  324  Santa  Clara  Street, 

11. IX  74:1.  B»n  Jose.  nij- 


•WSa   A.  IiEIVIS, 

Watoh-mabr  and  Jeweller, 

No,  309  First  Street, 

SAN  JOSE. 


Kew 

Candy 

Store. 
Ice-Cream. 


Eclipse 

Wind-MiUs 
are  the 

Perfect 
Self-Eegnlators 


Blacksmith. 


Patent 
Tire-Setter. 


Stoves, 


Kitchen 
Utensils. 


Groceries, 


Provisions, 


Family 


Supplies. 


?^<^ 


i  Volume  6. 


Uumler  5, 


Subscription  Price, 
$1.50  a  jrear. 


SAN   JOSE,   CAL.,  JUNE,    1875. 


Single  Copies, 
15  cents. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page  133,  Editoria!,  — i  Kew  Grape  vino  Peet. 

*♦    l^i4,  KaUorial  Notes.     Etc, 

*'  135,  Poetry.  —  Untilled  Laud.  To  a  Ynnng 
Man  LuaviriK  Home.  The  Two  RpapiTH. 
To-day  and  To-morrow.  Don't  Kun  in  Dt-bt. 
Pace  Implora.      Labor.      The  Plow.    MiBt. 

*    136,   Editorial.  —About  the  Season. 

**  137,  Editorial.  — Aericultiiral  and  GrauRo 
MatterB  in  tho  South.  Intornational  Exhi- 
bition at  Philadelphia. 

•'    138,  EditoriiU.— How  Shall  AVe  Celebrato. 

**  13l»,  Editorial.  —  SnmothiuR  About  the  Beet 
Sufjur  Interest.    Eduoatioiial.— PartB  of 

Speech.    Pupil  Fsirmtrs. 

**  lyO,  Correspondence. — An  Alarminc  Habit 
and  Cufitoni.  Artesion  Wells.  Apiary. — 
The  Heu  nnd  the  Honey  Bee.  Bee-keepiug 
for  Women.     Bees  in  the  U.  S. 

••  131,  The  Dorse. — Russian  Horses.  How  to 
feiiow  the  Age  of  Horses.  Weaning  Colts. 
Horticulture. — The  Strawberry  Region 
of  the  Pacific  Coast. 

*'  133,  Household  Reading;.  —  King  and 
Queen.  A  Question  of  lieform.  A*  Chat 
and  a  Lunch. 

**  133,  Dairy.— Treatment  of  Garget.  A  New 
Departure  in  Cheese-making.  Cheese  Sta- 
ti.stios.  Butter  Taints.  Points  in  Butter- 
making.  Stock  Breeder.— Cattle  RaiB- 
iug  the  U.  S. 

*•    134,  Stock    Breeder    (continued). 

•'  135,  Stock  Breeder  (continued).— Sour  Milk 
for  Calves.  Porcine.  —  Thoroughbred 
Swine.      White  vs.  Black  Hogs. 

*•  13i>,  Sheep  and  Goats.— The  Angora  Goat 
Again.     luiprovemeut  of  Sheep. 

••  137,  DonieKtic. — Learn  to  Keep  House.  Chnts 
V  ith  Purniers'  Wives  and  Daughters  (by 
Jewell) .  How  to  Cook  Tomatoes.  How 
Many  Farmers  Live.  Counecticui  Dough- 
nuts. 

'«  138,  Poultry  Yard.— Dark  Brahma  Fowls. 
Clinping  Wings.  Fresh  Eggs.  Management 
of  Ueese.     Weight  of  Eggs.     Etc. 

**  139,  Pisciculture.  —  Self-sustaining  Fish- 
culture.  Hy;;ienic.  —  Insulated  Beds. 
The  Evil:!  of  Alcohol  and  Tobacco. 

'•  140,  Women.  —  Baby  Drunkards.  Gentle 
Dignity  of  Woman.  Women's  Spending 
Money.    The  Society  of  Women. 

'*  141,  Editorial,  Fine  Merinos,  Fine  Poultry, 
etc. 


£.  A.  Clare. 


J.  W.  Haskell. 


CLAUK  E,  HASKELL, 

Heal  Estate,  and  Ereneral  Business  A^ent, 

SKARC'lIING  AND  CO  X  VE  Y  A  N  f  1  N  G 
promptly  and  correctly  done— Real  Estate  bou^^ht 
oud  sold.  OmcE;— la  Post  Office  Building. 


THOEOUSHSaSD  SPANISH  ^mm 

FOR    SALE. 


nf\  One  and  two  years  old  Thoronghhred 

v)U  Spanish  Mi  rino  Itanis,  California  bred,  from 
EweH  iniiiorled  from  Veimont,  and  sired  by  S  verance 
Jt  Peet's  » t'lebmted  ram  Tiiemont,  and  by  their  1....1 
(JiiEEN  JIiTTNTAiN,  which  took  the  first  pre  liiams  at 
ttie  Bay  DisUiit  and  State  Fairs.  Last  sheririug,  :J5^ 
lbs.  year's  growth.  Also,  ubcmt  ICK)  Ewes  and  Lambs, 
all  of  Green  Mountain  stoi-k,  lired  this  year. 

je  B,   F.  WATKINS,  S«ntii  Clara.  Cal. 

DOIT'T     THUTK 


BecausG  We  Trust 

THOSE  WOETHY  OF  CEEDIT 

Wo  cannot  sell 

Groceries,      Hardware, 

And    \11    Kinds  of   Goods, 

As  Cheap  for  Cash 

As  Any  Store  in  Santa  Clara  Co. 


T  R  Y     XJ  S. 

Mnrkel  Street,  San  Jose. 

LOOK  TO  YOUR  IHTEEESTS 

AXD    GO    TO    THE 

412  FIBST  ST.,  SAN  JOSE. 

Spring  Beds  SSade    to  Order  at 
Less  than  TVholcsale  Prices. 

It?"  Repairing  done.  Second-hand  Furniture  bought 
aud  Hold. 

Z.  TAYLOR. 


Mr.  STU-WESAITT, 

Of  Edgewoocl,  PonghkefjiRie,  New  York, 
wishing  to  inerense  his  Sliort-hnrn  herd  of 
cattle,  offers  for  sale  is  entire  herd  of 

AYI^SHIF^E    CATTLE, 

Containing  Twenty-five    Cows  in   milk  and  in  calf  to 
''ROBBIE       BRUCE," 

Undoubtedly  the  finest  Ayrshire  Viull  in  the  country; 
four  Heiiers.  due  to  calf  by  the  same  Bull  iluring  the 
Summer;  seven  Heifer  Calves,  dropped  this  Spring; 
four  liuU  Crilves  of  thi.'!  Spring;  one  yenrliiig  Bull,  and 
the  Bull  ROBBIE  BRUCE.  This  entire  herd  will  be 
sold  for  the  STun  of  $8,000. 

This  herd  is  coiiiiios*-!  of  the  two  entire  herds  for- 
merly belonging  to  Mr.  W.  Hiruiejof  SpringfieM  Mn.'wi., 
and  Mr.  H.  s.  Collins,  CoUiusville,  C<^tun.  Mr.  Stuy- 
vesant  having  some  years  since  bought  these  two  en- 
tire herds,  and  having  hatl  a  weelingout  K«le  last  fall. 

The  above  stock  is  now  recorded  in  I^Ir.  Bagg's  Ca- 
nadian and  American  Ayrshire  Herd  Book.  Mr.  Stuy- 
vesant.  however,  will  agree  to  record  all  this  stock 
either  in  the  new  volume  to  be  issued  by  the  .\yrshire 
Breeders'  Aesociatiou.  or  in  Measrs.  Sturtevant's  new 
work  called  "  North  American  Ayrshire  Itegister,"  or 
in  both,  to  suit  the  buver. 

yir.  Stiiyve-^ant  wa-i  "invirde'l  the  HERD  PRIZE  at 
the  New  York  State  Fair  at  Rochester,  last  Fall,  with 
large  competition. 

THE    PEDIGREES 

of  this  stock  are    all  g^iod.    CnlHlogues  containing  a 
description  of   the  herd   will   he   sent  on  application. 
Also,  catalogue  of  the  small  but  value  herd  of  SUort- 
liorns  at  Edgewood  written  out  on  applieHtion. 
Address.  -TKO.  R.  STUYVESANT, 

Edgewood.  Poughkcepsie,  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y. 

SHQI5ErAlffi?i3iiE§,?llOVi§IQNS, 

T£AS,    COFFSES, 

Cigars,    Tobacco,   Oil,   Lamps,    Etc. 

ALL  GOODS  WARRANTED  FIRST-CLASS 


TERM  S--C  ASH! 

c.    A.,    k  o  "cr  G  K, 

311    Santa     Clara    Street, 

San  Jose  Dank  Building. 


WOODLAND 
FOUZiTR^' 


'S'ARDS 

Victorious ! 


Half  the  Awards  at  the  Last  State  Fair. 


Send  for  Price  List  of  EGOS  and  FOWXS. 

DR.  W.  J.  PRATHEB, 
ap  Woodland,  Tolo  Co.,  C«l. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Ill 


ITo  Frog,  Uo  Foot; 


N  o  Foot,  N  o  Horse. 


J-JORSES  TROUBLED  WITH  Corns, 
Quarter  Cracks,  Znterrering,  Con- 
tracted XSoofs,  etc.,  are  soon  cureil  by 
the  Humane  and  Natural  Methotl  of 

HORSE  -  SHOEING 

PEACTICED  BY 

THS     SA»r     JOSS     BRANCH 


GOODEITOUGH 

Horse-Shoeing  Society 

OF  CALIFORNIA, 

319  Santa  Clara  Street, 

SAN  JOSE. 

At  the  above 

WHITESMITH     SHOP 

Is  applied  exchasively  the 

COODENOUCH    SHOE, 

Which  has  met  with  Ruch  Rupccsr?  in  San 
Francisco,  throughout  tho  East,  and  in  Eu- 
rope, jo 


BAN     JOSE     CLOTHING     STO 

266  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 

O'BANIOIT    Si 

KSerchant  Tailors  and  Clothiers,  Sealers  in  All  ZEinds  of 

GEITTS'     F-Cr2llT2S2i:i2Ta      GOODS, 

LICHTSTONE  BLOCK,  Nearly  Opposite  the  Auzerals  House. 


BREEDERS'  DIRECTOIIY. 


Parties  deeiring  to  purcliase  Live  Stock  will  find  in 
this  Directury  tbe  uameH  of  Buiue  of  the  moBt  reliable 
Breeders. 

Our  Rates.— Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  will  be  in- 
serted in  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50  cents 
])er  month.  A  line  will  average  about  eight  words. 
Payalde  annually. 

CATTLE. 


C.  B.   POIiHBMUS,  San  Jose.  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle, 

S.  N.  PUTNAM,    breeder   of    Pure-bred  Durham 
Cattle,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 


S.  B.  EMERSOIV.    Mountain    View,  Santa  Clara 
comity.  Cnl..   breeder    of  Shoii-Hurn  and  Holstein 

Cattle  and  Cutfswold  Sheep. 

CHA.Rl.ES  CI.ARK,  Milpitas.  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

CYRUS  JONES  <Si    CO.,   San    Jose.   Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breederB  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

COLEMAN  YOUNGER,    San    JoBe,  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  brex'der  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

Ij.  J.  HANCHETT,  San  .Jose,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

R.  G.   SNKATH,    Menlo  Park,  San  Mateo  Co.,  Cal., 
choice  Jerbey  Cows,  Heifers  and  Bull  Calves  for  sale 


CARR  <Si  CHAPMAN,  U.abihm,  Nonterey  county, 
Cal .,  breeders  of  Trotting  Horses,  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine. 

K.  B.  C'VNNON,  Suisun.  Solano  county,  California, 

breeder  of  Short-Hora  Cattle  and  Swine. 

.TOS.  L..  CHAMBERS,  St.  Johns,  Colusa  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

C.  COMSXOCK,  Sacramento,  California,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle, 

J.BREWSTER,  Gait  Station,  Sacramento  county, 
Cal,,  brecderof  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

WM.  FLEMING,  Napa,  California,  breeder  of 
Shoi"t-Horn  Cattle, 

W.  I..  OVERHISER.  Stockton,  San  Joaquin  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

J.  B.  REDMOND,  Black  Point,  Marin  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  iif  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

GEO.  R.  VERNON,  Oakland.  Alameda  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

MOSES  WICK,  OroviUe,  Butte  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.  R.  ROSE,  Lakeville.  Sonoma  cotmty,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 

G.  D.  MORSE,  San  Francisco,  Breeder  of  Short- 
Horn  and  Devon  Cattle. 

J.  R.  JBWEI.I..  Petaluma,  Sonoma  county,  Cal. 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

SENECA  DANIEl  S,  Lakeville,  Sonoma  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 

CIIAS.G.  BOCKIUS,  Lomo  Place,  Sutter  county, 
Cal.,  breoiler  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

JOHN  JUDSON,  Bloomfleld,  Sonoma  county,  Cal., 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

A.  MILL.\RD,  San  Rafael,  Marin  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Jerseys  and  Alderueys. 

U.  P.  LIVKRMORE,  San  Francisco,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 


BENNETT  &  PAGE,    San  Francisco,  breeders  of 
Sht>rt-Horn  Cattle. 


LEWIS  PIBRCE,  Suisvm,  Solano  county,  Califoi^ 
uia,  breeder  of  Short-Uorn  Cuttle. 


SHEEP  AND   GOATS. 


MRS.  ROBERT  BL.ACOW,  Centerville,  near 
Niles  Station,  Alameda  county,  Cal.  Pure-blooded 
French  Merino  itams  and  Ewes  lor  sale. 

A.  G.  STONESIPER,  Hill's  Feny,  Stanislaus  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Sheep. 

A.  "VROMAN,  Jenny  Lind,  Calaveras  county,  Cal., 
Cot^wold  Bucks  for  sale.  References,  Moody  &  Far- 
ifih,  San  Franoiscx);  Shippee,  McKee  &  Co.,  Stockton. 

niARSH  &  RETICKER,  San  Jose.  SanU  Clara 
county,  breeders  of  Pure  Angora  Goats. 

LENDRUM  *&  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal..  im- 
Ifortuiti  and  breeders  of  Pure  Angora  Goats. 

C.  P.  BAILEY,  San  Jose  Cal.,  importer,  breeder 
and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  Angora  Goats.  Fine 
Pure-bred  aud  Grade  Guats  for  sale. 

LEXDRUM  &  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal.    Im- 
porters  and  breeders  of  the  finest  Cotswold  Sheep 
and  Angora  Goats. 

MCCRACKEN  Si  LEWIS,  San  Jose,  Cal.    Ira- 
porters  and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goats.    Also, 
fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 

THOS.  BUTTEEFIELD  &  SON, 

BHEEDEnS    AND   IMPOUTEJIK  OF 

ANGORA    OR    CASHMERE    GOATS, 

KE^  Also,  Cotswold  and  other  long  wool  Sheep. "^ 

FRENCH  AND  SPANISH  MERINOS. 
HOLLISTER.      MONTEREY     CO.,     CAL. 


POULTRY, 


M  FALLON,  Seventh  and  Oak  streets,  Oakland, 
Cal..  offers  for  sale  Eggs  from  every  variety  of  choice 
Fowls. 

ALBERT  E,  BURBANIC,  43  and  44  California 
M:irket,  San  Francisco,  importer  and  breeder  of 
Fancy  Fowls.  Pigeons,  Rabbits,  etc. 


SWINE. 


CHARLES  CLARK,  Milpitas,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  purebred  Berkshire  Swine, 


MEAT  MARKETS, 


TEDDY  *:  BRO.,  Stall  No.  1.  City  Market,  do  a  geu- 
i  cral  butchering  and  market  business.    City  orders 
delivert  tl  free  of  extra  charge. 


MISCELLANEO  US, 

S.  HARRIS  BARRING,  San  Jose.  Cal..  agent  for 
several  breeders  of  Best  Purebred  animals  and  pi>ul- 
try.  We  bring  the  breeder  aud  purchaser  together 
direct,  and  do  n<.)t  stand  between  them,  while  we  aid 
each  for  moderate  pay. 

DAAVSON  «&  BANCROFT,  U.  S.  Live  Stock  Ex- 
change, southeast  corner  o4  Fifth  aud  Bryant  streets 
San  Francisco.  All  kinds  of  common  and  thorough- 
bred Stuck  always  on  exhibition  and  for  sale. 


SPLENDID    CARD     PHOTOGRAPHS,     onlv 

^•i  a  dozen,  aud  Cabinets  S-l  a  dozen,  at  HOW- 
LANO'S  Gallery  (Hecriug's  old  stand]  No.  3iVJ  First 
street.  San  Jose.  fe  ly 

WALLACE  &  ROBBINS,  380  First  street.  Handsome 
turnouts  always  on  hand  at  fair  prices.  Fine  hearso 
for  funerals.    CarriagcB  for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 


TH.  GORDON.  3.^1  Santa  Clara  street,  below  Second. 
•      Gas.  water  and  stoiim  fitting,  and  general  plumb- 
ing business.    Chax'ges  very  moaerate. 


BSANGITINETTI.  418  au4  420  First  si.  Bookcases, 
•   wanliobcs,  kitchen  safes  and  picture  frames  made 
to  order.    Furniture  made  and  repaii-ed. 


JKOSCIIKEN,  Hardware,  Builders'  Materials, 
"   House  Furnishing  litensils.  andall  kinds  of  Shelf 
Uai'dware,  117  First  Street,  San  Joso. 


Em^W 


Vol.  6. 


Saia.    Jose,   Cal.,    June,  1375. 


ITo.  6. 


A  NEW   GRAPE-VINE  PEST- 

Our  attention  was  called  by  Mr.  F.  Garri- 
gus,  of  Santa  Clara,  to  the  ravages  of  some 
sort  of  a  small  bug,  flea  or  fly  that  had  at- 
tacked Mr.  Norman  Porter's  vineyard  which 
is  situated  upon  chimasel  land  near  the  foot 
of  the  mountains  at  the  west  of  our  valley. 
Also,  Mr.  D.  C.  Feeley  brought  to  our  oflice 
some   of  the    same    sort   of  insects,  that  he 
said  were  attacking  a  small  vineyard  not  his 
own  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  same  range.     Af- 
ter a  look  at  the  insects  through  a  microscope, 
we  rode  over  to  the  Porter  place,  and  in  com- 
pany with  Mr.  Stone,  who  has  charge  of  the 
farm  and  who  kindly  assisted  us  in  bottling  a 
few  more  of  the  bugs,  we  made  a  close  obser- 
vation of  the  habits  of  the  insect  throughout 
the  vineyard.     Then  at  home  we  again  exam- 
ined with  the  microscope.     To  the  naked  eye 
the  full-grown  insect  is  about  one-tenth  of  an 
inch  long,  is   dark-colored,   has  wings  much 
like  those  of  a  com-mon  fly,  prominent  eyes, 
oval  body,  and  when  it  is  approached  exhibits 
fear,  and  if  disturbed,  with  a   quick  motion, 
almost  a  hop,  it  either  flies  or   drops   to   the 
ground,  where  it  seeks  shelter  under  clods  of 
earth,  dead  weeds   or   other   rubbish   of  any 
kind.     The  young  bugs,  when  first  hatched, 
look  like  tiny,  light-colored  spiders.     As  they 
get    larger  they  more   nearly    resemble   the 
green  aphis  in  shape,    not  in  color,  and  do 
not  get  wings  aijparently  till   the   last   shed- 
ding of  the  skin.     They  work  in  groups  and 
where  they  attack  a  vine   they   first   tap   the 
largest  leaves  and  the  bark  near  the  base   of 
the'  new  growth  of  wood,  and  invariably  take 
the  tenderest   new   growth   last,    seeming   to 
prefer  a  growth  nearly  matured  to  the  tender 
new  shoots.     They  will  cluster  thickly  upon 
whatever  they  attack.     As  they  rest  upon  the 
vines  their  heads  are  always  towards  the  ends 
of  the  vines,    and   with   such   regularity   do 
they  cluster  upon  the  wood   that  one  might 
easily   miss   seeing   them   did    not    the   vine 
wither  and  the  leaves  dry  up  wherever  the  in- 
sects infest  them.     Throughout  the  vineyard 
of  sixty  acres  the  bugs  seemed  to  be  working 
in  some  spots  verj'  badly,  in  others  but  little. 
Some   of  the  vines  were  apparently  entirely 
destroyed,  and  it  was  often  that  they  made  a 
clean  sweep  of   whatever  vine  they  attacked. 
In  an   adjoining   young   almond   orchard   of 
thirty  acres  we  found  some,  but  they  did  not 
seem    to   Uke    the   almond   much.       Several 
young  English  walnut  trees  had  been  attacked, 
some  lower  limbs  killed   but   not   the   whole 
tree.     Several  species  of  weeds  were  covered, 
but  a  sort  of  annual  milkweed  that   is   very 
abundant  upon  the   place   seemed   to  be   the 
favorite  food.     Mr.    Stone  thought  that  this 
weed  is  what  brought  them  there,   and   said 
that  it  grew  thickly  in  the  vineyard  and  was 
not  plowed  up  last  Spring  until  it  was  almost 


knee-high.     The  bugs  swarm  in  almost  count- 
less millions  in  the  half-buried  stufl'  that  was 
turned  under,  from  the  smallest  to  the  largest 
sized  bugs.     Mr.    Stone   had   sprinkled   sul- 
phur and  tried  to  kill  the  bugs,  but  had  finally 
given  it  up,  as  the  very  ground  seemed  so  lull 
of  them.     He  had  been  advised   to   use   car- 
bolic acid,  but  as  nothing  less  than  a  thunder 
shower  of  it   would  reach   them    all,    he   de- 
spaired of  that  remedy.     We  noticed  particu- 
larly that  the  bugs  do  not  burrow  in   clean 
earth,  but  resort  to  the  foul  stuff  half-buried 
in  the  soil.     We  advised   raking  the  ground 
clean  and  piling  the  dead  weeds  and  rubbish 
between  the  rows  of  vines,  thus  laying  traps 
for  them.     It  seems  that  at  night  and  when 
the  wind  blows  hard  the  bugs  leave  the  vines 
and  seek  a   shelter.       Where   there  was   not 
stuff  enough  upon  the  ground  to  burn  readily, 
we  ad\'ised   the   adding   of  straw,    and   then 
when  the  bugs  were  all  collected  in  the  shel- 
ters thus  provided,  to  apply  the  torch.     We 
are  of  the  opinion  that  this  pest,  alarming  as 
it  seems  to  be  and  is,  can  easily  and  cheaply 
be  destroyed  in  this  way,    so   that   but   little 
damage  to  vineyards  will  necessarily  result. 
We  do  not  blame  the  vineyard  men  for  being 
alarmed,  only  we  wish  they  were  less  inclined 
to  keep  the  matter  a  secret,  fearing  it  would  in- 
jure their  prospects  in  case  they  should  desire 
to  dispose  of  their  property.     We  understand 
that  Norman  Porter's  fine   vineyard  and  or- 
chard have  been  before  the  market  for  some 
time,  and  we  were  cautioned   to  say   nothing 
to  injure  him.     We  certainly  have  no   desire 
to.     His  90  acres  of  almonds  and  choice  va- 
rieties of  grapes  must  be  a  fortune  to  any  one 
in  spite  of  bugs,  if  properly  managed.     Be- 
sides, such  bugs  only  make  their  appearance 
once  or  twice  in  a  generation,    and   at  most 
only  last  two  or  three  years  at  a  time  ;  and  if 
they  can  easily  be  destroyed,  as  we  have   no 
doubt  they  can  be,  the  damage  will  be  trifling 

indeed. 

Microscopically  we  have  made  but   a  par- 
tial examination.     The  insect  belongs  to   the 
order  Hemipteka.    Although  in  some  respects 
it  is  closely  allied  to  the  Aphidida;,  it  is  really 
a  Ckadadie.     In  other  woi-ds,  it  is  more  of  a 
harvest  fly  than  a  plant  louse.     It  is  some- 
thing like  the  vine-fretter  of   Europe  and  the 
leaf-hopper  of  the  East,  that   so   nearly   de- 
stroyed the  vineyards  that  some  persons  aban- 
doned their  grapevines  many  years  ago.     But 
as  we  fail  to  find   an    accurate   description  of 
this  bug,  we  think  it  a  distinct  variety,  peculiar 
to  our  climate.     When   we  take   into  consid- 
eration, for  instance,  the  fact   that  over  4,000 
species  of  wevils  have  actually  been  scientific- 
ally named  and  described,  what  need  we  won- 
der that  we  have  here  a  harvest  bug  somewhat 
different  from  what  has  been  observed  in  any 
other  country?     And  why  should  not  we  take 
a  little   pride   in  thinking  we   have  a  bug  of 


California? 


has  no 


This  bug  does  not  eat, 
jaws,  but  lives  upon  the  juices  of  the  plants, 
which  it  draws  through  a  horny,  black  beak, 
attached  to  the  under  side  of  itM  face,  and 
which  lies  bent  under  the  breast,  reaching  to 
the  abdomen,  when  not  in  use.  Attached  to 
this  beak,  near  its  hilt,  is  a  sharp,  needle-like 
lance,  with  which  to  puncture  the  bark  before 
applying  its  beak.  Its  head  and  thorax  is 
half  the  length  of  its  body,  which  is  an  elon- 
gated oval.  The  antenna,  or  feelers,  are 
three-jointed,  and  about  the  length  of  its 
beak,  which  is  also  three-jointed.  The  hind 
leys  are  not  larger  than  the  others,  but  the 
thighs  are  dark-colored.  All  the  feet  are  three- 
jointed,  and  the  last  joint  is  dark-colored. 
The  foot  has  two  claws,  one  of  which  is  much 
stronger  than  the  other.  The  wings  slope  to 
the  sides  slightly;  wing-covers  transparent. 
When  crushed  between  the  fingers  it  emits  a 
chinch  or  bed-bug  odor.  The  full-sized  insect 
has  few  marks  or  stripes,  and  is  a  chocolate 
color,  darkest  on  its  shoulders.  The  young 
are  more  or  less  colored  from  a  light  straw  to 
a  deep  orange  in  blotches  with  chocolate.  We 
think  the  young  are  hatched  before  leaving 
the  abdomen  of  the  female,  but  of  this  we  are 
not  certain.  There  is  little  transformation 
during  the  difi'ertnt  stages  of  growth  until  the 
full-grown  winged  insect  appears.. 

A  perfect  description  of  this  insect,  which 
we  are  not  now  prepared  to  give,  would  be 
mainly  interesting  to  scientific  readers.  But 
everyone  who  either  owns  a  grape  vine  or 
eats  a  grape  must  feel  an  interest  in  the  ad- 
vent of  this  bug.  How  to  prevent  and  how 
to  destroy  this  grape-pest  is  a  matter  of  much 
concern.  To  learn  its  correct  name,  to  as- 
certain its  nature  and  habits,  so  as  to  best 
understand  how  to  accomplish  its  destruction 
is  the  work  of  the  scientist,  and  everyone  is 
a  scientist  to  the  extent  that  he  understands 
the  facts,  principles  and  nature  of  things,  and 
how  to  apply  means  to  accomplish  a  given 
end. 

Addenda. — Since  writing  the  above  we  have 
seen  Mr.  Stone  again.      He    found   that   the 
traps  of  weeds  and  straw  would  not  work,  as 
the  bugs  would  be  close  to  the  ground  under 
the  piles,  and  as  soon  .as  the   flame   was  put 
to  them  they  would  scatter,   and  by  the  time 
the  heat  reached  the  ground  the  bugs  would 
be  gone.     But  Mr.  Stone  has  tried  kerosene 
with   success.     One-third  kerosene  and  two- 
thirds  water  sprinkled  upon  the   vines  would 
kill  all  the  bugs  it  touched  and  prevent  the 
bugs  from  again  attacking  the  vines  once  wet 
with  the  kerosene.     Mr.   Stone   is   sure   that 
he  now  has  the  power  to  save  the  vines  from 
the    bugs.      Our   theory,   though  plausible, 
would  not  stand  the  practice,  which  after   all 
is  the  only  reUable  test.     The  only   question 
now  is,  how  much  kerosene  will   the   grape- 


as  well  as   a  locust  of  cor  own  in  |  vines  stand  without  being  killed  or  injuerd, 


«<n>jg>| 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^iie  Mfack  Jfo  unfit  IJ 


S.  HAERIS  HEEEINa  &  CO., 

Editors  aud  Publisliers. 


V 


OFFICE:  Over  the  San  .lose  Savings  Bank, 
B;«U>arlL''s  Itniltlin^,  Santa  Clara  Street, 
near  First,  San  Joge. 

SPECIAL  TESMS  TO  AGEITTS. 

RATES  OF  ADVERTISING. 

Per  one  Column ?15  00  Per  Month 

*'    half  Oolnnin 8  00    " 

*'    fourth  Column 4  00    "         ** 

"    eishth  Column 2  00     "         ** 

"    sixteenth  Column 100    •*        *' 

n^  We  aro  dtitermined  to  adhere  to  to  our  reeolution 
to  admit  none  but  worthy  biiyinesB  advertising  in  our 
columns,  and  to  keep  clnar  of  patent  medicine,  liquor, 
and  otber  advertisements  of  doubtful  influence. 

I'he  lart^c  circulation,  the  desiriible  cliiss  of  readers, 
nndthe  neat  and  convenient  form,  rend'  rw  thin  Journal 
a  choice  medium  for  reaching  the  attention  of  the 
masses. 


EDITORIAL  NOTES, 


PestlfferOUS.— Tho  dry  season  appears  to 
be  favorable  to  tlie  life  of  insect  pests.  The 
grasshoppers  in  some  places  are  bad;  worse  in 
Colorado  and  adjoining  Territories  than  in 
California.  They  are  literally  devastating  a 
large  extent  of  inhabited  country,  destroying 
millions  of  property  in  growing  crops.  In 
our  Santa  Clara  valley  the  caterpillars  are  de- 
stroying the  fruit  crop  in  some  orchards; 
others  they  have  not  troubled.  We  saw  hun- 
dreds of  aijple  trees  in  Mr.  Gould's  and  Mr. 
Watkins'  orchards  with  the  foliage  stripped 
from  them.  They  are  not  the  tent  caterpillar, 
but  when  not  eating  the  leaves  cluster  to- 
gether on  the  large  limbs  and  trunks  of  the 
trees.  When  in  this  position  it  would  not  be 
a  difficult  matter  to-  destroy  great  numbers  of 
them,  but  we  saw  no  disposition  to  attempt 
their  destruction,  and  were  told  that  there  is 
so  little  profit  in  fruit  culture  that  it  would 
not  pay  to  spend  the  time  necessary  to  kill 
them.  Also  the  live-oak  trees  are  infested 
with  caterpillars — a  difl'orent  variety  from 
those  on  the  fruit  trees.  These  consume  the 
hard  foliage  as  a  fire,  leaving  the  trees  as 
desolate  as  a  deciduous  tree  iu  Winter.  The 
caterpillars  on  the  oak  have  large  heads, 
nearly  smooth  bodies,  and  do  not  live  iu  tents 
or  cluster  together  much.  They  are  about  an 
inch  and  a  half  long.  The  one  on  apple  trees 
is  at  least  two  inches  long,  and  is  quite  hairy, 
with  apparently  pointed  ends.  There  is  an- 
other much  smaller  caterpillar  troubling  the 
pear  trees  iu  some  localities.  Squash  bugs 
aro  plenty,  and  the  grapo  vine  fly  is  getting 
worse  every  day,  so  we  aro  told.  Observing 
persons  say  that  many  insects  presage  a  dry 
season  to  come,  or  a  series  of  dry  seasons. 


In  order  to  support  the  "great  and  grow- 
ing agricultural  and  industrial  interests  of  the 
Pacific  coast,"  another  liquor  paper  has  been 
started  in  San  Francisco.  It  comes  out  like  a 
bloody  pirate  that  it  is,  under  a  flag  not  its 
own.  It  calls  itself  "temperance"  because  it 
wants  to  appear  respectaV:)le,  while  its  own 
black  flag  is  hidden.  But  it  mil  deceive  no 
one  by  this  pretense — it  only  shows  its  own 
cupidity.     It  is  i^ublished  by  Carmany  &  Co. 


The  fruit  crop  will  bo  much  lighter  this 
season  than  our  orchardists  at  first  thought. 
The  young  fruit  has  commenced  falling  before 
being  half  grown — some  varieties  are  nearly  a 
failure.  It  is  thought  that  the  heavy  April 
frosts  so  weakened  the  embryo  fruit  that  it 
could  never  jicrfectly  develop.  On  the  whole 
it  is  estimated  there  will  not  be  over  one-half 
a  crop  this  season.  There  will  jirobably  be 
enough  to  supply  the  demand  for  green  fruit 
at  pajang  prices,  but  the  drying  and  canning 
factories  will  be  likely  to  run  short  of  material. 
The  grapo  crop,  so  far  as  we  can  learn,  prom- 
ises to  be  abundant. 

Chaos  Eclipsed. — We  have  been  lately 
forced  into  having  some  experience  in  law 
and  the  courts,  with  a  lawyer  (so  called) 
against  us.  We  have  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  any  person  who  expects  to  find  justice  in 
that  way  is  very  verdant.  That  law  is  made 
quite  as  much  to  elude  as  to  secure  justice, 
and  those  who  administer  and  judge  the  law 
are  far  from  perfect  iu  conscience  and  in 
judgment.  The  dishonest  man,  the  trickster, 
and  the  perjurer,  has  all  the  advantage;  and 
that  phase  of  our  civilization  found  in  a 
"court  of  justice"  offers  a  premium  on  ras- 
cality as  against  honesty,  and  is  a  virtual  fail- 
ure so  far  as  right  is  concerned;  and  if  the 
such  laws  were  repudiated,  law  books 
burned,  and  lawyers,  justices  and  judges  were 
contraband,  and  the  whole  thing  resolved 
down  to  first  piuciples,  "an  eye  for  an  eye," 
etc.,  and  double-barreled  shot-guns,  it  would 
suit  us  better,  for  a  decent  man  then  would 
stand  at  least  an  equal  show  of  getting  his 
own,  and  securing  justice  when  due. 

New  Game   Law  Needed.— There    is 

need  of  a  revised  game  law  in  California  to 
favor  farmers,  founded  upon  the  principles 
given  below,  which  we  clip  from  the  Mural 
New  Yorker;  only  we  would  ipialify  by  allow- 
ing a  farmer  to  destroy,  during  any  season, 
such  game  as  may  be  destructive  to  his  crops. 
We  have  known  quail  to  destroy  grain  and 
small  fruits  when  a  few  doses  of  shot,  which 
the  law  forbade,  would  have  saved  the  crops 
and  much  trouble  and  annoyance. 

The  question  of  the  right  of  property  in 
game  that  find  shelter  or  may  breeil  on  the 
premises  of  a  farmer,  or  may  bo  found  on  his 
farm,  and  his  right  to  make  use  of  it  at  will, 
is  an  issue  that  is  being  and  to  be  made  in  the 
Legislature  of  some  of  the  States.  The  sportij.- 
racn  insist  that  the  game  is  the  property  of 
the  State,  and  the  time  and  manner  of  killing 
it  should  be  regulated  by  the  States.  Farmers 
— some  of  them  at  least — claim  that  they  have 
the  right  to  any  game  that  may  Vie  found  on 
their  premises  to  use  as  they  may  choose  and 
when  they  choose.  Tho  claim  is  to  bo  urged 
before  legislative  bodies  that  it  may  bo  recog- 
nized. It  seems  to  us  equitable  that  the  far- 
mer should  have  tho  right  to  kill  any  kind  of 


game  found  on  his  premises  at  any  time,  for 
his  own  and  family's  consumption  as  food; 
other  than  that  we  would  restrict  his  privilege 
to  destroy  it  in  any  manner  at  certain  seasons 
of  the  year — at  those  seasons  usually  named 
in  the  game  laws.  Added,  we  would  make  it 
a  criminal  act  for  a  sportsman  to  invade  and 
shoot  or  fish  upon  any  person's  premises 
without  the  latter's  consent.  This  is  the 
only  mode  by  which  a  man  can  be  protected 
from  the  lawless  depredations  of  a  large  class 
of  professional  sportsmen,  who  are  as  impu- 
dent and  insulting  as  they  generally  are  irre- 
sponsible. 

Irrigation  vs.  Cultivation.  —  We  fre- 
quently see  something  like  the  following  ex- 
tract going  the  rounds  of  the  press,  without 
qualification,  calculated  to  deceive  those  who 
have  not  by  practical  experience  in  this  dry 
climate  learned  better.  We  know  that  unless 
the  land  spoken  of  is  supplied  with  water 
from  some  other  source  than  what  rain  falls 
upon  it,  it  would  be  impossible  to  grow  such 
crops.  Probably  the  farm  spoken  of  is  on 
low,  alluvial  soil,  the  subsoil  of  which  is  kept 
filled  with  moisture  by  the  seepage  of  water 
from  some  stream  situated  above  or  near  it 
(there  is  much  such  land  iu  this  State) ;  or, 
it  may  be  in  a  natural  basin  which  nearly  fills 
during  overflow  and  holds  the  water  in  suf- 
ficient quantities  to  supply  vegetation  by  ca- 
pillary attraction  from  below  during  the  dry 
Summers,  (we  have  seen  such  land  in  New 
Mexico).  We  know  that  no  system  of  farm- 
ing will  bring  such  crops  every  year  on  soil 
that  depends  solely  on  the  rain  which  falls 
upon  it  during  the  rainy  reason.  Here  is  the 
article  referred  to: 

The  Los  Angeles  Prexs  has  found  a  man  by 
the  name  of  Burke  who  will  nor  irrigate  his 
farm,  though  he  has  a  chance  to  do  so.  It 
says;  "He  is  one  of  the  most  prosperous 
farmers  in  the  county,  and  for  five  or  six 
years  he  has  declined  to  irrigate  his  lands  at 
all.  He  has  ample  facilities  for  that  purpose, 
but  by  deep  plowing,  and  the  ordinary  atten- 
tion which  an  Eastern  man  bestows  upon  his 
crops,  ho  does  not  need  to  use  them.  His 
whole  hundred  and  fifty  acres  will  average  him 
every  year  from  seventy  to  seventy-five  bush- 
els to  the  acre.  He  has,  besides,  one  of  the 
best  orchards  in  the  county,  of  apples,  pears, 
peaches,  etc.,  and  none  of  these  trees  ever  see 
a  drop  of  water  except  the  natural  rainfall. 
To-day,  within  reach  of  irrigation,  Mr.  Burke 
has  absolutely  a  prejudice  against  it." 


San  Jose  Daily  Advertiser.— This  the 

name  of  a  new  paper  lately  started  in  our 
city.  It  is  a  small  sheet,  neatly  printed, 
and  deserving  of  success.  We  are  disgusted 
with  our  "old  dailies,"  and  hail  the  AihxrtUier 
as  a  harbinger  of  better  things  to  come. 


Concrete  Buildings. 

Editors  Agkicui.turist  :  —  Can  you  give 
any  information  in  regard  to  concrete  build- 
ings— materiiU  to  use,  mode  of  building,  etc.  ? 
About  eighteen  years  ago  I  saw  an  account  in 
the  liuml  2few  Yorker  of  a  man's  making 
walls  in  his  fields  of  concrete.  Why  would 
it  not  do  here  where  there  is  no  freezing  to 
injure  it?  Some  of  your  readers  may  have 
had  experience  with  it  for  fencing  and  can 
answer  as  to  its  utility.  W.  A.  T. 

[Will  some  of  our  readers  who  have  the 
requisite  knowledge  or  experience  please  an- 
swer this  query? — Eds.] 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^MiXlh 


The  Untilled  Land. 


ALTEKED  FROM   DCOANNK. 

cSi  

v^S'HE  water  bath  fish  and  tho  land  hath  flesh, 

tAuil  tbe  air  hath  many  a  bird  ; 
And  the  soil  is  teeming  u'ur  tho  earth, 
And  fruits  grow  fuir  in  many  lauds, 
Yet  iiiillinnti  uf  hands  want  acru-B, 
And  millions  of  acres  want  hands. 

Sunlight  and  breeze  and  gladeorae  flowers 

Are  o'er  the  earth  spread  wide, 
AJid  Nature  gave  these  gilts  to  men. 

To  utl  who  on  earth  abide. 
The  fioil  lies  fallow,  the  woods  grow  rank, 

Yt;t  idle  tbe  poor  man  stands. 
Ah,  niilliims  of  hands  want  acres, 

And  mtllione  of  acres  want  hands. 

Tis  writ  that  we  "  should  not  muzzle  tho  ox 

That  treadeth  out  the  corn," 
Yet  behold,  ye  shackle  the  poor  man's  limba, 

That  all  earth's  burdens  have  borue  I 
The  land  is  the  gift  of  Nature  to  man, 

And  labor  is  Nature's  command, 
Yet  millit>us  of  hands  want  acres. 

And  millions  of  acres  want  handa. 

■Who  hath  ordained  that  the  few  should  hoard 

Their  millions  of  useless  gold, 
Aud  rob  the  earth  of  its  fruits  and  flowers, 

"While  proHtless  soil  tht  y  hold? 
Who  hath  urdained  that  a  parchment  scroll 

Shall  fence  round  miU-s  of  lands, 
When  millions  of  hands  want  acres, 

And  millions  of  acres  want  hands? 

'TiB  a  glaring  lie  on  the  face  of  day. 

This  robbery  of  men's  rights  I 
•Tis  a  lie  that  the  face  of  Nature  disowns  I 

'Tis  a  curse  that  burns  aud  blights  ! 
And  'twill  burn  and  blight  till  the  people  rise 

And  swear,  while  they  burst  their  bauds, 
That  hands  heucefurth  shall  have  the  acres. 

And  the  acres  henceforth  have  hands. 


To  a  Young  Man  Leaving  Home. 

You're  starting  to-day  on  life's  journey. 

Alone  on  the  highway  of  life  ; 
You'll  meet  with  a  thousand  temptations — 

Each  city  with  evil  is  rife. 
This  world  is  a  stage  of  excitement. 

There's  danger  wherever  you  go  ; 
But  if  yovi  are  tempted  iu  weakness, 

Have  courage,  my  boy,  to  say  "  No  I" 

The  siren's  sweet  song  may  allure  you  ; 

Beware  of  her  cunning  and  art  ! 
Whenever  y<^)U  see  her  approaching. 

Be  guarded  and  haste  to  depart. 
The  billiard  saloons  are  inviting, 

Decked  out  in  their  tinsel  and  show  ; 
You  may  be  invited  to  enter  ; 

Have  courage,  my  boy,  to  say  '*  No  I" 

The  bright  ruby  wine  may  be  offered  ; 

No  matter  how  tempting  it  be. 
From  poison  that  stings  like  an  adder. 

My  boy.  have  the  courage  to  flee.^ 
The  gambling  hulls  are  before  you  ; 

Their  lights— how  they  dance  to  and  fro  I 
If  you  should  be  tempted  to  enter. 

Look  twice,  even  thrice,  ere  vou  do. 

In  courage  alone  lies  your  safety, 

When  you  the  long  journey  begin. 
And  trust  in  good  moral  precepts 

Will  keep  you  unspotted  trom  sin. 
Temptations  will  go  on  increasing, 

As  streams  from  a  rivulet  llow, 
But  if  you  are  true  to  your  manhood. 

Have  the  courage,  my  boy,  to  say  •'  No  t" 


The  Two  Reapers. 

Two  reapers  toiled,  their  task  half  done. 

Had  reached  a  tree  whose  shade  had  run 

Full  twice  its  length. 

With  failing  strength 

Both  cast  themselves  beneath. 

Both  gnashed  their  teeth 

And  cm-fed  theit  lot : 
•'We  toil  and  sweat,  we  sweat  and  t^il, 
And  while  the  owner  of  this  soil 
Is  blessed  with  plenty  through  our  sweat, 
We  scarcely  have  enough  to  eat," 
Thus  reasoning,  one  reached  forth  his  hand 

To  grasp  a  pot. 
Both  took  a  li^ught.    Oh,  what  disgrace  I 
The  fiery  stuff  soon  flushed  their  face 

And  temper  too. 
Says  one  :  *'  This  world  is  all  a  chance. 
I'll  not  believe  in  Providence. 
Through  rain  or  shine,  through  cold  or  hot. 
We  toil  and  labor  all  for  naught." 
A  zi-phyr  passed,  his  voice  was  heard. 
Witli  titiderness  her  heart  was  stirred. 
And  bending  low  to  make  hiui  hoar, 
She  whispered  softly  in  his  ear  : 
"  God  is  to  you  a  partial  Father. 
While  you  drink  rum,  this  farmer  water  !" 

— [Wm,  Home. 


To-Day  and  To-Morrow. 

Awake  my  soul  I  with  eager  zeal 

The  daily  task  beginning  ;  ■ 
For  labor  hath  its  pleasures  real. 

And  doubly  worth  the  winning. 
What  though  with  toil  and  care  oppressed, 

Tho  day  seems  long   and  dreary  V 
We  should  not  know  the  joy  of  rest 

If  we  were  never  wftary. 
Then  up  I  and  banish  sloth  away. 

Nor  care  nor  trouble  borrow  ; 
For  patient,  earnest  toil  To-day 

Wins  triumphs  for  To-morrow. 

What  though  the  heedless  crowd  around 

May  gi'eet  you  with  their  laughter? 
It  jn-ovi's  tliut  they  have  never  found 

What  we  are  seeking  after — 
The  lofty  joy,  the  pure  delight. 

That  ligliis  the  path  of  duty; 
That  makes  the  earth  abou*  us  bright 

And  life  a  thing  of  beauty. 
Then  up  1  and  banish  sloth  away 

At  work-bench  or  in  furrow  ; 
Let  others  laugh  at  us  To-day, 

We'll  laugh  at  them  To-morrow. 

This  lesson  Nature  yet  instills. 

As  well  as  Uevelation — 
That  everything  created  fiUs 

Some  chasm  in  creation. 
There's  not  a  grass-blade  in  tho  vale. 

Or  flower  that  looks  to  heaven, 
To  which,  could  we  but  read  tho  tale,' 

Some  use  has  not  been  given. 
Then  up  1  let  us  of  nobler  clay 

From  these  a  lesson  borrow  ; 
For  sloth  and  idleness  To-day 

Will  bring  regret  To-murrow. 

Tho  meanest  worm  that  crawls  the  dust. 

Before  its  life  is  euded, 
Accomplishes  the  purpose  just 

For  which  it  was  intended. 
Think  ye  that  man  alone  hath  been 

Placed  in  the  world  to  mar  it? 
Shall  we  live,  and  our  fellow-men 

Be  none  the  better  for  it? 
No  !  let  us  lend  a  feeble  ray 

To  light  the  gloom  of  sorrow  ; 
For  we,  who  profler  aid  To-day, 

May  need  the  same  To-morrow. 

We  each  can  make,  though  small  and  weak. 

The  world  a  little  brighter. 
With  every  cheering  word  we  speak 

Somebody's  heart  is  lighter. 
And  should  misfortune  be  our  share. 

With  grief  and  pain  attended, 
a^-h  pang  with  patience  let  us  bear. 

We  know  'twiU  soon  be  ended. 
Though  rough  and  thorny  be  our  way. 

And  paved  with  pain  and  sorrow — 
Though  we  may  sow  iu  tears  To-day, 

We'll  reap  in  joy  To-morrow, 


Don't  Run  in  Debt. 

Don't  run  in  debt — never  mind,  never  mind 

If  your  clothes  are  all  faded  and  torn  ; 
Fix:  'em  up,  make  'em  do— it  is  better  by  far 

Thau  to  have  the  heart  weary  and  worn 
Who  will  love  you  the  more  for  the  set  of  your  hat, 

Or  your  rufl".  or  the  tie  of  your  shoe  ; 
The  style  of  your  boots,  or  shade  of  cravat. 

If  they  know  you're  in  debt  for  the  new? 

Good  frien.ls,  let  me  beg  of  you,  don't  run  in  debt. 

If  the  chairs  and  the  sofa  are  old  ; 
They'll  lit  yuur  backs  better  than  any  new  set. 

Unless  they  are  paid  for— with  gold. 
If  the  house  is  too  small,  draw  the  closer  together, 

Keep  it  warm  with  a  hearty  good  will. 
A  big  one,  uupaid-for,  in  all  kinds  of  weather 

Will  send  to  the  warm  heart  a  chill. 

Don't  run  in  debt— dear  girls,  take  a  hint ; 

If  the  fashions  have  changed  since  last  season. 
Old  Nature  is  out  in  the  very  same  tint. 

And  old  Nature,  methinks,  has  some  reason. 
But  just  say  to  your  friends,  I  cannot  afford 

To  spend  time  to  keep  up  with  fashion  ; 
My  purse  is  too  light  and  honor  too  bright 

To  be  tarnished  with  such  silly  passions. 

Gents,  don't  run  in  debt— let  your  friends,  if  they 
want. 

Have  tine  houses  and  clothing  and  flowers  ; 
But  imless  they  are  paid  for,  be  more  of  a  man 

Than  to  eu\*y  their  sunshiny  hours. 
If  you've  money  to  spare  I've  nothing  to  eay. 

Spend  your  dollars  and  dimes  as  you  please  ; 
But  uiind  you,  the  man  who  his  note  has  to  pay. 

Is  the  man  who  is  never  at  ease. 

Kind  husbands,  don't  run  in  debt  any  more, 
*  'Twill  till  yoiu"  wife's  cup  full  of  sorrow. 
To  know  that  a  neighbor  may  call  at  your  door 

Willi  a  bill  you  mu^t  settle  to-morrow. 
O,  take  my  advice,  it  is  good,  it  is  true  I 

lint  lest  you  may,  some  of  you.  doubt  it, 
1*11  whisper  a  secret,  now  seeing  'tis  you — 

I've  tried  it  and  know  all  about  it. 

The  chain  of  a  debtor  is  heavy  and  cold. 

Its  links  all  corrosion  and  rust ; 
Gild  it  o'er  as  you  will,  it  is  never  of  gold, 

Then  spurn  it  aside  with  disgust — 
"  I've  tried  it  and  know  ail  about  it." 


Pace  Implora. 

BY  JOAQUIX  MILLEB. 

Better  It  were  to  sit  still  by  the  sea. 
Loving  somebody  and  satisHed — 
Better  it  were  to  grow  babes  on  the  kneo, 
To  anchor  you  do\i-n  for  all  your  days- 
Thau  wander  and  wander  iu  all  thetio  ways. 
Land  forgotten  and  love  denied. 

Better  sit  still  where  born,  I  say. 

Wed  one  sweet  woman  and  love  her  well, 

Laugli  with  your  neighbors  and  live  in  their  way, 

J!r  It  Mtver  so  humble.    Tlie  humbler  the  home, 

The  nobler,  indeed,  to  bear  your  part. 

Love  and  be  h'Ved  with  all  your  heart. 

Drink  sweet  waters  and  <lream  in  a  spell. 

Share  your  delights  and  divide  your  tears. 

Love  and  be  loved  in  the  (»ld  east  way. 

Ere  men  knew  maduehs  and  came  to  roam 

From  the  west  to  the  east  and  the  whole  world  wide — 

When  they  lived  where  their  fath<TS  had  lived  aud 

died— 
Lived  so  loved  for  a  thousand  years. 

Better  it  wejo  for  the  world,  I  say- 
Better,  indeed,  for  a  man's  own  good — 
That  he  should  sit  down  where  he  was  born, 
Be  it  land  of  sands  or  of  oil  and  corn, 
Valley  of  jjoppies  or  bleak  norihland. 
White  sea-border  or  great  black  wood, 
Or  bleak  white  winter  or  bland  sweet  May, 
Or  city  of  smoke  or  plain  of  the  sun — 
llum  wander  the  world  sin  1  have  done. 
Breaking  the  heart  into  bits  of  clay. 
And  leaving  it  scattered  on  every  hand. 
Venice,  1874, 

[—Overland  Monthly, 


Labor. 

Toil  swings  the  axe  and  forests  bow, 

'Ibe  seeds  break  out  in  radiant  bloom. 
Rich  harvests  smile  behind  the  plow. 

And  cities  clusti-r  round  the  loom. 
Wher*)  towering  domes  end  tapering  spires 

Adorn  the  vale  and  crown  the  hill. 
Stout  Labor  lights  its  beacon  lires 

And  plumes  with  smoke  the  forge  and  mill. 

The  monan-h  oak,  tho  wcKxlland's  pride. 

Whose  trunk  is  seamed  with  lightning  scars. 
Toil  launches  on  the  ^estle^s  tide 

And  there  unrolls  the  flag  of  stars. 
The  engine,  with  his  lungs  of  flame. 

And  ribs  of  brass,  and  joints  of  steel. 
From  Labor's  plastic  Angers  came, 

With  sobbing  valve  and  whirling  wheel. 

'Tis  Labor  works  the  magic  press, 

And  turns  tbe  crank  in  hives  f>f  toil, 
And  beckons  angels  down  to  bless 

Industrious  hands  on  sea  and  soil. 
Here  sun-browned  toil,  with  shining  spade. 

Links  lake  to  lake  with  silver  ties. 
Strung  thick  with  palaces  of  trade 

And  temples  towering  to  the  skies, 

The  Plough. 

Far  back  in  ages 

The  plough  with  wreaths  was  crownod  ; 
The  hands  of  kings  aud  sages 

Entwined  tlie  chaplets  round. 
Till  men  of  spoil  disdained  the  toil 

By  which  the  world  was  nourished. 
And*  bhxid  and  pillage  were  the  soil 

In  which  their  laurels  flourished 
Knw  the  world  her  fault  despairs. 

The  guilt  that  stains  her  story. 
And  wfceps  her  crimes  amid  the  carts 

That  form  her  earliest  glory. 

The  throne  shall  crumble. 

The  diadem  shall  wane. 
The  tribes  of  earth  shall  humble 

Tbe  pride  of  those  who  reign; 
And  war  shall  lay  his  pomp  away  ; 

The  fame  that  heroes  cherish. 
The  glory  earned  in  deadly  fniy. 

Shall  fade,  decay  and  i)erish. 
Houor  waits  o'er  all  the  earth. 

Through  endless  generations. 
Tbe  art  that  calls  the  harvest  forth 

And  feeds  the  expectant  nations. 

— (Wm.  C.  Brj-ant. 


Mist. 

How  do  the  rivulets  find  their  way  ? 
How  do  the  flowers  know  the  day. 
And  open  their  cups  to  catch  the  ray? 

I  see  the  germ  to  tho  sunlight  reach. 

And  the  nestlings  know  tbe  old  birds'  speech  ; 

I  do  not  see  who  is  there  to  teach. 

I  see  the  hare  from  the  danger  hide, 

Aud  the  sLirs  through  the  pathless  spaces  ride  ; 

I  do  not  see  that  they  have  a  guide. 

He  is  eyes  for  all  who  13  eyes  for  the  mole ; 
All  motion  goes  to  the  rightful  goal ; 
O,  God  i  I  can  trust  for  the  human  soul. 

—  [Chas.  G.  Ames 


Between  two  evils  choose  neither, 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


ABOUT  THE  SEASON. 

Tho  failure  of  our  usual  Spring  raius  lias 
brought  a  veritable  drouth  ujion  the  country, 
notwithstuniling  the  early  promise  of  an 
abundant  harvest.  Early  sown  gi-ain  that  had 
the  advantage  of  a  good  root  growth  while  the 
Winter  rains  prevailed,  are  the  only  fields 
that  have  succeeded  on  dry  lands  and  under 
ordinary  treatment.  Only  a  few  fields  of  late 
sowed  gi-ain  have  done  well,  and  only  such 
fields  as  received  extra  tillage,  or  were  put  in 
on  laud  that  had  been  previously  in  pasture 
or  summer-fallow,  did  well  sown  late. 

Old  Californians  think  another  series  of 
di'y  seasons  has  commenced.  Every  sign 
points  that  way,  and  it  is  about  the  time  iu  a 
decade  of  years  for  such  an  occurrence.  It  is 
■well,  at  any  rate,  for  every  farmer  to  make 
calculations  for  such  an  event. 

To  such  as  are  fortunate  to  have  farms  upon 
low  lands  but  little  need  be  said.  They  will 
profit  by  the  failure  of  those  whose  farms  are 
high  and  dry,  by  getting  better  jirices,  etc. 
But,  to  farmers  who  are  cultivating  di-y 
ranches,  we  offer  a  few  suggestions.  Do  not 
calculate  upon  putting  the  whole  farm  in 
grain,  but  only  such  portions  as  you  may 
have  reason  to  believe  will  stand  the  best 
show  of  producing  some  croii  should  the  sea- 
son be  dry.  That  poi-tion  which  you  propose 
to  leave  for  volunteer  and  pasture,  it  would 
be  well  to  harrow  over  thoroughly,  and  cross- 
harrow  again,  as  soon  as  convenient  to  do  so. 
A  mulching  upon  the  surface,  such  as  the  dry 
earth  would  make  by  harrowing,  would  tend 
to  prevent  the  further  evaporation  of  moisture 
from  the  soil,  and  the  moisture  from  a  gi'eat 
depth  below  the  surface  would  diffuse  itself 
equally  under  the  harrowed  surface,  so  that 
wheu  the  first  rains  would  sprout  tho  seed  it 
would  have  a  better  chance  to  take  root  and 
grow.  Even  such  laud  as  you  intend  to  plow 
and  seed  next  Fall,  it  would  be  a  good  plan  to 
harrow  in  this  way,  for  reasons  above  given. 
Of  course,  where  the  stubble  is  now  of  much 
value  for  pasture,  it  would  not  be  economy  to 
destroy  it.  But  there  is  much  land  on  almost 
every  farm  that  will  not  be  pastured  to  any 
paying  extent.  We  strongly  advise  every  up- 
land farmer  to  make  plans  to  summer-fallow 
a  portion  of  his  land  next  season, 

HAKVEST  CliOSBLY. 

As  to  harvesting  gr.ain  this  season,  we 
would  advise  skimming  as  closely  as  possible, 
where  it  is  light.  Make  seed  and  feed  for 
yourselves  if  you  can.  We  know  of  some 
farms  in  our  Santa  Clara  Valley  that  will 
have  hard  work  to  yield  that  much  this  sea- 
son. Save,  also,  all  the  hay  and  straw  pos- 
sible.    Don't  lose  a  straw  if  you  c  n  help  it. 

NOW  A  WOUD  AEOnT  STOCK. 

Make  plana  to  fatten  and  sell  or  put  into 
the  barrel  this  fall  every  second-class  beef 
animal  you  can  spare  from  the  farm.  Leave 
none  but  the  best  cows  and  other  most  valu- 
able animals  to  keep — none  but  what  yoii 
know  your  farm  can  safely  carry  over  a  hard 
year  or  two.  You  may  think  that  taking  a 
scare  before  you  are  hurt  i.s  a  poor  principle  ; 
but  even  if  it  is  a  good  season  next  year,  such  a 
thinning  out  will  not  be  bad,  for  you  can 
then  purchase  some  better  animals  to  take 
their  places,  which  will  always  pay  iu   tho 


long  run  anyway.  A2/ropos  to  this  subject, 
we  quote  from  the  San  Malm  Gazette  some  in- 
teresting facts  and  suggestions  : 

The  meteorological  records  of  the  State 
prove  that  California  has  experienced  seasons 
of  drouth  which  have  bc^n  terrible  in  their 
results.  They  have  occurred  at  long  intervals 
of  time,  before  as  well  as  since  the  American 
occupation.  They  entailed  no  loss  of  hu- 
man life,  so  far  as  we  are  aware  ;  but  vast 
herds  of  horses  and  cattle  were  lost.  In  some 
years  the  grass  crop  entirely  failed,  and 
thousands  of  cattle  were  killed  for  their  hides 
and  tallow,  the  carcasses  being  left  on  the 
plains  for  the  vultures  aad  coyotes. 

Don  Andreas  Pico,  an  eminent  native  Cali- 
forniau  living  near  Los  Angeles,  during  vari- 
ous years  of  drouth  prior  to  1851,  di-ove  thou- 
sands of  wild  horses  over  cliifs  a  hundred 
feet  high  into  the  sea.  In  those  years  the 
crops  totally  failed  for  the  want  of  rain,  and 
the  California  raucheros  were  compelled  to 
destroy  their  horses  in  order  to  save  as  much 
pasture  as  possible  for  their  vast  herds  of  cat- 
tle. But  even  this  expedient  often  failed  to 
save  their  stock  of  sheep  and  cattle.  They 
perished  by  thousands  for  want  of  the  life- 
giving  water.  Much  suffering  ensued  among 
the  people.  This  country  was  then  sparsely 
settled.  When  its  rising  population  approx- 
imates to  the  millions,  as  it  surely  will  at  no 
distant  day,  we  can  readily  see  that  the  occur- 
rence of  one  of  the  long  drouths  peculiar  to 
California  would  be  attended  with  disastrous 
results.  It  has  sometimes  happened 
that  for  one,  and  even  two,  years  no  rain  has 
fallen  in  California.  Suppose  that  such  a 
thing  should  happen  next  year  or  in  1877  ; 
our  wheat  exportation  would  cease  and  agri- 
culture receive  a  blow  from  which  it  would 
take  a  long  time  to  recover.  All  our  great  iu- 
terests  would  suffer  a  temporary  paralysis, 
and  millions  would  be  lost  our  young  com- 
monwealth. 

IKEIGATtON  NEEDED. 

"Necessity  is  the  mother  of  invention," 
and  this  contingency  of  a  drouth,  which  has 
so  often  happened  here,  ought  to  stimulate 
our  inventive  genius  and  induce  us  to  devise 
some  method  of  general  and  permanent  irriga- 
tion— something  that  will  make  us  independ- 
ent of  the  capricious  elements,  and  secure  for 
us  aud  for  coming  generations  an  unfailing 
supply  of  pure  water.  The  Legislature  ought 
to  invite  from  our  citizens  plans  and  specifi- 
cations for  a  general  system  of  irrigation; 
with  the  understanding  that  a  prize  of  money 
shall  be  paid  by  the  State  to  the  person  whose 
plan  is  ajiproved  and  adopted.  This  would 
bring  men  of  inventive  talent  into  the  field, 
and  would  secure  for  the  successful  proprietor 
a  fame  more  indestructible  than  silver  and 
gold. 

Irrigation  is  a  subject  that  is  now  claiming 
a  good  deal  of  attention  iu  some  portions  of 
the  State,  but  much  more  is  required  to  be 
said  on  the  subject.  There  are  many  places 
so  situated  that  a  cojiious  Summer  irrigation 
would  be  impossible,  without  an  immense  ex- 
pense, where 

WINTER  IKKIGATION 

would  pay,  and  could  in  all  ordinary  seasons 
be  practiced.  We  know  of  many  farms  in 
our  ViUley  that  might  have  been  soaked  with 
water  last  Winter,  and  would  have  had  good 
crops,  where  now  but  little  either  of  hay  or 
grain  will  be  cut.  In  riding  through  these- 
districts  wo  notice  that  along  the  side  of  roads 
and  in  little  tags  where  tho  water  settled  in 
and  soaked  the  soil,  that  the  grain  stands 
high  and  looks  first-rate,,  while  the  rest  of  tho 
fields  are  dried  Tip,  without  heads,  and  not 
over  six  inches  high.  This  shows  conclusive- 
ly that  a  little  more  water,  or  at  least  a  plenty 
of  water  during  the  rainy  season,  would  havo  | 


insured  the  crops.  It  is  very  poor  soil  that 
will  not  make  a  good  crop  if  it  is  once  tho- 
roughly soaked  with  water.  We  feel  more 
than  confident  that  if  the  farmers  of  our  State 
fully  appreciated  the  advantages  that  must 
follow  Winter  irrigation,  they  would  not  rest 
until  every  little  stream  that  runs  across  our 
valleys  was  led  upon  the  lands  until  they  were 
filled  with  water  and  good  crops  insured. 

The  fertilizing  materials  that  would  be  de- 
posited upon  farms  in  this  way  from  the  wash 
and  drainage  of  mountain  lands  would  keep 
farms  thus  watered  perpetually  fertile,  and 
alone  well  pay  the  trouble  and  expense  of  such 
a  system.  Can  any  farmer  dispute  this  point? 

THIN    SOTTING. 

Our  attention  was  called  by  a  practical  far- 
mer to  one  little  fact  which  is  worth  the  con- 
sideration of  all  grain  raisers.  We  saw  spots 
in  a  dried-up  field  where  the  grain  run  up 
and  looked  as  though  it  would  make  good 
heads,  that  could  only  be  accounted  for  by 
being  seeded  thinner  than  the  rest.  There 
were  not  so  many  stalks  to  sap  the  moisture, 
in  other  words,  were  less  to  divide  the  mois- 
ture between,  and  consequently  each  one  had 
more  to  itself  than  where  the  grain  was  thickly 
sown.  This  thing  the  same  gentleman  has 
noticed  for  several  years,  and  asserts  that 
thin  sowing  for  dry  seasons  is  the  thing.  It 
takes  less  than  one  half  the  seed  usually 
sown,  not  so  much  expense  on  a  risk,  and 
even  if  the  season  should  be  a  wet  one  -nill 
stool  out  if  sown  early  so  as  to  produce  about 
as  much  as  if  sown  as  thick  as  usual.  When 
dry,  thin  sown  does  not  stool  out  much,  but 
makes  full  heads  when  thick  sown  grain 
would  dry  out  completely. 

One  thing  more,  which  we  have  often  re- 
peated already:  remember  that  Ihm-ough  sur- 
face cultivation  is  needed  to  withstand  the 
effect  of  drouth  iu  our  dry  climate. 


Deadly  insects. 

The  buffalo  gnat  is  credited  with  occasion- 
ing a  wide-spread  mortality  among  the  horses 
aud  mules  of  east  Tennessee.  Many  farmers 
h.ave  lost  all  their  stock  at  a  season  of  the 
year  when  they  can  least  afl'ord  to  do  without 
them.  The  bite  of  this  insect  seems  as  deadly 
.as  that  of  the  African  tsetse,  the  pest  of  ail 
travelers  in  Africa.  Man  and  wild  animals 
appear  to  be  invulnerable  to  the  tsetse,  but 
camels,  dogs,  oxen  and  horses  cannot  long 
survive  its  attacks.  In  one  expedition  Dr. 
Livingstone  lost  forty-three  oxen  from  this 
cause.  Ho  was  inclined  to  believe  that  the 
ass  was  bite-proof,  but  the  experience  of  his 
last  journey  convinced  him  that  he  was  iu 
error.  The  donkey,  though  not  so  suscepti- 
ble as  some  of  the  other  animals  above  men- 
tioned, still  succumbs  to  the  little  brown  fiy 
with  yellow  stripes.  Its  proboscis  jjierces  tho 
skin  of  its  victims,  and  draws  thence  a  plen- 
tiful supply  of  blood.  No  special  harm  at 
first  seems  to  have  been  done,  but  in  a  few 
days  the  eyes  and  nose  of  a  bitten  animal  be- 
gin to  run;  a  swelliug  makes  its  ajipearance 
undirthe  jaw;  the  muscles  gi-ow  weak,  and 
finally  the  iligcstivo  organs  are  disordered  and 
death  soon  follows.  When  dissected,  the 
cellular  tissue  under  the  skin  is  found  to  be 
injected  with  air,  as  if  soap-bubblos  were  scat- 
tered over  it.  We  have  not  received  full  de- 
tails of  tho  operation  of  the  Tennessee  insect, 
but  whatever  it  is,  its  ravages  are  (juite  like 
those  of  the  tsetse. — Cincinnati  Gazette. 


He  that  composes  himself  is  wiser  than  he 
that  composes  books. 


y^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


AGRICULTUEAL       AND      GRANGE 
MATTERS  IN  THE  SOUTH. 

Any  reliable  iutelligencc  of  the  agiioultnral 
condition  of  the  Southern  States  we  regard 
■with  interest.  California  Beams  more  nearly 
related,  in  resources,  climate  and  productions 
to  the  South  than  to  the  North.  The  South 
has  depended  for  success  upon  gromug  arti- 
cles for  export,  and  California  tends  to  the 
same  direction.  The  consequence  to  the 
South  of  the  one-crop  system  has  been  most 
disastrouF,  and  her  only  salvation  is  to  inaug- 
urate  a  more  diversified  system  of  agriculture, 
and  this  her  people  ars  not  yet  educated  up 
to.  They  know  nothing  but  cotton,  as  many 
of  our  farmers  know  nothing  but  grain,  and 
they  purchase  from  the  Northern  States  the 
common  necessaries  of  life,  which  they  might 
with  economy  produce  at  home.  While  di- 
vided by  distance  and  non-communication 
they  were  also  subjects  of  sharpers  in  the 
the  shape  of  cotton  speculators.  The  Grange 
will  remedy  this  matter  to  a  great  extent,  and 
in  meeting  together,  discussions  upon  farming 
matters  will  gradually  educate  the  farmers  to 
adopt  and  follow  a  diversified  and  more  prac- 
tical and  economical  system  of  agriculture. 

J.  W.  A.  Wright  has  just  written  a  good 
letter  from  the  South  to  the  San  Francisco 
Chronicle,  on  Grange  matters  in  the  South, 
from  which  we  select  the  following: 

In  the  Southern  States  generally,  there  is 
no  question  that  the  Grange,  in  its  many 
subordinate  and  State  organizations,  is  greatly 
advancing  the  interests  of  agriculture  by  the 
practical  accomplishment  of  some  of  its  no- 
blest purposes.  Throughout  the  Southern 
States  more  than  ten  thotisand  subordinate 
Granges — nearly  half  the  number  in  the 
United  States — are  combining  all  agricultur- 
ists in  all  the  fraternity  and  strength  of  our 
Order  for  the  protection  of  those  interests  of 
agriculture  which  are  common  to  every  State, 
regardless  of  any  partisan  or  sectional  differ- 
ences. 

Not  only  is   their  real  community  of  inter- 
ests more  fully  disciissed    and   understood — 
not  only  is  more    complete  social    enjoyment 
secured,  but  the  fields  are   more  carefully  fer- 
tilized aud  more  thoroughly  cultivated.     The 
harmouious    and    sympathetic    work   of  the 
Grange  throughout   the    Union  has  given  our 
Southern  Virothers   generally  new-born  hopes 
for  "a  better  day  coming."     .\ud  surely  they 
need  that   better  day   as  few   farmers  in    the 
world  can  need  it.     The  chief  business  enter- 
prise into  which   they  have   been  led  by   the 
principles  of  the  Grange  is  a  combined  move- 
ment  in    Georgia,  South    Carolina  aud  Ala- 
bama, iu  which   other  cotton  States   will   no 
doubt  soon  join,  for  direct  shipments  of  cot- 
ton  to    Europe   by  the   Granges.     Southern 
cottou  buyers  have  been    paying  better  prices 
the  past  Winter   thau  formerly.      This   is  no 
doubt  to  be  accounted  for  chietiy  by  two  facts 
— this  movement  toward  direct  shijjmeuts  and 
the  decreased  number  of  bales  raised  last  ye-ar, 
the  crop  of    1871  iu  the    cottou    States   being 
now  placed   at  about   3,000,01)1)  bales.     This 
latter  fact  is  also  due   iu  great  measure,  as  is 
well  known,  to  the  Grange  work;   for  South- 
ern farmers  generally  adopted  the  advice  given 
them  by  the  St.  Louis  meeting  of  the  National 
Grange,  to  plant   less  cotton    and  more  corn. 
So  there  is  no  doubt  of  the  favorable  influence 
of  the  Grange,  directly  and   indirectly,  in  se- 
curing better  prices    for   cotton   growers  the 
past  season.     They    have    also,  as    a  general 
rule,  been  paying  less  for  the  transportation 
of  their  produce  to  market,  and  been  receiving 
greater  accommodation  from  commercial  men, 
many  of  whom  here,  as  everywhere  else,  bless 
the  Grange — over  the  left — with  a  slight  grit- 
ting of  the  teeth,  while  ready  to  admit  that  it 


will  be  a  great  benefit  to  farmers,  so  long  as 
they  are  true  to  its  purposes  and  restrain 
themselves  within  proper  bounds. 

In  Alabama,  where  almost  every  farmer  is 
a  Granger,  the  State  l'"air  next  October  will  be 
conducted  under  the  management  of  a  com- 
mittee of  the  State  Grange.  Premiums  are 
offered  which  must  tend  materially  to  im- 
provement iu  systems  of  culture.  No  Ameri- 
can citizens  rejoice  more  at  the  growing  "era 
of  good  feeling,"  are  more  patriotic,  or  more 
willing  to  do  everything  in  their  i)ower  to  aid 
in  bridging  over,  sincerely,  etfectually  and 
forever,  the  "bloody  chasm,"  than  are  the 
Grangers  o(  the  South.  It  is  only  necessary 
"to  meet  them  half  way." 

As  I  came  through  Tennessee,  where  you 
know  there  are  now  over  one  thousand  sub- 
ordinate Granges,  I  met  with  some  prominent 
members  of  our  Order  in  that  State.  They 
assert  that  the  purposes  of  the  Grange  are 
working  out  the  same  benefits  for  farmers 
there  as  in  other  States.  One  little  special 
item  for  which  the  Grangers  have  credit  there 
is  the  securing  of  a  small  aud  apparently  in- 
siguificaut  act  of  their  Legislature  last  Winter 
iu  the  interest  of  sheep-raising.  It  is  nothing 
more  nor  less  thau  a  "dog-law."  It  fixes  a 
fine  of  five  dollars  on  one  kind  of  dog,  aud 
one  dollar  on  auother  kind.  Collectors  of  the 
poll-tax  are  expected  to  collect  the  dog-tax. 
If  the  owner  of  a  dog  refuses  to  pay  the  tax 
the  collector  is  required  to  kill  the  dog  at  ouce. 
This  law  and  its  provisions  will  go  far  toward 
freeing  the  State  from  sheep-kilUng  dogs,  for 
it  will  not  pay  to  keep  any  but  good  dogs,  and 
if  properly  enforced  it  can  at  least  make  sheep 
husbandry  profitable.  Just  such  a  law  is 
needed  in  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Mai'yland 
and  other  Southern  States,  for,  beyond  ques- 
tion, there  is  excellent  sheep  range  in  all  of 
them,  as  well  as  iu  Tennessee.  If  you  say  to 
Southern  farmers,  "You  have  fine  range,  why 
don  t  you  raise  sheep?"  they  reply,  "Too 
many  sheep-killing  dogs,  and  we  can't  get  a 
dog-law."  Strange  as  it  may  seem,  a  dog- 
law  is  one  of  the  hardest  to  have  passed  iu 
mau}'  States.  Legislators  have  even  been 
known  to  urge  that  if  they  passed  a  dog-law 
it  would  ruin  their  party.  Strange,  isn't  it? 
Still  it  is  true.  Now  in  Tennessee  the  Grang- 
ers have  set  an  example  that  should  be  fol- 
lowed iu  other  States.  Grange  petitions  were 
sent  in  to  the  Legislature  asking  for  a  dog- 
law — as  much  as  to  say  tbe  interests  of 
agriculture  demand  such  a  law,  and  we  want 
it  regardless  of  party  dift'erences  and  dangers. 
Their  Legislators,  like  wise  men,  heeded  the 
appeal,  and,  relieved  of  all  anxiety  about  the 
dear  party,  jiassed  the  law,  thus  paving  the 
w.ay  for  a  great  addition  to  the  agricultunJ 
resources  aud  wealth  of  the  State. 

This  single  instance  contains,  as  it  were,  in 
a  nutshell,  the  principle  of  Grange  influence 
on  legislation,  state  aud  national — or  a  jiart 
of  its  political  influence,  if  one  chooses  to  call 
it  so — for,  beyond  question,  the  Grange  has  a 
political  influence  for  good,  and  a  powerful 
one,  although  it  does  not  propose  to  dabble  in 
partisan  politics  nor  interfere  in  the  least  with 
the  party  alKliation  of  its  members. 

There  are  mauj'  laws  and  measures  which 
tend  to  protect  and  foster  especially  our  agri- 
cultural interests.  A  part  of  our  Grange 
work  is  to  discuss  and  find  out,  iu  the  har- 
mony and  secresy  of  the  Grange-room,  what 
are  such  laws  aud  measures.  A\'hen,  by  com- 
mon consent,  we  find  such  laws  and  meas- 
ures clearly  aud  certainly,  it  is  then  the  right 
aud  purpose  of  all  Grange  members,  by  joint 
petitions  aud  all  other  legitimate  means,  to 
influence  our  Legislatures  aud  Congi'ess  to 
pass  enactmeuts  necessary  to  secure  these  gen- 
eral and  evident  interests.  This  seems  to  be 
a  poiut  very  much  misunderstood  in  regard 
to  our  Grange  work.  By  bearing  these  facts 
in  mind  many  acts  of  the  National  Grange  at 
its  Charleston  session  can  be  better  under- 
stood and  properly  appreciated  by  some  of 
our  members  as  well  as  outsiders. 


Little  and  often  fills  the  purse. 


INTERNATIONAL   EXHIBITION  AT 
PHILADELPHIA,   1876. 

Circular  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture. 

The  Centennial  Commission,  realizing  the 
importauce  of  the  agricultural  interests  of  the 
United  States,  and  anticipating  the  demands 
that  will  be  made  for  a  proper  representation 
in  the  International  Exhibition  of  1876,  is 
making  ample  provision  for  the  accommuda- 
tion  of  this  department. 

It  has  been  organized  as  one  of  the  btureaus 
of  administration  of  the  Exhibition,  and  will 
comprehend  the  native  and  cultivated  pro- 
ducts of  the  soil,  and  of  objects  more  directly 
derived  therefrom,  agricultural  machinery  and 
farm  appliances. 

The  building,  most  eligibly  located  in  Fair- 
mount  Park,  will  cover  ten  acres.  There  will 
be  provided,  also,  ample  and  suitable  accom- 
modations for  the  solicitor  and  display  of  live 
stock,  which  it  is  intended  shall  Iw  exhibited 
during  the  months  of  Sei)temberand  October. 

The  Exhibition  will  open  on  the  10th  of 
May,  1876,  and  it  is  therefore  necessary  that 
those  who  desire  to  exhibit  cereals,  forage- 
plants  and  tubers  should  make  their  prepara- 
tions during  the  present  season. 

This  exhibitiou  being  international,  wUl 
bring  together  for  comparison  the  best  pro- 
ducts from  every  quarter  of  the  globe;  hence 
every  effort  should  be  made  to  give  just  evi- 
dence of  the  capacity  of  the  varied  climates, 
soils,  skill  in  tillage,  and  the  character  of  the 
Uve  stock  of  the  United  States;  whilst  the 
mechanical  aids  to  agriculture  should  exhibit 
ingenuity,  excellence  of  workmanship,  and 
adaptation  to  desired  ends.  The  classification 
will  more  fully  make  manifest  the  arrange- 
ment and  comprehensiveness  of  this  depart- 
ment. Applications  for  space  should  be  made 
as  early  as  practicable,  on  forms  which  will  be 
furnished  by  the  Chief  of  this  bureau. 

The  prompt  co-operation  of  state,  county 
and  other  agricultural  organizations,  as  well 
as  of  all  individuals  interested  in  the  practice 
of  rural  science,  stock-breeding  and  forestry 
is  earnestly  solicited. 

COMMITTEE  OP   THE  CENTENNIAL  COMMISSION  ON 
AGBICULTUKE. 

Robert  Lowry,  N.  C.  Meeker, 

Lawrence  Weldon,         Kobert  Mallory, 
Eldridge  W.  Little,        Archibald  Cameron, 
Andrew  J.   Dufur. 

EESIDENT  ADVISORY    C0.1I.MITTEE. 

A.  L.  Kenuedv,  M.D.,  Paschall  Morris, 
Charles  R.  King,  M.D.,    Wm.  B.  Roberts, 

John  R.  Eby,  Lewis  W^eldin, 

George  Blight,  William  Brice, 

Thaddeus  Nonis,  George  I.  Young, 

Chas.  L.  Sharpless,  John  I.  Bishop. 
Samuel  C.  WUletts, 

BcTtNET    LaNDBETH, 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Agriculture. 

A.  T.  GOSHORN, 

Director  General. 

LIVE  STOCK  AT  THE  CENTENNIAL. 

It  is  understood  that  the  Centenni.il  Com- 
mission has  concluded  to  have  the  hve  stock 
display  at  the  International  Exhibition,  within 
the  months  of  September  and  October,  1S7G; 
the  periods  devoted  to  each  class  and  family 
being  fifteen  days,  aud  the  division  as  fol- 
lows: 

Horses,  mules  and  asses  (as  one  class), 
from  September  first  to  fifteenth. 

Horned  cattle  (of  all  varieties),  from  Sep- 
tember twentieth  to  October  fifth. 

Sheep,  swine  and  goats  (as  one  class),  from 
October  tenth  to  twenty-fifth. 

Poultry  will  be  exhibited  as  a  permanent 
and  also  as  a  temporary  show,  the  first  com- 
mencing on  the  opening  of  the  Exhibition, 
the  latter  from  October  twenty-fifth  to  Novem- 
ber tenth. 


k 


~^>i^. 


128 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Animals  must  be  of  pure  blood  to  be  quali- 
fied for  admission  (trotting  stock,  fat  and 
draught  cattle  excepted),  and  even  those  of 
pure  blood  must  be  highly  meritorious. 

The  exhibition  being  open  to  the  whole 
world,  it  is  of  the  iirst  importance  that  we 
bring  forward  the  best  of  their  kind  only,  as 
the  character  of  our  stock  will  be  judged  by 
the  general  average  of  those  exhibited. 

Exhibitors  will  be  expected  to  provido  for 
feeding  their  stock.  .„  ,     ,       .  ,     •■ 

All  forage  and  other  food  will  be  furnished 
at  coat  prices  at  depots  conveniently  located 
within  the  grounds.  ,       .  , 

Exhibitors  will  also  be  expected  to  furnish 
their  own  attendants,  on  whom  all  responsi- 
bility of  the  care  of  feeding,  watering  and 
cleaning  the  animals,  and  also  of  cleaning  the 
stalls  will  rest. 

Though  the  Commission  will  erect  ample 
accommodation  for  the  exhibition  and  protec- 
tion of  live  stock,  contributors  who  may  de- 
sire to  make  special  arrangements  for  the  dis- 
play of  their  stock,  will  be  afforded  facilities, 
at  their  own  cost. 

All  animaJs  will  be  under  the  supervision  of 
a  veterinary  surgeon,  who  will  examine  them 
before  admission  to  guard  against  infection, 
and  who  will  also  make  a  daily  inspection  and 
report.  . 

In  case  of  sickness,  the  animal  will  be  re- 
moved to  a  suitable  enclosure,  specially  i)re- 
pared  for  its  comfort  and  medical  treatment. 

Kings  will  be  provided  for  the  display  and 
exercise  of  horses  and  cattle. 

It  is  highly  important  that  all  who  design 
exhibiting  should  now  make  application,  as 
the  extent  of  preparation  necessary  can  only 
be  regulated  by  an  estimate  based  upon  actual 
demands. 

Inquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  Chief  of 
the  Bureau  of  Agiiculture,  Philadelphia. 

AGBICULTUKAL  MACHINEEY. 

The  Centennial  Commission  is  making 
thorough  provision  for  the  reception  and  dis- 
play of  agricultural  machinery  and  imple- 
ments. 

A  section  of  the  agricultural  hall,  an  impos- 
ing structure  covering  ten  acres,  vrill  be  set 
aside  for  the  exhibition  of  farm  appliances, 
and  it  is  anticipated  that  this  feature  will  be 
second  to  none  in  the  agricultural  department 
of  the  International  Exhibition. 

It  will  be  evident  to  the  manufacturers  of 
agricultural  machinery  that  as  this  our  na- 
tional exhibition,  is  also  open  to  the  competi- 
tion of  the  whole  world,  which  has  been 
invited  to  participate,  our  past  progress  and 
present  position  will  be  closely  scrutinized, 
and  we  shall  be  judged  by  the  general  aver- 
age. Tlierefore,  the  admission  of  any  object 
will  be  granted  only  when  it  possesses  a  char- 
acter of  unquestionable  worth,  and  in  the  ease 
of  machinery,  under  the  ruling  of  the  Com- 
mission, the  elements  of  merit  are  held  to 
include  considerations  relating  to  "originality, 
invention,  utility,  quaUty,  skill,  workman- 
ship, fitness  for  puri)ose  intended,  adaptation 
to  public  wants,  economy,  and  cost." 

Within  the  agricultural  hall  will  be  steam 
power,  and  all  the  necessary  appliances  for 
driving  all  such  machinery  as  cotton  gins, 
sugar  jiresses,  plantation  mills,  threshers, 
fanning  mills,  etc. 

It  is  contemplated  to  test  in  the  field,  plows 
for  animal  and  steam  power,  reapers,  mowers, 
tedders  and  hay  rakes. 

Manufacturers,  designing  to  compete  in  the 
field  will  be  required  to  use  the  same  ma- 
chines as  they  offer  on  exhibition. 

The  reception  of  articles  within  the  hall 
commences  on  January  5th,  DSTil,  and  encls 
on  April  I'Jth,  the  exhibition  opening  on  May 
loth,  and  continuing  six  months. 

luijuiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  Chief  of 
Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Philadelphia. 

rOMOLOGY. 

It  is  the   purpose   of   the  Centennial  Com- 


mission of  the  International  Exhibition,  and 

an  especial  object  of  interest  to  the  Bureau  of 
Agriculture,  which  has  been  charged  with  the 
reception  of  fruits  for  exhibition,  to  afford 
every  inducement  and  facility  for  a  full  and 
comjjlete  display  of  the  fruits  of  our  varied 
climates,  and  also  those  of  more  northern  and 
tropical  regions. 

Ii  being  questionabla  as  to  the  practicability 
of  exhibiting  many  perishable  fruits,  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  tropics,  models  in  was  and  plas- 
ter will  be  acceptable. 

Such  a  display  of  pomological  products  as 
herein  designated  will,  it  is  expected,  cover 
the  entire  period  during  which  the  Exhibition 
will  be  open,,  though  at  all  times  varying  in 
importance  and  extent.  For  instance,  berries 
and  other  small  fruits  will  be  included  in  this 
department,  and  of  these  there  will  be  certain 
classes,  as  strawberries  from  the  South,  ready 
for  exhibition  on  the  opening  day;  and  the 
variety  and  quantity  will  be  presented  in  an 
increasing  scale  as  the  season  advances. 

It  will  be  perceived  readily  that  the  most 
important  display  will  be  made  during  the 
months  of  September  and  October. 

The  classification,  and  arrangement  of  lo- 
cation of  fruits  sent  for  exhibition,  will  be 
according  to  their  species  and  variety;  all  of 
similar  character  being  assembled  together, 
that  a  more  satisfactory  conclusion  may  be 
reached  as  to  the  respective  merits  of  like 
products  from  different  soils  and  States;  thus 
all  grapes,  from  whatever  source,  will  be 
placed  in  one  position;  the  same  with  api^les, 
pears,  and  the  entire  list  of  cultivated  and 
wild  fruits,  and  nuts. 

Exhil>itors  may  be  assured  that  the  proper 
arrangements  will  be  made  for  the  united  in- 
terests of  themselves,  and  pomological  science. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  pomological  societies  of 
the  several  States,  and  individual  cultivators 
generally,  will  co-operate  in  an  effort  to  place 
before  tie  world  creditable  evidence  of  the  re- 
sources and  capacity  of  our  country  in  respect 
to  fruit  culture  and  products. 

The  Exhibition  will  open  in  Philadelphia 
on  the  10th  of  May,  1S70,  and  close  the  10th 
day  of  November  following. 

FOEESTRY. 

The  Bureau  of  Agi-iculture  of  the  Centen- 
nial International  Exhibition,  to  be  opened  in 
Philadelphia,  May  10th,  1876,  comprises 
within  its  department  a  display  of  all  the 
products  of  the  forest,  both  in  primary  and 
secondary  form. 

It  is  earnestly  requested  by  the  Commis- 
sion that  foresters  of  all  sections  of  the  Union 
forward  samples  of  the  trees  of  their  respec- 
tive districts.  These  samples  or  specimens 
may  be  presented  in  any  convenient  and  port- 
able form;  as,  for  example,  it  is  suggested  that 
the  bark  of  one  or  more  of  the  giant  trees  of 
California  (Washiugtonia  gigantea)  be  taken 
off' the  trunk  in  segments  and  sections,  to  be 
placed  on  arrival  on  a  skeleton  frame  of  the 
same  dimensions  as  the  original.  The  agri- 
cultural hall  having  an  extreme  elevation  of 
seventy-five  feet,  will  afford  ample  room  for 
at  least  a  partial  exhibit  of  one  of  these  mons- 
sters  of  primeval  forests.  Thus  also  with 
other  trees  of  the  Pacific  coast,  hardly  secon- 
dary to  it,  as  Abies  Douglasii  and  nobilis, 
Librocedrus  decurrens,  Pinus  Lambertiaua. 
The  White  Pine  and  Hemlock  of  the  North. 
The  Yellow  I'ine  in  their  several  species,  the 
Live  Oak,  the  Cypress  (Taxodium  distichum) 
of  the  South,  aiid  a  long  list  from  every  sec- 
tion of  our  broad  territory. 

In  addition  to  speciments  of  trunks  of  trees 
should  be  exhiliited  timber  and  lum- 
ber in  all  forms;  as  samjiles  of  masts  and 
spars,  large  and  small;  knees  and  sipiare  tim- 
ber, as  prepared  for  naval  purposes;  planks 
and  boards  exhibiting  lUiusual  breadth  and 
character  of  cell  and  fibre.  In  brief,  every 
description,  quahty,  and   form  of   wood  used 


in  construction  and  decoration. 

Foreign  specimens  are  confidently  expected 
— let  us  not  fail  to  place  ours  side  hy  side 
with  them. 

It  can  hardly  be  necessary  to  add  another 
word.  The  lumber  interests  of  this  country 
are  too  inportant  not  to  be  fully  represented 
at  the  International  Exhibition.  Few  of  us, 
it  may  be  assumed,  comprehend  and  appreci- 
ate the  lumber  resources  of  the  Union,  and 
we  can  only  do  so  by  such  an  exhibit  as  is 
herein  proposed,  and  by  the  study  of  statisti- 
cal tables  expressive  of  value,  now  in  course 
of  preparation. 

Communications  in  connection  with  this 
and  kindred  subjects,  may  be  addressed  to  the 
Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture. 


HOW  SHALL  WE  CELEBRATE  ? 

As  the  annual  return  of  our  national  birth- 
day is  so  near  at  hand,  perhaps  it  will  be  well 
to  say  a  word  in  regard  to  the  way  in  which 
it  should  be  celebrated.  There  has  been  a 
tendency,  for  the  last  few  years,  to  ridicule 
and  burlesque  the  day,  more  than  to  celebrate 
and  honor  the  act  or  our  patriotic  and  noble 
forefathers  who  risked  their  lives  and  fortunes 
in  giving  us  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
that  spoke  our  nation  into  existence.  This 
is  not  as  it  should  be.  Then  let  us  see  to  it 
that  the  coining  Fourth  of  July  shall  be  cele- 
brated in  a  manner  that  will  not  only  show 
our  gratitude  and  thanks  to  our  worthy  sires, 
but  that  will  have  a  tendency  to  elevate  and 
refine  the  rising  generation.  Is  there  a  man, 
woman  or  child,  with  one  drop  of  true,  pat- 
riotic blood  in  their  veins,  that  did  not  feel 
insulted  and  disgraced  by  the  caricatures  of 
Miss  Sallie  Hart  and  other  temperance  work- 
ers which  were  paraded  through  the  streets  of 
San  Jose  on  last  Fourth  of  July  ?  just  be- 
cause she  had  been  brave  and  true  enough  to 
try  to  stay  the  tide  of  intemperance  that  is 
not  only  blighting  the  prospects  of  oiu-  lovely 
city,  but  has  proved  the  greatest  curse  the 
world  has  ever  known,  even  as  our  forefathers 
worked  against  oppression.  Parents,  "be 
not  deceived  ;  whatsoever  ye  sow,  that  shall 
ye  also  reap."  If  we  do  not  proride  public 
entertainment  that  will  elevate  and  refine  the 
young,  that  will  lead  them  to  a  higher  phase 
of  civilization,  we  must  not  complain  if  they 
find  and  .are  demoralized  by  entertainments 
of  the  descending  phase  of  civilization  ;  and 
if  we  permit  decency  to  be  insulted  and  pat- 
riotism to  be  dishonored  upon  our  streets  on 
our  natal  day,  what  must  be  the  result  ? 

Why  Eaes    Should    Not  Be   Boxed. — In 

Phynmloiji/  for  F radical    Use  (D.  Appleton  & 
Co.)  we  find  the  following: 

There  are  several  things  very  commonly 
done  which  are  extremely  injurious  to  the 
ear,  and  ought  to  be  carefully  avoided.  *  " 
And  first,  children's  ears  ought  never  to  be 
boxed.  Wo  have  seen  that  the  passage  of  the 
car  is  closed  by  a  thin  membrane,  especially 
that  adapted  to  be  influenced  by  every  impulse 
of  the  air,  and  with  notliing  but  the  air  to 
support  it  internally.  What,  then,  can  bo 
more  likely  to  injure  this  membrane  than  a 
sudden  and  forcible  compression  of  the  air  in 
front  of  it?  If  any  one  designed  to  break  or 
overstretch  the  membrane  he  could  scarcely 
devise  a  more  elliciont  means  than  to  bring 
the  hand  suddenly  and  forcibly  down  upon 
the  passage  of  the  ear,  thus  driving  the  air 
violently  before  it,  with  no  possibility  for  its 
escape  but  by  the  membrane  giving  way. 
Many  children  are  made  deaf  by  boxes  on  the 
ear  in  this  way. 


California  Agriculturist  akd  Live  Stock  Journal 


SOMETHING    ABOUT     THE     BEET- 
SUGAR  INTEREST. 

The  beets  look  well  and  promise  a  good 
crop  at  Soquel,  Santa  Cruz  county.  At  Sac- 
ramento and  at  Davisvillo  the  prospects  are 
equally  good.  There  are  but  two  sugar  mills 
in  the  State.  We  have  now  had  four  years' 
experience  in  this  interesting  branch  of  in- 
dustry, and  it  is  well  proved  that  wo  can  make 
sugar  from  beets  in  California  at  7  cents  a 
pound,  including  every  expense.  A  reduction 
to  G%  cents  is  expected,  by  letting  farmers 
raise  the  beets.  They  can  make  acceptable 
profit,  dehvering  beets  at  $5  a  ton,  on  long 
contracts. 

In  Europe,  sugar-making  from  beets  is  a 
favorite  industry,  because  of  its  certain  pro- 
fits. We  have  great  advantages  over  Europe. 
Our  longer  season  ripens  the  beet  better  and 
increases  its  weight.  Our  milder  Winters 
save  two-thirds  of  the  expense  of  storage, and 
all  other  items  are  in  our  favor.  The  free  raw 
sugars  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  do  not  affect 
us  materially.  With  this  favorable  showing 
we  regret  to  find  a  disinclination  to  go  into 
the  business.  A  gentleman  who  owns  a  large 
farm,  and  has  suitable  buildings  and  water, 
all  accessible  to  our  bay  craft,  has  presented 
to  men  of  capital  an  offer  so  inducing  as  to 
tempt  any  one,  if  there  were  not  a  general 
apathy  toward  all  industries. 

Ho  offers  to  build  works  equal  to  Sacra- 
mento for  $75,000.  Then  a  working  capital 
of  $25,000  would  make  the  investment  $100,- 
000. 

He  does  not  propose  buying  land,  nor  farm- 
ing beets.  Rich  farmers  \vill  take  long  con- 
tracts to  furnish  beets  to  the  mill  for  SI  50 
per  ton. 

He  offers  to  take,  and  pay  for  in  coin,  ten 
per  cent,  of  the  stock;  and  further,  he  will 
guarantee  25  per  cent,  profit  on  the  invest- 
ment in  the  first  year,  if  he  bo  allowed  to  di- 
rect the  management  for  the  year.  For  this 
guarantee  he  will  accept  the  surplus  over  25 
per  cent.     He  will  put  up  security  for  this. 

Every  man  is  interested  in  encouraging 
manufacturing  here.  Nothing  seems  to  in- 
sure a  higher  profit,  and  with  every  security 
against  risk.  We,  therefore,  earnestly  entreat 
for  this  projjosition  the  serious  consideration 
to  which  it  seems  entitled. 

The  foregoing  is  from  the  Alia.  When  we 
take  into  account  the  value  of  the 

PULP    FOB  STOCK, 

as  well  as  the  juice  for  sugar,  the  above  cal- 
culation will  not  seem  wrong.  We  excerjit 
the  f  ollo-ning  in  this  regard : 

After  the  juice  is  expressed  from  the  rasped 
beet,  the  dry  pulj)  remaining  is  an  admirable 
food  for  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  or  fowls,  of 
which  vast  numbers  are  fed  in  the  sugar-pro- 
ducing districts  of  Europe.  The  average 
amount  of  pulp  is  20  per  cent,  of  the  original 
weight  of  beets,  and  it  is  almost  a  universal 
custom  for  farmers  to  contract  with  manufac- 
turers to  receive  back  in  pulp  20  per  cent,  of 
the  weight  of  beets  furnished.  For  this  the 
farmer  p.ays  two  to  two  and  a  half  dollars  per 
ton.  If  the  manufacturer  has  any  pulp  re- 
miuuiug  after  his  contracts  with  the  farmers 
are  filled,  he  sells  it  to  others  at  two  dollars 
and  seventy-five  cents  to  three  dollars  per  ton. 

Repeated  experiments  have  proved  that  for 
feeding  stock,  three  tons  of  pulp  are  fully 
equal  to  one  ton  of  the  best  hay.  Cattle  are 
fond  of  it,  and  by  its  use  are  fattened  for  the 
mai-ket  in  one  hundred  days. 

The  method  of  feeiling  stock  upon  it  em- 
ployed at  ilasny,  by  the  Messrs.  Fievet,  the 
model  farmers  of    France,  was   the  following: 

Each  ox  was  allowed  daily  80  l)5s  of  pulp,  5 
lbs  of  chopped  straw,  5  Ihs  oil  cake.  Each 
cow  had  daily  70  lbs  of  pulp,  5  lbs  of  chopped 
straw,  5  lbs  oil  cake.  Each  sheep  was  given 
daily  (!  lbs  of  pulji,  Y^  lb  of  chopped  straw,  J;^ 
lb  of  oil  cake,  and  1  lb  of  chaff'. 

They  fattened  in  this  manner  800  head  of 
cattle  and  4,000  sheep  every  year. 


The  Messrs.  Fievet  recommended  the  use 
of  chopped  cornstalks  and  a  small  quantity  of 
Indian  meal  for  the  Western  United  States. 

Chaptal  says  of  the  pulp:  "This  food  is 
almost  dry;  it  has  not  the  advantages  of  roots 
or  grasses,  nor  of  dry  forage.  It  does  not 
ferment,  and  is  not  laxative,  like  the  former, 
nor  does  it  heat  and  produce  constipation  like 
the  latter.  It  contains  almost  aU  the  nutri- 
tive principles  of  the  beet." 

In  fact,  water  is  the  chief  article  taken  from 
the  beet  by  rasping  and  pressing,  and  there 
still  remains  from  four  and  a  half  to  six  and 
a  half  per  cent,  of  sugar  in  the  the  residuum, 
besides  other  nutritious  matter. 

Dombaslo  recommends  it,  especially  for 
sheep,  and  also  for  milch  cows,  stating  that 
the  quantity  as  well  as  the  quality  ofthe  milk 
and  the  color  of  the  butter  are  much  improved 
by  its  use. 

M.  Call,  the  wealthy  and  enterprising  own- 
er of  "La  Briche" — a  splendid  farm  in  the 
department  of  ludre  et  Loire — mixes  his  pulp 
with  chopped  straw,  in  the  proportion  of  five- 
sixths  of  the  former  to  one-sixth  of  the  latter. 
To  the  oxen,  for  fattening,  he  gives  150  lbs  of 
this  mixture  in  the  Winter  months;  to  milch 
cows,  110  lbs;  and  to  working-cattle  from  100 
to  150  lbs  daily. 

A  liberal  daily  allowance  for  an  ox  is  75  lbs, 
for  a  cow  60  IIjs,  and  for  a  sheep  C  lbs,  with 
chopped  straw,  and  a  little  oil-cake,  or  meal. 
Consequently,  if  a  farmer  raises  100  tons  of 
beets,  and  takes  back  from  the  manufacturer 
20  tons  of  pulp,  he  has  the  means  of  feedmg, 
during  the  five  months  from  the  first  of  No- 
vember to  the  first  of  April,  4  oxen,  or  5  cows, 
or  60  sheep.  The  manufactory  that  consumes 
24,000  tons  of  beets  provides  4,800  tons  of 
pulp,  with  which  may  be  fed,  for  the  five 
most  costly  months  of  the  year,  when  there  is 
no  pasturage,  960  oxen,  or  1,200  cows,  or  12,- 
000  sheep. 

ErrECT     OP     SITBSIDIZING   THE    BEET   SUGAB   IN- 
TEREST   IN    FRANCE. 

In  the  days  when  England  took  a  much 
more  active  interest  than  she  docs  now  in  the 
"balance  of  power"  in  Europe,  France  began 
to  cultivate  beet  root,  and  make  therefrom  her 
own  sugar.  By  prohibitory  taxes  on  foreign 
suorars,  an  abnormal  growth  was  given  to  the 
manufacture  of  beet  root  sugar,  and  in  time 
the  supply  was  in  excess  of  the  demand,  so_ 
that  the  branch  of  industry  became  less  and 
less  profitable.  To  obviate  this,  France  of- 
fered an  export  bounty  on  sugar,  so  that  on 
every  $100  worth  exported  the  French  merch- 
ant got  possibly  $10  allowed  him  by  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  he  could  therefore  afl'ord  to  sell 
his  goods  for  $90.  The  result  has  been  that 
the  French  sugar  makers  have  been  under- 
selling the  English  in  the  markets  of  Eng- 
land, and  the  English  sugar-makers  have  now 
apiilied  to  their  Government  to  equaUze  mat- 
ters by  imposing  a  tax  on  French  sugars  equal 
to  the  export  premium  allowed  by  the  French 
Government. 


The  Trespass  Law. — We  have  reliable  in- 
formation that  the  cattle  men  in  this  Sena- 
torial District  are  actively  engaged  in  laying 
their  plans  to  elect  RepresentJitives  this  fall 
of  fence  proclivities.  It  is  very  evident  the 
contest  on  this  subject  is  not  yet  ended. 
They  will  leave  no  means  unturned,  if  not  to 
repeal  the  law  altogether,  to  so  modify  it  as 
to  bo  of  little  practical  benefit.  The  good 
that  has  resulted  from  the  Trespass  Act  of  the 
last  Legislature,  defective  as  it  m.ay  be  in 
some  respects,  has  exceeded  the  expectations 
of  the  most  sanguine  of  its  friends.  It  has 
been  the  salvation  of  this  valley.  All  the 
great  and  almost  magical  changes  of  the  past 
year  are  due  to  it,  and  those  that  will  take 
place  next  j-ear,  if  this  law  is  not  tampered 
with,  will  be  still  greater.  Let  everybody, 
then,  interested  in  the  maintenance  of  the 
Trespass  Law  (and  this  class  comprise  more 
than  nine-teuths  of  our  people)  be  careful 
who  they  support  for  Representative.  The 
agents  of  evil  are  always  active.  Eternal 
vigilance  is  the  price  of  safety. — Kern  Courier. 


(SJiluciitional 


Parts  of  Speech. 

r'UREE  little  words  you  ofttn  see 
Are  articleB — a,  an  and  thk: 
A  noun'B  the  name  of  nnjthing, 
Ab  lichool.  garden,  book,  or  swing; 
Adjectives  tell  the  kind  of  noun, 
As  lireat,  snmll.  pretty,  white,  or  brown; 
Instead  of  noviiis  the  pronouns  stand. 
Her  head,  his  face,  your  arm.  my  hand; 
Verbs  tell  of  soiiiethinK  to  be  done, 
To  read,  count,  swliiK,  jump,  or  run; 
How  things  are  done  the  adverbs  tell, 
As  slowly,  .lUlckly.  Ill,  or  well; 
Conjunctions  join  the  words  together. 
As  men  and  women,  wind  or  weather; 
The  preposition  stands  before 
A  noun,  as  in,  or  throviMh.  a  door; 
The  interjection  shows  surprise. 
As  Oh!  how  pretty— Obi  how  wise; 
The  whole  are  called  nine  parts  of  speech. 
Which  rcadins;,  writing,  speaking  teach. 


Pupil  Farmers. 

The  American  ArjricuUurist  has  some  sensi- 
ble remarks  under  this  head.  Are  there  not 
some  farmers,  nurserymen  and  fruit  growers 
in  California  who  would  like  boys  and  young 
men  as  apprentices?  We  know  there  are  a 
number  of  likely  young  fellows  who  would 
gladly  take  situations  where  the  could  work 
and  have  educational  advantages,  physical 
and  mental.  We  would  freely  and  without 
price  publish  the  names  of  those  who  want 
boys,  and  of  boys  who  want  situations.  Wo 
would  gladly  make  the  Cai.ifobnia  Aoeicul- 
TDRisT  a  medium  for  such  intelligence.  Send 
in  the  names  and  qualifications.  The  Ameri- 
can Agriculturist  says; 

The  old  system  of  apprenticeship  had  its 
merits.  Although  shorn  of  its  ancient  usages 
and  bonds  it  exists  to  a  great  and  useful  ex- 
tent to-day.  That  it  is  gradually  coming  into 
use  upon  the  farm  is  a  proof  that  farming  is' 
attaining  the  rank  of  an  estabUshed  business 
in  the  full  significance  of  the  term.  Anciently 
the  weaver  or  "webster,"  the  butcher,  the 
skinner  or  "  fletcher,"  the  smith,  the  tailor 
or  "taylor,"  and  other  tradesmen  taught  their 
sons  their  trades  as  they  gave  them  their 
names,  and  the  trade  became  the  property  of 
the  family  as  much  as  the  name.  No  stranger 
intermeddled  with  their  trades.  Such  com- 
petition was  rarely  permitted.  But  society 
has  outgrown  this  state  of  things,  and  the 
son,  not  bound  by  the  ancient  tjTanuy  of  a 
parental  despotism,  leaves  the  farm  for  other 
employments.  As  he  <iuits  the  farm  so  other 
boys  leave  their  homes  and  seek  the  farm,  or 
they  would  do  so  if  ojjportuuities  were  pre- 
sented to  them.  Such  opportunities  it  was 
hoped  would  be  presented  by  the  agricultur^d 
colleges,  but  that  idea  has  not  yet  been  real- 
ized to  any  extent.  The  only  resource  for 
such  youths  or  young  men  is  to  become  pupils 
of  so'me  successful  farmer,  and  learn  their 
business  or  trade  in  a  thorougldy  practical 
manner,  without  being  hampered  with  studies 
for  which  they  have  no  use.  In  England  and 
other  countries  the  agricultural  journals  con- 
tain numerous  advertisements  from  farmers 
who  want  pupils,  and  young  men  who  desire 
to  become  pupils,  and  the  same  system  is  al- 
ready originating  here.  Not  long  ago  a  case 
in  which  we  were  the  means  of  bringing  mas- 
ter and  pupil  together,  has  resulted  so  satis- 
factorily to  both  parties  that  we  lecommend 
its  repetition  in  other  instances.  Doubtless 
there  are  many  successful  farmers  who  would 
receive  pupils^  and  hundreds  of  young  men 
who  would  gladly  seize  upon  an  opportunity 
of  becoming  pupils  to  such  farmers.  We  so 
very  frequently  receive  applications  from 
voting  men  desiring  to  learn  stock  farming  or 
dairy  farming  in  the  West,  or  general  farming 
in  the  East,  that  it  would  be  of  great  service 
to  them  should  those  farmers  |or  dairymen 
who  desire  to  receive  pupils  make  it  known 
publicly  through  the  columns  devoted  to  busi- 
ness matters.  But  none  should  enter  upon 
this  work  unless  entirely  competent. 


ji 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal 


^nxt^mnltmt* 


An  Alarming  Habit  and  Custom. 

^^Ds.  AcEicuLTUBisT :  A  Loiidoii  correspon- 
j'*^  dent  of  the  Sau  Francisco  Chronicle  al- 
J^  ludes  to  the  curioiis  custom  of  women 
yef  frequenting  bar-rooms  with  the  same 
freedom  as  men.  Respectable-looking  wemen, 
with  their  prayer-books,  stojj  on  their  way 
from  church,  call  for  whatever  drink  they 
like,  and  enjoy  it  with  a  cracker.  In  hiring 
a  servant,  too,  the  custom  prevails  to 
agree  to  furnish  a  certain  amount  of  beer 
daily,  or  to  pay  them  a  stipulated  siim  as 
beer  money. 

A  mass-meeting  was  held  on  Ash  Wednes- 
day in  one  of  the  theatres  to  discuss  the  pro- 
priety of  opening  museums  and  other  places 
of  amusement  on  Sunday  in  order  to  win 
peojjle  from  the  drinking  saloon  or  public 
house.  One  speaker  argued  that  it  was  im- 
possible to  induce  the  people  to  give  up  any 
enjoyment  without  offering  another  in  its 
stead. 

Can  it  be  possible  that  the  opening  of  places 
of  popular  I'esort  for  amusement  will  lessen 
the  sale  of  stimulating  drinks?  The  one  calls 
for  the  other;  and  in  a  country  where  both 
sexes  patronize  the  bar,  surely  they  would  not 
pass  them  by  without  their  jjatronage  in  go- 
ing or  coming  from  the  museum  or  other 
place  of  amusement. 

We  Americans  should  be  charitably  inclined 
towards  those  whose  taste  for  fermented  or 
spirituous  liquors  comes  to  them  from  both 
father  and  mother  for  generations.  Our  duty 
here  in  cosmopolitan  California  should  be  to 
helji  the  dear  children  of  such  parents  to  over- 
come their  inheritance,  which  is  often  a 
source  of  grief  to  the  parents,  but  which  they 
find  it  impossible  to  cure  in  themselves. 
Santa  Cnnz,  May,  1875.  Nell  Van. 

[We  also  ascertain  on  good  authority  that 
ladies  in  San  Francisco  are  learning  to  smoke 
tobacco  as  a  fine  accomplishment,  and  say 
that  it  is  "  the  thing"  in  the  di(e  of  society! 
What  next?  Ladies  drinking  and  smoking 
like  men!  Well,  if  it  is  good  for  men  it  ought 
to  be  good  for  women  and  children.  Who  is 
setting  the  example? — Eds.] 


in  the  Summer  mouths   as  to   be  nearly  unfit 
for  cultivation,  and  we  further  remember  that 
in  those  times  the  very  dryest  soil,  when  pul- 
verized in  midsummer,  soon    became  moist 
enough  to  sprout  most  kinds  of  seed.      Now 
soil  well   prepared  by  flooding    will  dry   out 
before  the  little    plants  are  large    enough   to 
permit  irrigation.     This,  of  course,  is  not  so 
on  those  low  portions   of  the  valley  where  all 
the  upper   waters  must   collect  and  press   to 
the    surface,  while    those   higher  parts,  even 
with  artesian  wells,  have  certainly  undergone 
a  most  decided  change  in  their  productiveness. 
Have  the   cereals  escaped  the  effects  of   that 
change?  and  what  can  be  the  cause?     I  do  not 
know;  but  I  must  be  allowed  to  surmise,  since 
I  am  willing  to    give  my   reasons.     They  are 
this:  that  no    amount  of    rain  would   be  siif- 
ficient  for  vigorous   plant-life  without   mois- 
ture through   capillary  attraction   from  those 
streams  and  veins  coming  and  running  under- 
ground from   the  highest   mountains  towards 
the  sea,  where  they  have  no  outlet,  and  must 
stand  and  press  upwards,  or  find  vent  by  form- 
ing springs,  by  which   means    they   perform 
their  natural   duty  and   become  of   universal 
benefit.     But  where  they  must  exhaust  them- 
selves  through   so  many  openings  as  our  ar- 
tesian wells   give  them,  their    pressure  must 
cease,  and  capillary  action  becomes   impossi- 
ble, and  dryness  and  barrenness,  to  a  greater 
or  less  extent,  must  be  the  result. 

Now,  if  my  theory  is  accepted,  then  arte- 
sian wells  must  be  considered  as  a  great  gen- 
eral evil,  and  we  must  be  allowed  to  request 
the  Califoenia  Agkicultukist  to  suggest  a 
remedy. 

San  Jose,  May,  1875. 


K. 


%\nm. 


^ 


ARTESIAN    WELLS. 
Do  T>:ey  Druiii  Our   Uiglier  l.aikd.«i7 

Eds.  Agkiculuueist  and  Live  Stock  Jour- 
nal: That  artesian  wells  are  of  great  local 
benefit  cannot  be  doubted;  but  whether  they 
are  not  injurious  to  at  least  those  parts  of 
laud  in  the  vicinity  which  cannot  be  irrigated 
by  them,  is,  and  must  be,  a  question  of  suf- 
ficient importance  to  be  worthy  the  serious 
consideration  of  the  agiiculturist. 

To  assist  in   this  inquiry,  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  compare    the  luxture  and  productions 
of  those  parts   of    Santa  Clara   valley  called 
high  and  dry  lands  before  artesian  wells  came 
into  existence  with  what  they  are  now.     It  is 
well  remembered   by  many  of   us  when  those 
lands  produced  all  kinds  of   vegetables,  par- 
ticularly potatoes  and   onions  of   the  largest 
size;  beans,  corn  and  melons  planted  in  June 
or  July  produced  excellent  crops.     Some  say 
that  the  change   came  through   exhaustion  of 
the  soil,  but  the  farmer   knows  that  new  and 
rich  spots  are   equally   unproductive  of  any- 
thing but  grain.     We  also  remember  when  the 
and  along  the  Alameda  was  so  swampy  even 


The  Hen   and  the  Honey-Bee. 

BX    JOHN    G.    BATE. 

I      LAZY  Hen— the  story  goes— 
iy       LoquaciouB,  pert  and  self-conceited, 
V  Espied  a  Bee  upon  a  rose, 
^Sf      And  thus  the  busy  insect  greeted : 
^&' 
"  Hay,  what's  the  use  of  such  as  you, 

(Excuse  the  freedom  of  a  neighbor  I) 
Who  gad  about  and  never  do 
A  single  act  of  useful  labor? 

"I've  marked  you  well  fur  many  a  day. 
In  garden  blooms  and  meadow-clover — 

Now  here,  now  there,  in  wanton  play — 
From  morn  to  night  an  idle  rover. 

"  While  I  discreetly  bitle  at  home, 
A  faithful  wife,  the  best  of  mothers, 

About  the  fields  you  idly  roam, 
Without  the  least  regard  for  others. 

"  While  I  lay  egtrs  and  hatch  them  out. 
You  seek  the  flowers  most  sweet  and  fragrant. 

And  sipping  honey,  stroll  about. 
At  best  a  good-for-nothing  vagrant !" 

"  Nay,"  said  the  Bee,  '*  yon  do  me  wrong  ; 

I'm  useful,  too  ;  perhaps  you  doubt  it. 
Because— though  toiling  all  day  long — 

I  scorn  to  make  a  fuss  about  it. 

"  While  you,  with  every  egg  that  cheer:. 

Ytiur  daily  task,  must  stop  and  hammer 
The  news  in  other  people's  ears. 

Till  they  uro  deafened  with  the  clamor. 

"  Come  now  with  me  and  see  my  hive. 
And  note  how  folks  may  work  in  quiet ; 

To  useful  arts  much  more  alive 
Thau  you  with  all  your  cackling  riot." 

l'envoi. 
The  Poet,  one  may  plainly  sec 

Who  reads  tliis  fable  at  his  Icislxre, 
Is  represented  by  the  Bee, 

Wlui  joins  utility  to  pleasure  ; 
Willie  111  this  self-conceited  Hen 

Wr  note  the  Poet's  silly  neighbor. 
Who  thinks  the  noisy  '*  working-meu  " 

Are  doing  all  Ihe  useful  labor. 


practical  business  men,  not  only  in  our  own 
country  but  in  foreign  countries,  who  devote 
themse'lves  entirely  to  the  work,  and  are  mak- 
ing it  not  only  a  practical  but  a  scientific  oc- 
cupation.    And  not  only  men  but  women  are 
taking  much  interest  in   these  scientific   and 
practical  researches.     There  are  many  women 
who,  \rithin  the  last  few  years,  have  not  only 
added  to  their  store  of  pin-money,  but  have 
gained  much  useful  knowledge,  beside  enjoy- 
ing a  pleasant  out-door   exercise,    by   raising 
and  tending  bees.     But  in  order  to  become  a 
successful  apiarian  it  is  of  the  greatest  impor- 
tance to  be  a  lover  of  bees,    for   no   business 
pays  that  a  person  has  not  interest  enough  in 
and  a  love  for,  to  attend  to  it  properly.     No 
doubt  many   fail  in    their   attempts   to   raise 
bees  from  the  fact  that  they  are   not  properly 
located  ;  for  bees,    in   order   to   do  well   and 
store  large  supplies  of  honey,   must  have  a- 
good  supplv   of    honey-producing  trees  and 
plants  within  short  range.     I   used   to   be   a 
little  skeptical  when  I  read  Mr.  Hosmer  s  ac- 
counts of  his  enormous  yields  of  honey,  but 
when  I  \'isited  his  apiary  last  season  I   no 
longer  had  a  doubt  as  to   the   correctness   of 
his  reports,  for  he  really  has  a  very  desirable 
location  for  his  apiary.     It  is  often  said  that 
the  reason  that  women  do  not  succeed  better 
in  what  they  undertake,  is  because  they  lack 
energy  and  perseverance.     Perhaps  it  may  be 
so  in  some  instances,   but   there    are   women 
endowed  with  noble   gifts  and  possessing  the 
requisite  amount  of  business  tact  to  succeed 
in  any  legitimate  business  when  once    they 
have   taken   hold   of    it.       And   bee-keeping 
seems  especially  adapted  to   women,  because 
it   requires  patience   and  constant   attention 
rather  than  strength  ;    then   again,   bees   are 
great  lovers  of    cleanliness  .and  punty,    and 
there  seems  to  be  a  hidden  quality  in  some 
men  which  renders  them  disagreeable  to  bees, 
and  tobacco  users   and   whisky   drinkers   are 
said  to  be  very  offensive  to  them,  and  they  are 
very  apt  to  punish  them  if    they  come  near. 
The   superioritv    of    the    Italian   over   the 
common  bee   of    this  country  is  now  pretty 
generally     admitted   by    all   who   have   tried 
them.     This  is  especially  said  to  be  true   of 
California,  where  it  is    said   that   they  yield 
three  or  four  times  more  honey  than  the  com- 
mon bee.  . 

There  are  women  gardeners  and  florists, 
who  have  risen  to  prosperity  by  commendable 
industry  and  good  business  qualities,  so  we 
hope  to  see  mauv  more  giving  their  attention 
to  bee-keeping.  Many  with  Umited  means 
can  get  a  few  stands  of  bees  and  in 
years  m.ike  quite  a  profit  with  a  very 
outlav.  besides  always  having  a  supply  of  pure 
white  honey  for  the  table.  We  should  say  to 
every  woman  who  enjoys  out-door  exercise, 
go  to  bee-keeping.— Aa(e  in  Bee-Keeper  s  Mmj- 


few 
small 


Bee-Keeping  for  Women. 

The  rearing  of  the  lioney-beo,  the  making 
of  honey  luid  IxH'Swax,  is  now  becoming  one 
of     the     established    occupations    of    many 


Bees  in   the  United   States.— There  are 

two  million  beo-hives  in  the    United    States. 

Every  hive  yields,  on  an  average,  a  little  over 

twenty-two  pounds  of  honey.     The    average 

price  at  which  honey   is   sold  is   twenty-five 

cents  a  pound  ;    so    that,    after   paying    their 

own  board  the  bees  present  us  with  a  revenue 

of  $8,800,000.     To  reckon   in   another  way, 

they  make  a  clear  gift   of  over   a   pound   of 

pure  honcY  to   every  man,   woman  and   child 

in  the    vast    domain   of    the   United    States. 

Over     twenty-threo     and     one-third    million 

pounds  of  wax  are  made  and   given  to  us  by 

these  industrious  workers.      The  keeping  of 

bees  is  one  of  the  most  profitable  investments 

that  our  people   can   m:vke   of  their   money. 

The   profits    arising   on    the   s;ile   of  surplus 

honey  average  fr(un  fifty  to  two  hundred  per 

cent,  on  the  capital  invested. 

A  little  more  than  six  months  ago  John 
Killop,  of  Butte  county,  says  the  OroviUo 
Mercurt/  bought  one  thousand  head  of  shee] . 
A  few  days  ago  he  sold,  as  the  Spring  clip,  of 
wool  $1,"'280  worth.  He  has  a  few  more  than 
one  thousand  lambs,  that  will  give  him  a 
fleece  from  e.ich  this  Fiill.  His  one  thousand 
sheep  have  nearly  p:iid  for  themselves  already. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


She  Ijov^c* 


Russian  Horses. 

r'HE  Rassiau  horso  is  an  animal  of  ro- 
markable  qualities,  which  are  set  forth 
in  a  manner  to  make  us  wish  for  his 
better  acquaintance.  Fast  driving  holds 
a  pre-eminent  place  among  the  sports  of 
the  Russian  gentleman,  l^o  expense  or  trou- 
ble is  deemed  too  great  to  gratifj'  his  fancy  in 
that  respect.  A  good  pau'  of  fast  trotters  of  a 
favorite  breed  sometimes  bring  as  much  as 
£1,000,  a  price  which  is  looked  upon  as  stu- 
pendous by  the  author,  who  has  evidently 
never  heard  of  the  costly  stud  of  our  turf- 
compelling  townsman,  Mr.  R.  Bonner.  These 
horses  are  fine-looking  animals,  but  are  only 
fit  for  town  use.  They  are  always  driven 
without  blinders,  for  it  is  the  faith  of  every 
Russian  coachman  that  if  you  give  a  horse  a 
chance  to  look  around  and  examine  every  ob- 
ject before  him  he  will  not  shy.  The  post 
horses  are  unmatched  in  the  world  for  swift- 
ness and  endurance.  Another  kind  of  a 
horse,  and  devoted  to  a  j^eculiar  service,  is 
thus  described:  "The  Tcherkess  of  the  Great 
and  Little  Kabardah  breed, is  a  splendid  race  of 
horses.  Brought  up  in  the  wild  steppe,  amid 
dangers  and  nightly  alarms,  its  apprehensive 
sagacity  becomes  early  developed  in  a  high 
degree.  It  is  a  fine  animal,  with  a  strong 
Bpine,  powerful  croop  and  thigh,  and  great 
width  of  shoulder  and  chest;  the  knee-caps 
are  broad,  the  hoof  as  if  formed  of  iron,  head 
and  neck  tolerably  light;  everything  seems 
combined  to  render  them  trusty,  indefatigable 
servants  to  man.  The  Tchetchents.  the  most 
ferocious  and  determined  brigands  of  the  Cau- 
casus (now  fortunately  only  in  small  num- 
bers) used  to  buy  their  horses  in  the  Kabar- 
dah. They  pick  out  the  most  promising 
one-year-olds,  take  them  home,  where  they 
are,  so  to  say,  received  into  the  bosom  of  the 
family.  They  receive  their  food  when  the 
latter  sits  down  to  a  meal,  and  they  often  sit 
in  the  same  room.  The  young  children  will 
play  with  them,  talk  to  them,  and  crawl  all 
over  and  about  them.  What  wonder  if  the 
horse  become  almost  as  wise  as  his  master? 
The  young  boys  will  sometimes  mount  him 
and  gallop  over  the  prairies,  but  no  adult 
thinks  of  bestriding  him  before  he  has  fin- 
ished his  sixth  year.  His  bones  have  then 
become  firm  and  fuUj'  developed,  his  sinews 
and  feet  are  steel,  his  wind  is  invincible.  He 
knows  his  master's  voice  and  look — nay,  he 
has  some  notion  of  his  character.  His  nerves 
have  from  his  birth  been  finely  timed  to  the 
sound  of  dangers  or  mysterious  enterprise.  It 
knows  when  its  brigand  ma.ster  is  on  an  ex- 
pedition of  risk  and  unlawful  daring.  A 
whispered  word  sends  him  down  into  the 
high  steppe  weeds  or  bushes,  situated  near 
road,  at  a  place  where  the  latter  is  diBicult, 
where  a  convenient  ditch  is  at  hand  to  receive 
a  carriage  and  its  human  freight.  In  breath- 
less silence,  both  wait  for  what  may  turn  up. 
The  ears  of  the  Tchetchentsian  Black  Bess 
slily  move  to  every  waft  of  the  light  wind, 
and,  before  the  man  can  hear  the  slightest 
sound,  he  sees  by  the  demeanor  of  his  steed 
that  business  will  soon  be  at  hand.  Hark!  a 
faint  sound  of  the  postal  bell  (fastened  to  the 
pole  of  the  vehicle)  strikes  his  ear;  he  feels  of 
his  gun,  his  pistol,  his  razor-edged  sword,  the 
large  dagger  (kinchal),  and  breathlessly  awaits 
the  approach  of  the  travelers.  Not  a  single 
thought  bestowing  on  the  probable  number 
or  quality  of  the  foe,  he  stands  over  his  horse 
which  slowly  gathirs  his  feet  beneath  him. 
At  last  the  moment  for  action  has  arrived. 
The  carriage  is  just  at  the  right  distance  from 
the  ditch  or  other  accidental  difficulty  of  the 
ri)ad — a  soft  touch,  and  man  and  horse  are  up. 
With  the  bound  of  a  tiger  the  horso  pounces 
upon  the  leaders,  attacking  them  with  hoof 
and  tooth.  Simultaneously  the  rider  has 
fired  at  the  driver;  mad  with  terror  the  post- 
horses  have  jumped  oft"  the  road,  precipitating 


the  carriage  into  the  hole,  and  before  its  in- 
mates have  time  to  fei-1  for  their  revolvers 
they  are  eased  of  at  least  part  of  their  prop- 
erty, and  may  thank  God  if  they  have  not 
broke  neck  and  limb  in  their  fall.  Before 
they  recover  from  their  fright,  the  Tchetchent 
is  already  several  miles  on  his  gallop  home. 
He  has  a  hard  ride  before  him,  and  he,  as  well 
as  his  cunning  quadruped,  knows  it  full  well; 
for  tomorrow  there  will  be  an  inquiry  about 
where  Muhammed,  or  Arsslan  Bey,  or  Moussa 
were  that  night.  With  a  calm  smile,  our 
brigand  friend  replies  to  the  Russian  Grado- 
Natchalnik's  question:  'Where  should  I  be 
but  here?  The  robbery  was  committed  near 
the  Akhonkskoy  Stanitzi,  120  versts  (80 
miles)  from  here,  and  what?  at  8  o'clock  you 
say? — why,  I  was  here  at  12,  as  I  can  prove, 
and  I  could  not  ride  that  distance  in  three 
hours.'  The  officer,  up  to  Tchetchent's  tricks, 
and  anything  but  satisfied,  turns  to  the  steed 
to  discover  from  his  appearance  the  effects  of 
so  severe  a  ride;  but  the  nag  is  quietly  eating 
his  corn,  and  looking  as  contented  and  play- 
ful as  if  he  knew  that  his  master's  safety  de- 
pended on  his  brave  bearing."—  From  i&fieio 
ofV.  W.  WalU's  "The  Land  of  the  Czar." 

How  TO  Know  the  Age  of  a  Horse. — The 
colt  is  born  with  twelve  grinders.  When  four 
front  teeth  have  made  their  appearance,  the 
colt  is  twelve  days  old;  and  when  the  next 
four  come  forth  it  is  four  weeks  old.  When 
the  corner  teeth  appear,  the  colt  is  eight 
months  old;  and  when  the  latter  have  attained 
the  hight  of  the  front  teeth,  it  is  one  year  old. 

The  two  years  colt  has  the  kernal — the  dark 
substance  in  the  middle  of  the  tooth's  crown 
— ground  out  of  all  the  front  teeth. 

In  the  third  year  the  middle  front  teeth  are 
being  shifted,  and  when  three  years  old  these 
are  substituted  for  the  horse  teeth.  The  next 
foiu-  teeth  are  shifted  in  the  fourth  year,  and 
the  corner  teeth  in  the  fifth. 

At  six  j'ears  the  kernal  is  worn  ont  of  the 
middle  front  teeth,  and  the  bridle  teeth  have 
now  attained  to  their  full  growth. 

At  seven  years  a  hook  has  been  formed  on 
the  corner  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw;  the  kernal 
of  the  teeth  next  to  the  middle  fronts  is  worn 
out,  and  the  bridle  teeth  begin  to  wear  ofif. 

At  eight  years  of  age  the  kernal  is  worn  out 
of  all  the  lower  front  teeth,  and  begins  to  de- 
crease in  the  middle  upper  fronts. 

In  the  ninth  year  the  kernal  has  whollj-  dis- 
appeared from  the  upper  middle  front  teeth, 
the  hook  on  the  corner  teeth  has  increased  in 
size,  as  the  bridle  teeth  loose  their  points. 

In  the  tenth  year  the  kernal  has  worn  out 
of  the  teeth  next  to  the  middle  fronts  of  the 
upper  jaw;  and  in  the  eleventh  year  the  kernal 
has  entirely  vanished  from  the  corner  teeth  of 
the  same  jaw. 

At  twelve  years  old,  the  crowns  of  all  the 
front  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  have  become  tri- 
angular, and  the  bridle  teeth  are  much  worn 
down.  As  the  horse  advances  in  age,  the 
gums  shrink  away  from  the  teeth,  which  con- 
sequently receive  a  long,  narrow  appearance, 
and  their  kernals  have  metamorphosed  into  a 
darkish  point,  grey  hairs  increase  in  the  fore- 
head, over  the  chin  assumes  the  shape  of  an 
eagle. — liural  Sun. 


Weanino  Colts. — Since  repljing  to  the 
question  of  a  correspondent  in  regard  to  the 
feeding  of  a  colt  about  to  be  weaned  at  three 
months  old,  in  which  we  stated  that  in  our 
opinion  that  was  too  young,  we  have  met  sev- 
eral large  and  s\iccossful  breeders  of  horses 
and  inquired  of  them  as  to  their  practice  in 
this  respect.  The  youngest  age  set  for  wean- 
ing was  four  months.  One  of  them  was  clear- 
ly of  opinion  that,  on  the  whole,  F.all  colts 
were  the  best,  because  they  could  run  with 
the  mare  all  Winter  without  the  risk  of  get- 
ting stunted  in  their  growth,  as  they  would 
have  the  advantage  of  fresh  grass  in  about  the 
time  of  weaning  in  the  Spring,  so  that  they 
would  keep  growing  right  along,  while  if 
they  are  foaled  in  the  Spring  it  is  quite  diffi- 
cult to  get  them  through  the  first  Winter  with- 


out getting  some  check  to  their  growth,  get- 
ting them  pot-bellied  or  otherwise  out  of 
shape. 

If  weaned  in  the  Fall,  at  say  four  or  five 
months,  they  feed  some  oats,  from  one  to  two 
quarts  a  day  and  a  bran  mash  frequently  or 
some  similar  succulent  food  made  up  of  shorts 
and  cut  hay.  All  concur  in  sa}"ing  that  it  is 
very  important  to  guard  against  any  check  in 
the  first  year's  growth.  They  want  to  give 
plenty  of  exercise  and  plenty  of  nutritive, 
muscle  forming  food,  like  oats,  shorts,  bran, 
etc.,  and  all  concur  in  opinion  that  three 
months  is  too  young  to  wean  at  this  season  of 
the  year.  This  is  a  Jiretty  important  point 
and  we  should  like  to  see  it  discussed. — Mass. 
Plowman. 

^lavticultmt. 

The  Strawberry  Region  of  the  Pacific 
Coast. 

^.  

'Ip'f  AN  JOSE  enjoys  the  right  climatic  con- 

I^Sj.  ditions  and  irrigating  facilities  for  the 
^  •  production  of  small  fruits  in  great  abun- 
.0  dance  and  perfection.  In  many  locahties 
in  our  county  the  soil  is  excellently  adapted 
to  their  growth  also.  Every  year  is  develop- 
ing, proving  and  systematizing  the  business. 
The  locality,  in  its  relation  to  San  Francisco, 
is  just  right  for  economically  transporting 
across  the  bay  perishable  fruits  and  tender 
vegetables  in  fresh  condition.  The  time 
must  soon  come  when  aU  lands  suitable  for 
the  purpose  will  be  devoted  to  the  culture  of 
strawberries,  asparagus,  currants,  gooseber- 
ries, raspberries,  blackberries,  pic-plant, 
cherries,  tomatoes,  etc.,  for  San  Francisco 
and  other  dependent  markets. 

We  extract  from  the  liural  Press  portions 
of  a  late  correspondence  upon  strawberry 
culture  in  our  valley,  which  we  find  especially 
interesting : 

Ten  or  twelve  j'ears  ago  the  strawberries 
for  the  San  Francisco  market  were  raised  in 
Alameda  county,  then  some  years  later  they 
were  produced  on  the  little  fruit  ranches  in 
"  the  Willows,"  a  body  of  rich  garden  land 
near  San  Jose  on  the  south  ;  but  the  straw- 
berry plant  requires  an  abundance  of  water 
as  well  as  rich  soil,  and  this  had  to  be  pumped 
from  wells  by  wind-mills  or  by  horso  and 
steam  power.  This  added  much  to  the  cost 
of  raising  them  ;  besides  the  wind  was  not 
always  reliable  and  machiuerj"  was  liable  to 
break  and  get  out  of  fix,  so  from  these  vexa- 
tious causes  the  supply  of  water  was  often 
insufficient  and  uncertain  when  most  needed. 
In  the  meantime,  while  the  Willow  folks  were 
trying  to  supply  the  market  with  strawberries 
under  these  difficulties,  they  were  gradually 
introduced  into  the  country  north  of  Sau 
Jose,  which  I  shall  designate  as  the  artesian 
well  region,  which  extends  from  the  southern 
limits  of  the  city  (which  is  just  within  the 
bounds  of  this  region)  northward  to  the  bay, 
a  distance  of  twelve  miles,  and  from  the  Mil- 
pitas  road  east  of  Coyote  creek,  to  near  Law- 
rence station  on  the  west,  a  distance  of  six 
or  seven  miles. 

Here,  it  seems,  the  strawberry  plant  has 
found  all  the  conditions  of  climate  and  soil 
best  adapted  to  its  most  successful  cultivation 
— a  rich,  deep  soil  with  an  abundance  of 
water  from  ever-flowing  wells,  and  the  cool, 
moist  air  from  the  bay,  necessary  to  keep  the 
pl.ints  vigorous  and  fresh  during  all  the  fruit- 
ing season,  which  extends  from  early  spring 
to  the  middle  of  svimmer,  or  nntil  other  fruits 
become  so  abundant  and  cheap  ih  the  market 
that  it  will  not  pay  to  pick  them. 

In  this  favored  region  there  are  already 
more  artesian  wells  than  can  be  found  in  a 
region  of  like  extent  in  the  world,   and  more 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


are  beiug  made  every  year  as  the  country  im- 
proves. 

All  the  strawberries  are  raised  by  Chinamen 
on  shares  ;  that  is,  they  plant,  cultivate,  irri- 
gate, pick  the  berries  and  pack  them  in  the 
chests  ready  for  the  market,  for  one-halt  the 
proceeds  after  deducting  the  cost  of  chests, 
boxes,  freights  and  commission  for  selliug. 
The  landholder  furnishes  the  land,  tools  to 
cultivate,  water  to  irrieate  and  cheap  little 
houses  for  the  Chinamen  to  live  in,  as  his 
part  of  the  contract.  These  contracts  are 
made  to  extend  for  a  number  of  years,  the 
Chinamen  taking  care  of  the  strawberry 
plantation  the  year  round.  Before  planting 
the  ground  is  well  pi-epared  and  nicely  graded, 
so  that  the  water  will  pass  evenly  down  the 
rows  betwene  the  plants,  which  are  set  in 
rows  tweuty-four  inches  and  eighteen  inches 
ajjart  alternately,  and  the  plants  one  foot 
apart  in  the  rows.  A  little  ditch  is  made  in 
the  narrow  space  between  the  plants  to  irri- 
gate them.  The  wider  space  is  used  as  a 
walk  while  picking  the  fruit  or  cultivating 
the  ground. 

In  former  years,  when  the  railroad  company 
had  a  monopoly  of  the  carrying  trade  be- 
tween this  valley  and  San  Francisco,  the  fruit 
men  claimed  that  they  had  good  cause  for 
complaint  on  account  of  high  charges  and 
poor  accommodations,  which  led  to  arrange- 
ments that  resulted  in  bringing  the  steamer 
"Relief"  to  their  relief,  which  now  makes 
regular  trips  between  Alviso  and  the  city. 
Alviso,  being  located  at  the  junction  of  the 
Alviso  slough  with  the  Guadalupe  river, 
about  three  mUes  from  the  bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, is  a  convenient  and  central  point  to  re- 
ceive the  strawberries  and  asparagus  fresh 
from  the  field  in  the  evening,  to  be  delivered 
at  daylight  the  next  morning  in  the  San  Fran- 
cisco market.  The  steamer  leaves  Alviso 
every  evening  at  eight  o'clock,  Saturdaj's  ex- 
cepted, and  returning  leaves  the  city  at  nine 
o'clock  every  morning,  Sundays  excepted. 
The  charge  for  strawberries  per  chest  is  42  J^ 
cents  for  freight  and  wharfage,  the  chest  re- 
turned free.  The  boat  is  also  fitted  up  in 
good  stj'le  to  carry  and  accommodate  passen- 
gers, who  can  hardly  fail,  under  the  care  and 
attention  of  such  gentlemen  as.  the  captain  of 
the  Relief  and  his  officers,  to  enjoy  a  rirte  on 
the  bay  of  San  Francisco.  The  fare  to  the 
city  from  Alviso  is  only  75  cents,  and  from 
San  Jose  and  Santa  Clara  $1.00.  I  mention 
these  facts  particularly,  as  the  running  of  this 
boat  is  closely  connected  with  the  interests  of 
the  fruit  men  of  this  vallej'. 

I  interviewed  or  had  reports  from  fifty 
"patches,"  amounting  in  the  aggregate  to 
1,110  acres,  and  estimating  those  I  was  una- 
ble to  see  at  170  acres,  which  I  think  is  rather 
below  than  above  the  correct  number,  gives 
us  1,280  acres  within  this  artesian  well  region; 
just  two  sections,  and  if  all  were  planted  to- 
gether would  make  a  solid  strawberry  patch 
two  miles  in  length  by  one  in  width. 

If  it  would  be  of  interest  to  the  readers  of 
the  Press,  I  could  give  a  list  of  the  names 
with  the  number  of  acres  each  had,  but  pre- 
sume it  would  not  be  worth  the  space  occu- 
pied. Suffice  to  say,  Mr.  C.  E.  Wade  has  the 
champion  patch  for  size,  80  acres.  James 
Murphy,  60  acres  ;  William  Boots  and  Judge 
Thomas,  .50  each  ;  Robert  Syer,  45  ;  J.  John- 
son 40  ;  then  eight  patches  have  from  .30  to 
40  acres  each  ;  eleven  have  from  20  to  30 
acres  ;  17  have  from  10  to  20  acres  each,  and 
only  seven  have  less  than  ten  acres  each. 

I  took  note  of  IGS!  acres  in  asparagUB,  also 
among  the  strawberry  men.  In  this  deep, 
rich  soil,  with  plenty  of  water,  it  does  Rjilen- 
didly  ;  and  when  San  Francisco  gets  to  be  a 
city  of  a  million  of  people,  this  little  region 
I  have  been  talking  about  can  easily  supi)ly 
them  with  all  the  asparagus,  strawberries  and 
cream,  and  other  such  nick-nacks  that  they 
may  want. 

It  was  very  pleasant  driving  over  smooth, 
well-kept  roads,  among  these  bi-autiful  Cali- 
fornia homes  ;  all  their  gates  standing  wide 
open,  as  if  they  were  not  afraid  to  have  you 


drive  in  (I  do  hate  getting  down  to  open 
gates).  Some  of  the  farmers  here  are  on 
new  improvements,  but  many  of  them  have 
been  here  long  enough  to  have  nice,  tasty 
houses,  surrounded  with  such  a  wealth  of 
beautiful  trees,  shrubs  and  tlowers,  of  fount- 
ains of  water  and  nice,  smooth  drives  and 
walks,  as  can  only  be  found  among  the  most 
wealthy  and  aristocratic  people  in  other  coun- 
tries. 


|)0uochold  |lcirdiug» 


King  and   Queen. 

ri'HE  happiest  home  I  ever  snw 
''^        Was  where  a  womap  reigned; 
And  yet  the  man  himself  was  king, 
Pray  how  was  this  attained? 

The  wife,  who  seemed  submission's  Belf, 

And  did  her  wifely  part, 
Queened  it  in  an  iniperiuus  way 

Over  her  husband's  heart. 

Her  chosen  throne  was  in  his  home, 

Her  sceptre  his  dear  will. 
Her  spotless  robe  and  crown  his  love— 

We  see  the  picture  still. 

Tet  like  a  iiug  that  held  full  sway, 

He  guarded  well  his  own. 
And  loved  his  palace  home,  made  bright 

By  love,  and  love  alone. 

The  children,  by  their  mother  led. 

Her  bright  example  saw: 
Obedience  seemed  an  easy  thing, 

And  ■•father's  word"  was  law. 

O,  what  a  pleasant  thing  to  see. 

Of  all  things  to  be  seen, 
A  home  where  reigns  with  equal  power 

A  household  king  and  queen! 


A  Question  of  Reform. 

BY  NELL  TAN. 

Now  while  the  public  attention  is  being  so 
occupied  with  questions  of  reform  for  our 
youth  of  both  sexes,  is  it  not  worth  while  for 
every  parent  to  enquire,  what  is  each  one  of 
us  doing  for  our  own  boys  and  girls,  to  ren- 
der them  free  and  independent  beings  ?  Are 
we  teaching  them,  first  of  all,  to  understand 
the  laws  of  life  and  how  to  live  healthfully  ? 
and  along  with  our  boasted  civilization  and 
free  educational  system,  to  which  is  being  en- 
forced the  compulsory  education  law,  are  we 
giving  these  young  people  chances  to  learn 
any  trade  or  employment  by  which  they  can 
earn  anything  towards  their  own  support  ? 

It  may  be  there  is  freedom  in  the  air  we 
breathe  which  causes  the  docile  partner  of 
man  to  desire  to  compete  with  him  in  various 
industries,  and  no  longer  sit  contentedly, 
with  folded  hands,  waiting  to  be  sought  out 
for  a  life  companion  to  man.  Her  desire  is 
to  learn  some  pursuit  Ijy  which  she,  too,  may 
earn  the  clothes  she  wears,  when  the  brother 
who  is  reared  beside  her  is  taught  to  rely 
upon  his  own  exertions  for  a  livelihood  iipon 
arriving  at  maturity.  Extend  a  helping  hand 
to  each  one  of  these  sisters  yearning  for  an 
honest  calling,  and  enlarge  their  sphere  of 
usefulness  by  providing  schools  of  training, 
where  young  women  may  olitain  practical 
knowledge  of  a  kind  not  found  in  the  ordi- 
nary text-books  of  schools.  We  want  fewer 
teachers  and  more  thorough-going  business 
men  and  women  to  prevail  against  the  "hood- 
lum element, ' '  now  becoming  so  formidable  in 
our  very  midst.  Even  daughters  of  the 
wealthy  are  heard  to  say  they  wish,  from 
their  hearts,  circumstances  would  admit  of 
their  stepping  into  some  congenial  pursuit,  so 
that  they  need  not  go  to  "  father  "  for  every 
cent  they  would  spend. 

Parents  who  have  the  interest  or  their  chil- 
dren at  heart  sliould  strive  for  a  now  order  of 
things,  whereliy  this  system  of  comimlsory 
education  shall  not  be  an  actual  loss,  in  any 
way,  to  the  poor(T  classes.  If,  along  with 
book-learning,  thi'  young  waifs  were  acquir- 
ing the  knowledge  of  the  skillful  use  of  tools 


in  the  workshop,  two  ends  might  be  served 
at  one  and  the  same  time.  Muscle  exercise 
would  balance  the  brain  power,  one  being  a 
rest  for  the  other,  while  upon  leaving  school 
the  choice  of  a  pursuit  or  trade  would  be  so 
arranged  that  the  young  person  could  at  once 
become  a  producer  instead  of  only  a  con- 
sumer— a  worker  rather  than  a  drone. 


A  Chat  and  a  Lunch. 

BY  ELISA  E.  ANTHONY. 

Editor  Ageiccxtukist  : — I  have  not  kept 
my  promise  of  sending  you  an  article  every 
month  ;  but  a  multiplicity  of  duties  and 
then  a  flying  visit  to  San  Francisco  must  be 
my  excuse,  and  I  will  endeavor  to  be  more 
regular  in  my  visits  to  you  in  the  future. 

I  am  not  in  the  mood  for  sermonizing,  nei- 
ther for  anything  funny  to-day,  so  will  just 
sit  down  for  a  few  minutes  chat  with  your 
readers  and  contributors. 

Do  you  know,  friends,  that  more  of  you 
should  contribute  to  our  department  of  the 
pajjer  ?  Now,  don't  say  that  you  cannot;  that 
you  are  not  used  to  writing  for  a  paper,  and 
that  you  have  nothing  to  write  about.  Every 
one  has  to  have  a  beginning,  and  why  not  you 
as  well  as  some  one  else  ?  Just  imagine  that 
you  are  talking  to  your  friends.  Tell  them 
your  opinions,  your  surroundings,  facts  and 
fancies.  Why,  you  will  have  more  ideas 
pouring  into  your  mind  than  you  can  write 
about  at  once,  and  you  will  have  to  write  the 
second  time,  and  so  on — every  time  it  becomes 
easier. 

Write  easily  and  naturally,  use  short,  sim- 
ple words,  and  if  you  wish  to  write  "The 
house  that  Jack  built,"  don't  say  instead, 
"  The  domicile  reared  by  daxlal  Juan." 

We  all  have  different  ideas  and  thoughts, 
and  it  would  be  a  good  plan  to  exchange  the 
same,  would  it  not  ?  Our  sex  appear  to  take 
but  little  interest  in  our  department,  and  it 
cannot  be  that  they  do  not  read  it.  Leave  off 
some  of  the  ruffles  on  your  new  suit,  Emma, 
and  write  a  short  and  pithy  article  to  our  pa- 
per ;  and  you,  Sarah,  who  have  had  such  a 
wide  experience,  contribute  something  to  the 
domestic  department ;  and  I  hope  the  hun- 
dreds of  intelUgcnt  women,  into  whose  homes 
this  paper  makes  monthly  visits,  freighted 
with  glad  tidings,  will  consider  themselves 
addressed  as  well  as  the  ones  named. 

Jewell,  Nell  Van,  I  have  not  seen  your 
cheery  articles  lately  ;  what  is  the  matter  ? 
I  hope  you  have  not  forsaken  us.  What 
would  we  do  without  those  "Chats"  and  "Let 
ters  ?" 

My  time  is  up  and  I  will  conclude  ■with  the 
following  recipes,  hoping  for  some  in  return  : 

VELVET  CAKE. 

Whites  of  five  eggs,  two  cups  sugar,  two 
and  one-fourth  cups  flour,  one  cup  of  milk, 
three-fourths  cup  of  butter,  three-fourths 
cup  of  corn-starch,  essence  lemon,  two  and 
one-half  tea-spoons  yeast-powder. 

PUFF  CAKE. 

Two  cups  of  flour,  two  cups  of  sugar,  one 
cup  of  sweet  milk,  two  ^ggs,  two  table-spoons 
yeast  powder.     Add  the  milk  last. 

INDIANA  PUDDING. 

Two-thirds  of  a  cup  scalded  corn-meal,  one 
cup  of  molasses,  one-half  cup  of  sugar,  two 
table-spoons  of  lard,  cinnamon,  milk,  salt. 
Bake  an  hour  and  a  half. 

TO  COOK  DllIKU  COD-FISH. 

Soak  as  large  a  piece  as  needed  over  bight. 
In  the  morning  wash  it  and  dry  with  a  cloth, 
put  lard  in  the  frying-pan,  roll  the  fish  in 
flour  and  fry  till  brown  on  both  sides. 

Another  way  is  to  soak  a  jiiece,  boil  a  few 
minutes  until  tender,  thou  butter  and  put 
cream  on  it. 

PINK  COLORED  ICINQ 
Is  made  by  adding  a  few   drops  of  prepared 
cochineal  to  the  icing — more  or  less,  accord- 
ing to  the  shade  recjuired. 

I  Our  lloniestic  department  is  made  up  this 
mouth,  but  we  will  allow  these  recipes  under 
the  Household  this  time,  and  glad  to  get 
them.] 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Treatment  of  Carget. 

7ri"f|  ARGET  is  a  hardciiiuf;  of  the  substance 
J''!w  °'  ''^^  udder,  arising  from  inflammation 
Xjl  eonsequent  upon  obstruction  in  its  tubes 
(\£l  or  tissues;  inflammatiou  may  precede 
yC  "I'l  I'e  the  cause  of  the  olistrnction  and 
the  the  hardening,  or  they  may  come  from 
external  injury.  The  udder  is  divided  into 
four  distinct  parts,  connected  only  bj'  mem- 
branous filaments,  so  that  an  affection  of  one 
part  does  not  necessarily  involve  the  rest. 

Inflammation  is  a  frecpient  cause  of  garget 
in  heifers.  Previous  to  birth,  and  preparatory 
to  the  active  secretion  of  milk,  there  is,  as 
every  dairyman  knows,  a  determination  of 
blood  to  the  udder,  swelling  its  blood  vessels 
and  tissues,  and  rapidly  enlarging  the  whole 
mass.  In  this  engorgement  of  blood,  if  there 
is  anything  in  the  way  of  free  circulation, 
stoppages  are  easily  made.  To  guard  against 
any  unnatural  interruption  in  the  circulation 
at  such  a  time,  it  is  important  that  the  blood 
should  be  thin  and  in  its  natural  condition, 
and  that  the  udder  should  be  free  from  exter- 
nal pressure  or  violence.  In  heifers  this  en- 
largement is  not  as  easily  effected  as  in  older 
cows,  and  obstructions  are  more  likely  to 
happen  at  the  first  birth  than  afterward. 

To  keep  down  the  tendency  to  inflammatio'n 
and  hardening  of  the  udder,  heating  food  like 
cornmeal  should  be  avoided.  Or  fed  sp.aringly, 
if  at  all,  to  heifers.  Nor  is  it  advisable  food 
for  old  cows  at  this  time.  A  little  oil  meal, 
rye  bran  or  rye  meal,  may  with  advantage 
form  part  of  the  food  before  coming  in.  They 
act  upon  the  glandular  system,  and  by  their 
relaxing  tendency  help  to  make  the  circula- 
tion free  and  easy.  The  refuse  of  the  flouring 
mill  and  green  food  of  anj-  kind  are  excellent 
for  all  milk  stock  at  this  period. 

In  cows  that  have  been  milked  garget  fre- 
quently arises  from  leaving  curdled  milk  in 
the  bags  when  drying  them  oft'  in  the  Fall  or 
Winter.  I  have  observed  more  cases  of  gar- 
get and  loss  of  teats  from  carelessness  and  ne- 
glect in  drying  oflf  cows  than  from  all  other 
causes  combined.  If  the  milk  should  chance 
to  become  thick,  it  must  be  milked  out.  If 
it  will  not  come  away  readily  bj'  milking  in 
the  usual  way,  the  bag  should  "be  rubbed 
down  and  manipulated  till  it  is  all  worked 
out. 

Bruising  the  bags  when  cows  are  giving 
milk  is  another  cause  of  garget.  Inflamma- 
tory action,  whether  local  or  general,  causes 
milk  to  curdle.  Where  a  cow's  bag  is  heated 
so  that  the  bruised  part  becomes  inflamed,  the 
milk  which  Ues  in  contact  with  the  inflamed 
part,  soon  coagulates  and  stops  the  passage, 
which  is  the  more  easily  done  by  reason  of  the 
swelling  of  the  inflamed  part. 

In  cases  which  are  not  very  severe,  washing 
the  bag  two  or  three  times  a  day  with  water 
will  be  sufficient.  Many  recommend  cold 
water,  but  warm  is  better.  Cold  water  will 
produce,  by  reaction,  a  rush  of  blood  to  the 
parts  chilled,  and  counteract,  inpart,  its  ef- 
ficiency. Warm  water  will  at  any  time  reduce 
inflammation,  by  an  external  application, 
more  rapidly  than  cold.  If  the  bag  is  milked 
out  clean,  this  treatment  will  generally  be 
Bufljcient. 

In  severer  cases,  internal  remedies  maj'  ac- 
company the  bathing.  Poke  root,  grated  and 
given  in  a  mess  of  feed,  is  a  common  prescrip- 
tion, and,  though  I  can  see  no  reason  for  its 
producing  any  specific  effect,  it  does  often  act 
like  a  charm;  and  what  seems  equally  strange, 
cows  troubled  with  garget  often  show  an  ap- 
petite for  it,  though  they  would  reject  it  at 
other  times.  Dose,  bulk  of  half  a  hen's  egg. 
Half  an  ounce  of  saltpetre  morning  and  eve- 
ning, dissolved  in  the  water  she  drinks,  will 
often  render  essential  aid.  When  the  case  is 
so  severe  as  to  need  internal  remedies,  the 
bag,  besides  being  washed  morning  and  even- 
ing with  warm  water,  may  be  bathed  in  the 
middle  of   the  day   with   liquor  of   ammonia 


diluted  with  some  light  oil  like  oil  of  turpen- 
tine, and  well  rubbed  in.  This  will  help  to 
dissolve  and  scatter  the  obstructing  matter. 
In  such  a  case  the  patient  should  be  kept  in  a 
comfortable  stable  and  highly  fed  with  laxa- 
tive food. — Cor.  Line  Stock  Journal. 


A  New  Departure  in  Cheese  Making. — 
Oleo-margarine  has  been  put  to  a  new  use  the 
past  Summer.  A  company  has  been  formed 
and  has  been  engaged  since  last  Spiing  at 
McLean,  Tonijikins  county.  New  York,  in 
manufacturing  cheese  from  milk  skimmed  at 
twenty-four  and  thirty-six  hours.  The  editor 
of  the  Utica  Herald  has  visited  the  establish- 
ment and  gives,  in  that  paper,  an  account  of 
the  process  of  manufacture.  The  milk  after 
being  skimmed,  is  placed  in  large  vats  where 
it  is  heated  to  the  projjcr  temperature  for  re- 
ceiving the  rennet.  The  oleo-margarine  is 
received  from  the  Brooklyn  factory  and  is  as 
pure  and  clear  as  can  be  made  from  clean  tal- 
low. It  looks,  when  melted,  like  a  rich  gold- 
en oil  and  is  added  to  the  milk  with  enough 
rennet  to  coagulate  the  mass  in  abimt  eight 
minutes,  during  which  time  attendants  keep 
the  milk  agitated  so  that  the  oleo-margarine 
will  mix  with  the  milk  and  be  seized  by  the 
curd  as  it  forms. 

While  the  curd  is  being  cut,  more  oil  is 
added  and  as  much  of  it  made  to  adhere  to  the 
curd  as  possible,  while  the  surplus  is  reserved 
for  use  in  the  next  batch.  A  microscopical 
examination  shows  that  the  mechanical  mix- 
ture is  very  intimate,  the  parts  being  evenly 
distributed,  and  closely  resembles  the  curd 
made  in  the  usual  way. 

The  editor  found  about  three  thousand 
cheeses  on  hand  at  the  factory,  and,  after  a 
free  use  of  the  trier,  wag  surprised  at  the 
quality  disclosed.  He  says:  "There  was 
plainly  a  lack  of  fancy  flavor,  but  the  way  iu 
which  the  skim  milk  has  been  brought  to 
produce  a  rich,  mellow  cheese,  with  a  good 
flavor,  is  wonderful.  It  is  not  right  to  judge 
the  cheese  by  the  standard  of  fancy,  because 
if  the  material  of  which  they  are  made  (skim 
milk)  were  worked  without  the  enriching,  the 
result  would  have  been  exactly  the  reverse  of 
fancy.  It  is  difficult  to  judge  the  cheese  by 
the  standard  of  skim  cheese,  because  there  is 
scarcely  a  cheese  which  shows  even  a  trace  of 
skimming.  The  curing  seems  to  be  delaj'ed 
longer  than  in  full  cream  cheese,  and  the 
more  time  given  the  more  perfect  seems  to  be 
the  incorporation  of  the  oil  and  the  smoother 
and  sweeter  the  body  of  the  product.  The 
cheese  at  JIcLean  is  above  the  average  of  the 
full  cream  cheese  which  we  have  inspected 
this  season,  in  marketable  qualities.  The 
butter  which  is  made  of  the  cream  is  a  strictly 
fine  creamery  article.  It  is  made  according 
to  the  usual  creamery  practice. 

The  dairymen  in  the  vicinity,  have  received 
better  returns  for  their  milk  the  past  Summer 
than  ever  before.  Ten  pounds  of  milk  is 
called  a  pound  of  cheese,  and  for  every  ten 
pounds  of  milk,  the  farmer  receives  within 
two  cents  of  the  highest  fancy  price  of  cheese 
as  quoted  in  the  New  York  m.arket.  The 
business  bids  fair  to  be  extended  the  coming 
season. 


Cheese  Statistics. — President  Fairchild,  of 
the  Butter  and  Cheese  Exchange,  New  Y'ork, 
says  the  present  production  of  cheese  is  cur- 
rently estimated  to  be  about  300,000,000  lbs. 
The  receipts  at  New  Y'ork  for  1S74  were  2,- 
04G,57.5  boxes,  and  the  shipments  were  1,0S9,- 
489  boxes.  The  exports  from  the  United 
States  ports  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June 
30,1874,  00,011,0.57  Ihs.,  and  the  exports  from 
the  Dominion  of  Canada  were '23.183,223  Ihs., 
exclusive  of  the  exports  to  the  United  Stat*s, 
making  a  total  American  export  of  113,794,- 
280  lbs. 


BtjTTER  Taints. — In  making  butter  too 
much  care  cannot  be  taken  with  respect  to  its 
suiToundings.  In  the  first  place  the  quality 
of  the  cows  should  be  well  considered,  their 
comfort  consulted  by  being  sheltered  in  a  clean 


commodious  place  at  night,  separated  from 
other  kinds  of  stock.  No  rough,  boisterous 
helpers  should  bo  employed  about  the  prem- 
ises, as  itis  well  known  by  careful, experienced 
dairymen  that  it  not  only  makes  a  dift'erenca 
in  the  quantity,  but  also  affects  the  quality  of 
the  butter. 

It  is  not  our  aim  iu  this  article  to  enlarge 
upon  butter-making,  but  to  point  out  the 
shoals  that  small  farmers  run  afoul  of  iu  their 
butler  operations,  and  others  who  deal  in  it, 
and  finally  thosi;  that  use  it. 

Butter  readily  takes  up  foreign  taints  and 
odors,  and  therefore  the  greatest  pains  should 
be  taken  to  have  a  place  separate  and  apart 
from  everything  else,  especially  decaying 
vegetables,  kerosene,  or  any  volatile  or  pun- 
gent substances,  and  ventilation  should  be 
well  looked  after. 

The  above  remarks  will  also  apply  to  the 
dealers  iu  and  consumers  of  butter,  as  a  great 
deal  of  trouble  arises  from  placing  it  too  near 
tar,  turpentine,  coiU  oil,  etc.,  in  stores  and 
dwellings. — Viiinfic  Gmcir. 

t-^f  tm  ■ 

Points  in  BurrEic-ilAKiNii.—  At  the  recent 
meeting  of  the  Vermont  Dairymen's  Associa- 
tion there  was  an  interesting  discussion  con- 
cerning several  points  in  butter-making.  Mr. 
Arnold  was  asked  how  he  would  liuild  a  milk- 
room  for  a  farm  ilairy.  He  replied  that  where 
the  milk  was  usually  all  right  and  conditions 
fivorable  he  would  need  only  a  cheap  tight 
room,  with  double  walls  to  enable  him  to  con- 
trol the  temperature.  As  for  setting,  he  i)rc- 
ferred  large  pans,  large  enough  to  h,^ld  a 
whole  milking.  It  is  time  to  skim  when  the 
finger  can  be  drawn  through  the  top  without 
having  the  cream  close  behind  it.  When 
cream  will  do  this  it  is  about  ripe  enough  to 
churn.  When  cream  foams  in  the  churn  it 
may  be  cured  by  warming.  Cream  should 
not  be  churned  as  soon  as  taken  from  milk. 
It  should  be  stirred  together  and  allowed  to 
ripen  all  alike.  This  will  occur  in  twelve 
hours  or  so.  But  cream  should  not  stand 
until  whey  is  formed  in  the  cream  jar. 


^toch  ^xttAtx, 


CATTLE 


RAISING     IN 
STATES. 


THE    UNITED 


fHE  rapid  increase  of  population  in  this 
country  tends  constantly  to  advance  tho 
price  of  meats.  The  Eastern,  the  Mid- 
dle States,  Ohio,  and  now  Illinois,  have 
in  turn  found  feeding  and  fattening 
more  profitable  than  raising  cattle.  The  lieef 
for  the  great  markets  of  the  country  must 
hereafter  be  raised  mainly  beyond  the  Missis- 
sippi, even  beyond  the  Missouri,  though 
brought  to  full  maturity  and  fattened  to  a 
large  extent  iu  the  more  eastern  corn-growing 
States.  It  is  not  necessary,  however,  that 
beeves  should  be  "finished  oft""  East  of 
the  Missouri,  for  there  is  an  immense  area  of 
corn-growing  land  in  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Tex- 
as, without  mention  of  large  areas  of  conipar- 
aCivi^ly  low  cUvution  in  New  Mexico  and  in 
the  southern  in)rtions  of  Colorado,  I'tah  and 
California,  'ilie  railroads  now  penetrating 
the  southwest  are  furnishing  inducements  for 
beef-packing  in  stock  regions,  which  are  by 
no  means  disregarded;  and  they  have  already 
commenced  a  powerful  diversion  from  the 
business  of  stock-driving  over  long  trails. 

All  intelligent  Americans  have  heard  of  the 
pastoral  region  of  America,  and  may  have  a 
vague  idea  of  its  immense  extent.  Without 
mentioning  369,000,000  of  acres  in  Alaska,the 
area  of  pastoral  States  and  Territories  is 
1,190,000,000  of  acres,  divided  as  follows: 


Acres. 

Texas 175,000,000 

ludian  Terrify  «,1")4,210 

Kansjis 62.043.520 

^eb^aska 48,63(i.(l00 

liakota 90,.W(;.12S 

WvouiiDg.. 62.(;i5,OBS 

Colorado 66.880,000 

Kew  Mexico .. .  77,568,640 


Acres. 

rtah  54.065.043 

Arizona 72.<.IOC,240 

Iiialio 65,228,liiO 

Montana 32,016.040 

Waphington 44."0t.l60 

Ortguu 60.D7.5.3i;0 

Calirornia  . . .     120.947,840 
^evadA •  71,737,600 


California  Horticulturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Of    all  this  territory  there  remains  unsold, 
the  property  of  the  United  States  and  Texas, 
about  1, 000,000, UOO  acres.  If  we  make  a  liberal 
allowance  for  laud  suitable  for  tillage,  which 
is  mainly  found  in    the   eastern  halves  of  the 
four  tirst-named  divisions,  and  in   portions  of 
Oregon  and  California,  and  also  for  water  and 
rock  surfaces,  and  such   forests    as  are  dense 
enough  to  preclude   pasturage — say  an  aggre- 
gate  of     500,000,000— there    would     remain 
about  700,000,000  of  acres  suitable  for  pastur- 
age, aud  scarcely   valuable  for   anything  else, 
furnishing  both  summer   and   winter  grazing 
of  the  most  nutritious  gi-asses  of   greater  or 
less  abundance  in  the  different  sections.  Here 
then  is  a  pasture  twenty  times  as  large  as  Illi- 
nois, twenty-eight  times  as  large  as  Ohio,  and 
equal  to    120  States  like  Vermont.      Aud  on 
the  area  of  more  than  100  such  States  the  an- 
nual crop  of  herbage  is  utterly  wasted,  while 
the  laboring  people  of   Europe  are  cryiug  for 
meat,  and  millions  in  our  own  cities  are  crav- 
ing earnestly  the  boon  of  a  single  cent  reduc- 
tion per  pound  in  their  beef  supjilies.     If   we 
allow  ten  acres  of   this   unutilized   pasturage 
for   a  term   of    five   years   to  produce  a  steer 
weighing  net  500  jiounds,  the  annual  gain  in 
beef  at  five  cents  per  pound  would  equal  the 
value  of  the  cotton  crop,  or  nearly  §300,000,- 
000.     This  is   but  $25  per   head,  and  I  have 
known  a  sale  of  1,000  fat  bullocks  upon  those 
western  plains  at  $50   per  head.     These  fig- 
ures are  merely  suppositious  as  to  the  grazing 
capacity  of  this  area,  aud   can  be  modified  to 
suit    the    most    conservative    views   without 
gi-eatly  reducing  the  magnificent  saving  which 
would  result  from  complete  utilization  of  our 
grasses.      A  very  handsome   sum    might   be 
added  from    similar   savings    throughout  the 
Southern  States. 

The  numbers  of  cattle  on  this  area  were 
placed  at  nearly  5,000,000  in  1800  iu  the  cen- 
sus, aud  in  1870  at  nearly  5,500,000.  There 
were  at  least  a  million  that  escaped  registry  by 
census  officers,  as  they  have  a  record  by  local 
assessors,  aud  the  present  numbers  are  not 
less  than  7,000,000.  In  official  estimates  they 
have  never  been  placed  above  0,000,000,  but 
constantly  accumulating  testimony  sufficiently 
proves  the  existence  of  fully  7,000,000. 

The  Texas  State  returns  of  1870  reported 
3,051,310  from  118  counties,  "ll  other  coun- 
ties being  mmked  in  the  tabulation  "unor- 
ganized," "no  return,"  or  as  attached  to 
other  counties,  and  the  table  itself  labelled, 
"returus  incomplete."  Most  of  the  41  are 
new  counties,  yet  they  coutaiu  a  considerable 
number  of  unreported  cattle.  A  greater  de- 
ficiency still  comes  from  the  fact  that  the  most 
conscientious  cattle-raisers  return  the  number 
which  they  feel  quite  sure  of  finding  easily 
upon  the  range,  and  that  the  less  conscien- 
tious report  the  smallest  number  for  taxation 
that  the  internal  contest  between  their  cupid- 
ity and  caution  and  their  conscientiousness 
will  allow.  Since  1870  the  heavy  trade  in 
stock  driven  to  Kansas,  shipped  to  New  Or- 
leans, or  packed,  or  otherwise  prepared,  has 
reduced  the  actual  numbers  of  1870,  as  is 
claimed  by  local  authorities.  In  some  co\in- 
ties,  in  which  immigration  is  active,  in  the 
eastern  and  northern  parts  of  the  State,  this 
is  undoubtedly  the  case,  the  large  herds  being 
all  in  the  western  section.  But  one  county 
east  of  the  Brazos  has  50,000  cattle;  there  are 
eighteen  west  of  that  river,  as  follows: 


AtaBcoBa l(;B,7fi4 

AuKlin ri8,-J(ir. 

Bue    («,.in 

Bell 64,il4li 

Bi-xar      02.044 

Dc  Witt till,l)l',l 

Flirt  Bond riii.K;i:i 

Goliad      (14. 7.11) 

Gouzalos 75,'27l) 

HarriB 77,117 


.Tai'tson 

I.jivaca 

.Matafiunla  .  ... 
Muilina . 


fir,,.'-i42 
65,:j:i.") 
78,311 
51.971 


Nuet-eB isa.oiw 

RefURiii S'I.4(IS 

San  Saba 51,:i'2.5 

llvalilo 67.172 

WilliajiiKuu 50,144 


Tutal 1,445,141 


The  increase  of  population  in  Texas,  the 
encroachments  of  soil  culture  upon  pasturage, 
and  the  extension  of  cattle-driving  and  ship- 
ment, are  rapidly  diminishing  the  proportion 
of  numbers  of  stock  to  population.  In  1800 
there  were  485  stock  cattle  and  'Ji)  cows  to 
each  100  of  population;  in  1870,  though  herds 
increased  during  the  war,  there    were  but  374 


and  52  respectively,  by  census  computation. 
The  order  of  precedence,  at  the  former  date, 
of  States  having  more  "oxen  and  other  cattle" 
than  people,  are:  Texas,  California,  Florida, 
Oregon,  Washington  Territory  and  Nebraska; 
in  1870  there  were  only  Texas,  Florida,  and 
Washington  Territory. 


1870.                1 

1860. 

►fl 

To    each 

T) 

To    each 

,2 

100 

100 

-o" 
p 

luha 

miB 

P 

o 
0 

inhabrts 

States. 

& 

2-C 

e. 

5a 

tr 

i;  p 

cr 

li  0 

6 

5.B 

Sp 

i 

Z.P 

a  a. 

05 

cTSi 

Maine 

(i2i;,ai5 

22 

32 

628,279 

23      30 

N.  Hampshire. 

31n,;mo 

28 

41 

320,073 

29 

62 

VfrmoDt 

330,551 

64 

42 

316,098 

55 

62 

MaSBachusettB. 

1,467,351 

7 

7 

1,231,066 

11 

11 

Rhode  Island. 

217,353 

8 

7 

174,620 

11 

U 

Connerticut.. . 

537,454 

18 

22 

460,147 

21 

31 

New  York 

4,382,76!) 

30 

15 

3,880.735 

28 

21 

Nt'W  JerBey. .. 

■J06,o;Mi 

13 

7 

672,035 

20 

14 

Pcnneylvania.. 

3,521,051 

20 

18 

2,906,215 

23 

25 

Delaware 

125,015 

10 

20 

112,216 

20 

31 

Maryland.   ... 

780, 81.14 

12 

16 

087,049 

14 

2'2 

Virtrlnia* 

l,225,ir.3 

15 

26 

1,210,630 

18 

41 

N.  Carolina... 

1,071,3(11 

la 

30 

992,622 

23 

46 

S.   Carolina... 

705. (IOC 

13 

21 

703,708 

23 

48 

Georgia 

1,184,100 

19 

39 

1,057,280 

28 

06 

Fluriila 

187,748 

32 

175 

140,424 

06 

210 

Alabama 

0116,002 

17 

31 

904,201 

23 

50 

MissiSBippi  .  . . 

827,1,122 

21 

30 

791,305 

20      00 

LiHiisiana 

72(1,015 

14 

32 

708,002 

IS 

64 

Texas 

818,679 

52 

374 

604,215 

99 

485 

Arkansas  

484,471 

26 

47 

435,450 

39 

91 

TennL'Bsee.  . . . 

1,2.58,520 

19 

31 

1,109,801 

O'l 

46 

W.  Virginia... 

442,014 

23 

44 

376,088 

20 

55 

Kentucky 

1,321.011 

18 

34 

1,155,(184 

23 

49 

Ohio 

2,(1(15, 211(1 

24 

20 

2,339,511 

28 

40 

MiihiHan 

1,184.050 

21 

28 

749,113 

23 

40 

Indiana     

1,(>80,(1:)7 

29 

37 

1,350,428 

20 

52 

IIIinuiB 

2,530,891 

25 

42 

1,711,9,51 

;)ll 

61 

WiBconsia    . . . 

1,054.1)71: 

20 

36 

776,881 

2(1 

41 

Minnesota   .. 

430,70(1 

27 

42 

172,02a 

23 

46 

Inwa 

I,1',)4.02C 

3( 

,5;i 

074,915 

28 

61 

MiBsonri 

1,721,205 

2: 

41: 

1,182,012 

29 

69 

Kansas 

364,30'. 

31: 

(18 

107,20(1 

20 

60 

Nebraska 

122,90;: 

21: 

41 

28,841 

24 

104 

California.  .. 

5(10,247 

20 

8.'- 

379,90J 

54 

250 

Oregon 

90,02; 

Si- 

7! 

52,465 

101 

192 

Nevada  

42,401 

ll! 

61 

6,8.57 

ll! 

60 

Utah  Territol-y 

86,786 

21 

2-! 

40,273 

29 

65 

Ni'W Mexico  T. 

91,87^ 

1" 

n 

U3,51( 

3(1 

68 

Washington  T. 

23,9.)6 

7( 

12( 

11,50^ 

83 

103 

Dakota  T'y..  .. 

14.181 

29 

58 

4,837 

6 

11 

*  Virginia  in  1860  is  restricted  to  its  present  boun- 
daries for  the  purpose  of  comparison,  and  West  Vir- 
ginia in  1870  is  compared  with  the  same  area  as  in  1860. 

Texas  thus  had  nine  times  as  many  cows  as 
Massachusetts  in  18G0  iu  proportion  to  popu- 
lation, aud  forty-four  times  as  many  other 
cattle;  aud  in  1870,  seven  to  one  and  fifty- 
three  to  one  respectively,  the  disproportion 
becoming  less  as  to  cows  aud  greater  as  to 
other  cattle.  These  States  represent  extremes 
iu  cattle  supply.  The  table  will  furnish  at  a 
glance  any  comparison  of  sections  desired. 
An  increase  iu  both  milch  cows  and  othei-  cat- 
tle, iu  proportion  to  advance  in  population,  is 
made  only  in  Iowa,  Dakota,  and  Kansas,  but 
the  proportion  of  cows  has  also  increased  in 
New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota.  This 
advance  is  due  to  the  growth  of  the  dairy  in- 
terest in  New  York,  and  mainly  iu  the  other 
States  to  the  comparative  assumption  by  stock 
growing  of  its  proper  position  in  farm  econ- 
omy of  the  more  recently-settled  jjrairie 
States. 

There  is  a  wide  variation  in  prices  in  differ- 
ent sections  of  this  pastoral  area.  In  the 
mining  territories  the  demand  for  working 
oxen,  beef,  and  milk,  not  to  mention  butter 
aud  cheese,  has  generally  exceeded  the  sujiply, 
aud  kept  prices  well  advanced.  Texas,  with 
immense  herds,  without  railroads  or  near 
markets,  is  content  with  the  lowest  rales 
known  in  the  United  States,  and  able  to  sup- 
ply hundreds  of  thousands  annually,  three- 
year-okls  and  upward,  to  the  feeders  aud 
packers  of  the  States,  aud  younger  stock  to 
the  stock  rauches  aud  ranges  of  the  territories. 
The  following  averages,  from  official  returus, 
represent  very  faii-ly  these  dill'ereucOB  iu  prices 
of  uilch  cows: 


1875 

1874 

1873 

1872 

1871 

Texas H2  19 

$35  28 

$43  44 

$44  OG 

$46  36 

Califiirnia....   29  94 

32  48 

33  60 

34  12 

30  82 

Tcii'itories..  .   13  33 

15  26 

13  60 

14  12 

12  83 

Other  cattle; 

Texas  18  92 

19  52 

22  71 

23  80 

26  92 

California 17  14 

19  48 

22  60 

23  16 

26  94 

Territories...    7  50 

8  01) 

7  61 

8  10 

7  37 

The  variation  in  prices  in  different  counties 
in  Texas  is  large,  depending  mainly  upon  the 
comparative  prominence  of  stock-growiug  and 
general  agriculture.  Galveston  is  an  extreme 
case,  the  prices  of  stock  of  one,  two,  three, 
and  four  or  more  years  old,  ranging  from  $9 
to  $36.  The  next  highest  prices  are  in  Collin, 
a  northern  wheat-growing  county,  claimed  to 
be  one  of  the  most  fertile  in  the  State,  rang- 
ing from  $5  50  for  yearhngs  to  $20  for  full- 
grown  cattle.  Titus  returns  $5  50  to  $18. 
In  Comanche,  a  thinly-settled  stock-raising 
county,  with  a  name  properly  suggestive  of 
Indians,  the  figures  run  from  $1  to  $10.  The 
averages  for  the  State  of  these  four  classes 
are,  respectively,  $3  18,  $5  28,  $8  10,  and 
$11  82.  The  highest  price  returned  iu  Janu- 
ary for  cows  was  $30  iu  Harris,  and  $20  in 
Collin,  Ellis  aud  Marion.  The  lowest  figures 
are  $6  iu  Mason,  $8  in  Cherokee  and  Fayette, 
and  $9  iu  Live  Oak.  The  State  assessment 
of  stock  cattle  is  usually  about  $4,  scarcely 
ever  reaching  $5.  My  estimate  of  present 
real  value  is  $7  50. 

The  profit  of  well-directed  stock-growing 
enterprise  in  Texas  has  been  large,  even 
princely.  It  is  claimed  that  it  costs  less  to 
raise  an  ox  there  than  a  chicken  on  the  At- 
lantic coast.  While  money  is  essential  to 
large  and  immediate  returns,  it  is,  perhaps, 
true  that  in  no  other  section  of  the  country 
can  an  industrious  poor  man  arrive  at  compe- 
tency with  so  little  effort,  especially  if  en- 
gaged in  stock-growiug.  I  have  an  account 
of  an  old  lady  iu  Mason  county,  who  started 
with  several  chickens,  a  pig,  a  cow,  an  old 
pony,  aud  a  boy  of  twelve  years  to  assist  her, 
and  who,  in  five  years,  attained  an  annual 
income  ol  $2,000  in  gold. 

Cattle  do  well  in  nearly  all  parts  of  Texas, 
from  the  salt  fliits  on  the  coast  to  the  moun- 
tains, !md  from  the  Kio  Grande  to  the  cane 
bottoms  of  lied  River.  The  pine  woods  re- 
gion of  the  east  is  less  desii-able  than  other 
sections,  having  less  nutritious  grasses,  though 
they  are  quite  sufficient  for  local  requirements. 
The  black-wheat  lands  of  the  northern  central 
counties,  at  least  twenty  in  number,  are  more 
valuable  for  general  culture  than  mere  graz- 
ing. Western  Texas  is  the  chosen  home  of 
the  grazier,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande 
to  the  northern  limit  of  "the  Panhandle," 
near  the  southern  hue  of  Colorado — a  pasture 
eight  degrees  of  latitude  in  length,  without 
fencing  or  rental,  now,  as  heretofore,  full  of 
cattle,  having  literally  "millions  in  it."  Yet 
all  sections  are  not  equally  full,  immense 
tracts  hiiving  comparatively  few.  The  cattle 
region  is  west  of  the  Brazos,  mostly  west  of 
the  Colorado,  aud  the  favorite  locations  are  in 
the  country  drained  by  the  Nueces  and  Atas- 
cosa. The  largest  herds  are  iu  the  southern 
half  of  this  western  belt,  the  more  northern 
counties  being  subject  to  incursions  from  In- 
dians, as  well  as  the  more  distant  and  almost 
nukuowu  divisions,  Presidio,  El  Paso,  aud  the 
"Panhandle,"  through  which  runs  the  Cana- 
dian Itiver.  In  all  this  region  summer  aud 
winter  pa.sture  is  free  to  all,  the  owners  of  the 
cattle  owning  little  or  none  of  the  land,  which 
belongs  to  the  State  of  Texas.  The  cost  of 
raising  stock  is  practically  expressed  in  full  in 
the  expense  of  branding,  watching,  and  gath- 
ering for  Side.  Drovers  are  accustomed  to 
gather  up  droves  of  500  to  1,000  cattle,  three 
or  four  years  old  for  brief  feeding  for  beef, 
aud  two  years  old  for  stock-ranches  in  Kan- 
sas or  the  Territories.  He  takes  a  power  of 
attorney  from  the  owners,  authorizing  him  to 
drive  and  sell  their  cattle,  and  the  hide  and 
cattle  inspector  takes  notice  of  every  brand 
aud  ear  mark,  aud  classifies  them  as  to  age 
and  value,  aud  the  ins])ection  is  recorded  iu 
the  County  Clerk's  office,  coustituting  a  legal 
indebteduess  of  the  drover  for  every  animal 
thus  taken. 

The  trade  of  drovers  has  been  very  brisk 
since  1870.  On  the  Old  Chisholm  trail,  from 
May  1  to  November  11,  1872,  202  drovers 
passed  Ciddwell,  Kansas,  with  349,275  cattle, 
making  tho  avi>rage  per  drove  very  nearly 
1,200,  tho  largest  droves  being,  1,500  by  Lit 
tie  i!c  Perryuian,  3,000  by  Brooks  &  Miiliig;iii, 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


3,400  by  G.  Van  Winkle  &  Co.,  3,200  by 
Brooks  &  Gatteu,  3, OSS  by  Ilardeu,  3,000  by 
King  &  Staples;  several  at  2,500  to  2,800,  aiul 
two  as  low  as  350.  This  will  illustrate  fairly 
the  size  of  droves  from  Texas  to  Kansas. 

I  have  seen  many  statements  of  the  size  of 
herds  in  Kansas.  It  is  impracticable  to  at- 
tempt to  name  all  the  large  cattle  ranches.  I 
will  mention  a  few  herds  recently  reported  in 
my  correspoiideuce.  On  the  Gulf  coast  a  Mr. 
Kennedy  has  inclosed  the  "Laureles"  ranch 
by  running  a  fence  fifty  miles,  costing  $100,- 
000,  across  a  neck  of  a  peninsula,  thus  inclos- 
ing by  fence  and  water  169,000  acres.  The 
Kockport  and  Fulton  Pasture  Company,  on 
Nueces  Bay,  incloses  115,000  acres,  with  a 
few  miles  of  fencing  on  one  side.  Rockport 
is  the  great  cattle-shipping  port  for  Western 
Texas.  In  Refugio  county  there  are  large 
herds:  John  H.  Woods',  17,500;  John  Lin- 
ny'.s,  17,500;  J.  &  R.  Dnshel's,  9,000;  B.  F. 
Gooch,in  Mason,  20,000;  Burrell  Yol(]oron,of 
Grayson,  county,  h.as  10,000  scattered 
over  several  counties.  In  San  Patricio  and 
other  counties,  Coleman,  Mathes  &  Fulton,  of 
Rockport,  estimate  their  cattle  at  85,007 — 
25,000  in  pasture,  the  remainder  on  the  range. 
They  have  made  a  single  purchase  of  cattle  to 
the  amountof  $130,000.  The  Peninsula  Com- 
pany have,  near  Rockport,  a  pastux'e  of  35,000 
acres,  inclosed  by  a  cypress  fence.  In  Lime- 
stone county  Heaton  &  Harmer  have  8,000 
head.  In  Harris  William  McFadJon  has  18,- 
000,  and  George  Butler  15.000.  I  have  a 
record  of  a  large  number  owning  3,000  to 
10,000,  and  there  are  many  more  that  own 
much  larger  herds,  were  there  time  to  collect 
and  space  to  print  them. 

Probably  more  than  2,000,000  of  Texas 
cattle  have  been  driven  into  Kansas  since  the 
war.  The  drive  of  last  year  was  not  so  heavy 
as  those  of  the  previous  years,  but  has  been 
estimated  as  high  as  175,000.  The  shipments 
of  cattle  over  four  Kansas  railroads,  from  Jan- 
uary to  August,  1873,  consisting  mainly  of 
cattle  wintered  over,  was  102,426;  and  for  the 
same  period  in  1874,  122,914,  with  115,000 
remaining  to  ship.  It  was  estimated  that 
50,000  more  wintered  cattle  were  taken  by 
government  contractors.  The  drives  of  one 
year  are  either  kept  on  the  Kansas  or  Ne- 
braska ranges  till  late  in  the  Fall,  or  wintered 
over  before  sending  east.* 

A  detailed  account  of  this  cattle  movement, 
of  the  cost  of  driving  and  wintering,  of  the 
contests  with  native  stock  owners  arising  from 
fear  of  the  Texas  cattle  disease,  and  of  the 
business  generally  of  the  cattle  grower,  would 
more  than  fill  the  place  alotted  to  this  chap- 
ter. It  is  a  business  of  manifest  importance 
in  the  future  of  the  American  meat  supply. — 
J.  li.  Dodge,  in  Phrenological  Journal  for  May. 


Souk  Milk  for  Calves. — Farmers,  as  well 
as  other  classes,  have  yet  much  to  learn  about 
many  of  the  common  practices  of  daily  lite 
and  experience  in  their  respective  callings, 
and  much  also  must  be  unlearned  to  make 
way  iox  the  advanced  ideas  which  science  and 
practical  experiments  are  constantly  bringing 
up  for  investigation.  A  few  years  ago,  it  was 
the  accepted  opinion  of  the  masses  of  the  peo- 
jile  that  the  value  of  milk  as  an  article  of  food 
i^^t  man  or  beast,  was  principally  determined 
by  the  amfmnt  of  cream  it  contained,  and 
skimmed  milk  was  looked  upon  as  being  al- 
most worthless  for  anything  but  for  pig  feed- 
ing, and  not  very  good  for  that. 

Later  investigations  have  shown  that  the 
greater  part  of  the  food  material  of  milk  is 
contained  in  the  skimmed  milk;  that  skim- 
milk  cheese  is  poor,  not  because  it  is  devoid 
of  nutriment,  but  because  we  have  not  learned 
how  to  make  and  cure  it  so  as  to  have  it  pal- 
atable and  digestible.  Many  farmers  have 
noticed  that  those  cows  which  give  milk  poor 
in  butter,  often  raise  extra  fat  calves;  and  we 
occasionally  find  cows  giving  milk  so  rich  in 
fatty  substances  that  their  calves  do  not  do  as 
well  fed  upon  it  as  upon  milk  containing  a 
smaller  proportion  of  cream. 

We  have  raised  a  few  calves  every  Summer 
for  several  years  past,  and  have  had  excellent 


success  with  skimmed  milk,  both  sweet  and 
sour,  when  judiciously  fed.  In  kindness  many 
are  quite  apt  to  over-feed,  and  they  do  nut 
feed  with  the  regularity  that  would  be  best  for 
the  calf.  It  always  makes  bad  work  to  let  a 
calf  get  very  huugvy  and  then  give  it  an  extra 
amount  of  milk,  and  if  the  milk  is  very  cold 
it  will  be  all  the  more  harmful. 

Calves  are  taken  from  their  mothers  and 
fed  upon  milk  which  is  not  only  skimmed  but 
often  cold,  and  perhaps  given  at  irregular  in- 
tervals, and  in  two  large  quantities;  and  be- 
cause they  do  not  always  do  as  well  as  when 
fed  in  the  natural  way,  the  skimming  is  made 
to  bear  all  the  blame.  But  it  is  a  fact  that 
very  fine  calves  have  been  raised  on  skimmed 
milk,  and  sour  at  that.  The  subject  of  feed- 
ing skimmed  and  sour  milli  to  calves  was  dis- 
cussed at  a  late  meeting  of  the  Vermont  dairy- 
men, and  Mr.  Stewart,  of  the  Btiffdlo  JAve 
Stock  Jounuil,  spoke  in  the  strongest  terms  of 
the  value  of  skimmed  and  sour  milk  for  grow- 
ing good  calves. 

We  also  frequently  receive  letters  from  the 
readers  of  the  Farmer,  giving  accounts  of  very 
satisfactory  experiments  in  raising  calves  on 
such  food.  We  have  before  us  now  a  letter 
from  a  reader  at  Enosburgh,  Vermont,  who 
has  a  calf,  nine  months  old,  that  weighs  seven 
hundred  pounds,  half  Jersey  and  half  native, 
it  never  having  had  anything  but  sour  milk 
and  hay  since  it  was  old  enough  to  do  well  on 
such  feed,  which  has  been  ever  since  it  was 
quite  young. 

During  a  private  conversation  upon  this 
subject,  with  several  gentlemen,  at  the  Ver- 
mont dairymen's  meeting,  Mr.  Isaac  T.  Parris 
of  Fairfax,  Vt. ,  informed  us  that  he  had  had 
the  best  of  success  in  feeding  sour  milk  to 
some  dozen  calves  per  year.  He  begins  to 
feed  it  sometimes  when  the  calves  are  but  a 
week  old.  He  prefers  to  have  it  thick  or  lop- 
pered,  but  not  fermented.  At  six  or  seven 
weeks  old,  he  gives  wheat  bran  with  the  milk, 
and  at  ten  weeks,  adds  oat  meal.  They  learn 
to  eat  hay  very  young,  and  are  often  chewing 
the  (Hid  at  ten  days  old.  He  finds  that  his 
best  butter  cows  give  milk  too  rich  for  calves, 
and  that  poorer  cows  fat  the  best  veal. 

Mr.  Stillman  Stone,  of  Lunenburg,  Mass., 
is  also  a  strong  advocate  of  sour  milk  for 
calves.  He  says  they  do  not  all  take  to  it 
alike,  but  when  he  gets  a  calf  so  that  it  likes  it, 
he  has  no  more  trouble  with  it.  We  find  a 
great  difl'erence  in  calves  about  eating  what- 
ever is  given  them.  Some  calves  will  take 
almost  any  wholesome  food  with  a  good  and 
constant  appetite,  while  others  are  always 
dainty  and  particular  about  what  they  eat. 
The  latter  kind  seldom  make  hardy  cows,  and 
when  one  finds  he  has  such  an  animal  the 
sooner  it  is  disposed  of  the  better. — .V.  £. 
Farmer. 


Thoroughbred  Swine. 

Jjn  HE  theory  has  been  advocated,  and  prac- 
jIl  tice  has  clearly  demonstrated  that  it  is 
.Jl;[  impracticable  for  the  general  farmers  of 
oj/)|_  the  country  to  become  breeders  of  fine, 
^Vl  or  properly  speaking,  thoroughbred 
stock,  with  the  idea  of  disposing  of  it  at  fancy 
prices.  There  may  be  many  reasons  ascribed 
for  this,  the  principal  of  which  is  that  it  takes 
more  time  and  more  capital  to  start  than  most 
of  them  are  in  circumstances  to  afford,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  business  being  a  profession 
which  requires  more  study  and  experience 
than  most  of  them  can  give.  The  breeding 
of  any  of  the  improved  breeds  of  sNvine  is, 
however,  quite  different  from  horses,  cattle, 
or  sheep,  and  we  are  fully  convinced  that  ev- 
ery farmer  of  the  country  can  become  a 
breeder  of  thoroughbred  swine,  and  make  it  a 
remunerative  business.  Some  may  say  we 
cannot  all  sell  them  at  fancy  prices,  which  is 
veiy  true,  neither  do  they  need  to  do  so  in 
order  to  make  it    profitable.     The   man  who 


buys  a  Short-horn  cow  at  $1,000  must  neces- 
sarily sell  her  calf  at  $300  or  $400,  or  the 
investment  will  not  be  a  paj'ing  one.  Such 
an  animal  will  produce  only  one  calf  in  a 
year. 

The  case  is  quite  different  with  swine.  A 
farmer  at  the  present  day  can  buy  a  pair  of 
thoroughbred  hogs  ready  to  breed,  or  any  of 
our  improved  breeds,  at  from  $35  to  $50  per 
p.iir,  and  with  ordinary  success  will  produce 
twelve  to  eighteen  pigs  during  the  year.  Thus 
it  will  be  seen  that  he  only  has  to  sell  them  at 
$1  50  to  $2  to  be  making  as  much  on  the 
capital  invested  as  the  fancy  breeder  who  is 
imrchasing  cattle  and  horses  at  $1,000  each 
and  disjiosing  of  thi^  produce  at  $500  per 
head,  'then  it  is  at  once  apparent  to  all  that 
the  above  prices  are  not  as  much  as  can  bo 
realized  for  the  common  scrub  hogs  of  the 
country  at  two  or  three  months  old.  Then 
should  he  find  dilEeulty  in  disposing  of  them 
at  that  age,  it  will  pay  him  three-fold  to  keep 
them  to  twelve  to  fifteen  months  of  age,  at 
which  time  they  will  be  hogs  weighing  up- 
ward of  300  pounds,  which  are  worth  from 
one  and  a  half  to  two  cents  more  per  potmd, 
than  the  scrub  hogs  brought  to  market. 

We  ask  the  careful  attention  of  the  reader 
to  this  matter;  we  are  not  writing  from  a  the- 
oretical standpoint,  but  from  practice  of  what 
we  write,  knowing  that  such  are  daily  occur- 
rences. These  being  the  facta,  why  will  so 
many  of  our  farmers  persist  in  keeping  a 
stock  of  hogs  so  well  known  as  prairie  root- 
ers? Some  may  say  they  cannot  afford  to  buy 
the  stock  to  start  with.  This  excuse  will  hold 
good  only  in  but  few  cases,  while  the  prices 
of  all  our  improved  breeds  of  swine  are  so 
low.  The  experience  of  all  who  have  tried  it 
full}'  attest  that  the  use  of  thoroughbred  males 
in  horses,  cattle,  sheej),  or  swine,  is  one  of 
the  best  paying  investments  they  can  enter 
into.  And  if  it  is  so  in  cattle,  then  it  must  bo 
doubly  so  in  swine;  and  if  those  who  do  not 
believe  in  thorough  breeds  will  use  thorough- 
bred males  of  any  of  the  improved  breeds  on 
their  common  stock  of  cows,  it  will  soon  show 
a  marked  improvement  that  wiU  in  a  very 
short  time  pay  many  hundred  per  cent,  on 
the  investment.  Surely  no  objection  in  re- 
gard to  cost  can  be  raised  from  pursuing  this 
course  while  the  best  breeders  of  the  country 
are  offering  choice  males  at  $15  to  $25  each. 
— Alex.  Charles,  m  tSicine   and  Poultry  Journal. 


White  vs.  Black  Hogs. — A  correspondent 
of  the  Rural  Southland  writes: 

In  my  boyhood,  some  twenty-five  years  ago, 
my  father  had  several  hundred  fine  white  or 
light  colored  hogs.  He  also  had  about  thirty 
black  hogs  of  a  new  and  different  stock.  The 
cholera  came — the  first  ever  known  in  our 
section  of  country — and  it  reduced  his  main 
stock  of  white  or  light  colored  hogs  from  sev- 
eral hundred  to  several  hogs;  while  of  the 
black  ones  it  killed  only  three;  yet  all  had  the 
same  showing,  and  were  equally  exposed.  I 
have  since  noticed  something  like  the  same 
relative  difference  in  mortality,  from  the  same 
cause. 

.\s  to  the  respective  merits  of  the  several 
black  varieties,  the  two  leading  and  rival 
breeds  are  the  improved  Berkshire  and  Po- 
land-China, each  of  which  has  great  merit. 
The  Berkshire  nuder  certain  circumstances 
and  raised  in  large  numbers,  may  be  the  bet- 
ter of  the  two;  but  for  us,  I  think  it  only  ne- 
cessary to  know  both  breeds  thoroughly  in 
order  to  decide  in  favor  of  the  Poland  China. 
We  don't  want  woods  or  wild  hogs.  The 
Berkshire  is  predisposed  to  wildness,  and  a 
little  neglect  makes  him  as  wild  and  fleet  as  a 
buck;  wherinis,  the  Poland  China,  though 
thoroughly  industrious,  is  the  most  docile, 
tractable  and  intelligent  of  all  hogs. 

Generally,  we  want  grazers  and  not  rooters. 
The  Poland  China  is  natnraJly  and  essentisdly 
a  grazer,  and  the  Berkshire  a  rooter. 


Everj-where  endeavor  to  be  useful,  and  you 
are  everv^vhere  at  home. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^\m\)  mil  (5ortto. 


The  Angora  Coat  Again^ 


T  is  natural  enough  for  people  living  in 
'  sections  of  the  country  where  the  Angora 
■eW  goat  will  not  thrive,  and  where  they  have 
5^  failed  at  it,  to  think  the  business  of 
breeding  them  a  failure.  But  the  stock  men 
on  this  coast  know  there  is  profit  in  Angoras. 
We  give  the  following  criticism,  which  ap- 
peared in  the  Prairie  Farmer  some  two  years 
ago,  to  show  the  off  side  of  the  goat  question: 

And  now  comes  Mr.  Wm.  Laudrum,  of 
Messrs.  Landrura  &  Rodgers,  of  Watson- 
Tille,  California,  "pioneer  breeders  of  Cash- 
mere or  Angora  goats,"  who  desires  to  be 
heard  on  the  "goat  business."  That  Mr.  L.'s 
position  may  be  more  fully  comprehended, we 
should  also  state  that  the  firm  is  connected 
with  a  company  who  have  purch.ised  the 
Guadalupe  island,  and  propose  to  devote  a 
considerable  part  of  it  and  of  the  capital 
stock  ($500,000)  to  breeding  goats.  Whether 
there  are  any  shares  to  sell  we  are  not  advised. 
The  essential  points  of  his  letter,  which  is 
very  long,  are  as  follows: 

He  gives  the  address  of  several  brokers 
who,  he  says,  can  sell,  or  rather  have  sold, 
mohair  at  from  '24  cents  to  $1  2.5  per  pound, 
and  calls  these  "full  prices."  As  those  who 
buy,  he  names  Messrs.  Sheppard  Bros.,  of 
Philadelphia,  and  Messrs.  Hall,  Broadhead  & 
Co.,  of  Jamestown,  New  York.  He  also  cites 
general  order  No.  9'2  of  the  War  Department, 
requiring  certain  uniforms  to  be  ornamented 
with  mohair  cords  and  tassels,  and  says  the 
contractors  for  these  goods  "must  have  mo- 
hair." These  furnish  the  market  for  the 
fleece. 

In  a  former  article  in  the  paper  to  which 
the  letter  of  Mr.  L.  is  iu  response,  we  asked 
the  question  whether  any  one  who  purchased 
breeding  goats  purporting  to  be  Angora  or 
Cashmere,  at  the  prices  ruling  a  few  years 
ago,  could  now  realize  for  his  stock,  including 
increase  and  wool,  and  excluding  co.st  of  keep- 
ing, the  amount  he  paid  for  the  original  stock, 
and  stating  that  if  such  a  person  could  be 
found  we  would  gladly  publish  his  address, 
together  with  the  address  of  the  party  willing 
to  buy  at  such  figures.  In  reply  to  this  the 
writer  presents  the  names  of  several  who,  as 
he  says,  have  made  purchases  of  goats,  prin- 
cipally from  himself,  within  fourteen  months 
past,  at  prices  ranging  from  $50  to  $2.50  each, 
and  also  instances  others  who,  commencing 
some  years  ago,  have  made  money  in  selling 
goats,  pelts  and  mohair.  There  is,  however, 
nothing  new  or  valuable  in  the  information 
his  letter  affords  us  on  this  point,  except  that 
there  still  are  parties  willing  to  pay  about 
one-tenth  to  one-fourth  the  prices  at  which 
these  goats  were  sold  in  this  region  a  few 
years  ago.  Even  this,  however,  is  not  cer- 
tain, in  view  of  what  he  says  of  the  past  trade 
in  goats  in  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Illinois  and 
Ohio  in  the  following  extract: 

"  I  have  carefully  watched  the  Angora  goat 
business  for  25  years,  and  have  kept  a  record 
of  all  the  pure  breeds  ever  imported  to  Amer- 
ica; their  ijuality,  breeding,  and  to  whom  sold 
and  their  whereabouts,  save  a  very  few  scat- 
tering animals,  sold  one  or  two  in  a  place.  I 
also  know  of  many  failures  .and  the  causes 
thereof.  Also  of  many  successes.  There  has 
been  two  causes  of  failures:  First,  like  all 
new  enterprises,  the  majority  of  pc'Ople  know 
but  little  about  the  busini'ss,  and  designing, 
dishonest  men  practiced  deception,  and  do 
ceiveil  farmers  with  worthless  low  grades  for 
pure  breeds.  With  such  goats  they  could  do 
no  better  than  make  a  failure,  and  without  the 
knowledge  of  the  cause,  naturally  would  con- 
demn the  whole  Angora  business. 

"  Ttainessee,  Kentucky,  Illinois  and  Ohio 
Buffered  worse  than  any  other  states.  Wil- 
liamBon  and  his  associates  sold  over  $80,000 


worth  of  grade  goats  in  those  States  of  a  cross 
between  the  Thibet  goat,  the  Angora  and  the 
native  goat.  Such  goats  could  not  be  bred  up 
iu  ten  years,  with  good  Angora  bucks,  to  be 
Worth  anything  for  fleece,  hence  you  will 
daily  meet  men  who  will  tell  you  iu  that  coun- 
try that  the  Angora  is  a  humbug.  They  or 
their  neighbors  tried  them,  and  paid  fabulous 
prices  for  them,  and  failed.  Richard  Peters, 
of  Atlanta,  Georgia,  has  a  small  band  of  pure 
breed  Angoras.  I.  S.  Diehl,  perhaps,  has  ten 
head;  the  remainder  of  his  are  grades.  I 
could  give  their  history.  Robert  S.  Scott,  of 
Kentucky,  has  one  pure  ewe;  and  three  years 
increased  two  or  three  bucks;  the  balance  are 
grades.  Ogden,  of  Ohio,  had  one  pair  of  pure 
breeds.  Chenery,  of  Boston,  sold  a  few  pairs 
of  pure  breeds  to  go  West,  in  1HG7,  that  I 
failed  to  get  the  address  of,  but  no  lots  of  over 
one  ewe  in  a  place  that  I  heard  of,  and  I  in- 
terrogated him  very  closely  at  the  time;  and 
up  to  that  time  I  hiive  a  record  of  all  the  pure 
breed  transactions  in  America.  I  assert  pos- 
itively that  the  failure  is  not  in  the  Angora 
goat,  but  in  the  deception  and  dishonest  re- 
presentations made  by  men  about  the  goat  to 
persons  who  have  no  facilities  to  find  out  the 
truth.  It  is  very  true  that  they  will  not  do 
so  well  any  where  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, as  they  do  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Had 
they  not  jiroved  to  be  a  great  source  of  profit 
to  the  breeder  on  this  coast,  they  could  never 
have  been  sjjread  over  the  country,  from  the 
fact,  that  the  word  goal  was  unpopular,  and 
attached  to  it  was  the  history  of  all  the  Cash- 
mere swindles  in  the  East,  as  they  were 
termed.  We  even  have  men  here  now  offer- 
ing grades  as  pure  breeds  in  this  state,  and 
often  deceive  men  with  them,  to  the  disgrace 
and  injury  of  the  business." 

It  will  be  news  to  our  readers  in  the  States 
named  to  be  told  that  the  animals  for  which 
they  paid  from  $500  to  $2,300,  a  few  years 
ago,  were  after  all  only  grades,  and  it  is  cer- 
tainly curious  that  these  could  not  have  been 
bred  up  by  the  use  of  pure  crosses  iu  ten  years 
to  be  worth  anything,  while  even  now  Mr. 
Landrum  is  selling  grades  at  what  seem  big 
prices. 

In  closing  he  gives  the  following  advice  to 
breeders ; 

"Accept  no  goat  as  a  pure  breed  that  can- 
not be  traced  to  the  man  who  shipped  it  from 
Angora.  Secondly,  all  imported  goats  are 
not  pure  breeds.  A  pure  breed  goat  has  no 
under  coating  of  any  kind  mixed  with  his 
fleece,  no  coarse  main  hip  locks  or  kemp; 
should  be  clear  silver  white,  and  fleece  all 
over  alike,  belly  and  breast  well  covered. 
Many  other  points  may  be  considered,  but 
these  are  indisiiensable." 

The  most  reasonable  conclusion  on  the 
whole  subject  seems  to  be  that  some  portions, 
or  the  rougher  and  less  fertile  districts  of  the 
western  slojie  of  this  continent,  may  be  ad- 
apted to  the  profitable  culture  of  these  goats, 
in  competition  with  those  countries  from 
which  the  European  and  the  fe'J  American 
manufacturers  of  lustre  goods  from  mohair 
now  obtain  their  sujiplies  of  the  fibre.  The 
islands  of  the  Pacific  ocean  may  aft'ord  still 
othi;r  fields  for  the  enterprise,  but  there  is 
nothing  iu  the  history  or  present  condition  of 
the  traffic  in  mohair  or  the  goats  in  this  coun- 
try that  is  likely  to  attract  a  careful  farmer  to 
the  culture  of  the  goat  in  preference  to  the 
culture  of  sheep.  The  day  has  gone  by  when 
any  man  iu  the  centra!  states  has  any  such 
preference,  so  far  as  our  knowledge  extends. 


Impkovkment  of  Riieep. — The  improve- 
ment of  a  llui'k  by  means  of  breeding,  re- 
quires very  considerablt!  and  long  continued 
care. 

The  quality  of  both  parents  must  be  con- 
sidered, both  with  a  view  of  correcting  evils 
and  pepetuating  good  qualities.  It  must  bo 
acknowledged,  however,  that  in  the  majority 
of  cases  the  influence  of  the  male  preponder- 
ates over  the  female,  and  the  characteristics 
of  the  former  are  neu-o  likely  to  be  iuqiressed 
on    the    ort'spring  than    those    of   the    latter. 


This  is  shown  in  most  animals.  The  mule 
partakes  much  more  of  the  nature  and  size 
of  its  sire,  the  ass,  than  of  its  dam.  the  mare. 
A  large  Cotswold  ram  put  to  a  Southdown 
ewe  produced  an  offspring  much  more  resem- 
bling the  former  than  the  latter,  and  a  pony 
mare  put  to  a  full  sized  horse  will  produce  an 
animal  half  as  large  again  as  the  dam.  Though 
this,  however,  seems  to  be  nature's  rule,  it  is 
not  one  without  exception,  for  occasionally 
we  see  the  very  opposite  results. 

In  breeding  animals  of  a  pure  kind,  the 
principal  rule  to  be  observed  is,  to  breed  from 
the  very  best  of  both  sexes,  to  cull  the  faulty 
ones  every  year,  saving  only  the  female  lambs 
for  the  future  flock  tliat  are  as  free  from  de- 
fect as  possible.  Of  course,  the  flock  must  be 
kept  up  to  its  proper  size,  but  year  by  year 
the  finest  animals  should  be  selected,  until,  in 
the  course  of  time,  the  flock  will  entirely  con- 
sist of  them.  Until  this  is  nearly  accom- 
plished it  will  not  be  prudent  for  a  farmer  to 
employ  his  only  tups  for  the  purpose,  as  he 
will  probably  be  able  to  hire  or  buy  superior 
rams  from  others,  and  it  will  not  do  to  spare 
some  expense  iu  thus  raising  the  character  of 
his  sheep. 

There  are  various  poiuts  that  are  sought 
after  by  breeders,  not  because  of  the  particu- 
lar value  of  those  points,  but  because  they  are 
evidence  of  other  valuable  qualities,  such  as 
aptitude  to  fatten  and  early  maturity.  Thus, 
iu  the  Southdown  breed,  small  heads  and 
legs,  and  small  bones  are  esteemed,  as  they 
are  qualities  which  are  always  found  connect- 
ed with  fattening  properties.  Black  muzzles 
and  legs  are  also  valued,  probably  because 
they  denote  the  good  constitution  and  hardi- 
hood of  the  animal.  We  must,  however.take 
care,  lest,  in  carrying  these  points  to  an  ex- 
treme, we  neglect  other  valuable  qualities. 
Straightness  of  the  back,  breadth  of  the  loins, 
and  rotundity  of  frame  are  points  that  cannot 
be  disputed,  and  are  not  merely  sirjnx  of  good 
qualities,  but  good  qualities  themselves.  The 
Straightness  of  the  back,  so  perfect  in  the 
Leicester,  is  by  no  means  natural  to  the 
Southdown  in  an  unimproved  state,  but  rath- 
er the  contrary.  In  the  improved  breeds, 
however,  it  is  present,  and  is  justly  reg.arded 
as  an  excellent  point,  giving  a  better  surface 
for  the  laying  on  of  flesh,  and  affording  more 
scope  for  the  abdominal  organs.  Its  converse, 
too,  a  round  or  convex  back,  is  produced  or 
increased  by  the  effects  of  poverty  and  cold, 
and  is  almost  sure  to  follow  if  the  breed  is  ne- 
glected and  exposed. 

The  development  of  bone,  of  course,  re- 
quires nutriment,  as  well  as  any  other  part, 
though  not  perhaps  in  the  same  degree.  Large 
bone,  therefore,  abstracts  nutriment  which 
would  otherwise  be  more  profitably  employed 
and  thus  is  anything  but  a  desirable  point  in 
sheep.  Horns,  for  the  same  reason, are  much 
better  dispensed  with.  One  point  in  sheep, 
which  is  justly  regarded  as  extremely  favor- 
able, is  a  soft,  mellow  feeling  of  the  skin  and 
parts  beneath.  These  parts  are  the  cellular, 
or  rather  adipose  membranes,  which  in  fat 
sheep  are  full  of  fat,  and  in  lean  sheep,  when 
possessing  this  mellow  feeling,  denote  the 
plentiful  existence  of  these  membranous  cells 
ready  for  the  reception  of  fat,  which  is  de- 
posited in  them  almost  in  the  form  of  oil. 

Breadth  of  loin  and  rotundity  of  frame  are 
qualities  that  require  no  observation,  having 
been  above  alluded  to.  The  former  denotes 
the  presence  of  a  large  quantity  of  flesh  iu 
the  spot  where  it  is  most  valuable,  and  it  also 
bespeaks  a  largo  and  roomy  abdomen.  A 
round  frame  is  al.so  the  sure  attendant  of  a 
large  abdomen,  and  an  extended  surface  for 
the  muscles  of  the  back  and  loins.  A  general 
squareness  of  frame  besjieaks  large  muscles, 
particularly  from  the  (piarters. 

What,  indeed,  is  wanted,  in  a  good-formed 
animal,  is  as  much  flesh  and  as  little  bone 
and  gristle  as  possible,  and  this  flesh  is  re- 
quired where  it  is  most  valuable;  for  instance, 
it  is  much  more  valuable  on  the  loiiis  and 
([uarters  than  about  the  head  and  upper  or 
scrag  end  of  the  neck.     A   largo   development 


;^2^-y. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


of  flesh  is  pretty  sure  to  be  accompnnied  by  a 
dispositioa  to  fatten;  but  for  protitable  feed- 
ing it  is  essential  that  these  qualities  should 
be  developed  early — constitutinf;  early  matu- 
rity. Thus  talks  the  Prairie  Farmer  ou  this 
important  subject. 

.«-•-* 

Gkadually  Impkote  Yodr  Sheep.- — It  is  a 
fact  very  few  persons  realize,  that  by  the  in- 
troduction of  pure  breed  rams,  there  will  be 
an  annual  increase  of  at  least  half  a  pound 
per  fleece  among  a  flock  of  ordinary  sheep. 
"Could  our  average  farmers  be  induced  to  be- 
lieve this,"  says  Mr.  Goe,  a  noted  Pennsyl- 
vania sheep  manager,  "sheep  profits  would 
soon  become  immense,  compared  with  pres- 
ent pay."  It  does  not  matter  where  you  buy 
those  rams,  but  you  ought  to  be  certain  to  get 
pure  breeds,  from  a  good  healthy  flock.  From 
one  to  three  rams  annually  will  not  cost  much 
money  compared  with  the  profit  to  your  flock 
and  the  increased  yield  of  fleece.  You  all 
claim  to  be  enterprising  and  anxious  to  make 
sheep-raising  pai/,  hence  you  will  doubtless 
avail  yourselves  of  the  light  and  progress  of 
others  in  your  enterprise;  for  you  live  in  a 
progressive  age  and  ought  to  feel  bound  to 
keep  ou  the  track.  Then  it  becomes  you  to 
open  your  eyes,  look  about  you,  see  and  rend 
what  your  neighbors  are  doing.  Catch  the 
proper  spirit  and  profit  by  all  your  learn  from 
experience  and  the  experience  of  others. — 
Rural  Sun. 


^mmiu. 


Learn  to  Keep  House. 

[EAUriFUL  maideDB — aye  Dature's  fair  qneens, 
Some  in  your  tweutiee,  and  some  in  your  teena, 
Sftekin^  accomplishnientH  wortliy  yotir  aim. 
Striving  for  learning,  thirBtinK  for  fame; 
Taking  such  pains  with  ttie  style  of  your  hair, 
Keeping  your  lily  complexions  so  fuir: 
Miss  not  this  item,  iu  all  your  gay  lives. 
Learn  to  keep  house,  you  may  one  day  bo  wives. 
Learn  to  keep  house. 

Now  your  Adonis  loves  sweet  moonlight  walks, 
Hand  clasps,  aud  kisses,  and  nice  little  talks; 
Then,  as  plain  Charlie,  with  burden   of  care. 
He  must  subsi  t  on  more  nourishing  fare; 
He'll  come  home  at  the  set  of  the  sun. 
Heart-sick  and  weary,  his  working  day  done, 
Thence  let  his  slippered  feet  ne'er  wi.sh  to  roam, 
Leara  to  keep  house  that  you  may  keep  home. 
Learn  to  keep  house. 

First  in  his  eyes  will  be  children  and  wife, 
Joy  of  his  joy  and  life  of  his  life. 
Next  to  his  bright  dwelling  his  table,  his  meals — 
Shrink  not  at  what  my  pen  trembling  reveals, 
Maidens  romantic,  the  truth  must  be  told. 
Knowledge  is  better  than  silver  and  gold; 
Then  be  prepared  in  the  8prin;T:-time  of  health, 
Learu  to  keep  house  tho'  surrounded  by  wealth. 
Learn  to  keep  house. 


and 


Chats     With     Farmers'     Wives 
Daughters — No.  6. 

BY     "JEWELL." 


A  TUSSLE    WITH  FLIES. 

I  have  often  wondered  why  a  farm  life 
should  have  so  many  drawbacks  to  its  charms 
— the  greatest  of  which  is  flies;  but,  as  I  did 
not  live  year  in  and  year  out  on  a  farm — 
which  condition,  they  tell  me,  is  essential  to 
a  fair  trial  of  poison  and  a  gentle  persuasion 
e.ach  morning  with  a  cloth  driver — why,  I  did 
not  prove  anything,  only  I  wondered  in  my 
quiet  hours  wh}'  it  was  that  city  flies  and 
country  flies  should  differ  so  very  materially. 
It  is  quite  easy  in  the  city  to  keep  free  from 
flies,  if  one  knows  how  and  means  busines.': — for 
you  must  bear  in  mind  one  thing,  viz. :  that 
flies  muat  be  eating.  All  right;  give  it  to 
them — with  a  little  cobalt  with  it — in  plenty 
of  dishes  here  and  there,  with  beer  or  sweet- 
ened water,  any  way  to  invite  them  to  eat  and 
be  merry,  and  they  will  surely  die.  After  a 
few   days   of    sweei^iug  dead   flies,  brushing 


dead  flies,  shooing  dead  flies,  and  seeing 
dead  flies  you  get  used  to  it,  and  they  either 
conclude  not  to  come  in,  or  else  there  are 
fewer  flies  in  your  neighborhood. 

So  much  for  city  flies.  But  in  the  country 
where  there  are  stables,  milk  and  butter,  and 
swill  about  to  attract  flies,  they  told  me  it 
would  be  impossible.  So  I  am  trying  it, 
friends.  One  week  ago,  on  the  wall  beside 
the  table  aud  upon  the  netting  over  the  dishes 
as  we  ate  would  be  black  as  if  a  swarm  of  bees 
were  upon  us.  Tho  reform  began  by  remov- 
ing the  swill  barrel  to  the  barn  yard.  (I'd 
rather  carry  sour  milk  a  mile  than  have  so 
many  flies  looking  at  me  eat.)  I  never  leave 
anything  for  them  to  eat,  but  just  what  I  want 
them  to,  with  cobalt  or  fly-paper  in  it,  but  of 
that  I  give  a  plenty — three  dishes  to  a  room, 
one  on  each  bed  in  the  bed-room,  leaving  the 
room  well  aired  and  lighted.  (I  don't  believe 
in  dark  rooms,  except  at  night.)  It  seems  as 
if  there  had  been  at  least  several  millions  of 
dead  flies  swept  up,  and  at  meals  we  miss 
fully  that  number — indeed,  I  feel  a  deep  char- 
ity for  the  few  left,  and  feed  them  regularly, 
and  shall  continue  to  do  so  right  along  all 
Summer.  Don't  be  afraid  of  your  children 
getting  at  the  poison;  teach  them  to  let  it 
alone,  and,  indeed,  the  dirty  dishes  are 
enough  to  disgust  most  all  children,  who  usu- 
ally like  best  what  is  pretty  and  nice. 

Following  are  a  few  recipes  which  may  be 
found  useful: 

TO    COOK    CBACKED    WHEAT,    BICE    AND    HOMINY. 

I  have  before  given  a  recipe  for  boiling 
cracked  wheat,  hominy  and  rice  in  a  bag 
put  in  boiling  water,  which  is  not  only  easier 
and  a  cheaper  way  of  doing — unless  one  has  a 
waterbath  utensil  already  to  use — but  I  think 
the  baa  preferable;  the  rice  keeps  its  form  and 
cooks  quicker,  and  cracked  wheat,  to  be  truly 
nice,  should  not  cook  more  than  twenty  min- 
utes, or  three  quarters  of  an  hour  at  the  farth- 
est. You  then  have  the  full  flavor  of  the 
grain,  and  something  to  chew  also,  which  re- 
moves one  serious  objection  to  mush  or 
cracked  wheat,  as  it  is  usually  served  soft  and 
gummy.  Hominy  should  be  cooked  at  least 
an  hotir,  but  cracked  wheat  and  rice  is  better 
cooked  in  half  the  time. 

SOFT     GINGER     BREAD. 

One  cup  of  molasses,  1  of  cold  water,  1 
teaspoouful  of  salt,  1  of  soda,  butter  the  size 
of  au  egg,  1  spoonful  of  ginger,  cloves  or  any 
other  spice,  flour  enough  for  a  stiff  batter; 
bake  an  hour. 

nancy's  cake. 

Two  cups  of  sugar,  1  of  milk,  ^  of  butter, 
3  of  flour,  2  eggs,  1  teaspoonful  cream  tartar, 
%  teaspoonful  of  soda. 

cream  pies. 
Two  cups  of  sugar,  1  of  flour,  i  eggs,  1  quart 
milk;  boil  together  and  flavor  to  suit;  put  in 
crust  and  bake. 

SPONGE    CAKE. 

Four  eggs,  1  cup  flour,  1  cup  sugar,  1  tea- 
spoonful cream  tartar  put  in  flour,  ^  tea- 
spoonful of  soda  dissolved  in  milk  or  water; 
flavor  with  lemon. 


How  TC  Cook  Tomatoes. — Those  who  are 
fond  of  tomatoes  will  find  that  among  the  vari- 
ous modes  of  cooking  them,  none  can  equal 
in  richness  and  delicacy,  a  dish  of  baked  to- 
matoes. We  are  fond  of  them  served  in  any 
manner,  but  the  most  delicious  dish  is  prr- 
duced  as  follows:  To  bake  tomatoes,  take 
those  of  a  uniform  size,  smooth  and  ripe; 
wash  and  wipe  dry ;  place  them  iu  a  deep  bjik- 


ing  dish,  a  tin  one  if  it  is  new;  sprinkle  salt 
and  pepper  over  them,  and  bake  m  a  brisk 
oven,  not  too  hot,  nearly  two  hours.  Spread 
butter  over  them,  aud  serve   while  hot. 

Another  way.  Select  thoroughly  ripened 
fruit;  cut  them  in  halves;  sprinkle  over  the 
cut  half  With  bread  crumbs,  sugar,  salt,  pep- 
per and  butter.  Place  them  in  a  baking  pan, 
cut  side  upwards,  and  bake  them  in  an  oven 
for  two  hours.  Serve  on  a  plate  garnished 
with  curled  parsley. 

Broiled  tomatoes  can  be  cooked  in  less  time 
as  follows  :  Cut  medium  sized  tomatoes  in 
halves,  and  put  them  upon  a  gridiron,  cut 
surface  down.  When  the  surface  apiiears 
somewhat  cooked,  turn  them,  and  finish  the 
cooking  with  the  skin  towards  the  fire.  The 
cooking  should  be  gradual,  so  as  not  to  break 
the  skin.  Place  upon  a  dish,  and  put  a  little 
salt  and  a  bit  of  butter  upon  each  half,  and 
serve  cjuite  hot. 

How  Many  Farmers  Live. — The  State  of 
Massachusetts,  through  her  Board  of  Health, 
has  been  looking  a  little  after  the  farmers  of 
thiit  State,  and  with  regard  to  the  diet  of  the 
farmers'  families,  publishes  the  following  as- 
tounding report: 

1 — Good  bread  is  scarce. 

2 — There  is  too  little  variety  in  food. 

3 — Meat  is  apt  to  be  fried. 

4 — Baked  beans  and  salt  pork  too  generally 
used. 

5 — Pastry  and  cakes  are  used  to  an  injuri- 
ous extent. 

6 — Too  little  time  is  allowed  for  meals. 

7 — Coffee  and  tea  are  too  freely  used. 

8 — Water  is  used  to  excess. 

The  Board   of   Health   make  the  following 

suggestions: 

"There  should  be  more  fresh  and  less  salt 
meat;  less  frying  and  more  boiling,  broiling 
and  roasting;  a  greater  variety  of  vegetables 
and  fruits;  less  pies  and  cakes;  more  well- 
kneaded  bread,  raised  with  yeast;  less  tea. 

"It  is  a  somewhat  siugular  fact  that  farm- 
ers live  so  little  upon  their  own  productions. 
They  send  their  fresh  vegetables,  fruits,  eggs, 
and  poultry,  to  market,  and  live  themselves 
ujion  salt  pork,  pies  and  saleratus. 

"The  poor  cooking  which  prevails,  doubt- 
less results  from  hurry — frying  requires  but 
little  time  and  skill,  saleratus  bread  can  be 
made  iu  a  jiffy,  and  the  bread  and  pastry  we 
eat  are  heavy  and  sodden,  because  kneading 
requires  time." 

It  m.ay  well  be  doubted  whether  a  more  dis- 
graceful picture  could  be  drawn  of  any  other 
nation  in  the  world.  Here  we  Americans  are 
boasting  of  our  skill  and  ingenuity,  inviting 
to  our  shores  the  overworked  millions  of  Eii- 
rope  and  Asia,  and  yet  living  ourselves  in  a 
slip-shod,  hand-to-mouth  way,  frying  in 
grease  half  our  food,  fried  ham,  fried  beef, 
fried  potatoes,  and  not  a  civilized  nation  on 
earth  but  lives  better.  It  insults  our  nostrils 
three  times  every  day.  The  result  is,  one 
sees  men  sallow,  stoojiing, sickly  women  more 
than  in  any  other  land  under  the  sun.  The 
active  habits  of  the  men  enable  them  to  over- 
come the  dyspeptic  influences  of  the  everlast- 
ing/(•;/,■  the  women  pay  the  penalty. 


Raised  Connecticut  Doughnuts. — Heat  a 
pint  of  milk  just  lukewarm,  and  stir  into  a 
small  cup  of  melted  lard  and  sifted  flour,  till 
it  is  a  thick  batter,  add  a  small  cup  of  domes- 
tic yeast,  and  keep  it  warm  till  the  batter  is 
light,  then  work  into  it  four  beaten  eggs,  two 
cups  of  sugar  rolled  free  from  lumps,  a  tea- 
spoonful of  salt,  and  two  of  cinnamon.  When 
the  whole  is  well  mixed,  knead  in  wheat  flour 
until  as  stiff  as  biscuit  dough.  Set  where  it 
will  keep  w;irm,  till  of  spongy  lightness,  then 
roll  the  dough  out  half  an  inch  thick,  and 
cut  into  cakes.  Let  them  remain  till  light, 
then  fry  them  in  hot  lard. 

•-•-* 

Shakespeare  Cake. — Six  cups  of  flour;  one 
of  sugar;  one  of  rich  cream;  eight  eggs. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


f  oultvu  §«lrf. 


Dark  Brahma  Fowls. 

ii^jrHE  Light  and  Dark  Brahma  fowls  are 
1 1rl  among  the  most  popular  breecis  of  pul- 
'\h  try  kuowu.  Side  by  side,  through  their 
%J^  excellence  alone,  they  have  worked  their 
^Sy  way  into  public  favor  until  no  poultry 
yard  is  considered  complete  without  one  or 
the  other  of  these  varieties.  As  regards  the 
merits  of  each,  there  are  different  opinions. 
One  of  our  best  poultry  breeders,  W.  H. 
Todd,  of  Ohio,  thus  speaks  of  the  Darks  in 
an  article  in  the  NorlhavMern  I'ouUiy  •hninud  : 

For  practical  purposes  we  find  little  differ- 
ence between  Dark  and  Light  Brahmas.  The 
objection  to  keeping  light  or  white  fowls  in 
town  in  consequence  of  their  plumage  getting 
soiled  and  dingy,  is  obviated  with  Dark  Brah- 
mas, as  the  dust,  soot  and  smoke  do  not  soil 
their  color,  and  thereby  injure  their  appear- 
ance. Comparatively  we  consider  the  Dark 
more  vigorous  and  hardy,  better  foragers  and 
earlier  maturing.  Their  eggs  are  more  fertile 
and  the  chickens  seem  hardier  and  more  rajiid 
in  growth  when  small  than  any  other  of  the 
large  breeds. 

In  setting  an  equal  number  of  eggs  of  dif- 
ferent varieties  in  midwinter,  the  Dark  Brah- 
mas have  hatched  and  lived,  on  an  average, 
6U  per  cent,  better  than  any  other.  When 
matured,  the  best  specimens  are  shorter  in 
leg  and  more  broad  and  stocky  in  shape  than 
the  Light,  though  we  have  seen  first  prizes 
given  to  leggy,  long,  round  backed,  ungainly 
birds,  for  what  reason  we  could  not  surmise, 
unless  it  was  for  color  alone,  or  else  a  special 
favor  to  their  owners;  but  want  of  symmetry 
and  style  does  not  meet  with  public  favor.and 
we  hope  it  never  will. 

Many  who  keep  poultrj'  for  eggs  and  mar- 
ket claim  that  Dark  Brahmas  are  the  most 
profitaVile.  The  hens  make  careful  setters 
and  good  mothers,  and  the  pullets  begin  lay- 
ing quite  young  and  continue  with  scarcely  a 
day's  cessation  for  several  months,  and  es- 
pecially during  the  Winter,  when  eggs  are 
high  and  "dunghills"  are  weather-bound.  In 
annual  product   of  eggs   perhaps   no    variety 

excells  them. 

«  »  » 

Clipping  Wings. — Clipping  the  wings  of 
fowls  to  prevent  their  flying  is  a  necessary 
operation  sometimes,  but  never  necessarily 
disfiguring.  It  generally  is,  however,  since 
the  farmer's  shears  almost  always  make 
a  clean  sweep  of  all  the  quills,  and  an  ugly 
wing  is  the  result.  Besides  the  ugliness, there 
are  also  other  disadvantages  in  such  a  sweep- 
ing operation.  A  setting  hen  uses  the  outer 
end  of  her  wing  to  retain  the  eggs  under  her 
in  place,  and  those  near  the  body  protect  the 
skin  from  being  torn  by  her  mate's  claws. 
The  proper  way  is  to  only  trim  the  feather 
partly  off  with  a  pair  of  scissors,  except  about 
one  inch  at  the  end.  It  shows  but  little  when 
the  wing  is  closed,  and  does  not  disfigure  the 
fowl,  and  lets  the  wind  through  so  as  to  pre- 
vent flying. 

Fresh  Eggs. — Eggs  can  be  kept  fresh  and 
good  for  months  by  the  following  method: 
I'lace  a  convenient  number  in  a  smull  liasket, 
and  immerse  them  in  boiling  water,  taking 
out  almost  instantly,  then  pack  in  salt  with 
the  small  end  do%vn.  By  this  process  the  en- 
tire surface  of  the  white  of  the  egg  under  the 
skin-like  membrane,  is  congealed,  thus  form- 
ing an  impervious  coating,  which  prevents 
the  evaporation  of  the  contents,  and  the  ad- 
mission of  air. — 1'. 


Very  little  corn  should  be  fed  in  the  giain, 
as  the  same  quantity  of  grain  converted  into 
soft  food,  is  worth  one-third  more  than  the 
grain,  either  for  fattening  or  egg  produ(^tion, 
as  all  the  force  of  the  system  required  to  di- 
gest or  grind  up  the  grain  in  the  iTop  of  the 
owl,  lessens  the  egg    producing    qualities  or 


Manaoement  or  Geese. — I  take  my  pen  to 
reply  to  Miss  Heywood's  inquiry  about  geese 
in  Rural  Xew  Yorker  oi  March  6.  Geese  are 
naturally  great  wanderers,  and  for  that  reason 
they  require  a  home  of  their  own;  especially 
when  harvest  time  approaches  does  this  need 
most  appear.  If  allowed  to  run  they  destroy 
much  more  than  they  are  worth.  A  small 
piece  of  pasture  land,  through  which  runs  a 
lorook,  is  best  calculated  for  geese;  even  if  the 
brook  is  small,  they  will  love  it,  and  with 
sticks  and  leaves  dam  it  up  until  they  have  a 
convenient  place  to  wash  and  dive;  they  love 
to  keep  clean.  Inclose  their  home  with  a 
good  fence.  During  the  laying  season,  which 
commences  as  early  as  March,  feed  corn, 
buckwheat,  oats,  etc. ;  if  cooked  and  fed  warm 
it  is  much  better.  Geese  also  dearly  love 
crumbs  from  the  table,  such  as  pancakes  and 
potatoes,  cut  into  small  jiieces  and  fed  warm; 
feed  this  once  a  day,  and  the  above  mentioned 
once  a  day,  as  much  as  they  will  eat  without 
leaving  any.  A  little  salt  in  their  food  im- 
proves it;  also  a  quantity  of  loppered  milk,  if 
you  have  it,  added  after  the  food  is  cooked. 

If  you  have  no  nice  little  house  for  the 
goose  to  make  her  nest  in,  place  a  barrel  in 
an  elevated  part  of  her  lot  or  home,  turn  it  on 
its  side,  place  the  open  end  of  it  toward  the 
south;  put  in  a  few  quarts  of  horse  manure; 
over  this  place  plenty  of  straw;  she  requires 
enough  to  lay  her  eggs  upon  and  cover  them 
with,  for  she  never  leaves  them  uncovered. 
My  word  for  it,  Goosie  will  not  refuse  such  a 
place  for  her  nest,  at  least  I  never  knew  her 
to.  She  generally  lays  two  litters  of  eggs  each 
season — from  5  to  1"2  in  a  litter.  When  she 
shows  signs  of  sitting,  give  her  from  12  to  13 
eggs  to  sit  upon ;  do  not  let  her  sit  before  the 
middle  of  April,  or,  better  still,  the  first  of 
May.  Goslings  are  a  tender  bird  and  do  not 
thrive  well  in  chilly  weather.  After  the  goose 
has  been  sitting  one  month  look  out  for  the 
goslings;  they  are  of  a  handsome  green  color; 
as  they  come  out  of  the  shell  and  sit  close  to 
their  mother  they  are  a  pretty  sight.  About 
that  time  the  gander  will  fight  as  if  he  meant 
to  kill  anything  that  comes  near. — liernice 
Better. 


Save  the  Feathers. — As  the  time  is  draw- 
ing near  when  poultry  wiU  be  killed  in  large 
numbers  for  market,  large  quantities  of  feath- 
ers are  thrown  away  which,  if  taken  care  of 
and  dried  and  sacked,  could  be  put  away  for 
trimming  in  the  AVinter  evenings.  Then  all 
the  chicken  and  turkey  feathers  can  be  nicely 
trimmed;  that  is,  take  a  poir  of  scissors  and 
trim  the  plume  or  down  from  each  side  of  the 
stem  or  ril)  of  the  feather.  This  down  cut  off, 
if  put  into  a  bag  and  kneaded  for  ten  minutes, 
is  eqal  to  the  best  soft  goose  feathers.  Try  it 
and  make  money  out  of  the  poultry  feathers. 


Weight  of  Eggs. — The  Canndinn  Farmer 
says  that  after  careful  examination,  it  has 
been  ascertained  that  the  average  weight  of 
eggs  was  '22^2  ounces  per  dozen,  the  largest 
ones  weighing  '28  ounces  per  dozen,  and  the 
smallest  one  14  J^  ounces  per  dozen.  I  have 
just  had  a  dozen  eggs  from  my  Light  Brah- 
mas that  weighed  32  ounces.  Can  any  one 
beat  this?  The  largest  one  weighed  over 
three  ounces. — i'.  W.  JS.,  in  jV.  W.  F.  Journal. 


An  Old  Goose. — William  Atwood.  of  Big 
Flats,  Chemung  county,  N.  Y.,  has  the  old 
goose  "Constitution"  now  in  his  possession, 
said  to  have  been  hatched  in  the  year  1803. 
Her  feathering  is  pure  white,  her  weight  six- 
tci^n  pounds,  and  her  roihslitiition  unimjntired. 


Every  man  or  woman  in  the  land  will  ad- 
mit drunkenness  to  be  an  evil  if  they  are  pos- 
sessed of  good  sense,  and  yet  a  great  many  of 
them  close  their  eyes  to  the  great  cause  of 
drunkenness — bar-rooms. 


When  a  man  saves  his  cigar  money  to  buy 
his  wife  a  new  bonnet,  and  the  children  new 
shoes,  it  indicates  a  spell  of  sunshine. 


Thinking  Farmers. 

The  opinion  stiU  lingers  in  the  minds  of 
many  of  the  ignorant  that  any  fool  can  be  a 
farmer.  Once  the  notion  was  universal.  Any 
fool  can  follow  a  plow  by  holding  on  to  the 
tail,  and  any  fool  can  plant  whatever  and 
whenever  he  sees  his  neighbor  planting.  But 
to  call  this  farming,  or  such  unthinking  ani- 
mal a  farmer,  is  to  libel  the  first  and  noblest 
calling  of  man.  The  truth  is,  as  the  world  ia 
beginning  to  understand  it,  it  takes  as  much 
brains,  and  brains  of  as  fine  quality,  to  make 
a  first-rate  farmer,  as  it  does  to  make  a  first- 
rate  specimen  of  any  other  business,  learned 
or  unlearned.  Now  we  know  that  none  but  a 
man  with  a  cood  share  of  live  brains  can 
make  a  first  rate  farmer. 

A  new  era  has  been  inaugurated  in  the 
farming  world — the  era  of  thinking  farmers. 
The  time  has  gone  by  when  farmers  live  by 
main  strength  and  ignorance.  The  strength 
is  still  needed,  but  it  must  be  directed  by 
thought.  Henceforth,  farmers  will  have  to 
use  their  heads  as  well  as  their  hands.  The 
old  dig  and  drudge,  hap-hazard  mode  must 
give  place  to  labor  saving  machinery,  and  an 
intelligent  application  of  the  laws  of  nature  to 
the  wants  of  the  farm. 

The  first  step,  and  the  hardest,  is  for  farm- 
ers to  learn  to  think.  It  is  always  much 
easier  to  work  than  to  think.  Indeed,  it  is 
astonishing  how  little  real  thinking  is  done  in 
this  world,  in  the  ordinary  course  of  working 
Ufe. 

We  are   not  disposed   to  quarrel  with   the 
general   results  of  the  system  that  prevailed 
under  the   old  regime.     Perhaps   it  was   the 
best  that  the  labor   of  that  time  was   capable 
of  working.       Undoubtedly  an  immense  deal 
of  work  was  done,  as  the  wealth  accumulated 
was  ample  proof.       But  the  work  was  almost 
exclusively    that  of  man  and  mule   muscles, 
and  not  at  all   the  work  of  brains.     But  the 
day  of  exclusive  muscle   farming  is   passed. 
Henceforth  there  must  be  brain  work  as  well. 
Machinery  of  all  kinds  must   be  called  in  to 
save  labor.     As  a  consequence,  the  labor  that 
is  used  must  be  more  intelligent,  better  skill- 
ed.      But  neither    machinery  nor   improved 
labor  can  be  introduced  or  used  profitably,  or 
with    satisfaction,    by    unthinking    farmers. 
Henceforth  a  farmer  must  not  only  know  how 
to  work    himself,  but  how   to   direct  others. 
He  must  be  a  man  of   thought  as   well   as  of 
action.     Ho    must  study  closely  the  climate 
and  soil  that  he  has  to  work  in,  and  the  mar- 
kets that  he  has  to  depend  on.     He  must  have 
the  relative   values  and   adaptabilities  of  the 
various  crops  and  stocks  to  his  farm,  and  farm 
with  some  definite  purpose.     He  must  study 
out  and  arrange  for  himself  a  rotation  of  crops 
adapted  at  once  to  the  steady  improvement  of 
his  farm  and  remuneration  of  himself  and  his 
laborers.     And  when  this    rotation  is  decided 
upon,  he  needs  must   keep  his  thoughts  busy 
about  the  numberless  little   details  that  make 
up  the  current   work  on    a    farm.     He  must 
plan  work    ahead  for  all  kinds  of  weather,  so 
that  no  crop  shall  suffer  for  waiting  on  other 
work,  that  there  shidl  be  no  conflicting  crops; 
and  all  the  time    the  farmer  must  be  steadily 
advancing  in    knowledge  as  well  as  in  experi- 
ence; in   judgment  as  well    as  practice.     The 
fruits  of  such  a  system  will  be    the  manifold 
increase  of  all  the   products  of   the  farm,  and 
the  elevaticm  of  the   calling  of  the  farmer  to 
its  legitimate  rank  and  dignity. 

For  the  full  ripening  of  these  fruits,  we 
must  needs  deiu'iid  on  time  and  the  young 
men.  The  best  of  the  old  fanners  can  but  in- 
dift'erently  and  with  uitticulty  adapt  thi'inselves 
to  new  ways;  while  the  majority  of  those  who 
have  passed  the  uuridian  of  life  must,  of  ne- 
cessity, contiu\ie  as  they  have  begun.  But 
in  the  young  men  of  the  farm  we  have  full 
faith.  They  will  catch  the  spirit  of  the  age, 
and  with  a  force  of  young  blood,  will  develop 
the  ground  wealth  of  this  goodly  land  beyond 
the  most  sanguine  dream  of  any  muscle  far- 
mer that  ever  lived.  This  is  the  work  set  for 
thinking  farmers. — Furai  Sun. 


.:^^^^^^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


§i!3(i(uUuvc» 


SQif-Sustalning   Fish  Culture. 

''E  understand  <iny  business  to  be  self- 
sustaining  when  the  necessary  or  rea- 
sonable amount  of  capital  has  been  ex- 
pended in  its  establishment,  and  the 
income  pays  a  satisfactory  dividend 
over  and  above  all  contingent  or  running  ex- 
penses. For  instance,  it  is  very  little  expense 
to  dam  up  a  small  stream,  and  stock  it  vrith 
bass,  perch,  bull-heads,  and  some  other  fish, 
as  they  spawn  in  and  around  the  edges  of  the 
pond,  and  when  hatched  out  will  find  their 
way  into  every  nook  and  corner  for  protection 
• — places  unfit  for  young  trout  to  live  in. 
Thus  perch  fasten  their  spawn  to  weeds.roots, 
overhanging  limbs  of  trees,  etc.  Their  eggs 
are  very  small,  and  can  no  more  be  counted 
than  the  sand  on  the  seashore.  In  fact  they 
look  in  a  mass  like  the  white  of  a  hen's  egg. 
On  the  contrary,  brook  trout  lay  only  a  defin- 
ite number  of  eggs,  varying  from  1,000  to 
4,000  per  pair,  according  to  size  and  age. 
Nature  has  wisely  provided  them  with  the  in- 
stinct of  protecting  them  by  burying  them  in 
sand  or  gravel,  and  if  it  was  not  for  the  fact 
that  they  spawn  at  different  seasons  (accord- 
ing to  age),  varying  from  September  to  Janu- 
ary, and  that  the  old  ones  lay  their  eggs  first, 
and  that  those  that  come  after  often  (I  might 
say  generally),  in  making  their  nests,  dig  up 
and  destroy  the  first  laid  eggs,  and  also  that 
after  being  hatched  the  young  fry  are  exposed 
to  numerous  enemies,  unless  screens  are 
placed  over  them.  I  say  if  it  were  not  for 
these  facts  brook  trout  would  increase  indefin- 
itely. Just  figure  up  an  increase  of  the  low- 
est estimate  that  they  ever  spawn,  say  500 
per  pair,  and  see  how  long  it  would  take  to 
have  a  million  of  trout.  Well,  now,  it  is  not 
only  possible,  but  practicable,  to  so  protect 
the  young  fry  as  not  only  to  make  the  business 
self-sustaining,  but  immensely  iJiofitable.  In 
the  first  place,  we  are  not  in  favor  of  ponds  at 
all  for  raising  trout  for  market,  as  many  can 
be  raised  in  a  stream  dug  deep  and  wide  in 
the  form  of  canals.  Thus  the  water  can  be 
regulated  at  will. 

The  only  good  reason  for  making  ponds  is 
for  use  by  a  club  for  private  fishing  with  a 
boat.  One  other  reason  may  be  valid  in  the 
interior,  where  feed  is  expensive.  Ponds  en- 
courage the  growth  of  insects,  and  a  large 
number  of  trout  will  not  only  live  but  grow 
fat,  especially  for  the  first  few  years,  without 
any  other  food  than  what  nature  provides,  as 
I  have  learned  by  experience;  but  near  the  sea 
shore,  especially  in  this  vicinity,  feed  does 
not  cost  one  cent  per  pound,  so  that  making 
ponds  here  to  raise  feed  is  not  advisable.  It 
is  said  that  trout  will  not  increase  in  ponds. 
This  is  true,  that  is,  if  the  springs  are  all 
choked  and  the  bottom  is  all  mud.  If  trout 
can't  find  sand  or  gravel  to  spawn  in  they 
will  not  spawn  at  all,  any  more  than  a  hen 
will  lay  when  shut  up  in  a  dark  cellar,  or  any 
more  than  wild  animals  will  breed  shut  up  in 
a  cage.  Nature  does  not  do  business  in  that 
way.  A  pond  raised  to  its  fullest  extent,  so 
that  no  water  runs  through  the  flume,  will 
grow  fat  trout  (if  sustained  by  springs),  but 
in  that  case  you  will  have  to  buy  the  young 
every  year  to  replenish  the  pond. 

To  make  the  pond  not  only  self-sustaining 
but  highly  productive,  you  must  not  choke 
the  head  springs,  but  dig  shallow  canals,  say 
two  to  four  feet  wide,  board  the  sides,  put  in 
gravel,  if  not  there  already,  and,  if  you  wish 
to  save  all,  put  galvanized  wire  screens  on 
scantling,  and  put  coarse  gravel  on  these 
screens,  four  to  six  inches  deep.  Then  when 
the  trout  bury  their  eggs  in  the  ground,  they 
will  fall  through  the  screens,  and  can't  be 
eaten  up  or  d  ■stmved.  The  mesh  in  the  screen 
should  be  five-eighths  or  one-half  inch;  put 
on  the  gravel  ami  woik  all  the  fin ^  through; 
one  inch  space  between  the  screen  and  bottom 
bed  of  gravel  is  all  sutfiL-iaut.  Now  lot  in 
your  ti-out  and  they    will  do  the  rest.     Two 


inches  of  water  is  sufficient.  If  you  have  not 
this,  put  in  a  board  and  raise  the  water.  The 
trout  will  scale  any  w.iterfall  in  spawning 
tim.e,  if  it  is  five  feet  high.  On  this  plan  it 
is  safe  to  let  the  trout  remain  all  Winter,  or 
until  they  begin  to  hatch,  which,  in  this  lati- 
tude, is  about  April  1  to  June  15.  It  takes 
about  sixty-five  days  for  trout  eggs  to  hatch 
in  this  latitude.  Of  course,  the  variation  in 
hatching  is  the  same  as  in  spawning.  But 
before  the  trout  begin  to  hatch  the  old  ones 
must  be  removed,  and  within  sixty  days  after 
hatching  take  up  your  screens  and  put  them 
on  top  of  all  the  gravel.  Now  yo\ir  young 
fry  are  perfectly  secure  against  all  intruders. 
Feed  according  to  numbers  and  flow  of  water. 
The  expense  the  first  year  is  a  mere  nothing. 
I  have  given  directions  for  feeding  hereto- 
fore, and  I  will  simply  say  a  spoonful  of  lop- 
pered  milk  will  feed  1000  a  day.  For  the  first 
six  months  dilute  it  in  a  bowl  of  water  and 
flirt  it  in  mth  a  quill;  blood  from  liver  is 
good.  Never  feed  enough  to  foul  the  water. 
Thus,  after  things  are  perfectly  arranged,  the 
machine  will  almost  run  itself,  and  six  inches 
of  water  will  produce  more  clean  money  than 
a  large  farm.  I  said  certain  kinds  of  fish  will 
replenish  a  pond  without  any  trouble  what- 
ever. At  the  same  time  their  market  value 
may  be  eight  to  ten  cents  per  pound,  while 
brook  trout  average,  if  fat,  fully  $1  per  pound. 
I  mean  Long  Island  trout,  for  it  is  a  notori- 
ous fact  that  our  trout  bring  about  double  the 
price  in  the  New  York  market  that  any  others 
do. — ^-1.  J.  Hinds,  in  New  York  Times. 


Insulated    Beds. 

N  insulated  bed  is  one  set  on  some  non- 
conductor of  electricity,  so  the  electric- 
ity cannot  flow  to  and  from  it  freely. 
Their  usefulness  is  as  yet  a  matter  of 
experiment.  Their  value  might  be 
tested  by  invalids,  at  little,  expense,  for  an  in- 
sulated bed  can  be  made  by  placing  the  four 
feet  on  strong  glass  tumblers.  Dr.  Wagen- 
hols,  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  recently  read  an 
article  on  the  subject  before  a  medical  society, 
detailing  many  cases  of  acute  rheumatism 
which  had  been  benefited  by  sleeping  on  au 
insulated  bed.     We  quote: 

"On  December  iHlh,  1871,  I  was  attacked 
with  rheumatism  of  the  ankle  and  knee  joints 
in  one  limb,  then  the  other.  I  treatad  myself 
actively  by  alkalies,  opiates,  etc.,  iu  the  or- 
dinary manner  recognized  by  the  profession 
as  of  most  value  iu  this  disease.  I  was  un- 
able to  leave  my  bed  for  three  months,  could 
not  walk  until  April,  1872,  and  did  not  fully 
recover  until  the  warm  weather  in  June.  On 
the  IGth  day  December  I  was  again  assailed 
by  my  tormentor,  treated  myself  as  before, 
'and  I  thought  myself  happy'  that  I  was  able 
to  be  out  of  my  room  iu  eight  weeks,  privi- 
leged to  hobble  around  the  streets  of  the  city 
with  the  aid  of  a  cane.  Warm  weather  re- 
stored me  to  health,  and  during  the  Summer 
and  VViuter  I  attended  to  my  professional 
duties.  On  February  15th,  1874,  while  I  was 
congratulating  myself  that  I  should  escape  my 
annual  attack,  I  was  suddenly  seized  in  the 
night  time  with  severe  jjain  in  both  ankles. 
In  the  morning  I  failed,  after  an  ardent  ett'ort, 
to  leave  my  bed.  Fever  was  intense,  as  also 
the  sweUiug  of  ankle  and  knee  joints.  A 
sense  of  coldness  of  the  lower  extremities 
existed,  which  was  even  more  distressing  than 
the  pain  caused  by  the  sweUing  of  the  joints. 
This  condition  continued  until  the  morning 
of  the  18th  I  inxulated  my  bed  by  causing  the 
legs  of  the  bedstead  to  be  placed  iu  four  glass 
tumblers.  I  fell  into  a  profound  sleep,  wak- 
ening iu  the  morning  of  the  lyth  bathed  in  a 
profu.se  perspii'atiou,  without  the  aid  of  ano- 
dynes. I  steadily  improved,  and  in  a  few 
days  was  out  of  my  room." 

This  single  case  is  of  httle  consequence, but 
the  doctor  gives  a  largo  nvimber  of  others  cor- 


roborating it.  How  much  is  due  to  insulation 
and  how  much  to  the  expectation  of  a  cure,  we 
caunot  tell. 

The  closing  part  of  Dr.  Wagenhols'  paper 
is  suggestive,  and  we  quote  it : 

"One  of  the  patients  makes  mention  of  the 
sensation  of  drowsiness  which  came  over  him 
by  the  prolonged  use  of  the  insulated  bed. 
This  I  have  noticed  in  several  cases,  and  dis- 
tinctly observed  it  iu  my  own.  Now  the 
question  is,  do  the  effects  of  this  form  of 
treatment,  which  in  comparison  with  our  for- 
mer modes,  is  simply  marvelous,  depend  upon 
expectant  attention?  Is  it  another  specimen 
of  the  wonderful  power  the  mind  has  over 
the  body?  It  certainly  deserves  attention, as, 
in  either  case,  the  patient  is  benefited,  and 
this  is  the  end  of  all  therapeutics. 

"I  have  in  my  possession  several  commu- 
nications from  gentlemen  of  worth  and  emin- 
ence in  the  profession,  who  fully  corroborate 
my  experience  in  the  particulars  set  forth;  and 
I  am  confident  that  if  this  subject,  which  I 
deem  important  to  the  profession  as  well  as 
to  the  community,  is  properly  tried  and  tho- 
roughly investigated,  much  information  will 
be  gained  and  large  beneficial  results  will  be 
accomplished. 

"We  live  to  learn;  as  we  learn  we  advance 
in  knowledge,  our  information  and  attain- 
ments expand,  and  thus  our  usefulness  is 
made  felt  in  communities  in  which  we  reside, 
and  our  vigor  and  energy  is  undaunted,  by 
reason  of  the  good  results  we  obtain." — Her- 
ald of  Health. 


The  Evils  op  Alcohol  and  Tobacco. — Ma- 
ria H.  Holden,  of  Waterville,  Minn.,  has  this 
to  say  on  the  subject. 

Alcohol  is  carrying  down  to  disgrace,  pov- 
erty and  destruction  many  of  the  most  talented 
men  in  the  country.  It  is  carrying  toward 
destruction  multitudes  of  the  brave  and  no- 
ble young  men  in  our  land.  All  the  crimes 
on  earth  do  not  destroy  so  many  of  the  hu- 
man race  nor  alienate  so  much  property  as 
drunkenness.  In  the  United  States  i;iJ,UOO 
places  are  licensed  to  sell  spirituous  liquors. 
In  these  dram  shops  300,000  persons  are  em- 
ployed. If  we  add  to  these  the  number  em- 
ployed in  distilleries  and  wholesale  liquor- 
shops  we  shall  have  at  least  570,000  persons 
employed  in  sending  their  fellow  mortals  to 
premature  graves.  Crime  is  mostly  caused  by 
drunkenness.  Criminals  are  an  expense  to 
the  United  States  of  ^540,000,000  per  year. 

But  alcohol  is  not  doing  all  this  without  the 
aid  of  its  companion,  tobacco.  Yes,  tobacco 
has  utterly  ruined  thousands  of  boys.  A  boy 
who  smokes  early  and  frequently,  or  in  any 
way  uses  large  quantities  of  tobacco,  is  never 
known  to  make  a  man  of  much  energy,  and 
generally  lacks  ambition  and  mental  power. 
Therefore  we  would  warn  boys  who  want  to 
be  anything  in  the  world  to  shun  tobacco  as  a 
most  baneful  poison. 

Don't  touch  it  in  any  form ;  it  does  no  good, 
and  a  very  great  deal  of  harm.  Y'ou  caunot 
properly  be  called  a  gentleman  so  long  as  your 
lips  are  saturated  with  a  disgusting  poison. 
Would  a  gentleman  poison  the  air  with  sick- 
ening smoke,  or  deluge  the  floor  with  liquid 
filthiuess?  Never.  Tobacco  enfeebles  the 
mind;  it  makes  a  man  old  and  nervous.  As 
it  is  au  intoxicant,  it  exerts  a  special  influence 
on  the  brain,  and  by  weakening  the  nerves 
produces  excitability. 

Young  men,  you  last,  you  chiefesl,  let  me  im- 
plore you  whose  precious  precious  it 
still  is  to  make  life  long  by  commencing  the 
performance  of  its  duties  early.  Where  he 
your  own  welfare,  your  own  honor,  your  own 
blessedness?  Lie  they  notiu  that  future  course 
of  life  which  is  to  flow  out  of  your  own  miuds 
and  hearts,  and  which  your  own  hands  are  to 
fashiou  as  the  temple  is  fashioned  by  the 
builder? 

Remember,  boys,  you  need  not  expect  to 
enjoy  a  life  of  usefulness  if  you  begin  by  lov- 
ing the  tobacco  pipe  or  whisky  bottle. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Excitement  and  Sbort  Life. — The  dead- 
liest foe  to  mau's  longevity  is  an  unnatural 
excitement.  Every  ujan  is  born  with  a  cer- 
tain stock  of  vitality,  which  cannot  be  in- 
creased, but  which  may  be  exjiended  rapidly 
or  husbanded,  as  he  deems  best.  Within 
certain  limits  he  has  his  choice,  to  move  fast 
or  slow,  to  live  abstemiously  or  intensely,  to 
draw  his  little  amount  of  life  over  a  large 
space  or  condense  it  into  a  narrow  one;  but 
when  his  stock  is  exhausted  he  has  no  more. 
He  who  lives  abstemiously,  who  avoids  all 
stimulants,  takes  light  exercise,  never  over- 
tasks himself,  indulges  no  exhausting  pas- 
sions, feeds  his  mind  and  heart  on  no  exciting 
material,  has  no  debilitating  pleasure,  lets 
nothing  ruffle  his  temper,  keeps  his  "accounts 
with  God  and  man  duly  squared  up,"  is  sure, 
barring  accidents,  to  spin  out  his  life  to  the 
longest  limit  which  it  is  possible  to  attain; 
while  he  who  intensely  feeds  on  high-seasoned 
food,  whether  material  or  mental,  fatigues  his 
body  or  braiu  by  hard  labor,  exposes  himself 
to  inflammatory  disease,  seeks  continual  ex- 
citement, gives  loose  rein  to  his  passions, 
frets  at  every  trouble,  and  enjoys  little  repose, 
is  burning  the  candle  at  both  ends,  and  is  sure 
to  shorten  his  days. 


^t^0mett. 


Baby  Drunkards. 

'.N  his  recent  lecture  on  temperance  to  the 
ladies  of  New  York,  Dr.  James  Edmunds, 
of  London,  mide  a  horrible,  and,  we 
suspect,  a  perfectly  truthful  statement, 
respecting  the  manner  in  which  the  teachings 
and  prescriptions  of  medical  men  are  filling 
the  nations  of  the  earth  with  imbeciles  and 
drunkards.  We  fear  the  statements  of  Dr. 
Edmunds  are  as  applicable  to  many  American 
cities  as  to  London : 

A  very  large  majority  of  the  ladies  of  my 
own  acquaintance  on  the  other  side,,  who  are 
a  fair  example,  perhaps,  of  the  ladies  living 
in  London  society,  have  acquired  the  habit  of 
using  wine,  table-beer,  stout,  and  frequently 
whisky  and  brandy  to  a  large  extent,  I  think, 
owing  to  the  mistakes  on  the  part  of  my  own 
profession  in  the  advice  which  they  have 
given.  The  result  is  that  the  babies  of  the 
present  generation  are  never  sober  from  the 
earliest  period  of  their  existence  until  they 
have  been  weaned.  This  is  a  shocking  state- 
ment for  me  to  make,  but  I  should  not  be  do- 
ing my  duty  here  unless  I  were  to  make  it  as 
broadly  and  strongly  as  that.  It  is  a  simple 
fact.  The  mother's  blood,  practically,  is  en- 
tirely in  common  with  that  of  the  child.  You 
know  perfectly  that  if  a  mother  takes  even  an 
ordinary  dose  of  such  medicine  as  caster  oil, 
it  will  very  often  affect  the  baby  more  than  it 
aftVcts  the  mother;  that  one  has  to  be  exceed- 
ingly careful  in  prescribing  formothers  simply 
on  that  ground.  Now,  what  does  that  simple 
fact,  with  which  all  you  mothers  are  familiar, 
showy  W)iy,  it  shows  this:  that  the  soothed 
condition  of  the  baby  after  the  mother  has 
taken  half  a  pint  of  beer,  is  really  the  first 
stage  of  drunkenness  in  that  child.  When  I 
hear  a  mi>ther  telling  me  that  whenever  she 
takes  a  little  whisky  and  water  or  brandy  and 
water,  because  the  child  is  fractious,  and  she 
finds  that  her  milk  agrees  with  it  better,  I  am 
obliged  to  ask  her  if  she  knows  what  shi'  is 
doing — if  she  knows  that  she  is  simjily  mak- 
ing herself  the  medium  for  distilling  into  her 
babe's  system  almost  the  whole  of  that  sjiirit 
which  she  takes  into  her  own,  and  whether 
she  is  aware  that  that  sootlied  condition  of 
the  child  is  really  the  first  stage  of  druuken- 
ness.  The  fact  is,  the  Ijaby  is  only  the  inliii- 
itely  more  sensitive  extension  of  tlie  mother's 
system;  and  it  is  more  likely  than  any  other 
part  of  the  mother's  systi'in  to  receive  the 
things    that    are    injurious    that    are   taken 


through  the  medium  of  the  mother's  diet. 
Well,  now,  ladies,  bear  that  in  mind  when 
you  are  told  to  take  wine,  or  beer,  or  brandy; 
understand  that  you  are  merely  distilling  that 
wine,  spirit  and  beer  into  your  child's  frame; 
that  the  very  mould  which  that  child  is  to 
preserve  for  the  rest  of  its  life  is  being  con- 
structed out  of  blood  that  is  alcoholized— out 
of  a  condition  of  the  system  in  which  intoxi- 
cation is  the  real  substantial  element  for  the 
first  twelve  months  of  its  growth.  I  ask 
those  of  you  who  may  have  thought  it  your 
duty  to  recommend  young  women  who  do  not 
know  better  than  to  take  those  things,  wheth- 
er that  is  not  a  grave  and  important  fact  for 
you  to  think  of?  And  who  is  there  among  us 
whose  duty  is  less  than  that  of  a  woman?  It 
is  said  that  the  man  is  the  head  of  the  house- 
hold ;  but  all  women  who  are  worth  anything 
practically,  stand  at  the  helm  and  guide  their 
husbands  by  a  silent  influence  which  always 
asserts  its  sway,  if  she  is  a  wise  and  good 
woman.  Look  at  the  iutluence  which  a  woman 
can  exert  over  her  husband,  who  is  often 
weaker  than  herself  in  those  matters,  for  he 
has  to  come  in  contact  with  men  of  the  gross- 
est and  lowest  natures  in  trade  and  out  in  the 
world.  Just  ask  yourselves  if  it  is  not  the 
duty  of  women  always  to  refine  and  ethereal- 
ize  man,  and  she  does  so  if  she  be  a  good,  true 
and  noble  woman.  Look,  again,  at  the  in- 
fluence which  woman  is  to  have  upon  the  next 
generation.  Who  is  it  that  is  to  make  the 
next  generation?  Is  it  the  men?-  No;  it  is 
the  women.  It  is  the  everyday  life  of  the 
mother  that  forms  the  mind  of  her  son,  and 
that  forms  the  very  instincts  of  her  daughter, 
up  from  eight,  nine,  yes,  to  almost  any  age, 
while  she  has  unalloyed  influence  for  the  first 
ten  years  in  framing  the  constitutions  and  in 
moulding  the  minds  of  those  children,  though, 
perhaps,  we  do  not  always  realize  this  truth 
so  fully  as  we  might. — Hciena;  of  Ihallh. 


The  Gentle  Dignity  of  Woman. — There 
is  in  particular,  says  the  Saturdai/  Heview,th'it 
soft  dignity  which  belongs  to  women  who  are 
affectionate  by  nature  and  timid  by  tempera- 
ment, but  who  have  a  reserve  of  self-respect 
that  defends  them  against  themselves  as  well 
as  against  others.  These  have  a  quiet  dig- 
nity, tempered  by  much  fweetness  of  speech 
and  manner,  that  is  the  lovliest  kind  of  all, 
and  the  most  subtle  as  well  as  the  most  beau- 
tiful. They  are  like  the  lady  in  Comus,  and 
seem  to  cast  the  spell  of  respect  on  all  with 
whom  they  are  associated.  No  man,  save  of 
the  coarsest  fibre,  and  such  as  only  physical 
strength  can  control,  could  be  rude  to  them 
in  word  or  brutal  in  deed;  for  there  is  some- 
thing about  them  very  indefinite,  but  very 
strong  withal,  which  seems  to  give  them 
special  protection  from  insolence;  and  a  loving 
woman  of  soft  manners,  whose  mind  is  pure, 
and  who  respects  herself,  is  armed  with  a 
power  that  none  but  the  vilest  can  despise. 
This  is  the  -vomau  who  gets  a  precise  obedi- 
ence from  her  servants  without  ex.acting  it, 
and  whose  children  do  not  dream  of  disputing 
her  wishes;  who,  though  so  gentle  and  afi'able, 
stops  short  of  that  kind  of  familiarity  which 
breeds  contempt,  and  with  whom  no  one 
takes  a  liberty.  For  this,  one  can  scarcely 
give  a  reason.  She  would  not  romp  or  rave 
if  she  were  displeased,  she  would  not  scold, 
she  would  not  strike;  but  there  is  a  certain 
quality  in  which  we  may  not  be  able  to  fa- 
miliarize, yet  which  would  make  us  ashamed 
to  pass  beyond  the  boundaries  of  the  strictest 
respect,  and  which  restrains  others  less  criti- 
cal than  ourselves  as  certainly  as  fear. 


WoM.tN's  Spending  Money. — Do  men  ever 
consider  the  business  relation  which  man  and 
wife  sustain  toward  each  other?  Do  they 
ever  look  at  marriage  as  a  partnership,  in 
which  the  wife  is  all  e(|ual  member,  entitled 
to  her  just  share  of  the  net  profits?  I  kiiow 
they  do  not.  And  yet,  the  true,  loyal  wife 
has  her  full  share  of  the  duties  to  perform, 
ainl  sometimes  more  tliaii  her  share. 

There    is   nothing  which  a  wife,  and  more 


especially  a  young  wife,  hates  to  do  more  than 
to  ask  her  husband  for  money,  even  though 
it  be  but  a  dollar  or  two.  It  is  humiliating 
to  be  compelled  to  beg  for  pin  money,  or  four 
bits  to  buy  a  ribbon  for  her  hair,  or  a  few  but- 
tons, or  a  few  yards  of  muslin.  A  woman 
sees  many  little  things  in  the  store  which  she 
would  like  to  have,  and  which  would  not  cost 
as  much  as  a  man's  cigars  for  a  single  day, 
but  she  sighs,  and  resolves  to  do  without, 
rather  than  ask  for  the  money.  Perhaps  she 
secretly  resolves  to  take  in  washing,  or  sew- 
ing, or  do  some  kind  of  fancy  work  in  order 
to  earn  a  little  money  of  her  own,  to  do  with 
just  as  she  pleases. 

This  is  not  always  owing  to  the  man's 
stinginess,  or  to  his  lack  of  means,  but  of- 
tener  to  his  forgetfulness  and  want  of  care.  It 
is  true  some  women  are  extravagant,  and 
would  spend  the  money  foolishly.  But  no 
true  wife  would  go  beyond  her  husband's 
means,  and  I  may,  I  think,  assert  that  as  a 
rule,  women  are  more  economical  than  men. 
If  we  see  a  mechanic's  wife  with  a  new,  fine 
bonnet,  we  open  our  eyes  and  say  what  ex- 
travagance! But  do  we  consider  that  proba- 
bly the  man  who  professes  such  astonishment 
smokes  that  amount  away  in  a  week  or  two, 
and  no  remark  is  made  of  that?  A  woman 
jiays  three  dollars  for  a  pair  of  shoes,  while 
her  husband  has  a  bill  in  his  pocket  for  a  ten 
dollar  pair  of  boots.  A  woman  pays  twenty 
dollars  for  a  very  nice  suit,  and  makes  it  up 
herself.  Her  husband  pays  thirty  or  forty  for 
a  fine  suit,  and  thinks  he  got  it  very  cheap. 
So  that  after  all,  a  woman  can  dress  well,  and 
yet  not  spend  as  much  money  as  a  man. 

But  what  I  was  going  to  say  is,  that  men 
should  remember  the  partnership  existing, and 
after  the  company  expenses  are  paid,  call  in 
the  other  partner  and  declare  a  dividend. 
Give  the  wife  her  share  of  the  profits,  and  I 
will  guarantee  that  she  not  only  clothes  her- 
self and  her  children  in  good  style,  but  will 
lay  by  something  for  a  rainy  day. — JUiimie 
Carrol. 


The  Society  of  Women. — No  society  is 
more  profitable,  because  none  more  refining 
and  provocative  of  virtue,  than  that  of  refined 
and  sensible  woman.  Her  beauty  will  win, 
her  gentle  voice  invite,  and  the  desire  of  her 
favor  persuade  men's  sterner  souls  to  leave  the 
path  of  sinful  strife  for  the  ways  of  pleasant- 
ness and  peace.  But  when  woman  falls  from 
this  blest  eminence,  and  sinks  the  guardian 
and  cherisherof  jjure  and  rational  enjoyments 
into  the  vain  coquette  and  flattered  idol  of 
fashion,  she  is  unworthy  of  an  honorable 
mau's  admiration. 

We  honor  the  chivalrous  deference  which  is 
paid  in  our  land  to  woman.  It  proves  that 
our  men  know  how  to  respect  virtue  and  pure 
affection;  and  that  our  women  are  worthy  of 
such  respect.  Yet  woman  should  be  some- 
thing more  than  mere  woman  to  win  lis  to 
their  society.  To  be  our  companions,  they 
should  be  fitted  to  be  our  friends;  to  rule  our 
hearts,  they  should  be  deserving  the  approba- 
tion of  our  minds.  There  are  many  such, 
and  that  there  are  no  more  is  rather  the  fault 
of  our  own  sex  than  their  own;  and  despite  all 
the  unmanly  scandals  that  have  been  thrown 
upon  them  in  prose  and  verse,  they  would 
rather  share  in  the  rational  conversation  of 
men  of  sense  than  listen  to  the  silly  compli- 
ments of  fools,  and  a  man  dishonors  them, as 
well  as  disgraces  himself,  when  he  seeks  their 
circle  for  idle  pastime,  and  not  for  the  im- 
provement of  his  mind  and  the  elevation  of 
his  heart. 


The  fences  of  the  United  states  aie  said  to 
be  valued  at  upwards  of  $1,800,000,000,  and 
it  costs  every  year  more  than  $98,000,000  to 
keep  them  in  repair. 


The  (pialities  that  make  the  ladies  and  gen- 
tlenu'u  are  qualities  of  the  soul,  and  there  is 
no  monopoly  or  exclusive  right  to  these. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


FINE  MEKINOS    FINE  POULTRY- 
ETC. 

We  have  visited  tbe  Watkins  farm,  Santa 
Clara,  to  look  at  the  fine  sheep  which  our 
readers  will  notice  advertised  in  this  issue. 
Mr.  Watkins  is  better  known  as  a  fruit-raiser 
than  a  fine  stock  man,  having  for  many  years 
been  engaged  ia  growing  a  fine  orchard  and 
vineyard  and  producing  excellent  fruit.  His 
farm  adjoins  the  large  and  noted  Gould  or- 
chard, and  also  the  fine  park  belonging  to 
Mr.  Pierce,  which  everyone  who  has  visited 
Santa  Clara  will  be  likely  to  remember. 

There  are  few  finer  places  in  the  State  than 
Mr.  Watkins'  farm,  and  probably  no  better 
sheep  than  the  thoroughbred  Merinos  he  is 
breeding.  We  examined  the  fleeces  of  many 
of  his  rams,  and  finer  wool  cannot  be  found. 
The  sheep  are  all  remarkably  fine,  healthy, 
strong  and  Lively,  but  docile  and  good  na- 
tured.  It  is  wonderful  how  select  breeding 
will  cover  the  entire  limbs  and  body  with  su- 
perior wool.  Some  of  these  sheep  have  heavy 
wool  from  the  very  tips  of  the  feet  to  the  ends 
of  their  noses.  The  pastures  and  yards  and 
sheds  are  all  conveniently  and  well  arranged 
for  the  business  of  breeding  sheep,  and  Mr. 
W.  we  found  to  be  an  enthusiast  in  his  favor- 
ite employment.  The  prices  of  breeding 
rams  range  from  §30  to  $60  each;  owes  about 
the  same  price.  The  pedigrees  of  these  sheep 
are  excellent,  as  can  be  seen  by  the  statement 
made  in  the  advertisement. 

We  are  pleased  to  observe  a  growing  inter- 
est manifested  by  our  farmers  generally  in  all 
sorts  of  fine  stock.  But  as  much  as  we  were 
entertained  by  Mr.  W.  and  with  his  magnifi- 
cent herds,  he  could  not  monopolize  our  en- 
tire attention  while  Sirs.  W.  was  anxious  to 
have  us  take  a  look  at  her 

FANCY    FOWLS. 

As  we  walked  with  her  from  yard  to  yard 
and  noticed  how  much  interested  she  was  in 
the  chickens,  old  and  yonng,  how  well  she 
understood  their  natures  and  wants,  and  how 
kind  and  almost  motherly  she  was  to  her  pets, 
we  wished  that  those  persons  who  know  this 
Udy-like  woman  only  as  a  leading  "woman's 
Tighter,"  and  who  imagine  her  to  be  "un- 
sexed, "  as  the  term  is  usually  applied,  could 
but  observe  her  at  home,  that  they  might  form 
a  truer  estimation  of  her  womanly  character 
and  disposition.  It  is  not  for  us  to  criticize 
or  make  remarks  about  any  one,  but  we  will 
say,  on  general  principles,  in  vindication 
against  common  prejudice  towards  ladies  who 
favor  giving  the  franchise  to  their  sex,  that 
we  have  almost  invariably  found  them  in  their 
domestic  relations  to  be  refined,  intelligent, 
and  the  most  womanly  of  women,  with 
enough  of  good  sense  to  be  able  to  manage  a 
kitchen,  rear  a  family  of  children,  and  make 
home  attractive  outside  and  in. 

Mrs.  W.  has  silver  spangled  Hamburgs,  the 
prettiest  chicks  to  our  notion  in  the  world, 
and  hardy  breeders  and  good  layers.  Also 
White  Leghorns  and  Brown  Leghorns,  said 
to  be  the  best  layers  in  the  world.  They  are 
active  birds,  and  do  best  where  they  can  have 
a  wide  range.  Two  Leghorn  hens,  by  them- 
selyes,  have  laid  since  February  12  to  May  21 
eight  dozen  and  ten  eggs,  or  about  an  egg  a 
day  on  the  average.     This  breed  is   non-sit- 


ting. They  will  cluck  a  few  days  after  laying 
a  litter,  but  do  not  offer  to  sit,  and  soon  com- 
mence laying  again.  Two  Brahma  hens,  in 
tbe  same  time  laid  five  dozen  and  eight  eggs, 
or  only  about  five-eights  as  many  as  the  Leg- 
horns. Here  we  saw  the  smallest  Bantams 
that  we  ever  noticed.  They  are  good  layers, 
producing  eggs  about  half  the  size  of  common 
hen's  eggs.  They  are  a  very  pretty  fancy 
fowl,  and  stand  upon  their  belligerent  dignity 
till  other  fowls  let  them  alone.  We  will  not 
forget  to  mention  the  Aylesbury  ducks,  pure 
white,  which  are  remarkable  for  laying  and 
growing.  They  will  average  one  egg  a  day 
eight  months  in  the  year,  with  plentiful  feed- 
ing. The  young  get  their  growth  in  four 
months.  Mrs.  Watkins  believes  in  and  prac- 
tices full  feeding  for  all  her  fowls,  keeps  the 
yards,  roosts  and  coops  clean,  gives  clean 
water,  and  keeps  the  choicest  birds  of  each 
sort  separate  for  tggs  for  pure  breeding.  The 
rest  are  allowed  to  run  together  and  the  eggs 
are  sold  os  ordinary  market  eggs.  Her  prices 
for  the  finest  fowls  are  $10  a  pair. 

Mrs.  W.  keeps  a  record  of  all  eggs  laid,  and 
expenses  as  well  as  income,  and  thinks  that 
she  can  demonstrate  that  it  pays  to  keep  good 
fowls  and  to  keep  them  well. 


ECLIPSE  WIND-MILL. 

Several  of  these  mills  have  been  erected  in 
San  Jose,  and  are  proving  to  be  just  the 
thing.  They  are  probably  as  perfect  self- 
regulators  as  were  ever  invented,  and  have 
stood  the  test  for  many  years.  Mr.  I.  A. 
Hatch,  the  agent  here,  has  engaged  a  good 
many  mills.  We  went  with  him  out  to  Mr. 
G.  W.  Tarleton's  orchard  to  see  a  fine  mill 
erected  on  his  place.  It  was  doing  splendid 
work,  and  Mr.  Tarleton,  who  is  himself  a 
natural  mechanic  and  knows  what  ia  and 
what  is  not  practical,  is  much  pleased  with 
it,  and  requested  us  to  recommend  this  as  the 
very  best  self-regulator  made.  Mr.  Chas.  P. 
Hoag,  Nos.  18  and  20  Fremont  street,  San 
Francisco,  is  the  general  agent  for  this  State, 
and  Mr.  Hatch,  of  San  Jose,  for  Santa  Clara 
county.  They  attend  to  tbe  erection  and 
fully  warrant  the  mills  and  their  own  work. 
Nearly  every  farmer  needs  a  good  wiud-mUl, 
and  now  this  dry  season  is  the  time  to  get  a 

good  one. 

4-m-* ■ 

GOODENOUGH. 

There  is  one  institution  lately  started  in 
San  Jose  that  every  one  of  the  farmers  and 
horse  owners  in  this  valley  should  hail  with 
gratification.  It  is  the  Goodenough  shoeing 
shop,  on  Santa  Clara  street,  between  First 
and  Second  streets,  where  horses  are  shod 
without  spoiling  the  feet — where,  in  fact,  a 
perfect  shoe  in  every  respect  is  put  upon  the 
foot  of  a  horse  in  a  perfect  manner.  Every 
horse  owner  knows  that  hundreds  of  good 
horses  are  every  year  nearly  ruined  by  care- 
less or  ignorant  shoers,  and  that  many  of  the 
"crack  shoers"  are  more  conceited  than  wise. 
It  is  a  mercy  to  a  horse  to  have  his  feet  cor- 
rectly shod,  as  it  is  cruelty  aggravated  to 
cramp  and  ruin  his  feet  by  the  old,  imperfect 
method.  Although  called  new,  the  Good- 
enough  method  has  been   thoroughly  tested, 


approved  and  adopted  by  every  society  for 
the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals  that  has 
investigated  the  subject,  also  by  the  United 
States  army,  and  whoever  has  once  tried 
shoeing  by  this  method  will  never  again  go 
back  to  the  old  way,  for  it  is  not  only  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  anatomy  of  the  horse's 
foot  and  true  principle,  but  in  practice  has 
been  found  to  be  the  best,  and  the  only  per- 
fect shoe  and  system  of  shoeing  ever  invented. 


Good  Daiey  Stock.— Mr.  W.  A.  Z.  Edwards 
of  San  Jose,  who  is  a  lover  of  fine  cattle,  has 
a  small  herd  of  choice  Jerseys,  one  fine  four- 
year-old  bull  and  several  cows.  While  speak- 
ing on  the  subject  of  keeping  a  good  class  of 
milch  cows,  he  had  occasion  to  refer  to  the 
notes  of  his  farm  book.  One  item  we  asked 
the  privilege  of  copying,  in  substance,  to  wit; 
The  amount  realized  in  one  year  from  the 
sales  of  butter  from  seven  cows,  after  supply- 
ing the  wants  of  the  family,  was  $634  23,  and 
from  the  sale  of  seven  calves  the  same  year, 
$3o3,  making  $987  23  as  the  product  of  seven 
cows  in  one  year.  Who  can  beat  that? — Cor. 
liural  Press. 


PELTON'S 


S£X-FOZ.D 


HORSE-POWER 


HAVING  MADE  NEW  ARRANGEMENTS 
with  MR.  McKESZIE,  I  am  prepared  to  Bupply 
my  Powers  to  all  persons  favoring  me  with  their  or- 
ders. All  Powers  hereafter  manufactured  can  only  be 
obtained  of  me  or  my  Agents.  In  future  they  will  be 
made  under  my  directions  and  specifications,  and 
nothing  but  a  prime  quality  of  Machinery  Iron  will 
be  used  in  their  manufacture. 

I  have  •  reatly  improved  the  application  and  bracing 
of  my  Levers,  which  will  give  them  ample  strength. 

All  Powers  fully  warranted. 

For  further  information  send  for  circulars  and  price 
list  to 

S.  PBIiTOM',  Patentee. 

ap  San  Jose,  California. 


LOUIS    CHOPARD, 


mmmi 


J  K  W  E  L  I^  E  R  , 

And  dealer  in 

SPECTACLES  AND  CUTLERY, 

&1  Low  Figures. 


na.  TVatches  and  Jewelry  carefully  repaired. 


Boom 

next  to 

WRIUHT'S 

Photograph 

Gallery, 

Santa      Clara 

Street 


Dr.  IT.  Klein,  Suigeon  Dentist 


A.  O.  HOOKEB. 


W.  F.  GCSCKEI.. 


,(}UNcmuoQm,';i';i 


DENTISTS. 


10.  Q.  T.— GRANGER  LODGE,  No.  295,  meets 
•  eveay  MONDAY  evening,  at  8  o'clock,  in  their 
Hall.  No  284  Santa  Clara  street,  over  the  S.  J.  Savings 
Bank.  Members  of  sister  Lodges  and  sojoiuming 
members  in  good  standing  are  invited  to  attend. 

S.  B.  CALDWELL,  W.  C.  T. 
JoHX  B.  Steveks,  W.  Sec'y. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


HOW  TO  PAIHT, 


A  New  Work  by  a  Practical  Painter,  depiKned 
for  the  use  of  Tradesuteii,  Itlecltaiiics,  lUercli- 
ant8,  Fanners,  and  as  a  Guide  to  Professional 
Painters.  Coutaiuinga  plain,  comraon  Bense  state- 
of  the  rat'thods  emi)loyed  by  PalnterB  to  rroduce  sat- 
isfactory results  in  Plain  and  Fancy  Painting- 
of  every  deSL-riptiou,  iucludiuy;  Forutulan*  fur  Mix- 
ing Paint  in  Oil  or  Water,  Toole  retiuired,  etc. 
This  Ir  juRt  the  Book  needed  by  any  person  having 
auj'thiug  to  paint,  and  makes  '*every  Man  his 
own  Painter." 

Full  Directinus  for  UBing  Wliite  Lead,  Lamp- 
Black,  Ivory  Black,  Prnssian  Bine,  Ultra- 
Marine,  Green,  Yellow,  Vermilion,  Broivn, 
Xiake,  Carmine,  AVliiUnfj,  Glne,  Pumice 
Stone,  Asplialtum  and  Spirits  of  Turpen- 
tine, Oils,  Varnisltes,  Furniture  Varnisli, 
Milk  Paint,  Preparing  Kalsomine, 

PAINT  FOE  OUT-BUILEIIT&S, 

WUItewash,  Paste  for  Paper-HanKlnff, 
Graining  in  Oak,  Itlaiile,  Mahogany,  Rose- 
wood, Blarii  Walnut;  Hanging  Paper, 
Staining,  Gliding,  Bronzing,  Transferring 
Decalcomania,  Making  Rustic  Pictures, 
Painting  Flo«er-Stand,  Mahogany  Polish, 
Roseivood  Pollsll,  Varnishing  Furniture, 
Waxing  Furniture,  Cleaning  Paint, 

PAINT  FOR  FARMING  TOOLS, 

for  machinery,  and  for  Household  Fixtures. 

TO  PAINT  A  FARM  WAGON, 

to  Re-varnisli  a  Carriage,  to  make  Plaster 
Casts.  The  work  is  neatly  printed,  with  illustra- 
tions wherever  they  can  serve  to  make  the  subject 
plainer,  and  it  will  save  many  times  its  cost  yearly. 
Every  family  should  possess  a  copy.  Price  by  mail, 
post-paid,  $  I  ,     Address 

Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 

''  SAN    JOSE,  CAL. 


Eooms,  No.  334  Santa  Clara  st.,  San  Jose. 

J^.    C.   PEB-KIITS, 

Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County. 

The    Singer    Sewing     ninchinv     Conpanv 
B..1.1,  in  1.S73,  :-,:t»,m  M:u-hUu'B,  anil  lin,i34: 

MOUE  THAN  ANY  OTBEil  SEWING   MACHINE  COMPANY. 

BT"  We  have  a  First-class  Macbinist  employrrt,  and 
make  the  repairiug  of  all  sorts  of  SewiiiK  Machines  a 
specialty.  Old  niachiues  taken  in  exchange  for  new. 
All  work  warranted. 


J.  N.  SPENCER, 

Real     Estate    Agent 

AND 

General     Auctioneer. 


-pARMS      OF     EVERY     DESCRIPTION  — 

■^  Valley  and  Hill  lands— High  and  Low  priced 
Farms— Farms  to  suit  everybody.  Correspondence 
solicited.  Business  Chances  a  specialty.  Property  of 
every  description  bongbt  and  sold.  Houses  rented, 
and  Loans  negotiated.  oc 


PAINTERVS  Manual— House  and  sign  painting. 
Kramiug.  varnisliing,  pnlishing,  kalsomiuing,  pa- 
pering. Jtc.  50  cents.  Honk  of  Alphabets.  .W;  Scrolls 
ant  Oniamc.uts,  $1;  Carpenter's  Manual,  50;  Watch- 
maker  and  .Jeweler.  CM;  ■['axidermist,  fill;  Soap-maker 
2..;  Autlinrship,  M;  Lightning  Calculat.ir,  25;  Hunter 
and  Irappcr's  Guide, '211;  Dog  Training,  its.  Of  book- 
sellers, ..r  by  mail.  JKS8E  HANEY  iSl  CO..  119  NaB 
sau  street,  N.  Y.  £„ 


(Successors  to  A.  Phister  &  Co.) 

Corner  of  Second  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 

HAN   JOHE. 


CAPITAL 


$100,000. 


Wm.  Erkson,  President. 


H.  E.  Hills,  Manager. 


Diiectorst 


"Wm.  Erkfion, 
L.  F,  Cbipman, 
Horace  Little, 
C.  T.  Settle, 


Thomas  E.  Snell. 


J.  P.  Dudley, 

Daviil  Campbell, 
Jamo-R  Siui^leton, 
E.  A.  Braley, 


0^"  Will  do  a  General  Morcantilo  BnsinePR.  Also, 
receive  depoBlts,  on  which  such  interest  will  be  al- 
b-wed ns  may  be  agreed  upon,  and  make  loans  on  ap- 
proved secunty. 


SA-lSr  JOSE 
SAVINGS    BAE^K, 


280  Santa  Clara  Street. 

CAPITAL  STOCE       . 
Paid  in  Capital  (Geld  Coin) 


$500,000 
$300,000 


Officers: 

President John  H.Moore 

Vice-President S.  A.  Birhop 

Caeliier H.  H.  Eeynoij>s 


Directorg; 

John  H.  Moore,  Dr.  I!  Bryant, 

H.  Mabury,  S.  A.  Bishop, 

H.  H.  Reynolds,  James  Hart, 

James  W.  ^Miitiuy. 


NEW  FEATURE: 

ThiR  Bant  isenes  "  Deposit  Eeceipts,"  bearing  inter- 
est at  (5.  Hand  10  percent  \>ev  annum;  intBrcst  payable 
I'r"niiitly  at  the  end  nf  six  mouthB  from  date  of  de- 
posit. The  "  Receipt"  may  be  transferred  by  indorse- 
ment, and  the  priuciple  with  interest  paid  to  holder. 

Interest  also  allowed  on  Book  Accounts,  beginning 
at  date  cf  dtjiosit. 

Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any  in  the  State, 
and  s]ticially  adapted  for  the  safe-keeping  of  Bunds, 
stmKH.  Papers.  Jewelry,  Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc., 
at  tiidin^'cost. 

Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  in 
Gobi  or  ).'arrcticy.  at  reasun^blt;  rates. 

Buy  and  stll  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


FARIVEERS' 

National  Gold  Bank 


OF  SAN  JOSE. 


Pnicl  iipC'iipilal  (Gold  Coin). 
Aut]iorize<l  Ciipifal 


f.lOO,  000 

$1,UU0,UU0 


President 

Vicc-I'resideiit 

Oasliier 


JOHN    W.  HINDS 

E.  C.  SINGLETARY 

W.  T.  TISDALE 


Directors  I 

C.  Burrcl,  C.  (i.  Harrison, 

Wm,  D.  Tisdale,  E.  C.  Sinnletary, 

E.  L.  Bradley,  'Wm.  L.  Tisdale, 

John  W.  Hinds. 


"Will  allow  interest  on  Deposits,  buy  and  sell  Ex- 
ciiauHO,  make  coUoctitms,  loan  money,  and  transact 

A  General  Banking  Business. 

S]ieeial  indueenients  oO'ered  to    farniers.  inerehantfl, 
nir.liiiuiis,  apid  all  eliisses  Icr  ecniniiTeial  aieouiits. 

Cor.   First  and    Santa  Clara  Sts., 

SAN  JOSE.  sop 


FARMERS, 

PAIHT  YOUE   BUILDmaS 


-.\ND    TOI'R— 


ZMPZiBMSIITTS  ! 


USE    THE    BESTl 


USE     THE 


mmiHFM 


It  Costs  Less,  Lasts  Longer  and  Looks 
Brighter  than  Any  Other  Good  Paint. 

Ji    Does  not  Crcick,    nor    Chalk,    nor  Peel  Off. 


SEE  THAT  YOUR  PAINTER   USES   IT. 


Remember,  it  ie  prepared  in  Liquid  Form,  ready  for 
application;  can  be  obtained  of  Any  Shade  or  Color, 
and  is  Composed  of  the  Beet  Materials,  tborouphly  in- 
ci.'rporated,  so  that  it  does  not  spoil  by  standing. 

Fit  Beauty  of  Finish  and  Brilliancy  of  Color  it  is 
\vith(Uit  a  rival. 

luniember.  with  this  Paint  you  can  do  your  own 
painting  better  than  it  can  be  done  with  any  other 
Paint. 

It  is  ain'ays  Ready  for  XTge. 

Paint  your  Housts— Paint  yonr  'Wagons,  Mowing 
Machines,  Plows,  etc.,  etc.  It  Pays  in  the  bmg  run  to 
do  it. 

The  Averill  Paint  is  the  paint  for  everybody 
the  Bfst  and  Most  Econnmlcal  Paint  in  the  world. 

Ask  your  store-keeper  for  it. 


SUBSCRIBE 

FOB  THE —  ~W      ^ 

U  N  S  II  I  N  Jli  J 

— THE    ONL"£ — 

CHILDREFS  MAGAZIITE 


l'U^Il^ll•  d  .'U 

THE    PACFBC    COAST. 


Only     Sl.lO    a    "year. 

A  SUITABLnEranoR  CHILBREN! 

And  one  that  vill  continue 

A    Source    of     Pleasure 

During  the  whole  year. 


Address,  SUNSHINE.  Postofflee  Box  28S  Santa  Clara. 

Milton  Campbell. 


—  1>F.ALKU    IN  - 


STOVES, 

PUMPS, 

lEON  PIPES. 

TIN  EOOFINa, 

ETC.,  ETC. 

385  FIUST  ST.,  near  Central  Market. 

SAN   JOSK. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


T-u-stia's  Patent 

WIUD- MILLS  iSi^ 

—  AN1>  — 

HORSE-POWERS. 

Factory — Corner    Market  and  ■;  ,p 
lieal  StB.,  San  Francisco,  ft-f^- 

Soad  for  DESCECTIVE  CIECtn,AES.  % 

W.    I  TUSTIIV,   PATENTEE, 


THE  PARKER  GUM. 


SEND   STAMP  FOR  CIRCULAR 


PARKER  BROS 

WEST  MERIDEN.CT. 


THE  NEW  IMPEOVED 


Side    Feed    and    Back    Food. 

THE  LIGHTEST  RUNNING,  MOST  SIM- 
PLE, AND  MOST  EASILY  OPERATED 
SEWING  MACHINE  IN  THE  MARKEL 


If  there  is  a  FLORENCE  MACHINE 
within  one  thousand  miles  of  San  Fran- 
cisco not  working  well,  I  will  fix  it  with- 
ont  any  expense  to  the  owner. 

SAMUEL  HILL,  Agent, 
No.  19  New  Montgomery  Street, 

GKAKD    UOTEL    Bl'lLDIKG, 

«AN  FRAKOI«00. 


THE 

Jackson  Wagons 

Are  known  to  bo 

T£CZ:  BEST  FARM  XVAeOIVS 

Sold  on  this  Coast.  Snhl  iiiiite  as  low  as  the  very 
many  poor  ones  otTtTod  for  wale.  Wo  warrant  them 
for  two  years.  For  nale  in  San  Jose  at  San  Frautisco 
prices  by  HiLskell  *!t  Mott,  Agents,  corner  of  ThirJ 
and  Santa  Clara  streets. 

J.   D.  ARTHUR   &  SON, 

Intiiortt^TH,  San  Francisco. 


HUBBARD  &  GO'S 

OglFirst    Street, pel 

Ww«         SAN   JOSE.         ^84 


lEAT 


ARKET 


SHERMAN  &   HYDE, 

Cor.  Kearny  and  Suffer  Sfs. 

saw  FRANCISCO, 

WHOLESALE  AND  BETAIL  DEALERS  IN 

SHEET  MUSIC, 

Musical  Instruments, 


MUSICAL    MERCHAKDISE, 

Orders  from  the  Interior  promptly  filled, 

MANtTFACTUREES   OF  THB 


Acknowledged  by  Musicians  to  be  the  Best  LoW 

l?riced  lustruments  ever  offered  for  sale 

on  tills  Coast. 


THE  UNEQUALLED 


These  Superb  Instruments  have  achieved  a 
BucceKs  unparalleled  in  the  history  of  Piano-fort© 
Manufacture. 

Tliry  are  remarkable  for  Great  Volume,  Purity 
Olid  Sweetness  of  Tone,  and  Durability. 


The  T^rnst  nefiirable  Instruments  in  the  market 
for  cliunh  and  parlur.     Over  28,000  now  in  use. 

SHERMAN  &  HYDE, 

GENEIIAT,    AGENTS, 

SAN   FEANCISCO. 


Zioclse    (&    Mozitague, 

IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  !■][ 

Stoves,  ' ' 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  Sc. 

112  and  114  Battery  Street 

SAN  FRANCISCO. 


WM.   SHEWS 

NEW  mmmm  immmi 

H5  KEARXY  ST..    SAN  FRANCISCO. 

This  well  known  '*Palare  of  Art,"  formerly  lo- 
cated in  Montgomery  8t.,  No.  417.  is  now  on 
Koamy  St.,  No.  115  and  has  no  connection  with  any 
other.  Strangers  visiting  the  City  will  find  it  for  their 
interest  to  patronize  this  establishment  for  any  kind 
of  picture  from  Minature  to  Life  Size. 

N.  B.  The  very  best  Uembraudt  Cards  Album  pize 
$  per^doz.  equal  to  any  that  cost  $4  on  Montgomery 
St.;  other  sizes  equally  low  in  proportion.        ap 

P.  "^77.  Heardon  c&  Co. 


o 

(D     tl 
Jj    o 


•-1 

liiglit  and  Hea-»'yWag'on8,  Express  Waggons, 

Top   and    Open    Bu^fifies,    Catrriaf^es, 

Rocka^vays,  Gigs  and  Baroiifli4*s. 

ADE    OF   THE    VERY    BEST    ASSORTED    MA- 
tt/rial.    All  work  warranted.    Jobbing uf  a]  1  kinds. 


M 

Painting,  Trimminj,  Blachmitliin^,  and 
Woud  Work. 

na^Ordera  -ivlll   receive  Prompt  Attention. 

R.  S.  THOMPSON, 

NAPA,    CAI.. 


IMPORTER  AND  BREEDER  OF 
THOROUGH-BRED 

BERKSHIRE    SWINE. 

SANIA  CLARA   VALLEY 

DRTTG  STOS.E, 

300    Miiiita  Clnrn  sircot,    Op- 
posite tlie  Convent, 

SAN    JOSE, 

O'OHIlf  D.  SCOTT,  IVE.D., 

Phi/sician  and  Driigi/ist. 

C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

Carriage:  blikek,     pioxkkr  car- 
riage  Shop. 

314  Second  Stbeet, 

Between  Santa    Clara    street    and    Fountain    Alley. 

SAN  JOSE. 

Ag-ent  for  Fish  Bro.  's  Wagons . 

SANTA  CLARA  TAUUEEY. 

JACOB  EBERHARDT,  Peoprietoe. 

AIX  KINDS  OF  LEATHER.  SHEEP  SKINS,   AND 
WOOL.    Highest  price  paid  for  Sheep  Skins,  Tal- 
low, Wool,  etc. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Eclipse 

Wind-MiUs 
are  the 

Perfect 
Self-Eegnlatora 


Blacksmith. 


Patent 

Tire-Setter. 


Stoves, 


Kitchen 
Utensils. 


Groceries, 


Provisions, 


Family 


Supplies. 


Antor)io  Damor\te, 

Santa  Clara  Valley 

CAFDY    FACTORY, 

Wholesale  and  Retail. 
No.  233  Hensley  Block, 

Santa  Clara  St.,  San  Jose. 


B.  A.  Hatch, 

San  .lose, 

HaB  the   af^'iicy   of   tho 

ECLIPSE    WIND -MILLS 

I'or  Santa  Clara  county, 
And  erects  tbem  with  his  own  hands, 
and  gniiruntoin  perffi'tHiitiKfai  tiuii  ur  no 
pay.      Exct'Ucnt  referenceH    t,'iven    and 
working  mills  shown  on  application. 

U^  For  description,  sue   paye  \iS  May 
No.  Oal.  AGRicuLTtiBiBT.  my 


JOHN    BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

I'ioneer  Blacksmith   and  Carriage  Shop. 
Balbacli^s  New   Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond Kt.  and    Foniitain  Alley, 
SAN    JOSE. 
Agent  for  Fii^h    Bro.'s  Wagons. 

New  Work  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
Implements,  etc. 

West's     American    Tire-Setter, 


FRED.   KLEIN, 

S   T   O   A^  E  S, 

SHEET-IRON, 

Copper,     Tinware,     Iron    Pumps, 
Kitchen  Utensils, 

Celebrated  Peerless  Stoves. 

3;J7  Santa   Clara  St , 

Nenr  PuBtottice.  San  Jose. 


WM.    FISCHER. 

Fresh  [}E9CmES,FR0VIS!0NS, 

Hardware,  Etc.,  Etc., 
BOUGHT    LOW, 

— AND  — 

FOR    SAZiE     CHEAP, 

— AT— 

No.  294  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Near  Spring  &  Cu's  Auction  Store, 
SAN  JOSE. 

Everyhody   that  knows  "WM.  FISCHER 
(and  ha  is  well  known]  will  tes- 
tify that  his  GuudK  aro 

The  Bf  St  and  the  (!lieapcst  in  Town. 


L.   HOUEIET  &  CO., 

Importers  and  wholesale  and  rotail 
dealers  In 

WATCHES,    CLOfRS,    DIAMO^iUS, 

JEWELRY, 

Silver  and  Plated  "Ware. 

Utyndviu'/,  in'oiniii\y  and   iiLfttly  donr. 

No.  324  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Box  743.  San  JoBO.  njy 


NO 


THE  BEST  IN  THE  WOULD. 

HOUSEKEEPER     CAN     MAKE    SWEET    AND 
WHOLESOME   BREAD  WITHOUT  IT. 


This  well-known  and  long- established  YEAST  POW- 
DER is  now  in  ta'eat  demand.  Sales  increasing  daily. 
Now  "JT)  gross  per  day  to  the  trade.  D.  CALLAGHAN, 
now  f;ole  manufacturer  and  proprietor,  uses  no  drugs 
— no  bnne  dnst:  purcwhite  Cream  of  Tai'tar,  impnrted 
direct  and  ground  on  the  premises,  being  the  chief  in- 
gredient. 


Always  on  hand  and  for  sale  at  lowest  prices: 

Callafichan^s  Yeast  Powder,  in  1  lb  cans,  a  su. 
perior  article. 

Calla^lian^s  Cream  of  Tartar,    In  all  styles  of 

packages. 
Callagtian^s  Pnre   En^rlish   Bi-carbonate  of 

Soda  and  Saleratus, 

FOR  SALE  BY    ALL    GROCERS. 

— ALSO  — 

Cream  of  Tartar  Crystals   and  English  Bi- 
carbonate  of  Soda,     in  ke^^s. 

FOR  SALE  BY 

D.    CALLAOHAN    &  CO., 

MANUFACTUEERS, 
my]    No.  131  Front  Street,   San  Prancsclo. 


JUNE.      1 

s. 

M. 

T. 

w. 

T. 

F. 

s. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

lO 

1  1 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 





w^iuc  A.  i.x:v(rxs, 

Watch-maker  and  Jeweller, 

No.  309  First  Street, 

SAN  JOSE. 


R.  C.  Kirby  &  Co., 

TANITEB.S! 


Wholesale  Dealers. 


OFFICE  I 

402  and  404  Battery  St., 

San  Francisco. 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

Wiicox  Block,  So.lO  4  First  St., 
SAZ«r    JOSE,    CAI.. 

California  and  Eastmi  Made 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES, 

A  Large  and  Superior  Assortment. 

^o.    394     First    Street, 

Wilcox  Bluck.  San  Joee. 


''Phase  Valves  are  thesim- 

X  pltrht  and  most  perfect  in  construc- 
tii)n  <if  any  Valve  ever  invented.  For 
cheapness,  durability  and  cai)ai'ity  of 
dibcharging  water,  they  are  not  equaled 
by  any  other  Valve.  Wo  niannfacture 
sizes  from  3  to  7  inches  diameter,  and 
fur  Hand,  Windmill  and  Horse-power 
or  Steam  Pmnps. 

We  also  keep  on  hand  and  manufac- 
ture the  best  and  chciiprst  Well  Pu-ks. 

FRED.  KLEIN, 

Dealer  in  Stoves,  etc..  No.  227  Santa 
Clara  street,  a  few  doors  west  of  the 
Postotficf,  San  Jose. 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

CRAm    DEALER, 

»%7  Fii'st  Street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH  PRICE 

PAID  FOR 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


C.    SCHRODER, 

CALIFOHNIA  CAND^  FACTOR?, 

349  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Nuar  the  Opera  House,  San  Jose. 

Confectionery  iii  Great  Variety, 
Wholseale  and  Retail. 

B£^  Orders  promptly  attended  to. 


SI«SSTH    d6     RVSEII 
JEWELEF^S,  ti^ 

Wilcox  Block,  First  St.,  San  Jose. 

TRUE     TIME     13Y     TRANSIT. 

EEPAIEINQ  A  SPECIALTT. 

Sole  flgoutfl  for  tiie  Chjckering 
Piano  wi'i  Estey  Organ, 


WM  m  im  ST5P.S, 

(Deutsche  Apotheke), 

HENEY     PIESSNECKEH, 

Proprldor, 

IVo.    3'SO     Santa    Clara     Street, 

(IJet.  l-'irst  nnd  Seroiul — South  eido) 
SAN    JOSE. 


SAN  JOSE  im  mm 

IMIAURSCE  O'BB.IEZa', 

WLoUkuIc  luul    Ititall 

Candy  Manufacturer, 

;IS7  Fii!,t  Ntreet, 

Nt^iirSau  I'YTiiandu,  San  J(»se. 


RHODES  &  LEWIS, 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.   U55  Firfit   Street, 

BAN  JOSE. 


Boots 

aud 

Shoes. 


Patent 
Pump 
Valve. 


Graiu 


Dealer. 


Candy 
Factory. 


TT 


Fresh   Caudy 

aiid 

lee  Cream. 


/ 


Volume  6. 


I  ®  ^  J  .        ITumkr  7.  i 


JULY. 


Subscription  Price, 
$1.50  a  year. 


SAN   JOSE,   CAL.,  JULY,    1875. 


Single  Copies, 
IS  cents. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Pagre  14b,  Rditorial,— Aiding     Parturition.       To 
our  Friends. 

**    147,  Kditorial  Nof  es.     Etc. 

**  148,  Poetry.  —  Don't  Leave  the  Farm.  Cot- 
tage Music.  We  World  is  What  ^Ve  Make 
it.  Life's  Lessons.  CentenniaL  Hayseeil, 
Honor  to  Our  Workmen.  Good  Farmer 
James,  The  Joy  of  Doing  Good. 
*  149,  Kditorial.— A  Mllpitas  Farm.  Brigg's 
San  JoBo  Orchard. 

••  150,  EditoriaL — Horticulturists,  Attention. 
Winter  Irfigation  or  Flooding.  Fencing  the 
Farm.  News  about  Newspapers.  Young 
Stock  with  Cows. 

*«  151,  Correspondence. — The  Great  Question 
of  Our  Times.     Concrete  Walls. 

••  152,  Domestic. — Chats  V  ith  Farmers' Wives 
and  Daughters  (by  Jewell) ,    Familia  Talks. 

•*  153,  Domestic  (continued).  —  Fruit  in  Tin 
Cans.  Crystal'zing  Grasses.  How  to  Cook 
Oatmeal.  How  to  Make  Oil  Lamps  Safe. 
Slieep  and  Goats. — AngoraGoats. 

*'  154,  Sheep  and  Goats  (continued),— The 
Shee  of  Spain.  Stock  Breeder.— Prin- 
ciples Governing  the  Transmission  of  Char- 
istics 

•'  155,  St.oclc  Breeder  (continued) .— -Stampede 
on  the  Plains.     The  Cow  for  the  Dairy. 

•'  15G,  Dai»-y.— John  Has  a  Way.  Fancy  Butter 
Making.  Curing  Butter  Twelve  Proposi- 
tions- Cows  Sucking  Themselves.  Rela- 
tiva  Cost  of  Butter  and  Beef.     Etc. 

**  157,  Poultry  Yard,— Setting  Hens.  How 
to  Keep  Hens  from  Enting  Eggs.  Pisci- 
culture. —  Fishculture.  Sea  Salmon  in 
Fresh  Water.    Etc. 

"  158,  Apiary.— A  Stinging  Subject.  Bee  as  a 
Bcavinger*  Handling  Bees.  Why  Farming 
is  Unprofitable, 

*•  159,  The  Horse.— Good  Things  About  Mules. 
Horses  vs.  Mules.  Windows  in  Horse 
Stables.  Porcine, — The  Berkshire  Hog. 
Mixing  Breeds.  Kee  Them  Fat.  New  Hog 
Diseases. 

•*  IfiO,  Uorticnlinre.  —  Heading  Off  Borers. 
Blark  Pepper  Trees.  Evergreens  Amongst 
Fruit  Trees.  Ripening  Fruit  Early.  Mar- 
ket Gardening. 

•'  IGl,  Flower  Garden.— How  to  Take  Care  of 
Bulbs.  Tuberose  Bulbs.  Educational . 
What  Should  Young  People  Head.  Thiuk- 
Etc. 

**  1G2, Hygienic. — Beverages,  Dyspepsia.  Tea 
and  Outlue. 


IGIJ,  Boys    »nd    Girls,— Helping 
Mamma.     A  True  Hero.     Etc. 


Papa  and 


IGI,  Kditorial.  —Sprout  Pruning,     Publica- 
tions. 


(Jroceries, 


At  the  Ziowest 
Rates. 


Hardware, 


Of  Every 

Variety. 


Crockery, 


The  Largest 
Stock  in  Town. 


Road  Wagons, 

Express  Wagons, 

Buggies, 

All  at  Very  Low  Prices, 


-AT     THE — 


Market  Street,  San  Jose. 

FIRE  IJ^SURAI^JCE. 

List  (if  Compauit-B   included  in  Agency: 
Insurance  Contpany  of  North  America* 

Capital  and  Assets,  $1,700,000 
American  Fire  Iitsurance  Company, 

Capital  and  Assets,  $1,000,000 
Continental  Insurance  Company, 

Capital  and  Assets.  $-2,600,000 
German- American  Insurance  Company, 

Capital  wnd  Assets,  $1,850,000 
Niagara  Fire  Insurance  Company, 

Capital  and  Assets,  $1,400,000 
Koyal  Insurance  Coin|mity, 

Capital  and  Assets.  $17,000,000 

Total  Capital  and  Assets,  $28,550,000. 

li!^  Call  and  see  mo  at  my  New  Office, 

290  Santa  Clara  Street, 

In  Farmers'  National  Gold  Bank  Building, 
jy  J.  A.  CLAYTON,  Agent. 


E.  A.  Clark. 


J.    W.  HASKEUi. 


clauk  a;  haskell, 

M  Estate,  and  General  liimi  ki^t 


SEARCHING  AND  CONVEYANCING 
promptly  and  correctly  done — Real  Estate  bought 
and  Bold.  ~  '    " 


Office;— In  Post  Office  Building. 


JACKSON    LEWIS, 


DEAXEK  IN 


wATEHEusmuiramutc. 

AKi'Ut  for  till-  Celebrated 

DXASaOSTD      SFZiCTACZiES, 

ALSO, 

BRAZILIAN     PEBBLES 

And  Common  Glasseii, 

259    Santa    Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 


CrEO,  B.  HARMON, 

eHoicsmLfisiiEUEOvisms, 

TEAS,    COFFEES, 

Cigars,    Tobacco,    Oil,    Lamps,    Etc. 

ALL  GOODS  WARRANTED  FIRST-CLASS 


TERM  S--C  ASH! 

GEOr^GE   B.  HAPyMON, 

Su.-c-esKor  to   C.  k.  IIOrOH. 

311    Santa     Clara    Street, 

San  Jose  Bank  Building. 

WOODLAND 

FOUIiTB.'Sr 


■■kJ  VAB.BS 

Victorious ! 


Half  the  Awards  at  the  Last  State  Fair, 


Send  for  Price  List  of  EGGS  and  FO'nxS. 

DR.  W.  .J.  PK.\THEn, 
ap  Woodland,  Yolo  Co.,  Cal. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


I  TO  mill 


ITo  Frog,  Uo  Foot; 


N  o  Foot,  N  o  Horse. 


JJOHSES  TROUBLED  WITH  CornS, 
Quarter  Cracks,  Interfering-,  Con- 
tracted Koofs,  etc.,  are  soon  cured  by 
the  Humane  and  Natural  Method  of 

HORSE  -  SHOEING 

PEACTICED  BY 

TKB     SArr    JOSE    BRANCH 


GOODEFOUGH 

Horse-Shoeing  Society 

OF  califoenia, 
319  Santa  Clara  Street, 

SAN  JOSE. 
At  the  above 

WHITESMITH     SHOP 

Is  applied  exclusively  the 

COODENOUCH    SHOE, 

Which  has  met  with  such  success  in  San 
Francisco,  throughout  the  East,  and  iu  Eu- 
rope, je 


SAP^    jos:e   CLOTHieyc   store, 

266  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 

0'BA2TZ0N    <&   IZEITT, 

ZKEer.cbant  Tailors  and  Clothiers,  Dealers  in  All  Kinds  of 

GEITTS'     FT7E.2TISKI1TG      GOODS, 

LICHTSTONE  BLOCK,  Nearly  Opposite  the  Auzerais  House. 


BREEDERS'  DIHECTORY. 


Parties  deeiriug  to  purchaBe  Live  Stock  will  fiutl  iu 
tliie  Directory  the  namua  of  some  of  the  most  reliablo 
Breeders. 

Ottr  Rates. — Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  will  be  in- 
eerted  iu  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50  cents 
IK-r  month.  A  hue  will  average  about  eight  words. 
Payable  annually. 

CATTLE. 


C.  B.  POIiHEKICS,  Sau  Jose,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  SLort-Horn  Cattle, 

S.  N.  PUTIVAM,  breeder  of  Pure-bred  Durham 
Cattle,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 

S.  B.  EMERSON,  Mountain  View,  Santa  Clara 
crmnty,  Cal..  breeder  of  Short-Horn  and  Holstein 
Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

CHARLES  CLARK,  Milpitas.  Sant« Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swiue. 

CYRUS  JONES  <!tc  CO.,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeders  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

COLEMAN  YOUNGER,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

li.J.  HANCHETT,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal..  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

R.  G.  SNUATH,  Meulo  Park,  San  Mateo  Co.,  Cal., 
choice  Jerbey  Cows,  Heifers  and  Bull  Calves  for  sale 

CARR  <*i{  CHAPMAN,  Gabilan,  Monterey  county, 
Cal .,  breeders  of  Trotting  Horses,  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine. 

R,  B,  CANNON,  Suisun,  Solano  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

JO.S.  L..  CHAMBERS,  St.  Johns,  Colusa  coimty, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

C.  COMSTOCK,  Sacramento,  Calif ornia,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.BREWSTER,  Gait  Station,  Sacramento  county, 
Cal,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

AVM.  FLEMING,  Napa,  California,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

W.  L.  OVERHISER,  Stockton,  San  Joaqnin  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Honi  Cattle  and  Swiue. 


J.    B.  REDMOND,    Black    Point,  Marin   county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


GEO.   R.  VERNON,     Oakland,    Alameda    county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle, 

MOSES  WICK,  Oroville,  Butte  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.  R.  ROSE,    Lakeville.  Sonoma  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 


G.  D.  MORSE,    San  Francisco,  Breeder  of  Short- 
Horn  and  Devon  Cattle. 

J.  R.  JEWELL,    Petahima,  Sonoma  county,  Cal. 

breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

SENECA  DANIEI  S,    Lakeville,  Sonoma  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 


CHAS.G.   BOCKIUS,  I-omo  Place,  Sutter  coimty, 
Cal..  breeder  uf  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


JOHN  .lUDSON,  Bloomfield,  Sonoma  county,  Cal., 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

A.   MILLARD,  Ran  Rafael,  Marin  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Jerseys  and  Alderneys. 

H.  P.  I.IVERMORE,    San  Francisco,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 


BEN.VETT  Ai  P.AGE,    San  Francisco,  breeders  of 
Short-llorji  Cattle. 


LEWIS  PIERCE,  Suisun.  Solano  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND   GOATS. 


MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOW,  Centerville,  near 
Niles  Station,  Alameda  county,  Cal.  Piure-blooded 
French  Merino  Kams  and  Ewes  lor  sale. 

A.  G.  STONESIPER,  Hill's  Ferry,  Stanislaus  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Sheep. 

A.  VROMAN,  Jenny  Lind,  Calaveras  county,  Cal., 
Cotswold  Bucks  for  sale.  References,  Moody  &  Far- 
ish,  San  Francisco;  Shippee,  McKee  &  Co.,  Stockton. 

LENDRUM  <b  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal.,  im- 
porters and  breeders  of  Pure  Angora  Goats. 

C.  P.  BAILEY,  San  Jose  Cal.,  importer,  breeder 
and  dealer  iu  Cashmere  or  Anf^ora  Goats.  Fine 
Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for  sale. 

LENDRUM  &  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal.    Im- 
porters and  breeders  of  the  finest  Cotswold  Sheep 
and  Angora  Goats. 

MCCRACKEN  «&  LEWIS,   San  Jose,  Cal.    Im- 
porters  and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goats,    Also, 
fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 

THOS.  BUTTEEFIELE  &  SON, 

BKEEDEHS   AND   IMPDBTEIIS  OF 

AIVGORA    OR     CASHKIKRE     GOATS, 

ESf*  Also,  Cotswold  and  other  long  wool  Sheep."^ 

FRENCH  AND  SPANISH  MEK1N03. 
HOIiLISTER,      MONTEREY     CO.,      CAI*. 


POULTRY, 


M  FALIiON,  Seventh  and  Oak  streets,  Oakland, 
Cal.,  offers  for  sale  Eggs  from  every  variety  of  choice 
Fowls. 

ALBERT  E.  BURBANK,  43  and  44  California 
IVEiirkct,  Sun  i'raucisco,  importer  and  breeder  of 
Finicy  Fowls,  Pigeons,  Rabbits,  etc. 


MEAT  MARKETS. 


I  EDDY  &  BRO.,  Stall  No.  1,  City  Market,  do  a  gen- 
J  eral  butchrrin^'  and  market  business.    City  orders 
delivered  free  of  extra  charge. 


MISCELLANEO  US. 


S.  H.\RRI$  BARRING,  San  Jose.  Cal.,  agent  for 
several  breeders  of  Best  Purebred  animals  and  poul- 
try. We  bring  the  breeder  and  purchaser  together 
direct,  and  do  not  stimd  between  thcm,wbile  we  aid 
each  for  moderate  pay. 

DAWSON  &  BANCROFT,  U.  S.  Live  Stock  Ex- 
change, youtheast  corner  u4  Fifth  and  Bryant  streets 
San  Francisco.  All  kinds  of  common  and  thorough- 
bred Stock  always  on  exhibition  and  for  sale. 


SPLKNDID  CARD  PHOTOGRAPHS,  only 
^:i  a  dozen,  aud  Cabiu.ts  §4  a  doz.-n,  at  HOW- 
LANirs  tiallery  (Ueering's  old  stand]  No.  359  First 
street,  Sau  Jose.  fe  ly 

WALLACE  &  RUBBINS,  386  First  street.  Handsome 
turnouts  always  on  hand  at  fair  prices.  Floe  hearse 
for  funerals.    Can-iages  for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 


J      H.GORDON,  351  Santji  Clara  street,  below  Second, 
•     Gas,  water  aud  steam  fitting,  and  general  plumb- 
ing business.    Charges  very  moaerate. 

BSANGUTNETTI.  41S  an4  420  First  St.  Bookcases. 
•   wardrobes,  kitchen  sjifes  and  picture  frames  made 
to  order.    Furuituro  made  and  repaired. 

TBOSCIIKEN,  ' 

■      HOUB."  1 


Hardware,   Builders'   Materials, 
FiinuKhin):  liteiisils.  nndall  kindsof  Shelf 
Hiirdware.  117  Vivt.t  street.  San  Jose. 


SANTA  CLARA  TAITITEHY. 

JACOB  EBEllHARDT,  Pboprietor. 


VLL  KINDS  OP  LEATHER,  SHEEP  SKINS,   AND 
^^'O0I..    Highest  price  paid  for  Sheep  Skins,  Tal- 
low.  Wool,  etc. 


The  California  Amciilturist 


mmKWM 


Vol.  6. 


San    Jose,   Cal.,    July,  1S75. 


Ho.  7. 


AIDING  PARTURITION. 

Almost  every  farmer  who  owns  cows  has, 
on  one  or  more  occasions,  to  render  some  aid 
and  assistance  to  them  during  calving  time. 
Some  persons,  with  mistaken  modesty,  may 
regard  this  as  a  subject  too  delicate  to  be 
treated  on  in  a  newspaper.  While  we  believe 
in  true  modesty  and  propriety,  and  take  pride 
in  allowing  nothing  in  the  Agkicdltuuist 
AND  Live  Stock  Journal  but  what  is  both  pure 
and  first  class  in  sentiment,  we,  at  the  same 
time,-  confess  that  we  are  not  qualmish  about 
speaking  upon  a  subject  of  importance  where 
the  truth  should  be  known,  that  practice  may 
be  according  to  nature,  and  result  in  benefit 
instead  of  injury.  There  is  a  lamentable  de- 
gree of  ignorance  among  people  generally, 
upon  many  important  subjects,  which  must 
be  attributed  mainly  to  a  false  f eeUng  without 
comprehensive  reasons. 

This  month  (June)  we  had  a  case  thrust 
upon  us  wherein  our  duty  was  plain,  and  aid 
was  necessary  to  save  the  life  of  an  animal 
and  to  relieve  her  of  severe  suffering.  We 
will  write  up  the  case  and  oflor  such  sugges- 
tions as  we  believe  will  be  of  value  to  who- 
ever has  to  undertake  a  similar  act  of  charity 
or  duty. 

The  cow  was  quite  old  and  not  very  strong, 
although,  having  been  kept  on  good  pasture, 
was  in  fair  condition  of  flesh.  She  was  not 
expected  to  have  a  calf  soon,  and  strayed 
away  and  was  out  of  the  herd  some  twenty- 
four  hours  before  her  absence  caused  alarm. 
When  found,  she  was  lying  in  the  dry  bed  of 
a  creek,  and  so  exhausted  from  severe  pro- 
tracted labor  that  she  was  unable  to  raise 
upon  her  hind  feet.  She  could,  and  did,  fre- 
quently try  to  arise,  and  would  shift  from  ly- 
ing upon  one  side  to  the  other.  The  nose 
and  fore  feet  of  the  calf  only  was  in  sight. 
The  circulation  of  blood  through  the  placenta 
from  the  mother  to  the  fcetus  had  ceased,  and 
as  the  connection  was  broken  the  ealf  died 
from  suffocation,  its  tongue  protruding  from 
its  mouth.  The  paroxysms  of  labor  were 
fearful,  and  called  out  every  feeling  of  sym- 
pathy. Her  strength  was  being  rapidly  ex- 
hausted, and  so  weak  was  she  that  nature, 
unaided,  was  unavailing.  Immediate  assist- 
ance was  imperative.  What  to  do  was  the 
all-important  question.  Pulling  ofl'  the  coat 
and  rolling  up  the  sleeves  took  but  a  moment. 
And  gr.isping  the  projecting  feet  and  pulling 
with  full  force  lohen  the  cow  strained,  and  easing 
xq)  the  moment  she  let  go  her  breath  for  a  rest, 
was  what  we  did,  and  just  the  best  possible 
thing  to  do. 

Here  is  an  important  point  to  be  borne  in 
mind,  and  we  particularly  request  every  read- 
er to  remember  it:  Never  pull  excepting  to 
aid  labor;  always  slack  up  the  moment  the 
muscles  of  the  mother  relax.  The  powerful 
abdominal  muscles  are  all  exercised  at  every 


throe  or  pain,  and  not  a  muscle  in  the  whole 
body  but  what  becomes  rigid  in  sympathy  to 
assist.  Then  alter  a  moment  of  teri'iflc  effort 
the  muscles  must  again  relax  to  resain  force 
through  rest  for  another  effort.  One,  with- 
out knowing  any  better,  would  most  likely 
keep  up  a  steady  pulling  strain,  irrespective 
of  nature's  efforts.  Here  is  where  the  great 
danger  is.  Many  cows  are  ruined  by  such 
mal-practice.  The  muscles  are  over-strained 
without  power  to  relax,  and  there  is  much 
danger  of  serious  ruptures  unless  the  assist- 
ing strain  is  relaxed  whenever  the  labor  re- 
laxes. The  common  opinion  that  it  is  dan- 
gerous to  assist  a  cow  during  parturition 
arises  from  the  want  of  understanding  on  this 
point,  and  from  a  constant  strain  instead  of 
a  surging,  not  jerking  pull  to  aid  natui-e  in 
her  efforts. 

In  this  case,  our  unaided  strength  was  only 
suflieient  to  bring  the  calf's  shoulders  in  sight. 
We  were  alone,  and  a  long  distance  from  help; 
so  we  went  to  the  house,  got  a  bucket  of 
water,  a  halter  rope,  and  a  strong  stake,  six 
feet  long,  with  one  end  pointed.  The  water 
was  for  the  cow  to  drink,  which  she  did  most 
gratefully.  The  rope  we  slipped  over  the  calf's 
head,  and  making  a  loop  in  the  other  end 
slipped  it  over  the  stake.  By  sticking  the 
stake  into  the  ground  for  a  leverage,  we  could 
pull  as  much  as  three  men  without  it,  and 
with  comparative  ease.  In  a  few  throes  the 
hind  feet  of  the  calf  were  brought  in  sight. 
(The  hind  feet  are,  or  should  bo,  always  in 
the  position  as  when  lying  down.)  We  then 
changed  the  slip  from  the  neck  to  the  hind 
feet,  and  one  more  throe  relieved  the  cow. 

In  this  case,  the  cow  bore  twins,  both  dead, 
of  course.  Our  assistance  was  again  needed, 
but  little  force,  however,  was  required  to  fin- 
ish up  the  work,  the  placenta,  or  cleanings, 
following  the  last  birth. 

While  using  the  stake  leverage,  we  once  or 
twice  strained  steadily  after  the  throes  had  re- 
laxed, and  observed  the  effect.  Pain  imme- 
diately followed  pain,  and  great  distress  and 
exhaustion  to  the  cow  was  at  once  apparent. 
Again  we  say,  bear  in  mind  that  it  is  danger- 
ous .and  wrong  to  strain  steadily.  Only  act 
in  conjunction  with  natural  labor.  Also, 
please  remember  to  attach  a  rope  to  the  hind 
legs  of  the  ealf  as  soon  as  it  can  be  done,  as 
this  is  the  easiest  way  to  accomplish  the 
work. 

The  after  treatment  was  bran  mash,  one 
quart  of  bran  to  a  bucketful  of  water,  and  all 
she  would  drink.  As  the  weather  was  hot, 
and  the  cow  lay  in  the  sun,  we  did  not  try  to 
give  it  very  warm ;  simjjly  scalded  the  bran 
first,  then  poured  in  water  cold.  After  a 
while  we  carried  a  sack  of  hay,  and  at  night, 
by  coaxing  her  along  with  a  wisp  of  hay,  en- 
ticed her  to  the  stable,  where  she  can  have 
the  rest  she  most  needs  in  comfort. 

We   cannot  conclude   this   article   without 


giving  credit  where  credit  is  due,  viz.:  to  our 
good  wife,  who  has  had  the  advantage  of  a 
medical  course  of  education,  and  understands 
practically  a  good  deal  about  obstetrical  cases. 
Her  advice  was  solicited,  and  our  success  in 
this  case  largely  depended  upon  it,  as  does  the 
information  we  have  been  prompted  to  give 
above. 


TO  OUR  FRIENDS. 

The  first  half  of  Volume  6  of  the  Califor- 
nia AoniCULTUKIST  AND  LiVE  Stock  Jouknal, 
is  now  issued.  The  Publishers,  who  are 
working  faithfully  to  make  just  such  a  jour- 
nal as  is  needed  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and 
who  expect  soon  to  make  greater  improve- 
ments in  its  appearance,  send  greeting  to  all 
friends,  and  ask  each  one  to  use  his  or  her 
endeavor  to  increase  its  subscription  Ust,  by 
getting  one  or  more  new  subscribers. 

As  an  inducement,  we  will  commence  neio 
subscrij)tio7ts  for  1876  now,  or  at  any  time  be- 
tween now  and  January,  which  will  allow 
several  copies  over  a  year  as  a  direct  premium 
to  new  subscribers  who  pay  $1.50  in  advance. 

Show  numbers  of  the  California  AonictrL- 
TUHisT  and  Live  Stock  Journal  to  your 
neighbors  and  friends,  and  if  you  believe  U,ie\\ 
them  it  is  just  the  paper  that  they  want  and 
should  have;  adapted  to  our  California  climate 
and  culture,  cheap,  in  convenient  form  for 
reading  and  preservation,  practical,  reliable, 
instructive,  social,  progressive,  pure  in  moral 
tone,  and  really  entertaining. 

No  more  generous  offer  was  ever  made  by 
any  journal  to  new  subscribers.  We  have 
been  often  reassured  that  there  are  many 
thousands  of  persons  on  this  coast  who  would 
not  consent  to  do  without  the  Agriculturist 
if  they  once  subscribed.  "Do  by  others  as 
you  would  be  done  by,"  is  the  rule.  Advise 
as  you  would  be  advised,  and  we  will  be  grate- 
ful for  every  favor  and  endeavor  to  be  true  to 
our  obligations. 


FIRE  IXSUBANCE. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Clayton,  real  estate  agent,  has 
been  appointed  agent  for  several  first-class 
insurance  comiiaiiies.  He  is  well-known  in 
this  couuty  as  a  business  man,  and  we  ad- 
vise any  of  our  readers  who  contemplate  in- 
suring to  call  and  see  him  at  his  new  office, 
290  Santa  Clara  street,  in  the  Farmers'  Gold 
Bank  building. 


George  B.  Harmon,  lately  from  the  East, 
has  bought  out  the  grocery  business  of  C.  A. 
Hough,  who  retires,  as  see  per  advertisement 
on  first  page.  Mr.  Holloway,  who  started  the 
store,  has  now  a  position  on  the  S.  F.  Post. 


The  Missouri  Democrat  states  that  a  farmer 
mer  in  Johnson  couuty,  Kansas,  caught  2i 
bushels  of  grasshopiiers  in  two  days  upon 
his  farm. 


^^^- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


I  c 


|}Vf  ghck^fourifitL 


S,  HARRIS  HEERIN&  &  CO., 

Editors  ami  Publisliers. 


Pp'T^OJlj" 


-Oi^  ^otpp  ^-  iT  ;:<  ^^^!S^^'W 


OFFICE:  Over  tUe  San  .Jose  Savings  Banlc, 
llalbat-lk'8  Building,  Santa  Claru  Street, 
near  First,  San  Jose. 


SPECIAL  TEEMS  TO  ACEITTS. 


KATES  OF  ADVEETISING. 


Per  one  Column 515  00  Per  Month 

'*    half  Column 8  00    "         •* 

"    fourth  Column 4  00    "        •* 

*'    eighth  Column 2  00    "        " 

"    sixteenth  Column 100    "        " 

B£^  We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  to  our  resolution 
to  admi^  none  but  worthy  business  advertiKing  in  our 
columns,  and  to  kerp  clt-ar  of  pritcnt  mi'dicine,  liquor, 
and  otber  advertiHrmcnts  of  doiibtlnl  iuHiicTice. 

I'he  lart,'e  circulation,  the  desir;ibl.,>  cImkk  of  readers, 
and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rembrH  this  Journal 
a    choice   medium  for  reaching  the  attention  of  the 


EDITORIAL  NOTES. 


Save  the  straw  and  chaff,  stack  or  cover 
it  iu  a  safe  place.  It  will  be  needed  after  the 
first  fall  raius  destroy  the  dry  feed.  If  you 
haye  no  stock  of  your  own,  you  can  make 
money  by  saving  the  straw  this  season.  And 
so  long  as  it  will  be  needed,  it  is  wicked  to 
burn  it,  as  has  too  long  been  the  custom. 


The  young  man  who  inquires  what  sort  of 
trade  he  can  learn,  or  business  he  can  go  into, 
where  he  will  not  meet  with  enough  comjie- 
titiou  to  discourage  him,  is  advised  to  learn 
how  to  ijractice  strict  honesty  and  integrity 
through  life  in  every  respect.  He  won't  bo 
likely  to  find  enough  compdUum  among 
mankind  generally  to  hurt  him  or  discourage 
him  iu  this  practice  very  much. 

The  fruit  crop  is  short  this  season.  Our 
principle  orchards  will  not  produce  over  half 
to  two-thirds  of  a  crop  on  an  average.  The 
severe  spring  frosts  caused  many  aiiples  and 
pears  to  fall  before  they  were  half-grown,  by 
injuring  the  fruit  in  blossom.  All  kinds  of 
fruit  have  commanded  higher  prices  than  for 
several  years  before.  The  prices  in  the  mar- 
kets are  so  high  as  to  debar  poor  peoxile  from 
purchasing. 

The  San  Jose  fruit-canning  factory  (Daw- 
son &  Co.)  seems  to  bo  doing  a  large  business. 
They  were  employing  some  135  persons  jiut- 
ting  up  apricots  the  day  we  visited  the  factory. 
Their  fruit  costs  them  on  an  average  about 
twice  what  it  did  last  year.  But  thoy  have 
established  a  reputation  that  demands  all  they 
can  put  up — and,  we  are  glad  to  say,  have 
done  so  by  deserving  it.  The  Alden  factory 
will  probably  nnt  do  much,  as  there  will  bo 
but  little  fruit  to  dry. 


This  month  has  added  another  new  corres- 
psndent  to  the  Household  and  Domestic  col- 
umns of  our  journal.  We  wish  the  farmers 
would  take  as  much  interest  in  other  depart- 
ments as  the  wives  and  daughters  do  in  theirs 
— or  at  least  were  as  good  at  corresponding. 
But  we  (ire  glad  the  ladies  are  bound  to  have 
a  good  paper,  and  we  are  determined  to  en- 
courage them,  for  the  best  part  of  every  farm 
is,  or  should  be,  in  and  about  the  house. 


The  late  rain  did  more  injury  to  the  dry 
feed  in  stubble  fields  and  pastures  than  to 
grain  and  hay.  The  dry  feed  in  our  climate 
is  of  as  much  importance  as  are  the  green 
pastures  of  the  Atlantic  States.  Grass  dried 
up  very  early  this  season,  and  the  two  da.y8' 
rain  dissolved  away  much  of  the  gum  and 
and  sugar,  the  soluble  portion  of  the  feed, but 
it  did  not  rot  the  feed  as  badly  as  a  long  con- 
tinued rain  would  have  done.  Another  rain 
would  set  the  stock  to  hunting  for  something 
to  eat. 


And  now  politics  run  high.  The  popular 
and  reform  ideas  of  the  jjeople  find  expression 
through  "platforms."  Whether  politicians 
will  continue  to  delude  the  people,  as  they 
have  always  done,  by  reiterating  the  dem.and 
for  reform;  or  whether  the  people,  as  they 
should  do,  will  throw  politicians  overboard, 
and  vote  only  for  modest,  good  and  2)ure  men, 
irrespective  of  party,  remains  to  bo  seen.  You 
have  the  tables  sjjread  before  you,  and  can 
swallow  the  whole  bills  of  fare  or  take  your 
choice  of  the  dishes.  It  is  your  own  stomach, 
not  our,  that  you  must  consult. 


An  Act  Concerning  Koads  and  Highways 
in  Santa  Clara  County — a  19-page  pamphlet 
— contains  much  that  will  be  found  interesting 
to  the  public.  It  can  be  found  on  our  table 
by  those  wishing  to  see  it.  We  quote  the  fol- 
lowing: 

No  stock  of  any  kind  whatever  shall  bo  al- 
lowed to  pasture  upon  any  highway. 

Any  person  or  persons  who  shall  wilfully 
cut  down  or  injure  any  living  tree  planted  or 
preserved  as  a  shade  or  ornamental  tree, 
either  iu  or  upon  the  border  of  any  public 
road,  shall  be  guilty  of  malicious  mischief. 

Persons  causing  water  to  flow  ui>on  or  im- 
pair any  public  highway  shall  be  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor. 

A  road  not  worked  or  used  for  a  period  of 
five  ye.ars  ceases  to  be  a  highway. 

Colt-Breaking.  —  During  the  last  two 
months  we  have  been  stopping  on  a  f.arm  some 
five  miles  from  town,  and  have  had  occasion 
to  break  four  different  horses  to  the  saddle — 
the  last  one  a  wild  colt.  It  is  a  little  risky, 
unless  one  takes  every  advantage  of  the  horse, 
instead  of  being  taken  advantage  of  by  him. 
The  nature  of  the  horse  we  have  made  a  pi-ac- 
tical  study  for  many  years.  If  only  one  side 
of  a  Iku'sc  is  trained,  he  will  be  as  wild  on 
the  other  side  as  though  he  never  knew  train- 
ing. If  you  gentle  three  of  his  legs  and  ne- 
glect tho  other  one,  don't  take  hold  of  the 
uneducated  log  too  confidently.  Every  mo- 
tion, every  word  that  you  wish  the  horse  to 
know  or  bo  familiar  with,  must  bo  repeated, 
gently,  but  firmly.  Get  the  horses  confidence 
first,  then  keep  his  confidence  with  kindness 
and  consistent  treatment;  and  remember  that 
the  horso  knows  just  what  he  learns,  good  or 


bad,  and  no  more,  and  he  remembers  every 
trick,  good  or  bad,  also,  that  he  ever  learns. 
It  is  easier  to  educate  a  green  colt  than  to 
break  an  old  horse  of  bad  faults. 


It  is  said  that  bad  luck  runs  in  streaks. 
It  does  look  like  it  sometimes.  We  have 
known  several  cases  where  misfortune  fol- 
lowed misfortune,  which  the  recipients  there- 
of could  in  no  way  foresee  or  avoid.  We  do 
not  regard  such  things  as  alw.ays  sent  for 
punishment,  but  are  willing  to  accept  the 
theory  that  even  evils  can  be  made  to  subserve 
a  good  end  if  we  do  not  succumb  to  them,  but 
with  a  high  faith  in  the  power  of  right,  put 
forth  energy  of  goodness  to  triumph.  Thd 
soul's  growth  in  weathering  great  tria'sis  bet- 
ter than  riches,  more  lasting  than  friendship, 
and  as  eternal  as  life  eternal  itself. 


A  WORD   TO   OUR   YOUNG  FOLKS. 

A    happy   greeting   to  all.     We  wish  to  be- 
come better  acquainted   with    you,  and  to  en- 
.able  you  to  form   an   acquaintance   with  each 
other  through    these  columns,   in   order  that 
you  may  assist  each  other  iu  attaining  an  ele- 
vated  plane   of    civilization  and   usefulness. 
We  invite  you  all  to  write  short  ancles  for  the 
Boys  and   Girls   Department,  and  to  take  a 
special  interest  in  its  success.     Tell  us  where 
you  live,  what  you  are   doing,  and   how  you 
are  doing  it,  in  as  plain  language  as   you  can 
use.     Keep  your  eyes  and  ears  open.     Strive 
to  understand   the  cause  of   things.     In  con- 
versation  and  writing,  select  the  best  words, 
reject  all   slang  phrases,  and   strive  to  learn 
the  true  definition   of   words.      There  is   no 
study  that  will  aid  you    more  fully  in  becom- 
ing a  good  talker,  speaker  or  writer.     Shun 
all  bad  habits  and  practices,  especially  drink- 
ing  intoxicating  liquors,  the  use  of   tobacco, 
profane    and    vulgar   language,    etc.     These 
things,  to  say  the  least,  will   not  elevate  and 
refine  either  young  or   old,  and  in  very  many 
instances  demoralize   and   degrade  both  old 
and  young.     "Avoid  the  appearance  of  evil," 
is  a  safe  injunction.     Be  kind,    truthful    and 
courteous    at  home  and  at  school,  and  when 
you  enter  society  you  ivill  become  useful,  be- 
loved and  respected  by  all. 

Un'cle  Ben. 


A  DESERVING    YOU  NO  MAN. 

Our  readers  will  notice  that  Mr.  Gaston  has 
entered  into  co-partnership  with  Dr.  Mene- 
fee,  dentist.  Several  years  since,  the  young 
man  entered  Dr.  Menefee's  office  as  student 
and  assistant,  and  it  speaks  well  for  him  that 
he  has  so  gained  the  esteem  of  his  employer. 
Any  young  man  might  be  proud  of  such  a 
connection.  Mcnefee  &  Gaston  have  already 
the  confidence  of  tho  public  as  first-class  dent- 
ists, and  ai-e  as  well  prepared  to  give  perfect 
satisfaction  in  dental  work  as  any  dentists  in 
(his  State. 


A  great  temperance  revival  took  place  lately 
iu  the  tJathoIic  church  of  Council  lilulls, 
Iowa.  Many  could  not  gain  admittance.  In 
response  to  the  fervent  appeal  of  the  priests, 
over  four  huntlred  and  fifty  signed  the  pledge, 
and  the  work  is  still  going  on. —  Tlw  \V(stern 
Weekly. 


Subscribe  for  tho  Aumcni-TUiasT. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^octnn 


Don't  Leave  the  Farm. 

i-OME,  boys  I  have  Bometliing  to  tell  you, 
^Comt!  near,  I  woiiUl  whispor  it  luw: 
You  are  thinking  of  leaving  the  houieBtead, 

Don't  be  in  a  hurry  to  go. 
The  city  hae  mauy  attractions. 

But  think  of  the  vices  and  einel 
When  once  iu  the  vortex  of  fashion, 
How  soon  the  course  downward  begins. 

Tou  talk  of  thfi  mines  of  AuBtralia, 

They're  wealthy  in  gold,  without  doubt. 
But,  ah!  there  is  t,'old  in  the  farm,  boye, 

If  only  you'll  shovel  it  out. 
The  mercantile  life  is  a  hazard, 

The  goods  are  first  high,  and  then  low, 
Better  risk  the  old  farm  a  while  longer — 

Don't  be  in  a  hurry  to  go. 

The  great,  stirring  world  has  inducementa, 
There  is  many  a  busy  mart, 

Bvit  wealth  is  not  made  in  a  day,  boys. 
Don't  be  in  a   hurry  to  start. 

The  bankers  and  brokers  are  wealthy. 
They  take  in  their  thousandi^  or  so; 

Ahl  thinR  of  the  frauds  and  deceptions- 
Don 't  be  in  a  harry  to  go. 

The  farm  is  the  safest  and  surest, 

The  orchards  are  loaded  to-day; 
You're  free  as  the  air  of  the  mountains. 

And  mojiarch  of  all  you  survey. 
Better  stay  on  the  farm  a  while  longer. 

Though  profits  should  come  ratht'r  slow; 
Bemember  you've  nothing  to  risk,  boyb— 

Don't  be  in  a  hurry  to  go  I 


Cottage  Music. 

When  the  cottage  door  is  open,  and  the  air  is  bright 

and  clear, 
Then  the  sound  of  children's  laughter  echoes  on  the 

listening  ear. 
And  the  fall  of  little  footsteps,  pattering  on  the  rustic 

fluor. 
Gently  lures  the  tired  wookman  to  his  peaceful  honae 

once  more. 

Oh,  the  music  of  young  voicesi  oh,  the  tuneful  little 
feet  I 

How  thty  rise  and  fall  together,  keeping  time  in  ca- 
dence swee*^^; 

Like  the  ever-moving  planets  that  make  harmony 
above, 

Lo  the  happy  notes  of  childhood  vibrate  on  the  chords 
of  love. 

On  the  settee  sits  the  grandsire,  with  bis  eyes  so  old 

and  dim. 
That  the  little  sunny  faces  seem  like  fading  dreams  to 

hira; 
But  he  hears  their  merry  TOices,  and  it  almost  makes 

him  young, 
As  he  tries  to  catch  themeaxung  of  each  little  prattling 

tongue. 

Oh,  the  merry  laughing  voices,  how  melodiously  they 

tlow, 
Bringing  to  the  old  man's  memory  happy  days  of  long 

ago, 
When  he,    too,  could  shout   with  gladness,  when  ho, 

too.  was  bright  and  bold, 
Long  before  his  children's  children  told   him  how  the 

world  grew  old. 

And  the  music  of  young  voices,  long  as  this  fair  earth 
shall  last, 

Will  re-link  the  joyous  present  with  the  half-forgotten 
past; 

And  the  ring  of  little  footsteps,  pattering  on  the  cot- 
tage floor. 

Will  be  heard  the  wide  world  over,  till  there  shall  be 
time  no  more. 

—  [Christian  Weekly. 


The  World  is  What  We  Make  It. 

I've  seen  some  people  in  this  life 

Who  always  are  repining. 
Who  never,  never  yet  could  seel 

The  storm-cloud's  silver  lining. 
Tht-re  always  something  is  amiss. 

From  sunrise  to  its  setting; 
That  Ciod's  hand  made  thtir  map  of  life, 

They  seem  the.  while  forgetting. 

And  I  have  seen  a  blessed  sight 

To  sin-beclouded  vision. 
Some  people  who.  where'er  they  be, 

Make  eartli  seem  an  Elysium. 
They  always  see  the  brightest  side — 

The  direful  shadows  never — 
And  ktep  the  flowers  of  hope  in  bloom 

Within  their  heai-ts  forever. 

The  one  can  make  the  sunniest  day 

Seem  wondrous  sad  and  dreary; 
The  other  smiles  the  clouds  away 

And  makes  a  dark  day  cheery. 
This  life  of  ours  is,  after  all, 

About  as  we  shall  make  it. 
If  we  can  banish  grief  and  care, 

Let's  haste  to  undertake  it. 


Life's  Lessons. 


BT  80PB1A    ANDREWS. 

The  laughing  hours  of  childhood 

Too  quickly  pass  away. 
Like  some  bright  dream  departing, 

Which  leaves  no  cheering  ray. 

No  cheering  ray  within  our  hearts, 
Now  filled  with  anxious  cares; 

Wo  grieve  for  life's  realities 
Come  on  us  unawares. 

The  young  heart,  unacquainted 
With  the  dangers  of  the  world. 

Goes  forth  to  meet  its  terrors. 
With  Hope's  fair  flag  unfurled. 

The  path  which  leads  to  evil 
Is  tempting,  bright  vud  fair; 

We  do  not  see  the  serpent 
Who  coils  in  ambush  there. 

Then  bitter  disappointment, 
With  all  its  withering  train. 

Has  crushed  the  spirit's  brightness — 
Twill  never  bo  the  same. 

Then  laughing  eyes  forget  to  smile 
And  blooming  cheeks  grow  pale; 

Our  eheriahed  hopes  are  all  o'erthrown 
And  tell  their  own  sad  tale. 

And  thus  it  is  with  those  who  live 

In  this  dark  world  of  ours; 
Too  oft  they  grasp  the  cypress  wreath 

Concealed  amid  the  fluwers. 

Then  let  us  in  life's  morning, 

When  life  itself  is  new; 
Be  ever  watchful,  waiting. 

With  one  bright  end  iu  view. 


Centennial, 

BYWM.nOSB   WALLACB. 

Hurrah  I    Hurrah ! 

We  love  the  Law 
That  gives  alone  true  station; 

Since  he  began, 

•Tis  work  makes  man 
Companion  in  creation; 

Aud,  O  can  he 

More  noble  tw 
Than  out  'mid  Nature's  forces 

While  God's  eyes  see 

His  harmony, 
With  Setdtime's,  Harvest's,  courses? 

Brothers,  hun-ah 

For  love  of  Law, 
And  it  't  could  have  more  growing, 

O,  sure  it  shall — 

Centennial 
Is  almost  on  us  glowing  1 

A  hundred  years 

Of  Miud's,  Arm's,  spheres 
For  millions  have  been  rolling; 

Joy!  Freedom's  Bell, 

Exulting  swell  I 
All  earth  hears  thy  grand  tolling. 

Then  let  us  make 

With  Plow,  Hoe.  Rake, 
This  year  yield  Cbown  ovation 

Upon  our  sod 

Unto  the  God 
Of  Freedom's  and  Work's  Nation, 


'Hayseed." 


Timothy  and  millet  seed, 

Kedtop  and  clover. 
Scatter  them  broadcast. 

Sow  'em  all  over. 
Powdered  with  hayseed, 

Brown  locks  aud  fair, 
Cute  little  barley  straws, 

SticRiug  everywhere. 
Hurrah  for  hayseed! 

How  it  makes  them  stare. 

Timothy  and  millet  seed. 

Red  top  aud  clover, 
Sengs  of  running  brooks. 

Lays  of  the  plover, 
Odors  of  hay  mows. 

Gold  of  the  corn. 
Hayseed  will  rule  the  world. 

Sure  as  you  are  burn; 
Ring  the  bell  for  hayseed. 

Toot  the  mellow  horn  I 

Timothy  aud  millet  seed, 

Redtop  and  clover; 
Grangers  everywhere 

All  the  country  over; 
Hark!  to  the  wild  goose 

Heralding  the  spring. 
All  his  song  is  "  Hayseedl" 

Hear  the  arches  ring. 
Ajnen,  to  Hayseed; 

Hayseed  is  king! I 

—[Mrs-  M.  C.  Clarke. 


Several  fruit-dealers  iu  Portland,  Me.,  are 
sending  apples  to  Kurope,  receiving  twelve 
dollars  a  barrel. 


Honor  to  Our  Workmen. 

Whom  shall  we  call  our  heroes? 

To  whom  our  praises  singf 
The  pampered  child  of  fortunei 

The  titled  lord  or  king  ? 
They  live  by  others'  labor — 

Take  all  and  nothing  give; 
The  noblest  type  of  manhood 

Are  those  who  work  to  live. 
Then  honor  to  our  workmen. 

Out  hardy  sons  of  toil — 
The  heroes  of  the  workshop, 

And  monarchs  of  the  soil. 

Who  spans  the  earth  with  iron, 

And  rears  the  palace  dome? 
Whu  creates  for  the  rich  man 

The  comforts  of  a  homo  ? 
It  is  the  patient  toilerl 

All  honor  to  him  then; 
The  true  wealth  of  the  nation 

Is  iu  her  working  men. 

For  many  barren  ages 

Earth  hi<l  lii;r  treasure  deep. 
And  all  her  giant  forces 

Seemed  bound  as  in  a  sleep; 
Then  Labor's  "anvil  choras'* 

Broke  on  the  startled  air, 
Aud  lo!  the  earth  in  rapture 

Laid  all  her  riches  bare. 

'Tis  toil  that  over  nature 

Gives  man  his  proud  control. 
And  purifles  and  halJows 

The  t^jmples  of  his  soul. 
ItTseatters  foul  diseases, 

With  all  the  ghastly  trains; 
Put  iron  in  the  muscle, 

And  crystal  in  the  brain. 

The  Grand,  Almighty  Builder, 

Who  fashioned  out  the  earth. 
Hath  stamped  His  seal  <>t'  honor 

On  Labor  from  her  birth. 
In  every  angel  flower 

That  blossoms  from  the  sod. 
Behold  the  Master  touches — 

The  handiwork  of  God! 
Then  honor  to  our  workmen, 

The  hardy  sons  of  toil— 
The  heroes  of  the  workshops 

And  mouarchs  of  the  soil  I 

Good    Farmer  James* 

If  you  had  known  good  Farmer  James, 
Whose  life  in  ways  of  labor  ran, 

You  would  have  known  of  sterling  wortU- 
The  virtues  of  an  honest  man. 

He  never  traveled  far  away; 

A  foreign  shore  he  ne'er  had  seen. 
And  all  his  life  was  humbly  passed 

Where  his  forefathers'  lives  had  been. 

His  fields  were  ample  for  his  wish. 
And  yielded  crops,  with  some  to  spare 

For  those  whose  lives  were  sorrowful 
With  sickness,  poverty,  and  care; 

For  'twas  bis  pleasure  to  assist 
In  every  way  the  worthy  poor. 

And  when  the  suffering  came  his  wa7 
No  bolt  was  found  upon  the  door. 

Yet  idleness  ne'er  found  a  friend 
In  Farmer  Jame..    Sloth  was  a  vice. 

And  carelessness  and  levity 
Were  wrong  and  sinful  in  his  eyes. 

His  was  the  ever-constant  aim 
To  help  his  fellows  all  he  could. 

And  ne'er  was  he  so  happy  as 
When  to  his  neighbors  doing  good. 

His  life  was  simple  from  the  first. 
And  when  it  ripened  to  its  close. 

And  he  was  laid  away,  for  him 
No  word  but  that  uf  praise  arose; 

For  he  had  left  a  legacy 

Richer  than  gold  and  jewels  prove— 
A  legacy  of  honest  worth, 

Of  noble  actions,  and  of  love. 

The  Joy  of  Doing  Good- 

If  thou  wouldst  know  the  purest  joy 
That  e'er  suffused  the  soul  of  man, 
Or  deep  within  his  bosom  burned — 
Pure,  beaveu-boru  joy  without  alloy — 
Go  forth  where  only  God  can  scan 
The  act;  go  where  His  love  is  spurned. 
And  where  His  peace  is  never  known, 
Aud  take  a  fallen  brother's  hand 
In  thine,  and  lead  him  to  the  Light, 
Do  this  because  thy  love  has  grown 
More  like  the  Master's,  truly  grand. 
And  He  whose  omnipresent  sight 
Beaches  beyond  all  mortal  ken, 
Down  to  the  depths  of  every  heart. 
Will  see  the  hidden  motive  there. 
If  for  His  sake  ye  do  it,  then 
A  joy  which  seems  of  heaven  a  part 
Shall  give  thee  peace  beyond  compare. 


It  is  better  to  be  flush  in  the  pocket  than  in 
the  face. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


A  MILPITAS  FARM. 

Who  has  not  heard  of  llilpitas?  We  take 
it  for  granted  that  everybody  knows  all  about 
the  place.  We  took  a  stroll  over  that  way 
lately  and  visited  the  fine-slock  farm  of  Chas. 
Clark.  Mr.  Clark  is  breeding  Short-horn 
cattle,  Berkshire  swine,  and  also  has  some 
fine  farm  horses.  A  yonng  stud,  sired  by 
Ben  Franklin,  and  out  of  a  fine  bay  mare  be- 
longing to  Mr.  Clark,  the  pedigree  of  which 
we  do  not  remember,  is  a  likely  looking  ani- 
mal, will  weigh  about  1,400  jjounds,  and  is 
just  the  sort  of  stock  a  farmer  needs — not  too 
heavy  to  be  active,  and  with  strength  to  work 
as  well  as  a  gait  to  travel  on  the  road.  His 
color  is  a  dappled  brown  chestnut.  The  price 
of  service,  $20. 

Mr.  C.  has  not  a  poor  or  ordinary  looking 
cow  on  his  place,  while  he  has  some  very  fine 
ones.  He  finds  it  more  profitable  to  raise 
good  stock,  in  fact,  the  best  he  can  get;  and 
to  that  point  he  went  East  last  year  and,  in 
company  with  Mr.  Emerson,  of  Mountain 
View,  brought  out  several  head  of  Short-horns 
of  the  Duchess  strain  of  blood.  His  two- 
yeai'-old  bull,  Duke  of  Manchester,  is  cer- 
tainly a  beauty,  as  well  as  of  a  fii'st-class  ped- 
igree. We  give  here  the  pedigree  of  this  bull 
that  all  can  see  for  themselves  the  strain  of 
blood.  The  price  for  service  of  common  or 
graded  cows  is  $10,  and  for  pure-bred  Short- 
horn cows,  $20. 

DUKE  OF  MANCHESTER:  Red:  oalYcil  33   Febraary. 
1873;  got  by  Sheriff  f'J'.i'.ir.i) ,  [ShiTiff  is  now  owned 
by  S.  B.  Emerson,  ]\lountain  View.] 
Dam    Dui-hess  of  York  3d  by  Moreton  Duke,  5225, 

—  Duchess  of  York  by  11th  Dukeof  Oxford,  1506, 

—  Eugenie  by  Grand  Turk  (129G9) , 

—  Diicliess  of  Norfolk  by  Duke  of  Norfolk  (5052) . 

—  Duchess    by    4th    Duke    of   Northumberland 

(364',l) , 

—  Duchess  by  Red  Hisbflyer  (2488) , 

—  Duchess  by  Sir  Charles  (51411) , 

—  by  Harry  Lorrequer  (3985) , 

—  by  Blucher  (841, 

—  bv  Magnnin  Eonum  (4322), 

—  bv  Styford  (103), 

—  by  Son  of  T.  Wetherall's  Bull  (r,90). 

We  will  also  append  pedigrees  of  his  two 
fine  imported  cows.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
they  are  nearly  related  to  the  bull.  The  ped- 
igrees run  into  the  same  blood  as  the  bull  back 
to  where  the  list  of  dams  ends.  Mr.  Clark 
thinks  his  stock  will  bear  close  breeding.  He 
says  this  is  the  way  to  keep  families  pure, 
and  that  the  high  prices  obtained  for  Duchess 
cattle  never  would  have  been  realized  had 
they  not  been  carefully  in-bred. 

DDCHESS  OF  YORK   13tu:   Ked;   calved  21st  Febru- 
ary, 1873:  got  by  Sheriff  (299G4), 
Dam   Duchess   of  York   9th   by  Knight  of  Canada 
[738],  6243, 

—  Duchess  of  York  5th  by  12th  Duke  of  North- 

umberland 4744, 

—  Duchess  of  York  2d  by  Stone's  Grand  Duke  of 

Oxford  4402, 

—  Duchess  of  York  b»  11th  Duke  of  Oxford  1506. 
DUCHESS  OF  YORK  ir>Tn:  Roan;  calved  6th  of   May, 

1873;  got  by  Sheriff  (29964). 
Dam  Duchess  of  York  5th  by  12th  Duke  of  Northum- 
berland. 4744. 

Mr.  C.  has  some  or  the  Col.  Younger  "tho- 
roughbreds," but  always  enters  them  as 
"grades"  at  the  fairs.  They  are  fine-looking 
cattle,  but  not  up  to  the  perfection  of  points 
which  fine-stock  breeders  ilemand. 

For  some  years  Mr.  C.  has  been  breeding 
Berkshire  swine.  Ho  has  now  some  good 
looking  sows  and  pigs,  but  gives  little  atten- 
tion to  them,  as  ho  says  it  does  not  pay 
to  breed  fine  pigs  for  sale.  Last  fall  ho  re- 
turned from   exhibitions  at  fairs  and  at  once 


altered  some  fine  boars,  as  there  appeared  to 
bo  no  demand  for  such  stock  at  paying  prices. 


But,  he  says,  in  a  few  weeks  he  had  more  or- 
ders for  hogs  than  he  could  fill.  So  much 
for  getting  discouraged  at  a  legitimate  busi- 
ness. 

MR.  CLAKK's  FAKM 

is  worthy  of  some  notice,  as  it  is  a  represen- 
tative of  the  better  class  of  farms  in  that  sec- 
tion. He  has  some  over  a  hundred  acres. 
The  soil  is  black,  rich  adobe.  Such  soil  can 
be  plowed  when  soaking  wet,  and  when  dry 
will  slack  and  crumble  fine  in  the  furrow. 
There  is  a  good  deal  of  land  of  this  character 
around  the  bay.  This  farm  is  fenced  into 
several  fields,  the  largest  of  which  contains 
thirty-three  acres.  Near  the  house  he  has  a 
strawberry  patch  and  family  orchard  of  about 
five  acres.  From  this,  irrigated  by  an  artesian 
well  and  horse-power,  he  receives  considera- 
ble profit  each  year,  besides  family  supplies. 
Too  many  farmers  neglect  this  portion  of 
home  farming.     Mr.  Clark's 

SYSTEM    OF    FARMING, 

as  to  routine,  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of 
Mr.  Emerson,  which  we  naiTated  last  winter. 
He  sows  a  field  to  grain  two  years,  then  cuts 
two  crops  of  volunteer  hay,  pastures  one  or 
two  years,  then  crops  to  grain  again.  Mean- 
time the  same  fields  are  used  for  pasture  every 
season  several  months,  or  from  the  time  the 
hay  or  grain  is  taken  ofl'  until  the  next  crop  is 
put  in.  Land  left  to  volunteer  is  not  even 
harrowed.  He  can  plow  either  deep  or  shal- 
low and  get  good  crops.  He  uses  all  the 
manure,  applying  to  the  surface.  He  finds 
that  it  takes  at  least  two  years  of  constant 
pasturage  to  clean  foul  lands  suitable  for  a 
crop  of  grain.  He  goes  over  his  pastures 
with  a  scythe  to  cut  down  each  year  such 
weeds  as  the  cattle  do  not  destroy  to  prevent 
them  from  scattering  seeds. 
One  of  the  finest  crops  of 

HAT, 

and  some  of  the  best  that  we  have  seen,  is 
now  stacked  on  Mr.  Clark's  farm.  From 
less  than  thirty  acres  there  are  one  hundred 
tons  of  fine  hay,  cut  in  season  and  stacked 
before  the  late  rain.  Mr.  C.  gave  us  his  man- 
ner of  curing  hay.  He  cuts  before  over  ripe, 
and  lets  it  lie  in  swarth  in  one  or  two  days' 
sun,  preferably  one,  then  he  cocks  it  up  and 
lets  stand  ten  or  twelve  days  to  cure,  then 
puts  into  stacks  thirty  feet  wide,  and  in  about 
ten  days  it  commences  to  "sweat,"  and  at  the 
end  of  eighteen  or  twenty  days,  or  longer,  it 
is  ready  to  bale.  We  examined  the  hay  in 
stack,  and  found  it  a  nice  green  color,  and 
must  approve  of  his  system  of  curing  for  this 
climate. 

His  cow-hay  was  cut  quite  green.  Mr.  C. 
says  the  cows  like  it  better  when  cut  quite 
green,  and  that  it  is  better  for  them.  For 
horses  it  needs  to  be  a  little  riper — more 
solid,  and  not  so  loosening  to  the  bowels. 

Whenever  we  find  an  old  California  farmer 
of  experience  who  follows  a  system  success- 
fully, we  like  to  notice  it,  and  also  to  give 
such  men  as  prefer  fine  stock  some  credit  for 
their  enterprise.  We  have  often  advised  far- 
mers to  either  purchase  fine  bulls  or  to  co- 
operate iu  purchasing  them.  And  in  this 
connection  wo  add  the  advice  to  iiatmnizo 
j)ersous  who  do  own  fine  stock  when  within 
reach  of  your  own.  It  pays  to  git  good 
blood  into  any  herd,  and  the  way  to  do  it  is 
only  a  question  of  means  and  economy. 


BEIGG'S  SAN  JOSE  ORCHAKD. 

The  name  of  Briggs  wiU  always  be  con- 
nected with  extensive  pioneer  orcharding  in 
California.  George  G.  Briggs  was,  from  1855 
for  several  years,  the  principal  orchardist  in 
California.  Although  his  several  old  orch- 
ards near  Marysville  were  long  ago  disposed 
of  to  his  brothers  and  others,  he  is  still  in  the 
business  in  several  localities.  One  of  the 
brothers,  J.  W.  Briggs,  himself  an  old  Cali- 
foriiian  and  experienced  orchardist,  has  just 
started  a  large  orchard  of  120  acres  in  our 
valley,  about  half  way  between  San  Jose  and 
Alviso,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Coyote.  We 
lately  visited  the  place.  The  soil  he  has  se- 
lected is  a  deep,  light  loam,  easily  worked, 
and  watered  by  three  artesian  wells  that  will 
flow  water  enough  to  irrigate  the  whole  easily, 
and  more  too.  The  locality  and  the  soil  we 
believe  to  be  very  excellent  indeed  for  the 
purpose,  in  fact,  as  good  as  there  is  in  our 
valley,  and  we  must  give  the  gentleman  credit 
for  wisdom  in  making  the  choice.  The  land 
cost  him  $200  per  acre,  and  under  Mr. 
Brigg's  hand  it  will  not  be  long  increasing  in 
value  three  fold. 

We  felt  interested  in  finding  out  the  kinds 
and  varieties  of  fruits  that  Mr.  Briggs  thought 
most  profitable  to  cultivate.  The  principal 
portion  he  has  jilanted  with  the  design  of 

GROWING    FRUIT    TO    SHIP    EAST. 

He  has  set  a  large  pear  orchard.  The  va- 
rieties are  Bartlett,  Buerre  Hardy,  Buerre 
Clairgeau,  and  Winter  Nellis.  These  varieties 
have  been  proved  the  best  for  profitable  ship- 
ping East,  and  are  standard  varieties  every- 
where. Mr.  B.  is  too  practical  an  orchardist 
to  cultivate  many  different  varieties.  In  his 
large  plum  and  prune  orchard,  the  prunes  are 
made  almost  a  specialty.  This  jiart  of  the 
orchard  is  not  yet  completed-  The  Gross  and 
Petit  prunes  De  Agen  and  the  Fellenburg  are 
the  leading  sorts.  A  thousand  cherry  trees, 
mostly  Black  Tartarians,  wUl  about  complete 
the  list  of  trees. 

In  a  portion  of  the  orchard  a  fine  plantation 
of  strawberries  is  started.  These  will  do  as 
well  in  the  orchard  as  out  until  the  trees  arn 
full  gi-own,  and  even  then  they  will  jield  well 
with  proper  care.  On  such  light  soil,  irriga- 
tion will  not  be  likely  to  injure  the  trees  as 
it  would  in  flat,  heavy  soil.  We  noticed  that 
there  is  quite  a  fall  from  the  upper  to  the 
lower  side  of  the  orchard.  This  will  facilitate 
(bainage,  and  the  roots  of  the  trees  will  run 
deeply  into  such  soil  even  when  plentifully 
irrigated  on  the  surface. 

While  the  trees  are  young,  crops  of  vegeta- 
bles will  be  grown.  With  plenty  of  water  on 
such  soil  large  crops  can  be  grown  as  well  as 
not.  The  trees  will  not  be  injured,  and  the 
soil  can  be  made  pay  for  cultivation  hand- 
somely. Wo  saw  in  cultivation  onions,  beets, 
carrots,  squashes,  potatoes,  etc.,  between  the 
rows  of  trees.  We  remember  when  Mr. 
Briggs,  at  Marysville,  cultivated  water-melons 
in  his  orchard  before  the  trees  were  large 
enough  to  bear  much,  and  many  thousand 
dollars'  worth  did  he  sell  to  the  "lousy  min- 
ers" in  early  times.  Brigg's  melon  patch  was 
as  noted  as  was  his  famous  peach  orchard  a 
few  years  later.  By  the  way,  it  was  some- 
thing of  an  accident,  as  well  as  good  luck, was 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


that  peach  orchard.  A  large  lot  o{  Chili  dried 
peaches  arrived  in  Marysville  in  an  unsalable 
conilitiou.  They  had  been  dried  pits  and  all. 
Mr.  Briggs bought  the  whole  lot  "for  a  song," 
and  planted  them.  After  that,  when  he  found 
that  many  of  the  seeds  grew,  he  sent  East  for 
scions  and  young  trees  of  best  varieties,  and 
soon  had  a  fine  orchard  as  the  result  of  fore- 
thought and  sagacity — for  in  those  days  it 
was  looked  upon  as  a  desperate  experiment 
and  undertaking  to  try  to  raise  fruit  in  Cali- 
fornia. But,  after  all  the  experimenting  and 
successes  in  fruit  culture  for  years  in  this 
State,  it  should  be  a  satisfaction  to  our  peo- 
ple to  know  that  San  Jose  is  yet  to  bring  out 
the  finest  orchard  that  the  genius  of  a  Briggs 
has  ever  conceived.     Success  to  the  crowuing 

point. 

«-»-« 

HORTICULTTIEISTS,   ATTENTION. 

The  American  Pomological  Society  will  hold 
its  fifteenth  biennial  session  in  the  city  of 
Chicago,  September  8,  9  and  10,  1875.  The 
Society  will  hold  its  meeting  for  discussions. 
Under  the  auspices  of  the  Illinois  State 
Horticultural  Society,  there  will  also  be  held, 
in  the  Inter-State  Industrial  Exposition  build- 
ing, a  national  exhibition  of  the  fruits  and 
other  horticultural  products  of  North  America. 
Seven  thousand  square  feet  of  space  in  the 
south  end  of  the  main  floor  and  gallery  of  the 
great  Exposition  building  will  be  assigned  to 
the  various  States,  Territories  and  Provinces; 
and  in  the  space  assigned  to  each  State,  Ter- 
ritory or  Province  will  be  arranged  the  State, 
county,  society  or  individual  coDections  con- 
tributed therefrom,  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Cali- 
foiaiia,  and  from  Key  West  to  Oregon. 

Upon  the  same  day,  and  in  the  same  build- 
ing, the  great  Inter-State  Exposition  of  the 
Arts  and  Industries  will  begin  its  four  weeks' 
exhibition.  In  immediate  proximity  is  the 
floral  and  plant  department  of  the  exposition. 
The  Wilder  medal  of  the  American  Pomo- 
logical Society  wiU  be  awarded  for  meritori- 
ous objects. 

It  is  anticipated  that  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  people  will  visit  this  grand  show  of  fruits 
in  connection  with  the  great  exposition. 

As  the  exposition  will  continue  four  weeks, 
it  is  desirable  that  the  collections  should  re- 
main; and  the  Executive  Board  of  the  Illinois 
State  Horticultural  Society,  who  have  charge 
of  the  fruits,  will  have  a  committee  in  attend- 
ance during  the  entire  time  to  see  that  all 
collections  are  kept  in  good  order — decaying 
fruits  removed  and  their  places  filled  with 
similar  ones,  as  far  as  can  bo  done. 

Correspondence  relating  to  the  exhibition 
should  be  addressed  to  O.  B.  Galusha,  the 
secretary  of  the  State  Society,  at  Normal, 
McLean  county,  Illinois.  Packages  of  fruits, 
with  the  names  of  contributors,  may  be  ad- 
dressed as  follows:  American  Pomological 
Society,  care  0.  B.  Galusha,  Chicago,  Illinois. 
Shipments  should  be  made  in  time  for  anival 
by  the  Cth  of  September. 

We  hope  each  of  our  horticultural  readers 
will  try  to  represent  California  by  sending 
specimens  of  fruits,  etc.,  as  they  may  think 
most  worthy  of  attention.  California  should 
be  well  represented. 


WINTER   IRRIGATION,  OR  FLOOD- 
ING. 

There  is  not  a  farmer  of  extensive  experi- 
ence in  California  but  what  will  admit  that  if 
the  large  majority  of  our  dry  soils  were  once 
thoroughly  saturated  in  \vinter  by  flooding 
with  water,  they  would  produce  good  crops  of 
grain  with  the  addition  of  what  rain  falls  dur- 
ing our  driest  seasons.  There  is  no  (juestion 
about  the  jjracticability  of  filling  the  soil  with 
water  where  it  can  be  obtained  without  great 
cost.  We  know  that  in  many  localities  water 
is  allowed  to  run  to  waste  that  could  be 
cheaply  turned  in  ditches  upon  and  led  over 
the  farms.  The  same  farms  would  not  now 
sell  for  one  half  they  would  bring  if  crops  were 
made  sure  in  dry  seasons,  and  with  a  system 
of  winter  irrigation  these  same  farms  could 
be  made  to  yield  three  times  what  they  now 
do  on  an  average. 

We  have  wiitten  a  good  deal  upon  this  very 
STibject  first  and  last,  but  find  it  necessary  to 
continually  harp  upon  whatever  subject  is  not 
popular  enough  to  be  generally  adopted.  We 
are  satisfied  that  were  a  general  system  of 
irrigation  once  appreciated  in  California,  it 
would  nearly  double  the  productive  capacity 
of  our  State,  and  be  worth  untold  millions  to 
our  people.  Why  our  farmers  do  not  combine 
more  generally  and  utilize  the  valuable  water 
that  is  now  allowed  to  run  to  waste,  can  only 
be  because  of  a  stupidity  hardly  pardonable. 
There  ought  to  be  a  "revival"  in  farming 
matters,  a  grand  waking  up  and  taking  hold 
of  the  right  end  of  things  in  this  State,  some- 
thing better  than  the   lazy  method   inherited 

from  the  slothful  ranchers  of   the  early  days. 

' — ■  ^1  1^  ^ 

FENCING  THE  FARM. 

We  believe  in  the  justice  of  the  no-fence 
law — that  is,  in  a  law  that  does  not  compel  a 
farmer  to  fence  his  laud  against  another  per- 
son's stock.  But,  at  the  same  time,  we  believe 
that  every  good  farmer  should  have  his  farm 
well  fenced  into  fields  convenient  for  rotating 
crops  and  keeping  stock.  Aside  from  the  or- 
chard and  garden,  which  should  always  be 
fenced  against  all  stock,  every  field  may  at 
some  time  duiing  the  season  be  used  as  a 
pasture.  Hay  and  grain  stubble  fields  make 
excellent  pastures  in  our  drying  climate  until 
fall  rains,  or  until  they  are   cleaned  by  stock. 

Herding  stock  is  time  wasted;  or,  at  any 
rate,  we  would  sooner  put  in  our  time  building 
fence  than  racing  stock  right  and  left  out  of  a 
grain  field  into  an  adjoining  stubble  or  range. 
Besides  being  bad  for  the  ^ock,  it  is  terribly 
trying  to  the  patience  to  do  it.  Cows  in  par- 
ticular are  liable  to  be  injured  by  herding. 
Thoy  should  bo  kept  perfectly  tranquil  and 
quiet  to  get  the  bt'st  yield  of  milk  and  to  be 
kind  of  disjiosition.  Many  farmers  miss  it 
by  not  having  cross  fences,  so  as  to  utilize 
their  feed  when  it  is  most  needed. 


A  tea  set — the  Chinese. 


NEWS  ABOUT  NEWS  PAPERS. 

Geo.  p.  Kowell  &   Co's  Amkeican  Newspa- 
PEK  Diuectoby:  containing  accurate  lists 
of    all   the  newspapers    and   periodicals 
published  in  the  United    States  and  Ter- 
ritories and  the   Dominion  of    Canada. 
New  York;  Geo.  P.  Kowell   &   Co.,  pub- 
lishers. 
This  is  a  book  of  nearly  a  thousand  pages, 
published  in  the  interests,  and  especially  for 
newspapers   and  advertisers.      We  find   it  a 
valuable  book  of    reference.      From  the  pre- 
face we  subjoin  the  following  interesting  in- 
formation : 

The  seventh  (1875)  edition  of  the  American 
Newspaper  Directory  contains  the  description 
of  771  daily,  100  tri-weekly,  121  semi-weekly, 
6,287  weekly,  27  bi-weekly,  108  semi-monthly, 
850  monthly,  10  bi-monthly,  and  71  quarterly 
publications;  a  total  of  8,318,  being  an  in- 
crease 5G1  over  last  year,  1,057  over  1873, 
1,426  over  1872,  and  1,910  over  the  edition 
for  1871. 

An  unusual  number  of  newspapers  have 
been  reduced  in  size,  changed  proprietorship, 
or  suspended  publication  during  the  year  just 
past,  indicating  that  it  has  not  been  one  of 
prosperity,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the 
actual  increase  in  the  number  printed  has  ex- 
ceeded any  previous  year  since  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Directory. 

Circulations  have  materially  decreased. 
With  the  exception  of  two  Sunday-school 
papers,  no  periodical  issued  west  of  New  York 
City  sustains  a  claim  to  a  regular  issue  of 
40,000  copies. 

The  number  of  newspapers  commencing 
publication  during  the  year  jiist  passed  has 
averaged  within  a  fraction  of  six  each  work- 
ing-day, but  owing  to  suspensions  and  con- 
solidations the  actual  increase  has  been  less 
than  one-third  of  the  number  established. 
California  has  one  less  paper  than  last  year. 

Number  of  papers  published  in  this  State: 
Daily,  24;  tri-weekly,  2;  semi- weekly,  or 
weekly,  82 ;  bi-weekly,  1;  monthly,  24;  total, 
211.  The  book  contains  a  list  of  123  agricul- 
tural papers;  California  has  six,  and  Oregon 
one. 


It  looks  bad  to  see  a  dog  preceding  his  mas- 
ter down  street,  and  calmly  turn  into  the  first 
saloon  he  approaches.  It  shows  there  is 
something  wrong,  something  lacking,  a  de- 
I)lorable  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  dog. 

The  farmer  who  has  established  his  reputa- 
tion for  having  the  best  marketable  products, 
will  always  command  an  extra  price  for  all  his 
crops. 


YOUNG  STOCK  WITH  COWS. 

Calves  and  yearlings  that  have  not  been  so 
thoroughly  weaned  as  to  forget  the  cows 
should  never  be  allowed  to  run  in  pasture 
amongst  them.  We  have  lately  had  a  little 
experience  in  this  matter.  Some  young  stock 
were  turned  amongst  cows  that  we  are  milk- 
ing, and  among  them  hajipened  to  be  some 
yearlings  belonging  to  the  cows.  Although 
the  cows  had  yoirng  calves,  they  recognized 
their  own,  and  by  licking  and  mooing  about 
them  got  the  animals  to  sucking.  As  soon  as 
we  found  it  out  the  young  stock  were  removed, 
but  the  cows  held  up  their  milk,  disliked  to 
be  milked,  and  acted  mean  in  everj-  waj'.  Be- 
fore the  young  cattle  had  access  to  them  they 
were  models  of  kindness  and  content.  The 
residt  is,  they  persist  in  bad  behavior,  and 
the  milk  has  depreciated  in  quantity  and 
quality,  although  they  have  good  feed  and 
treatment. 


WoKMs  IN  Obchaeds. — We  notice  that  there 
are  some  Western  orchardists  who  sprinkle 
the  trees  with  water  poisoned  with  Paris 
Green.  They  say  one  good  sprinkling  with 
Paris  Green  water  cleans  the  worms  out  com- 
pletely. A  good  garden  syringe  or  a  watering 
pump  will  throw  water  over  the  highest  ap- 
ple tree.  They  use  a  tablespoonful  of  Paris 
Green  to  a  bucketful  of  water. — Ex. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


The  average  condition  of  the  grain  crop  is 
very  pertinently  expressed  by  a  subscriber  at 
Sunol  Glen.  What  is  true  in  his  locality  will 
very  generally  apply  all  over  the  State.  He 
says:  "  In  regard  to  the  grain  crop  here  this 
most  peculiar  year,  it  is  spotted.  Early-sown 
grain  is  good;  medium  early,  about  half  a 
crop;  while  late-sown  is  almost  an  entire 
failure.  The  Jvne  rain-storm  did  some  dam- 
age to  hay,  and  crinkled  the  standing  grain. 
Take  it  all  in  all,  it  has  been  quite  an  event- 
ful season.  The  weather  all  through  has  sur- 
prised the  oldest  inhabitant."  This  is  even 
so.  The  winter  opened  early  with  warm 
rains  that  made  grass  and  grain  grow  promis- 
ingly; later  came  a  season  of  unparalelled  se- 
vere frosts,  with  dry  winds,  that  were  dis- 
couraging; then  a  very  promising  supply  of 
rains,  followed  by  a  dry  spring  and  absence  of 
May  showers.  Finally,  in  June,  springs  up 
a  regular  south  witid  rain-siorm  of  two  days' 
duration — something  never  before  known  by 
the  oldest  inhabitant  of  California  in  sum- 
mer. Showers  would  not  surprise  anybody, 
but  such  a  storm  is  a  puzzler  to  the  weather- 
wise.  What  will  follow  next  we  are  curious 
to  see.  One  prophet,  who  believes  that  civi- 
lization affects  the  weather,  attributes  the 
changes  to  the  rush  of  Eastern  peoi^le  to  Cal- 
ifornia— "they  are  bringing  their  weather 
with  them" — smuggling  it  overland  without 
paying  freight,  we  suppose.  The  matter 
should  bo  investigated. 


Another  Cure  for  Hoove   or  Bloat 
Cattle. 

Mr.  John  B.  Warren,  of  Petaluma,  says 
the  Stockton  Leader,  has  given  information 
which  will  be  of  much  importance  to  stock- 
raisers.  He  states  that  bloat  in  cattle,  caused 
by  eating  green  clover  or  from  similar  causes, 
may  be  cured  in  the  following  manner  :  Take 
hold  of  the  animal  by  the  horns  and  raise  its 
head  as  high  as  possible,  then  open  its  mouth, 
take  hold  of  its  tongue  with  one  or  both 
hands  and  pull  it  out  as  far  as  it  will  come. 
As  soon  as  this  is  done  the  gas  will  begin  to 
escape  through  the  valves  that  will  thus  be 
opened  at  the  root  of  the  tongue,  and  if  the 
mouth  is  kei^t  open  and  the  tongue  jjulled 
forward  for  a  few  minutes,  the  cure  will  be 
complete. 

Mr.  Warren  has  seen  this  course  pursued 
in  several  cases  with  cattle,  also  with  horses 
Kurt'ering  from  wind  colic,  and  in  every  case 
it  proved  a  complete  remedy.  When  the  gas 
begins  to  escape  it  will  ooze  through  the 
opening  like  the  air  from  a  punctured  bladder. 
This  remedy  is  easily  applied,  is  safer  and 
less  painful  to  the  animal  than  the  ojjenitions 
that  are  sometimes  resorted  to. 


The  advantages  of  San  Diego  are  chiefly  for 
stock  raising  and  bee  culture,  so  large  a  part 
of  its  area  is  mountainous.  In  bee  culture, 
few  countries  in  the  world,  if  any,  rival  San 
Diego  county.  Along  the  base  of  the  moun- 
tains in  their  narrow,  winding  valleys,you  see 
many  bee  ranches,  some  with  a  hundred  or 
more  stands  of  bees.  The  honey  is  made  en- 
tirely from  wild  flowers,  and  mostly  from  the 
mountain  sage.  That  made  in  the  early 
spring  is  as  bemitifuUy  white  and  clear,  and 
as  richly  flavored  as  any  honey  can  be.  1  was 
reliably  informed  that  in  1874  the  county 
shipped  about  100  tons  of  honey,  and  would 
probably  ship  at  least  600  tons  this  year.  It 
is  becoming  the  chief  agricultural  interest  of 
the  county,  although  besides  mixed  stock, 
some  wheat  and  barley  are  also  successfully 
raised. —  W.  A.  J.    Wrhjid. 


How  much  does  a  fool  generally  weigh?    A 
simple  ton. 


The  Croat  Question  of  Our  Times. 

tHE  following,  written  by  a  lady — a  far 
mer's  wife,  unused  to  the  pen — as  a 
composition  to  be  read  before  the  San 
Jose  Grange,  contains  much  mature 
thought  upon  an  abstruse  subject  that  reflects 
great  credit  upon  the  mind  of  woman.] 

The  increased  restlessness  of  the  working 
classes  throughout  the  civilized  world  indi  ■ 
Gates  that  in  the  not  distant  future  some  steps 
will  be  taken  to  bridge  over  the  vast  chasm 
which  separates  the  interests  and  conditions 
of  the  producing  from  the  non-producing, 
wealthy  classes.  The  power  of  wealth  to  ap- 
propriate to  itself  a  large  share  of  the  earn- 
ings of  the  industrious  poor,  and  that  this 
power  increases  in  mathematical  proportion 
to  its  volume,  are  admitted  facts. 

It  behooves  the  friends  of  humanity  to  in- 
quire whether  the  great  mass  of  non-capital- 
ists, by  a  law  of  nature  like  gravitation,  must 
always  remain  the  hewers  of  wood  and  draw- 
ers of  water  for  the  few  capitalists.  God  for- 
bid that  I  should  believe  it.  Rather  would  I 
compare  it  to  a  fungus  growth  on  the  body  of 
civilization  that  is  corrupting  but  cannot  al- 
ways exist. 

If,  then,  we  are  to  conclude,  as  I  think  we 
must,  that  the  present  oppressed  condition  of 
non-capitalists  is  not  God's  fault,  but  ours, 
it  follows  that  reform  is  possible;  but  to  ac- 
complish this  reform  is  a  herculean  task.  It 
will  meet  with  the  hostility  of  the  favored 
class,  who  control  two  of  the  essential  sinews 
of  war — money  and  generalship.  It  will  be 
clogged  by  the  ignorance  and  impracticability 
of  the  lower  strata,  and  hindered  by  the 
Bourbonism  of  the  middling  and  well-to-do, 
who  are  ever  ready  to  take  up  and  reiterate 
the  cry  of  "communism"  to  every  measure 
that  looks  toward  social  reform. 

The  recognized  theoretic  duty  of  govern- 
ments, to 

STRENGTHEN     THE     WEAK     AND     BESTRAIN     THE 
STRONG, 

is  being  reversed  in  practice;  and,  instead, 
every  department  of  the  government  is  made 
to  do  duty  in  the  interest  of  capital,  at  the 
expense  of  the  commonwealth,  and  in  viola- 
tion of  the  rights  and  interests  of  non-capital- 
ists. The  government  shirks  its  equal  share 
of  the  public  burden,  corrupts  public  officials 
and  demoralizes  society  by  setting  up  money, 
instead  of  moral  worth,  as  a  standard  of  re- 
spectability. But,  to  enumerate  half  of  the 
sins  of  the  vast  accumulations  of  capital  would 
be  too  tedious.  I  will  only  say  that  under 
our  government  and  laws  such  a  condition  of 
affairs  is  incompatible  with  the  general  good 
which  should  be  paramount  in  all  govern- 
ments. 

The  question  above  all  others  which  do- 
mauds  our  most  serious  and  careful  consider- 
ation is,  how  we  may  jilaee  wealth  (which  we 
must  recollect  is  made  by  its  possessors  only 
a  little  less  than  omnipotent,)  under  the  con- 
trol of  law  so  that  it  will  be  a 

SERVITOR  OF  THE  PUBLIC  GOOD, 

instead  of  reaping  whore  it  hath  not  sown. 
Many  good  thinkers -have  reluctantly  come 


to  the  conclusion  that  human  nature  is  too 
weak,  and  human  integrity  too  frail  to  resist 
the  temptations  which  large  capitalists  are 
able  to  offer,  and  they  propose  to  get  rid  of 
the  serpent  by  destroying  the  egg.  To  that 
end  they  would  diminish  the  facilities  for  ac- 
quiring great  fortunes  which  would  cause  a 
more  general  diffusion  of  wealth,  and  more 
nearly  equalize  the  material  comforts  and  con- 
ditions of  the  people. 

The  means  by  which  this  object  may  be  ac- 
complished are  various,  but  the  one  which 
deserves  the  first  consideration  is,  to  so  clog 
with  disabilities  their  ownership  of  the  earth 
(without  the  use  of  which  human  existence 
would  be  impossible)  as  to  make  it  an  unpro- 
fitable speculative  investment  for  capital. 

GRADUATED   TAXATION 

upon  all  quantities  of  real  estate  above  a 
reasonable  limit,  off'ers  the  means  of  intro- 
ducing this  reform  with  little  or  no  violence 
to  private  rights;  but  details  will  not  be  ex- 
pected in  this  paper.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  capital  now  used  in  the  monopoly  and 
speculation  in  real  estate  would  seek  invest- 
ment in  interest-paying  bonds,  thus  reducing 
the  rate  of  interest  and  the  facilities  of  ac- 
quiring great  fortunes,  stimulating  manufac- 
tories and  contributing  in  various  ways  to  the 
public  good. 

But,  as  before  intimated,  any  proposition  to 
switch  oft'  the  old  narrow  track  will  meet  the 
opposition  of  money-bags,  Bourbon  and  ig- 
norance, and  as  reforms  are  of  slow  growth, 
we  must,  in  the  meantime,  use  such  tools  as 
are  within  our  reach,  so  that  we  maj',  in  a 
measure,  at  least,  bridge  over  the  gulf  that 
divides  productive  labor  and  capital.  And  in 
the  selection  of  tools  we  must  not  overlook 

CO-OPERATION. 

The  judicious  combination  of  small  capi- 
tals, under  wise  and  careful  management, 
would  accomplish  many  enterprises  of  which, 
otherwise,  capitalists  would  have  a  monopoly. 
For  this  purpose  our  Grange  organization  is 
admirably  adapted.  We  have  a  bond  of  sym- 
pathy— a  common  interest.  We  form  social 
attachments,  make  acquaintance,  and  encour- 
age the  growth  of  confidence,  which  is  indis- 
pensible  in  all  co-operative  enterprises.  We 
can,  and  will  co-operate  in  the  selection  of 
rulers  of  the  state  and  nation  who  will  under- 
stand that  there  are  rights  and  interests  other 
than  those  of  cajiital  which  they  are  bound  to 
respect,  and  we  will  inform  ourselves  of  these 
rights  by  the  free  iuterchange  of  opinions  m 
the  Grange.  In  short,  the  Grange  has  al- 
ready borne  much  good  fruit,  and  is  full  of 
promise  for  an  increasing  crop  in  the  future, 
and  I  should  regard  as  treason  to  humanity 
any  attempt  to  check  its  growth  and  perpe- 
tuity. 

San  Jose,  June,  1875. 


Concrete  Walls — Two  Methods  of 
Building. 

Eds.  CALiroBSiA  AGBicuLTtmisT  and  Live 
Stock  Journal:  In  your  last  issue  a  corres- 
pondent calls  for  information  about  concrete 
walls.  In  the  State  of  Delaware,  fine  build- 
ings are  made  with  mortar-brick,  which  is 
another  name  for  concrete.  They  take  one 
bushel  of  stone  lime,  and  after  Blacking,  add 
ten  bushels  of  coarse,  clean  sand,  with  some 
gravel,  then  mold  it  like  brick  in  sizes  to  suit. 
If  a  twelve-inch  wall  is  to  be  made,  12x18 
inches  and  8  inches  thick  is  a  convenient  size. 
Spread  the  brick  upon  a  graded  yard  covered 
with  sand  to  dry.  When  dry,  they  lay  the 
brick  in  common  lime  mortar,  and  plaster  it 
both  inside  and  out,  then  stripe  and  pencil 
to  suit  their  taste.  This  makes  the  finest 
kind  of  concrete  walls,  and,  if  well  done,  a 
substantial  and  durable  building. 

In   Colorado,  they  have  another  method. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Some  call  it  concrete,  while  others  give  it  the 
dignified  name  of  '  'grout. ' '  They  prepare  the 
mortar  same  as  above.  Then  place  two  stiff 
planks  upon  the  foundation  for  the  wall  the 
distance  apart  they  wish  the  thickness  of  the 
■wall.  The  planks  have  stays  across  the  upper 
edges  to  keep  them  from  spreading,  and  bolts 
near  the  lower  edges  for  the  same  purpose. 
The  planks  should  be  smooth  on  the  inside, 
and  sutSciently  stiff  to  avoid  springing.  The 
mortar  is  placed  between  the  planks  and 
packed  in,  and  if  smooth,  washed  gravel  is 
packed  in  with  the  mortar,  to  form  a  face  to 
the  wall,  it  is  all  the  better.  The  mortar  soon 
sets,  when  the  bolts  are  withdrawn  and  the 
planks  moved  to  another  place, and  the  opera- 
tion repeated  until  the  wall  is  finished. 

I  noticed  at  Fort  CoUins,  Colorado,  a  large 
stole  building  made  in  this  way.  It  was  two 
stories  high,  and  had  a  very  substantial  look, 
although  of  rough  exterior.  It  was  not  plas- 
tered, nor^did  they  stop  the  bolt  holes  with 
mortar,  and  many  of  the  gravel  stones  on  the 
surface  were  as  large  as  a  man's  fist. 

Frost  does  not  seem  to  injure  it,  yet  I 
doubt  if  it  will  prove  a  practical  method  of 
fencing  in  California. 

San  Jose,  June,  1875.  S.  Pelton. 


^amc^tic* 


Chats    With     Farmers'     Wives    and 
Daughters — No.  7. 

BY     "JEWELI,." 

Perhaps  a  few  experiences  in  my  farm  life 
■would  be  amusing,  and  sho^w  how  wide  apart 
theory  and  pradice  come  to  ns  new  beginners. 
Shall  I  own  it?  I  can'l  make  good  yeast  bread! 
I've  tried  it  faithfully  for  over  two  months 
now,  and  only  succeeded  three  times  in  hav- 
ing eatable,  light,  sweet  bread.  I  may  be 
stupid  at  it,  but  I  understand  thoroughly  the 
routine  to  go  through — the  theory  is  all  right 
— but  the  practice, — ah!  there  is  the  rub.  1 
doubt  not  but  that  I  could  take  a  raw  hand 
and  tell  them  just  how  to  make  good  bread, 
and  they  would  succeed,  too,  after  trying  as  I 
have,  two  months — perhaps  in  leSs  time.  I 
may  be  too  old  to  learn.  Who  kuows  the  age 
past  which  it  is  impossible  for  a  woman  to 
learn  how  to  make  good  bread?  When  I  got 
brewers'  yeast  I  seldom  failed — that  was  in 
town.  But  here  on  the  farm,  where  bakers' 
bread  would  taste  strangely  out  of  place,  it 
became  a  duty — nay,  a  pride,  to  have  plenty 
of  sweet,  fresh  bread  to  spread  the  new  butter 
upon.  So  at  it  I  went,  earnestly,  -without 
doubt  of  success,  when,  lo!  my  sponge  would 
not  raise.  But  I  was  not  to  be  dictated  to  in 
that  way.  I'd  make  it  into,  loaves.  No,  it 
refused  to  do  more  than  flatten  out.  How- 
ever, with  a  heavy  heart  and  dull  head,  I  was 
bound  to  utilize  my  labor  and  fiour;  so  I 
baked  it,  and  fed  it  in  leaden  lumps  to  Jack, 
our  "  hound  dog, "  who  took  it  out  of  my 
sight. 

My  husband  (who  knows  everything,  as  all 
husbands  should)  encouraged  me,  and  told 
me  to  try  salt-rising  bread.  His  sister  told 
him  exactly  how,  and  a  good  recipe  was  in 
the  Hay  number  of  the  Ageicoltukist,  and 
it  was  simple,  and  if  I  once  got  into  the  way 
of  making  it,  it  would  be  easy  enough,  etc. 
So,  next  day,  I  cheerfully  started  in  before 
breakfast;  but  things  did  not  work  well.  I 
could  not  get  the  temperature  just  right.     It 


first  baked  on  the  bottom  of  my  pan,  and  then 
when  I  set  it  off  the  kettle  of  hot  water  it  got 
too  cold.  At  noon  I  could  see  no  sign  of 
change  in  the  raising.  By  two  o'clock  a  little 
foam  on  the  top  encouraged  me  to  make  it 
into  a  sponge.  Then  I  kept  it  warm  (keep- 
ing a  fire  on  purpose  all  day),  and  tendered 
it  my  utmost  attention  until  supper  time, 
when  it  was  made  into  loaves  and  set  to  raise. 
This  it  gradually  did,  in  a  slow,  unwilling 
way,  very  exasperating  to  me,  so  earnest  was 
I.  We  sat  up  and  baked  it  that  evening — 
though  I  felt  guilty  in  doing  it,  and  really 
thought  myself  imposed  upon  by  that  heavy 
leaden,  sour-smelling  mass — the  result  of 
all  my  pains!  But  my  good  husband  quite 
petted  me  this  time,  and  made  me  feel  that  a 
triuniph  mtisl  follow  when  one  was  determined 
to  succeed  in  a  good  undertaking,  and  that 
we  learn  through  our  failings,  not  successes. 
So  in  my  heart  I  resolved  to  succeed,  and  in 
imagination  had  mastered  the  art,  and  baked 
my  last  soiu  bread. 

To  my  next  attempt  I  resolved  to  give  my 
undivided  attention,  and  as  my  husband  was 
at  home  that  day,  I  called  in  his  experi- 
enced ( ?)  eye  to  see  the  process,  and  together 
we  watched  it  all  day.  By  eight  that  night 
our  united  efforts  were  cro-wned  with  success! 
The  two  loaves  were  fragrant  and  plump, 
cor>ipfc(e,  the  "guide  mon"  said;  but  in  my 
heart  I  knew  it  was  not  quite  salt  enough 
and  resolved  to  do  better  next  time.  But  the 
next,  though  salt  enough,  was  heavy  again, 
BO  I  felt  more  than  ever  how  necessary  was 
light  to  our  lives. 

To  recount  all  my  failures  would  be  but  a 
repetition,  and  my  success  also.  Now  I  must 
say  right  here  that  this  experience  has  more 
than  ever  persuaded  me  that  our  girls  should 
he  encouraged  and  taught  to  be  good  cooks —to 
make  good  bread.  It  is  far  easier  to  learn 
when  in  mother's  house,  ■n'ith  few  responsi- 
bilities, than  in  our  own,  when  cares  and 
babies  are  clinging  to  us  and  demanding  our 
ceaseless  attention. 

HOW  TO  PUT  TJP    CITBEANTS. 

As  seasonable  advice,  I  clii^  from  the  Coun- 
try Gentleman  the  following  recipes,  which  are 
good.  I  advise  the  putting  up  of  currants 
and  all  tart  fruits  in  glass  always,  as  tin  is 
likely  to  corrode  to  the  injury  of  the  flavor  of 
the  fruit,  and  danger  of  the  health  also: 

Currant  Ice. — Take  one  quart  currants,  one 
pint  of  raspberries,  one  pint  of  water,  and 
one  and  a  half  pounds  of  sugar;  mash  the 
berries;  add  them  to  the  water;  squeeze  out 
the  liquor;  add  the  sugar,  and  freeze.  Where 
raspberries  are  uuattaiuable,use  more  currants 
and  flavor  with  extract  of  raspberry  or  straw- 
berry. 

Currant  Jelly. — If  the  fruit  is  gathered  be- 
fore dead  ripe,  it  will  make  firmer  jelly,  and 
it  is  not  necessary  to  pick  it  from  the  stems, 
only  remove  all  leaves  or  sticks.  Put  the 
fruit  m  a  pail,  or  pan,  over  a  kettle  of  boiling 
water,  and  heat  enough  for  the  skins  to  break 
easily,  then  dip  into  a  bag  made  of  flannel, 
and  squeeze  till  dry.  Measure  the  juice,  al- 
lowiug  for  each  pint  a  pound  of  white  sugar, 
but  do  not  add  the  sugar  to  the  liquor  until  it 
has  been  allowed  to  gently  boil  over  the  fire 
for  twenty  minutes  or  more,  removing  any 
scum  that  may  arise.  The  sugar  is  now  to  be 
added  in  the  proportions  mentioned,  when 
the  process  of  coagulation  is  so  rapid  that 
lumps  of  jelly  are  often  formed  before  it  is 
all  dissolved ;  while  in  color  it  glows  with  all 


the  richness  and  transparency  of  the  garnet. 
The  secret  of  making  all  fruit  jellies  is  to  boil 
the  juice  before,  and  but  little  after  adding  the 
sugar;  if  boiled  together,  the  product  is  apt  to 
be  soft,  dark  and  gummy,  if  it  ever  becomes 
jelly  at  all.  Use  a  pound  of  sugar  to  a  pound 
of  fruit  in  presennng  currants,  and  if  all  the 
necessary  boiling  has  taken  place  before  the 
sugar  is  added,  the  juice  will  become  a  tender, 
beautiful  jelly. 

Currant  Catsup. — This  is  a  favorite  prepara- 
tion to  eat  with  meats,  and  is  made  of  five 
pounds  of  mashed  currants,  three  pounds  of 
sugar,  one  pint  of  vinegar,  two  tablespoonf  uls 
of  finely-ground  cinnamon,  one  of  cloves,  one 
of  allspice,  one  of  black  pepper,  one  nutmeg 
and  a  pinch  of  salt.  Cook  half  an  hour.  A 
great  improvement  on  the  above  is  to  add  the 
same  proportion  of  spices  to  the  juice,  boil, 
and  finish  as  jelly.  Then  the  useless  seeds 
and  skins  are  rejected,  and  more  than  all,  it 
always  retains  its  first  fresh,  delicate  flavor, 
which  is  lost  after  a  time  under  the  regular 
recipe  for  catsup. 

Preparing  Currants  for  Winter  Uses. — To  pre- 
pare currants  for  mince  pies  and  other  winter 
uses,  add  one  pound  of  sugar  to  four  of  fruit 
picked  from  the  stems;  cook  a  few  minutes, 
spread  on  plates  or  tins,  and  dry  in  the  oven, 
which  must  not  be  hot  enough  to  scorch  them. 
When  sufficiently  dried  away,  pack  in  stone 
jars,  and  put  a  layer  of  sugar  over  the  top. 
This  method  is  superior  to  all  others  for  pre- 
serving the  flavor  of  fruit  (it  even  adds  to  the 
richness  of  cherries) ;  no  fermentation  takes 
place  if  stored  in  a  cool  place,  and  it  will  keep 
unchanged  for  years.  Heating  a  little  sugar 
and  water  with  several  spoonfuls  of  the  fruit 
makes  a  dish  of  preserves  in  a  few  minutes. 

Currant  Vinegar. — To  make  ten  gallons  take 
six  quarts  of  ripe  currant  juice;  put  in  a  jar 
and  let  it  remain  a  day  or  two,  removing  the 
scum ;  add  one  gallon  of  molasses,  and  water 
enough  to  make  up  the  ten  gaUons  of  liquor; 
set  it  in  the  sun,  or  a  warm  place,  being  care- 
ful to  exclude  insects,  and  it  will  soon  become 
good  vinegar. 

To  the  above  I  will  add  the  following: 

EASPDEKKY  JELLY. 

There  is  no  more  delicious  jelly  than  rasp- 
berry; but  as  the  raspberry  is  a  dear  fruit  and 
difficult  to  prepare  alone,  we  find  that  by  tak- 
ing one-third  raspberries  and  two-thirds  cur- 
rants the  jelly  has  all  the  flavor  of  raspberry, 
does  not  cost  half  so  much  as  clear  raspberry, 
and  is  every  bit  as  good — we  think  superior 
to  clear  raspberry  jelly.  Make  the  same  as 
currant  jelly. 

Another  hint:  Every  year  that  we  put  up 
fruit  for  the  table,  we  use  more  sugar  than 
formerly.  The  fruit  keeps  finer  with  plenty 
of  sugar,  and  is  certainly  nicer,  and  suits  al- 
most every  one's  taste  better. 


Familiar  Tallts~No.    I. 


"  Jewell,"  "Nell  Van,"  E.  E.  Anthony  and 
the  rest  of  you  who  write  for  the  Ageicul- 
TUEisT,  how  I  would  like  to  have  a  cozy,  per- 
sonal chat  with  you  all.  As  that  is  out  of  the 
question,  the  next  best  thing  is  to  become  ac- 
quainted through  the  columns  of  the  paper 
we  all  prize  so  highly.  Many  a  useful  recipe 
and  hint  have  I  gleaned  from  it,  and  wilj 
now  offer  one  or  two  which  I  think  all  my 
sister  housekeepers  may  not  have  thought  of. 

A  PAS-BOLDEB. 

Instead  of  the  cup-towel  or  dish-cloth  to 
remove  pans  of  bread,  gem  pans  and  the  like 
from  the  stove,  take  a  coffee  or  salt  sack  (a 
grain  sack  will  do),  cut  into  pieces  about  ten 
or  twelve  inches  wide  and  long  enough  to  al- 


California  Agricultukist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


low  both  ends  of  the  bread  pan  to  be  taken 
hold  of;  bind  or  hem  these,  put  a  strong  loop 
on  one  corner  of  each,  and  keep  one  hung 
near  the  stove.  One  who  has  never  used  them 
will  be  surprised  to  find  now  much  longer 
towels  and  dish-cloths  will  keep  clean. 

I  wonder  why  so  many   house-keepers  will 
take  "anything  that  comes  along"  for 

A    DLSH-CLOTH. 

It  may  be  cleanly,  but  it  does  not  look  so,  to 
see  a  cloth,  the  original  color  of  which  is  un- 
known, used  to  clean  (?)  dishes.  It  will  take 
but  a  few  minutes  to  cut  a  flour  sack  into  con- 
venient sizes  and  hem  them.  If  you  will 
"gather  up  the  fragments"  of  time,  you  can 
soon  have  plenty  of  stove-cloths  and  nice, 
white  dish-cloths. 

Following  is  a  recipe  that  I  think  is  an  im- 
provement on  the 

OLD-TIME    FEIITBBS 

our  grandmothers  used  to  make.  Don't  con- 
demn the  article  because  it  is  fried.  Properly 
cooked  it  wiU  not  soak  the  grease,  which 
should  be  pure  lard,  and  boiling  hot  at  the 
time  of  cooking  and  kept  so:  One  pint  of 
Graham  flour,  milk  enough  to  make  a  thick 
batter,  one  egg,  one  half  teacup  of  syrup,  a 
little  sidt,  one  dessert  spoonful  of  yeast  pow- 
der. Fry  in  lard,  one  teaspoonful  for  each 
tablespoonful  of  batter. 


Fruit  in  Tin  Cahs. — The  Boston  Journal  of 
Chemistry  says:  The  impression  prevails  among 
those  who  use  freely  fruit  which  is  put  up  in 
tin  cans,  that  they  are  injured  thereby,  and 
this  impression  is  in  many  instances  correct. 
We  have  long  contended  that  all  preserved 
fruits  and  vegetables  should  be  stored  in  glass 
aud  thiit  no  metal  of  any  kind  should  ba 
brought  in  contact  with  them.  All  fruits  con- 
tain more  or  less  vegetable  acids,  and  others 
that  highly  corrosive  are  ofteu  formed  by  fer- 
mentation, and  the  metallic  vessels  are  con- 
siderably acted  upon.  Tin  cans  are  held 
together  with  solder,  an  alloy  into  which  lead 
enters  largely.  This  metal  is  easily  corroded 
by  vegetable  acids,  aud  poisonous  salts  are 
formed.  Undoubtedly  many  persons  are 
greatly  injured  by  eating  tomatoes,  peaches, 
etc.,  which  have  been  placed  in  tin  cans,  aud 
we  advise  our  friends  who  contemplate  put- 
ting up  fruit  this  summer  to  use  ouly  glass 
jars  for  the  purpose,  or  what  is  still  better,  is 
to  have  a  family  fruit  dryer  on  hand.  Fruit 
is  so  nicely  dried  on  this  machine  as  to  excel 
all  other  dried  fruit,  and  if  not  superior  it  is 
equal  to  any  of  the  canned  fruits. 


Recipe  fok  Crystalizing  Grasses. — This  is 
the  way  I  do  mine,  aud  ahvaj's  have  had  s<ic- 
cess;  One  pound  of  alum,  pulvervize  and 
dissolve  in  a  quart  of  water,  but  do  not  let  it 
boil;  pour  the  solution  into  a  deep  earthen 
jar,  aud  let  it  stand  until  about  blofid  warm. 
Fasten  your  grasses  with  strings  to  a  stick 
laid  across  the  top  of  the  jar,  set  away  in  a 
cool  place  where  they  will  not  he  disturbed  for 
twelve  hours,  then  take  them  out  and  let 
them  drain.  For  blue  crystals  use  indigo  or 
washing  blue;  for  yellow,  boil  a  few  saffron 
leaves  in  a  little  water  and  mix  it  with  the 
alum  water;  for  pink  or  red,  use  Prussian  red 
— the  more  you  use  the  brighter  the  color. 
The  solution  may  bo  heated  over  aud  used 
until  all  the  alum  is  gone.  Be  sure  and  have 
your  grasses  perfectly  dry  before  putting  them 
in  the  water.  Press  some  green  aud  autumu 
leaves  to  put  in  your  bouquets.  Some  bitter- 
sweet berries  (if  you  can  get  them)  will  be 
quite  an  addition. — S.  A.  Ixitnb. 


Thk  bright  brass  work  used  upon  car  orna- 
ments aud  fixtures  is  the  envj'  aud  (Ufspair  of 
housekeepers  who  cannot  uiiilerstand  why  it 
slKuild  not  blacken  or  tarniish  as  their  hou.se- 
hold  utensils  of  the  same  nuital  do  when  not 
constantly  ))()lished.  For  their  encourage- 
ment, we  will  iuforui  thi'Bii  that  after  the  brass 
Hi  is  polished  at  the  factin-y  it  is  covensd  with  a 
thiu  trauspareut  varnish,  such  as  shellac  in 
alcohol;  this  protects  the  siirfaco,  otherwise 
it  would  tarnish  as  soon  as  a  brass  kettle. 


How  TO  Cook  Oatmeai,.— First,  be  sure  to 
get  new,  fresh  oatmeal,  as  if  it  becomes  damp 
or  old  it  is  bitter.  Put  one  quart  of  water 
into  a  tin  stew  pan,  salt  sufficient  to  be  palat- 
able; stir  in  carefully  so  as  not  to  have  it 
lumpy,  three  or  four  handfuls  of  oatmeal. 
Put  it  over  the  fire  and  stir  continually  until 
it  has  swollen  all  it  will,  using  care  not  to  let 
it  burn  on  the  bottom.  When  it  has  swollen 
all  it  will,  add  more  water,  and  then  put  the 
stew  pan  into  a  kettle  of  hot  water  and  leave 
it  cooking  for  several  hours — the  longer  the 
better,  as  the  longer  it  is  cooked  the  softer 
aud  more  jelly-like  it  becomes.  Having  the 
stew  pan  in  another  kettle  of  hot  water  pre- 
vents its  burning  on  the  bottom,  aud  you  are 
relieved  from  constant  stirring.  It  is  good 
with  milk,  syrup  or  sweetened  milk,  or  even 
with  butter  alone. 


How  TO  M.vKE  Oil  Lamps  Safe. — A  great 
many  accidents  are  happening  every  day  from 
the  use  of  kerosene.  I  will  tell  j'ou  a  method 
by  which  they  can  be,  to  a  great  extent,  pre- 
vented, and  I  hope  you  will  publish  it  for  the 
benefit  of  poor  people,  who  are  obliged  to  Ijuy 
cheap  oils.  If  the  body  of  the  lamp  is  filled 
with  cotton,  such  as  jewelers  use  to  vrrap 
their  articles  iu,  after  it  is  stuffed  lightly  it 
will  receive  one-half  the  quantity  of  oil  which 
it  would  if  the  cotton  were  not  put  iu.  If 
any  accident  happens,  the  oil  cannot  spill  or 
flow  about;  but  is,  as  it  were,  "sopped  up"  in 
the  cotton,  which  burns  like  a  fagot,  but  all 
in  one  place. — i'x. 

Good  Paste. — Paste  that  will  keep  un- 
changed in  warm  weather  may  be  made  in  the 
following  manner:  Put  a  teaspoonful  of  fiue 
alum  in  two  quarts  of  water,  and  let  it  boil. 
Mix  a  pint  of  flower  smoothly  into  a  pint  of 
cold  water,  and  stir  it  into  the  boiling  alum 
water,  continuing  the  boiling  and  stirring  till 
the  flour  is  cooked,  and  the  whole  is  clear, 
like  starch.  Add  to  this  about  half  a  tea- 
spoonful of  essential  oil  of  cloves  or  cinna- 
mon, or  a  little  carbolic  acid,  strain  through 
a  wire  gause  or  perforated  tin  strainer,  aud 
bottle  in  wide-mouthed  jars,  which  should  bo 
corked  to  keep  out  dust. 


Crusted  Apple  Pudding. — Pare,  core  and 
stew  slightly,  two  quarts  of  tart  mellow  ap- 
ples, and  place  them  in  a  pudding  dish ;  then, 
to  one  and  a  half  iiints  of  wheat  meal,  add 
one  gill  of  Zante  currants  and  boiling  water 
enough  to  make  a  dough,  stirring  lightly  un- 
til mixed;  roll  it  out  one-third  of  au  inch 
thick,  and  spread  over  the  apjiles.  Bake  it  in 
a  quick  oven  forty  or  fifty  minutes,  take  out, 
reverse  on  a  hot  plate,  mash  the  apples  with 
a  spoon,  and  sweeten,  if  desired;  cut  it  in 
pieces  like  a  pie,  aud  serve  warm,  with  some 
fresh  sauce. 


A  FEW  years  ago  a  hungry  crowd  sat  down 
at  the  well-spread  supper  table  of  a  steamer, 
ujion  which  one  of  the  dishes  contained  a 
trout  of  moderate  size.  A  serious  looking 
individual  drew  this  dish  toward  him,  saying, 
apologetically,  "This  is  a  fast  day  with  me." 
His  uext  ueiglibor,  an  Irish  gentleman,  im- 
mediately inserted  his  fork  iuto  the  fish,  aud 
transferred  it  to  hip  own  plate,  remarking, 
"Sir,  do  you  suppose  nobody  has  a  sowl  to 
bo  saved  but  yourself?" 

A  GOOD  way  to  soften  putty  or  paint,  is  to 
mix  eipial  [jarts  of  good  soap,  potash  aud 
shucked  lime,  add  water  to  form  a  paste,  ap- 
ply with  a  brush,  aud  let  it  stand  throe  or 
four  hours,  and  your  putty  or  paint  can  be 
easily  removed. 


By  i>!anting  several  Limburger  cheeses 
about  his  potato  patch  a  farmer  in  Linn 
comity,  Iowa,  drove  off  all  the  potato  bugs 
while  his  neighbors  sufi'ered  severi'ly  from 
their  ravages.  This  is  that  kind  of  cheese 
whii'li  is  said  to  bo  rijio  when  a  bit  as  big  as 
a  Ilea  will  drive  a  dog  out  of  a  tan-yard. 


Angora    Coats. 

,,,  PROLIFIC  subject  to  write  upon,  and 
■'f  a  prolific  animal  to  breed  from  is  the 
Angora  goat  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The 
cj°  time  was  when  it  was  thought  an  expe- 
riment to  breed  these  animals  as  a  business 
for  profit,  but  that  time  is  as  much  passed  as 
is  the  experiment  of  cultivating  grain,  fruit 
and  other  productions  of  the  soil  in  Califor- 
nia. The  pure  bred  goats  actually  improve 
in  our  climate,  and  the  common  goat,  when 
bread  up  to  a  fifteen-sixteenths  Angora  cross, 
will  generally  produce  fiue  No.  1  fleece. 
Every  year  the  crosses  with  pure  bucks  are 
getting  finer,  and  the  success  of  the  enterprise 
is  more  apparent.  The  uses  to  which  the 
fleece  is  put  are  multiplying  as  our  civiliza- 
tion develops  in  material  science  and  art,  and 
the  skins  are  more  demanded,  and  the  flesh 
is  better  appreciated.  Consequently  the  de- 
mand must  always  exceed  the  supply,  while  a 
liberal  supply  must  encourage  a  positive  de- 
mand. We  remember  when  it  was  thought 
that  fruit  would  soon  be  worthless,  so  much 
of  it  would  be  produced.  But  see  how  the 
demand  has  increased  as  the  art  of  canning, 
etc.,  has  developed.  So  with  every  other  use- 
ful production,  and  so  in  a  more  striking 
manner  must  it  be  with  the  Angora  goat  and 
its  products.  The  millions  of  acres  of  hill 
lands  that  are  better  adapted  to  the  goat  than 
to  to  any  other  animal  or  product,  must  be 
also  encouraging  to  the  business  here.  But 
we  might  ramble  on  upon  this  subject  with- 
out end.  What  is  of  more  direct,  practical 
value  to  our  readers  is 

FACTS  AND  FIGURES. 

We  are  in  possession  of  some  of  these, 
through  the  courtesy  of  C.  P.  Bailey,  of  San 
Jose,  who  has  in  Monterey  county  a  flock 
of  fine  graded  goats,  some  of  which  are 
now  high  bred.  The  figuios  below  show  the 
returns  of  last  year's  clip,  which  was  sheared 
after  a  late  rain  and  somewhat  damaged  by 
matting  or  felting  together.  No  returns  have 
yet  been  received  from  this  season's  clip.  We 
are  promised  the  figures  when  received. 
Here  is  a  correct  copy  of  returns  for  last 
year's  clip: 

BALKS  TWO  BALES  MOHAUl,  ACCT.  MOODI  A  FAEISB. 

March  31.  1S75: 
C.  P.  K.  R.  -l  Bales  Ooat  Hair— 

a7o  lbs  1st  ipiality.  (ij*  70c 1262  60 

2(]  tb8  2a  auaiity.  (at  *ho »  «o 

674  ftSKhorls,  (di'.^iSlc 12U  15 

14  lbs  waste  iu  bortiutJ. 
44  ll>s  tan, 

W27  1bB JWl  28 

cHAnr.ES. 

Jan.  12-  Freisht  $ls  an.  raringo  75c $19  33 

lut(--rest  un  4lo 52 

Corns.,  Storage,  Ins..  etc.,  5!4  . . .  22  07    41  98 

jaoa  33 

Now  York,  June  2,  1875. 

(Signed)  8.  THOTirsON,  NKl'IlEW  &  Co. 

MOODY  A  FAniSU,    ACCT.    OF  ABOVE. 
ProrecdB  in  currency.  $»'J  33,  (§>  IICJ^.  in  gold. $307  80 
Our  Corns.,  2>4 ''  ^^ 

Net  in  gold JaOOlO 

San  Francisco,  Juno  11,  1875. 

It  ivill    be  observed  by  the  above  figures 

that  ouly  about  oue-third  of  this  shearing  was 

of  first  quality.     This,  from  a  graded  flock, is 

nothing  to  bo  wonderi'd  at.     As  none  but  pure 

bucks  are  used  for  Ureeding,  in  a   few   years 


California  Agriculturist, and  Live  Stock  Journal 


more  the  greatest  part  of  the  fleeces  ■will  be 
counted  as  first  quality.  Mr.  Bailey  says 
that  the  three-fourths  and  seven-eighths  An- 
gora blood  with  the  common  goat  mil  make 
"shorts"  fleeces,  a  few  seven-eighths  will 
make  second  quality,  and  the  fourth  cross, 
fifteen-sixteenths,  will  nearly  all  make  first 
and  second  quality,  while  the  fifth  and  above 
crosses  will  be  counted  as  first  quality  fleeces. 

Mr.  Bailey  sells  a  good  many  high  grades 
every  year,  and  is  not  breeding  so  much  to 
sell  the  fleece  as  to  meet  the  demand  for  the 
goats  themselves. 

Mr.  Gilmore,  of  El  Dorado,  sent  his  last 
year's  clip  to  Messx-s.  Hall  &  Turner,  James- 
town, New  York,  and  got  a  return  of  85  cents 
for  first  quality  fleece.  Mr.  Bailey  has  ship- 
ped his  this  year's  clip  to  Jamestown,  and 
expects  a  much  better  price  than  for  last  sea- 
son's clip. 

The  comparative  value  of  sheep  and  goats' 
fleece  is  worth  noticing.  Mr.  B.  assures  us 
that  there  are  now,  and  have  been  sold  in 
San  Francisco  this  year,  some  6,000,000  lbs 
of  sheep  wool,  at  10  to  16  cents,  costs  of 
freight  to  be  deducted.  There  are  now  some 
7,000  high  grades  and  pure  Angora  goats  on 
this  coast.  The  fleeces  will  average  '2J^  lbs 
to  the  head,  or  17,500  lbs  of  mohair,  worth  at 
least  80  cents  per  pound,  or  about  $2  00  per 
head  annually,  on  an  average,  at  present  low 
prices. 

Some  parties  are  talking  of  shearing  the 
Angora  goats  twice  a  year,  as  is  the  custom  in 
this  State  to  shear  fine-wool  sheep.  Mr.  Bai- 
ley thinks  it  will  be  better  to  shear  but 
once  a  year,  but  advises  feeding  the  goats 
when  pasture  gets  short  and  poor,  and  then 
the  fleece  will  be  of  a  uniform  strength  and 
texture,  and  be  long,  lustrous  and  much  more 
valuable  than  shorter  fleeces. 

At  any  rate,  the  Angora  goat  will  hold  its 
own  in  our  climate,  and  our  best  breeders  de- 
clare that  it  is  constantly  improving.  The 
probability  is  that  it  is  capable  of  being  vastly 
improved;  and,  taken  from  the  half-civilized 
country  of  its  nativity  and  placed  upon  our 
pastures  and  under  the  careful  breeding  of 
enlightened  and  enterprising  Americans,  it 
will  not  be  many  years  before  we  can  ship 
specimens  of  Angoras  back  to  their  native 
country  that  will  "astonish  the  natives." 

Oregon  is  proving  to  be  a  fine  climate  for 
these  goats,  and  her  pastures,  green  longer 
than  ours,  may  give  her  even  an  advantage 
over  California.  Mr.  Bailey  sold  300  goats  to 
go  to  Oregon  last  faU,  and  has  reports  of  the 
most  favorable  character  from  them. 


The  Sheep  of  Spain.  —  The  following, 
translated  from  Le  Joivrnal  d'  Agriculiare  pra- 
iique,  seems  to  imply  that  the  Merino  is  not 
so  mxich  of  a  favorite  on  its  "native  heath" 
as  in  other  parts  of  Europe  or  the  United 
States.  If  the  Merinos  described  below  are 
a  fair  type  of  the  fine-wool  flocks  of  the  mod- 
ern Spaniard,  says  the  National  Live  Stock 
Journal,  they  but  furnish  additional  evi- 
dence of  the  indolence  and  decay  of  that  once 
enterprising  people.  The  standard  of  the 
noble  flocks  from  which  the  importations, 
during  the  early  years  of  this  century,  were 
made,  was  certainly  far  above  that  here  por- 
trayed, though  considerably  below  what  has 


resulted  from  the  energy  and  skill  of  Ameri- 
can breeders,  as  now  represented  in  the  dis- 
tinctive family  known  as  "American  Me- 
rinos": 

The  breeds  of  sheep  in  the  north  of  Spain 
form  three  groups,  perfectly  distinct,  and 
characterized — first,  by  form;  secondly,  and 
principally,  by  their  fleeces.  These  three 
types  are  designated  in  their  native  country 
under  the  names  cf  Merino,  Churra  and 
Lacha. 

First  — The  Merinos,  or  fine  wools.  The 
Merino  race,  in  Navarre,  resembles  somewhat 
the  type  which  is  usually  found  in  France 
and  other  countries  of  Europe,  under  the 
same  name.  Small  in  size,  rather  pot-bellied, 
and  altogether  presenting  a  sorry  appearance, 
the  only  valuable  feature  about  them  is  their 
wool.  'This  is  short,  frizzled,  fine  and  knotty. 
This  race  has,  of  late  years,  lost  much  of  its 
relative  value,  even  in  Spain.  Raised  prin- 
cipally in  Estramadura,  New  Castile  and  So- 
ria,  it  forms  the  major  part  of  the  migratory 
flocks;  nevertheless,  this  race  is  now  less  ap- 
preciated in  the  north  than  in  the  west  of  the 
peninsula.  Increasing  slowly,  yielding  only 
a  medium  quality  of  mutton,  they  are  not 
even  profitable  for  their  wool,  which,  though 
exceedingly  fine,  is  too  little  in  quantity  to 
make  up  for  the  other  inferior  qualities;  con- 
sequently this  race  is  very  little  noticed  in  the 
fairs  and  other  agricultural  exhibitions;  the 
highest  prizes  being  given  to  the  other  races, 
which  are  usually  much  better  represented. 

Second. — The  Chiirra  race,  or  curly  wools. 
They  are  much  more  numerous  in  Navarre, 
and  infinitely  more  esteemed  than  the  pre- 
ceding race.  They  are  much  stronger  and 
taller,  wide  in  the  shoulders,  and  closely  built 
in  the  hind  quarters.  The  wool  is  of  medium 
length,  curly  and  rather  coarse.  They  are 
held  in  high  estimation  for  the  fine  quality  of 
their  mutton. 

Third.— The  Lacha  breed,  or  long  wool. 
The  distinguishing  marks  of  this  breed  are 
medium  hight,  larger  in  the  hind  quarters 
thau  the  preceding  race,  a  fine  head,  black 
sometimes,  small  horns  and  frequently  with- 
out any.  This  race  is  particularly  remarkable 
for  the  great  length  of  its  wool,  which  some- 
times measures  30,  35,  and  even  40  centi- 
metres (12,  14  and  IG  inches),  hanging  fre- 
quently to  the  ground,  and  giving  to  the 
animal  a  very  singular  aspect,  very  much 
resembling  the  llama.  This  curious  race  lives 
upon  the  southern  slope  of  the  Pyrennes,  to 
the  north  of  Navarre,  and  principally  in  the 
districts  of  Irun  and  Valcarlos.  It  Uves  con- 
stantly out  of  doors,  night  as  well  as  day, 
either  in  sunshine  or  shade,  remaining,  with- 
out inconvenience,  exposed  for  weeks  at  a 
time  to  constant  rain,  which  slips  off  from 
their  thick  fleeces  without  hurting  them  in 
the  least.  They  are  never  fed,  except  when 
the  snow  covers  the  ground,  and  then  only  a 
little  straw  and  dry  leaves,  which  serves  to 
sustain  them  till  the  snow  disappears.  Some 
shepherds,  during  the  lambing  season  only, 
place  their  flocks  under  shelter.  Their  mut- 
ton is  reckoned  a  little  less  valuable  than  that 
of  the  Churra  race,  but  is  nevertheless  of  good 
quality.  Their  fine  fleeces  are  very  valuable, 
and  they  supply  the  greater  par;  used  in  the 
fabrication  of  the  famous  Valentij  n  cloaks. 
It  is  remarkable  that  this  race,  to  which  its 
long  wool  gives  such  a  characteristic  aspect, 
although  living  in  the  same  manner  as  other 
races,  is  not  subject  to  so  many  diseases,  and 
especially  thoso  which  so  often  decimate  the 
other  Spanish  races. 


Inteokity. — Who  ever  possessed  it  that  did 
not  derive  untold  advantage  from  it?  It  is 
better  than  riches,  it  is  of  more  value  than 
"diamonds  and  all  precious  stones;"  and  yet 
every  man  may  possess  it.  The  poorest  may 
have  it,  and  no  power  on  earth  can  wrest  it 
from  them.  Young  men,  prize  integrity  of 
character  above  all  earthly  gifts. 


Dark  ages — The  ladies. 


Principles    Governing  the  Transmis- 
sion of  Characteristics  by 
the    Sexes. 

B  — 

|T  has  been  advanced  by  some  breeders 

that  the  male  transmitted  certain  cliarac- 

r  ters  mainly  relating  to  the  exterior  of  the 

"  animal,  while  the  female  transmitted 
characters  relating  to  the  interior.  And  there 
are  many  cases  which  seem  to  admit  of  such  a 
theory.  The  color  of  the  cock  is  usually 
transmitted  to  his  offspring;  the  ram  trans- 
mits his  peculiarities  of  horns  and  fleece,  and 
the  buli  the  presence  or  absence  of  horns. 
These  facts,  for  such  they  seem  to  be,  can, 
however,  be  explained  equally  well  in  an- 
other way. 

If  we  cross  a  number  of  varieties,  we  find 
that  instead  of  the  offspring  always  showing 
a  blending  of  the  characters  of  both  parents, 
in  many  cases  the  young  animal  or  plant  more 
nearly  resembles  the  one  parent  than  the 
other ;  that  is,  one  parent  has  transmitted  more 
characters  than  the  other,  or  has  transmitted 
them  with  more  force. 

Thus,  when  crossing  the  Short-horn  bull 
upon  the  native  cow,  the  grade  oflspring  is 
more  of  a  Short-horn  in  its  characteristics 
than  it  is  a  native.  We  say,  in  this  case,  that 
the  Short-horn  bull  is  prepotent,  and  to  this 
power  of  transmission  we  apply  the  term  pre- 
potency. Now,  prepotency  may  belong  to 
either  parent,  in  fact,  it  may  belong  to  both 
parents.  The  sire  may  be  preijotent,  so  far 
as  certain  characters  go,  but  the  dam  may 
be  prepotent  in  other  characters.  Now,  this 
prepotency  tends  to  give  uniformity  or  fixed- 
ness to  a  race  or  breed.  Darwin  makes  the 
observation  that  in  certain  families  the  effect 
of  the  prepotency  of  some  ancestor  is  seen  in 
some  distinctive  character.  He  says,  "  It 
would  appear  that  in  certain  famiUes  some 
one  ancestor,  and  after  him  others  in  the  same 
family,  must  have  had  great  power  in  trans- 
mitting their  likeness  through  the  male  line; 
for  we  cannot  otherwise  understand  how  the 
same  features  should  be  so  often  transmitted 
after  marriages  with  various  females,  as  has 
been  the  case  with  the  Austrian  emperors,  and 
as  formerly  occurred  in  certain  Koman  fami- 
lies with  their  mental  qualities.  The  famous 
bull  Favorite  is  ibeUeved  to  have  had  a  pre- 
potent influence  upon  the  Short-horn  race. 
It  has  always  been  observed  with  English 
racers  that  certain  mares  have  generally  trans- 
mitted their  own  character,  whilst  others  of 
equally  pure  blood  have  allowed  the  character 
of  the  sire  to  prevail."  Now,  this  prepotency 
may  come  into  action  independently  of  any 
supposed  influence  of  long  breeding — so  that 
it  cannot  be  refen-ed  to  habit,  as  some  would 
have  It.  Some  of  Darwin's  examples  .ire  in- 
teresting and  instructive.  In  chapter  four- 
teen of  his  work  on  the  variation  of  animals 
and  plants,  he  says:  "  The  truth  of  the  prin- 
ciple of  prepotency  comes  out  more  clearly 
when  certain  races  are  crossed.  The  improved 
Short-honi,  notwithstanding  that  the  breed 
is  comparatively  a  modern  race,  are  generally 
acknowledged  to  possess  great  power  in  im- 
pressing their  likeness  on  all  other  breeds, 
and  it  is  chiefly  in  consequence  of  this  power 
that  they  are  so  highly  valued.  Godine  has 
given  a  curious  case  of  a  goat-like  breed  of 
sheep  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  a  ram  from 
which  produced  oflspring  htu-dly  to  be  distin- 
guished from  himself  when  crossed  with  ewes 
of  twelve  other  breeds;  but  two  of  the  half- 
breed  ewes,  when  put  to  a  Merino  ram,  pro- 
duced lambs  closely  resembling  the  Merino 
breed." 

Here,  in  the  first  place,  the  goat-like  ram 
was  prepotent,  but  his  offspring,  when  mated 
with  such  a  strong  breed  as  the  Merinos, were 
not  able  to  transmit  their  characters.  It  is 
also  on   record  that  of  two  races  of  French 


t^^^S- 


<s. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


sheep,  the  ewes  of  one,  when  crossed  during 
successive  generations  with  Merino  rams, 
yielded  up  their  characters  far  sooner  than  the 
ewes  of  the  other.  In  other  words,  the  pre- 
potency of  the  Merino  rams  was  greater  in  the 
one  case  than  in  the  other;  which  necessitates 
this  conclusion,  that  prepotency  is  the  excess 
of  the  power  of  iranimissioii  which  one  parent 
has  over  the  other.  It  is  evident  that  each 
parent  tends,  with  a  certain  force,  to  transmit 
its  characters,  and  it  wUl  transmit  them  un- 
less the  force  is  met  by  one  superior  to  it.  It 
is  simply  a  matching  of  force  against  force, 
the  stronger  force  winning  here  as  elsewhere. 

Keferring  again  to  the  examples  given  by 
Darwin.  In  South  America  there  is  a  breed 
of  cattle  called  the  Niata  breed,  with  certain 
marked  peculiarities.  "  When  these  are 
crossed  with  common  cattle,  though  the  Niata 
breed  is  prepotent  whether  males  or  females 
are  used,  yet  the  prepotency  is  str(»ngest  in 
the  female  line.  In  making  reciprocal  crosses 
of  Pouter  and  Fantail  pigeons,  the  Pouter 
seems  to  bo  prepotent,  through  both  sexes, 
over  the  Fantail. "  These  examples  will  per- 
haps be  sufficient  to  show  that  the  transmis- 
sion of  peculiar  character  is  due  to  some 
power  or  force  in  one  or  the  other  of  the  pa- 
rents, and  not  that  one  parent  invariably 
transmits  certain  characters  and  the  other 
certain  others. 

It  appears  to  be  a  plan  of  nature,  in  both 
the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms,  that  in 
fertilization,  the  sexual  cells  shall  come  from 
difl'erent  organisms.  The  various  arrange- 
ments in  orchidaceous  plants  are  the  most 
■well-known  examples  of  this,  but  it  is  now 
known  that  in  many  other  orders  of  plants 
simpler,  but  equally  eflective  means  are  pro- 
vided for  securing  cross-fertilization,  and  it  is 
the  opinion  of  the  best  vegetable  physiologists 
that  this  cross-fertilization  is  the  rule,  and 
that  cases  of  continual  or  habitual  self-fertil- 
ization are  quite  rare.  In  the  higher  animals, 
the  individuals  are  divided  into  two  groups — ■ 
in  the  one,  the  male  sexual  cells  are  developed, 
and  in  the  other,  the  female  cells.  The  re- 
sult of  a  fertilization  in  such  a  case  must  al- 
ways be  a  sort  of  cross — each  animal  possess- 
ing its  individual  peculiarities.  In  the  lower 
forms,  where  both  kinds  of  sexual  organs  are 
found  in  the  same  individual,  it  might  be  sup- 
posed that  no  such  cross-fertilization  existed, 
but  even  here  it  is  foiind  that  fertilization 
takes  place  by  the  congress  of  two  of  these 
hermaphrodite  individuals — each  fertilizing 
the  other. — Prof.  C.  E.  Jiessey,  Cal.  College  of 
Ayncalture. 


A  Stampede  on  the  Plains. — There  is  one 
thing  about  cattle  very  hard  to  understand, 
even  by  those  who  are  most  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  their  habits,  and  that  is,  why 
they  wiU  stampede — suddenly  become  uncon- 
trollable— lose  all  their  senses,  and  "  like 
mad"  tear  away  in  whatever  direction  they 
may  get  started  until  coraiiletely  exhausted. 
Some  writer  in  the  Journal  of  Agriculture  thus 
relates  his  own  experience  while  crossing  the 
plains  to  California  in  1858: 

This  drive  was  the  longest  and  hardest  I 
remember  to  have  seen  during  the  entire  trip. 
The  morning  of  the  day  we  made  this  drive 
WB  broke  corral  some  time  before  daylight; 
there  was  not  a  drop  of  water  in  the  entire 
twenty-five  miles;  the  country  traveled  over 
■was  very  hilly,  and  the  day  hot  and  sultry. 
Wo  went  into  corral  near  the  North  Platte, 
about  one  o'clock  the  next  morning. 

After  corral  had  been  made,  the  oxen  had 
hardly  been  unyoked  when  the  entire  drove, 
probably  maddened  by  thirst,  took  one  of 
those  terrific  stampedes  which  used  to  be  so 
well  known  on  the  Plains,  and  for  ■n-hich  it 
was  often  so  dilHeult  to  account.  They  broke 
straight  for  the  river,  jumped  into  it  and 
made  for  the  other  side.  Frank  and  I  were 
already  on  our  mules,  bare-back  and  with 
raw-hide  halters,  and  after  a  word  or  two  wo 


agreed  to  follow  them,  he  going  above,  and  I 
below  the  cattle. 

The  bottom  of  the  Platte  is  as  changeable 
and  capricious  as  the  fluctuations  of  stock  or 
the  gymnastics  of  a  jack-rabbit.  Owing  to 
the  quicksand  formation  of  its  bed,  the  bottom 
is  a  regular  map  of  hills  and  holes;  one  mo- 
ment the  water  may  not  be  a  foot  deep,  and 
the  next  a  horse  and  rider  may  be  plunging 
and  floundering  much  beyond  their  depth.  I 
kept  down  the  stream  for  a  distance  and  then 
forced  my  mule  over  its  bank. 

The  night  was  very  dark  and  I  could  see 
nothing  at  all;  but  the  cattle  could  be  heard 
puffing  and  splashing  in  the  water.  I  directed 
my  course  down  stream,  my  mule  alternately 
wading  and  s^wimming,  as  long  as  I  could 
hear  any  of  them  below  me.  I  went  down 
this  way  for  nearly  a  mile  and  then  headed 
for  the  north  bank;  but  when  I  reached  it  my 
mule  was  so  worn  out  and  the  bank  so  steep 
that  I  could  not  persuade  him  to  climb  it — 
though  my  persuader  was  an  excellent  one, 
being  a  heavy,  sharp  Mexican  spur  with  a 
rowler  about  two  inches  in  diameter.  I  knew 
that  the  mu!e  could  attend  to  himself,  so  I 
climbed  out  and  left  him  to  go  it  on  his  own 
account. 

Of  course  I  could  see  nothing  of  the  cattle, 
and  being  very  effectually  played  out  and  in  a 
somewhat  reckless  mood  anyhow,  I  laid  down 
and  went  to  sleep  immediately — strongly  un- 
der the  impression  that  the  cattle  at  the  mo- 
ment were  on  their  way  to  the  Brithish  Pos- 
sessions, and  not  a  particle  troubled  as  to  how 
soon  they  got  there. 

It  was  nearly  sunrise  when  I  woke  up,  and 
the  sight  that  met  my  eyes  after  a  little  obser- 
vation was  as  soul-cheering  a  one  as  ever 
gladdened  the  heart  of  a  bull-whacker.  Above 
me  was  the  entire  herd  of  cattle  grazing 
quietly,  and  not  two  hundred  yards  below 
was  my  mule.  Mounting  him  I  soon  found 
Frank.  He,  too,  had  been  sleeping,  but  had 
managed  to  keep  above  the  cattle,  and  he  and 
his  mule  had  kept  together  throughout.  We 
rode  through  the  herd,  and  there  was  not  a 
steer  missing.  The  river  had  cooled  their 
stampeding  ardor,  and  when  they  had  reached 
the  bank  they  were  willing  enough  to  stop 
for  a  rest. 

First  and  last,  in  my  experience  upon  the 
plains  and  in   the  Rocky    Mountains,  I  have 
seen  a  good  many  stampedes  among  cattle.but 
never  one  that  ended  so  pleasantly  and  harm- 
lessly.    Generally  speaking  there  is  but  little 
fun  in  them.     Steers  on  a   stampede  seem  to 
be  entirely  insensible  to  all   arguments  of  en- 
treaty or  coercion.     They  will  run  over  any- 
thing from  a   prairie  dog   town  to  a  regiment 
of  U.  S.  troops.     Gen.  Harney  was  proverbi- 
al for   his  management  of  Indians,  but   even 
he  could  never  have   stopped  a  herd  of  cattle 
on  a  stampede.     When  »airly  under  headway, 
I  verily  believe  that  if  the  Flag  of   our  Union 
(long  may  it  w-a-a-a-ve!)  or   the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States  was  placed  before  them, 
they  would'ntpay  any  more  attention  to  one, 
or  both,  than  if  they    were  the   National  Con- 
gress convened  in   regular  session  to  consider 
the  Louisiana  troubles.     They  will  run  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  miles,  and  even    farther,  go- 
ing straight  on,  through  or  over  everything  in 
their  way,  until  they  are  at   last  compelled  to 
stop  from  utter  exhaustion.     Under  such  cir- 
cumstances they   have  no  more  sense  than  a 
Piute  Indian,  or  acoh)red  member  of  a  South- 
ern Legislature.     Then  the  work  of  gathering 
them  up — one  has  to  have  gone  through  it  to 
get  a  proper  appreciation.     They  scatter  in  a 
nuiimer  most  sad  and  painful  to  contemjilate, 
and  when  being  driven  back  to  camp  seem  to 
realize  a  most  malicious  pleasure   in  wishing 
to  go  in  any  and  every  direction  save  the  one 
intended.    'Oxen  are  not  the  most   charming 
creatures  in  the  world,  even  when  acting  their 
loveliest,  but    on  and    afti'r  a    stampede  they 
are  particularly  and  unreasonably   despicable 
and  detestable. 


get.  If  we  breed  a  multitude  of  qualities  in 
an  animal,  that  multitude  shows  more  or  less 
of  its  qualities.  If  we  breed  a  single  quality 
in  an  animal  representing  it  we  get  this.  This 
then  is  safe,  and  we  know  what  we  have  to 
do.  There  is  a  ditference,  for  instance,  in 
Short-horns.  Some  breed  more  largely — that 
is,  some  strains  do — for  milk  than  others. 
These  have  been  cultivated  to  that  end.  We 
therefore  use  them,  and  with  success,  in  the 
dairy.  Here  we  have  beef  and  the  milking 
property  united.  This,  in  the  EngUsh  dairies, 
prevails  to  a  large  extent;  also  to  some  extent 
in  this  country.  If  we  wish  a  family  cow,one 
only,  we  select  a  large  milker  from  the  Jersey 
breed.  We  select  a  large  milker  because  there 
is  never  a  lack  of  richness  of  quality  in  this 
breed.  It  transmits  faithfully  this  one  valu- 
able property.  In  breeding  the  Jersey,  there- 
fore, for  improvement,  care  must  be  had  for 
the  quantity  rather  than  the  quality  of  the 
milk.  If  this  can  be  secured — and  that  it  can 
there  is  no  doubt — the  Jersey  \vill  be  the  only 
cow  for  the  dairy.  Beef  at  the  end  of  the 
term  of  milking  will  be  no  object  then,  as  the 
superiority  in  the  milking  quality  will  more 
than  balance  the  advantage  of  beef.  And  so 
it  is  now  with  our  best  milkers.  It  is  an  ob- 
ject to  keep  for  milk  alone  with  these.  They 
may  be  used  for  milk  alone,  and  the  carcass 
given  away,  and  still  be  an  advantage  over 
the  beef-producing  animal. 

A  Colorado  cattle-breeder  9,000  feet  above 
the  sea  finds  it  more  profitable  to  raise  Short- 
horns than  Texan  or  other  common  breeds. 
They  do  equally  well  on  the  native  pasturage 
without  other  feed,  and  bring  much  more 
clear  money,  and  are  less  liable  to  wander 
away  and  scatter  before  the  storms.  He  con- 
demns the  scrub  breeds,  and  claims  that  the 
Short-horns  are  as  hardy  as  any  and  vastly 
more  profitable. 


The    Cow   fob  the    Daiuy. — An  exchange 
says;    It  is  notorious  that  as  vo  breed  ao  we 


EVERGKEENS    AS    A    W^INTEB    PROTECTION    IN 

THE  SoDTH.— It  is  perhaps  not  generally 
known  how  much  protection  is  afforded  to 
tender  vegetation  by  the  presence  of  hardy 
evergreens,  either  as  hedges  to  screen  from 
cold  and  drying  winds,  or  by  their  overhang- 
ing branches  to  arrest  excessive  radiation  of 
heat.  It  is  astonishing,  sometimes,  to  see 
what  apparently  trifling  protection  will  save 
the  Ufe  of  plants  which  are  sure  to  be  killed 
in  more  open  and  exposed  places.  A  few 
dried  bushes  or  a  handful  of  leaves,  a  shel- 
tered fence  corner  or  the  shade  of  a  large 
tree,  will  often  suffice  to  carry  tender  plants 
safely  through  the  winter.  A  few  green  pine 
boughs  set  upright  around  some  Eucalyptus 
trees  in  two  of  my  nrighbor's  gardens  have 
have  effectually  saved  them  this  winter.  The 
protection  afforded  by  a  mass  of  evergreen 
foliage  seems  to  be  something  more  than  a 
mere  screen,  or  what  would  be  att'orded  by  an 
overhanging  shed  or  dried  straw.  Perhaps 
the  living  leaves  may  modify  the  temperature 
in  some  way  we  are  ignorant  of.  Certain  it 
is,  that  many  half-hardy  plants  ■will  survive 
the  severe  cold  of  winter  when  thus  protected, 
which  are  almost  invariably  killed  when  out 
in  perfectly  exposed  localities. — liural  Caro- 
linian. 

The  Atnencan  AgricuUurhi  says  the  rich  far- 
mers are  those  who  raise  grass  and  roots,  and 
produce  stock  or  butter  and  cheese,  and  make 
manure  enough  to  raise  occusional  big  crops 
of  grain.  The  poor  farmers  are  those  ■who 
depend  on  corn  and  wheat  alone. 

*-•-* 

A  recent  report  on  "Paper  making  as  con- 
ducted in  Western  Massachusetts,"  contains 
a  list  of  112  difl'erent  materials  for  making 
paper,  from  all  of  which  an  article  of  fair 
quality  can  be  produced. 

Not  an  untimely  suggestion,  that  the  Fourth 
of  July  be  postponed  one  mouth  this  year,  on 
"account  of  the  weather." 


i^a^^ 


:^S4^S1 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


SIvc  Bm\) 


s 


John  Has  a  Way. 

pHE  cows  are  coming,  Jessie,  dear,  make  haste  and 
see  tlio  biglil; 
There  are  twi-uty  milky  beauties  to  be  housed 

aud  fed  to-night. 
The  first  one.  with  the  snow-white  horns,  is  jiist 
as  ul.l  as  May; 
■  She  aud  my  ptt  first  saw  the  light  the  same  soft 
Summer's  day. 

A  tender  creature  was  she,  so  weak  and  cold  and  thin! 
Joliu  said  shi?  was  not  tit  to  raise.  I  said  it  was  a  sin 
To  cast  her  off  for  Maybud's  sake.    Johu  laughed  aud 

asked  me  whether 
I  thought  it  best,  upon  the  whole,  to  raise  two  calves 

together. 

But  she  was  spared,  and  so  was  May.    It  sometimes 

seems  to  me, 
In  Starbi'igbt'B  soft  and  gentle  eyes,  May's  pleading 

glance  I  see. 
I    lovo    the  creature— you    may    smile— perhaps  my 

fancies  mock; 
She's  the  fairest  of  the  herd,  as  May's  the  sweetest  of 

the  flock. 

There's  May,  her  arms  'round  Starbriglit's  neck;  the 
girl  is  uine  to-day, 

A  frolicsome  and  geuial  thing,  at  study  or  at  play; 

The  darling  of  our  failing  years,  the  spring  in  our  au- 
tumn set, 

A  fair  whitu  jewel  blazing  in  our  faded  coronet. 

But  see.  John  lets  the  bars  down;  in  clover  deep  they 

stand. 
With  glossy  flanks,  and  backs  as  straight  as  yonder 

talde  land; 
The  fragrauce  of  their  breath  pours  iu  like  ambergris 

aud  myrrh; 
They're  just  the  neatest  cows  to  milk,  John  says  they 

never  stir. 

They  know  his  tone— 'tis  seldom  loiid;  they  know  his 

touch,  'tis  kind; 
"John  has  a  way,"  the  neighbors  say,  to  make  dumb 

creatures  mind; 
Perhaps— I  only  know  that  I,  through  all  these  blessed 

years. 
Have    uever   seen   the   moment  when  his  voice  has 

brought  me  tears. 

—[Hearth  and  Home. 


Fancy  Butter  Making. 

An  Eastern  "gilt-edgo"  butter  dairy  is  thus 
described  in  an  exchange : 

The    dairy    ■which    is    and  wiU  remain   a 
specialty  on  this  farm,  is    a  great  attraction, 
aud  nothing  is  more  noteworthy  about  it  than 
its  thorough   order  aud   cleanliness — two  es- 
sentials which  are   highly  important.     Every 
modern    improvement    that    experience    has 
proved  to  be  of  value  in  the  best  known  dairy 
regions  of   the  county,  is  supplied.     Water  is 
furnished   in   unfailing    quantities   from  the 
reservoirs  which    contribute   to  every  needed 
place  on  the  farm,  and   the   most   perfect  ar- 
rangements  for  cooling  in    the    Summer  are 
provided.     The    cooling    j^ans    used  are  the 
deep  ones,  the  old  theory  that   the  larger  the 
surface  of   fiiilk,  the  greater   the  quantity  of 
cream  to  be  had,  being  now   generally    aban- 
doned  by  the  most  accomplished   dairj'men. 
These  pans  are  nineteen  and  a  half  inches  in 
depth,  and  eight  inches  in  diameter,  being  in 
shape  like    au  ice-cream  freezer.     I   saw  the 
tidy  woman  who  superintends  the  dairy,  skim 
several  of  these  pans,  and  took   the  measure- 
ment of   cream  got  from  one  of   them,  which 
was  a    fair  average.      There   was  a   depth  of 
eighteen  aud  a  quarter  inches  of   milk  to  be- 
gin with ;    the  solid   cream  removed  was  of  a 
clear    thickness    of    four    and  three-quarter 
inches,  or  a   trifle  over  twenty-tive  per   cent, 
of  rich  cream !     None  of  the  butter  is  worked 
by  hand,  but  passes  through  a  butter  worker, 
an  ingenious  aud  excellent  contrivance  which 
has    been   used  for  some  years   in   the   first 
dairies  in   Pennsylvania,   and  which   insures 
absolute  cleanliness  while  doing  its  work  pei-- 
feotly.     The  butter  made  is  eagerly  demanded 
iu  New  York,  and   brings  readily  there  §1    a 
pound,  this  being  one  result  of  "fancy  farm- 
ing." 


Curing  Buttee. — S.  E.  Lewis,  of  Oxford, 
N.  Y.,  recently  gave  an  address  before  the 
Massachusetts  Cheese  Makers'  Association, 
which  is   reported  in  the   Boston   Cultivator, 


aud  the  editor  says  it  was  "the  best  and 
most  practical  talk  on  butter  making  that  we 
have  ever  heard."  Mr.  Lewis  at  the  close  of 
his  remarks  referred  to  the  curing  of  butter, 
and  said  butter,  like  hay,  must  have  time  to 
cure  before  making.  If  butter  comes  white 
in  Summer,  when  too  warm,  you  cannot  wash 
out  the  buttermilk  at  once,  and  after  washing 
it  will  still  be  white.  The  proper  way  under 
these  circumstances  is  to  salt  it  at  the  rate  of 
Xy^to  \y^  ounces  of  salt  to  the  pound  of  but- 
ter, and  half  work  it.  Then  after  2-1  hours 
move  it  over  on  the  worker,  then  set  it  aside 
for  another  space  of  2i  hours,  or  until  the 
third  morning  after  curing,  and  you  will  have 
liue  butter  and  of  good  color.  He  thinks  to 
expose  butter  to  light  in  order  to  get  color,  is 
au  error,  and  that  handling  and  curing  butter 
is  a  difficult  art.  He  said  vei-y  truly  that  the 
greatest  difficulty  in  the  reform  of  butter  mak- 
ing is  that  everybody  makes  good  butter.  No 
farmer  ever  carries  poor  butter  to  market,  be- 
cause no  farmer's  wife  ever  did  admit  that 
she  made  "poor  butter;"  yet,  notwithstand- 
ing those  denials,  there  is  an  immense 
amount  of  poor  butter  that  finds  its  way  into 
the  market. 


he  commenced  feeding  his  cow  on  fresh  clover 
and  from  that  time  until  the  fifteenth  of  Oc- 
tober she  had  no  feed  of  any  kind  except  what 
clover  was  cut  from  one  fourth  of  an  acre  of 
ground.  He  says  further  that  he  raised  one 
hundred  and  fifty  bushels  of  sugar  beets  and 
carrots  on  one-eighth  of  an  acre,  and  two 
tous  of  hay  on  the  balance  of  an  acre  and  that 
the  roots  and  hay  wiU  keep  the  cow  from 
October  until  next  June,  so  that  on  one  and  a 
fourth  acres  he  has  kept  his  cow  a  year.  Tho 
cuw,  he  says,  averaged  through  the  Summer 
eighteen  quiirts  per  day.  [What  California 
farmer  can  beat  this?] 


Stuetevant's  Twelve  Propositions. — Dr. 
Sturtevant's  lecture  before  the  Connecticut 
State  Board  of  Agriculture  may  be  summar- 
ized as  follows: 

1— The  butter  product  is  largely  governed 
by  food. 

2  —There  is  a  structural  limit  to  the  butter 
cajiacity  of  each  cow. 

3 — When  the  cow  is  fed  to  this  limit,  in- 
creased food  cannot  increase  the  production. 

4 — The  superior  cow  has  this  structural 
limit  at  a  distance  from  ordinary  food,  and 
is  more  ready  to  respond  to  stimuli  than  the 
inferior  cow. 

5 — Tho  superior  cow  is  seldom  fed  up  to  her 
limit,  while  the  inferior  cow  may  be  fed  be- 
yond her  limit. 

6 — The  character  of  the  food  has  some  in- 
fluence on  the  character  of  the  butter,  but 
breed  has  more. 

7 — There  is  no  constant  relation  between 
the  butter  product  and  the  cheese  product. 

8 — The  casein  is  constant,  and  does  not  re- 
spond to  an  increase  of  food. 

'J — The  casein  is  constant,  without  regard 
to  season. 

10 — Increase  in  the  quantity  of  milk  is  fol- 
lowed by  an  increase  in  the  total  amount  of 
casein. 

11 — Insufficient  food  checks  the  production 
of  butter,  aud  tends  to  decrease  the  casein 
and  to  the  substitution  of  albumen. 

12 — Feed  superior  cows  nearer  the  limit  of 
production  than  inferior  cows. 

■■  #  »    ■ 

Cows  StJCKiNG  Themselves. — D.  M.  Worley 
says  that  he  has  a  plan  for  preventing  cows 
drawing  the  lacteal  fluid  from  their  own  ud- 
der which  is  far  superior  to  any  heretofore 
recommended.     He  describes  it  as  follows: 

Get  your  tin-man  to  make  a  half-inch  tube 
of  heavy  tin,  well  soldered,  leaving  both  ends 
open,  of  the  proper  length  to  reach  through 
the  cows  mouth  in  the  manner  of  a  bridle  bit. 
Punch  eight  one-eighth  inch  holes  in  this  tube 
near  the  middle,  and  one  inch  apart,  as  fol- 
lows: two  in  the  upper  side,  two  in  the  lower, 
and  two  in  each  of  the  other  two  sides.  Solder 
a  small  ring  to  each  end,  and  it  is  finished. 
Fasten  a  string  or  strap  to  one  ring,  put  the 
bit  iu  the  cow's  mouth,  bring  the  strap  over 
her  head  and  fasten  it  to  the  other  ring,  aud 
she  has  done  sucking  herself.  Two  years  ago 
a  neighbor  who  had  a  cow  that  sucked  her- 
self, and  kept  very  poor,  procured  one  of 
these  bits  aud  put  it  on  her.  She  immediately 
began  to  thrive,  and  they  had  one  more  cow 
to  milk.  My  bit  made  according  to  tho  above 
description  cost  just  10  cents. 

A  correspondent  of   the  Ohio  Farmer  writes 
to  that  paper  that  on  the  first  day  of  last  June 


The  recent  method  for  improving  skimmed 
milk  by  the  use  of  oleomargarine,  will  bo 
likely  to  throw  a  considerable  quantity  of 
oleomargarine  cheese  on  the  market  from  tho 
creameries;  aud  while  this  new  process,  of 
manufacture  opens  the  way  for  utilizing  the 
skimmed  milk  in  a  better  manner  by  turning 
out  a  good-flavored,  meaty  cheese,  we  hojie 
the  distinctive  title  of  "oleomargarine"  may 
be  used  in  placing  it  upon  the  market. 

The  oleomargarine  cheese  is  said  to  have 
remarkable  keeping  qualities,  and  that  it  re- 
tains flavor  much  longer  than  whole-milk 
cheese.  If  this  be  so,  it  is  another  reason 
why  the  cheese  should  have  a  distinctive 
name. — X  A.  VHllard,  in  Rural  New  Yorker. 

Kelattve  Cost  of  BarrEE  and  Beef. — Did 
it  ever  occur  to  any  of  your  readers  that  it 
takes  more  feed  to  make  a  pound  of  beef  than 
a  pound  of  butter?  A  good  cow  in  milk,  well 
cared  for,  will  make  two  hundred  pounds  of 
butter  iu  a  season,  worth  from  $(iO  to  $70; 
but  a  dry  cow,  with  the  same  feed,  will  not 
gain  as  much  in  weight  in  the  same  time,  nor 
will, she  be  worth  as  much  as  the  butter  from 
the  dairy  cow,  and  the  milch  cow  is  left.  An 
acquaintance  of  mine  is  fattening  an  ox,  and 
in  sixty  days  he  had  fed  him  900  pounds  of 
meal,  at  a  cost  of  $15,  with  only  100  pounds 
gain  in  weight — H.  W.,  in  Country  Ge/tUenum. 


Ten  Good  Hints. 


The  following  pithy  code  of  newspaper 
by-laws  is  the  best  we  have  ever  seen: 

1 — Be  brief;  this  is  the  age  of  telegrams  and 
short-hand. 

2 — Be  pointed;  don't  write  all  around  a  sub- 
ject without  hitting  it. 

3 — State  facts;  don't  stop  to  moralize;  it's 
drowsy  business;  let  the  reader  do  his  own 
dreaming. 

4 — Eschew  prefaces;  plunge  at  once  into 
your  subject,  like  a  swimmer  in  cold  water. 

5 — If  you  have  written  a  sentence  that  you 
think  particularly  fine,  draw  your  pen  through 
it;  a  pet  child  is  always  the  worst  in  the  fam- 
ily. 

G — Condense;  make  sure  you  really  have  an 
idea,  and  then  record  it  in  the  shortest  possi- 
ble terms. 

7 — When  your  aricle  is  complete,  strike  out 
nine-tenths  of  the  adjectives;  the  English  is  a 
strong  language,  but  won't  bear  too  much 
"reducing." 

S— Avoid  all  high-flown  language;  never 
use  stilts  when  legs  will  do  as  well. 

U— Make  your  sentences  short;  every  period 
is  a  milestone,  at  which  the  reader  may  halt 
and  rest  himself. 
10— Write  legible. 


None  fob  Him. — "  Ish  dere  some  ledder 
here  for  me?"  inquired  a  German  at  the  gen- 
eral delivery  window  of  the  postoffice. 

"No;  none  here,"  was  the  reply. 

"  Vhell,  dot  is  queer,"  be  continued,  get- 
ting his  head  into  the  window;  "my  neighbor 
gets  somedimes  dree  ledders  in  one  day,  uud 
I  get  none.  I  bays  more  daxes  as  he  does, 
und  I  haf  never  got  one  ledder  yet. 
comes  dose  dings?" 


What  is  it  that  a  poor  man   has  and  a  rich 
man  wants?    Nothing. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Setting  Hens — Breaking  Eggs  in  the 
Nest. 

fi°3§  

^HE  following  very  full  cliscussion  of  the 
above    subject  we  find   in  the   Prairie 
Fanner,  and  as  it  contains   some  useful 
hints  to  poultry  raisers  in  this  State,  wa 
give  it  a  place: 

A  novice,  having  trouljle  with  setting  hens 
breaking  their  eggs,  wishes  to  linow  what  to 
do  about  it,  but  she  does  not  give  particulars 
as  to  how  her  setting  hens  are  arranged,  or 
what  kind  of  nests  they  have;  so  we  can  an- 
swer only  in  a  general  way. 

Deep  nest  boxes  are  sometimes  the  cause  of 
hens  breaking  their  eggs.  Therefore  the 
boxes  should  be  shallow,  so  that  the  hens 
neednot  jump  down  on  the  eggs  when  going  on 
their  nests.  This  is  particularly  needful  in 
case  the  hens  are  large  and  heavy.  A  very 
good  way  with  such  hens  is  to  hollow  out  a 
phice  for  the  uost  on  an  earth  floor,  put  one 
layer  of  bricks  around  it,  and  then  fill  in  with 
a  little  clean  straw  or  other  suitable  material. 
The  largest  aud  most  clumsy  Asiatic  will  slide 
into  such  a  nest  with  as  much  ease  and  grace 
as  can  well  be  imagined,  and  unless  she  prove 
to  be  what  some  term  a  "close  setter,"  there 
will  be  no  danger  of  her  breaking  eggs. 

By  a  "close  setter"  is  meant  a  hen  that 
bears  her  weight  two  firmly  on  the  eggs. 
Some  hens  have  a  way  of  bearing  on,  or,  as 
it  were,  closely  hugging  their  eggs,  and  in 
this  way  some  are  often  broken.  Such  a  hen 
cannot  be  used  safely  as  a  setter,  for  even 
should  she  nearly  complete  her  three  weeks' 
task  without  accidents,  she  will  almost  surely 
kill  a  largo  proportion  of  the  chicks  just  as 
they  are  about  to  emerge  from  the  shells  by 
her  close  setting. 

The  setting  of  imperfect  or  thin-shelled 
eggs  is  sometimes  the  only  cause  of  the  trou- 
bles mentioned.  Such  eggs  should  not,  of 
course,  be  used  for  this  purpose  at  all. 

Hens  fighting  over  their  nests  is  another 
cause,  and  when  this  is  the  case  aiTangements 
must  be  made  whereby  such  fighting  can  be 
prevented.  It  will  sometimes  be  found  neces- 
sary to  keep  some  of  the  more  quarrelsome 
hens  covered  on  their  nests  all  the  time,  ex- 
cept for  awhile  each  day  when  they  are  let  off 
to  feed.  We  cannot  alwas  have  choice  as  to 
what  disjjositioned  hens  we  are  to  employ  for 
hatching,  but  it  is  well  to  know  which  are 
preferable,  in  order  that  the  faulty  ones  may 
be  avoided  whenever  possible. 

In  case  at  any  time  an  egg  is  broken,  the 
soiled  eggs  should  be  carefully  washed  in  warm 
water  and  transferred  with  the  hen  to  a  clean 
nest,  which  should,  of  course,  occupy  the 
same  place  as  the  other.  The  wetting  of  the 
eggs  will  not  injure  them  at  all,  but 'will  be  a 
benefit  rather,  especially  toward  the  close  of 
the  period  of  incubation.  It  is  even  well,  a 
day  or  two  before  the  chicks  are  due,  to 
dampen  the  eggs.  This  may  be  done  by 
syrinkliug  or  by  placing  them  for  a  few  sec- 
onds in  a  basin  of  warm  water.  We  prefer 
the  latter  plan.  The  inside  lining  of  the  eggs 
sometimes  becomes  so  parched  and  tough  as 
to  make  it  very  difficult  for  the  chicks  to  disen- 
gage themselves,  even  when  the  shell  is  partly 
chipped.  The  dampening  of  the  eggs  wiU 
tend  to  prevent  this,  aud  the  chicks  will  come 
out  promptly,  lively  aud  strong. 

One  object  in  setting  hens  on  the  ground  is 
to  secure  the  advantage  of  moisture;  but 
where  it  is  more  convenient  to  have  the  nesta 
on  board  floors,  the  dampening  of  the  eggs  as 
mentioned  may  be  made  to  answer  every  pur- 
Xiose. 


How  TO  Keep  Hens  rnOM  Eating  Their 
Ecios. — A  letter  from  a  small  boy,  thirteen 
years  old,  residing  at  Mount  Morris,  New 
York,  was  read  before  the  Farmers'  Club  of 
the   American  Institute,   lately,    asking   how 


hens  were  to  be  kept  from  eating  their  own 
eggs.  He  stated  that  he  had  an  inclined  nest 
with  a  hole  in  one  end  aud  a  box  beneath,  aud 
found  that  to  be  the  best  way.  Mr.  Ely  said 
that  the  hens  should  be  given  certain  quanti- 
ties of  powdered  oyster  or  clam  shells  to  eat. 
They  must  eat  something  to  make  their  egg 
shells,  and  lime  and  some  hard  substance  was 
required.  Dr.  Smith  said  that  the  fowls  got 
enough  lime  in  their  ordinary  food,  and  that 
they  did  not  need  to  be  given  pounded  shells. 
Nature  provided  them  with  what  they  wanted. 
He  suggested  that  Mr.  Ely  should  shut  up  a 
hen  and  keep  pounded  shell  from  it,  and  he 
would  find  that  the  eggs  would  have  a  shell. 
Mr.  Ely  said  that  he  had  tried  that  very  ex- 
periment, and  found  that  the  hen  dropped 
only  soft  eggs.  Other  members  of  the  Club 
agreed  with  Mr.  Ely  that  it  was  necessary  to 
give  hens  pounded  shells.  Mrr  Wolf  said  that 
the  hens  needed  lime  to  make  their  egg  shells. 
If  they  got  it  in  their  food,  pounded  shells 
were  not  required;  if  they  did  not  get  enough 
lime  in  their  food  it  should  be  given  them  in 
some  form.  A  stranger  asked  how  it  was  that 
so  many  eggs  came  from  parts  of  the  West 
where  there  was  no  shell.  Dr.  Wells  said 
that  the  fowls  got  whathme  they  needed  in  the 
water  they  ch-ank. 

Probably  the  best  way — and  a  very  conve- 
nient way,  too — to  supply  hens  with  lime  is 
to  jjulverize  bones  which  have  been  burned 
and  give  to  them;  or,  lime  itself  will  be  found 
suiiicient. 


^i^ciniltuvc* 


& 


Fish    Culture. 

#]rt7HE  experience  of  the  past  few  years  has 
n||j'  confirmed  the  opinions  of  those  who 
cjl't  have  contended  that  it  was  not  only  pos- 
6,Af  sible  but  practicable  to  raise  fish  and  to 
'^\y  restock  the  streams  and  rivers  which 
once  abounded  with  food  fishes,  but  which, 
from  various  causes,  have  been  depopulated. 
Not  only  the  native  varieties  can  be  brought 
back,  but  valuable  species  from  foreign  coun- 
tries or  from  distant  portions  of  our  own 
country  can  be  introduced  and  naturalized. 
The  fish  crop  is  destined  to  become  as  much 
a  matter  of  certainty  as  any  product  of  the 
land,  and  one  which  is  capable  of  indefinite 
increase. 

The  Journal,  referring  to  this  subject,  says 
it  has  been  noticed  that  the  smelt  on  our  sea 
coast  were  never  so  largo  as  during  the  last 
season,  and  the  result  is  attributed  to  the 
protection  of  the  laws  during  the  season  of 
spawning  and  growth.  In  New  York  the 
plentifulness  and  cheapness  of  the  North 
Eiver  shad  this  Spring  have  been  often  no- 
ticed by  the  newspapers.  This  seems  to  be 
due  in  a  large  degree  to  the  action  of  the 
State  Commissioners  of  Fisheries,  who  last 
year  placed  five  milhons  of  young  shad  in  the 
Hudson  river.  It  is  no  wonder  that  the  j^rices 
of  the  grown  fish  fell  to  about  one-third  of 
the  former  rates,  thus  bringing  what  used  to 
be  considered  a  luxury  within  the  command 
of  all. 

This  instance  must  be  very  gratifying  to 
those  who,  amid  opposition,  ridicule  aud, 
what  is  still  worse,  the  blank  iudillorence  of 
the  public,  have  steadily  labored  to  realize  the 
modern  theories  of  fish  culture.  What  has 
been  done  with  shad  can  also  be  accomplished 
with  other  kiuds  of  fish,  according  to  circum- 
stances. The  New  York  Commissioners  are 
confident  that  their  introduction  of  the  Cali- 
fornia salmon  into  the  waters  of  their  State 
will  prove  eipuilly  successful,  oven  in  the 
Hudson  river.  During  the  last  year  alone 
they  distributed  forty-three  boxes  of  salmon 
trout  eggs,  throe  boxes  of  brook  trout,  aud 
five  boxes  of  white  fish;  besides  181,000  sal- 
mon, 1,0H(),;!00  salmon  trout,  527,000  white- 
fish,    '210,000    California    salmon,   and  2,170 


bass  and  perch.  They  placed  36,000  young 
eels  in  Buflalo  Creek,  above  Niagara  Falls,  in 
order  to  see  the  result  of  introducing  them 
into  Lake  Erie. 

When  we  remember  that  the  State  of  New 
York  has  six  hundi-ed  and  forty-six  lakes- 
some  of  them  entitled  to  be  called  seas  as  to 
size— to  say  nothing  of  its  rivers  and  streams 
of  all  kinds,  we  can  see  what  a  field  is  here 
opened  for  adding  to  the  wealth  and  comfort 
of  the  people.  And  what  is  true  of  New  York 
in  this  respect  is  equally  true  of  all  our  States 
accoriling  to  their  natural  resources.  The 
work  has  been  shown  to  be  feasible  and  easily 
accomplished,  provided  only  it  receives  a 
proper  degree  of  public  interest.  What  is 
everybody's  lookout  is  nobody's,  according  to 
the  old  saying;  so  that  no  matter  how  much 
progress  is  made  in  developing  the  best  me- 
thods of  fish  culture,  and  how  much  pains  is 
taken  by  commissioners  in  stocking  waters 
with  the  young  fish,  the  latter  must  have  the 
protection  of  suitable  regulations,  steadily 
enforced,  or  failure  will  be  the  inevitable  i-e- 
sult.  Among  other  legal  provisions  recom- 
mended by  the  New  York  Commissioners,  is 
one  forbidding  any  fishing  to  be  done  from 
Saturday  night  to  Monday,  which  ought  to  be 
adopted  on  moral  as  well  as  protective 
grounds.  The  whole  subject  deserves  careful 
attention,  aud  we  are  glad  to  observe  that  it  is 
receiving  it  to  an  obviously  greater  extent 
every  year. — Frairie  Farmer, 


■  Sea  Salmon  in  Feesh  Water. — The  ques- 
tion as  to  the  ability  of  the  salmon  to  remain 
permanently  in  fresh  water  has  received  an 
important  illustration  during  the  past  winter. 
It  is  well  known  that  the  lakes  of  Maine  along 
the  coast  contain  a  variety  of  fish  known  as 
the  laud-locked  salmon,  which,  while  possess- 
ing the  external  appearance  and  peculiar 
habits  of  the  salmon,  together  with  equal  ex- 
cellence of  flesh,  is  much  smaller,  and  remains 
permanently  in  the  lakes;  and  it  is  still  a 
vexed  question  whether  this  is  actually  a  de- 
scendant of  the  true  sea  salmon  or  a  difi'ereut 
species.  An  argument  in  favor  of  its  being 
the  former  is  afl'orded  by  the  fact  that  in  two 
locaUties  young  salmon,  hatched  from  the 
eggs  of  the  true  sea  salmon  collected  at  Bucks- 
port,  have  lived  in  fresh  water  ponds,  and 
yielded  ripe  eggs  during  the  past  autumn ;  in 
the  one  case  at  New  Hope,  Pennsylvania,  the 
fish  attaining  several  pounds  in  weight,  while 
some  bread  in  Wisconsin  were  only  five  to 
seven  inches  in  length,  though  perfectly  ma- 
ture in  every  respect.  In  the  first  case,  how- 
ever, the  ponds  were  c^uite  large,  and  ottered 
ample  space  for  the  movements  of  the  fish, 
while  in  the  other  they  were  confined  to  small 
trout  ponds  of  only  a  few  yai-ds  in  extent. 
Whether  the  eggs  thus  obtained  will  produce 
healthy  young,  and  whether  these.w^ill  attain 
maturity,  are  questions  of  much  interest. — 
llarpe'rs  Atayazine  for  June. 


General  Spinnek  writes  as  follows  to  Mr. 
Seth  Greeu,  the  pisciculturist:  "The  time  will 
come,  if  it  is  not  already  here,  when  the 
credit  of  having  demonstrated  that  an  acre  of 
heretofBre  water  waste  is  worth  more  for  the 
production  of  wholesome  food  for  man  than 
an  acre  of  the  most  fertile  land,  will  bo 
awarded  to  you. " 


The  Fish  Commissioners  of  the  State  of 
Connecticut  report  that  1,350,000  young 
salmon  have  been  introduced  into  the  Con- 
necticut river  during  the  past  year,  and  that  a 
like  number  will  probably  be  put  in  during 
the  i^reseut  month. 

"  ^'  I  *  ■  

Tub  State  Fish  Commissioners  have  re- 
ceived word  from  the  East  that  a  large  number 
of  young  shad  will  be  sent  out  this  summer  to 
stock  the  California  streams. 


At  a  recent  spelling  match  one  man  spelt  it 
"parsnip"  and  got  beet. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


apiavn* 


^ 


A    Stinging  Subject. 

|"Y  wife  is  very  proud  of  our  garden,  find 
while  pishing  over  it  the  other  morn- 
ing, a  happy  thought  worked  its  way 
under  her  l)aek  hair. 
iO^  What  a  delightful  thing  it  would  be 
to  have  a  hive  of  bees  and  raise  our  own 
honey,  aa  well  as  everything  else. 

I  have  always  thought  that  woman  inspired 
ever  since  she  convinced  mo  that  I  couldn't 
do  better  than  to  marry  her. 

This  was  an  original,  bold  idea;  happy 
thought;  glorious  idea.  I  promised  her  a 
hive  of  bees,  and  went  to  business  with  a 
lighter  heart  and  a  firmer  belief  in  the  gen- 
uineness of  home  comforts  and  amusements. 
I  bought  a  hive  of  honey-bees  and  brought 
it  home  with  me  that  very  night. 

It  was  one  of  those  patent,  hydrostatic, 
back-action  hives,  in  which  the  bees  have 
peculiar  accommodations  and  all  tho  modern 
improvements. 

It  was  a  nice  little  hive,  none  of  your  old- 
fashioned  twists  or  barn-size  affairs. 

It  even  had  windows  in  it,  .so  that  the  bees 
could  look  out  and  see  what  was  going  on, 
and  enjoy  themselves. 

Both  myself  and  Mrs.  B.  were  delighted, 
and  before  dark  I  arranged  a  stand  for  the 
hive  in  the  garden,  .and  opened  tho  bay  win- 
dows so  that  tho  bees  could  take  an  early 
start,  and  get  to  business  by  sunrise  next 
morning. 

Mrs.  B.  called  me  "Honey"  several  times 
during  the  evening,  and  such  sweet  dreams  as 
we  had. 

We  intended  to  be  np  e.arly  the  next  morn- 
ing to  see  how  our  little  birds  took  to  our 
flowers,  but  a  good  half  hour  before  we  pro- 
bably should  have  done  so, we  were  awakened 
by  the  unearthly  yells  of  a  cat. 

Mrs.  B.  leaped  from  her  downy  couch,  ex- 
claiming: 

"  What  can  be  the  matter  with  our  Billy?" 
The  howls  of  anguish  convinced  us  both 
that  something  more  than  ordinary  was  the 
matter  with  him,  and  so  we  hurried  into  our 
toilettes  without  waiting  to  do  much  button- 
ing. 

We  rushed  oiit  into  the  garden,  and  oh! 
what  a  sight  met  our  astonished  gaze! 

The  sight  consisted  of  a  yellow  cat  that  ap- 
peared to  be  doing  its  best  to  make  a  pin- 
wheel  of  itself. 

It  was  rolling  over  and  over  in  the  grass, 
bounding  up  and  down,  anon  darting  through 
the  bushes  and  foliage,  standing  on  its  head, 
and  then  trying  to  drive  its  tail  into  the  ground 
and  all  the  while  keeping  \ip  the  most  con- 
founded howling  that  was  ever  heard. 

"The  cat  is  mad,"  said  Mrs.  B.  affrighted. 
"Why    shouldn't   it     be?     The    bees    are 
stinging  it,"  said  I,   comprehending  the  trou- 
ble. 

Mrs.  B.flew  to  the  rescue  of  her  cat,  and  the 
cat  flew  at  her. 
So  did  the  bees. 

One  of  them  drove  his  drill  into  her  nose, 
another  vaccinated  her  on  the  chin,  while 
another  began  to  lay  out  his  work  near  her 
eye. 

Then  she  howled  and  began  to  act  almost 
as  bad  as  the  cat. 

It  was  quite  an  animated  scene. 
She  cried  murder,  and  the  neighbors  looked 
out  from    their   back  windows    and  cried  out 
police,  and  asked  where  the  fire  was. 

This  being   a    trifle   too    much,  I  threw   a 

towel  over  my  head  and  rushed  to  her  rescue. 

In  doing  so,  X  ran   over  and   knocked  her 

down,  trod  upon  the  cat  and  made  matters  no 

better. 

Mrs.  B.  is  no  child  in  a  wrestle,  and  she 
soon  had  me  under  her,  and  was  tenderly 
stamping  down  the  garden  walk  with  my  head, 
using  my  ears  for  handles. 

Then  I  yelled,  and  some  more  bees  came  to 


her  assistance  and  stung  me  all  over  the  face. 

She  was  still  giving  me  darby,  under  the 
impression  that  I  was  the  cau.e  of  all  her 
pain. 

It  was  love  among  the  roses  or  something 
of  that  nature. 

In  the  meantime,  the  neighbors  were  shout- 
ing and  getting  awfully  excited  over  the  show, 
while  our  servant,  supposing  us  fighting, 
opened  the  street  door  and  admitted  a  police- 
man, who  at  once  proceeded  to  go  between 
man  and  wife.  * 

The  bees  hadn't  got  at  Mrs.  B.'s  tongue 
yet,  and  she  proceeded  to  show  the  policeman 
that  I  had  abused  her  in  the  most  shameful 
manner,  and  that  I  had  bought  a  hive  of  bees 
on  purpose  to  torment  her  into  the  grave. 

I  tried  to  explain,  but  just  then  a  bee  stung 
the  officer  on  the  nose,  and  he  understood  it 
all  in  less  than  a  minute. 

He  got  mad;  actually  lost  his  temper. 

He  rubbed  his  nose'  and  did  some  official 
swearing.  But  as  this  didn't  help  matters, 
he  drew  his  staff  and  proceeded  to  demolish 
the  patent  bee-hive. 

The  bees  failed  to  notice  his  badge  of  office, 
and  swarmed  on  him. 

They  stung  him  wherever  he  had  no  cloth- 
ing, and  some  places  where  he  did  have  it. 

Then  he  howled  and  commenced  acting  af- 
ter the  manner  of  tho  cat  and  its  mistress. 
He  rolled  on  the  gi-ound  for  a  moment,  and 
then  got  up  and  made  a  straight  line  for  the 
street,  shouting  fire. 

Then  the  bees  turned  to  the  people  who 
had  climbed  upon  the  fence  to   see  the  fun. 

The  excitement  increased. 

Windows  went  down,  and  some  of  the 
neighbors  acted  as  though  they  thought  a 
twenty-inch  shell  w.as  about  to  explode. 

By  this  time  a  fire  engine  had  arrived,  and 
a  line  of  hose  was  taken  through  the  house 
into  the  garden. 

One  of  the  firemen  aaked  where  the  fire 
was,  but  just  then  one  of  those  honey  mos- 
quitoes bit  him  behind  the  ear  and  he  knew 
directly. 

They  turned  a  stream  upon  the  half-mined 
bee-hive  and  began  to  "play  away"  with  one 
hand,  while  they  fought  the  bees  with  the 
other.  But  the  water  had  the  desired  effect, 
and  those  bees  were  soon  among  the  things 
that  were. 

A  terrible  crowd  had  gathered  in  the  man- 
time  in  front  of  the  house,  but  a  largo  por- 
tion of  it  followed  the  flying  policeman,  who 
was  rubbing  his  aft'ected  parts  and  making 
straight  for  the  station  house  and  a  surgeon. 

This  little  adventure  somehow  dampened 
our  enthusiasm  regarding  the  felicity  of  rais- 
ing our  own  honey. 

During  the  next  week  we  wore  bread  and 
milk  poultices  pretty  ardently,  but  not  a  word 
was  said  about  honey,  and  now  Mrs.  B.  has 
gone  to  stay  a  week  with  her  mother,  leaving 
ing  me  and  the  convalescent  Tom  cat,  and  the 
ticlded  neighbors,  to  enjoy  our  own  felicity, 
but  not  with  bees — oh,  no! — tilory  Teller. 


The  Bee  as  a  Scavengek. — A  mouse  found 
its  way  into  the  hive  of  one  of  our  amateur 
bee  men  not  long  since,  and  the  intruder  was 
found  dead  and  completely  imbedded  in  wax. 
The  mouse,  having  a  sweet  tooth,  crept  into 
the  hive  to  steal  honey,  but  unfortunately 
aroused  the  inmates,  and  before  he  could  find 
his  way  out  again  was  stung  to  death.  By- 
and-by  decomposition  set  in,  and  Mr.  Mousey 
began  to  disseminate  a  bad  smell,  which  bees 
cannot  tolerate;  but  finding  it  impossible  to 
hustle  him  over  the  ramparts,  as  they  do 
other  nuisances,  they  went  energetically  to 
work  and  sealed  him  up  in  wax,  hermetically 
sealed  him,  in  fact,  so  that  not  the  slightest 
odor  escaped  to  make  the  hive  unpleasant  for 
the  high-toned,  extremely  neat  and  cleanly 
inhabitants. — Scholutrie  liepubUcan. 


Handling  Bees. — I  commenced  helping 
my  father  handle  bees  in  1818.  I  have  hand- 
led them  in  the  old  way  most  of  the  time.  I 
have  a  few  gums  of  my  own  getting  up  that  I 


can  go  to,  and  in  one  minute  have  them  open, 
lift  the  frames  and  give  them  a  thorough  ex- 
amination. Long  since  I  found  that  one 
should  move  slow  around  the  hives,  and  if 
the  bees  should  surround  him,  or  even  come 
within  ail  inch  of  his  nose,  he  should  be 
composed.  If  he  should  get  angry  the  bees 
will  know  it  and  reciprocate  it,  and  so  will 
they  know  if  you  are  at  ease  with  them. 
When  you  open  the  hive,  if  they  seem  angry 
or  disturbed  a  few  putfs  of  smoke  will  en- 
tirely subdue  them,  and  you  can  proceed  with 
your  examination. — J.  Frud  in  American  Bee 
Jourmil. 


A  Plant  Destbuctive  to  Bees. — Tho  largo 
podded  milk  weed,  almost  invariably  causes 
the  death  of  every  bee  alighting  upon  it.  Tho 
bee  either  adheres  to  the  plant  or  else  bears 
awaj'  a  small  scale  sticking  to  its  feet,  and 
cripples  itself  fatally  in  attempting  to  remove 
the  annoyance. — Af/ricuUaral  liepori. 


Why  Farming  is  Unprofitable. 

The  question,    "  Will   farming   pay?"    has 
been   discussed  before   the  New    Hampshire 
State  Fair  aa  follows:     It   is  complained  that 
farming  is  unprofitable.     Men  are  leaving  tho 
farm  and   seeking  employment  in   manufac- 
tures and  the  trade  of   the  city.     New  Hamp- 
shire, the  agricultural  part  of    Massashusetts, 
of  Maine    and  Vermont,    have   gone   back  in 
population  and  productive  agricultural  wealth 
in  the  last   ten  years.      Without    seeking   to 
touch  all  the  reasons  for   it,  may  we   not  find 
it  largely  in  this,  that  we  ask  too  much  of  the 
farm?     Having  a  capital  of  $2,000,  $3,000  or 
$5,000  invested   in  it,  we   ask   that  the  farm 
shall  support  our  families,  educate  our  child- 
ren, and  give  us  a  comparative  wealth  for  old 
age  besides.     And  yet,  do  we  treat  it  as  other 
men  do  their  business  by  which  they  succeed? 
If  we  fail  in  getting  all  this  from  it,  we  say  at 
once  that   farming   is  unprofitable!     We   are 
unmindful  of  the  fact  that  in  mercantile  busi- 
ness, onlj'  one  in  a  hundred  is  fairly  success- 
ful, and  only  one  in  a  thousand  eminently  so. 
Does  not  farming  do  as  well  as  that,  and  bet- 
ter?    Does   only  one  in   a  hundred   farmers 
succeed  to   a  competence,  aiid  only  one  in   a 
thousand  succeed    to   affluence?     And  yet  do 
we  not  deal  with  our   farms  in  the  same  way 
that  we  have  seen  that  the   nation  does  with 
its  producers?     Do  we  not  take  everything  off 
and  put  comparatively  nothing   on  the  land? 
In  every  otlier  business  of   life  all  the  gains  a 
man  gets   he  immediately  puts   back  into  his 
business.     The  merchant  increases  his  capital 
year   by  year,    from  gains   of   the  preceding 
year,  if  he  is  a  prudent  man,  until  it  becomes 
as  large  as  he  can  profitably  manage.     But  if 
the  farmer  makes  any  surplus  on  his  farm,  as 
a  rule,  does  he  return  it  to  his  land,  either  in 
increased   facilities  for  farming,  in  enriching 
the  soil,  adding  to   his  stock,  or  draining  his 
land?     On  the  contrary,  is  he  not  much  more 
Ukely  to  invest  in  railroad  shares  or  bonds,  or 
some  manufacturing  enterprise,  or   loan  it  to 
some  neighbor?     Having  taken  away  from  the 
farm  what    the    farm  has  brought   him,  and 
ought  to  be  returned  to  it   again,  to  make  it 
more  productive,  he  leaves   it   impoverished, 
and  then  complains  that  the  gains  do  not  in- 
crease.    Is  not  the  ditficulty   that  he  is  con- 
tinuiilly  taking  awaj'  the  increase  of   his  capi- 
tal and  leaving  it  oul^'  what    it  was  at  the  be- 
ginning?     Tho  merchant,   as  we   have  seen, 
increases  his  capital  year  by  year ;  but  the  far- 
mer too  frequently  takes  his  and  invests  it  in 
other  enterjjrises,  and  then  complains  that  the 
farm  does  not   succeed.     No  farmer   we  ever 
heard  of  ever  mortgaged  his  farm  to  put  man- 
ure on  it;    yet  men    frequently  do    mortgage 
their  farms  for  the  puri)ose  of   buUding  a  fine 
house;  and  many  take  all  the  earnings  of  the 
farm   for  ten   years  for   that   purpose.     The 
mortgage,  or  the  iudebtmeut,  once  on  a  farm, 
as    a  general  rule  in  the   past,  except   in  the 
change    of   fortune  made  by   the    change  of 
prices  arising  from  the  war,  remains  years,  if 
not  to  say  forever. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


®hc  gav,0c» 


Good  Things   About  Mules. 

""iJfi. 

fjTULES  are  easier  kept   thau  horses,  be- 

jlll  caUBO  they  eat  less  and  will  keep  in 
^l|  good  condition  on  poorer  food.  They 
\M^X,  are  by  fur  less  liable  to  disease.  They 
i'^W  are  more  hardy,  and  will  eudnre  de- 
gi-ees  of  heat  and  cold  that  would  greatly  in- 
jure horses.  If  they  sometimes  refuse  to  go, 
they  are  rarely  known  to  run  away,  and,  ac- 
cordingly, they  do  not  break  harness,  wagons 
and  carts,  not  to  speak  of  legs  and  arms. 
They  are  not  naturally  vicious,  and  most  of 
their  bad  characteristics  may  be  ascribed  to 
defective  education  and  to  bad  examples. 

The  power  of  endurance  of  mules  is  much 
beyond  that  of  horses.  They  are  also  surer 
footed.  They  are,  accordingly,  better  adapt- 
ed as  beasts  of  burden  to  travel  in  a  warm 
climate,  to  endure  fatigue,  and  to  make  trips 
over  mountains.  Mules  are  almost  the  only 
reliance  of  the  inhabitants  of  Central  and 
South  America.  Thej'  are  used  for  drawing 
plows,  harrows  and  haiwesters,  and  for  taking 
produce  to  market,  and  for  all  purposes  of 
traveling.  In  the  Southern  States  they  per- 
form nearly  as  many  useful  purposes,  and 
there  is  hardly  a  cotton,  cane  or  tobacco  rais- 
er who  would  think  that  he  could  raise  one  of 
these  crops  without  the  use  of  mules. 

For  plowing  between  the  rows  of  cultivated 
crops  the  mule  is  in  many  respects  the  supe- 
rior of  the  horse.  His  feet  are  .smaller,  and, 
accordingly,  do  less  damage  in  stepping  upon 
plants.  His  skin  is  tougher,  and  therefore 
is  not  so  liable  to  be  injured  by  defective  har- 
ness. The  gait  is  more  uniform  and  accord- 
ingly the  driver  is  not  so  likely  to  become 
wearied.  As  a  rule,  mules  are  less  liable  to 
become  irritable  and  fr.actious  on  account  of 
the  jiresence  or  bites  of  insects,  and  conse- 
quently, do  less  damage  to  crops  among  which 
they  work. 

Mules  may  be  jiut  to  work  much  earlier 
than  horses.  There  is  in  this  resi^ect  at  least 
the  advantage  of  one  year  in  the  favor  of  the 
mule.  In  other  words,  the  mule  will  do  as 
much  work  when  three  years  old  as  the  horse 
will  when  four.  The  mule  not  only  begins  to 
pay  his  way  much  earlier  but  continues  to  be 
useful  much  later  in  life.  AVe  have  rei^eated 
accounts  of  mules  continuing  to  do  good  ser- 
vice after  they  were  forty  years  old.  A  mule, 
the  property  of  the  late  Prof.  Mapes,  of  New 
Jersey,  was  healthy,  active  and  fit  for  labor 
when  it  was  si.\ty  years  old. 

It  is  urged  that  the  mule  is  slow  and  awk- 
ward, but  these  faults  are  largely  the  results 
of  bad  breeding.  As  a  rule,  no  care  is  taken 
in  breeding  mules.  The  dams  of  most  mules 
are  animals  that  no  farmer  would  want  to 
raise  colts  from.  They  are  themselves  slow 
and  awkward  and  oftentimes  lame  and  dis- 
eased. It  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  these 
defects  reappear  in  the  offsju-ing  of  these  ani- 
mals. Horses  would  be  slow  and  awkward  if 
they  were  raised  from  animals  of  this  sort.and 
we  can  expect  nothing  different  in  the  ease  of 
mules. — X. 


Horses  vs.  Mules. — Much  has  been  said  in 
agricultural  papers  about  the  advantage  of 
mules.  I  have  raised  some  of  the  best  I  ever 
saw,  and  have  had  some  means  of  comparing 
them  with  the  horse.  It  is  very  true  that  the 
mule  will  climb  a  steep  hill,  if  it  is  free  from 
mud,  with  a  bigger  load  according  to  his 
weight  than  a  horse.  It  is  true  that  he  will 
rough  it  through  a  hard  Winter  better  than  a 
horse,  and  it  may  be  also  that  ho  is  less  liable 
to  disease  than  a  horse,  but  ho  is  slow  and 
lacks  spirit.  In  deep  mud  ha  is  almost  worth- 
loss. 

Ho  seems  to  have  but  little  power  to  draw 
his  feet  out  of  sticky  soil,  and  the  exertion 
tires  him  and  he  loses  heart.  In  a  slough 
whore  the  spirit  of  the  horse  prompts  him  to 
a  gallant  struggle  to  regain  the  solid  ground, 


the  mule  gives  up  and  lies  contentedly  down 
in  the  mud.  Of  course  some  mules  are  worse 
than  others  in  this  respect,  but  none  are 
equal  in  mud  to  the  most  average  horse. 

For  ver.y  hard,  heavy  work,  where  there  is 
no  mud,  the  mule  will  always  be  valuable, but 
as  long  as  it  remains  true  that  time  is  money 
we  must  prefer  the  horse  to  the  mule. 

The  rage  for  mules  commenced  in  the 
United  States  about  seventy-five  years  ago 
and  has  been  revived  at  different  periods  since ; 
but  the  horse  still  continues  to  bear  sway, and 
falsify  the  oft  repeated  predictions  made  many 
years  ago  that  the  mule  would  eventually 
supersede  the  horse  in  the  general  work  of 
the  farm.  For  heavy  hauling  and  rough  us- 
age on  the  hard  streets  of  cities  I  havs  no 
doubt  but  that  the  mule  is  the  most  econom- 
ical. For  this  sort  of  work  there  is  a  demand 
for  him,  and  he  may  be  raised  for  the  market 
with  profit;  but  it  is  simple  folly  for  any  one 
now,  after  seventy-five  years  of  experience 
with  mules  in  the  United  States,  to  talk  about 
their  taking  the  place  of  horses. — Cor.  Iowa 
Fine  Stock  Gazelle. 


Windows  ik  Hokse  Stables. — A  German 
paper  states  some  curious  facts  relating  to 
the  position  of  windows  in  horse  stables,  and 
their  power  to  effect  the  eyes  of  horses  of  a 
farmer — fine  animals,  celebrated  for  their  ex- 
cellent condition,  were  kept  in  a  stable  lighted 
only  by  a  small  window  at  one  side.  When 
light  was  needed  for  work,  the  door  was  tem- 
porarily left  open;  the  result  was  that  nearly 
all  of  these  animals  had  eyes  of  unequal 
strength,  and  in  time  a  number  of  them  be- 
came blind  on  the  side  toward  the  window. 

Strong  light  directed  in  the  horses'  faces 
has  been  found  to  weaken  the  sight.  The 
worst  position  of  all  for  a  stable  window  is  in 
front  of  the  horses  and  much  higher  than 
their  heads.  An  officer  had  bought  a  perfectly 
sound  mare  from  a  gentleman  whose  stable 
was  lighted  by  windows  at  the  rear  of  the 
stalls.  The  animal  was  sound  and  perfectly 
satisfactory.  After  three  months  she  became 
suddenly  "ground  shy;"  on  examining  her 
eyes  they  were  found  directed  upward,  and 
this  was  explained  by  the  fact  that  the  win- 
dows of  the  officer's  stable  were  situated  above 
the  head  of  the  stalls,  the  eyes  being  gener- 
ally drawn  in  that  direction.  She  w^as  re- 
moved to  another  stall,  where  the  light  was 
admitted  from  all  sides,  and  in  three  mouths' 
time  the  difficulty  had  disappeared. 


Social  Moeals  in  HonsE-Br.EEDiNa. — A 
horse  breeder  says:  In  selecting  breeders, 
great  care  should  be  taken  relative  to  the  so- 
cial morals  of  both  horse  and  mare.  Like 
begets  like,  and  in  no  case  more  so  than  that 
of  the  horse.  A  b.ad  and  vicious  temper  in  a 
horse  may  be  checked,  but  never  eradicated, 
and  he  will  be  unpleasant,  dangerous,  and 
his  fretting  and  fuming  will  unnecessarily 
waste  his  strength. 


A  man  bought  a  horse.  It  was  the  first  one 
he  ever  owned.  He  saw  in  a  newspaper  that 
side  windows  in  a  stable  make  a  horse's  eye 
weak  on  that  side;  a  window  in  front  hurts 
his  eyes  by  the  glare;  a  window  behind  makes 
him  squint-eyed;  a  window  in  a  diagonal  line 
makes  him  shy  when  he  travels;  a  stable  with- 
out a  window  makes  him  blind.  Ho  sold  his 
horse. 


A  horse  is  never  vicious  or  intractable  with- 
out cause.  Cruelty  makes  a  horse  wild. 
Good  men  make  good  horses. — Ex. 


Following  the  startling  frauds  in  the  whis- 
ky business  comes  the  unearthing  of  gigantic 
swiudling  in  the  im])iirtations  of  silk.  Ju 
two  years,  it  is  currently  believed  that  the 
OovorTiment  has  been  cheated  out  of  at  least 
$1,000,0011  at  Now  York  alone.  How  much 
at  otlier  points  is  unknown.  Of  course,  moro 
or  loss  of  the  custom  house  officers  are  con- 
corned  in  the  nuitter.  In  what  direction  shall 
we  look  for  the  next  steal? 


mmxt. 


The  Berkshire  Hog. 

If   T  a  late  state  fair  in  the  East,  there  was 
X   not  one  white  hog  exhibited.     All   were 

•tV.  black,  and   either  Berkshire  of    Essex. 
At  the  largest  of  the  Western  state  fairs, 

c)"  that  of  Illinois,  nearly  all  the  hoga 
were  black,  or  black  and  white.  This  would 
seem  to  indicate  the  rapid  growth  of  the  black 
breeds  in  public  favor,  and  of  these  the  Berk- 
shire takes  the  lead.  As  well  indirectly  as 
directly,  for  in  the  Poland  Chinas  of  the  West 
is  seen,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  the  Berk- 
shire blood  greatly  predominating.  The 
Berkshire  has  been  most  carefully  bred  for 
many  years,  starting  from  what  was  originally 
a  largo  breed,  possessing  many  good  points, 
and  of  a  black  and  white  and  yellowish  sjiot- 
ted  color.  The  improvement  of  the  old  Berk- 
shire hog  was  begun  in  England  by  Lord 
Barringtou,  who  died  in  1829,  and  most  of 
the  best  herds  now  trace  back  to  this  original 
improved  herd.  By  careful  breeding  the  yel- 
lowish color  has  been  gotten  rid  of,  and  the 
white  has  been  confined  to  the  feet,  a  spot 
between  the  eyes,  and  in  some  cases  a  few 
white  hairs  near  the  shoulders,  although 
there  are  herds  in  which  these  last  white 
marks  are  entirely  bred  out.  The  Berkshire, 
as  we  now  know  him,  is  a  moderately  large 
hog,  with  a  smooth,  round  carcass,  broad 
across  the  shoulders,  -nuth  well  developed  and 
round  hams,  a  long,  deep  flitch,  very  fine, 
small,  bony  legs  and  feet,  short  face  and 
snout,  and  covered  with  a  good  coat  of  long, 
silky,  black  hair.  In  many  good  Berkshires, 
the  bluish  or  slate  colored  tint  and  thin  hair 
of  the  Neapolitan  hog,  which  has  been  crossed 
ujjon  it,  is  very  conspicuous;  but  it  is  a  ques- 
tion if  the  black,  well-haired  animal  is  not 
the  more  vigorous  and  thrifty  sort.  One  of 
the  chief  characteristics  of  the  Berkshire  is 
the  evenness  with  which  it  breeds.  At  the 
exhibitions  and  in  the  breeders'  yard,  whole 
litters  may  be  seen  that  sciu-eely  vary  from 
each  other,  and  hardly  to  be  distinguished 
one  from  another  in  appearance,  and  pen  after 
I^en  may  be  examined  without  any  marked 
variation,  excepting  in  those  cases  in  which, 
as  already  noted,  the  Neapolitan  cross  is  ap- 
parent. After  fifty  years  of  careful  breeding, 
this  is  not  more  than  might  be  expected,  and 
the  result  appears  in  an  animal  which,  on  the 
whole,  is  probably  the  most  profitable  to  the 
breeder,  the  feeder,  the  butcher  and  the  pack- 
er. There  is  no  pig  that  is  more  useful  to  the 
man  who  keeps  but  one,  and  more  to  the  far- 
mer who  feeds  a  hundred,  if  the  amount  of 
meat  in  proportion  to  feed  consumed  is  con- 
sidered. There  is  more  lean  in  proportion  to 
fat  than  in  most  other,  if  not  in  all  other 
breeds,  and  the  bone  and  offal  are  very  light. 
The  black  color  is  not  only  skin  deep,  but  the 
color  lies  in  the  outer  skin,  which  is  all  re- 
moved by  scalding,  and  a  Berkshire  ham  is 
not  to  be  distinguished  from  that  of  a  white 
hog,  if  the  hair  has  not  been  left  on  to  tell 
the  story.  It  is  no  little  evidence  of  its  good 
qualities  that  the  Berkshire  h.as  become  so 
rapidly  popular,  in  spite  of  the  prejudice 
against  its  color,  as  to  supplant,  along  with 
the  Essex,  all  the  white  breeds,  at  one  of  the 
most  prominent  Eastern  state  fairs. — Boitie 
Journal. 


The  following  experiment  is  vouched  for  by 
the  K(tn.'<ns  Rd-fHcras  coming  from  a  good  and 
reliable  farmer.  As  showing  the  relative 
value  of  corn  and  wheat  for  fattening  hogs,  it 
is  valuable:  Ho  took  one  hunihed  hogs  and 
put  fifty  in  pens  and  fed  corn,  and  fifty  and 
fed  wheat,  with  the  following  result:  Those 
with  corn  made  eleven  pounds  per  bushel; 
the  fifty  with  wheat  made  seventeen  pounds 
of  good  solid  pork  per  bushel  of  wheat.  The 
wheat  was  ground  like  meal,  boiling  water 
poured  over  it,  and  then  let  stand  forty-two 
hours. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


We  have  found  that  the  Berkshire  and 
Essex  make  an  excplleut  cross  for  feeding 
purposes.  As  a  principle,  I  do  not  consider 
it  advisable  to  cross  the  imi>roved  Berkshire 
with  any  other  on  their  own  account,  but 
prefer  rather  to  keep  that  breed  .distinct  and 
up  to  the  mark  by  occasionally  renewing  with 
B,  foreign  blood  of  its  own  kind.  By  foreign 
blood  I  mean  that  of  a  distant  or  unrelated 
family.  They  are  a  standard  breed,  very 
near  perfection  in  themselves,  possessing 
qualities  that  caunot  be  much  improved  upon 
without  affecting  the  combination  that  con- 
stitutes the  Berkshire  and  stamp  them  with  a 
character  whciUy  their  own,  and  which  only 
requires  to  be  kept  up  to  the  ideal  of  their 
stylo  and  perfection  to  satisfy  the  require- 
ments of  almost  every  class,  condition  and 
locality.  The  true  well-bred  Berkshire  has 
the  stamp  of  the  thoroughbred,  and  possesses 
the  merits  required  for  its  purpose,  and  great 
pains  should  be  taken  to  perpetuate  the  purity 
of  that  blood.  However,  when  it  is  necessary 
or  advisable  to  cross  them  (for  the  reason  be- 
fore given)  it  should  be  made  with  the  Essex 
whenever  practicable.  The  result  of  a  single 
cross  will  always  give  satisfaction,  the  pro- 
duce being  such  as  will  ff-ed  quick  and  mature 
sooner  than  the  pure-bred  Berkshire,  and  the 
pork  is  second  to  none  that  goes  to  market. 
The  general  style  and  appearance  of  the  ani- 
mals will  be  similar,  except  in  the  markings; 
some  will  be  more  or  less  spotted,  some 
marked  like  the  Berkshire,  some  partially 
marked,  and  some  all  black.  The  cross  con- 
tinued upon  itself  will  soon  lose  its  identity 
witli  either  breed,  and  eventually  will  result 
in  a  lot  of  mongrels. — Ex. 

Keep  Them  F.4.T. — A  practical  farmer,  in 
communicating  his  views  in  the  columns  of 
one  of  our  exchanges,  says:  Keep  your  hogs 
fat.  The  good  farmer  gives  all  his  young 
stock  a  good  fat  start  in  life,  because  he  knows 
it  always  takes  twice  or  thrice  as  much  to 
feed  a  i^oor  horse,  cow,  or  hog,  as  it  does  one 
in  good  condition.  It  ought  never  to  be  ne- 
cessary to  keej)  "killing  hogs"  in  the  "fat- 
tening pen"  longer  than  a  week  or  ten  days — 
just  long  enough  to  harden  their  fat  with 
grain.  The  hogs  ought  to  be  fat  to  begin 
with.  In  fact,  the  good  farmer  never  has  a 
pour  animal  of  any  kind  on  his  place.  It 
pays  well  to  push  young  pigs  from  the  word 
"go" — that  is,  as  soon  as  they  are  able  to 
crack  corn.  We  knew  once  a  Utter  of  thir- 
teen, half  Beskshires,  dropped  in  February, 
that  under  this  plan,  %vithout  going  into  the 
fattouiug  pen  at  all,  eleven  months  later  aver- 
aged 17-5  pounds  net  meat — total  2,276  pounds 
— and  the  heaviest  one  was  a  "  runt"  at  the 
start. 


A  New  Hog  Disease. — A  Greenville,  Ohio, 
correspondent  of  the  Cincinnati  Gazette  says: 
The  pigs  in  our  settlement  are  having  a  new 
and  strange  disease  commencing  in  the  head 
and  nose.  Symptoms:  First,  the  nose  swells, 
the  swelling  lasting  a  few  days.  Then  the 
nose  and  head  get  sore.  The  sores  appear  to 
be  of  an  eating  nature.  They  get  larger,  and 
spread  over  the  pig  till  dead.  We  have  lost 
over  one  hundred,  and  saved  perhaps  six  or 
eight  out  of  all  that  took  the  disease.  But 
even  the  saved  ones  are  of  but  little  account. 


The  saying  "Excuse  haste  and  a  bad  pen" 
has  been  attributed  to  a  pig  who  ran  away 
from  home. 


When  a  hog  roots  in  a  snow  bank  its  nose 
knows  snows. 


Gems. — Indifference  to  the  welfare  of  our 
country  is  a  crime ;  but  if  our  country  is  re- 
duced to  a  condition  in  which  the  bad  are 
preferred  to  the  good,  the  foolish  to  the  wise, 
hardly  any  catastrophe  is  to  be  deprecated  or 
Disposed  that  may  shake  them  from  their 
places. 


Co 


Heading  Off  Borers. 

B.  HUBBARD,  writing  to  the  Rural 

New  Yorker  on  the  subject  of  borers 

in  peach  trees,  says: 

I  will  not  waste  time  to  refer  to  the 
various  expedients  to  which  I  have  resorted, 
but  hasten  to  state  that  at  the  introduction  of 
Hale's  early  peach  I  procured  fifteen  one-year 
old  budded  trees,  took  extra  paius  with  them, 
and  discovered  the  next  season  that  the  borers 
had  commenced  their  depredations.  I  worked 
at  them,  knife  in  hand,  for  several  years,  un- 
til I  had  mutilated  them  very  badly.  I  began 
to  look  about  for  some  more  effectual  remedy. 
I  prepared  boxes  of  inch  boai'ds,  eleven  inches 
square,  ten  inches  wide;  put  one  around  each 
tree;  filled  each  with  damp,  leached  ashes, 
pounded  down  slightly;  smoothed  the  surface 
nicely,  with  a  damp  shovel,  quite  up  to  the 
trunk,  and  called  the  work  finished.  This 
was  the  last  trouble  I  experienced  with  my 
fifteen  trees,  and  to  my  mind  this  is  an  effect- 
ual remedy.  The  beetle  cannot  puncture  the 
bark  at  that  distance  from  the  ground,  it  be- 
ing dry  and  hard,  and  being  no  ingress  or 
egress,    reproduction  must  cease,  of  course. 

N.  B. — This  wooden  structure  will  decay 
after  a  time.  I  suu'gest  instead  of  boards  use 
bricks,  which  are  easily  placed  about  the  ti'ees, 
need  no  mortar,  as  the  pressure  is  very  slight, 
and  the  material  indestructible.  The  expense 
will  be  trifling  compared  with  refitting  occa- 
sionally with  wood.  I  claim  not  that  this 
remedy  is  infallible;  but  this  I  do  know,  that 
for  a  series  of  years  in  my  experience  it  has 
proved  an  entire  success,  and  I  think  from  its 
simplicity  no  one  should  be  so  skeptical  as  to 
fail  to  make  the  experiment.  I  speak  some- 
what positively,  but  I  apprehend  my  zeal  is 
according  to  my  knowledge. 

[If  the  trunks  of  the  trees  are «haded  from 
the  sun  with  boards  it  will  answer  the  same 
purposes. — Eds.] 

■■  •  »■ 

Lime  fok  Apple  Tkees. — A  successful  pom- 
ologist  of  New  Jersey  writes  the  New  York 
Heriihl  that  he  once  noticed  that  a  tree  stand- 
ing in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  his  dwelling 
had  all  at  once  2rat  forth  with  renewed  energy 
and  he  was  at  a  loss  for  some  time  to  define 
the  cause.  On  examination  he  found  that  a 
quantity  of  lime,  which  had  accidentally  been 
spilled,  and  rendered  M'orthless  by  becoming 
mixed  with  the  refuse  on  the  stable  floor,  had 
been  thrown  at  the  foot  of  and  around  the 
tree,  and  to  this,  as  the  principal  cause,  he 
immediately  accredited  the  revivement  and 
renewed  fructification  of  the  tree.  Taking 
the  hint  from  the  incident,  he  purchased 
twelve  casks  of  lime,  and  appUed  half  a  bushel 
to  each  of  the  trees  in  his  orchard,  and  found 
that  it  produced  immediate  beneficial  rasults. 
Not  the  health  of  the  tree  only  but  the  quality 
of  the  fruit  also  was  greatly  improved.  The 
Ilcrald  adds  that  it  has  known  some  farmers 
to  make  it  a  regular  practice  for  a  succession 
of  years  to  throw  caustic  lime  around  their 
ajjple  trees  in  the  spring  and  summer. 

In  our  own  experience  on  the  farm  we 
found  that  leached  ashes  worked  about  the 
same  result  as  given  above.  A  pear 
tree  close  by  a  leach  grew  twice  as  rapidly  as 
one  a  few  rods  away. — Ohio  Farmer. 

<"•-• 

The  Black  Peppee. — The  two  specimens  of 
the  black  pepper  tree  planted  in  the  Court- 
house yard  a  year  old,  with  a  view  of  testing 
its  adaptability  to  this  climate,  made  a  rapid 
growth  last  summer,  but  the  past  winter  was 
unusually  heavy,  and  the  frost  killed  most  of 
the  leaves  and  tips  of  the  twigs.  Enough  is 
determined,  however,  to  show  that  black  pep- 
per can  be  produced  here  in  any  desired 
amount,  and  that  it  is  capable  of  becoming  an 
article  of  export.  The  tree  is  an  evergreen, 
and  has  a  strong  resemblance  to  some  of  the 
varieties  of  acacia. —  Tulare  Times. 


Value  or  Evebokeens  Among  Fbuit  Teees. 
A  well-grown  evergreen  tree  gives  off  continu- 
ally an  exodium  of  warmth  and  moisture  that 
reaches  a  distance  of  its  area  in  hight;  and 
when  tree  planters  advocate  shelter  belts, 
Bun-ounding  a  trace  of  orchard  fifty  or  more 
acres,  when  the  influehce  of  such  belt  can 
only  trace  a  distance  of  the  hight  of  the  trees 
in  said  belt,  they  do  that  which  will  prove  of 
little  value.  To  ameliorate  climate,  to  assist 
in  prevention  of  injury  against  extreme  clim- 
ate, to  assist  in  prevention  of  injury  against 
extreme  climatic  cold  in  winter  aud  of  the 
frosting  of  the  germ  bud  of  fruit  in  tlie 
spring,  all  orchards  should  have  planted,  in 
and  among  them  indiscriminately,  evergreen 
trees  at  chstanees  each  of  not  more  than  150 
feet  apart.  Such  a  course  pursued  will  give 
health  to  the  tree,  and  bo  productive  of  more 
regular  and  uniform  crops  of  fruit.  At  all 
events,  it  is  worth  the  trial,  and  we  shall  be 
glad  if  our  readers  can  inform  us  of  practical 
experiments  on  the  subject. — Scientijic  Ameri- 
can. 


Ripening  Feiht. — Acting  upon  the  princi- 
pal that  removal  of  the  earth  immediately 
surrounding  the  roots  increases  their  activity 
and  accelerates  the  maturing  of  all  parts  of 
the  plant,  including  the  fruit,  Mr.  Stall  re- 
moved the  earth  about  an  early  pear  tree  eight 
weeks  before  the  normal  period  of  rijiening, 
for  a  space  of  thirteen  to  fifteen  feet  in  diam- 
eter, and  to  such  an  extent  as  to  leave  a  depth 
of  earth  over  the  roots  of  only  about  two  to 
four  inches,  which  could  be  thoroughly 
warmed  by  the  sun.  He  was  surprised  not 
only  by  the  ripening  of  the  fruit  in  the  mid- 
dle of  July,  but  also  by  its  superior  juiciness 
and  flavor.  In  another  experiment  the  re- 
moval of  the  earth  from  the  north  side  of  a 
tree  alone  caused  the  fruit  on  that  side  to 
ripen  several  days  earlier  than  that  on  the 
south  side.  Frequent  watering  was  of  course 
necessary  in  the  above  exiJeriments. —  Vine- 
yard Gazette. 


The  cranberry  is  cultivated  in  Wisconsin 
and  some  of  the  other  Western  States  on  a 
pretty  large  scale,  by  simply  building  dikes 
for  keeping  out  sui-i^'us  water  from  the 
swamps  on  the  margin  of  lakes.  It  is  claimed 
that  a  capital  of  only  twenty  dollars  per  acre 
is  requirud  for  successful  cultivation  of  the 
cranberry  there,  while,  in  New  England,  it 
often  costs  from  two  to  three  huudi'cd  dollars 
per  acre.  Several  gentlemen  interested  in  the 
cultivation  of  this  fruit  at  the  West  have  lately 
visited  Eastern  capitalists  and  a  meeting  for 
discussing  the  subject  has  been  held  in  Husio 
Hall,  Boston. 


Market-Gardening  In  the  Rural   Dis- 
tricts. 

The  census  often  shows  the  drift  of  farm- 
life  more  accurately  than  any  partiid  observa- 
tion, however  minute.  It  is  quite  clear,  from 
the  returns  already  examined,  that  there  is  a 
decrease  in  the  amnuut  of  live-stock  in  the 
New  England  and  Middle  States  during  the 
past  decade,  and  likewise  a  decrease  in  the 
yield  of  stable  grains,  while  there  will  be 
shown  a  large  increase  in  the  crops  of  vegeta- 
bles aud  in  garden  products.  This  shows 
pretty  conclusively  that  grain-farming  and 
live-stock  raising,  does  not  pay  so  well  as 
some  other  branches  of  farming.  The  city 
and  village  population  has  increased,  and  the 
farmers  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  these 
large  towns  are  turning  their  attention  more 
to  supplying  their  daily  wants.  They  can  sell 
l^otatoes  and  turnips  every  day  in  the  year  if 
they  have  them,  aud  garden  products  al- 
through  the  summer  and  fall.  There  is,  how- 
ever, a  brisk  demand  for  podltry,  eggs,  milk, 
calves,  lambs,  and  swine,  and  they  very  pro- 
perly raise  what  the  market  demands. 


How  much  does  a  fool  generally  weigh? 
simple  ton. 


A 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


How  to  Take  Care  of  Bulbs. 

S  soon  as  their  beauty  of  flower  is  over, 
we  always  cut  off  the  flower  etema  just 
below  the  lowest  flower,  and  for  this 
reason:  the  hyacinth  and  tulip  both 
seed  freely,  particularly  the  latter;  if 
the  bulb  is  forming  seed,  its  strength  is  in  a 
great  measure  wasted  by  that  process;  whereas 
if  the  flower-stem  is  cut  ofl',  the  bulb  has  no- 
thing to  do  but  to  prepare  itself  with  vigor 
for  blossoming  the  ensuing  year.  We  pay 
gi-eat  attention  to  the  protection  of  the  leaves 
of  both  hyacinths  and  tulips,  and  never  allow 
them  to  be  interfered  with  iintil  nature  indi- 
cates, by  the  decay  of  their  points,  that  the 
bulb  is  preparing  for  rest.  We  then  foUo-v  a 
course  with  both  hyacinths  and  tulips  which 
we  believe  many  do  not;  that  is,  we  take  them 
up  before  the  leaves  are  quite  decayed,  and 
for  this  reason:  we  believe  that  both  of  them, 
after  the  bulbs  have  attained  this  period  of 
growth,  are  only  weakened  by  remaining  in 
ground,  because  the  ofl'sets  are  living  upon  the 
parent  bulb,  and  conseqiaently  weakening  it 
for  the  flower  of  the  following  year.  If  a  cul- 
tivator wishes  for  stock,  he  should  let  his 
bulbs  remain  until  the  leaves  are  quite  de- 
cayed. If  he  wants  his  bulbs  to  flower  in 
beauty  again,  he  should  follow  the  practice 
above  mentioned.  When  taken  up,  the  bulbs 
should  be  removed  to  a  shed  sheltered  from 
the  sun  but  free  to  the  air,  and  any  earth  ad- 
hering to  the  fibres  or  roots  should  remain  for 
some  little  time;  after  two  or  three  days  they 
should  be  looked  after  and  the  loose  earth 
shaken  from  them;  and,  as  the  leaves  decay, 
they  should  be  occasionally  removed.  We 
have  generally  placed  our  bulbs  at  first  on  the 
ground,  iu  the  tool-shed,  and  as  they  got  dry 
removed  them  to  an  airy  shelf.  When  the 
leaves  are  nearly  decayed,  we  place  them  in 
very  shallow  baskets,  and  allow  as  much  air 
as  practicable  to  be  between  each  root  to 
harden  them,  turning  them  every  two  or  three 
days.  By  this  treatment,  and  rubbing  off 
any  portion  of  mold  attached  to  the  bottom 
and  sides,  they  are  iu  a  fit  state  to  be  placed 
for  the  summer  in  a  dry  room;  and  by  a  little 
occasional  attention,  the  rough  and  outside 
coat  will,  by  a  gentle  side-pressure  of  the 
thumb,  be  eflectually  removed,  and  exhibits 
the  appearance  of  the  bulb  clean,  smooth,  and 
in  good  condition.  This  latter  operation  is 
best  performed  in  the  end  of  August,  and  at 
the  end  of  that  time  remove  the  remains  of 
such  jiarts  of  the  root  of  the  former  year  as 
may  have  droj'ped  off  previous  to  this  time. 
It  is  hardly  necessary  to  state  that  any  bulb 
in  an  unsound  state,  either  from  apjjearanfe 
of  decay  or  from  having  been  injured  in  tak- 
ing up,  should  not  be  put  with  those  intended 
for  future  planting. — The  Garden. 


Tuberose  Bulbs — How  to  Pkeseeve  Them. 
There  are  a  few  rules  that  the  novice  in  these 
matters  must  bear  in  mind.  Do  not  under- 
take to  dry  the  bulb  with  all  the  top  on;  do 
not  cut  it  off  too  near  the  crown  of  the  bulb. 
Either  proves  injurious.  The  first,  because 
there  is  such  a  mass  of  green,  succulent 
growth  to  wither  up,  and  consequently  to  en- 
gender decay;  and  the  latter  because  there 
will  be  great  danger  of  destroying  the  germ  in 
the  center.  I  have  seen  bulbs  to  all  outward 
appearances  sound  and  healthy,  but  when  I 
examined  this  vital  point  I  found  it  gone  be- 
yond recovery,  and  the  bulb  was  necessarily 
worthless.  My  practice  is  to  dig  them  as 
soon  as  the  first  frost  injures  the  leaves,  cut 
them  down  to  say  three  inches  of  the  bulb, 
and  then  spread  them  thinly  on  a  shutter,  or, 
what  is  better,  a  shitted  frame,  and  place  them 
in  the  sun  or  near  the  fire  heat,  until  every 
vestige  of  moisture  has  dejiarted.  It  is  really 
wonderful  how  much  vitality  there  is  in  the 
leaves  of  this  beautifnl  flower,  for  not  urifre- 
(jueutly  one  has  to  wait  for  several  weeks  be- 


fore they  are  ready  to  store  away.  When 
once  thoroughly  dried,  I  simply  place  them 
iu  a  box  without  auy  packing  material  what- 
ever, and  keep  them  in  a  warm  and  perfectly 
dry  place.  The  cellar  near  a  furnace -will 
answer,  provided  there  is  no  dampness  iu  the 
air.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  examine  them  care- 
fully during  the  winter  to  see  if  there  is  any 
moisture  present,  and  if  it  is  detected,  take 
them  out  at  once,  and  again  spread  thinly 
over  the  top  of  a  furnace  or  other  sm'face,  to 
remain  until  dry  once  more. — Ex. 


(!;duc«iti0uul 


What  Should  Young  People  Read? 

i&  

J;T  is  very  hard  for  boys  and  girls  between 
ten  and  twenty  to  believe  what  older 
peojjle  tell  them  concerning  the  selection 
of  reading  matter.  If  a  book  is  interest- 
ing, exciting,  thrilling,  the-  young  folks 
want  to  read  it.  They  like  to  feel  their  hair 
stand  on  end  at  the  hairbreadth  escapes  of  the 
hero,  and  their  nerves  tingle  to  the  ends  of 
their  fingers  at  his  exploits,  and  their  faces 
burn  with  passionate  sympathy  iu  his  tribu- 
lations— and  what  harm  is  there  in  it?  Let 
us  see  what  harm  there  may  bo.  You  know 
very  well  that  a  child  fed  on  candy  and  cake 
and  sweetmeats  soon  loses  all  healthy  appe- 
tite for  nutritious  food,  his  teeth  grow  black 
and  crumble  away,  his  stomach  becomes  de- 
ranged, his  breath  otteusive,  and  the  whole 
physical  and  mental  organization  is  dwarfed 
and  injured.  When  he  grows  older  he  wiU 
crave  spices  and  alcohol  to  stimulate  his  ab- 
normal appetite  and  give  pungency  to  taste- 
less though  healthful  food.  No  man  grows 
up  from  such  childhood  to  have  positions  of 
trust  and  usefulness  in  the  communily  where 
he  lives.  The  men  who  hold  those  positions 
were  fed  with  milk  and  bread  when  they  were 
young,  and  iipt  with  trash. 

Now,  the  mind,  like  the  body,  grows  by 
what  it  feeds  upon.  The  girl  who  fills  her 
brain  with  silly,  sentimental,  love  sick  stories 
grows  up  into  a  silly,  sentimental,  lackadaisi- 
cal woman,  useless  for  all  the  noble  and  sub- 
stantial work  of  life.  The  boy  who  feeds  on 
sensational  newspapers  and  exciting  novels 
has  no  intellectual  muscle,  no  commanding 
will  to  make  his  way  iu  the  world.  Then, 
aside  from  the  debilitating  etfeet  of  such  read- 
ing, the  mind  is  poisoned  by  impure  associa- 
tions. These  brilliant  stories  have  always 
murder,  or  theft,  or  lying,  or  knavery  as  an 
integral  jjart  of  their  issue,  and  boys  while 
reading  them  live  in  the  oomjjanionshiiJ  of 
men  and  women,  of  boys  and  girls,  with 
whom  they  would  be  ashamed  to  be  seen  con- 
versing, whom  they  would  never  think  of  in- 
viting to  their  houses  and  introducing  to  their 
trends,  and  whose  very  names  they  would  not 
mention  iu  polite  society  as  associates  and 
equals.  Every  book  that  one  reads,  no  less 
than  every  dinner  that  one  eats,  becomes  part 
and  parcel  of  the  individual,  and  we  can  no 
more  read  without  injury  an  unwholesome 
book  or  ijcriodical  than  we  can  eat  tainted 
meat  and  not  sutt'er  thereby.  Just  as  there 
are  everywhere  stores  full  of  candy  and  cake, 
and  liquor,  and  tobacco,  and  spices,  so  there 
arc  everywhere  books,  newspapers  and  maga- 
zines full  of  the  veriest  trash,  and  abounding 
iu  everything  boys  and  girls  should  not  read. 
And  just  as  the  healthful  stomach,  jiassing  all 
these  pernicions  baits,  will  choose  .sound  ali- 
ment, so  the  healthful  mind  will  reject  the 
unwholesome  literature  current  everywhere, 
and  select  such  as  is  intrinsically  good. 

The  other  d.ay  we  picked  up  a  popular 
juvenile  weekly,  and  presently  found  ourself 
knee-deep  in  slang,  ov<'r  our  head  in  vulgar 
allusion,  and  in  the  midst  of  a  low-lived  met- 
ro|>olitan  crowd,  where  cock-fights,  dog-fights 
and  man-fights  were  the  condiments  oflfered  to 
whet  the  appetite  for  reading;  and  yet  we 
know  families  where  that  pajjcr  is  regularly 
taken.       Do  the    parents   read  itV     Do  they 


know  what  company  their  children  are  keep- 
ing? 

But,  says  the  young  inquirer.  What  shall 
we  read,  and  how  shall  we  know  if  books  are 
suitable?  Head  such  books  as  give  you  valu- 
able information,  works  that  are  approved  by 
people  of  correct  judgment.  Our  leading 
magazines  contain  a  vast  amount  of  reading, 
interesting  alike  to  young  and  old.  Do  not 
read  what  renders  distasteful  the  duties  of 
life,  or  renders  vice  atti-aetive,  or  makes  you 
long  for  an  impossible  and  romantic  career. 
A  correct  taste,  once  formed  and  carefully  con- 
sulted, will  enable  you  to  select  the  good  and 
eschew  the  pernicious. 

"Might  I  give  counsel  to  any  young  bearer, ' ' 
says  Thackery  in  his  lecture  on  Prior,  Gray 
and  Pope,  "I  would  say  to  him,  try  to  fre- 
quent the  company  of  your  betters.  In  books 
and  life  that  is  the  most  wholesome  society; 
learn  to  admire  rightly,  the  great  pleasure  of 
life  isiu  that.  Note  what  the  good  men  admire; 
they  admire  good  things;  narrow  spirits  ad- 
mire basely  and  worship  meanly. — A'.  T. 
Tribune. 


It  is  often  said"  that  students  of  agricultural 
colleges  do  not,  in  after  hfe,  pursue  agricul- 
ture as  a  profession;  but  this  cannot  be  ai>- 
plied  to  the  college  at  Lansing,  Michigan. 
According  to  President  Abbott,  at  least  forty- 
two  per  cent,  of  the  living  graduates  of  that 
institution  are  engaged  in  farming  or  garden- 
ing. If  all  our  agricultural  colleges  can  make 
this  kind  of  a  showing,  there  will  be  less 
cause  for  growling  about  them  than  people 
suppose. — Frairie  Farmer. 


One  of  the  most  important  errors  in  educa- 
tion is  the  idle  vanity  that  looks  for  every- 
thing before  its  time,  and  will  have  fruit  be- 
fore flowers,  in  order  to  enjoy  the  surprise  of 
the  guests  at  seeing  the  table  decked  with  the 
evidences  of  Summer  when  the  earth  without 
is  covered  with  ice  and  snow.  Such  things 
are  always  pleasing  to  the  eye,  even  when  the 
growth  is  not  natural.  A  precocious  child, 
however,  seldom  grows  up  into  a  valuable 
man. — Jacoha. 


The  line  of  conduct  chosen  during  the  five 
years  from  fifteen  to  twenty,  will,  in  almost 
every  instance,  determine  the  character  for 
life.  As  a  young  man  is  then  careful  or  care- 
less, prudent  or  improvident,  industrious  or 
indolent,  truthful  or  dissimulating,  ignorant 
or  intelligent,  temperate  or  dissolute — so  will 
he  be  in  after  years;  and  it  needs  no  prophet 
to  cast  his  horoscope  or  calculate  his  chances 
in  life. 

<  o  > 

Thinking. — Thinking,  not  growth,  makes 
perfect  manhood.  There  are  some  who, 
though  they  have  done  growing,  are  still  only 
boys.  The  constitution  may  be  fixed,  while 
the  judgment  is  immatiwe;  the  limbs  may  be 
strong,  while  the  reasoning  is  feeble.  Many 
who  can  run,  and  jump,  and  bear  any  fatigue, 
can  not  observe,  can  not  examine,  can  not 
reason  nor  judge,  contrivB  nor  execute — they 
do  not  think. 

Accustom  yourself,  then,  to  thinking.  Set 
yourself  to  understand  whatever  you  see  or 
read.  To  run  through  a  book  is  not  a  dilfi- 
cult  task,  nor  is  it  a  very  profitable  one.  To 
understand  a  few  pages  only  is  far  better  than 
to  read  the  whole,  where  mere  reading  it  is 
all.  If  the  work  does  not  set  you  to  thinking 
either  you  or  the  author  must  be  very  de- 
ficient. 

It  is  only  by  thinking  that  a  man  can  know 
himself.  Yet  all  other  knowledge  without 
this  is  splendid  ignorance.  Not  a  glance 
merely,  but  much  close  examination  will  be 
requisite  for  the  forming  of  a  true  opinion  of 
your  own  power."i.  Ignorance  and  self-con- 
ceit always  tend  to  make  you  overrate  y(mr 
jiersonal  "ability — as  a  slight  degree  of  know- 
ledge may  malie  a  timid  mind  i>ass  upon  him- 
self too  huiul)le  a  judgment.  It  is  only  by 
thinking,    and  much   impartial    observation. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


m 

qjllEVERAGES,  so  called,  are  tempters  to 
HI  ji  the  first  steps  towards  drwukenness.  At 
'jiyjf  the  appropriate  seasons,  the  newspapers 
CJr,  abound  in  receipts  for  making  various 
(^jd^  kinds  of  summer  drinks,  wines,  cor- 
dials, beers,  and  cider.  There  is  no  easier 
and  more  certain  way  of  making  a  family  of 
drunkards  than  by  having  such  things  al- 
ways at  hand,  "in  case  of  sickness,"  as  it  is 
termed.  I  know  a  man,  my  neighbor  for 
many^years,  who  was  accustomed  to  "lay  in" 
a  barrel  of  cider  every  autumn,  and  it  was 
placed  on  the  table  every  day  until  exhausted; 
but  every  day  it  became  more  sour,  alcoholic; 
and  by  the  time  it  was  out,  the  stimulus  of  it 
was  so  decided  that  a  disagreeable  want  was 
experienced,  and  it  was  determined  that  next 
year  he  would  lay  in  two  barrels;  at  length  six 
barrels  were  laid  in  for  the  winter's  supply; 
meanwhile,  my  friend  and  neighbr  had  be- 
come a  habitual  drinker,  on  rising,  at  break- 
fast, at  dinner,  in  the  middle  of  the  afternoon, 
and  from  supper  until  late  bed-time;  cider  is 
too  tame  now;  his  position  and  means  demand 
and  supply  the  costliest  brandies;  he  is  sel- 
dom drunk,  but  always  full;  there  does  not 
live  anywhere  a  more  honorable  and  high- 
minded  man;  in  all  business  transactions  he 
has  maintained  the  very  highest  position  for 
incorruptible  integrity,  and  as  a  neighbor  and 
friend  and  good  citizen,  he  has  no  sujjerior; 
but  take  from  him  the  brandy  bottle  for  a  day 
and  he  would  go  mad,  or  die  of  exhaustion — 
of  an  insufferable  sinking. 

It  is  an  incontrovertible  physiological  fact, 
that  any  artificial  stimulus  continued  for  a  few 
days,  makes  the  system  feel  the  want  of  it, 
instinctively  lean  upon  it,  and  look  for  it;  but 
ibis  is  not  all:  the  same  amount  of  stimula- 
tion is  demanded  every  day;  but  to  create  that 
amount,  a  larger  and  an  increasing  quantity 
of  the  stimulus  becomes  necessary,  or  it  must 
be  more  frequently  supplied.  No  habitual 
user  of  spirits,  or  of  tea  and  coffee,  cau  pos- 
sibly deny  this,  after  ten  years'  practice;  as 
proof,  see  how  much  oftener  they  drink  or 
smok  or  chew  than  when  they  first  entered  on 
the  miserable,  useless  and  degrading  career  of 
self-indulgence.  The  truth  is,  there  is  no 
safety  except  in  absolute  refusal  even  to  taste 
a  drop  or  chew  an  atom.  He  who  takes  one 
drop  may  die  in  the  gutter;  he  who  has  the 
high  moral  courage  to  refuse  that  first  drop, 
that  first  atom,  never  can! 

I  kuow  a  whole  family  of  beautiful  grown- 
up daughters,  not  one  of  whom  by  any  chance 
ever  refuses,  at  home  or  at  a  party  or  on  a 
jiicnic,  to  take  a  glass  of  brandy,  toddy  or  any 
of  its  likes.  The  habit  was  for-med  by  the 
mother  making  brandy  the  panacea  for  every 
stomach-ache,  for  nausea,  for  faintness,  for 
bodily  derangement,  for  a  chill,  for  an  over- 
work or  an  over-meal. — Boston  Watohtiutn  and 
Refleclur. 


The  liveh,  weighing  about  four  pounds,  is 
the  great  wheel  of  life's  machine;  it  regulates 
the  whole  mechanism  of  man;  when  it  "acts," 
works  well,  every  other  wheel,  gland,  factory, 
works  with  it;  when  it  stops,  is  "torpid,"  the 
whole  system  begins  to  get  out  of  order;  the 
feet  become  cold;  the  head  aches;  the  mouth 
tastes  bad;  there  are  pains  at  the  edges  of  the 
ribs;  at  the  shoulder  blades;  on  the  tops  of 
the  shoulders;  the  body  is  chilly;  the  mind  is 
confused;  the  spirits  despondent;  the  dispo- 
sition fretful,  peevish  and  complaining;  there 
is  no  ambition,  no  animation,  no  hfe;  and  if 
these  things  are  allowed  to  go  on,  especially 
if  moodiness  is  cherished  and  melancholy 
feelings  are  indulged  in,  the  end  is  suicide. 
This  unhappy  state  of  mind  ana  body  is  the 
result  of  what  is  called  "biliousness,"  that  is, 
the  liver,  whose  office  it  is  to  withdraw  the 
bile  from  the  blood,  fails  to  perform  that  duty, 
and  the  blood,  having  more  and  more  bile  in 


it,  becomes  more  and  more  impure,  thickens 
more  and  more,  until  at  length  it  is  almost 
too  thick  to  flow  at  all;  if  this  take  place  in 
the  chest,  it  is  called  congestion  of  the  lungs; 
if  in  the  liver,  congestion  of  the  liver;  if  in 
the  skull,  congestion  of  the  brain;  if  in  the 
whole  body,  it  is  oongestive  fever,  which  gen- 
erally means  death.  Some  of  these  conges- 
tions may  arise  from  other  states  than  a  dis- 
ordered liver. 

The  bile  is  composed  mainly  of  those' waste 
portions  of  the  human  machine,  which,  hav- 
ing subserved  their  jjurpose,  are  not  further 
needed,  but  require  to  be  removed  from  the 
body;  and  in  the  wonderful  wisdom  and  econ- 
omy of  the  great  Architect  of  our  frame,  and 
of  all  worlds,  the  very  passing  out  of  this 
waste  is  made  to  answer  a,  purpose  funda- 
mentally essential  to  all  human  health;  for, 
after  having  eaten  a  meal,  the  bile  is  conveyed 
into  the  intestinal  canal,  drop  by  drop,  caus- 
ing an  action  which  results  in  the  regular 
daily  motion  of  the  bowels,  without  which 
there  can  never  be  good  health  for  forty-eight 
hours  at  a  time;  hence,  "constipation"  shows 
that  the  liver  is  not  working  healthfully,  and 
remedies  are  required  which  "act  upon  the 
liver,"  There  are  two  safe,  unmedicinal 
modes  of  acting  on  the  liver,  of  starting  the 
machinery  of  life,  when  it  tends  to  stand  still: 
go  to  bed,  wrap  up  warm,  make  hot  applica- 
tions to  the  feet,  drink  warm  teas  abundantly 
so  as  to  cause  profuse  perspiration  for  two  or 
three  hours;  a  better  plan  is,  go  to  work  in 
the  open  air  and  keep  at  it,  to  the  extent  of 
exciting  a  gentle  perspiration  until  tired  or 
very  hungry,  for  whatever  starts  perspiration 
on  the  skin  starts  the  wheel  of  the  liver  to 
working,  and  the  person  gets  well  apace. — 
Di'.  Hall's  Journal. 


Dyspepsia. — The  most  universal  cause  of 
dyspepsia  is  eating  too  often,  too  fast,  and 
too  much.     The  general  rules  should  be: 

1 — Eat  thrice  a  day. 

2 — Not  an  atom  between  meals. 

3 — Nothing  after  two  o'clock  but  a  piece  of 
cold  bread  and  butter  and  one  cup  of  hot 
di-ink. 

i — Spend  half  an  hour  at  least  in  taking 
each  meal. 

5 — Cut  up  all  meats  and  hard  food  in  pea- 
sized  pieces. 

6 — Never  eat  enough  to  cause  the  slightest 
uncomfortable  sensation  afterward. 

7 — Never  work  or  study  hard  within  half  an 
hour  of  eating. 

The  most  universal  and  infallible  indication 
that  a  person  is  becoming  dyspeptic  is  some 
uncomfortable  sensation  coming  on  uniformly 
after  each  meal,  whether  that  be  in  the  stom- 
ach, throat  or  any  where  else.  The  forma- 
tion of  wind  in  the  stomach,  indicated  by 
eructation,  belchiugs,  or  otherwise,  demon- 
strates that  dyspei^sia  is  fixing  itself  in  the 
system.  Then  there  is  only  one  course  to 
pursue,  and  that  is  infallible :  eat  less  and  less 
at  each  meal,  until  no  wind  is  generated  and 
no  other  uncomfortable  sensation  is  experi- 
enced in  any  part  of  the  body.  No  medicine 
ever  cured  confirmed  dyspepsia;  eating  plain 
food  regularly  and  living  out  of  doors  indus- 
triously, will  cure  most  cases. — Dr.  Mall's 
Journal. 


Tea  and  Coffee. — The  following  result  of 
an  analysis  of  adulterated  tea,  which  is  given 
by  Dr.  Smith  in  his  work  on  "Foods,"  is  a 
fair  illustration: 

"Iron,  plumbago,  chalk,  China  clay,  sand, 
Prussian  blue,  tumeric,  indigo,  starch,  gyp- 
sum, catechu,  gum,  the  leaves  of  the  camellu, 
savangua.  CldoranUms  officinalis,  elm,  oak, 
willow,  poplar,  elder,  beech,  hawthorne,  and 
sloe." 

It  will  be  observed  that  in  this  sample  there 
was  not  a  single  leaf  of  genuine  tea,  while 
there  were  two  or  three  poisonous  substances. 
Prussian  blue  contains  a  large  proportion  of 
prussic  acid,  one  of  the  most  deadly  poisons 


known.  Green  and  black  tea  are  both  made 
from  the  same  plant,  the  only  difference  be- 
ing in  the  mode  of  preparation.  In  general, 
the  only  ditt'erence  is  thaa  green  tea  is  colored 
with  Prussian  blue.  According  to  reliable  au- 
thorities, the  proportion  of  the  poison  used  is 
ojie  grain  to  every  ounce  of  tea!  How  many 
thousands  may  have  been  the  unsuspected 
victims  of  this  wholesale  poisoning.  This 
mode  of  adulteration  is  exceedingly  common 
with  the  Chinese  in  their  preparation  of  tea 
for  foreign  markets.  It  is  well  known  that 
they  never  use  green  tea  themselves,  on  this 
account. 

During  the  single  month  of  July,  1872, 
183, out), 000  pounds  of  tea  passed  through  the 
English  custom  house,  of  which  10,01)0,000 
pounds  were  found  so  badly  adulterated  us  to 
be  entirely  unsafe  for  use. 

Here  are  a  few  of  the  diseases  resulting 
from  the  use  of  tea,  coffee,  chocolate  and  sim- 
ilar beverages:  Nervousness,  sleeplessness, 
hypochondriasis,  sick  headache,  insanity,  tre- 
mens, convulsions,  paralysis,  insensibility, 
torpidity  and  congestion  of  the  liver,  vertigo, 
palpitation  of  the  heart,  tawny  and  torpid 
skin,  consumption  and  other  lung  diseases, all 
sorts  of  nervous  diseases,  decay  of  the  teeth, 
loss  of  sense  of  taste,  constipation,  diarrhea, 
hemorrhoids,  dyspepsia,  general  muscultu'  and 
nervous  debility,  epileijsy,  cancer,  and  defec- 
tive circulation. 

Ask  the  tobacco-user,  whose  whole  body  is 
saturated  with  the  filthy  poison,  if  his  nature 
makes  any  remonstrance  to  his  daily  abuse. 
He  will  tell  you.  No.  Put  the  same  question 
to  the  confirmed  inebriate,  and  although  his 
blood  may  contain  so  much  alsohol  as  to  be 
inflammable,  he  will  tell  you  that  it  does  him 
no  harm.  The  user  of  tea  will  declare  that 
the  beverage  is  absolutely  indispensable  for 
the  maintenance  of  his  life;  and  the  opium 
eater  will  declare  that  his  daily  dose  of  mor- 
phia "does  him  good." 

Even  the  most  invetei-ate  user  of  either  tea 
or  coffee  can  cease  its  use  at  once  without  any 
fears  of  shortening  his  life  by  doing  so,  al- 
though he  may  feel  as  though  death  would 
certainly  result.  All  his  bad  feelings  are 
simply  evidences  of  the  injury  which  the  tea 
and  coffee  have  already  done,  and  not  of  the 
necessity  for  their  use,  or  of  any  injury  re- 
sulting from  abstaining  from  them.  But  when 
so  sudden  a  change  is  made,  the  individual 
should  make  an  exclusive  business  of  it.  Lay 
aside  all  cares  and  responsibilities.  Do  not 
attemjjt  to  pursue  your  usual  avocations,  at 
least,  let  only  a  very  small  proportion  of  the 
ordinary  amount  of  work  be  done.  Avoid 
anything  taxing  or  unpleasant.  Secure  rest 
and  quiet.  If  the  head  aches  severely,  and 
the  nerves  seem  to  be  all  unstrung,  apply  hot 
cloths  to  the  heavl  for  a  few  minutes,  take  a 
tepid  bath,  and  go  to  bed.  A  few  days  of 
persevering  effort  will  end  the  struggle  and 
give  you  the  victory. 

A  less  satisfactory  plan  is  to  gradually  de- 
crease the  strength  of  the  beverage  and  the 
frequency  of  its  use  until  it  can  be  relin- 
quished without  notice. — Ueallh  Reformer. 


The  deepest  well  in  the  world  is  in  the  vil- 
lage of  Speremburg,  twenty  miles  from  Ber- 
lin, Prussia.  It  was  bored  by  the  German 
Government  for  a  suppl3'  of  rock-salt.  Ope- 
rations were  commenced  five  years  ago  by 
sinking  a  shaft  sixteen  feet  in  diameter,  and 
salt  was  reached  at  the  depth  of  287  feet.  In 
order  to  find  how  thick  the  salt  was,  boring 
was  commenced  at  a  diameter  of  thirteen 
inches,  to  a  depth  of  960  feet  farther,  always 
boring  into  rock  salt.  Encouraged  by  this,  a 
steam  engine  was  erected,  and  the  boring  con- 
tinued by  its  help  until  the  present  time,  when 
a  total  depth  of  •l,19i  feet  has  been  attained, 
without  having  gone  through  the  salt  deposit, 
which  is  here  at  least  3,907  feet  thick,  while  it 
it  not  known  how  much  thicker  it  may  yet  be 
found  to  be. 


The  end  of  everything — The  letter  g. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^1> 


that  a  man  can  discover  his  real  disposition. 
A  hast3'  temper  only  supposes  itself  properly 
alive;  an  iudoleiit  iudulger  imagines  he  is  as 
active  as  any  one;  but  by  close  and  severe 
examination  each  may  discover  something 
nearer  the  truth. 

Thinking  is,  indeed,  the  very  germ  of  self- 
cultivation — the  source  from  which  all  vital 
intfuence  springs.  Thinking  will  do  much 
for  an  active  mind,  even  in  the  absence  of 
books,  or  living  instructors.  The  reasoning 
faculty  grows  firm,  expands,  discerns  its  own 
power,  acts  with  increasing  facility,  precision 
and  extent,  under  all  its  privations.  Where 
there  is  no  privation,  but  every  help  from 
former  thinkers,  how  much  may  we  not  ex- 
pect from  it!  Thus  great  characters  rise. 
While  he  who  thinks  little,  though  much  he 
Bees,  can  hardly  call  anything  he  has  his  own. 
He  trades  with  borrowed  cajiital,  and  is  on 
the  high  road  to  literary,  or  rather  to  mental, 
bankruptcy. 


How  to  Eat  an  Orange. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Jlume  Journal  writes: 
Always  on  a  Southern  gentleman's  table  the 
dessert  of  oranges  is  furnished  with  small 
silver  fruit-knives  and  spoons.  The  orange 
is  held  in  a  najikin — just  as  you  hold  an  egg 
— and  with  the  slender  point  of  the  knife  a 
circular  incision  is  carefully  made  made  in  the 
stem  end  of  the  orange,  and  the  stem  core  is 
nicely  cut  out,  leaving  an  orifice  large  enough 
for  an  egg-spoon.  The  orange  is  held  and 
eaten  then,  just  as  gourmands  eat  an  egg,  in 
its  own  shell;  and  the  skill  and  grace  with 
which  this  is  done — that  is,  without  soiling 
the  lingers  or  na]jkin — are,  as  in  the  same 
process  with  the  egg,  a  test  of  good  breeding. 
I  have  known  the  most  inexpert  person  to 
master  the  few  difficulties  in  the  way  after 
two  or  three  efforts;  and  their  satisfaction  was 
an  infinitely  pleasant  sight. 

To  the  hostess  who  likes  to  have  the  table 
preserve  in  some  degree,  at  the  close  of  an 
entertainment,  the  beauty  which  dazzled  the 
guests  upon  entering,  this  method  is  most  de- 
sirable. Servants — let  me  put  in  a  plea  for 
those  silent  ones  whose  interests  are  two  sel- 
dom regarded— are  spared  the  tedious  duty  of 
gathering  up  the  fragments;  and  guests  who 
look  with  dismay  at  this  tempting  apple  of 
the  Hesperides,  can  thus  enjoy  it  as  they 
never  did  before.  Only  the  delicious  nectar 
of  the  fruit  is  eaten,  with  the  more  delicate 
pulp,  the  tough  fibre— of  which,  indeed,there 
is  very  little  in  an  orange  plucked  from  the 
tree  under  its  own  skies — being  left  in  the 
shell.  I  trust  you  will  try  this  method,  which 
■we  of  the  coast  country  along  our  Mississippi 
river  think  is  the  only  elegant  way  to  get  at 
the  heart  of  the  matter.  O,  those  dainty 
dejninei-s  of  the  past,  with  their  fruit  and 
flowers,  and  wit,  and  grace,  and  rippling 
laughter,  in  the  fairest  land  that  ever  the 
skies  bent  over,  our  Beautiful,  our  Desolate. 


What  Might  be  Done. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  a  speech  of 
r.  T.  Barnum  at  Philadelphia: 

I  will  undertake,  and  give  bonds  for  the 
fulfillment  of  the  contract,  that  if  the  city  of 
I'hiladelphia  will  stop  selling  liquor  and  give 
me  as  much  as  was  exiiendcd  hero  for  liquor 
last  year,  to  run  the  city  next  year,  I  will  pay 
all  the  city  exjjenses  (pause);  no  person  liv- 
ing within  her  borders  shall  pay  taxes 
(pause);  there  shall  be  no  insurance  on  pro- 
perty (jianse);  a  good  dress  and  suit  shall  be 
given  to  every  poor  boy,  girl,  man  and  woman 
(pause);  all  the  educational  expenses  shall  bo 
paid  (pause);  a  barrel  of  tlour  shall  bo  given 
to  every  needy  and  worthy  person  (sensation); 
and  I  will  clear  a  half  miilion  or  a  million  dol- 
lars myself  by  the  operation!  (cries  of  "hur- 
rah!") It  would  be  the  best  business  specu- 
lation I  was  ever  in.  Unfortunately  they 
\youIdn't  give  it  to  me.  As  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin said,  "we  are  paying  too  dear  for  our 
whistle." 


gano  Mil  (ftivl 


5. 


Helping  Papa  and  Mamma. 

c^  

ft\LANTING  the  corn  and  potatoes, 
HitJI      Helping  to  Bcatter  the  Beods, 

f**'      Feeding  the  hens  and  the  chickens, 
Freeing  the  garden  from  weeds, 
Drivinj,'  the  cows  to  the  paKture, 
Feeding  the  horse  in  the  stall — 
We  little  children  are  busy; 
Sure,  there  is  work  for  lis  all. 
Helping  papa. 

Spreading  the  hay  in  the  sunshine. 

Raking  it  up  when  't  is  dry. 
Picking  the  apples  and  peaches 

Down  in  the  orchard  hard  by. 
Picking  the  grapes  in  the  vineyard, 

Gathering-nuts  in  the  Fall — 
"We  little  children  are  busy: 

XeB,  there  is  work  for  us  all. 
Helping  papa. 

Sweeping,  and  washing  the  dishes, 

Bringing  the  wood  from  the  shed. 
Ironing,  sewing,  and  knitting. 

Helping  to  make  up  the  bed. 
Taking  good  care  of  the  baby. 

Watching  her  lest  she  should  fall — 
"We  little  children  are  busy: 

O,  there  is  work  for  us  all. 
Helping  mamma. 

"Work  makes  us  cheerful  and  happy. 

Makes  us  both  active  and  strong; 
Play  we  enjoy  all  the  better 

When  we  have  labored  so  long, 
Gladly  we  help  our  kind  parents. 

Quickly  we  come  at  their  call; 
Children  should  love  to  be  busy: 

There  is  much  work  for  us  all, 

Heljiing  papa  and  mamma. 


A  True  Hero, 

A  boy  about  nine  years  old  was  bathing  one 
day,  when,  by  some  mistake,  he  got  into  deep 
water  and  began  to  sink.  His  elder  brother 
saw  him,  and  ran  to  save  him,  but  lacking 
strength  or  skill,  he  also  sank  to  the  bottom 
of  the  river.  As  the  two  drowning  brothers 
rose  to  the  surface  for  the  last  time,  they  saw 
a  third  brother,  the  youngest  of  the  family, 
running  down  the  bank  for  the  jjurpose  of 
trying  to  save  them.  Then  it  was  that  the 
nine-year-old  acted  the  part  of  a  hero.  Strug- 
gling as  he  was  with  death,  he  gathered  all 
his  strength,  and  cried  to  his  brother  on  the 
shore,  "Don't  come  in,  or  father  will  lose  aU 
his  boys  at  once!" 

Noble  little  fellow!  Though  during,  he  for- 
got himself,  and  thought  only  of  his  father's 
grief.  He  was  a  genuine  hero.  His  brother 
obeyed  his  dying  comm.and,  and  was  spared 
to  comfort  his  father  when  his  two  dead  sous 
were  taken  from  the  river  clasped  in  each 
others  arms. 

<  e  » 

Mary  was  the  proprietress  of  a  diminutive, 
incipient  sheep,  whose  outer  covering  was  as 
devoid  of  color  as  congealed  vajaor,  and  to  all 
localities  to  which  Mary  iieramlnilated,  her 
young  Southdown  was  morally  certain  to  fol- 
low. It  tagged  her  to  the  dispensatory  of 
learning,  one  diurnal  section  of  time,  which 
was  contrary  to  all  precedent,  and  excited  the 
cachinnation  of  the  seminary  attendants, when 
the  children  perceived  the  presence  of  the 
young  quadruped  at  the  estabHshnieut  of  in- 
struction. Consequently,  the  preceptor  ex- 
pelled him  from  the  interior,  but  he  continued 
to  remain  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  and  tar- 
ried in  the  neighborhood  without  fretfulness 
until  Mary  once  more  became  visible. 


"  Mother,  mother,"  cried  a  young  rook, 
returning  hurriedly  from  its  first  flight,  "I'm 
so  frightened!  I've  seen  such  a  sight!" 
"What  sight,  my  son?"  asked  the  rook.  "Oh! 
white  creatures,  screaming  and  running, 
straining  their  necks,  and  holding  their  heads 
ever  so  high.  See,  mother,  there  they  go!" 
"  Geese,  my  son;  merely  geese,"  calmly  re- 
plied the  sapient  parent  bird.  "Through 
life,  child,  observe,  that  when  you  meet  any 
one  who  makes  a  great  fuss  about  himself, 
and  tries  to  lift  his  head  higher  than  the  rest 
of  the  world,  you  may  set  him  down  at  once 
to  bo  a  goose." 


The  Pineapple. 

The  history  of  the  pineapple  dates  back  for 
three  or  four  centuries.  Columbus  found  it 
on  the  Island  of  Guadalupe  in  14U2.  The 
•Japanese  cultivated  it  as  early  as  1599,  and  if 
is  supposed  that  it  was  first  brought  to  Eu- 
rope from  Jaua.  It  appears  that  this  fruit 
was  transplanted  from  South  America  to  Asia 
and  Africa;  for,  in  lo\)'2,  it  was  carried  to  Ben- 
gal and  China  from  that  country.  It  thrived 
in  Brazil,  and,  according  to  Humboldt,  grows 
wild  in  the  forest  of  Orinoco.  They  spoil 
very  easily,  and  sometimes  during  the  voyage 
here  the  whole  cargo  of  a  vessel  is  spoiled.  It 
is  considered  a  good  trip  if  three-fourths  of  a 
cargo  is  in  good  condition  when  the  vessel 
arrives.  This  depends  not  only  on  the  length 
of  the  voyage,  but  also  upon  the  bad  weather 
experienced,  thunder  showers  being  particu- 
larly destructive  to  them.  It  is  estimated 
that  four  million  two  hundred  thousand  piue- 
ajiples  are  brought  into  New  York  annually. 
The  business  of  canning  this  fruit  is  becoming 
quite  extensive,  and  likewise  profitable,  and 
several  firms  are  engaged  in  this  j^reijaratiou, 
and  they  put  uj)  at  least  a  million  pineapples 
in  cans  every  year. 


Treatment  op  Animaxs  and  Implements  on 
THE  Farm. — Is  not  the  following  as  applicable 
to  California  as  to  the  South  '?  If  a  southern 
farmer  wants  a  wagon  he  buys  it  where  best 
he  can — most  likely  through  some  dry  goods 
merchant,  who  secures  the  sale  by  exhibiting 
to  the  inquiring  farmer  a  beautiful  chromo, 
painted  with  all  the  colors  of  the  rainbow. 
The  vehicle  is  bought  at  the  cost  of  a  hund- 
red dollars  or  more,  possibly  on  a  credit  with 
fifty  per  cent,  profit  to  the  vendor,  and  finally 
reaches  home  as  prett3'  as  a  picture.  Left  in 
the  horse-lot  on  its  arrival,  there  it  stands, 
subject  to  winter's  rains  or  summer's  suns, 
except  when  in  use,  until  every  vestige  of 
paint  has  scaled  ofl',  nuts  and  bands  become 
loose,  and  wheels  so  rickety  that  the  running 
gear  can  scarcely  sustain  itself,  when  the 
owner  pronounces  the  manufacturer  a  cheat 
and  his  wagon  "  no  account."  The  same  ve- 
hicle, kept  closely  housed  at  all  times,  day 
and  night,  except  when  in  actual  use,  would 
last  almost  a  life-time  and  look  fresh  until  it 
is  worn  out. 

But  to  shelter  these  vehicles  would  require 
the  building  of  sheds,  and  building  sh^ds  ne- 
cessitates spending  money,  and  money  is  the 
very  thing  we  farmers  do  not  have.  This  is 
the  excuse  of  many  farmers  who  have  no 
shelter  for  vehicles  on  their  farms,  and  not 
very  desirable  stables  or  houses  for  their 
stock  in  most  cases.  But  it  is  an  excuse 
without  reason,  for  there  is  not  a  farmer  in 
the  South  who  cannot,  by  his  own  labor,  free 
of  the  expenditure  of  a  dime,  build  a  shed 
that  would  shelter  his  implements  from  the 
weather. 

The  jjloughs,  that  might  be  secured  some- 
where under  shelter,  are  seldom  brought 
nearer  than  a  fence  corner  in  the  lot  and 
there  left  until  the  next  time  they  are  needed, 
if  it  should  not  Ije  for  six  months. — Rural 
Carolinian  for  xipril. 

■  ^> ■»  I 

The  Pacific  Jockey  Club  of  San  Francisco 
oft'er  a  purse  of  $:!0,000  at  their  November 
meeting,  for  a  four-iuile-and-repeat  race — • 
SlS.UOtl  to  the  first  h(U-se,  $G,OUO  to  the  sec- 
ond, $5,000  to  the  third,  and  $4,000  to  the 
fom-th.  It  seems  that  when  there  is  so  much 
money  to  spend  in  stimulating  the  breeding 
of  race  horses,  our  agricultural  societies  ought 
to  do  something  to  encourage  the  raising  of 
fai'm  and  draft  stock.  If  the  sums  above 
mentioned  were  ort'ered  to  the  men  who  in 
five  years  from  this  time  would  exhibst  tho 
best  home-bred  farm  horse,  we  doubt  not  tho 
result  would  be  beneficial  to  the  State — iSenii- 
Tropical  Farmer. 


"  Do  you  like  codfish  balls,  Mr.  Wigging?" 
Mr.  Wiggins,  hesitatingly — "I  really  don't 
know;  I  don't  recollect  attending  one." 


(^Ii?s^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


SPKOUT  PRUNING. 

We  desire  to  say  a  word  to  orchardists,  and 
all  others,  about  Buckering  fruit  trees.  It  is 
a  common  practice  for  persons  in  summer  to 
go  about  amongst  their  trees  and  cut  or  break 
off  the  sprouts  and  suckers  that  are  growing 
out  where  limbs  are  not  wanted  to  grow.  Now 
we  expostulate.  We  say  don't  do  it.  It  is 
not  the  right  season  to  trim  foliage  from  the 
trees,  and  it  cannot  be  done  without  injury  to 
the  vitality  of  the  tree.  This  is  particularly 
the  case  with  trees  that  have  been  heavily 
pruned,  or  that  were  grafted  last  spring  or 
the  year  before.  Such  trees  are  most  likely 
to  throw  out  a  good  many  shoots  from  the 
trunk  and  limbs,  and  because  such  shoots  are 
not  wanted  to  make  limbs  they  are  ruthlessly 
cut  away.  Our  reasons,  founded  on  experi- 
ence and  the  most  careful  observation,  are 
these :  The  tree  needs  leaves  to  absorb  nutri- 
ment from  the  air  and  assimulate  the  same, 
induce  a  healthy  circulation  of  the  sap,  shade 
the  limbs  and  trunk  of  the  tree,  etc.,  all  very 
important  oflBces  to  the  life,  health  and  value 
of  the  tree.  Nature  puts  out  these  shoots 
from  such  parts  of  the  tree  as  are  most  likely 
to  produce  healthy  leaves  which  can  most 
perfectly  i:)erform  this  office.  The  waste  in 
growing  these  shoots  is  very  little  compared 
with  the  (jaiii  through  them  to  the  rich  juices 
that  sustain  the  tree  in  vigor  and  growth. 

Where  you  think  that  these  suckers  are 
"sapping,"  as  the  saying  is,  the  life  from 
your  scions,  nip  off  the  outer  ends  of  the 
suckers  only.  By  checking  their  rapid  growth 
the  sap  will  naturally  flow  into  such  scions 
or  limbs  as  have  not  been  molested  and  make 
them  more  vigorous;  when  if  you  cut  away 
the  suckers  the  sap  of  the  whole  tree  becomes 
in  a  measure  stagnated,  and  an  imperfect  di- 
gestion is  sure  to  follow.  "Sour  sap, "  with 
limbs  exposed  to  the  sun,  will  kill  the  limbs, 
and  no  tree  can  be  deprived  of  its  leaves,  or 
any  portion  of  them,  at  this  season,  without 
suffering  proportionately. 

Next  winter  and  sjiring  you  can  cut  away 
whatever  growth  is  out  of  place  or  not  wanted 
with  comparative  impunity.  The  tree  is  then 
at  rest,  the  starch  and  sugar  now  being  formed 
and  absorbed  through  the  leaves  are  then 
held  in  store  in  its  vital  juices.  The  buds 
left  ou  the  tree  next  spring  will  be  thrown 
into  action  to  make  new  shoots  and  leaves. 
Healthy,  strong,  vigorous  roots  to  a  tree  are 
of  as  much,  or  more  importance  than  a  good 
top.  To  keep  the  roots  vigorous,  a  full  top 
during  the  growing  season  is  necessary.  There 
is  nothing  vicious  in  suckers  growing.  It 
shows  that  a  new  stock  of  healthy  leaves  is 
needed  to  keep  U])  an  active  circulating  of  the 
sap — that  nature  is  true  to  herself,  and  re- 
sponds to  the  call  where  a  balance  of  power 
is  needed. 

Our  advice  is  to  the  point:  You  may  nip 
buck  the  suckers  that  seem  to  detract  from  the 
growth  of  other  limbs  or  of  scions,  but  don't 
remove  them  until  after  the  fall  of  the  leaf. 
Next  winter,  during  pruning  season,  cut  away 
all  surplus  growth  not  wanted  It  is  never 
safe  to  remove  large  suckers  from  the  tree 
during  the  gi'owing  season,  unless  there  is  a 
great  abundance  of  lirubs  and  leaves  on  the 
tree  to  give  breath,  draw  nutrition  and  give 
vigorous  circulation  to  the  vitality  of  the  tree. 


PUBLICATIONS. 

Hints  and  Helps  in  Our  Temperance  Work. 
This  is  a  pamphlet  of  seventy-two  pages, 
prepared  by  Miss  Frances  E.  Willard,  Cor- 
responding Secretary  of  the  Woman's  National 
Christian  Temperance  Union,  containing  full 
constitutions  and  plan  of  work  for  every  de- 
partment of  woman's  Christian  temperance 
work.  State  county  and  local  unions,  juvenile 
societies,  etc.,  full  of  important  hints  and 
suggestions,  making  a  valuable  hand-book  for 
all.  Send  25  cents  for  this  book,  and  you 
will  always  think  it  money  well  invested. 
Address  J.  N.  Stearns,  publishing  agent,  58 
Keade  street,  New  York. 
The  Science  of  Health 

For  July  commences  volume  seven  of  this 
vigorous,  active,  and  most  instructive  month- 
ly. Its  contents  are  more  than  usually  di- 
versified; opening  with  an  interesting  sketch 
and  fine  portrait  of  the  late  lamented  pub- 
lisher, Mr.  S.  K.  WeUs,  the  interest  is  well 
sustained  throughout.  It  is  filled  with  excel- 
lent articles  -on  health  subjects.  The  recipes 
of  the  department  of  Household  and  Agricul- 
ture are  unusually  full.  Take  it  altogether  it 
is  a  capital  specimen  number  of  that  sort  of 
literature  which  the  masses  of  the  people  need 
to  read.  Price  20  cents.  By  the  year,  $2. 
An  excellent  premium  is  offered  to  those  who 
subscribe  for  the  year.  Address,  S.  R.  WeUs 
&  Co.,  737  Broadway,  New  York  city. 
The  Phrenological  Journal, 

Published  by  the  above  firm,  $3  a  year,  is 
one  of  the  best  publications  in  America,  filled 
with  rational,  intellectual  food.  Mrs.  Char- 
lotte Fowler  Wells  is  now  conducting  the 
business  of  her  late  husband,  and  these  pub- 
lications must  continue  to  be  as  entertaining 
as  heretofore. 
"  Wide  Awake." 

The  first  number  of  a  beautiful  illustrated 
children's  magazine.  Wide  Awake,  is  on  our 
table.  It  is  edited  by  EUa  Farman  and  pub- 
lished by  D.  Lothrop  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 
S>2  a  year.  A  glance  through  it  shows  us  a 
splendid  assortment  of  rational,  original  mat- 
ter, just  to  suit  boys  and  girls,  tinted  pages 
and  lots  of  nice  pictures  in  highest  style  of 
the  art.  Send  20  cents  for  a  specimen  num- 
ber. 
"  Sunshine," 

Is  our  favorite  magazine  for  the  little  ones. 
No  clap-trap,  wishy-washy  trash  in  it,  but 
pretty  stories,  pictures  and  other  interesting 
matters  that  are  worth  reading  because  they 
entertain  and  hiive  some  point  to  them.  This 
little  waif  is  published  at  Santa  Clara  by  two 
good-looking  school-marms,  and  is  only  $1  10 
a  year,  postage  paid.  Address  "Sunshine," 
Santa  Clara. 

We  are  under  compliments  to  A.  L.  Ban- 
croft it  Co.,  San  Francisco,  for  a  pink-covered 
novel  entitled  "The  Woman  of  Fire, "  by 
Adolphe  Beloit,  translated  from  the  French. 
Now,  we  know  nothing  about  the  author,  and 
don't  care  a  fig  for  the  contents,  but  by  a  glance 
through  it  we  see  it  is  a  sort  of  sentimental 
love  story.  Of  course,  it  was  very  consider- 
ate of  B.  &  Co.  to  send  us  this  novel  to  read 
during  the  hot  weather,  but  we  wish  that 
when  they  send  us  another  book  to  bo  noticed 


they  would  send  something  worth  noticing, 

worth  reading,  and    something    that   we  can 

recommend  on  its  own  merits  to  our  readers. 

To   grass  with    all  such  trash  as  this.     The 

world  is  full  of  it,  and  none  the  better  for  it 

either. 

Meal-Feedinq  and  Animal  Digestion, 

By  L.  W.  Miller,  Stockton,  New  York  is 
the  title  of  a  little  book  published  by  request 
of  the  American  Dairymen's  Association. 
Price,  25  cents.  This  little  work  will  be 
found  valuable  to  all  dairymen  and  others 
who  feed  grain,  ground  or  whole,  to  animals. 
Inclose  25  cents  to  the  author  as  above. 
The  Statistician 

Is  a  monthly  publication  containing  all  sorts 
of  statistics,  such  as  cannot  be  found  any- 
where else.  Get  a  copy  at  the  news-stand, 
examine  it,  and  then  subscribe. 


"  Do  you  like  codfish  balls,  Mr.  Wiggins?" 
Mr.  Wiggins,  hesitatingly — "I  really  don't 
know;  I  don't  recollect  attending  one." 


A  Standard  Tsnipsrance  Frizs  Sssaj. 


TO  THE   FRIENDS   OF  TEMPERANCE. 


Tlie  Coinraittee  appouited  by  the  National  Tern- 
peraiH'c  Cniiveution,  held  at  .Suralo/^a,  in  1873,  on 
the  Bubjee-t  of  a  Standard  Temperance  Work,  de- 
cided to  divide  the  work  into  three  parts,  and  to 
ofier  Two  Prizes  for  each  of  the  three  essaye,  to 
be  open  to  all  writers  who  choose  to  compete 
therefor,  in  this  and  other  conntriea  : 

1.  The  Scientilic;  embracing  the  Chemical,  Phy- 
siolojiical,  and  Medical  aspects. 

2.  The  Historical,  Stalislical,  EconomicHl,  and 
Political. 

3.  The  .Social,  Educ.itional,  and  Keligioiis. 

The  fnnd  at  conmiand,  thrunyh  the  eliblts  of|Job 
11.  Jackson,  of  West  Giove,  Chester  county.  Pa., 
eiuibled  the  Connniltee  to  olfer  one  year  ago  Prizes 
of  $'>(I0  and  S3I10  for  accepted  nianuscripis  for  Part 
I,  and  the  responses  of  writers,  now  ouuer  examin- 
ation, lead  the  Committee  to  hope  for  a  work  of 
value  eouMuensurate  with  the  great  cause  it  ia ex- 
pelled to  pnmiole.  This  encouragement  and  the 
fnnd  at  command,  and  personal  guarantee  of  Mr. 
Jackson,  now  further  enables  the  Committee  to 
annou[ice  Two  Prizes  for  Part  II — the  Hi.^toncal, 
Statistical,  Economical  and  Political,  and  Two 
Prizes  for  Part  III,  embracing  the  Social,  Educa- 
tional and  Keligious  relations  of  Temperance:  viz.: 
For  the  best  essay  for  each  of  these  jiarts,  adjudged 
satisfactory,  the  sum  ot  $5U0  will  be  p.aid;  lor  the 
second  best  essav,  the  sum  of  $300  will  be  paiil — 
accepted  manuscripts  to  become  the  property  of  the 
National  Temperance  Society. 

The  offers  lor  Part  II  and  Part  III  will  remain 
open  to  all  competitors  one  year,  till  July  1,  ISTfi. 
Manuscripts  [with  the  names  and  addresses  of  the 
writers  by  whom  they  are  forwarded  for  competi- 
tion, enclosed  in  separate  sealed  eurelopes,  not  to 
be  opened  till  alter  the  award  has  been  made] 
should  he  forwarded  to  A.  M.  PowELL,  5S  Keade 
street.  New  York. 

The  essays  should  be  of  such  a  character  that, 
■while  adap'teii  in  style  to  iuterest  the  general  read- 
er, they  will  also  meet  the  demands  of  scholarly 
criticism. 

Those  who  intend  to  compete  for  the  prizes  of- 
fered for  these  essays,  and  who  may  desire  more 
information  as  to  the  scope  of  the  work  and  sni;- 
gested  subdivisious,  will  be  furnished  with  further 
particulars  by  applvin.g  to  Mr.  Powell,  as  above. 

In  order  that  the  complete  Standard  Work  may 
be  placed  before  the  public  at  the  earliest  practic- 
able day,  the  Committee  urgently  appeal  to  friends 
of  temperance  to  promptly  supply  them  with  funds 
to  meet  the  prizes  announced  and  to  publish  the 
work.  The  sum  of  SoOO,  at  least,  additional  to 
that  on  band,  will  be  required.  Coutribntions  may 
be  sent  lo  Job  II.  Jacicson,  Treasurer,  West  Grove 
Chester  county,  Pa.;  to  J.  N.  Stearns,  PublishiuK 
Asent  of  the'  National  Temperance  Society,  58 
Keade  street,  New  York,  or  to  any  member  of  the 
Committee. 

A.  M.  Powell,  1 
Ja-mks  Black,    I 

E.  C.  YlTMAS,       '-I 


A.  A.  MlHEK, 

Nkal  Dow,        J 
5S  Keade  St.,  New  York,  March,  1875, 


Committee. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


A  New  Wurk  bj'  a  Practical  Painter,  designed 
for  the  use  of  Tradesmen,  Meclianics,  Merch- 
ants, Farmers,  and  as  a  Guide  to  Professional 
Painters.  Cuntainintia  plain,  coiumon  eense  Btate- 
of  the  methodB  employed  by  Painters  to  produce  sat- 
isfactory results  in  Plain  and  Fancy  Paintinjf 
of  every  description,  including  Formulas  fur  Mix- 
ing Paint  in  Oil  or  Water,  Tools  required,  etc. 
This  is  just  the  Book  needed  by  any  person  having 
anything  to  paint,  and  makes  *'every  Man  liis 
o^vn  Painter.'* 

Full  Directions  for  \ising  IVliite  Lead,  Lamp- 
Black,  Ivory  Black,  Prussian  Blue,  Ultra- 
Marine,  Green,  Yellow,  Vermilion,  Br<»ivn, 
Lake,  Carmine,  Whiting,  Glue,  Pumice 
Stone,  AspUaltuin  and  Spirits  of  Turpen- 
tine, Oils,  Varnislies,  Furniture  Varnish, 
Milk  Paint,  Preparing  Kalsoikiine, 

PAINT  FOE  OUT-BUILDINQS, 

Whiteivash,  Paste  for  Paper-IIan^fing', 
Graining  in  Oak,  Maple,  Maliogany,  Rose- 
wood, Black  Walnut;  Hanging-  Paper, 
Staining,  Gilding,  Bronzing,  Transferring 
DeciLlcoinania,  Making  Rustic  Pictures, 
Painting  Flo%%'er-Stand,  Mahogany  Polish, 
Roseivood  Polislu  Varnishing  Furniture, 
W^axing  Furniture,  Cleaning  Paint, 

PAINT  FOR  FAEMING  TOOLS, 

for  3Iachinery,  a»iid  for  lIous<-Uold  Fixtures, 

TO  PAINT  A  FARM  WAGON, 

to  Re-variiislt  a  Carriage,  to  nmke  Plaster 
Casts.  The  work  is  neatly  printed,  with  illustra- 
tions wherever  they  can  serve  to  make  the  subject 
plainer,  and  it  will  save  many  times  its  cost  yearly. 
Every  family  should  possess  a  copy.  Price  by  mail, 
post-paid.  $  I  ,     Address 

Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 

SAN    JOSE,  CAL. 

SUBSCRIBE 

FOK  THE 

U  N  S  II  I  N  JL^  J 

— THE     ONLY — 

CHILDHEFS  MAGAZIITE 

Published  on  ' 

THE    PACFIC    COAST. 


Only     Sl.lO    a,    Year. 

AsmBLnmroa  childeen! 

And  one  Oiat   will    continue 

A    Source    of     Pleasure 

Dui-ing  the  whole  year. 


Address.  SUNSHINE,  Postofflce  Box  288  Santa  Clara. 

Milton  Campbell. 


l>EALhU   IN  — 


SAX  JO  SIC 


FARI\^ERS' UPliOEy. 

(Successors  to  A,  Phister  &   Cn.) 

Corner  of  Second  and  Santa  wlara  Sts., 


BAN  JOSE. 


CAPITAL 


$i  00,000. 


Wm.  Ehkson,  President. 


H.  E.  Hills,  Manager. 


Directors  I 

Wm.  Erkson,  J.  P.  Dnrlley, 

L.  F,  Chipman,  David  Campbell, 

Horarp  Little,  James  Sin^letun, 

O.  T.  Settle,  E.  A.  Braley, 

Thomas  E.  Snell. 


STOVES, 

PUMPS, 

lEON  PIPES. 

TIN  ROOFING, 

ETC.,  ETC. 
3S5  riUST  ST.,  near  Central  Market. 


UP"  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  Business.  Also, 
re<-five  diptisits,  on  which  such  inti-roBt  will  be  al- 
lowt'ti  as  m;iy  be  agreed  iipon,  and  make  loans  on  ap- 
proved security. 


ST^isr  JOSE 
SAVBE^GS    BAi^K, 

28G  Santa  Clara  Street. 


OAnTAL  STOCK       .       . 
Paid  in  Capital  (Geld  Coin) 


ORicera: 


President , 

Vice-President. 
Cashier 


$200,000 
$300,000 


..John  H.  Moore 

S.  A.  Bi.snop 

.H.  H.  Keynolds 


Directors : 

John  H .  Moore,  Dr.  B.  Bryant, 

H.  Mabury.  S.  A.  Bishop, 

H.  H.  Keynoldfi,  James  Hart, 

James  W.  Whiting. 


NEW  FEATURE: 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Keteipts,"  bearing  inter- 
est at  G,  8 and  10  percent  per  annum;  iuterett  payable 
promi^tly  at  the  end  of  six  months  from  date  of  de- 
posit. The  "  Receipt"  may  he  transferred  by  indorse- 
ment and  the  prin<-iple  with  interest  paid  to  holder. 

Interest  also  allowed  on  Book  Accounts,  beginning 
at  date  of  dejioKlt. 

Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any  in  the  State, 
and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe-keeping  of  Bonds, 
Stocks,  Papers,  Jewelry,  Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc., 
at  trifling  cost. 

l>raw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  in 
Gold  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates. 

Buy  a!id  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


National  Gold  Bank 


OF  SAN  JOSE. 


Palil  up  Capital  (Gold  Cuin) »500,000 

Authorized  Capital 81, 000, 000 

President JOHN    W.  niNDS 

Vice-PRSideut E.  C.  SINOI.KTAKY 

Cashier W.  T,  T1SD.4.LE 

Directors : 

C.  Bnri'el.  C.  G.  Ilamsnn, 

Will.  II.  Tisilnlo,  E.  0.  SiilKletaVY, 

E.  h.  Bradley,  Wm.  L.  TiBdnlo, 

John  TV.  Hinds. 


FARtVSERS, 

PAIITT  YOUn  BUILDIUfiS 


— AKT    TOUR- 


IMPIiEMEUTS  J 


USE    THE    BEST  I 


"U'ill  allow  interest  on  DcpositR.  buy  nnd  Bell  Ex- 
change, make  collections,  loan  money,  and  transact 

A  General  Banking   Business. 

special  inducements  offered  to  farmei*?,  mcrchantg, 
mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  conuncrcial  accounts. 

Cor.  First  and   Santa  Clara  Sts., 

S.VN  JOSK.  BCp 


r  S  E     THE 


MILLIHFM 


It  Costs  Less,  Lasts  Longer  and  Looks 
Brighter  thun  Any  Other  Good  Paint. 

It    Does  not  Cracky   nor   Chalky   nor  Feel  Off, 


SEE  THAT   YOUR  PAINTER   USES   IT. 


Remember,  it  is  prepared  in  Liquid  Form,  ready  for 
application;  can  be  obtained  of  Any  Shade  or  Color, 
and  is  Composed  of  the  Beet  Miiterials,  thoroughly  in- 
corporated, so  that  it  does  not  spoil  by  standing. 

For  Beauty  of  Finish  and  Brilliancy  of  Color  it  Is 
^vithout  a  rival. 

Remember,  with  this  Paint  you  can  do  your  own 
painting  better  than  it  can  be  done  with  any  other 
Paint. 

It  is  always  Ready  for  Use. 

Paint  your  Houses— Paint  your  Wagons,  Mowing 
Machines,  Plows,  etc.,  etc.  It  Pays  in  the  lon'g  run  to 
do  it. 

The  Averill  Paint  is  the  Paintfor  everybody 
the  B<  St  and  M'^st  E. Dimmlral  Paint  in  the  world. 

Ask  youi"  Btore-keepcr  for  it. 


lim  M 


Eooms,  No.  331  Santa  Clara  st.,  San  Jose. 

A-    C.   PEB-KIITS, 

Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County, 

Tlie    SiiifjT*'"'    Sewiiif;     Macliine    Coiipany 
sold,  in  1873.  ;;«'J,  444  Machines,  and  li:),;i34 

MOItE  THAN  AA^Y  OTHER  SEWING   MACHINE  COMPANY. 

(P?~  We  have  a  First-class  iMachinist  employed,  and 
make  the  repairing  of  all  sorts  of  Sewing  Machines  a 
specialty.  Old  machines  taken  in  exchange  for  new. 
All  work  warranted. 

J.  N.  SPENCER, 
Real     Estate    Agent 

AND 

Auctioxxeer. 


General 


-INARMS      OF     EVERY     DESCRIPTION  — 

A  Valley  and  Hill  lauds— Hi(4li  aud  Low  priced 
Farms— I'lirms  to  suit  eviiybody.  Corrcspondeuoe 
BDlieitcd.  Business  Chances  a  srecialty.  Property  of 
every  description  bonght  and  sold.  Houses  rented, 
and  Loans  negotiated.  oc 

WM.   SHEWS 

m  PHOTOGENIC  ESTABLIMENT, 

11.5  KE.Ml.W  ST.,    S.VN  FK.VNCISCO. 

rpbis  well  knowu  "Pulnce  of  Art,"  formerly  lo- 
1  catml  m  MontgonuTy  St.,  No.  417,  is  now  on 
Kearny  St.,  No.  115  and  has  no  connection  wilh  any 
other.  StranRcrs  visiting  the  City  will  find  it  I'ortheir 
interest  to  patroni/.a  lliis  cstaWishmeut  for  any  kind 
of  picture  from  Slinatnre  to  Life  Size. 

N.  B.  The  very  best  lienibrauilt  Cards  Album  size 
$  jior'doz.  eqiuil  to  any  that  cost  $4  on  Jlontgoiucry 
St.;  other  sizes  eciually  low  in  proportion.        ap 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Tustin,'s  Patent 

FIRST  PREMIUM  j.  |\ 

WIND -MILLS!  ■ 

—  AND  — 

HORSE-POWERS. 

Factory— Corner    Market  and  |'?'/ 
Heai  StB.,  San  Francisco. 
Send  for  DESCEIPTIVE  CIKCirLAKS. 

W.   I  TUSTIN,   PATENTEE. 


THE  PARKER  GUN; 


.SEND   STAMP  FOR  CIRCULAR 


PARKER  BROS 

WEST  MERIDEN.CT. 


THE  NEW  IMPROVED  \ 


Side   Peed   and   Back   Feed. 

THE  LIGHTEST  RUNNING,  MOST  SIM- 
PLE, AND  MOST  EASILY  OPERATED 
SEWING  MACHINE  IN  THE  MARKET. 

Always  in  Order  and  My  for  Work,' 

If  there  is  a  FLORENCE  MACHINE 
within  one  thousand  miles  of  San  Fran- 
cisco not  working  well,  I  will  fix  it  with- 
out any  expense  to  the  owner- 

SAMUEL  HILL,  Agent, 
No.  19  New  Montgomery  Street, 

GRAND    HOTEL    BUILDING, 

«AS  PEANCISCO. 


V- 


THE 

Jackson  Wagons 

Are  known  to  be 

TKS  BEST  FAKm  "WAOrOlXS 

Si.1,1  i.ii  UiiB  Coast.  Si.l.l  quite  as  low  as  the  viTy 
in^LTiv  i,n,. roues  olTerert  for  Bale.  We  warrant  them 
for  tuo  vi:,rs.  For  sale  ill  Sau  Jose  at  San  Frauclpoo 
liri.-.  s  by  Hiigkell  >&  RIott,  Agents,  comer  of  Third 
and  Santa  Clara  streets. 

J.   ».  ARTHUR  &  SON, 

Importers,  San  Francisco. 

HUBBARD  &  CO^ 

First    Street, PSI 
SAN  JOSE.       wy* 


MEAT    MARKET. 


SHERS^AN  &  HYDE, 

Cor.  Kearny  and  Suiter  Sis. 

SAW  FRANCISCO, 

WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL  DEALERS  IN 

SHEET  MUSIC, 

Musical  Instruments, 

—  AN  D 

MUSICAL   MEncnANnisE, 

Orders  from  the  Interior  pronaptly  filled, 

MANUFACTUBEKS  OF  THE 


Acknowledged  by  Musicians  to  be  the  Best  Lofl 

Priced  Instruments  ever  offered  for  ealo 

on  this  Coast. 


THE  UNEQUAIiIiED 


These  Superb  Instruments  have  achieved  a 
pufci  ss  uiipiiralleled  in  the  history  of  Piauo-lurto 
Mjimilai'ture. 

Tlicy  are  remarkable  for  Great  Volume,  Purity 
and  Sweetness  of  Tone,  aud  Durability. 

THE  CELEBRATED 


msmm 


T\\o  :\InRt  Ppsirable  Instruments  in  the  market 

for  i-luuH  li  and  piirlor.     Ovtr  28.000  now  in  use. 

SHERMAN  &  HYDJ3, 

GESER.IL    AGENTS, 

SAK  FRANCISCO. 


ZiOcke    c&    Montague, 

IMPORTERS  AND  DEALEB8  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  &c. 

112  and  114  Battery  Street 


SAN  FRANCISCO. 


P.  "W.  Heardoa  A  Co. 


o 

<D    ti 
ja    o 


a  W 


in 


I.f{;lit  nnd  Heavy  Wagons,  Express  ^Vagons, 

Top    and    Open    Buggies,    CarriajffH, 

Kocku^vays,  Gi^fs  and  Barouc-ties. 

MADE    OF   THE    VERY    BEST    ASSORTED    MA- 
tiTial.    All  work  warrautL-d.    Jobbiutjof  all  kiu'ls. 

hinting,  Trimming,  Bhcbmithing,  and 

BF^Orderg   ivill    receive   Prompt    Attention. 

E.  S.  THOMPSON, 

NAPA,    CAI.. 


IMPORTER  AND  BREEDER  OF 
THOROCGH-BRED 

BERKSHIRE    SWINE. 
C.  S.  Crydenwise,^ 

CARRIAGE    MAKER.       PIONEER    CAR- 
riagu  Shop. 

31-1  Second  Street, 

Between  Santa    Claia    street    and    Fountain    Alley. 

SAN  JOSE. 

Agent  for  Fisli  Bro.  *s  Wagons. 

^mmmii  Spanish  Msmos 

FOR    SALE, 


nf\  One  and  two  years  old  ThoronarUbred 

OU  Si)anish  Merino  Rams,  California  bred,  from 
Ewes  imp<irted  from  Vermont,  and  sired  by  Severance 
k  Peet's  iflebrated  ram  Tremont.  and  by  their  ram 
Gheen-  Mountaix.  which  took  the  first  premiimis  at 
the  Bay  District  aud  State  Fairs.  Last  sheariutx,  35  5^ 
IbK,  yeiir's  t^rowth.  Also,  about  100  Ewes  and  Lambs, 
all  of  Green  Mountain  stock,  bred  this  year, 
je  B.  F.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara.  Cal. 

PAINTER'S  Manual— House  and  siRn  painting, 
graining,  varnishing,  polishiug,  kalsoniiuing,  pa- 
pering. &c.,  50  cents.  Book  of  Alphalx-ts,  50;  Scrnlla 
Bud  Ornaments.  $1;  Carpenter's  Manual,  50;  Watch- 
maker aud  Jeweler,  50;  Taxidermist.  50;  Soap-maker, 
25;  Authorship.  50:  Lightning  Calculater.  25;  Hunter 
and  Trapper's  Guide,  20;  Dog  Training.  35.  Of  book- 
sellers, or  by  mail.  JESSE  HA^'EY  4:  CO.,  119  Naa 
sau  street,  N.  Y.  fe 

IO.  G.  T.— GRANGER  LODGE.  No.  295,  meets 
•  eveay  MONDAY  evening,  at  8  o'clock,  in  their 
Hall,  No  284  Santa  Clara  street,  over  the  S.  J.  Savings 
Bank.  ^Ic-mbers  of  sister  Lodges  aud  sojiturning 
members  in  good  standing  are  invited  to  attend. 

S.  B.  CALDWELL,  W.  C.  T. 
John  B.  Stetenb,  W.  Sec'y. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


1875.  i^ 


New 

Candy 

Store. 

Ice-Cream. 

Eclipse 

Wind-Mills 

are  the 

Perfect 

Self-Kegulators 

w 

•*-' 

Fh 

fi 

C/2      1 

w  e 

o 

VI 

i-:| 

0 

<t| 

m 

P4 

a 

p; 

lb 

Blacksmith. 

Patent 

Tire-Setter. 

Stoves, 


Kitchen 

Utensils. 

Physician 


ViO         Drug-ist. 


Meriefee  &.  Gastor\ 

S.  W.  Cor.  Siinta  Clara  and  First  Sts. 

Over  Farmers' National  Gold  Bauk, 
SAN  JOSE. 

B^  Special  attention  given  to  Fine 
Gold  FiUingB. 


Antor\io  Damor\te, 

Santa  Clara  Valley 

CANDY    FACTORY, 

Wholesale  and  Retail. 
No.  233  Henslcy  Block, 

Santa  Clara  St.,  San  Jose. 


I.  A.  Hatch, 

Sail  Jose, 

Has  the  agency  of  the 

ECLIPSE    WIND -MILLS 

For  Santa  Clara  cminty, 
And  erects  them  with  his  own  hands, 
and  guarantees  perfect  satisfaction  nr  no 
pay.      Excellent   references    t,'iven    and 
working  mills  shown  on  application. 

155^  For  descriiition,  see    i^age  98  May 
No.  Cal.  AGBiCDLTxraifiT.  my 


J.  E.  I\UCKER, 

Cor,  First  and  Santa  Clara  Sts,, 
SAN    JOSE. 

LAE&E  &  SMALL  FAEMS 

FOB    SALE. 

Lots  in  all  Parts  of  the  City 

FOR    SALE. 

Insarance   in   One    of  tlie    Best 
Conipaiiies . 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  Blacksmith  and  Carriu^'e  Shop. 

Balliacli^s  New   Bricks  cor.    See* 

Olid  St.  and    Fountain  Alley, 

SAN   JOSE, 

Ag^ent  for  Fisli   Bro.*s  Wagons. 

New  Work  and  repairing  of  Ag^icult^^^aI 
Implements,  etc. 

West's     American    Tire-Setter. 


FRED.   KLEIN, 

S     T     O     A^    E     S   , 

SHEET-IRON, 

CopjKr,     Tinware,     Iron     Pumps, 
KUchen  Utensili, 

Celebrated  Peerless  Stoves, 

Near  Postoilico.  San  Jose. 


A.  O.  Hooker. 


SANIA  CLARA   VALLEY 

DK."CrG  STOB.E, 

aOO    Siiiltn   C'lnrn  «(i-rpt,    OlJ- 
|if>Mile  tike  ('niivciit, 

SAN    JOSE. 

JOHSr  D.  SCOTT,  IVE.D., 

I'//i/sickm  and  Dnujgist. 


W.  r.  GnNCKKI,. 


mm  a  mm  lec 

DENTISTS.  S;,iiJ..su'. 


PELTON'S 


SZX-FOZiD 


HORSE-POWER 


TTAVING  MADE  NEW  ARRANGEMENTS 
-*--*-  with  MR.  McKENZIE,  I  am  prepared  to  supply 
my  Powers  to  all  persons  favoring  me  with  their  or- 
ders. All  Powers  hereafter  manufactured  can  only  be 
obtained  of  me  or  my  Agents.  In  future  they  will  be 
made  under  my  directions  and  sijecifications,  and 
nothing  but  a  prime  quality  of  Machinery  Iron  will 
be  used  in  their  manufacture. 

I  have  '  reatly  imjarovedthe  application  and  bracing 
of  my  Levers,  which  will  give  them  ample  strength. 

All  Powers  fully  warranted. 

For  further  information  send  for  circulars  and  price 


list  to 


S.  FE^TOZtr,  Patentee. 

San  Jose,  California. 


R.  C.  Kirby  &  Co., 

OFFICE  : 

402  and  404  Battery  St., 

San  Francisco. 


JULY.               1 

s. 

4 
1  1 
18 
25 

M. 

5 

12 

r9 

26 

T. 
6 

Ta 

20 
27 

w. 

7 
14 
21 
28 

T, 
1 

~8 

Ts 

22 

29 

F. 

9 
16 
23 
30 

s. 
3 
lO 
1  7 
24 
25 

Mr.  STTJ-^VESAITT, 

Of  Eilgewoocl,  Poughkeepsie,  New  York, 
wishing  to  increase  his  Shorthorn  herd  of 
cattle,  ofl'ers  fur  sale  is  entire  herd  of 

AYI\^SHII\E    CATTLE, 

Containing;  Twcnty-five    Cows  in  milk  and  in  calf  tu 
''ROBBIE       BRUCE," 

TTndoul)tedly  the  fimst  Ayrshire  Imll  in  the  country; 
four  Heifers,  due  to  ralf  Ity  tlie  same  Bull  durin>^  the 
Sunnner;  scvm  Hi-ilt-r  (';ilvfs,  dropped  this  Sprint;; 
four  Hull  ('alvcs  (if  this  Spriii;,;:  one  yearling  Bull,  and 
tlu;  iiuU  lU)BiilE  mtlU'K.  This  entire  herd  will  be 
Si dd  fur  the  sura  of    $8,000. 

TUis  herd  IK  cuniposr.i  ol'  Uic  two  entire  herds  for- 
merly belonging  to  Mr.  \V.  Biniiojof  SpiingfieUl  Mass., 
nnd  Mr.  II.  H.  CnlliuK.  CoHinsviUo,  Conn.  Mr,  Stuy- 
vesant  having  sonio  years  since  bought  these  two  en- 
tire herds,  and  having  had  a  weeding  out  sale  last  fall. 
^  Tht- above  sti.>ck  is  now  record^-d  in  Mr.  Bagg's  (Ca- 
nadian and  American  Ayrshire  Herd  Book.  Mr.  Stuy- 
visant.  however,  will  agieo  to  recoril  all  this  stuck 
cither  in  the  new  volume  to  be  issued  by  the  .\yi'Bhiiv 
Breedi-rs'  AsBociation.  or  in  Messrs.  Sturtevant's  new 
work  ealled  "North  American  Ayrshire  Ilegistcr,"  or 
in  both,  to  suit  the  bviyer. 

Mr.  Stuyvesant  was  awarded  the  irEUD  PUIZE  at 
th<;  New  York  State  Tair  at  Koiluistor.  last  Fall,  with 
largo  competition. 

THE    PEDIGREES 

of  this  stock  are    ail    good.     CHtulogues  containing  a 
description  of   the  herd    will    be   sent  on  application. 
Also,  catalogue  of  llie  small  but   value    herd  of  Short- 
horns at  Eiigewood  written  out  on  application. 
Address.  -TNO.  K.  STUYVKHANT. 

Edgewood,  Poughkeopsiu,  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y. 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

Wiicox  Block,  Xo.39  4  First  St,, 
SAN    JTOSE,    CAIi. 

California  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES, 

A  Large  and  Superior  Assortmeut. 

Ifo.    394     First    Street, 

Wilcox  Block,  San  Jose. 


I 


ALL    KINDS  OF 

^       LUMBER, 

Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 

Constantly  on  hand. 

All  Orders  Promptly  Filled 

p.   O.  Box  509. 


These  Valves  are  the  sim- 
plest and  iimst  i>erfect  in  construc- 
tion of  any  Valve  ever  invented.  Fur 
cheajiness,  durability  and  capacity  of 
distharging  water,  they  are  not  equaled 
by  any  other  Valve.  We  manufacture 
sizes  from  3  to  7  inches  diameter,  and 
for  Hand,  Windmill  and  Horse-power 
or  Steam  Piimps. 

We  also  keep  on  hand  and  manufac- 
ture the  best  and  cheapest  Well  Pipes. 
FRED.  KLEIN, 

Dealer  in  Stoves,  etc..  No.  2'27  Santa 
Clara  street,  a  few  doors  west  of  the 
Postoffice.  San  Jose, 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

327  First  Street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH  PRICE 

PAID  FOB 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


C,    SCHRODEI^, 

CALIFORNIA  CANS?  FACIQE?, 

349  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Near  the  Opera  House,  San  Jose. 

Confectionery  in  Great  Variety, 
Wliolseule  and  Retail. 

ft^  Orders  promj^tly  attended  to, 


JEWELEF^S,  % 

Wilcox  Block,  First  St.,  San  Jose. 

TRUE    TIME     BY    TRANSIT. 

EEPAHsma  a  sfecialtt. 


Solo  n{!.nts  for  the  Chickering 
Piano  »iiii  Estey  Organ. 


DI\.  J.  N.  KLEIN, 

SURGEON    DENTIST. 


RHODES  Sl  LEWIS, 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.  355  First  Street, 

SAN  JOSE. 


Boots 

and 

Shoes. 


HI 


Patent 
Pump 
Valve. 


Grain 


Dealer. 


Canily 


Factory. 


ywiit^i^ 


^^^ 


pg^T^' 


Room 

next  to 

WUUlllT'S 

rhot.turaph 

Cialicry, 

Santa      ulara 

Street 


Volume  6. 


ITumter  8 


Subscription  Price, 
$1.50  a  year. 


SAN  JOSE,   CAL.,  AUGUST,    1875. 


Single  Copies, 
15  cents. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Paff«14rt>,  Filltorial. 

our  FrieDiis. 


-Aiding    Parturition.       To 


171«  Kdi  tor ial  Notes.     Kto. 
173,  Poetry.— Straw   Stacks.    Modem  EtUicB. 

Labor.    Keep  t ho  ll*E^Mit|^u8  You  Can. 

Follow  Up  the  Plow**'*rftaere'  Song.  Sow 

to  Keap.    The  Sower. 
'    17'.i,  Kditorial.— Work  for  the  Season. 
■    17*,  Elditorlal,  —  Letter  from  Our  Traveling 

Agent. 
'•    175,  Editorial.  —  A     Conservative    Organ. 

Correspondence. — Letter  from  Monterey 
'    176,  Correspondence    (coutinuetl) .— Culti- 
vation   of    Medicinal  Plantb  In  California. 

Tbey  Have  Come  to  Slav, 
'    177,  Correspondence  {continued), — A   Plea 

for   Cats .       A    Query    About    Haypresses 

Doiuestie.  —Chats  \.  ith  Farmers'  Wives 

and  Daughters  (byJtwell). 

178,  Dontestic  (continued) .  — Familia  Talks, 
A  Farmer's  "JewtU."     Etc, 

179,  Apiary.— Bee-keeping  in  California.  Best 
Bee  Location.    Etc. 

180,  The  Horse.  —  Horses  for  Farm  Use. 
Uorse-raciug  at  the  State  Fairs.  Pisci- 
culture. — The  Growth  of  Salmon. 

181,  Pisciculture  (continued) . — Transporting 
Live  Fish.  Flo\«-er  Garden. — Irrigation 
for  Lawns.  The  Love  aud  Culture  of  Flow- 
ers.   Remove  the  Flowers. 

'  183,  Stock  Breeder.—  Improvement  in  Our 
Domestic  Animals.  Inflammatory  Fever  in 
Cattlo.  Short-Horn  Cattle.  Keep  the  Best 
Calves,    Influence  of  the  Male  in  Breeding. 

'  183  Stock  Breeder  (continued),— Bunches 
in  the  Backs  of  Cattle.  Poultry  Yard.  — 
How  to  Keep  Poultry.  Lice  on  Fowls.  A 
Model  Hen  Farm.  Brahmas  versus  Black 
Spanish  Heus.  Porcine.  —Breeding  Bet- 
Pigs. 

'  184,  Porcine  (continued).  —  Hog  Cholera. 
Byijienic- Does  the  Use  of  Flour  Pro- 
mote Decay  of  Teeth? 

'  185,  Uyj;ienlc  (contimied).— "What  Smoking 
Does  tor  the  Boys.  Spectacles.  Cure  for  a 
Felon.  Burns  and  Freezes.  Education- 
al .—What  Shall  We  du  with  Our  Daugh- 
ters?   Begin  Right.    Science  on  the  Farm. 

186,  Kducationnl  (continued).— Facts  from 
Fiu-niers  Wanted,  Household.  —  Love 
Lightens  Labor.     Letter  From  Nell  Van. 

187,  Household  Reading;  (continued). — 
Taking  it  Coolly.  Prolit  ot  Marrying.  Kn- 
gaging  Manners.  A  Happy  Home.  Show 
and  Pride,    Despondency. 

178,  Miscellaueons* 


FARMS  FOR  SALE. 

537  ^crcs — A  Good  Graiu  F;um,  U  miles 
Ki>uth(.'ast  of  San  June,  in  the  low  hillw;  two  sniiill 
Houses  and  Barns;  well  fenced  iufour  firdds;  several 
Good  Springs  aud  Running  Water;  will  make  twi> 
good  farms.  Will  sell  half  if  desired.  Price,  $30 
per  acre. 


i7  ^cres — 15  acres  First-Class  Foreign 
C<riii>es.  in  full  bearing;  good  House  and  Improve- 
ments; 5  miles  from  City.      $8,000- 


35  ^cres — 15  acres  in  Grapes;   near  Isaac 
Bruuham's  Place;  &h  miles  out.    $5,000« 


158  Acres — Valley  Land;  Good  Honse 
and  fiiir  improvements;  8  miles  out;  near  Alntuden 
Iluad.     Price,  $6,250. 

]si:o^EY~to  LO^:Nr 

At  Lowest  Rates,  and  Insurance  effected 

IN     SIX      LEADING     COMPANIES. 
JAAXES   A.    CLAITTOZa-, 

an  lieal  Estata  Agent,  290  Santa  Clara  Street. 


Pluhbing  And_G-as  Tmm, 

E.  G.  "VVTLSOIsT, 

No.  335  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose, 

Ha-M  on  hand  nil  kinds  of 

IKCSr     AND      XiSAD      PIPES 

Fur  gas    aud   water. 

Water   Closets,    AVash    Basins,     Rnth   Tubs, 

Itlarble   Slabs,  Copper  Boilers, 

Kiibber   Hose,    Etc, 

AGENCY  FOE   SLOUTHEE  PUMP. 

Also  a  select  stock  of  PLATED  and  BRASS  GOODS, 
at  the  lowest  marktit  rates.  All  orders  promptly  at- 
tended to  and  neatly  executed.  au 


SHEEP      "WAITTEID. 


1,000    to    3,000  EWES, 

On  Slkares,  for  a  Temi  of  Tears. 


THE  BEST  OF  REFERENCE  GIVEN. 


AddrcRS— p.  O.  Bos  No.   33.  Carson  City,  Omisby 
County.  Nevada.  au 


A.  O.  Hooker, 
Late  Guuelitd  k  Hooker. 


DENTISTS. 


L.   FiNIGAN, 

of  Marysville. 

OFFICE, 

11      359 

^'iFirst  St, 

San  JotiO. 


LIMEEICK  &  MUTHWILLIG 

\A^\\t  aiiil  Heavy  Waffons,  Express  Wacons, 

Top   Hiiit    Open    ifu^f^ies,    Carriu^fes, 

RockawayH,  Oij^s  and  Uuruuchfs. 

MADE    OF   THE    VERY    BEST    ASSORTED    MA- 
turial.     All  work  warranted.    Juhbingof  all  kimls. 

FaitUituj,  Triniming,  Bladcsmiih'mq , 

and   Wood  Work. 

ng^Orclers   ^vill    receive  Prompt   Attention. 

Mftde  to  the  ownt-rK  of  Rewiug  Aim  Itiue  Patents,  for 
the  years  1872, 1873  aud  1374.  also  givin;j  tke  increase 
and  decrease  of  the  different  Companies: 

187J.  1873.        1871. 
Sin$f«r     Manu- 

facluriiij;  Co.  .219,758  232,4M    241,67S-Iae.  21,921 

Wlu-tlerK  Wilson.  174.1188  119,190      92,827— de.  81, iGl 

(irover*    Baker...  52.1110  3().177e3.2l).00l)—  "  32,010 

Domestic 49,.554  441.114      22,700—  "  20,8.54 

Weed 42.444  2),7ir9      20,.'i9.'>-   '•  21.949 

Wil.ox  S:  Gibbs...   3:),iaU  l.i,ssl       13,710—  "  l'J.929 

Wihou 22,(;i;(;  21,247       17,52.'>—  ••     .5.141 

.Vnierican  B.  H 18,9.10  14,182      13,.V29—  "     5,401 

Hold  Medal 18.897  10,431       15,214—"     3,rS3 

Florence 15,793  8,760        5,517—  "  10,276 

Howe es. 35.000 

Vi.t.ir 11,901  7,441)        6,292—"     B,C09 

liiivis ll,37li  8,831 

Ulees B.054  3,458 

IteminRton  Eniiiire    4.982  9,183      IT.nos— In.  12,fi26 

Brunsdorf  &  Co. ..     4,202  3,081        1,S(«3— de.  2,39t> 

Keystone   2.fi65  217              37—"     2.C2.S 

Kartram  &  Fanton.     1.000  1,000           2.10—"       750 

Secor 311  3.4:W        4,.S41— In.    4;230 

A.  C.  PERKINS, 

au  Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County. 


DR.      C.     R.      SPAW, 

Resident    Dentist, 
Corner  of  First  and  Santa 

Clara  streets. 

In  McLaughlin  k.  Ryland's 

bnilding, 

San    Jose,  Cal. 


PAINTER'S  niaimal — House  and  sign  painting, 
graining,  varnishing,  polishing,  kalsoniining,  pa- 
pering, ^^cc,  .">0  cents.  Book  of  Alphal>ets,  50;  Scrolls 
aud  Ornaments,  $1;  CarjX-'nt«;r'6  Manual,  50;  Watch- 
maker and  Jeweler,  50;  Taxidermist,  50:  Soap-maker, 
25;  Aiithorsbip,  50:  Lightning  Calculator,  25;  Hunter 
and  Trapper's  CTUide,  20:  Dog  Training,  35.  Of  book- 
sellers, or  by  mall.  JESSE  HANEY  SCO.,  119  Nas 
sau  street,  N.y.  fe 


'cL^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


For  Sale  or  Exchange 


GRADBS    ^iraOB-A  GOATS. 


FOR  SALE — A  Band  of  Graded  Angora 
Goats  iiiiiub.aing  abulit  1,  ^OO;  bIbo  a  FINE 
KANGE  with  the  name,  sitilaiu  iu  Sauta  Clara  couuty; 
or  would  tXLbauye  for  tlenirablo  property  in  eame 
county.    Apply  to 

SHAND  &  BELKNAP, 
aa  Ural  Eiitiitf  Af^ents,  San  Jose. 


Thohoughbeed  S?anieh  fmm 

FOR    SALE. 


r»  A  One  and  f^vo  years  old  Thoroughbred 

OU  Spanish  Merino  Kamg,  California  bred,  from 
Ewes  iniijorted  from  Virmont.  ami  Bireil  bySiverauce 
k  Feet's  eelebrated  raul  Fremont,  and  by  their  ram 
Green  MoT7.NT.\rN,  which  took  the  first  premiums  flat 
the  Bay  l>istriet  and  State  Fairs.  Lakt  shearing,  35  >4 
Ihs.  year's  t,Towth.  Also,  about  ino  Ewes  and  LambB, 
all  of  Greeu  Mountain  stock,  bred  this  year. 

je  B.   F.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 


R.  S.  THOMPSON, 

NAPA,    fAI,. 


IMPOltrliR  AND  BREEDER  OF 
THOUOUG  H-BRED 

BERKSHIRE    SWINE. 


GEO.  B.  HARMON, 

CHOICE  rAMILfiHEIE§,?Ml§IQN2, 

TSAS,    COFFBES, 

Cigars,    Tobacco,   Oil,   Lamps,    Etc. 
all  goods  warranted  first-class 


TERM  S--C  ASH! 

GEOI\GE   B;  HARMON, 

Successor  to   0.  A.  HOUGH. 

311    Santa     Clara    Street, 

San  Jose  Bank  Building. 

'  THE 

Jackson  Wagons 

Arc  kn"\vn  to  ho 

Tan  BEST  FARIMt  UTAOOiarS 

Sold  on  this  Coast.  Sold  quite  as  low  ns  the  very 
many  poor  ones  olTercd  tor  sale.  We  warrant  them 
for  two  years.  For  sale  in  San  Jose  at  San  Francisco 
prices  by  Haskell  A  Mott,  Agents,  corner  of  Third 
and  Santa  Clara  streets. 

J.   B.  ARTHUR   &  SON. 

Importers,  San  Francisco. 


The  French  have  n  tool  called  a  thistle-pul- 
ler, made  of  wood,  aud  looking  very  much 
like  a  pair  of  blackuniith'a  tongs.  Five  or  six 
old  women,  armed  with  this  instrument,  can 
clear  an  aero  of  ground  of  its  thistles  in  an 
incredibly  short  space  of  time,  and  with  little 
more  bending  of  the  body  than  a  house  maid 
displays  while  sweeping  a  carpet. 


The  Springfield  Republic  has  a  female  com- 
positor who  weighs  IfiO  pounds,  and  yet  she 
bothers  the  foreman  for  "fat"  every  day. 


^•ta^ 


BAN     JOSE     CLOTHING     STORE, 

266  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 

O'BAITION    £i  KENT, 

XKEerchant  Tailors  and  Clothiers,  Dealers  in  All  Hinds  of 

GEITTS'     FT7H.1TISS1ITG      GOODS, 

LICHTSTONE  BLOCK,  Nearly  Opposite  the  Auzerais  House. 


BREEDERS'  DIRECTORY. 


Parties  tlesiring  to  purcljasci  Livo  Stock  will  find  in 
tbiH  Directory  the  names  of  some  of  the  moGt  reliable 
Breeders. 

Oun  Kater.— Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  ■will  be  in- 
serted in  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50  cents 
pt-r  mouth.  A  line  will  average  about  eight  words. 
Paya)>le  annually. 


CATTLi. 


C.  B.  POL.HKMUS,  Sau  Jose,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn. Cattle, 

S.  N.  PUTNAM,  breeder  of  Pure-bred  Durham 
Cattle,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 

S.  B.  EMERSON,  Mountain  View,  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  aud  Holsteiu 
Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

CHARLiES  CI.ARK,  Milpitas,  Sauta  Clara  county, 
Cal .,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  aud  Swine. 

CYRUS  JONES  &  CO.,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeders  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


COLEMAN  YOUNGER,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
county.  Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

li,  J.  HANCHETT,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

R.  G.  SNKATH,  Men  lo  Park,  San  Mateo  Co,  Cal., 
choice  Jersey  Cows,  Heifers  and  Bull  Calves  for  sale 

CARR  <k  CHAPMAN,  Oabilan.  Nonterey  county, 
Cal.,  breeders  of  Trotting  Horses,  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine. 

R.  B.  CANNON,  Suisun,  Solano  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

JOS.  li.  CHAMBERS,  St.  Johns,  Colusa  county, 
Cal .,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

C.  COMSTOCK,  Sacramento,  California,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.BREWSTER,  Gait  Station,  Sacramento  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

WM.  FLEMING,  Napa,  California,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

W.  I..  OVERHISER,  Stoc^kton,  San  Joaquin  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Hoi-u  Cattle  and  Swine. 

J.  B.  REDMOND,  Black  Point,  Marin  cotmty, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

GEO.  R.  VERNON,  Oakland.  Alameda  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

MOSES  WICK,  Oroville,  Butte  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.  R.  ROSE,    Lakeville,  Sonoma  county,  Califor. 

ula,  breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 


G.  D.   MORSE,    San  Francisco,  Breeder  of  Short- 
Horn  and  Devon  Cattle. 

J.  R.  JEWBIil.,    Petaluma,  Sonoma  county,  Cal. 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

SENECA  DANIELS,    Lakeville,  Sonoma  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 

CHAS.G.  BOCKIUS,  Lomo  Placo,  Sutter  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

JOHN  JUDSON,  Bloomflcld,  Sonoma  county,  Cal., 

breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

A.   MII.I.ARD,  San  Uafncl,  Marin  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Jerseys  and  Alderneya. 

II.  P.  LIVERMORE,    San  Francisco,  breeder  of 

Short-Horn  Cattle. 


BENNETT  &  PAGE,    San  Francisco,  breeders  of 

Short-Horn  Cattle. 

LEWIS  PIKRCK,  Suisun,  Solano  couuty,  Califor- 
nia, brooder  of  Short-Uoru  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND   GOATS. 


MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOW,  Centerville,  near 
iNil-h  st;ttiMii,  Alameda  county,  Cal.  Pure-blooded 
French  .Merino  Uains  and  Ewes  lor  sale. 

A.  G.  STONESIFER,  Hill's  Ferry,  Stanislaus  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Sheep. 

A.  VROMAN,  Jenny  Lind,  Calaveras  county,  Cal., 
Cotswold  Bucks  for  sale.  References,  Moody  &  Far- 
ish,  San  Francisco;  Shippee,  McKee  &  Co.,  Stockton. 

liENDRUM  <Si  ROGERS,  'Watsonville,  Cal.,  im. 
porters  aud  breeders  of  Pure  Angora  Goats. 

C.  P.  BAILEY,  San  Jose  Cal.,  importer,  breeder 
and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  Angora  Goats,  Fine 
Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for  sale. 

IENDRUM  &  ROGERS,  'Watsonville,  Cal.    Im- 
j  poi-ters  and  breeders  of  the  fineBt  Cotswold  Sheep 
and  Angora  Goats. 

MCCRACKEN  Jii  LEWIS,   San  Jose,  Cal.    Im- 
porters and  breeders  of  tine  Angora  Goats.    Also, 
fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 

THOS.  EUTTERFIELD  &  SON, 

I1REE1*EB8   AND    IMPOBTEIIS  OF 

ANGORA  OB  CASHMERE  GOATS, 

Kb^  Also,  Cotswold  and  other  long  wool  Sheep, "^ 

FRENCH  AND  SPANISH  MERINOS. 
HOLLISTER,     MONTEREV     CO.,     CAL, 


POULTRY, 


MRS.  li.  J.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Premium 
Prowls.  White  Leghorn,  S.  S.  Hamburg,  Game  Bau- 
tajuB,  and  Aylesbury  Ducks.    AIbo,  Eggs. 

M  FALLON,  Seventh  and  Oak  streets,  Oakland, 
Cal.,  offers  for  sale  Eggs  from  every  variety  of  choice 
FowIb. 

ALBERT  E.   BURBANK,    43   and    44    California 

Market,    San    rrnnoisco.  importer   and    breeder  of 
Fancy  Fowls,  Pigeons,  Rabbits,  etc. 


MEAT  MARKETS, 


I   EDDY  h  BRO.,  Stall  No.  1,  City  Market,  do  a  gen- 
i  eral  bntchtTinf^  and  market  business.    City  orders 
delivered  free  of  extra  charge.   . 


MISCELLANEO  US, 


S.  HARRIS  BARRING,  San  Jose.  Cal.,  agent  for 
several  breeders  of  Best  Purebn'd  animals  and  poul- 
try. We  bring  the  breeder  and  purchaser  together 
direct,  and  ilo  uot  stand  between  them,  while  we  atd 
each  for  moderate  pay. 

DAWSON  &  BANCROFT,  U.  S.  Live  Stock  Ex- 
change, southeast  corner  o4  Fifth  aud  Bryant  streets 
San  Francisco.  All  kinds  of  couunonand  thorough- 
bred Stock  always  on  exhibition  and  forsale. 


SPLENDID  CARD  PHOTOGRAPHS,  only 
S3  a  duz.;n,  and  Cabinets  S*  a  dt'zen,  at  HOW- 
LAND'S  Gallery  (Heering's  old  stand]  No.  35ii  First 
street,  San  Jose.  fo  ly 

WALLACE  &  BOBBINS.  386  First  street.  Handsomo 
turnouts  always  on  hand  at  fair  prices.  Fine  hcai'so 
for  funerals.    Carriages  for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 

BSANGUINETTI,  418  au4  420  First  st.  Bookcases, 
•   wardrobes,  kitchen  safes  and  pictitro  fromeB  made 
to  order.    Fui'nitnn.>  made  and  repaired. 


TBOSCHKKN,    Hardware,   Builders'   MatfriaU. 
"    House  Furnishing  rtcnsils.  and  all  kinds  of  Shelf 
Hardware,  417  First  Street.  San  Jose. 


SAUTA  CLARA  TAUUERY. 

JACOB  KliEltUAliDT,  Plioi'BlETOB. 

ALIj  KINDS  OF  I.EATUKU,  SHF.F.P   SKINS,    AND 
WOOL.    Highest  price  paid  for  Sheep  Skins,  Tal- 
low, Wool,  etc. 


Vol.  6. 


San    Jose,    Cal.,    iiugust,    1875. 


ITo.  8. 


A  WHITE  MAN'S  SOCIETY. 


We  attended  a  busiuess  meeting  of  the 
Santa  Clara  Valley  Agricultural  Society  on 
10th  ult.,  and  took  some  notes  of  proceed- 
ings. Mr.  A.  C.  Erkson — an  annual  member 
who  had  paid  his  fee»  in  advance  and  was  a 
voting  member  when  a  previous  meeting 
passed  an  order  allowing  only  life  members 
to  vote,  and  which  changed  the  constitution 
so  that  annual  members  cannot  vote — was 
present,  and  put  in  an  objection,  and  claimed 
the  right  to  vote  as  he  had  been  a  voter  pre- 
vious to  the  change.  He  would  not  bo  dis- 
franchised without  contesting  his  right.  Af- 
ter considerable  argument,  the  President  de- 
cided that  he  should  be  allowed  to  vote  this 
season. 

Mr.  E.  then  moved  to  strike  out  the  word 
"life"  in  the  constitution,  so  as  to  allow  all 
annual  members  to  vote.  He  regarded  it  as  a 
serious  wrong  against  the  farmers  and  me- 
chanics who  mainly  support  the  Society — 
men  who  cannot  afford  to  pay  $50  at  once, 
but  have  freely  paid  their  $5  a  year  into  the 
Society.  He  declared  that  no  man  with  self- 
respect  could  hereafter  patronize  the  Society 
as  an  annual  member,  unless  the  constitution 
was  changed  back  so  that  annual  members 
can  vote  and  take  part  in  the  proceedings. 
The  imputation  that  had  been  made  against 
this  class,  that  they  would  endanger  the  pro- 
perty and  prospects  of  the  Society  if  allowed 
to  vote  on  business  matters,  Mr.  E.  thought 
very  unjust.  The  grounds  belonging  to  the 
Society  have  been  largely  paid  for  bj*  annual 
members.  He  had  paid  more  money  into  the 
treasury  himself  than  many  $25  or  $50  mem- 
bers, who  never  pay  but  once. 

Mr.  C.  T.  Settle,  who  had  voted  to  insert 
"life,"  now  opposed  it  also.  He  had  talked 
with  a  good  many  interested  people,  and 
found  that  it  would  not  do  to  make  this  So- 
ciety a  close  corporation.  An  imputation  that 
tlie  votes  could  be  bought  up  he  thought 
would  apply  as  justly  to  inside  or  life  mem- 
bers as  to  annual  members.  He  did  not  want 
to  compel  outside  members  to  look  upon  this 
Society  as  a  "ring." 

Col.  Younger,  Carey  Peebles,  and  J.  R. 
Weller  insisted  that  none  but  life  members 
should  be  allowed  to  vote  at  their  business 
meetings.  Eeasons  as  follows :  Their  valua- 
ble grounds  might  be  endangered  if  any  one 
by  paying  $5  could  vote  on  any  proposition. 
Designing  persons  could  bring  in  votes  enough 
to  carrj'  any  measure.  They  had  worked 
hard  and  long  for  the  good  of  the  Society, 
without  one  cent  of  pay,  and  would  guard 
their  trust  with  every  restriction  possible. 
They  meant  no  injustice  or  disrespect  to  hon- 
est annual  members.  Until  this  question 
was  broached,  no  annual  member  had  at- 
tempted to  exercise  the  franchise  in  the  meet- 
ings. They  cannot  afford  to  risk  this  property 


to  satisfy  a  clamor  now.  The  community 
should  be  disabused,  and  not  blame  them. 
The  doors  were  open  to  life  members.  They 
desired  the  community  generally  to  take  an 
interest  in  their  affairs,  etc. 

Putting  the  matter  to  a  vote,  it  stood  11  to 
i  against  permitting  annual  members  to  vote. 

Mr.  Erkson  then  wished  the  constitution  so 
amended  that  any  member  outside  of  Santa 
Clara  county  can  hold  office  in  the  Society. 
Killed— 11  to  i. 

Mr.  E.,  who  said  that  ho  would  do  all  he 
could  to  "purify"  the  Society,  then  proposed 
striking  out  the  word  white  where  it  reads, 
"any  white  person  can  become  a  life  member 
member  by  paying  $50,"  etc.  Voted  down — 
11  to  4. 

The  same  gentleman  then  moved  to  strike 
out  the  word  white  as  applied  to  annual 
memberships.  Lost  again,  although  some  of 
the  dissenters  said  they  should  bo  willing  for 
the  darkeys  to  buy  tickets  and  attend  the  fair. 

We  will  not  append  any  remarks  of  our 
own,  but  leave  our  report  of  this  white  man's 
agriculhiral  horse-trotting  society  to  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  public. 


It  is  wonderful  how  much  time  will  bo 
consumed  daily  on  a  farm  in  doing  a  few 
chores.  To  sit  down  and  make  a  calculation, 
after  knowing  just  what  one  has  got  to  do,  it 
would  be  easy  to  condense  into  one  hour  what 
it  will  take  two  to  three  hours  "to  get  round 
to."  We  have  undertaken  a  job  of  this  kind 
this  season,  for  "fun, "  of  course.  We  find 
by  timing  it  that  we  can  milk  four  cows  in 
thirty  minutes.  It  don't  take  us  longer  to 
drive  the  cows  up,  water  them,  feed  the  pigs, 
"  put  the  chickens  to  roost,"  or  do  any  other 
separate  thing  than  any  other  person  would 
use,  yet  we  can  manage  to  worry  out  some 
four  hours  daily,  on  an  average,  choring 
around,  getting  wood,  water,  milking,  making 
butter,  etc.,  and  doing  what  seems  necessary 
to  be  done  in  choring  on  a  farm. 


EFFECT   OF   LAST   SPRING  FROST. 

The  high  price  of  fruits  this  season  is  some- 
thing  unprecedented,  if  we  except  the  times 
when  orchards  were  scarce.  The  early  reports 
of  prospects  for  short  crops  were  not  over- 
drawn.    Even  the   blackberries  that  bloomed 
after  the  spring  frosts  are   very  short  Indeed. 
Several  patches   near  San   Jose    have   failed 
entirely.      Others  have    not  produced    one- 
tenth  of  a  crop.      For  instance,    Mr.   Bird's 
eight  acres,  that  produced  seventy   chests  per 
day  last  year  for   weeks   together,  is  yielding 
only  five   chests  per   day  this  season.      The 
San  Jose  Canning  Factory  contracted  for  all 
that    several  vineyards    produce  at  6  and  7 
cents.     Last  year  they  got  all  they  wanted  for 
2  cents.     The  crop   is   so  short   that  dealers 
have  to    pay   nine   cents  by  the   chest,   and 
many  orders  from  a  distance  cannot  be  filled. 
The  local  demand  is  greater  than  the  supply. 
As  to  other  fruits  the  San   Francisco  markets 
govern  ours,  and   much  of   the  fruit  used  in 
San  Jose  is  shipped  from  a  distance.       On  an 
average,  it  sells  for  less  in  San  Francisco  than 
in  San  Jose,  notwithstanding   that   San   Jose 
is  one  of  the  fiuest  fruit  growing   districts  in 
the  State. 


"  A  man's  surroundings,  says  Mr.  Colmau 

of  the  Kural  World,  are  a  very  fair  indication 
of  his  character.  A  home  surrounded  by  a 
dilapidated  fence,  part  rail  and  part  plank ; 
the  posts  propped  up  to  hold  the  frail  concern 
in  anything  like  an  upright  position;  the  few 
old  peach  trees  in  the  front  yard  leaning  over 
the  fence;  the  lawn  decorated  with  James- 
town, dock  and  iron  weeds — presents  a  sorry 
sight  when  placed  in  contrast  with  a  home 
suiTOunded  by  a  neat,  upright  fence,  a  gate 
well  hung,  and  the  yard  planted  with  (it  may 
be)  a  few  well  grown,  thrifty  looking  peach 
trees ;  while  scattered  here  and  there  are  a  few 
conifers  or  evergreens,  a  few  flowering  shrubs 
in  clumps,  and  one  or  two  flower  beds  or  bor- 
ders; the  lawn  covered  with  blue  grass  and 
kept  in  a  trim  and  neat  condition;  the  walks 
free  from  weeds,  and  raised  well  in  the  center 
so  as  not  to  necessitate  the  use  of  planks  for 
walking  on  in  muddy  weather. 


List  of  New  Advertisements. 

Sheep  Wanted — Box  3'2,  Carson  City,  Nev. 
Sewing   Machines — A.  C.  Perkins,  San  Jose. 
Dental  Firm — Hooker  &  Finigau,  " 

Wagon  Shop — Limirick  &  Muthwillig,  " 
Goats  for  Sale — Shane  &  Belknap.        " 
Plumbing— E.  G.  Wilson, 
Dentist — Dr.   Spaw,  " 

Real  Estate— J.  A.  Clayton,  " 

Poultry — Mrs.  Watkins,  Santa  Clara. 


"He  is  an  enemy  of  the  state  who  de- 
sires more  land  than  he  himself  can  use," 
was  a  motto  of  Rome  in  the  days  of  her 
greatest  advancement  and  prosperity.  Slavery 
and  laud  monopoly  was  at  last  her  ruin,  and 
caused  the  downfall  of  the  most  powerful 
civilization  of  ancient  times,  by  depleting  the 
population  and  destroying  the  patriotism  of 
the  people  who  became  homeless  and  depend- 
ent, and  corrupting  the  rest. 

Home  is  the  foundation  of  freedom,  patri- 
otism and  country.  Land  monopoly  is  ono 
of  the  greatest  curses  that  the  world  has  ever 
seen.  There  is  danger  that  our  country  may 
yet  fall  beneath  its  terrible  power.  There  is 
no  State  in  the  Union  more  cursed  by  fraud- 
ulent land  transactions  than  is  California. 
Abused  law  and  rascally  lawyers  have  accom- 
plished for  designing  villains  what  force  could 
never  have  undertaken.  The  people  have 
tamely  submitted,  and  land  monopolists  are 
even  respected.  We  hope  the  time  will  soon 
come  when  such  men  cannot  hold  offices  of 
trust  in  the  gift  of  the  people. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^ivcgtaffki/attniitU 

S.  HARRIS  HERRING  &  CO., 

Kditors  and  Publishers. 


OFFICFZ:  Over  the  Snn  Jose  Saving's  Bank, 
BalbachN  Duililin^,  Santa  Clara  Street, 
mear  Firtit,  San  Jose. 


SPECUL  TEEUS  TO  AGENTS. 


RATES  OF  ADVEKTISING. 


Pfrone  Column ?!.=>  00  Per  Month 

••    balf  Coliunu 8  00    " 

*'    tourth  O'^lumn 4  00    *•         " 

'*    eii-lith  Column 2  00    *' 

"    Bixteenth  Column 100    "        " 

RfP"  We  are  (leterininotl  to  adhore  to  to  our  rcHoIution 
to  aduii*  none  but  worthy  biii^ineHS  advertising  in  our 
colurane.  and  to  beep  clear  of  i)atent  medicine,  liquor, 
and  otbt^r  advertiBenieutB  of  dnubtful  influence. 

I'he  lartio  circulation,  the  desirable  clans  of  readers, 
and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  renders  thin  Journal 
ft  clinice  medium  for  reaching  the  attention  of  the 
miiHseB* 


EDITORIAL  NOTES. 


We  are  glad  to  note,  in  the  interests  of  pro- 
ducers, that  the  pi'ice  of  wheat  has  advanced 
very  materially.  We  believe  that  the  raise  is 
a  healthy  one  and  must  continue  until  another 
season. 


A  report  from  Kansas  says  that  alfalfa  has 
been  fully  proved  to  be  as  valuable  in  that 
State  for  forage  as  in  California.  Neither 
drouth  nor  grasshoppers  kill  it.  It  looks 
luxuriant  and  is  considered  to  bo  the  best 
grass  for  Kansas. 


TIncle  Ben  acknowledges  the  receipt  of 
two  letters  from  our  little  readers,  but  not  in 
season  for  the  Boys'  and  Girls'  department 
this  month.  Next  month  he  promises  to  give 
the  children  a  nice  treat,  and  hopes  every  boy 
and  girl  who  ever  reads  the  Agricultukist 
will  send  him  a  letter.  Cannot  the  fathers 
and  mothers  encourage  them  to  do  it?  He 
wants  lots  of  letters,  so  that  ho  can  always 
make  up  a  department  for  boys  and  girls 
worth  reading — an  original  one,  alivo  and  as 
spicy  as  a  nutmeg. 

It  is  a  safe  policy  to  always  sell  grain  and 
hay  when  it  commands  a  i)rico  a  little  above 
an  average,  and  generally  safe  to  hold  onto 
these  products  when  prices  are  low,  for  a 
raise.  Those  who  hold  for  a  .big  thing  gen- 
erally lose,  while  to  sell  at  a  very  low  {)rice  is 
not  a  sound  financial  transaction.  The  farm- 
er who  is  nut  a  little  sharp  in  such  legitimate 
matters  is  sure  to  bo  taken  advantage  of  by 
somebody.  We  are  often  asked  for  advice. 
Oiir  answer  must  always  be,  watch  the  mar- 
kets as  rc))(irted  in  daily  and  weekly  pajiers; 
depend  upon  your  own  and  your  good  neigh- 
bor's judgment. 


Mr.  Wm.  Landrum,  of  Watsonville,  re- 
cently passed  through  San  Jose,  on  his  way 
to  Oregon  with  a  lot  of  his  pure-bred  Angora 
goats.  Oregon  promises  to  be  a  fine  country 
for  these  animals,  and  there  bids  fair  to  be  a 
lively  demand  for  all  the  California  breed- 
ers can  spare  from  their  flocks. 

Pro-per  Wheat.— This  is  a  variety  of 
bearded  wheat  which  has  this  season  yielded 
on  dry  soil  at  least  one-third  more  than  the 
AustraUan  and  Sonora  beardless  varieties. 
'This  is  the  experience  on  Mr.  A.  Woodham's 
farm,  near  Santa  Clara,  this  season,  and  the 
beardless  wheat  had  the  advantage  of  earliest 
sowing,  too.  Another  thing  in  favor  of  the 
bearded  wheat  is  this,  it  will  not  thresh  out  in 
the  field  by  the  wind,  as  the  beards  protect  the 
heads  from  striking  sharply  together. 

Col.  Younger  thinks  we  did  his  stock  an 
injustice  last  month  in  the  article  about  Mr. 
Clark's  farm.  We  did  not  intend  to,  and  are 
willing  to  make  such  correction  as  may  be 
proper.  The  Col.  has  been  breeding  for 
fine  form,  and  has  taken  more  first  premiums 
at  state  and  county  fairs  for  fine  cattle  than 
any  other  man  in  this  State.  In  every  fine 
herd  there  will  be  some  animal  not  so  fine  as 
the  rest.  Mr.  Clark's  Younger  cow  was  pur- 
chased second-handed,  and  is  not  by  any 
means  equal  to  his  average  run  of  stock.  Col. 
Younger  has  lately  sold  a  yearling  bull  of  his 
Short-horn  stock  for  $500,  and  a  heifer  and 
two  young  bulls  for  $900. 

The  Domestic  Department,  this  month, 

will  be  found  unusually  attractive.  A  frank 
acknowledgment  on  the  part  of  a  correspon- 
dent last  month  that  she  had  jioor  success  in 
making  bread  has  "brought  down  the  house." 
We  wonder  if  the  out-of-doors  farmers  would 
be  so  ready  to  help  a  fellow  out  of  trouble  if 
he  would  acknowledge  that  he  did  not  meet 
with  success  in  any  particular  branch  of  his 
farm  labors?  We  honor  those  who  are  not 
afraid  to  ask  for  advice.  We  know  that  there 
are  many  farmers  who  are  lacking  in  best 
practical  methods  and  application  in  import- 
ant matters,  and  wo  h.avo  traveled  enough  to 
know  that  good  cooking  among  farmers' 
wives  is  as  often  the  exception  as  the  rule. 
An  ambition  to  improve  is  always  commend- 
able. 

A  good  quality  of  butter  depends  quite 
as  much  upon  a  good  quality  of  feed  for  the 
cows  as  a  good  quality  of  pork  does  upon  the 
feed  the  swine  has  to  eat.  The  best  butter  is 
not  made  from  either  the  greenest  grass  nor 
from  dry  feed,  but  is  made  when  green  feed 
is  rich  in  nutritious  matter,  say  about  the 
time  of  blossom  and  before  the  seed  is  shat- 
tered out.  Dry  feed  of  good  quality  like  good 
wheat  stubble,  will  nuvke  butter  that  will  keep 
well,  but  it  has  not  the  "grain"  of  butter 
made  on  greener  feed.  Alfalfa  will  make 
good  butter  the  year  round.  Cows  running 
in  stubble  fields  should  have  roots  or  some 
green  feed  if  you  desire  the  butter  to  be  first 
class  and  of  good  color.  It  will  pay  any 
dairyman  to  so  plan  it  that  ho  can  have  dry 
feed  for  his  cows  once  a  day  when  feed  is 
green,  to  give  the  butter  substance,  and  green 
feed  when  pastures  arc  dry,  to  givo  texture 
and  color  to  the  butter. 


Political  corruption  has  it  root  in,  and 
draws  its  main  support  from  the  corrupt 
newspaper  press — a  press  that  can  be  subsi- 
dised by  central  committees  and  candidates 
for  office.  An  agreement  to  advocate  the  in- 
terests of  any  man  or  party  carries  an  obliga- 
tion to  oppose  the  opposite  man  or  party. 
The  editor  who  is  subsidised  is  hardly  capable 
of  expressing  an  honest  opinion,  and  is  surely 
not  to  be  trusted.  He  gains  the  confidence  of 
the  people  by  subterfuge,  to  carry  out  the 
schemes  of  dishonesty,  claiming  at  the  same 
time  to  be  working  in  the  interests  of  the 
people.  He  is  paid  to  deceive.  The  poli- 
tician who  pays  him  does  so  hoping  for  a 
chance  to  get  even  when  he  gets  into  oiBce. 
He  who  subsidises  can  be  subsidised;  and  the 
subsidised  editor  is  paid  to  cover  up  as  well 
as  to  support.  Honest  poUticians  and  honest 
papers  are  so  scarce  that  we  know  not  where 
to  point  one  out. 

The  remedy  for  political  corruption  is  in 
a  system  that  will  drive  out  bad  men  by  ceas- 
ing to  offer  inducements  to  them  to  seek  of- 
fice, and  that  will  at  the  same  time  offer  in- 
ducements to  honest,  patriotic  and  philan- 
thropic persons  to  accept  ofiices  of  trust  and 
duty.  A  strictly  consciencious  man  cannot 
consent  to  be  assessed  to  pay  whisky  bills 
and  lying  newspapers,  but  would  be  wilUng 
to  do  what  he  could  for  the  public  good  for  a 
workingman's  wages  at  any  time.  The  un- 
scrupulous politician  seeks  office  for  the  pay 
it  promises,  and  the  more  pay  there  is  in  it, 
really  and  prospectively,  the  more  corruption 
funds  he  will  dispense  to  obtain  office.  If 
our  premises  are  correct,  then  to  reduce  tho 
salaries  of  public  servants  to  the  standard  of 
wages  earned  by  the  industrious  farmer  and 
mechanic  will  bo  expedient.  One  temptation 
to  use  corrupt  means  to  obtain  office  will  be 
destroyed.  Monopolists  may  still  endeavor 
to  elect  men  to  further  their  ends,  but  even 
their  Sampson  will  be  shorn  of  his  strongest 
locks. 


Our  lady  readers  who  are  fond  of  flowers 

(and  who  of  them  are  not?)  will  find  it  policy 
to  sow  seeds  of  perennial  plants  either  this 
month  or  next,  and  have  their  plants  blossom 
next  year.  Pinks,  Sweet  Williams,  Stocks, 
Wall  Flowers,  Columbines,  Snap-dragons, 
Hollyhocks,  Hibiscus  Penstemon,  Lark 
Spurs,  Daisies,  Garden  Rocket,  Cannns, 
Four  O 'clocks.  Campanulas,  Foxgloves, 
Shrubby  Cyjiress,  Oswego  Tea,  Polyanthus, 
etc.  It  is  best  to  plant  in  boxes.  A  peach  box 
six  inches  deep,  with  four  inches  of  fine  soil 
in  it,  on  which  to  pl.ice  the  seeds,  then  cover 
tho  seed  oue-half  inch  with  sand,  is  a  good 
thing  to  use.  Set  the  box  out  of  the  wind 
and  where  tho  sun  mil  not  strike  it  during 
the  heat  of  the  day.  Keep  the  soil  constantly 
moist  by  watering  until  tho  plants  are  up  and 
growing  nicely.  Wlion  tho  first  winter  rains 
wet  tho  soil  you  can  transplant  into  the  gar- 
den if  you  choose;  or,  if  the  seeds  come  up 
thickly,  transplant  sooner  into  some  favorable 
place.  By  a  little  pjiins,  in  our  favored  cli- 
mate, you  can  have  all  these  perennial  plants 
in  beautiful  condition  to  blosson  early  another 
year. 

Tho  coming  woman — Annie  Versary, 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


172 


(JHE  leafy  bowers  are  sung  of,  and  the  seats  *ueath 
the  primrose  hedt^e, 

And  t  he  yeatH  by  the  shady  maple,  and  the  nooks 
by  the  wnter'e  edge. 

There  are  lines  to  the  vine-clad  arbor— cool  ref- 
uge of  summer  time; 

But  the  Charms  of  a  cheerful  straw  stack  I  never 
saw  in  rhyme. 

Sometimes  I  chance  npon  one,  in  my  plodding,  rural 

way. 
And  am  truly,  surely  tempted  to  Indefinite  delay, 
And  set-king  its  sunny  Cviruer,  I  build  my  caKth-s  there. 
Those  well-known,  royal  structures  that  disappear  in 

air. 

I  dream  of  joy  and  sweetness;  all  hard  paths  fade 
away. 

And  only  my  hope  and  the  sunshine  illuminate  the 
day. 

Then,  wooed  by  the  brooding  quiet.  I  count  my  bless- 
ings o'er, 

While  the  blue,  soft  sky  entreats  me  to  think  of  clouds 
no  more. 

I  fashion    plans    for  the  future,  where  I'll  get  a  new 

book  every  week, 
And  tickets    for  concerts  and    lectures    whenever  I 

choose  to  speak. 
I  muse  o'er    my    sometime  travels,  when  "my  ship 

comes  over  the  sea," 
And  visions  of   Rome  and   Paris  in   my  Journeyings 

come  to  me. 

I  shall  see  the  Vatican  famous,  and  behold   the  world 

renowned  toe 
Of  Pius  now  reigning  so  widely — infallible  man,  you 

know 
I  imagine  I  see  St.  Peter's,  and   standing  awe-struck 

'neath  the  dome, 
I  wonder  if  it  is  a  cathedsal,  and  I  am  at  last  in  Rome. 

In  "merry  England"  and  Scotland,  ia  Ireland,  too,  I 
I  must  roam. 

Going  over  the  bogs  and  marshes,  to  kiss  the  "blarney 
stone. " 

Just  here  my  thoughts  are  scattered.  Blue-eyed  broth- 
er Ben  finds  me  out; 

A  picture  of  brown-faced  wonder,  he  soys,  ''What  are 
you  about  ? 

"  I've  hunted  and  hunted  an  hour,  and  can't  find  any 
fish-line; 

I  want  to  go  fishing  with  Charley,  and  ma  says  it's  tea- 
kettle time." 

I  rise  up  and  leave  quite  reluctant,  but  my  feeling  of 
unrest  has  flown. 
•  And  richer  1  feel  for  that  hour  spent  by  the  big  straw 
stack  alone. 


Modern  Ethics. 

BY  HELEN    E.    CLINTOH. 

It  may  be  sound  philosophy. 

As  pertinent  as  brief. 
To  name  a  man  a  financier 

Who  should  be  called  a  thief. 

It  may  be  a  Christian  charity, 
That  looks  with  lenient  eyea. 

And  says  a  man  exaggerates. 
When  I  should  say,  '•  He  lies." 

It  be  modem  purity 

To  say  a  man  it  "fast," 
Who  drags  his  victim  down  to  death, 

Then  prates  of  follies  past. 

It  may  be  modern  justice  true 
Tiiat  hurls  her  to  the  grouud; 

I'd  hold  the  trembling  creature  up. 
And  strike  the  scoundrel  down. 

Labor. 

Toil  swings  the  ax  and  forests  bow: 

The  seeds  break  our  in  radiant  bloom; 
Rich  harvests  smile  behind  the  plow. 

And  cities  cluster  round  the  loom. 
Where  towering  domes  and  tapering  spires 

Adorn  the  vale  and  crown  the  hill — 
Stout  labor  lights  his  beacon  fires 

And  plumes  with  smuke  the  forge  and  mill. 

The  monarch  oak,  the  woodland's  pride. 

Whose  trunk  Is  seamed  with  lightning  scars, 
Toil  launches  on  the  restless  tide 

And  there  unrolls  the  flag  of  stars; 
The  engine,  with  its  luugs  of  flame. 

And  ribj  of  bruss  and  j<iintsof  steel. 
From  Labor's  plastic  fingers  came. 

With  sobbing  valve  and  whirling  wheel. 

Here  sun-browned  toil  with  shining  apace 

Links  lake  to  lake  with  siver  ties. 
Strung  thii'k  with  palaces  of  trade 

And  tuiniiles  towering  to  the  skies. 
'Tis  labiir  wi>rkB  the  magic  press 

Anil  turns  the'  crank  in  hives  of  toil. 
And  biTki)iisnngt-lR  down  to  bless 

Industrious  hands  on  sea  and  soil. 


Keep  the  Heart  Light  as  You  Can. 

BY  CHAIILKS  SWAIN. 

We  havp  always  enough  to  bear, 

We  have  always  a  something  to  do; 
We  have  never  to  seek  for  care. 

When  we  have  the  world  to  get  through. 
But  what  though  adver-sity  test 

The  courage  and  vijjor  of  man, 
They  get  through  misfortuue  the  best 

Who  keep  the  heart  light  as  they  can. 
Though  there's  always  enough  to  bear. 

There  is  always  a  something  to  do; 
We  have  never  tu  seek  for  cure 

When  we  have  the  world  to  get  tbrongh. 

If  we  shake  not  the  load  from  the  mind, 

Our  energy's  sure  to  be  gone; 
We  umst  wrestle  with  care,  or  we'll  find 

Two  loads  are  less  easy  than  one. 
To  sit  in  discimHoIate  mood 

Is  a  poor  and  a  profitless  plan; 
The  true  heart  is  never  subdued 

If  we  keep  it  as  light  as  we  can. 
Though  there's  always  enough  to  bear, 

'I'here  is  always  a  something  to  do; 
We  have  never  to  seek  for  care 

When  we  have  the  world  to  get  through. 

There's  nothing  that  sorrow  can  yield. 

Excepting  a  harvest  of  pain; 
Fur  better  to  seek  fortune's  field. 

And  till  it  and  plow  it  again. 
The  weight  that  exerti<m  can  move. 

The  gloum  that  decisii>n  may  span. 
The  manhood  within  u.s  but  prove; 

Ihen  keep  the  heart  light  as  you  can. 
Though  there's  always  enough  to  bear, 

There  is  always  a  something  to  do; 
We  have  never  to  seek  for  care 

When  we  have  the  world  to  get  through. 

Follow  Up  the  Plow. 

BY  WILL  8.    HAYS. 

Hird  times  are  now  upon  us. 

And  the  people  are  in  debt; 
The  country's  lull  of  trouble, 

And  the  worst  is  coming  yet. 
'Tis  not  without  its  causes, 

And  we'll  plainly  tell  you  noW| 
The  only  way  to  stop  it 

Is  to  follow  up  the  plow. 

Chorus—     Then  follow  up  the  ploy,  boys. 

Follow  up  the  plow; 
If  you  would  build  the  country  up, 

Just  follow  up  *he  plow. 
Then  follow  up  the  ploy,  boys. 

Follow  up  the  plow; 
If  you  would  build  the  country  up, 

Just  follow  up  the  plow. 

Fill  up  your  fields  and  prairies 

With  a  crop  that's  "good  as  gold," 
And  mine  your  hills  and  valleys  wide, 

For  iron,  salt  and  Coal. 
The  earth  is  the  producer. 

And  we  can  tell  you  how 
To  make  a  princely  fortune — 

'Tis  to  follow  up  the  plow.  Chorus. 

There  are  too  many  people 

Who  from  their  duty  6h  rk. 
Who'd  rather  make  a  fortune 

By  some  other  means  than  work. 
The  man  who  plants  potatoes 

Corn,  wheat  or  cotton  now. 
Is  king  among  the  "moneytd  men;" 

He  follows  up  the  plow.  Chorus, 


Farmer's  Song. 

'Tis  writ  in  records  of  the  past. 

And  all  the  days  of  yore. 
It  will  be  in  the  present  time. 

Till  time  shall  be  no  more, 
That  all  the  wealth,  and  power,  and  might. 

Attained  by  human  hand, 
Is  taken  from,  and  built  upon. 

The  precious,  fruitful  land. 

Realms  and  nations  now  are  built; 

Great  scepters,  thrones  anil  crowns. 
Gigantic  cities,  towering  high, 

And  o'er  the  earth  fair  towns; 
But  from  their  lofty  hight  could  be 

To  desolation  hurled. 
Did  we  but  stretch  onr  hands  on  high. 

And  cease  to  feed  the  world. 

The  vaunted  hight  that  idlers  gain. 

Proud  rulers  of  the  laud; 
Who  wield  the  might  of  armies,  too. 

Which  move  at  their  command; 
Thev  tain  look  down  on  us,  we  see. 

The  proud  lip  then  is  curled. 
Think  not,  my  lord,  we'll  serve  you  long; 

'Tis  we  who  feed  the  worldl 

The  low  shall  learn  their  power  in  time, 

'I  hat  thrones  are  useless  things, 
And  crowns  of  honor  by  and  by. 

We'll  give  our  real  kings; 
'Tis  those  who  feed,  and  those  who  teach. 

Who  then  shall  rule  the  laud. 
And  rulers  then,  in  that  good  time, 

Shall  move  at  our  command  I 

—[Western  Rural, 


Sow  to   Reap. 

Ever  so  little  the  seed  may  be, 

Ever  so  little  the  hand; 
But  when  it  is  sown  it  must  grow,  yon  see, 
And  develop  its  nature,  weed,  flower  or  tree; 
The  sunshine,  the  air  and  the  duw  are  free, 

At  its  command. 

If  the  seed  be  good,  wo  rejoice  in  bopo 

Of  the  harvest  it  will  yield. 
We  wait  and  watch  its  springmg  up. 
Admire  its  growth  and  cnuuton  it*  crop, 
That  will  come  fmm  the  little  seeds  we  drop 

In  the  great  wide  field. 

But  if  wo  htedleesly  scatter  wide 

Seeds  we  hapi>en  to  find. 
We  care  not  for  culture  4>r  what  may  betido, 
Wo  BOW  here  and  there  on  the  highway  side, 
Whether  they've  lived  or  whether  they've  died. 

We  never  mind. 

Yet  every  sower  must  one  day  reap 

Fruit  from  the  seed  he  has  sown; 
IIow  carefully  then  it  becomes  us  to  keep 
A  watchful  eye  on  the  seed,  and  seek 
To  sow  \vhat  is  good,  thut  we  may  not  weep. 
To  receive  our  own. 


The  Sower. 


BY   D.    W.    O.     PACCABD. 


Sow.  farmer,  sow,  for  the  seeding  time  is  her«. 
Plant  for  the  future  and  sow  for  the  year. 
But  weed  out  the  thistle,  and  root  up  the  thorn. 
Make  room  for  the  apple,  the  wheat  and  the  corn. 

With  font  on  the  spade,  and  with  hand  on  the  plow. 
With  grime  on  the  puliu,  and  with  sweat  on  the  brow. 
Press  onward,  brave  yeoman— thy  vassal  shall  be 
All  green  earth  that  stretches  betwixt  sea  and  sea. 

The  roll  of  the  thunder,  the  beat  of  the  rain. 
The  wind  of  the  mountain,  the  breath  of  the  plain. 
The  shimmer  of  moonlight— the  dew,  and  the  sun- 
Shall  aid  thee  and  cheer  thee  till  Harvest  is  won. 

Move  on  to  the  front,  then,  with  shovel  and  hoe — 
The  corn  field  shall  rustle— the  hillside  shall  glow— 
And  Plenty  and  Peace  shall  abide  in  the  land 
Which  Labor  hath  conquered  and   Freedom  hath 
planned. 


Centinela  Orange  Grove. 

The  Los  Angeles  £^xpress  of  June  lltli  says: 
It  probably  ia  not  generally  known,  but  this 
young  grove  will  be  the  largest  orange  orchard 
in  one  inclosure  in  the  world.  It  covers 
nearly  three  hundred  acres  of  the  choicest 
land  in  the  Centinela  valley,  and  contains 
seme  13,000  orange  trees  nearly  five  years 
old.  Planted  between  the  rows  are  some  2,500 
almond  trees,  now  three  years  old.  The 
almonds  will  bear  this  year,  and  will  yield 
about  six  pounds  per  tree.  In  two  years  they 
will  easily  yield  twelve  pounds  per  tree,  or 
S6,000,  Two  thousand  lime  trees  four  years 
old,  are  in  this  orchard,  and  they  will  in  two 
years  yield  $5  per  tree,  or  $10,000.  The 
almonds  will  be  dug  up  as  soon  as  the  oranges 
begin  bearing.  In  the  meantime,  they  will 
pay  the  entire  expense  of  attending  to  the 
orchard.  The  orange  trees  will  commence 
bearing  in  Hvo  years.  Two  years  later  it  is 
reasonable  to  suppose  they  will  yield  1,000 
oranges  to  the  tree,  which  at  one  cent  apiece, 
would  give  an  income  of  $130,000.  As  they 
will  hardly  ever  sell  for  less  than  one  and  a 
half  to  two  cents  apiece,  an  income  of  $200,- 
000  to  $'250,000  from  the  Centinela  orange 
grove  is  a  quite  reasonable  expectation.  The 
fruit  wilt  be  of  a  fine  quality,  as  the  oranges 
grown  at  the  Centinela  Kanch  House  are 
large  and  luscious. 


Ornamenting  Home. — The  green  house, 
flower  beds,  lawns,  drives,  ornamental  trees 
and  shrubs  receive  considerable  attention,  but 
not  as  much  as  they  deserye.  Remove  all  at- 
tempt at  such  things  from  any  place  and  its 
value  is  decreased  at  once  in  a  very  large  pro- 
portion. It  is  money  well  spent.  There  is 
iio  lesson  of  more  importance  than  to  teach 
the  art  of  making  home  pleasant.  This  is 
one  of  the  ways  to  keep  the  boys  and  girls  on 
the  farm,  and  to  make  them  satisfied  i^ith 
their  situation.  For  the  want  of  something 
nice  many  a  boj'  has  left  the  country  home, 
made  a  poor  lawyer,  or  clerk,  who  would 
have  made  a  good,  successful  farmer. — Frof, 
]\'.  J.  Beal. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


WOKK  FOR  THE  SEASON. 


Of  course  it  tleijends  upon  circnm- 
Btances,  which  every  farmer  should  be  a 
judge  of,  as  to  what  work  most  needs  to 
be  done  at  this  season  of  the  year.  It  is 
generally  looked  upon  by  grain  farmers 
as  a  season  of  rest,  unless  they  have  to 
haul  their  grain  to  market  or  the  store- 
house. In  that  case  it  is  policy  to  im- 
prove the  dry  roads  and   weather  at  once. 

Dry  plowing  and  sowing  can  now  be 
done  to  advantage  on  land  that  is  clear  of 
bad  weeds  and  foul  stuff.  On  none  but 
clean  land  should  dry  sowing  be  done, 
but  dry  plowing— the  soil  to  be  plowed 
again  after  the  weeds  get  started— will  do 
even  for  foul  lands.  However,  we  cannot 
advise  dry  plowing  as  economical  except- 
ing the  land  is  clean  of  foul  seeds. 

FENCING. 

If  any  fencing  is  to   be  hauled,  now  is 
the  time  to  do  it.     There  are  few  farm  in 
California  so  well  fenced  as   to  be  conve- 
nient for   stock-keeping.     It  will  pay  al- 
most any  farmer  to  so   lay  out   and  fence 
his  place  that   he  can   economically  pas- 
ture a  portion  of  his  farm  every   year,  in 
the  way  of  rotation,  and   be   able  to  pas- 
ture a  portion  without   herding.     On  dry 
farms,  this  is   an  important  matter,  as  a 
field  pastured   this  season  will  be   much 
more  likely  to  produce  a  good,  clean  crop 
of  grain  than  one  that  is  cropped  to  grain 
every  season.  It  is  the  testimony  of  many 
good  farmers  that  pasturing  a   field  is  as 
good,  if  not  bettor,  than  summer-fallow- 
ing it,  both  as    regards   getting   a   clean 
crop  and  a  full  one.     Wo   are   compelled 
to  have  much  faith  in  pasturing  to   pre- 
cede wheat  culture,  either  of   cattle  or  of 
Bheep.     Probably  sheep  would  be  prefer- 
able.    So  we  say  that  it  is   important  on 
dry   ranches  that    farms  should   be  well 
fenced  where  stock-keeping   can  be  made 
profitable  in  connection  with   grain  rais- 
ing.    On  farms  that  will   every  year  pro- 
duce a  good  crop  no   argument  is   neces- 
sary to   convince    an    intelligent   farmer 
that  it  is   to  his  interest  to   so  fence  that 
be  can  keep  stock  to  advantage. 

Of  course  setting  posts  or  driving  pick- 
ets is  something  that  is  best  done  when 
the  soil  is  softened  by  winter  rains.  But 
if  one  gets  everything  ready  and  at  hand 
for  the  work  it  will  be  greatly  facilitated. 
This  is  also  a  good  season  to  look  out  for 
and  collect 

FIBE  WOOD   FOR   THE  YEAK. 

Chopping  is  hard  work  in  hot  weather,but 
let  any  farmer  take  his  wagon  and  hired 
men  and  go  into  the  timber  prepared  to 
camp  out  for  a  week  or  two  and  make  a 
pleasure  as  well  as  duty  of  it,  working  in 
the  cool  of  the  day  only,  and  resting  when 
it  is  hot  and  they  are  tired,  and  our  word 
for  it,  he  would  find  it  a  recreation  better 
than  riding  over  dusty  roads  to  town  to 
spend  his  time  in  saloons  or  on  street 
corners  talking  politics  and  spending 
money  as  well  us  time  foolishly,  aa   too 


many  farmers  do  that  we  know  of. 

BDILDINO   A   HOUSE. 

This  is  a  good  time  for  building  either 
a  house  or  any  needed  out-building.  How 
few  farmers  have  habitable  houses,  such 
as  a  wife  and  family  of  children   require 
to  be  comfortable,  such   a  house  as  they 
will  take  a  pride  in  calling  Aojne— home, 
the  most  sacred   of  names— a  place  that 
should  be  consecrated  to  every  good  that 
life  is  capable  of  enjoying— the  center  of 
our  affections  and  the  scene  of  our  dearest 
joys.     It  should  be   made  a   comfortable 
abode  for  our  bodies,  convenient   for  the 
arrangements  of  the  household,  so  handi- 
ly arranged   in   every  way    as    to    make 
house-heeping  as  little   laborious  as  pos- 
sible, well  supplied  with  air,  sunlight  and 
shade,  with  water  pure,  and   surrounded 
with  such  attractive  features  as  the  culti- 
vation of  trees    and   flowers   will  always 
give.     Paint  and  whitewash  should  never 
become  too  dingy,  but  reflect  from  with- 
out the  brightness  and  light  that  shall  be 
an  index   of    the   lives  and  cheerfulness 
within. 

In  building  a  new  bouse,  don't  set  it 
nearer  than  three  feet  to  the  ground.  Let 
the  wall  be  high,  the  windows  large,  and 
if  you  don't  build  but  half  of  the  house 
at  once,  let  that  half  be  substantial,  and 
let  it  comprise  an  ample  kitchen,  as  con- 
veniently arranged  as  you  can  contrive  it; 
and  if  you  have  to  wait,  let  the  parlor  be 
the  last  room  added.  Remember  that 
pure  air  and  sunshine  are  blessings  that 
we  should  never  debar  from  our  living 
and  sleeping  rooms  and  contrive  accord- 
ingly. 

FARM   OTTT-BTnLDINGS. 

A  roof  to  shelter  stock  as  well  as  straw 
and  hay  should   be  also  considered  a  ne- 
cessary part  of  every  farm.     An  expensive 
barn  is  really  not  the  most  desirable  thing 
on  a  farm  in  our  climate.  They  may  need 
such  things  in  Maine  and  Minnesota,  but 
in   California   a  shelter    from    rain   and 
winds   is  all   that  stock    requires,  and  a 
shelter  from  the  rain   is   what  straw  and 
hay  need.     We  have   studied  a  good  deal 
upon  this  matter  of   farm   out-buildings, 
and  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
best,  economically  considered,  buildings 
for  hay  and  stock  are  sheds,  so   arranged 
about  the  stock  yards  that  they  will  break 
the  prevailing  winds,  shelter  the  hay  and 
straw  and  stock  at  the  same  time.     Last 
March  we  called  attention  to  some  on  Mr. 
A.  N.  Story's   farm  that  come  near  being 
the  right  thing.     Mr.  S.  has  a   thousand 
feet  in  length  of  these   sheds,  the  cost  of 
which  did  not  exceed  $1,000.  or   one  dol- 
lar a  foot,  running  length.  We  reproduce 
our  description: 

"  The  main  part  of  the  building  is  16  feet 
across,  length  of  posts  12  feet,  sided  up  ou 
one  side  only,  and  covered  with  four  lengths 
(two  on  each  side)  of  six-feet  sp'it  clap- 
boards. On  the  open  side  there  is  an  exten- 
sion of  two  lengths  more  of  clap-boards,  rest- 
ing upon  a  iilato   supported  by  strong  posts, 


10  or  12  feet  apart,  making  a  wing  shed  10 
feet  wide  for  the  stock  to  stand  under,  mak- 
ing the  total  width  2G  feet.  The  main  por- 
tion of  the  building  is  used  to  mow  away  hay 
or  straw.  It  is  pitched  in  through  openings 
in  the  back  side  of  the  building.  This  man- 
ner of  storing  saves  high  pitching  and  is  even 
handier  than  stacking.  When  the  cattle  com- 
mence feeding  under  the  sheds  they  stand  to 
the  mow  but  are  prevented  from  reaching 
beyond  the  length  of  their  necks  by  a  strong 
bar.  Feed  cribs  extend  with  this  bar  clear 
around  the  inside  of  the  buildings.  As  the 
hay  or  straw  is  eaten  away  it  is  an  easy  mat- 
ter to  go  along  with  a  fork  and  poke  down 
more,  so  that  one  man  can,  in  a  short  time, 
twice  a  day,  feed  the  stock  all  the  hay  they 
will  eat  up  clean." 

The  shed  portion  of  this  building  may  be 
sided  up  if  one  desires  it  so  closed,  but  where 
wind  is  broken  away  by  trees,  by  high  fence, 
or  by  a  similar  biiikUug  opposite,  it  is  even 
better  for  stock  open  than  closed.  Two  or 
three  such  buildings  a  hundred  feet  long,  so 
arranged  as  to  break  the  wind  from  the  stock 
in  the  corrals  and  under  the  sheds,  will  be 
found  convenient  on  any  farm,  and  in  this 
mild  chmate,  we  believe  they  would  answer 
every  purpose  better  than  a  big  barn. 

SAVE  THE    STRAW. 

There  is  less  need  of  this  injunction  than 
there  was  some  years  ago.  Farmers  are  not 
burning  straw  now  as  then.  Still,  there  are 
too  mouy  who  do  not  appreciate  its  value,  and 
who  allow  it  to  he  scattered  in  the  field  to  be 
destroyed.  The  man  who  will  question  the 
economy  of  stacking  his  straw  for  the  use  of 
stock,  should  seek  the  advice  of  his  thrifty 
neighbor. 

SELLING    STOCK. 

If  there  is  to  be  any  thinning  out  of  stock 
for  beef,  if  any  one  or  more  of  the  cows  or- 
calves  are  to  be  sold,  make  up  your  mind 
which  ones  to  dispose  of.  Don't  sell  the  best 
milk  and  breeding  cows  at  any  price.  Select 
the  heifer  calves  from  the  choicest  stock  to 
raise.  Sell  ofif  the  ordinary  cows  and  calves, 
and  turn  off  as  much  beef  as  you  can.  The 
high  price  of  hay,  and  the  prospect  of  an- 
other dry  season,  waixants  a  close  culling 
amongst  stock  of  all  kinds.  Eemember  that 
it  does  not  cost  much  to  winter  a  calf,  and 
save  the  best,  or  if  you  buy  stock  to  increase 
your  herds,  buy  the  best  calves. 

It  is  poor  economy  to  keep  more  horses 
than  are  needed  on  a  farm.  They  will  soon 
eat  their  heads  off.  Better  raise  something 
that  will  bring  cash  for  beef,  mutton  or  pork. 
Now  is  a  good  time  to  make  plans  for  dispos- 
ing of  all  surplus  horses  at  as  good  a  price  as 
possible,  but  at  some  price.  The  large 
amount  of  emigration  to  this  State  should 
have  the  effect  to  give  a  better  demand  and 
price  to  horses. 

MAP  THE  FARM. 

Lay  it  out  into  such  sized  fields  as  may  suit 
your  ideal,  and  carry  out  your  idea  of  o  pro- 
per system  of  rotation.  There  is  a  good  (leal 
in  laying  off  a  farm  to  fence  and  cultivate 
properly,  so  that  the  buildings  will  be  in  the 
best  place  and  so  that  the  fields  will  be  handi- 
est for  all  purposes.  An  eye  for  beauty  should 
always  accoinpany  every  improvement.  The 
orchard  should  be  where  it  looks  the  best  as 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


well  as  be  in  the  best  place  for  an  orchard. 
The  house  should  be  on  high,  healthy  ground, 
and  every  tree  that  is  planted  should  be  in  the 
best  place  for  it.  The  good  wife  should  be 
consulted  in  every  improvement  that  is  con- 
templated. They  who  together  make  a  home 
can  best  appreciate  it,  and  will  become  at- 
tached to  it  as  every  one  who  has  a  home 
should  be.     The  matter  of 

IRKIOATI'ON 

is  one  which  concerns  many  farmers.  Is  not 
now  a  good  time  to  take  into  consideration 
the  ways  and  means  for  irrigating  the  farm, 
or  at  least  some  portion  of  it?  Is  it  possible 
for  you,  either  alone  or  in  connection  with 
your  neighbors,  to  bring  the  waters  of  some 
stream  upon  your  farm  iu  the  winter  when 
water  is  running  to  waste?  We  know  of  sev- 
eral farms  in  this  valley  which  might  be  made 
to  yield  abundantly  with  winter  flooding  that 
now  are  unprofitable  from  the  lack  of  mois- 
ture; and  these  same  farms  are  so  located  that 
they  could  easily  be  flooded  in  winter  by  a 
little  co-operation  among  the  owners. 

Every  farm   should  have  an   orchard   and 
garden. 

A   WIND- MILL 

is  something  within  the  reach  of  almost  any 
one    owning    land.      Where    the    prevailing 
winds  blow  in  opposite  directions,  as  they  do 
in  almost  all  our  valleys  situated  between  long 
ranges  of  mountains  in  California,  a  station- 
ary mill — that  is,  one  without  a  turn  table — is 
good  enough  for   all   practical   purposes,  and 
may  be  made  at  home.    Let  the  frame  be  very 
heavy  and  strong — made  to  stand.     The  shaft 
can  be  either  wood  or  iron.     Make  the  fans 
long    enough    to   give  several    horse-power. 
Bore  one  or  two  wells  for  large-sized  pumps, 
and  let  the  mill  run  all  the   time.     The  water 
can  be  stored  in  a  tank,  the  bottom  of  which 
is  level  \s-ith  the  ground,  and  run  in  furrows 
over  as  large  a  surface  as  the   supply  will  al- 
low.    A  good  mill  and   pump,  running  when- 
ever   the   vrind  blows,    will    irrigate    several 
acres,  if  economically  handled.     It  is  well  to 
have  the  mill  so    located  that   stock    can   be 
watered  in  either  of  the  fields  where  they  are 
allowed  to  run,  with    as  little    expense   for 
water  pipe  as  possible.     For  house  use  there 
should  be  a  tank  higher  than  the  house,  with 
force  pump  to  raise  the  water  into  it,  by  wind 
power,  and  the  same  power  should  be  utilized 
to  do  churning,  etc.     Those  who  can  afiford  it 
will  find  an  extra  wind-mill  for   this  purpose, 
with  pipes  running  throiigh  house  and  barn, 
a   most    convenient  thing.      Why  people  in 
the  country  cannot  have  things  as  convenient 
as  they  do  in  the  city  is  more  than  we  pro- 
pose to  explain. 

There  is  much  more  that  might  be  said 
under  this  head  which  would  appertain  to 
specialties,  but  the  foregoing  hints  on  general 
principles  we  oflfer  for  what  they  may  be 
worth  as  suggestions  merely. 


The  farmer  who  toils  for  40  years  gathers 
knowledge  and  experience  costing  more  labor, 
weariness  and  anxiety  than  the  education  of 
any  other  professional  man  costs;  and  then 
the  avowedly  professional  man  charges  ten 
times  as  much  for  his  advice  and  work  as  the 
farmer  does;  and  in  case  of  a  dispute  as  to  a 
fee,  professional  men  are  called  in  to  say 
what  is  right,  while  the  old  farmer  has  to 
abide  by  the  professional  decision  whether  it 
be  (or  or  against  him. 


LETTER  FROM  OUR  TRAVELING 
AGENT. 

Eds.  Calipoenia  Aqkicitltcbist  :  The  suc- 
cess I  have  met  with  in  a  five-weeks  canvass- 
ing trip  for  your  journal,  the  affable  and 
kindly  spirit  with  which  I  was  everywhere 
received,  especially  by  old  subscribers,  and 
the  grand  prospects  of  the  Aokicultubist  in 
the  counties  through  which  I  have  just  trav- 
eled, all  incite  me  to  give  expression  to  a  few 
ideas  picked  up  during  my  recent  trip.  Be- 
ing well  acquainted  with  the  high  character  of 
the  Agkioulturist,  I  was  confident  from  the 
very  beginning  that  it  needed  only  a  proper 
representation,  a  simple  unfolding  or  expla- 
nation of  its  characteristics,  to  commend  it  to 
all  lovers  of  the  good  and  pure.  Need  I  say 
that  a  discriminating  public  nobly  responded 
in  support  of  the  AoKicULXtrKisT,  which  they 
unhesitatingly  designate  a  champion  of  truth, 
morality,  temperance,  and  the  farmers'  move- 
ment? 

A  short  visit  to  Washington  Corners,  Ala- 
meda county,  will  reveal  the  most  flattering 
signs  of  prosperity.  The  crops  in  the  vicinity 
are  good,  when  we  take  into  consideration 
the  dryness  of  the  season.  A  large  and  ele- 
gant school  house  is  being  erected.  A  news- 
paper, called  the  Alameda  County  Independent, 
is  published  there,  while  Washington  College 
was  never  in  a  more  prosperous  condition 
than  now. 

Mission  San  Jose,  and,  in  fact,  the  entire 
country  along  the  foot-hills,  from  Niles  Sta- 
tion to  Warm  Springs,  can  boast  of  excellent 
crops.  I  visited  Mr.  Beard,  at  the  Mission, 
and  obtained  from  that  gentleman  much  in- 
formation regarding  Alameda  county  in  gen- 
eral, and  Mission  San  Jose  in  particular.  Mr. 
Beard,  besides  a  magnificent  orchard  of  ap- 
ples, peaches,  pears,  etc,  and  several  hundred 
acres  under  vines  and  grain,  has  about  GOO 
olive  trees  produced  from  cuttings 
After  experiment,  he  finds  that  the  best 
time  to  plant  them  is  in  the  fall,  and  that  cut- 
tings from  young  trees  are  the  best.  They 
commence  to  bear  when  about  five  years  old, 
and  are  in  full  bearing  at  eight.  So  well  have 
these  trees  throve  that  from  one  tree  alone 
120  pounds  of  olives  were  obtained. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Palmer,  of  the  Mission  has  a  fine 
vineyard  of  about  80  acres,  all  in  excellent 
condition,  and  promises  to  bear  immensely. 
The  crops  in  the  vicinity  of  Centreville, 
Alvarado,  Mt.  Eden  and  Hayward  are  fine, 
and  will  compare  favorably  with  those  of  any 
other  portion  of  the  State.  A  post-ofiice  has 
lately  been  established  at  Niles  Station,  some 
new  buildings  are  being  erected,  and  the  town 
is  fast  developing. 

George  Buttner,  an  old  resident  of  Sunol 
valley,  has  recently  built  a  large  and  commo- 
dious hotel  at  Sunol  Station.  The  far- 
mers along  the  valley  are  much  pleased 
with  the  prosperity  of  the  crops,  and  may 
compliment  themselves  on  having  one  of  the 
finest  agricultural  valleys  in  the  State. 

Livermore  cannot  boast  of  the  fertile  soil  of 
Hayward,  Mission  San  Jose  or  Alvarado.  A 
gi'avelly  soil  predominates,  and  the  crops  this 
season  are  at  a  serious  discount.  I  visit<'d 
the  new  coal  mines,  about  eight  miles  from 
Livermore,  and  have  every  reason  to  consider 


them  a  success.  Already  a  shaft  of  375  feet 
has  been  sunk.  The  vein  is  about  five  feet 
thick  and  of  an  indefinite  length  and  width. 
Eighteen  men  were  at  work,  and  an  addition- 
al force  will  be  employed  as  soon  as  u  new 
steam  engine  is  erected,  which  will  probably 
be  in  a  few  weeks.  The  coal  is  uf  a  bitumin- 
ous quality,  and  is  selling  at  $4  per  ton  at 
the  mine.  Mr.  Thomas  Harris,  a  practical 
collier.  Is  the  superintendent. 

San  Eamoan  valley,  including  Pleasanton, 
Dublin,  Limerick,  Danville,  Alamo  and  Wal- 
nut Creek,  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  valleys 
in  the  State.  The  crops  are  looking  splendid. 
The  late  rains,  however,  caused  considerable 
damage  in  throwing  down  portions  of  the 
crops  which  were  very  heavy.  The  farmers 
here  are  seriously  discussing  the  propriety  of 
having  a  railroad  through  the  valley,  and  ad- 
vocate the  scheme  with  much  warmth.  The 
course  taken  by  the  Contra  Costa  Gazette  in 
disapj)roving  of  the  enterprise  is  severely  crit- 
icized, and  rumors  are  afloat  that  another 
county  paper  devoted  to  the  vast  interests  of 
Contra  Costa  will  soon  be  established. 

The  crops  from  Altamont  to  the  Mountain 
House  are  a  veritable  blank.  Several  of  the 
farmers  in  this  section  have  already  taken 
flight  to  a  more  congenial  clime.  Very  little 
of  the  animal  creation  greets  the  traveler,  save 
squirrels,  lizards  and  owls. 

The  country  from  the  Mountain  House  to 
Point  of  Timber  is  more  prosperous,  leaving, 
however,  ample  room  for  improvement. 
Point  of  Timber  is  a  rich  agi-icultural  country, 
well  shaded  with  trees.  The  farmers  in  gen- 
eral manifest  evidences  of  much  prosperity, 
and  have  had  a  good  three-fourths  crop. 

About  two  miles  from  Point  of  Timber  are 
the  salt  springs  which  your  correspondent 
visited, and  learned  from  several  persons  there 
that  these  si^rings,  for  medicinal  qualities,are 
second  to  none  in  the  State.  There  are,  how- 
ever, no  accommodations  for  visitors,  the  ab- 
sence of  which  will  necessarily  prevent  many 
from  partaking  of  the  advantages  which,  un- 
der different  management,  might  be  enjoyed 
by  the  health-seeking  public. 

The  country  around  Antioch  is  hiUy  and 
the  soil  rather  barren,  consequently  the  crops 
are  not  like  those  of  Eden  Plains  or  Point  of 
Timber.  The  town  itself  is  quiet,  and  people 
complain  that  "money  is  scarce  around  that 
quarter,"  and  yet  the  Ageiculturist  circulat- 
ed as  freely  in  that  section  as  in  more  favored 
districts.  We  hope  that  a  better  state  of 
things  will  soon  be  brought  about,  and  that 
the  generous  people  of  Antioch  and  vicinity 
will  have  to  build  additional  warehouses 
wherein  to   store  the  produce  of  next  year's 

crop. 

Passing  Snmmersville  and  Nortonville — 
cities  of  coal  mines,  steam  engines,  heat  and 
hills,  we  slide  down  into  Mount  Diablo  valley, 
one  of  the  finest  in  California.  Well  shaded 
with  trees,  UberaUy  supplied  with  water,  the 
soil  rich  and  adapted  to  raise  almost  all  kinds 
of  fruit  and  vegetables,  with  many  a  fine 
vineyard  and  farm  house,  and  Diablo  in  the 
distance,  boldly  and  majestically  looking 
down  from  an  eminence  of  over  3,000  feet, 
we  unhesitatingly  say  that  the  people  of  this 
valley  may  justly  feel  proud  of  their  situation. 
And  there  is  Clayton,   the    queen  village  of 


V 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Contra  Costa  county,  beautifully  shaded  with 
trees  in  the  heart  of  this  lovely  valley. 

The  crops  here  are  fine,  and  almost  con- 
tinue so  until  Martinez  is  reached.  Leaving 
Martinez,  quietly  nestled  down  on  the  Sacra- 
mento river  and  almost  surrounded  by  hills, 
passing  Benicia  and  her  arsenal,  your  cor- 
respondent arrived  at  Vallejo.  Still  onward, 
from  Vallejo  and  her  navy  yard  to  Napa  City. 
The  crops  in  this  section  are  what  we  might 
term  average.  The  new  Insane  Asylum  is  in 
process  of  completion,  and  judging  from  the 
immensity  of  the  building,  or  rather  series  of 
buildings,  the  uninitiated  would  imagine  that 
all  the  wrecks  of  intemperance  in  the  entire 
State  could  be  conveniently  accommodated 
■within  its  walls. 

Towards  Sonoma  the  soil  is  far  more  fertile 
than  iu  the  vicinity  of  Napa.  With  its  sur- 
roundings, the  town  of  Sonoma  itself  presents 
an  alarming  contrast.  In  the  heart  of  a  rich, 
prosperous,  well  populated  country,  it  seems 
given  to  decay  and  death.  It  presents  very 
little  evidence  of  prosperity,  but  it  is  hoped 
that  ere  long  its  lost  prestige  will  return,  and 
that  it  will  take  its  place  among  the  prosper- 
ous towns  of  the  coast. 

Petaluma  is  one  of  the  liveliest  towns 
through  which  your  correspondent  passed.  It 
is  evidently  on  the  high  road  to  prosperity. 

The  late  frost  caused  serious  damage  in 
nearly  all  the  places  I  have  visited.  Mission 
San  Jose,  Hayward  and  a  few  other  places 
might,  indeed,  be  excepted.  The  farmers, 
however,  express  themselves  satisfied  with  the 
general  yield. 

Returning  thanks  for  the  many   courtesies 
extended  to  me  during   my  trip  by  friends  of 
the  Agkicultukist,  I  beg  to  subscribe  myself. 
Very  respectfully,                      G.  G.  H. 
— <  «  » 

A  CONSEEVATIVE  ORGAN. 

If  the  Rural  Press  of  San  Francisco  is 
not  a  conservative  organ,  then  we  admit 
that  our  senses  are  so  prejudiced  against 
it  that  we  cannot  see  straight.  Wei'e  it 
really  run  in  the  interests  of  those  who 
seek  to  monopolize  all  the  benefits  that 
can  accrue  from  imjjosiug  upon  the  cre- 
dulity of  honest  Grangers  who  rely  upon 
representations  of  this  same  class,  we 
can  conceive  of  no  more  subtle  policy  for 
its  conduct  than  its  present  stoical  con- 
servatism. 

The  Granger  movement  was  started  on 
radical  jirinciples,  loud  and  earnest  for 
reform.  Its  design  was  to  correct  the 
many  evils  that  wore,  and  still  are, bearing 
■heavily  upon  industry,  and  which  make 
the  producer  a  subject  to  be  fleeced  by 
greedy  caintal  and  its  manipulators,  and 
by  smaller  sijeculators  upon  the  necessi- 
ties of  the  people.  The  movement  called 
out  nearly  every  patriotic  farmer,  and 
many  who  felt  the  heavy  load  of  oppres- 
sive tribute  they  were  paying  went  iu 
with  a  no  less  hearty  determination  be- 
cause impelled  by  a  selfish  motive. 

It  is  perfectly  natural  that  such  a  move- 
ment, which  embraced  the  sons  of  the 
soil,  and  which  called  for  active  measures 
and   ofl'ored  remuneration  to   organizers 


and  others,  should  have  barnacled  upon 
it  scores  of  designing,  shrewd  men  who 
were  anxious  to  profit  by  the  tidal  wave, 
and  had  the  cheek  to  put  themselves  at 
the  very  wheel,  as  cajjlains  if  necessary, 
to  make  themselves  popular  and  "  repre- 
sentative," and  give  them  at  once  honor 
and  coin. 

The  principles  and  true  spirit  of  the 
Grange,  or  farmers'  movement,  to-day, 
are  radical.  How  so  conservative  an  or- 
gan as  the  Rural  Press  is  can  suit  the 
Grangers  all  over  the  State  is  to  us  a  little 
wonderful.  But  a  paper  run  strictly  on 
policii,  as  that  paper  is,  of  course  is  sup- 
loosed  to  be  shrewd  enough  to  manage  all 
that. 

We  are  aware  that  there  are  many  things 
connected  with  this  Grange  movement 
that  need  sifting  rather  fine,  and  we  would 
like  to  see  the  Grangers'  volunteer  organ 
take  up  such  matters  as  need  over  hauling 
and  thus  prove  to  the  honest  and  confid- 
ing farmer  that  it  is  really,  as  well  as 
pi'etendingly  the  farmer's  friend.  We  are 
really  anxious  that  all  the  good  should 
come  out  of  this  movement  that  is  possi- 
ble. And  to  be  snecessful,  in  the  broad 
meaning  of  that  term,  the  Grange  must 
not  be  afraid  to  deal  open-handed  with 
those  who  are  using  it  for  personal  ends. 

We  don't  believe  iu  covering  up  nor 
letting  alone  corruption  of  any  sort  that 
needs  ventilating  in  the  farmer's  interest. 
But  then  we  are  not  an  organ.  The 
Grangers'  Bank  and  Grangers  Business 
Association  and  Grangers'  Emigrant's 
Bureau  do  not  advertise  with  us.  The 
big  men  of  the  Grange  do  not  patronize 
the  Califoknia  Agricultiirist  in  any 
way.  We  do  not  hob-nob  with  them  nor 
hang  upon  their  colored  skirts,  nor  ask 
any  favors  of  them,  and  of  course  we  do 
not  feel  as  much  under  obligations  to 
these  leaders  as  otir  contemporary  nnd 
organ,  the  Rural  Press.  If  we  did,  which 
would  be  impossible,  we  might  possibly 
appreciate  a  conservative  sentiment  and 
hold  our  horses  with  a  curb-bit. 
■ <  o  P • 

Jute   Culture. 

Mr.  Le  Franc,  of  New  Orleans,  raised 
last  yeai  twenty  bales  of  jute.  He  con- 
cludes a  report  to  the  Department  of  Ag- 
riculture as  follows: 

For  new  observations,  I  can  re-assert 
that  ordinary  juto  growth  gives  an  aver- 
age of  at  least  one  ton  per  acre  of  fiber, 
and  that  the  whole  cost  of  i)roduction  will 
not  exceed  .'S'25.  In  good,  moist  laud  juto 
grows  ten  feet  in  average,  and  has  one- 
third  of  its  body  in  fiber.  The  mower 
and  reaper  applied  on  wheat  cut  jute  jier- 
fectly  well. 

«-♦-* '■ 

Experiments  were  made  in  France  last  year 
to  tost  how  far  the  humidity  of  the  atmos- 
phere is  alTocted  by  forests.  One  set  of  in- 
strnmonts  for  recording  humidity  were  placed 
in  the  forest,  ami  the  other  in  the  open  air,  a 
short  distance  off.  The  records  show  that 
more  rain  fell  each  month  in  the  forest  than 
in  the  open  air,  and  the  total  rain-fall  for  six 
months  was  7;-^  inches  in  the  forest,  and  in 
,he  open  field  less  than  7  inches. 


ffiont^poudcuce* 


Letter  from  Monterey  County. 

■^^  ■  

CJ-rrns.  AoKiotTLTUBisT:  Your  valuable  paper 

j|rj,  comes  regularly,  but  I  have  failed  in 
JhiK  my  duty  to  you  until  now.  I  believe 
jjiy^  the  best  apology  that  I  can  make  is  to 
send  you  two  dollars,  as  I  have  kept  you  out 
of  your  hard  earnings  up  this  time — but  I  am 
very  sure  that  my  negligence  has  haunted  me 
enough  on  account  of  reading  so  valuable  a 
journal  without  paying  for  it  iu  advance.  I 
esteem  the  Aohicultubist  as  being  of  more 
practical  value  to  the  farmer  than  any  jiaper 
I  ever  read.  So  far  as  I  am  capable  of  judg- 
ing, it  is  sound  on  all  points — with  the  ex- 
ception of  "moles."  I  am  a  farmer  of  many 
years'  practical  experience,  and  I  know  the 
"mole"  to  be  very  destructive  to  gardens. 

Perhaps  some  of  your  patrons  would  like  to 
know 

HOW    TO    GET    Em   OF   FEKNS,     OR   BKAKES. 

I  can  tell  you  how  I  freed  a  part  of  my  farm 
of  them,  and  they  were  so  thick  that  I  could 
not  produce  a  crop  to  any  advantage.  I  just 
cut  them  off  at  the  ground  every  two  weeks 
all  summer  until  the  last  of  September.  This 
I  did  in  1864,  and  I  have  not  been  troubled 
with  ferns  since. 

TOADS. 

I  think  toads  are  of  great  worth  in  a  gar- 
gen  or  on  a  farm.  But  you  must  keep  your 
bees  up  out  of  their  reach,  for  they  eat  them 
greedily.  This  they  do  at  early  night.  When 
the  evening  is  so  cool  that  the  bees  are  not 
watching  about  their  doors,  the  toad  will  butt 
the  hive,  and  as  the  bees  run  out  to  see  what 
is  the  matter  it  catches  them.  This  I  have 
seen  them  do,  and  it  is  "true  as  gospel." 

The  late  heavy  frost  did  great  damage  to 
fruit  in  this  county,  but  my  apple  trees  are 
very  full  and  promise  to  make   a  heavy  yield. 

EFFECT  OF  USING  BAD  WATEB. 

I  owe  you  more  than  money  for'your  able 
journal.  I  think  it  saved  me  and  my  four 
daughters  from  an  attack  of  typhoid  fever. 
Last  fall  we  were  all  complaining  of  headache 
and  felt  dull,  and  had  been  so  for  perhaps  ten 
days,  and  were  getting  worse.  We  were  not 
given  to  headache  prior  to  that  time.  About 
that  time  I  noticed  a  warning  in  the  Cali- 
fornia Agricultdkist  and  Live  Stock  Jopk- 
NiL  against  using  impure  water  which  put 
me  to  thinking,  and  to  investigating.  And 
I  found  the  curbing  in  my  well  badly  decayed, 
and  the  water  impregnated  with  the  substance 
and  I  abandoned  the  use  of  it  immediately. 
J  cleaned  out  a  nice  boiling  spring  near  by, 
the  water  of  which  we  are  still  using.  It  was 
some  time  before  we  got  clear  of  that  head- 
ache. And  I  believe  that  had  it  not  been  for 
the  Agricoltdkist  we  all  would  have  been 
taken  down,  and  perhaps  you  would  not  have 
been  troubled  with  this  letter. 

I  have  been  fighting  .against 

A  notorious  land  swindle 
in  this  county  for  the  last  six  years.  But  the 
grantees  procured  a  patent  at  a  fearful  cost — 
not  in  money,  but  through  perjury,  fraud, 
and  offers  of  bribery.  There  is  an  army  of 
well  drilled  land  juTJuria-s  in  this  State  who 
follow  land  grabbing  for  a  trade,  and  they 
will  swear  to  whatever  is  necessary  to  carry 
out  their  schemes.  I  have  been  in  this  part 
of  the  State  for  upwards  of  nineteen  years.  I 
have  taken  great  paius  iu  settling  upcm  pub- 
lic lands— lands  that  the  grantees  themselves 
affirmed  to  be  public,  and  oulside  of  tlicir  (jranls. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Jourkal. 


I  have  bought  and  improved  two  homes  in 
California,  but  I  cannot  call  them  my  own  to- 
night. Thousands  have  shared  the  same  fate, 
and  the  work  of  destruction  goes  "bravely 
on."  Our  sheriff  told  me  the  other  day  that 
he  had  just  served  seventy  settlers  on  the 
Milpitas  grant  iu  an  ejectment  suit  which  is 
another  swindle. 

As  I  am  not  used  to  writing  for  papers,  ex- 
cuse "style, "etc.     With  many  regards, 

i'oura,  J.  C.  Gaillabd. 

July  11th,  1875. 


Cultivation  of   Medicinal    Plants    In 
California. 

A  gentleman  who  has  paid  a   good  deal  of 
attention  to   the  subject  of   medicinal   plants 
and  the  study  of  medicine  as  well  as  of   agri- 
cultue,  and  thinks  it  possible  to  produce  such 
roots,    barks,    herbs,   etc.,  in    California,  and 
who   thinks  that    many  of    our   immigrants 
might  find  profitable  employment  by  starting 
into  the  business  for  themselves   here,  sends 
us  the  following  hints  upon  the    subject.     He 
begiug  by  advising  the  cultivation  of  the  olive 
tree,  flax  seed  and  castor  beans  for  oil.     Our 
readers  are  already  pretty  well  informed  upon 
the  foregoing,  and  for  several  years  quantities 
have  been  produced   in   California  with   suc- 
cess.    The  cinchona  tree,  which  produces  the 
Peruvian  bark  is  next  treated  on.     He  says: 
As  to  the  feasibility  of  raising  in  Cfalifornia 
the  cinchona  tree,  which  produces   the  Peru- 
vian  bark,  from  which   quinine  is  manufac- 
tured, there  can  be  no  question.     Our  climate 
is  the  exact   counterpart  of  that  iu   which  it 
grows  in   South  America.     Being  under  the 
equator,  notwithstanding  the  elevation  of  sev- 
eral thousand  feet  above  the  level  of   the  sea, 
the  climate  is  exactly  like  our's — a  perpetual 
spring.     The  English  have  tried  the  experi- 
ment of  its   transplantation    on    the    lower 
benches  of  the  Himalaya   mountains  in  India 
with  success,  and  the  Dutch  have  introduced 
it  into  Sumatra  with    similar    results.      For 
many  years  past  the  collection  of  the  bark  has 
been   entrusted   to  Indians,  who    climb   the 
trees,  denude  them  of  bark,  and   leave   them 
as  the  white,  unsightly  ghosts  of  the  departed 
forests.     So  extensively  has  this  destructive 
process  been  going  on,  that  it  has  been  ap- 
prehended that   the  world's    supply  of   bark 
would  in  no    very  remote   future  be    entirely 
cut  off.     Hence  the   wise  forethought  of   the 
enlightened  nations  above  mentioned.     Shall 
our's  be  behind    hand?      The  exhaustion    of 
the  Cinchona   forests  would  perhaps  be   the 
greatest  calamity  that  could   befall  mankind. 
A  celebrated  physician,  being  asked  what  sin- 
gle medicine  he  would  save  in  case  all  medi- 
cines should   be    destroyed    except    one,  an- 
swered,    "quinine."     And  in   regard  to    its 
anti-pyretic    powers,  he  was   right.      It   has 
been    found    to    exert    a    more    direct    and 
lasting  effect  upon  fever,  the   universal  mani- 
festation of  disease,  than  any  other  article  in 
the  materia  medka.     Its  priceless  worth  in  the 
malarial  regions  of  our  richest  and   most  ex- 
tensive valleys  and  river  bottoms  is  famlUar  to 
every   physician   from  Maine   to    California. 
That  it  has  been  the  main  cause  of  the  lessen- 
ing of  the  death  rate  throughout  the   civilized 
world  of  late  years,  there  can  be  but  little 
doubt. 
Of  the  profitableness  of  its   culture  on  the 


part  of  individuals,  or  of  the  State,  there  can 
be  no  question.  With  the  bark  at  25  cents  a 
pound,  wholesale,  and  quinine  from  $3  to  $5 
per  ounce,  an  acre  of  these  trees  would  con- 
stitute no  inconsiderable  bonanza.  Besides, 
the  many  thousands  of  dollars  sent  out  of  the 
country  for  its  purchase  would  be  saved  to  the 
State,  and  its  cultivation  and  preparation  for 
market,  and  tho  groat  number  of  articles 
manufactured  from  it,  would  give  profitable 
employment  to  large  numbers  of  people. 

"  Several  years  since,  a  proposition  was 
made  before  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion to  introduce  the  culture,  as  an  experi- 
ment, of  the  Cinchona  tree  in  the  different 
States  of  the  Union.  The  reason  therefor 
was  the  scarcity  and  high  cost  of  that  invalu- 
able drug,  quinine." 

The  subject  has  also  attracted  the  serious 
attention  of  the  State  Medical  Society  of  Cal- 
ifornia, which  recommends  the  cultivation,  on 
the  part  of  the  State,  not  only  the  Cinchona 
tree,  but  also  of  all  other  medical  plants;  in 
other  words,  the  establishment  of  four  bot- 
anic gardens,  similar  to  those  in  Europe,  iu 
four  appropriate  points  in  the  State  where 
suitable  temperature^  elevation  and  soil  can 
be  obtained.  These,  the  Society  very  properly 
advise,  might  be  located  near  some  of  the  nu- 
merous medical  springs  to  afford  cheap  resorts 
to  our  invalid  poor.  The  subject  is  still  un- 
der discussion,  and  we  hope  the  Legislature 
may  render  efficient  aid  to  an  undertaking  of 
not  only  State  but  National  importance. 

The  Agricultural  Department  of  the  State 
University  at  Berkeley,  if  it  is  not  too  busily 
engaged  in  getting  up  party  "slates"  and  cul- 
tivating poUtical  "rings, "  might  do  much  to 
forward  this  and  other  useful  enterprises  by 
raising  the  cuttings  and  plants  and  distributing 
them  free  to  all  who  would  cultivate  them, 
and  by  disseminating  useful  information  in 
regard  to  the  cultivation  of  this  and  other  val- 
uable members  of  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

The  Dej^artmeut  of  Agriculture  at  Wash- 
ington, if  not  too  busy  in  President-making, 
might  also  lend  a  helping  hand  in  the  good 
cause.  But  it  seems  almost  too  much  to  ex- 
pect anything  of  governmental  departments 
and  oflice  holders.  The  public  good  is  ignored 
and  self-aggrandizement  seems  to  be  the  order 
of  the  day. 

The  cultivation  of  Rhubarb  might  be  en- 
gaged in  with  other  articles,  we  should  think. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  about  its  growth  here, 
as  any  one  can  convince  himself  in  a  moment 
by  visiting  our  markets  and  examining  the 
tine,  large,  long  specimens  in  the  shape  of 
"pie  rhubarb"  there  exposed  for  sale. 

The  Aloes  could  be  ciiltivated  on  our  dryest 
soils. 

All  the  aromatic  herbs  are  already  cultivated 
on  a  small  scale  by  our  market  gardeners. 
There  can  be  no  doubt,  therefore,  about  their 
growing  here. 

We  understand  that  Mr.  Boots,  one  of  our 
most  enterprising  farmers,  is  raising  several 
acres  of  Peppermint.  The  sale  of  oil  alone 
at  from  $6  to  f  6  50,  wholesale,  would  amount 
to  many  thousands  of  dollars. 

Safron  has  been  raised  here  by  Mr.  Frank 
Lewis,  of  San  Jose,  in  perfection,  and  would 
prove  a  valuable  article  of  production. 

All  the  various  herbs,  such  as  Catnip.Bone- 
set.  Lobelia,  Geranium,  Dandelion,  Golden- 
seal, Hoarhound,  Mandrake,  Rosemary,  Sweet 
Margoram,  Pennyroyal,  Rue,  Tansy,  Winter- 
green,  Wormseed,  Yellow  Dock,  and  many 
others,  might  be  raised  here  with  profit  for 
the  very  plain  and  simple  reason  that  our  dry 
climate  facilitates  not  only  the  drying  and 
preservation  of  plants  and  roots,  but  also  the 
concentration  of  all  their  medicinal  qualities 
in  the  dried  herbs  and  roots.  It  would  be 
but  a  little  while,  in  our  opinion,  before  Cali- 
fornia dried  herbs  and  roots,  like   her  dried 


fruits,  would  command  the  market  of  the 
world. 

The  oil  of  Bergamot,  used  so  extensively 
in  perfumery  would  not  yield  a  bad  revenue 
at  $8,  wholesale,  per  pound. 

If  we  have  not  enterprise  enough  among 
ourselves  to  establish  this  great  branch  of 
productive  industry,  we  might  invite  the 
Shakers,  who  have  several  societies  in  differ- 
ent States  in  the  East,  to  establish  a  similar 
institution  here.  They  would  find  the  climate 
of  California  far  superior  to  all  others  at  the 
East  in  properly  and  speedily  curing  all  kinds 
of  herbs  and  roots. 

In  connection  with  this  subject,  we  might 
incidentally  call  the  attention  of  our  orange 
orchardists  to  the  manufacture  of  citric  acid 
and  lime  juice.  Both  these  articles  are  in 
good  demand  and  command  remunerative 
prices. 

[Right  here  we  will  add  that  the  cultiva- 
tion of  garden  and  field  seeds  might  bo  made 
a  profitable  business  in  our  State  for  many 
persona.  We  have  often  wondered  that  more 
attention  has  not  been  paid  to  such  culture. 
Of  course,  irrigation  would  be  necessary  for 
many  things.  As  to  herbs,  our  dry,  hot  clim- 
ate would  give  much  strength  of  oil  and  flavor 
to  them.  The  ideas  of  our  correspondent  are 
worthy  of  consideration.] 


They  Have  Come  to  Stay. 

Eds.  Agbiculturist  :  What  all  good  Califor- 
nians  have  been  praying  for  the  last  ten  or 
fifteen  years — the  great  tidal  wave  of  immi- 
gration— has  come  at  last.  It  is  pouring  in 
upon  us  through  the  Dutch  Flat  Pass  like  a 
veritable  human  wind-fall.  It  is  spreading 
through  our  mines  and  timbered  mountains, 
traversing  our  rich  valleys  and  extended 
plains,  and  crowding  our  towns  and  cities. 
Some  come  with  money  to  purchase  homes; 
others  with  muscles  to  earn  them.  The  for- 
mer can  take  care  of  themselves,  but  the  lat- 
ter need,  and  must  have,  assistance,  but  all 
they  ask  is  work. 

The  wail  of  business  men,  capitalists  and 
large  land-owners  for  a  number  of   years  past 
has  been  for  population.     "We  want  settlers 
to  develop   our  resources,   workers  to   trans- 
form   our    raw    materiid    into   merchantable 
values,  and    consumers   to  establish  at   our 
doors  the  best  of  all  markets^a  home  mar- 
ket."    This  has  been  the  burden  of  the  song 
sung  from  the  huskings,  preached  from   the 
pulpit,  and  printed  and   scattered   broad-cast 
throughout   the  civilized    world    by   all    the 
newspaper  presses  of  California.      And,  as   if 
this  was  not  enough  to    attract  immigration, 
various  towns  and  cities,  through  their  boards 
of  trade,  have  published  thousands  of   books 
in  pamphlet  form,  embellished   with   engrav- 
ings of  their  choicest  improvements,  and  full 
of  "school  privileges,"  "rich  soil,"  "healthy 
climate,"  "fine  business  opportunities, "  and 
everything  that  promised   to  be   attractions. 
We  do  not  say  that  there   has  been  any  mis- 
representation or  exaggeration  in   these  state- 
ments.    Some  of  them  may  have  come  short 
of  the  reality;  but  they  have  served  the  pur- 
pose  intended.      They    have    drawn   people 
here  from  the  frozen  regions  of  the  north,  the 
rocky  shores  of   the  East,  and   the  miasmatic 
graveyards  of  the  sunny   South.     The  influ- 
ences have   been   extended  even  beyond   the 
sea,  and  brought  bluff  John  Bull  from    "the 
sea-girt  isle,"  the  merry  Frenchman  from  the 
vine-clad  hills  of  France,  the  Switzer  from  his 
Alpine  home,  the  German   from  Father-land, 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


and  the  sons  of  Erin  in  their  usual  propor- 
tion. Now  that  these  hardy,  enterprising  and 
industrious,  but  needy,  people  have  come  to 
our  shores,  at  our  bidding,  the  great  question 
arises,  "What  shall  we  do  with  them." 

As  the  great  land-grabbers  and  capitalists 
were  the  first  and  loudest  callers  for  this  in- 
flux of  population,  let  them  first  open  their 
hearts  and  purses  at  the  same  time,  and  pro- 
vide these  people  with  homes  on  their  broad 
acres  on  liberal  terms,  supply  them  with  tools 
and  animals,  and  provisions  for  a  year,  and 
our  word  for  it,  they  will  make  a  fair  interest 
on  their  money,  besides  doing  a  righteous 
deed. 

Others  who  have  the  capital  might  invest  it 
in  manufacturing  enterprises  that  would  em- 
ploy thousands  of  these  people  to  the  great 
advantage  of  all  parties.  There  are  hundreds 
of  articles  imported  into  this  State  at  a  heavy 
cost  of  time  and  freight  that  could  be  profita- 
ably  manufactured  here.  In  the  article  of 
wool  alone  it  is  certainly  a  suicidal  policy  to 
ship  it  East  in  the  raw  state,  and  then  import 
it  in  the  manufactured  article,  paying  doulile 
freight,  when  we  might  manufacture  it  here 
and  command  the  markets  of  the  world.  We 
haven't  half  the  sense  of  our  forefathers  who 
separated  from  the  mother  country  because 
England  attempted  to  impose  this  very  policy 
on  the  infant  colonies. 

Every  farmer,  too,  throughout  the  length 
and  breadth  of  the  land,  should  look  kinilly 
upon  these  immigrants, and  employ  them  upon 
every  possible  occasion — as  you  would  your 
brother,  instead  of  a  Chinaman. 

Our  next  Legislature  might  inaugurate  a 
general  system  of  irrigation — the  vital  want 
of  the  State — before  all  the  water,  too,  was 
gobbled  up,  and  thus  give  employment  to 
thousands  of  immigrants  who  will  seek  our 
shores  in  the  future.  The  waters  in  our 
mountains  would  irrigate  all  oiir  valleys, 
make  California  the  granary  of  the  world,  and 
provide  happy  homes  for  millions  instead  of 
thousands,  as  now.  Why  should  it  not  be 
done?  Economist. 

San  Jose,  July,  1875. 


about  the  city,  would  be  all  the  more  attrac- 
tive if  they  had  within  a  home  for  cats.  A 
stately  Thomas  cat  perched  on  the  top  and 
half  a  dozen  kittens  frolicking  about  the  base 
is  a  sight  to  please  a  lover  of  the  beautiful  and 
a  hater  of  the  rascally  gopher. 

C.  A.  Wyman. 
«  ■  » 

Query    About    Hay-presses. 

Salem,  Oregon,  July  15,  1875. 

S.  H.  Hekrino  &  Co. — Gents:  I  wish  to 
know  if  somebody  will  send  me  a  circular  for 
a  hay-press.  I  do  not  see  any  advertisement 
in  your  paper,  and  I  do  not  know  where  to 
send  for  information  about  them.  There  is  a 
good  hay-press  invented  and  made  here,  but 
I  thought  I  could  do  better  in  California  than 
to  pay  $260  for  one  here.  I  think  the  price 
too  high. 

We  like  your  paper,  although  not  quite  so 
well  adapted  to  Oregon  as  to  California  in 
some  things.     Yours,  truly, 

Thos.  C.  Haines. 

If  the  manufacturers  and  dealers  in  hay- 
presses  in  California  do  not  consult  their  own 
interests  enough  to  advertise  in  the  Agbicdl- 
TURisT  AND  Live  Stock  Journal,  it  is  their 
own  loss. 

The  two  leading  presses  in  California  are 
the  "Eagle,"  manufactured  by  Kimball  &  Co, 
San  Francisco,  worth  $225  or  $250  each,  and 
the  "Price,"  or  "Petaluma,"  by  Baker  & 
Hamilton,  San  Francisco,  worth  $300  to  $500 
each,  according  to  size.  The  Petaluma  press 
seems  to  be  the  favorite.  We  give  this  infor- 
mation "gratis,"  but  at  the  same  time  advise 
our  friend  Haines  to  patronize  home  iiidaslry, 
and  if  he  can  get  a  good  press  for  $260  in 
Oregon,  in  is  probably  as  cheap  as  it  can  be 
made  and  pay  the  workmen,  and  probably'  as 
well  as  he  could  do  in  California. 


A  Plea  for  Cats. 

Eds.  California  Agricultueist  and  Live 
Stock  Journal:  Will  you  allow  me  a  little  of 
your  valuable  space  to  say  a  word  for  one  of 
the  farmer's  best,  but  least  appreciated  and 
most  abused  friends — the  domestic  cat.  I  am 
not  insane  enough  to  ask  the  people  dwelling 
in  cities  to  look  with  favor  on  the  increase  of 
the  cat  tribe,  but  to  the  farmer  I  say,  don't 
kill  the  kittens.  Drive  them  out  of  the  house 
to  the  barns  and  other  out-buildings,  and 
give  them  a  chance  in  the  fields,  particularly 
in  the  orchard  and  vineyard.  Make  places 
for  them  to  breed  and  to  escape  to  when 
Towser  and  Bose  double-team  on  them.  A 
dry  goods  box  under  the  straw  stack,  with  a 
hole  sawed  on  each  side  and  a  six-inch  board 
or  pole  put  up  a  foot  from  the  ground  so  the 
straw  will  hang  over  it  and  give  them  an  en- 
trance to  the  box,  is  a  good  show  for  a  reason- 
able cat. 

In  a  vineyard  it  will  pay  to  leave  out  a  pair 
of  vines  every  ten  acres,  and  throw  up  a  rock- 
ery or  other  shelter  for  a  place  for  cats.  There 
need  be  no  loss  of  bearing  vines,  for  the 
nearest  vines  may  be  trained  over  the  place. 
Perhaps  one  cat  in  fi%'e  hundred  will  suck 
eggs  or  kill  chickens,  but  it  is  almost  invaria- 
bly the  pet  cat  that  grows  up  among  the  chil- 
dren and  is  hugged  out  of  shape  and  manners 
that  does  mischief.  The  half-wild  cat  is  of- 
tcuest  seen  watching  a  gopher  hole,  and  when 
not  disturbed  there  is  soon  one  gopher  less  to 
cut  roots  and  let  the  irrigating  water  run 
loose.  This  age  almost  worships  graceful 
forms  and  movements,  and  the  unhandled  cat 
excells  in  both.  Many  of  your  attractive 
"rockeries,"  both  in  public  and  private  parks 


Chats    With     Farmers'     Wives 
Daughters — No.  8. 


and 


ORE  bread-making?  Yes.  I  make  it 
a  point  to  succeed  in  whatever  I  under- 
take to  do,  from  the  sweeping  of  a 
P"  room  to  the  making  of  a  perfect-fitting 
shut.  If  it  be  well  done,  there  is  a  sense  of 
power  that  nothing  short  of  knowledge  and 
success  can  give.  It  took  me  nine  months, 
once,  to  learn  how  to  iron  a  shirt  well;  but 
that  very  drill  was  good  for  me,  and  I  can 
afford  to  give  time  for  practical  knowledge 
that  is  of  so  much  use  that  even  every  China- 
man is  supposed  to  understand  all  about  it. 
So,  in  spite  of  my  frank  confession,  I  was 
fully  resolved  to  "try,  try  again,"  and  the 
many  kind  receipts  sent  me  by  dear  readers 
of  the  AoEicuLTURisT  have  helped  to  push  this 
resolve  to  a  speed  trial,  and,  may  I  add,  siic- 
cess.  Well,  friends,  if  several  consecutive 
batches  of  light,  sweet,  white  and  tender 
bread  can  be  called  a  success,  I  am  the  victor. 
But,  alas!  I  dare  not  boast,  as  I  have  made 
only  one  batch  of  yeast  as  yet. 

A  kind  reader  of  the  AonicULTnitisT  (Mrs. 
Summers)  sent  mo,  by  the  editor,  a  bottle  of 
her  "jug  yeast, "  with  her  compliments  and 
directions  how  to  proceed,  which  wore  so  very 
simple  and  plain  that  I  felt  "to  try  were  to 
succeed."     The  beauty  of   this  "jug  yeast" 


is  that  one  can  bottle  it  and  keep  a  week  or 
two,  which  is  a  saving  of  labor,  and  we  should 
aU  try  to  do  that.     Here  is  Mrs.  S.'s  receipt: 

EECEIPT  FOR  MAKING  JUG  YEAST. 

"Take  about  one  quart  of  potatoes;  pare 
nicely,  and  boil  in  enough  water  to  cover 
them  well.  When  well  cooked,  drain  and 
mash  smooth.  Now  take  the  water  they  were 
boiled  in,  pour  it  back  on  the  potatoes,  stir- 
ring all  the  time.  Take  a  handful  of  hops, 
put  them  in  enough  water  to  make  a  gallon  of 
yeast  altogether,  and  boil  for  ten  minutes; 
strain  into  the  potatoes;  add  of  salt  and  sugar 
each  one-half  cup;  stir  well,  and  then  let  cool 
till  milk  warm,  then  add  a  cup  of  yeast.  Now 
cover  up  loosely  until  it  commences  to  work, 
then  put  it  in  a  jug  and  set  the  cork  loosely 
for  one  day,  when  it  may  be  corked  tight  and 
kept  in  a  cool  place.  Shake  well  before  us- 
ing. 

FOR  MAKING  BREAD, 

put  flour  enough  for  your  baking  in  a  bread- 
dish,  make  a  hole  in  your  flour,  put  in  a  cup 
of  yeast,  three  or  four  pints  of  warm  water, 
and  a  teaspoonful  of  salt;  mix  slowly  and  beat 
well  into  a  stiff  batter;  cover  it  lightly  with 
flour  and  set  it  away  in  a  medium  warm  place. 
When  light  mix  the  flour  in  slowly  till  it  be- 
comes dough ;  take  it  out  on  your  kneading 
board  and  knead  it  well  with  your  hands,  ada- 
ing  flour  gradually  until  it  becomes  nice, 
smooth,  springy  dough,  then  place  jt  back  in 
your  bread-dish  to  raise ;  when  light,  take  it 
out  and  knead,  using  just  enough  flour  to 
keep  it  from  sticking,  till  it  is  nice  and 
smooth,  then  make  it  into  loaves,  put  it  into 
pans  and  keep  warm  till  light,  then  bake.  ' 

The  following  receipt  by  Alice  I  have  not 
tried,  but  can  vouch  for  it,  as  I  have  eaten  of 
bread  made  by  the  same  fair  hands  that  sent 
it: 

"  Dear    'JeweW:    The  Agriculturist    has 
just  come   to  hand,  so  fresh   and  interesting. 
And  as  we  feel  particularly  interested  in  'Jew- 
el's'  writing,  we   turned  to   her   department 
and  found  her  in  great  trouble  about  her  yeast 
bread.     I   felt  very    sorry   for  her— so    sorry 
that  I  pushed  back  the  jar  of  yeast  I  had  just 
finished  making  for   to-morrow's  baking,  and 
hurried    in    without    covering   it,    and    told 
mother  I  would  just  write  and   tell  her  how  I 
did,  as  I  was  having  such  good  luck  at  bread- 
making  lately.     So  here  is   the  recipe,  under 
ma's  directions:     Peel   three   common  sized 
potatoes  and  boil   till  very    soft  in   a  quart  of 
water,  then  take  out  the  potatoes,  mash  fine, 
keeping  the  water  boiling   hot.     Add  two  big 
spoonfuls  of  fine  flour,  one   of  salt  and  one 
of  sugar.     Now,  pour  the  boiling  potato  water 
into  the  whole,  stirring  it  briskly,  so  that  the 
flour  will  scidd.     Steep  a  pinch  of    hops   five 
minutes'in  half  a  pint  of  water,  and  pour  in. 
Let  this  cool  until  hike   warm,  then  add  one 
teacup  of  fresh  yeast  from   your   good  neigh- 
bor's crock,  or  from  the  brewer's.     Make  the 
yeast  in  the  morning,  and  by  bed   time  it  will 
be  ready  for  use,  at  which  time  I   stir  up  my 
bread.     For  three  quarts  of  flour  add  one  tea- 
cup of  yeast,  and  wet  it  with  cold   water,  mix 
it  soft,  and  sift   flour  over  the  top   to  keep  it 
all  soft  and  alike.     In  the  morning  it  will  bo 
ready  to   mould  into  loaves;  put  in  the   bidie 
pan  to  raise,  and  when  light  bake. 
"  During  this  warm  weather  we  make  yeast 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


oue  day  nud  bread  the  next.  We  go  through 
the  same  process  of  yeast  making  every  time, 
adding  your  cup  of  okl  yeast  from  the  jar — 
which  article  is  much  better  than  tin,  as  it 
will  keep  cool  and  sweet  longer.  You  can 
make  bread  of  the  same  yeast  as  long  as  it 
will  keep  sweet,  and  youliaTe  enough  left  to 
start  another  mess  with." 

Ah,  fathers  and  brethren  and  husbands,  I 
wonder  if  you  half  appreciate  the  life  and  love 
we  women  put  into  your  very  blood  through 
the  stomach,  or  how  tired  and  weary  many  a 
woman  grows  in  attending  to  her  daily  round 
of  duties  that  keep  your  homes  clean,  neat 
and  thrifty.  If  you  do,  pray  acknowledge  it 
in  words  of  cheer.  Women  need  praise  for 
their  kindly  labors  and  trials  much  more  than 
your  wonderful  new  grain-cutter  which  works 
BO  to  a  charm — and  llial  you  can  praise  to  a 
neighbor  or  your  wife,  perhaps,  without  ever 
a  thought  of  the  far  greater  and  more  wonder- 
ful piece  of  machinery  by  your  side,  whose 
complex  structure  combines  intelligence  of 
mind  with  affection,  and  soul  life  with  so 
much  mechanical  power  and  skill.  See  to  it 
that  you  give  her  equal  care  and  rest  you 
do  your  horses  and  iron  and  wooden 
machines  —  oil  her  with  loving  words 
and  actions,  and  bestow  equal  praise 
for  faithful  work,  and  my  word  for  it, 
your  human  machine  will  last  longer,  work 
better;  and,  more  than  all,  will  be  worth  more 
in  the  end  than  when  you  first  promised  "till 
death  do  us  part. "  For  age  should  improve 
as  gray  hairs  add  a  charm  that  sunny  curls 
never  owned.  The  wrinkles  that  have  dis- 
placed the  dimples  of  youth,  should  only 
show  where  the  smiles  and  joys  have  left  their 
mirriads  of  foot-prints  behind  them.  Living 
and  loving  together  for  years  must  bind  our 
hearts  together.  Our  joys  and  sorrows  oue, 
life's  interests  the  same,  our  minds  and  souls 
will  grow  more  harmonious  and  sympathetic. 
Age  softens  the  passions  and  impulses,  ele- 
vates the  ambition,  matures  the  judgment, 
and,  though  more  grave,  we  are  not  sad,  for 
life  begins  to  grow  more  comprehensible,  and 
death  nearer  and  dearer  to  us. 

Before  closing  this  rambling  letter,  I  will 
give  a  recipe  for  making 

CREAM    PIE-CRUST, 

something  which  our  country  readers  can  en- 
joy but  which  few  city  folks  can.  Take  flour 
and  seive  it  with  a  little  soda;  wet  up  with 
sour  cream ;  roll  same  as  for  other  pie-crust. 
It  is  very  nice.  Made  with  Graham  flour, 
you  need  no  soda,  nor  will  it  be  sour. 

Here,  also,  is  a  palatable  dish,  which  is 
called 

ENGLISH  FRUIT  PIE. 

Take  a  deep,  round  dish  to  bake  in;  fill  a 
cup  with  sugar;  turn  it  upside  down  in  the 
center  of  the  dish,  leaving  it  there;  then  fill 
with  fruit,  cherries,  plums,  berries  or  any 
kind.  If  very  juicy,  no  water  is  added;  if 
not,  put  in  a  little  water,  then  put  on  a  crust 
and  bake  as  for  pie,  and  bake  slowly.  When 
served,  cut  a  circular  piece  and  take  out  the 
cup,  when  the  juice  will  fill  the  dish.      Very 


Gruel  Recipe. — For  a  very  delicate  sick 
person,  take  two  tablespoonfuls  of  Graham 
flour;  stir  this  with  cold  water;  strain  through 
a  seive;  stir  this  into  one  quart  of  boiling 
water,  and  cook  five  minutes.  Season  it  with 
a  very  little  salt  and  sugar — a  little  lemon 
juice  added  makes  it  better.  This  is  excel- 
lent.    Try  it.  Alice. 


Familiar  Talks — No.  2. 

BX    "snip." 

I  had  intended  giving  my  rules  for  making 
yeast  and  bread  this  month,  but  it  is  likely 
there  will  be  plenty  such  recipes  sent  for 
"Jewell's"  benefit,  so  I  will  only  ofifer  a  few 
suggestions  in  regard  to 

MARINO  bread. 
I  always  knead  bread  twice.  Letting  it  be- 
come just  as  light  as  possible  in  the  sponge 
before  moulding  into  loaves.  If,  as  is  some- 
times the  case,  I  am  obliged  to  let  it  stand 
longer  than  it  should,  and  there  is  danger  of 
its  being  sour,  I  knead  in  a  little  white  sugar. 
I  once  thought  soda  was  indispensable  in  such 
a  case,  but  I  do  not  like  to  put  it  in  light 
bread.     Sugar  is  better. 

I  have  tried  "Jewell's"  plan  of  cooking  rice 
in  a  bag,  and  shall  always  cook  it  so  when  I 
want  plain  boiled  rice.  I  make  a  stibskinlhil 
dish  of  this  article  by  cooking  it  in  the  water 
in  which  fresh  beef  has  been  boiled. 

HOW  TO  COOK  CAKKOTS. 

Many  think  that  carrots  are  unfit  for  table 
use.  We  like  them  very  much  when  cooked 
in  the  following  manner:  Pare  them  and  cut 
into  slices  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick; 
boil  in  clear  water  until  done;  pour  off  the 
water,  and  cover  them  with  milk  in  which  a 
very  little  flour  has  been  stirred;  add  a  little 
butter,  pepper  and  salt  to  your  tase,  and  then 
boil  long  enough  to  cook  the  flour. 

Onions  cooked  in  this  way  mal^e  a  favorite 
dish  with  those  who  are  brave  enough  to  eat 
this  condemned  vegetable. 


A  Farmer's    "Jewell." 

Eds.  California  Agriculturist:  Please  al- 
low me  to  say  a  few  words  to  your  new  cor- 
respondent, "Jewell,"  before  she  again  gives 
to  the  public  her  knowledge  and  experience  in 
making  bread,  and  thereby  injures  our  claim 
to  political  equaUty  to  which  our  social  and 
moral  superiority  gives  us  so  sure  a  title. 
Immorality  and  dishonesty  in  every  branch  of 
our  political  and  social  system  proves  the 
great  depravity  of  the  male  element;  and 
while  the  only  hope  of  reform  lies  in  the  su- 
perior mental  capacity  of  our  sex,  here  comes 
a  "Jewell"  of  a  farmer's  wife  saying  that  she 
cannot  make  a  loaf  of  bread,  but  that  at  last 
she  learned  to  make  salt-rising  from  her  hus- 
band, who  "knows  everything."  This  may 
be  amusing  to  her,  but  it  is  not  so  to  me,  to 
whom  she  is  pointed  out  as  an  example — one 
who  can  instruct  others,  but  cannot  even 
make  salt-rising  without  instruction  from  her 
lord! 

Now,  a  word  to  "Jewell."  First  have  good 
potatoes  to  make  yeast  stock  by  boiling  and 
driving  through  a  colander  the  potatoes  with 
the  water;  add  for  one  pound  of  potatoes  one 
tablespoouful  of  brcrwn  sugar  and  half  a 
spoonful  of  salt;  add  also  the  water  of  a  small 
handful  of  hops;  put  all  of  this  into  a  glass 
jar  and  keep  the  air  out.  This  will  keep  for 
a  mouth  in  a  cool  place.  When  you  wish  to 
make  a  loaf  of  four  pounds,  put  three  pounds 
of  flour  in  a  dish  with  some  salt,  and  into  this 
one  pint  of  yeast  at  least  twelve  hours  old. 
Mix  oue  teacup  of  the  above  yeast  stock  with 
three  tablespoonfuls  of  flour  and  warm  water. 
This  will  bo  your  sponge.  Let  this  stand  in 
a  temperature  of  about  GO  degrees  until  it  has 
risen  very  visibly,  then,  and  not  before,  add 
flour  and  work  it  until  it  no  longer  sticks  to 
your  hands;  then  put  it  into  your  pan  and  let 
it  rise  again,  aud  bake  it  under  such  a  heat  as 
to  give  it  oue  hour's  time  to  bake  brown.  On 
the  day  when  you  intend  to  bake  bread  be 
sure  not  to  wear  any  "  blue." 

Camp  Saea  Toqa. 


POULTKY  AT  THE  INTERNATIONAL 
EXHIBITION. 

The  admirers  of  fine  poultry  will  no  doubt 
have  an  ojiportunity  during  the  International 
Exhibition  to  gratify  their  taste  fully,  as  it  is 
the  design  of  the  Centennial  Commission  to 
provide  everything  requisite  to  the  proper  re- 
ception and  display  of  fowls  and  birds  of 
every  class. 

It  is  desired  by  many  that  there  be  a  per- 
manent, as  well  as  a  temporary  exhibition  of 
poultry,  and  if  applications  for  space  for  the 
exhibition  of  fowls  during  the  six  months 
covered  by  the  exhibition,  are  received  in  suf- 
ficient numbers  to  warrant  the  outlay,  the 
Commission  will  probably  adopt  measures  to 
afford  the  proper  facilities. 

If  the  design  of  a  permanent  exhibition  be 
carried  out,  the  display  should  be  such  as 
would  impress  the  character  of  each  breed 
upon  the  mind  of  the  observer. 

This  cannot  be  done  when  the  exhibition  is 
confined  to  trios  in  separate  coops,  but  only 
by  the  display  of  as  large  a  number  as  can  be 
placed  in  one  enclosure;  thus  affording  by 
the  multiplication  of  individual  birds,  eoch  of 
the  same  breed,  an  opportunity  of  studying 
the  characteristics  of  each  particular  family. 
Prominent  poultry  breeders  could  readily  sup- 
ply the  birds  for  such  an  interesting  and  in- 
structive exhibit. 

The  temporary  exhibition  will  commence 
on  October  '25th,  1876,  and  last  till  November 
loth,  a  period  of  fifteen  days.  The  Commis- 
sion will  erect  shedding,  and  the  birds  will  be 
exhibited  in  the  same  boxes  or  coops  in  which 
they  were  transported.  For  the  ])ur|io8e  of 
preserving  uniformity,  these  boxes  will  be 
made  according  to  specifications  furnished  by 
the  Bureau  of  Agriculture. 

Exhibitors  will  be  acquired  to  assume  all 
responsibility  of  feeding,  aud  general  attend- 
ance on  their  birds. 

Only  such  specimens  will  be  received  as  are 
of  pure  breed,  and  even  these  must  be  highly 
meritorious. 

Further  information  may  be  had  by  ad- 
dressing the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Agricul- 
ture, Internation  Exhibition  at  Philadelphia. 


The   Farmer's  Cause. 

We  shall  endeavor  to  advance  our  cause, 
says  the  Western  A</riciiUuruit,  by  laboring  to 
accomplish  the  following  objects:  To  develop 
a  better  and  higher  manhood  and  womanhood 
among  ourselves.  To  enhance  the  comfort 
and  attraction  of  our  homes  aud  strengthen 
the  attachment  to  our  pursuits.  To  foster 
mutual  understanding  and  co-operation.  To 
maintain  inviolate  our  laws,  and  emulate  each 
other  in  labor  to  hasten  the  good  time  coming. 
To  reduce  our  expenses,  both  individual  and 
corporate.  To  buy  less  and  produce  more,  in 
order  to  make  our  farms  self-sustaining.  To 
diversify  our  crops  and  crop  no  more  than  we 
can  cultivate.  To  condense  the  weight  of  our 
exports,  selling  less  on  the  bushel  and  more 
on  the  hoof  aud  in  the  fleece.  To  sj'stematize 
our  work,  aud  calculate  intelligently  on  pro- 
babilities. To  discountenance  the  credit  sys- 
tem, the  mortgage  system,  the  fashion  system, 
and  every  other  system  tending  to  prodigality 
aud  bankruptcy.  We  propose  meeting  to- 
gether, talking  together,  working  together, 
buying  together,  selling  together,  and  in  gen- 
eral acting  together  for  our  protection  and 
advancement,  as  occasion  may  require.  We 
shall  avoid  litigation  as  much  as  possible,  by 
arbitration  in  the  Grange.  We  shall  con- 
stantly strive  to  secure  entire  harmony,  good 
will,  vital  brotherhood  among  ourselves,  and 
to  make  our  Order  perpetual.  We  shall  ear- 
nestly endeavor  to  suppress  personal,  local, 
sectional  and  national  prejudices,  all  un- 
healthy rivalry,  all  selfish  ambition.  Faithful 
adherence  to  these  principles  will  insure  our 
mental,  moral,  social,  and  material  advance- 
ment. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


§]nitvn. 


Bee-Keeping  In   California. 


fOUTHEBN  California  is  attracting  the 
attention  of  all  the  apiarists  in  the 
United  States.  It  is  evidently  the  bee- 
keeper's paradise.  We  think  that  we 
can  do  no  better  for  this  department,  this 
month,  than  to  extract  from  some  letters  on 
bee-keeping  in  Southern  California  which  we 
find  in  the  Ania-ican  Bee  Journal. 

A  gentleman  who  signs  himself  "Amateur" 
writes: 

Time  has  wrought  a  good  many  changes 
Biuce  I  last  wrote  you.  My  attention  has  been 
tui'ned  a  good  deal  to  other  things  for  the  last 
two  or  three  years,  so  that  I  have  not  taken 
the  interest  iu  my  bees  that  I  should  have 
done.  But  now  I  am  thoroughly  settled  in 
my  pet  business  on  the  far  oti'  Pacific  Coast, 
and  from  this  "laud  of  houey,"  as  well  as 
"land  of  gold,"  I  propose  shaking  hands 
again  with  my  brethren,  through  the  columns 
of  our  beloved  American  Bee  Journal. 

The  glowing  descriptions  of  this  coast  as  a 
honey-produciug  country,  induced  me  to  leave 
home  and  friends  iu  the  beautiful  Mississippi 
Valley  and  seek  a  home  in  the  mountains  of 
Southern  California. 

There  is  so  much  in  this  country  of  interest 
to  bee-keepers  that  I  hardly  know  where  to 
begin.  I  will,  however,  begin  at  the  begin- 
ning and  tell  something  of  the  history  of  bees 
in  this  State. 

The  first  bees  brought  to  California  was  iu 
March,  1853,  by  Mr.  Shelton,  who  bought 
twelve  hives  at  Aspinwall.  These  dwindled 
down  to  one  before  swarming  season.  This 
one  threw  off  three  swarms,  two  of  these  were 
sold  in  the  fall,  one  at  $105,  the  other  at 
$110.  The  next  lot  were  imported  in  1855. 
But  not  until  1857  and  1858  were  there  many 
bees  brought  here.  So  that  by  1860  there 
were  several  thousand  colonies  of  bees  in  this 
State.  In  the  year  1860  Mr.  A.  J.  Biglow 
brought  from  the  apiary  of  Mr.  S.  B.  Parsons, 
of  Flushiag,  L.  I.,  113  Italian  queens,  and 
arrived  safely  iu  Sacramento  with  111  of  them. 
So  you  see  that  the  Italians  had  nearly  an 
even  start  with  the  blacks  here.  Although  it 
has  been  but  a  short  time  since  the  first  intro- 
duction of  this  noble  insect  along  this  coast, 
yet  for  several  years  past  the  woods  and  caves 
have  been  full  of  bees,  and  thousands  of  them 
have  been  taken  by  hunters  every  year.  The 
Italian  stock  is  mixed  many  wild  bees.  Not- 
withstanding this  country  is  so  well  adapted 
to  the  culture  of  the  honey  bee,  and  this  in- 
sect has  done  so  well  here,  it  has  only  been  a 
few  years  since  the  real  resource  of  the  coun- 
try, in  this  particular,  has  been  kuowu. 

At  first  bees  were  kept  on  the  valley  lands, 
where  they  do  well,  but  make  an  inferior  arti- 
cle of  honey.  But  the  honey  district  is  on 
the  western  slope  of  the  mouutains,  and  is 
comparatively  a  small  district.  There  are,  it 
is  true,  many  places  not  yet  occupied  by  api- 
arians and  many  others  that  never  will  be, 
owing  to  the  want  of  water.  My  present  lo- 
cation is  in  the  Santiago  Canyon,  30  miles  S. 
E.  of  Anaheim — my  P.  O.  The  surroundings 
are  beautiful,  and  we  have  150  colonies  of 
bees,  from  which  we  have  taken  up  to  the 
present  date  3,  COO  lbs.  of  houey.  Wo  expect 
to  take  30,000  lbs.  and  increase  to  300  colonies 
this  season. 

The  honey-producing  plants  here  are  almost 
innumerable,  as  every  plaut  and  shrub  on  the 
mouiftaius  has  a  bloom  from  which  the  bee 
gathers  honey,  some  are  in  bloom  the  year 
round. 

A  swarm  put  into  an  empty  hive  in  Novem- 
ber will  live  through  wiuter  and  probably 
swarm  in  May  next. 

The  earliest  plant  is  the  manrmatii,  wliich 
blooms  about  Christmas  and  produces  a  great 
deal  of  honey.     Then  comes  iu  the  many  va- 


rieties of  willow — some  for  pollen  and  others 
for  honey.  From  February  1st  there  are  a 
succession  of  plants  in  bloom,  giving  the  bees 
every  opportunity  for  swarming  by  the  mid- 
dle of  March.  Through  April  they  have  am- 
ple time  to  become  sti-ong  for  gathering  honey 
from  sage  and  other  varieties  of  bloom  in 
May,  June  and  July.  The  principal  plant  is 
white  sage,  which  blooms  about  the  middle  of 
May,  and  continues  in  bloom  about  seven  or 
eight  weeks,  and  from  which  the  best  quality 
of  honey  on  earth  is  produced.  The  white 
sage  grows  on  the  hottest  and  dryest  portions 
of  the  mountains,  and  produces  abundance  of 
honey  every  year,  whether  it  rains  or  not ;  the 
hotter  and  dryer  the  better.  There  has  never 
been  a  failure  known  hero  iu  the  boo  business 
owing  to  the  season. 


About  California. — W.  J.  Whitney,  of  San 
Bernardino,  California,  sends  the  same  jour- 
nal the  following  general  directions  about 
emigrating  to  this  State,  iu  answer  to  the  fol- 
lowing questions: 

Don't  think  of  shipping  bees  here  from  east 
of  the  Rocky  Mouutains,  as  it  will  be  money 
and  bees  wasted.  If  you  can  get  half  what 
the  hives  cost  there,  you  had  better  sell  them 
than  to  ship  them. 

Now  for  your  questions  in  regular  order. 

1.  What  can  good  stands  of  bees  be  bought 
for  in  your  viciuitv?  A.  From  $1  to  $1"2, 
according  to  condition,  style  of  hive,  etc.  In 
Los  Angeles,  for  $2  50  in  Harbison  hives,  the 
honey  they  make  there  not  being  saleable, 
since  San  Diego  houey  came  into  market. 

2.  There  are  two  mills  dressing,  cutting  up, 
and  ptitting  together  (if  wanted),  at  the  fol- 
lowing prices: 

Harbison's,  ready  for  putting  together, 
$1  80. 

Langstroth's,  ready  for  putting  together, 
$1  70. 

Watson's  improved  Langstroth  for  five  sec- 
tion boxes,  $1  90. 

Louth's  improved  hive  for  section  boxes,  the 
best  yet  out  for  this  country,  $1  95. 

Section  boxes  for  surplus  honey,  13  cents 
each. 

Cases,  22  each  to  hold  4  section  boxes,  can 
be  had  in  any  quantity. 

3.  Plenty  of  work  to  be  had  during  haj'ing 
and  harvest  threshing,  etc.,  at  from  $2  to  $3 
per  day  and  board.  We  can  raise  any  amount 
of  broom  corn  or  any  other  corn  you  wish  to 
plant.  I  should  think  broom  making  could 
be  made  to  pay  here  as  they  are  worth  from 
40  cents  to  $1  each,  according  to  quality. 
There  has  been  no  broom  corn  raised  here  for 
market  yet,  that  I  know  of. 

4.  We  think  fruit  raising  and  bee  culture 
our  "best  hold"  here.  We  raise  apples, plums, 
peaches,  apricots,  quinces,  figs,  almonds, wal- 
nuts, oranges,  lemons,  blackberries  and  straw- 
berries. Of  grapes,  we  can  beat  the  world.  I 
have  the  White  Muscat,  Flaming,  Tokay,  Rose 
of  Peru,  Hamburg  and  Mission,  or  native 
California  grapes.  We  also  raise  pumpkins, 
squashes,  melons  of  all  kinds,  beets,  beans, 
potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  and  in  fact,  any- 
thing which  will  grow  any  where  from  the 
Equator  to  the  Arctic  Circle. 

5.  This  country  is  good  for  men  with  much 
or  little  means. 

6.  Country  new  and  inhabitants  scattering, 
but  coming  in  pretty  fast.  I  am  twelve  miles 
from  the  coast;  from  the  postotfico  five  miles; 
have  no  school  now,  but  expect  to  have  this 
summer  in  the  new  Grangers'  hall,  which  I 
am  now  building  near  the  postoftloo. 

7.  Don't  know  of  any  improviMl  land  with 
buildings  for  sale;  unimproved  IhikI  from  $2 
to  $10  per  acre.  Government  land  for  the 
taking  up. 

8.  The  same  land  needs  irrigating  for  sum- 
mer crops,  not  for  grain  or  grass.  The  bees 
make  houey  nearly  all,  or  all,  the  year 
round. 

9.  Cost  of  clothing  about  25  percent,  above 
eastern  prices  Flour  $5  50  to  $6  50  per 
barrel.     Beef  5  to  G    cents.     Will   not  pay  to 


ship  anything  but  bedding  and  clothes. 

10.  Society  good. 

11.  Climate  healthiest  in  the  world.  No 
cholera  that  I  ever  heard  of.  Very  few  pois- 
onous reptiles.  Once  in  a  while  a  rattle  snake 
may  appear.  I  have  killed  four  or  five  in  the 
yard  since  I  have  lived  here. 

12.  Rough  lumber,  red  wood  and  pine,  at 
$26  per  thousand  feet.  Common  red  wood 
planed  on  one  side,  $28  to  $30.  Rustic,  $45. 
Matched  pine  flooring  and  ceiliug,  $35.  Sur- 
faced red  wood,  $40.  Bee  hive  lumber,  $30. 
Nails,  $5  50  per  keg  8ds.  Doors,  $2  50  to 
$4.     Windows,  $2  25  to  $6. 

13.  Hauling  can  be  done  for  $10  per  thous- 
and feet.  Climate  so  mild  that  a  very  cheap 
house  will  answer.  Never  any  snow  and  but 
little  frost.  Never  cold  enough  to  need  a  coat 
on,  except  at  night  and  when  it  rains. 

Best  Bek  Location,  etc. — R.  J.  Colbum, 
Chicago,  Ills.,  writes  as  follows: 

Seeing  inquiries  in  the  June  number  by  Mr. 
II.  B.  Rolfe,  about  California  as  a  location 
for  an  apiary,  I  would  say,  that  being  desir- 
ous of  locating  an  apiary  I  have,  myself,  been 
on  the  look  out  for  a  place  for  some  time  past, 
and  I  investigated  California  among  the  rest, 
and  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  South- 
ern California  is  probably  the  greatest  honey 
producing  couutij',  of  equal  area,  in  the 
world.  I  am  further  satisfied  that  its  distance 
from  good  markets  and  liabilities  to  the  dis- 
ease known  as  "foul  brood,"  as  well  as  from 
ravages  from  the  moth,  may  reduce  the  high 
estimate  some  people  have  of  it.  Again, there 
is  just  now  a  rush  among  the  Eastern  bee- 
keepers to  Southern  California;  so  much  so 
that  Mr.  Harbison  told  me — on  his  recent 
visit  to  the  East,  when  he  marketed  his  gi- 
gantic crop — that  where  a  few  years  ago  he 
had  no  competitors  near  him,  the)'  are  now  so 
plentiful  that  he  can  hardly  find  a  place  to 
locate  any  new  apiaries.  His  custom  being 
to  keep  say  from  one  to  two  hundred  colonies 
in  a  place,  and  as  fast  as  they  increase,  locate 
new  ones. 

In  regard  to  the  quality  of  California  honey 
it  seems  to  be  the  opinion  of  every  person  who 
has  tasted  it,  with  whom  I  have  talked,  that 
it  cannot  compare  with  our  white  clover,  ex- 
cept in  looks,  "Novice"  to  the  cbntrary  not- 
withstanding. But  its  looks  sell  it.  Again, 
I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  present  season 
will  see  a  drop  in  the  honey  market,  as  there 
probably  will  be  shipped  from  California 
three  quarters  of  a  million  pounds,  and  this 
with  glucose  so  cheap,  will  materially  reduce 
the  profits  of  bee-keeping  for  Eastern  api- 
aries.    Look  out   for  it,  brother  bee-keepers. 


Pay  as  You  Co. 


The  credit  system  is  always  attended 
with  serious  consequences,  but  it  never 
resulted  in  such  wide-spread  disaster  as 
at  the  present  threaten.  The  credit  sys- 
tem must  at  all  times  provide  in  some  way 
for  inevitable  lo.sses,  and  it  does  it  by 
compelling  the  consumer  to  pay  extrava- 
gant prices  for  everything  be  purchases 
and  lovying  the  debts  of  the  unfortunate 
and  dishonest  upon  the  thrifty  and  hon- 
est. An  unfortunate  result,  also,  of  being 
able  to  buy  on  credit  is  a  tendency  to 
purchase  much  that  we  do  not  need,  and 
more  than  we  need  of  what  is  actually 
necessary.  When  a  man  pays  for  what 
he  gets  at  the  time  he  gets  it,  tliei-o  is  lit- 
tle danger  of  his  getting  more  than  is  ab- 
solutely necessary,  and  there  is  stUl  less 
danger  of  his  getting  anything  for  which 
he  is  in  no  need. 


The  idea  of  turning  a  portion  of  the  waters 
of  the  Colorado  river  from  their  present  bed 
and  cause  them  to  run  upon  the  lands  of  the 
t'ok>rado  Desert  so  as  to  reclaim  it  from  its 
j)reseiit  waste  and  worthless  condition,  is  a 
part  of  the  jilau  of  survey  upon  which  Lieut. 
Wheeler  is  at  present  engaged. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


i^u  f,fivta 


She  flavor* 


Horses  for  Farm  Use. 


.1^. 


jisALF  the  secret  of  doing  good  work  lies 
nj''!  in  having  good  tools  to  do  it  with.  In 
jHl  like  manner  the  team  which  a  farmer 
^Z/  works  has  as  much  as  aught  else  to  do 
4^9  with  his  success  or  failure  in  farming. 
Our  modern  methods  of  farm  mauaorement 
lessen  the  use  of  horses  on  one  side  by  em- 
ploying steam  wherever  practicable;  but  they 
immensely  increase  it  ou  the  other  side  by 
substituting  horse-labor  for  that  of  men. 
Improved  mowers  and  reapers  for  securing 
the  hay  and  grain  crops;  improved  cultivators 
nearly  superseding  the  use  of  the  hoe  in  cul- 
tivated crops,  are  the  order  of  the  day.  It  is 
no  wonder  that  farmers  are  beginning  to  take 
decided  interest  in  the  horse  business — not 
always  in  trotters  for  the  race-course,  but  es- 
pecially in  good,  strong-limbed  and  fast-walk- 
ers for  the  plow,  the  cultivator,  the  rake  and 
the  reaper.  The  higher  price  farmers  have  to 
pa3'  for  hired  help  makes  it  doubly  important 
that  it  should  not  be  neutralized  either  by  in- 
ferior implements  or  teams.  With  some 
horses,  six  to  seven  acres  a  day  is  all  that  can 
be  reajjed  or  mown;  while  with  others,  twelve 
to  fifteen  acres  are  just  as  easily  accomplished. 
It  is  discouraging  to  a  farmer,  and  equally  so 
to  his  hired  man,  to  work  hard  all  day  and 
accomplish  little  through  the  inefficiency  of 
his  team.  Work  soon  gets  behind  hand,  and 
it  costs  twice  as  much,  often  more,  to  do  work 
three  weeks  too  late  as  to  do  it  at  the  proper 
time. 

What  kind  of  horses  do  farmers  want?  This 
subject  is  a  broad  one.  Most  attention  has 
been  paid  to  the  trotting  and  racing  breeds; 
but  these  evidently  are  not  the  horses  for  av- 
erage farmers.  What  they  want  is  a  horse 
strong  enough  for  any  kind  of  farm  woi-k,  of 
good  constitution,  easily  kept,  and  one  that 
will  readily  learn  a  fast  walk  for  ordinary  farm 
work.  The  old  Monroe  County  Agricultural 
Society,  now  the  Western  New  York,  did  a 
good  thing  years  ago  in  oftering  premiums  for 
fast  walking  horses.  There  is  no  excitement 
in  these  trials  of  walking  speed,  but  we  opine 
that  such  premiums  do  more  for  the  farmer 
than  wbat  Jo^h  Billings  calls  the  "purely  ag- 
ricultural boss  trot." 

In  our  judgment,  the  Percheron  horse,  or 
some  other  strain  of  the  Norman  French 
breeds,  makes  the  best  basis  for  breeding  a 
hardy,  active  and  always  healthy  farm  horse. 
In  some  sections  these  French  horses  have  at^ 
tained  considerable  popularity  under  the  name 
of  "Samsons,"  sometimes  called  "English 
Samsons,"  though  the  basis  of  the  breed  is 
rarely  English.  Their  peculiarities  are  short 
legs,  souud  feet  and  heavy  bodies  in  propor- 
tion to  their  size.  The  English  or  Scotch 
"Clydesdale"  breed  is  generally  too  large- 
bodied,  and  too  "loguey"  to  cross  on  our  na- 
tive mares.  Possibly  better  results  would  be 
secured  by  taking  Clydesdale  mares  and  breed- 
ing with  some  of  the  heavier  classes  of  Amer- 
i.au  trotters.  Theoretically,  this  should  give 
all  the  strength  and  body  required,  with  suf- 
ficient action  and  speed  for  all  practical  pur- 
poses. 

A  team  weighing  2,100  to  2,230  pounds, 
clo.sely  built  and  well  kept,  will  do  the  bulk  of 
work  on  a  hundred  acre  farm,  as  we  know  by 
experience.  If  more  team  help  is  needed  get 
S'une  more  horses  as  nearly  like  them  as  pos- 
sible rather  than  strive  to  get  horses  of  un- 
natural size  and  proportions. — Hural  Mto 
Yorker. 


Horse-Racing  at  the  State  Fairs. 

Among  the  abuses  to  which  the  State  of 
California  has  become  accustomed,  is  that 
which  devotes  large  amounts  for  the  encour- 
agement of  horse-racing  at  the  State's  annual 
Agricultural  fair.  We  have  no  objection, 
whatever,  to  any  reasonable  encouragement 
of  the  breeding  of  good  horses.      And  that 


horse-racing  is  one  of  the  ways  of  encourage- 
ment for  the  improvement  of  racing  stock, 
there  can  be  no  doubt.  But  does  the  hope  of 
\vinniug  the  stakes  materially  aid  in  the  cul- 
tivation and  breeding  of  good  stock,  such  aa 
the  great  majority  of  the  people  use,  or  have 
need  of?  We  doubt  it.  It  is  the  race-horse 
and  fast  trotter  for  which  the  stakes  are  of- 
fered, and  it  is  the  horse-jockey  for  whose 
benefit  you  and  I,  reader,  are  taxed  to  make 
up  the  stakes  which  go  into  his  pocket.  When 
the  State,  through  its  Legislature,  offers  pre- 
miums, or  racing  stakes,  it  is  simply  made  a 
party  to  the  violation  of  its  own  laws  against 
gambling;  for  horse-racing  is  just  as  much 
gambling  as  is  the  betting  at  faro,  monte  or 
any  other  gambling  game.  Call  it  what  you 
will,  it  is  gambling,  nothing  less.  So  that 
while  the  State  passes  laws  inflicting  heavy 
penalties  for  playing  games  of  chance,  which 
it  calls  gambling,  it  offers  large  sums  for  the 
encouragement  of  gambling  in  another  form, 
in  which  the  horse  is  used  instead  of  Ihe 
cards,  and  the  jockey  takes  the  place  of  the 
dealer. 

Manipulate  the  question  as  you  please, 
plead  improvement  of  stock,  and  all  the  rest 
of  the  flams  used  as  arguments,  it  amounts  to 
this:  the  State  offers  rewards  for  breaking  its 
own  laws;  it  encourages  horse-race  gambling 
at  the  expense  of  all  its  taxpayers.  The 
horse-race  calls  together  the  gamblers  particu- 
larly. It  encourages  betting,  gambling,  tur- 
bulence, a  desire  to  obtain  money  without 
having  rendered  any  consideration  for  it;  and 
the  race-course  and  the  stand  become  the 
gambling  hell  out-doors  of  the  gambling  fra- 
ternity. And  you  and  I,  aud  every  man  who 
pays  taxes,  is  assessed  that  the  horse-jockey 
may  win  our  money. 

While  the  State  does  this,  it  takes  away 
from  our  citizens  who  give  their  monej'  and 
a  portion  of  their  time  to  military  affairs,  the 
miserable  pittance  formerly  allowed  them  in 
part  liquidation  of  their  necessary  expenses 
for  Armories  aud  other  indispensable  needs. 
How  much  better  would  it  be  to  divert  the 
money  thrown  away,  and  worse  than  that,  in 
the  encouragement  of  horse-racing  aud  horse- 
gambling,  and  bestow  it  upon  our  public- 
spirited  men,  who,  m  times  of  peace  prepare 
themselves  for  war,  in  accord  with  the  advice 
of  Washington.  In  the  one  case  the  money 
put  up  for  the  jockey  to  win,  as  the  gambler 
wins  on  the  turn  of  a  card.  In  the  other  it 
would  be  given  to  men  making  themselves 
competent  to  defend  the  country  against  a 
fareign  foe,  or  domestic  violence.  Abohsh 
the  premium  on  horse-racing  bestow  it  upon 
the  military. — Alta,  June  14. 

Horned   Cattle    at  the    International 
Exhibition. 

The  Centennial  Commission  proposes  to 
adopt  a  scale  to  regulate  the  respective  num- 
bers of  each  bi-eed  of  neat  or  horned  cattle  to 
be  entered  for  competition. 

It  is  assumed  at  700  head  will  cover  all  de- 
sirable entries;  and  upon  that  basis  will  be 
calculated  the  number  of  stalls  which  will  be 
apportioned  each   breed. 

The  scale  divides  the  aggregate  number  into 
ten  parts,  and  of  these,  four-tenth  C-t-lO)  are 
assigned  to  Short-horns,  two-tenths  (2-10)  to 
Channel  Islands,  one-tenth  (1-10)  to  Devons, 
one-tenth,  (1-10)  to  Holsteins,  one-tenth 
(1-10)  to  A}Tshires,  and  one-tenth  (1-10)  to 
animals  of  other  pure  breeds. 

The  exhibition  in  each  breed  will  compre- 
hend animals  of  various  ages,  as  well  as  of 
both  sexes.  Draft  and  fat  cattle  will  be  ad- 
mitted irrespective  of  breed. 

The  exhibition  of  horned  cattle  will  open 
September  20th,  187G,  and  continue  fifteen 
days. 

It  is  desirable  that  all  persons  who  con- 
template exhibiting,  will  make  application  for 
stalls  without  delay,  and  if  necessary  at  a 
later  day    such  applications  can  be  amended. 

Inquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  Chief  of 
the  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  International  Ex- 
hibition, Philadelphia. 


|?bcicultuvc. 


The  Growth  of  Salmon. 

HISTORY  of  the  growth  of  the  salmon 
from  the  small  ova  or  eggs,  may  be  in- 
teresting in  this  place.  Each  adult 
female  salmon  lays  from  800  to  1,000 
eggs  to  every  pound  of  her  weight.  In 
their  healthy  condition,  the  eggs  are  generally 
of  a  pinky  or  amber  color,  with  opalescent 
hues,  semi-transparent,  and  exceedingly  pretty 
in  their  effect.  Sometimes,  however,  the 
eggs  are  very  pale— nearly  white  in  color; 
others,  again,  are  of  a  bright  coral  red;  but 
all  that  have  a  peculiar  transparent  iridescent 
hue  are  unmistakably  healthy  eggs.  A  t(Uigh, 
horny  membrane  is  the  "shell"  which  holds 
the  embryo  sahnon  and  preserves  it  from  in- 
jury. This  external  shell  is  exceedingly 
elastic;  an  egg  dropjMid  on  the  floor  will  re- 
bound like  an  India  rubber  ball. 

For  a  month  or  so  no  change  is  apparent 
in  the  healthy  egg,  as  it  lies  in  its  bud  of 
gravel  in  the  running  stream  where  it  has 
been  deposited  by  the  mother,  with  the  tem- 
perature or  the  water  at  about  4.5  degrees. 
The  eyes  of  the  fish  appear  in  forty  or  fifty 
days;  these  may  be  perceived  as  two  small, 
black  specks;  and  in  another  three  or  four 
days  a  faint  red  line  is  apparent,  running 
round  the  interior  of  one  side  of  the  egg,  and 
in  the  centre  a  small  red  globule  appears. 
The  "thin  red  line"  represents  the  vertebraro 
of  the  fish,  just  forming;  aud  the  red  globule 
is  a  minute  quantity  of  oil,  which  is  destined 
to  be  absorbed  by  the  fish  after  it  comes  out 
of  the  shell. 

Gradually  the  faint  indications  of  life  within 
the  semi-transparent  shell  become  more 
marked  till,  about  twenty  days  after  the  first 
appearance  of  the  eyes,  the  fish  bursts  its 
prison.  It  now  presents  a  most  ludicrous 
appearance,  with  the  lower  side  of  its  slender 
transparent  body  affixed  to  an  oval  sac  which 
it  carries  wherever  it  goes.  The  vital  organs 
of  the  fish  can  be  distinctly  seen;  the  pulsa- 
tions of  the  heart  are  easily  perceptible;  and 
the  rapid  vibrations  of  the  gills  show  that  it 
is,  for  the  first  time,  breathing  just  as  an 
adult  fish  breathes.  The  empty  "shells,"  as 
they  float  about  in  the  water,  showing  tho 
rent  by  which  the  young  fish  breaks  its  prison 
bonds,  now  appear  like  little  bits  of  an  India 
rubber  air-ball,  or  portions  of  the  white 
membrane  found  inside  the  shell  of  a  heu'a 
egg- 

The  fry  are  now  "aU  alive,"  and  as  active 
as  fish  can  be.  Some  of  them  will  be  found 
with  their  tails  turned  upward  in  an  impudent 
manner;  others  bear  their  bodies  in  a  becom- 
ingly staid  longitudinal  position;  while  others 
are  strangely  deformed.  These  unfortunates 
are  unable  to  swim  in  a  straight  line,  and  can 
only  turn  round  and  round  as  on  a  pivot  in 
one  spot,  lying  all  the  time  on  their  side,  in- 
stead of  swimming  upright,  and  falling  help- 
less to  the  bottom  as  soon  as  they  cease  their 
efforts  at  locomotion.  These  cripples  gener- 
ally die;  though  some  of  them,  no  doubt, 
arrive  at  maturity,  as  is  proved  by  the  in- 
stances— rare,  it  is  true — of  deformed  salmon, 
with  the  backbone  bent  and  crooked  in  vari- 
ous ways. 

But  the  most  curious  instances  of  mal-for- 
mation  are  the  ti.shy  "Siamese  twins."  A 
double-headed  creature  is  of  frequent  occur- 
rencs  in  a  family  of  baby  salmon,  but  these 
enormities  seldom  survive  more  than  three  or 
four  days,  though  instances  have  been  met 
with  of  a  longer  term  of  existence  being  given 
to  these  "monsters." 

For  some  time  after  birth,  the  young  fish 
do  not  seem  to  grow  very  fast;  they  are  ex- 
ceedingly active,  and,  though  burdened  with 
the  umbilical  vesicle,  they  swim  swiftly  about, 
rushing  for  a  few  seconds,  and  suddenly  fall- 
ing again  to  the  bottom  of  the  stream;  they 
are  unable  to  rest  without  touching  the  bot- 
tom. 
The  young  fry  do  not  require  any  food  for 


^^g^^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


some  time  to  come.  The  contents  of  the  s" 
they  hear  about  with  them  serves  as  food  for 
the  first  six  weelss  of  the  salmon's  life.  The 
poor  little  fish  has  no  mother  to  nui'se  it,  so 
nature  has  provided  it  with  a  commissariat  of 
its  own.  This  vesicle  or  sac  contains  an  al- 
buminous secretion  similar  to  white  of  egg, 
and  a  small  globule  of  oil,  the  whole  of  which 
is  gradually  absorbed  into  the  system.  After 
six  weeks  of  this  self-sustaining  process  have 
elapsed,  the  outer  skin  of  the  bag  appears  to 
diminish  in  size,  as  the  body  of  the  fish  in- 
creases.— C'hamher's  Journal. 


The  subject  of  pisciculture  continues  to  at- 
tract public  attention,  numerous  reports  hav- 
ing been  made  by  the  state  bodies  since  onr 
last  in  reference  to  the  subject.  Among  these 
we  may  mention  the  report  of  the  Canadian 
government  for  1874,  and  those  of  New 
Hampshire,  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and 
Connecticut.  Operations  looking  toward  the 
multiplication  of  the  fishes  of  the  United 
Btates  have  already,  been  commenced,  the 
United  States  Commissioner  having  been  en- 
gaged for  a  month  past  in  the  rivers  of  North 
Carolina,  Virginia  Maryland  and  the  District 
of  Columbia  in  hatching  shad  and  in  turning 
the  fry  into  the  waters,  as  also  in  shijipiug  a 
portion  to  localities  destitute  of  them.  The 
States  of  Maryland,  Delaware  and  New  York 
are  also  engaged  at  the  present  time  in  a  sim- 
ilar undertaking. 

Mr.  Livingston  Stone  expects  to  resume  his 
labors  in  procuring  the  eggs  of  California 
salmon  on  the  Upper  Sacramento  for  trans- 
mission to  Eastern  waters,  and  proposes  a 
scale  of  operations  looking  towards  the  ac- 
quisition of  ten  millions  of  these  eggs.  It  is 
probable  that  some  of  these  eggs  will  be  ship- 
ped to  Chili  for  the  purpose  of  determining 
whether  the  salmon  can  be  successfully  reared 
in  the  streams  of  that  country,  many  of 
which,  heading  in  tha  Andes,  discharge  their 
waters  into  the  ocean,  apparently  possessing 
all  the  necessary  conditions  to  constitute  ad- 
mir.ible  places  of  abode  for  salmon.  The 
United  States  Commission  has  already  offered 
to  deliver  a  suflicient  number  of  eggs,  pro- 
perly packed  in  San  Francisco,  provided  that 
their  further  transmission  and  subsequent 
hatching  out  are  performed  at  the  exjiense  of 
the  government  of  Chili.  The  ofi'er  will  pro- 
bably be  accepted. 

Mr.  Stone  has  also  paid  a  visit  to  the  Co- 
lumbia river  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the 
salmon  fisheries  of  that  stream,  and  to  select 
a  hatching  station,  should  any  provision  be 
subsequently  made  for  multiplying  these  fish 
artificially,  to  meet  any  anticipated  decrease 
in  consequence  of  the  extensive  scale  of  cap- 
ture adopted  on  the  Columbia  to  supply  the 
various  canning  establishments. 

An  international  exhibition  of  objects  con- 
nected with  the  fisheries  and  pisciculture  was 
held  in  Paris  in  July  of  the  present  year. 
Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  ex- 
pectation of  a  similar  exhibition  of  American 
fisheries  at  the  I'hiladelphia  Centennial,  for 
which  the  general  government  and  several  of 
the  States  are  making  spc-cial  provision. 

Measures  have  been  taken  by  the  United 
States  Commissioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries 
for  introducing  the  carp  into  the  United 
States,  by  sending  Mr.  Rudolph  Hessel,  an 
experienced  cultivator  of  this  fish,  to  Hungary 
for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  best  varieties. 
Opinions  diti'er  very  much  as  to  the  excellence 
of  the  carp  as  an  article  of  food,  although  it 
is  claimed  by  its  advocates  that  it  is  only  in 
Eastern  Europe,  and  in  localities  not  often 
visited  by  Americans,  that  the  best  races  are 
to  be  found.  In  any  event,  however,  the  fish 
is  a  desirable  addition  to  our  resources,  as  it 
ranks  with  poultry  in  point  of  domestication, 
and  can  be  cultivated  with  very  little  trouble 
in  almost  any  kind  of  water,  thriving  best  in 
those  which  are  warm,  and  thus  eminently 
adapted  to  the  Southern  United  States,  where 
trout  can  bo  reared.  As  living  largely  on  veg- 
etable food,  too,  it  becomes  unnecessary  to 
feed  it  with  moat,    or,  indeed,   to   make   any 


special  provision  for  its  nurture. 

The  American  grayling  still  continues  to  be 
a  subject  of  attention  among  pisciculturists, 
Mr.  Fred  Mather  having  recently  made  a  sec- 
ond visit  to  the  An  Sable  river,  in  Michigan, 
and  obtained  a  large  number  of  spawn  and  of 
young  fish.  The  eggs  are  now  being  hatched 
out  at  Northville,  Michigan,  and  at  Mr.  Ma- 
ther's establishment  at  Honeoye  Falls,  New 
York.  The  fish  itself  is  not  of  any  special 
economical  imi^ortance;  but  as  being  one  of 
great  beauty,  and  readily  taking  the  fly,  it 
can  be  appropriately  introduced  into  waters 
that  are  cold  enough  to  receive  it,  and  thus 
add,  at  least,  to  the  resources  of  the  angler. 
— Jho'pir's  Mwjazuie  for  Aityust. 


Transporting  Live  Fish. — TheLondon 
Field  of  a  late  date  contains  diagrams  of 
an  aijparatus  iu  use  V)y  the  German  Fish- 
eries Association  for  transporting  fish  on 
long  journeys,  which  consists  of  a  long 
cask  mounted  on  wheels,  the  motion  of 
which  works  an  ajrating  bellows,  so  that 
manual  labor  is  dispensed  with.  There 
are  iron  or  wooden  tappets  attached  to  the 
Bjiokes  by  an  open  fork,  and  secured  by  a 
cotter,  and  when  the  wheels  revolve  the 
tappets  strike  upon  and  set  iu  motion  a 
swinging  lever,  and  connecting  wire  at- 
tached to  the  lever  works  the  bellows. 
Should  it  be  desired  to  work  the  asrating 
bellows  at  a  quicker  rate,  without  in- 
creasing the  speed  of  the  vehicle,  this 
can  be  done  by  adding  to  the  number  of 
tappets.  The  bellows  can  be  worked  by 
hand  in  case  the  ajiparatus  remains  sta- 
tionary for  any  length  of  time,  and  the 
barrel  can  be  easily  removed  from  the 
frame  at  any  time.  It  ia  a  useful  contriv- 
ance. 


Irrigation  for  Lawns. 

.%?  

|j[i|HE  Boston  Journal  of  Chemistry,  in  an  ar- 
ticle on  "  Making  and  Protecting 
Lawns,"  speaking  of  the  dry  and  hot 
weather  in  New  England  the  present 
season,  says:  "  Grass  plats,  newly  laid  out,  at 
much  expense,  in  May,  are  now  nearly  ruined, 
and  lawns  look  brown  and  sombre,"  and  de- 
clares "that  in  such  a  climate  no  one  can  give 
advice  that  will  serve  to  guide  in  the  perfect 
preservation  of  lawns."  Now,  Cnhfornia  is 
a  drier  climate  on  an  average  than  New  Eng- 
land, and  right  here  in  San  Jose  we  can  show 
the  finest  lawns  in  the  world.  The  way  they 
are  kept  fresh  and  green  is  by  daily  shower- 
ing with  water  through  sprinklers  attached  to 
hose  under  strong  pressure.  Water  is  first 
raised  into  high  tanks  by  wind-mills,  or  is 
taken  from  the  city  water  jiipes.  Many  of 
the  sprinklers  are  very  ornamental  and  resem- 
ble fountains,  but  are  movable,  and  will  throw 
the  water  in  any  direction  desired.  Another 
way  is  to  lay  troughs  under  ground,  a  few 
inches  deep,  at  a  tlistanco  of  several  feet 
apart,  and  keep  filled  with  water  under  a 
pressure,  which  will  saturate  the  soil  from 
below  the  turf. 

By  irrigation  lawns  can  bo  kcjit  fresh  in 
spito  of  drouth,  and  in  no  other  way  can  it  bo 
done.  The  timo  will  come  w'heu  the  agricul- 
turists cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  will  re- 
sort to  irrigation  as  a  general  system.  Then 
they  will  have  less  failures,  and  will  vastly 
increase  the  capacity  of  their  soils,  and  thiis 
add  largely  to  the  stajilo  productions  ot  tho 
country. 


The  Love  and  Culture  op  Flowers. 
Nothing  is  so  pleasant  and  encoViraging 
as  success,  and  no  success  qiiite  so  satis- 
fying as  success  in  the  culture  of  flowers. 
It  is  a  pleasure  with  no  compensating 
pain — one  which  purities  while  it  pleases. 
We  gaze  on  tlie  beautiful  plants  and  bril- 
liant flowers  with  a  delicious  commingling 
'of  admiration  and  love.  They  are  the 
offspring  of  our  forethought,  taste  and 
care — a  new,  mysterious  and  glorious 
creation.  They  grew — truly;  but  very 
like  the  stars  and  the  rainbow.  A  few 
short  weeks  ago  the  brown,  earthy  beds 
were  bare  and  lifeless;  now  they  are  peo- 
pled with  the  fairest  and  frailest  of  earth's 
Children.  We  have  created  all  this  grace; 
moulded  the  earth,  the  sunshine  and  the 
ruin  into  forms  of  matchless  beauty,  and 
crystalized  the  dew  drops  into  gems  of 
loveliness.  There  is  no  greater  pleasure 
than  this  in  all  the  earth,  .save  that  sweet- 
est and  noblest  of  pleasures,  the  fruit  of 
good  deeds. 

There  may  be  hard-hearted,  selfish  peo- 
ple who  love  flowers,  we  suppose,  for 
there  were  bad  angels  in  heaven,  and  very 
unreliable  people  in  the  first  and  best  of 
all  gardens;  but  it  has  never  been  our  ill 
fortune  to  meet  with  one  such — and  if  by 
accident  we  should  discover  a  monstrosity 
of  this  kind,  we  would  be  more  frighten- 
ed than  we  were  a  long  time  ago  at  what 
we  thought  a  ghost  sitting  on  a  cemetery 
gate. 

To  love  flowers,  however,  becatise  of 
their  sweetness  and  beauty  and  compan- 
ionship, and  as  the  wonderful  work  of  a 
Father's  loving  hand,  is  what  we  mean 
when  we  speak  of  the  love  of  flowers. 
Many  cultivate  flowers  from  a  desire  to 
excel  their  neighbors,  or  as  an  evidence 
of  their  refinement  and  culture,  who 
know  nothing  of  the  absorbing  love  that 
causes  a  man  almost  involuntarity  to  raise 
the  hat  and  bow  the  head  in  presence  of 
so  much  heaven-lent  loveliness.  This 
love  of  flowers  ia  confined  to  no  age  or 
station;  we  see  it  in  the  prince  and  peas- 
ant; it  is  shown  by  the  aged  father,  tot- 
tering near  the  grave,  who  seems  almost 
to  adore  the  fragrant  flower  in  his  buttoa- 
hole,  and  by  the  little  ones,  who,  with 
childish  glee,  search  the  meadows  for  tho 
dandelions  of  early  spring.  The  love  of 
flowers,  we  fancy,  is  most  pure  and  ab- 
sorbing with  the  young.  The  innocent 
and  jjure  can  love  the  pure  flowers,  we 
think,  with  an  ear-nestness  and  devotion 
unknown  to  some  of  us  that  are  older. — 
Vick's  Floral  Guide. 


Kemove  the  Flowers. — The  Garden 
says:  All  lovers  of  flowers  miist  remember 
that  one  blossom  allowed  to  mature,  or 
"go  to  seed,"  injures  the  plant  more  than 
a  dozen  buds.  Cut  your  flowers,  then, 
all  of  them,  before  they  begin  to  fade. 
Adorn  your  room  with  them,  put  them  on 
your  t  ible,  send  bouquets  to  your  friends 
who  have  no  flowers,  or  exchange  favors 
with  those  who  have.  On  bushes,  not  a 
seed  should  lie  allowed  to  mature. 


Recent  scientific  investigations  appear  to 
establish  the  fact  that  guano  is  not,  as  has 
been  hitherto  believed,  the  deposits  of  myri- 
ads of  sea  birds,  aceumulaling  through  ages; 
but  is  the  result  of  an  accumulation  of  fossil 
plants  and  animals,  whose  organic  matter  has 
been  transformed  into  a  nitrogeneous  sub- 
stance. This  view  is  substantiated  by  the  fact 
that  tho  anchors  of  ships  iu  tho  mighborliood 
of  the  guano  islands  often  bring  up  guano 
from  tho  bottom  of  tho  ocean. 


It  is  better  to  be  flush  iu  tho  pocket  than  in 
the  face. 


-,,.^^3: 


-.jSb^  • 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^Ut\\  ^xmltx. 


The  Improvement  In    Our  Domestic 
Animals. 



fO  branch  of  farming   offers  a  better 
field  for  enterprise  and  careful   ex- 
penditure   of    a   small   amount     of 
'  money  than  the  improvement  of  our 
farm  stock,  by  the  introduction  of  a 
few  pure-blooded  males,  and  females  too, 
if  the  treasury  will  only  admit  of   the  ex- 
pense. 

About  five  or  six  years  ago  the  subject 
of  Short-horn  bulls  was  introduced  at 
some  of  or.r  club  meetings,  the  result  of 
which  was  the  purchase  of  one  bull  and 
two  bull  calves  from  Mr.  Pliilip  Tabb, 
who  had  at  that  time  some  very  fine  stock 
in  Howard  county,  Md.  The  next  season 
we  had  reported  the  sale  of  ten  calves, 
averaging  forty  pounds  more  than  from 
the  same  cows  by  a  scrub  bull ;  this  alone 
gave  a  gain  of  $S  each  on  the  sale  of  calves 
from  the  ten  cows — quite  a  good  interest 
on  the  first  cost  of  the  bull,  which  was 
$100.  "With  most  farmers  in  this  part  of 
the  State  the  temptation  of  selling  their 
calves  is  too  great  to  resist;  they  will  gen- 
erally sell  for  nearly  enough  at  six  weeks 
old,  to  buy  a  two-year  old  steer  or  heifer, 
at  the  stockyards  of  Baltimore  or  George- 
town—of course,  the  buying  must  be 
done  at  the  dull  time,  in  the  fall  of  the 
year.  A  few,  like  myself,  have  some  old 
fogy  notions,  and  will  raise  a  few  calves, 
and  lambs,  too,  even  if  they  are  worth 
more  at  six  weeks  than  they  will  bring  at 
one  year  old.  Several  other  parties  have 
since  bought  some  thoroughbred  bulls,  of 
the  Short-horn  and  Alderney  breeds;  from 
this  small  beginning  we  can  now  show 
more  than  two  hundred  young  half-bloods 
of  various  ages.  This  will  in  a  few  years 
add  very  much  to  the  value  of  our  old 
native  stock,  both  for  beef  and  butter- 
all  from  a  very  small  outlay  of  money  for 
the  first  purchase  of  the  thoroughbred 
males.  Very  many  of  our  small  farmers 
do  not  feel  as  if  they  could  spare  the  ne- 
cessary amount  of  money  to  make  the  first 
purchase.  For  such  I  would  recommend 
that  four  or  five  living  near  should  raise 
the  necessary  amount,  by  equal  subscrip- 
tions, which  would  make  the  first  cost 
seem  much  less,  and  all  could  derive  the 
same  benefit  as  by  individual  ownershij]. 
Or,  what  I  consider  much  the  best  plan, 
is  for  one  to  own  the  animal  and  keep  it 
at  all  times  in  the  stable  at  his  place,  so 
that  his  neighbors  will  be  sure  to  find 
him  when  needed,  and  charge  them  a 
reasonable  price  for  service — say  §1  or 
5fl  50.  At  such  a  moderate  price  all  will 
see  that  it  is  to  their  advantage  to  use  a 
thoroughbred  bull,  as  all  his  calves  will 
be  worth  much  more,  either  for  the  but- 
cher or  to  raise;  they  will  also  be  saved 
the  annoyance  of  an  unruly  bull  at  all 
times  on  the  place  (except  when  ho  has 
jumped  into  a  neighbor's  corn  field,  or 
some  other  forbidden  place).  My  own 
bull  (a  Short-horu)  is  kept  up  ail  the 
time,  or  nearly  so,  does  not  eat  a  peck  of 
grain  in  a  year,  is  in  fine,  thrifty  condi- 
tion on  fodder,  straw  and  other  coarse 
food,  with  occasionally  a  little  hay.  By 
the  above  plan  I  get  well  paid  for  my  in- 
vestment and  trouble  of  keeping  the'bull 
up,  and  my  neighbors  show  that  they  are 
satisfied,  as  "sedge  bulls"  are  a  sci>rce 
article.  I  also  have  the  satisfaction  of 
seeing  some  good  stock  at  home,  and 
something  to  take  a  few  prizes  at  the 
county  fair,  too. 
I  would    recommend    very  much  the 


same  plan  with  hogs.  One  male  will 
answer  for  several  farmers;  but  be  sure 
that  he  is  a  thoroughbred,  of  whatever 
breed  yon  decide  is  best  suited  to  your 
wants,  and  then  do  not  rest  satisfied  with 
one  pure  crop,  but  continue  to  buy  a  pure 
blood  to  cross  on  the  grade  sows,  so  that 
the  stosk  will  be  improving  all  the  time. 
— T.  J.  L.,  in  American  Farmer. 


Inflammatobt  Fever  in  Cattle. — To 
an  inquiry  from  a  correspendent  about 
this  disease  the  Tribune  replies: 

When  young  stock,  especially  calves, 
are  subjected  to  a  sudden  change  of  feed, 
and  from  comparatively  poor  or  rich  sus- 
tenance, are  put  upon  that  of  an  entirely 
difierent  character,  the  blood  is  at  once 
affected.  This  altered  condition  is  shown 
by  fever,  inflammation  of  the  mucous 
membranes,  especially  about  the  eyes  and 
the  interior  of  the  nose  and  nostrils,  and 
a  running  from  all  of  these.  This  fre- 
quently changes  to  stiffness  of  the  limbs, 
with  lameness  and  swelling.  Afterward 
death  is  usually  very  sudden.  The  com- 
l^laint  is  a  blood  disease,  known  as  quar- 
terill,  blackquarter,  inflammatory  fever, 
anthrax,  etc.  It  is  seldom  cured,  but 
may  be  prevented.  Caution  should  be 
exercised  iu  changing  feed.  Cold,  damp 
and  excessive  warmth  should  alike  lie 
avoided.  Upon  the  appearance  of  the 
first  symptom  of  disorder,  a  dose  of  salts 
(of  six  to  eight  ounces)  should  be  given, 
followed  by  half  an  ounce  of  hyposulph- 
ite of  soda,  twice  daily  for  a  few  days, 
administered  in  the  feed  or  dissolved  in 
water.  A  little  linseed  oil-cake  meal 
should  also  be  supplied  each  day.  The 
disease  may  be  communicated  by  means 
of  a  discharge  from  the  nose. 


Short-Horn  Catte. — In  an  interview 
with  Mr.  Win.  Curtis,  a  noted  Short-horn 
breeder  of  Michigan,  the  inqury  was  pro- 
pounded to  him.  Why  is  it  you  prefer 
the  Short-horu,  Mr.  Curtis,  to  any  other 
breed  of  cattle? 

Well,  sir,  he  said,  I  can  very  soon  an- 
swer that  question.  Because  thei-e  is 
more  profit  in  them;  there  is  more  of 
them,  you  can  get  more  out  of  them.  The 
calves  and  young  stock  bring  more  mon- 
ey; they  take  on  flesh  faster.  The  cows 
give  rich  milk  and  the  butter  is  rich.  I 
know  this,  for  I  have  tried  Short-horns 
for  years.  They  have  no  superior  for 
beef.  They  make  good  working  cattle. 
They  combine  more  good  qualities  than 
any  other  breed.  They  cannot  be  im- 
proved by  crossing  with  any  other  breed. 
Cross  a  Short-horn  cow  with  a  Devon  or 
Ayrshire  or  Jersey  bull,  and  you  lose  size. 
But  the  Short-horn  improves  everything 
it  touches.  It  is  the  best  known  breed 
for  improving  native  stock,  and  for  this 
purpose  alone  they  are  valuable.  They 
are  kind  and  gentle,  easily  handled,  good 
breeders  and  good  mothers,  hearty  feed- 
ers, and  I  prefer  them  to  any  other  breed. 
But  I  make  no  war  on  any  other  breed. 
They  all  have  their  good  jjoints,  but  the 
Short-horns,  iu  my  opinion,  have  the 
most  best  ]ioints. 


Keep  the  Best  Cai^ves. — It  is  a  com- 
mon jjractice  among  our  farmers  to  sell 
their  best  calves,  and  keep  the  poorest. 
This  is  not  the  true  way,  and  they  are 
reaping  the  disadvantages  from  so  short 
sighted  a  policy.  This  selling  to  the 
butchers  all  the  calves  that  fatten  the 
quickest,  and  look  the  smoothest,  is  what 
has  reduced  the  quality  of  the  etock  in 
this  country. 


Inpltjbnce  of  the  Male  in  Breeding. 
The  Kentucky  Live  Stock  Record  gives  its 
opinion  on  this  topic  as  follows: 

To  impiove  the  breed  the  question 
arises,  whether  the  male  or  female  plays 
the  greater  part  in  the  jjroposed  elevation 
of  the  herd.  If  a  breeder  wishes  to  per- 
petuate and  impress  the  goed  qualities, 
and  remove  the  defects  of  his  breed,  he 
must  exercise  the  greatest  care  in  the  se- 
lection of  the  male  and  female.  A  single 
mis  take  in  the  selection  of  a  bull  will 
stamp  qualities  on  his  herd  that  will  take 
years  to  eradicate.  We  believe  the  same 
rules  th"t  hold  good  iu  horses,  hold  with 
increased  power  in  cattle.  Although  we 
believe  the  sire  plays  the  most  important 
part,  and  has  more  influence  on  the  pro- 
duce, the  purity  and  good  qualities  of  the 
dam  are  at  least  of  equal  consideration  as 
the  sire. 

In  reference  to  breeding  horses.  Gen. 
Daumas,  a  French  officer,  addressed  him- 
self to  the  Emir  Abdel  Kader.  This  was 
his  reply:  "The  nobility  of  the  father  is 
most  important.  The  Arabs  greatly  pre- 
fer the  product  of  a  blood  horse  and  a 
common  mare,  to  that  of  a  blood  mare 
and  a  common  stallion.  They  consider 
the  mother  as  having  almost  no  influence 
upon  the  qualities  of  her  produce.  She 
is,  they  say,  a  vase  which  receives  a  de- 
posit, and  which  retains  it  without  chang- 
ing its  nature.  Nevertheless,  if  race  allies 
itself  with  race,  there  is  not  a  doubt  that 
the  produce  is  good." 

It  won't  do  to  depend  solely  on  sires  to 
improve    the    future    condition    of    our 
horses  or  cattle;  the  mares  and  cows  must 
be  good  also.     We  do  not  here  speak  of 
show  cattle,  running  and   trotting  horses 
merely,  but  taking  a  more  extendp-l  -:.   ■. 
of  the  subject,  looking   to   th 
tional  advantage  which  the  coi 
derive  from  the  improvement  c.  ...    ..      .. 

of  cattle  and  horses  for  general  iiurposes. 

It  will  be  found  in  breeding  cattle, 
horses,  sheep  or  hogs,  that  the  males  pa- 
rent chiefly  governs  the  production  of  ex- 
ternal character  and  structures,  and  very 
naturally  the  contour  and  action  of  the 
offspring,  provided  the  male  be  of  a  su- 
perior or  equally  pure  blood  with  the 
female;  if  not,  the  result  will  be  uncer- 
tain. 

From  our  observation  in  the  human 
family,  we  have  found,  as  a  general  rule, 
that  the  male  children  generally  resem- 
bled their  mother  in  the  frontal  and  in- 
tellectual processes  of  the  head,  while 
the  posterior  portions  jiartook  of  the 
father's  characteristics.  In  the  female 
child  it  is  generally  opposite,  the  upper 
and  frontal  jjiroeesses  i-esemble  the  father, 
the  posterior  the  mother.  It  is  crosi-ing 
between  animals  evidently  different  in 
symmetry,  proportions,  characteristics 
and  constitution,  that  has  led  so  many 
breeders  into  difiiculties  and  failures.  But 
that  differs  greatly  from  crossing  animals 
of  homogeneous  qualities.  The  best 
results  have  been  experienced  from  that 
practice,  when  the  object  has  been  to  in- 
fluence the  i^rogeny  of  the  female  by  the 
influence  of  a  male  of  greater  excellence. 

In  proof  that  the  male  parent  governs 
the  external  form  and  character  of  the 
produce,  we  have  only  to  look  at  the  cross 
between  the  jack  and  the  mare,  and  be- 
tween the  horse  and  jennet.  In  the  first 
case  the  produce  resembles  the  jack  most, 
in  the  latter,  the  horse. 


To  milk  a  kicking  cow  stand  off  about 
eight  feet  and  yell,  "So,  yon  darned  skin- 
flint." 


l-i.. 


mi 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Not  Eemakkablb. —  A  Massachusetts 
farmer  says:  "My  cattle  -will  follow  me 
until  I  leave  the  lot,  and  on  the  way  up 
to  the  barn-yard  in  the  evening  stop  and 
call  for  a  lock  of  hay."  Smithson  says 
there  is  nothing  at  all  remarkable  in  that. 
He  went  into  a  barn-yard  in  the  country 
one  day  last  week,  where  he  had  not  the 
slightest  acquaintance  with  the  cattle, 
and  the  old  bull  not  only  followed  him 
until  he  left  the  lot,  but  took  the  gate  off 
the  hinges,  and  raced  with  him  to  the 
house  iu  the  most  familiar  manner  possi- 
ble. Smithson  says  he  has  no  doubt  that 
the  old  fellow  would  have  called  for 
something  if  he  had  waited  a  littJe  while, 
but  he  didn't  want  to  keep  the  folks  wait- 
ing for  dinner,  so  he  hung  one  tail  of  his 
coat  and  a  piece  of  his  pants  on  the  bull's 
horns  and  went  into  the  house. 


Bunches  in  the  Backs  of  Cattle. — A 
correspondent  of  the  Maine  Fiirmer  says: 
Bunches  in  the  backs  of  cattle  are  caused 
by  thebot,  or  gad-fly,  wslrus  bovis.  They 
may  be  peevented  liy  procuring  three 
ounces  of  pure  carbolic  acid,  which  can 
be  obtained  at  any  apothecary's,  and  di- 
luting with  one  gallon  of  water;  shake 
well^and  place  in  a  jug.  keeping  it  closely 
stopped,  and  apply  daily  with  a  swab  to 
the  backs  and  sides  of  the  young  stock. 
Apply  after  the  flrstof  July,  as  it  is  about 
that  time  that  the  gad-fly  apjieara. 
*-•-»■ 

In  stock  breeding  no  real  advances  have 
ever  beeu  made  except  by  in-and-in 
breeding.  The  famous  Vermont  Merino 
sheep  were  produced  in  that  way,  and  it 
is  said  that  .all  the  successful  breeders  of 
sheep  in  Australia  have  pursued  the  same 
course,  and  with  the  best  results.  While 
those  imbued  with  the  idea  that  stock  de- 
teriorated under  close  breeding  and  have 
spent  much  money  to  prevent  it,  have  al- 
most without  exception  ruined  their 
flocks.  No  strain  can  become  fixed  ex- 
cejjt  by  close  breeding. 


"Too  Poor  to  Take  a  Paper." 

Moore,  of  the  Rural  New  Yarlier,  was 
sitting  in  his  office  one  afternoon  some 
years  ago,  when  a  farmer  friend  came  in 
and  said: 

"Mr.  Moore,  I  like  your  paper,  but 
times  are  so  hard  I  cannot  jiay  for  it." 

"  Is  that  so,  friend  Jones?  I'm  very 
sorry  to  hear  that  you  are  so  poor;  if 
you  are  so  hard  run  I  will  give  you  my 
paper." 

"  O,  no,  I  can't  take  it  as  a  gift." 

"  Well,  then,  let's  see  how  we  can  fix  it. 
You  raise  chickens,  I  believe?" 

"  Yes,  a  few;  but  they  don't  bring  any- 
thing hardly." 

"  l)on't  they  ?  Neither  does  my  paper 
cost  anything,  hardly.  Now,  I  have  a  pro- 
jjosition  to  make  to  you.  I  will  continue 
your  paper,  and  when  you  go  home  you 
may  select  from  your  lot  one  chicken 
and  call  hor  mine.  Take  good  care  of  her 
and  bring  me  the  proceeds,  whether  in 
eggs  or  chickens,  and  we  will  call  it 
square." 

"All  right,  brother  Moore,"  and  the 
fellow  chuckled  at  what  he  thought  a 
capital  bargain.  He  kei>t  the  contract 
strictly,  and  at  the  end  of  the  year  found 
that  he  h'ld  paid  about  four  prices  for  his 
jiaper.  He  often  tolls  the  joke  himself, 
and  he  never  has  had  the  face  (o  say  he 
was  too  poor  to  take  a  jiajier  since  that 
day. 


Tlio  qui'Klion  of  reveniic  must  novor  stand 
iu  the  way  of  uuudod  reform. 


How    to    Keep  Poultry. 

CORRESPONDENT,  who,  by  long 
experience  and  continued  success, 
knows  whereof  he  speaks,  sends  the 
Rural  Press  the  following  on  this 
subject: 

The  health  of  our  chickens  has  always 
been  in  accordance  with  the  house  we 
gave  them.  Roup,  pip,  and  other  dis- 
eases have  frequently  i)ut  in  an  appear- 
ance, but  by  giving  them  plenty  of  vege- 
table diet  and  sulphur,  they  soon  disap- 
peared. Were  the  houses  and  yards  are 
kept  free  from  dirt  and  filth,  there  has 
never  been  any  material  loss;  hence,  this 
is  the  most  important  consideration.  We 
make  the  houses  tight  np  to  within  three 
feet  of  the  eaves,  and  the  balance  is  slat- 
ted. Roosting  poles  are  placed  from 
three  to  four  feet  apart,  equal  distance 
from  the  ground,  so  there  will  be  no  soil- 
ing of  each  other's  feathers.  The  walls, 
outside  and  in,  are  whitewashed  twice  a 
year.  Roosting  poles  and  nest  boxes  are 
scrubbed  with  lye  frequently,  to  destroy 
insects.  If  this"  is  not  found  suflicii-nt, 
fumigation  with  sulphur  and  tobacco  is 
resorted  to,  which  is  certain  death  to  all 
lurking  insects  and  vermin. 

A  very  important  item  is  clear  water, 
and  an  abundance  of  it.  If  a  running 
stream  can  be  provided,  so  mnch  the  bet- 
ter. The  next  thing  is  to  provide  a  good 
wallowing  place,  and  for  this  there  is 
nothing  better  than  dust  gathered  uj)  in 
the  road.  Never  keep  more  than  fifty 
fowls  in  one  enclosure.  Give  an  occa- 
sional feed  of  meat.  There  is  money  iu 
the  poultry  business,  but  not  without 
labor  and  attention. 


Lice  on  Fowls. — There  are  such  a 
number  of  recipes  for  killing  lice  on  hens 
that  it  is  difficult  to  determine  which  is 
best.  We  use  only  one  thing,  and  that 
is  sulphur,  and  in  the  following  manner: 
Whenever  a  hen  takes  a  nest  for  sitting, 
fresh,  clean  hay  is  put  under  the  eggs, 
and  one  tablespoonful  of  sulphur  scat- 
tered over  it.  This  will  sift  in  among  the 
hay,  and  the  warmth  of  the  hen  will  be 
just  sufficient  to  cause  slight  fumes  to 
arise  and  kill  all  the  vermin  which  may 
be  on  the  hen  or  in  the  nest.  We  have 
practiced  this  plan  for  the  past  twelve 
years,  and  neither  a  lou.sy  cliicken  nor 
mother  has  ever  been  seen  iu  our  yard 
during  the  time  named. 

This  is  our  preventive  for  lice  on  young 
chickens'  Every  spring  we  have  our 
poultry  house  and  roosts  thoroughly 
cleaned  and  whitewashed  inside,  and  then 
Bcattej  flour  of  sulphur  in  every  crack 
and  corner  and  liberally  over  the  floor. 
Du  this  and  repeat  it  in  the  autumn,  and 
we  will  venture  to  say  that  you  will  have 
no  vermin  on  your  fowls. 

To  kill  the  lice  on  tlio  old  fowls  imme- 
diately, mix  a  little  sulphur  iu  lard  and 
grease  their  heads  with  the  compound, 
and  put  a  little  under  oa(^ll  wing. 

Sulphur  is  death  to  all  kinds  of  lice, 
and  not  at  all  injurious  to  higher  animals. 

If  scattered  i)lontifully  about  barns  and 
other  out-buildings,  it  will  destroy  many 
kinds  of  vermin  besides  hen  lice.  Wo 
have  had  no  "pip"  among  our  chickens 
since  wo  commenced  the  sulphur  treat- 
ment.— Rural  Nen^  Yorker. 


A  MoDEii  Hen  Farm.— Of  a  hen  farm 
near  Marietta,  Ga.,   the   Atlanta  Herald 


says:  Laubere  keeps  his  fowls  in  flocks  of 
fifty.  With  these  fifty  hens  are  four 
cocks.  To  each  flock  of  fifty  he  gives 
one  acre  of  grain;  i.  e.,  he  allows  them 
the  run  of  one-half  acre  this  year  and  the 
other  half  next  year,  cultivating  the  un- 
occupied half  acre  every  year.  The  farm, 
with  its  800  occupants,  occupies  sixteen 
acres.  Half  of  this  is  all  the  time  under 
cultivation,  so  that  only  eight  acres  are 
really  detracted  from  agricultural  pur- 
poses. The  farm  lies  pretty  level,  and  is 
a  beautiful  sight;  its  regular  succession  of 
fences,  its  alternation  of  cultivated  spots, 
its  scores  of  shade  and  fruit  trees,  its 
hundreds  of  crowing  cocks  and  clucking, 
matronly  hens,  make  a  picture  worth  go- 
ing to  see. 

.^^m-^ 

There  is  an  egg  on  exhibition  at  Gog- 
gings  drug  store,  opposite  the  plaza,  that 
defies  the  genus  of  the  hen  kingdom,  and 
completely  sets  at  naught  all  former  ef- 
forts of  the  genus  hen  to  ijroduce  odities 
in  their  line.  This  egg  has  a  moveal)le 
lidat  its  apex,  one-half  inch  in  diameter, 
leaving  an  opening  in  the  shell  of  the 
same  dimensions,  from  which  its  contents 
was  poured.  The  egg  itself  measures  six 
and  a  half  by  seven  and  a  half,  and  is  the 
effort  of  a   young  Black  Spanish  fowl. — 

S.  V.  Ag. 

<■> 

Brahma  vs.  Black  Spanish  Hens. — A 
correspondent  of  the  Country  GeuUmau: 
I  have  had  as  much  experience  with  Brah- 
mas  and  Spanish  as  any  other  variety, and 
I  am  confident  that  I  can  keep  twenty 
Brahmas  one  year  in  good  flesh  with  the 
same  quantity  of  food  that  is  required  for 
twenty  Spanish.  Brahma  chicks  will  at- 
tain a  weight  of  six  pounds  each  in  the 
same  length  of  time  that  a  Spanish  chick 
will  attain  four  jjounds.  I  can  get  as 
great  a  number  of  eggs  in  a  year  from 
ten  Brahmas  as  I  can   from  ten   Spanish. 


f0itmc. 


Breeding  Better  Pigs. 


5?;^ 


m 


E  are  glad  to   hav&  a  question  from 
"a  working  man,"  as  to  how,  with- 

,  ,,r,  out  going  into  new-fangled  l>reeds, 
V'/^-i  he  can  make  the  best  of  his  pig- 
^  i  styes,  because,  while  the  sneer  at 
"new-fangled  breeds"  is  a  mistake,  we 
hope  wherever  an  interest  in  such  things 
is  felt,  to  Vie  able  to  do  some  good  iu 
helping  our  readers  to  make  more  money 
out  of  what  they  keep,  without  the  great 
expense  many  of  them  are  so  afr.aid  of. 
And  much  may  be  done  by  any  working 
man  in  pig  breeding,  if  he  will  only  use 
common  sense. 

Suppose,  then,  your  present  breeding 
sow  is  in  pig — if  she  is  not,  you  will  of 
course  put  her  to  the  best  boar  you  can 
get — but  we  take  her  as  she  is,  and  her 
litter  as  it  is,  or  is  to  be  by-aud-bye.  The 
first  thing  you  have  to  do  is  to  watch  that 
litter,  esjiecially  the  females.  You  will 
find  a  ditference;  some  are  more  good-na- 
tured than  the  rest,  and  get  on  better  on 
that  account;  all  seems  to  come  kindly  to 
them.  There  will  also  be  a  difference  in 
form,  ono  cariying  more  flesh  tkan  an- 
other and  of  liner  quality — not  on  ac- 
count of  a  long,  flabby  belly,  but  because 
she  is  broad  in  the  back  and  loins,  has 
more  barrel  for  her  head  and  legs  and  so 
on.  It  is  not  rare  to  see  one  or  two  of  a 
litter  clearly  ahead  of  the  others.  Now 
this  good  humor,  tliis  ample  barrel,  tliis 
greater  quantity  of  good  pork  to  ullal, 
mark  out  such  as  your  stock  sows  for  the 


J£S, 


•>■>  r^^ 


•nafj-    j- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


future.  Do  your  best  with  them,  feed 
them  well,  anil  don't  breed  them  till  they 
are  quite  miitui'e. 

Before  that  time  comes,  find  out  who 
has  the  best  breed  in  your  neighborhood, 
not  too  unlike  your  own  in  size.  Never 
mind  the  name,  but  find  the  man  whose 
pigs  grow  fast,  and  fatten  well  and  whose 
pork  is  best  liked;  he's  the  man  we  mean. 
Having  found  him,  get  if  possible  the  use 
of  his  boar,  cither  as  a  favor  or  for  a  mod- 
erate fee,  if  yon  possibly  can.  Don't 
mind  so  much  about  the  fee;  it  will  be 
the  cheapest  outlay  you  ever  made,  for 
we  are  not  speaking  of  celebr.ated  prize- 
winning  strains  (unless  offshoots  from 
them),  but  of  good,  well-bred,  real  qual- 
ity animals  that  can  be  found  within  a 
moderate  distance,  and  for  a  very  moder- 
ate fee,  almost  anywhere.  That  one  cross 
alone  on  your  own  best  sows,  will  do  a 
world  of  good. 

But  further,  when  you  have  selected 
the  best  of  the  offspring  from  this  cross, 
use  for  them,  if  you  can,  another  boar  of 
the  same  sort.  It  is  bad  to  go  from  one 
to  another;  whereas,  by  putting  your  own 
twice  running  to  tlie  same  class  of  boar, 
from  a  good  breeder  you  get  better  and 
better;  and  in  this  way,  at  almost  no  ex- 
pense, you  will  ere  long  have  got  a  much 
better  class  of  occupants  for   your  styes. 

The  rule  is  very  simple;  study  to  find 
out  your  own  best,  and  keep  on  crossing 
them  with  the  best  you  can  get,  always 
crossing  from  the  same  sort  it  possible, 
though  it  costs  you  trouble  to  find  the 
boar  you  want.  Only  keep  on  twice  to 
this  plan,  and  you  will  find  it  pays  so 
much  better  you  will  be  sure  to  go  right 
on  of  your  own  accord.  The  only  ob- 
jection is,  it  you  keep  on  long  enough, 
you  will  find  you  have  got  before  you 
know  it  into  one  of  the  "new-fangled 
breeds."  Bat  you  won't  mind  it  by  then. 
—Live  Stock  Journal  and  Fancier's  Ga- 
zette. 

The  Berkshire  Sw^NE  Record. — We 
learn  that  the  American  Berkshire  Swine 
Association  is  meeting  with  hearty  en- 
couragement from  many  of  the  promiu- 
ent  breeders  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  among  whom  may  be  mentioned, 
as  an  indication  of  the  wide-spread  inter- 
est whioh  the  Berkshire  Swine  Record 
has  already  awakened,  Messrs.  T.  S. 
Cooper  of  Pa.,  C.  S.  Taylor  of  New  Jer- 
sey, John  Snell  Sons  of  Canada,  H.  M. 
Cryer  of  Ohio,  and  Theodore  Eads  of 
Iowa. 

These  and  many  others  have  expressed 
themselves  thoroughly  in  sympathy  with 
the  work,  and  the  very  liberal  support 
with  wliich  it  is  favored  on  every  hand, 
encouraged  the  executive  committee  to 
believe  they  will  be  able  to  close  the  1st 
valume  by  the  1st  of  August. 

Prom  a  recent  interview  with  Hon.  A. 
M.  Garland  the  Secretary  of  the  Associa- 
tion, we  learn  that  it  has  been  decided  to 
ofler  a  premium  of  $100,  for  the  best  ap- 
proved essay  on  the  history  of  the  Berk- 
shire hog.  In  order  also  to  call  forth  if 
possible,  and  to  have  permanently  on 
record  everything  of  importance  that  is 
known  regarding  the  ancestry  of  such 
animals  as  are  registered,  it  is  proposed 
to  allow  to  each  patron,  in  the  fii-st  vol- 
ume, sjjace  not  to  exceed  one  page — at 
the  mere  cost  of  printing,  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  a  complete  and  detailed  state- 
ment of  all  facts  throwing  light  upon  the 
past  history  of  his  stock. 

It  is  evident  the  Association  is  deter- 
mined to  go  to  bed-rock  for  a  foundation 
on  which  to  build.  The  structure  is  not 
to  be  erected  on  uncertain  sands.  The 
establishment  of  a  reliable  herd-book  for 


Berkshire  swine  has  long  been  desired, 
but  the  element  of  reliability  has  always 
been  deemed  of  such  vast  importance, and 
withal  so  difficult  of  attainment,  that  the 
task  of  founding  such  a  work  has  hereto- 
fore never  been  undertaken.  The  almost 
universal  response  of  encouragement  from 
far  and  from  near,  throughout  the  coun- 
try, shows  that  the  day  has  come  when 
such  a  work  cannot  longer  be  delayed. 
The  very  thorough  manner  in  which  the 
managers  of  the  present  enterprise  are 
doing  business,  and  the  excellent  plan  for 
registers  which  has  been  matured,  cannot 
fiil  to  bring  success,  and  to  please  all  re- 
liable breeders  who  want  an  authentic 
record.  The  decisive  rejection  of  spuri- 
ous pedigrees  will  make  this  already  val- 
uable and  pojiular  breed  of  swine  more 
highly  prized  than  heretofore,  and  will 
greatly  assist  farmers  and  stock-men  in 
selecting  animals  best  suited  for  the  im- 
provement of  such  stock  as  they  already 
have. — Prairie  Farmer. 


Hoo  Cholera — Enteric  Fever. — The 
period  of  incubation  is  from  seven  to 
fourteen  days,  but  is  less  in  a  hot  climate. 
Causes:  Contagion,  privation,  starvation, 
confinement,  filth,  etc. 

Symptoms:  General  ill  health,  shiver- 
ing, fever,  great  dullness,  prostrative  fe- 
ver, hides  under  litter,  lies  on  belly, 
weakness  of  hind  limbs,  and  later  of  the 
fore  limbs,  rapid,  weak  pulse,  dry  snout, 
covered  by  blood-stained  spots,  which 
also  cover  the  skin,  eyes,  etc. ,  often  a  hard 
cough,  little  or  no  appetite,  intense 
thirst,  tender  abdomen.  After  death, 
blood  staining  infiltrations  into  lungs  and 
bowels,  ulcers  on  bowels. 

Treatment:  Give  cooling,  acid  drinks, 
buttermilk,  sulphuric  acid,  etc. ;  feed  soft, 
mucilaginous  food,  such  as  oil  cake.  Ad- 
minister twenty  drops  of  perchloride  of 
iron  twice  a  day.  Blister  the  abdomen 
by  means  of  mustard  and  turpentine; 
stimulate  if  very  prostrate. 

Prevention:  Avoid  all  debilitating  con- 
ditions, poor  or  spoiled  food;  keep  ani- 
mals constantly  thriving.  Feed  charcoal 
or  ashes,  also  tar  or  carbolic  acid.  Avoid 
contact  with  disease.  Burn  infested  pig- 
peries  and  remove  to  a  new  place. — Prof. 
James  Law. 


Does  the  Use  of  Flour  Promote  Decay 
of  Teeth  ? 

BY    BPHKAIM  CUTTEE,   M.  D. 

'HERE  is  no  doubt  that  the  decay  of  teeth 
prevails  to  an  alarming  extent,  and  it  is 
very  humiliating  to  our  modern  civiUza- 
tion  to  have  it  characterized  so  gener- 
tl^  ally  by  the  occurrence  of  diseased  teeth. 
The  ;utiology  of  this  disease  is  a  great,  broad, 
and  deep  subject.  No  doubt  many  elements 
combine  together  to  cause  it;  and  the  person 
who  should  positively  announce  a  single 
agent  would  be  dismissed  as  uuworthj-  of  at- 
tention. StiU  it  is  a  matter  worth  discussing, 
and  deserving  the  attention  of  the  ablest 
minds.  To  ignore  is  not  to  arrest;  hence  we 
offer  a  few  suggestions  for  consideration. 

"The  Chemical  yews  ascribes  the  potato  rot 
to  a  deficiency  of  lime  and  magnesia  in  the 
soil.  Different  observers  state  the  percentage 
of  magnesia  in  the  ash  of  sound  tubers  at  from 
five  to  ten  per  cent. ;  in  the  diseased  tubers  an 
analysis  shows  only  3.94  per  cent.  Analysis 
of  sound  tubers  shows  over  five  per  cent,  of 
lime,  but  in  the  ash  ot  diseased  tubers  only 
1.77  per  cent,  was  found.     A  similar  observa- 


tion was  made  some  years  ago  by  Professor 
Thorpe,  with  regard  to  (hseased  and  healthy 
orange  trees;  in  the  former  there  was  a  de- 
ficiency of  lime  and  magnesia." 

According  to  these  authorities,  a  deficiency 
of  mineral  salts  in  the  vegetations  named  is 
supposed  to  be  a  sufficient  cause  for  decay. 
Now,  it  is  an  interesting  question  whether 
there  is  any  article  of  food  employed  by  man- 
kind which  is  deficient  in  mineral  matter.  If 
so,  then  it  should  be  made  known  to  every 
family  in  the  laud. 

Perhaps  there  is  no  article  of  food  more 
generally  consumed  than  flour,  that  is,  wheat 
flour.  In  the  forms  of  bread,  cakes,  and 
pastry  of  all  kinds,  it  enters  into  every  house, 
and  is  universally  used  and  regarded  as  the 
"stafl'  of  life." 

Does  flour  possess  a  requisite  amount  of 
mineral  matter? 

To  answer  this  question,  Mr.  Sharpies,  tho 
well-known  chemist,  analyzed  for  me  the 
"Peerless  Flour."  He  found  .55  per  cent,  of 
mineral  ash,  a  little  over  half  of  one  per  cent. 
He  stated  also  that  the  proportion  of  ash  in 
the  whole  grain  varied  from  1.65  to  2.30  per 
cent.  So  that  the  diminution  of  mineral 
food  varies  from  two-thirds  to  four-fifths.  In 
other  words,  by  the  use  of  flour,  mankind 
loses  from  two-thirds  to  four-fifths  of  the  ele- 
ments that  go  to  make  up  teeth  and  bony 
structures.  This  statement  deserves  to  be 
written  in  letters  of  gold  over  the  door  of 
every  bakery  and  kitchen  in  the  land. 

Flour  has  been  used  for  generations,  and  if 
we  can  rely  upon  Mr.  Sharpies'  statement, 
mankind  has  all  this  while  been  deprived  of 
the  greater  moiety  of  tho  mineral  food  that 
the  Almighty  intended  it  should  have  the  ben. 
efit  of.  Is  it  not  natural  to  expect  that  the 
bony  structures  shoiild  suffer  from  this  great 
withdrawal?  For  it  is  a  ijreat  withdrawal. 
Suppose  that  a  water  supply  pipe  should  be 
cut  off  two-thirds  to  four-fifths,  would  not  the 
supply  be  greatly  dimiuished?  Cut  off  the 
same  "quantity  of  time  from  the  hours  of  day- 
light; and  would  not  our  darkness  be  gi-eat? 
Take  away  two-thirds  to  four-fifths  of  our 
muscular  food;  would  not  a  strong  man  be- 
come very  weak?  Cut  off  air  to  the  same  ex- 
tent; woiild  we  not  lose  our  breath?  And  why 
should  the  bony  tissues  not  suffer  in  hke  man- 
ner when  their  food  is  withdrawn?  I  think 
they  do.  Perhaps  a  little  evidence  in  tho 
contrary  direction  may  throw  light  upon  this. 

A  dentist,  whose  name  is  well  known,  said 
that  he  filled  some  fourteen  cavities  in  the 
teeth  of  his  first-born  child  by  the  time  he 
was  four  years  of  age.  He  put  his  family 
upon  the  "use  of  the  whole  grains,  and  the 
next  child  had  no  retarded  dentition,  and  not 
a  decayed  tooth  up  to  the  same  age! 

The  same  gentleman  says  that  the  teeth 
which  decay  are  not  compacted  or  knit  to- 
gether with  the  firmness  of  healthy  teeth. 
There  seems  to  be  an  arrest  of  perfect  devel- 
opment. Though  what  can  be  more  natural 
than  to  expect  imperfect  development  and  de- 
cay, when  from  two-thirds  to  four-fifths  of 
the  proper  bone  food  is  habitually  withdrawn 
from  an  article  of  diet  which  is  more  largely 
used  than  any  other? 

How  common  it  is  to  see  infants  not  cut- 
ting any  teeth  at  all,  until  they  are  twice  as 
old  as  they  ought  to  be.  The  good  effect  of 
the  whole  griin  diet  is  shown  iu  Dr.  Harri-' 
man's  second  child,  above  alluded  to.  To  be 
sure,  it  is  only  one  case,  and  must  not  be 
made  too  much  of. 

Now  what  is  to  be  done  about  it?  Certain- 
ly one  man's  dicta  amount  to  but  very  little 
alone.  What  we  need  is  evidence  from  others. 
Suppose  that  every  medical  association  of 
the  country  take  up  this  matter,  have  an- 
alyses of  flour  made,  try  feeding  mothers  and 
childi-en  upon  the  whole  grains  of  wheat  meal, 
oat  meal,  corn  meal,  beans,  etc.,  and  suppose 
they  all  come  to  the  same  conclusion  as  tho 
vniteT  has  done.  Suppose  they  officially  an- 
nounce the  result.  Would  it  be  long  before 
the  general  pubhc  would  heed  the  truth,  and 
thousands  of  persons  would    rejoice  iu   tho 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


possession  of  that  priceless  treasure,  a  set  of 
perfect  teeth? 

Note:  Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  E.  H. 
Davis,  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools  in 
Wobiirn,  Mass.,  the  writer  has  been  furnished 
with  the  following  astounding  statistics,  em- 
bracing returns  from  several  of  the  largest 
primary  schools  of  Woburn,  a  fair  represen- 
tation of  the  prevalence  of  diseased  teeth 
among  children: 

With  Sound 
No.  Scholars.      Teeih.     Decayed. 

Lawrence  Primary ll;i  14  Iw) 

Plymjiton  St.  Primary.  9-4  27  (i7 

Hikland  St.  Primary...  71  26  46 


"What  Smoking  Does  fob  the  Boys. — A 
certain  doctor,  struck  with  the  large  number 
of  boys  under  fifteen  years  of  ago  whom  he 
observed  smoking,  was  led  to  inquire  into  the 
effect  the  habit  had  upon  the  general  health. 
He  took  for  his  purpose  thirty-eight  boys,  age 
from  nine  to  fifteen,  and  carefully  examined 
them.  In  twenty  seven  of  them  he  discov- 
ered injurious  traces  of  the  habit.  lu  twenty 
two  there  were  various  disorders  of  the  circu- 
lation and  digestion,  palpitation  of  the  heart, 
and  a  more  or  less  marked  taste  for  strong 
drink.  In  twelve  there  was  frequent  bleeding 
of  the  nose,  ten  had  disturbed  sleep,  twelve 
had  slight  ulceration  of  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  mouth,  which  disappeared  on  ceasing 
from  the  u.se  of  tobacco  for  some  days.  The 
doctor  treated  them  all  for  weakness,  but  with 
little  efl'ect  until  the  sinoking  was  discontin- 
ued, when  health  and  strength  was  soon  re- 
stored. These  facts  are  given  on  the  author- 
ity of  the  UrUish  Mnlical  Joariml. 


SpECT.iCLBs  become  necessary  when  you 
first  notice  yourself  going  to  the  window  in- 
stinctively for  a  better  light,  or  when  your 
eye  gets  tired  by  looking  at  any  small  thing 
near  at  hand,  or  a  dimness  or  patering  is 
manifestad,  so  as  to  cause  indistinctness. 
First  purchase  No.  20,  and  as  you  observe  the 
symptoms  above  named,  get  No.  18,  and  so 
on.  Glasses  should  be  near  enough  to  the 
eye  almost  to  touch  the  lashes;  they  should 
be  washed  every  morning  in  cold  water,  and 
carried  in  a  pocket  by  themselves.  Brazilian 
])ebble  makes  the  best  lenses.  Avoid  reading 
before  sunrise  and  after  sunset.  Read  as  lit- 
tle as  possible  before  breakfast  or  by  artificial 
light;  do  not  sew  on  dark  material  at  night, 
and  use  no  other  eye-wash  than  pure,  tepid, 
soft  water.  Babies'  eyes  are  often  injured  by 
allowing  the  glaring  sunlight  to  fall  upon 
them. 


Coke  for  a  Felon. — As  soon  as  discoversd, 
take  some  spirits  of  turpentine  in  a  cup,  dip 
the  finger  in  it,  and  then  hold  the  hand  near 
a  hut  fire  till  dry;  then  dip  it  iu  again,  and 
repeat  for  fifteen  minutes,  or  till  the  paiu 
ceases.  The  next  day,  with  a  sharp  knife, 
pare  off  the  skin,  and  you  will  find  something 
like  a  honey  comb  filled  with  clear  water, 
open  the  cell  and  the  felon  is  gone.  If  the 
felon  is  too  far  gone  for  turpentine,  oil  of 
origanum,  treated  in  the  same  way  will  cure. 
If  too  far  ailvanced  for  either  to  cure,  the 
felon  will  be  benefitted,  as  it  wiU.  be  less  pain- 
ful.    Never  draw  it. 


Burns  and  Freezes. — Whatever  is  good  for 
one  is  just  as  good  for  the  other.  Cold  water 
or  snow  will  remove  the  first  fire  or  cold,  then 
essence  of  peppermint,  or  a  strong  solution  of 
alum  water  will  h.arden  the  skin  and  draw  out 
the  pain.  Great  care  should  be  taken  witli 
bui'ns  or  freezes,  not  to  break  or  rack  U|i  tlie 
skin;  and  never  put  on  drawing  poultices,  it 
makes  a  big  sore.  A  cloth  with  a  little  mut- 
ton tallow  or  some  soft  oil  spread  upon  it, 
will  keep  out  the  ail-  and  heal  it  where  the 
skin  is  lorn  up. 


Abstinence  from  low  pleasures  is  the  only 
means  of  meriting  or  of  obtaining  the  higher. 
Kindness  in  ourselves  is  the  honey  that  bUnds 
the  sting  of  unkiudness  in  others. 


'What 


Shall      We      Do 
Daughters  ?'" 


With     Our 


RS.  LIVERMORE  has  made  this  query 
the  text  of  one  of  her  fine  lectures.  It 
is  certainly  an  important  problem,  but 
the  Davenport  Democrat  thus  sums  up 
some  sensible  lessons  which  should  early  be 
impressed  upon  them : 

Teach  them  self-reliance. 

Teach  them  to  make  bread. 

Teach  them  to  make  shirts. 

Teach  them  to  foot  up  store  bills. 

Teach  them  not  to  wear  false  hair. 

Teach  them  to  wear  thick,  warm  shoes. 

Bring  them  up  iu  the  way   they  should  go. 

Teach  them  how  to  wash  and  iron  clothes. 

Teach  them  how  to  make  their  own  dresses. 

Teach  them  how  to  cook  a  good  meal  of 
victuals. 

Teach  thgm  that  a  dollar  is  only  a  hundred 
cents. 

Teach  them  how  to  darn  stockings  and  sew 
on  buttons. 

Teach  them  everyday,  dry,  hard,  practical 
common  sense. 

Teach  them  to  say  No,  and  mean  it;  or  Yes, 
and  stick  to  it. 

Teach  them  to  wear  calico  dresses  and  do  it 
like  queens. 

Give  them  a  good,  substantial,  common 
school  education. 

Teach  them  that  a  good,  rosy  romp  is  worth 
fifty  consumptives. 

Teach  them  to  regard  the  morals  and  not 
the  money  of  their  beaux. 

Teach  them  all  the  mysteries  of  the  kitchen, 
the  dining-room,  and  the  parlor. 

Teach  them  that  the  more  one  lives  within 
his  income  the  more  he  will  save. 

Teach  them  to  have  nothing  to  do  with  in- 
temperate and  dissolute  young  men. 

Teach  them  that  the  farther  one  lives  be- 
yond his  income  the  nearer  he  gets  to  the 
poor-house. 

Rely  upon  it  that  upon  your  teaching  de- 
pends in  a  great  measure  the  weal  or  woe  of 
their  after  life. 

Teach  them  the  accomplishments,  music, 
painting,  drawing,  if  you  have  time  and  mon- 
ey to  do  it  with. 

Teach  them  that  a  good,  steady  mechanic, 
without  a  cent,  is  worth  a  dozen  oil-patent 
loafers  in  broad-cloth. 

Teach  them  that  God  made  them  in  His 
own  image,  and  no  amount  of  tight  lacing 
will  imjjrove  the  model. 

<  ■  > • 

Begin  Right. 

It  matters  little  -what  tbo  employment 
is  upon  wliich  you  are  aliont  to  enter, 
whether  we  go  into  the  offie,  the  workshop 
or  upon  the  farm,  it  will  be  well  f(jr  us  to 
remember  that  as  we  commence  the  work 
to  be  accomplished,  so  will  we  l)e  likely 
to  carry  it  through  to  the  end.  The  liook- 
keeper  who  goes  into  the  office  to  work 
for  a  year,  and  allows  himself  to  bo  care- 
less and  his  accounts  to  become  confused, 
will  never  recover.  At  the  end  of  the 
year,  when  customei-s  come  in  to  settle 
and  compare  accounts,  the  negligent  ac- 
countant will  learn  that  many  little  items 
left  over  just  for  the  present  were  never 
recorded,  and  the  dissatisfaction  arising 
from  sncli  negligence  is  likely  to  cost  liiin 
his  position  in  the  otlico,  which  must  ho 
iillc'd  by  a  man  who  h.as  learned  to  per- 
form tlie  work  assigned  him  carefully  and 
promptly. 

Upon  a  farm,  most  especially,  the  -work 
is  varied,  and  tlie  time  at  which  many  of 
tlio  tasks  should  be  performed  so  arbi- 
trary that,  if  wo  court  success  at  all,  wo 
must  learn  to  do  everything   at  the  right 


time.     This  cannot  be   done  if  we  go  on 
in  a  sort  of  haphazard  way,    making  no 
plans  to-day  for   the  work  of  to-morrow, 
but  we  must   have  our   course   carefully 
mapped  out.     There  are  farmers  all  over 
the  country  who  cannot  to  tell  where  they 
will  plow — what  or  where  they  will  plant 
or  sow.     They  only   know  that  they  will 
turn  over  a  piece  of  sod  somewhere    for 
corn,  put  in  a  little  patch  of  potatoes  some 
other  place,  and  sow   a   few  oats  if   they 
conclude  where  to  put  them.     Is  it  any 
wonder  that  such  men    are   always  in  a 
hurry,  always  behind   with    their   work, 
always  put  their  crops  in  late,  complain 
that  \t  is  a  backward  season  and  that  their 
corn  was  cut  by  the   frost   before  it   was 
ripe,  and  that   their  potatoes   are  rotting 
for  want  of  time  to  dig  them?     Are  there 
not  good  and  sufficient   reasons  why  the 
wind  throws  down  their  unstaked  fences, 
that  their  stock  is  unruly  and  always  do- 
ing damage,  that  their  oi-chai-d3  bear  none 
but  unmarketable  fruit,   that  their  mea- 
dows   yield   nothing   but  wild  grass  for 
want  of  draining,    and   that   the  roofs  of 
farm  buildings  are  always  leaking?     Is  it 
a   problem  difficult  to    solve    why   their 
mowing  machines  are  continually  break- 
ing down,  their  harness   giving  out,  and 
cattle,  sheep  and  horses  dying  of  disease? 
It  is  all  because  this  class  of  farmers  al- 
low their  work  to  drive  them.     They  lay 
no  plans,  and   do  everytliing  a   little  too 
late.     They  are  forever  "dragging  the  cat 
by  the  tail."     Such  men  ought  to  be  com- 
pelled to  work  for  a  year  or  two  nnder  a 
careful,  methodical  farmer,  and    made  to 
know  what  it  is  to  accomplish  a  great  deal 
and  to  do  it  easy   and  -well.     As  an  illus- 
tration of  the  success  (or   failure  rather) 
of  those   men  who  are   negligent   in  the 
important  details   of    farm    work,  I  will 
mention  one  instance -which  has  just  been 
brought  to  my  notice.     A  farmer  residing 
in  a  county  adjoining  that  in  which  I  live, 
having  read  one  of  my  letters  concerning 
root  crops,  determined  to   follow  the  ad- 
viea  given,  and  put  in  one  acre  of  carrots. 
After  having  drilled  in   the  seed    he   left 
the  crop  to  itself  until  the  weeds  had  be- 
come so  thick  that   he  could  not  find  the 
little  plants  upon  which   he  had,  at  their 
first  appearance,  built  visionary  supplies 
of  yellow  roots.     But  not  completely  dis- 
couraged by  the  first   failure,  he  plowed 
the  ground  again  and  put  in  turnips.  But 
negligence  again  stepped    in  and  robbed 
him  of  the  reward  of  his   labors.     Weeds 
were  again  allowed  to  get   the  advantage, 
and  as  a  last   resort  he  sowed  Hungarian 
grass,  wliich,  being  put  in  late,  -was  killed 
by  the   drouth,  and  thus   ended  his  first 
cx))erienco  in  raising  root  crops.     Had  ho 
laid  his  plans  the  year  before,  and  plowed 
and    harrowed   the  ground    for  roots  re- 
peatedly, making  the  weeds  grow  and  then 
killing  tliem,  he  would  have  been  able  to 
report  a  far  different  result.— C  T.  Leon- 
ard, Ohio  Farmer. 

Science  on  the  Farm. 

What  has  science  to  do  with  farming? 
Probably  nothing,  probably  much.  With 
what  <lo'es  he  deal?  Soils,  grasses,  vegetables, 
cereals,  life,  animal  and  vegetable,  manures, 
etc.  What  do  these  require?  lutcUigcnco,  a 
kiiowlc'dgo  of  their  merits,  their  condilions, 
adaptabilities,  the  laws  which  govern  them, 
and  their  constituent  elements.  As  science 
is  only  knowledge  reduced  to  practice,  is  it 
not  required  on  the  farm?  The  structure  of 
])lants  is  in  itself  a  beautitul  and  useful  study, 
and  one  that  should  bo  well  understood  by 
each  person  who  deals  with  them,  and  their 
constituent  elements  and  the  food  necessary 
for  their  growth  and  highest  perfection.  In 
order  to  obtain  the  best  results  from  laud  it  is 


— "^^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


a  requisite  that  we  know  what'it  will  produce 
iu  the  greatest  quantity  and  i^erfectiou  at  the 
least  cost.  Some  lands  are  best  adapted  to 
grazing,  others  require  to  be  tilled  and  plant- 
ed; hence,  a  knowledge  of  soils  becomes  ne- 
cessary. The  different  fegetables  require 
different  foods,  different  climates  and  differ- 
ent soils;  they  feed  on  different  elements,  and 
what  will  make  one  species  thrifty  will  not 
bring  another  to  perfection,  and  these  differ- 
ences must  be  considered  and  met  in  order  to 
insure  success.  Animals,  in  order  to  be  bred 
properly,  must  be  watched  and  cared  for  in 
accord  with  the  laws  of  their  nature,  and 
those  laws  must  be  known  and  understoou,  to 
be  successful.  No  ignorant  man  or  quack 
can  successfully  handle  the  iirinciples  of  life 
and  being.  If  we  wish  to  apply  manure  we 
must  know  when,  how,  at  what  time  and 
place,  ana  its  constituents.  Of  course,  most 
plants  will  derive  some  good  from  any  man- 
ure, but  to  apply  it  successfully,  that  is,  un- 
derstandingly,  insures  against  waste.  What 
can  we  cultivate  with  most  profit  to  ourselves, 
is  the  great  question,  and  the  other  is  like  it, 
How  can  we  cultivate  most  economically? 

There  are  those  who  shudder  at  the  word 
science,  as  they  suppose  it  means  technicali- 
ties and  a  list  of  terms,  but  it  is  not  so.  Ob- 
servation, reading  and  experimenting  can 
make  a  man  practically  scientific,  even  if  he 
disowns  the  name,  and  it  is  this  science  I 
would  jDlead.  Go  into  the  world  with  eyes 
and  ears  open,  and  senses  awake.  Study  to 
learn  and  learn  to  excel.  All  knowledge  of 
material  things  aids  the  farmer.  Many  will 
not  inquire  for  fear  they  may  be  misled,  but 
good  common  sense  is  the  stomach  to  digest 
all  information,  and  it  is  not  a  requisite  of 
success  to  swallow  all  that  conies  within  reach 
like  an  unfledged  robin.  Reason  must  be 
brought  ta  bear  on  the  laborers  of  the  farm  as 
■well  as  on  any  other  calling  of  life.  Prize  all 
things,  but  learn  to  do  what  you  try  in  a 
methodical  and  intelligent  manner. — F.  G. 
McCaidey. 


Facts  From    Farmers  Wanted. 

The  importance  of  having  practical  writers 
for  an  agricultural  paper,  men  who  write  from 
experience  and  not  mere  theories,  cannot  be 
over-estimated.  In  the  struggle  which  usu- 
ally attends  the  farmer's  life,  he  too  often 
forgets  the  great  good  he  could  confer  by 
commtmicating  more  or  less  of  his  experience, 
including  many  j'ears  of  close  observation,  to 
the  columns  of  the  leading  agricultural  jour- 
nals jiubUshed  in  the  section  of  country  in 
which  he  resides.  This  woiild  be  much  more 
satisfactory  to  all  concerned,  than  to  be  con- 
stantly complaining  that  the  writers  for  agri- 
cultural papers  are  not,  as  a  general  thing, 
practical  farmers. 

Such  men  forget  that  our  present  knowledge 
is  the  sum  of  our  own  experience  and  the  re- 
corded facts  based  on  the  experience  of  others. 
They  forget  that  it  is  to  the  thinking  men  as 
well  as  the  working  men,  that  wo  are,  in  the 
main,  under  obligations  for  the  progress  of 
agriculture.  It  is  not  only  to  jiractical  farm- 
ers, but  to  men  of  scientific  attainments,  as 
Liebig,  Johnston  and  others,  that  progres- 
sive farmers  are  under  lasting  obligations. 

It  will  not  do  to  set  up  the  claim  that  suc- 
cess depends  upon  brute  force  alone,  or  that 
no  agricultural  paper  possesses  a  cost  value  in 
timely  hints  or  as  a  record  of  experiments, 
because,  forsooth,  its  pages  are  not  wholly 
made  up  of  the  writings  of  successful  farmers, 
who  are  so  engrossed  with  their  duties  on  the 
farm  that  they  never  take  the  time  to  express 
their  view  on  paper. 

^Ve  are  prepared  to  admit  that  every  farmer 
must  be  governed  more  or  less  by  the  results 
of  his  own  experience,  or,  iu  other  words,  he 
must  be  a  law  unto  himself;  yet  it  does  not 
follow  that  he  can  derive  no  benefit  from  the 
experience  of  others  whose  farms  are  unlike 
that  of  his  own  in  many  respects. 


Subscribe  for  the  Agbiottltueist. 


The  Best  EnncATiON. — Edward  Evcrett,the 
gifted  orator,  never  spoke  more  truthfully 
than  when  uttering  the  following  words:  "To 
read  the  English  language  well,  to  write  with 
dispatch  a  neat,  legible  hand,  and  to  lie  mas- 
ter of  the  first  four  rules  of  arithmetic,  so  as 
to  dispose  of  at  once,  with  accuracy,  every 
question  that  comes  up  in  practice — I  call  this 
a  good  education.  And  if  you  add  the  ability 
to  write  jiure  grammatical  English,  I  regard 
it  as  an  excellent  education.  These  are  the 
tools.  You  can  do  much  with  them,  but  you 
are  helpless  without  them.  They  are  the 
foundatii.>n ;  and  unless  you  begin  with  these, 
all  your  flashy  attainments,  a  little  geology, 
and  all  other  ologies  and  osophies,  are  osten- 
tatious nibbish." 

It  is  too  generally  the  custom  among  the 
schools  of  to-day  to  neglect  these  so-called 
"common  branches."  They  omit  the  foun- 
dation, and  build  up  a  vast  and  imposing 
structure  of  showy  accomplishments.  No 
sooner  does  a  pupil  of  one  of  these  schools 
attempt  to  enter  upon  the  busy  scenes  of  life, 
than  he  finds  this  "castle  iu  the  air,"  built  at 
so  great  a  cost  of  time  and  money  come  tiun- 
bling  down  about  his  ears. 

It  is  in  part  to  the  business  college  that  we 
must  look  for  a  remedy  for  this  state  of  affairs. 
These  schools,  when  properly  conducted,  lay 
the  foundation  firmly  by  imparting  thorough 
instruction  in  all  the  more  useful  branches  of 
an  English  education.  Then  the  structuri* 
built  thereon  in  not  merely  ornamental — it  is 
massive,  and  it  has  a  look  about  it  of  com- 
mercial utility,  suggesting  the  'scenes  of  a 
busy  and  useful  life  iu  the  arena  of  business. 
The  lessons  there  imparted  have  special  ref- 
erence to  the  practical  affairs  of  life.  They 
teach  the  pupil  how  to  make  himself  useful  in 
any  capacity,  and  how  to  earn  his  Uving  hon- 
orably. The}'  imjjart  to  him  confidence  iu 
his  own  abilities,  through  use  of  them  while 
at  school,  and  furnish  him  with  the  tools  with 
which  he  must  work  out  his  success  in  his 
after  carees.  These  institutions  have  been  of 
great  assistance  to  the  aspiring  young  men  of 
our  country,  and  hence  their  remarkable  pop- 
ularity. 


Tropical  Plants  for  Ornamental  Pur- 
poses, etc. 

Among  the  great  variety,  I  ■would  men- 
tion some  of  the  palm  family,  and  first, 
the  corypha  Australia,  or  in  common  par- 
lance, the  Australian  cabbage  palm;  the 
Cycas  revoluta,  or  sago  palm;  the  foliage 
is  most  graceful.  Isaboea  spectabilis 
produces  a  sweet  syrup  called  palm-honey 
used  for  domestic  jmrposes.  Tlie  nuts 
are  used  by  confectioners,  and  by  the 
boys  as  marbles.  The  leaves  are  employed 
for  thatching  roofs,  etc.,  ■whilst  the  trunk, 
which  is  hollow  and  very  hard,  is  con- 
verted into  an  excellent  ■water  pipe  for 
the  purposes  of  irrigation,  etc. 

But  the  most  available  tree  for  orna- 
ment and  use,  with  -which  I  am  familiar, 
is  the  celebrated  Bahia,  or  Naval  Orange, 
the  king  of  oranges,  witliout  pulp  or 
seeds,  smooth  and  thin-skinned,  the  flavor 
most  delicious.  And  last,  but  not  least, 
is  the  Passaflora  or  Granedellis,  the  Gar- 
abalda  and  Chinese  Peach,  the  former  of 
which  is  not  only  graceful  as  an  ornament 
but  produces  abundance  of  fruit  every 
month  in  the  year — iu  this  respect  like 
the  Naval  Orange.  The  smaller  variety 
is  the  best  fruiter,  and  resembles  straw- 
befties  and  cream.  It  also  forms  a  de- 
lightful shade  for  balconies,  verandahs, 
or  out-houses,  etc.,  being  one  of  the  great- 
est runners,  and  will  make  its  way  over 
the  house  top,  if  allowed  so  to  do. —  Win. 
Hohbs,  in  Los  Angeles  E.npi-ess, 


Several  fruit-dealers  iu  Portland,  Me.,  are 
sending  apples  to  Europe,  receiving  twelve 
dollars  a  barrel. 


gcruodtdd  ^CiTiling* 


Love  Lightens  Labor. 


§GOOD  wife  rose  from  ber  bed  one  mom. 
And  thou(,'bt,  with  a  nervous  dread, 
Of  the  pile  ol  clothes  to  lie  wsshed,  and  more 
Thau  a  dozen  iiiouthti  to  bt!  fed. 
'  There  were  mealB  to    yet   for   the   men  in   the 
riJ-c^  fields, 

<*  CJ         And  the  children  to  fix  away 
To  school,  and  the  milk  to  bo  skimmed  and  chumed; 
And  all  to  be  done  that  day. 

It  had  rained  in  the  nif^ht,  and  all  the  wood 

■\Vaa  wet  as  wet  could  be: 
There  were  puddings  and  pies  to  bake,  besides 

A  loaf  of  cake  f<jr  tea. 
And  the  day  was  hot,  and  ber  aching  head 

Throbbed  wearily  asmie  said, 
*'If  UiaiudeuH  knew  what  i;o<k1  wives  know. 

They  would  be  iu  no  haste  to  wed." 

*'Jennie,  what  do  you  think  I  told  Ben  Brown?" 

Called  the  farmer  from  the  well; 
And  a  Hush  crept  up  to  bis  bronzed  brow. 

And  his  eyes  half  bashflUly  fell. 
"It  was  tills,"  he  said,  and  coming  near, 

He  smiled — and  stoopin;^  down, 
Kissed  her  cheek—"  'twuB  this:  that  you   Wel©  the  best 

And  the  dearest  wife  iu  town." 

The  farmer  went  to  the  field  and  the  wifo 

In  a  smiiing  absent  way. 
Sang  snatches  of  tender  little  songs 

She'd  not  sung  for  many  a  day. 
And  the  pain  in  her  head  was  gone,  and  the  clothes 

Wi-rn  white  as  the  fuaiu  of  the  sea: 
Her  bread  was  light  and  the  butter  was  sweet, 

Aud  as  golden  as  it  could  be. 

"Just  think,"  the  children  all  cried  in  a  breath, 

"Tom  Wood  has  run  off  to  the  seal 
He  wouldn't,  I  know,  if  he  only  had 

As  happy  a  home  as  we." 
The  night  came  down  and  the  good  wifo  smiled 

To  herself  us  she  softly  said 
"  'Tis  so  sweet  to  labor  for  those  wo  love. 

It's  not  strange  that  maidens  will  wed," 


Letter  From  Nell  Van. 

My  dear  "Snip,"  your  "FamiUar  Talks"  iu 
the  July  number  of  the  AGBictjLTnKisT  sounds 
much  too  sensible  and  practical  for  one  bear- 
ing so  flippant  a  cognomen;  still,  we  ■n-ill  not 
quarrel  about  that,  since  a  rose  by  any  other 
name  is  as  sweet.  I  have  been  reminded  that 
the  name  I  bear  (which  answers  my  purpose 
well  enough)  is  too  undignified  for  the  mat- 
ronly advice  offered  so  quaintly  at  various 
times  to  the  readers  of  this  charming  Uttle 
household  journal. 

Your  useful  suggestions  are  doubtless  be- 
ing put  in  practice  all  over  the  State  by  many 
a  young  house-keeper,  and  thoughtless  old 
one,  who,  like  myself,  feel  glad  of  any  im- 
provements in  the  kitchen  department. 

As  an  interchange  of  thought  is  often  de- 
sirable, and  as  we  may  never  meet  and  become 
acquainted  other  than  through  these  columns, 
I  will  offer  a  few  of  my  own  house-keeping 
experiments. 

Carpets  will  wear  and  preserve  their  beauty 
twice  as  long  if,  when  beginning  to  show 
signs  of  wear,  they  be  ripped  apart  in  the 
center  and  the  two  outer  seams  sewed  to- 
gether. 

Stair  carpets  should  be  taken  up  as  often  as 
once  in  two  months,  shaken,  and  sUpped  so 
that  the  edge  of  the  stair  comes  in  a  new 
place.  To  do  this,  it  is  necessary  to  buy  the 
carpet  a  yard  or  so  longer  than  needs,  and  the 
difference  in  the  wear  of  the  carpet  wiU  more 
than  compensate  for  the  extra  expense. 

Many  good  house-keepers  always  put  straw 
underneath  their  three-phes  and  ingrains,  but 
I  find  thick  paper,  or  several  thicknesses  of 
newspaper,  quite  as  good,  and  always  use  it 
under  all  my  carpets  for  it  keeps  out  cold  and 
dampness. 

To  clean  paint,  put  a  tenspoonful  of  am- 
monia info  a  quart  or  more  of  blood-warm 
■water,  and  the    finger  marks  and  fly  specks 


187 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


will  vanish  as  if  by  magic  if  api^Ued  with  the 
softest  cloth. 

Those  troubled  with  ants  in  their  pantries 
may  rid  themselves  of  the  torments  bj-  get- 
tin;:;  a  dime's  worth  of  corrosive  sublimate 
and  put  in  a  common  spice  bottle  with  alco- 
hol to  dissolve  it,  and  fill  the  cracks  along  the 
wall  of  each  shelf,  and  wherever  the  vermin 
may  gain  a  foothold.  It  saves  the  necessity 
of  plates  of  water  for  sugar-bowl  and  such 
things  and  only  needs  renewing  once  a  year. 

Santa  Cbuz,  July,  1875. 


Taking  It  Coolly. 


Mrs.  Kate  Hnnnibee  says:  One  of  the 
most  disagreeable  companions  on  a  hot 
summer's  day  is  a  hot  stove,  and  yet  how 
many  women  who  i-ead  the  article  feel 
compelled  to  spend  many  hour.s  out  of 
every  twenty-four  with  this  black,  fiery 
kitchen  partner.  Is  there  no  escape  ? 
Suppose  the  kitchen  door  ojiens  on  an 
anii>le  porch,  witli  a  roof  over  it,  and  a 
honeysuckle  in  front  of  it,  or  a  grape- 
vine, or  a  hop-vine,  or  morning-glories, 
or  flowering  beans  clamberiug.up  a  trellis 
and  shutting  out  the  ardent  rays  of  the 
Buu.  What  a  nice  place  that  would  be 
for  carrying  on  the  various  activities  of  a 
Bummer's  morning.  One  could  wash 
there,  spread  the  ironing  table  beneath 
the  growing  grapes,  set  the  dinner  table 
there,  shell  peas,  stone  cherries,  and  do  a 
thousand  other  things  in  the  open  air 
■while  keeping  an  eye  on  all  that  goes  on 
in  the  kitchen.  If  there  is  but  a  step 
from  the  house  to  the  ground,  two  or 
three  larger  trees  justat  the  door  are  bet- 
ter even  than  a  porch.  We  lived  in  such 
a  kitchen  once,  and  spent  all  the  pleasant 
summer  days  in  the  open  air.  The  cradle 
had  a  little  awning  over  it,  there  was  no 
clatter  of  shoes  on  the  grassy  sod  beneath 
no  slops  on  the  floor,  no  furnace  heats, 
nothing  but  rural  peace   and  quiet  shade. 

It  does  not  occur  to  a  great  many 
women  that  there  is  any  better  or  easier 
way  of  doing  than  the  one  to  which  they 
have  become  accustomed.  The  tendency 
of  housework  is  to  settle  into  a  fixed  rou- 
tine and  wear  deep  ruts,  to  go  out  of 
which  is  no  easy  matter.  But  it  is  not  a 
bad  plan  to  start  inquiries  in  every  de- 
partment of  domestic  industry,  and  try 
experiments  until  one  finds  out  the  easi- 
est way  of  accomplishing  the  matter  in 
band.  In  the  winter,  of  course,  the 
nearer  the  ironing  and  baking  table  is  to 
the  stove  the  fewer  steps  will  be  required, 
but  this  is  not  the  first  consideration  in 
Summer,  and  if  one  will  have  a  high 
chair  to  sit  in  while  ironing  or  baking  on 
a  low  table,  the  distance  from  the  stove 
■will  not  amount  to  much.  Beside,  chil- 
dren of  five  and  six  years  old  can  be 
taught  to  take  steps. 

Tliere  is  another  matter  not  very  well 
wnderstood  by  American  cooks.  We  use 
entire  too  much  fuel;  we  cook  by  too  hot 
a  fire,  we  eat  too  much  hot  food,  wo  boil 
our  soups  and  vegetables  furiously,  when 
all  we  want  is  to  raise  tlie  temperature  of 
the  liquid  in  question  to  212°,  which  can 
be  done  with  a  moderate  fire  and  no  in- 
considerable saving  of  stove-lining,  coal, 
and  i)hysical  discomfort.  It  is  calculated 
that  one-third  of  the  power  generated  in 
any  machine  is  consumed  in  overcoming 
tlie  friction,  and  one  great  problem  with 
machinists  is  to  reduce  the  friction  to  its 
minimum.  Lot  ns  apply  this  problem  to 
housekeeping,  and  begin  by  studying  all 
the  ways  in  which  we  can  keep  cool. — Jf. 
Y.  Tribniie. 


PnoFiT  OF  Marbyino.— Here  is  what  an 
old  Kentucky  farmer  says  about  his  wife; 


I  have  been  married  twenty-two  years. 
The  first  four  years  before  I  was  married 
I  began  farming  with  two  hundred  and 
fifty  acres,  in  Blue  Grass  region,  Ken- 
tucky. I  handled  cattle,  hogs,  sheep  and 
horses — principally  the  flr^t  too  named— 
and  lived,  I  thought,  tolerably  economic- 
ally; spent  none  of  my  money  for  tobacco 
in  any  way;  neither  betting  a  cent  or  dis- 
sipating in  any  way,  and  yet  at  the  end  of 
four  years  I  had  little  or  no  money.  I 
then  married  a  young  lady  of  eighteen 
years  of  age — who  had  never  done  any 
housework  or  work  of  any  kind  except  to 
make  a  portion  of  her  own  clothes.  She 
had  never  made  a  shirt,  drawers,  pants  or 
waistcoat,  or  even  sewed  a  stitch  on  a  coat, 
and  yet  before  we  had  been  married  a 
year  she  had  made  for  me  every  one  of 
the  articles  of  clothing  named,  and  knit 
numbers  of  pairs  of  socks  for  me — yes, 
and  mended  divers  articlss  for  me,  not 
excepting  an  old  hat  or  two.  She  had 
also  made  butter,  sold  eggs,  chickens, and 
other  fowl-i,and  vegetables  to  the  amount 
of  near  six  hundred  dollars  in  cash,  at  the 
end  of  the  year,  whereas,  during  the  four 
years  thiit  I  was  single,  I  had  never  sold 
five  cents'  worth — besides  making  me 
purely  happy  and  contented  with  my 
home.  And  so  far  as  to  making  of  money, 
we  have  made  money  clear  of  expenses 
ever  since  we  have  undertaken  the  farm, 
and  she  has  made  three  hundred  and  fifty 
to  five  hundsed  dollars  every  year  except 
one,  during  the  time,  selling  butter,  eggs, 
and  marketing  of  different  kinds.  My 
yearly  expenses  of  fine  clothing,  etc., 
before  I  was  married  were  more  than  my 
yearly  expenses  were  after  I  was  married 
combined  with  the  expense  of  my  wife 
and  chiklreB;  and  our  farm  has  increased 
from  two  hundred  acres;  and  I  believe 
that  if  I  had  not  married,  it  never  would 
have  increased  but  little  if  any;  and  I 
have  never  been  absent  from  home  six 
nights,  when  my  wife  was  at  home,  since 
we  were  married,  and  her  cheeks  kiss  as 
sweetly  to  me  as  they  did  the  morning 
after  I  was  married. 


Engaging  Manners. — There  area  thou- 
sand pretty  engaging  little  ways,  which 
every  person  may  put  on  without  running 
the  risk  of  being  deemed  either  affected 
or  foppish.  Ths  sweet  smile,  the  quiet, 
cordial  bow,  the  earnest  movement  in  ad- 
dressing a  friend,  or  more  especially  a 
stranger,  whom  one  may  recommend  to 
our  good  regards,  the  enquiring  glance, 
the  graceful  attention  which  is  so 
captivating  when  u.sed  with  self-posses- 
sion— these  will  insure  us  the  good  re- 
gards of  even  a  churl.  Above  all  there 
is  a  certain  softness  of  manner  which 
should  be  cultivated,  and  whicli  in  either 
man  or  woman,  adds  a  charm  that  almost 
entirely  compensates  for  lack  of  beauty. 
The  voice  can  be  modulated  so  as  to  in- 
tonate that  it  will  speak  directly  to  the 
heart,  and  from  that  elicit  an  answer;  .and 
politeness  may  be  made  essential  to  our 
nature.  Neither  is  time  thrown  away  in 
attending  to  such  things,  insignificant  as 
they  may  seem  to  those  who  engage  in 
weightier  matters. 


Very  True. — Some  one  has  well  said 
that  "  jtarents  who  spend  money  ju- 
diciously to  imjirove  tho  house  and 
grounds  about  it,  are  paying  their  child- 
ren a  premium  to  stay  at  homo  and  enjoy 
it;  but  when  they  spend  money  unneces- 
sarily on  fine  clothing  and  jewelry  for 
their  (children,  they  are  paj'iug  them  a 
premium  to  spend  thf^ir  time  away  from 
home — that  is,  in  places  where  they  can 
display  auch  ornaments." 


A  Happy  Home. — In  a  happy  homo 
there  will  V>e  no  fault-finding,  over-bear- 
ing spirit;  there  will  be  no  peevishness  or 
fretfuluess.  Unkindness  will  not  dwell 
in  the  heart  or  be  found  on  the  tongue. 
Oh,  the  tears,  the  sighs,  the  .wasting  of 
life  and  health  and  strength,  and  of  all 
that  is  most  to  be  desired  iu  a  happy 
home,  occasioned  merely  by  unkind 
words!  A  celebrated  writer  remarks  to 
this  effect,  namely,  that  fretting  and  scold- 
ing seem  like  tearing  the  flesh  from  the 
bones,  and  that  we  have  no  more  right  to 
be  guilty  of  this  sin  than  we  have  to  curse 
and  swear,  and  steal.  In  a  perfectly 
happy  home  all  selfishness  will  be  re- 
moved. Its  members  will  not  seek  first 
to  please  themselve,  but  will  seek  to 
please  each  other.  Cheerfulness  is  an- 
other ingredient  in  a  happy  home.  How 
much  does  a  sweet  smile,  emanating  from 
a  heart  fraught  with  love  and  kindness, 
contribute  to  make  home  happy.  At 
evening,  how  soothing  is  that  sweet 
cheerfulness  that  is  borne  on  the  coun- 
tenance of  a  wife  and  mother!  How  do 
parent  .and  child,  the  brother  and  sister, 
the  mistress  and  servant  dwell  with  de- 
light upon  those  cheerful  looks,  those 
confiding  smiles  that  beam  from  the  eye 
and  burst  from  the  inmost  soul  of  those 
who  are  dear  and  near!  How  it  hastens 
the  return  of  the  father,  lightens  the 
cares  of  the  mother,  renders  it  more  easy 
for  youth  to  resist  temptation,  and  drawn 
by  the  chords  of  aftection,  how  it  induces 
them  with  lowly  hearts  to  return  to  the 
yaternal  roof.  Seek  then  to  make  home 
happy. — Ex. 

Show  and  Parade. — We  find  the  fol- 
lowing floating  among  our  exchanges, and 
it  strikes  us  as  being  worthy  of  being 
read  and  pondered  by  all: 

The  world  is  crazy  for  show.     There  ia 

not  one,  perhaps,    in    a   thousand,   who 

dares  fall  back  on  his  real,  simple  self  for 

power  to  get  through  the  world  and  exact 

enjoyment  as  he  goes  along.     There  ia  no 

end  to  the  aping,  the   mimicry,  the  false, 

airs,  the  superficial  airs.    It  requires  rare 

courage,    we   admit,  to  live   up  to   one's 

enlightened    convictions  in   these    days. 

unless  you  consent  in   the  general  cheat, 

there  is  no  room  for  you  among  the  great 

mob  of  pretenders.     If  a  man  desires    to 

live  within  his  means,  and  is  resolute  not 

to  appeaa  more  than  he  really  is,  let   him 

be  a])plauded.     There  is  something  fresh 

and  invigorating  in  such  an  example,  and 

we  should  honor  and    uphold  such  a  man 

or   woman  with    all    the    energy  in  our 

l^ower. 

«  »  > 

Despondency. ^What  is  the  cause  of 
spondency  ?  What  is  the  meaning  of  it  ? 
The  cause  is  a  we  ik  mind,  aud  the  mean- 
ing is  sin.  Nature  never  intended  that 
one  of  her  creatures  sliould  be  the  victim 
of  a  desire  to  feel  and  look  the  thunder- 
cloud. Never  despond,  for  one  of  the 
first  entrances  of  vice  to  the  heart  is  made 
through  the  instrumentality  of  despon- 
dency. Although  we  cannot  expect  all 
our  days  and  hours  to  be  gilded  as  sun- 
shine, we  must  not,  for  mere  momentary 
griefs,  sujipose  that  they  are  to  be  en- 
shrouded in  tho  mists  of  misery,  or 
clouded  by  tho  opacity  of  sorrow  and  mis- 
fortune. 


A  Jlilaneso  lady,  after  long  study  and  toil, 
has  invented  a  process  to  spin  the  goasiinier 
threads  from  cold  cocoons,  which  atfords  con- 
siderable advantages  on  the  old  method  of 
nsing  lu'iited  water,  viz. :  less  space,  no  coal, 
less  trouble  for  the  spinner,  aud  greater 
strength  in  the  silk  obtained. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


SAN  JOSS  INSTITUTE  AND  BUSINESS 
COLLEGE. 

San  Jose  may  well  be  proad  of  its  educa- 
tional privileges,  and  of  no  one  school  more 
than  this  Institute  and  Business  College.  Mr. 
Kinley,  who  has  lately  become  proprietor  of 
this  school,  is  an  experienced  educator,  »nd 
Tinder  his  superintendence  it  will  not  be  likely 
to  lose  any  part  of  its  well-earned  reputation 
as  a  first-class  institution  of  learning.  AVe 
have  often  referred  to  this  school,  and  feel  it 
is  worthy  of  the  attention  of  all  who  design 
giving  their  children  a  practical  education.  It 
is  to  such  institutions  as  this  that  we  miist 
look,  in  a  great  measure,  for  a  remedy  for  the 
imperfections  in  our  public  system  of  educa- 
tion. To  be  educated  to  advantige,  it  is  not 
enough  that  we  understand  the  theory,  we 
must  have  the  ability  to  apply  what  we  have 
learned.  This  is  the  object  of  the  business 
college.  The  course  of  instruction  in  our  San 
Jose  Institute  seems  to  be  complete  in  the  va- 
rious branches.  The  school  offers  many  ad- 
vantages, and  although  it  is  graded,  students 
may,  at  any  time,  pass  into  higher  grades  in 
any  branch,  if  on  examination,  they  are 
found  qualified  to  do  so.  Person's  wl-  ,e 
early  education  has  been  neglected  may  lo. 
ceive  special  instruction  without  the  annoy- 
ances of  public  schools.  Throughout  the 
whole  course  of  study  two  fundamental  pur- 
poses are  kept  constantly  in  view:  the  mental 
and  moral  growth  of  the  student,  and  his 
qualification  for  the  labors  and  duties  of  life. 
Mr.  Kinley  hopes  to  be  able  to  add  an  agricul- 
tural department  to  the  school  in  a  short  time, 
aud  to  make  the  institution  worthy  the  inter- 
est and  patronage  of  the  public.  Mr.  Vinson- 
haler  is  still  principal  of  the  business  depart- 
ment to  which  ho  devotes  his  entire  attention. 
There  is  no  vacation  to  his  department.  This 
gives  the  pupils  a  chance  at  any  time  to  con- 
tinue their  studies. 

Conifera  of  the    Pacific  Coast. 

J.  Begg,  of  Gilroy,  has  been  making  a  col- 
lection of  the  difi'ereut  conifera  of  this  coast, 
for  the  Centennial  Exhibition  at  Philadelphia. 
He  has  already  been  at  the  work  for  several 
mouths,  aud  collected  over  2,500  specimens. 
He  intends  making  a  structure  thirty-five  feet 
high  aud  twenty-five  feet  in  diameter.  The 
base  will  be  octagon  in  shape,  with  arches 
twelve  to  fourteen  feet  high,  and  decorated 
with  the  cones  and  foliage  of  the  different 
species  of  evergreen  trees,  forming  an  entirely 
unique  exhibit — difterent  from  anything  ever 
presented  to  the  world  before.  The  base  of 
the  structure  will  be  a  repository  for  the  ex- 
hibition of  California.  He  has  correspon- 
dents collecting  in  different  parts  of  the  coast. 
The  captain  of  the  Alaska  Fur  Company's 
vessel  cruising  in  the  Northern  Ocean  and  the 
Aleutian  Islands  has  promised  to  make  a  col- 
lection, and  gentlemen  interested  in  the  mat- 
ter in  Alaska  and  British  Columbia  are  also 
assisting.  Mr.  B.  would  be  glad  if  any  one 
having  fine  specimens  of  cones,  or  being  in  a 
vicinity  where  such  could  be  obtained,  would 
send  them  in  to  him,  care  of  W.  J.  TurnbuU, 
Sansome  street,  San  Francisco,  as  he  is  desir- 
ous of  haviug  all  the  varieties  foimd  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  included  in  his  collection.  Ho 
intends  to  exhibit  a  model  of  his  cone  pyra- 
mid at  the  coming  Mchanics  Fair,  which  will, 
we  predict,  be  one  of  the  most  original  and 
attractive  objects  in  the  exhibition.  We  hope 
his  efi'orts  will  be  generously  seconded. — Bul- 
din. 


We  visited  the  San  Jose  Institute  lately, 
and  in  passing  through  the  parlors  noticed 
some  very  fiue  paintings,  the  work  of  Mrs. 
Kinley,  wife  of  the  Superintendent.  Many  of 
the  pictures  were  original  and  spoke  of  talent 
that  would  do  credit  to  some  of  our  more 
pretentious  artists.  One  of  these,  a  sunset 
scene  in  Indiana,  was  especially  well  execut- 
ed. Among  the  copies  were  two  scenes  from 
Cole's  Voyage  of  Life  that  were  very  beauti- 
ful indeed. 


A  Chance  for  Men  of  Small  Means. 

It  is  generally  conceded  that  to  make  a  suc- 
cess of  orange-growing  a  man  must  have  cap- 
ital. Land  that  is  suitable  for  their  culture 
and  that  is  well  supplied  with  water  cannot  bo 
bought  for  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  per 
acre,  and  often  costs  more.  The  trees  cost 
from  one  to  three  dollars  each,  according  to 
size,  aud  to  prepare  the  ground  and  plant  out 
is  an  expensive  job.  When  all  this  is  done, 
the  trees  must  have  constant  attention  and 
careful  cultivation  for  eight  or  ten  years,  be- 
fore they  will  return  much  of  an  income.  It 
is  therefore  plain  that  a  man  who  desires  an 
orange  orchard,  especially  if  he  is  anxious  to 
get  it  as  soon  as  possible,  must  be  prepared 
to  lay  out  a  good  deal  of  money,  at  once,  and 
to  continue  laying  it  out  for  a  number  of 
years.  This  being  the  case,  the  poor  man 
may  well  at  once  dismiss  from  his  mind  the 
illusion  that  he  can  come  to  Southern  Califor- 
nia, and  in  a  few  years  possess  an*  orange 
orchard  of  fabulous  value,  unless  there  is 
some  way  in  which  he  can  make  his  living 
and  make  his  orchard  as  he  goes  along.  We 
believe  there  is  a  way  for  the  industrious  man 
of  smaU  means. 

There  are  men  within  five  miles  of  this  city 
at  the  present  time,  struggling  under  a  load  of 
debt,  and  trying  to  hold  on  to  their  orange 
orchards  till  they  come  into  bearing,  who  yet 
do  not  seem  to  know  that  in  the  cultivation  of 
small  fruits  and  vegetables  is  their  chance  for 
salvation.  They  borrow  a^oney  at  high  rates 
of  interest,  and  potter  arouml  waiting  for 
their  trees  to  produce,  and  at  the  jame  time 
buy  their  vegetables,  or  do  without. 

It  seems  to  us  that  a  man  with  a  few  hiind- 
red  dollars,  and  a  little  industry,  can  certainly 
make  money  in  a  small  way,  but  a  sure  one, 
by  undertaking  the  culture  of  small  fruits  and 
vegetables.  If  he  is  ambitious  of  possessing 
an  orange  orchard,  he  can  grow  one  in  the 
meantime.  With  a  few  acres  of  land  suitable 
for  vegetables,  he  can,  with  hardly  any  ad- 
ditional expense,  raise  his  own  trees,  plant 
them  out  aud  care  for  them,  and  w-hen  thoy 
have  come  to  maturity,  bringing  in  a  good 
round  income,  he  will  have  the  satisfaction  of 
knowing  tliat  they  are  the  reward  of  his  own 
industry,  with  no  mortgage  on  them  for  cap- 
ital invested  that  was  not  his  own. 

In  this  way,  men  of  energy,  with  a  few 
hundred  dollars  for  a  beginning,  can  make  a 
good  living  aud  secure  a  home  surrounded  by 
all  the  associations  that  cling  to  a  home  made 
by  one's  own   hands. — Sani-Tropical  Farmer. 

.-•-> 

The  statistics  furnished  by  Mr.  Dodge  to 
the  Bepartment  of  Agriculture  reveal,  in  start- 
ling figures,  the  vast  natural  wealth  of  our 
country.  Less  than  one-fifth  of  the  entire 
area  of  the  United  States  is  occupied  by 
farms,  of  which  only  one-fourth  is  under  till- 
ago.  Notwithstanding  our  enormous  wheat 
crop,  the  land  which  produces  it  is  not  equal 
in  extent  to  the  surface  of  South  Carolina. 
Our  national  crop,  maize,  covers  a  territorj- 
not  larger  than  Virginia,  and  the  potato  crop 
could  grow  in  less  than  the  area  of  Delaware. 
In  view  of  these  figures,  who  can  question  the 
boundless  resources  of  America,  or  look  with 
misgiving  upon  our  steady  tide  of  immigra- 
tion ? 


Home. 

Best  of  all  things  to  us  is  home.  In  hours 
of  ambition  and  pleasure  we  may  sometimes 
forget  its  exquisite  sweetness,  but  let  sickness 
or  sadness  come,  and  we  return  to  it  at  once. 
Let  the  hollow  hearts  that  feign  a  friendship 
which  they  do  not  feel,  stand  revealed  before 
us — let  us  know,  as  we  all  must  at  moments, 
that  however  important  wo  may  be  in  our  own 
estimation,  our  places  would  be  filled  at  an 
hour's  notice  should  we  die  to-morrow;  then 
we  whisper  the  magic  word  Home,  and  are 
comforted. 

"  Home,  Sweet  Home!"  It  does  not  mat- 
ter how  humble  it  is,  nor  is  it  less  a  home  for 
being  a  palace.  It  is  where  those  we  love 
dwell — wherever  that  may  be — where  we  are 
valued  for  ourselves  and  are  held  in  esteem 
because  of  what  we  are  in  ourselves  aud  not 
because  of  power,  or  wealth,  or  what  we  can 
do  for  other  people. 

Who  would  be  without  a  home?  Who 
would  take  the  world's  applause,  and  honor, 
in  place  of  the  tenderness  of  a  few  true  hearts 
aud  the  cosy  fireside  meetings  where  the  truth 
may  be  spoken  without  disguise,  and  envious 
carpiug  are  unknown?  In  life's  battle  even 
the  hero  finds  many  enemies  and  7nuch  abuse 
and  slander  and  detraction;  but  into  a  home, 
if  it  is  what  it  ought  to  be,  these  things  never 
find  their  way.  'There,  to  his  wife,  the  plain- 
est man  becomes  a  wonderful  thing — a  sage,  a 
man  who  ought  to  be  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  would  be  were   his  worth  known. 

•  m  >  '  m  *— • 

Aeekic.\n  Fakmees. — We  hazard  the 
assertion  that  no  class  of  equal  average 
means  live  so  well  as  American  farmers. 
One  of  them  possessing  a  farm  and  build- 
ings worth  ten  thousand  dollars  will 
gather  about  him  and  enjoy  more  real 
comfort  than  could  be  obtained  from  the 
income  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars 
in  New  York.  Ho  may  live  in  a  more 
commodious  building  than  a  metropolitan 
citizen  having  ten  tUousaua  auiuirs  in- 
come. He  may  have  his  carriage  and 
horses.  His  table  may  be  supplied  with 
everything  fresh  in  its  season.  His  labor 
is  less  wearing  than  the  toil  of  counting- 
rooms  and  offices,  and  he   has  more   leia- 


Don't  marry  a  man  if  he  drinks. 


Kev.  Daniel  Waldo  once  said:  I  am  now 
an  old  man.  I  have  seen  near  a  centurj-.  Do 
vou  want  to  know  how  to  grow  old  slowly  and 
happily?  Let  me  tell  you.  Always  eat  slow- 
ly— masticate  well.  Go  to  your  occuiiation 
smiling.  Keep  a  good  nature  and  soft  temper 
everywhere.  Cultivate  a  good  memory,  aud 
to  do  this  you  must  be  communicative;  repeat 
what  you  have  read;  talk  about  it.  Dr.  .Tohn- 
son's  great  memory  was  owing  to  his  commu- 
nicativeness. 


It  is  said  that  grasshoppers  will  not  eat 
peas.  A  farmer  in  Minnesota  who  observed 
last  year  that  peas  were  not  harmed,  planted 
200  bushels  of  peas  this  year  and  they  have 
not  been  touched.  Peas  make  an  excellent 
substitute  for  corn  to  feed  to  stock,  and  the 
fact  that  they  can  be  raised  in  the  grasshop- 
per region  is  an  important  one. 

■We  are  a  believer  in  pedigrees  for  all  of 
the  animal  kingdom  that  has  been  sub- 
jected to  the  uses  of  mankind,  but  believe 
that  it  is  by  a  selection  of  the  best  animals 
of  a  kind  or  family,  that  the  race  is  im- 
proved, not  by  using  everything  that  has 
the  blood  of  a  particular  family  in  it  to 
perpetuate  the  species. 

■  ii — 

The  man  who  is  only  honest  when  honesty 
is  the  best  policy  is  not  really  an  honest  man. 
Honesty  is  not  swerving  policy  but  stable 
principle.  An  honest  man  is  honest  from  his 
inmost  soul,  nor  designs  to  stoop  to  anght 
that  is  mean,  .  though  great  results  hang  on 
the  petty  fraud. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Self-respect  is  the  noblest  garment  with 
■which  a  man  may  clothe  himself — the  most 
elevating  feeling  with  which  the  mind  ean  be 
inspired.  One  of  Pythagoras'  wisest  max- 
ims, in  his  golden  verses,  is  that  which  en- 
joins the  pujjil  to  reverence  himself. 

The  idea  of  turning  a  portion  of  the  waters 
of  the  Colorado  river  from  their  present  bed 
and  cause  them  to  run  upon  the  lands  of  the 
Colorado  Desert  so  as  to  reclaim  it  from  its 
j)resent  waste  and  worthless  condition,  is  a 
jiart  of  the  plan  of  survey  upon  which  Lieut. 
Svheoler  is  at  present  engaged. 


It  has  been  estimated  that  the  American 
nation  smokes  5,168,(100  cigars  a  day.  This, 
at  five  cents  a  cigar  (and  what  sort  of  a  cigar 
can  you  got  fortivo  cents?)  would  amount  to 
over  $250,000  a  day. 

Physician— '-Why  don't  you  set  a  bound 
to  your  drinking,  and  not  exceed  it?"  "So  I 
do,  old  fellow,  so  I  do;  but  then,  you  see,  it's 
so  far  off  that  I  always  get  drunk  before  I 
reach  it." 


Value  the  friendship  of  him  who  stands  i>y 
you  in  the  storm;  swarnis  of  insects  will  sur- 
round  you  in  the  sunshine. 


What  is  the  use  of  talking  of  this  world's 
brightness  and  sunshine  to  a  man  (hat  has 
tight  boots  ?  


Jokes  are  like  nuts- 
better  they  crack. 


-the  drier  tliey  are  the 


A  good  throw  at  dice  is  to  throw  them  away. 


eg-  TheN»tionaI  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to  Brad- 
lev  and  Rulofson  for  the  best  PhotographB  in  the 
lliiitsd  States,  and  the  Vienna  Medal  for  the  bvst  tn 
world.  »» 

4ia  Montgomery  Street,  San  Ifrancisco. 

<  ■  > 

The  report  that  Treadwell  &  Co.,  of  San 
Francisco,  are  closed  up  is  not  true,  says  the 
Jinral  Press.  They  are  selling  harvesting 
machinery  and  other  goods  a'  usual,  although 
much  of  their  large  stock  if   being  sold,  it  is 

said,  below  cost. 

<  »  * 

Sy  Any  party   wishing  tj   obtain  a  lot  of 

graded  Angora  goats  would  do  well  to  notice 

Shane  k  Belknap's  advertisement,  on  second 

page  of  this  issue.     Any  one  having  sheep  to . 

let  should   correspond  with   box  32,    Carsou 

City,     bee  advertisement  on  first  page. 

tW  Our  readers  will  notice  that  Reardon  Si 
Co.  have  disposed  of  their  carriage  manutac- 
tory  to  Limerick  &  Muthwillig,  two  young 
meu  who  were  formerly  iu  their  employ.  The 
business  will  bo  carried  on  at  the  same  place, 
and  iu  a  mauuer  deserving  of  patronage. 


A  Standard  Tenipsraiice  }m  Essaj. 

TO  THE   FRIENDS   OF  TEMPERANCE. 

The  Coniiuittee  appointed  by  the  National_Tem- 
peraiiee  Conveulion,  helil  at  Saratoj-a,  in  187:!,  ou 
the  6nl)jecl  of  a  Standard  Temperance  Work,  de- 
cided to  divide  the  work  mto  three  parts,  and  to 
otter  Two  I'ii/.ea  for  each  nt  the  lliree  U8«ayb,  to 
be  open  to  all  writers  who  clioone  to  compete 
therefor,  in  this  and  oilier  ronntries  : 

1.  The  Seientilic;  embi-acing  the  Chemical,  Phy- 
BioloKical,  iind  Medical  aspeels. 

y.  The  Historical,  StiUislical,  Economicid,  and 
Political. 
3.  The  Social,  Educational,  and  KeliKious. 
The  fund  at  command,  through  the  elfortH  of.Mob 
H.  .liu-kaon,  of  West  Grove,  Chester  county.  Pa., 
enabled  the  Committee  to  offer  one  year  ago  Pri/.ns 
of  $-)00  and  *3II0  for  accepted  maniiscripls  for  Part 
I,  and  the  responses  of  writers,  now  under  e.vamin- 
alien,  lead  the  Comrailtee  to  hope  for  a  work  of 
value  commensurate  with  llie  great  cause  it  is  ex- 
pected to  promote.  This  encoiiragement  and  the 
fund  at  connnaiid,  and  personal  guaraiUce  of  Mr 
Jackson,  now  further  enables  tbc  Committee  to 
announce  Two  Prizes  for  Part  II-  the  Historical. 
Stalisljcal,  Economical  and  Political,  and  Tw 
Prizes  for  Part  III,  embracing  the  Social,  E'lac? 
tional  and  Religious  relations  of  Temperance:  \h.: 
'  For  the  best  essay  for  each  of  these  parts,  adiudgeJ 
satisfactory,  the  s'um  of  S500  will  be  paid;  for  i\\' 
second  best  essav,  the  sum  of  $300  will  he  paid  - 
accepted  maniiscripta  to  become  the  property  of  tlif 
National  Temperance  Society. 

The  offers  lor  Part  II  and  Part  III  will  reir.ain 
open  to  all  coaipelitors  one  year,  till  July  1,  ISTfi. 
ManuBcnpls  [with  the  names  and  addresses  of  the 
writers  by  whom  thev  are  forwarded  for  com peti 
lion,  enclosed  in  separate  sealed  envelopes,  not  to 
be  opened  till  after  the  award  has  been  madel 
should  1)eforwaided  to  A.  M.  Powell,  58  Readrf 
slreel,  New  York. 

The  essays  should  be  of  sach  a  character  toat, 
while  adapted  in  style  to  iuterest  the  general  read- 
er, tliey  will  also  meet  the  demands  of  soholarly 
criticism.  .     , 

Those  who  intend  to  compete  for  tnr>  \met  oi- 
fered  for  these  essays,  and  who  raav  desire  more 
infonnalion  as  to  the  scope  of  tlie  work  and  "ig 
geated  subdivisions,  will  be  furr^shed  wilh  furlh";r 
particulars  by  applying  to  M.-  Powell,  a.  above. 

In  order  that  the  complete  Standard  \V>.rk  may 
be  placed  before  the  pnl.i:"  at  the  earliest  priicl.c- 
able  day,  the  Committee  "rgently  amieal  to  fi  lends 
of  temperance  to  promptly  supply  them  with  funds 


HOW  TO  PAIHT, 

A  New  Work  by  a  Practical  Painter,  designed 
for  the  use  of  Tradesineii,  Mechanics,  Merch- 
ants, Farmers,  and  as  a  Guide  to  Professional 
Painters.  ContaininRa  plain,  common  sense  state- 
of  the  methods  employed  by  I'aiuters  to  produce  aat- 
Isfactory  results  in  Plain  and  Fancy  Painlinir 
of  every  desi-riptioii,  including  Formnlas  tor  Mix- 
ing Paint  In  Oil  orAVater,  Tools  required,  etc. 
This  is  just  the  Book  needed  by  any  person  having 
anything  to  paint,  and  makes  "every  Man  hi* 
o>Tn  Painter." 

Full  Directions  for  using  White  Lead,  L.amp- 
Blacli,  Ivory  Itlaclt,  Prussian  Bloe,  lIKra- 
Marlne,  Green,  Yellow,  Vennllion,  Brown, 
Lalie,  Carmine,  Whitinsf,  Glne,  Pumice 
Stone,  AspluiKum  ami  Spirits  of  Turpen- 
tine, Oils,  Varnislies,  Furniture  Varnish, 
Milk  Paint,  PrepnrinB  Kalsomine, 

PAINT  FOE  OUT-BUILDINGS, 

Whitewash,  Paste  for  Paper-Uanging, 
Graining  in  Oak,  Maple,  Mahogany,  Rose- 
wood, Black  Walnut;  Hanging  Pai>er, 
Staining,  Gilding,  Bronxlng,  Transferring 
Decalcomauia,  Making  Rustic  Pictures, 
Painting  Flower-Stand,  Mahogany  Polisli, 
!  Rosewood  Polish,  Varnisliing  Furniture, 
I   Waxing  Furniture,  Cleaning  Paint, 

I  '  PAINT  POE  PAEMING  TOOLS, 

for  Machinery,  and  for  Household  Fixtures. 

TO  PAINT  A  PAEM  WAGON. 

to  Ke-varuish  a  Carriage,  to  make  Plaster 
Casts.  The  work  is  neatly  printed,  with  illustra- 
tions wherever  they  ean  serve  to  make  the  subject 
plainer,  and  it -nlll  save  many  times  its  cost  .yearly. 
Everj-  family  should  possess  a  copy.  Price  by  mail_ 
post-paid.  $  I  ,     Address 

Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 

SAN    JOSE,  CAL.  . 


to  meet  the  pr.i«e6  aniiounced   and  to  pi. 
woi-k.    Tlio  »"'"  "f  $5'"'.i   atleast,   add 


ty  Mr.  E.  G.  Wilson  is  prepared  to  do  all 
kinds  of  plumbing  and  gas  fitting  in  a  satis- 
factory manner,  and  at  reasonable  prices.  Ho 
is  also  agent  for  the  Slouther  pump,  which 
may  be  seen  at  335  Santa  Clara  street. 


^p°  A  new  dental  offices  has  been  opened 
over  Rhodes  &,  Lewis'  drug  store  by  Drs. 
Hooker  &  Finigan,   who  promise    good  work. 


J.  N.  SPENCER, 

Real     Estate    Agent 

AND 

General     iiuctioneer. 


TTIAUMS      OF     EVKRV     DESCRIPTION  — 

-^  Valley  and  Hill  lands — High  and  l,ow  prired 
Farms — Farms  to  suit  overyliody.  Correspondence 
solicited.  Business  I'liances  a  specialty.  Property  of 
every  riescription  hmight  and  sold.  Houses  routed, 
and  Loans  negotiated.  oc 


th< 
;ist,  additioiLvl  to 
that  oi>  '.'and.  will  be  required.  CoHtribnlioos  may 
be  fiintto  Job  H.  Jackson,  Treasurer,  West  Grove 
C'.<*Bter  county,  Pa.;  to  J.  N  Stearns,  Publishing 
Auenl  of  the  National  Temperance  Society,  58 
Steade  street,  New  York,  or  to  any  member  of  the 
'  (Committee. 

A.  M.  Powell,  ^ 
James  Black, 
K.  C.  Titman,    !■  Comniitteo. 
A.  A.  MlKER,       I 
Neal  Dow,       j 
5S  Bcade  st..  New  York,  .March,  1S75 

Mr^  STIJYVES^iTT, 

Of  Edgcwood,  Ponglikeepsie,.,  New  York, 
wishing  to  increase  hip  Short-horn  herd  of 
cattle,  offers  for  sale  is  entire  herd  of 

AYI^SHir^E    CATTLE, 

Containing  Twenty-five    Cows  in  milk  and  in  calf  to 
"ROBBIE       BRUCE," 

nnrtoulitedly  the  fincBt  Ayrshire  bull  in  the  inuntry: 
four  Heifers,  due  tiM-alf  by  the  same  Hull  rturin;,'  the 
Summer;  seven  Uoil'or  Calves,  droppeil  this  Spring; 
four  Bull  C.TlvcK  of  this  Spring;  one  yearling  Bull,  and 
the  Bull  ROBBIK  BBl'CE.  This  entire  herd  will  be 
sold  for  the  sum  of    $8,000. 

This  herd  is  eompused  I'f  the  two  entire  herds  for- 
merly belonging  t"  Mr.  W.  Birnie]c.f  Siuingfleld  Mass.. 
and  Mr.  H.  8.  Collins,  ColliTiBvUle,  Conn.  Mr.  8tuy- 
vesant  having  some  years  sinec  Imuijht  these  two  en- 
tire herds,  and  having  had  a  weeding  out  sale  last  fall. 
The  above  stock  is  now  recorded  iu  Mr.  Bagg's  Ca- 
nadian and  American  AjTshire  Herd  Book.  Mr.  Stuy- 
vesaiil.  liowevcr,  »  ill  agree  to  ireord  all  this  stock 
eilh.  r  iu  the  uew  vdume  to  be  issued  by  the  Ayrshire 
Bre<dt  rs'  Assoeiation,  or  in  Messrs.  Sturtevaut's  new 
work  called  "  North  American  Ayrshire  llegistcr,"  or 
in  botli,  to  suit  the  buyer. 

Ml.  Stuyvesant  was  awarded  the  HERD  PUIZE  at 
the  New  York  State  Fair  at  Koehester,  last  Fall,  with 
largo  competition. 

THE   PEDIGREES 
ofthisstoek  are    all   good.     Ciitaliigues  enntalntng  a 
description  of    the  lierd    will    be    sent  (Ui  iippliratioli. 
Also,  catalogue  of  the  small  but    value    lierd  (pf  Short- 
horus  at  Edgewoo?!  written  out  on  aiiplicatiou. 
Addnss,  -INO.  K.  STtlYVF.SANT, 

Edgewood,  Poughkeepsle,  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y, 


s 


U  B  S  C  R  I  B  E 


^■^ 
w 

U 


-rOK  THE 


U  N  S  II  I  N 


E, 


-THE    ONL"? — 


rubliKbtd  ou 


IILDREIT'S  MAGAZIITE 

COAST. 

"Year. 

A  msLE  rural  m  \mm\ 


THE    PACFIC 

Only     Sl.lO    a 


And  one  that  will  continue 

A    Source    of     Pleasure 

During  the  whole  year. 
Address,  SUNSHINE,  Postofflce  Box  288  Santa  Clara. 

Milton  Campbell. 

—  DKALKU   IS  — 

STOVES. 

PUMPS, 

lEON  PIPES. 

TIN  EOOniTG, 

ETC.,  ETC. 

385  FIRST  ST.,  near  Central  Market. 

SAN   JOSK. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

carriage  maker.     pioneer  cau- 

31-1  Second  Stkeet, 

Between  Santa    Claia    Htreet    aud    Fountain    Alley. 

SAN   JOSE. 

Afirent  for  Fisli  Rro.  *9  Waf^ons. 


Zioclse    <Sc    Montague, 

IJirOKTEKS  ANU  DEAUiRS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  &c. 

112  and  114  Battery  Street 

SAN  FRANCISCO. 


THE  PARKER  GUN.^ 


SEND   STAMP  FOR  CIRCULAB 


PARKER  BROS 

WEST  MERIDEN.CT.;^ 


THE  NEW  IMPROVED 


Side   Peed   and   Back   Feed. 

THE  LIGHTEST  RUNNING,  MOST  SIM- 
PLE, AND  MOST  EASILY  OPERATED 
SEWING  MACHINE  IN  THE  MARKET. 

sin 

If  there  is  a  FLORENCE  MACHINE 
within  one  thousand  miles  of  San  Fran- 
cisco not  working  well,  I  will  fix  it  with- 
out any  expense  to  the  owner. 

SAMUEL  HILL,  Agent, 

No.  19  New  Montgomery  Street,' 

GRAND    HOTEL    BUILDING, 

«AR  rBAsotseo. 


WM.   SHEWS 

m  mmmm  mmmm, 

115  KEARXV  ST.,    SAN  FUAN<  ISCO. 

^I^hiB  well  known  *'Pa.lace  of  Art,"  formerly  lo- 
X  cated  ->n  Montfioniery  St.,  No.  417,  is  now  on 
Kearny  St.,  No.  115  and  has  no  connection  with  any 
'ther.  Stranfjcrs  visiting  the  City  will  find  it  for  their 
;ntereHt  to  patronize  this  CRtnblishment  for  any  kinil 
jf  pictvire  from  Minatnre  to  Life  Size. 

N,  B.  The  very  best  Rembrandt  Cards  Album  Fize 
f  per  doz.  equal  to  any  that  cost  S4  on  Montgomery 
it-;  other  Bizee  equally  low  in  proportioa.       ap 


SHERlViAN  &   HYDE, 

Cor.  Kearny  and  Suiter  Sis. 

SAN  FRANCISCO, 

WHOI.E8AX.&  AND  BZTAIL  DEALEHB  m 

SHEET  MUSIC, 

Musical  Instruments, 


MUSIC  A  L    MEIi  CITANmSE, 

OrderBfrom  the  Interior  promptly  filled. 

MANUFACTURERS  OF  THB 


Acknowledged  by  MuBiclans  to  bo  the  Best  LcKf 

Priced  Instruments  ever  offered  for  Bale 

OQ  this  Coast. 


THE  UNEQUALLED 


These  Superb  InBtniments  have  achioved  a 
Bucot-sK  unparalleled  in  the  history  of  Piano-forte 
Manufafture. 

Thiy  are  remarkable  for  Great  Volume,  Purity 
and  Sweetness  of  Tone,  and  Durability, 

THE  CELEBRATED 


The  Most  Desirable  Instruments  in  the  martct 
for  church  aiiil  jiarlor.     Ovi-r  28.u()0  imw  in  xiso. 

SHERMAN  &  HYDX:, 

GENERAI,    AGE\TS, 

SAN  FRANCISCO. 


FAREVIERS'  UNiON. 

(SuaccsBors  to  A.  Phibieb  &  Co.) 

Corner  of  Second  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 


BAN   JOSE. 


CAPITAL 


$100,000. 


Wm.  EnEBON,  President. 


H.  K.  H11.LS.  Manager. 


Directors  t 


Wm.  ErkBon, 
L.  F,  Cliipman, 
Ilurace  Little, 
C.  T.  Settle, 


Thomas  E.  Snell 


J.  P.  Diicllov, 
Diiviil  Ciiiiii'.l)L-II, 
Jaiij<-«  Siiij,'I*-U>n, 
E.  A.  liral.y. 


oy  Will  do  a  General  Mi  rcantllo  BuBlneHR.  Also, 
roLuive  iliiiosita,  on  which  such  uittireat  will  bo  al- 
lowed  aH  may  be  agreed  upon,  and  make  loans  on  ap- 
proved Becurity. 


sA.:Nr  JOSE 
SAVINGS    BANK, 

280  Sa7ita  Clara  Street. 

CAPITAL  STOCK       .       .       .       $600,000 
Paid  in  Capital  (Geld  Coin)       .    $300,000 

Officers: 

President John  H.  MoohK 

Vice-President s.  A,  Bit^Hop 

Cashier H.  H.  KEYNOLDd 


Directors  I 

John  H  Moore,  Dr.  It  Bryant, 

H.  Mabury,  8.  A.  Bishop, 

H.  H.  KejTiolds,  Jamea  Hart, 

James  W.  Whiting. 


NEW   FEATURE  t 

This  Bank  Issues  "  Deposit  Receipts,"  bearing  lnti--r- 
estftt  G,  8ttud  lU  percent  per  annum;  intertKt  payable 
promptly  at  the  end  <if  six  months  frum  date  of  de- 
posit. The  "  Receipt"  may  be  transferred  by  iudorstj- 
ment  and  the  principle  with  interest  paid  to  holder. 

Interest  also  allowed  on  Book  Accounts,  beginning 
at  date  uf  deposit. 

Our  viiults  are  large  and  strong  as  any  in  the  State, 
and  spicially  adapted  for  the  safe-keeping  of  Bonds, 
Stocks.  Papers.  Jewelry,  Silverware,  Cash  Boies,  etc., 
at  trifliuK'  cost. 

Draw  Exi-hange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  la 
Ouhl  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rat^-s. 

Buy  and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


National  Gold  Bank 


OF  SAN  JOSE. 


Paid  np  Capital  (Gold  Coin) S.'iOO.OOO 

Authorized  Capital 91, 000, 000 

PreBldent .JOHN    W.  HINDS 

Viif-Prteident E.  C.  Sn<GLKTAJt Y 

Cashier W.  T.  T1SD.U.E 

Directors : 

C.  Burrel,  C.  G.  HarriBon, 

Wm.  D.  Tisdale,  E.  C.  Sln^l^  tary, 

E.  L.  Bradley,  Wm.  L.  Tisdale, 

John  W.  Hinds. 


Will  allow  Intereet  on  Deposits,  buy  and  sell  Ex- 
change, make  collections,  loan  money,  and  transact 

A  General  Banking  Business. 

Sperifll  Inducrments  offt-red  to  farmers,  merchantg, 
mL-cliauicB,  and  alt  classes  for  commercial  accounts. 

Cor.  First  and   Santa  Clara  Sts., 

SAK  JOSE.  Sep 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


New 

Candy 

Store. 
Ice-Cream. 


1-1 
Pi 


n 


& 


Blacksmith. 


Patent 
Tire-Setter. 


Physician 


Druggist. 


Meriefee  &  Gastor\ 

S.W.  Cor.  Santa  Clara  and  First  Sts. 

Over  Farmers'  Natiunal  Gold  fiank, 
SAN  JO'^E. 

ffi?"   Special  atteutioQ  given  to  Fine 
Gold  Fillings. 


Antonio  Damor\te, 

Santa  Clara  Valley 

CAFDY    FACTORY, 

Wholesale  and  Retail. 
Vto.  233  Hensley  Block, 

Saniii  Clara  St. ,  San  Jose. 


J.  E.  F^UCKER, 

Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  Sttf ., 

SAN   JOSE. 

LAE&E  &  SMALL  FARMS 

FOB  baij:. 

Lots  in  all  Parts  of  the  City 

FOB    HALE. 

Iiisnrance   in   One    of  tlie    Best 
Conipanies. 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

PioDper  BlackBmith  and  Carriage  Slioj). 
Balbaolft^s  IVew   Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond Mt.  and    Fonntain  Alley, 
SAN    JOSE. 
A^ent  for   Fi^li    Bro.  *s  Waj^ons. 

Now  Work  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
Implements,  etc. 


West*s     American    Tire-Setter. 


SANIA  CLARA   VALLEY 

DB.T7G  STOUE, 

sou   Santa  Clara  sti-ttet.,    Op- 
posite the  Conventi 

SAN    JOSE, 

JOHN  X>.  SCOTT,  XbX.S., 

Pliysician  and  Drurjtfist. 


PELTOIT'S 

SIX-FOLD 

HORSE-POWER. 


TTAVING  MADE    NEW  ARRANGEMENTS 

-*  *-  with  MR.  McKENZIE.  I  am  prepared  to  supply 
my  Puwerfi  to  all  ptTKonB  favoring  me  with  their  or- 
ders. All  Powers  liereaftitr  manufactured  can  only  bo 
olitiiined  of  mo  or  my  Agents.  In  future  they  will  bo 
made  under  n)y  directions  and  Hperirn-uti-.nfl,  and 
nothing  but  a  prime  quality  of  Machinery  Iron  will 
bo  UBed  in  their  manufiwturo. 

I  have  '  reatly  improved  the  appliL^ation  and  bracing 
of  my  Levers,  which  will  give   them   ample  strength. 

All  Powers  fnlly  warranted. 

For  further  inf^  irniation  send  for  clrcwlarfi  and  price 
lli^t  to 

S.  FI!IiT02\r,  Patentee. 

ap  Sau  JoBo,  California. 


IO.   G.   T.— GRANGER   LODGE,   No.  29^,   meets 
•    eveay   MONPAY   eveuing,   at   8   oVlncli.  in  tlieir 
Hall,  No  'jai  Santa  Clara  street,  over  the  H.  J.  Savings 
l^ank.       MemlMTK    of   sister   Lodges    and    sojourning 
members  in  ^uod  Kijnidlng  are  invited  to  attond. 
JouN  U.  Stevens,  W.  Scc'y, 


JACKSON     LEWIS, 

DEAI.EIt  IN 

WATCHES,  mini  immil  Etc. 

Agent  fur  the  Celebrated 

S I  ADS  O  KB     SPECTACIiES, 

AI^O, 

BRAZILIAN     PEBBLES 

And  Common  Glasses, 

259   Santa   Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 


WOODLAND 
FOVIiTRV 


VAB.DS 

2a      Victorious ! 


Half  the  Awards  at  the  Last  State  Fair. 


Send  for  Price  List  of  EGGS  and  FOWLS. 

VH.  W.  J.  PKATHER, 
ap  Woodland,  Yoln  Cu,,  Cal. 


AUGUST.      1 

8. 

M. 

T. 

w. 

T. 

F. 

s. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

IO 

1  1 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

20 

30 

31 

R.  C.  Kirby  &  Co., 

TANWERS! 


SAmcmoiinAmDsiiiuuiHsii 

Wholesale  Dealers. 

OFF!  c  i<;  : 

402  and  404  Battery  St., 

San  Francisco. 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

ffiicox  Block, No.SS-f  First  St., 
SAZr    JOSE,    CAL. 

Cdli/iyniia  ami  Easkm  Hade 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES, 

A  Large  and  Superior  Assortment. 

Ko.    394     First    Street, 

Wilcox  Block,  San  Jose. 


ALL    KINDS  OF 

rjALiroENiA  m  mm 

^      LUMBER,      ■' 

Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 

Constantly  on  hand. 

All  Orders  Promptly  Filled^ 

p.  O.  Box  50y. 


These  Valves  are  thesim- 
idejst  and  must  perfect  in  eouMtrue- 
tiou  of  any  Valvo  ever  invented.  For 
cheapness,  durability  and  capaeity  of 
discharging  water,  they  are  not  etiualed 
by  any  ntluT  Valve.  We  mannfucture 
sizes  from  ;i  to  7  inches  diameter,  and 
for  Hand.  Windmill  and  Hurse-power 
(ir  Steam  Pumjifl. 

We  also  keep  on  hand  and  mannfac 
ture  the  best  and  cheapeBt  Well  Pipes. 

FRED.  KLEIN, 

Dealer  in  Stoves,  etc..  No.  'I'll  Santa 
t'lara  street,  a  few  doors  west  of  the 
PoBtoffice.  San  Jose, 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

iiST  First  Street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH  PRICE 

PAID  FOR 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


C.    SCHRODEF^, 

CALirOENlA  mil  FACioav, 

349  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Near  the  Opera  House,  San  Job©. 

Confectionery  in  Great  Variety', 
AVliolseale  and  Retail* 

BS^  Ordern  promptly  attended  to, 


FRED.   KLEIN, 

S  T  O  V^  E  S  , 

SIIKET-IRON, 

Copper,     Tinioare,     Iron    Pumps, 
Kilflmn  Ulnn.tils, 

Celebrated  Peerless  Stoves. 

nil  Santa  Cluru  St , 

Near  PoBtullice.  San  Josk. 


DI^.  J.  N.  KLEIN, 

SURGEON    DENTLST. 


RHODES  &  LEWIS, 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.   355  First  >itro«t, 

SAN  JOSE. 


1875.  fi 


Boots 

and 

Shoes. 


W 


Patent 
Pump 
Valve. 


Grain 


Dealer. 


Candy 


Factory. 


Stoves, 


Kitchen 
Utensils. 


Rnnm 

II.  xt  to 

Will  (HIT'S 

I'liotn^rapll 

(lallury, 

Bai.ta     cjl«ra 

aircut 


Volume  6. 


ITumlDer  9 


Subscription  Price, 
$1.50  a  year. 


SEPTEMBER,    1875. 


Single  Copies, 
15  c«niB. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


•*  104-,  Kflitorial.— Cnnsistont  nnd  InooneiBtoiit 
Irrifiatiou  of  Orchards.  Sometbiug  About 
Orcharding. 

•*    105,  Editorial  Notes.     Etc. 

•'  19G,  Poetry,— Bettor  than  Gold.  A  rVoice  to 
Young  Men,  Go  Ahead.  The  Bachelor's  Ad- 
vice.  A  Woman's  Answer  to  a  Man's  Ques- 
tion.   The  Sower. 

**  19T,  Kditorlal.— Science  In  Cultivation. 
Sheep  and  Goats. — More  Facts  and  Fig- 
ureR  About  the  Angora  Goat. 

*' 198,  Sheep  and  Goats  (continued) .— Cor, 
respondence. — Lompoc  Temperance  Col- 
ony, Santa  Barbara  County. 

**  199,  Coi-respondence  (continued). — Liquor 
in  the  Temperance  Colony.  A  Tiji-top  Letter 
from  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains.    Etc, 

"  200,  Domestic. — Chats  V  itli  Farmers'  Wives 
and  Daughters,    (by  Jewell) . 

*•  301,  Domestic  (continued)  .—Familia  Talks. 
Boys  and  Girls.— Minnie  Tries  to  be  a 
Lady,  by  Nell  Van. 

**    /303,  Boys  and  Girls    (continued).— Letters 
From  the  Young  Folks.    Stock  Breeder. — 
The  Lea4.Ung  Breeds  of  Cattle. 
«•     203,     Stork    Breeder   (continued).  —  Live 

Stock  at  the  Centennial. 

**  30-1,  Porcine.— Hog-Raising.  About  Adver' 
tising  Swiue.    Etc. 

**    205,     The   Daii-y.- The  Quality  of   Butter. 
Setting     Milk.     Watericg    the    Milk  to  ge 
Cream.    Etc. 
''    3  01;,  The  Hors  e.— More  System  Wanted  In. 


Brcediua  Horses. 
Horses. 


The  Poor  Mule.  •  Care  o. 


**  30y,  Apiary.— The  Slaughter  of  the  Bees. 
Bee-Farming  in  Lua  AugeluH  County.  About 
Bees — for  Children.    Facts  and  Fancies,  Etc 

*•    308,     Hygienic— Tired    Nature's  Sweet  Ro- 
Btorer.     Location    of  Houses.     Eatiug.    Fresh 
Air  and  Pure   Water.     Healthfuluess  of  Lorn 
ous.    Remedies  for  Coughs.    Etc. 

"  309,  Educational.- WhatiB  a  Good  Educa 
tinu?  lltiiHou  and  unipulso.  Be  Faithful 
Etc.  Correspondence  (continued),- So- 
liloquy of  a  School-Teacher. 

**  310,  Women.  —  Something  About  Woman's 
Lph.*ro  and  Wort.  A  Lady's  opinion  upon 
Pulitical  Questions.    A  New  College  for  Wo- 


•*  311,  \Voinen  (continued)  .—A  Response  from 
Jewoll.-Proper  Wheat.  Stick  to  the  Farm. 
Etc. 


312,  Aliscellaneons. 


NO .  ins 

FIRST  Street. 


CEORCES.HOLIV3ES, 

( Fonnatiij  Xeidham  d'  /'<%. ) 


OppOHitf 

NowYurk  B;ik(Ty 


MiiuriiCTiiEER  OF  picTUEE  nmi 


IN  STORE  FROM  THE  EAST,  A  LARGE  LOT  OF  READY-MADE  SQUARE  AND  OVAL 
•  Walunt  Frames,  bougbt  at  a  low  price.  Chromos  mouuted.  Picture  Frames  of  all  sizes 
MADE  TO  ORDER  at  the  very  lowest  prices.  A  choice  lot  of  Chromos  and  Engravings  bought 
at  auction. 

Iiow  Rent  and  Low  Prices.  Satisfaction  G-uaranteed. 


SWORN 

Mnilo  to  the  owut-rw  of  Sewing  Machine  Patentp.fur 
the  ypiirs  1S7'2,  1H73  and  1H74,  also  giviUf,'  the  increuye 
and  decrease  of  the  dittereut  Companies; 

1H72.  1873.         1874. 
Sinjfer     9Ianii- 

fiicturiiisr  Co.  .219,758  232,414    241,679— Inc.  21,921 

Wheeler  &  Wlson.I74,0«S  119,190      92.S27— de.81,2r.l 

Gruverfc  Baker...  52,(110  30,177 es.20,0(Xl— '•  32,010 

Domestic 49.554  40,114      22,700—  "  20,854 

Weed 42,444  21,709      20,59,5—  "  21,949 

Wilcox  &  Gibbs...   33.039  15,881      13,710—  "  19,929 

Wikon 22,006  21,247      17,525—"     6,141 

.\nioricanB.  H....   18,930  14,182       13,.529—  "     6,401 

Gold  Medal 18,897  10,431       15,214—  "     3.0.S3 

ri..r.-nce 15,793  8,700        5,517—  "  10,276 

Howe OS.35.000 

Victor 11.901  7,440        6,292—"     6,609 

Davis 11.376  8.861 

niecs 6.053  3,458 

KeminBtou  Empire    4.982  9,183      17,608— In.  12,626 

Brunsdorf  &  Co...     4.202  8,081         1,806— de.   2,396 

Keystone  2,066  217             37—"     2,028 

lini-tram  &  Fanton.     l,l»IO  1,000           2.W—  "       750 

Secor 311  3,430        4,541— In.    4;230 

A.  C.  PERKINS, 

an  Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County. 


CALirOENIA  GLOVE  Ikmil 

SAN  JOSE. 

WILCOX  &  WILLIAMS, 

MunufacturcB  and  deaU-rs  in 

GLOVES  AND  GAUNTLETS 

Of  all    DecBcriptions. 


Heavy  Bacfc  Gloves  for  Teamsiers'  ami  Par. 
mel-H*  Heavy  anil  Lji|rHt  Gauntlets  for  I-ad- 
les  and  Gentlemen,  Heavy  and  I.i>;lit  Ituck- 
sbins  for  Gentlemen  and  Fine  Kids  for 
Liailies. 

B5"The  very  best  materials  are  used  in  our  Factory, 
and  skilled  workmanship  is  gnaranteed. 

Store  and  F.ac«ory:  Santa  Clara  St.,  opposite  the 
Auzerais  House. 


FOR  SALE! 

HALF -INTEREST  IN  THE 

CALL-ORNIM  GRICULTDRIST  AND  LIVE 
STOCK  JOURNAL. 

Inquire  at  the  Office, 


FAR 


FOR  SALE. 


537  ^cres — A  Good  Grain  Farm,  9  miles 

F<'utli''aet  <if  San  Jose,  in  tho  low  hills;  two  rid&II 
Houses  and  Barnfi:  well  fenced  in  four  fitrlds;  Keverul 
Good  Springs  and  Riinnin!^  Water;  will  luake  two 
good  farms.  'Will  sell  half  if  desired.  Price,  $30 
per  acre. 


27  iLcres — 15  acres   First^CIass    Foreign 

Grapes,  in  full  bfarini^;   good    IIoupp   and  Improve- 
ments; 5  miles  from  City.      $8,000* 


35  iLcreS — 15  acres  in  Grapes:  near  Isaac 

Braubam'b  Place;  5>rt  miles  o«t.     $5,000« 

158  Acres — Valley   Land;    Good   Honao 

anil  fair  inii)rovenients;  8  miles  out;  near  AUuadeu 
lload.    Price,  $6,250. 

]SION^EY  to  LO^A^IST 

At  Lowest  Rates,  and  Insurance  effected 

IN     SIX     LEADING     COMPANIES. 
JAMES    A.    CIiAITTOSr, 

m  Real  Estate  Agent,  290  Santa  Clara  Street. 


A.  O.  IIOOKEB, 

Late  Gunckel  &  Hooker. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Thohquuhbeed  Spanish  fmm 


FOR    SALE- 


n  A  One  and  two  years  old  Thoroajjlibred 

OU  Spanish  Mirinn  Bams,  Califiirnia  brud,  from 
Ewes  imiMirtod  I'mm  Vi.riuoiit.  and  sirnd  bySevcrauee 
/i  Pi'ft's  <'i'lobratod  ram  Fbemont,  ami  by  their  ram 
UuEEN  MocNTilN,  wbic-h  -tiiok  the  first  prcmiumB  at 
tlcu  Jiay  District  and  Stato  Fairs.  Last  slioarinfj,  a5!<i 
lbs,  year's  t^r.iwth.  Also,  abmit  100  Ewes  and  Lambs, 
all  of  Green  Mountain  stork,  brcil  tliis  year, 
jo  B.  F.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 

E.  S.  THOMPSON, 

NAPA,    CAL,. 


IMPOllTEB  AND  BIIEEDER  OF 
THOBOUGH-BRED 

BERKSHIRE    SWINE. 


DR.      C.     R.      SPAW, 

Resident   Dentist, 
Comer  of  First  and  Santa 

Clara  streets. 

in  MeLauKhlin  &  Kyland'B 

biiilding, 

San    Jose,  Cal. 

I)AIXTKR'S  Manual—House  and  sign  p^fintinR. 
Kraiuiiig,  vaniiBhiuH,  polisbini;,  kalsoniiniuK,  pa- 
perint!,  kc,  50  tents.  Book  of  Alpbabits,  M;  St-rollB 
and  Ornaments,  $1;  Cari'enter's  Manual,  SO:  "Wateh- 
maker  and  .Jeweler,  50;  Taxidermist.  50;  Soap-maker, 
2r,-  Autborsbip,  60;  LigbtuiuH  Calculator.  26;  Hunter 
and  Trapper's  Guide,  20;  Doy  Training,  ;!6.  Of  book- 
sellers, or  by  mail.  JESSE  HANEY  &  CO.,  119  Nas 
eau  street,  N.  Y.  f® 


SANTA  CLAHA  TANNERY. 

JACOB  EBEBHARDT,  PnoPEIETOB. 


ALL  KINDS  OF  LEATHER,  SHEEP  SKINS,   AND 
\VOOL.    Highest  price  paid  for  Sheep  Skins,  Tal- 
low, Wool,  etc. 


THE 

Jackson  Wagons 

Are  known  to  be 

THS  BEST  FARIME  ttTAGONS 

Sold  on  this  Coast.  Sold  quite  as  low  as  the  very 
many  poor  ones  offered  for  sale.  Wo  warrant  them 
f(tr  two  years.  For  sale  in  San  Jose  at  Sau  Francisco 
prices  by  Haskell  <&  Mot«,  Agents,  corner  of  Third 
and  Santa  Clara  streets. 

J.    D.  ARTHUR  &  SON, 

Importers,  San  Francisco. 


SSEEP      "WAITTED. 


1,000   to    3,000  EWES, 

On  Sliaros,  for  a   Temi  of  Years. 


THE  BEST  OF  REFERENCE  GIVEN. 


AfldreBB— p.  O.  Box  No,   33,  Carsou  City,  OrniBby 
County,  Nevada.  an 


Pleasant  and  Profitable   Kmnloyinent. — 

"  IJtiautiful  \"  "  Charmiug  1"  "  Oh,  how  lovoly  I" 
"  Wlmt  iinii  tliey  wiirtliV"  k.r.  Sui'h  aro  tho  exclmua- 
tioHB  by  thoRo  WHO  mw  tho  Inrfjn,  LilofiautNewChromua 
I>roiluri-(l  by  tlioKuropnin  and  Amt-rifan  Chr«inoPub. 
liHhiiij;  Co.  Thoy  uro  nil  iierftK^t  Oeins  of  Art.  No 
ouo  ran  resint  tlU:'  U'inptaticMi  to  buy  when  HOcinK  the 
CbmnioH,  CiinvHHHiTR,  AgcntH,  ami  InrlioH  and  M<*nlU'- 
mtsn  nut  of  oiHi)lnytn*int,  will  find  tliiH  ttu-  brst  opni- 
inji  cvfr  offtrod  to  niako  niouey.  For  lull  parttculurH, 
Heiid  Rtnmp  for  confitlential  circular.  AddrewH  F. 
OLEASON,  &  CO..  738  Waehiugtoh  St.,  Boston,  MaBS. 


SAN     JOSE    CLOTHING     STORE, 

266  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  3'ose. 

O'BAITIOM"    <fe  1SEN"T, 

XKEercbant  Tailors  and  Clothiers,  Dealers  in  All  Kinds  of 

GEITTS'     FTTniTISIIIlTa     GOODS, 

LICHTSTONE  BLOCK,  Nearly  Opposite  the  Auierais  House. 


BREEDERS'  DIRECTORY. 


Parties  desiring  to  purchase  Live  Stock  will  find  in 
thlB  Directory  the  names  of  some  of  the  most  reliable 
Breeders. 

Otm  Rates.— Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  will  be  in- 
serted in  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50  cents 
per  month.  A  line  will  average  about  eight  words. 
Payable  annually. 


CATTLE. 


C.  B.  POI.HEMUS,  Sau  Jose,  Santa  Clara  county, 

Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle, 


S.  N.  PUTNAM,    breeder  of    Pure-bred  Durham 
Cattle,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 


S.  B.  EMERSON,  Mountain  View,  Santa  Clara 
eoiinty,  Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  and  Holstein 
Cattle"  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

CHARLiBS  CIjARK,  Milintas.  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

CYRUS  JONES  <!te  CO.,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeders  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

C01.EMAN  YOUNGER,  San  Jose.  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

I^.  J.  HANCHETT,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

R.  G.  SNEATH,  Menlo  Park,  San  Mateo  Co.,  Cal., 
choice  Jersey  Cows,  Heifers  and  Bull  Calves  for  sale 

CARR  <&  CHAPMAN,  Gabilan,  Nonterey  county, 
Cal.,  breeders  of  Trotting  HorseB,  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine, 

R.  B.  CANNON,  Suisun,  Solano  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

JOS.  I-.  CHAMBERS,  St.  Johns,  Colusa  county, 
Cal .,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

C.  COMSTOCK,  Sacramento,  California,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.BREWSTER,  Gait  Station,  Sacramento  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

WM.  FLEMING,  Napa,  California,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle, 

W.  Xj.  OVERHISER,  Stockton,  San  Joaquin  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 


J.    B.  REDMOND,    Black   Point,  Marin   county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


GEO.  R.  VERNON,    Oakland.    Alameda    county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Shoxt-Horn  Cattle. 

MOSES  WICK,  Oroville.  Butte  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.  R.  ROSE,    I.akevillo,  Sonoma  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 


O.  D.  MORSE,    San  Francisco,  Breeder  of  Short- 
Horn  and  Devon  Cattle. 


J.  R.  JEW^EIiIi,    Petaluma,  Sonoma  county,  Cal. 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

SENECA  DANIEL  S,   Lakeville,  Sonoma  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 

CHAS.G,  BOCKIUS,  Lomo  Plkco,  Sutter  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

JOHN  .TUDSON,  BloomAeld,  Sonoma  county,  Cal., 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattlo. 

A.   MII..IjARD,  San  Rafael,  Marin  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Jerseys  and  Alderueys. 

H.  P.  I.,IVERMORE,    San  Francisco,  brooder  of 
Short-Iioru  Cattlo. 


BENNETT  >Sc  PAGE,    San  FrancUco,  brcoders  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

I.,EWIS  PIERCE,  S\ilfun.  Solano  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND  GOATS. 


MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOW,  Centerville,  near 
Niles  Station,  Alameda  county,  Cal.  Pure-blooded 
French  Merino  Rams  and  Ewes  lor  sale. 

A.  G.  STONESIFER,  Hill's  Ferry,  Stanislaus  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Pure-blooded  Frerrch  Merino  Sheep. 

A.   VROJttAN,  Jenny  Lind,  Calaveras  county,  Cal., 

Cotswoia  Bucks  for  sale.    References,  Moody  &  Far- 
ieh,  Sau  Francisco:  Shippee,  McKee  k  Co.,  Stockton. 

I.ENDRUM  &  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal.,  im- 
porters  and  breeders  of  Pure  Angora  Goatfi. 

C.  P.  BAIIjEY,  Sau  Jose  Cal.,  importer,  breeder 
and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  Angrtra  Goats.  Fine 
Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for  sale. 

LBNDRUM  &  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal.    Im- 
porters  and  breeders  of  the  finest  Cotswold  Sheep 
and  Angora  Goats. 

MCCRACKEN  &  I.EWIS,   San  Jose,  Cal.    Im- 
porters  and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goats.    Also, 
line  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 


THOS.  BUTTEEFIELD  &  SON, 

UKEEDER9  AND  IMI'OBTERS  OF 

ANGORA  OR  CASHMERE  GOATS, 

CtF*  Also.  Cotswold  and  other  long  wool  Sheep. "^ 

FRENCH  AND  SPANISH  MERINOS. 
HOLLISTER,     MONTEREY     CO.,     CAL. 


SWINE. 


CHARI.ES  CLARK.Milpitas,  Santa  Clara  County, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Purebred  Berkshire  Swine. 


POULTRY, 


MRS.  X4.  J.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Premium 
Fowls.  White  Ley;horn,  S,  S.  Hamburg,  Game  Ban- 
tams, and  Aylesbury  Ducks.    Also,  Eggs. 

M  FALLOX,  Seventh  and  Oak  streets,  Oakland, 
Cal.,  ^fffers  for  sale  Eggs  from  every  variety  of  choice 
Fowls. 

AliBERT  E.  BURBANK,    43  and    44    California 

Market,    San    Fraueieco,  importer   and   breeder  ol 
Fancy  Fowls,  Pigeons,  Rabbits,  etc. 


MEAT  MARKETS, 


I  EDDY  &  BRO.,  Stall  No.  1,  City  Market,  do  a  gen- 
4  eral  butchering  and  market  business.    City  orders 
delivered  free  of  extra  chart^e. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


S,  HARRIS  BARRING,  San  .Tone.  Cal..  agent  for 
several  breeders  of  Best  Purebred  animals  and  poul- 
try. We  bring  the  breeder  and  purt-baser  together 
direct,  and  do  not  stand  between  them,  while  we  aid 
each  for  moderate  pay. 


DAWSON  *Sc  BANCROFT,  TT.  S.  Live  Stock  Ex- 
change, southeast  comer  o4  Fifth  and  Bryant  streets 
San  Francisro.  All  kinds  of  eommon  and  thorough- 
bred Stock  always  on  exhibition  and  forsale. 


SPLENDID  CARD  PHOTOGRAPHS,  only 
Sa  a  dozen,  and  Cabinets  $4  a  ddzen,  at  HOW- 
LAND'S  Oallery  (Hoerlug's  old  stand]  No.  35t)  First 
street,  San  Jose.  fe  ly 

WALLACE  A:  lU)iIBINS.:j.sii  First  stret^t.  Handsome 
turnouts  alwiiyson  hand  at  fair  prices.  Fine  hearse 
for  funerals.    Carriagis  for  sale.    Give  ws  a  trial. 


BSANaUINETTI,  418  an4  420  First  st.  Bookcases, 
•   wardrobes,  kitchen  safes  and  i)ieture  frames  made 
to  order.    Furnittiro  made  and  repaired. 


BOSCHKEN,   Hardware,  Builders'  Materials. 
House  Furnishing  Utensils,  and  all  kinds  of  Shelf 
Hardware,  417  Firyt  Strtiet,  Sau  Jose, 


J 


California  Agriculturist 


A.m^^ 


EM^wm   e^QioiE   orour^st^E* 


Vol.  6. 


Saxx    Jose,    Cal.,    Septexxxber,    1875. 


ITo.  9. 


CONSISTENT    AND   INCONSISTENT 
IRRIGATION  OF  ORCHARDS. 

If  au  orchard  has  been  irrigated  until  the 
surface  soil  is  filled  with  roots,  and  then  tho 
irrigation  of  it  is  neglected  for  a  single  sea- 
son, tho  drying  out  of  the  soil,  filled  with 
roots  dependent  upon  it  for  moisture,  will  be 
likely  to  kill  tho  trees  outright;  and  at  any 
rate  they  will  be  severely  injured.  We  have 
noticed  sever.al  cases  of  this  kind,  first  and 
last,  and  although  we  have  several  times  spo- 
ken of  it,  yet  we  every  season  see  some  or- 
chard suffering  from  such  neglect,  through 
tho  apparent  ignorance  of  tho  proprietor,  who 
as  likely  as  not,  wonders  what  is  the  matter 
with  his  orchard,  and  thinks  that  fruit-trees 
are  short-lived  in  this  California  soil  and  cli- 
mate. He  will  teU  you  how  he  has  irrigated 
his  orchard  and  cared  for  it,  to  give  it  a  good 
start,  and  now,  when  the  trees  should  grow 
and  bear  fruit  without  all  that  extra  care,  they 
*'  up  and  die." 

Kow,  while  we  advocate  the  irrigation  of 
the  orchard  where  one  is  so  situated  that  it 
can  be  done  every  summer,  we  must  advise 
not  irrigating  at  all  unless  it  can  be  done  ev- 
ery year  in  a  consistent  manner.  There  are 
several  good  orchards  that  we  have  noticed, 
growing  on  upland  soil  without  irrigation. 
They  will  not  jiroduce  as  much,  nor  as  fine, 
large,  juicy  fruit,  as  an  orchard  that  is  irri- 
gated, but  the  trees  are  always  looking  fine 
and  healthy.  Such  trees,  not  irrigated,  run 
their  roots  deeply  into  tho  soil,  and  do  not  de- 
pend upon  surface  moisture.  They  grow 
their  roots,  as  do  the  California  oaks,  away 
below  the  reach  of  drouth  and  hot,  dry, 
cracking  surface  soil. 

On  the  contrary,  trees  grown  upon  soil 
kept  moist  by  irrigation,  spread  their  roots 
upon  the  surface,  and  send  very  few  deejily 
into  the  earth.  If  such  trees  are  not  kept 
BUiJplied  with  surface-water,  the  result  must 
bo,  and  always  is,  serious.  The  roots  and 
sap  dry  up,  the  leaves  turn  yellow  and  fall, 
and  the  tree  dies  of  thirst  and  starvation. 
The  soil  in  an  orchai'd  to  be  gi'own  without 
irrig.-vtion  should  bo  kept  loose  by  cultivation, 
to  prevent  the  loss  of  moisture  from  the  un- 
der soil  by  evaporation. 

The  pruning  should  bo  just  enough  to  pre- 
vent straggling — just  enough  to  make  close, 
symmetrical,  spreading  heads.  No  inside 
thinning-out  should  bo  done.  An  orchard 
that,  for  lack  of  water,  can  be  irrigated  only 
one,  two  or  three  times  during  tho  dry  season 
should  be  cultivated  on  the  same  plan  as  for 
one  not  irrigated  ;  .ind  when  tho  water  is  to 
be  let  ou,  it  should  be  run  between  the  rows 
in  a  deep  furrow,  and  not  bo  allowed  to  wet 
the  loose  soil  ujion  the  surface  at  all.  And 
further,  when  the  water  is  turned  out  of  a 
furrow,  the  furrow  should  be  covered  up  with 
loose  soil  to  prevent  the  soil  from  cracking 
and  the  water  from  escaping  into  the  air. 

This  system,  where  trees  are  watered  only 
occasionally,  is  excellent,  as  the  roots  are  en- 
couraged to  run  deeply,  and  will  never  come 
near    the   surface   excejjt    at    the  furrow  in 


which  tho  water  is  run.  This  being  some  dis- 
tance from  the  trees  will  be  all  the  better:  the 
feeder-roots  will  take  it  up  gradually.  One 
or  two  good  waterings  in  this  way  during  tho 
season,  letting  the  water  soak  into  the  soil 
thoroughly  iu  one  furrow  before  running  it 
into  the  next,  will  help  an  orchard  wonder- 
fully. The  same  amount  run  about  tho  trees 
upon  the  surface,  would  injure  instead  of 
benefitting  the  orchard.  The  only  exception 
to  this  rule  is  upon  loose  sandy  soil  with  a 
gravel  bottom,  where  the  wafer  would  leach 
away  instead  of  soaking  into  the  under  soil. 

Where  abundance  of  water  can  be  had  for 
irrigating  purposes,  it  has  been  found  to  bo 
the  best  plan  to  conduct  it  through  among  the 
trees,  as  nearly  upon  the  sui-faco  as  is  conve- 
nient. The  soil  is  to  be  cultivated  lightly  as 
soon  as  the  ground  is  dry  enough  to  work  well 
after  irrigating,  and  when  the  soil  shows  that 
it  is  getting  dry  the  same  thing  is  to  be  re- 
peated. Au  orchard  irrigated  on  this  plan 
will  make  a  very  vigorous  growth  and  produce 
an  immense  crop  of  fruit,  and  fine  fruit,  too. 
Tho  roots  will  be  found  near  tho  surface 
spread  like  a  mat.  The  finest  orchard  in  the 
State,  Mr.  G.  W.  Tarleton's,  is  irrigated  on 
this  plan,  and  a  plow  is  never  stuck  into  the 
ground  for  fear  of  injuring  the  roots,  but  a 
cultivator,  gi'aded  to  cut  two  inches,  is  run 
amongst  the  trees  often  enough  to  keep  the 
surface  clean  and  light. 

Several  persons  near  San  Jose  who  have 
cultivated  strawberries  in  their  orchards  for 
some  years,  irrigating  the  same  all  summer 
to  keep  them  growing  nicely,  and  who  have 
dug  up  tho  berries  and  stopped  irrigation, 
have  seen  their  trees  die  and  become  worth- 
less. We  think  it  important  that  every  far- 
mer should  understand  the  philosophy  of  ir- 
rigation well  enough  to  never  make  mistakes 
of  this  kind. 


SOMETHING  ABOUT  ORCHARDING 

We  have  taken  a  look  through  several 
orchards  this  month,  and  observed  many 
things  iu  the  way  of  fruit  and  culture  worthy 
of  note.  Mr.  J.  M.  Patterson,  Avho  owns  the 
finest  prune  orchard,  although  his  crop  was 
cut  very  short  by  frost,  is  still  as  sanguine  as 
ever  and  making  improvements.  His  orchard 
is  on  moist  rich  soil,  and  has  never  been  ir- 
rigated, but  Mr.  P.  is  making  preparations  for 
irrigation,  has  a  Kipp's  viprigbt  boiler  and 
engine  of  3%  horse  power  which  will  run  two 
(i  inch  pumps,  raising  water  about  ten  feet. 
Tho  water  stands  in  the  bored  well  only  seven 
feet  from  the  surface.  Ho  has  laid  a  six 
inch  square  redwood  pipe  or  floom,  IS  inches 
under  ground  along  the  upper  side  of  his 
grounds.  At  convenient  distances  are  plugs 
four  inches  iu  diameter,  .so  that  the  pipe  can 
bo  tapped  and  tho  water  coudiicted  at  will 
through  any  portion  of  the  orchard  or  black- 
berry patch.  The  cost  of  such  a  pipe  laid 
down  is  about  $2.00  per  rod,  and  when  once 
placed  will  last  for  yeiirs  and  no  trouble. 
Mr.  P.  thinks  that  evenou  his  superior  moist 
soil  it  will  pay  to  irrigate  when  the  fruit  is 
growing.  Heretofore  he  has  produced  the 
finest  plums  and  prunes  ever  seen  in  market. 
The  cost  of  Kipp's  3J^  horse  power  upright 
engine  and  boiler  was  $4.50  laid  down,  and 
about  $60  to  set  the  same,  including  crank 
attachments  to  the  pumps.  The  pumps  cost 
$25  each. 

Persons    wishing    to   irrigate  with  steam 
power,  would  do  well  to  examine  Mr.  Patter- 


sons rig  which  is  most  complete  and  econom  - 
ical  in  every  respect.  Mr.  Patterson  has 
some  old  fashioned  damson  trees  in  his  or- 
chard which  the  frost  did  not  injure.  They 
have  been  planted  22  years,  and  are  still  fine 
and  healthy  and  loaded  with  beautiful  fruit. 
He  has  several  times  realized  $25  per  tree 
from  them  in  a  single  season,  and  will  got 
probably  more  this  year.  We  picked  from  a 
pear  tree  some  Sickle  pears  that  were  larcer 
than  the  average  of  large  Winter  Nelhs  pears. 
We  had  to  ask  the  name  of  them,  although 
we  are  used  to  seeing  the  wonderful  produc- 
tions of  California.  We  never  saw  finer 
Bartletts,  Flemish  Beauties  or  Buorre 
Clargeaus.  Mr.  Patterson's  system  of  cul- 
tivation is  similar  to  that  of  Sir.  Tarleton's 
thorough  surface  cultivation,  only  a  Uttle 
deeper,  as  the  surface  has  not  been  irrig.ated. 
Mr.  Pattersons  orchard  trees  are  set  closer 
together  than  trees  in  any  other  orchard 
we  know  of,  excepting  the  one  we  shall  next 
notice.  He  has  obtained  more  fruit  from  the 
acre  and  better  fruit  by  so  planting.  In  our 
sunny  and  windy  country,  we  have  long  been 
satisfied  that  close  planting  is  best  and  have 
frequently  said  so  before. 

Mr.  Charles  Caine,  a  prominent  fruit  pro- 
ducer and  dealer,  has  tried  the  experiment  of 
planting  cherry  trees  in  au  ajiplo  orchard,  be- 
tween the  trees  in  every  row — and  with  the 
best  success.  He  can  show  as  fine  a  growth 
of  cherry  trees — and  that  without  irrigation — 
as  any  person  in  the  State.  His  apple  or- 
chard, when  he  purchased  it  a  few  years 
since,  was  in  a  neglected  condition.  It  is 
now  fine,  all  grafted  to  Newtown  pippins  and 
valuable,  bringing  in  a  good  revenue  annual- 

ly. 

Next  season  Mr.  Caine  expects  a  fine  crop 
of  cherries  from  the  same  orchard  without 
diminishing  the  apple  crop.  The  only  fair 
crop  of  peaches  near  San  Jose  this  season 
was  produced  by  Mr.  Caine.  When  the  nights 
were  frosty  in  Ain-il,  and  killing  everj'body's 
else  fruit,  Mr.  C.  built  fires  among  his  trees, 
using  brush,  straw,  and  strawy  manure  for 
the  purpose.  As  the  frosts  continued  several 
nights  in  succession, he  ran  short  of  fuel,  but 
managed  so  as  to  get  a  very  fair  crop  of  splen- 
did peaches,  and  he  sold  them  for  a  big  price. 
A  lot  of  large  old  ajiricot  trees  that  are  on 
one  of  his  rented  pieces  became  straggly  and 
spreading  out  of  shape.  He  cut  the  limbs 
well  back  ^vithin  a  few  feet  of  the  trunk  hvst 
Spring.  The  result  is  beautiful,  round  heads 
of  numerous  new  limbs,  promising  lots  of 
fine  fruit  another  season.  Every  season  Mr. 
Caine  "colors"  his  best  fruit  for  market. 
This  is  not  done  with  paint  and  brush,  but 
with  sunbeams.  The  fruit,  after  picking,  is 
laid  for  a  few  days  under  a  half-shade,  so  as 
to  get  the  light  "without  sun-burning.  The 
fruit  soon  colors  up  in  a  beautiful  manner. 
Every  one  has  noticed  that  while  some  fruits 
on  a  tree  are  high-colored,  others  ou  the 
same  tree  are  not.  The  action  of  sunlight  ia 
only  needed  to  give  all  a  charming  color. 
This  ripening  and  coloring  process  completed, 
the  fruit  is  nicely  packed  in  boxes  and  brings 
the  fancy  prices — more  than  double  what  it 
would  if  shipped  at  once  without  this  trou- 
ble. Mr.  C.  studies  to  make  whatever  he 
undertakes  pay,  and  so  far  with  success.  The 
day  we  were  at  his  place  his  team  was  haul- 
ing manure  to  spread  thickly  upon  the  soil 
among  his  trees.  This  is  something  that  he 
knows  will  pay  in  increased  size  of  fruit  and 
tree-growth.  Thorough  surface  cultivation  is 
the  rule  with  him,  as  with  all  best  orchard 
ists. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^mgio(ihgottn\iiV 


S.  HAREIS  HEEKING  &  CO., 

Editors  and  Publishers.  ^ 

OFFICE:  Over  the  San  Jose  Savings  Bank, 
IJalbacU's  Biiildinsf,  Santa  Clara  btreet, 
near  First,  San  Jose. 


SPECIAL  TEEIIS  TO  A0EOT3. 

EATES  OF  ADVEBTISING. 

Per  OBO  column «' 0"/P.' *^?.°*^ 

••    half  Column °   '"     „ 

"    fourth  Column „  m    ..        •• 

"    pisbthColumn ,  ™,    ..        .. 

"    Bixteeutli  Column 1  w 

ISF-  Wc  are  d.-tf-niuneil  to  adlicre  to  to  our  resolution 
tondmitnoue  hut  worthy  buBi.. ess  ;idv.rtisinBm  our 
columnB,  and  to  Vmv  clear  of  pat.nt  ,n..di.-me,  hquoi, 
and  otbcr  artvurtisementfi  ..f  doul.ttul  lutlucnce. 

riu- lar-fi  .inulation,  the  d.-Birahlr  .law  of  readers, 
andtli.'  u."at  and  couveuieut  form.r.  nd.  rh  this  Journal 
a  choice  medium  tor  reaching  the  attention  ol  the 
masses.  ^^^^^^^^^^ 


EDITORIAL  NOTES. 


The  State  Short-Horn  Convention  will 

meet  iu  reynlar  Semi  Annual  Convention,  on 
AVednesday  the  22d  of  the  present  month 
(September)  during  the  week  of  the  State 
Fair.  There  will  be  no  public  auction  sales 
of  stock  under  the  auspices  of  the  Society, 
but  wo  le.irn  that  several  breeders  are  in- 
tending to  make  sales  on  their  own  account. 
The  general  impression  among  breeders  of 
fine  stock  is  that  the  spring  is  a  better  time 
for  making  sales  than  the  fall  of  the  year. 


Saving  Straw  for  Stock  has  finally  got 

to  be  the  rule  as  it  should  bo  on  grain  farms, 
instead  of  the  wasting  and  burning  it  as  was 
so  generally  done  a  few  years  since.  The 
value  of  a  good  straw  stack  for  stock,  when 
feed  is  short,  is  being  appreciated. 

Now  the  question  is,  the  most  convenient 
and  economical  way  of  saving.  Undoubtedly 
an  elevator  attached  to  a  separator  for  stack- 
ing straw  is  a  great  improvement.  It  saves 
much  time  and  labor,  and  will  soon  be  con- 
sidersd  au  indisponsible  attachment  to  all 
California  separators. 

Some  farmers  are  thinking  of  building 
largo  sheds,  or  roofs,  iu  convenient  parts  of 
grain  fields,  where  stock  can  be  fed  handily, 
for  sheltering  straw  every  season  ;  and  they 
wiU  then  stack  the  grain  along  side  so  that 
the  straw  elevator  will  deposit  the  straw  un- 
der cover  directly  from  the  threshing  ma- 
chine. 

Those  who  have  tried  this  method  of  saving 
straw,  could  not  be  induced  to  go  back  to  the 
old  way.  Wo  commend  this  idea  to  such  of 
cur  readers  as  may  feel  interested  in  tho 
matter. 


Many  Subscribers  have  asked  us  how 

they  shall   remit  money.     While  the  matter 
of  remitting  a  small  suljscription  for  a  paper 
should  be  the  easiest  thing  in  the  world  to  do 
and  everybody  should  know  just  how  to  do 
it,  it  still  is  a  matter  of  considerable  moment 
to  many  who  wish  to  pay  for  their  papers  ; 
and  it  is  of  some  concern  to  publishers  who 
need  these  small  amounts  which  aggregate  so 
much   when    counted  upon  the  books,    and 
without  which  crumbs  a  poor  publisher  would 
starve.     Were  currency  as  good  as  gold,   as 
it    should  be,    a  post  ofiice  order  would  be 
preferable   to   anything  else.     Now,   if    you 
buy  a  $1.50  post  office  order  with  coin,  it  is 
payable  to  us  only  in   greenbacks,   and    we 
loose  about  15  cents,  which  we  cannot  afford 
to  do  while  we  have  to  pre-pay  that    much 
postage   on  the  AoBicnLTURisT.     But   $1.50 
in  coin  will  bring   about  $1.68  in  currency 
and  this  will  buy  a  post  office  order  payable  to 
us  in  like  amount,  which  will  bo  satisfactory 
to  us,  and  is  really  the  most  convenient  way 
of  sending  small  amounts  through  tho  mail. 
An  order  will  cost  5  cents,  postage  3  cents 
more. 

Sometimes  money  comes  to  ns  through 
Wells  Fargo  Express,  costing  the  sender  or 
us  25  to  50  cents  for  $1.50.  This  is  paying 
rather  dear  for  the  whistle,  although  we  be- 
lieve a  m.in  better  do  that  than  not  take  the 
Ageicdltukist  and  Live  Stock  JonKNAL,  and 
pay  for  it  too.  Another  good  and  convenient 
way  is  to  send  a  check  on  a  San  Jose  or  S.in 
Francisco  bank.  The  merchant,  where  you 
purchase  your  family  sitpplies,  would  most 
Ukely  furnish  you  with  a  check  for  the 
money  which  we  could  easily  get  the  money 
on.  We  advise  this  as  another  most  con- 
venient way  of  sending  money.  The  check, 
which  can  only  be  paid  to  us  or  our  order, 
can  bo  sent  as  an  ordinary  letter  with  but 
three  cents  postage.  Be  sure  and  send  in 
same  letter  your  full  address,  name  and 
post  office  plainly  written.  Please  do  mot 
forget,  however,  that  whatever  way  you  do 
send  it,  the  most  important  part  of  the 
transaction  to  the  pubUsher  is  to  get  his  dues, 
and  one  year  in  advance. 

We  are  asked  what  are  our  lowest  sub- 
scription rates  to  Patrons  of  Ilusliandry. 
We  would  like  to  be  able  to  aft'ord  the 
Agkicultcrist  and  Liak  Stock  Jodknal  for 
half-price  to  evervbody,  and  give  a  good  farm 
for  a  premium  besides  ;  but  the  truth  is,  iffl.uO 
a  year  is  as  low  as  we  can  publish  it,  with- 
out sever.'vl  thousand  more  subscribers  ;  and 
If  every  one  who  takes  it  doesn't  have  a  bet- 
ter farm,  by  doing  something  to  make  it 
better,  either  we  do  not  make  a  paper  worth 
taking  or  he  does  not  read  as  carefully  as  ho 
might,  or  else  does  not  practice  as  well  as  he 
should.  We  believe  in  tho  co-oporativo 
principle,  and  if  publishing  a  paper  for  every- 
body at  a  low  price  does  not  como  near 
practicing  the  principle  on  our  part,  we 
would  like  to  know  how  to  better  it.  A  little 
more  co-operation  on  the  part  of  some  of  our 
subscribers  in  the  small  matter  of  paying  up 
promptly,  would  bo  appreciated  and  help 
matters  wonderfully.  We  shall  expect  all 
good  Patrons  to  lie  willing  to  co-operate 
with  us,  for  we  arc  trying  to  make  just  such 


a  cheap  Monthly  Journal  as  every  farmer  on 
the  Pacific  Coast  ought,  and  can  afi'ord  to 
have  ;  iu  fact,  cannot  afford  to  do  without. 


To  our  Correspondents  or  about  them 
we  have  said  very  little  through  the  columns 
of  our  Monthly,  but  we  feel  under  many 
obligations  to  them  and  know  they  have 
done  very  much  to  make  the  Aokicultubist 
AND  Live  Stock  Journaz.  interesting  to  all 
readers.  And  this  our  readers  will  attest  to, 
and  for  our  readers  we  say  thanks  to  you 
all,  and  may  you  never  cease  to  favor  our 
columns.  We  wish  that  aU  farmers  and 
farmer's  wives  and  daughters  would  feel  it 
a  duty  and  privilege  to  write  something  of 
their  ex-perience  and  ideas  upon  subjects 
which  interest  all.  It  is  yimr  paper  and  you 
who  like  to  read  it  should  write  for  it. 

By  tho  way,  "  Uncle  Ben  "  has  been  able 
to  give  a  Boys  and  Girls  department  en- 
tirely original  this  month,  thanks  to  the 
young  folks.  We  want  you  all  to  write. 
The  Domestic  department  is  also  original 
and  good  too.  We  have  another  "Chat"' 
from  "Jewell"  on  hand  for  next  month,  also 
two  other  of  her  articles:  "how  to  dress 
babies  "  and  "  two  ways  of  feeding  babies  " — 
both  invaluable  to  mothers  who  have  the 
care  and  responsibility  of  the  most  precious 
live  stock  raised  on  the  farm.  These  will 
appear,  one  next  month  and  the  other  the 
following. 

It  is  always  most  convenient  to  publishers 
to  have  articles  come  in  early,  but  better  late 
than  not  at  all. 


A  Recent  Ramble  through  John  Rock's 
nursery  discovered  to  us  mauy  things  inter- 
esting. Within  two  years  Mr.  Rock  has 
added  greenhouse  culture  to  his  other  branches 
of  that  business.  Among  tho  many  novel- 
ties seen,  we  will  notice  his  collection  of 
choice  palm-trees.  At  great  expense  he  sent 
to  Central  America  and  Mexico  for  seeds  of 
the  finest  varieties  of  palms,  and  has  been 
successful  in  starting  over  five  thousand  trees 
which  are  growing  finely.  This  is  a  valuable 
acquisition  to  CaUfsrnia.  It  is  just  what  wo 
want  to  see.  Mr.  Rock  can  probably  come 
as  near  filling  any  order  for  choice  plants  and 
trees  of  all  kinds,  as  any  nurseryman  iu  Cal- 
ifornia. 


Our  Lompoc  Correspondence   will   be 

found  very  interesting.  Some  of  our  ex- 
changes which  cater  to  the  powerful  liquor 
interest,  characterize  the  proceeiUngs  of  the 
temperance  women  at  Lompoc  as  a  disgrace- 
ful mob,  and  say  they  had  better  try  and  cover 
up  their  drunkards'  shame.  We  say  good, 
bravo,  glory  to  the  women  of  Lompoc  1  Un- 
cover the  demon  alcohol  wherever  you  can 
find  him.  Beat  him  down  and  outr-with 
law  or  without  law.  Give  it  no  rest  amongst 
you.  Never  hesitate  .about  the  means,  but 
do  quickly  what  you  find  to  do,  and  fail  not, 
falter  not  iu  well-doing. 


A  FAKMKB  complains  that  a  hook  and  lad- 
der company  has  been  organized  in  his  neigh- 
borhood, ilo  states  that  the  ladder  is  used 
after  dark  for  climbing  into  his  hen-house, 
after  which  the  hooking  is  done. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Better  Than  Cold. 

;  ETTER  tban  Rraudeur,  better  than  gold. 
Than  rank  and  title  a  tlioiisaud  fold, 
Is  a  healthy  body,  a  mind  at  ease. 
And  siuiple  pleasures  that  always  pleaee. 
A  heart  that  can  feel  for  a  neighbor's  woe, 
And  share  his  joys  with  a  genial  glow, 
With  KymputhieB  large  enough  to  enfold 
All  men  ad  brothers,  iij  better  than  gold. 

Better  than  roM  is  a  conscience  clear, 
Thoiit,'h  tniling  for  brtiad  in  a  humble  sphere, 
Doubly  b|.  Kt  with  content  and  health, 
Untried  by  the  lust  of  cares  or  wealth. 
Lowly  living  and  lofty  thought 
Adorn  and  eunoblu  a  poor  man's  cot; 
For  man  and  morals  and  Nature's  plan 
Are  the  genuine  test  of  a  gentleman. 

Bolter  than  gold  is  the  eweet  repose 

Of  the  sons  of  toil  when  their  labors  close. 

Better  than  gnld  in  the  ptior  man's  sleep. 

And  the  balm  that  drops  from  his  slumbers  doep, 

Bringing  sleeping  draughts  to  the  downy  bed 

Where  luxury  pillows  his  acliing  head; 

His  simpler  opiate,  labor  deems 

A  shorter  road  to  the  land  of  dreams. 

Bettor  than  gold  is  a  thinking  mind, 
That,  iu  the  realm  of  books  can  find 
A  treasure  surpassing  Australian  ore, 
And  live  With  the  great  and  good  of  yore. 
The  sage's  lore  and  the  poet's  lay. 
The  glories  of  empires  nass  away  ; 
Thp  wo'-ld's  great  drama  will  thus  enfold 
And  yield  a  pleasure  better  than  gold. 

Better  than  gold  is  a  peaceful  home, 
Where  all  the  fireside  charities  come  ; 
The  shrine  of  love  and  the  heaven  of  life, 
H.iUowed  by  mother,  or  sister,  or  wife. 
However  humble  the  home  may  be. 
Or  tried  by  sorrow,  with  heaven's  decree, 
The  blessings  that  never  were  bought  or  sold. 
And  centre  here,  are  better  than  gold, 


A  Voice  to  Young  Men. 

BT  ANNA  LINDEN » 

Stand  nobly  up  and  face  life's  work 

With  brave  and  honest  soul. 
And  let  no  false  and  foolish  pride 

Your  manly  heart  control. 
Stand  out  in  honest,  bold  relief— 

A  worker  and  a  man  ; 
Something  of  use  in  thi?  great  world, 

After  your  Maker's  plan. 

And  if  you  keep  yourmorals  pure. 

And  eultivare  your  mind. 
And  stand  up  nobly  for  the  right, 

Anp  live  as  God  designed  ; 
Then,  sir,  you  need  not  bend  the  knee 

To  bank  stock  nor  to  gold  ; 
For  there  is  wealth  of  higher  worth 

Thau  figures  over  told. 

Work  is  most  noble,  good  and  grand, 

Since  God  ordained  it  so  ; 
It  keeps  the  heart  from  cankering  rust 

And  maaes  the  nation  grow. 
The  workers  are  the  nation's  wealth. 

And  not  the  idle  drones. 
Work  makes  the  country  prosperous, 

Makes  happy  hearts  and  homes. 

*Tis  good  to  see  the  honest  face 

And  stalwart,  maoly  frame. 
With  muscles  that  Ix-speak  of  strength. 

And  liauds  to  match  the  same — 
Hands  that  Inok  competent  to  grasp 

And  grapple  with  life's  foes. 
And  ufiuse  the  brrren  wilderness 

To  blossom  as  the  rose. 

Ashamed  of  labor  I    No,  not  yon, 

Since  that  was  God's  decree  ; 
For  honest  and  industrious  toil 

Brings  glad  prosperity. 
It  frames  and  builds  up  all  the  good 

A  nation's  life  can  know — 
Science,  and  art,  and  fame,  and  wealth. 

From  work  and  eflfort  grow. 

Spurn  indolence,  whose  weakening  grasp 

Blights  manliness  and  worth  ; 
Be  something  to  yourself  and  friends  ; 

lie  useful  to  the  earth. 
Make  laburnoble  in  itself 

By  being  nobly  d«jne, 
And  make  fair  Nature's  heart  rejoice 

To  own  you  as  her  son. 

It  matters  not  if  hands  and  brains 

Are  all  your  stock  of  wealth. 
With  steady,  patient  industry, 

And  energy  ^nd  health. 
You  yet  may  rise  to  lofty  heights, 

As  others  have  before, 
And  crown  the  throne  of   wealth  and  fame 

With  one  brave  victor  more. 


Go  Ahead. 

When  your  plans  of  life  are  clear, 
Go  ahead  ; 
But  no  faster  than  your  brains. 
Haste  is  always  in  the  rear, 
if  l>ame  Prudence  hold  the  reins, 
Go  ahead. 

Do  not  ask  too  broad  a  test — 

Go  ahead. 

Lagging  never  clears  the  right ; 

When  you  do  your  duty  best. 

You  will  best  know  what  is  right — 

Go  ahead. 

Never  doubt  a  righteous  cause. 
Go  Ahead. 
Throw  yourself  completely  in, 
Conscience  shaping  all  your  laws  ; 
MautuUy,  through  thick  and  thin. 
Go  ahead. 

Do  not  ask  who  will  go  with  you. 
Go  ahead. 
Numbers  I  Spurn  the  coward's  plea  I 
If  there  be  but  one  or  two- 
Single. handed  though  it  be. 
Go  ahead. 

Though  before  you  mountains  rise, 

Go  ahead. 

Scale  them  ?  certainly  you  can. 

Let  them  proudly  pierce  the  skies; 

What  are  mountains  to  a  man? 

Go  ahead. 

Though  fierce  waters  round  you  dash. 
Go  aheml. 
Let  no  hardship  baffle  you. 
Though  the  heavens  roar  and  flash, 
St  11  undaunted,  firm  and  true. 
Go  ahead. 

Heed  not  Mammon's  golden  bell. 
Go  ahead. 
Make  no  compromise  with  sin. 
Toll  tho  serpent  he  looks  well, 
But  you  cannot  let  him  in. 
Go  ahead. 

Better  days  are  drawing  nigh. 

Go  ahead. 

Making  duty  all  your  pride. 

You  must  prosper,  live  or  die; 

For  all  heaven's  on  jour  side. 

Go  ahead. 


Love  and  Labor. 

We  die  not  all,  for  our  deeds  remain. 
To  crown  with  honor  or  mar  with  stain. 
Through  endless  sequence  of  years  to  come 
Our  lives  shall  speak  though  our  lips  are  dumb. 

What  though  we  perish  unknown  to  fame. 
Our  tomb  forgotten  and  lost  our  name. 
Since  naught  is  wasted  in  heaven  or  earth. 
And  nothing  dies  to  which  God  gives  birth. 

Though  life  be  joyless  and  death  be  cold, 
And  ph^asure  pall  as  the  w*irld  grows  old. 
Vet  God  has  grunted  our  hearts  relief. 
For  love  and  labor  can  conquer  grief. 

Love  sheds  a  light  on  the  gloomy  way. 
And  labor  hurries  the  weary  day. 
Though  death  be  fearful  and  life  be  hard, 
Y'et  love  and  labor  shall  win  reward. 

If  love  can  dry  up  a  single  tear. 

If  lifelong  labor  avail  to  clear 

A  single  web  from  before  the  true, 

Then  love  and  labor  havo  won  their  due. 

What  though  we  mourn,  we  can  comfort  pain ; 
"What  if  we  die,  so  the  truth  be  plain. 
A  little  spark  from  a  high  desire 
Shall  kindle  others,  and  grow  a  fire. 

We  are  not  worthy  to  work  the  whole. 
We  have  no  strength  which  may  save  a  soul. 
Enough  for  us  if  our  life  begin 
Successful  struggle  with  grief  and  sin. 

Labor  is  mortal  and  fades  away, 
But  love  shall  triumph  iu  perfect  day; 
Labor  may  wither  beneath  the  sod. 
But  love  lives  forever,  for  love  is  God. 

—  [Chambers'  Journal 


The  Bachelor's  Advice* 

If  determined  to  marry,  why  so  let  It  be. 
But  first  tarry  a  moment  and  listen  to  me. 

To  save  you  some  trouVile  and  maybe  some  strife, 
Look  well  to  tho  woman  you  choose  for  a  wife. 

If  ugly  tho  maiden,  why  let  her  go  to. 

And  frighten  some  other  less  timid  than  you. 

If  fair,  then  beware  lest  your  house  should  become 
The  haunt  of  gallants  when  you're  absent  from  home. 

If  poor,  let  her  pass,  and  all  wooing  give  o'er; 
For  discord  comes  in  when  the  wolf's  at  the  door. 

If  wealthy,  avoid  her;  she'll  certainly  wear 

ThoBo  garments  that  pride  should  forbid  you  to  spare  ^ 


If  old.  bid  the  beldame  in  quiet  to  go. 

A  man  should  not  marry  Iut>  mother,  you  know. 

If  young,  have  a  feor  of  the  tempest  and  storm. 
Young  hearts  are  rebellious,  young  blood  is  too  warm. 

If  short,  ponder  long  ere  you  make  her  your  bride  ; 
Who  stoops  to  a  mate  must  abandon  his  pride. 

If  tall,  drive  her  off.  if  'tis  needed  with  whips. 
'Twould  fatigue  to  much  to  climb  to  her  lips. 

If  sly.  bid  her  troop  to  her  mother  at  once. 

Lest  when  you  have  wedded  the  world  call  you  dunce. 

If  frank,  to  her  outspoken  speech  give  no  ear ; 

She  may  tell  you  some  truths  not  so  pleasant  to  hear  , 

But  should  there  be  one  who  is  neither  of  these, 
Then  win  her  and  wed  her  as  soon  as  you  please. 

But  first,  at  tho  bridal  a  goblet  fill  up 

With  poison,  then  drain  at  one  swallow  the  cup. 

For  thus,  and  thus  only,  a  man  may  forego 
Tho  evils  fruju  marriage  that  certainly  How. 


A  Woman's    Answer  to  a    Man's 
Question- 
Do  you  know  you  have  a^ked  for  the  costliest  thing 

Ever  molce  by  the  Hand  above — 
For  a  woman's  heart  and  a  woman's  life 

And  a  woman's  wonderful  love? 

Do  you  know  you  have  asked  for  this  priceloSB  thing. 

As  a  child  might  ask  for  a  toy. 
Demanding  what  t)therB  have  died  to  win 

With  the  reckless  dash  of  a  boy? 

You  have  written  my  lesson  of  duty  oat. 

Manlike  you  have  questioned  me  ; 
Now  stand  at  the  bar  of  my  woman's  soul 

Until  I  shall  question  thee. 

You  require  your  mutton  shall  always  be  hot, 

Y'our  socks  and  your  shirts  be  whole  ; 
I  require  your  heart  to  be  true  as  God's  stars, 

And  jmre  as  His  heaven  your  soul. 

You  require  a  cook  for  your  mutton  and  beef; 

I  require  a  far  better  thing. 
A  seJimstn^sB  you're  wanting  for  socks  and  for  shirts  ; 

I  look  for  a  man  and  a  king. 

A  king  for  the  beautiful  realm  called  home. 

And  a  man  that  the  Maker.  God, 
Shall  look  upon  as  He  did  the  first, 

And  say,  "  It  is  very  good." 

I  am  young  and  fair,  but  the  rose  will  fade 

From  my  soft  young  cheek  one  day  ; 
Will  you  love  me  then,  *mid  the  falling  leaves. 

As  you  did  'mid  the  bloom  of  May? 

Is  your  heart  an  ocean,  so  strong  and  deep 

I  may  launch  my  all  on  its  tide? 
A  loving  woman  finds  heaven  or  hell 

On  the  day  she  is  made  a  brido. 

I  require  all  things  that  are  grand  and  true — 

All  things  that  a  man  should  be. 
If  you  give  this  all.  I  would  stake  my  life 

To  be  what  you  demand  of  me. 

If  you  cannot  bo  this,  a  laundress  and  cook 

Y'itu  can  hire  with  little  pay  ; 
But  a  woman's  heart  and  a  woman's  life 

Are  not  to  be  won  that  way. 


The  Sower. 

BY  ROBEKT  MORRIS,  LL.  D. 

He  that  hath  ears  to  hear 
May  listen  now. 
While  I  shall  tell,  iu  simple  words  indeed. 
Of  a  good  husbandman  who  took  hia  seed 
And  went  to  sow. 

Some  by  the  wayside  fell 

On  breezes  borne 
The  fowls  of  heaven  flew  down— a  greedy  train— 
And  snatched  with  ha^ty  appetite  the  grain, 

Till  all  was  gone. 

Some  fell  upon  a  roctt. 
And  greenly  soon 
They  sprouted  as  for  harvest,  strong  and  fair  ; 
But  when  the  summer's  sun  shone  hotly  there 
They  wilted  down. 

Some  fell  among  the  thorns, 
A  fertile  soil  ; 
But  ere  tho  grain  could  raise  its  timid  head. 
Luxuriantly  the  accursed  weeds  o'erspread 
And  choked  them  all. 

But  some  in  the  good  ground^ 

God's  precious  mnuld — 
Where  sun,  breeze,  dew  and  dowers  apportioned  well. 
And  in  the  harvest  smiling  swains  could  tell 

Their  hundred-fold. 


A  farmer's  economical  daughter  in  Hassa- 
cliusetts  put  off  her  weddiug-day  because  eggs 
were  fort\-  cents  a  dozen,  and  it  would  take 
two  dozen  for  the  wedding-cakes  and  pudding. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


SCIENCE  OF   CULTIVATION. 

There  is  one  queHtiou  that  is  of  cousiderable 
importauce  iu  its  bearing  upon  the  matter  of 
the  best  cultivation  for  our  climate,  which  we 
would  like  the  opinion  of  the  best  philoso- 
phers and  scientists  upon  in  a  practical  man- 
ner. We  feel  decided  upon  it  already  in  our 
own  mind,  but  see  that  others  difl'er  widely 
from  us.  We  believe  that  all  questions  of 
science  and  natural  philosophy  are  as  capable 
of  absolute  demonstration  as  are  questions  iu 
mathematics.  But  a  wrong  comjirebension 
and  interpretation  of  facts,  and  a  little  false 
reasoning,  will  terribly  warp  one's  under- 
standing, even  upon  questions  apparently  ea- 
sily callable  of  proof  conclusive. 

As  differing  in  the  main  from  us,  we  copy 
below  something  from  the  Mecord-  Union  upon 
"  California's  climatic  phenomena,  consid- 
ered in  reference  to  agriculture  :" 

AGEICULTUKAL  EFFECTS. 

"  We  have  stated  that  the  reason  why  Cali- 
fornia suffers  less  from  drought,    during   her 
long,  dry  seasons,  than  most  other  countries 
do  if  they  fail  to  have  rain  every  few  weeks, 
is  traceable  to  the  same  cause  that  produces 
her  cold  nights— namely,  her  dry  atmosphere. 
This  proposition   at  first  thought,   we  know 
seems  impossible  ;  but  it  is  nevertheless  true, 
and  is  accounted  for  upon  simple  i)hilosophi- 
cal  principles.     We  will   endeavor  to  explain 
it.     The  temperature  of  the  soil  partakes  of 
the   temperature    of  the   surrounding  atmos- 
phere,  and   all    the   heat   of  the   soil   comes 
from  the  sun  through   the  atmosphere.      We 
have  shown  that   a   wet   atmosphere   retains 
the  heat  during  the  night,  while  a  dry  atmos- 
I)here  becomes  cool  quickly  in  the  absence  of 
the  sun.     Is  it  not  plain,  then,  that  the  loose 
worked  soil,  lying  under  a  damp  atmosphere, 
will  become  heated  to  a  greater  depth  during 
a  long  warm  season  than  it  will  when  equally 
loose  under  a  dry   atmosphere  ?    and   that   it 
will  indeed  assume  much  nearer  the  tempera- 
ture  of    the  atmosphere  itself  ?    Experience 
proves  this  to  be  true.    The  loose  soil  in  New 
York,  for  instance,  at  a  depth  of  six  inches 
in  the  month  of   August  indicates   the  same, 
or  nearly  the  same  temperature  as  the  atmos- 
phere above  it,   while   equally   loose   soil  in 
California  shows  three  or   four  degrees  lower 
temperature  than  the  atmosphere   above   it. 
Now  to  this  fact  apply  the  well-known  atmos- 
pheric phenomena  of  condensation  of  mois- 
ture   on   a    cool   surface.      Ice-water  in   an 
earthen  pitcher,  on  a  warm  day,  even  in  our 
dry  climate,  very  quickly  causes  water  to  ac- 
cumulate on  the  outside  of   the  pitcher  from 
the  surrounding  atmosphere.     So  a  cool  soil, 
in  our  hottest  days,  is  constantly  condensing 
and  absorbing  the  moisture  from  our  dry  at- 
mosphere, and  with  this  moisture  feeding  the 
roots  of  plants.     Hence,  if  the  soil  be  loose 
deep   down — and  the   deeper  the  better,  be- 
cause the  greater  the   difference   in   tempera- 
ture between  its  lower  particlss   and   the  at- 
mosphere, every  particle  of  that  soil  presents 
to  the  atmosphere  a  condensing  surface,  and, 
like  the  pitcher,  draws  from  it   its  moisture. 
But  in  the  Atlantic  States,  or  any  other  coun- 
try where  the  temperature  of  the  soil  becomes 
equal  to  that  of  the  atmosphere,  there  can  be 
no  condensation  of  the  soil,  and  consequently 
the  soil  can  obtain  no  moisture   from   the  at- 
mosphere,    except    the    condensation     takes 
place  in  the  atmosphere  itself,  and  falls  upon 
the  soil  in  the  form  of  rain.     Hence,   the  ab- 
sence of  rain  for  a  few  weeks  brings  destruc- 
tive drought,  though  the  atmosphere  may  bo 
BO  moist  as  to  bo  absolutely  oppressive   and 
scalding  to  the  touch.     A  great  many  farnnu-s 
hold  to  the  theory  that  the  moisture  in  a  loose 
soil  comes  from  below  by  cvaporaticm.  Hence 
they  stir  the  surface  frequently,   as  they  say, 
to  let  the  moisture  come  up.     This  theory 


incorrect.  If  it  were  true  that  the  moisture  I 
comes  from  below,  then  the  harder  and  more 
compact  the  surface  the  more  moisture  would 
be  kejit  in  the  gi-ound,  for  the  very  plain  rea- 
son that  it  could  not  escape  througli  a  com- 
pact and  tight  surface  as  readily  as  through 
an  open  one.  The  truth  is  that  a  compact 
surface  on  the  soil  permits  evaporation,  but 
does  not  present  the  cool  surface  to  induce 
condensation  as  does  a  loose  soil.  The  at- 
mosphere penetrates  a  loose  soil  as  deep 
down  as  it  is  loose,  and  the  cool  surface  it 
there  meets  robs  it  of  its  moisture,  while  it 
cannot  penetrate  a  loose  soil  to  be  robbed.  A 
few  familiar  facts,  perhaps,  will  illustrate  the 
point  better  than  pages  of  reasoning.  Many 
of  our  farmers  have  dug  wells  in  this  country 
iu  the  di-y  summer  months,  and  have  thrown 
out  piles  of  dry  soil,  and  have  been  surprised 
to  find,  in  the  course  of  a  day  or  two,  that 
the  dry  soil  so  thrown  out  had  become  quite 
moist;  even  more  moist  than  the  natural  sur- 
face upon  which  it  was  thrown.  How  came 
this  about  ?  Was  it  by  evaporation  from  the 
natural  surface  below  up  through  the  new 
soil  thrown  out  ?  This  could  not  be ;  for  if 
you  dig  down  ten  inches  iu  the  newly  exca- 
vated soil  it  is  as  dry  as  when  first  thrown 
out,  while  perhaps  four  inches  down  it  is 
damp  enough  to  germinate  seed,  and  fre- 
quently does  it  when  seed  will  not  germinate 
on  the  natural  surface.  The  fact  is,  the  soil 
thrown  out  of  the  well  is  cold,  and  condenses 
the  moisture  from  the  atmosphere." 

How  it  is  possible  for  any  one  to   steer   so 
wide  from  the  mark,  or  to   make   such   false 
deductions  as  are  indicated  in  the  above  ex- 
tract is  wonderful  at  least.      The   idea   ad- 
vanced of  condensation  of  moisture  from  our 
dry  atmosphere  by  a  loose  soil  is  almost  too 
prej^osterous  to  allow  of  a  moment's  consid- 
eration.     This   condensation    theory,    as  ap- 
plied to  the  soil,   is,    on  general  principles, 
one  of  the  biggest  humbugs   ever   preached; 
and  he  who  expects  to  raise  a  crop  from  land 
that  depends,  for  water,  upon  condensation  of 
moisture  from   the  air  will  carry  his  crops 
away  in  the  corner  of  his  eye,    and  particu- 
larly in  a  di-y  climate  like  ours.      Why,    the 
dew  point,  as  indicated  by  the  wet  bulb  of  the 
thermometer,  ranges,   in   dry    weather,    from 
twelve  to  forty  degrees  below  the  temperature 
of  the  atmosphere  in  the  shade;  and  the  sur- 
face soil,  exposed  to  the  rays  of  the  sun,  gets 
heated  Up,  and  remains  so  all  through  our  dry 
season,  several  degrees  higher  than  the  dew 
point.     Hence,  the  impossibility  of  such  con- 
densation.    The  dryer  the  air  the  greater  the 
difference  between  the  dew  or  condensing  point 
and  the   temperatitre  of  the  air;  and  before 
condensation  of  moisture  can  result,  the  tem- 
perature of  the  soil  must  be  really  below  the 
dew  point  several  degrees.     The  idea  of  our 
dry  soils,  lying  under  the  summer  suns  of  our 
cloudless  climate,  condensing  moisture  from 
the   drjang   air,    reminds   us    of  the    saying, 
"drawing  blood  from  a  turnip."     The  evapo- 
ration of  all  free  moisture  from  the  soil  into 
the  atmosphere  is  the  natural  and  inevitable 
result  of  contact  of  the  air  with  the  soil,   su- 
perstitious theories  to  the   contrary   or  not. 
And  whether  the  soil   is  solid   or  loose,   the 
process  of  absorbing  moisture  from   the  soil 
goes  on  just  as  fast  as  the  conditions  will  ad- 
mit.    The  true  policy   of   cultivation    for   re- 
taining moisture  is  to  leave  the  surface  soil  in 
the  best  condition  to  resist  the   drying  action 
of  sun  and  atmosphere.  This  is  found,  by  ex. 
perience,  to  be  a  mulching  of  loose  material, 
such  08  straw,  leaves,  manure,  dry  earth,  etc. 


If  the  soil  is  compact  to  the  very  surface,  th 
moisture  as  it  rises  from  below,  by  the  laws 
of  capillary  attraction  and  equal  distribution, 
is  at  once  licked  up  by  the  drying  air  that 
comes  in  contact  with  the  compact  surface. 
Every  farmer  has  noticed  how  soon  such  soil 
will  dry  off  and  crack  in  a  dry,  windy  day. 
A  mulching  over  such  soil  would  act  as  a  non- 
conductor of  air  and  moisture  and  of  heat 
and  cold,  as  our  clothes,  when  made  of  soft 
material,  do  to  protect  our  bodies.  A  rapid 
evaporation  of  moisture  from  any  surface 
lowers  the  temperature  of  that  surface.  A 
condensation  of  moisture,  on  the  contrary, 
raises  the  temperature  of  the  surface. 

In  the  Atlantic  States  in  early  Summer, 
when  the  days  are  very  hot  and  the  air  is  sur- 
charged with  moisture — the  dew  point  being 
very  high — and  the  soil  is  cold  from  the 
melted  snows  and  frost  of  winter,  there  is 
more  or  less  condensation  of  moisture  from 
the  air  by  the  soil,  which  at  once  tends  to  cool 
off  the  air  and  warm  up  the  soil.  But  after 
the  soil  once  becomes  heatea  in  July  and  Au- 
gust, such  condensation  ceases,  even  in  that 
moist  climate.  A  mulching  to  retain  the 
moisture  in  the  soil  is  as  necessary  there  in 
midsummer  as  in  California.  Moisture  does 
not  come  from  below  by  "evaporation,"  as  the 
Record-  Union  espreses  it,  but  by  capillary  at- 
traction; and  instead  of  the  farmer  "stirring 
the  soil  to  let  the  moisture  come  np,"  it 
comes  up  itself  without  stirring,  and  the  far- 
mer stirs  the  surface  to  keep  the  moisture 
from  exi^osure  to  the  air  and  sun,  and  to  keep 
it  from  escaping  readily  into  the  air  by  evap- 
oration. A  stirring  of  the  surface  soil  makes 
it  loose  and  dry,  but  this  loose,  dry  earth  acts 
as  a  blanket  to  cover  the  moist  soil  beneath 
and  keep  it  from  drying  out. 

Our  best  orchardists  and  gardeners  find 
that  a  light  surface  cultivation  of  not  over 
two  inches  deep,  is  the  best  sort  of  tillage 
that  they  can  give  to  retain  moisture  and  se- 
cure the  best  growth.  What  our  cotemporary 
says  about  earth  from  wells  condensing  mois- 
ture from  the  air  must  be  a  fabrication  of  the 
imagination  and  simply  merits  a  denial. 


^kfjj  and  (fiout 


]5» 


MORE  FACTS  AND  FIGURES  ABOUT 
THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 

^TUSTER  and  length  of  staple  are  the  two 
>j|.t  qualities  which  are  required  in  mohair. 
nr  Mr.  Farr,  manager  of  the  Holyoke, 
^^  Mass.,  Alpaca  company,  asserts  this — 
It  is  the  luster  which  gives  this  hair  its  chief 
value.  Goods  made  from  it  must  look  bright 
and  glossy  to  be  valuable.  And  it  must  have 
length  to  be  worked  advantageously.  The 
same  gentleman  asserts  that  hair  ten  inches 
long  is  worth,  per  pound,  more  than  twieo 
as  much  as  hair  five  inches.  Ho  also  asserts 
that  the  principal  drawback  to  the  California 
staple  is  the  shortness.  The  luster  is  equal 
to  that  of  the  best  Turkish  mohair.  He  con- 
cludes : 

If  California  farmers  can  grow  the  stock  to 
average  eight  or  ten  inches  long,  the  success 
of  it  as  a  valuable  commodity  is  certain.     We 


.-B.O- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


recently  bought  a  few  bales  of  California  mo- 
hair and  paid  85  cents  per  pound.  It  was 
about  seven  inches  long,  and  had  to  be  mixed 
with  ordinary  combing  wool  to  carry  it 
through,  which  of  course  detracts  a  good  deai 
from  the  brightness  of  the  goods.  Had  it 
been  two  inches  longer,  it  would  have  been 
well  worth  $1  per  pound. 

Messrs.  Hall  &  Turner,  of  the  Jamestown, 
New  York,  Alpaca  Mills,  say  that  they  are  re- 
ceiving some  very  good  sjiecimens  of  goats' 
hair  from  breeders  on  this  Coast,  and  every 
year  expect  to  see  more  of  high-grade  quality. 

Mr.  C.  P.  Bailey,  of  San  Jose,  who  gave 
us  returns  of  last  year's  clip  from  S.  Thomp- 
son, Nephew  and  Co.,  New  York,  which  ap- 
peared in  July  number,  has  shown  us  a  letter 
from  Messrs.  Hall  ,t  Turner,  containing  re- 
turns of  this  years  clip,  920  pounds  nett, 
which  is  as  follows  : 

342  lbs  long  mohair  at  75c $256.50 

588  "  short       "      '     23c 135.24 


Total 391.74 

Freigt  on  bundle  of  1030  lbs 27.50 

Not 3G4.24 

They  complain  of   shortness  of  staple  in 
California  fleeces.     This  is   owing  mainly  to 
the  fact  that  many  of  the  goats  shorn  are  not 
of  high  breed.     When  it  is  remembered  that 
nearly  all  the  flocks  of  Angora  on  this  Coast 
were  bred  up  from  common  ewe  goats  with 
Angora  bucks,  all  within  a  few  years,  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  remedy  is  in  breeding  up  as 
fine  as  posible,  with  constant  selection  of  pure 
bucks  with  the  longest  staple.      In   order  to 
produce  a  long,  clear   staple   of  mohair,    the 
goats  should  be  well  supplied  with  pastm-age 
the  whole  season  thi-ough.     Full  feed  a  part 
of  the  time  and  a  few  months  of  short,  poor 
feed  will  not  make  a  prime  staple  of  mohair, 
any  more  than  it   will  of    wool.      This   is   a 
matter  of  considerable  importance.     While  a 
goat  will  keep  fat  on  feed  that  will  barely  keep 
a  sheep  alive,  yet  they  should  be  kept  in  good 
order  the  whole  year  through  to   grow  long, 
lustrous,  strong  mohair  of  first  quality.    Mr. 
Bailey  has  also  shown  us  samples  of  goods 
manufactiu'ed  from  mohair,  consisting  of  mo- 
hairs, alpacas,  poplins,  etc.,  ranging  in  price 
from  32  to  82  cents  per  yard,  wholesale.    Any 
one  who  would  examine  these  would  affirm 
that  there  must  always  bo  a  demand  for  such 
goods,  and  it  is  the  demand  that  wiU  govern 
the  prices   to   a  great  degi'ee.      The  supply 
cannot  for  many  years  lower  the  prices. 

Mr.  A.  W.  Butler,  writing  upon  the  "  Ke- 
sources  of  Monterey  County,"  says  of  the 
of  the  Angora  goat  : 

The  process  of  breeding  a  good,  wool-bear- 
ing flock  of  goats  by  breeding  pure  Angora 
'  bucks  to  the  common  ewes  of  the  country,  is 
indeed  a  slow  one,  but  those  who  have  jjerse- 
vered  are  now  reaping  their  reward.  Califor- 
nia has  a  largo  amount  of  rough  mountain 
land  just  suitable  for'  goat-raisiug,  and  not 
very  valuable  for  any  other  purpose.  Such 
pastures  cost  the  breeder  very  little,  and  the 
goats  prefer  them  and  keep  fatter  on  these 
mountain  pastures  than  they  do  on  the  more 
level  arable  valley  lauds.  In  this  county  the 
Santa  Lucia  and  Gabilan  mountains  contain 
many  thousand  acres  of  Government  laud, 
suited  to  the  grazingof  goats.  Here  the  An- 
gora finds  a  home  very  similar  to  his  native 
home  in  Angora  Bay,  Bazare  and  Constimuni. 
The  progeny  of  the  imported  goats  raised  in 
this  county  are  generally  larger  and  heavier 


fleeced  than  the  original  imported  animals. 
The  work  of  taking  care  of  the  animals  is 
light,  as  they  pick  their  own  living  the  entire 
year,  and  never  need  feeding.  The  goat 
raiser  must,  however,  be  at  his  post  during 
the  season  for  dropping  kids,  and  see  that  ev- 
ery one  is  saved,  as  this  is  his  harvest,  but 
after  this  is  over  he  can  lie  back  at  his  ease, 
and  rejoice  at  his  good  fortune  in  having 
chosen  so  desirable  an  undertaking.  In  a 
few  years  the  owner  of  the  flock  will  become 
independent,  his  out-door  life  will  give  him 
the  best  of  health,  and  should  ambition 
prompt  him  he  will  be  enabled  to  enter  other 
fields  of  useful  employment.  It  is  doubtful, 
however  if  he  ever  goes  into  any  enterprise 
that  will  give  him  so  much  satisfaction  as  the 
raising  of  the  Angora  goats. 

As  we  have  spoken  of  the  business  so  en- 
thusiastically, perhaps  a  little  history  of  it  in 
this  county  might  not  be  out  of  place.  Mr. 
C.  P.  Baily  came  to  this  county  eight  years 
ago  with  a  flock  of  two  hundred  half-breed 
ewes  and  one  iiair  of  pure-bred  goats  (a  buck 
and  a  doe)  and  located  in  the  foot-hills  of  the 
Salinas  Valley,  He  has  now  one  of  the  larg- 
est, if  not  the  largest,  flock  of  high-gr.^de 
goats  in  America,  and  last  year  sold  $5,000 
from  his  flock.  Thomas  Butterfield  &  Son, 
and  Mr.  Landrum,  of  the  firm  of  Landrum 
&.  llogers,  came  to  this  county  about  the  same 
time  that  Mr.  Bailey  came,  and  havebqth  en- 
gaged quite  largely  in  importing  pure  breeds 
and  in  raising  pure  breeds  and  grades. 
Thomas  Butterfield  &  Son  sold,  from  their 
flock  during  the  past  year  over  $20,000  worth 
of  stock.  Messrs.  Landrum  &  Rogers'  sales 
have  been  very  large,  aud  they  now  have  a 
very  fine  flock.  There  are,  perhaps,  a  dozen 
smaller  flocks  in  the  county  that  are  doing 
well.  Thus  far  breeders  have  realized  their 
main  profits  from  the  sale  of  stock,  but  here- 
after they  may  look  for  an  income  from  the 
wool  product. 

Many  have  been  deterred  from  going  into 
the  business  on  account  of  the  uncertainty 
of  sale  for  wool  on  this  continent.  For  the 
past  one  hundred  years  there  has  been  a 
steady  demand  and  plenty  of  purchasers  in 
the  London  and  Liverpool  markets,  and  goats' 
wool  or  mohair  has  brought  about  three  times 
as  much  as  sheep's  wool.  The  production  of 
goats'  wool  in  this  country  has  created  a  de- 
maud  for  it  here,  and  now  the  Jamestown 
Mill,  N.  Y.,  the  Riverside  Mill,  N.  Y.,  and  a 
mill  in  Philadelphia  are  ready  to  buy  and  work 
all  the  good  wool  that  can  be  produced  ;  and 
they  will  pay  from  fifty  cents  to  one  dollar 
per  pound  for  it.  An  estiiblishment  has  been 
started  recently  at  San  Jose,  to  tan,  dye  and 
manufacture  goat  skins  into  robes,  coats,  etc., 
and  manufactured  skins  found  ready  sale  at 
from  two  and  one-half  to  ten  dollars  each. 
With  the  present  outlook,  is  not  here  a  large 
field  open,  inviting  the  attention  of  labor 
from  less  favored  countries?" 

The  fact  of  Mr.  Bailey  selling  so  many  of 
his  high-bred  goats  accounts  for  his  not  shear- 
ing more  high-grade  mohair.  The  short  sta- 
ple not  used  by  the  alpaca  mills  is  sent  to  the 
carpet  factory  and  used  in  making  the  finest 
carpets,  to  give  gloss  to  the  white  portions. 
The  new  tannery  and  coloring  establishment 
in  San  Jose,  above  mentioned,  is  to  be  greatly 
enlarged  by  a  stock  company  lately  formed 
for  the  purpose.  Messrs.  Welch  &  Me- 
Cracken  will  still  be  the  head  of  the  manu- 
tory ;  but  a  stock  company  representing 
§50,000  has  been  formed,  composed  of  some 
of  the  leading  business  men  of  San  Jose,  in- 
corporated as  ' '  The  Angora  Kobe  and  Glove 
Company."  The  design  is  to  enter  largely 
into  the  business  of  dressing,  tanning  and 
coloring  the  Angora  goat  and  other  skins  into 
robes,  mats,  furs,  gloves,  etc.  We  have  spo- 
ken of  this  branch  of  business  before,  as  one 
Ukely  to  become  a  most  important  industry. 


There  is  tio  doubt  in  our  mind  that  the  An- 
gora goat  will  prove  to  be  one  of  the  most 
valuable  acquisitions  to  our  State.  He  will 
draw  nourishment  from  high,  rocky  hill-tops 
and  waste  places,  and  give  a  fleece,  that  for 
beautiful  white  may  be  compared  to  the 
water-lily,  that  draws  its  life  from  the  mud  at 
the  bottom  of  miu-shy  ponds.  But  while  the 
lily  is  simply  beautiful,  the  goat  is  as  full  of 
utihty  as  beauty  ;  the  shining  fleece  to  be 
woven  into  fabrics,  or  used  as  furs,  trimmings, 
robes,  etc.,  in  many  ways,  and  the  tanned 
skins  converted  into  nice  gloves,  while  the 
meat,  which  is  sweet  and  wholesome,  will 
furnish  food  for  toiling  thousands  of  people. 
'  — t 


Lompoc  Temperance    Colony,  Santa 
Barbara  County. 

fiw*  Ds.  AoBicuiiTtTBisT : — I  am  under  prom- 
Jjt,iso  to  write  you  from  this  place.  I  have 
/fwjlong  intended  to  redeem  my  promise,  for 
ij^the  benefit  of  the  many  readers  of  your 
varied,  practical  and  wide-awake  paper,  but 
hitherto  I  have  been  very  busy. 

Well,  about  this  much-praised  valley.     At 
a  distance,  I  do  not  doubt,  some  think  it  over 
praised,  so  much  has  been  said   in  its  favor; 
but  I  can  simply  say,  with  all  my  neighbors, 
that  the  longer  I  am  here  and  the  more  I  see 
of  it,  the  better    I  like  it  and  the  stronger 
grows  my  faith  in  its  fertility,  its  capability 
of  withstanding  drought  and  its  future.    Had 
not  the  soil  been  so  rich  and  naturally  moist, 
we  should  have  raised  nothing,  for  the  Spring 
had  well  advanced  before  most  farmers  could 
get  to  ploughing,  not  to  say  planting.      This 
year,  too,    you  remember,    the  rains  ceased 
very    early.      Notwithstanding   all   this   you 
would  be  astonished  to  see   how   vigorous  is 
the  growth   of   corn,  beans,  potatoes,  pump- 
kins,  beets,   etc.      Experiments   with   sweet 
potatoes,  flax  and  tobacco   are  also  very  en- 
couraging.    Barley  is  all  harvested,   most  of 
it  being  cut  for  hay.     This,   with  some  hun- 
dreds of  tons  of  wihl  oats  and  clover  hay  cut 
from  our  splendid  grazing  valley,  will  fully 
supjjly  the  whole  settlement  till  our  abundant 
grass   comes  again,   which,    on  this    warm, 
loamy  soil,  is  directly  after  the  first  rains.     I 
think   we   will  have  enough  potatoes,  of  the 
very  finest  quality,  both  as  to  size,  flavor  and 
freedom  from  all  disease,  for  home  consump- 
tion and  seed  for  next  year  ;  but  there  is  not 
likely  to   be   any   surplus,    as   almost   every 
available  acre  will  be  planted  next  season,   so 
encouraging  is  the  result  on  the  comparatively 
small  scale  of  this  year. 
This  is  a  number  one  valley  for  all  root  crops. 
Grain  will  grow  well  enough;  but  it  is  rather 
a     question   whether     the   growtli   of  wheat 
would  not  be  so  rank  in  this  moist  land  and 
climate  as  to  lodge  and  rust;  yet  one  man  has 
raisetl  a  ten-acre  patch  of  flue,  plump  wheat. 
The  foot-hills  and  mesa  land  will  probably  be 
tried  pretty  largely,  as  we  are  to  have  a  grist 
mill  on  our  mountain  stream — the  men   to 
build  and  work  it  are  right  here  now.      On 
ranches  above  us  they  will  sow  wheat  largely. 
We  have   abundance  of   timber  and  brush. 
Farmers  are  already  at  work  clearing  a  large 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


area  ot  land  for  next  season.  We  have  also 
fine  laud  for  dairy  and  hog  ranches.  Of  the 
former  we  have  two  in  active  operation,  and 
a  gentleman  from  Watsonville  has  lately  pur- 
chased land  to  the  value  of  $6,000  cash  for 
the  latter  purpose.  As  we  shall  be  able  to 
ship  to  San  Francisco  direct  from  our  own 
■wharf,  a  large  number  of  hogs  will  be  raised 
by  different  parties. 

Game  is  abundant — quail,  deer,  rabbits  and 
some  wild  duck.  So  is  wild  honey  of  the 
purest  and  sweetest  quality.  A  good  deal  of 
building  is  going  on,  some  residences  being 
large,  substantial  and  tasteful.  A  neighbor 
of  mine  has  neai"ly  completed  a  brick  house 
of  good  size.  We  have  excellent  lime,  two 
kilns  supplying  the  demand.  We  have  also 
two  brick-yards.  We  have  two  good  schools, 
attended  by  nearly  one  hundred  children. 
We  have  also  Sunday  school  and  preaching 
regularly  by  our  resident  minister,  J.  W. 
Webb,  late  pastor  of  the  Christian  Church  at 
Ukiah,  formerly  of  Gilroy,  and  by  Kev.  T.  D. 
Lewis,  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  Santa  Maria. 
You  will  be  glad  to  learn  that  the  temperance 
sentiment  is  sound  and  strong.  Besides  an 
active  Lodge  of  Good  Templars,  we  have  an 
open-air  temperance  meeting  in  a  lovely  grove 
near  town  on  Sunday  afternoons,  with  musi- 
cal and  literary  exercises  and  speeches.  We 
are  about  to  build  a  good  schoolhouse  in 
town.  And  by  the  way,  the  town  is  a  won- 
derfully healthy  infant  for  only  seven  months 
old.  It  contains  three  general  and  one  hard- 
ware store,  a  butcher's,  a  bakery,  two  harness 
shops  and  one  printing  and  newspaper  oflfice, 
the  Lumpoc  Herald,  a  live  temperance  paper, 
editor,  W.  W.  Bronghtou,  one  of  the  stirring 
men  of  the  times,  to  whom,  as  much  as  to 
any  man,  this  colony  owes  its  existence  and 
prosperity.  We  have  a  lirst-elass  hotel,  well- 
conducted  and  thoroughly  temperance,  two 
lively  stables,  a  drug-  store,  post  office,  boot 
makers,  largo  boarding-house,  dress-makers, 
laundry.  Justice  of  the  I'eace,  Notary  Public, 
a  good  lawyer —  A.  E.  Heacock,  late  County 
Judge  of  Santa  Cruz  county — etc.,  etc.  I  en- 
close an  article  with  resolutions  passed  at  our 
first  open  temperance  meeting.  The  Grange 
also  passed  a  strong  and  plain  resolution  fav- 
oring temperance  and  the  keeping  out  of  sa- 
loons. Families  are  coming  in  all  the  time, 
and  many  others  are  writing  with  a  view  to 
cominc.  Now  is  the  time  for  intending  inir- 
chasers,  settlers  or  renters  to  come  to  be  in 
good  time  for  cropping,  which,  in  this  south- 
ern part  of  the  State,  is  very  early.  You  can 
plow  most  of  this  valley  almost  any  time  of 
the  year,  and  rain  is  no  hindrance  except 
when  actually  falling  heavily.  The  Company 
desire  only  good,  sober,  energetic  men.  No 
one  should  come  without  some  outfit  or  means 
to  get  it,  and  at  least  some  capital — a  little 
ready  cash  is  so  handy  everywhere — although 
the  Company  gives  ten  years  in  which  to  pay 
uj).  Hoping  this  will  not  be  too  long,  I  re- 
main truly  yours.  J.  P.  Boss. 

P.  S.  I  should  add  that  while  other  places 
are  complaining  so  of  the  heat,  we  are  having 
the  most  pleasant  summer  possible,  a  cooi 
breeze  fanning  us  a  part  of  every  day  anrt 
most  refreshing  nights. 

Again  I  ^o-open  my  letter  to  say  that  last 
night  the  ladies  a  noble  band—and  gentle- 
men of  Lompoc  valley  for  five  miles  round, 
some  hundred  strong,  visited  the  drug  store, 
convinced  that  the  stock  of  alcohol  was  too 
great  for  the  medicinal  need  of  a  healthy 
temperance  colony,  and  that  it  was  being  too 
freely  dispensed  for  the  morals  of  the  com- 
munity. The  liquor  was  aliout  all  poured  out 
before  the  jiarty  left.  Every  store  was  then 
visited  but  no  liquor  found.  Each  proprietor 
freely  prom-sed  nut  to  keep  oven 


'  bittoi's. 


Liquor  in  the  Temperance  Colony. 

From  a  private  letter  from  the  above  corres- 
pondent we  take  the  liberty  of  piiblishing  be- 
low what  he  says  about  a  raid  of  the  women 
on  a  graduated  liquor  shop  called  a  drug 
store.  By  the  way,  similar  troubles  have  oc- 
curred in  Greeley,  Colorado,  in  that  temper- 
ance colony.  It  seems  that  the  sale  and  use 
of  alcohol  as  medicine  is  the  loophole  where 
the  "devil"  can  generally  crawl  in  unmo- 
lested. When  all  temperance  people  learn  to 
discard  alcohol  as  a  medicine,  and  cease  te 
employ  physicians  who  dare  recommend  or 
prescribe  the  abomination,  a  healthier  condi- 
tion of  affairs  will  exist  : 

Lompoc  has  experienced  a  commotion. 
You  may  have  read  notices  of  out-door  tem- 
perance meetings  in  the  liecord.  An  old 
wheel-horse  in  the  temperance  cause  might 
readily  imagine  that  there  was  some  secret 
cause  for  these  meetings. 

It  had  been  whispered  about  that  our  drug- 
gist{a  physician)  was  taking  advantage  of 
our  by-law  prohibiting  the  sale  of  intoxicat- 
ing beverages,  excepting  upon  the  written  pre- 
scription of  some  physician.  He  could  and 
had,  it  was  said,  prescribed  "whiskey 
straight."  So  much  for  that.  Many  persons 
attended  these  meetings  and  voted  to  discoun- 
tenance the  sale  of  liquor  and  uphold  tem- 
perance principles  generally.  Saturday  last 
"  forbearance  ceased  to  bo  a  virtue,"  the  fol- 
lowing facts,  as  near  as  I  could  learn,  being 
the  cause.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Swanton,  of  the 
"  Swanton  House, "  Pescadero,  have  an  only 
son  who  has  contracted  the  habit  and  appe- 
tite for  strong  drink  to  such  a  degree  that  he 
had  no  longer  any  control  over  himself.  His 
parents,  thinking  to  place  him  beyond  temp- 
tation, sent  him  and  his  young  wife  to  Lom- 
poc and  set  him  up  in  business  ;  but  he  found 
means,  even  here,  of  indulging  his  insane  ap- 
petite. This  brought  trouble  to  his  wife,  who 
had  previously  left  him  on  account  of  his 
habit,  and  only  consented  to  return  when  she 
saw  a  chance  to  Uve  with  him  in  Lompoc  free 
from  temptation — a  miscarriage,  spasms  and 
alarming  symptoms  generally  ;  but  through 
kind  and  skillful  treatment  she  had  so  far  re- 
covered as  to  be  free  from  spasms.  During 
this  lull  she  told  her  physician  that  her  great 
suffering  was  caused  by  her  husband's  con- 
duct ;  that  her  pains  were  nothing  in  compar- 
ison with  that.  She  had  prayed  the  Great 
Father  to  remove  her.  The  doctor  went  out 
to  talk  to  the  husband,  found  him  intoxicated, 
after  the  talk  they  both  returned  to  the  sick- 
room, and  as  soon  as  Mrs.  Swanton  saw  the 
condition  of  her  husband  she  screamed,  went 
into  a  spasm  and  ilied. 

The  body  of  this  innocent  victim  of  the 
curse  of  intemperance  was  buried  Sunday. 
and  on  Monday  the  noble  women  of  Lompoc 
rose  up  in  might,  backed  by  the  men,  and 
waited  upon  our  dnir/fjist.  They  first  called 
upon  the  I'resident  and  officers  of  the  Coiu- 
)iauy,  who  headed  the  crowd  and  requested 
the  druggist  to  stop  the  sale  of  alcoholic 
drinks.  The  druggist  refused.  The  Presi- 
dent, Judge  Heacock,  being  a  peace-officer, 
retired,  aud  the  women  took  the  matter  in 
hand  and  proceeded  to  turn  out  all  the  licpior 
they  could  find.  They  rolled  out  a  baiTel  of 
whiskey  and  knocked  the  head  in.  Demi- 
johus  were  turned  upside  down,  bottles  passed 
out  to  the  crowd  and  brokcai,  ami  soon  the 
lloor  was  swimming  with  the  vile  stuff.  From 
the  drug-store  they  went  to  all  the  grocery 
stores  and  requested  the  proprietors   to   de- 


sist from  selling  all  liquors,  including  all  pat- 
ent bitters  in  vogue.  Every  storekeei)er  prom- 
ised, aud  the  ladies  then  paid  their  respects 
to  an  Itahan,  a  former  resideut  of  San  Jose, 
Mr.  Moleuaiy,  who  keeps  quite  a  quantity  of 
California  wine.  His  place  is  one  mile  from 
town.  He  also  made  satisfactory  promises, 
and  the  crowd  dispersed. 

Yours,  J.  P.  Ross. 

I  think  more  of  Lompoc  than  ever. 

m  ♦  ^ 

A  Tip-top  Letter  from  the  Santa  Cruz 
Mouetains. 

Eds.  Caiifoenia  Agkiculhtbitt  and  Lite 
Stock  Joubnal:  We  are  now  reaping  the  pe- 
cuniary benefits  of  one  of  the  most  favored 
fruit-growing  localities  of  favored  Califor- 
nia. We  have  not  only  an  abundant  crop, 
but  a  ready  market  at  highly  remunerative 
prices,  with  little  to  pay  for  freight  or  com- 
missions to  middle  men.  I  said  one  of  the 
most  favored — perhaps  I  might  truly  say  the 
most  favored.  For  twenty  years  we  have 
seen  no  failure  in  good  crops  of  apples, 
peaches,  plums,  grapes  and  goosebenies,  and 
but  one  failure  of  cherries.  This  year,  when 
failure  is  so  common,  we  can  add  to  our  list 
apricots,  almonds  and  currants.  The  late 
rain  is  doing  wonders  for  our  last  Spring's 
planting  of  plums  and  prunes.  I  have  never 
seen  a  finer  growth.  From  long  experience, 
we  are  making  the  growing  of  table  grapes, 
plums,  prunes,  peaches  and  late-keeping  ap- 
ples a  specialty.  To  these  I  have  added 
the  breeding  of  the  Angora  goat  to  utilize  my 
brush  and  tiudier  land.  They  are  thriving 
finely,  with  but  little  care  except  in  kidding 
time. 

Our  climate  as  a  place  of  residence  is  well 
attested  by  the  number  of  persons  from  your 
valley  and  other  parts  who  seek  to  get  a  sniff' 
at  it  during  the  Summer. 

I  fear  your  report  of  the  doings  of  the  Ag- 
ricultural Society  will  arouse  as  much  of  a 
hornet's  nest  as  did  your  attack  on  the  whis 
key  ring.  L.  J.  Bdekell. 

Mountain  Home,  August  15th,  1875. 

^  »■   tm  I 

A  Pekmanent  Whitewash. — Take  half  a 
bushel  of  unslaked  lime.  Slake  it  with  boil- 
ing water,  covering  it  during  the  process  to 
keep  in  the  steam.  Strain  the  liquid  through 
a  fine  seive  and  add  to  it  a  peck  of  salt  previ- 
ously well  dissolved  in  warm  water,  three 
pounds  of  ground  rice  boiled  to  a  thin  paste, 
and  stir  in  when  bolUng  hot  half  a  pound  of 
powdered  Spanish  whiting  and  a  pound  of 
clean  glue  which  had  been  previously  dis- 
solved; add  five  gallons  of  hot  water  to  the 
mixture,  stir  it  well  and  let  it  stand  a  few  days 
covered  from  the  dirt.  It  should  be  put  on 
hot. 

Whitewash  fob  Indoobs. — The  following 
recipe  for  indoor  whitewash  has  been  thor- 
oughly tried  and  said  to  answer  the  purpose 
better  than  anything  else  yet  tried.  The 
quantities  are  for  a  house  of  eight  rooms, 
aud  we  get  it  from  an  old  number  of  the 
Ainerioan  Aqrwullarlst: 

"About  33  lbs.  Paris  white  and  one  lb. 
best  white  glue  are  needed.  Dissolve  the 
glue  in  hot  water.  ,\lso  make  a  thick  wash 
with  Paris  white  aud  hot  water,  and  add  the 
dissolved  glue  and  sufficient  water  to  make 
the  wash  of  the  proper  consistency.  As  the 
mass  stitt'ens  over  night,  warm  or  add  hot 
water  to  make  it  linqiid.  The  Paris  white  is 
chalk  cleansed  from  its  impurities,  and  is  only 
a  very  pure  whiting — better  than  is  ordinarily 
used  for  making  putly.  We  use  the  Cooper 
glue,  which  is  (^onsiilere<l  the  best  here,  but 
any  good  white  gUi<>  will  answer.  It  costs 
here  50  cents  per  pound  at  retail,  aud  the 
Paris  white  three  cents  ]ier  pound.  Both  ar- 
ticles can  be  obtained  in  almost  every  city  or 
village." 

The  above  makes  an  excellent  whitewash, 
clean  aud  white  and  not  easily  rubbed  off'. 
Its  first  cost  is  more  than  lime  wash,  but  it  is 
durable  and  for  nice  rooms  it  is  far  prefero- 
Vle. 


California  Agriculturist  akd  Live  Stock  Journal, 


The  Perplexed  Housekeeper. 

s  — 

S,  WISH  I  had  a  dozeu  pairs 
Of  iKtnilH  thiB  vory  minute  : 
I'd  Hoou  put  all  these  things  to  rightB — 
Th(j  very  deuce  is  io  it. 
Here's  a  biy  washing  Jo  be  done. 
One  pair  of  liands  to  do  it, 
Sheets,  sliirts  and  stocliings,  coats  and  pantB, 
How  will  I  e'er  get  through  it? 

Dinner  to  get  for  six  or  more, 

No  loHf  left  o'er  from  Sunday, 
And  baby  cross  as  be  can  live, 

He's  always  so  on  Monday. 

And  there's  the  cream — 'tis  getting  sour 

And  muht  forthwith  be  churning; 
And  here's  Bob  wants  a  button  on — 

Which  way  shall  I  be  turning  1 

*Ti6  time  the  meat  was  in  the  pot. 

The  bread  was  worked  for  baking. 
The  clothes  were  taken  from  the  boil — 

Ob,  dearl  the  baby's  waking. 

Hush,  baby  dear!  there,  husb-sh-shi 

I  wish  he'd  sleep  a  little, 
Till  I  could  run  and  get  some  wood 

To  hurry  up  that  kettle. 

Oh,  dear!  if  P comes  home 

And  finds  things  in  this  pother. 
He'll  just  begin  and  tell  me  all 

About  his  sainted  mother. 

How  nice  her  kitchen  used  to  be. 

Her  dinner  always  ready 
Exactly  when  the  noon-bell  rang^ 

Hiuih,  hush,  dear  little  Freddy  I 

And  then  will  come  some  liasty  word, 

Right  out  before  I'm  thinking  ; 
They  say  that  hasty  words  from  wives 

Set  sober  men  to  drinking. 

Now,  isn't  that  a  great  idea. 

That  men  shuuld  take  to  sinning 
Because  a  weary,  half-sick  wife 

Can't  always  smile  so  winning? 

When  I  was  young  I  used  to  earn      • 

My  living  without  trouble, 
Hart  clotiii  s  and  pocket-money,  too, 

And  leisure  hours  double. 

I  never  dreamed  of  such  a  fate, 

When  I,  A  LASS!  was  courted— 
Wife,  mother,  nurse,  seanjstress,  cook  housekeeper, 
chaiuIxTmaid,  laundress,  dairy-woman  and 
scrub  generaliv,  doing  the  work  of  six. 
For  the  sake  of  being  supported! 


Chats    With     Farmers'     Wives    and 
Daughters — No.  9. 

BY    ' '  JEWELL, ' ' 

"Dear  'Jewell:'  A  reader  and  admirer  of 
your  '  Chats  '  asks  the  privilege  of  saj'ing  to 
you  that  her  eyes  filled  with  tears  of  grati- 
itnde  on  reading  your  article  in  the  August 
.  number  of  the  Agkicultueist,  telling  hus- 
bands that  their  faithful,  toiling  wives  de- 
serve  praise  as  much  as  their  fine  grain-cut- 
ters; and  oh!  how  much  more  they  nf erf  the 
cheering  words.  Being  an  old  maid  does  not 
make  me  ignorant  of  the  fact,  that  many  a 
weary  woman,  with  finest  instincts  alive  to 
wifely  duty,  and  heart  filled  with  warm  moth- 
er love  and  anxious  care,  drags  her  he^vy 
footsteps  from  year  to  year  without  one-fourth 
the  pecuniary  rewaid  that  would  be  given  to 
Bridget,  and  with  not  one-tenth  the  loving 
words  and  affectionate  caresses  that  would  be 
■voluntarily  bestowed  on  the  trotter  that  had 
won  for  his  owner  a  purse  of  gold  on  the 
race-course. 

Just  at  my  elbow  sits  a  wife  and  mother  who 
says  she  hopes  your  appeal  will  catch  tlie  at- 
tention of  her  husband,  who  never  seems  to 
think  his  wife  is  dishonestly  treated,  if  after 
a  hard  day's  work  she  has  not  one  penny  re- 
ward or  even  one  kindly  word  given  her;  and 
if  the  hungry,  waiting  heart  forces  the  lips  to   ' 


say,  'have  I  not  done  well  to-day?  and  if  bo, 
why  do  you  not,  at  least,  stroke  my  head  in 
praising,  as  you  would  not  forget  or  neglect 
to  do  to  your  pointer  if  he  had  brought  you 
a  bit  of  game?'  he  replies  loftily,  'oh,  your 
reward  ought  to  be  the  consciousness  that 
you  have  done  your  duty!'  and  no  doubt  he 
congratulates  himself  that  ho  has  done  his 
duty  when  ho  has  given  her  this  juece  of 
wonderful  information.  And  this  woman  is 
loving  and  lovable,  and  could  fill  her  home 
with  blessing  and  sunshine;  but  years  of 
ceaseless  household  cares,  with  never  a  day 
for  rest  or  recreation,  never  a  loving  word  or 
approving  smile  to  strengthen  her  tired  sjiirits 
have  well-nigh  robbed  her  of  all  ambition  to 
be  anything  more  than  an  unpaid  servant. 
I  know  half  a  score  of  good  women  right  in 
the  block  where  I  live,  all  wearing  this  same 
tired,  disapi)ointed  look,  who  would  be  bright 
happy  wives  only  for  this  selfishness  on  the 
part  of  their  husbands.  Men  may  consider 
these  little  attentions  trifles,  but  with  the  ma- 
jority of  married  women  they  make  up  the 
sum  of  life,  for  no  good  woman's  heart,  after 
she  becomes  a  wife,  can  ever  again  go  out 
into  the  world  for  the  thousand  little  satisfy- 
ing things  which  she  considered  so  necessary 
for  her  happiness  when  she  was  a  maiden. 
If  she  finds  them  not  in  her  own  little  world 
at  home,  then  she  must  go  hungry,  for  she 
has  chosen  this  one  man  from  all  the  world." 

Esmeralda. 
I  have  taKen  the  liberty  of  using  "Esmer- 
alda's "   letter  as  a  text  to  my  chats   this 
month,  although  it  may  have  been  written  to 
me  privately,  feeling  the  truth   of   what  she 
says   about  a  husband's  thoughtlessness  in 
regard  to   sliowing   due   appreciation  of  his 
wife.     It  is  perhaps  natural  to  both  husband 
and  wife  to  neglect  those  little  attentions  that 
make  the  honeymoon  so  charming,  when  real 
life  has  come  upon  them   with  its  manifold 
duties  and  perplexities,  but  let  us  wives  be 
sure  that  it  is  not  our  fault,  by  losing  no  op- 
portunity of  giving  a  kind  word  or  a  caress; 
even  if  there   be   no  responses,   it  will  keep 
alive  that  spark  which  dies  without  a  little 
fanning,  and  is  as  pleasant  to  the  husband  as 
the  wife.     Let  me  draw  a  picture  I  once  saw 
when  on  a  visit  to  a  friend:  A  wife,  with  un- 
kempt hair,  no  collar,   slipshod  slippers  and 
in  a  hurry  getting  breakfast,  children  to  dress, 
buttons  off  husband's  shirt  and  things  going 
wrong  generally,  breakfast  late,  toast  burned, 
coffee  muddy,  etc.,  husband  hurries  ofl'  with- 
out a   parting   salute   to  any  one,  even  the 
crowing  baby  is  forgotten.     And  no  wonder — 
an  important  appointment  was   broken   and 
his  business  suffered  in  consequence  of  being 
forty   minutes  behind  time.      And   yet  that 
wife  told  me,  in   confidence  and   tears,    that 
her  husband  neglected  her,  and  she  felt  that 
his   love  was   colder   than   of   ypre — saying, 
"  how  leng  would   it   take    him,    I'd  like   to 
know,  to  kiss  us  good-V)ys  ?"  I  felt  and  told 
her,  that  kisses  must  be  spontaneous   to   be 
worth  much  and  not  forced  from   a    sense   of 
duty ;  and  who  could  feel  like  caressing  when 
in  a  hurry,  with  mind  harassed  and   temper 
ruffled,  with  surely  not  so  attractive  an  object 
to  call  it  forth  as  she  used   to   be  during  the 
first  months  of  married  life,  when  fewer  du- 


ties devolved  upon  her,  no  babies  to  disturb 
at  night  or  hurry  her  in  the  morning,  and, 
with  hair  and  temper  unruiiled  she  bid  her 
new  husband  goodbye  with  a  smile  and  he 
with  a  kiss.  Oh,  wives!  let  us  try  and  keep 
the  love  of  our  husbands  and  blame  our- 
selves if  it  grows  cold  ;  for  as  our  duties 
multiply  and  call  our  utmost  capacity  and 
energy  into  play,  do  we  not  neglect  much 
that  would  elevate  and  give  pleasure  to  hus- 
bands who  also  have  a  "  hard  road  to  travel," 
many  of  them,  and  as  expenses  double,  so 
do  their  cares  also.  To  bear  and  forbear  is 
the  true  way  to  live  harmoniously  and  truly 
happy.  And  one  word  of  advice — try  always 
to  keep  the  respect  of  our  husbands  and  the 
love  wiU  follow;  which  is  equally  applicable 
to  husbands.  I  hope  to  hear  from  the  other 
sex  on  this  subject,  and  as  it  is  one  of  vital 
importance,  the  views  of  both  sexes  should 
bo  brought  out  to  show  how  best  to  make 
married  life  a  "  success,"  as  so  many  predict 
it  a  failure  in  this  age. 

PLUM  LEATHEB. 

Although  this  season  does  not  promise 
much  waste  fruit,  still  those  on  fruit  farms 
often  have  more  of  a  kind  than  they 
can  well  attend  to.  If  plums,  I  would  let 
them  make  piimi  leather  of  the  pulp,  which  is 
very  convenient  for  pies  or  sauce  in  winter. 
Wash  the  fruit  and  put  in  a  large  pan  on  the 
stove  until  heated  through,  or  if  very  ripe 
and  soft  mash  through  a  colander,  and  spread 
on  clean  boards  to  dry  in  the  sun,  covering 
with  netting  to  keep  off  the  flies  and  insects  J 
Two  days  wiU  dry  it,  when,  with  a  knife  to 
lift  up  the  edges,  you  can  roll  it  up  and  put 
in  paper  bags  to  keep  flios  out.  To  use  it, 
wash  and  soak  in  water  a  few  minutes  only 
and  it  is  ready.  Made  of  peaches  it  is  excel- 
lent;  of  pliuns  is  very  good  but  sour. 

COOLING  DKLNES. 

This  is  the  season  when  cooling  drinks  are 
very  acceptable.  To  my  mind  there  is  nothing 
equal  to  citric  acid,  which  can  be  kept  dis- 
solved, and  with  sugar  and  a  Little  oil  of  lemou 
you  would  find  a  cheap  and  easily-made  lem- 
onade, always  ready  and  palatable.  Citric 
acid  being  the  acid  of  lemons,  it  is  equally 
healthful  in  fevers  and  bilious  comi)laints. 
Of  late  the  drug  doctors  prescribe  it  in  rheu- 
m.itism. 

Here  are  some  recipes  from  my  choice  selec- 
tion: 

HOW  TO  MAKE  AN  INDIAN  APPLE  PUDDING. 

Turn  three  pints  of  scalding  milk  into  a 
pint  of  sifted  Indian  meal ;  stir  in  two  large 
spoonfuls  of  sugar,  two  teasjiooufuls  of  cin- 
namon or  ginger,  a  teaspoonful  of  salt,  one 
teaspoonful  of  soda  and  one  dozen  sweet  ap- 
ples, pared  cored  .-ind  sliced  thin.  Bake  three 
hours.  The  apples  will  form  a  nice,  sweet 
jelly.  To  be  eaten  with  nice  syrup  of  any 
kind,  or  is  good  without  any  addition. 

TO  PREVENT  LAMP  CHIMNEYS  FROM    CRACKING. 

Put  the  chimneys  in  a  kettle  of  cold  water 
and  heat  gradually  until  the  water  boils,  and 
let  it  cool  as  gradually.  As  the  heat  from  the 
lamp  flame  becomes  more  or  less  intense,  the 
chimneys  will  expand  and  contract  without 
causing  them  to  break  or  crack. 

TO  KEMOVe  MILDEW. 

The  following  from  an  English  journal  will 
often  prove  effectual :  Make  a  very  weak  so- 
lution of  chloride  of  lime  in  water  (about  a 
heaped-up  teaspoonful  to  a  quart  of  water), 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


strain  it  carefully  aud  dip  the  spot  on  the 
giumeut  iutu  it,  and  if  the  mildew  does  not 
disappear  immediately,  lay  it  in  the  nun  for 
a  few  minutes  or  dip  it  again  into  the  lime- 
water.  The  worli  is  eflectually  and  speedily 
done  and  the  chloride  of  lime  neither  rots  the 
cloth  nor  removes  the  delicate  colors  when 
BUlHeieutly  diluted  aud  the  articles  rinBed  af- 
terwards in  clear  water. 

I  clip  the  following  from  the  Country  Gen- 
tlemam,  aud  know  them  good: 

CANNING    TOMATOKS. 

Skin  them  carefully  by  pouring  boiling 
water  over  them  ;  boil  twenty  minutes  in  a 
porcelain  kettle,  then  take  out  all  the  water 
that  stands  on  the  top  (or  if  preferred  thin 
only  draiu  oti'  a  little  of  it).  Have  the  jars 
heated  by  rolling  them  in  boiling  water  ;  till 
to  overUowiug  with  the  boiling  tomatoes  aud 
seal  quickly.  I  use  Mason's  jars  with  glass 
lids  aud  think  them  preferable  to  those  with 
metal  toi^B  on  account  of  the  acid  in  the  to- 
matoes. Mine  last  season  were  pronounced 
a  perfect  success.    'Keep  in  a  dry,  cool  cellar, 

This  receipt  is  for  glass  cans;  if  tin,  the 
wet  towel  may  of  course  be  omitted:  Select 
nice  large  fruit,  pare  carefully  without  scald- 
ing, cut  away  all  defective  parts  and  place  in 
a  jjreserving  kettle  over  a  hot  fire.  Have  the 
cans  thoroughly  cleansed  and  rinsed,  and  as 
soon  as  the  tomatoes  come  to  a  boil  place  a 
towel  slightly  wrung 'from  cold  water  on  a  tin 
plate  on  the  stove  hearth;  set  a  can  on  the 
towel  and  till  with  the  hot  tomatoes,  being 
careful  to  keep  the  fruit  as  whole  as  possible. 
Press  the  fruit  iuto  the  can,  and  when  fuU 
put  in  hot  juice  till  it  will  hold  no  more. 
Seal,  wipe  ofl'  the  can  and  set  it  aside.  When 
all  the  cans  are  cold  put  them  in  a  cool,  dark 
place.     Ours  are  kept  in  the  pantry. 

ArrLK  DUMPLINGS. 

Procure  good  sour  apples,  pare  and  core, 
leaving  them  in  halves,  tiet  all  your  ingre- 
dients— sugar,  soda,, sour  milk,  cream,  salt. 
Hour  aud  apples.  Now  make  dough  as  for 
soda  biscuit,  only  adding  a  little  more  cream 
to  make  it  shorter.  Take  a  bit  of  dough  out 
on  the  kneading  board,  aud  after  kneading 
roll  this  as  for  pie  crust.  Then  cut  in  pieces 
long  enough  to  cove  an  apple,  allowing  for 
lapping  the  eeges.  Put  in  two  of  your  ajjple 
halves,  sweeten  according  to  taste  and  cover 
apiile  and  sugar  with  dough.  Lay  the  dump- 
lings in  youi'  bread  pan  the  smooth  side  up, 
tirst  having  your  pan  well-buttered.  Pro- 
ceed iu  this  manner  until  you  get  your  pan 
well  tilled  (bo  sure  it  is  a  large-sized  pan  for 
they  will  go  oil'  like  hot  cakes),  then  jjlace  a 
small  bit  of  butter  on  the  top  of  each  dump- 
ling, sprinkle  a  haudlul  of  sugar  over  all, 
then  place  in  a  moderate  even  and  allow  them 
to  bake  oue  hour.  Serve,  not  too  hot,  with 
pudiUug  sauce  or  with  cream  and  sugar. 


kneading  as  often  as  the  sponge  becomes  per- 
fectly light.  When  ready  to  mould  it  into 
rolls  I  knead  in  a  little  white  sugar  to  coun- 
teract any  acidity  that  might  have  been  formed 
by  the  long  standing  and  a  little  butter  for 
Bhorteniug. 

CASE  OF  CARPETS. 

"Nell  Van"  gives  a  suggestion  for  making  car- 
pets last  longer  than  they  usually  do.  I 
think  sweeping  wears  out  cari^cts  faster  than 
walldng  upon  them  does,  unless,  indeed,  one 
has  a  house  full  of  romping  boys.  Sweeping 
is  hard  work  anyhow,  and  I  do  no  more  of  it 
than  is  necessary.  I  have  found  that  one 
way  to  save  a  great  deal  of  labor  in  this  di- 
rection is  to  have  a 

SCEAP-BOX. 

Mine  is  a  square  tea-box  such  as  can  be  pro- 
cured at  any  grocery  store.  This  box  I  keep 
under  my  sewing-table,  and  it  catches  all  the 
scraps,  threads  and  the  like  that  would  fall 
on  the  floor.  It  is  convenient  to  place  by  the 
sowiug-machiue  when  you  are  at  work  there. 
I  notice  that  "Jewell  "  is  allowed  to  ram- 
ble in  her  letters,  so  perhaps,  Mr.  Editor,  you 
will  allow  me  to  do  the  same,  aud  tell  you 
that  the  extract  from  the  liural  New  Yorker, 
concerning  the 

0SE  OF  SULPHUR 

as  a  remedy  for  and  preventive  of  vermin  on 
chickens,  has  made  one  corner  of  my  brain 
feel  shghtly  muddled.  I  have  tried  it  in  ev- 
ery way  that  has  been  recommeded  without 
the  least  sign  of  success.  Not  only  this,  but 
I  have  tried  everything  that  I  could  hear  of. 
Have  had  the  whole  place  smoked,  washed, 
whitewashed,  and  have  had  the  chickens,  lit- 
tle and  big,  greased;  but  in  spite  of  every- 
thing the  vermin  is  there  and  seems  deter- 
mined to  stay.  Can  any  one  tell  me  what  is 
the  matter,  and  how  I  shall  get  rid  of  the 
pest? 


Familiar  Talks — No.  3. 


I  think  ".Jewell  "  is  doing  very  well  with 
her  bread-making.  I  made  bread  every  week 
for  more  than  a  year  before  I  could  feel  sure 
that  when  the  batter  was  mixed  it  would  turn 
out  good,  sweet  loaves.  Of  course  every  one 
oU'ereil  a  receipt  and  advice,  but  in  this,  as  in 
everything  else,  experience  is  the  best  teacher. 
Wo  aro  very  fond  of 

LIGHT-BREAD  ROLLS 

or  biscuits,  as  they  are  sometimes  called. 
Following  is  the  manner  iu  which  I  make 
them  always,  and  we  think  they  aro  delicious: 
I  mix  the  batter  as  for  bread  (if  I  wish  to 
bake  bread  the  same  day  I  take  a  piece  of  the 
sponge)  about  seven  o'clock  in  the  morning. 
15y  ten  it  is  ready  to  knead  out.     I  roiioat  this 


Why  He  Wants  the  Agriculturist  and 
Live  Stock  Journal. 

Elder  J.  W.  Webb,  of  Lompoc  writes  as 
follows  : 

Stray  copies  of  your  journal  have  come 
into  my  house,  and  I  wish  it  sent  to  my  ad- 
dress regularly  for  three  good  seasons,  viz  : 

1.  I  tike  it  for  its  information — it  is  worth 
the  money. 

a.  I  see  even  my  little  girls  "go  for  It, "  and 
it  has  a  wholesome  ring  about  it  that  will  do 
them  good. 

3.  It  is  not  afraid  to  speak  for  temperance, 
that  so-  much-needed  reform  ;  and  as  a  man, 
a  father,  a  minister,  a  teacher  and  a  granger, 
I  feel  bound  to  support  just  such  a  paper. 


Dear  Uncle  Ben: — I  heard  you  want  to  have 
us  write  to  you.  I  am  a  little  girl  seven 
years  old,  going  on  eight.  I  live  in  the  coun- 
try. Genie  and  I  hunt  eggs  now.  One  day 
we  got  five  dozen.  We  found  a  nest  with 
six  kittens  in  it,  so  fat  and  sweet.  I  helji 
wash  dishes  and  wipe  them  and  I  braided  a 
mat.  I  read  in  the  Second  Header.  I  hove  a 
kitchen  and  a  little  stove,  a  small  set  of  dishes 
aud  a  little  towel.  I  have  a  big  Hag  and  so 
has  my  brother  Freddy.  It  is  taller  than  my- 
self aud  nearly  twice  as  big  as  Freddy. 

Georgie  Jewell. 


The  simplest  and  best  paint  to  prevent 
buried  wood  from  decaying  is  made  of  boiled 
linseed  oil  and  coal  tar,  into  which  charcoal 
is  stirred  until  the  whole  is  of  proper  con- 
sistency. Apply  with  an  ordinary  paint- 
brush. 


§01)0  ami  ©ivto- 


Minnie  Tries  to  be  a  Lady. 

A  TRUE  STOTY  BY  NELL  VAN. 


mamma's  hat  and  POLONAISE. 

g4^   INNIE'S     mamma  had  been  out  to 
yvfr  ride  in   the  Park  with  old   Mrs.   Le 
%  il    Brun,   and  when  she  came  home   she 
&^M\  found  a  friend  in   the   parlor  awaiting 
Y^§^  lief  return.     Lajing  aside  her  hat  and 
walking  suit,  she  went  in  to  her  guest,  while 
little  Minnie,  who  had  been  feeling  very  un- 
happy at  being  left  at  home,  resolved  in  her 
mind  that  she,  too,  would  go  pleasuring. 

"  Little  girls  love  to  go  riding  as  well  as 
big  ladies,"  .said  she  ;  "and  I  mean  to  go  fo 
Woodvi'ard's  Garden  and  see  the  monkeys 
and  walk  among  the  trees  and  have  a  good 
time.  Mamma  has  left  her  things  on  the 
bed,  and  I  think  I'll  look  just  like  a  lady 
with  them  on,  so  that  I  can  go  just  as  well 
alone  as  with  somebody." 

She  put  mamma's  polonaise  on  over  her 
own,  and  it  was  not  long  enough  to  quite 
di-ag  on  the  floor  ;  then  she  put  on  the  hat 
and  feathers  and  surveyed  herself  iu  the 
glass. 

"Oh,  how  fine   I  do  look!   now   I'll   do  ; 
but  first  I'll  scent  myself  with  her  perfume. 
Mamma  always  puts  it  on  her  face  and  hands 
to  make  her  smell  nice  when  she  goes  out." 
She  was  soon  ready  ;  then  slipping  out  the 
front  door  she  stopped  a   street   car   going  to 
Woodward's  Garden  and   was   soon  whirling 
along  past  the  city  houses.     There  were  sev- 
eral ladies  and  two  men    in    the   car.       They 
wondered  at  the  querr  little  figure  who  stepped 
in  so  daintily  aud  seated  herself  so  demurely, 
but  it  was  not  till   they   reached  Woodwards 
that  it  was  known  that  the  child  had  no  mon- 
ey, for  the  lady  who  sat  next  her  had  paid 
her  fare  to  the  conductor  and  had  been  more 
amused  than  th(!  rest  at  Miss  Minnie's  affect- 
ed ways.     Thinking,  however,  that  the   child 
must  have  some  friend  in  the  vicinity  cf  the 
garden  whom  she  had  been  allowed  to  go  to 
visit,  she  asked  her  no  questions. 

When  the  cars  stopped  out  stepped  Minnie, 
and  mincing  up  to  the  entrance  she  attempted 
to  pass  in,  when  she  felt  herself  roughly 
handled  by  a  man  with  a  big  star  on  his  coat 
front.  "Here,  my  little  miss,  where  are  you 
going?  Where's  your  nurse  ?  Don't  you  know 


'uT'viyg^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


you  cannot  come  in  here  alone  without  mon- 
ey ?" 

Alas  !  Minnie  had  forgotten,  or  was  too 
young  to  understaud,  that  money  is  power, 
and  is  more  necessary  to  make  one's  way 
through  the  world  than  anything  else. 

She  was  asked  where  her  home  was  and 
led  to  the  returning  car  and  sent  back  to 
town.  Heart-broken  and  almost  crying  aloud, 
the  little  girl  sadly  took  her  seat  and  forgot 
all  about  her  fine  clothes  in  her  disappoint- 
ment at  not  being  allowed  admittance  into 
her  favorite  resort.  Woodward's  Gardens. 

The  car  soon  passed  the  corner  where 
Minnie  lived,  and  the  kind  condnctor  let  her 
out  and  smiled  at  the  child's  frankness  in 
acknowledging  that  she  had  no  money  or  car 
ticket.  She  stepped  down  and  sheepishly 
slipped  into  the  house  by  the  side  gate.  She 
found  the  house  in  an  uproar  because  Minnie 
was  gone,  and  when  mamma  espied  the  little 
iigure  entering  the  dining-room  decked  out 
in  borrowed  finery,  in  spite  of  her  anxiety 
and  annoyance,  she  threw  herself  backwards 
upon  the  lounge  and  clasping  her  hands 
laughed  outright. 

Minnie  stood  on  the  threshold  looking  from 
her  mamma  to  nurse  and  then  to  the  cook, 
and  never  ventured  to  smile.  Then,  turning 
on  her  heel,  she  lied  upstairs,  muttering  to 
henself,  "cheated  out  of  it  this  time,  but  the 
first  chance  I  get  I'm  going  again,  but  I'll 
take  her  pvirse  next  time  and  then  nobody'U 
know  that  I  aint  a  lady;  so  there!" 


Letters  From  the  Young  Folks. 

Dear  Uncle  Ben: — Are  you  truly  Uncle  Ben 
to  all  the  boys  and  girls  whoso  fathers  and 
mothers  take  the  Aqbiculturist?  but  you 
can't  be  Uncle  Ben  to  everybody,  I  guess,  for 
Johnny,  a  boy  I  know,  says  his  Uncle  Ned  is 
not  uncle  to  anybody  but  him.  I  would  not 
be  so  mean  if  I  was  he,  would  you?  And 
what  for  do  you  ask  us  children  to  write  you 
a  letter  ?  is  it  because  you  like  children? 
Haven't  you  got  any  of  your  own?  If  you 
had  I  guess  you  would  not  care  for  any  one 
else's  to  bother  you.  .  I  cannot  write  very 
good  but  mamma  says  I'm  a  master  hand  at 
asking  questions,  and  tire  her  out.  How  can 
I  help  it,  I  should  like  to  know.  If  folks 
didn't  ask  questions  how  could  they  ever 
know  things  that  don't  come  in  books.  I 
should  never  know  anything,  I  do  believe, 
for  I  do  not  love  to  read  very  much.  I  sup- 
pose that  is  because  I  always  have  to  stop 
and  spell  the  big  words,  and  that  makes  me 
forget  what  it  was  all  about.  I  don't  know 
how  to  write  letters  to  anybody;  but  once  our 
girl  got  sister  to  write  a  letter  to  her  mother 
in  Ireland  and  told  her  just  what  to  say,  and 
it  began  this  way — "I  now  take  my  pen  in 
hand  to  write  to  you,"  I  thought  that  a 
funny  way  to  begin.  Of  course  a  body  knows 
that  a  letter  written  in  ink  must  be  written 
with  a  pen  in  the  hand. 

But  I  forgot  what  I  was  going  to  tell  you 
when  I  commenced  this  letter.  First,  I  want 
to  tell  you  about  a  little  girl  I  know  named 
Fanny,  who  has  a  little  brother  Jim.  One 
day  they  went  out  somewhere  with  their  papa 
and  saw  a  little  tiny  man  who  was  just  like  a 
small  boy  cU'essed  up  in  little  men's  clothes. 
When  Fanny  came  home  she  told  her  mother 
about  him  like  this:  "And  he  had  a  little 
coat  and  vest,  and  a  little  watch  and  chain, 
and  he  had  a  little  cane  and  a  little  stove-pipe 
hat,  and  little  boots  and  a  little  great  coat, 
and  a  cigar  in  his  mouth.  He  was  suck  a 
funny  little  man!"  Then  Jimmy  came  up  and 
said,  "  and  he  had  a  itty  toat,  and  he  had 
itty  pants,  and  he  had  itty  boots  on  his  feet, 


and  he  had  a  itty  tane,  and  he  had  a  itty  hat 
on  lop  of  his  head,  and  a  shrc-pipc  iti.  Iiis 
niuuf;  such  a  funny  itty  man.  Mammal" 
How  everybody  laughed!  I  mean  to  get  Fanny 
to  write  to  you  some  day,  and  tell  you  about 
her  littlo  brother  who  makes  us  laugh  so 
much. 

I  wonder  if  you  are  tall  and  slim,  with 
black  beard  like  a  shoebrush  under  your  nose. 
Maybe  you  are  like  Grandpa,  without  any 
hair  on  your  head  or  face  except  behind  your 
ears.  I  wish  I  could  see  you,  for  I  do  believe 
you  are  real  jolly  and  laugh  all  over  when 
you  hear  anything  funny.  I  lilce  jolly  folks 
who  don't  be  cross  to  children.  I  often  won- 
der if  some  folks  ever  were  little  boys  and 
girls,  they  are  so  cross  to  little  folks  now. 
But  there's  the  dinner-bell  so  I  miist  run.  Pa 
says  we  must  never  be  late  to  dinner,  so  good- 
bye.    From  your  niece  you've  never  seen, 

Gekty  W. 

Dear  Uncle  Ben: — I  thought  I  would  write 
you  a  few  lines  about  my  home  in  Santa 
Maria  Valley  and  what  we  are  doing.  At  pres- 
ent I  am  out  on  vacation.  I  stay  at  home  and 
mother,  and  I  run  the  ranch  whie  father  is  off 
with  his  thresher. 

It  would  make  you  laugh  to  see  me  get  on 
the  old  mule  to  drive  in  the  cows.  We  milk 
eleven  night  and  morning.  But  the  funniest 
part  of  all  is  to  see  me  shoot  gophers.  The 
first  time  I  ever  shot  ofl'  a  gun  I  saw  an  old 
gopher  right  in  the  middle  of  my  flpwer-gar- 
den.  I  went  to  the  house  and  got  the  gun 
and  got  all  ready  to  shoot,  when  I  thought  it 
might  kick  me  over  like  it  did  father  once  ; 
but  then  I  did  not  care  much,  so  I  shut  both 
my  eyes,  commenced  to  shake,  pulled  the 
trigger  and  shot  the  gopher.  That  gave  me 
courage  to  "  try,  try  again,"  and  I  can  shoot 
them  every  time  now. 

We  have  a  few  horses,  cows,  sheep  and 
hogs  which  are  all  pets.  AVhen  we  go  in 
the  field  where  they  are  they  all  come  to  us 
to  be  petted.  Sometimes  wo  will  take  no  no- 
tice of  them  just  to  see  the  fun.  Then  the 
horses  will  commence  to  pull  oxir  clothes,  the 
cows  will  rub  around  and  the  sheep  pull  at 
our  fingers,  and  they  will  keep  it  up  till  we 
pet  them. 

We  have  a  nice  school-house  down  here, 
and  have  good  times  when  we  go  to  school. 
We  have  a  paper  in  school.  It  is  called  the 
Youth's  Assistance  and  all  the  scholars  write 
for  it. 

And  now,  Uncle  Ben,  you  must  please  ex- 
cuse bad  writing,  for  although  I  am  fourteen 
I  have  not  had  the  advantages  of  school  that 
city  girls  have  had,  and  I  know  I  am  a  very 
poor  writer. 

If  Jewell  had  not  had  so  many  receipts  for 
making  bread  I  should  have  sent  her  one,  for 
I  can  make  good  bread. 

Next  month  I  hope  my  letter  will  be  more 
interesting,  for  I  wlU  have  more  time. 

Ella. 

Dear  Uncle  Bcn:^l  heard  the  folks  say 
you  would  like  little  boys  and  girls  to  send 
you  letters  to  put  in  print  in  the  Agkicultce- 
IST.  I  have  to  herd  the  cattle  in  the  field. 
We  have  fourteen  cattle  and  I  have  got  a  Ut- 
ile saddle  to  ride  with.  I  know  two  girls  that 
are  afraid  of  a  hen,  but  I  am  not  a  coward.  I 
can  ride  on  horsebrck.  We  have  got  a  little 
kitten  that  climbs  up  on  our  clothes.  I  have 
got  a  little  writing-desk,  and  I  am  in  the  little 
spelling-class.  I  have  a  little  looking-glass, 
too.  At  school  I  study  pretty  hard  and  never 
play.  I  have  a  tin  water-cart  and  I  play  with 
the  greyhound.  We  have  a  barn  full  of  hay 
and  the  hens  lay  eggs  in  it.     Goodbye. 

E0OENE  WOODHAMS. 


The  Leading  Breeds  of  Cattle. 

BEEF  BEEED3 THE  SHOBT-HOENS. 

^T  is  unnecesary  to  give  any  detailed  ac- 
count of  the  origin  and  history  of  these 
celebrated  cattle.  Wherever  beef  is  con- 
sumed— and  where  is  it  not? — they  have 
played  an  important  part  in  supplying 
the  wants  of  man.  They  are  known  from 
one  end  of  the  country  to  the  other  as  the 
Koyal  Family  among  cattle;  and  no  breed 
dares  dispute  with  them  their  merited  posi- 
tion at  the  head  of  the  list.  The  Short-horn 
has  been  termed  the  rich  man's  breed;  and  at 
present  prices  the  "fancy"  of  his  kind  could 
hardly  become  the  property  of  a  poor  man 
without  bankrupting  him.  There  is  a  mania 
just  now  for  Dukes  and  Duchesses,  and  mat- 
ter-of-fact farmers  are  disposed  to  discover 
something  fishy  about  the  immense  prices 
realized,  at  recent  sales  for  members  of  this 
family. 

There  is  no  reason,  however,  why  we  should 
mark  a  man  a  fool  because,  for  reasons  best 
known  to  himself,  he  chooses  to  invest  a  largo 
sum  of  money  in  a  small  amouut  of  beef. 
He  may  have  Ughts  before  him  which  have 
not  shone  upon  us;  and  although  we  may  not 
choose  to  go  and  do  likewise,  we  have  no 
special  interest  in  the  matter,  and  can  act 
upon  our  own  instincts.  We  cannot  indulge 
ourselves  in  such  expensive  luxuries  as  Duch- 
esses and  Dukes;  but  we  can,  .at  a  small  out- 
lay, replace  every  scrub  bull  that  ranges  the 
prairies  with  a  well-bred  yearling  or  two-year- 
old  Short-horn.  That  will  commence  the  era 
of  reform  from  the  time  he  steps  among  the 
herd. 

The  natural  home  of  the  Short-horn  is  on 
the  rich  grass  lands  of  the  West.  Here  he 
thrives  amazingly.  At  two  years  old  he  has 
so  waxed  in  strength  and  fatness  that  he  is 
prepared  for  the  shambles,  when  the  scrub- 
stock  of  the  country  is  lingering  between 
beef  and  veal.  That  is  what  we  want— apti- 
tude to  carry  flesh  and  early  maturity.  With- 
out these  no  man  can  raise  beef  at  a  profit. 

The  modern  Short-horn  is  not  a  milker,  al- 
though descended  from  the  most  noted  dairy 
cows  of  the  last  century,  Bree<lers  have  so 
entirely  lost  sight  of  the  dairy  quahties  of 
the  animal  in  the  eflbrt  to  secure  symmetry 
of  form  and  a  ijropeusity  to  fatten,  that  it  is 
now  customary,  among  many  of  them,  to 
"nurse"  their  calves  on  cows  kept  for  the 
purpose,  the  mother  not  being  able  to  afford 
suflicient  nourishment.  These,  however,  are 
fancy  notions  which  are  not  expected  to  meet 
with  much  favor  on  the  prairies;  and  bulls 
selected  as  breeders  for  the  farmers  "out 
West,"  would  seldom  have  time  to  brush  up 
for  exhibition  at  the  fairs,  and  the  dams  of 
their  young  ones  would  have  no  difficulty  in 
suckling  them,  being  neither  of  aristocratic 
lineage  or  delicate  constitutions.  The  graz- 
ing portions  of  the  State  should  be  well-sup- 
plied with  good  Durh.im  b'ood ;  and  if  it  could 
be  gradually  accomplished  without  too  vio- 
lent an  interference  with  the  rights  of  indi- 
viduals, we  would  favor  the  castration  of  all 
the  little  pestiferous,  ill-shapen  Texas  bulls 
that  dare  attempt  to  repe.at  themselves. 

HBKEFOEDS, 

As  their  name  indicates,  came  from  Hereford- 
shire, England,  and  are  the  only  prominent 
rivals  of  the  Shorthorns  in  size  ai^d  aptitude 
to  carry  flesh.  They  are  a  large,  long-horned 
cattle  of  peculiar  color,  white  about  the  face, 
belly  and  legs,  the  rest  of  the  body  being 
bright  red.  They  have  not  succeeded  in  ex- 
citing much  enthusiasm  in  the  United  States, 
though  recent  sales  show  that  small  herds 
have  been  carried  as  far  west  as  Colorado  and 
seem  to  meet  with  favor.  Their  admirers 
give  statistics  to  show  that  they  have,  in 
many  instances,  competed  successfully  in  the 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


fe 

^m 


same  rings  with  short-horns  at  English  fairs, 
and  the  small  anionnt  of  food  they  require  to 
keep  iu  good  condition  and  their  grazing  qual- 
ities are  urged  as  reasons  for  their  more  es- 
2)ecially  answering  the  wants  of  the  practical 
farmer  and  grazier.  Our  experience  or  knowl- 
edge in  regard  to  Herefords  amounts  to  little 
or  nothing.  It  has  sometimes  been  said  that 
they  would  keep  fat  where  a  Short-horu  would 
starve  and  a  Devon  grow  thin ;  and  wo  are 
told  by  a  gentleman  who  has  bred  all  three, 
that  from  his  experience,  he  has  no  reason  to 
doubt  the  truth  of  the  assertion. 


We  consider  the  Devon  as  occupying  the 
same  relative  position  among  cattle  that  the 
Southdown  does  among  sheep.  He  is  the 
hardy,  active,  square-bodied,  compact  little 
beast  that  stands  between  the  giants  and  the 
pigmies,  requiring  little  nursing  and  able  to 
take  care  of  himself,  and  yielding,  yearly  an 
ample  return  for  all  the  food  he  consumes. 
They  are  of  a  dark  red  color,  with  wide- 
spreading,  straight  horns,  breed  and  mature 
earlier  than  the  larger  kinds  of  cattle,  and 
are  particularly  desirable  on  poor  pasture 
lauds,  where  activity  is  necessary  to  enable 
an  animal  to  earn  his  daily  food.  Their  flesh 
is  said  to  be  supeiior  for  beef,  the  lean  and 
fat  being  well-mixed;  and  they  frequently  en- 
ter the  lists  in  England  in  competition  with 
Short-horns  and  Herefords,  and  carry  off 
their  share  of  the  prizes. 

There  are  many  other  kinds  of  English 
cattle  more  or  less  esteemed,  such  as  the 
West  Highlanders,  Polled  Galloways  and  Sus- 
sex; but  few  of  these  have  found  their  way 
to  America,  and  do  not  stand  in  the  front 
rank  with  those  already  mentioned. 

DAIRY  BREEDS — THE  HOLSTEIN    OR    DUTCH    COW. 

Although  there  seems  to  be  some  difference 
of  opinion  existing  between  the  breeders  of 
this  stock  in  the  United  States  upon  the  sub- 
ject, there  is  no  doubt  that  it  originated  in 
North  Holland,  and  that  most  of  the  animals 
known  as  Holsteins  were  imported  from  that 
section  of  country.  This  breed  has  long  been 
famous  for  .its  milk-producing  powers,  and 
pome  of  the  accounts  which  come  to  us  of 
their  performances  at  the  pail  border  upon 
the  marvelous.  They  consume  large  quanti- 
ties of  food  and  carry  little  flesh  when  iu  milk. 
When  dry,  it  is  said,  they  lay  on  fat  with 
rare  rapidity,  and  for  this  reason  should  ex- 
actly suit  the  milk  dairyman,  who  buys  his 
cows  in  milk  and  sells  them,  when  dry,  to 
the  butcher.  The  Holsteins  are  large,  well- 
turned  cows,  with  crumpled  horns  of  medium 
length,  large  udders,  and  are  usually  black 
and  white  in  color.  The  number  of  Holstein 
breeders  in  the  United  States  is  comparatively 
small.  It  is  only  of  late  years  that  much  at- 
tention has  been  given  to  this  useful  kind  of 
dairy  animals,  but  if  all  we  hear  of  them  be 
true,  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  they 
will  become  the  most  popular  and  generally 
distributed  milk  cattle  in  the  country.  A 
Herd  Book  for  the  record  of  Holstein  pedi- 
grees is  published  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Association  of  Breeders,  in  Massachusetts. 
Should  any  of  our  readers  desire  further  in- 
formation on  the  subject,  they  can  obtain  it 
by  addressing  W.  W.  Cheney,  of  Belmont, 
Massachusetts,  the  President  of  the  Associa- 
tion. 

AYRSHIRES. 

The  Ayrshire,  if  not  tha  best  dairy  cow,  is 
certainly  the  most  fashionable  and  popular 
just  now.  She  is  the  result  of  intelligent 
breeding,  long  continued  in  the  not(!d  dairy 
district  of  Ayr,  Scotland,  and  it  is  claimed 
that  her  milk  will  produce  more  cheese  to  the 
jiound  than  that  of  any  other  breed  of  cows. 
The  quantity,  of  course,  varies  with  circum- 
stances; but  all  things  being  equal,  her  ad- 
mirers assert,  with  show  of  reason,  that  she 
will  yield  more  milk  to  the  amount  of  food 
consumed  than  any  of  her  rivals.  Ayrshires 
are  nuiliuin-sized,  wedge-shaped  cattle,  ordi- 
narily  red  or  brown   and   white,    with  line 


heads,  upright  horns  slightly  curving  in,  and 
broad,  straight  backs.  Their  udders  should 
be  square,  running  well  forward,  and  teats 
set  widely  apart.  The  shortness  of  the  teats 
has  been  frecjuently  urged  as  a  strong  objec- 
tion to  the  lireed;  a  defect,  however,  which 
would  not  amount  to  much  if  the  flow  of 
milk  is  constant  and  in  sufficient  quantities. 
Ayrshire  steers  fatten  readily  and  make  good 
beef.  While  not  prepared  to  compete  with 
Shorthorns  or  Herefords,  they  command  good 
prices  in  the  market  and  make  a  fair  return 
for  what  they  consume.  An  Ayrshire  cross 
upon  native  stock  would  result  in  decided  im- 
provement, and  when  the  produce  is  intended 
for  general  purposes  we  would  highly  recom- 
mend it. 

JERSEYS   OR    ALDERNEYS. 

It  has  not  been  very  long  since,  when,  to 
have  advertised  the  merits  of  these  little  ani- 
mals whose  distinctive  name  we  have  just 
written  would  have  secured  a  laugh  of  deri- 
sion from  an  audience  of  western  breeders. 
Alderney  was  synonymous  then,  and  is  still 
to  a  certain  extent,  with  self-satisfied,  would- 
be  wiseacres,  with  everything  little  and  ill- 
shapen  and  scrubby  in  the  cattle  line.  "Them 
little  yaller  cattle,"  as  they  are  derisively 
termed,  have  nevertheless,  by  dint  of  sheer 
merit,  pursued  their  way  along  the  line  of 
emigration  till  individuals  of  the  breed  are 
owned  and  esteemed  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific. 

The  Jersey  is  small,  bony  and  active.  She 
varies  in  color  from  almost  black  to  brown, 
gray,  faun  and  light  red,  these  colors  being 
variously  mixed  with  white  in  various  animals. 
She  is  hardy,  very  prolific  and  matures  early. 
She  is  noted  for  a  deep  yellow  skin  and 
stands  unrivaled  as  the  butter-maker  of  her 
kind.  Jersey  bulls  crossed  upon  native  cows 
produce  the  best  family  cows,  all  things  con- 
sidered, to  be  had.  They  grade  up  rapidly, 
and  it  is  frequently  difficult  to  detect  any  dif- 
ference between  a  half  or  three-quarters  bred 
animal  and  a  thoroughbred.  As  "little"  and 
as  "yaller"  as  they  are,  they  admit  of  no  ri- 
valry in  their  chosen  sphere.  They  have 
generally  been  derided  by  beef  breeders  since 
time  immemorial  for  their  inaptitude  to  carry 
flesh,  a  high  recommendation  to  any  one  who 
has  studied  intelligently  the  characteristics  of 
good  dairy  cows.  By  some  the  Jersey  has 
been  compared  to  a  goat,  who  gives  a  quart 
of  rich  milk  and  is  otherwise  good  for  noth- 
ing— a  quart  of  rich  milk  is  better  than  a 
quart  of  blue  milk,  at  any  rate — but  a  little 
enquiry  will  satisfy  the  most  incredulous  that 
modern  Jerseys  not  only  produce  an  un- 
equaled  quantity  and  quality  of  butter,  but 
that  their  flow  of  milk  is  quite  as  large  as 
that  of  the  other  breeds,  in  comparison  -with 
their  size  and  the  amount  of  food  they  con- 
sume. A  recent  letter  from  B.  F.  Johnston, 
the  old  and  reliable  correspondent  of  the 
Country  Gentleman,,  calls  attention  to  the  fact 
that  Jersey  milk  is,  more  than  that  of  any 
other  breed  of  cows,  devoid  of  casine,  the 
most  indigestible  ingredient  of  milk.  He 
draws  from  this  fact  the  conclusion  that  for 
the  use  of  families,  and  especially  of  chil- 
dren, it  should  be  preferred  to  all  others.  In 
the  vicinity  of  large  citiies,  towns  and  villages, 
wherever  the  great  desideratum  is  a  fair  quan- 
tity of  rich  milk  at  little  cost,  the  Jersey  cow 
will  "pay."  The  grades,  as  already  said,  are 
excellent  family  cows,  and  are  fast  supersed- 
ing natives  where  their  good  qualities  arc 
known  and  apitreciated.  It  is  as  well  to  state 
here  as  elsewhere,  that  in  breeding  cattle  we 
must  set  aside  partialities  and  fancies  and  se- 
cure what  we  know  will  answer  our  wants, 
without  regard  to  the  opinions,  so 
strenuously  asserted,  of  men  who  have  run 
in  their  ruts  till  they  can't  see  over  the  sides. 
It  would  1)(^  asking  too  much  to  expect  a  gra- 
zier or  butcher  to  ailiuire  a  Jersey,  asit  would 
bo  to  expect  a  dairyman  to  look  for  his  milk 
supply  from  u  Texas  steer.  It  is  well  to  re- 
member that  animals  bred  for  special  pur- 
poses are  more  apt  to  accomplish  special  ends 


— jacks  of  all  trades  are  good  for  none.  The 
Jerseys,  Alderneys  and  Guernseys  differ  in  no 
material  respect.  They  are  the  same  race  of  cat- 
tle, coming  from  the  three  islands,  Jersey, 
Alderney  and  Guernsey,  as  indicated  by  their 
names.  By  far  the  greater  proportion  of 
these  cattle  in  the  United  States  hail  from 
Jersey;  in  fact,  the  American  Jersey  cattle 
club,  by  whom  the  matter  of  pedigrees  is  reg- 
ulated, will  admit  none  that  cannot  be  traced 
back  to  animals  imported  from  that  island. 

SWISS  CATTLE. 

The  cows  of  Switzerland  have  long  been 
noted  for  their  superior  dairy  qualities,  and 
have,  in  a  few  instances,  found  liberal  ad- 
mirers who  have  imported  them  to  this  coun- 
try iu  small  numbers.  Several  fine  herds  are 
owned  iu  New  England,  and  judging  from  the 
soil  and  climate  of  their  native  counti-y,  we 
should  consider  them  particularly  well  adapt- 
ed to  that  part  of  the  United  States.  Our  in- 
formation concerning  their  success  in  Amer- 
ica is  limited,  for  the  reason  that  their  owners 
have  taken  no  pains  to  make  the  public  ac- 
quainted with  their  merits.  They  should  be 
profitable  in  the  broken  and  rather  mountain- 
ous sections  of  this  State.-^jl/issouri  Acjricul- 
lural  Eepurt,  1874. 


Live  Stock  at  the  Centennial. 

It  is  understood  that  the  Centennial  Com- 
mission has  concluded  to  have  the  live  stock 
display  at  the  International  Exhibition  within 
the  months  of  September  and  October,  187(5, 
the  period  devoted  to  each  class  and  family 
being  fifteen  days  and  the  division  as  fol- 
lows: 

Horses,  mules  and  asses,  as  one  class,  from 
September  first  to  fifteenth. 

Horned  cattle,  of  aD  varieties,  from  Sep- 
tember twentieth  to  October  fifth. 

Sheep,  swine  and  goats,  as  one  class,  from 
October  tenth  to  twenty-fifth. 

Poultry  will  be  exhibited  as  a  permanent, 
and  also  as  a  temporary  show,  the  first  com- 
mencing on  the  opening  of  the  Exhibition, 
the  latter  from  October  twenty-fifth  to  Novem- 
ber tenth. 

Animals  must  be  of  pure  blood  to  be  quali- 
fied for  admission  (trotting  stock  and  fat  cat- 
tle excepted),  and  even  those  of  pure  blood 
must  be  highly  meritorious. 

The  exhibition  being  open  to  the  whole 
world,  it  is  of  the  first  importance  that  we 
bring  forward  the  best  of  their  kind  only,  as 
the  character  of  onr  stock  will  be  judged  by 
the  general  average  of  those  exhibited. 

Exhibitors  will  be  expected  to  provide  for 
feeding  their  stock. 

All  forage  and  other  food  will  be  furnished 
at  cost  prices  at  depots  conveniently  located 
within  the  grounds. 

Exhibitors  will  also  be  expected  to  furnish 
their  own  attendants,  on  whom  all  responsi- 
bility of  the  case  of  feeding  watering  and 
cleaning  the  animals,  and  also  of  cleaning  the 
stalls,  will  rest. 

Though  the  Commission  will  erect  ample 
accommodation  for  the  exhibition  and  protec- 
tion of  live  stock,  contrilnitors  who  may  de- 
sire to  make  special  arrangements  for  the  dis- 
play of  their  stock  will  be  aft'orded  facilities 
at  their  own  cost. 

All  animals  will  be  under  the  snpcrvision 
of  a  veterinary  surgeon,  who  will  examine 
them  before  admission  to  guard  against  infec- 
tion, and  who  will  also  make  a  daily  inspec- 
tion and  report. 

In  case  of  sickness  the  animal  will  be  re- 
moved to  a  suitable  enclosure,  specially  pre- 
pared for  its  comfort  and  medical  treatment. 

Rings  will  be  jirovided  for  the  display  and 
exercise  of  horses  and  cattle. 

It  is  highly  important  that  all  who  design 
exhibiting  should  now  make  apjilication,  us 
the  extent  of  preparation  necessary  can  only 
be  ri'gulab'd  by  an  estimate  based  upon  ac- 
tual (lemands. 

Iiuiuiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  Chief  of 
the  Bureau  of  Agricultme,  Philadelpeia. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


fovciuc. 


Hog  Raising. 

'HEN  properly  managed,  there  is  no 
more   profitable  stock   business  in 
this   State   than    raising   hogs   for 
l)ork.     Hogs  increase   here   much 
faster  than  any  other  class  of  stock. 
Sows  will   breed  on  an   average    twice  a 
year,  and  after  they  are  one  year  old  will 
average  from   six  to  ten   pigs   at  a  litter. 
At  a  year  old  these  pigs  are  ready  for  the 
market,  and  are  always   in  demand.     In- 
deed, there   is  no  day    in   the  year  when 
there  is  not  ready  sale   for  good  porkers. 
The  Chinese  always  eat  and   will  always 
Lave  pork.      Pork  is  also   worth  more  in 
proportion  to  the  cost  of  j^roductiou  than 
any  other  meat.     Hogs  in   this  State  will 
live  the  year  round  by   grazing,  and   do 
well  at  that.     Alfalfa  is  the  best  grass  or 
clover    for   hogs.      They   will   reject  all 
other   grasses   or  clover  for  alfalfa,  and 
will  thrive  on  it  from  the   time  they  are 
two  months   old.     The  sows   will  give   a 
good    supply   of   milk  for  pigs   on   this 
clover  alone,  and  keep  in  good  condition. 
At  one  year  old  good  Berkshire  hogs  will 
average   200  pounds    with   no  other  feed 
than  good  alfalfa  pasture,  and   will  he  as 
fat  as  the  Chinese  markets  require.  From 
the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  for  each  one 
year  old  sow    and  good  alfalfa  fields  the 
farmer  can  make   an   annual  increase  of 
from  twelve   to  twenty   fold   on  original 
stock.     If  in  connection   with  alfalfa  he 
raises  barley  or  wheat,  he  makes  the  hogs 
gleaners  of  the  stubble  to  good  advantage, 
thus  turning  into  pork  and  money  much 
that    would    otherwise   be   wasted.     But 
barley  or   wheat  may  very  profitably   be 
raised  especially   for  hogs,  and  the   hogs 
■will  do  their  own  harvesting.     By  the  use 
of  portable  fences,  a  jjortion  of   the  field 
may  be  fenced  and  the   hogs  turned  in  as 
soon  as  the  grain  is  in  the   dough,  and  as 
fast  as  the  grain  on   this  portion  is   con- 
sumed, or  neaily  so,  another  portion  may 
be  fenced  and  the   fattening  hogs  turned 
into  this,  and  so  on  until  they  are  fat  and 
ready  for  market.      The  store   hogs  may 
follow  the  fatting   hogs,  and   in  this  way 
the  harvest  may  be  completed  and  turned 
into  meat  without  the  exisenseof  reajjiug, 
stacking,  or  threshing,    or   freighting  to 
market.     What  is  more,  grain  thus  made 
into  pork  finds,  as   we  said  before,  at  all 
times,  a  ready  home  market,  and  does  not 
have  to  be  sai^ked  or   freighted  to  Liver- 
pool or  any  other  foreign  country  at  great 
expense.     The  expense  of  running  a  farm 
stocked  with  hogs,  after  the   same  is  well 
■  seeded  with   alfalfa,  and   fenced   into  ap- 
propriate   sized    fields,  is    comparatively 
light.     The  same  value  may  be  turned  off 
annually  from  such  a  farm  with  one-fourth 
the  labor  and   expense   required  to  run  a 
grain  farm  when  the   grain   is  harvested 
and   marketed  in    the    usual  way.     Our 
river  farms  are  especially  adapted  to  hog 
raising.     The  land  is  good  for  alfalfa  and 
barley,  and  these    farms   generally   have 
tule  lands  connected  with  them,  on  which 
may,  at  very    little  cost,  be   raised    large 
crops  of  pumpkins,  which  also  make  most 
excellent  feed   for   hogs,  and  which  to  a 
great  extent  may  also  be  harvested  by  the 
hogs   themselves.      Good    judgment  and 
care  are  as  necessary  to  this  business  as  in 
any  other,  but  with  these  we  believe  it  to 
be  about   the   most    profitable  branch  of 
farming  in  the  State. 

PRECAUTIONS. 

Among  the  necessary  i^recautions  to  in- 
sure success  in  the   hog  raising  business 


may  be  mentioned,  first,  the  care  of  the 
young.  Pigs  are  hardy  and  easy  to  raise, 
but  they  require  a  certain  kind  of  care 
which  cannot  and  must  not  be  neglected. 
During  all  the  wet  season,  at  least,  e.ich 
sow  and  pigs  should  have  a  separate  jJen, 
and  a'good,  warm,  dry  ne.st  to  sleep  in. 
They  should  also  be  bed  separately  until 
the  pigs  are,  say  six  weeks  old.  If  any 
number  are  allowed  to  sleep  in  one  com- 
mon nest  in  cold,  wet  weather,  losses  will 
most  surely  occur  by  smothering  by  the 
sows  lying  on  the  little  ones  or  by  fight- 
ing. Small  pigs  should  be  kept  shut  up 
in  a  pen  until  throe  or  four  weeks  old. 
Until  that  age  the  sow  should  be  turned 
out  daily  a  part  of  the  day,  and  after  that 
the  pigs  may  be  allowed  to  accompany 
her,  but  should  be  shut  up  nights  until, 
say  six  weeks  old.  If  large  numbers  of 
pigs  are  fed  together,  or  if  pigs  of  difi'er- 
enr  ages  are  fed  in  common,  the  stronger 
are  bound  to  take  advantage  of  the  weak- 
er, and  this  will  create  runts  or  scrubs, 
which  will  always  be  runts  or  scrubs,  and 
these,  if  allowed,  will  materially  dimish 
profits.  Some  special  care  must  be  taken 
of  the  pigs  when  weaning  them.  The 
sows  will  generally  wean  them  at  about 
two  months  of  ago  of  their  own  accord. 
If  the  feed  be  good,  the  feed  of  the  sow 
may  be  withheld  when  the  pigs  are  six 
weeks  old.  When  this  is  commenced  the 
pigs  must  have  a  little  extra  care  and  feed. 
For  this  purpose  a  pen  may  be  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  pigs  can  get  into  it, while 
the  sows  are  excluded.  In  this  pen  may 
be  kept  a  little  wheat  or  rye  bran,  or  other 
good,  nutritious  food.  The  pigs  will  soon 
learn  where  the  hole  is  that  leads  to  this 
food,  and  will  pass  through  frequently 
and  help  themselves.  None  but  the  black 
breeds  of  hogs  should  be  raised  in  this 
State.  AH  others  are  liable  to  the  scurvy. 
The  best  breeds  are  the  Berkshire  and  the 
Essex,  or  these  two  breeds  mixed.  These 
breeds,  if  properly  cared  for,  are  2)roof 
against  the  scurvy,  and  are  the  bestgnass- 
eaters,  and  are  plenty  large  enough  for 
profit.  One  of  the  most  necessary  pre- 
cautions to  insui-e  success  in  hog  raising 
is  cleanliness.  The  hog  is  a  dirty  or  clean 
animal,  according  as  he  is  treated.  When- 
ever kept  in  a  pen,  if  given  a  chance,  the 
pig,  big  or  little,  will  keep  himself  clean, 
and  he  should  be  encouraged  in  this  nat 
nral  iu.stinct.  Instead  of  a  mud-hole  to 
drink  out  of,  he  should,  whether  in  pen 
or  field,  be  furnished  with  clean,  cool 
water  to  drink.  Salt  and  charcoal  should 
always  be  kept  where  hogs  can  help 
themselves  whenever  inclined  to  do  so. 
Both  these  articles  are  a  necessity  to  hogs 
of  all  ages  and  conditions,  and  their  plen- 
tiful supply  at  all  times  has  more  to  do 
with  the  good  condition  of  the  hog  than 
most  hog  raisers  of  experience  imagine. 
— Record-  Union. 


About  Advertising  Swine. — Underthe 
heading  of  "  Why  Is  It?"  the  Swine  and 
Poullr//  Jonrnalhaa  the  following  sugges- 
tive paragraph: 

It  seems  to  us  that  the  white  breeds  of 
swine  must  be  extinct,  or  else  no  one  is 
breeding  them  for  sale.  The  Berkshire 
breeders  seem  to  be  the  only  live  swine 
breeders  in  America.  They  are  the  only 
men  who  have  enterprise  enough  to  ad- 
vertise to  any  extent,  and  in  consequence 
are  reaping  the  reward  of  their  good  man- 
agement in  increased  sales  and  ijrices. 
We  have  ten  inquiries  for  the  names  of 
Berkshire  breeders  to  one  of  any  other 
breed;  next  following  in  number  is  the 
Poland  China,  with  once  in  a  while  an 
inquiry    of    "  Who  breeds    Sufl'olk  and 


Chester  Whites  ?" — ami  as  we  refer  all 
such  inquirers  to  our  advertising  columns 
it  is  very  evident  the  Berkshire  breeders 
get  the  best  of  it.  We  are  surjjrised  at 
the  lack  of  interest  and  business  tact  of 
interest  and  business  tact  of  swine  breed- 
ers, as  compared  with  the  breeders  of  all 
other  kinds  of  improved  stock.  By  % 
careful  examination  of  the  advertising 
columns  of  tliirty  agricultural  and  stock 
papers,  we  find  the  ])roportion  of  swino 
breeders  who  bring  their  stock  before  the 
public  by  advertising  to  be  about  one- 
tenth  that  of  cattle  and  one-thirteenth 
that  of  poultry  breeders.  Surely  if  it 
pays  poultry  breeders  ao  well  to  advertise 
(and  all  admit  that  it  does  pay),  it  would 
pay  swine  breeders  still  better.  We  find 
poultry  and  cattle  breeders,  also,  ever 
ready  to  write  and  tell  the  public  about 
the  useful  and  economic  value  of  tlieir 
stock,  best  manner  of  breeding  and  rear- 
ing it,  and  the  best  breeds  for  certain  lo- 
calities; but  it  seems  impossible  to  get  a 
swine  breeder  to  let  the  public  know  any- 
thinif  about  his  stock. 


Bebkshires. — Says  the  Live  StocJc  Jour- 
nal, which  is  one  of  our  best  authorities 
on  stock: 

The  Berkshire  is  probably  the  nearest 
thorough  bred  among  swine,  and  in  that 
class  is  like  the  Arabian  among  horses. 
It  is  undoubtedly  the  highest  type  of  hog. 
They  have  all  the  good  (jualities.  are  good 
breeders,  good  mothers,  mature  early, 
fatten  easily  and  at  a  young  age,  and  can 
live  on  clover  and  grass  almost  as  well  as 
sheep. 

Some  people  have  a  prejudice  against 
the  black  color  in  swine,  and  would  on 
that  account  object  to  either  the  Berk- 
shii'O  or  Essex. 


Parasites  in  Bird  Cages. 

Many  a  person  has  watched  with  anx- 
iety and  care  a  pet  canary,  goldfinch  or 
otlier  tiny  favorite,  evidently  in  a  state  of 
l^erturbation,  plucking  at  himself  contin- 
ually, his  feathers  standing  all  wrong,  al- 
ways tidgoting  about,  and  in  every  way 
looking  very  seedy.  In  vain  is  his  food 
chunged,  and  in  vain  is  another  saucer  of 
clean  water  always  kept  in  his  cage,  and 
all  that  kindness  can  suggestfor  the  little 
prisoner  done;  but  still  all  is  of  no  use, 
he  is  no  better — and  why  ?  Because  the 
cause  of  his  wretchedness  has  not  been 
found  out,  and  until  it  is  other  attempts 
are  but  vain.  If  the  owner  of  a  pet  in 
such  difficulties  will  take  down  the  cage 
and  cast  his  or  her  eyes  up  to  the  roof 
thereof,  there  will  most  likely  be  seen  a 
mass  of  stuff  looking  as  much  like  red 
dust  as  anything;  and  from  thence  comes 
the  cause  "of  the  poor  bird's  uneasiness. 
The  red  dust  is  nothing  more  nor  less 
than  myriads  of  parasites  infesting  the 
bird,  and  for  which  w.ater  is  no  remedy. 
There  is,  however,  a  remedy,  and  one 
easily  procured  in  a  moment— fire.  By 
piocuring  a  lighted  candle  and  holding  it 
under  every  particle  at  the  top  of  the  cage 
till  all  chance  of  anything  being  left  alive 
is  gone,  the  remedy  is  complete.  The 
pet  will  soon  brighten  up  again  after  his 
house-warming,  and  will,  in  his  cheerful 
and  delightful  way  thank  his  master  or 
mistress  over  and"  over  again  for  this, 
though  slight,  to  him  important  assist- 
ance.— Land  and  Water. 


It  is  a  strange  fact  that  when  people 
indulge  in  high  words  they  lose  low  lan- 
guage. 


""^^•^'la^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


The  Quality  of  Butter-. 

•jtSTv.  GRISCOM  says  in  regard  to  but- 
'j  .1  ter:  1  have  the  bigbest  respect  for 
I)  |i  butter,  eaten  in  its  natural  state.  It 
(il'-i  is  very  complicated  in  chemical  com- 
■Syl  positions;  each  globule,  tbougli  on 
an  average  only  1-5000  of  an  inch  in  di- 
ameter, being  formed  of  an  outer  film  or 
shell  of  easeine,  with  a  mixture  of  difl'er- 
ent  kinds  of  oil,  each  of  which  is  again 
composed  of  an  organized  substance, 
liuown  in  chemistry  as  the  oxide  of  gly- 
cerine, combined  with  a  separate  acid. 
Ea(.'h  globnle  in  a  recent  state  is  distinctly 
visible  in  the  field  of  the  microscope,  and 
when  in  unbroken  integrity  is  sweet  and 
digestible;  but  when  old  or  broken,  its 
chemical  character  alters,  new  compounds 
are  formed,  and  the  nutiitive  property 
undergoes  a  change.  Time  alone  will  ef- 
fect this  change,  but  there  is  another  ele- 
ment which  will  produce  it  rapidly,  viz., 
heat;  and  hence  the  melting  process  must 
so  alter  the  relations  of  its  chemical  con- 
stituents as  to  impair  its  assimilative 
properties. 

The  substitution  of  cream  for  butter  in 
cooking  will,  of  course,  obviate  all  ob- 
jections to  the  latter  in  a  melted  form, 
and  only  this,  but  you  will  infuse  into  the 
food,  with  the  cream,  other  nutritious  in- 
gredients, such  as  a  portion  of  the  caseino 
of  the  milk,  which  is  albumen  in  a  solu- 
ble condition— and  more  or  less  of  the 
sugar  which  is  also  found  iu  milk.  A 
more  innocent  article  tlian  cream,  or  one 
more  digestible  and  nutritive  in  cookery, 
can  hardly  be  mentioned.  There  can  be 
but  one  objection  oft'ered  to  the  substitu- 
tion of  cream  for  butter,  and  this  is  its 
comparative  inconvenience.  Cream  is 
far  less  expensive  than  butter. 

Setting  Milk. — The  discussion  on  the 
subject  of  deep  or  shallow  setting  of  milk 
having  lately  been  re-opened,  the  Country 
Gentleman  gives  the  following  report  of  a 
committee  appointed  by  a  Farmer's  Club 
in  Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  to  make 
a  comparative  trial  of  the  two  plans.  The 
trial  was  conducted  in  the  dairy  house  of 
Eastburn  Reeder: 

The  pool  for  deep  cans  is  3G  inches 
long,  12  inches  wide,  and  20  inches  deep, 
holding  30  gallons  of  water.  This  pool  is 
filled  with  molted  ice  water  flowing  from 
the  ice-box  in  the  top  of  the  refrigerating 
or  cooling  cupboard,  and  when  it  is  filled 
the  surplus  water  is  conducted  in  pipes 
to  the  drain,  and  passes  out  of  the  build- 
ing. The  melted  ice  water  keeps  this 
"pool  at  a  temperature  of  58".  Four  deep 
cans  wei-e  expressly  made  for  the  purpose, 
8^-$  inches  in  diameter  and  20  inches  deep, 
capable  of  holding  5  gallons  or  20  quarts 
of  milk,  if  filled  to  the  brim;  but  18 
quarts  of  -ij^  gallons  fills  them  18  inches 
deep,  wbicli  is  quite  as  deep  as  they 
should  be  filled  for  convenience  in  hand- 
ling. A  "conical-shaped  dipper,"  of  the 
approved  pattern,  was  also  made  for  dip- 
ping oir  the  cream  from  the  deep  cans, 
and  likewise  a  largo  kettle,  capable  of 
holding.  10  gallons,  in  which  to  mix  all 
the  milk  used  in  the  trial. 

The  trial  commenced  on  INIonday  morn- 
ing, August  10th,  1874.  On  account  of  a 
scarcity  of  milk  in  the  mornings,  but  8 
gallons  were  used  at  a  time  during  the 
trial.  Four  gallons  of  measured  milk 
were  put  iu  one  doej)    can,  filling  it  just 


10  inches  deep,  and  weighing  34  pounds. 
The  same  quantity  of  this  ijreviously 
mixed  milk,  by  weight  and  measure,  was 
put  into  four  ordinary  tin  milk  pans  (4 
quarts  to  the  pan) ,  atid  filling  them  three 
inches  deep.  This  was  repeated  for  14 
milkings,  one  week,  making  a  total  of  470 
pounds,  or  224  quarts  of  milk,  10  inches 
deep  in  14  cans,  and  the  same  amount  in 
50  pans  3  inches  deep. 

The  water  in  the  pool,  as  before  stated, 
was  at  a  temperature  of  .58";  when  a  can 
of  warm  milk  was  immersed  in  it,  it  raised 
the  temperature  to  00°,  but  by  the  expi- 
ration of  10  or  12  hours  it  would  be  low- 
ered to  58"  again  by  the  inflow  of  fresh 
ice  water.  A  piece  of  ice  was  put  in  the 
pool  after  the  first  day,  so  as  not  to  let 
the  temperature  be  varied  any  more  than 
could  be  helped.  The  pans  of  milk  were 
set  on  a  stone  floor  where  the  tem]>eraturo 
was  GO".  During  the  whole  trial  the  tem- 
peratiire  ranged  as  follows:  In  the  pool, 
from  58°  to  00°;  in  the  milk  room,  from 
50°  to  08°.  Great  care  was  taken  to  pre- 
serve the  uniform  temperature  during  the 
whole  tri.il,  admitting  cool  air  at  night 
and  excluding  the  warm  air  diiring  the 
day,  which  necessary  feature  is  under 
complete  control.  The  milk  in  both  cans 
and  pans  stood  48  hours,  when  it  was 
.skimmed.  The  cream  raised  one  inch  in 
depth  in  the  deep  cans.  The  amount  of 
cream  obtained  from  the  deep  cans  was 
40  pounds;  from  the  shallow  pans  57 
pounds.  The  last  skimming  was  done  on 
Tues(hiy  evening,  August  18th,  when  the 
cream  was  placed  in  a  cooling  cupboard 
and  the  temperature  lowered  to  54°.  The 
churning  was  done  Wednesday,  August 
lOtb.  The  40  pounds  of  cream  obtained 
from  the  deep  c^ns  was  churned  first- 
butter  came  in  30  minutes,  and  yielded 
15  pounds  10  ounces.  The  cream  from 
the  shallow  pans  (.57  fts)  was  churned 
immediately  afterwards— butter  came  in 
50  minutes,  and  yielded  21  pounds  0 
ounces.  The  result  of  this  experiment, 
which  was  conducted  as  fairly  as  possible 
indicates  a  gain  of  5 '4  pounds  in  favor  of 
the  shallow  pans,  or  over  25  per  cent. 

The  milk  used  in  this  trial  was  the  pro- 
duct of  three  thorough  bred  Jersey,  two 
Guernsey,  and  three  grade  cows,  and  av- 
eraging over  5  pounds  per  cow,  if  all  the 
butter  bad  been  obtained  from  all  the 
milk.  The  difference  in  time  of  churn- 
ing is  attributable  to  the  churn  being 
overloaded  with  the  cream  from  the  shal- 
low pans.  The  butter  from  the  deep  cans 
was  pronounced  by  some  to  be  a  trifle  the 
best,  although  both  would  rank  as  strictly 
first-class.  The  dairy-house,  in  which 
the  experiment  was  conducted,  has  been 
so  fully  described  that  nothing  more  is 
necessary  in  that  j)artioular.  It  is  es- 
pecially adapted  for  convenience  and  the 
making  of  gilt-edge  butter,  being  both 
cool  and  dry.  The  floor  had  been  washed 
on  the  morning  of  the  lUtb,  and  was  per- 
fectly dry  by  11  o'clock.  The  cooling 
cupboard  under  the  ice-box  is  provided 
with  slate  shelves,  on  which  the  butter  is 
pluced  to  harden  before  being  sent  to 
market.  The  pool,  before  mentioned,  is 
a  very  suitable  place  to  keep  the  cream 
before  churning,  as  it  should  be  kept  at  a 
lower  temperature  than  the  milk.  It  is 
not  built  so  much  under  ground  as  to 
make  it  tiresome  in  carrying  the  milk  in 
cr  out  of  it;  in  fact,  we,  after  giving  it  a 
critical  examination,  are  unable  to  tell 
how  it  could  be  improved. 

WATEniNG  IMlLK  TO  GeT    THE  CbEAM.— 

It  is  well  known  that  milk  sot  in  the  us- 
ual way,  althougli  it  throws  up  a  good 
perceutago  o£  cream,  does  not  yield  up  all 


the  fat  in  the  milk,  because  the  skimmed 
milk,  on  being  subjected  to  analysis,  is 
found  to  contain  a  small  percentage  of 
butter,  notwithstanding  it  had  on  being 
set  thrown  up  the  cream  very  perfectly. 
Experiments  that  have  been  made  in  add- 
ing water  to  the  milk  to  facilitate  the  ris- 
ing of  the  cream,  have  shown  that  more 
cream  is  obtained.  Thus  a  sjiecimen  of 
milk  was  divided  into  two  portions.  One 
portion  was  set  for  cream,  and  seven 
hours  yielded  7  per  cent,  of  cream.  The 
other  portion  was  mixed  with  an  equal 
volume  of  water  and  the  diluted  milk  set 
for  cream.  The  diluted  milk  in  seven 
houi-s  gave  5  per  cent,  of  cream,  or  1% 
per  cent,  more  cream  than  it  should  have 
yielded  if  watering  made  no  difi'erence. 
it  may  not  be  advisable,  however,  to  use 
the  water  in  this  way  on  all  occasions  for 
getting  up  the  cream,  since  water  added 
to  milk  hastens  the  acidity  of  the  Hiiuid, 
which  in  warm  weather  should  be  guard- 
ed against. — Rural  New  Yorker. 


Mistaken  PoiiiCT. — Many  farmers  en- 
tertain the  opinion  that  a  cow  gives  the 
largest  yield  of  milk  when  she  is  j^oor  in 
flesh,  in  low  condition,  and  this  we  sup- 
pose explains  the  reason  why  wo  see  so 
many  wretched,  poor  and  half  starved 
cows  coming  out  of  the  barns  of  this 
country  every  spring.  But  a  more  care- 
ful observation  of  the  points  connected 
with  the  condition  of  the  cow  will  inva- 
riably show  that  this  cannot  possibly  be 
the  case;  that  if  the  condition  is  low,  the 
system  emaciated,  the  yield  of  milk  is  of 
necessity  comparatively  small,  that  is, 
small  to  what  any  particular  cow  would 
be  capable  of  yielding  on  the  same  food 
were  she  in  better  condition;  and  if  the 
yield  is  large  in  qantity  it  will  be  poor  in 
quality,  because  much  of  the  food  which 
should  go  to  yield  milk  will  necessarily 
be  drawn  by  the  animal  to  maintain  its 
bodily  condition.  This  point  has  too  of- 
ten been  overlooked  in  considering  the 
true  economy  of  dairy  management. — 
Mass.  Ploughman. 

— m-^-^ 

The  Nero  England  Farmer  says:  The 
milk  of  some  cows,  yielding  a  large  quan- 
tity of  milk  and  but  little  cream,  will  ac- 
tually prevent  the  cream  from  rising  on 
the  milk  of  cows  which  is  rich  in  cream! 
This  we  learned  from  long,  actual  expe- 
rience, and  from  repeated  vexatious  losses 
which  occurred  before  we  did  learn  it. 


Anomalies. — Paper  can  be  manufac- 
tured from  iron.  If  a  tallow  candle  be 
placed  in  a  gun  and  shot  through  a  door, 
it  will  go  through  without  sustaining  in- 
-nry;  and  if  a  musket  ball  be  fired  into. 
water,  it  will  not  only  rebound,  but  be 
flattened;  if  fired  through  a  pane  of  glass 
it  will  make  a  hole  the  size  of  the  ball 
without  cracking  the  glass;  if  suspended 
by  a  thread  it  will  make  no  difi'erence, and 
the  thread  will  not  even  vibrate.  Cork  if 
sunk  to  the  depth  of  two  hundred  feet  in 
the  ocean  will  not  raise  on  account  of  the 
pressure  of  the  water.  In  the  Arctic  re- 
gions when  the  thermometer  is  below 
zero,  persons  can  converse  more  than  a 
mile  apart.  Dr.  Jamison  asserts  that  he 
heard  every  word  of  a  sermon  at  the  dis- 
tance of  two  miles. 

No  farmer  is  excusable  who  makes  his 
field  work  a  reason  for  not  attending  to 
the  vegetable  garden.  A  good  supply  of 
vegetables  in  their  season  is  worth  much 
in  money  and  health. 

"S\' hen  love  fails,  we  spy  all  faults. 


-^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


mu 


cS' 


J5^ 


More  System 


Wanted 
Horses. 


In    Breeding 


N  our  last  number  no  less  than  three  cor- 

resiJoucleuts  suggest  that  our  breeder  are 
overlooking  form  anil  action  and  running 
to  mere  size.  By  one  of  these  intelligent 
observers  it  is  insisted  that,  oven  in  draft 
horses,  it  is  not  profitable  to  make  everything 
Bub-iervient  to  mere  weight. 

The  English  agricultural  horse,  so  called, 
is  usually  the  large  black  eart  horse,  weighing 
1,500  to  l,yO0  pounds,  and  sometimes  even 
more.  The  Clydesdale  is  nearly  as  heavy, 
with  a  litlle  more  style  and  action.  These 
hoi'ses,  or  the  heavy  Nornious,  have  never 
been  classed  as  agricultural  horses  with  us. 
American  farmers  cannot  use  horses  that  are 
too  heavy  to  make  six  or  eight  miles  au  hour 
on  the  road. 

Why  then,  it  may  be  asked,  are  the  heavy- 
draft  horses  of  the  three  varieties  above  men- 
tioned so  generally  patronized  by  our  far- 
mers? 

There  are  two  reasons  for  it.  First,  and 
most  important,  is  the  undeniable  fact  that 
in  many  parts  of  the  country  the  half-bred 
draft  stock  sells  for  more  money,  and  may  be 
brought  to  market  at  an  earlier  age,  than  any 
other  strain  the  farmer  can  breed.  They  will 
sell  at  three  to  four  years  old  at  from  $200  to 
$300,  while  a  good,  well-made  and  well-bred 
road  or  saddle  horse  will  hardly  make  igl.50, 
unless  he  have  something  to  indicate  extra 
speed. 

It  is  probable  the  draft  stock  eat  more,  the 
amount  consumed  by  all  animals  being  gener- 
ally in  proportion  to  their  size.  But  they  are 
less  liable  to  accidents  than  horses  of  better 
blood,  more  easily  handled  and  are  fit  for 
market  without  being  broken  at  all. 

We  may  therefore  philosophize  as  we  please 
— point  out  the  excellence  of  well-bred  stock 
for  the  saddle  and  the  road,  and  even  for  gen- 
eral purposes — the  fact  remains  that  the 
heavy  sort  will  make  the  most  money  for  the 
farmer  when  he  puts  them  upon  th^  market; 
and  therefore  he  breeds  them. 

How  long  this  demand  for  draft  horses  will 
continue  to  equal  of  very  rapinly-increasing 
supply,  we  will  not  pretend  to  predict.  To 
avoid  loss  when  the  decline  does  come,  we 
would  advise  the  intelligent  farmer  to  keep  up 
his  old  stock  of  well-bred,  general-purpose 
horses.  These  he  can  always  use,  and  they 
will  be  sure  to  yay  their  way,  on  the  road  or 
on  the  farm ;  and  the  produce  of  well-formed 
marcs  of  this  sort  15  to  IG  hands  high,  not 
too  long  in  the  leg,  from  stout,  thoroughbred, 
or  nearly  thoroughbred  stallions,  will  always 
be  in  demand  at  some  price. 

In  reference  to  the  suggestion  of  one  of 
our  correspondents,  that  we  should  select 
draft  stallions  of  more  action  and  less  size 
than  has  been  the  prevailing  custom  of  late, 
we  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  time  has  come, 
even  in  this  class  of  horses,  that  we  must 
look  to  the  form  and  movement,  as  well  as 
weight. 

It  we  were  going  to  breed  to  a  draft  stal- 
lion, we  should  certainly'  select  one  of  the 
smaller  size,  with  bony,  clean  cut  head,  well 
set  on  a  properly-formed  neck,  fiat  legs  and 
general  conformation  indicative  of  action,  m 
Ijreferenee  to  a  large,  heavy-headed  one,  with 
low,  thick  and  upright  shoulders,  large, round 
legs,  etc. ;  thungh  it  must  be  confessed  that 
horses  of  this  latter  description  have  been 
bringing  quite  as  high  prices  in  the  mar- 
ket as  any  others.  But  we  think  it  will  hardly 
do  to  depend  upon  tljis  as  a  permanent  feat- 
ure in  the  draft-horse  market.  Gradually 
form  and  action,  and  even  style,  will  attract 
attention  here,  as  in  other  classes. 

It  will  he  observed  that  we  have  only  spok- 
en of  what  the  fnrmtv  has  been  doing,  and 
the  probability  of  his  future  operations  in 
breeding  horses. 

We    have   not   referred  to  the  professional 


breeders,  who,  for  the  most  part  are  handling 
only  thoroughbreds  or  trotting  stock.  As  to 
these,  we  would  respectfully  direct  their  at- 
tention to  the  great  need  there  is,  and  the 
gi'eat  demand  we  may  soon  expect,  for  well- 
bred  stallions  for  breeding  good  horses  of  the 
general-purpose  class.  Cannot  these  gentle- 
men, who  have  so  much  taste  for  the  best 
type  of  that  wonderful  animal  known  as  the 
thoroughbred  horse,  work  out  the  great  prob- 
lem of  producing  from  this  matchless  blood 
the  basis  for  a  great  strain  of  general-purpose 
horses? — NalioiuiX  Lice  Stock  Journal. 


The  Poor  Mule. — The  amount  of  fa- 
tigue, exposure,  and  abstinence,  which  a 
muie  will  endure,  says  a  writer,  seems  al- 
most fabulous.  Making  long  marches 
across  du.sty,  shadoless  plains,  going  for 
long  intervals  without  water  and  with 
very  little  food,  obliged  to  pull  loads 
sometimes  amoimting  to  five  thousand 
two  hundred  pounds,  up  steeji  hills  and 
through  heavy  sloughs,  subject  to  cruel 
treatment  and  neglect  from  tlio  teamster, 
the  life  of  an  expedition  mule  is  misera- 
ble enough.  No  wouder  when  the  mule 
returns  ho  looks  woefully  angular  and 
tliin.  The  poor  animal  is  frequently 
driven  until  he  completely  gives  out, 
when  he  is  thanklessly  turned  into  tho 
herd  of  broken  down  mules. 

There  is  scarcely  a  more  melancholy 
sight  than  such  a  herd.  It  is  a  moving 
bone-yar  1.  Gaunt,  lean,  with  drooping 
ears,  hips  that  rise  like  promontories 
above  the  general  desolation,  a  disconso- 
late tail,  and  a  woebegone  vssage  which 
would  frighten  an  experienced  ghost — 
the  poor  bankrupt  mule  is  the  most 
wretched  parody  on  Gothic  architecture 
that  ever  was  forced  on  the  public  atten- 
tion. Every  vestige  of  meat  has  fled  from 
his  bones.  He  is  a  walking  transparency, 
an  animated  hat-rack,  and  I  have  actually 
seen  his  Lip  bones  irreverently  used  to 
hang  teamsters'  hats  on. 

During  our  homeward  march  from  the 
Black  Hills,  more  than  one  such  starved 
victim  laid  down  his  tired  frame  on  the 
earth  that  had  refused  to  nourish  him, 
and  the  benediction  of  a  soldier's  bullet 
called  the  raven  and  coyote  to  a  meal 
which  it  cost  the  Government  one  hund- 
red and  forty  dollars  to  procure. 


The  following  horso  talk  is,  at  least, 
rational  and  worthy  of  consideration:  Sup- 
pose you  were  in  the  harness,  and  I  were 
in  the  wagon;  I  had  the  whip  and  you  the 
traces,  what  an  ardent  advocate  you  would 
be  for  kindness  to  the  irrational  creation? 
Do  not  let  the  blacksmith  drive  the  nail 
into  the  quick  when  he  shoes  me,  or  burn 
my  fetlocks  with  a  hot  tile.  Do  not  mis- 
take the  "dead-eye"  that  nature  put  on 
my  foreleg  for  a  wart  to  be  exterminated. 
Do  not  cut  off  my  tail  short  in  fly  time. 
Keep  the  north  wind  out  of  our  stables. 
Care  for  us  at  some  other  time  than  dur- 
ing the  epizootics  so  that  we  may  see 
your  kindness  is  not  selfish.  My  dear 
friends,  our  interests  are  mutual.  I  am 
a  silent  jiartner  in  your  business.  Under 
my  sound  hoof  is  the  diamond  of  national 
prosperity.  Beyond  my  nostrils  tho 
world's  progress  may  not  go.  With 
thrift  and  wealth  and  comfort  I  daily  race 
neck  and  neck.  Be  kind  to  me,  if  you 
want  me  to  be  useful  to  you. 


Caee  of  Houses. — The  London  FTorse 
Book  says:  All  horses  must  not  be  fed  in 
the  same  proportion,  without  regard  to 
their  ages,  their  constitution  and  their 
work;  because  the  impropriety  of  such  a 
practice  is  self-evident.  Yet  it  is  constantly 
done,  and  is  the  basis  of  diseases  of  every 
kind. 

Never  use  bad  hay  on  account  of  the 
cheapness,  because  there  is  no  proper 
uourisemont  in  it. 

Damaged  corn  is  exceedingly  injurious 
because  it  brings  on  inflammation  of  the 
bowels  and  skin  diseases.  Chaff  is  better 
for  old  horses  than  hay,  because  they  can 
chew  and  digest  it  bettor. 

When  a  horse  is  workinl  hard  its  food 
should  be  chiefly  oats;  if  not  worked  hard 
its  food  should  chietly  be  hay,  because 
oats  supply  more  nourishment  and  fiesh- 
making  material  than  any  other  kind  of 
food,  hay  not  so  much. 

Hack  feeding  is  wasteful.  The  better 
plan  is  to  feed  with  chopped  hay,  from  a 
manger,  because  the  food  is  not  then 
thrown  out,  and  is  more  easily  chewed 
and  digested. 

Sprinkle  the  hay  with  -water  that  has 
salt  dissolved  in  it,  becaiise  it  is  pleasing 
to  the  animal's  taste  and  more  easily  di- 
gested. A  teaspoonfulof  salt  in  a  bucket 
of  water  is  sufficient. 


Reminded  Her  of  Her  Mother. 

The  beggar  who  asked  alms  of  a  jihiloa- 
opher  on  the  plea  that  he  was  his  brother, 
"counting  back  to  Adam,"  and  received  a 
penny  ami  the  kind  wish  that  all  the  rest 
of  his  "brothers"  would  give  him  as 
much,  presumed  rather  too  far  on  his  re- 
lationship. But  natural  fellow-feeling  is 
a  virtue  that  ought  never  to  be  smothered 
in  the  human  breast,  and  often  it  draws 
the  poor  and  the  suffering  very  near  to 
us,  prompting  beautiful  benevolence  and 
tender  deeds. 

A  lady  was  riding  in  her  carriage  among 
the  mountains,  when  they  came  upon  an 
old  woman  with  a  funny  little  hood  on 
her  head  and  a  staff'  in  her  hand,  walking 
on  all  alone.  She  was  neat  and  clean, and 
her  skin  soft  and  delicate,  but  her  back 
was  bent  and  she  was  farefoot.  The  lady 
saw  she  was  shoeless  and  stopped  the  car- 
riage. 

"  Here  is  some  money,"  said  the  lady, 
in  a  tender  tone. 

"  What  for  ?"  said  the  woman,  looking 
ing  up  pleasantly. 

".  To  buy  shoes  for  your  jjoor  feet.  Do 
you  want  a  jjair  of  shoes  ?" 

The  woman  laughed  a  little  low  laugh, 
which  seemed  to  come  from  a  heart  lilled 
with  simple,  happy  thoughts. 

"  Don't  you  want  a  pair  of  shoes?"  asked 
the  lady,  a  little  hurt. 

"  I  s'pose  I  do,"  said  tUe  woman;  "  but 
I  didn't  think  of  anybody's  giving  'em  to 
me." 

"  Take  this  bill,  please,  and  buy  you  a 
pair,"  said  the  lady. 

"  God  bless  and  reward  you!"  answered 
tho  woman,  heartily. 

The  carriage  drove  on,  and  the  lady 
sank  back  on  the  seat,  with  tears  in  her 
eyes. 

"  Oh,"  said  she,  "  I  thought  I  saw  my 
own  mother  in  that  dear  old  lady.  She 
had  just  such  a  sweet  face  and  pleasant 
voice.  You  don't  kuow  how  I  felt  when 
I  thought  of  my  mother,  old  and  feeble, 
walking  with  bare  feet  over  tho  rough, 
rocky  road." 

If  we  all  saw  fathers  and  inothers,  sis- 
ters  and  brothers,  in   the   poor   and  the 
hungry,  what  a  world  this  would  soon  be! 
-E.cchaiif/e. 


"1  thought  you  were  born  on  the  first 
of  April,"  said  a  husband  to  his  lovely 
wife,  who  had  mentioned  the  21st  as  her 
birthday.  "  Most  beople  would  think  so 
from  the  choice  I  made  of  a  husband," 
she  replied. 


California  Agriculturist  akd  Live  Stock  Journal. 


,7    H,  see  where  robb'd,  and  murdered,  in  that  pit 
Lies  the  ntill  heaving  liivel  at  evening  Bnatcli'd, 
Beneath  the  cloud  of  ynilt-coneealiug  niplit, 
And  fix'd  o'er  Bulphur:   while,  not  dreaming  ill, 
The  happy  people  in  their  waxen  cells, 
e)'Kc)   Sat  teudiiiK  public  cares,  and  planning  schomcB 
^^      Of  temperance,  for  winter  poor;  rejoiced 
To  mark,  full  flowing  round,  their  copious  stores. 
Sudden  the  dsrk  oppressive  steam  ascends; 
And,  used  to  milder  scents,  the  tender  race, 
By  thousands,  tumble  from  their  honey'd  domes, 
Convolv'd,  ana  agtmizing  in  the  diist. 
Ah  I  was  it  then  for  this  you  roaru'd  the  spring. 
Intent  from  flower  to  tlower:  for  this  y(>u  toil'd 
Oiu^'i  less  the  burning  summer-heats  away? 
Fur  this  in  autumn  search'd  the  blooming  waste, 
Nor  lost  one  snnny  gleam,  for  this  sad  fateV 
Oman!   tyraimic  lord!  how  long,  how  long. 
Shall  prostrate  Nature  groan  beneath  your  rage. 
Awaiting  renovation?    Of  their  ambrosial  food 
Can  you  not  boirow:  and,  in  just  return, 
AJlord  them  shelter  from  the  wintry  winds? 


Bee  Farming  in  Los  Angeles  County. 

Among  tlio  manifold  products  exported 
from  this  county,  tliat  of  honey  promises 
at  no  distant  day  to  assume  an  important 
position.  During  late  years  several  par- 
ties have  entered  into  the  business  of  bee 
farming  systematically,  using  the  valley 
lands  principally  for  that  purpose.  The 
honey  that  has  been  raised  in  the  valleys, 
has  not,  however,  been  altogether  free 
from  blemish,  and  could  not  compete  suc- 
cessfully in  the  San  Francisco  and  home 
markets  with  Eastern-made  honey,  being 
of  a  dark,  yellowish  color  and  of  a  some- 
what sickly  taste. 

During  the  last  year  or  so  bee-keepers 
have  had  their  attention  turned  toward 
the  mountain  lands,  previously  consid- 
ered worthless,  and  along  the  foot  hills  of 
the  San  Bernardino  range  apiaries  are  now 
scattered  hither  and  thither.  Like  the 
land  of  Can.aan,  the  foot  hills  and  moun- 
tains in  this  country  flow  with  honey, 
swarms  of  wild  bees  hiving  in  the  crev- 
ices of  the  rooks  and  in  the  rotten  trunks 
of  trees.  There  are  not  a  few  men  actu- 
ally engaged  in  noting  else  than  hunting 
swarms  of  bees  and  robbing  their  hives 
■with  considerable  profit  to  themselves. 

The  sloping  lands  of  the  foot  hills  have 
as  a  rule,  little  vegetatiou  other  than 
groose-wood  and  wild  sage;  but  these 
bloom  so  profusely  as  to  afford  the  best 
kind  of  bee  pasturage.  A  league  of  such 
land,  with  a  small  stream  of  water  the  size 
of  one's  finger  for  the  use  of  the  Ijees  to 
make  their  wax,  is  considered  ample  for  a 
bee  farm  of  at  least  five  hundred  swarms. 
Almost  every  ravine  on  the  mountain 
sides  contains  such  a  sti'eam  of  water. 

The  first  consideration  with  the  bee 
farmer  after  securing  a  good  location  is  to 
commence  the  stocking  of  his  farm.  Dur- 
ing winter,  it  is  an  easy  matter  to  obtain 
swarms  for  about  .'ili2  each,  and  with 
twenty  hives  to  commence,  the  bee-keeper 
considers  himself  fortunate,  always  pro- 
viding, of  course,  that  ho  understands  the 
business.  With  careful  management, 
these  swarms  will  multiply  to  tliree  or 
four  times  that  number  during  the  .sea- 
son, besides  yielding  some  whore  in  the 
neighborhood  of  two  hundred  pounds  of 
lioney  per  hive.  It  is  usual,  however, tor 
bee  keepers  to  increase  their  stock  with 
swarms  of  wild  bees,  whenever  occasion 
permits  them  to  hunt. 

To  the  inexperienced,  hunting  for  a 
wild  bee's  hive,  mtist  ai)pear  a  hopeless 
undertaking;  but  the  bee  hunter  views  it 
as  being  exceedingly  simple.  It  is  done 
somewhat  after  the  following  fashion: 
proceeding  out  of  the  range  of  the  pas- 
urage  of   his  own  bees,  he  places  a  piece 


of  burning  wax  on  the  ground,  and  ad- 
jacent to  it  he  deposits  a  little  honey.  If 
there  are  any  bees  in  the  vicinity  the 
burning  wax  attracts  them  to  the  spot, 
and  they  soon  alight  upon  the  honey. 
The  hunter  watches  the  bee  until  it  ob- 
tains its  till,  when  it  at  once  takes  flight 
for  its  hive.  Sometimes  he  waits  the  re- 
turn of  the  bee,  which  never  faili^  to  do 
so,  accompanied  by  several  of  its  confed- 
erates. Some  of  these  the  hunter  cap- 
tures and  places  in  a  box.  He  then  pro- 
ceeds in  the  direction  of  the  first  bee. 
Having  gone  far  enough  according  to  his 
judgment,  he  liberates  one  of  the  bees 
held  captive,  which  flies  onward  in  case 
the  hive  is  not  already  p.assed;  if  other- 
wise, the  bee  returns  and  the  hunter  has 
to  retrace  his  steps.  Whenever  he  deems 
it  necessary,  the  process  of  wax-burning 
is  repeated.  By  these  means  it  seldom 
takes  many  hours  for  the  hunter  to  find 
the  cave,  rob  it  of  comb,  honey  and  swarm 
and  carry  all  triumphantly  to  his  own 
apiary. 

The  bee  hunter  has  three  enemies, with 
whom  he  is  constantly  at  war — tlie  moth, 
the  bee-bird  and  the  lizard.  The  moth 
works  its  way  into  the  hive,  and  if  per- 
mitted to  remain  will  soon  destroy  the 
strongest  swiirm.  The  bee-bird  bears  a 
striking  resemblance  to  the  common 
camp-jay  or  butcher-bird,  and  feeds  alto- 
gether upon  bees,  as  the  craw  of  every 
bird  killed  is  found  to  be  filled  with  their 
carcasses.  Bees  are  alsoa  dainty  titbit  for 
lizards.  These  reptiles  are  exceedingly 
numerous  everywhere  throughout  tlie  dry 
foot  hills,  and  wherever  a  bee  alights  for 
the  purpose  of  collecting  honey,  if  dis- 
covered, she  is  at  once  snapped  up  by  one 
of  these  voracious  little  reptiles. 

All  pieces  of  comb  of  any  size  are  taken 
out  and  placed  in  a  revolving  machine, 
which,  in  its  revolutions,  throws  the 
honey  from  the  cells.  When  the  honey 
is  extracted  from  the  comb,  it  is  placed  in 
a  hive  and  the  bees  set  at  work  immedi- 
ately to  refill  it.  The  old  system  is  to 
melt  the  honey  out  of  the  comb  by  the 
heat  of  the  sun,  the  result  being  the  dis- 
coloring of  the  article  by  the  melting  of 
the  bee-bread,  and  the  destruction  of  the 
comb.  It  is  a  saving  of  two  or  three 
week.s'  honey-making  to  a  bee-keeper  to 
bo  able  to  place  the  old  comb  back  in  the 
hive,  as  it  would  take  all  of  that  time  for 
the  swarm  to  make  new  combs. 

Honey  from  tho  mountain  apiaries  is 
much  paler  than  that  collected  by  bees 
working  in  the  valleys,  and  is  entirely 
free  from  the  sickly  taste  belonging  to  the 
latter.  Honey  thrown  from  the  comb  by 
the  machine  before  referred  to  is  as  clear 
as  crystal,  and  brings  the  highest  prices 
in  the  market;  which  is  at  present  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  cents  per  pound' — Bee- 
Keepers'  Mayazliie. 


About  Bees;  forChildeen. — Have  you 
ever,  children,  watched  the  bees  in  their 
hive'?  Their  hive  is  their  little  city,  and 
each  little  citizen  works  hard  to  build  up 
the  wonderful  comb  in  which  they  store 
their  winter's  supply.  There  are  no 
harder  working,  busier  little  creatures  in 
the  world  than  these  little  insects.  They 
seem  also  to  have  a  wonderful  amount  of 
wisdom  and  knowledge  in  their  little 
heads.  A  lady  in  Providence  relates  in 
tho  LillU:  Oorporata\tiry  interesting  story 
about  bees,  which  shows  their  wonderful 
power  of  instinct. 

Her  father,  she  tells  us,  once  brought 
liome  a  molasses  hogshead,  to  be  used  as 
a  water  tank.  On  washing  day,  her 
mother  said,  "Lot  us  throw  tho  suds  into 


it,  to  soak  the  molasses  from  the  bottom." 
Tlie  instant  she  had  done  she  exclaimed, 
"O,  I  have  drowned  hundreds  of  our 
neighbors'  bees." 

The  hogshead  was  black  with  bees,  that 
were  busily  appropriating  the  sweets  from 
what  they  must  have  considered  an  enor- 
mous blossom.  The  good  lady  made 
haste  with  her  skimmer  to  skim  the  beo.s 
from  tho  top  of  the  water,  and  spread 
them  on  a  board  in  the  sunshine;  but  they 
seemed  drowned  and  nearly  dead,  and  she 
was  very  sorry. 

All  the  bees  that  were  around  the  hogs- 
head had  flown  away  at  the  dash  of  the 
water,  but  in  a  few  minutes  they  returned, 
accompanied  by  scores  of  others.  Then 
began  a  curious  work.  They  immediately 
went  to  work  upon  the  unfortunate  bees, 
turning  them  over  and  over  and  working 
upon  them  constantly  with  their  heads, 
feet  and  atennfe.  The  result  of  their 
busy  labors  was,  that  one  after  another 
gave  signs  of  life,  stretched  its  limbs  and 
wings,  crawled  about  and  dried  itself  in 
the  sun,  and  flew  away.  The  lady  said 
there  were  half  a  pint,  at  first,  and  that 
there  remained  only  about  a  dozen  hope- 
less cases,  beyond  the  humane  efforts  of 
their  brothers. 


Facts  and  Fancies. — Never  feed  bees 
cane  sugar  syrup,  for  as  its  water  dries 
from  it,  it  crystalizes.  The  sugar  should 
have  added  to  it  three  drops  of  sulphuric 
acid  which,  upon  being  boiled  changes 
the  cane  sugar  into  grape  sugar  (the  form 
in  which  sugar  occurs  in  honey) ,  which 
will  not  crystallize,  and  which  is  more 
natural  as  food  and  better  for  storing  than 
cane  sugar.  Grape  sugar  can  be  pur- 
chased at  eight  cents  per  pound  and 
comes  in  solid  cakes  in  boxes  containing 
about  one  hundred  pounds. 

The  demand  for  beeswax  is  always 
equal  to  the  supply.  Circumstances, 
which  to  the  casual  observer  would  seem 
upimportant,  .affect  its  price;  for  instance, 
if  gold  is  high,  wax  is  high,  and  the  low 
price  of  gold  has  a  corresponding  effect 
upon  wax.  In  case  the  Pope  dies,  the 
ceremonies  in  every  Catholic  church 
throughout  Christendom  would  be  of  tho 
most  elaborate  chai'acter  and  long  contin- 
ued. In  this  ceremony  the  consumption 
of  wax  candles  would  be  so  great  and  im- 
mediate that  commercial  oiserators  esti- 
mate the  advance  would  be  at  least  20  or 
25  cents  per  pound.  Last  year,  our 
readers  will  remember,  he  was  not  ex- 
pected to  live,  and  wax  advanced  to  10 
and  11  cents. — Bee-Keepers'  Macjazine. 


A  Ventilation  Joke. — They  have  a 
good  joke  on  a  "profes.sor  of  ventilation" 
down  East,  who  being  put  into  a  room  at 
a  hotel  with  another  guest,  asked  tho  lat- 
ter to  raise  a  window  at  night,  as  tho  air 
was  so  close.  "I  can't  raise  it,"  said  tho 
guest,  after  working  at  tho  window  ii 
while.  "Then  knock  a  pane  of  glassout," 
said  tho  professor,  which  was  done.  Af- 
ter a  while  the  professor  got  up  and 
knocked  out  another  i>ane,  then  ho  was 
able  to  .sloop;  but  in  the  morning  ho  dis- 
cov(ned  that  he  had  only  broken  Into  a 
book-case! 


The  French  have  a  tool  called  a  thistlo-pnl- 
Icr,  niado  of  wood,  and  looking  very  much 
likd  a  jiair  of  bliicksuiith's  tongs.  Five  or  six 
old  women,  armed  with  this  iustrnmeut,  can 
clear  an  acre  of  ground  of  its  thistles  in  an 
incredibly  short  space  of  time,  and  with  littlo 
more  lioinHuf^  of  tho  body  than  a  house  maid 
displays  while  sweeping  a  carpet. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


giugicuic. 


Tired  Nature's  Sweet  Restorer. 

m  

•iJyLEEP  is  a  positive  necessity.     It  is  a 

period  of  recupei-atiou,  during  which 
there  ia  a  restoration  of  what  has 
suffered  colhipse,  waste,  or  disturb- 
ance during  the  period  of  waking 
activity.  The  tired  brain  and  aching 
muscles  regain  by  rest  strength  and  power 
to  obey  the  mandates  of  the  will.  The 
demands  of  the  material  form  for  rest  are 
so  great  as  to  often  defy  the  aotisn  of  the 
mind.  During  the  cholera  summer  of 
ISll),  while  jiraoticing  in  the  country,  so 
constant  aud  fatiguing  were  my  profes- 
sional labors  that  I  have  often  ridden  for 
miles  on  horseback  sound  asleep.  Al- 
most every  physician  in  active  practice 
during  periods  of  epidemics,  when  his 
strength  was  taxed  to  the  utmost,  has 
dropped  into  asleep,  as  I  have  done  many 
times  while  walking  the  streets.  During 
the  battle  of  the  Nile  many  of  the  boys 
engaged  in  handling  ammunition  fell 
asleep,  even  while  the  roar  of  the  battle 
was  going  on  around  them.  It  is  said  in 
the  retreat  to  Oorunna  whole  battalions 
of  infantry  slei^t  while  in  rapid  march. 
Even  the  most  acute  bodily  suflerings  are 
not  always  sullicieut  to  prevent  sleep. 
The  worn-out  frame  of  thd  victim  of  the 
Inquisition  has  yielded  to  its  influences 
in  the  pause  of  his  tortures  upon  the  rack, 
and  for  moment  he  has  forgotten  his  suf- 
ferings. The  Indian  burned  at  the  stake, 
in  the  interval  between  the  preliminary 
torture  and  the  lighting  of  the  fire,  has 
sweetly  slumbered,  and  been  only  aroused 
by  the  flame  which  was  to  consume  him 
curling  around  him. — Ex. 

-^-^-^ ■ 

Location  op  Houses. — The  Science  of 
Health  has  some  sensible  suggestions  on 
this  topic,  which  are  appropriate  here: 

Houses  should  be  built  on  upland 
ground,  with  exposure  to  sunlight  on 
every  side.  During  epidemics,  it  has 
been  noted  by  physicians  that  death  oc- 
curs more  frei^uently  on  the  shaded  side 
of  the  street  than  on  the  sunny  side;  aud 
in  hospitals  physicians  have  testilicd  to 
the  readiness  with  which  diseases  have 
yielded  to  treatment  in  sunny  rooms, 
while  in  shaded  rooms  they  have  proved 
intractable. 

Let  there  be  no  bogs,  no  marshes,  no 
stagnant  water  in  the  neighborhood. 
Then  let  the  cellar  be  thoroughly  drained. 
Inattention  to  this  subject  has  caused  the 
death  of  many  a  person.  No  father  or 
mother  should  rest  a  moment  in  peace 
while  their  innocent  babes  are  sleeping  in 
rooms  over  damj)  and  mouldy  cellars. 
Cellars  should  not  only  be  drained  but 
thoroughly  ventilated,  otherwise  the 
house  must  be  unwholesome. 

Let  the  drains  also  be  constructed  for 
the  conduction  of  slops  and  sewage  of  all 
kinds  to  a  common  reservoir,  at  a  distance 
from  the  dwelling,  to  be  used  for  fertiliz- 
ing purppses. 

Door-yards  'should  be  kept  clean  and 
dry,  composed  largely  of  green  swards, 
on  which  children  may  romp  and  play. 
This  should  be  their  play  ground,  rather 
than  the  carpeted  room.  They  are  en- 
titled to  it,  that  the  breath  of  nature  and 
of  nature's  God,  as  it  flitters  through  the 
blue  sky,  may  fan  their  rosy  cheeks,  and 
fill  their  souls  with   joy  and   their  bodies 

with  health. 

*  m  » 

Eating. — As  so  much  of  a  man's  hap- 
piness   and    usefulness    in  life   depends 


upon  eating  correctly,  and  as  the  house- 
keeper has  so  much  control  over  this  part 
of  our  living,  we  have  thought  that  a  few 
suggestions  on  the  science  and  art  of  eat- 
ing might  be  appropriate  to  this  de- 
partment. 

Every  emotion  of  the  heart,  every  ope- 
ration of  the  mind,  every  motion  of  the 
body,  or  of  any  member  or  organ  thereof, 
consumes  power  which  must  be  supplied 
by  the  food  we  eat;  and  while  it  is  of  the 
utmost  importance  that  our  food  shall  be 
wholesome,  nutritious  and  digestible,  it 
is  of  scarcely  less  importance  that  it  be 
eaten  correctly,  at  the  right  time,  and 
with  our  systems  in  the  right  condition. 
As  first  in  order  we  would  say,  never 
eat  when  the  body  is  exhausted.  Under 
judicious  management,  farmers  and  their 
wives  need  never  have  dyspepsia,  for  their 
plain  fresh  diet  and  free  exercise  should 
prevent  that  terrible  disease;  but  statis- 
tics we  think  will  prove  that  they  are  no 
more  exempt  from  it  than  other  classes. 
That  they  are  not,  we  think,  is  attribut- 
abla  to  the  fact  that  they  too  often  eat 
when  they  ought  to  rest;  when  their  pow- 
ers are  too  much  exhausted  to  jjerform 
the  functions  of  digestion. 

The  housewife  does  her  own  work,  or 
at  least  assists  about  it,  works  hard  to 
hurry  up  dinner  and  have  it  ready  on 
time.calls  the  men  before  dinner  is  ready, 
hurrying  to  the  last  moment,  aud  then, 
when  she  ought  to  lie  down  and  rest,  she 
sits  down  to  the  table  and  eats.  She  is 
so  much  exhausted  that  hunger  has 
ceased,  her  organs  of  taste  are  inactive, 
her  salivary  glands  do  not  perfectly  per- 
form their  functions,  she  does  not  masti- 
cate well,  and  the  food  enters  a  stomach 
not  prepared  to  perform  the  work  of  di- 
gestion. 

The  farmer  hurries  from  the  field  and 
his  severe  labor,  and  while  y  et  weary  and 
exhausted,  sits  down  and  swallows  his 
food,  hurrying  back  to  his  labor.  Is  it 
surprising  that,  after  a  few  years,  the  di- 
gestive organs  beeome  impaired  and  so 
many  farmers  and  farmers'  wives  have 
wrecked  their  health  before  arriving  at 
middle  age  1— Rural  Home. 


Fresh  Am  and  Pur.E  Watek.— Each 
year  typhus  and  typhoid  fevers  carry  off 
thousands  of  victims,  whose  lives  are 
thus  forfeited  to  their  ignorance  or  ne- 
glect of  well-ascertained  laws.  An  abun- 
dant supply  of  fresh  air  and  pure  water  is 
necessary  for  the  healthful  life  of  both 
men  and  animals,  and  when  they  are  de- 
prived of  these  requisites,  disease  and 
death  ensue. 

In  our  last  issue  an  eminent  physician 
presented  a  statement  of  the  principal 
causes  which  produce  the  typhus  class  of 
fevers,  and  this  week  he  instances  cases 
in  which  a  father  and  two  daughters  died 
from  the  effects  of  drinking  brook-water 
which  was  impregnated  with  excremeu- 
titious  matter.  It  would  not  be  difficult 
to  enumerate  a  large  number  of  other 
cases  in  which  death  has  occurred  from 
similar  causes;  but  enough  has  been  said 
to  answer  the  purpose  ©f  warning  our 
readers  against  the  danger  of  careless- 
ness with  regard  to  what  they  breathe 
and  drink.  Let  us  then  be  advised,  and 
supply  our  lungs  with  pure  air  and  our 
stomachs  with  wholesome  food. — Hearth 
and  Home. 


a  suggestion  may  not  come  amiss  as  a 
good  j)lan  when  lemons  are  cheap  in  the 
market.  A  person  should  in  those  times 
purchase  several  dozen  at  once  and  pre- 
pare them  for  use  in  the  warm,  weak  days 
of  spring  and  summer,  when  acids,  es- 
pecially citric  and  malic,  or  the  acids  of 
lemons  and  ripe  fruit,  are  so  grateful  and 
useful.  Press  your  hand  on  the  lemon 
aud  roll  it  back  and  forth  briskly  on  the 
table  to  make  it  acjueeze  more  easily,  then 
press  the  juice  into  a  bowl  or  tumbler^ 
never  use  a  tin — strain  out  all  the  seeds, 
as  they  give  a  bad  taste.  Remove  all  the 
pulp  from  the  peels  and  boil  in  water,  a 
pint  for  a  dozen  pulps,  to  extract  the  acid. 
A  few  minutes' boiling  is  enough;  then 
strain  the  water  with  the  juice  of  the 
lemons;  put  a  pound  of  white  sugar  to  a 
pint  of  the  juice;  boil  ten  minutes;  bottle 
it,  and  your  lemouage  is  reaily.  Put  in 
a  tcaspoonful  or  two  of  this  lemon  syrup 
into  a  glass  of  water,  and  you  have  a  cool- 
ing and  healthful  drink. 


Healthfulness  of  Lemons.— When  the 
people  feel  the  need  of  an  agid,  if  they 
would  let  vinegar  alone  and  use  lemons 
or  sour  apples,  they  would  feel  just  as 
well  satisfied  and  receive  no  injury.    And 


Remedies  for  Couons. — The  London 
Lancet  says:  "Anodynes,  narcotics,  cough 
mixtures  and  lozenges  are  practically  of 
no  good,  and  but  too  often  increase  the 
debility  and  hasten  the  fatal  end.  The 
best  method  of  easing  a  cough  is  to  resist 
it  with  all  the  force  of  will  possible  until 
the  accumulation  of  phlegm  becomes 
greater;  then  there  is  something  to  cough 
against,  aud  it  comes  up  very  much  easier 
and  with  half  the  coughing.  A  great 
deal  of  hacking  and  hemming  and  cough- 
ing in  invalids  is  nervous,  purely  nerv- 
ous, or  from  the  force  of  habit,  as  shown 
by  the  frequency  when  thinking  about  it, 
and  the  comparative  rarity  when  the  per- 
son is  so  much  engaged  that  there  is  no 
time  to  think  about  it,  and  the  attention 
is  compelled  in  another  direction." 

To  these  sensible  remarks  from  high 
authority,  every  thoughtful  observer  will 
be  ready  to  grant  a  considerable  degree 
of  credence.  That  coughing  is  in  itself 
injurious,  and  promotive  of  inflammation 
and  irritation,  is  universally  admitted. 
That  it  is  largely  undeY  the  control  of  the 
will  no  one  can  doubt  who  has  observed 
the  phenomena  of  coughing  in  large  au- 
diences. We  have  heard  one  cougher 
start  another,  until  the  whole  congrega- 
tion seemed  to  be  in  the  irresistible  grasp 
of  asthma  or  consumption;  and  we  have 
known  the  same  congregation,  at  some 
particularly  interesting  moment  of  a  lec- 
ture or  music  or  sermon  or  spectacle,  all 
intent  to  see  and  hear,  preserve  an  un- 
broken stillness.  Evidently  the  way  to 
stop  coughing  is  to  stop  it! 


Editing  needs  patience,  for  there  arc  a  great 
many  thinys  constantly  occurring  iu  the  news- 
paper business  which  have  a  direct  tendency 
to  make  a  man  fractious  and  ill  at  ease  unless 
be  has  a  large  stock  of  patience  to  fall  back 
upon,  whereby  he  can  bear  up  under  his  bur- 
den. A  pious  editor  out  west  says:  "A  man 
needs  grace  to  edit  a  paper  properly  at  any 
time,  but  especially  when  he  has  the  rheuma- 
tism." 

Here  is  what  "Brick"  Pomeroy  says  about 
the  qualifications  of  an  editor: 

No  man  should  ever  attempt  to  be  an  editor 
and  publisher  unless  he  has  the  pluck  of  a 
bull-dog,  the  tenacity  of  death,  the  ugliness 
of  a  devil,  the  mellowness  of  a  child,  the  in- 
dependence of  most  perfect  manhood, the  full 
est  faith  iu  his  abihty  to  endure  and  a  -wiUing- 
uess  to  wait  for  years,  to  the  very  verge  of 
the  grove,  and  even  till  the  opening  of  eternity 
for  his  reward. 

"  Brick"  is  sound  on  the  goose. 


i 

m 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


(«J(lticiiti0iiiil 


What  is  a  Good   Education? 

c.P  ~ — ■ 

*(  g^BkCK  a,  boy   that  which   he  will 
2\l   practice  when  he  becomes  a  man" 
Am,  is  advice  which  has  come  down  to 
iff  ns  form  the  ancients.      Although 
Ji/  there  is  no  knowledge   which  is 
useless,  it  is  better  to  be  systematic  in  its 
attainment;  and  the  kind  of  knowledge  we 
get  should  depend  largely  upon  the   pro- 
fession or  business  we   intend  to'   follow. 
Still  a  man  should  not   study  simply  one 
tiling,  for  this  would  soon  lead  to  unpro- 
fitable naiTOwuess;   but   should  so  far  as 
possible,  consider  all  things   relating  to 
his  pursuit. 

Boys  should  commence  to  study  them- 
selves early;  this  is  especially  true  of 
farm  boys,  for  they  have  thrown  around 
them  fewer  opportuuities  to  di-aw  out 
their  powers  in  the  direction  of  the  gi-eat- 
cst  efficiency.  Washington  has  said  that 
"agriculture  is  the  most  healthful,  the 
most  useful,  and  the  most  noble  employ- 
ment of  men."  Some  have  the  impres- 
sion that  if  a  man  cannot  be  anything 
else,  he  can  be  a  farmer.  This  is  a  false 
notion,  for  it  takes  as  much  ability  to  be- 
come a  master  farmer  as  it  does  to  excel 
in  anything  else.  Agriculture  is  a  science 
and  an  art;  no  one,  without  special  apti- 
tude, need  expect  either  to  master  or  ap- 
ply its  principles  as  they  should  be  un- 
derstood and  applied. 

But  what  shall  be  done  with  those  boys 
who  live  on  farms,  but  who  have  a  strong 
inclination  for  something  other  than  the 
business  of  their  fathers  ?  Shall  they  be 
held  to  the  farm  to  take  a  low  position 
among  the  others  of  their  business, 
or  shall  they  be  permitted  to  go 
out  into  the  world  in  the  direction  which 
the  promptings  of  peculiar  ))owers  de- 
mand, to  stand  .perhaps  in  the  front  rank 
of  some  other  profession? 

This  is  not  merely  a  question  of  grati- 
fication to  the  individual,  but  it  is  one  of 
usefulness  to  the  world   at  large.     Every 
man  is   noble  when  he  fills  to  the  best  of 
his  ability  the  post  to   which  nature  calls 
him.     Boys  who  have   reached  the  age  of 
fifteen,  generally  know  sometliing  of  their 
tastes  and  inclination,  and    their   educa- 
tion should  have  some  reference  to  them. 
It  is  for  every  man  to  get  as  good  an  ed- 
ucation as  he  can;  but   all   have  not   the 
same    opportunities.     All    should   know 
how  to  read  and  write,  and  use  promptly 
and    accurately   the    first     principles   of 
arithmetic.     Good  spelling  is  a  useful  ac- 
complishment.     Honesty    is    necessary, 
and  should  be  tauglit   and  learned  every- 
where, whether  at  home,  in   the  schools, 
or  in  the  world.      Energy  and   persever- 
ence  should    Ije  taught  while  honesty  is 
acipiired.     Punctuality   must  be  learned 
in  school,  as  it  is  one  of   the  chief   f|Uiili- 
fications  of  a  businessman.     Then  finally 
a  young  man  should  acquire   the  techni- 
calities and  peculiar  (lualitications  needed 
in  his  business.     Though  a  man  may  have 
received    a  classical    education,  a   know- 
ledge  of    Ijusincss    is  something    which 
would   be    quite  useful    and  very   often 
necessary  to    him  if   he  would   be    saved 
from  many  of  the  inconveniences  brought 
about   by  ignorance  of   the  ways  of   the 
world.     All  should  know  considerable  of 
accounts,  for  a   business  habit   is  a  great 
economizer.     Every  business  man  should 
write  a   plain,  rapid   business  hand,  and 
have  a  thorougli  knowledge  of   accounts, 
theoretical    and    practii^al.      A    business 
college  can  give  the  information  and  prac- 


tice in  these  directions,  so  far  as  it  is  pos- 
sible to  give  them  without  actual  contact 
with  the  business  world  better  than  any 
other  school,  on  account  of  its  greater 
facilities  and  the  attention  given  to  these 
particular   departments. — La  Crosse  Ee- 


Eeason  and  Impulse.  — All  persons 
having  charge  of  children  will  be  inter- 
ested in  the  following  observations  on 
this  subject  by  Bev.  H.  N.  Hudson: 

Principle  and  impulse  are  often  spoken 
of  as  ojjposed  to  each  other.  And,  as  men 
are,  such  is  indeed  too  often  the  case; 
but  in  ingenuous  natures,  and  in  well 
ordered  societies  the  two  giow  forth  to- 
gether, each  serving  to  unfold  and  deepen 
the  other;  so  that  we  have  principle 
warmed  into  impulse,  and  impulse  fixed 
into  principle.  This  gives  us  what  may 
be  described  as  a  character  informed  with 
noble  passions.  And  say  what  we  will, 
bad  passions  will  have  the  mastery  of  a 
man  unless  there  be  good  ones  to  coun- 
tervail them.  For  Reason,  do  the  best 
she  can,  is  not  enough;  men  must  love; 
and  their  proper  safeguard  is  in  having 
their  love  married  to  truth  and  virtue. 
When  such  is  the  case  the  state  of  a  man 
is  at  peace  and  unity ;  otherwise,  he  is  a 
house  divided  against  itself,  where  prin- 
cii^lo  and  impulse  strive  each  for  the  su- 
premacy, and  rule  by  turns;  headlong  and 
sensual  in  his  jjassions,  cunning  and  sel- 
fish in  his  reasons. 


Be  Faithfttl. — A  man  cannot  afford  to 
bo  faithful  under  any  circumstances;  a 
man  cannot  afford  to  be  mean  at  any  time; 
a  man  cannot  afford  to  do  less  than  his 
best  at  all  times  and  under  all  circum- 
stances. No  matter  how  wrongfully  you 
are  placed,  and  no  matter  how  unjustly 
you  are  treated,  you  cannot  for  your  own 
sake,  afford  to  use  anything  but  your  bet- 
ter self,  nor  to  render  anything  but  your 
better  services;  you  cannot  aft'ord  to  cheat 
a  cheater;  you  cannot  lie  to  a  liar;  you 
cannot  afford  to  be  mean  to  a  mean  man; 
you  cannot  afford  to  do  other  than  deal 
uprightly  with  any  man,  no  matter  what 
exigencies  may  exist  between  him  and 
you.  No  man  can  afford  to  be  anything 
but  a  true  man,  living  in  his  higher  na- 
ture and  acting  from  the  highest  consid- 
erations. 


The  sure  foundations  of  the  State  are 
laid  in  knowledge,  not  in  ignorance;  and 
every  sneer  at  education,  at  culture,  at 
book  learning,  which  is  the  recorded  wis- 
dom of  the  experience  of  mankind,  i.s  the 
demagogue's  sneer  at  intelligent  liberty, 
inviting  national  degeneracy  and  ruin. — 
G.   W.  Curtis. 


We  cannot  bo  too  much  impressed  with 
the  importance  of  literary  culture.  We 
should  not  despise  nor  think  lightly  of 
the  moral,  imaginative  or  poetical  ele- 
ments of  our  being.  Tlio  poetical  ele- 
ment has  more  to  do  with  our  happiness 
than  any  of  the  coarser  kinds  of  know- 
ledge called  facts. 

Learn  thoroughly  what  you  learn,  be  it 
ever  so  little,  and  you  may  speak  of  it 
with  confidence.  A  few  clearly  d<ifined 
facts  and  ideas  are  worth  a  whole  library 
of  unceatain  knowledge. 


fyxxt^mnlmu. 


Soliloquy  of  a  School  Teacher 


^m 


BY  ELISA  E.  ANTHONY 


|]|f| ALK  about  peace  in  a  school  room! 
I've  been  endeavoring  to  find  it  for 
the  past  month,  and  I  have  not  even 
found  an  infinitessimal  atom  of  it — 


suppose  it  was  lost  before  I  arrived. 

I  only  wish  that  those  people  who  call 
children  "sweet  cherubs"  and  "little  an- 
gels" could  experience  what  I  have.  They 
would  change  their  opinion  after  seeing 
the  "sweet  cherub"  throw  himself  on  the 
floor  and  roll,  shrieking  with  passion,  be- 
cause he  could  not  have  "  his  own  sweet 

will." 

My  patience  is  almost  exhausted.  If  a 
scholar  transgresses  the  rules,  and  I  pun- 
ish him  for  so  doing,  the  following  day 
an  irate  parent  will  visit  me,  and  say  that 
her  precious  boy  is  very  delicate  and 
must  not  be  thwarted;  and  if  I  venture  to 
explain,  she  will  raise  her  vinaigrette  to 
her  aristocratic  nose  and  sweep  proudly 
away,  while  her  "precious  boy"  behaves, 
if  possible,  worse  than  ever. 

Sometimes  I  fall  into  a  day  dream, 
when  the  pupils  are  quiet,  and  I  am 
roused  by  "Plerse,  ma'am.  Bill  Brown  is 
pinching  me  black  and  blue," — "I  aint, 
either,"— "You  are,"— "Please'm  Molly 
Hicks  threw  an  apple  at  me,"— "Can  I  go 
out"?"- "Say,  teacher,  isn't  six  times  six 
forty-two?"— "Oh!  teacher,  Sally  Marsh 
is  throwing  notes  to  the  boys,"— "You're 
a  little  tell-tale;  I  ain't  doing  no  such 
thing,"— and  so  on,  until  I  am  almost 
crazed  with  the  noise. 

I  recover  my  dignity,  which  I  had  al- 
most lost,  and  restore  order  for  about  five 
minutes. 

In  a  short  time  I  hear  a  loud  whisper, 
"  S-a-y,  Clementiny  Snij^kiu,  I  heard  my 
ma  sav  that  Mrs.  Firy  told  her  that  she 
heard 'from  her  brother-in-law  that  he  saw 
teacher  walking  with  a  man;  just  think  of 
it— a  TOtoi.'"  and  there  is  a  titter,  which  I 
quickly  suppress,  and  am— oh,  so  glad 
when  school  is  out  and  I  am  free.  To 
think  that  I  cannot  walk  with  my  cousin 
without  people -making  remarks.  My 
every  action  is  criticised.  If  I  speak, 
every  word  I  utter  is  watched,  to  see  if  I 
speak  contrary  to  the  rules  of  grammar. 
If  I  read  a  novel,  their  hands  are  up- 
lifted in  holy  horror  at  such  wiiste  of 
time;  and  the  first  o|)portunity  they  have 
they  borrow  that  condemned  novel. 

If  I  speak  to  a_  man  under  sixty  years 
of  a"e  they  say  i  am  a  fiirt;  if  I  remain 
(luie't  I  am  called  liaughty. 

If  I  dan<'e  they  are  sliockod  and  say  I 
am  frivolous;  and  if  I  decline  to  dance 
they  kindly  sav  that  I  am  above  my  place. 
If  I  dress  plainly  1  am  .styled  a  miser, 
and  my  friends  (?)  wonder  what  I  do  with 
all  my  moiM\v;  and  if  I  dress  a  trifle  bet- 
ter I  am  wasteful  and  (extravagant. 

It  is  very  diJlicult  to   please   everyone, 
and  the  best  thing  I  can  do  is  to  get  mar- 
ried and  please  one  person,  so  remember 
mo  when  you  see  an  eligible  young  man. 
Fltoie  Mill,  August,  1875. 


"Time  softens  all  things,"  except  the 
young  man  who  parts  his  hair  in  the  mid- 
dle and  whistles  in  the  street  cars.  No- 
thing can  make  him  softer  than  he  is. 


GitATiTnDE. — A  bacheUn-  luiule  a  will,  leav- 
insj  his  property  to  the   girls  who  had  refused 

,    .~  *-  .,1  .1. T 11    ..-lAr    .^■■vflllw 

liim,  saynig, 
hajipiness." 


'  to  them  I  owe  nil  my  earthly 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Womciu 


Something  About   Woman's  Sphere 
and    Work. 


Wo7nan''s 


BY  NELI,  TAN. 

W.    Higginson, 
Jonrnal:      "If 


in     tlie 


woman  13 
^  merely  a  duplicate  man,  she  is  a  very 
inferior  man.  If  Le  is  the  standard 
of  human  perfection,  she  is  so  far  beneath 
that  standard  as  to  be  hardly  worth  con- 
sidering. But,  on  the  other  hand,  if  he 
be  tried  by  her  standard  he  is  equally  far 
removed.  Thus  we  discover  that  each  is 
one-half  of  the  whole;  we  must  set  his 
greater  physical  strength  against  her 
greater  pliability  and  endurance  — his 
slow  logic  against  her  swift  intuitions, 
before  we  can  do  justice  to  either.  And 
when  we  once  do  this,  the  inevitable  out- 
come is — woman  suffrage. 

"  The  same  principle  applies  toco-ed- 
ucation. If  by  adding  twenty-five  girls 
to  a  school  of  twenty-five  boys,  or  the 
converse,  you  merely  filled  an  additional 
number  of  seats,  it  would  be  a  matter  of 
little  importance.  But  the  teacher  finds, 
when  the  change  is  made,  that  his  school 
is  not  merely  enlarged  in  size,  as  if  an 
added  number  of  the  same  sex  had  been 
enrolled.  With  the  other  sex  a  new  ele- 
ment has  come  in,  which  gives  new  life 
and  interest  to  the  school;  an  element  of 
mutual  excitement,  jileasure,  courtesy, 
pride.  'I  never  yet  saw  a  school,'  said  to 
me  a  teacher  of  great  experience,  'that  I 
could  not  rule  by  the  waving  of  my  fin- 
ger, if  I  could  only  have  boys  and  girls 
together.' 

"  The  same  rule  applies  to  occupations. 
In  the  introduction  of  women  into  a  va- 
riety of  employments  the  assumption  is 
often  made  that  you  are,  after  all,  only 
increasing  an  inferior  class  of  men.  But 
the  Womaiis  Journal  has  again  and  again 
pointed  out  that  the  general  introduction 
of  machinery  is  the  introduction  of 
woman  into  all  industry.  Every  step  in 
machinery  exchanges  brute  strength  for 
delicate  manipulation.  Woman  finds 
daily  more  and  more  work,  of  a  kind 
which  she  can  not  only  do  as  well  as  man 
but  better  than  man,  by  reason  of  quick- 
er wits  and  nimbler  fingers.  This  pro- 
cess bids  fair  to  go  on,  we  hold,  till  the 
sexes  compete  fairly  in  the  business  mar- 
ket." 

When  such  good  words  come  to  us  from 
one  who  has  long  been  a  keen  observer  of 
the  capabilities  of  our  sex,  should  we  not, 
as  a  body,  strive  to  deserve  the  exalted 
opinion  so  publicly  expressed,  and  each 
do  what  wo  can  to  elevate  the  down-trod- 
den and  encourage  them  in  becoming  the 
thoroughly  practical  beings  it  has  been 
proved  we  are  cajjacitated  for?  Encour 
agement  is  what  we  need.  Give  us  the 
right  hand  of  fellowship,  good  men,  help 
us  to  obtain  honorable  employment,  and 
let  us  enter  the  ranks  of  the  world's  work- 
ers if  our  tastes  so  incline,  without  call- 
ing us  disagreeable  names  to  remind  us 
of  the  accident  of  sex,  which  we  have 
been  told  by  wise  physicians   must  debar 


us  from  attempting  any  but  the  prescribed 
employments  belonging  to  woman's  sphere. 
Many  capable  women  hide  their  talents, 
or  prevent  their  full  development,  from 
fear  of  the  censure  of  an  unsjmpathizing 
world.  Sometimes  the  possession  of 
wealth  and  position  interfere  with  their 
growth;  but  the  hand  of  adversity  comes 
only  too  soon.  Sadly  the  poor  victim  finds 
her.self  wanting  in  time,  opportunity, 
strength  and  money,  which  prevents  her 
from  pursuing  the  most  congenial  pur- 
suit of  her  life,  and  the  consequence  is, 
the  world  is  robbed  of  an  efficient  artisan, 
and  the  ranks  of  the  sewing  woman  are 
swelled  with  perhaps  but  another  indif- 
ferent worker.  Come  to  the  rescue  of  all 
womankind;  teach  young  persons  that 
they  are  never  fulfilling  their  destiny  till 
fairly  launched  into  some  industrial  pur- 
suit, congenial  if  possible,  then  this 
world  will  possess  ten-fold  more  attrac- 
tions above  those  ordinarily  enjoyed,  and 
the  cause  of  humanity  will  be  advanced 
by  living  specimens  of  practical  industry. 
A  foretaste  of  usefulness  will  be  obtained 
which  cannot  be  taken  away,  and  life  will 
be  so  much  the  richer  to  those  fortunate 
ones.  The  world  moves  on.  Never  de- 
spair while  so  many  good  persona  have 
the  welfare  of  humanity  at  heart. 
.■  •  » 

A  Lady's  Opinion  Upon  Political 
Questions. 

POLITICS   AND   TEMPERANCE. 

How  strange  it  is  that  some  dislike  some 
mixtures  and  hke  others.  If  there  is  alcohol 
in  the  mixture,  all's  well,  but  not  otherwise. 
This  is  the  reason  why  many  are  content  that 

INTEMPEKANCE    AND  POLITICS 

should  bo  mixed  together,  as  they  always 
have  been.  The  stomach  is  the  great  ballot- 
box  of  the  nation.  A  mixture  containing  al- 
cohol is  the  most  powerful  argument  which 
politicians  can  wield  to  gain  the  favor  of  the 
"de.ar  people."  Hum  formerly  controlled  our 
elections,  and  it  still  influences  them  more 
than  most  people  imagine.  A  few  years  ago 
it  came  out  openly,  and  a  shai-p  eye  might 
have  seen  at  every  election  ground  the  beau- 
tiful Goddess  of  Liberty  sitting  astride  a 
V.  hisky  cask,  with  a  jug  on  the  end  of  her 
poll.  Intemijerance  and  politics  were  insep- 
arable. 

DISSOLUTION  OP  THE  UNION. 

"Union  is  strength,"  they  say,  but  it  de- 
pends on  the  kind  of  union.  The  union  of 
rum  and  State  is  the  destruction  of  streugh. 
It  is  the  people's  interest  to  get  rid  of  this 
union  as  soon  as  possible.  Now,  we  must 
either  carry  temperance  to  the  polls,  or  carry 
rum  there.  Which  do  you  prefer?  If  a  man 
comes  to  you  to  work  in  your  orange  gi"ove, 
or  to  plow  or  dig,  or  to  take  care  of  your 
horses,  you  want  to  know  if  he  is  a  sober 
man  before  you  employ  him.  But  is  his  em- 
ploj-ment  isto  make  laws,  or  to  administer 
them,  or  to  guard  your  property,  a  drunken 
man  will  do  just  as  well,  provided  he  belongs 
to  the  right  political  party  and  has  a  good 
chance  of  being  elected.  If  a  temperance 
man  refuses  to  vote  for  the  drunken  candi- 
date, the  air  rings  with  the  cry  of  "proscrip- 
tion," and  "mingling  temperance  with  poli- 
tics." There  is  more  need  of  temperance  at 
the  polls  now  than  almost  anywhere  else.  It 
would  be  a  curious  sight  to  have  a  legislature 
of  sober  men,  and  we  want  to  see  it  as  soon 
as  possible. 

EEPUniATION. 

Let  us  repudiate  all  office-holders  that  are 
adieted  to  strong  di-ink,  and  all  diunlcard- 
makers  also. 

VETO. 

Let  us  veto  dram  drinking  in  every  form, 
and  we  shall  have  a  free  and  happy  peojile. 
In  exercising  the  veto  power,  we  are  treading 
on  no  doubtful  ground ;  we  exercise  no  doubt- 


ful privilege.     We  have  a  constitutional  right 
to  do  so,  and  no  ooe  will  dispute  it. 
I  am  also  in  favor  of  a 

NATIONAL  BANK, 

and  I  will  give  my  plan  of  it.  Several  hund- 
millions  of  dollars  are  wasted  every  year  in 
these  United  States  to  purchase  alcohol  and 
to  remedy  its  consequences.  Let  it  bo  laid 
aside  as  a  capital  for  a  national  bank. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS 

I  go  in  for  to  their  full  extent.  A  number 
who  were  old  topers  a  few  years  ago,  and  who 
have  signed  the  Declaration  of  Indeijcndenco 
know  by  experience  what  '  'internal  improve- 
ment" means. 

PKESEEVE   THE  CONSTITUTION 

by  repudiating  alcohol,  the  greatest  enemy  of 
the  human  constitution.  It  is  impossible  for 
a  free  government  to  exist  where  it  is  used. 
No  man  who  drinks  is  free.  He  nnij'  talk  of 
liberty,  but  he  does  not  know  what  it  is^ 
Throw  ofi  the  shackles  of  appetite  and  enjoy 
Uberty. 

I  want  you  all  to  mingle  temperance  with 
politics,  so  far  as  to  produce  an  effectual  dis- 
solution of  the  union  between  intemperance 
and  politics.  Carry  temper.ance  to  the  polls, 
so  as  to  ajiply  the  doctrine  of  rei)udiation  to 
rum-di'inking  .public  agents.  Save  your 
money,  and  in  this  way  get  rid  of  National 
and  State  debts.  I  want  every  man,  woman 
and  child  to  practice  internal  improvements 
and  preserve  the  constitution  inviolate  from 
the  influence  of  mm. 


A  New  College  for  Women. 

Our  correspondent,  "Nell  Van,"  who  was 
acquainted  with  the  family,  and  who  has 
taken  so  much  interest  in  educational  move- 
ments, would  call  attention  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  new  college  for  women,  which 
Ijromises  to  become  a  grand  institution  for 
the  advancement  of  the  sex  in  many  of  the 
qualifications  for  a    useful   hfe. 

The  Northampton,  Mass.,  Jonrnal  and  Free 
Press  of  July  17th  gives  an  interesting  ac- 
count of  the  inauguration  of  Smith's  College, 
of  Northampton,  an  institution  founded  ex- 
pressly for  giving  women  a  complete  college 
education.  We  briefly  extract  from  its  col- 
umns: 

Wednesday  last  was  a  bright  daj-  for  the 
cause  of  higher  education  in  Massachusetts, 
and,  indeed,  in  the  world.  It  was  the  oecji- 
sion  of  the  dedication  of  Smith  College,  at 
Northampton.  The  fact  is  an  index  to  the 
progress  of  the  movement  which  brings 

WOMAN  TO    THE  FRONT, 

in  the  equality  of  privileges,  and  gives  educa- 
tion its  place  as  the  foundation  for  the  secu- 
rity of  rights.  These  features  form  the  basis 
of  the  institution.  Says  the  instrument  which 
is  the  constitution  of  the  college:  "  By  the 
higher  and  more  Christian  education  of 
women,  what  are  called  their  "wrongs"  will 
be  rethessed,  their  wages  adjusted,  their 
weight  of  influence  in  reforming  the  evils  of 
society  will  be  greatly  increased;  as  teachers, 
as  writers,  as  mothers,  as  members  of  society 
their  power  for  good  wiU  be  incalculably  yi- 
larged. "  And  again,  the  object  is  stated  to 
be  "  The  establishment  and  maintenance  of 
an  institution  for  the  higher  education  of 
young  women,  with  the  design  to  fm-nish 
them  means  and  facilities  for  education  equal 
to  those  which  are  afforded  now  in  om'  col- 
leges to  young  men." 

THE  FOUNDER  OP    THE  INSTITUTION 

was  a  woman  of  the  true  New  England  type. 
Miss  Sophia  Smith,  of  Hatfield,  Mass.  The 
family  was  among  the  earliest  of  the  settlers 
of  that  beautiful  Connecticut  Valley  town,and 
though  it  has  now  become  extinct,  it  has  left 
a  vitalizing  force  in  the   community  that  wil) 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


.perpetuate  its  name  and  honor.  I* 
[was  a  wouderftilly  marked  family  in  tliis  ro" 
[spect.  The  uncle  of  Soi^hia  Smith  was  the 
founder  of  the  Smith's  Charities,  which,  with 
la  large  fund,  extends  a  helping  hand  to  the 
indigent  and  worth}'  boys  and  girls,  young 
women  and  widows  of  the  vicinity.  From 
him  also  is  a  fund,  at  present  accumulating, 
for  the  establishment  and  working  of  au  agri- 
cultural college  at  Northampton. 

The  Smiths  were  industrious  and  frugal 
farmers,  with  strong,  upright  characters,  who 
by  sra.ill  gains  and  prudent  investments,  ac- 
cumulated the  fortune  which  was  the  nucleus 
of  their  charities.  Oliver  Smith,  who  estab- 
lished the  Smith's  Charities,  started  when 
twenty-one  j'ears  old  with  a  patrimony  of 
$500.  At  his  death  his  estate  inventoried 
$.'}70,000.  Sophia  Smith  acquired  the  bulk 
of  her  estate  from  her  brother,  Austin  Smith. 
At  his  death  in  ISCl,  she  had  in  her  own 
right  about  $30,000,  and  received  from  him 
the  sum  of  .$200,000.  This  property  she  im- 
mediately placed  in  the  hands  of  the  late  Hon. 
Osnij'n  Baker,  who  was  the  active  manager 
of  the  Smith's  Charity  fund,  and  at  her  death 
in  1871  it  had  accumulated  to  the  sum  of 
$1GH,813,  while  in  the  meantime  she  had  given 
to  Andover  Seminary  $30,000,  and  made  oth- 
er charitable  gifts. 

THE  BEQUEST. 

The  larger  p.art  of  this  sum  was  left  by  the 
will  of  Miss  Smith  for  the  establishment  of 
this  college.  $75,000  was  given  for  the  build- 
ing of  Hatfield  Academy  in  her  native  town. 
Some  $1*1,000  were  given  away  in  various 
ways,  in  her  will,  including  the  Hatfield 
Academy  fund,  and  adding  to  this  expense  of 
I)robate,  it  left  for  the  chief  bequest,  in  round 
numbers,  the  sum  of  $350,000.  And  to  this 
was  added  $25,000,  which  the  will  required 
should  be  given  by  the  town  of  Northampton. 
This  fund  has  been  invested  and  accumulat- 
ing since  her  death,  so  that  at  the  present 
time  it  inventories  at  par  value  a  little  more 
than  that  amount,  beside  what  has  already 
been  exijended  for  building.  By  the  will  no 
more  than  one-half  of  the  bequest  can  be  ap- 
propriated to  buildings  and  grounds,  the  other 
half  or  more  to  be  invested  as  a  permanent 
fund,  the  interest  of  which,  alone,  shall  bo 
used  forever  for  furnishing  teachers,  lib- 
rary and  apparatus,  and  for  general  purposes 
of  the  institution. 

THE    BUILDINGS 

of  the  college  are  pleasantly  located  on  an 
eminence  ne.ir  the  center  of  Northampton, 
commanding  a  view  of  the  town,  and  the  val- 
ley and  mountains  beyond.  They  seem  na- 
turally at  home  in  a  town  around  which  are 
grouped  so  many  important  educational  insti- 
tutions, and  which  has  itself  long  been  a 
center  of  educational,  social  and  intellectual 
advantages. 

The  College  is  now  fairly  started  on  its 
career.  There  are  none  but  wish  it  the  success 
which  it  is  the  high  aim  of  its  officers  to 
achieve.  "I  would  have  it,"  said  the  found- 
er, "a  perennial  blessing  to  the  country  and 
the  world."  That  it  will  be  such  we  feel  cer- 
tain. 


A   Response  from    "Jewell." 

Eds.  AciiiicuLTUHiST:  I  was  very  much 
amused  at  your  correspondence  signed 
"•Sara  Toga,"  in  which  "Jewell"  was 
bandied  without  gloves  because  she  was 
honest  enough  to  admit  that  .she  did  not 
know  everything  and  her  husband  did  (to 
lier) .  Before  coming  to  the  first  iieriod  I 
bad  discovered  ' '  Sara  Toga's"  sex.  No 
•woman  ever  flaunts  her  social  and  moral 
superiority  in  the  face  and  eyes  of  hus- 
bands and  brothers  so  recklessly.  Nor  is 
a  woman  to  bo  disenfranchised  in  her  own 
eyes  because  she  does  not  know  how  to 
make  good  broad— a  mau   would  perhaps 


believe  her  iucai)able  of  voting  for  such  a 
reason — while  it  would  be  in  order  to 
marry  one  who  did  not  have  that  know- 
ledge. "Sara"  could  perhaps  be  able  to 
Jjrove  to  your  readers  that  he  kne  iv  every- 
thing, and  therefore  was  qualified  to  vote. 
How  I  wish  the  same  test  were  applied  to 
the  men!  Thanks  to  "Sara"  for  the  re- 
ceipt for  making  yeast  and  bread,  but  if 
he  will  drop  into  our  little  "  shady 
slianty"  some  day  this  embryo  farmer's 
"Jewell"  will  give  him  a  taste  of  her 
bread,  and  see  is  his  wife  can  beat  it — for 
I'll  be  bound  he  don't  always  make  bis 
own  bread. 


PROPER    WHEAT. 


The  History    and     Valuable    ^nalitieg  of 
this  Cereal. 

Last  month  we  made  mention  of  this 
wheat  as  having  yielded  one-third  more 
to  the  acre  on  Mr.  A.  Woodham's  farm 
than  the  beardless  wheat.  The  following 
letter,  written  by  A.  D.  Starr,  of  fhe  Starr 
Mills  of  South  Vallejo,  gives  a  correct 
history  of  the  Proper  wheat,  and  sets 
forth  its  v.aluable  qualities  as  a  variety 
for  cultivation  in  this  State.  It  also  gives 
its  relative  value  for  flour  making: 

Editors  Sonoma  De7nocrat — SiEs:  Your 
letter  of  inquiry  relative  to  Proper  wheat 
is  at  hand.  I  now  give  you  in  brief  such 
information  as  I  possess.  This  wheat  was 
first  grown  in  this  State  on  the  f.arm  of 
Mr.  Proper,  in  Sutter  county,  which  ac- 
counts for  the  name  "Proper,"  no  other 
being  positively  known  for  it.  It  was 
found  growing  in  one  bunch,  or  stool, 
from  one  kernel,  if  I  am  correctly  in- 
formed, in  a  field  sown  with  imported 
Chili  seed  barley  which  I  furnished.  This 
first  handful  of  heads  of  wheat  was  shown 
to  me.  I  liked  its  appearance  and  ad- 
vised its  being  propagated  with  care, with 
the  request  that  as  soou  as  enough  could 
be  spared  in  the  future  I  wanted  it  to 
make  a  test  of  its  good  qualities  for  flour 
by  grinding.  In  due  time  I  got  the  wheat, 
made  the  test,  and  found  it  superior  to 
any  wheat  I  had  ever  ground.  The  wheat 
is  particulai'ly  well  adapted  to  short  sea- 
sons, in  dry,  hot  climates;  it  being  a 
bearded  wheat  the  hot,  dry  winds  and 
sun  do  not  blight  or  burn  the  upper  end 
of  the  head,  as  often  happens  with  bald 
wheat;  the  beards  protect  it.  For  early 
sowing  on  rich  loam  or  summer  fallow 
land  I  do  not  so  particularly  advise  it, 
being  informed  that  it  does  not  give  so 
large  a  yield  as  some  other  varieties.  It 
seems  to  be  paiticularly  adapted  to  late 
sowing,  giving  a  large  yield  of  very  su- 
perior grain,  which  makes  also  a  large 
yield  of  suijerior  flour,  giving  but  a  small 
quantity  of  offal.  We  have  been  able  to 
purchase  enough  of  it  so  as  to  keep  it 
constantly  on  hand  for  daily  mixing  in 
wheat  we  grind,  more  or  less,  for  the  past 
two  years.  Sutter,  Yuba,  Colusa,  Butte 
and  Solano  counties  must  have  raised 
some  20,000  tons  the  past  season.  It 
value  is  certainly  worth  fifty  cents  per  ton 
more  than  any  other  wheat  for  milling,  of 
the  same  cleanliness,  etc. — yes,  or  shij]- 
piug  either.  I  have  seen  a  good  crop 
raised  of  Pro])er  wheat,  sown  late  in 
March,  upon  which  no  rain  fell  after  sow- 
ing, yet  it  matured  some  ten  to  fifteen 
days  sooner  (and  was  ready  for  harvest- 
ing) than  other  earlier  sown  wheat. 
Yours,  truly,  A.  D,  Stakr. 

Little  strokes  fell  great  oaks. 


Stick  to  the  Farm, 

Within  the  last  year  or  two,  we  can 
number  a  half  dozen  of  our  farmer  ac- 
quaintance who  have  been  lured  to  finan- 
cial destruction  by  the  glamour  of  specu- 
lation. And  going  back  ten  years,  and 
carefully  looldng  up  the  history  of  the 
men  we  know,  who  have  left  the  farm  to 
engage  in  trade,  we  find  that  not  one  in 
ten  has  succeeded.  A  recent  case  has 
come  to  our  knowledge  that  is  full  of  in- 
struction to  those  who  are  tempted  to 
leave  the  farm.  By  his  own  exertions 
alone  this  farmer  had  accumulated  a 
handsome  competence,  and  at  the  age  of 
fifty  could  look  with  pride  over  his  broad 
acres  of  rich  land,  his  fine  herds  and 
flocks,  and  comfortable  buildings.  He 
was  out  of  debt,  and  had  a  handsome  sur- 
plus in  the  bank.  Two  years  ago,  in  evil 
hour,  he  was  induced  to  invest  in  a  dry 
goods  store.  Last  fall  his  fai-m  and  stock 
were  sold  for  debt,  and  he  is  reduced  to 
the  necessity  of  day  labor  to  suj^port  his 
large  and  yet  dependent  family.  All  the 
.accumulations  of  over  thirty  years  of  hard 
toil — many  of  them  years  of  privation, 
hardships  and  the  closest  economy — were 
swept  away  in  a  few  months  by  this  de- 
mon, sjieculation.  And  this  is  not  a  sol- 
itary case.  Every  reader  can  count  simi- 
lar ones  in  his  own  list  of  acquaintances. 
They  all  teach  one  great  lesson — stick  to 
your  legitimate  business,  the  business  in 
which  you  have  succeeded.  "  Let  well 
enough  alone."  A  man  who  has  lived  all 
his  life  on  a  farm  stands  but  little  chance 
to  compete  successfully  with  the  men  who 
have  been  educated  and  trained  for  spec- 
ulative pursuits.  The  two  occupations 
are  extremes — honest  toil  at  one  end,  and 
the  tricks  of  tnade  at  the  other.  If  you 
have  a  good  farm,  keep  it,  improve  it, 
adorn  it,  be  proud  of  it,  and  when  you 
are  done  with  it,  band  it  down  to  your 
children;  the  best  inheritance,  with  a 
good  name  and  education,  that  you  could 
leave  them. — Ohio  Farmer. 


The  Kind  She  Did  Not  Want. 

As  one  of  our  census  takers  was  gather- 
ing the  census  particulars  at  a  house  in 
this  town  a  girl  who  had  li.stened  with 
much  attention  .and  apparent  curiosity  to 
the  questions,  finally  asked: 

"Why  do  you  wish  to  know  the  age  of 
every  one,  and  whether  they  are  married 
or  not  ?" 

The  head  of  the  family  replied:  "  This 
mau  provides  a'l  unmarried  persons  with 
husbands  and  wives." 

This  answer  was  apparently  received 
with  credulity  by  the  girl;  but  she  asked: 
"How  docs  be  make  out  to  suit  each  per- 
son ?" 

"Oh,  I  can  tell  pretty  well,"  replied 
the  enumerator.  "You,  a  country  girl  on 
a  farm,  will  not  want  a  dandy  from  tlic 
village,  nor  a  village  flirt  a  country  boy." 

At  this  the  girl  dropped  the  sul)ject 
until  tlie  enumerator  loft  the  room,  when 
she  followed  him  out  doors  and  addressed 
him  thus: 

"  I  hardly  believe  what  you  say,  but  I 
wish  to  toll  you  one  thing,  if  you  send  mo 
a  man,  I  don't  want  one  that  uses  whisky 
or  tobacco.  I  will  die  an  old  maid  before 
I  will  have  such  a  man." 

She  was  assured  that  such  a  candidate 
would  not  be  presented. — EllenriUe  Press. 

It's  strange  but  true,  that  the  larger 
the  income,  the  harder  it  is  to  live  within 
it. 


Jokes  are  like  nuts — the  drier  they  are  the 
better  they  crack. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Grasshoppers  Will  Eat  Peas. 

Greeley,  Colorado,  August  18th,  1875. 

Eds.  Califohnia  Aokicultukist  and  Live 
Stock  Joubnal  :  I  notice  a  paragraph  in  your 
Journal  for  August  that  graashoppors  will 
not  eat  peas,  and  suggesting  to  your  readers 
"that  the  fact  that  peas  can  be  raised  in  a 
grasshopper  region,  is  an  important  one." 
My  experience  is  different  from  that  of  the 
Minnesota  farmer  refered  to  in  your  paper. 
Early  this  spring  I  had  forty-five  acres  of 
wheat  and  fifteen  acres  of  other  crops  eaten 
and  entirely  destroyed  by  the  young  hoppers, 
among  which  were  an  acre  and  a  half  of  peas. 
To  be  sure  the  peas  were  left  for  the  last. 
Finely  a  friend  informed  me,  that  while  he 
was  travelling  in  Utah  several  years  ago, 
during  one  of  those  grasshopper  plagues,  that 
he  saw  nothing  left  but  that  was  eaten,  save 
broom  corn.  Encour.iged  by  this  informa- 
tion, I  at  once  sent  to  St.  Louis  and  procured 
broom  corn  seed  for  twelve  acres  of  ground 
which  I  planted  ;  but  last  week  the  grass- 
hoppers came  and  lit  and  showed  a  particular 
fondness  for  my  broom  corn,  in  fact  they  eat 
it  in  preference  to  my  white  mexican  field  corn 
which  was  along  side  and  appeared  to  like  it 
as  well  as  my  buckwheat  ;  they  also  lit  and 
eat  liberally  of  my  remaining  field  peas  which 
were  not  yet  ripe.  AVe  have  also  seen  them 
strip  the  cotton  wood  and  other  trees  of  their 
foliage,  I  am  therefore  of  the  opinion  that 
there  is  nothing  iu  the  lino  of  vegetation  but 
.  what  the  locust  will  eat.  Respectfully  Yours, 

M.  J.  HOOAKII. 


UNIVERSITY  NOTES. 

The  New  Course  of  Instruction  in  the 
College  of  Agriculture. 

From  the  bulletin  of  the  University  of  Cal- 
ifornia we  give  publicity  to  the  following  : 

The  Junior  Year,  First  Term — Descriptive 
Botany,  with  exorcises  in  the  analysis  and 
determination  of  plants.  Excursions  will  be 
made  occasionally  during  the  session,  as  the 
seasons  may  render  them  profitable.  Economic 
Botany — Uescrijjtion  of  jilunts  useful  and  in- 
jurious  to  agriculture,  and  their  varieties. 

Second  Term — Agricultural  operations  and 
implements,  and  their  application  in  the  cul- 
tivation of  the  several  crops.  Illustrative  ex- 
ercises in  the  agricultural  grounds  whenever 
opportunity  is  att'orded. 

Senior  Y'oar,  First  Term — Agricultural 
chemistry.  Nutrition  of  plants  from  atmos- 
pheric sources.  Inorganic  ingredients  of 
plants,  their  importance  and  derivation.  Ash 
analysis.  Physics  of  plants.  Mechanism  of 
nutrition  and  movement  of  juices.  Germin- 
ation and  development  of  plants  and  ac- 
companying chemical  changes.  Second 
term — Chemistry  and  physics  of  soil  ;  their 
origin,  formation,  classification.  Physical 
properties;  Iheir  determination  and  inlluence. 
Mechanical  analysis.  Chemical  composition ; 
relation  to  vegetabJe  nutrition.  Chemical 
analysis;  its  methods,  utility  and  interpreta- 
tion. Exhaustion  of  soils  by  irrational  cul- 
ture. Rotation  of  crops,  green-manuring, 
fallowing,  sub-soiling,  through  di'ainage,  ir- 
rigation. Manures,  their  kinds,  pi'eparatiou, 
use  and  value.  The  rational  system  of  cul- 
ture. 

Other  subjects,  and  matters  of  detail,  prop- 
erly belonging  to  a  course  of  jigriculture,  and 
special  cultures,  such  as  stock-raising,  apicul- 
ture, floriculture,  arboriculture,  fruit-raising, 
etc.,  will,  as  far  as  practicable,  be  taught  by 
special  lecturers  invited  for  the  purpose.  Oc- 
casional lectures  on  chemistry  and  physics  of 
housekeeping  will  be  delivered  by  Professor 
Hilgard. 

In  addition  to  the  main  library  of  the  Uni- 
versity, which  contains  some  12,000  volumes, 
and  which  is  open  during  fixed  hours  to  tho 
students  of  all  the  colleges,  the   Agricultural 


College  has  a  special  and  select  library  of  eov- 
eral  hundred  volumes,  which  relate  directly  to 
farm  life  and  labor.  In  the  Museum,  speci- 
mens of  tho  botany  of  the  State  and  many 
indigenious  woods  can  be  examined  by  tho 
students,  and  tho  cases  in  the  lecture  room  of 
the  Professor  of  Agriculture  also  contain  ma- 
terial of  interest  and  value.  The  private  col- 
lection of  Professor  Hilgard,  containing  some 
12,000  specimens  of  American  and  foreign 
plants;  which  are  arranged  and  classified  ex- 
pressly for  tho  purposes  of  instruction  and 
investigation,  is  deposited  iu  the  lecture  room 
of  this  College  for  tho  use  of  the  students. 
The  University  also  possesses  the  large  col- 
lection of  plants,  rocks,  etc.,  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey,  making  with  the  foregoing 
an  unusually  extensive  series  of  specimens 
for  study. 


Curing  Alfalfa  and  Corn-Fodder. 

Wo  have  frequently  advised  mixing  dry 
sti'aw  with  alfalfa  when  it  is  stowed  away  in 
the  mow.  The  straw  becomes  softened,  and 
the  alfalfa  cures  without  heating.  Tho  Ohio 
Fanner  tells  how  corn-fodder  is  best  cured  in 
the  same  manner: 

A  farmer  in  Ontario  county,  New  Y''ork, 
sowed  oats  broadcast,  iu  the  usual  amount, 
and  then  drilled  in  corn,  using  three  bushels 
of  corn  to  one  of  oats.  When  the  oats  were 
ripe  the  whole  crop  was  cut  like  grass,  and 
the  dry  oat  straw,  absorbing  the  moisture  of 
the  stalks,  rendered  the  whole  easily  cured. 
One  of  our  correspondents  last  year,  stated 
that  ho  cured  his  fodder  by  placing  it  in  the 
mow  between  alternate  layers  of  dry  straw, 
and  that  his  cattle  and  horses  devoured  the 
straw  with  as  much  relish  as  the  fodder.  As 
corn-fodder  is  a  diifictilt  thing  to  cure  when 
cut  green,  these  suggestions  should  be  acted 
upon  when  fodder  is  put  in  the  barn. 


A  Fourth  of  July  Mule. 

A  bad  little  boy  in  Portland  lit  a  pack  of 
shooting  crackers  and  threw  them  into  the 
street  to  see  them  "go  off."  One  of  Ike 
Bateman's  mules  camo  along  and  swallowed 
them  before  they  "went  off."  The  mule 
walked  about  fiteeu  feet  and  stopped.  He 
laid  his  left  ear  around  against  his  ribs  and 
heard  something.  It  was  them  crackers  hav- 
ing fun.  The  mule  picked  out  about  three 
and  a  half  miles  of  road  and  started.  A  ne- 
gro met  him  about  a  mile  the  other  side  of 
the  almshouse,  going  south,  white  with  per- 
spiration, with  streams  of  smoke  shooting 
out  of  his  nostrils,  mouth  and  ears,  while  his 
tail  stuck  straight  up,  and  a  stream  of  blue 
and  green  smoke  about  ten  feet  long  followed 
in  tho  rear.  Ike  found  his  mule  yesterday 
morning  sticking  half-way  through  a  farm- 
house near  Paddy's  Kun,  still  smoking.  The 
man  had  got  his  family  out  and  put  'em  up 
into  a  lot  of  trees.  Ike  hauled  his  mule 
home,  when  he  got  cool  enough,  on  a  dray. — 
Louisville  Courier-Jownuil. 


We  are  Under  Obligations  to  Robert 
Beck,  Secretary  of  the  State  Agricultural  So- 
ciety, for  office  use,  a  set  of  bound  volumes 
of  the  "  Transactions  California  State  Agri- 
cultural Society  "  since  1861,  and  our  return 
of  thanks  iu  due  form  is  but  a  slight  expres- 
sion of  what  wo  feel.  Also,  by  the  same,  a 
dozen  unbound  volumes  transactions  1874  for 
distribution.  These  books  contain  a  deal  of 
interesting  matter  and  are  as  reliable  statis- 
tically and  otherwise  as  any  such  work  can 
well  be. 


A  Montana  justice  of  tho  peace,  when  he 
marries  a*coui>le,  says:  "Arise,  gi-ab hands — 
hitched — six  dollars!" 


In  Press. 

Wo  are  in  receipt  of  a  few  proof  sheets  of  a 
work  now  iu  press  with  Baukcroft  <fe  Co., 
San  Francisco,  entitled  ' '  The  Patrons  of  Hus- 
bandry on  the  Pacific  Coast,  by  Ezra  S.  Can, 
M.  D.,  L.  L.  S." 

From  tho  sample  loaves  sent  us,  we  observe 
that  the  book  will  contain  several  hundred 
pages  of  matter,  also  that  the  title  is  but  a 
text  to  tho  comprehension  of  such  subjects  aa 
Social  and  Political  Economy,  Agricultural 
Development  iu  the  ancient  world  iu  Europe 
and  America.  Capital  and  Labor,  Tho 
Farmers  Awaking,  Industrial  Education, 
Monopoly  and  Railroads,  Paper  Money  and 
Protective  Tariffs,  etc.,  etc.,  as  well  as  to  an 
account  of  Grange  Organization,  all  progress 
on  this  coast  up  to  tho  present  time.  Wo 
think  it  will  be  such  a  work  as  will  bo  in  de- 
mand, and  will  call  out  much  adverse  criti- 
cism, as  well  as  do  much  toward  educating 
the  people. 

The  Santa  Clam  Valley  Agricultural  So- 
ciety's Annual  Fair  will  be  held  during  the 
first  week  in  October,  commencing  the  fourth. 

California  Borax. 

About  two  years  ago  some  ontcry  was 
made  in  America  about  the  discovery  of 
vast  deposits  of  borax  said  to  have  been 
discovered  in  California.  The  glowing 
accounts  which  apjjeared  in  some  of  the 
American  papers  were  read  on  this  side 
with  a  certain  amount  of  incredulity,  not 
altogether  jierhaps  unpardonable.  How- 
ever, subsequent  results  have  proved  that 
nnlike  those  other  "discoveries"  in  that 
locality  which  will  be  fresh  in  our  read- 
ers' minds,  the  borax  deposits  exist  other- 
wise than  on  '  paper,  and  are,  in  fact, 
remarkable  in  extent.  Towards  the  latter 
end  of  1873  some  borax  from  the  new 
sourse  of  supply  came  into  the  London 
market,  and  was  regarded  curiously,  if 
not  di^iiously.  The  importation  had 
little  eflfect  on  the  course  of  prices,  and  it 
is  jirobable  that  tho  chemical  trade  en- 
tertained a  lurking  suspicion  that  the 
thing  would  turn  outahoax.  All  through 
last  year,  however,  supplies  came  forward 
from  the  same  source,  and  for  some 
months  past  they  have  been  on  a  large 
scale.  The  bona  fide  character  of  the  dis- 
covery is  thus  set  at  rest,  and  the  only 
question  is  as  to  its  extent.  Tho  Alia 
says:  "The  great  borax  lake  will  afford  a 
very  large  business.  Very  extensive 
works  are  now  nearly  completed  for  the 
refining  and  purifying  of  this  borax  for 
shipment.  Millions  of  tons  of  crude 
borax  are  in  sight  in  this  immense  deposit. 
Stimulated  by  the  action  of  the  railroad 
company  the  Borax  Comi^any  have  put  up 
largo  works,  and  will  soon  be  prepared  to 
turn  out  from  twenty  to  fifty  tons  of  pure 
borax  ))er  day.  This  will  add  largely  to 
the  freights  of  the  railroad.  The  deposit 
of  borax  is  simply  unlimited.  It  covers 
an  area  of  eighteen  miles  in  length  by  six 
to  eight  miles  in  width,  covered  with 
crude  borax  from  "2  to  5  feet  thick.  The 
crude  material  will  average  from  20  to  -10 
per  cent.  Ten  thousand  men  would  not 
take  out  the  deposit  in  fifty  years,  and  it 
is  constantly  increasing."  In  accepting 
the  above  account  it  is  necessary  to  make 
due  allowance  for  national  enthusiasm, 
but  it  is  beyond  question  that  California 
is  able  to  boast  a  new  and  important  ad- 
dition to  the  iiroducts  of  her  soil.  The 
California  borax  has  come  into  active  com 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


.' 


petition  with  that  from  otlier  sources,  and 
■while,  at  the  beginning  of  1874  the  price 
of  refined  borax  in  the  English  market 
•was  £100  per  ton,  it  can  at  the  present 
time  bo  bought  for  £56.  The  pottery  dis- 
tricts, -where  large  quantities  of  borax  are 
consumed,  are  perhaps  the  chief  gainers 
on  this  side  the  Atlantic  by  the  discovery 
adverted  to. — Br.  Jorcrnal. 


Fine  Feuit. — We  were  shown  this  week 
some  of  the  finest  specimens  of  lemons  and 
oranges  that  we  have  ever  seen  in  the  State. 
They  were  raised  by  H.  M.  White,  on  Upper 
Tule  river,  in  this  county.  The  lemon  meas- 
ured twelve  inches  around  one  way  and  nine 
the  other,  and  the  oranges  ten  inches  in  cir- 
cumference, and  were  fine,  rich-looking.  The 
trees  are  twelve  years  old,  and  yielded  over 
500  to  the  tree  this  year.  No  doubt  Tulare 
county  will  become  famous  for  its  flue  produc- 
tions of  fruit.  All  that  is  required  is  an  ef- 
fort.—  Tulare  Titncs. 


The  Foot  and  Mouth  Disease  Among 
Animals  in  Dorsetshire,  England. — A  tele- 
gram of  date  London,  August  21  says  :  The 
foot  and  mouth  disease  has  broken  out  with 
great  violence  in  Dorsetshire,  where  twelve 
thousand  animals  are  down  with  it.  The 
distemper  is  spreading  rapidly. 

1  ■  I  1^  — 

Young  wife  (to  George,  who  arrived  home 
in  the  small  hours  of  the  morning) — "We 
are  one,  dear,  now  that  we're  married,  are  we 
not?"  George — "certainly,  my  darling,  why?" 
Young  Mafe — "Oh,  I  only  wanted  to  know; 
because,  if  wo  are,  I  must  have  been  dread- 
fully inebriated  last  night. ' ' 


Harry,  after  looking  on  while  his  new  little 
sister  cried  at  being  washed  and  dressed  the 
other  day,  turned  away,  saying,  ' '  If  she 
screamed  like  that  in  heaven,  I  don't  wonder 
they  sent  her  off." 


Said  a  colored  Georgia  preacher:  "Dar's 
robbin'  and  stealin'  everywhere.  Dar's  de 
Beeoher  business,  de  WoodhuU  business, 
Sumner  is  dead,  tornadoes  come  whoopin' 
around,  de  Freedman's  band  has  busted,  and 
it  'pears  as  if  do  end  was  nigh,  mighty  clus 
at  haud  !"  . 


One  of  the  cardinal  principles  of  the 
Grange  is  to  buy  nothing  you  don't  want, 
and  nothing  you  can't  pay  for.  No  m.in  al- 
ways living  up  to  this  principle  over  died  in 
the  poorhouse. 

•  m I  im  • 

Thare  is  advice  enuff  now  layin'  around 
loose  to  ruin  just  three  such  worlds  az  this. 
What  we  are  sutferiug  most  for  iz  sum  good 
examples. — Josk  BUlings. 


"My  lecture,"  said  a  California  orator, 
"  will  be  brief."  A  turnip  hit  him  at  that 
instant,  and  ho  announced;  "The  meeting 
stands  adjourned." 


It  is  said  Egyjjt  is  the  home  of  the  fragrant 
onion.  There  is  this  about  the  onion — you 
can  always  tell  where  it  is. 


A  LAZY  school-boy,  who  spelled  Andrew 
Jackson  "  iVru  Jaxcin,"  has  been  equalh^d  by 
a  student  who  marked  the  first,  of  a  half-doz- 
en shirts  John   Johnson,    and  the  rest  "do." 


f^  The  California  Glove  Manufactory  is 
now  located  opposite  the  Auzerais  House, 
Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose.  The  jiroprie- 
tor  does  good  honest  work,  on  good  material, 
and  sells  at  prices  to  suit.  Do  not  confound 
this  with  Lions  establishment,  but  examine 
the  work  and  prii^es  ami  you  will  Cud  every- 
thing to  be  as  represented. 


SAN  JOSE   INSTITUTE  AND  BUSINESS 
COLLEGE. 


A    Day 


and      Boarding    School     for 
Both  Sexes. 


I  desire  to  call  spedial  attention  to  this 
School.  Education  is  none  the  less  thorough 
because  practical.  Knowledge  is  not  super- 
ficial because  its  theories  find  illustration  in 
the  work  of  every  day  life.  The  mineralogy 
of  mining,  the  chemistry  of  agriculture,  and 
the  finance  of  business  are  as  hkely  to  go  to 
the  depths  of  their  resijective  subjects  as  when 
taught  merely  as  theories  with  no  respect  to 
their  practical  application. 

Gradually  the  Institute  is  raising  its  educa- 
tional standard  and  inqiroving  its  facilities  to 
teach,  confidently  expecting  that,  with  the 
increased  capacity  for  usefulness,  will  come  a 
corre  si^ouding  increase  of  patronage. 

Students  desiring  board  will  find  com- 
fortable rooms  and,  as  we  shall  endeavor  to 
make  it,  a  pleasant  home,  in  the  Institute 
buildings. 

Isaac  Kinley, 
Sup't.  San  Jose  Institute, 


13?°  Any  family  within  reach  of  San  Joso 
should  bring  their  pictures  to  be  framed  to 
Geo.  S.  Holmes,  43b  First  Street.  Low  rents, 
large  purchases  for  cash,  and  the  best  facili- 
ties for  mounting  and  framing,  together  with 
a  disposition  to  suit  everybody,  gives  him 
such  a  rush  of  custom  that  his  prices  are 
astonishingly  low.  Don't  fail  to  call  at  his 
store  and  see  for  yourself. 


Cy  We  have  just  received  from  Sherman 
&  Hyde,  music  pubUshers  of  San  Francisco, 
two  beautiful  songs,  entitled  "  Is  my  Darling 
true  to  me  ?"  and  "  Would  you  answer  yes 
or  no  ?"  both  composed  by  Chas.  E.  Pratt, 
Conductor  of  the  De  Murska  Concert  troupe, 
and  dedicated  to  Alice  Dunning  Liugard  and 
Dickie  Lingard,  respectively.  These  songs 
bid  fair  to  become  immensely  pojiular,  as 
their  sale  has  already  reached  several  thou- 
sand. So  say  the  publishers,  who  are  receiv- 
ing large  orders  from  the  East.  Copies  will 
be  sent  by  mail,  post-paid,  to  any  address  by 
the  above  firm,  upon  receipt  of  the 
marked  price  (35  cents  each)  in  currency  or 
postage  stamps. 

It  is  not  until  we  have  passed  throiigh  the 
furnace  that  we  are  made  to  know  how  much 
dross  was  in  our  composition. 

•-•-* 

The  two  large  tin  and  stove  stores  in  San 
Jose,  carried  on  by  C.  E.  Campbell  and  Milton 
Campbell,  have  been  combined  under  the 
proprietorship  of  C.  E.  Campbell.  The 
fine  large  store  under  the  Odd  Fellows  Uall 
now  occupied  by  him,  is  proliably  the  most 
complete  store  of  the  kind  on  this  Coast. 
Give  them  a  call. 


The  Alden  Fruit  Drying  Factory  will  make 
a  run  on  grapes  this  season,  Mr.  C.  T.  Set- 
tle, the  Superintendent,  says  he  knows  that 
he  can  make  superior  raisins.  We  shall  take 
pains  to  investigate  the  matter  and  rei)ort 
what  we  think  about  it,  whether  favorable  or 
otherwise. 


IO.   O.   T.— OUANUER   LODGE,   No.  2'.'5,   mcots 
•    <'vt;aj'   MONIJAV  *;vi-'iiiug,  jit  8  o'ciook,  in  tlu'ir 
Hull,  No  2K1  Siiiita  Olnra  Ktrcut,  uvur  tlui  S.J.  Siivln«K 
Jtjiiik.       MriiibcrH    of   Bistor   LotlycH    iliitl    sojouruiut; 
iiieiitboi-B  iu  {i;oiMl  BtiiiuLiiit;  uro  iuvitucl  tu  atteuU. 
Juu.N  li.  BiiiVEMa,  W.  bec'y. 


Every  Intelligent  Farmer  knows  that 
neither  boys  nor  hired  men  are  always  to 
be  relied  upon,  in  his  abseuco  from  Lome, 
for  watering  stock. 

Every  Stock  Raiser  will  admit  that  a 
constant  supply  of  water  kce^is  his  stock 
in  an  easy  and  contented  condition,  and 
they  will  consequently  fatten  faster.  By 
the  use  of  the  ECLIPSE  SELF-GOV- 
EKNING  WIND-MILLS  water  can  be 
abundantly  furnished  at  any  desired 
place. 

By  making  a  tank  IC  ft.  long,  8  ft.  'wide 
and  2  ft.  deep,  you  Lave  a  reservoir  of 
nearly  GO  barrels  of  water,  which  the 
ECLIPSE  MILL  will  keep  filled,  for 
occasional  calms. 

We  do  not  build  the  ECLIPSE  for  a 
cheap  mill.  We  make  it  for  service,  and 
our  castings  alone  weigh  107  lbs.  more 
than  those  of  other  mills.  Our  wood- 
work is  too  well  known  for  comment,  as 
all  acknowledge  our  wide,  heavy  fans  su- 
perior to  the  thin,  narrow  slats. 

Having  over  3,000  mills  in  Buocessful 
operation,  a  purchaser  knows  just  what 
he  is  buying. 

Should  you  desire  a  windmill  for  any 
purpose,  or  pumps,  address  Charles  P. 
Hoag,  118  Beale  St.  San  Francisco,  Cal,, 
for  descriptive  circulars. 


HOW  TO  PAIITT, 

A  New  Work  by  a  Practical  Painter,  tlesigned 
for  the  iiBe  uf  Tradesnten,  Mectianivs,  Alcrcli* 
ants,  Farnier^s  and  as  a  Guide  to  Professiuuol 
Painters.  Cuntiiiiiinga  pliun,  common  soiise  Etate- 
of  the  metliods  employed  by  Pjiinters  to  iirodiico  saU 
isfactory  repultB  in  Plain  ajid  Fancy  Paintinff 
of  every  dest-riptioTi,  iuoludin^  Formulas  for  Alix* 
ing  Paint  in  Oil  or  Water,  Tools  reqiiii-ed,  etc. 
ThiB  is  just  the  Book  needed  by  any  person  haviug 
anything  to  paint,  and  makes  **©very  Man  lUs 
own  Painter." 

Full  DirectinnB  for  iieinR  White  Lead,  Tjanip- 
Black,  Ivory  Black,  Prussian  Bine,  Ultro^ 
iflarine,  Green,  Vellow,  Vermilion,  Brown, 
Lake,  Caiinine,  W^hifln;;,  Glue,  Pumice 
Stone,  Asiilialtuin  aitd  Spirits  <»f  TurpeUM 
tine.  Oils.  Varnisiies,  Furniture  Varnisli» 
IVlilk  Paiikt,  I'repariu^  Kalsomiiie, 

PAINT  FOR  OUT-BUILDIN&S, 

Wltitewasli,  Paste  for  Papcr-Hanfflni;, 
Grainin;^-  in  OaU,  Maple,  Malio;;any,  Rose* 
wood.  Black  AValnul;  llau^fiujc:  PaiM*r, 
Stainin-;,  GlldinjtCt  Bronzing,  Tru  nslVrrin|p 
Decalcnuiania,  Makin;^  Bustic  Picturofly 
Paiutin;;  Flower-Stand,  Miilioyany  Polittti, 
Rosewood  Pollsli.  Viirnisliiiijr  Fnruitur^ 
AVaxinx  Furniture,  t'leanin;;  Paint, 

PAINT  FOE  FARMING  TOOLS, 

for  Macliin«'ry.  and  for  Household  FI\tiiroS« 

TO  PAINT  A  FARM  WAGON, 

to  Re-rnrnisli  a  Carriajto.  to  nmke  PlnnteC 
CaNtg.  Tho  work  is  nuiilly  iiiinte<l,  with  illustra- 
tiouB  wbcivvcr  thoy  can  wrrve  to  lunkc  tlm  subject 
lilniuor,  nnd  it  wlU  save  many  times  its  cost  yearly. 
Every  family  Fshould  jiosscBS  a  copy,  i'rlco  by  malT 
l>opt-pai(i.$  I  ,    AiUlrosK 

A^jriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 

SAN    JOSE,  CAL. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

CAKRIAGB    MAKER.       PIONEER    CAR- 
rijige  Shop. 

314  Second  Street, 
Between  Santa    Clara    street    and    Fountain    Alley. 

SAN  JOSE. 
^^^^  AfifPMt  for  Fii^h  Bro. *s  Waggons. 


Zioclse    c&    Montague, 

IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  S:c. 

112  and  114  Battery  Street 

SAN  FRANCISCO. 


THE  PARKER  GUN.^ 


SEND  STAMP  FOR  CIRCULAR, 

;      PARKER  BRO'S    .. 

WESTMER1DEN,CT.5 

WM.   SHEWS 

m  mmmm  establishment, 

115  KEARNY  ST.,  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

This -well  known  *' Palace  of  Art,"  formerly  lo- 
cated  on  Montgomery  St.,  No.  417,  ia  now  on 
Kearny  St.,  No.  115  and  has  no  connection  with  any 
other.  Strangers  visiting  the  City  will  find  it  for  their 
interest  to  patronize  this  establishment  for  any  kind 
of  picture  from  Miuatnre  to  Life  Size. 

N.  B.  The  very  best  liembraudt  Cards  Album  eize 
$  per"(ioz.  equal  to  any  that  oofit  $4  on  Montgomery 
St.;  other  sizes  equally  low  in  proportion.        ap 


THE  NEW  IMPROVED 


Side    Feed    and    Back    Feed. 

THE  LIGHTEST  RUNNING,  MOSTSHM- 
PLE,  AND  MOST  EASILY  OPERATED 
SEWING  MACHINE  IN  THE  MARKET. 

Always  in  OrdenndRdyforWorkf 

If  there  is  a  FLOEENCE  MACHINE 
witUn  one  thouaand  miles  of  San  Fran- 
cisco not  working  weU,  I  will  fix  it  with- 
ont  any  expense  to  the  owner. 

SAMUEL  HILL,  Agent, 
No.  19  New  Montgomery  Street,' 

GRAND    HOTEL    BllILDING, 
JAN  FRANCISCO. 


SHERMAN  &  HYDE, 

Cor.  Kearny  and  Suffer  Sis. 

saw  FRANCISCO, 

WHOLESALE  AND  BETAIL  DEALEBfi  ZH 

SHEET  MUSIC, 

Musical  Instruments, 

•^— AN  D— — 

MUSICAL    MERCUANDISE, 

Orders  from  tho  Interior  promptly  filled, 

MANUFACTUEEES  OP  THE 


Acknowledged  by  Musicians  to  bo  tho  Best  Low 

Priced  Instruments  ever  offered  for  sale 

on  this  Coast. 


THE  UI^QUALLED 


These  Superb  Instnimonls  have  schievfil  a 
micoi'SB  niiparallc-led  in  the  histoiy  of  Piimo-lorto 
Manufacture. 

Thry  aro  r^mariablo  for  Great  Volume,  Purity 
una  Sweetness  of  Tone,  and  Durability. 


ORtailS 


Thn  Most  Depirable  Instniments  in  the  martet 
for  church  mid  parlor.     Over  28,00U  now  in  use. 

SHERMAN  &  HYDE, 

6ENER.-LL    AGENTS, 

&AN   FRANCISCO. 


FARMERS' UNION. 

(Successors  to  A.  Pbisteb  &  Co.) 

Corner  of  Second  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 


SAN  JOSE. 


CAPITAL 


S  I  OO.OOO. 


Wm.  Ebksok,  PreBJdent. 


H.  E.  Hills,  Uanager. 


Directors  t 


Wm.  Erkfinn, 
L.  F,  Chiiiman, 
Horace  Little, 
C.  T.  Settle, 


Thomas  E.  Suell. 


J.  P.  Diiilley, 
David  Caiiiiiliell, 
JamcB  Sin^^I^rt^,u, 
E.  a.  Braley, 


tO"  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  BusineSB.  Also, 
receive  deposita,  on  which  hucli  intereBt  will  I.,-  nl- 
lowed  aK  may  be  agreed  upon,  and  make  loans  on  ai>- 
proved  security. 


S^N^   JOSE 
SAVINGS    BANK, 

286  Santa  Clara  Street. 

CAPITAL  STOCK       .       .       ,       $600,000 
Paid  in  Capital  (Geld  Coin)       .    $300,'oOO 

(J 

Ofiicerg  ; 

President John  H.  MnonE 

Vice-President s.  A.  Uishop 

Cashier H.  H.  Ketnolus 

Directorg; 

John  n.  Mooro,  Dr.  B.  Bryant, 

•  H.  Mabury,  a,  A.  Bishop, 

H.  H.  Keynolds,  James  Hart, 

James  W.  Whiting. 


NEW  FEATURE  I 

This  Bank  iBsues  "  Deposit  Receipts,"  beorinp;  Inter- 
estat  0.  Hand  lit  percent  per  annum;  interest  payable 
promptly  at  tin- end  of  six  mouths  from  date  of  de- 
posit. The  "  Iteceipt"  may  be  transferred  by  indorse- 
ment and  the  principle  with  interest  paid  to  holder. 

Interest  alst)  allowed  on  Book  Accounts,  beginning 
at  date  of  deposit. 

Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any  in  the  State, 
and  specially  adapted  for  the  saft-keeping  of  Bonils, 
Stocks.  Papers,  Jewelry,  Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,' 
at  trilling  cost. 

Draw  JCxchango  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  in 
Gold  or  i'urrcncy.  at  reaBonable  rates, 

Buy  and  sell  Legal  Tender  Not«s  and  transact  a  Gen* 
eral  Banking  Business. 


National  Gold  Bank 


OF  SAN  JOSE. 


Paid  np  Capital  (Gold  Coin) S.'sno.OOO 

Authorized  Capitol $1, 000,  UUO 

President JOHN    W.  HlNTia 

Vice-President E.G.  SINGLE  TA  UY 

Cashier W.  T.  TISDALK 

Directors : 

C.  Burrel,  C.  G.  Harrison, 

Wm.  D.  Tisdale,  E.  C.  Singletary, 

E.  L.  Bradley,  Wm.  L.  Tisdale, 

John  W.  Hinds. 


Will  allow  Interest  on  Deposits,  bny  and  sell  Ex. 
change,  make  collections,  loan  money,  and  transact 

A  General  Banking  Business. 

Special  inducements  oflFered  to  farmers,  merchants, 
mechanics,  and  all  clas-ses  for  commercial  accounts. 

Cor.  First  and   Santa  Clara  Sts., 

SAN  JOSE,  Sep 


203 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


m 

Boots 

and 

Shoes. 

K:-. 

-        3       ""^^ 

M 


Patent 
Pump 
Valvo. , 


Grain 


Dealer. 


Candy 


Factory. 


Stoves, 


Kitchen 

Utensils. 


Room 

n<!xt  to 

WRIUUT'S 

I»hotc>griipU 

(lullury, 

gimta     Clura 

titreut 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

ffiicox  Block,  No.39i  First  St., 
SAir    JOSZi,    CAIi. 

California  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES, 

A  Large  and  Superior  AsBortment. 

XVo.   394     First    Street, 

Wilcox  Block,  San  JoRe. 


ALL   KINDS  OF 

[jALiroiiNiii  AND  mm 

•      LUMBER,      " 

Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 

Conetautiy  on  hand. 

All  Orders  Promptly  Filled. 

p.   O.  Box  509. 


These  Valves  are  thesim- 
plt-Kt  ami  nuiRt  perfect  in  cunfitmc- 
tion  (if  any  Valve  over  invented.  For 
chniLiiiHi^SB,  dural>ility  and  capacity  of 
dim-har^'inf;  wat-T.  they  are  n<rt  equaled 
»)y  any  other  Valve.  We  mannfaeturo 
si'zoK  fiom  3  to  7  inchoe  diameter,  and 
for  Hand.  Winttmill  and  norse-powcr 
or  Steani  Pumps. 

Wo  also  keep  on  hand  and  mannfac- 
ture  the  best  and  cheapest  Well  Pipeb. 

FRED.  KLEIN, 
Dealer   in    Stoves,    etc.,    No.  '227  Santa 

Clara  street,  a  few  doors  west  of  the 

PoBtoffiee,  San  Jose, 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

9»7  First  Street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH  PRICE 

rAIDFOB 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


C.    SCHRODER, 

mmm  candv  PACiQay, 

349  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Kear  the  Opera  House,  San  Jose. 


Confectionery  in  Great  "Variety, 
Wholaeale  and  Retail. 

KF*  Onk-rs  promptly  attended  to, 


FRED.  KLEIN, 

STOVES, 

SHKET-IRON, 

Cc^per,     Tinware,     Iron    Pximps, 
Kitchen  UlendLt, 

Celehrated  Peerless  Stoves. 

2^7  Santa  Clara  St , 

Near  Postuliico.  San  Jose. 


DI\.  J.  N.  KLEIN, 

SIIKGI50N    DKNTIST. 


RHODES  &  LEWIS, 

APOTHECAHIES, 

No.  U5.'>  l-'irbt  Street, 

SAN  JOSE. 


SUBSCRIBE 


S 


-FOB  IHE — 


UN  SHIN 


— THE    ONLTT- 


childhefs  magazine 

Pnhlinlied  on 

THE    PACFIC    COAST. 


Only     Sl.lO    a    Year. 

AmBLnmronHiLDHEN! 

And  one  that  will  continue 

A    Source    of    Pleasure 

During  the  whole  year. 


AddreBB,  atTOSHINE,  Postofllco  Box  288  Santa  Clara. 


fOKTHE  HOUSK.-.7" 
The  Autumn  No.  of  Vick's  Floral  Guide, 

containing  descriptions  of  H7acintli's,  Talipa,  Liliss, 
and  all  Balls  and  Seols  for  Pall  Phnting  in  the- Oatdoa 
and  for  Winter  Flowers  in  the  hoase^juat  pulished  and 
sent  free  to  all-     Address 

JAMES  VICK,  Roclieeter,   N.  T. 


SEPTEMBER.           | 

8. 

M. 

T. 

w. 

T. 

2 

If- 
3 

s. 
~4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

lO 

1  1 

12 

13 

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18 

18 
26 

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25 



— 

R.  C.  Kirby  &  Co., 

TAITNERS! 

SANTA  CHIISOAKMNED  SOLE  LEAm 


Wholesale  Dealers. 

C>  1''  KICK: 

402  and  404  Battery  St., 

San  Francisco. 


Mer\efee  &  Gastoi\ 
SEsarTiSTS, 

S.W.  Cor.  Santa  Clara  ami  First  Ms 

Over  Farmers'  National  Gold  Bank, 
SAN  jrOBE. 

B^  SiK-oial  attention  given  to  Fine 
Gold  Fillings. 


J.  E.  I\^UGKER, 

Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  Sttt^ 
SAN   JOSE. 

LAEGE  &  SMALL  FARMS 

ion    HAl.E. 

Lots  in  all  Parts  of  the  City 

FOE   SALE. 

Insurance  in  One    of   tlie    Best 
Companies. 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  Blacksmith  and  Carriage  Shop. 
Bulbarli^s  Ne^v  Brick,  cor.   Sec- 
ond st.antl   Foiintain  Alley, 
SAN    JOSK, 
Afipent  for  Fish   Bro.*s  Wagons. 

Now  Work  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
ImplementB,  etc. 

Wastes     American    Tire-Setter* 


SANTA  CLAEA   VALLEY 

DE.ITG   STORE, 

not)  Santa  Clara  street.    Op- 
posite the  Convent, 

SAN    JOSE, 

JOBir  D.  SCOTT,  XKE.D., 

Physician  and  Druggist. 


C.  E.  CAMPBELL, 

Manufacturer  of 

Well  Pipe  and  Galvanized  Iron 
Pumps  ^vitU  improvtil  valves. 

Tin,  Copper,  Zinc  and  SUeet- 
Iron  ivares.  Galvanized  Iron 
(^Uimneys,  Tin  Roofing,  Plumb- 
ing', etc. 

No.  339  First  Street,  opposite  El  Do- 
rado St. 


E-i 

W 

F4 


to 


■■i      g 

Ft 

n 

o 


Blacksmith 


Patent 
Tire-Setter, 


Physician 


Druggist. 


StOTOS,  Bill 

Pumps, 

Hpdnilic  Saai 

Lead  and  Iron  PI] 

Brass  Oood^ 

Hoso  W 

Farmers'  £eQin 

Eoi:so  FuraisUft 

Wares. 


JACKSON     LEWIS, 


DEAT,KE  IN 


WATCHES,  JSmaUILVEmEE,  Etc. 

ARcnt  fur  the  Ci'lobrated 

BIAIKEOZVD     SFECTACIiES, 

ALSO, 

BllAZILIAN     PEBBLES 

And  Common  Ulassei*, 

259   Santa   Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 


WOODLAND 
roviiTRir 


VARDS 

Victorious! 


Half  the  Awards  at  the  Last  State  Fair. 


Send  tor  Price  Libt  of  ECtOS  and  FOWLS. 

DR.  W.  J.  PU.VTIIF.R, 
„„  W(.odlBlid,  Yolo  Co.,  Cal. 


Subscription  Price, 
$1.50  a  year. 


SAN  JOSE,  CAL.,  OCTOBER,    1875. 


Single  Copies, 
15  cents. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

PageaiR,  Letter  from  Woodland.     Kditorialt 

•'    310,    E:<litorlal  Notes.     Etc. 

•*  J530,  Po*ftry.  — Give  me  the  Hand  that  is 
Friendly  Forever.  Sowing  and  Reapint;. 
Good  Farmer  James.  A  Rainy  Day.  Going 
After  the  Oowa. 

«*  23t,  K<1itorial.— Some  Effects  of  the  Exclu- 
sive One-Crop  System.  The  Use  of  Dry  Earth. 
An  Endorsement.  A  Little  More  Granger, 
too. 

'*  233,  Ediorial  (continued)  .—Warningto  Immi- 
grant Land  i'lirchast-rs.  Of  What  Advantafje 
is  it?  Starviu}^  Stock  and  Burning  Straw. 
Farm  Labor  in  California.    Etc. 

**  33.'I,  Correspondence. —Letter  from  a  Lady 
Canvasser.  Educational.  —  Going  to 
SchooL    Educational  Notes.    Etc. 

"  /J'34,  Educational  (continued).  —  Stock 
Ureeder. — The  Charm  of  New  or  Foreign 
Breeds.    Economy  of  Live  Stock.    Breeding. 

**    33.>,   Household  Reading:.  —  Chats  T  ith 

Farmers*  Wives  and  Daughters,  (by  Jewell) 
Grandfather's  Talks— Something  About  Mar- 
ried Life  A  Contrast. 
"  236,  Honseliold  Reading-  (continued). 
Domestic  — Domestic  Comfort.  A  Few 
Little  Things,  Mismanaged  Work  in  the 
Kitchen. 

'*  237,  Domestic  (continued) . — Recij^es  from 
"Jewell."  Uoya  and  Girls.  — Four  and 
Twenty  Different  Birds  Baked  in  a  pie.  Let- 
ters From  the  Young  Folks.  Little  Folks' 
Dictionary. 

'•  238,  Hygienic. — Two  Ways  of  Dressing  our 
Babies.  Mothers,  save  your  Children  1  by 
Nell  Van.  How  the  Eye  is  swept  and  washed. 
Removal  of  Tadeworm. 

'•  23S>,  Hygienic,  (continued).  —  Tli»9  Emi- 
nent Physicians.  Food  as  Medicii.e.  Decay 
of  the  Teeth.  The  Dairy.— Kind  Treat- 
ment Pays.  The  Holstein  Cow.  Alderneys 
and  Jerseys. 

«*  3:J0,  The  Dairy  (continued),— Butter  Prod 
net  of  a  Short-Horn  Heifer.  The  Horse,— 
Something  About  Draft  Horses.  Colors  and 
Qualitieis,  What  to  Do  with  a  Dead  Horse, 
Etc. 

••  231,  Apiary.— Thou  Cheerful  Bee.  Bee- 
Keeping  in  Southern  California.  Preparation 
of  Wax.     Bees,  Wasps  and  Grapes. 

**  331,  Preservation  of  Wood.  Poultry  Yard 
Futteuing  Chickeus.  Hens  Eating  Eggs- 
Cure.  Vermin  on  Fowls.  How  to  Feed  FowIb 
Etc. 

'*    233.     Horticulture.— Plant     Olive     Trees- 
Tamarind,      Oranges    and   Lemons.    Mush 
rooms.    Pisciculture. — Fish  Culture.  Fis 
Interchange.    Very  Smgular. 

**    234,    Pisciculture    (continued).  —  How    to 
Ft^ed  Young  Fish.      Fish   at   the   Centennial 
Women.— Duties  and  Privileges  of  Women, 
Woman  the  Equal  of  Man, 

••    23.'3,  W^^inen  (Continued).    An  Oft-Forgotten 
Fact.      Miscellany  .—United    States  L  and 
Patents.      How    a   Settler   was   Outraged  Tiy. 
Law.     Short  Weight  Cheats.     Etc. 

*•  23G,  Eqchauge  Noticos.  Some  HintB  Abou 
RtiSiU  Making. .  Ehc. 


CEO.     8.     HOLIES, 

.    (Foninrh/  Xeedliain  i(-  Co,.) 

imnmm  of  pictues  nmii 


Slumber  438  First  Street. 


Opposite  STew  Vork  Bakery. 


|N  STOEE  FROM  THE  EAST,  A  LARGE  LOT  OF  READY-MADE  SQUARE  AND  OVAL 
I  Walmit  Frames,  bought  at  a  low  price.  Chromos  mounted.  Picture  Fnimes  of  all  siz.es 
MADE  TO  ORDER  at  the  very  lowest  prices.  A  choice  lot  of  Chromos  and  Engravings  bought 
at  auction. 

]jow  Rent  and  Iiour  Prices.  Satisfaction  CS-naranteed. 


LOUIS    CHOPARD, 


JEWELLER 

And    Dealer   in 

SPECTACLES   AND    CUTLERY, 

At  Low  Figiires. 


B^WntcheB  and  Jewelry  Carefully  Repaired. 


FARiVaS  FOR  SALE. 

441  ^cres — 8  miles  southwest  of  the 
4:ity.  with  House,  Bam,  Well-  Tank  and  Mill;  WeU 
fenced,  plputy  uf  Timber;  A  No.  1  Grain  Farm  at 
$.)'i  per  acre. 

198  1-2  iLcreS  near  18-mile  Station  on 
Gilruv  Uoad— A  yonn  Fann;  All  Valley  Land;  Cheap 
at  $s,Hoo. 

1.800  iSlcres  in  San  Joaqnin  Connty — 
Nearlyall  VulkyLand:  1^  niilesfrom  ElIiB  Station; 
U.  S.  Patent;  ^ood  Grain  Land  at  $12  per  acre;  Will 
Bell  in  Small  Tracts  if  Desired. 


120    ^crcs    uear   Lawrence   Station,    at 
$'.'0  per  acre,  Well  Improved. 

34   ^cres    near    Archer's   Homestead  at 

fHXl  per  acre. 


6  lUotS   ftom  8  to  14  Acres  Each  in  Quiun's 
Orchard  Tract  near  the  City,  on  ReaBouable  Terms. 

Many  other  Farms  not  advertised.    The  title  in  all 
cases  to  be  good  or  no  sale. 


[isro^E^^  to  Lo^^isr 

JAMES   A.    CIiAV^ffOSr, 

Bep  Real  Estate  Agent,  290  Santa  Clara  Street 


FOR  SALE! 

HALF -INTEREST  IN  THE 

CALIFORNIA  A&RIGULTURIST  AND  LIYE 
STOCK  JOURNAL. 

Inquire  at  the  Office, 


A.  O.  HOOKEII. 

Late  Guuekt.1  .^  Hnnicer 


L.  FncuJAN. 
Latf  of  Marys\-ille. 

mni&AN,!j5;9; 

'  I  I'  I  •si  SI, 

DENTISTS.  s,in  J.w. 


BJ^ROA-Ij^n  S! 


Oct.  l:t.  1.S75. 


L.  HOURIET  &,  Co., 

WHOLESALE  and  EETAIL 

ix-alers  in 

Watches,  Clocks,  Diamonds, 
SILVER-PLATED  WAES, 

JEWELRY     AXD     SrECTACLES 


On  and  After  tJiis  Date  all  Goods  vnllbe 
sold  at  Retail  at  IVf.olesale  Prices. 

Having  the  advantage  of  oiur  manufactory,  and  deal- 
ing ill  our  goods  by  Wholesale,  we  feel  confident  that 
we  can  oflVr  special  inducements  to  the  public.  Wo 
iu\1te  everybody  to  call  and  examlhe.  Prompt  atten- 
tion shown  to  all.  . 

Fine  Watch  and  Jewelry  repairing  done  promptly, 
324  Santa  Clara  St.,  San  Jose. 


■^•^^jC^j 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


THE    TRUTH     ABOUT 

The  DA VI 

VEKTICAIi    FEEB 

SHUTTLE     imn    MACHINE. 


G     STORE, 

266  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 


SA^     JOSE    CLOTH  I 

266  Santa  Clara  Street,  S 

O'BAITIOIT    fSi   KEWT,  f 

XWEerchant  Tailors  and  Clothiers,  Dealers  in  All  Kinds  of 

CEITTS'     FTJE.1TISIII1TG      GOODS, 

LICHTSTONE  BLOCK,  Nearly  Opposite  the  Auzerais  House. 


TT  DOES  NOT  TAKE  AN  UOIU  TO  GET 

i-  ready  tu  do  a  nilinite'B  work,  but  is  always  ready  in 
a  minute  to  do  a  day'8  woik. 

The  Favorite  of  the  Family  circle.  Kuns  more  easily 
and  quietly  than  any  other  machine. 

The  DAVIS  presents  these  advantages  :  It  prevents 
f  ulliUK  or  gatherinR  of  sjoods,  will  sew  over  thick  seams, 
or  from  one  thickness  to  another,  without  change  of 
Btitch  or  tension,  and  make  the  most  Elastic,  Durablo 
and  Uniform  Lock  Stitch  of  any  Machine  before  the 
public. 

The  only  one  having  an  Automatic  Bobbin  winder, 
and  the  most  wonderful  attachment  for  making  the 
Knife  Pleating.  ,„,„.» 

The   peculiar   feature  of   DAVIS   is   its   VEETICAL 
FEED,  which  is  essentially  different  from  any  other 
Machine  manufactured,  requiring  no  acquired  skill  to 
operate  it,  nor  Ijasting  of  the  goods,  and  all  should  give 
it  an  axamination  at  least  before  purchasing  any  other. 
After  six  weeks'  trial  at  the  Franklin  Institute  Exhi- 
bition, hold  at  Philadelphia  in  Wti,  it  was 
Awarded  tlie  Grand  Bledal  Affainst  Nine- 
teen Conkpetitors  I 
And  has  universally  been  awarded   the  FIRST  PRE- 
MIUM at  all  principal  Fairs  where  exhibited. 
We  have  the  best  manufacturing  machine  in  use. 
Energetic  and  responsible  Agents  wanted  in  all  un- 
occupied  territory. 

For  further  information,  circular  and  terms,  call  on 
or  address 

G.    L.    BIGELOW, 

Agent  for  Sauta  Clara  County. 

Salesroom,  Wo.  436  First  Street, 

SAN  JOSE, 
Or  TUB  DAVIS  SEWING  MACHINE  CO.. 

I  I  8  Post  St.,  San  Erancisco. 


BUEEDERS'  DIRECTORY. 


Parties  deHiriug  to  purcbase  Live  Stock  will  find  iu 
thin  Directory  the  uauies  of  some  of  the  moBt  reliable 
Breeders. 

Our  Rates.— Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  will  be  io- 
wrted  in  thiB  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50  cents 
per  mouth.  A  line  will  average  about  eight  words. 
Payable  annually. 

CATTLE. 


C  B.  POI^HEMUS,  Sau  Jose,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle, 

S.  N.  PUTNAM,  breeder  of  Pure-bred  Durham 
Cattle,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 

S.  B.  EMERSON,  Mountain  View,  Santa  Clara 
county,  Oal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  and  Holstein 
Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

CHARliES  CLARK,  Milpitas,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeileiTof  Short- Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

CYRUS  JONES  6i  CO.,  San  Jose,  Sauta  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeders  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

COLEMAN  YOUNGER,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

L.  J.  HANCHETT,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

B.  G.  SNUATH,  Menlo  Park,  San  Mateo  Co.,  Cal., 
choice  Jersey  Cows,  Heifers  and  bull  Calves  for  sale 

CARR  tSs  CHAPMAN,  Gabilan,  Nonterey  county, 
Cal .,  breeders  of  Trotting  Horses,  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine, 

R.  B.  CANNON,  Suisun,  Solano  county,  CaUfomia, 
breeder  jf  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

JOS.  !•.  CHAMBERS,  St.  Johns,  Colusa  county, 
Cal .,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND   GOATS. 


MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOW,  Ccnterville,  near 
Niles  Station,  Alameda  county,  Cal.  Pure-blooded 
French  Merino  Rams  and  Ewes  tor  sale. 

A  .  G.  STONESIPER,  Hill's  Ferry,  Stanislaus  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Sheep. 

A.  VROM AN,  Jenny  Lind,  Calaveras  county,  Cal., 
Cotsw(»ld  Bucks  for  sale.  References,  Moody  &  Fai^ 
ish,San  Francisco:  Shippee,  McKee  &  Co.,  Stockton. 

LENDRUM  tb  ROGERS,  Watsonvllle,  Cal.,  im- 
porters and  breeders  of  Pure  Angora  Goats. 

C.  P.  BAILEY,  San  Jose  Cal.,  importer,  breeder 
and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  Angora  Goats.  Fine 
Piu-e-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for  sale. 

LENDRUM  &  ROGERS,  Watsonvllle,  Cal.    Im- 
porters and  breeders  of  the  finest  Cotswold  Sheep 
and  Angora  Goats. 

MCCRACKEN  &  LEWIS,   San  Jose,  Cal.    Im- 
porters and  breeders  of  tine  Angora  Goats.    Also, 
fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 

THOS.  BUTTEEFIELD  k  SON, 

BREEDERS   AND   Isri'ORTERS  OF 

ANGORA  OR  CASHMERE  GOATS, 

tS"  Also,  Cotswold  and  other  long  wool  Sheep. "^ 

FRENCH  ANU  SPANISH  MERINOS. 
HOLLISTER.      MONTEREY     CO.,     CAL. 


SWINE. 


C.  eOMSTOCK,  Sacramento,  California,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 


R.  S.  THOMPSON, 


NAPA,    CAL. 


J.BREWSTER,  Gait  Station,  Sacramento  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

WM.    FLEMING,    Napa,    California,   breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle, 

W.  L.  OVERHISER,  Stockton,  San  Joaquin  Co., 
'Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 


J.    B.  REDMOND,    Black    Point,  Marin   county, 

Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


IMrolilHU  AND  BREEDER  OF 
THOROUGH-BRED 

BERKSHIRE    SWINE. 

\immm  Spanish  Mehinos 

FOR    SALE. 

n[\  eandt^TO  years  old  Tlioroagrh'TKd 

l)W  Spanish  Merino  Kams,  California  bred,  from 
Ewes  imparted  from  Vermont,  and  sired  by  Stveranee 
fi  Peefs  celebrated  ram  Fhkmi>nt,  anil  by  their  ram 
Orekn  Mountain,  which  took  the  llrst  premiiuus  at 
the  liay  District  and  State  Fairs.  Last  shearing.  Hr>,'<i 
lbs,  year's  growth.  Also,  about  KHI  Ewes  and  Lambs, 
all  of  Green  Miiuiitain  stock,  bred  this  year. 
jo  B.  F.  WATKINS,  Sauta  Clara,  Cal. 


GEO.  K.  VERNON,    Oakland,    Alameda   county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


CHARLES  CLARK, Milpitas,  Santa  Clara  County, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Purebred  Berkshire  Swine. 


POVLTRY. 

MRS.  L.  J.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Premium 
Fowls.  White  Leghiirn.  S.  S.  Hamburg,  Game  Ban. 
tams,  and  Aylesbury  Ducks.    Also,  Eggs. 

M  F-4LLON,  Seventh  and  Oak  streets,  Oakland, 
Cal.,  offers  for  sale  Eggs  from  every  variety  of  choice 
Fowls. 

ALBERT  E.  BURBANK,    43  and    44    California 

Market,    San    Frani-isco,   importer    and    breeder  of 
Fancy  Fowls,  Pigeons.  Rabbits,  etc.  


MEAT  MARKETS. 


MOSES  WICK,  Orovllle,  Butte  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.  R.  ROSE,    Lakeville,  Sonoma  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 


G.  D.  MORSE,    San  Francisco,  Breeder  of  Short- 
Horn  and  Devon  Cattle. 

J.  R.  JEWELL,   Petahima,  Sonoma  county,  Cal. 

bi-eeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

SENECA  DANIEI  S,    Lakeville,  Sonoma  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 


CUAS.G.  BOCKIUS,  Loino  Place,  Sutter  county, 
Cal..  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


JOHN  JUDSON,  Bloomfleld,  Sonoma  county,  Cal., 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


A.  MILLARD,  San  Rafael,  Marin  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Jerseys  and  Aldernoys. 


I  EDDY  &  BRO.,  Stall  No.  1,  City  Market,  do  a  gen. 
J  eral  butchering  and  market  business.    City  orders 
delivered  fi-ee  of  extra  charge. 


MISCELLANEO  US, 


S.  HARRIS  BARRING,  San  Jose,  Cal.,  agent  for 
several  breeders  ol  li«st  Purebred  animals  and  poul- 
try. We  bring  the  breeder  and  purchaser  together 
direct,  and  do  not  stand  between  them,  while  we  aid 
each  for  moderate  pay. 

DAWSON  &  BANCROFT,  U.  S.  Live  Stock  Ex- 
change, southeast  corner  o4  Fifth  and  Bryant  streets 
S:iu  Francisco.  All  kinds  of  conuuon  and  thorough- 
bi-ed  Stock  always  on  exhibition  and  fursale. 


II.  P.  lilVERMORE,    San^  Francisco,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 


BKNNETT  &  PAGE,    Sau  Francisco,  breeders  of 

Short-Horn  Cattle. 


LEWIS  PIERCK,  Suisun,  Polano  county,  Califor- 
nia ,  breeder  of  Bhurt-lloru  Cattle. 


SPLENDID    CARD    PHOTOGRAPHS,    only 

!»**  a  dnzt'i),  and  l^abiuets  $4  a  dozen,  at  HOW- 
LANO'S  Gallery  (Uet-ring's  old  stand]  No.  ySU  First 
street,  Ban  Jose.  fe  ly 

WALLACE  &  UOBBINS,  386  First  street.  Handsome 
turnouts  always  on  hand  at  fair  prices.  Fine  hettrse 
for  funerals.    Canlages  for  sulo.    Give  us  a  trial. 


BKANOUINF.TTI.  418  an4  4'20  First  si.  Hookcnsefl, 
•    wiirdr()l)cs,  kitchen  Kafi-s  mid  piclnrc  frunicsmade 
to  order.     Furnitiu-u  made  and  rcpuired. 

a         . ■ 

TBOSCIIKKN,   Hardware,  liuildors"  Matfrials, 
<■    House  FuriiishiiitJ:  Utensils,  and  uU  kinds  of  Shelf 
Uai'dwure,  417  First  Street,  Sun  Jose. 


^lir^li.  Em 


Vol.  6. 


San    Jose,    Cal.,    October,    1875. 


ITo.  10. 


LETTER   FROM  WOODLAND. 

Enterprising  Farmers-  -Alfalfa— Irrigation 

— Milk   and   Honey-  Farm   Machinery — 

Fine  Stock — Poultry — Kaisin  Vineyard — 

Corn — Wheat,  etc. 

Editors  California  AGRictTLTORisT  and 
Live  Stock  Journal: — Thinking  a  few  items 
from  this  part  of  California  wonlj  be  of  in- 
terest to  your  many  readers,  and  leaving  it  to 
yourselves  to  say  if  they  are  worthy  of  jnibli- 
cution,  I  venture  the  following: 

Woodland  is  a  stirring  town  of  about  three 
thousand  people,  situated  seventeen  miles 
northwest  of  Sacramento,  and  on  the  line  of 
railroad  from  the  latter  place  to  Knight's 
Landing,  and  is  surrounded  by  some  of  the 
most  productive  land  I  have  seen  in  the  State, 
and  if  not  for  the  heat  and  hot  North  winds 
I  should  consider  it  the  Farmers'  Paradise. 
In  this  vicinity  are  large  bodies  of  white  oak 
lbs.,  per  acre.  Thrashers  are  now  at  work 
on  clover  seed,  but  there  are  many  fields  that 
will  make  another  crop  of  hay  in  a  few  weeks 
more.  The  beautiful  green  clover  and  the 
delightful  fragrance  from  the  blossoms  has  to 
be  seen  and  enjoyed  to  be  appreciated. 

The  wheat  crop  has  been  good  for  this  sea- 
son. Summer-fallowing  is  in  general  favor 
here,  lands  so  treated  yielding  from  30  to  40 
bushels,  when  winter  sown  yields  but  15  to 
25.  The  gale  of  last  spring  did  serious  dam- 
age to  wheat,  consequently  many  are  looking 
for  a  variety  that  will  ripen  after  the  high 
winds  cease.  Proper  wheat  has  been  a  favor- 
ite seed,  but  its  ripening  too  early  makes  it 
objectionable.  Club  seems  to  be  the  choice 
of  many  for  next  season. 

Last  week  I  saw  on  the  farm  of  J.  Fowler 
a  fine  sight  of  70  acres  of  corn  of  different 
Hogs  are  kept  on  it  the  year  round,  and  a 
drove  of  100  is  a  common  sight.  In  this 
vicinity  there  are  between  2,000  and  3,000 
acres  of  clover.  It  makes  an  excellent  article 
of  hay  when  properly  cured.  Dairying  is  not 
carryed  on  as  largely  as  it  might  be,  but  there 
is  no  reason  why  this  county  should  not  be 
the  "  Orange  County  "  of  California. 

Farnham  is  one  of  the  largest  and  best 
butter  makers  here.  He  makes  about  100 
lbs.,  a  week,  and  for  color  and  flavor  it  can- 
not be  excelled.  Alfalfa  clover  also  gives  the 
bee  keeper  great  advantages  ;  I  saw  GO  lbs., 
of  delicious  honey  made  in  three  weeks  taken 
from  two  hives. 

Many  Alfalfa  clover  fields  this  season  have 
yielded  5  tons  of  hay  per  acre,  besides  a  large 
amount  of  pasturage  ;  others,  3  or  4  tons  be- 
sides a  crop  of  seed  varying  from  200  to  300 
press  to  you  the  many  advantages  of  these 
clover  fields. 

Every  thing  seems  to  thrive  on  Alfalfa. 
Here  are  to  be  seen  fat  animals,  clover-fed. 
verts  to  irrigation  at  once.  I  can  hardly  ex- 
trees,  which  no  doubt  gave  the  name  to  the 


town.  Shade  and  ornamental  trees  do  not 
thrive  as  at  Santa  Clara.  Live  oaks  are  a 
rarity. 

The  Farmers  of  this  section  show  an  en- 
terprise  that  might  with  advantage,  be  a  copy 
to  farmers  in  other  portions  of  the  State. 
To  add  to  the  natural  jjroductiveuess  of  the 
soil,  they  make  use  of  the  waters  of  Cache 
Creek  for  irrigation,  and  if  some  of  our  dry 
land  farmers  could  see  the  Alfalfa  clover^fields 
now  growing  a  third  crop,  they  would  bo  eon- 
varieties,  some  of  it  planted  25th  of  June 
and  growing  from  5  to  11J>^  feet  high.  The 
soil,  with  proper  cultivation,  would  produce 
100  bushels  per  acre. 

Land  here  is  worth  from  20  to  200  dollars 
an  acre  according  to  location  and  improve- 
ments. 

Farmers  are  using  the  best  improved  ma- 
chinery. For  thrashing,  Eurights  straw 
burners  are  being  introduced.  Here,  also, 
derricks  with  horse  forks  are  used  with  near- 
ly all  thrashing  machines,  also  Jackson's 
self-feeder  and  elevator  ;  a  great  labor  saving 
machine.  I  have  seen  Jackson's  Traction  en- 
gine used  for  thrashing,  propeled  over  a 
rough  road  and  drawing  separator,  traps 
waggon,  etc.  Derrick's  (I  think  it  is)  Per- 
petual hay-press  is  in  favor  here.  It  makes 
compact  bales  that  I  have  not  seen  equaled. 
Ten  tons  of  it  can  be  stowed  on  a  single  rail- 
road car. 

I  have  visited  the  poultry  yards  of  Dr.  J. 
W.  Prather,  and  though  his  choicest  birds 
were  away  to  State  Fair,  I  saw  enough  to 
satisfy  me  he  has  very  choice  poultry.  His 
yards  are  located  in  clover,  so  his  poultry 
have  green  feed  the  year  round. 

Before  closing  this  I  must  mention  the 
farm  and  vinej'ard  of  B.  B.  Blowers.  I  saw 
sights  there  that  would  astonish  even  old 
Californians.  ,  Mr.  B.  has  25  acres  devoted  to 
table  and  raisins  gi'apes,  and  if  wine  men 
would  visit  his  vineyard  and  see  his  "  lay 
out  "  of  raisins,  no  other  argument  would  be 
needed  with  such  of  them  as  desire  prosperi- 
ty and  have  the  good  or  their  race  in  view. 
For  bearing,  size  and  ilavor  of  Mr.  B's. 
grapes  and  raisins,  it  will  be  hard  to  equal 
them  anywhere.  I  saw  vines  bearing  a  second 
crop  that  had  on  at  least  40  lbs.,  of  grapes  ! 
Mr.  B.  dries  his  grapes  on  the  ground,  but 
this  year  he  is  trying  a  cement  floor  in  the 
field.  He  has  700  yards  of  this  floor  already, 
and  so  constructed  that  in  case  of  a  raiu, 
water  will  drain  ofl'  quickly.  I  also  saw  the 
effect  of  two  methods  of  prunning  of  one 
kind  of  grape  vine.  One  way  caused  the 
vine  to  be  almost  worthless  as  a  bearer,  the 
other  made  the  same  varfety  very  prolific. 
From  120  lbs.,  of  grapes,   Mr.   B.    has  made 

45  lbs.  of  raisins. 

There  again  I  saw  clover  fields  and  the  ef- 
fect it  had  on  stock,  especially  in  its  wool 
and  mutton  producing  qualities  on  some 
graded  Merino  sheep  belonging  to  Mr.  B.,  al- 
so some  of  the  get  of  buck,  "Silver  Horn." 
A  lot  of  Merinos  imported  from  Vermont  and 
owned  by  Mr.  George  Hammond  were  very 
fine.  A  lamb  Ty^  mouths  old  get  of  "  Vigor  " 
of  Ohio  weighed  107  lbs.  On  10  acres  of 
clover,  Mr.  B.,  has  had  for  five  months,  150 
heads  of  sheep  and  10  of  cows  and  horses, 
and  there  will  be  feed  enough  for  months  yet. 
Mr.  B.,  discovered  that  cattle  and  sheep  that 


had  access  to  his  grape  cuttings — of  which 
they  ate  freely  in  the  spring — did  not  bloat, 
showing  perhaps,  that  stock  running  on 
succulent  clover  need  dry  feed  as  well.  Much 
more  might  be  said  of  this  Yolo  County,  but 
fearing  I  intrude  on  your  space,  I  close. 
Yours  truly,  A.  R.  Woodhams. 

Woodland,  Yolo  Co.,  Sept.  20. 


The  Old  Sayinff  :  "  There  is  no  peace  for 

the  wicked  "  may  be  all  correct,  but  it  seems 
as  though  there  was  little  for  those  who  right- 
eously choose  to  escape  from  the  wicked  in 
this  vicious  age. 

The  settlers  at  Lompoc  made  their  by-laws, 
forbidding  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors  within 
the  colony,  with  au  honest  and  earnest  de- 
sire to  live  in  peace,  and  bring  up  their  chil- 
dren in  security  from  the  woi-st  foe  to  human 
happiness.  They  had  a  right  to  do  this,  and 
now  they  propose  to  maintain  that  right;  we 
hope  they  will.  But  through  a  loop-hole  in 
their  by-laws,  the  enemy  was  admitted  into 
their  midst  and  the  fight  has  commenced. 
The  war  with  alcohol  can  never  be  ended 
short  of  total  prohibition.  Between  it  and 
abstinance  there  is  an  irrepressible  conflict 
One  or  the  other  must  fall. 

The  Lompoc  colony  by-laws  permit  the 
sale  of  alcoholic  preparations  by  druggists 
upon  the  prescription  of  a  physcian.  A  sa- 
loon keeper  has  only  to  start  a  "  drug  store  " 
and  either  be  a  "  physician  "  or  else  have  a 
confederate  capper  to  carry  on  the  vile  busi- 
ness there/  This  game  has  already  been  com- 
menced as  we  published  in  a  correspondence 
last  month,  and  the  ladies  revenged  the  death 
of  an  innocent  victim  by  spilling  the  liquor 
in  the  whisky  shop,  after  the  keeper  had  re- 
fused to  comply  with  the  request  to  sell  no 
more  as  a  beverage.  Now  "  legal  redress  " 
is  demanded  by  this  trespasser  upon  peacea- 
ble society,  and,  as  law  seldom  means  justice 
in  this  country,  it  is  impossible  to  foresee  the 
result.  The  malicious  liquor  men  wiU  go  to 
any  length  to  crush  out  temperance  in  any 
form  so  threatening  to  their  "business." 
Unscrupulous  of  lawyers  can  be  found  to  hound 
the  people,  and,  if  they  will  stand  it,  they 
wili  be  driven  to  allow  whisky  mills  to  tri- 
umph over  them.  We  can  only  council  one 
thing  ;  let  your  by-laws  mean  total  prohibition 
and  fight  it  out  on  that  ground  in  defiance  of 
any  power  that  whisky  cau  command.  The 
eyes  of  the  world  arc  upon  yon,  and  every 
temperance  man  and  woman  in  the  land  will 
"lorv  in  your  indomitable  determination  to 
maintain  your  inalienable  right  to  hfe,  liber- 
ty, and  the  pursuit  of   happiness. 


List  of  New  Advertisements. 

Saddlery— Empey  &  Lennai-d. 

Market— E.  C.  Munu. 

Real  Estate — James  A.  Clayton. 

Sewing  Machines— G.  L.  Bigelow. 

Jeweller — Houriet  &  Co. 

Dentist — Arthur  Gore,  Santa  Clara. 

Jeweller — L.  Chopard. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


gmghe1t^aun(itlJ 


S.  HAEEIS  HEREING  &  00., 

Kilili>i'.s  and  rublishi-TS. 


OKFK'K:  Over  tlie  Siin  Jose  Siivltiffs  Rank, 
liiillmcliN  Biiildiiiu;,  $>uiita  C'lura  Street, 
near  First,  Sim  Jose. 

SPECIAL  TEEMS  TO  AGENTS. 

BATES  OF  ADVERTISING. 

Per  onp  C.ihimn ?15  nn  Per  Month 

••    iKilf  Oohimn 8  00     " 

"    fimrlli  <:nl\min 4  00    "         " 

"    .■islithClnnm 2  00     " 

"    sixteenth  Column 100    *'        •• 

V^^  We  Jire  determined  to  adhere  to  to  our  resolution 
to  admit  none  Imt  worthy  InisineBK  advertiBing  in  our 
columns,  and  to  keei)  char  of  patent  nedicine,  liquor, 
and  other  advertisements  ijfdciiibtl  111  iiilliience. 

The  larKO  circulation,  the  deKirable  class  of  roaderR, 
and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rend-  rs  this  Journal 
a  choice  medium  for  reachiuf^  the  attention  of  the 
masses. 


EDITORIAL  NOTES. 


Of  What  Does  Greatness  Consist  ?   Not 

notoriety,  surely.  Neither  is  it  riches.  Yet 
as  much  renown  may  be  gained  from,  and  as 
much  homage  may  be,  and  often  is  paid  to 
these,  as  to  every  virtue  and  power  of  mind 
that  distinguishes  the  noble  from  the  com- 
mon class  of  humanity,  rrobably  scores  of 
men  die  every  year,  as  they  have  lived,  com- 
j)aratively  unnoticed,  who  are  as'  wise,  as 
virtuous,  as  self-sacrificing,  as  philanthropic, 
and  who  have  worked  as  faithfully  for  the 
good  of  humanity  as  the  late  great  Ralston 
of  the  great  Bank  of  California.  But  they 
were  not  as  rich  in  this  worlds  goods. 


We  must  express  our  condemnation  of 
the  system  of  assessing  nominees  for  State, 
County  and  town  offices  to  pay  campaign  ex- 
penses. It  all  leads  to  corruption  and  abuse. 
How  can  we  ever  expect  to  lessen  taxation 
when  such  a  system  is  tolerated?  Even  the 
enormous  salaries  and  perquisites  now  paid 
officers  are  barely  sufficient  to  pay  assess- 
ments. How  can  they  get  even  but  by  being 
open  to  bribery  and  favoritism?  So  long  as 
Buch  things  are  permitted  by  law,  we  cannot 
expect  economy  of  Government  in  any  of  its 
branches,  nor  fair  dealing  and  justice  in  our 
courts. 


Work-horses  on  the  farm  sliould  not  bo 
allowed  to  fall  off  in  flesh  this  month  for  lack 
of  'feed  in  stubble  fields  and  pastures.  A 
feed  of  hay,  or  even  good  fine  straw  once  a 
day  will  pay,  if  it  is  needed  to  keep  them  in 
good  order  for  the  seasons  plowing.  Look 
to  your  horse  collars,  that  they  are  in  good 
condition  and  see  that  shoulders  do  not  get 
g  ailed  and  sore.     Be  merciful  to  the  beast. 


A  Successful  Attempt  at  seed  growing 
has  been  undertaken  this  season  near  San 
Jose.  Mr.  E.  W.  Wilson,  who  has  had  many 
years  experience  at  seed  growing  in  New  York 
and  Iowa,  put  in  30  acres  of  onions  and  let- 
tuce for  seed.  He  produced  about  9,000  lbs., 
of  lettuce  seed  for  Briggs  Brothers,  seedmen, 
Rochester,  New  York,  and  over  8,000  lbs.,  of 
onion  seed,  not  contracted  for.  Mr.  W.  is 
now  East  to  dispose  of  his  crop,  and  to  con- 
tract with  seedsman  to  take  a  large  crop  an- 
other season.  Mr.  W.  says  that  his  seed  pro- 
duced here  this  season  is  the  best  and  heaviest 
that  he  ever  saw,  and  that  such  a  good  quiilitj 
cannot  be  grown  East.  He  was  not  fortunate 
in  selecting  soil  that  could  not  be  irrigated 
either,  as  the  season  was  exceptionally  dry 
and  the  crop  was  not  as  heavy  as  it  should 
have  been.  Another  season  this  will  be 
remedied.  His  success  is  of  the  most  en- 
couraging nature  however,  and  no  doubt 
should  exist  in  the  mind  of  any  one  as  to  the 
superiorfty  of  our  soil  and  climate  for  seed 
raisng. 

The  Cultivating  Fruit  for  Stock  should 

attract  more  attention  than  it  does.  In  some 
portions  of  the  eastern  states  sweet  apple 
trees  are  grown  around  jjastures  to  produce 
fruit  for  cows  and  it  is  found  to  pay  well. 
The  cows  give  a  superior  quantity  and  quality 
of  milk  when  fed  with  fruit.  We  have  sever- 
al times  suggested  that  it  would  pay  to  plant 
grape  vines  about  grain  fields  to  furnish 
succulent  food  for  hogs  while  ftittening  ujjon 
the  grain.  We  learn  that  one  farmer  who  has 
tried  it,  strongly  recommends  feeding  grapes 
to  hogs  as  a  cheep  and  economical  feed  with 
grain.  The  Arabs  it  is  said,  feed  grapes  to 
their  horses,  which  fatten  on  them. 

Where  alfalfa  and  squashes,  and  other  veg- 
etables can  be  grown  cheaply  and  abundantly, 
perhaps  it  would  be  more  economical  of  laud 
and  labor  to  cultivate  them  for  feeding  stock, 
than  to  plant  grape  vines  for  the  purpose. 
But  on  dry  ranches,  the  grape  will  be  found 
just  the  thing.  It  requires  little  cultivation, 
))ruuiug  once  a  year  being  about  all  the 
trouble  necessary  to  insure  regular  crops. 
The  mission  grape  is  an  abundant  bearer  and 
will  probably  be  found  as  good  as  any  for 
this  purpose. 

Grapes  are  now  abundant  and  cheap  and 
of  excellent  quality.  Other  fruits  having 
been  scarce  and  dear  this  season,  we  can  ap- 
preciiite  this  "gift  of  the  gods"  all  the 
more.  There  is  no  more  luscious  fruit  than 
the  grape  ;  healthful,  nutritious  and  bounti- 
ful. The  grape  vine  will  grow  almost  any- 
where it  may  be  planted  and  the  fruit  can  be 
grown  with  less  expense  than  any  other  on 
an  average.  It  is  a  blessing  to  the  world  in 
its  natural  and  health  giving  forms,  but  when 
fermented  in  vat  and  still,  the  product  is  dis- 
tructive  of  virtue,  fortviue  and  human  worth. 
The  noble  grape  is  not  to  blame  for  the  vile 
use  to  which  demortdized  man  may  subject  it. 
The  grape  should  b(!  found  daily  upon  the 
table  of  every  family  during  the  season  of  its 
riiieness.  Put  up  fresh  in  cans  as  other  fruit 
is,  it  will  be  found  a  superior  table  fruit  the 
year  round.  Several  fine  varieties  of  fleshy 
grapes    make  excellent  raisins.     Kiusins  iu 


some  countries  are  a  staple  article  of  food, 
and  should  be  more  largely  eaten  in  our  own. 
They  are  very  nutritious  and  healthful  for 
man  or  beast.  California  should  now,  and 
probably  will  in  years  to  come,  supply  the 
whole  of  America  with  superior  raisins.  It 
is  estimated  that  40,000  boxes  will  be  pro- 
duced this  season.  When  selected  w-iih  care 
and  ])roperly  cured,  California  raisins  are  not 
excelled  by  any  others. 

The  Lick  Observatory,  will  probably  be 

located  upon  Mount  Hamilton  in  Santa  Clara 
County,  distance  about  25  miles  from  San 
Jose.  Mr.  Lick  has  promised  to  build  it 
there  if  our  county  will  build  a  good  road  to 
it  from  San  Jose,  which  we  have  no  doubt 
will  be  done  at  once.  A  telescope  of  im- 
mense power,  much  greater  than  any  ever 
made  will  be  placed  upon  it,  at  a  cost  of 
nearly,  or  quite,  one  million  dollars.  This 
princely  donation  to  science  and  to  the  ad- 
vancement of  mankind,  will  most  likely  de- 
velop facts  that  will  settle  many  points  about 
the  planets  and  other  distant  stars,  which  are 
now  shrouded  by  conjecture.  The  moon  will 
be  brought  to  vision  close  enough,  so  that  ob- 
jects upon  its  surface  the  size  of  a  common 
dwelling  house  can  bo  discerned. 

Photographs  upon  delicate  material  can  be 
taken  and  so  magnified  as  to  make  ob- 
jects the  size  of  men  appear  plainly,  for  ex- 
amination ;  at  least  there  is  nothing  scien- 
tifically impossible  about  it.  We  believe  that 
it  will  yet  be  so  that  the  inhabitants  of  even 
the  planet  Mars,  can  be  seen  through  these 
.agencies.  At  any  rate,  it  is  devoutly  to  be 
wished,  and  the  prospect  of  adding  to  our 
other  attractions  such  an  institution  as  the 
Lick  Observatory  will  be,  makes  every  resi- 
dent of  San  Jose  feel  elated.  Long  may  Mr. 
James  Lick  live,  must  be  the  sentiment  of  all. 


Horse  Racing  at  our  agricultural  fairs 
does  not  appear  to  be  growing  less  in  favor 
with  the  sort  of  crowds  thiit  attend  such  fairs, 
nor  with  the  the  managers  of  them,  who  ap- 
pear to  think  that  to  be  success/id,  a  fair  must 
be  so  managed  as  to  bring  together  the  big- 
gest possible  crowd  of  people  and  cause  them 
to  squander  their  money.  The  Ndthmal  Live 
Stuck  Journal  iu  some  sensible  talk  on  horse 
racing  says  :  "that  money  thus  distributed, 
does  not  encourage  improveniait  in  WjHcuUure, 
nor  tend  in  the  fea.s(  tteyref  to  improve,  in  any 
useful  char.actcristic,  our  domestic  animals," 
and  continires  ;  "  It  is  probtible  that  the  only 
way  to  efl'ectually  guard  against  this  evil,  is 
to  adopt  what  has  alwaj-s  been  the  practice  at 
the  New  York  State  Fair  ;  that  is,  to  proliihit 
all  tests  of  speed .'"  This  would  bo  a  radical 
moasnre.  We  have  never  opposed  the  simple 
test  of  speed,  but  have  always  deplored  the 
gambling,  pool  selling,  etc.  However,  we 
would  sooner  see  a  prohibatory  law,  than 
witness  any  more  of  the  demoralizing  effects 
of  horse-racing  "Agricultural  Pairs."  A 
fair  that  is  a   gambling  game  cannot   in  any 

proper  sense  bo  called  CKiricnltund. 

*  m  ^ 

■  TiiK  San  Francisco  Board  of  Provision 
Packers  advises  the  farmers  of  California  to 
fatten  hogs  with  their  wheat,  as  5^1, 400,000 
gold  was  sent  from  that  city  last  year  to  buy 
Eastern  pork  and  lard. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


[For  the  Calipoknia  AGRlonT-TtTBisT.] 

Cive  Me  the  Hand  that  is  Friendry 
Forever. 

BY  AGNES. 

^  

§S  mortals  advance  iuto  life's  iloeponing  shadows. 
The  Deed  of  true  frieudship  wu  all  mudt  con- 
fess ; 
It  may  come  from  the  hand  that  is  destined  to 
labor, 
It  may  come  from  sweet  childhood  which 
lives  but  to  bless; 
Yet  soft  p»lm.  or  hard  hand,  it  matters  not 
never, 
Give  me  the  hand  that  is  friendly  forever. 

In  the  whirl  of  life's  duties,  we  fail  to  remember 
Th(5  mauy  demaudH  human  kinduets  requires. 

And  greedily  gather  life's  blosBom  and  sunshine. 
Whilst  broken  hearts  i)erish  and  friendship  expires  ; 

Then  soft  palm,  or  hard  hand,  it  matters  not  never, 
Give  me  the  band  that  is  friendly  forever. 

When  fortune  her  jewels  profusely  bestows. 
We  cling  to  our  idols  and  hold  them  in  fear ; 

Lest  friends  may  prove  traitors,  and  cunningly  rob  ue 
Of  much  that  makes  living  desirable  her©  ; 

Then  soft  palm,  or  hard  hand,  it  matters  not  never, 
Give  me  the  hand  that  is  friendly  forever. 

We  cast  our  thoughts  round  us  and  proudly  exclaim, 
Our  friends  are  as  legion,  they'll  surely  remain. 

But  fortune  escapes  us  ;  disease  comes  in  train, 
When  nothing  is  left  us  but  suffering  and  pain  ; 

Then  soft  palm,  or  hard  hand,  it  matters  not  never, 
We'll  cling  to  the  hand  that  js  friendly  forever. 


Sowing  and  Reaping. 

A  sower  went  out  to  sow  one  day. 

When  a  city  maiden  chanced  that  way  ; 

A  sweet,  wee  maiden  with  just  a  ti-ace 

Of  lingering  babyhood  in  her  face, 

And  she  paused  where  the  farmer  sowed  bis  grain. 

And  uttered  a  cry  half  joy,  half  pain  : 


**  What  beautiful  things,  so  golden  red 

And  shining  1  Pray  !  are  they  gems  ?"  she  said, 

*'  And  why  do  you  bury  them  imderground 

Where  never  a  sound  of  them  may  be  found  ? 

They'd  be  so  pretty  for  dolly  and  me 

To  play  with  under  the  beecheu-tree  I" 

"Now,  Heaven  forgive  me  !"  the  farmer  said  : 
"  But,  child,  my  little  ones  must  be  fed  I 
Why,  this  is  corn,  and  I  plant  it  here, 
That  I  may  liave  food  for  them  all  next  year. 
Should  I  see  them  starve  and  die  instead  ? 
Nay,  but  my  little  ones  must  have  bread." 

But  still  the  child,  with  a  wistful  glance. 
Kept  watching  the  treasure  hall  atikauce. 
As  it  dropt  from  his  hand  like  drops  of  gold. 
And  buried  itstlf  in  the  silent  lunld  ; 
So  he  paused  and  gave  to  her  hiindfuls  twain 
Of  his  scarlet  beans  and  his  golden  grain. 

"True,  it  is  little  the  likes  of  me 

Can  spare  from  the  children's  bread,"  said  ho  : 

"  But  God  provides  for  the  sparrow  even, 

And  1  am  on  earth  and  He  is  iu  heaven  ; 

He  will  send  his  sunshine,  and  dew,  and  ralQ, 

And  give  me  back  my  own  again." 

A  rustle,  as  if  of  a  silken  gown  I 

Or  was  it  a  bird  s  wing  sweeping  down 

From  yonder  thicket  of  beechen-trees. 

Or  a  mad-cap  freak  of  the  soft  spring  breeze? 

What  mattered  it?  tio,  with  a  glad  content. 

Again  to  his  toil  the  sower  bent. 

— Months  passed  ;  Grod's  beautiful  sun  and  rain 
Their  yearly  mirsclo  wrought ;  again 
The  farmer  stoixl  in  his  field,  but  now 
With  a  grateful  heart  and  leverent  brow. 
For  a  plentiful  harvest  around  him  smiled. 
And  his  thoughts  went  back  to  the  little  child. 

"  Sure,  never  was  field  so  blessed  before 
As  this,"  he  said  ;  *'  'twas  a  scanty  store 
I  gave  the  maiden  ;  but  who  divides 
With  others,  a  blessing  with  him  abides  "— 
And  his  lips  grew  glad  with  a  grateful  tune 
In  the  hush  of  that  auturoai  afternoon. 

But,  see  !  as  he  gathers  his  fruitful  sheaves. 
What  treasure  is  this  among  the  leaves? 
A  silttu  purse  !  in  its  lustrous  hold 
Ten  shining  pieces  of  solid  gold  I 
How  came  it  here,  like  a  gift  of  God, 
Wuere  never  a  foot  but  his  own  had  trod  ? 

Again  a  stir  near  the  beechen  trees  I 

But  this  time  neither  of  bird  nor  breeze  i^ 

A  lady  !  clad  in  a  wondrous  sheen. 


Of  silk  and  gome,  like  an  Eastern  Queen  ; 

And,  cinsr  tu  h._^r  Hide,  th.-  litO-  ehiid. 

Sweet  thoughts  of  whom  had  his  toil  beguiled, 

"  It  is  yonrs,  my  lady  "—ho  raised  the  gold— 

"  Niiy,  keep  the  treasure,"  she  said,  "behold, 

God  sends  it  you  !  It  was  surely  He 

Wlio  led  my  steps  by  the  beecUcii  tree 

That  sweet  spring  morn  when  you  shared  your  seed 

With  oue  of  His  little  ones  at  her  need. 

"  And  80,  if  He  designs  to  use  ray  baud 
In  Sowing  His  seed— (you   understand)  :— 
Giving  me  all  that  I  want  and  more. 
From  out  uf  the  overflowing  store. 
Should  I  not  scatter  of  here  or  there? 
Shall  you  bless  others  and  I  forbear  ?" 

O  beautiful  Gospel  of  human  need 
And  human  sympathy  I  Here,  indeed. 
Together  the  rich  and  poor  may  meet, 
Each  with  his  oflenng,  helpful,  sweet ; 
Nor  this  too  costly,  nor  that  too  sm&U 
With  Him  who  is  Maker  of  us  all. 


Good  Farmer  James. 

If  you  had  known  good  farmer  James, 
Whose  life  in  ways  of  labor  ran. 

You  would  have  known  of  sterling  worth- 
The  virtues  of  an  honest  man. 

He  never  traveled  far  away  ; 

A  luieign  shore  he  ne'er  had  seen. 
And  all  his  life  was  humbly  passed 

Where  his  forefathers'  lives  had  been. 

His  fields  were  ample  for  his  wish. 
And  yielded  croi>s,  with  some  to  spare 

For  those  whose  lives  were  sorrowful 
With  BickuesB,  poverty  and  care  ; 

For  'twas  his  pleasure  to  astst 
In  every  way  the  worthy  poor. 

And  when  the  suffering  came  his  way 
No  bolts  were  found  upon  the  door. 

Yet  idleness  ne'er  found  a  friend 
In  Farmer  James.     Sloth  was  a  vice  ; 

And  carelessness  and  levity 
Were  wrong  and  sinful  in  his  eyes. 

His  was  the  ever  constant  aim 
To  help  his  fellows  all  he  could  ; 

And  ue're  was  he  so  happy  as 
When  to  his  neighbors  doing  good. 

His  life  was  simple  from  the  first. 
And  when  it  ripued  to  its  close. 

And  he  was  laid  away,  for  him 
No  word  but  that  of  praise  arose  ; 

For  he  had  left  a  legacy 

Richer  than  gold  and  jewels  prove — 
A  legacy  of  honest  worta. 

Of  uoble  actions,  and  of  love. 


A  Rainy  Day. 

DT   Al^KED    B.    8TBEET, 

The  bright  rain-tassels  of  the  skies 
Drip  trom  their  cloudy,  leaden  crown  ; — 

And  like  a  sponge  the  landscape  lies 
Itetkiug  and  sullen,  dumb  and  brown. 

Bushes  and  trees  their  leafy  hands 

Clap,  as  each  lirop  their  surface  pats  ;  — 

The  Burly  hemlock,  twitching,  stands 
Like  Poutu  in  a  haze  of  gnats. 

Under  the  rumbling  cart  that  stoops 
To  drink  the  pool  that  mantk-s  round, 

Brawn  to  one  crescent  feather,  droops 
The  curlesfi  cock,  a  king  discrowned. 

Pame  Partlet  in  her  brindled  hues 

Sits  tamely  by  and  preens  her  breast ; — 

W"hile  poor,  drenched  Tabby  peevish  im.-ws 
Beneath  the  woodshed's  dripping  crest 

Within  the  dusky  half-light  there. 
See-sawing  pigeons  pick  the  oats  ; 

There  leans  the  spado,  and  glints  the  share. 
Dull  grms  the  rake,  the  buck-saw  gloats. 

Moist  wood-scents  wander  in  the  breeze. 
Mixed  with  the  garden's  dampened  sweets  ; 

And  the  wet  fragrance  of  the  trees. 
The  rainy  flail  forth  ceaseless  beats. 

The  dncks  roll  up  belighted  eyes; 

All  talk  at  once,  ttieir  feather's  shake. 
Even  seek  to  fly,  then  each  one  plies 

Way  on  the  flowing  cistern's  lake. 

The  cow  stands  swinging  meek  her  cud, 
And  wistful  eyes  the  meadow  near  ; — 

While  Whitey  shows  in  many  a  thud 
Impatience  of  his  stable  drear. 

And  still  gray  tassels  streak  the  air. 

And  rumble  still  cart,  barn,  and  shed  ; — 

Rain,  weary  rain,  fallt;  t.-verywh^re. 
And  nature  drenched  looks  dull  and  dead, 

How  desolate  the  sodden  field  ! 

The  rubbing  tree  stands  dank  and  dark  ;— 
The  lir's  firm  boughs  no  covert  yield. 

Though  curving  teuC-liko  round  the  bark. 


From  the  wet  stack  the  vapors  shrug  ; — 
VVilliin  yawn  coverts  warm  and  dry. 

Where  Brindle  bhelters  sleek  and  snug, 
Protected  from  the  Irowniug  sky. 

The  cottage  door,  swung  open,  shows 

The  streaked  duwk  scene  within  ;  there  sits 

The  grandsire  where  the  chiminey  glows. 
Puss  purs,  and  there  the  grandam  knits. 

The  tottling  grandchild  ridps  the  dog. 

Or  strikes  him  whimpering  wllh  his  whip  ; 

Sport  yells  when  fired  on  by  the  hig*. 
Then  ujiward  starts  and  bites  his  hip, 

Thero  ticks  the  clock  with  endless  swing; 

The  wood-ch.-iirs  gleem  in  crimson  gloss  ; 
The  kitten  gambols  with  the  string. 

While  the  domed  drops  the  panes  emboss. 

The  rainy  day,  though  desolate. 

Prophetic  tells  to-morrow's  light;— 

Like  tears  of  sorrow  that  create 
The  bow  which  makes  all  nature  bright. 


Going  After  the  Cows. 

They  waited  then-,  by  the  pasture  bars- 

Dapnle  and  Dolly, "and  Dmi, 
So  I  slip  the  bars  in  the  well-worn  posts 

And  drop  them  one  by  one  ; 
But  I  do  not  go.  as  I  always  go, 

'Jo  see  the  milking  done. 

I  lean  my  cheek  on  the  pasture  bars. 
And  watch  the  stars  come  out ; 

Perhaps  they  will  miss  me,  up  at  the  house. 
And  wonder  what  I  am  about ; 

But  I've  something  to  think  of  here  to-night 
While  I  wati^'h  the  stars  come  out. 

Last  night  when  I  came  for  the  beauties^ 

Willie  was  walking  with  me, 
And  he  asked  me  if  I  thought  ever 

A  farmer's  wife  I  could  be  ; 
For  1  am  a  city  girl,  you  know. 

And  a  farmer's  son  is  he. 

Willie  wears  home-spun  trowsers, 

And  such  a  course  straw  hat  I 
But   he  face  that  looks  from  under  the  rim. 

Is  handsome  and  brave,  for  all  that ; 
And  his  eyes,  they  look  at  me  so  queer 

That  my  heart  goes  pit-a-pat. 

Every  night,  when  the  work  is  dAie, 

We  sit  in  the  twilight  gray — 
Willie  and  I,  in  t!ie  ivied  porch. 

And  sing  the  hours  away  ; 
I  think  it's  better  than  opera. 

Or  theatre,  any  day. 

He  said  last  night,  that  the  summer 

Is  brighter  because  I  am  here. 
That  his  work  was  never  so  easy 

As  it  is  when  I  am  near — 
And  he  taid— but  there,  I  won't  tell. 

Such  words  are  too  sacred  and  dear. 

How  pure  is  the  breath  of  the  clover. 
That  comes  from  the  meadows  mown  1 

How  holv  the  sky  above  me. 

With  the  twinkling  lights  full  sown  t 

No  wonder  that  Willie  is  better 
Than  men  who  live  in  town. 

So  I  think  I  will  stay  in  the  country. 
With  Dolly,  anil  Dapple,  and  Dun  ; 

Perhaps  iu  the  far.  sweet  summers. 
They  would  know  should  I  fail  to  como. 

In  the  dewy-eve,  to  the  pasturi:  bars. 
To  lirop  them,  oue  by  one. 


The    Grasshoppers*   Raid. 

BY  EUDOBA  MAY  STONE, 

The  'hoppers  came  down  like  a  wolf  on  the  fold. 
Where  the  com  and  the  wheat  fields  were  emerald  and 
g..ld  ;  _ 

And  the  sheen  of  their  wings  was  as  snow  in  the  sty. 
When  winty  clouds  gather,  and  north  winds  are  high. 

Like  the  blades  of  the  grass,  when  the  Sunmier  la 

green. 
The  corn  and  potatoes,  at  sunrise,  were  seen  ; 
Like  the  prairie  in  Autumn,  where  tire  has   swept 

through. 
The  fields  were  laid  bare  ere  the  falling  of  dew. 

And  the  grasshoppers  spread  their  broad  wings  to  the 

blast. 
And  ate  every  tm'uip  and  beet  as  they  passed  ; 
And  the  onions  and  peas  that  were  thrifty  at  dawn 
Waved  but  once  in  the  wind,  and  forever  were  gone. 

And  there  lay  the  radish,  all  scarlet  and  white. 
But  its  "  grasshoppered  "  leaves  were  a  pitiful  sight, 
And  there  stood  the  rhubarb,  so  sadly  bereft 
That,  alas  !  there  was  only  its  skeleton  left. 

The  farmers  of  Otoe  are  loud  in  their  wail. 

The  ehildren  are  sad  aud  the  boo  ewife  is  pale; 

And  the  corn  and  the  wheat  fields,  unsmote  by  the 

knife. 
To  the  Eavenons  'hopper  have  yielded  their  life. 


Fanners  will  always  remain  poor  so  long  as 
they  allow  others  to  do  their  thinking. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


SOME  EFFECTS  OF  THE  EXCLUSIVE 
ONE-CROP  SYSTEM. 


The  Georgia  State  Agricultural  Department 
is  doing  a  good  work,  in  collecting  facts  and 
presenting  them  in  a  digested  form  for  the 
consideration  of  the  farmers  of  that  State. 
Geogia,  like  other  Southern  States,  is  cursed 
with  the  one  crop  system,  but  instead  of  that 
being  grain  as  in  California,  it  is  cotton.  But 
that  makes  no  diiference.  Either  cotton  or 
grain  raised  exclusively,  to  be  depended  upon 
for  everything  that  is  consumed  on  the  farm, 
is  equally  extravagant.  The  one  crop  must 
be  sold  to  purchase  every:hing  else  used  ; 
in  California  even  the  flour  is  bought  with 
■wheat  sold  in  market. 

The  economical  plan  of  farming,  is  to  pro- 
duce as  nearly  as  possible  whatever  is  de- 
manded for  home  use.  Of  course  the  sur- 
plus, whatever  it  is,  should  be  that  which 
will  bring  the  most  money  from  a  given  num- 
ber of  acres  with  the  least  expenditure  of  la- 
bor and  money— everything  else  being  equal. 
In  the  Southern  States,  that  surplus  un- 
doubtedly should  be  cotton,  as  a  general  thing, 
In  California  it  may  be  wheat  or  barley,  hay, 
stock,  fruit  or  something  else,  as  locality  and 
soil  and  climate  and  irrigation  facilities  may 
determine, 

The  effect  of  the  one-crop  system  upon  the 
producer,  the  so-called  farmer,  has  proved  to 
be  most  disastrous  in  the  South,  and  so  far 
as  we  have  observed,  it  is  drifting  in  that 
current  in  CaUfornia.  Certainly  the  most 
prosperous  farmers  are  those  who  come  as 
near  following  a  diversified  system  of  farming 
as  their  farm  will  admit  of,  and  those  who 
manage  to  find  something  for  themselves  to 
do  on  the  farm  the  whole  season.  There  is 
no  profit  in  idleness  half  the  year,  and  no 
one-crop  will  give  constant  employment. 

Besides,  the  one-crop  farmers  are  generally 
in  debt,  paying  enormous  profits  to  the  store- 
keepers who  carry  them  through.  Equal  to 
at  least  25  to  50  per  cent  interest. 

As  in  a  large  measui-e  applicable  to  the 
one-crop  system  in  California,  we  append  the 
following  extract  from  the  report  above  re- 
ferred to  : 

"  33  per  cent  of  the  cotton  crop  is  virtually 
sold  to  pay  debts  before  it  is  made. 

"  Only  20  per  cent  of  the  farmers  buy  en- 
tirely for  cash,  while  the  50  per  cent  who  buy 
on  a  credit  pay  at  the  enormous  rate  of  4-t  per 
cent  per  annum  interest  on  what  they  con- 
sume, amounting,  in  the  aggregate,  in  the 
State  of  Georgia,  to  the  astonishing  sum  of 
$4,250.000— /our  and  a  (/uarkr  mlltion  dollars 
paid  by  the  farmers  in  interest  on  what  they 
consume.  Is  it  remarkable  that  farming  is 
not  profitable  under  such  a  suicidal  policy  ? 
No  legitimate  business  can  pay  44  per  cent 
per  annum  on  the  capital  necessary  to  con- 
duct it,  and  live. 

Another  instructive  lesson  taught  by  the 
above  answers  is  the  fact  that  80  per  cent  of 
those  who  raise  their  supplies  make  a  profit, 
while  75  /)t»-  cent  of  those  who  buy  lose 
money. 

"The  difficulties  teach  their  own  lessons, 
and  suggest  their  own  remedies  : 

Experience  and  these  facts  teach  that,  Tall- 
inn coltim  to  buy  supplies  to  ra'ise  cotton,  at  pres- 
ent prices,  leads  directly  to  bankruptcy  and  ruin. 
That  those  who  raise  their  own  s-upplies  make 
cotton  at  a  profit,  and  are  ]}rosperons.  Indeed, 
correspondents  generally  report  that  those 
who  raise  their  own  supplies  cannotlose  money, 
if  they  attend  to  their  business. 


"  Under  the  present  system,  six  and  a  half 
millions  of  dollars  which  should  go  to  swell  the 
annual  profit  of  Georgia  farmers,  find  their 
way  into  the  pockets  of  others,  mostly  be- 
yond the  limits  of  our  State,  in  consequence 
of  the  suicidal  policy  at  present  pursued,  of 
buying  what  should  be  raised  at  home.  Will 
not  our  farmers  make  their  farms  self-sus- 
taining— raise  their  supplies  and  pocket  these 
profits  ? 

Discard  the  old  habit  of  boasting  of  the 
number  of  acres  planted,  the  number  of  plows 
run,  or  the  number  of  bales  of  cotton  made, 
and  look  well  to  the  number  of  dollars  of  clear 
profit." 


THE  USE  OF  DRY  EARTH. 


AVe  are  requested  to  again   call  attention  to 
the  importance  of  using  dry  earth  to  prevent 
the  bad  and  dangerous  odors  and  emanations 
from  privies  and  other  accumulations  of  filth 
near  dwellings.     It  is  undoubtedly  a  subject 
of  more  importance,  than  any  person  not  con- 
versant with  it  would  suppose.     It  is  not  at 
all  necessary  that  a  foul  nuisance  should  be 
tolerated,  where  persons  must  inhale  noxious 
gasses  loaded  with  the  germs  of  disease  and 
death,  and  which   are   foully   disagreable   as 
well  as  repugnant  to  every  delicate  sense  of 
cleanliness  and  decency.     And  yet,   stinking 
privies  are  the  rule  in  town  and  out,  and  will 
be  probably  until   prohibited  by   some   legal 
enactment,  as  they  should  be,  for  the  public 
good.     It  is  no  sign  of  want  of  intelligence 
even,   to   find  such   a  thing   close  to  one's 
dwelling,  but  because  they  have  become  an 
institution,  as  it  were,  like  many  other  evils 
which  are  tolerated,  and  are  too  common  to 
elicit  either  particular  thought  or  comment  ; 
they  are  passed  by  as  a  natural  consequence. 
Now  it  is  the  simplest  thing  in  the  world 
to  remedy  this  abomination.     The  old  privy 
building  need  not  be  torn  down — and  may  be 
even  drawn  nearer  to  the  house  or  woodshed. 
It  should  in  fact  be   placed  in  a  position 
where  it  can  be  entered  in   fair   weather  or 
foul,  night  or  day,  most  conveniently  by  the 
family.     But  instead  of  a  vault,   have  made 
one  or  more  strong  boxes  that  can  be  drawn 
out  when  filled  from  the  side  or  back  of  the 
privy  house  and  dragged   to  the   vegetable 
garden  or  some  suitable  place  for  emptying. 
A  board  can  be  so  fitted  as  to  slide  in  place 
when  the  empty  box  is  replaced,  so  that  there 
will  be  no  exposure  of  interior  arrangements. 
A  barrel  or  other  vessel  should   be  p'aced  in- 
side the  privy  building,  to  contain  pulverized 
dry  earth.     In  this  should  be  placed  a  dipper, 
shovel  or     scoop,    to   cover  the   excrement. 
Each  member  of  the  family  should  under- 
stand that  it  is  their  duty  to  always  cover  at 
once  with  the  earth.     Enough  dry  earth  to 
absorb  all  moisture  should  be  used,    and  it 
will  be  found  best  to  not  throw  liquid  slop 
into  the  privy  boxes,  but  turn  it   on  to  the 
earth  outside  ;  have  a  place  spaded  up  where 
it  will  be  at  once  absorbed  away.     This  earth 
will  become  enriched,  and  may  in  time  be  re- 
moved to  the  garden  for  fertilizing  purposes. 
No  family  that  tries  this  will  be  satisfied  with 
a  foul  smelling  privy  on  the  promises  again 
ever.     The  trouble  will   bo  more  than  repaid 
in  cleanliness  and  comfort. 

The  patent  earth  closets  are  very  nice  for 
house  use  whore  there  are  invalids  and  infirm 
persons,  and  with  proper  care  arc  in  no  way 


offensive  in  any  bath  or  sleeping  room. 

A  kerosene  can,  with  top  cut  out,  and  the 
bail  of  an  old  pail  fastened  to  it  to  carry  it, 
makes  a  good  vessel,  and  a  box  can  be  made 
to  contain  it  with  a  hinged  top  with  a  hole 
through  it,  and  another  lid,  also  hinged, 
which  can  be  covered  to  resemble  an  ottoman. 
The  box  should  be  long  enough  to  contain 
another  can  filled  with  dry  earth,  to  be  used 
as  required.  There  is  no  patent  on  this 
piece  of  useful  furniture,  and  any  man  or 
boy  can  make  one. 

Dry  earth  can  now,  before  the  heavy  rains, 
be  obtained  in  any  quantity  in  roads,   fields, 
and   almost  anywhere.     Koad  dust  is  excel- 
lent.    It  can  be  stored  in   outhouses  by  the 
wagon  load  in  large  boxes,  barrels,  etc.     It  is 
not  only  good  for  the  purpose  named,  but  is 
found  to  be  excellent  to  use  in  stables,  quite 
as  good  as  saw  dust  or  tan  back.     A  quantity 
in  a  large  shallow  box  for  hens  to  wallow  in 
during  the  winter,  will  be  found  excellent  to 
relieve  them   of   vermin.     As   a  disinfectant 
and  absorbant  of  putrid  odors  and  matter  in 
sores,  dry   earth  has  been  found  to  be  very 
excellent,  and  medical  practitioners  have  large- 
ly adopted  its  use  in  many  cases,  where  usual 
remedies  are  unavailing,  and  with  most  grat- 
ifying results.     But  of   this  we  only  make 
mention.     The    virtues  of  dry  earth,    as   a 
sanitary  agent  in  privies  should  commend  its 
use  to  every   lover  of  decency,  and  "  now  is 
the  accepted  time." 


AN  ENDORSEMENT. 

"  My  faith  in  its  honesty,  candor  and  de- 
votion to  the  interests  of  the  farmer  strength- 
ens with  every  number." 

As  a  sample  of  the  many  encouraging  words 
we  are  constantly  receiving  in  private  letters 
from  our  subscribers,  we  take  the  liberty  to 
publish  the  following  : 

Emtok  Agricultukist — Dear  Sir  : — I  en- 
close herewith.  Postal  Order,  for .$4.00  in  pay- 
ment of  amount  due  on  subscription — the 
balance  to  be  applied  in  prepayment,  after 
deducting  one  dollar  for  "How  to  Paint," 
which  please  forward  to  my  address  by  mail. 
I  have  been  weeding  out  my  periodicals,  and 
have  struck  several  from  the  list,  but  I  could  not 
spare  the  Agkiccltdbist.  My  faith  in  its 
honesty,  candor  and  devotion  to  the  interests 
of  the  farmer,  strengthens  with  every  number, 
and  I  am  only  sorry  that  I  cannot  say  that  of 
other  agricultural  journals  published  on  this 
Coast. 

You  have  my  best  wishes  for  your  success, 
and  I  remain  as  ever,  a  friend  to  the  little 
monthly.  K.  G.  Dkan. 

Antioch,  Sept.  9,  1875. 


"A  LITTLE  MORE  GRANGER  TOO." 

The  poor  "wine-growers"  of  California, 
hoping  to  flounder  out  of  the  mud  of  despond 
have  sought  for  relief  through  the  grangers. 
They  want  to  establish  Grangers'  wine  and 
brandy  manufacturies,  and  to  sell  their  pro- 
ducts through  grange  agencies,  etc.  A  little 
grange  sugar  is  needed  to  sweeten  the  busi- 
ness and  make  it  respectable.  Probably  the 
"  growers  "  think  that  a  little  grange  manip- 
ulation will  make  the  stuff  "  as  milk  for  now 
born  babes  ' '  and  add  other  virtues  fitting  it 
for  the  use  of  Christian  families,  and  making 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


it  really  fit  for  the  Gods  !  The  alcohol  it  now 
contains,  which  is  the  one  thing  that  makes 
it  desirable,  will  be  deprived  of  its  druuken- 
ing  qualities  or  power,  and  be  harmlessly 
exhilerating  and  charmingly  extatic  in  its 
manifold  goodness.  Partakers  thereof  can 
then  get  glorious  without  getting  drunk,  and 
then  growing  appetites  for  something  stronger 
will  lead  only  to  a  harmless  indulgence  in  a 
little  more  granger  wine  and  brandy. 


WARNING  TO   IMMIGRANT  LAND 
PURCHASERS. 

Strangers  should  understand  that  so-called 
immigrant-aid  agencies,  claiming  to  be  con- 
nected with  the  Grangers,  or  officially  created 
by  the  State,  are  frauds,  the  object  of  which 
is  to  sell  the  land  of  private  individuals  at  ex- 
travagant prices,  the  agents  of  the  so-called 
societies  participating  largely  in  the  profits. 

The  above  we  clip  from  the  San  Francisco 
Jieal  Estate  Circular,  and  endorse  it  too,  al- 
though some  of  the  "  leading  "  head  grangers 
have,  along  with  the  leading  grain  monopo- 
list of  the  Pacific  Coast,  endorsed  Josiah 
Earle's  Grange  Agency,  notwithstanding  the 
exposure  of  the  Earl  "  Inyo  Grab  "  and  other 
swindling  land  complications.  We  have 
heard  the  term,  "  stealing  the  livery  of  the 
Lord  to  serve  the  devil  in,"  applied  to  many 
things,  and  think  it  might  with  pertiuauce  be 
used  to  fit  the  many  cheeky  and  self-assum- 
ing people  who  use  the  word  "granger,"  to 
carry  out  schemes  of  imposition  to  feather 
their  own  nests.  We  think  it  high  time  to 
cry  out  against  such  abases,  and  so  far  as  we 
are  concerned,  we  have  seen  enough  to  make 
us  look  with  suspicion  on  any  branch  of 
business  that  bases  itself  upon  the  word 
"  granger." 

We  are  not  by  any  means  fighting  against 
grange  principles,  we  believe  in  them  in  their 
highest  interpretation  ;  but  that  class  of  mid- 
dle men  who  are  natural  suckers,  and  who 
wedge  themselves  in  to  parasitically  (feed  up- 
on the  confidence  and  credulity  of  honest 
people,  whom  they  deceive  by  false  preten- 
tions and  by  misrepresentations,  we  have 
neither  love  nor  respect  for.  We  advise  such 
as  would  avoid  middle  men,  to  deal  directly 
with  first  parties  in  land  and  other  matters. 
And  further,  that  if  they  seek  to  transact 
business  through  agents— as  is  often  the  most 
convenient  and  best  way — to  look  for  such 
men  as  are  able  to  honestly  stand  upon  their 
own  merits,  and  who  have  too  much  honor 
and  human  modesty  to  sail  under  any  pat- 
ronizing flag. 

We  would  louldly  warn  emigrants,  and 
others,  to  keep  a  sharp  eye  on  all  pretenders. 
The  most  villianous  land  sharks  in  existance 
can  be  found  iu  California. 


OF  WHAT  ADVANTAGE  IS  IT? 

We  are  asked  of  what  benefit  to  farmers  is 
the  so-called  "Grangers'  Bank?"  Can  a  farm- 
er iu  need  obtain  money  on  any  more  favora- 
ble terms  from  this  bank  than  from  others  ? 
Will  they  require  any  less  mortgage  or  se- 
curity, and  will  the  giving  of  such  security 
cost  less  than  at  other  banks  ?  Will  the 
Grangers'  Bank  iu  a  measure  lower  the  rates  of 
interest  so  as  to  encourage  industry,  and  more 
nearly  equalize  the  powers  of  capitol  and  la- 


bor instead  of  bolstering  up  speculation  and 
usury  1  Now  these  questions  are  certainly  to 
the  point,  but  with  the  best  iuforaiation  we 
can  get  on  the  subject,  we  cannot  give  u  favor- 
able reply.  The  money  in  the  Grangers'  Bank 
is  furnished  by  stock-holders,  who  expect  to 
get  as  good,  or  better  returns  than  through 
any  other  source.  The  bankers  are  bound  to 
favor  themselves  and  their  stockholders  and 
depositors  in  preference  to  anybody  else. 
The  saying  that  "corporations  have  no 
souls,"  looses  none  of  its  significance  when 
applied  to  the  Grangers'  Bank.  The  name, 
and  the  means  of  acquiring  capital,  have 
given  to  the  bank  and  bankers  power  which 
they  could  not  well  have  acquired  without  it. 
The  poor  "  grangers  "  have  to  carry  a  big 
load  when  they  shoulder  banks  owned  by  am- 
bitious individuals  and  controlled  so  as  to 
make  money  out  of  the  people  ;  and  real  es- 
tate offices  conducted  on  the  same  selfish 
principle,  and  business  concerns  that  are 
looking  more  to  their  own  profits  than  to  any- 
bodys  else  good. 

An  unselfish  co-operative  concern,  con- 
ducted upon  a  code  of  principles  that  are 
truly  equitable  and  in  the  fullest  sense  co- 
operative, would  undoubtedly  be  of  much 
benefit  to  the  people  who  might  patronize  it. 
Anything  less  than  that  is  not,  as  we  can  see, 
much  improvement  over  the  old  ways  of 
doing  business. 

If  we  are  mistaken  in  our  estimate,  we 
would  like  to  be  set  right  in  the  matter. 


STARVING    STOCK  AND   BURNING 
STRAW. 

We  see  by  our  exchanges  that  feed  is  get- 
ting so  short  on  the  sheep  ranges  in  Tulare 
county  that  many  thousands  of  sheep  are  in 
danger  of  starvation.  It  has  been  the  prac- 
tice of  grain-growers  in  that  vicinitj'  to  burn 
straw — thousands  of  tons  of  it  every  season, 
instead  of  stacking  it  for  the  use  of  stock. 
To  be  sure  the  grain-growers  and  sheep- 
breeders  are  different  persons;  but  is  it  not 
equally  as  disastrous  to  burn  the  straw  as 
though  straw  and  sheep  all  belonged  to  the 
same  person?  If  care  was  taken  to  save  the 
straw  in  the  valleys,  it  would  feed,  in  dry 
seasons  and  in  winter,  all  the  stock  that  the 
mountains  could  pasture  during  Spring  and 
Summer.  Straw  in  stack  a  dozen  years  old 
is  better  for  stock  than  new  straw,  and  we 
believe  it  would  pay  any  grain-grower  to 
stack  his  straw  for  stock,  and  when  it  is  need- 
ed sell  in  stack  to  sheep  and  cattle  herders. 
Is  it  not  a  crime  to  destroy  feed  by  fire,  and 
starve  stock  for  the  want  of  it? 


A  School  Girl's  Idea. — Grace  Hunter 
writes  to  the  iS(.  yicliolas  for  August: 

"  I  want  to  tell  the  girls  something.  It  is 
aboTit  a  good  use  for  the  frames  of  old  um- 
brellas, sTinshades  or  parasols.  You  just  open 
them,  strip  ofi'  the  silk,  sharpen  the  handle 
to  a  point,  and  thrusting  them  open  in  the 
ground  let  them  serve  as  trellises  for  %-ints. 
Last  Summer  we  girls  had  a  lovely  sweet-pea 
vine  growing  over  mother's  old  parasol  frame 
and  a  balloon  vine  training  over  father's  old 
castaway  umbrella.     They  were  lovely." 


"  I  have  lost  flesh, "  said  a  topper  to  his 
companion.  "No  great  loss  was  the  reply, 
since  you  made  it  up  in  spirits." 


FAR]]j[  LABOR  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

We  have  several  times  expressed  our  opin- 
ion on  the  subject  of  farm  labor  and  laborers 
in  California.  The  following  from  the  Sun- 
day Clironick  gives  a  very  correct  idea  of  the 
general  condition  of  things  as  at  present  ex- 
isting. What  is  said  contrasting  our  labor- 
system  with  old-time  slavery  is  not  ovir  idea, 
but  the  balance  we  think  not  overdrawn: 

The  system  of  farm  labor  in  California  is 
undoubtedly  the  worst  iu  the  United  States. 
It  is  bad  for  the  farmers  themselves,  and 
worse,  if  possible,  for  those  whom  they  em- 
ploy. In  many  respects  it  is  even  worse  than 
old-time  slavery,  'fhat,  at  least,  enabled  the 
planter  to  know  what  labor  he  could  depend 
upon  in  any  emergency,  and  made  the  labor- 
ers certain,  at  all  times,  of  shelter,  clothing, 
food  and  fire.  Our  system  does  neither.  The 
farmer  must  take  such  help  as  he  can  get — 
hunting  it  up  when  most  hurried,  and  paying 
whatever  is  demanded.  The  laborers  them- 
selves, knowing  they  cannot  be  permanently 
employed,  demand  high  prices,  ^lo  their  work 
carelessly,  and  start  out  on  a  tramp  for  an- 
other job.  Under  our  system,  largo  numbers 
of  men  are  wanted  for  a  short  time — more 
than  any  ordiuary  farmhouse  can  accommo- 
date, even  if  the  employer  dare  trust  so  many 
strangers  within  his  walls,  or  admit  them 
into  his  famUy  circle.  The  result  is  that  la- 
borers are  compelled  to  sleep  in  barns,  out- 
houses, or  in  the  open  fields.  In  this  climate 
that  is  no  hardship,  it  is  true,  but  the  prac- 
tice leads  to  uncleanliness,  carelessness  of  ap- 
pearance and  recklessness  of  conduct.  Men 
seem  thus  to  have  been  thrown  outside  of  so- 
cial influences,  and  even  if  at  the  outset  pos- 
sessing good  impulses  and  habits,  they  be- 
come in  a  short  time  desperate,  degraded  and 
criminal  and  perhaps  uU  three.  They  are 
no  worse  than  almost  any  others  would  be- 
come under  similar  influences.  They  are  shut 
out  from  all  the  purifying  inflnences  of  soci- 
ety and  home  as  efl'ectually  as  so  many  sailors 
or  soldiers.  What  wonder  is  it,  then,  that 
five  out  of  six  in  the  class  of  farm  laborers, 
unemployed  for  half  the  year,  .become  worth- 
less, drunken  and  dissolute  tramps  and  out- 
casts? There  is  no  condition  in  life  more  un- 
favorable to  the  morals  of  men  than  that 
which  great  numbers  of  our  farm  laborers  oc- 
cupy. They  annually  squander  in  dissipa- 
pation,  and  generally  do  it  in  a  few  weeks,  all 
they  have  earned,  and  hang  around  the  towns 
and  cities  the  rest  of  the  year,  hunting  odd 
jobs  and  living,  pecuniarily,  from  hand  to 
mouth — not  seldom  by  charity.  There  are 
exceptions  we  know.  Here  and  there  a  man 
having  sterner  stuff  or  more  intelligence  in 
him  than  the  rest,  will  rtse  above  the  wretch- 
ed position  that  he  holds  and  become  a  use- 
ful citizen.  But  that  system  is  certainly  a 
bad  one  that  subjects  laboring  men  to  such 
degrading  and  damaging  influences.  And  yet, 
bad  as  it  is,  and  as  intelligent  farmers  admit 
it  to  be,  we  see  no  jjresent  remedy.  When 
our  farms  become  something  else  than  wheat 
fields  and  are  made  to  produce  a  greater  vari- 
etv  of  crops,  requiring  labor  at  all  seasons, 
the  owners  can  furnish  steady  employment  to 
thousands  who  are  now  compelled  to  be  mere 
tramps  under  the  pressure  of  dire  necessity. 
Until  that  time  comes  we  see  no  prospect  of 
of  any  improvement  in  the  condition  of  farm 
laborers. 

■»'■*■  

The  other  day  I  was  planing  a  boartl,  and 
by  accident  planed  one  shaving  the  wrong 
way  of  the  grain.  Of  course  the  surface  was 
left  rough.  Turning  the  board.  I  noticed  that 
it  took  more  than  rne  driving  of  the  plane  to 
■■et  the  surface  smooth  again.  It  was  neces- 
sary to  go  over  and  over  again.  "There," 
thought  I,  "is  life  illustrated.  One  wrong 
stroke  cuts  deeply  and  roughly.  An  evil  deed 
eats  like  a  cancer.  Long,  weary  years  hardly 
efl'ace  the  errors  of  a  day." 


"Q-- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


I 


fiJonrspontlrnft. 


Letter  from  a  Lady-Canvasser. 


■I 


Fldmk  Camp,  Santa  Cruz, 
Sept.  7th,  1875. 

Deae  Heekino: — Bright  and  early  yester- 
day nioruiug  Pony  and  I  left  Santa  Cruz  with 
a  roll  of  the  ' '  Agriculturists,  ' '  for  a  canvass- 
ing trip  up  in  the  vicinity  of  Felton.  The 
new  railroad  was  met,  or  rather  first  came  iu 
sight  at  a  point  some  ninety  feet  above  tho 
road  on  the  left,  immediately  opposite  Mr. 
Peyton's  fine  residence  which  is  in  process  of 
completion,  above  the  powder  works  crown- 
ing the  hill  on  the  right.  So  gradual  is  the 
rise  on  this  delightful  road,  that  it  seems  al- 
most incredible  that  the  level  so  indispensa- 
ble for  railway  travel  can  be  maintained  with 
the  road  at  first  so  far  up  on  the  mountain 
side,  and  then  crossing  the  road  several  times 
on  trestle  work,  finally  on  a  level,  then  grad- 
ually winding  far  below,  following  the  bank 
of  a  stream  till  several  times  lost  amid  the 
growth  of  foliage,  which  seems  like  under- 
brush ;  then  approaching  nearer  in  view,  pass- 
ing through  a  short  tunnel  and  coming  into 
Felton  side  by  side  with  us. 

Here,  leaving  the  well-watered  road,  with 
its  cool  shade  of  lofty  trees  which  made  the 
ride  so  enjoyable,  we  passed  on  through  tho 
dust  toward  Flume  Camp.  Ujiou  leaving  the 
terminus  of  the  railroad,  tho  flume  became 
the  chief  feature  of  the  landscape,  with  its 
high  scaffolding  lifting  it  at  times  above  90 
feet  from  the  surface  of  the  land  or  stream, 
and  again  coming  down  to  level  ground  and 
laid  in  cuts  to  the  depth  of  ten  or  fifteen  feet. 
It  is  a  wonderful  enterprise  and  the  project- 
ors deserve  much  credit,  and  will  doubtless 
reap  a  rich  reward.  Flume  Mill  is  located 
fifteeu  miles  away,  from  whence  .lumbej  is 
floated,  as  fast  as  sawn,  for  completing  the 
structure. 

A  mile  out  of  Feton  I  found  the  camp 
where  the  employees  were  fed  and  sheltered, 
and  near  by  rose  the  white  tent  of  our  friend. 
He  was  busy  on  the  Flume,  but  his  delicate 
wife  and  sunny-haired  May  (a  child  of  nine 
years)  were  revelling  in  the  sunshine  of  their 
novel  home,  gaining  health  and  strength  ev- 
ery day,  by  the  natural  appetite  and  resting 
sleep  resulting  from  a  life  iu  the  open  air. 

Anxious  to  explore  still  farther  before  the 
heat  of  the  day,  we  followed  on  over  tho  dusty 
road  till  Lorenzo  was  reached.  This  was  the 
town  which  sprang  into  existence,  mushroom- 
like; when  the  Flume  enterprise  was  first  un- 
dertaken. A  blacksmith's  shop,  store  and 
post-office,  hotel  and  saloon  form  the  nucleus 
of  a  town  in  these  parts,  and  by  the  noise  of 
saw  and  hammer  resounding  on  every  side, 
one  is  impressed  with  tho  idea  of  growth  and 
prosperity  for  this  new  settlement,  to  super- 
sede the  already  well-establishi^d  town  of 
Boulder  Creek,  a  few  miles  beyond. 

Just  at  "The  Forks"  stands  the  Temper- 
ance House,  kept  by  a  former  San  Francisco 
merchant  who,  preferring  tho  wild  mountain 
life,  has  built  himself  a  home  in  the  wilder- 
ness. 

It  was  here  I  partook  of  an  excellent  din- 
ner and  formed  the  aci|uaintance  or  one  of 
your  former  patrons,  who  willingly  renewed 
his  subscriptiou  and  paid  the  Califoknia  Ati- 


EiouLTUHisT  a  compliment  most  gratifying  to 
hear.  The  list  of  new  subrcribers  accompany- 
ing this  letter  is  largely  to  be  credited  to  as- 
sistance of  its  staunch  friends. 

Wondering  what  there  might  be  to  attract 
custom  to  a  Temperance  House  in  a  locality 
where  stimulating  drinks  are  considered  so  es- 
sential to  happiness,  I  ventured  to  suggest  to 
the  proprietor  that  thei)re8ence  of  good  books 
and  papers,  pictures  and  the  hke  might  aid  iu 
rendering  his  house  more  attractive  to  all. 
He  r^i)lied  that  there  was  no  need  of  anything 
of  the  kind  to  call  custom  to  his  place,  for 
even  the  drinking  sort  preferred  a  quiet  place 
to  get  a  comfortable  meal  and  undisturbed 
rest  at  night. 

Here,  then,  is  encouragement  to  inn-keep- 
ers whose  consciences  are  alive  to  the  harm 
done  by  spirituous  liquors.  Temperance  is 
defined  as  the  moderate  indulgence;  but  among 
a  people  who  cannot  discriminate  between 
Buificient  and  over-indulgence,  prohibition  be- 
comes necessary.  Hence,  the  word  Temper- 
ance is  made  to  mean  Prohibition,  since  it  is 
better  to  restrict  the  appetite  for  anything 
*hich  acts  Uke  poison  to  the  living  orguu- 
ism. 

Coming  back  to  camp  and  partaking  of  a 
sumptuous  meal  in  the  open-air  dining-hall, 
which  was  adorned  on  every  side  with  the 
most  inviting  landscapes,  we  wondered  at  our 
former  in-door  contentment,  when  here  all 
nature  was  so  calm  and  peaceful,  with  noth- 
ing to  disturb  the  perfect  harmony  which  pre- 
vailed. The  moon  shone  calmly  down  upon  us 
as  we  sat  about  the  camp-fire,  relating  experi- 
ences and  exchanging  views  on  various  sub- 
jects, till  the  feeling  of  drowsiness  warned  us 
it  was  time  for  sleep. 

And  thus  ended  the  first  day's  exploits  at 
Flume  Camp.  E.  R.  Van  V, 


Weeds  as  Water  Purifiers. 

Mr.  J.  J.  Mechi  writes  as  follows  to  the 
London  Ai/ricaltiiral  Gazette  :  Into  my  pond 
runs  a  stream  of  twenty-five  gallons  per  min- 
ute of  pure  water  from  a  dram  which  I  cut 
twelve  feet  deej)  some  thirty  odd  years  ago. 
Weeds  will  grow  and  thrive  in  this  pond,  and 
we  have  annually  to  take  ont  large  quantities 
of  them.  They  look  verj'  beautiful  as  they 
grow  in  the  pellucid  water,  whii'h  is  used  for 
household  purposes.  Said  a  visitor  to  me 
one  day  :  "If  you  had  a  jiair  of  swans,  your 
pond  would  be  free  of  weeds  ;"  so  a  kind 
friend  presented  me  with  a  pair,  and  very 
soou  they  cleared  the  pond,  pulling  the  weeds 
up  by  the  roots  and  feeding  on  them.  My 
family  were  delighted  with  the  graceful  swans 
and  the  removal  of  tho  weedy  obstructions  to 
boating  ;  but  although  the  pond  was  free  of 
weeds,  the  water  was  no  longer  pure  and 
pellucid,  but  most  decidedly  muddy  in  taste, 
and  when  the  steam  issued  from  the  kettle, 
the  smell  of  mud  was  unmistakable.  Well, 
no  one  thought  it  could  be  the  swans,  but  at 
last  I  came  to  the  conclusion,  and,  despite 
family  and  other  remonstrances,  returned 
them  to  their  original  owner.  After  a  short 
j)eriod  the  w'ceds  reappeared,  and  as  they  in- 
creased in  bulk,  the  water  gradually  assmued 
its  pellucidity  and  purity,  and  "  Richard  was 
himself  again."  What  the  weeds  do  for  the 
water  aud  its  occupants  the  land  vegetation 
does  for  the  air  ;  men,  animals  and  other  liv- 
ing creatures  poison  it,  while  vegetation  ab- 
sorbs the  injinious  gases,  itnd reconverts  them 
into  wholesoiue  food  and  fuel  for  man  aud 
beast,  lilliug  the  atmosphere  wfth  that  pre- 
ci(jus  oxygen  without  which  meu  and  aniu>ids 
and  other  living  creatures  could  no  longer  ex- 
ist. So  it  is  iu  the  vast  ocean,  whose  living 
occupants  aud  vegetation  probably  exceed  in 
quantity  that  which  is  on  land.  We  owe  to 
the  river  vegetation  much  of  the  purity  of 
water.  It  is  the  excess  of  impurities  from 
our  towns  which  are  beyond  its  powers  of  ap- 
propriation. 


Leverrior  has     discovered   another  planet, 
which  is  his  sixth. 


ffi^ditciitional 


Coin^  ^o  School. 

l^i^H,  the  going  to  school  m  my  girlhood, 
In  tlie  little  red  HcboulbMuee  ko  low  I 
By  the  llower-Hiirinkk-d  ixithwuy  in  summer, 

Iu  winter  o'er  crisit-iJriUt-d  himiw. 
Oh.  the  freedoui  from  care  and  from  trouble  I 

There's  to  h;arninK  no  royal  road. 
Yet  the  old-fanhioned  country  children 
I'heir  way  right  royally  trode. 

How  brimful  of  fun  and  frolic, 

A8  well  an  of  study  were  we  I 
MyHchuohuateB—blaek-haired,  brown  and  golden 

Mem"ry  faithfully  pictures  to  me, 
Hnw  we  played  on  the  grass  'ueath  the  maples. 

In  the  noonings,  or  down  the  green  lane 
Went  in  search  of  sui'h  berries  delicious 

As  we  never  shall  gather  again  I 

How  we  doubted  the  wisdom  of  teachers. 

Nor  grtw  quite  as  wise  as  we  might, 
Our  eyes  from  the  page  playing  truant, 

To  the  elnver-tifld   blossoming  bright. 
When  four  o'clock  came— Oh,  how   welcome  I— 

Farewell  then  to  lessen  and  book. 
How  often  we  lingered  home-going 

To  lave  our  brown  feet  in  the  brook  I 

Oh,  how  well-rcHicmbered  the  school-room. 

The  desks  and  the  benches  so  high  I 
The  wiuduws,  all  guiltless  of  shutters. 

Ah  well  !  but  those  days  have  gone  by. 
Yts.  e'en  the  red  Bchoolhouse  has  vaaished  ; 

At  the  new  one  ueath  sheltering  trees 
There  is  teaching,  with  "  modern  improvemeDtB." 

Were  the  former  times  better  than  these  ? 

And  my  schoolmates,  likeautumn  leaves  scattered. 

And  fioiue  of  them— lying  as  low, 
Beneath  costly  tribute  of  marble  ; 

Ovi'T  some,  the  forget-me-nots  grow. 
Aud  the  living— the  lub'riug,  the  loving, 

The  hands  and  the  huarts  that  are  full— 
We  arc  learning  full  many  a  lesson — 

We  are  scholars  still  going  to  school. 

And  when  the  long  school  day  is  finished, 

"  Life's  sun  sinking  low  in  the  west," 
Glad  children,  with  hope  undiminished, 

May  we  seek  our  home  joys  and  home  rest. 
If  we  linger  awhile  by  the  wayside, 

We'll  still  keep  sweet  home'in  fair  sight 
At  the  gate,  with  "  we'll  meet  in  the  morning," 

Sweetly  bid  our  companions  "  Good  night.*' 


Educational  Notes. 


In  the  great  work  of  educating  the  youth  of 
this  nation,  there  is  no  teaching  so  badly 
needed  as  the  teaching  of  the  teachers  them- 
selves. Not  that  the  teachers  as  a  class  are 
not  a  very  intelligent  portion  of  community  ; 
not  that  they  would  not  couiparo  favorably 
with  any  other  class,  whether  considered 
morally,  socially,  or  intellectually  ;  but  that 
as  a  rule,  they  do  not  reach  the  standard  their 
vocation  demands  and  implies — thut  they  as 
a  class,  need  more  intellectual  capacit}',  au<i 
greater  moral  and  social  excellence. 

In  order  to  understand  the  capabilities  of 
the  teacher — to  understand  what  he  should 
himself  be,  it  is  necessar}-  to  know,  what  he 
has  to  do.  The  question  may  be  easily  and 
flippantly  answered— ^satisfactorily  too,  to 
those  who  do  not  care  to  look  into  the  depths 
of  the  argument — that  the  business  of  the 
teacher  is  to  educate — to  editcate  the  rising 
generation.  But  those  who  would  go  below 
the  surface  might  ask  what  is  education  ? 
what  is  it  to  educate  tho  yonth  ?  And  having 
answered  those  questions,  they  should  next 
ask  whether  the  teachers  as  a  rule  are  equal 
to  the  task. 

Education  is  development.  And  a  proper 
education  is  the  harmonious  development  of 
faculties.  The  farmer  who  plants  and  tills 
his  fields,  educates  so  to  speak,  his  growing 
crops.  The  stalk  of  indian  corn  has  been 
educated  through  the  ages,  from  a  i)laut  much 
inferior  to  that  whose  harvests  now  load  our 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


fields  and  fill  otir  granaries.  The  wheat  plant 
has  been  educated  from  the  plant  growing 
wild  in  France,  known  as  Acgylops,  and  much 
inferior  to  the  plant  now  cultivated  as  a  food 
plant  and  known  to  botanists  as  7Vi(!eij»i 
vulgare.  The  crab-apple  has  been  educated 
into  a  thousand  varieties  of  delicious  fruits 
greatly  superior  in  size  and  flavor  to  their 
crabbed  ancestors  ;  and  within  the  memory 
of  the  youngest  of  us,  the  strawberry  has  in- 
creased greatly  in  size,  putting  on  the  pro- 
portions of  the  Russel,  the  Wilson's  Albany, 
and  the  Triumph  de  Gande. 

The  horse  is  educated,  when  his  power, 
symmetry,  and  speed  and  whatever  other 
qualities  ne  may  possess,  are  brought  out. 
The  many  varieties  of  this  noble  animal,  from 
the  Shetland  pony  not  larger  than  a  New- 
foundland dog,  to  the  English  dray  horse,  al- 
most elephantine  in  proportions,  demonstrate 
the  capabilities  of  the  animal  organism  for 
impovemeut. 

The  great  varieties  of  the  human  race  itself, 
allowing  the  received  opinion  to  be  true,  that 
all  mankind  have  had  common  ancestors, 
seem  to  show  that  man  too  is  subject  to  the 
general  law,  and  is  capable  of  progress  as  a 
race.  It  is  not  altogether  because  the  men 
and  women  of  this  age  have  grown  up  under 
the  civilizing — the  educating  influences  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  that  they  are  intellectual- 
ly and  morally  superior  to  their  savage  an- 
cestors who  feasted  on  the  blood  and  fat  of 
their  slain  enemies.  But  it  is  because  they 
are  constitutionally  superior  intellectually 
and  morally,  an  effect  due  to  the  civilizing 
and  humanizing  influences  of  the  ages.  Man 
is  not  only  progressive  as  a  unit,  but  the  race 
is  capable  of  development,  and  for  this  rea- 
son he  stands  to-day,  both  in  his  moial  and 
intellectual  nature,  and  in  his  general  civili- 
zation, superior  to  his  condition  in  any  form- 
er period. 

San  Jose,  Sept.,  ICth. 


Economy  of  Live  Stock. 

The  man  who  allows  nothing  to  go  off  his 
farm  in  a  bulky  condition,  will  surely  lay  up 
an  inheritance  for  his  children  if  he  does  not 
hamlle  as  many  dollars  in  his  own  lifetime. 
The  best  policy  for  a  farmer  who  has  a  good 
hay  ranch  is  to  own  cattle  or  sheep  or  hogs 
enough  to  eat  on  his  place  all  he  produces, 
and  though  he  may  not  for  a  few  years  per- 
ceive any  increase  in  production,  but  a  little 
time  can  elapse  before  this  plan  can  vindi- 
cate itself.  If  he  has  not  at  present  the 
means  to  stock  his  place,  the  next  best  thing 
is  to  get  stock  on  shares  or  to  pasture  by  the 
month,  or  in  default  of  being  able  to  do 
either  of  these  things  on  satisfactorj'  terms, 
then,  instead,  he  should  try  and  sell  his  hay 
to  be  fed  out  on  the  place.  We  know  of 
some  farmers  not  far  from  the  city  who  are 
following  this  plan  very  successfully.  They 
have  large  portions"  of  their  farms  seeded  in 
alfalfa,  and  cut  annually  from  four  to  six  tons 
of  hay  to  the  acre.  They  put  this  hay  into 
barns  or  well  built  stacks,  aud  sell  it  to  men 
who  follow  the  lumber  business  in  the  moun- 
tains, to  be  fed  on  the  ground.  Men  engaged 
in  the  lumber  business  in  the  mountains  work 
cattle  during  the  spring,  summer  and  autumn, 
and  turn  them  out  to  recruit  during  the  win- 
ter. They  come  down  into  the  valleys  and 
buy  hay  and  drive  their  cattle  down  and  feed 
them  with  it.  A  large  number  of  tous  of 
alfalfa  have  already  been  sold  this  season  on 
the  Sacramento  river  in  this  way  at  $7  a  ton 
in  the  stack.  Aside  from  tho  gain  to  the 
farmer  this  is  much  better  than  to  bale  and 
haul  it  to  town  and  sell  it  at  the  usual  rates, 
say  from  ten  to  thirteen  dollars  a  ton.  —Hecirrd 
Union. 


An  exchange  thinks  the  pews  of  some  of 
the  churches  ought  to  rest  on  pivots,  so  that 
the  occupants  could  see  who  comes  in  with- 
out straining  their  necks. 


The  Charm  of  New  or  Foreign  Breeds. 

^■«? ■ 

rwtHE  tendency  of  American  stock-breeders 
if]  and  dealers,  says  tho  New  England  Far- 
jiier,  seems  to  be  to  obtain  something 
that  is  new,  or  that  is  supposed  to  be 
new — something  different  from  what  is 
already  generally  known  by  the  farmers  at 
large.  It  does  not  satisfy  their  ambition  to 
take  a  breed  of  animals  and  by  careful 
breeding  keep  them  up  to  a  high  standard,  or 
even  to  improve  them  by  judicious  crosses, 
and  by  intelligent  systems  of  breeding.  There 
is  too  much  work  about  this.  They  want  to 
reach  the  desired  end  by  some  short  cut.  Of 
coiuse  we  mean  those  breeders  and  dealers 
who  class  themselves  as  "fancy"  farmers, 
and  who  expect  to  make  their  fortunes  by  sell- 
ing stock  at  fancy  prices.  It  is  a  little  amus- 
ing to  watch  the  progress  of  events  in  this 
business  of  breeding  and  selling  fancy  ani- 
mals. At  one  time  a  chicken  with  a  peculiar 
arrangement  of  the  comb  will  shake  the  coun- 
try from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  after 
after  a  few  years  no  chicken  of  this  peculiar 
breed  will  be  allowed  in  a  show  coop  unless 
it  comes  up  to  the  standard  as  regards  this 
little  matter  of  a  comb.  The  knowing  ones, 
seeing  no  chance  to  make  money  much  longer 
in  this  direction,  start  a  new  feather  of  a  cer- 
tain shape  or  color  on  some  one  of  the  trio, 
and  immediately  a  great  sensation  follows 
and  lots  of  money  is  made  by  those  who, 
having  been  warned  in  season,  are  prepared 
for  the  rush.  One  of  the  latest  sensations 
in  the  poultry  line  is  a  pea-comb  on  a  trio  of 
Partridge  Cochins,  and  doubtless  there  are 
already  hiyidreds  of  anxious  breeders  ready 
to  pay  a  big  price  for  the  few  eggs  that  the 
owner  can  be  prevailed  upon  to  spare  of  this 
very  desirable  acquisition,  next  Sjjring.  If 
the  new  breed  can  boast  of  'foreign  origin,  all 
the  better.  The  word  "imported  "  has  a  pe- 
culiar charm  for  the  ear  of  the  average  Amer- 
ican, whether  it  refers  to  a  breed  of  cattle, 
sheep  or  poultry,  or  to  the  cloth  of  a  coat  or 
the  shape  of  a  hat. 

The  following  letter  from  Mr.  F.  D.  Curtis, 
of  Charlton,  N.  Y.,  to  the  liural  Sew  Yurker, 
contains  views  which  accord  with  our  o*n 
sentiments  quite  fully  ou  this  point.  He 
says: 

I  notice  in  the  American  Agriculturist,  Mr. 
Joseph  Harris,  in  his  "Walks  and  Talks," 
has  at  last  come  around  to  my  way  of  think- 
ing in  regard  to  breeding  English  sheep  in 
this  country.  He  says,  "  It  is  not  an  easy 
matter  to  keep  our  sheep  up  to  the  English 
standard."  I  say  it  is  impossible,  aud  have 
argued  that  not  only  the  cjimate  was  against 
us,  to  which  Mr.  Harris  alludes,  but  that  the 
English  system  of  feeding  produces  an  exces- 
sive growth,  consequently  a  weakened  consti- 
tution, ill  adapted  to  our  rigorous  and  chauge- 
able  climate;  aud  being  thus  pampered,  I  in- 
sist that  there  is  a  constitutional  propensity 
inherent,  requiring  more  stimulating  food 
than  American  farmers  usually  feed;  and 
moreover,  if  we  follow  the  English  formula 
to  the  letter  the  sheep  will  deteriorate.  Mr. 
Harris  brought  out  an  important  fact  in  this 
connection  which  substantiates  my  position 
and  sheds  light  on  the  English  system  of 
breeding,  and  at  the  same  time  shows  the  ab- 
surdity of  the  glamour  of  "imported"  when 
he  remarks: 

"We  often  hear  of  '  improved  '  Cotswolds 
or  '  improved  '  Leicesters,  or  '  improved  ' 
Berkshires,  which  I  suppose  simply  means 
that  they  have  been  crossed  with  some  other 
breed.  Bring  this  '  improved '  stock  here 
and  keep  it  here,  and  it  will  inevitablj'  degen- 
erate. It  is  easier  to  make  an  improvement 
than  to  keep  it."  The  measure  of  honor 
among  American  breeders  will  not  admit  of 
these  crosses  to  keep  up  the  standard  with 
the  various  thoroughbred  breeds,  as  custom 
has  established  a  law  requiring  a  direct  de- 
scent from  imported  stock.      After  we   cross 


the  water  no  questions  are  asked  and  no  guar- 
antees are  reqmred  from  sheep  or  pig  breed- 
ers. It  is  evident  from  these  facts  that  the 
English  breeder  has  a  great  advantage,  owing 
to  the  guUiViility  of  Americans  and  their  fash- 
ionable weakness  for  imported  stock.  The 
English  breeder  can  doctor,  pamper  and  cross 
his  pigs  and  sheep  without  limit,  and  call 
them  whatever  names  he  choose,  and  his  eii- 
terprise  is  accepted  by  the  Americans  as  stan- 
dard authority.  How  long  shall  this  non- 
sense continue?  Is  it  not  time  that  we  began 
to  establish  American  breeds? 


Breeding. 

There  is  too  much  truth  in  the  charge  that 
many  farmers  aud  breeders  of  stock  are  con- 
tent with  merely  knowing  that  a  stallion  is  a 
horse,  a  boar  is  a  hog  and  a  ram  is  a  sheep. 
They  know  nothing  and  care  as  httle  about 
the  "  points "  and  "blood"  in  stock,  and 
not  unfrequently  will  charge  that  all  the  talk 
about  those  principles  is  mere  moonshine,  and 
they  can  do  just  as  well  without  paying  any 
attention  thereto;  that  they  know  a  good  ani- 
mal when  they  see  it  as  well  as  your  best 
judges,  and  they  would  not  thank  any  one  to 
judge  an  animal  for  them.  Too  many  of  this 
class  of  men,  when  they  wish  to  increase  their 
herd,  resort  to  a  scrub  male  in  preference  to 
a  thoroughbred  because  of  the  difference  in 
the  price  of  service.  Especially  is  this  true 
as  to  the  stalUon  from  which  they  breed;  and 
as  for  buying  or  breeding  to  an  animal  of  un- 
questioned purity  of  blood,  that  never  en- 
tered into  their  heads.  We  are  glad  to  be- 
Ueve,  however,  that  this  class  is  gradually 
growing  less  each  year,  under  the  influence 
of  social  reformatory  processes  and  more 
light  pouring  in  among  the  great  mass  of  far- 
mers and  breeders;  and  no  effort  should  be 
spared  to  reduce  the  number  to  almost  none. 
Let  a  few  stand  as  mile  posts  aud  warnings 
to  others,  to  show  tho  errors  of  such  a  course. 

Upon  this  important  point  the  Prairie  Far- 
mer has  some  good  suggestions  appended, 
saying  :  "  Breeding  continues,  as  it  ever  must, 
to  occupy  the  attention  of  those  interested  in 
stock.  Skill,  science  and  sound  judgment 
invariably,  when  combined  in  the  breeding  of 
animals,  meet  their  due  reward.  Money  can 
not  purchase  success,  as  the  price  willingly 
paid  for  successful  breeding  is  sufficient  to 
stimulate  all  to  their  utmost  to  attain  pros- 
perity. 

That  any  one  can  lay  down  "laws"  for 
breeding  that  must  result  in  success  in  all 
cases,  is  ridiculous.  That  any  man  can,  from 
the  breed  of  any  animal,  positively  assert 
thvt  he  is  to  be  superior  to  all  othe:s  of  same 
age  and  class  is  equally  preposterous.  There 
is  no  doubt  about  one  thing — that  known 
purely  high-bred,  tried  families,  with  fine 
make,  shape  .and  action,  train  on  and  cut  up 
much  bettei  than  any  man's  judgment  could 
detect,  without  a  knowledge  of  the  breed  of 
such  families^  • 

Some  men  of  great  practical  experience  will 
tell  you  all  horses  that  are  thoroughbred  have 
an  equal  chance.  This  is  a  great  fallacy. 
Stout  hearts,  good  dispositions  and  constitu- 
tions are  absolutely  necessary  training  to  test 
their  stamina. 

The  very  finest  and  best  bred  horses  in  the 
world,  without  true  formation,  action,  sound- 
ness and  stamina,  cannot  compete  success- 
fully with  those  possessing  these  quaUfica- 
tions. 

Tnen  it  seems  rational  that  breeders  of 
horses  should  not  blunder  on  in  the  dark. 
They  should  study  to  breed  from  highly 
proved  staDions  with  true  formation  and  sym- 
metry, without  which  the  action  cannot  be 
true  and  lasting;  and  inasmuch  as  the  stallion, 
in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  moulds  the  locomo- 
tive power  of  the  produce,  both  as  to  size  and 
true  formation,  how  requisite  it  is  that  the 
original  should  be  perfect  in  this  respect,  as 
well  as  stout,  good  and  highly-descended, 
with  all  other  good  qualifications.     Many  of 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


OTir  best  horses,  possessed  of  brilliant  speed, 
courage  and  stamiui.  are  not  adapted  to  hand 
these  qualities,  with  any  degree  of  certainty, 
down  to  their  ofifsprfng,  unless  very  carefully 
examined  before  they  are  made  beadli/  fat,  and 
their  weak  points  counteracted  by  being 
crossed  with  certain  strains  of  Idood  known 
not  to  possess  their  idiosyncrasies — i.  e.,  pe- 
culiarities of  temper,  disposition,  formation, 
soundness,  etc. — liural  Sun. 


MmmMil  llciiditig* 


The  Cottage. 


BY  JEFFREY  OIFFOBD. 


(  HERE  the  cosy  cottage  stsDrtd, 
By  the  silver  streamlet  bright, 
Graceful  hills  and  meadow  lauds 
^Jf\fr,      Mark  a  region  of  delight. 
\J'^Si  On  the  warm  slopes  iigiit  does  stray, 
Iloey-iooted  all  the  day. 

Rural  paths  lead  here  and  there, 

Fringed  with  leafy  coloimades, 
■While  children,  free  from  strife  or  care. 

Frolic  on  the  velvet  glades. 
Further  down  the  village  spire 
1b  all  ablaze  with  crimson  lire. 

Still  further  on,  the  stream  winds  round 
At  the  foot  of  yonder  wood, 
And  the  bordering  edge  of  ground 
Serenely  glows  for  many  a  rood. 
Where  the  placid  brook  flows  deep. 
Rich  pastures  feed  large  flocks  of  sheep. 

Milk-white  lambs  here  sport  and  play. 

Till  in  gambols  weary  grown. 
As  slowly  fades  the  waning  day 

And  the  fields  look  drear  and  lone; 
Yet  the  glens  are  flecked  with  foam. 
Where  the  dancing  waters  roam. 

Forever,  day  and  night  the  same, 
The  babbling  spring  is  bright  and  clear, 

And  prattling  child  and  aged  damo 
Here  watch  iis  ripples  year  by  year. 

Near  by,  groat  oaks  in  stately  pride. 

Stand  close  together,  side  by  side. 

—  [Pen  and  Plow. 


Chats 


With     Farmers'     Wives 
Daughters — No.    I  O. 


and 


Girls,  don't  be  in  a  hurry  to  marry;  don't 
marry  for  a  home,  or  from  fear  of  being  an 
old  maid.  While  true  marriage  is  the  per- 
fect condition  of  both  sexes,  an  unsuitable 
match  is  sure  to  be  unhappy,  and  is  to  be  re- 
gretted by  all.  Few  girls  before  twenty  fuUy 
know  their  own  minds  or  hearts;  and  as  mar- 
riage should  be  controlled  by  both,  it  is  very 
essential  that  we  use  our  minds  first  and  our 
hearts  afterwards.  In  choosing  our  friends, 
let  us  be  sure  they  are  men  of  principle  rather 
than  of  money.  And  while  we  cannot  intend 
to  marry  oM  our  acquaintances,^ still,  if  we 
show  a  preference  for  men  of  good  habits, 
good  health  and  sound  principles,  we  silently 
place  a  premium  on  such  qualities:  and  if  all 
girls  did  the  same,  few  men  would  cultivate 
such  filthy,  expensive  and  unhealthy  habits 
as  (h-inking,  chewing  and  smoking. 

T.alk  about  woman's  iuHuence!  Of  what 
use  is  it  if  she  does  not  exert  it  to  elevate  the 
opposite  sex?  Of  what  benefit  to  her  or  her 
friend  to  be  thought  pretty,  lady-like  and 
well-dressed?  And  yet  these  are  the  charms 
most  girls  seem  to  desire,  withont  a  thought 
of  the  good  she  may  do  in  educating,  or  keep- 
ing alive  and  active,  the  good  which  is  in  all; 
and  by  trying  to  beuelit  others  we  are  always 
elevated. 

Then,  who  more  time  and  ability  in  beauti- 
fying our  homes  than  our  daughters?  They 
are  full  of  youth  and  beauty,   and  ready   to 


catch  the  spirit  of  beauty  wherever  seen,  and 
in  a  thousand  ways  adorn  corners  and  walls 
in  fancy  and  useful  articles,  which  we  of  fam- 
ily cares  and  anxieties  do  not  get  the  time  to 
do,  though  tbe  love  is  in  our  hearts  all  the 
same. 

I  thought  to  myself  the   other  day,   while 
making  a  call  on  a  farmer's  daughter,  that  a 
country  life  was  more  prolific   of    beauty   in 
every  way  than  a  city  life.     Now,  girls,  take 
note,  and  see  if  you   can   produce   as   much 
beauty  out  of  little  as  I  saw.    Outside  on  the 
porches  were  rows  of  plants  of  great  variety 
and  beauty,  many  of  them  rare  and  expensive 
to  buy,  but  raised  from  slips   were   inexpen- 
sive and  doubly  dear.      Stepping  inside  the 
dining-room,  everything  was  charmingly  sim- 
ple and  yet  full  of  use  and  beauty  combined. 
A   substantial   paper-holder  I  especially  ad- 
mired,   made   of    stiff    paste-board,    covered 
with  fancy  dotted  paper,  with  a  scroll  running 
around  the  entire  edge   which  the   daughter 
said  she  cut  from  wall-bordering,  and  two  bo- 
quets  pasted  on  the  front  quite  finished  its 
beauty.     A  long  cord  suspended   it   from   a 
nail,  and  two  screws  held  it  firmly   in  place. 
Under  it   stood   the    sewing-machine,    and   a 
linen  cover  bound  with  crimson   braid,    gave 
it  a  tidy  look.     In  the  parlor,  cool   and  neat 
in  white  matting,  stood  an  open  piano,  with 
pretty  things  upon  it.      Before   one   window 
was  a  tiny  stand  with  a  gold-fish  globe  filled 
with  trailing  water-plants — the  variety  most 
charming  to  behold.     In  another  window  was 
a  square  aquarium,  filled  with  shells,  stones, 
fish   and  growing  water-plants.      Suspended 
from  both  ceilings  were  phantom  fly-catchers. 
The  spare  room  was  a   marvel   of  whiteness, 
and  the  pretty  comb-holder  beside  the   glass 
was  of  paste-boar*,  bronzed   with  this  shoe- 
bronzing,  and  tiny  boquets  pasted  on.     Such 
did  this  farmer's  girl  make  her  surrounding, 
while  she  herself,  full  of  health  and  life,  was 
the  joy  of  her  delicate  mother,  a  large  circle 
of  friends  and  the  soul  of  the  house.     Such 
a  daughter  cannot  fail  to  make  a  wise  choice 
in  marrying  and  be  a   good   wife,    no   matter 
what  her  station  in  life  may  be.     Why?  Be- 
cause, in  the  first  place,   she   is   making   the 
most  of  herself   now  by  cultivating  the   a3B- 
thetic  nature,  as  well  as   the  practical.     Sec- 
ondly, she  is  not  devoting  her  entire  time  and 
attention  to  the  adornment   of  her  form  aud 
face,  as  so  many  girls  do.     And  thirdly,    she 
is  healthy  and  robust  from  simple  habits  and 
early  hours,  fresh   air   aud  sunshine,  instead 
of   giving   her    freshness    and   roses   to   the 
theatre  aud  parties,  where  most  of  our  young 
people    spend    too  much   time   and   money. 
Having  time   for   reading   and    choosing   the 
best,  she  is  capable  of  mature  thought  on   all 
subjects,  and  such  I   found   her   to    have   in 
conversation.     I    feel   sure    there    are   many 
such  in  our  country  homes,  if  we  only  could 
find  them. 


thing  so  much  better  thought  and  said  on  the 
subject.  However,  knowing  that  my  sex  is 
not  80  prolific  on  this  subject  as  yours,  I  will 
venture  to  send  this.  If  you  have  a  vai-iety 
to  choose  from,  all  the  better. 

I  recognize  an  abunpance  of  truth,  both  in 
"Esmeralda's"  letter  and  in  your  reply;  and 
following  your  example,    "as  a  text  to  my 
chats"  on  this  subject  I  take  the  single  word, 
"selfishness." 
The   present  usages   of  society   are   such, 
that  our  sex  are  the  first  promoters,  in  its  in- 
cipient stages,  of  the  conjugal  relations,  aud 
it  is  too  much  for  E.  to  say,  "  she  has  chosen 
this  one  man  from  all  the  world."     With  her 
it  is  but  too  often   "Hobson's  choice  "—this   ^ 
or  none.     No,  the  choice  falls  on  our  sex; 
hence  the  responsibility,   and  doubly  so  the 
imperative  need  and  right  of  the  subjugation 
of  self  in   favor   of  the    wife   of   his   choice. 
And  I  appeal  to  the  conscience  of  every  one 
of  my  fellow-benedicts,  and  ask  if  they  were 
as  much  or  more  concerned  for  the  happiness 
of  the  one  to  be  chosen,  before  she  was  cho- 
sen, as  for  their  own  happiness?  Should  she 
not  have  the  approbation  of  his  head  and  his 
heart,  the  one  he  had  in  view,  of  whom  he 
contemplated  making  choice?  Was  self  rather 
a  secondary   consideration,   the  primary  one 
that  of  the  happiness  of  the  one  he  is  about 
to  draw  to  himself  away  from  former  friends 
and  associates,  away,  oftentimes,  from  elegan- 
cies, or  at  least  great  comforts,  to  a  rougher 
mode  of  life?  Where  there  is  mutual  love  and 
heroism  enough  to  start  on  this  foundation  in 
the  varying  shades   of  life,   the   risht   begin- 
ning is  made.     Now,  to  keep  it  up  and  go  on 
from  good  to  better   is   the   desideratmn,    the 
thing  to  be  really  desired,  as  well  as  to  avoid 
that  degeneracy  from  bad  to  worse,  as  we  see 
is  too  often  the  case.      For  this,    also,    each 
party  has  ample  responsibility,  but  most  de- 
volves on  our  sex  as  the  stronger  party— the 
formation  party.  And  let  us  see  that  we  don't 
repeat  the   old   garden  story,   and  shirk  the 
blame  on  her,  whom  in  this  instance  we  have 
chosen. 

To  do  this  we  must  habitually  feel  our 
great  responsibility — habitually  feel  how  we 
should  demean  ourselves  by  a  hasty,  ill-tem- 
pered word  or  unkind  look— habitually  feel 
the  importance  of  keeping  up  that  suavity  of 
manners,  that  polite,  courteous  demeanor  so 
agreeable  to  all.  Are  we  to  suppose  it  to  be 
less  so  to  her,  with  whom  we  have  chosen, 
above  all  others,  to  be  in  daily  contact.  To 
some,  all  this  kindness  appears  to  flow  forth 
spontaneously,  while  to  others  it  requires  a 
good  deal  of  careful  and  continuous  cultiva- 
tion. I  take  it  we  shall  be  the  better  for  a 
little  timely  thought  ou  the  subject. 

There,  dear  "Jewell"  and  "Esmeralda," 
before  giving  more  on  your  subject   in  view 
of  making  it  a  success,  I  submit  this  for  your 
criticism.     Throw  it  aside,  or   say   yi>u    will 
have  more  from  Gbandfathee. 


CRANDFATHER'S  LETTERS— NO.   I. 

Something  About  Married  Life. 

Dear  Jewell:— I  cannot  but  feel  thankful 
that  one  has  stepped  forward  to  apologize  for, 
and  in  a  measure  excuse,  that  boorishness  in 
husbands  of  which  "Esmeralda"  has  but 
too  much  cause  for  just  complaint.  On  read- 
ing "  Esmeralda's  "  letter  it  brought  to  mind 
my  earlier  days,  and  with  it  self-conviction 
and  a  wish  that  I  could  do  something,  say 
something,  to  make  things  better  in  this  par- 
ticular, and  your  expression,  "hoping  to  hear 
from  the  other  SOX  on  this  subject,"  encour- 
ages me  not  only  to  think  but  to  say.  Not 
but  that  I  may  expect  the  editor  will  cast  this 
into  the  waste-paper  box,  from  having  somo- 


A  Contrast. 

Eds.  Ar.KicuLTUisT  and  Live  Stock  JottR- 
nal:— I  picked  up  my  scrap-book  yesterday 
and  saw  this  piece  which  1  thought  worthy  of 
reproduction : 

"  I  was  out  walking  the  other  day,  when  I 
noticed,  among  other  things,  one  of  those  pit- 
iful sights  that  I  am  sorry  to  say  are  so  coui- 
mon  in  this  State— a  jioor,  lone  bachelor's 
cabin.  Poor,  did  I  say  ?  He  may  be  rich. 
Yesterday,  perhaps,  he  picked  up  a  ten-pound 
nugget.  His  pocket  may  bo  lined  with  gold. 
That  fifty-vara  lot  his  shanty  stands  on  may 
bo  worth  a  fortune,  as  fmtunes  go  in  this 
world.  Yet  see  him  alone,  sweeping  his  floor, 
watching  his  bacon  over  that  fire  in  the  cor- 
ner, rough  aud  shaggy  are  his  clothes,  and  a 
desolate,  homeless  look  haunts  his  cabin  like 
a  genius  of  evil,  the  wind  moans  through  his 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


cracks,  the  windows  are  greasy  and  broken 
and  the  spiders  weave  their  dirty  webs  there — 
he  is  poor  if  that  is  his  wealth. 

Further  on  is  a  nice  little  cottage,  half-hid- 
den by  the  fast-growing  trees,  surrounded  by 
pyramids  of  bright-tinted  flowers  that  offer 
their  sweetness  a  free  gift  to  the  wind  ;  how 
grateful  their  perfume,  like  incense  ascend- 
ing from  the  altar  of  home.  As  I  stood  by, 
admiring,  a  bright  little  girl  came  up  and  in- 
quired, "should  she  pick  me  some  flowers?" 
'•  One  or  two,  if  you  please;"  and  the  white- 
armed  little  angel  flew  urnund  through  the 
beds,  picking  whole  handfuls  of  roses  and 
jessamines  and  the  sweet-scented  balm,  and 
with  au  innocent  smile  came  and  offered  them 
over  the  gate. 

I  have  no  comments  to  make.  The  two 
pictures  speak  for  themselves — only  this: 
California's  hopes  are  her  homes.  Like  her 
drifting  sands  the  lone  ones  float  away,  but 
her  granite  hills  are  not  more  firm  than 
hearth-stones  where  the  Lares  and  the  Pen- 
ates are  placed.  California  homes  are  the 
bulwarks  of  the  State."  Ida. 


g0mc$tic. 


A  Successful  Remedy  for  Vermin  on 
Fowls. 

Editoes  Agriultukist  : — After  reading  the 
close  of  "Snip's"  "  Familar  Talks,"  I  am 
inclined  to  give  you  a  little  of  my  experience 
with  vermin  in  chicken-houses.  I  began  to 
keep  chickens  with  the  belief  that  claanliness 
was  all  that  was  required,  and  to  that  end  I 
kept  a  pot  of  whitewash  always  ready,  and 
my  nests  were  coated  thick  with  it,  but  the 
pests  increased  and  multiplied.  This  year  I 
had  the  nests  all  taken  away,  leaving  a  broad 
shelf  running  around  the  house.  On  that  I 
put  new  nests  made  of  five-gallon  kerosene 
cans  with  the  side  cut  out  and  pounded 
smoothly  down  so  as  not  to  be  sharp.  These 
can  be  often  cleaned,  but  my  remedy  for  the 
vermin  is  carbolic  acid.  I  tried  sulphur,  but 
did  not  think  it  was  of  any  nse,  though  I 
think  itisw°ell  to  feed  occasiouallyduring  Sum- 
mer. I  use  the  carbolic  acid  as  it  comes  for 
sheep-wash,  merely  diluting  with  water.  I 
sprinkle  the  chicken-house  and  nests,  and 
once  in  a  while  have  the  roosts  brushed  over 
with  it,  and  so  far  this  year  I  have  not  been 
troubled  with  vermin  at  all.  Perhaps  if 
"Snip  "  will  try  this  remedy  she  will  be  bet- 
ter satisfied,  so  you  can  publish  this  letter  if 
you  choose.     Respectfully, 

Mes.  Josie  p.  Hill. 


Injurious  Management  of  '  Dishes. — A 
good  set  of  dishes  will  last  for  ages,  if  prop- 
erly handled.  We  have  heard  of  an  excellent 
housekeeper  whose  bridal  dishes,  thirty  years 
old,  are  in  excellent  condition  to-day,  al- 
though they  have  been  in  use  every  week, 
more  or  less,  during  all  the  time  alluded  to. 
In  a  common  dinner  service  it  is  a  great  evil 
to  make  the  plates  too  hot,  as  it  invariably 
cracks  the  glaze  on  the  surface,  if  not  the 
plate  itself.  We  all  know  the  result.  It 
comes  apart.  Nobody  broke  it.  "It  was 
cracked  before"  or  "cracked  a  long  time 
ago."  The  fact  is,  that  when  the  glaze  is  in- 
jured, every  time  the  "things"  are  washed  the 
water  gets  to  the  interior,  swells  the  porous 
eliy,  and  makes  the  whole  fabric  rotten.  In 
this  condition  they  will  also  absorb  grease 
and  when  exposed  to  further  heat  the  grease 
makes  the  dishes  brown  and  discolored.  If 
au  old,  ill-used  dish  be  made  very  hot  indeed, 
a  teaspoonful  of  fat  will  be  seen  to  exude 
from  the  minute  fissures  upon  its  surface. 

That  nation  that  loses  her  liberty  is  not 
aware  of  her  misfortune  at  the  time,  any  more 
than  the  patient  is  who  receives  a  paralytic 
stroke.  He  who  first  tells  either  of  them 
■what  has  happened  is  repulsed  as  a  simpleton 
or  a  churl. 


Domestic  Comfort. 

^O'lESIDE  thn  fire  Bat  Farnwr  John, 
One  blusttTiug  winter  night ; 

BeKiile  the  farmer  Hat  hi8  wife, 
Whoet;  hnitliui^  needles  bright. 

Flew  iu  auJ  out  througii  the  woulen  Bocka 
Of  cluuded  blue  uml  white. 

"  Ti8  a  tedious  night'"  quoth  Farmer  John  ; 

••  I'm  glad  I  tlxed  that  shed, 
It'H  Bueh  a  nice  place  for  the  sheep — 

It  Bheltera  every  head  ; 
There'B  not  a  critter  out  in  the  Btorm, 

And  everything  ia  fed." 

"  It  is  a  comfort,"  said  his  wife  ; 

*'  And  I  am  thanktul,  too. 
That  1  have  got  those  mittens  done 

For  both  the  boys  and  you, 
And  thatthe  girls  have  good,  warm  clothes, 

From  hood  to  overshoe. 

*'  I  wonder  what  I  should  have  done, 

If  you  hatt  proved  to  bo 
A  drunken  sot,  like  Jiuuny  Stone, 

Who  married  Susie  Lee  ; 
You  know  she  was  the  prettiest  girl 

Iu  all  the  town  of  G — . 

"  Her  children  sleep  to-night  in  beds 
With  covering  scant  and  thin. 

And  through  the  shingles  old  and  worn 
The  snow  comes  sifting  in. 

While  ours  are  tucked  up  snug  and  warm, 
From  toe  to  rosy  chin." 

*'  You  needn't  lay  it  all  to  me," 
Said  John,  with  loving  pride, 

"  If  you  had  been  a  shiftless  jade, 
Like  Mary  Ann  UcBride, 

Who  spends  the  half  her  time  abroad — 
And  the  other  half  beside — 

*'  I  do  not  dare  to  think  how  sad 

Our  fate  might  be  to-night  ; 
The  children  hungry,  and  half-clad. 

Myself  a  ragged  fright. 
And  everything  about  the  house 

In  a  disordered  plight.'* 

And  in  his  heart  he  blessed  the  wife 
Who  had  tilled  his  life  with  cheer — 

And  she  thanked  Gud  for  the  husband  true 
Who  made  her  home  so  dear  ; 

And  both  were  glad  for  the  little  ones, 
Iu  warm  beds  sleeping  near. 


A  Few  Little  Things. 

My  entire  household,  including  the  hired 
girl,  is  full  of  satisfaction  to-night  over  the 
fact  that  I  have  just  driven  the  ax-handle 
firmly  into  the  ax  and  wedged  it  there,  so 
that  it  cannot  under  any  circumstance  come 
ont.  It  may  read  like  a  small  matter  to  you, 
but  do  you  know  that  that  helve  had  been 
loose  for  nearly  five  years  ?  Yes,  for  five 
years  that  ax  has  flung  itself  across  the  yard 
whenever  I  struck  a  heavy  blow,  leaving  the 
helve  in  my  hand,  and  I  suppose  I  have  de- 
cided more  than  thousand  times  to  go  in  and 
get  a  hammer  and  chisel  and  fasten  the  helve 
in.  I  was  thrown  and  had  my  arm  broken  by 
the  ax  flying  ottj  two  hired  girls  had  their 
noses  broken,  we  spoiled  the  stove-boilers, 
nearly  killed  three  boys,  and  yet  I  didn't  get 
around  to  fix  the  ax  until  to-day. 

Foster  was  telling  me  the  other  day  that 
he  had  finally  glued  that  knob  on  to  the 
bureau  drawer,  and  he  seemed  greatly  relieved. 
I  remember  when  that  knob  was  knocked  off 
—almost  seven  years  ago.  I  was  helping 
him  move  the  bureau  when  the  accident  oc- 
curred, and  I  never  was  iu  the  house  after- 
ward without  hearing  Mrs.  Foster  say  : 

"Come,  Henry,  haven't  you  got  tim^  to 
fix  that  knob  on  this  evening  'i'" 

"Yes,  Martha,"  he  would  reply,  and  yet 
it  was  seven  years  before  he  got  at  it. 

Seven  or  eight  years  ago,  my  neighbor, 
Mr.  Goodwin,  found  a  cow  among  his  cab- 
bages one  day,  and  in  driving  her  out  she 
jumped  over  the  gate  and  broke  one  of  the 
hinges.  He  went  in  and  got  a  hammer, 
screw-driver  and  screws  to  repair  damages, 
but  his  wife  called  him  into  breaktast  just 
then.  After  breakfast  he  hadn't  time,  and  so 
it  ran  along  until  the  other  day.  He  passed 
through  the  gate  an  average  of  five  times  per 
day  for  about  seven  yeaes,  or  thirteen  thous- 
and times  iu  all,  and   he   had  .lifted  it   up, 


carried  it  around  and  bothered  for  half  a 
minute  each  time.  Thirteen  thousand  times 
he  said  to  himself  that  he  would  fix  that  con- 
founded gate,  and  yet  he  didn't  do  it  until  the 
other  day. 

Some  twelve  or  thirteen  years  ago  I  was 
taking  dinner  with  Turner,  over  on  Adams 
avenue,  and  his  wife  called  attention  to  the 
fact  that  she  had  that  day  broken  the  handle 
of  her  big  seven  pound  flat-iron,  and  that  she 
must  get  another.  The  other  day  I  met  her 
on  the  street,  and  she  told  me  she  had  re- 
placed the  flat-iron  at  last.  For  thirteen  years, 
fifty-two  times  per  year,  she  had  used  that 
broken  handled  iron  to  smooth  down  her 
washing,  and  every  time  she  had  said  to  her- 
self that  she  would  go  up  town  next  day  and 
order  a  new  one. 

Bristow  died  last  week.  We  were  warm 
friends,  and  I  was  with  him  to  the  last.  Af- 
ter he  had  called  the  family  up  one  by  one, 
and  shaken  hands  and  said  good-bye,  I  saw 
that  there  was  yet  something  on  his  mind.  I 
admonished  him  to  trust  me  if  he  had  a  dying 
request,  and  he  grasped  my  hand  and  replied; 

"  I've  been  trying  to  find  time  for  the  last 
seventeen  years  to  take  the  butcher  knife 
down  to  the  shop  and  have  it  ground,  and  if 
it  wouldn't  be  asking  to  much  of  you,  I  wish 
you'd  see  to  it !" 

I  promised  him,  but  it  may  be  twenty  years 
before  I  get  the  knife  to  the  shop,  and  ten 
years  before  I  call  for  it. 

I  can  remember  when  old  Mrs.  Baglej'  died. 
She  had  a  china  teapot  in  her  house  which 
had  belonged  to  her  grandmother,  but  she 
had  always  kept  it  in  the  drawer  because  the 
handle  was  broken  and  wanted  cementing. 
She  gave  the  teapot  to  a  neighbor,  who 
waited  five  years  for  a  bottle  of  cement,  then 
four  years  more  to  find  time,  and  finally 
knocked  the  spout  off  while  trying  to  mend 
the  handle. 

I  don't  suppose  any  of  us  would  forget  the 
day  a  note  was  due,  but  if  -the  knot)  should 
drop  off  a  chamber  door,  I  expect  that  George 
Francis  Train  might  be  elected  President  be- 
fore we  would  find  time  to  replace  it. — Ex, 


Mismanaged  AVokk  in  the  Kitchen. — I 
think  there  is  more  in  knowing  how  to  man- 
age than  there  is  in  anything  else  about  house- 
keeping. How  many,  many  housekeepers 
just  spend  half  their  time  in  mismanaged 
work,  never  accompUshing  one-half  what  they 
might  do  if  they  would  just  do  a  little  think- 
ing and  contriving  along  with  their  work. 
Then  they  wouldn't  have  to  spend  so  much 
of  their  time  in  fuming  and  sweating,  and  in 
envying  others,  who  they  think  are  more 
favored  than  themselves.  Now  I  think  I 
shall  tell  you  right  here  of  one  of  this  kind  of 
workers  that  I  had  a  chance  of  obserii-ing  one 
morning  last  NovembeT.  I  entered  the  kitch- 
en at  8  o'clock,  and  there  were  the  unwashed 
breakfast  dishes  sitting  upon  the  table,  and 
Nora  was  bending  over  the  stove  trjing  to  re- 
kindle the  fire  that  had  almost  gone  out  ; 
she  succeeded  in  getting  it  to  burn,  and  then 
put  her  dish  water  on  to  heat,  sitting  down 
until  it  got  warm  enough  ;  washed  the  dishes, 
very  slovenly  about  it,  or  at  least  it  wouldn't 
have  satisfied  me  to  see  our  dishes  put  away 
in  that  manner.  Well,  by  the  time  the  dishes 
were  all  put  by,  the  fire  had  died  out ;  so,  af- 
ter the  sweeping  was  done  the  fire  was  re- 
kindled, and  the  irons  put  on  in  a  cold  heater, 
the  clothes  brought  from  the  room,  all  un- 
folded, and  piled  upon  two  chairs  :  the  iron- 
ing quilt  spread  upon  the  wet  table  where  the 
dishes  had  just  been  washed,  and  then  Nora 
sat  down  to  rest  until  the  irons  were  hot. 
Now,  if  I  or  any  of  our  family  had  been  do- 
ing that  morning's  work,  the  clothes  would 
have  all  been  nicely  folded  away  ready  for 
ironing  the  evening  before.  Then  our  water 
would  have  been  ready  for  washing  the  dishes 
as  soon  as  breakfaet  was  eaten,  for  we  always 
keep  a  pot  of  good,  soft  water  on  the  back  of 
the  stove  on  purpose  for  dishwashing,  &c., 
and  the  fire  would  not  have  been  allowed  to 
die  out,  but  while  we  were  eating,   the  iron 


i, 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


heater  wouKl  have  been  oil  the  stove  getting 
hot  ;  then,  while  the  dishes  were  being  washed 
the  irons  would  be  heating,  and  as  soon  as 
the  sweeping  and  dusting  were  through  with 
the  ironing  would  have  been  completed  in 
one-third  the  time  that  Nora's  was.  I  don't 
see  why  more  women  don't  think  of  these 
things,  and  try  managing  right. — Carrie  Lee 
in  Oin.  Times. 


Recipes  from  "Jewell." 

Ceeam  Ckisps. — Take  a  pint  of  graham 
flour  and  mix  with  two  table  spoonsfull 
sour  cream  and  water  enough  to  make  a 
dough,  roll  and  cut  in  diamonds,  crossing 
with  a  knife  on  top,  bake  and  eat  warm  or 
cold — delicious. 

How  TO  Gkt  the  Seeds  out  of  Gkapes  when 
Canning. — Put  your  grapes,  after  washing 
and  pulling  from  the  stems,  in  a  milk  pan 
with  a  little  water,  cover,  and  let  them  scald 
when  they  will  burst  ;  then  take  them  off  and 
seating  yourself,  take  a  large  spoon  and 
stir  gently  and  shake  up  from  the  bottom, 
when  the  seeds  will  drop  out  and  you  can  dip 
with  the  spoon  from  the  top  into  another  pan, 
return  to  the  fire  and  when  boiling  can. 

Ladies  Fingeks, — One-half  pound  of  pow- 
dered sugar,  one-fourth  pound  of  flour,  four 
eggs,  whites  and  yolks  beaten  separately  and 
very  stiff.  Drop  upon  buttered  writing  paper 
in  long  nan-ow  cakes,  and  not  too  close — 
bake  to  a  light  brown.  Try  one  and  if  it  runs, 
beat  a  while  longer  and  add  more  flour. 

Kisses. — Beat  the  whites  of  four  eggs,  add 
four  cups  of  powdered  sugar  slowly,  season 
with  lemon,  dip  wiiting  paper  in  very  cold 
■water  and  drop  the  mixture  on  not  too  close  ; 
try  one  and  if  not  stiff  enough,  beat  a  little 
longer  and  add  more  sugar  ;  bake  to  a  light 
brown. 

I  will  add  also  the  following,  selected  from 
my  months  reading  of  other  journals  : 

To  Cook  Mdtton. — Every  week  or  two  we 
ki!l  a  mutton.  I  roast  it  all.  I  put  it  in  the 
oven  in  a  large  bakepan,  put  it  in  water,  cook 
till  eleven  ;  turn  it  over  twice  ;  everyone  who 
eats  a  mutton  here  says  it  is  the  best  they 
ever  ate.  At  eleven  o'clock  take  out  the  mut- 
ton, fill  the  pan  full  of  potatoes  and  bake 
them,  thicken  the  gravy,  and  you  need  little 
else  for  a  dinner  fit  for  a — well,  anybody. 
Kings  are  no  better  than  we  are. 

To  Preserve  Lemons  Fresh. — Slice  them 
as  thin  as  possible,  and  put  into  a  nice  sweet 
jar  wfth  alternate  layers  of  sugar  and  lemon  ; 
remove  all  the  seeds,  have  each  layer  entirely 
covered  with  sugar  ;  tie  a  thick  cloth  over  the 
jar  before  putting  the  cover  on,  so  as  to  ex- 
clude all  the  air.  I  have  kept  them  perfectly 
fresh  for  a  year  in  this  way. 

To  Bake  Ham. — Most  people  boil  ham.  It 
is  much  better  baked,  if  baked  right.  Souk 
for  an  hour  in  clean  water  and  wipe  dry. 
Next  spread  it  all  over  with  thin  butter  and 
then  put  it  in  a  deep  dish  with  sticks  under  it 
to  keep  it  out  of  the  gravy.  When  it  is  fully 
done  take  off  the  skin  and  matters  crusted  on 
the  flesh  side  and  set  away  to  cool. 

For  Skirts,  etc. — Place  two  ounces  of  fine 
white  gum  arable  powder  in  a  pitcher  and 
])our  on  it  a  jiint  of  water  ;  then  cover  and 
let  it  stand  all  night.  In  the  morning  pour  it 
carefull}'  from  the  dregs  into  a  clean  bottle 
and  cork  it  and  keep  for  use.  A  teaspoonful 
of  gum  water  stirred  in  a  pint  of  starch  made 
in  the  usual  manner,  will  give  to  lawns,  either 
white  or  printed,  a  look  of  newness  when 
nothing  else  can  restore  them  after  they  are 


Four  and  Twenty    Different  Birds 
Baked  In  a  Pie. 

[The  namps  of  twenty-four  birds  are  found   in  tlie 
following  liueB:] 

"'  ?   N  old  woman  went  to  the  mart  In  haeto 
In  a  scarlet  cape,  a  cocked  hat  laced. 
In  her  hand  a  crook;   and  she  said,  "  Well,  I 

say. 
How  lucky  it  is  this  is  market  day!" 

She  had  over  two  miles  from  her  home  to  speed. 
And  with  awkward  stepH  she  went  fast,  indied. 
"  My  sons  want  a  pin  as  larue  art  can  bo, 
And  a  bravo,  noble  pie  they  bhall  have,"  quoth 
she. 

She,  In  a  panic,  ran  ever  so  quickly. 

Where  the  ground  with  rushes  was  coverod  thickly; 

So  quick,  I  tell  you,  she  ran  that  she 

Fell  in  nettles  quite  up  tu  the  knee. 

Just  where  one  can  a  rye-field  espy, 
And  through  the  oak-tree  a  gleam  of  blue  sky. 
There  fell  the  dame — "  liitter  nuts,  I  must  sayl 
Who  thought  of  laming  one's  self  in  this  way?" 

Her  heArt  did  throb  in  dismay  and  fear, 
A  fall  doth  befall  conceit,  that  is  clear. 
This  comes  of  being  roused,  for  vanity's  Bake, 
A  regular  kingly  party  to  make. 

At  length  up  she  scrambled.    How  rent  was  her  gown! 

"  Too  late,  all  too  late  I  shall  be  in  the  town? 

To  go,  O  severely  my  letis  it  will  try, 

Yet  a  parsnip,  eggs,  bacon  and  birds  I  must  buyl" 

However,  she  managed  to  hobble  away, 
And  for  twenty-four  birds  her  money  did  pay; 
In  a  wonderful  pie  then  the  birds  she  did  cook. 
You  will  find  all  their  names  in  these  lines.  If  you 
look' 

— [Youth's  Companion. 
1  m  p 

Letters  From  the  roung  Folks. 

Dear  Uncle  Ben: — Maybe  I'm  not  too  old  to 
write  to  you,  though  I  had  much  rather  the 
space  allotted  to  the  "Boys  and  Girls"  be 
filled  with  letters  from  their  own  hands.  By 
making  your  request  known  among  the 
young  folks,  two  letters  have  come  to  hand 
to  be  forwarded  to  you  with  the  promise  of 
more.  Think  of  a  boy  of  twelve  receiving 
twenty  dollars  a  month  for  five  months  steady 
employment,  to  enable  him  to  assist  his  wid- 
owed mother  and  her  younger  children!  I 
promised  to  see  that  he  received  a  copy  of 
the  paper  containing  his  letter  to  encourage 
him  in  writing  again,  knowing  that  improve- 
ment to  the  young  folks  is  your  chief  aim  in 
inviting  their  correspondence.  Hoping  the 
children  in  your  vicinity  are  anxious  to  fol- 
low the  example  so  nobly  set  for  them,  and 
that  they  will  continue  to  swell  the  column 
devoted  to  them  to  its  utmost  limits,  I  am 
ever  your  friend  and  well-wisher,  W. 

Santa  Cruz,  Sept.,  1875. 

Dear  Uncle  Ben  : — I  am  glad  that  you  want 
all  the  little  children  to  write  to  you.  I  am 
a  little  boy  twelve  years  old.  I  have  been 
working  for  this  Flume  camp  for  five  months. 
There  are  some  very  high  trestle-works  here. 
The  highest  place  is  ninety  feet;  and  there 
are  some  very  deep  cuts  in  the  ground. 

I  help  the  cook.  I  have  to  cut  all  the  wood 
that  he  burns.  I  and  my  brother  work  to  get 
money  to  support  my  mother  and  my  other 
younger  brothers  stay  at  homa.  This  is  all  I 
can  say  this  time.  George  A.  Notlex. 

^ear  Uncle  Ben  : — Mamma  says  you  like  to 
have  little  girls  and  boys  write  to  you,  so  I 
thought  I  would  tell  you  about  camping  out. 
Sometimes  I  go  paddling  in  the  flume.  Some- 
times, when  other  little  girls  and  boys  come 
to  see  me,  we  all  go  paddling  in  the  San  Lo- 
renzo creek.  My  pa[>a  works  on  the  Flume. 
One  day  we  all  had  a  long  ride  in  it;  it  was 
nice  fun.  I  like  to  camp  out  because  I  don't 
have  so  many  dishes  to  wash.  I  ,\m  nine 
years  old,  but  I  can't  write  very  good  because 
I  never  went  to  school  only  three  m(mths.  I 
say  niy  lessons  to  uiy  niaimiia  now.  There  is 
one  little  girl  and  three  little  boys  that  come 
to  our  camp,  and  mamma  hears  their  lessons, 


too.  My  auntie's  horse  stepped  on  my  foot. 
At  first  I  thought  I  was  most  dead,  but  it's 
got  most  well  again.  Cant  stop  to  write  any 
more  this  time.     Good-bye.     From 

May  E.  Peekins. 
Flume  Camp,  near  Felton. 

Dear  Uncle  Ben: — I  don't  know  how  to 
write  for  a  paper.  I  am  a  country  boy  now, 
used  to  live  in  town.  I  like  the  country  now 
better  than  when  I  first  left  the  town.  I  do 
not  see  so  many  people  now,  but  have  got 
used  to  it,  and  think  it  real  nice  to  learn  all 
about  horses,  and  cows,  and  pigs  and  things. 
I  have  given  a  name  to  every  one  of  them, 
and  they  seem  to  know  their  names.  To  me 
they  are  all  like  so  many  people.  They  aU 
have  different  dispositions,  too,  and  are  just 
as  much  like  folks  as  anybody. 

I  want  to  tell  you  about  old  Dingy  and  her 
calf  Spriggy.  Spriggy  and  I  have  lots  of  fun 
running  around  the  corral.  Old  mother  Din- 
gy is  between  a  red  and  yellow  sort  of  faded 
out  color,  but  she  is  a  kind  old  cow  and  gives 
rich  milk.  We  never  let  her  calf  suck  at  all, 
but  make  it  drink.  It  learned  by  sucking  our 
fingers  in  a  pail  of  milk.  I  milk  old  Dingy, 
aud  she  thinks  I  am  her  calf.  She  will  moo 
after  me  and  lick  my  coat-sleeve  when  I  go 
to  her  to  milk  her.  The  little  bossy,  Spriggy, 
thinks  I  am  his  mother  !  I  always  feed  him 
now. 

I  have  budded  some  rose-bushes  and  they 
are  alive.  Next  Spring  1  am  going  to  learn 
how  to  graft  our  orchard.  I  could  tell  you 
lots  more  about  a  heap  of  things.  I  will  be 
thirteen  next  month.  I  go  to  school  seven 
months  in  the  year,  and  ride  a  horse  to 
school.     Goodbye.  Harey. 

My  Dear  Uncle  Ben  :—l  thought  I  would 
write  to  let  you  know  how  we  are  getting 
along.  We  are  all  well  except  my  youngest 
brother,  who  has  the  toothache.  We  had  a 
great  time  the  other  night  getting  a  coon  out 
of  a  tree,  but  not  until  he  had  killed  three 
chickens.  My  father  got  the  gun  and  culled 
us  up;  wc  hela  the  light  and  he  shot  it 
through  the  head.  This  makes  three  he  has 
killed  in  the  dooryard.  The  dogs  like  the 
fun,  after  the  coons  are  half  dead,  to  shako 
them.  We  have  a  fine  lot  of  water-melons. 
They  go  very  good,  as  we  have  no  other  fruit. 
We  received  those  copy-books  the  day  our 
school  closed.  Many  thanks  from  us  all.  I 
had  thirteen  head-marks;  the  rest  had  six. 
We  are  all  going  up  on  the  side  of  a  moun- 
tain to  get  a  load  of  fossil  shells  for  our 
chickens.  I  wish  you  were  here  to  go  wi(h 
us.  I  know  you  would  kill  a  deer,  besides  lots 
of  other  game.  My  father  is  almost  ready  {'• 
start,  so  I  «uust  close.  Goodbye  for  this 
time.  Lyman  Ross. 

LoMPOc,  Sept.  6th. 


Little  Folks'  Dictionary. 

A  writer  in  the  Schoolday  Mwjazine  has  gatli- 
ered  together  the  following  dictionary  wonls, 
as  defined  by  certain  small  people  hero  and 
there : 

Back-biter — a  flea. 

Bed-time — Shut-eye  time. 

Dust — Mud  with  the  juice  all  squeezed  out. 

Fan — X  thing  to  brush  the  warm  oft'  with. 

Fins — A  fish's  wings. 

Ice — Water  that  stayed  out  in  the  cold  aud 
went  to  sleep. 

Monkey — A  very  little  boy  with  a  tail. 

Nest-egg — The  egg  that  the  old  heu  meas- 
ures by  to  make  new  ones, 

Pig — A  hog's  little  boy. 

Salt — What  makes  your  potatoes  taste  bad 
when  you  don't  put  it   on. 

Snoring— Ijetting  off  sleep. 

Snow — Rain  nil  popped  out  white. 

Stars  --The  moon's  eggs. 

Trunk  (of  an  elephant) — His  front  fail. 

Wakefulness — Eyes  all  the  time  coming  un- 
buttoned. 

A  small  catechism — Kittenchism. 


-s*r!*i 


CALIFORNfA    AaRICULTURIST    AND    LiVE    StOCK   JoURNAL. 


(S 


jiaicttic. 


Two  Ways  of  Dressing  Our  Babies. 

BY    "  JEWKLL." 

pWmifc  hers  let  me  describe  the  clothes 
given  me  to  put  on  a  new  born  baby 
not  long  ago. 

In  the  first  place,  the  flannel  band 
was  hemmed  each  side  and  at  each  end;  it 
had  been  used  before,  and  having  shrunken 
was  thick  and  stiff.  Then  a  linty  thin,  tine 
linen  shirt,  no  sleeves  but  lace,  the  same  style 
our  grandmothers  used  ages  ago  —long  enough 
to  go  twice  about  the  body — but  intended  to 
be  folded  before  and  behind.  Then  a  flannel 
pinning  blanket  with  broad  band  double,  of 
new  cotton  cloth,  long  enough  to  reach  once 
and  a  half  about  the  child.  Then  a  flannel 
skirt  with  same  sort  of  band,  a  white  skirt, 
band  ditto,  and  to  slip  over  that  a  calico 
double  gown,  and  then  a  blanket  to  wrap 
about  the  childs  head  !  Now  friends,  this  is 
no  fancy  picture  as  you  know.  I  have  dressed 
scores  of  infants  in  the  same  way,  with  more 
or  less  to  put  on.  Once  all  they  gave  me  was 
a  blanket,  very  short,  a  fine  linen  shirt,  a 
pinning  blanket  that  did  not  reach  around  the 
body  of  the  child,  he  being  larger  than  the 
previous  one,  and  a  white  nightgown  ; 
nothing  over  the  arms  or  neck  but  one  thick- 
ness of  cotton  cloth,  while  the  body  had  six 
thicknesses,  and  one  of  them  flannel. 

In  the  first  case,  there  were  13  thicknesses 
of  clothing  about  the  abdomen  and  three  over 
the  arms  and  neck  !  No  wonder  our  babies 
cry  and  worry,  making  them  the  laughing 
stock  of  the  world — and  their  parents  ner- 
vous and  weary  with  unnecessary  care.  By 
dressing  the  extremities  too  thin  and  the 
bowels  too  warm  you  induce  the  blood  to  flow 
and  remain  where  it  is  the  warmest,  acting' 
as  a  prevalent  cause  of  inflamation  of  the 
bowels,  a  disease  quite  frequent  among  in- 
fants in  consequence  of  bad  clothing  to  a 
great  degree — what  else  more  likely  to  give  a 
nursing  infant  cholera  infantum?  unless  indeed 
it  be  the  mother  taking  very  improper  food 
and  drink  while  nursing  the  baby. 

And  now  I  will  tell  you  how  to  make 
clothes  that  will  dress  baby  comfortably, 
and  be  convenient  to  piit  on  or  off  : 

First  the  band  (only  to  be  worn  the 
first  two  months  and  put  on  loosely)  should 
not  be  hemmed,  and  should  be  made  of  new 
flannel.  Then  a  long  sleeved,  high  necked  knit 
shirt,  of  fine  sason  wool — any  mother  could 
knit  one  in  less  time  than  she  could  make 
one  of  those  gossamer  linen  shirts — and  baby 
is  warm  and  soft  as  in  down  ;  then  a  high 
necked,  long  sleeved  flannel  waist  buttoned 
behind  or  before,  and  on  that  a  pinning 
blanket  is  buttoned  or  a  white  petticoat  or 
flannel  one  if  you  wish  ;  over  all  is  a  flannel 
slip  or  night  gown. 

If  it  is  winter  and  you  have  to  take  baby 
through  draughts,  an  excellent  plan  is  to  have 
a  long  sacque  of  plaid  flannel  with  hood  at- 
tached, with  elastic  about  face  of  hood  which 
can  be  slipped  on  or  off  as  you  need  it.  The 
sacque  buttoning  down  the  front  keeps  baby 
perfectly  wrapped,  and  is  very   convenient  if 


an  older  child  or  husband  were  to  tend  baby 
while  you  are  busy,  as  they  are  sure  to  get 
all  the  blankets  and  fixings  on  a  baby  about 
its  head  in  an  honest  endeavor  to  keep  it 
warm. 

This  latter  style  of  dressing  baby  gives 
four  thicknesses  over  the  body  and  three 
about  the  arms  and  neck,  which  is  in  right 
proportion.  The  arguments  in  favor  of  its 
general  use  are  many  and  good.  First,  it  is 
easier  made  ;  second,  less  expensive;  third, 
more  easily  put  on  the  child;  and  fourth,  is 
more  comfortable  and  healthful — net  one  of 
which  will  apply  to  the  old  style. 

Dr.  Warren,  of  Boston,  once  said  that 
•'  that  city  sacrificed  900  babies  everj'  year  by 
not  clothing  their  arms.  Most  of  the  babies 
brought  to  me  at  the  dispensary  were  im- 
properly clothed.  The  arms  are  usually  ex- 
posed— the  legs  often,  and  a  thick  bandage  is 
frequently  tightly  drawn  around  the  abdo- 
men. These  errors  in  clothing  are  almo.st  as 
bad  in  their  effects  as  errors  in  diet— espe- 
cially in  a  climate  so  changeable  as  the  Amer- 
ican. The  dress  should  never  form  a  ligature 
about  any  portion  of  the  body,  since  it  inter- 
rupts circulation  and  promotes  congestion," 
etc.  Dr.  Garrish  siys  he  always  recommends 
mothers  to  put  soft  flannel  shirts  on  their 
children,  summer  and  winter  as  a  protection 
against  changes  of  temperature. 

Flannel  is  the  best  article  to  put  on  infants, 
for  if  it  gets  wet  it  is  still  warm  and  comfort- 
able. Don't  be  afraid  of  keeping  your  ba- 
bies too  warm.  They  thrive  best  when  warm 
and  quiet;  but  give  them  plenty  of  fresh  air. 
They  sleep  twice  as  long  out  of  doors  under 
a  tree  as  in  a  close  room  in  the  cradle.     Try 

it. 

<  •  ■ 

Mothers,  Save  Your  Children  I 

BY  NELL  VAN. 

Let  any  person,  who  is  at  all  familiar  with 
the  laws  of  health,  look  around  on  the  girls 
of  America  and  observe  how  many  of  them 
reach  the  age  of  twenty  in  the  lull  enjoyment 
of  earths  richest  blessing. 

We  find  among  them  be»uty  of  complexion, 
fine  eyes  and  hair  ;  white  teeth  and  slender 
forms,  but  robust  health  is  a  rarity.  Why  is 
it  ?  Can  any  one  account  for  the  fact  that 
the  young  California  Indian  girls  (Greasers  as 
they  are  called)  who  are  taken  from  their 
semi-barbaric  life  and  transplanted  into  the 
household  of  civilization,  in  a  few  years  droop 
and  die  ?  Mark  the  difference  between  the 
children  of  one  family  in  health  and  activity. 
The  boys  live  out  doors  after  they  step  into 
the  pantaloon  age.  They  climb  trees,  they 
chase  poultry,  they  shout  and  expand  their 
lungs.  They  roll  hoop,  play  ball,  and  when 
older  they  hunt,  fish,  swim,  and  altogether 
enjoy  a  life  of  freedom  from  restraint.  Their 
clothes  fit  loosely  and  give  full  play  to  all 
their  muscles,  besides  covering  the  body  and 
limbs  equally.  Who  ever  hears  of  such  boys 
having  cold  feet  ?  The  girls  of  the  family 
are  found  within  doors  most  of  the  time  at- 
tending to  domestic  concerns,  sweeping  car- 
pets and  breathing  dust,  cooking  or  breathing 
the  fumes  of  cooking.  Sometimes  sewing  or 
playing  the  piano  between  the  intervals  of 
study. 


When  they  go  out  they  are  dressed  in  the 
priivailing  mode,  and  the  last  word  from 
"  Mamma  "  is  a  reminder  to  be  careful  and 
not  tumble  the  clean  dress.  In  fact,  from 
earliest  childhood  girls  are  made  sensible  of 
the  weight  of  responsibility  imposed  by  their 
dress.  Then  how  imperfectly  does  custom 
clothe  our  girls. 

I  saw  a  mother  making  flannel  under  suits 
for  her  little  daughter.  They  were  cut  low- 
necked  and  short-sleeved,  with  edges  scalloped 
with  embroidery  silk,  and  in  length  they 
barely  covered  the  trunk,  leaving  the  limbs 
with  only  the  muslin  covering  and  embroidery 
ruffles  which  came  to  the  knee  and  their  met 
the  fln«  cotton  stocking. 

Said  I,  "Mrs.  S.,  do  you  make  her  broth- 
er's under-flannels  like  that?" 

She  replied  indignantly,  "of  course   not." 

"  And  why  not,  pray?"  I  asked;  "  are  not 
the  boj'S  full  as  healthy  and  strong  as  she? 
cannot  they  better  endure  having  the  chest, 
arms  and  legs  unprotected  than  this  delicate 
child?" 

In  a  ruffled  tone  my  friend  argued  that  if 
her  girl  should  wear  high-necked  flannels  with 
long  sleeves  she  would  be  sure  to  catch  cold 
when  she  laid  them  off  to  wear  low-necked 
and  ahort-sleeved  dresses,  as  young  ladies  are 
apt  to  do  upon  occasion.  It  was  to  enable 
her  daughter  to  present  a  fine  appearance, 
then,  at  the  full-dress  party,  which  prevented 
the  child  from  being  warmly  clad.  Is  this  an 
isolated  case?  Alas!  no.  We  find  such  moth- 
ers everywhere  in  America;  but  we  also  find 
good,  sensible  ones  whose  girls,  aa  well  as 
boys,  wear  flannel  suits  fitting  the  form  com- 
fortably and  covering  the  body  from  the  neck 
to  the  wrists  and  heels,  with  stockings  out- 
side of  either  wool  or  cotton,  according  to 
the  season.  These  are  the  children  who  are 
not  hindered  from  indulging  in  out-door 
sports,  nor  are  they  charged  with  the  care  of 
their  clothes  while  at  play.  Dress  them 
strongly  and  loosely  and  let  them  run  and 
climb,  whether  girls  or  boys,  and  I'll  run  the 
risk  of  their  "unsexing  themselves,"  as  the 
saying  is — what  it  may  mean  I'll  leave  for 
those  who  use  the  term  in  regard  to  the  lead- 
ers of  woman's  rights  to  enlighten  us. 


How  THE  Eye  is  Swept  and  Washed. — For 
us  to  be  able  to  see  objects  clearly  and  dis- 
tinctly, it  is  necessary  that  the  eye  should  be 
kept  clean.  For  this  purpose  it  is  furnished 
with  a  little  gland,  from  which  flows  a  watery 
fluid  (tears)  which  is  spread  over  the  eye  by 
the  lid  and  is  afterwards  swept  off  by  it,  and 
runs  through  a  hole  in  the  bone  to  the  under 
surface  of  the  nose,  while  the  warm  air,  pass- 
ing over  it  while  breathing,  evaporates  it.  It 
is  remarkable  that  no  such  gland  can  be  found 
in  the  eyes  of  fish,  as  the  element  ia  which 
they  live  answers  the  same  purpose.  If  the 
eye  had  not  been  furnished  with  a  liquid  to 
wash  it  and  a  Hd  to  sweep  it  off,  things  would 
appear  as  they  do  when  you  look  through  a 
dusty  glass.  Along  the  edj;es  of  the  eyelids 
there  are  a  great  number  of  little  tubes  or 
glands,  from  which  flows  an  oily  substance 
which  spreads  over  the  surface  of  the  skin, 
and  thus  prevents  the  edges  from  being  sore 
or  irritated,  and  it  also  helps  to  keep  tears 
within  the  lid.  There  are  also  six  little  mus- 
cles attached  to  the  eye  which  enable  us  to 
move  it  in  every  direction;  and  when  we  con- 
sider the  different  motions  they  are  capable 
of  giving  to  the  eye,  we  cannot  but  admire 
the  goodness  of  Him  who  formed  them,  and 
thus  saved  us  the  trouble  of  turning  our 
heads  every  time  we  wished  to  view  an  object. 


Removal  op  Tape-Woem. — A  writer  says 
that  in  treating  some  cases  of  tape-worm  he 
has  employed  no  preliminary  provisions  be- 
vond  forbidding  the  patient  to  take  any  break- 
fast the  day  on  which  it  is  intended  to  remove 
the  worm,  and  giving  him  a  large  dose  of  Ko- 
chtlle  salts  the  preceding  night.  At  10  o'clock 
in  the  morning  a  dose  is  given,  made  of  one 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


half  ouuce  of  bark  of  pomegranate  root,  one 
lialf  dram  of  pumpkin-seed,  one  dram  ethe- 
real extract  of  male  fern,  one  half  dram  pow- 
dered ergot,  two  drams  powdered  sum  arable, 
and  two  drops  croton  oil.  The  pomegranate 
bark  and  pumpkin  seed  are  thoroughly  bruised 
and,  with  the  ergot,  boiled  iu  eight  ounces  of 
water  fifteen  minutes,  then  strained  through 
ft  coarse  cloth.  The  croton  oil  is  first  rubbed 
up  with  the  acacia  and  extract  of  fern,  and 
then  formed  into  an  emulsion  with  the  de- 
coction. In  each  case  the  worm  was  expelled 
alive  and  entire  within  two  hours.  In  each 
case,  too,  the  worm  was  passed  with  the  head 
firmly  fastened  to  the  side  of  its  body  at  about 
the  widest  part,  from  which  it  was  with  diffi- 
culty removed. 

«  ■  » 
Thbke  Eminent  Physicians. — As  the  cele- 
brated French  physician,  Desmoulins,  lay  on 
his  deathbed,  he  was  visited  and  constantly 
surrounded  by  the  most  distinguished  medi- 
cal men  of  Paris,  as  well  as  other  prominent 
citizens  of  the  metropolis.  Great  were  the 
lamentations  of  all  at  the  loss  about  to  be 
sustained  by  the  profession,  in  the  death  of 
one  they  regarded  as  its  greatest  ornament ; 
but  Desmoulins  spoke  cheerfully  to  his  prac- 
titioners, assuring  them  that  he  had  left  be- 
hind three  physicians  much  greater  than  him- 
self. Each  of  the  doctors,  hoping  that  his 
own  name  would  be  called,  inquired  anxiously 
who  was  sufficiently  illustrious  to  surpass  the 
immortal  Desmoulins.  With  great  distinct- 
ness the  dying  man  answered,  "They  are 
AVater,  Exercise  and  Diet.  Call  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  first  freely,  of  the  second  regu- 
larly and  the  third  moderately.  Follow  this 
advice  and  you  may  well  dispense  with  my 
aid.  Living,  I  could  do  nothing  without 
them,  and  dying,  I  shall  not  be  missed  if  you 
make  friends  of  these,  my  faithful  coadju- 
tors.' 

Food  as  Mkdicine. — Dr.  Hall  relates  the 
case  of  a  man  who  was  cured  of  his  bilious- 
ness by  going  without  his  supper  and  drink- 
ing freely  of  lemonade.  Every  morning. 
Bays  the  doctor,  this  patient  arose  with  a  won- 
derful sense  of  rest  and  refreshment,  and 
feeling  as  though  the  blood  had  been  literally 
washed,  cleansed  and  cooled  by  the  lemonade 
and  fast.  His  theory  is,  that  food  can  be 
used  as  a  remedy  for  many  diseases  success- 
fully. As  an  example,  he  cures  spitting  of 
blood  by  the  use  of  salt;  epilepsy  by  water- 
melon; kidney  affection  by  celery;  poison, 
oUve  or  sweet  oil;  erysipelas,  pounded  cran- 
berries applied  to  the  part  affected ;  hydro- 
phobia, ouions,  etc.  So  the  way  to  keep  in 
good  health  is  really  to  know  what  to  eat — 
not  to  know  what  medicine  to  take. 


She  ^imh 


Dkcat  of  the  Teeth. — What  time  of  day 
do  the  teeth  decay  most  rapidly? 

Ana.  —  From  midnight  till  the  breakfast 
hour.  The  meals  of  the  day  help  to  preserve 
the  teeth  by  friction  and  the  flow  of  saliva, 
which,  to  a  great  extent  cleanses  them  of  de- 
caying matter;  and  thus  it  is  that  the  teeth 
pass  through  the  day  and  early  part  of  the 
night  without  much  progress  of  caries;  but 
after  retiring,  the  remaining  particles  of  acid- 
ifying food,  the  inspissating  nmcus,  the  de- 
veloping fungi,  all  combine  to  make  the  hours 
towaril  morning  pre-eminently  the  period  of 
decay.  Then  it  is  that  the  chalk  placed  be- 
tween the  teeth  late  at  night  and  allowed  to 
remain  there  comes  to  the  rescue,  and  by  its 
antacid  reaction,  prevents,  in  great  degi-ee 
that  disintegration  dependent  upon  acidity 
and  parasitic  growth. 


A  TnAVELLEB  on  a  miserable  lean  steed 
was  hailed  by  a  Yankee,  who  was  hoeing  his 
pumkins  by  the  roadside — "  Hallo  I  friend," 
said  the  farmer,  "where  are  you  bound?" 
"  I'm  going  out  to  settle  in  the  Western 
country,"  replied  the  other.  "Well,  get  off 
and  straddle  this  ere  pumkinvine,  it  will 
grow  and  cary  you  faster  than  that  ere  boast." 


Kind  Treatment  Pays. 

^  ILLARD     in  his    now  "  Butter 

Book, "  speaks  in  the  strongest  term 
favor  of  kind  treatment  of  cows 
'4©"  kept  for  the  dairy  : 
It  is  really  astonishing,  he  says,  what  a 
large  difference  in  the  yield  of  milk  it  makes 
by  attending  properly  to  a  number  of  small 
things  in  the  management  of  stock — things 
which  would  seem  to  many  quite  too  insig- 
nificant to  be  worth  observing.  The  dairy- 
man should  have  a  genuine,  hearty  love  for 
the  animals  under  his  control,  attending  to 
every  detail  for  their  comfort,  providing 
wholesome  nutritious  food,  pure  water  and 
pure  air — everything  of  this  kind  in  abund- 
ance— keeping  the  animals  properly  sheltered 
from  storms  ;  feeding  always  with  great  reg- 
ularity ;  paying  the  most  marked  attention  to 
the  maimer  and  time  of  milking,  and,  withal, 
preserving  a  uniform  kindness  and  gentleness 
of  treatment  throughout  every  operation,  a 
gentleness  extended  even  to  the  tones  of  the 
voice. 

Generally  speaking,  that  cow  will  do  her 
best  that  is  loved  the  best  and  petted  the 
most  liy  those  who  have  her  in  charge.  If 
you  wish  a  cow  to  do  her  best,  you  must  cul- 
tivate her  accjuaintance  iutiraatelj',  and  be  un- 
sparing iu  little  nets  of  kindness.  You  may 
whip  and  torture  a  cow  into  submission,  but 
she  will  strike  the  balance  against  you  in  the 
milk  pail.  One  of  the  greatest  faults  among 
dairy  farmers  to-day  is  a  lack  of  kindness  and 
consideration  to  domestic  animals.  Cows 
should  be  petted  daily,  and  be  made  to  feel 
that  man  is  a  friend  and  protector.  All  pain, 
fright  and  uneasiness  checks  the  secretion  of 
milk,  and  the  man  who  is  passionate  and 
abusive  to  his  herd  never  did  and  never  can 
realize  a  full  yield  of  milk  from  it.  I  think 
that  any  one  who  has  the  charge  of  animals 
should  study  their  character  and  disposition. 
It  is  an  interesting  study,  and,  under  the  law 
of  kindness,  you  will  not  uufrequently  bring 
out  wonderful  traits  and  exhibitions  of  affec- 
tion, which  will  show  a  forethought  and  de- 
sign which  may  well  be  ranked  with  the 
higher  intelligence  of  i-easonable  beings." 

The  Holstein  Cow. 

The  Holstein  bred  cows  are  now  attracting 
much  attention  in  various  parts  of  this  conti- 
nent from  their  wonderful  milking  qualities. 
They  are  natives  of  the  north  of  Germany, 
large,  heavy  cattle,  of  compact  form,  making, 
when  fattened,  excellent  beef,  and  being  also 
good  workers.  They  have  been  grown  in 
Holland  for  generations,  with  special  regard 
to  their  milking  qualities.  In  that  country, 
they  are  invariably  black  and  white  ;  but  in 
their  native  Duchy  they  are  found  of  various 
colors.  The  quality  of  the  milk  of  the  Hol- 
stein is  such  as  fits  it  well  for  the  cheese- 
maker,  the  globules  being  small  and  uniform 
in  size.  The  skim-milk  is  of  a  very  blue 
tinge.  The  butter  made  from  the  cream  pos- 
sesses great  lasting  qualities. 

Several  instances  are  on  record,  and  are 
well  authenticated,  where  cows  of  this  breed 
have  given  large  quantities  of  milk.  One 
cow  is  certified  to  have  yielded  an  average  of 
18  quarts  a  day  for  9  months.  A  heifer 
owned  in  Chemung  Co.,  N.  Y.,  ga*e  after  her 
first  calf  15  quarts  a  day  for  nine  months. 
An  instance  is  also  recorded  whore  a  Holstein 
gave  74  lbs.,  for  ten  consecutive  days,  of 
milk  that  yielded  22.70 of  cream.  The  record 
of  a  heifer  belonging  to  a  Stock  Breeders  As- 
sociation in  N.  Y.,  State  shows  that,  alter  her 
first  calf  she  gave  for  12  days  10. (iS  lbs;  for 
the  next  month.  May  411.17  lbs.;  in  June, 
52.18  lbs.;  July,  51.Y.7  lbs.;  August,  50,12 
lbs,;  September,  41  lbs.;  October,  33.17  lbs.; 
November,    27.70  lbs.;  being  an  average  per 


day  for  the  7^^  months,  of  close  upon  45  lbs. 
Her  feed  was,  for  the  first  mouth,  simply  h 
with  3  pecks  of  turnips  daily,  and  afterwards 
pasture  and  2  quarts  of  corn  meal.  After 
Oct.  1,  4  quarts  of  a  mixture  of  oats,  corn 
ond  shorts,  and  ^  bushel  of  roots  were  fed. 
— Canada  Fanner, 

In  butter  making,  the  object  sought  is  the 
separation  of  the  butter  globules  from  the 
caseine  and  other  ingredieuts  of  the  milk  ; 
their  retention  in  a  pure  and  perfect  state,  and 
their  jireservation  in  that  state,  for  use,  with 
the  union  of  no  foreign  substances,  except  a 
small  amount  of  pure  salt.  In  the  process  of 
cream  rising  this  seperation  commences,  and 
it  is  highly  important  that  we  adopt  a  method 
by  which,  iu  this  stage  of  the  process,  it  may 
be  made  as  complete  as  possible.  The  con- 
ditions of  success,  are  a  right  and  uniform 
temperature,  rest,  jirotection  from  taints  and 
evaporation,  from  the  destructive  influences 
of  the  atmosphere,  and  too  intense  light. 


To   Freshen   Bancid  Buttee. — Here  is  a 

fact  worth  a  years  suViscription  to  a  paper  : 
"To  a  pint  of  water  add  thirty  drojis  (about 
half  a  teaspoonful)  of  liquid  chloride  of  lime. 
Wash  in  this  two  and  a  half  pounds  of  rancid 
butter.  When  every  particle  of  the  butter 
has  come  in  contact  with  the  water,  let  it 
stand  an  hour  or  two  ;  then  wash  the  butter 
well  again  in  pure  water.  The  buttter  is  then 
left  without  any  odor,  and  has  the  sweetness 
of  fresh  butter.  These  preparations  of  lime 
have  nothing  injurious  in  them." 


Alderneys  and  Jerseys. 

Alderney  is  well-known  for  the  breed  of 
cows  that  bears  its  name.  These  are  so  culled 
because  the  fiist  ones  exported  were  from 
that  island,  although  now  very  few  that  are 
sold  as  Alderney  cows  are  directly  from  that 
island.  Those  of  that  breed  actually  exported 
from  these  islands  are  generally  from  J  ersey, 
where  the  cattle  are  much  the  same  as  those 
of  Alderney — small,  with  tapering  heads  and 
of  a  delicate  fawn-color.  The  Guernsey  is 
esteemed  by  some  even  more  highly  than  the 
Alderney.  It  is  rather  larger  and  more  of  a 
red,  brindled  in  color.  The  cows  are  milked 
three  times  daily,  and  the  milk  is  churned 
without  skimming.  One  pound  of  butter  a 
day  is  by  no  means  an  uncommon  yield  for  a 
good  cow.  The  cow  cabbage  is  made  to  rea«b 
a  size  so  large  that  the  leaves  are  used  to 
wrap  the  butter  iu  for  market,  while  the  stalks 
are  varnished  and  armed  with  ferrules,  and 
extensively  used  at  St.  Heller's  for  canes. 
The  cows  are  carefully  coddled.  The  grass 
they  feed  on  is  highly  enriched  by  the  vraic, 
a  species  of  sea-weed  gathered  from  the  reefs 
at  low  tide. 

There  are  two  vraic  hurvests  appointed  by 
the  Government — one  iu  the  Spring,  the  oth- 
er in  August,  although  it  is  gathered  at  other 
times  iu  small  quantities.  All  hands  turn 
out  in  the  season  with  boats  and  caits,  fre- 
quently at  night,  and  it  is  a  very  lively  pic- 
turesque occupation,  though  often  attended 
with  loss  of  life  from  the  overloading  of  boats 
or  sudden  rising  of  the  tide.  The  cows  are 
always  tethered  when  feeding.  They  cat  less 
in  this  way,  really  giving  more  milk  than  when 
glutted  with  food,  and  while  they  are  crop- 
ping the  grass  on  one  side  of  the  field,  it  has 
time  to  spring  up  on  the  other  side.  When 
they  have  done  eating,  they  are  at  once  moved 
from  the  sun  into  the  shade.  The  breed  is 
preserved  from  intermixture  with  other  breeds 
by  strong  and  arbitrary  laws  very  carefully 
enforced.  No  cattle  are  allowed  to  enter  the 
islands  except  for  slaughter  within  a  certain 
number  of  days,  with  the  exception  of  oxen 
for  ilraught. — Jlaj'per':)  ^agaiine  for  Jutie. 

WiNTKB  and  spring  butter  is  often  very 
much  injured  in  flavor  by  allowing  cows  to 
eat  the  litter  frcuu  horse-stables.  Cows  are 
not  uufrequently  very  fond  of  this  Utter, 
though  it  is  impregnated  with  liquid  manure      f 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


from  the  horses,   and  if  allowed  they  eat   it 
greedily;  and  the  effect  is  that  their  milk  and 
butter  will  be  tainted  with   the  taste  of  this 
kind  of  food,  in  the  same  way  that  the  flavor 
is  injured  by  eating  turnips,   'but   to    a   more 
disagreeable  degree.     If  litter  is  allowed   to 
be  eaten,  it  should  be  given    to  cattle  not  in 
milk,  and  on  no  account  should  milch  cows 
be  allowed  to  consume  other  than  the  swoet- 
est  and  purest  food.     Very  nice  butter-makera 
are  sometimes  at  a  loss  to   account  for  stable 
taints  in  butter,  especially  when  extraordinary 
precautions  have  been  taken  to  have  the  milk- 
ing done  in  the  most  perfect  manner,  and  so 
on  in  all  the  processes  of  handling   the   milk 
until  the  butter  is  packed  for  market.     Still, 
the  butter  has  a   disagreeable  taint,   and  the 
cause  often  oomes  from  allowing  the  cows, 
when  turned  out  to  water  and  exercise,  to  feed 
about  the  horse-stable,    where  they    consume 
all  the  litter  which,  on  account  of  its  being 
soaked  with  liquid  manure,  is  cast  out  of  the 
stable. — Mural  Jfew    Yorker. 


Bdttek  Ptoduct  of  a.  Shokt-Hoen  Heifee. 
—In  looking  over  your  paper  from  week  to 
week  any  one  would  suppose  that  the  Jersey 
cows  were  ahead  of  all  other  breeds  in  the 
State  for  making  butter.  I  think  it  is  a  great 
error.  I  think  there  are  other  breeds  that 
will  make  more  butter  on  less  provender  and 
give  more  milk  than  the  Jerseys,  and  make 
butter  of  as  good  quality.  I  have  a  thorough- 
bred Short-horn  cow,  four  years  old  last 
March,  that  made  in  one  week  last  January 
eleven  and  three-fourths  pounds  of  as  nice 
butter  as  was  ever  produced  by  a  Jersey  cow. 
It  was  but  seven  minutes  churning  by  the 
clock.  Her  feed  was  but  four  quarts  of 
shorts  per  day,  and  as  much  good  hay  as  she* 
would  eat.  If  any  one  has  a  Jersey  heifer 
three  years  old  or  past  that  wiU  beat  this  I 
would  like  to  purchase  )iex.~M.  L.  WUdar  in 
Maine  Eanner. 


High  Farming  in  England  and  its  Ee- 
SULTS.— At  the  monthly  Farmers'  Club  meet- 
ing, held  during  the  Smithfield  show  week, 
in  London,  the  Canada  Farmer  says,  the  sub- 
ject under  discussion  being,  "The  Future  of 
Farming,"  Alderman  Mechi  said,  that  on  his 
own  farm,  and  many  others  which  he  could 
name,  the  amount  of  produce  was  such  that 
ho  was  convinced  that  if  the  whole  of  the 
land  of  England  was  farmed  as  it  ought  to  ha, 
taking  the  present  rite  of  consumption,  not 
one-half  of  the  produce  could  be  consumed, 
supposing  there  were  no  foreign  importation 
whatever.  At  which  the  farmers  present 
laughed  immoderately.  The  alderman  contin- 
ued and  said  ho  could  produce  plenty  of  men 
connected  with  Norfolk  and  Lincolnshire  who 
would  bear  out  that  statement.  "  If  the  far- 
mers of  England,  as  a  bodv,  produced  what 
was  produced  by  some  of  the  farmers  of  those 
two  counties,  the  peojjle  of  this  country 
would  not,  at  the  present  rate  of  consump- 
tion, consume  oue-half  of  the  total,  without 
any  foreign  importation."  The  report  does 
not  state  whether  the  laughter  was   repeated. 


Stpdying  Latin.— a  good  story  is  told  of 
an  old  farmer  whose  sou  had  for  a  long  time 
been  ostensibly  studying  Latin  in  a  popul.ir 
academy.  The  farmer  not  being  perfectly 
satisfied  with  the  course  and  conduct  of  the 
young  hopeful,  recalled  him  from  school  and 
placing  him  by  the  side  of  a  cart  one  d,av 
thus  addressed  him  :  "  Now,  Joseph,  here  "is 
a  fork  and  there  is  a  heap  of  manure  and  a 
cart;  what  do  you  call  them  in  Latin?" 

"Porkibus,  oartibus,  et  manuribus,"  said 
Joseph. 

"Well,  now,"  said  the  old  man,  "  if  you 
don  t  take  that  forkibus  pretty  quickibus,  and 
pitch  that  manunbus  into  that  cartibus  I'll 
break  your  cussed  lazy  backibus."  Joseph 
went  to  workibus  forthwithibus. 

*-♦-•- 

Fowls  moult  in  August  and  September, 
inen  take  good  care  of  them. 


®hc  p0V0e» 


^Something  About  Draft  Horses. 

CORRESPONDENT  of  the  National 
Lire  tjtocic  Journal  gives  a  little  history 
of  draft  horses  in  Ills.,  that  must  be 
encouraging  to  breeders  of  such  stock 
elsewhere  : 

The  race  horse  is  the  gentleman  among 
horses,  and  the  draft  horse  the  laborer.  (The 
laborer  makes  the  money,  and  the  gentleman 
spends  It.)  We  found  that  our  horses  were 
too  near  all  so-called  gentleman  horses,  and 
we  had  too  few  laboring  horses,  and  that  the 
business  of  the  country  demanded  stronger 
draft  horses. 

In  about  the  year   1843,   Col.  Oakley  im- 
ported Hanqmm,  a  large  draft  horse  of  Euglish 
or  Belgian  stock,   into  Central  Illinois  (Taze- 
well county.)     Sampson  was  a  very  large,  logy 
draft,  horse,  weighing  from  twenty  to  twenty- 
two  hundred  pounds.     He  was  so  large,  that 
It  was  with  difficulty   that  the  farmers  could 
persuade  themselves  to  risk  the  extreme  cross 
on  their   small  mares  ;  but  they  did   risk  it, 
and  his  stock  was    disseminated   largely   all 
through  that  part  of  the   State,   and  proved  a 
great  success.     Before  the  stock  of  the  imp 
Sampson  was  lost  sight   of,    the   imp,    Louis 
Napoleon,  a  draft  horse  of  Norman  or  French 
blood,  made  his  appearance  in  the  same  local- 
ity (Tazewell  county),  in  about  the  year  1855. 
He  gained  a  large  reputixtion  as  a  stock  horse, 
and  he  and  his  descendants  were  used  largely 
for  a  number  of  years  in  the  different  counties 
of  TazeweU,  Woodford,  McLean  and  LaSalle. 
The  stock  of  Louis  Napoleon  proved  of  such 
excellence  that  it   opened  up   an  active  trade, 
not  only  in  this  country,  but  even  in  Franco, 
England,  Scotland  and  Belgium,  and  within 
the  past  six  years  caused  the  importation   of 
hundreds   of   draft   horses   from    the   above- 
named  countries   into   the    State   of   Illinois 
alone,  placing  this  State  second  to    no  other 
State  in  the  Union  in  valuable  horses,  either 
for  the  farm  or  the  markets.     We  have  more 
than  once  heard  the  remark  made  in  Chicago, 
"Why   do  the   Eastern  horse   dealers  always 
make  such  a   bee  line   for   Ottawa"    (lils.)? 
Why  because  old  Louis  Napoleon  made  his  ap- 
pearance in  La  Salle  county  in  the  year  185y. 
The  different  strains  of  draft  horses  that  have 
gained  such  favor  with  the  public,  have  stood 
purely  on  their  own  merits  ;  their  dissemina- 
tion IS  not  due   to   any   advice    or   influence 
given  through   agricultural   papers.     Neither 
did  the  agricultural  fairs  show   them   favor, 
until  their  own  merits  first  placed  them  high- 
ly in  favor  with  the  public.     The  more  jiopu- 
lar  strains  of  draft  horses  now  so  rapidly  im- 
porting into  Illinois  and  other  States  are  the 
Norman  or  French  horse,  the  Scotch  Clyde, 
the  English  (b-aft,   and  the  Belgian  ;  the  Nor- 
man    or    French    largely  predominating  in 
numbers. 

It  would  seem  that  the  necessary  weight  in 
the  ilraft  horse  has  been  reached.  The  weight 
of  eighteen  to  twenty  hundred  pounds  has 
become  more  the  rule  than  the  exception 
among  the  draft  horses  now  being  imported 
into  this  country.  The  draft  horse  is  already 
bred  up  to  a  high  state  of  perfection,  yet  we 
can  further  improve  them  by  carefully  and 
judiciously  breeding  for  more  action,  with  a 
more  combined  muscular  power  and  beauty 
of  style. 


Colors  and  QnALiTiEs.— I  find  horses  of 
dark  chestnut,  true  bay  and  dark  brown 
colors,  to  be  more  free  from  disease  than 
those  of  other  shades,  and  I  hold  them  up  in 
the  front  rank  for  the  general  quahtications 
of  speed,  stamina,  docility,  size  and  beauty  of 
conformation.  Color  itself  does  not  m'ake 
the  difference,  but  it  is  caused  by  the  peculiar 
organization  which  makes  these  colors. 
Among  the  light  chestnuts— erroneously 
called  sorrels— are  to  be  found  nine-tenths  o"f 


skittish,  balky  horses  and  those  with  other 
unpleasant  qualities  so  much  feared  and  ob- 
jected to.  Black  horses  have  more  faulty 
eyes  and  feet  than  other  colors,  according  to 
my  observations.  The  various  dapple-greys 
are  much  more  hablo  to  warts  than  horses  of 
other  colors. 

Still  I  have  seen  in  horses  of  all  colors 
qualities  to  be  admired  and  to  be  rejected. 
Among  the  "buckskins,"  the  various  shades 
of  cream,  and  the  spotted,  we  often  find  pow- 
ers of  endurance,  and  sometimes  speed,  which 
are  somewhat  astonishing.  These  shades  arc 
not  fashionable,  however,  and  therefore  not 
marketable.  Still  the  old  saying  is  true  :  "A 
good  horse  is  seldom  of  a  bad  color,"  I  still 
adhere  to  my  former  opinion,  that  the  dark 
chestnut,  true  bay  and  dark  brown  are  the 
colors  to  perpetuate  in  breeding,  as  in  them 
we  have  all  the  requisites  of  endurance, 
speed,  size,  docility  and  fashion,  which  fill 
the  whole  bill  as  to  our  needs  or  requirements 
in  a  horse.      W.  Home,  Comiiry  GetiUemam. 

What  To  Do  With  a  Dead  Horse.— Sever- 
al agricultural  papers  reccommend  cutting  up 
and  converting  into  manure  by  covering  with 
lime  and  earth.  But  it  is  our  opinion  that 
feeding  the  flesh  to  chickens  is  the  most 
profitable  way  of  disposing  of  dead  horses, 
dead  cattle  etc.  What  is  not  needed  at  once 
or  while  it  can  be  kept  fresh  for  the  purpose, 
should  be  cut  into  strips  and  dried.  In  this 
condition  it  can  be  stored  away  in  sacks  ;  and 
a  little  of  it  chopped  fine  every  day  or  two 
will  do  much  towards  increasing  the  egg 
product.  A  fair  sized  horse  is  worth  $5  to 
$10  for  this  purpose,  besides  trouble  of  haul- 
ing and  cutting  up,  drying,  etc. 


Agriculture  at  the  Centennial. 

The  value  of  the  farms  and  farm  machin- 
ery, the  farm  products,  and  the  live  stock  of 
the  United  States,  roll  up  an  aggregate  of 
over  thirteen  thousand  million  dollars,  while 
the  total  of  the  products  of  our  manufactories 
(less  the  materials  employed)  and  the  capital 
invested  in  them  is  less  than  four  thousand 
million  dollars.  To  fitly  present  character- 
istic specimens,  drawn  from  and  fully  illus- 
trating this  enormous  industry  of  our  land, 
is  the  duty  that  devolves  upon  the  agricultur- 
al department  of  the  Centennial.  The  rep- 
resentatives of  the  ninety  million  of  horses, 
cattle,  sheep  and  swine  noted  in  the  census 
of  1870,  will  alone  constitute  such  a  grand  dis- 
play as  will  be  worthy  of  attention  ;  and  it 
might  be  well  to  mention  just  here  that  one 
club  proposes  to  exhibit  three  hundred  speci- 
mens of  neat  cattle.  The  attractiveness  of 
the  agricultural  exhibit  and  the  disposition 
to  contribute  to  it,  will  be  recognized  when 
we  state  that,  out  of  the  12,500,000  persons 
engaged  in  all  classes  of  occupations  in  the 
United  States,  5,922,000,  or  neariy  one-half, 
are  engaged  in  agriculture. 

The  trades  and  industries,  too,  that  minis- 
ter and  are  subordinate  to  the  agricultural  in- 
terests of  our  country,  swell  the  aggregate 
seeking  space  for  display  in  the  area  set  apart 
for  this  department.  With  these  few  figures, 
(drawn  from  the  census  of  1870)  in  mind,  we 
may  imagine  how  great  a  proportion  of  the 
visitors  will  be  attracted  to  the  farmers'  show 
the  Centennial  Exhibition  be  peculiarly  at- 
tractive to  our  own  citizens,  but,  as  we  are 
best  known  abroad  by  our  agricultural  pro- 
ductions, so  we  may  anticipate  that  of  the 
foreigners  who  visit  us  in  1870,  the  specialty 
whicii  \vill  call  the  greatest  number  of  them 
to  Philadelphia  will  be  the  agricultural. — 
Fhiladelphia  Fress. 

— «-•-• 

The  New  Haven  Register  says  :  "  Henry 
Bassett,  of  Hamden,  to-day  exhibited  at  our 
oflice  an  egg,  laid  on  his  farm  by  a  Cochin 
Partridge    hen   measuring   13  inches   in   cir- 

mference  and  8  in  diameter." 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Thou  Cheerful  Bee. 


.TH3U  cheerful  bee  I  come,  freely  come, 
And  travel  runnel  my  woorlbiue  bower  ; 
Delight  me  with  tliy  wand'rinR  hum. 

And  rouse  me  from  my  mtieiDf^  hour. 
Oh  1  try  no  more  thone  tedious  fields. 
My  honied  treasures  all  are  thine  ; 
Come  taste  the  sweets  my  Kardeu  yields, 
The  bud,  the  blossom,  all  are  thine. 

—(Smyth. 


Bee  Keeping  in  Southern  California. 

From  the  Anierican  Bee  Journal  we  extract 
two  letters  upon  bee  keeping  in  Galifomin  by 
persons  who  evidently  view  the  business  and 
country  from  different  temprements.  The 
first  letter  is  by  J.  W.  Sallie,  Anaheim. 

Dear  7?t'C  Jouninl  : — lu  my  last  I  promised 
to  tell  the  "bee  men"  something  o£  South- 
ern California.     First,  then,  as  to 

CLIMATE 

I  do  not  suppose  that  there  is  a  better  cli- 
mate on  earth  than  that  of  Southern  Califor- 
nia, especially  that  portion  west  of  the  moun- 
tains. Such  is  a  large  portion  of  Lon  Angelos 
county,  it  being  a  beautiful  valley,  about 
twentv  miles  wide  and  seventy-five  long,  with 
a  slope  of  about  twelve  feet  to  the  mile,  from 
the  mountains  to  the  beach.  This  valley,  be- 
ing west  of  the  mountains,  is  free  from  the 
bleak  winds  of  the  desert,  and  the  cold  winds 
from  the  north,  with  a  regular  sea  breeze 
every  day,  rendering  the  climate  more  even 
than  that  of  S|)ain,  France  or  Italy  ;  the 
mercury  seldom  going  above  eighty  degrees, 
and  rarely  below  forty  degrees.  Near  the 
coast  it  is  cooler  ;  but  as  j'ou  approach  the 
mountains,  the  climate  grows  warmer,  at  the 
rate  of  about  one  degree  per  mile.  Near  the 
coast  it  is  too  damp  and  cool  for  consimip- 
tives — but  on  the  west  side  of  the  mountain, 
at  an  altitude  of  1,500  or  2,000  feet,  you  are 
above  the  fogs  and  dampness — and  the  cli- 
mate is  juxt  splmiVid.  There  is  never  any 
frost  at  this  altitude,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
mountains — and  here  is  where  the  bees  do  so 
well.     In  point  of 

SOIL, 

this  valley  is  equal  to  any  portion  of  the 

United  States.  The  soil  is  made  by  deposits 
from  the  mountains,  and  is  inexhaustible. 
There  is,  however,  only  a  small  portion  of  it 
that  is  susceptible  of  cultivation  without  ir- 
rigation ;  this  is  supplied  by  water  from  the 
mountains,  and  by  artesian  wells.  These 
can  be  had  at  a  cost  ranging  from  $125  to 
$500.  This  seems  almost  incredible  to  an 
eastern  man,  but  such  is  the  fact.  Many 
poor  farmers,  just  starting,  have  their  artesian 
wells,  giWng  an  abundant  flow,  for  irrigating 
their  nuurter  section  of  land.  As  to 
FiiniT, 

there  is  no  end  to  it  hero.  Almost  every  va- 
riety of  semi-tropical  fruits  grows  to  perfec- 
tion here  ;  and  the  flavor  of  all  kinds  of  fruits 
is  especially  excellent,  on  the  high  "  masa  " 
lands.  Peaches  are  never  a  failure  ;  apricots, 
nectarines,  plums,  pears,  etc.,  etc.,  in  endless 
varieties,  strawberries  the  year  round,  while 
tomato  vines  bear  continuously,  for  five  or 
six  years.  Vegetables  without  end,  and  the 
grape  to  perfection.  Raisins  made  by  the 
ton,  simply  by  pulling  the  grapes  from  the 
vine  and  spreading  them  on  the  ground  to 
dry. 

This  valley  land  is  especially  adapted  to  the 
cultivation  and  growth  of  the  Alfalfa,  or 
Chili  clover,  which  will  feed  from  four  to  six 
cows  per  acre,  the  year  round,  producing  a 
largo  yield  of  good  milk  and  butter. 

DEKS 

are  also  kept  in  the  valley  ;  but  the  quality  of 
honey  is  very  indifferent,  and  consequently 
it  is  not  considered  very  profitable.  Yet  bees 
will  increase  equally  as  fast  in  the  valley  as 


on  the  mountains.  The  most  desirable  local- 
ity for  bees  is  directly  up  the  side  of  the 
mouutitins,  about  one  mile  from  the  valley, 
and  at  an  altitude  of  1,500  feet,  with  plenty 
of  sage,  sumach,  etc.,  about  you,  on  the 
mountains.  The  bees  go  to  the  valley  first 
in  the  spring,  and  as  the  season  advances, 
they  ascend  the  mountains,  thereby  securing 
a  perpetual  pasturage. 

ISees,  they  say,  have  not  done  well  this 
spring,  and  summer,  owing  to  a  frost  that  fell 
in  April.     I  took  charge  of 

MI  APIABI 

on  the  5th  of  May.  The  bees  were  all  in  box 
hives.  I  proceeded  at  once  to  transfer,  which 
I  accomplished  in  about  four  weeks  ;  took 
about  5,000  lbs.,  in  transfering  ;  have  all  of 
my  hives  full  of  comb,  and  have  taken  with 
the  extractor,  u])  to  the  present  date,  (July 
1st)  about  4,S0OO  lbs.  Tlie  season  is  now  in 
full  blast,  and  will  continue  so  for  six  or  eight 
weeks  longer.  I  have  no  fears  but  I  will 
reach  30,000  lbs.,  from  the  150  hives  I  started 
with,  beside  an  increase — after  "honey  for 
market  "  is  out — of  about  300  per  cent. 

And  now,  Mr.  Editor  and  brethren,  let  me 
say  to  you  all  that  I  have  at  last  found  the 
"  place  for  bees,"  and  I  shall  not  neglect  to 
improve  my  opportunity.  So  you  had  better 
"  look  well  to  your  laurels." 

There  are  other  places  here,  not  j'et  occu- 
pied, which  would  make  good  bee  ranches. 
But  the  better  plan  is  tobuyouta"  squatter," 
and  bring  with  you  about  100  stiinds  of  bees 
to  start  with.  The  bees  would  cost  about 
$1,000,  and  the  ICO  acres— with  twenty  to 
forty  acres  tillable  land,  and  a  small  shanty 
— about  $500.  If  any  "  Bee  man"  wants 
such  a  location,  etc.,  I  think  I  could  secure  it 
for  him  for  that  auiouut. 

There  are  many  points  which  I  would  like 
to  talk  upon,  but   must   wait  till  next    time. 

The  following  letter  is  from  San  Diego, 
name  not  given  : 

I  came  here  from  Kansas  in  May,  to  go  to 
bee-keeping,  but  found  I  was  four  mouths  too 
late  to  do  anything  this  yi!ar,  as  bees  swarm 
here  in  March  and  April,  ami  from  that  time 
to  September  1st,  are  making  box  honey,  and 
but  few  are  for  sale,  except  from  October  to 
January. 

They  had  a  hard  frost  here  in  April,  which 
stopped  swarming,  and  cut  the  honey  crojj 
very  short. 

Italian  queen-raising  might  pay,  but  I 
think  it  doubtful,  as  one-fourth  are  now  Ital- 
ians. You  could  not  find  a  location,  in  my 
judgment,  out  of  reach  of  blacks  or  hybrids, 
as  the  mountains  have  many  wild  bees  in 
them  and  the  bee-men  are  already  located  all 
over  the  honey  region. 

Bee-men  complain  of  losing  one-third  of 
their  queens  in  fertilizing  this  year.  Do  not 
think  that  queens  wiU  be  sold  very  profitably. 
This  country  wants  to  be  seen  to  b»  appre- 
ciated— it  is  not  all  that  fancy  paints  it. 
I  am  very  much  disappointed  and  do  not 
think  I  shall  stay,  as  I  left  my  family  East ; 
and  if  I  bring  them,  they  will  have  to  stay 
h»re  in  San  Diego,  while  I  go  alone  up 
among  the  mountains,  twenty-five  to  forty 
miles  to  the  boe-iange. 

There  are  no  thrioinij  villages  within  a  hun- 
dred miles  from  here.  This  is  the  only  vil- 
lage for  one  hundred  miles  in  any  direction, 
and  this  is  as  dead  as  can  be — always  like 
Sunday  in  the  streets. 

Outside  of  this  town  there  are  no  churches, 
and  no  society  you  or  your  daughter  woulil 
want.  Little  houses,  15x20  or  less,  three  to 
six  miles  apart,  with  one  or  two  men  in  each, 
constitute  the  population,  and  thus  the 
country  is  dreary  and  uninviting.  There 
will  he  plenty  of  bees  and  ranohes  for  sale 
this  fall.  Bees  in  Harbison  or  Langstroth 
hives  sell  at  about  $10  ;  in  box-hives,  $3  to 
$5,  Harbison's  average,  for  five  years  past, 
is  83  lbs.,  comb  honey — more  than  most  get. 
Thia  year  they  will  not  get  half  that.  Thoy 
do  not  know  what  extracted  honey  is  hero,     l 


brought  two  extractors  with  me,  but  as 
strained  honey  is  only  five  to  six  cents  per 
pound,  they  will  not  give  me  any  work  ex- 
tracting. 

If  you  are  determined  to  come,  my  advice 
is,  stop  at  Los  Angelos,  and  go  ninety  miles 
south  of  the  railroad  toward  San  Bernardino. 

Laud  there,  good  for  fruit,  etc.,  is  high; 
but  there  you  can  raise  something  that  way. 
by  irrigating,  while  in  this  country  you  can't 
raise  anything  but  cactuses  one  year  in  five. 

Harbison  gives  his  men  $20  a  month,  the 
first  year  ;  $40  per  month,  the  second  year, 
and  an  interest  the  third  year.  Do  not  know 
the  interest. 

Y'ou  might  buy  100  hives,  bees  and  ranch, 
with  a  shanty,  worth  $50,  for  $2,000.  1 
think  no  one  ought  to  come  with  less  than 
$3,000,  gold,  for  the  first  year's  work.  Y'ou 
might  obtain  employment — I  can't,  and  doz- 
ens of  others  of  us  are  here  doing  nothing  ; 
can't  get  work  for  our  board  at  anything^ 
though  I  profess  to  understand  the  bee  busi- 
ness. 

I  think  this  whole  business  overdrawn. 
Because  last  year  was  a  splendid  success, 
they  thought  to  make  their  fortunes  ;  but 
this  year  most  are  losing  money. 


n 


Preparation  of  Wax. 

Having  employed  the  bees  to  extract  every 
particle  of  honey  from  the  combs,  put  the 
latter  in  a  clean  boiler  with  some  soft  water; 
simmer  over  a  clear  tire  until  they  are  melted; 
pour  a  quart  or  so  into  a  canvas  bag,  wide  at 
the  top  and  tapering  downwards  like  a  jelly- 
bag;  hold  this  over  a  tub  of  cold  water;  the 
boiling  liquor  will  immediately  pass  away, 
'leaving  the  liquefied  wax  and  the  dross  in 
the  bag;  have  ready  a  piece  of  smooth  board, 
of  such  a  length  that  one  end  may  rest  at  the 
bottom  of  the  tub  and  the  other  end  at  its 
top;  upon  this  inclined  plane  lay  your  reek- 
ing bag,  but  not  so  as  to  touch  the  cold  water; 
then,  by  compressing  the  bag  with  any  con- 
venient roller,  the  wax  will  ooze  through  and 
run  down  the  board  into  the  cold  water,  on 
the  surface  of  which  it  will  set  in  thin  flakes; 
empty  the  dross  out  of  the  bag  and  replenish 
it  with  the  boiling  wax,  and  proceed  as  before 
until  all  has  been  pressed.  When  finished, 
coOect  the  wax  from  the  surface  of  the  cold 
water,  put  it  into  a  clean  saucepan  with  very 
little  water,  melt  it  carefully  over  a  slow  fire, 
skim  off  the  dross  as  it  rises,  then  pour  it  into 
moulds  or  shapes,  and  place  them  where  they 
will  cool  slowly.  The  wax  may  be  rendered 
still  more  pure  by  a  second  melting  and 
moulding,  and  may  bo  bleached  by  running 
it  into  thin  ribands  and  exposing  these  to  the 
bleaching  action  of  a  grass  plat  for  several 
days  and  nights,  taking  care  the  sun  is  noi 
allowed  to  melt  them. — Manual  of  Jiee-Kcep- 
inij  by  John  Hunter. 

Bees,  Wasps  and  Crapes. 

Some  persons  imagine  that  bees  injure 
fruits,  and  especially  grapes.  They  are  great- 
ly in  error.  It  is  useful  to  compare  the  part 
taken  by  bees  and  hornets  in  the  injury  done 
to  our  vineyards.  First  let  tis  consult  the 
books.  I  do  not  find  a  single  book  on  agri- 
culture, fruit  or  grape  culture  that  does  not 
cite  the  wasp  among  noxious  insects  thai, 
should  be  fought  incessantly  anil  mercilessly ; 
while  not  a  single  book  mentions  as  such  the 
industrious  honey-bee,  whose  Wndioator  I 
now  am. 

The  wasp  pierces  the  fruits  ;  to  the  grapeu 
it  leaves  nothing  but  the  skin  and  seeds. 
The  bee  only  profits  by  those  spoils  ;  for  she 
usually  goes  from  blossom  to  blossom,  gath- 
ering honey  in  gardens  and  fields.  If  at  times 
she  is  seen  in  orchards  or  vineyards,  where 
she  only  goes  after  the  wasps,  it  is  only  to 
gather  the  remains  of  the  feast. 

Curious  experiments  have  been  tried,  it 
api>ears  ;  Some  sound  fruits  were  placed  sim- 
ultaneously within  the  reach  of  both  wasps 
and   bees  ;   the   former  have  soon    achievod 


California  Agriculturist  akd  Live  Stock  Journal. 


their  work  of  destruction,   while  tlie  latter 
starved  to  death. 

Therefore,  bees  do  not  eat  grapes.  So  it 
is  with  sound  conviction  that  I  say  to  those 
who  wish,  if  not  to  prohibit,  at  least  to  render 
impossible  the  establishment  of  hives  in  the 
neighborhood  of  large  cities,  under  the  fal- 
lacious pretext  that  they  destroy  grapes  :  Re- 
spect the  bee,  since  she  respects  our  fruits  ; 
let  her  live  in  peace  near  us  ;  she  never  will 
bo  ungrateful.  Is  she  not  the  mysterious  in- 
strument that  helps  and  facilitates  the  phe- 
nomenon of  fertilization  of  flowers,  and  per- 
haps produces  those  innumerable  and  beauti- 
ful varieties  by  carrying  pollen  from  the 
calycle  of  one  into  that  of  another  ?  Is  she 
not  the  living  image  of  work,  that  gives  us 
the  perfumed  honey  and  the  wax  that  we  use 
BO  diversely  ? — Mo.  Farmer. 


Preservation  of  Wood. 

M.  Lostal,  railway  contractor,  has  commu- 
nicated to  the  Society  of  Mineral  Industry  at 
St.  Etienne  the  results  of  his  observations  on 
the  efleet  of  lime  in  preserving  wood,  and  his 
method  of  applying  it.  He  piles  the  planks 
in  a  tank,  and  puts  over  all  a  hiyer  of  ijuick- 
lime,  which  is  gradually  slacked  with  water. 
Timber  for  mines  requires  about  a  week  to  be- 
come thoroughly  impregnateU,  and  other 
'woodmtire  or  less  time,  according  to  its  thick- 
ness. The  wood  acquires  remarkable  con- 
sistency and  hardness,  and,  it  is  said,  will 
never  rot.  Wood  has  been  prepared  in  this 
manner  for  several  mines,  so  that  the  plan 
will  shortly  be  tested  on  a  considerable  scale. 
Beech-wood  has  been  prepared  in  this  way 
for  hammers  and  other  tools  for  several  iron- 
works, and  it  is  said  to  become  as  hard  as  oak 
without  losing  its  elasticity  or  toughness,  and 
to  last  much  longer  than  when  uuprepareil. 
It  has  long  been  known  that  wood  set  in  lime 
or  mortar  is  preserved  from  decay,  but  no 
systematic  plan  for  its  preservation  has  until 
now  been  attempted. 

The  Oer.  Ttltyraph  says  :  We  note  that  the 
old  controversy  about  tarring  or  painting 
shingles  and  fences,  is  being  revived  again,  on 
the  principle  we  suppose  that  as  an  old  gener- 
ation passes  away  the  new  one  wants  to  learn 
wholly  for  itself  wljat  it  wants  to  know.  It 
ought,  however,  to  be  generally  known  by 
this  time  that  not  moisture  only,  but  heat  and 
moisture,  either  or  both,  are  the  agents  in  the 
decay  of  woody  matter.  Most  writers  seem 
to  think  it  is  moisture  alone,  and  hence  all 
that  is  required  is  to  coat  the  wood  with  some 
substance  that  will  keep  the  water  out.  To 
be  sure  they  know  that  heat,  when  it  is  up  to 
what  we  know  as  the  burning  point,  will  de- 
stroy wood,  but  they  seem  to  forget  that  even 
when  not  burning  heat  is  destructive  only  in 
a  less  degree.  Any  black  substance  there- 
fore, which  attracts  heat,  though  it  may  keep 
out  the  other  destructive  element,  water,  adds 
to  the  destructive  agencies  at  work  on  the 
wood,  and  should  be  avoided  wherever  dura- 
tion is  an  object. 

It  needs  no  understanding  of  these  laws, 
however,  to  know  that  tar  or  any  black  sub- 
stance tends  to  rot  wood  away  much  faster 
than  wood  that  has  had  nothing  at  all  done 
to  it.  A  fence  tarred  and  exposed  to  the  full 
Bun,  as  any  observer  knows,  soon  crumbles 
away.  In  a  few  years  the  wood  is  like  an 
overdone  pie  crust.  And  then  all  know  how 
long  a  mere  whitewashed  fence  lasts.  Yet 
there  is  no  preservative  character  of  much 
account  in  lime.  Every  rain  goes  through  it 
into  the  wood,  but  it  is  the  white  color,  which 
rather  turns  away  the  heat  than  attracts  it, 
which  is  in  that  case  the  great  agent  which 
preserves  it  so  long. 

In  all  discussions  as  to  the  preservation  of 
wood  by  paints  or  coatings,  therefore,  we  see 
that  the  color  of  the  washes  or  paints  is  an 
important  point  in  the  argument.  As  for  tar, 
it  is  the  very  worst  thing  that  could  be  used 
where  there  is  exposure  to  the  sun.  Under 
ground,  or  where  there  is  no  heat  for  it  to  at- 
tract of  consequence,  it  is  another  matter, 
and  dois  possess  more  or  less  preservative 
power. 


Fattening  Chickens. 

M?T  is  hopeless  to  attempt  to  fatten  chickens 
nl!  while  they  are  at  liberty.  They  must  be 
dl.  put  up  in  a  proper  coop,  and  this,  like 
al,  most  other  appurtenances,  need  not  bo 
Kg  expensive.  To  fatten  twelve  fowls,  a 
coop  may  be  three  feet  long,  eighteen  inches 
high  and  eighteen  inches  deep,  made  entirely 
of  bars.  No  part  solid  neither  top,  sides 
nor  bottom.  Discretion  must  be  used,  accord- 
ing to  the  size  of  the  chickens  put  up.  They 
do  not  want  any  room,  indeed,  the  closer 
they  are  the  better,  provided  they  can  all 
stand  up  at  the  same  time.  Care  must  be 
taken  to  put  up  such  as  have  been  accustomed 
to  be  together,  or  they  will  fight.  If  one  is 
quarrelsome,  it  is  better  to  remove  it  at  once, 
as,  like  other  bad  examples,  it  soon  finds  im- 
itators. Diseased  chickens  should  never  bo 
put  up. 

The  food  should  be  ground  oats,  and  may 
either  be  put  up  in  a  trough  or  on  a  flat 
board  running  along  the  front  of  the  coop. 
It  may  be  mixed  with  water  and  milk,  the 
latter  is  the  better.  It  should  be  well  soaked, 
forming  a  pulp  as  loose  as  can  be,  providr'd  it 
does  not  run  ofl'  tlie  board.  They  must  be 
well  fed  three  or  four  times  a  day,  the  first 
time  as  soon  after  daybreak  as  may  be  possi- 
ble or  convenient,  and  then  at  intervals  of 
four  hours.  Each  meal  should  be  as  much  as 
they  can  eat  up  clean,  and  no  more  ;  when 
they  have  done  feeding,  the  board  should  be 
wiped  up  and  some  gravel  spread.  It  causes 
them  to  feed  and  thrive. 

After  a  fortnight  of  this  treatment  you  will 
have  good,  fat  fowls.  If,  however,  there  are 
but  five  or  six  fowls  to  be  fatted,  they  must 
not  have  as  much  room  as  though  there  were 
a  dozen.  Nothing  is  easier  than  to  allow 
them  the  proper  space,  as  it  is  only  necessary 
to  have  two  or  three  pieces  of  wood  to  pass 
between  the  bars  and  form  a  partition.  This 
may  also  serve  when  fowls  are  up  at  differer- 
ent  degrees  of  fatness.  This  requires  at- 
tention, or  fowls  will  not  keep  fat  and  healthy. 
As  soon  as  the  fowl  is  sufticiently  fatted,  it 
must  be  killed  ;  otherwise  it  will  not  get  fat- 
ter but  will  lose  flesh.  If  fowls  are  intended 
for  the  market,  of  course  they  are,  or  may  be 
fatted  at  once  ;  but  if  lor  home  consumption, 
it  is  better  to  put  them  up  at  such  intervals 
as  will  suit  the  time  when  they  will  be  re- 
quired for  the  table. 

When  the  time  arrives  for  kiUiug,  whether 
they  are  meant  for  market  or  otherwise,  they 
should  be  fasted  without  food  or  water  for 
twelve  or  fifteen  hours.  This  enables  them 
to  keep  for  some  time  after  being  killed,  even 
in  hot  weather. — Journal  of  Chemixtri/. 
.«-•-» 

Hens  Eatino  Eggs — A  CnKE. — A  corres- 
pondent of  the  Poultry  Bulldin  says  :  "  Having 
seen  the  question  asked  how  to  cure  hens 
from  eating  eggs,  and  having  been  put  to  my 
wits  end  to  devise  some  means  to  stop  them, 
I  finally  by  accident  hit  upon  a  plan  that  I 
have  never  known  to  fail.  One  gi-eat  trouble 
with  many  breeders  is,  they  make  their  hens' 
nests  too  large,  and  with  Brahmas  and 
Cochins  the  nests  are  near  the  ground,  and  in 
many  cases  the  eggs  are  in  view  of  the  hen. 
This  was  the  case  with  my  nests.  Having 
tried  every  available  stuff,  such  as  pepper, 
mustard,  turpentine,  and  every  thing  I  could 
hear  of,  but  no  cure.  I  then  took  a  common 
nail-keg,  cut  it  in  two  or  a  piece  about  eight 
inches  high,  and  placed  it  in  the  box  where 
the  hens  laid.  I  then  put  in  an  egg  ;  the  old 
hen  mounted  the  nest  or  keg  and  tried  to 
reach  the  egg,  standing  on  the  edge  of  the 
keg,  but  it  was  no  go  ;  she  then  got  down  in 
the  keg,  but  that  was  a  failure,  for  she  did 
not  have  room  to  got  at  the  egg  ;  after  trying 
for  some  time  she  gave  it  up  as  a  bad  job.  I 
have  never  had  an  egg  eaten  by  the  hens  since 
then  ;  all  of  the  nests  in  my  coops  have  a 
piece  of  a  keg  in  the  box,  and  have  parts  of 
kegs  for  nests.     Do  not  make  them  too  deep. 


but  deep  enough  so  that  the  hen  cannot  reach 
the  bottom  when  standing  on  the  edge  of  the 
keg.  You  that  are  troubled  with  hens  eating 
their  eggs,  try  the  plan  ;  it  costs  but  little, 
and  I  think  you  will  never  regret  the  trouble 
it  will  be  to  outwit  the  old  hen." 

Veemin  on  Fowls, — There  are  at  least  three 
different  kinds  of  lice  which  infest  poultry 
and  their  quarters.  (We  do  not  now  include 
the  acar\(s,  that  produces  what  is  known  as 
"  poultry  itch  "  and  "  scabby  or  scurvy  legs," 
etc. )  There  is  the  largo  louse  found  for  tho 
most  part  in  the  heads  of  young  chicks.  This 
is  quite  destructive  to  the  broods,  and  by 
some  is  supposed  to  be  the  parent  of  the  gapo 
worm.  Whether  this  supposition  is  true  or 
not  this  louse  will  certainly  destroy  young 
chicks  unless  it  is  removed  and  the  broods 
protected  from  its  attacks.  Then  there  is  the 
common  body  louse,  found  mostly  under  the 
wings  and  the  more  inaccessible  parts  of  tho 
skin.  These  are,  perhaps,  the  least  noxious 
of  any  of  the  different  kinds  ;  but  they  evi- 
dently annoy  the  fowls  and  should  not  bo  al- 
lowed to  remain  on  them 

The  third  class  of  lice  is  the  small  red 
"  mite,"  found  only  in  the  house  or  roosting 
places  and  nests.  These  are,  perhajjE,  the 
most  annoying  and  troublf'some  to  the  fowls 
of  all,  and  are  more  numerous  than  either  of 
the  other  kinds.  They  may  be  found  in  near- 
ly all  roosts  and  houses  that  have  been  used 
by  fowls  one  or  more  years  where  especial 
care  has  not  been  exercised  to  exterminate 
them.  They  stay  in  crevices  on  the  roosts  or 
walls  and  nests-boxes  during  the  day  and 
creep  upon  the  fowls  and  feed  at  night.  They 
are  seldom  found  on  tho  fowls  during  the 
day,  except  on  sitting  hens.  These  are  the 
ones  that  are  so  annoying  to  the  brooding 
hens,  forcing  them  to  abandon  their  nests. 
They  are  sometimes  found  in  great  numbers 
in  neglected  quarters. — A'.  1'.  llerald. 
•  m  * 

How  TO  Feed  Fowls. — Fowls  are  not  fed 
merely  for  the  sake  of  keeping  them  .alive  and 
healthy  on  the  least  possible  amount  of  food. 
We  wish  to  convert  the  food  into  flesh  or  in- 
to eggs.  In  feeding  for  quick  fattening,  it  is 
understood  that  the  poultry  should  be  made 
to  eat  as  much  as  possible.  Jly  rule  for  feed- 
ing is  to  throw  out  the  feed  once  a  day,  and 
let  them  eat  as  much  as  they  want,  and  no 
more.  I  want  the  fowls  to  eat  all  they  will  ; 
the  more  they  eat,  within  reasonable  bounds, 
the  more  eggs  they  will  lay,  and  the  better 
condition  they  will  be  in.  Laying  fowls 
should  take  exercise,  but  if  they  can  go  to  a 
trough  and  eat  any  time  they  wish,  they  will 
take  next  to  none.  If  fed  but  once  a  day, 
they  will  wander  and  hunt  insects  much 
more.  If  fed  soft  feed,  such  as  wheat  bran 
alone  or  mixed  with  milk,  they  will  be  hungry 
again  in  two  or  three  hours,  and  be  off  alter 
insects,   &c. 

Shrinkage  of  Fruit  in  Drying. — In  the 
letter  from  Charles  Alden  (owner  of  tho 
fruit-drying  machinery)  which  was  read  be- 
fore the  late  horticultural  meeting  at  Roches- 
ter, New  Y'ork,  he  states  that  a  bushel  of  ap- 
ples weighs  fifty  pounds;  that  the  cost  of  cut- 
ting and  preparing  a  bushel  for  drying  is 
about  fifty  cents;  and  that  a  bushel  will  yield 
nine  dried  pounds,  two  pounds  of  which  are 
cores  and  skins,  which,  when  dried,  find  a 
ready  market  at  six  cents  per  pound  for  mak- 
ing jelly  without  sugar  or  boiling^a  new  pro- 
duct. One  bushel  gives  seven  pounds  of 
good  dried  apples,  which  will  sell  regularly  at 
twenty  cents  per  pound;  making  after  drying, 
$1.25  per  bushel  of  apples,  with  cores  and 
parings.  It  will  be  understood  that  these 
dried  apples  are  greatly  superior  to  common 
dried  apples,  made  by  exposure  to  weather, 
flies,  etc.  Tomatoes,  being  very  watery,  j-ield 
only  three  pounds  dried  per  bushel,  but  two 
dried  ounces  are  found  to  be  equal  in  sub- 
stance to  a  one  quart  can,  and  will  make  as 
much  by  adding  one  quart  of  cold  water  and 
stewing  properly.  The  evaporated  tomatoes 
■sell  for  seventy-five  cents  per  pound.  Peaches 
yield  seven  pounds  from  a  bushel,  one  of 
which  is  skins. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


l[0vticultttit. 


Plant  Olive  Trees. 

f  HERE  is  no  rink  in  planting  olive  trees 
in  the  southern  part   of  our   Stute,    for 
there  they  have  grown  luxuriantly   and 
borne  fruit  abundantly  for  nearly  a  hun- 
dred  years.      The    fine    olives   of    the 
church    gardens   in   San   Luis    Obispo   havo 
yielded  fruit  since  17S2.     The  olive  orchards 
of  8an  Diego,  San  Fernando,  San  Buenaven- 
tura and   Santa  Barbara,  have  all   flourished 
and  given  forth   their   exquisite   berries   for 
nearly  the  same  length  of  time.     Thus  it  will 
be  seen  that  there  is  no   experimental  risk  in 
trying  to  grow  olive  trees  almost  anywhere  in 
Southern  California;  and  we  have  seen  them 
doing  nicely   on   the   foothills   of  Monterey, 
Santa  Cruz,    Santa    Clara,    Alameda,    Contra 
Costa,     Tuolumne,     Calaveras    and   Amador 
counties,  and  believe  that  they   will   succeed 
■well  in  parts  of  forty   out   of    the   fifty-three 
counties  in  our  State,  at  a  certain  height  on 
the  hills,  so  as  to  come  within  what  is  termed 
the  warm  belt.     It  is  a  tree  that  can  be  easily 
raised  in  this  climate,  requiring  but  little   or 
no  irrigation,  and  once  it  has  taken  root,  will 
grow  with  about  as  little  care  as   any   of  the 
ornamental    sorts   of    trees    planted   on   this 
coast.  And  there  are  but  few  trees  more  beau- 
tiful to  the  eye  than  the  olive  after   it   com- 
mences   bearing.     Its    oblong,    lance-shaped 
leaves,  with  their   deep  green    shade   on   top 
and    light  feathery    color   underneath,    when 
disturbed  by  the  gentle  winds  produce  a  pecu- 
liar and  pleasing   effect.     The  trees   grow   to 
the  height  of  from  thirty  to  forty  feet  and  its 
branches  spread  laterally  in   every   direction, 
with  an  erect,  jaunty  form,  making  a  very  in- 
viting shade-tree    for  roadways  and  dwellings 
accompanied  with  the  substantial   ailvantage 
of  bearing  fruit  that  wiU  pay  for  the  cultiva- 
tion.— Pacific  Grocer. 


Obanoes  and  Lemons. — Orange  and  lemon 
plantations,  in  the  Mediterranean  countries, 
are  called  gardens  and  vary  in  size,  the  small- 
est containing  only  a  small  number   of  trees, 
and  the  largest  many  thousands.     The   fruit 
is  gathered  in  baskets  similar  to    peach   bas 
kets,  lined  with  canvas,  the  basket  being  held 
by  a  strap  attached  and   passed   around   the 
neck  or  shoulders.     From  the  garden  the  fruit 
goes  to  the  repacking  magazine,    where   it   is 
removed  from  the  boxes  in  which  it  was  packed 
in    the   gardens,   and  repacked  for  shipment 
by  experienced  female  packers,    after   having 
been  carefully  assorted  by  women  and   wrap- 
ped in  separate  papers  by   young   girls.      As 
many  as  live  hundred  persons,  mostly  women 
and  children,  are  employed   by   some   of  the 
fruit-growers  in  their  gardens  and   magazines 
in  gathering,  sorting  and  repacking  for  ship- 
ment, the  wages  paid  them  varying  from  nine 
to  sixteen  ceuts  a  day.     A  full-grown  orange 
tree  yields  from  five  hundred  to  two  thousand 
fruit  annually,  and  arrives  at  the  bearing  state 
in  three  or  five  years,  as  does  the  lemon  tree. 
In  sorting,  every  fruit  that   wants  a   stem   is 
rejected.      The   boxes  are  then  securely   cov- 
ered, strapped  and  marked  with  the  brand  of 
the  grower,  when  they    are   ready    for   ship- 
ment.   Twenty  years  ago  this  trade  was  noth- 
ing in  its  commercial   characteristics,    or    the 
inducements  it  offered  to  capitalists.     Now  it 
is  progressing  with  giant  strides  into  promi- 
nence, and  is  a  considerable   source   of  reve- 
nue to  the  Government. 


Tamarind. 

This  beautiful  tree  is  a  native  of  the  East 
Indies,  but  is  now  considerably  cultivated  in 
warm  climates  elsewhere.  Only  one  species 
seems  to  be  known — a  spreading  tree,  thirty 
or  forty  feet  high,  with  alternate  pinnate 
leaves,  which  have  from  twelve  to  fifteen  pairs 
of  small  leaflets,  and  fragrant  flowers  with 
three  petals,  the  pods  brown  and  many-seed- 
ed, as  thick  as  a  man's  fingt^r  and  about  six 
inches  long.  The  pods  are  filled  with  a  plea- 
sant, aciduous,  sweet,  reddish-black  jjulp. 
They  are  usually  preserved  by  putting  hot 
syrup  on  the  ripe  pulp,  but  a  better  method 
is  to  put  alternate  layers  of  tamarinds  and 
sugar  in  a  stone  jar,  the  color  and  taste  being 
thus  more  like  those  of  the  fresh  pulp. 

The  wood  of  the  tamarind  tree,  and  espe- 
cially, of  its  roots,  is  a  cabinet  wood  of  much 
beauty  but  of  extreme  hardness,  so  that  it  is 
wrought  with  much  difficulty. 

On  chemical  analysis,  the  pulp  is  found  to 
contain  citric,  tartaric  and  malic  acids,  pot- 
ash, sugar,  vegetable  jelly,  etc. 

As  salt  of  copper  is  a  common  adulteration, 
a  piece  of  polished  iron — a  knife  for  example 
— should  be  pluuged  into  the  pulp  and  left  in 
it  for  an  hour,  when,  if  copper  be  present, 
it  will  bo  deposited  on  the  iron. 

The  pulp  is  cooling  and  gently  laxative, 
and  is  often  employed  in  febrile  complaints. 
It  is  used  in  India  as  a  soothing  article  of 
diet,  and  a  kind  of  sherbet  is  made  from  it. 
It  is  also  an  excellent  addition  to  curries. 

Tamarind  tea  is  made  by  infusing  them  in 
boiling  water;  when  cold  it  forms  an  agreea- 
ble and  cooling  ilriuk  iu  inflammatory  and  fe- 
brile disorders. 

AVhey  is  prepared  by  boiling  an  ounce  of 
tamariids  with  a  pint  of  new  milk,  and 
stiainiug.  This  also  is  an  oxcelleut  drink  in 
similar  cases. 


MnsHEOoMs. — In  the  whole  range  of  gar- 
den crops  there  is  not  one  of  easier  cultiva- 
tion or  more  certain  product.  To  grow  these 
fungi  on  a  small  scale  for  family  use,  procure 
two  cartloads  of  good,  fresh  stable  manure 
and  shake  out  the  longest  straw,  then  turn  it 
over  iu  the  open  air  two  or  three  times  to  get 
rid  of  the  rank  steam.  When  this  is  done 
take  the  dung  into  any  shed  or  outhouse,  and 
mix  with  it  thoroughly  about  four  barrowfuls 
of  ordinary  fresh  soil.  The  bed  is  then  to 
be  made  up  on  the  floor  of  the  shed  or  room 
to  the  depth  of  about  twelve  inches,  pressed 
rather  firmly,  and  spawned  when  at  a  temper- 
ature of  between  75  and  80  degi-ees.  A  cov- 
ering of  about  one  inch  of  good  strong  loam 
in  rather  a  rough  state  is  then  added  and 
beaten  level  with  a  spade.  By  using  heavy 
loam  as  a  covering,  the  mushrooms  produced 
are  of  a  much  more  solid  character  than  when 
light,  sifted  soil  is  used.  They  are  conse- 
quently more  valuable,  commanding  a  much 
higher  price  in  the  market.  The  whole  is  then 
covered  up  with  at  least  nine  inches  of  straw 
or  long  litter. 

Here,  in  a  nutshell,  is  the  whole  secret  of 
growing  this  most  delicious  of  esculents.  We 
know  a  lady  near  Baltimore,  who,  by  the 
above  process,  not  only  supplied  her  own  ta- 
ble with  mushrooms,  but  had  enough  to  spare 
to  bring  her  the  snug  sum  of  $1,500. —  Turf, 
Field  and  Farm. 

To  distinguish  mushrooms  from  toadstools: 
1.  Sprinkle  a  little  salt  on  the  sjiongy  part 
or  gills  of  the  sample  to  be  tried.  If  they 
turn  yellow  they  are  poisonous,  if  black  they 
are  wholesome.  Allow  the  salt  to  act  before 
you  decide  the  qiiestion.  2.  False  mush- 
rooms have  a  warty  cap  or  else  fragments  of 
ments  of  memlirane  adhering  to  the  upper 
surface,  arc  heavy,  and  emerge  from  a  vidva 
or  bag;  they  grow  in  tuft  or  clusters  iu  woods, 
on  the  stumps  of  trees,  etc.,  whereas  the  true 
muslirooms  grow  in  pastures.  3.  False 
mushrooms  have  an  astringent,  styptic  and 
disagreeable  taste.  4.  When  cut  they  turn 
blue.  5.  They  are  moist  on  the  surface,  and 
generally — (!.  Of  a  rose  or  orange  color.  7. 
The  gills  of  a  true  mushroom  are  of  a  ]>inky 
red,  changing  to  a  liver  color.  8.  The  flesh 
is  white,  il.  The  stem  is  white,  solid  and 
cvliudiical. — Ohio  Farmer. 


.R.  TENNYSON'S  alluMon  to  the  slow 
movement   of   science   from   point   to 
»lil    point  is  very  true  in  general,  for  by  the 
Cdlx  time  we  are  reaping  the  benefits  of  an 
X^S^  improvement  wo  often   forget  its   in- 
auguration.    The    progress   of   fish   culture, 
however,  is  a  notable  exception.     It  is  only  a 
very  few  years  since  it  was  thought  of  in  ref- 
erence to  our   own    waters,    and   the    actual 
adoption  of  public  measures  to    that  end   is 
still  fresher  in  our  memories.     The  result  is 
already  evident  to  every  one  in  this  vicinity 
who  has  occasion  to  pay  market  bills  ;  and  in 
all   the    States    where    efficient   commissions 
have  been  appointed,  for  two  or  three  years  a 
like  increase  in  the  supply  of  fish    and   de- 
crease in  the  prices  is  noted.     Indeed,    the 
fishermen  and  dealers   are  iu   some  quarters 
grumbliug  because  they  have  to  take  and  sell 
more  fish  in  order  to  make  their  accustomed 
profit  ;  but  they  will   not   be   apt   to   arouse 
much  sympathy  in  the  public  heart  on  that 
account.     In  the  Hudson  River,  this  spring, 
the  shad  are  very   abundant  and  of  excellent 
quality.     As    some     five   million   artificially 
hatched  youug  ones  are  set  free  every  year, 
and  the  catch  can  not,    under  existing  con- 
ditions, much  exceed  a  third  of  that  number, 
the  prospect  is  that  we  shall  see  a  still  further 
increase.     Probably  it  would  be  well  for  us, 
as  a  people,  if  we  ate  more  fish  and  less  meat, 
and  as  our  waters  are  adapted  for  the  cultiva- 
tion of  a  score  or  two   of   species,   we  should 
not  lack  a  varied   bill   of    fare.     Then,    too, 
there  is  the  moral  effect  upon  the  rising  gen- 
eration.    What  small  boy,  not  abnormally  de- 
veloped in  the  back  of  his  head,  will  not  pre- 
fer to  go  a  fishing,   with  a  fair  chance  of  good 
luck,  to  engaging  in  the  mischievous  pursuits 
now  so  common  to  his  kind  ?     We  regard  the 
black  bass  recently  introduced  in  our  inland 
lakes  and  streams  as  potent  missionary  agents 
for  the  reclamation  of  youthful  criminals.     If 
Jesse  Pomeroy  had   been   able    to   keep   his 
mother's  table  supplied  with  fish,  perhaps  he 
would  not  have  been  the  murderer  that  he  is. 
— Uro.  and  Prov.  Peview. 


Peojilo  who  must  draw  the  line  somewhere 
-anglers. 


Fish  Interchange.— Prof.  Baird,  United 
States  fish  commissioner,  has  received  a  con- 
signment of  hve  fish  from  the  Danube.  They 
were  four  weeks  on  the  way.  Of  the  three 
hundred  shipped  only  27  were  received  alive. 
They  have  been  sent  to  Mr.  Hessel,  one  of 
the  Maryland  fish  commissioners.  Seven  of 
them  are  carp,  eight  gold  tench,  and  eleven 
common  teuch.  Mr.  Hessel  expects  at  least 
2,000.000  eggs  from  these  specimens  this  sea- 
son. In  return  for  the  courtesy.  Prof.  Baird 
has  sent  to  Germany  400.000  shad  eggs.  The 
eggs  Avill  be  sent  on  flanuel  trays,  arranged  in 
a  case,  the  cloth  being  kept  moist  by  dripping 
water.  This  arraugcnieut  is  the  patent  of  N. 
W.  Clark,  a  Michigan  pisciculturist.  The 
hatching  of  the  eggs  cannot  be  retarded  more 
than  five  or  six  days,  aud  they  will  then  bo 
transferred  for  hatching  to  water  in  i)atent 
cans,  by  the  two  persons  whom  Prof.  Baird 
has  stlected  to  take  the  shad  to  Europe. 
After  landing  to  Bremen  the  young  fish  wdl 
be  carried  to  the  river  Weser,  where  they  will 
be  put  as  far  iis  possible  from  the  mouth  of 
the  stream.— i'c<i;-jre  Farmer. 


Veky  Singular. — "  A  curious  method  of 
fish  hatching  is  said  to  be  followed  iu  China. 
Having  collected  the  lu'cessary  spawn  from 
the  water's  edge,  the  fisherman  places  a  cer- 
tain quantity  in  an  empty  hen's  egg,  which  is 
sealed  up  with  wax,  and  put  under  a  setting 
hen.  After  some  days  they  break  the  egg, 
and  empty  the  fry  into  water  well  warmed  by 
the  sun,  aud  there  nurse  them  until  they  are 
sufficiently  strong  to  bo  turned  into  a  lake  or 
river." 

This  is  certainly   a  curious  mode,    and  we 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


will  add  that  when  the  youug  fish  begin  to 
feed,  they  come  out  of  the  water  at  the  call 
of  a  hen,  when  she  finds  a  grain  of  corn  or  a 
worm  ;  and  after  their  return  from  sea,  the 
fisherman  catch  them  by  imitating  a  clucking 
hen,  and  thus  call  them  on  shore.  Queer 
people,  queer  fish,  queer  editors  of  agricul- 
tural papers,  who  print  such  stutj"  in  their 
attempts  to  get  up  items  on  fish  culture, 
when  they  have  no  idea  of  its  very  first  prin- 
ciples. We  meet  this  "item"  often,  and  as 
it  seemed  incomplete,  we  have  taken  the  lib- 
erty of  finishing  it.  — Live  Slock  Joxirnal. 
<  •  » 

How  TO  Feed  Youno  Fish. — N.  A.  B., 
Dunbar,  Colorado,  propounds  a  question  to 
Dr.  W.  A.  Pratt,  of  Elgin,  111.,  to  which  the 
Dr.  responds.  The  question  is  :  What,  in 
your  opinion,  is  the  best  apparatus  now  in 
use  for  preparing  the  food  for  young  trout,  its 
cost,  and  where  it  may  be  had  ? 

Any  sausage  grinder  will  answer  the  pur- 
pose. After  grinding,  chop  with  a  knife, 
mixing  a  little  water  with  it,  but  almost  as 
early  as  the  young  fish  commence  to  eat  in  the 
spring  the  green  fly  comes,  and  by  running 
a  wire  across  a  pond  and  hanging  a  piece  of 
liver  upon  it,  the  fly  will  "  blow  "  it,  and 
about  the  third  day  the  maggots  will  com- 
mence dropping  off,  which  will  last  the  fish 
about  two  days,  which  makes  an  excellent 
food,  and  prevents  fouling  of  the  water. 
By  hanging  on  some  liver  or  a  piece  of  meat 
once  in  two  days,  you  can  have  a  constant 
dropping  of  food  for  the  young  fish,  and  a 
very  excellent  food.  There  will  be  much  less 
odor  than  one  would  expect.  The  liver  or 
meat  should  not  be  hung  more  than  a  foot 
from  the  water. 


Fish  at  the  Centennial. 

It  is  the  desire  of  the  Centennial  Commis- 
sion of  the  International  Exhibition  to  afford 
all  reasonable  facilities  for  the  exhibition  of 
fish  and  the  various  appliances  and  processes 
used  in  fish  culture. 

All  parties  engaged  in  the  propagation  of 
fish  as  a  business  pursuit,  will,  no  doubt,  find 
it  of  advantage  to  exhibit;  as  also,  those  who 
are  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  appliances 
for  the  culture  and  capture  of  fish. 

It  is  therefore  suggested  that  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Fisheries  of  the  various  States, 
take  such  concert  of  action  as  may  surely  ac- 
complish so  desirable  an  object.  Individual 
effort,  however  praiseworthy,  can  hardly  be 
relied  upon  as  expressing  the  importance  and 
prospective  extent  of  this  new  national  indus- 
try. 

The  exhibition  will  open  May  10th,  1876, 
and  will  continue  for  six  months.  The  de- 
tails of  arrangement  for  a  display  of  fish  and 
fish  breeding  apparatus  will  be  under  the  ad- 
ministratiou  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture. 


The  Woman's  World. — Although  they  may 
not  be  willing  to  acknowledge  it,  the  happi- 
ness of  the  race  depends  to  a  great  extent  up- 
on women.  They  regulate  the  domestic  life, 
and  npon  it,  more  than  upon  the  great  events 
which  fill  the  pages  of  history,  depend  indi- 
vidual peace  and  comfort.  Probably  few 
things  have  more  to  do  with  the  happiness  of 
a  household  than  the  presence  or  absence  of 
that  exquisite  tact  which  rounds  the  sharp 
comers,  and  softens  the  asperities  of  different 
characters,  enabling  people  differing  most 
widely  to  live  together  in  peace,  cheered  by 
mutual  good  ofiices.  The  possession  of  this 
quality  is  tha  especial  characteristic,  and  its 
exercise  one  of  the  most  delightful  preroga- 
tives of  womanhood.  We  may  be  willing  to 
lose  all,  to  die,  if  need  be,  for  those  wo  love, 
but  if  we  do  not,  from  day  to  day,  abstain 
from  the  little  unkind  or  thoughtless  acts 
'  which  interfere  -n-ith  their  comfort,  wo  shall 
utterly  fail  to  make  them  happy,  and  their 
hearts  will  inevitably  escape  us.  The  heroic 
and  n-mgnifieent  acts  of  life  are  few.  To 
many  but  one,  to  most  none  comes  in  a  life- 
time. Therefore  influence  can  only  come 
through  the  right  performance  of  the  "trifles  " 
which  "  make  the  sum  of  human  things." 


Duties  and  Privoleges  of  Women. 

BY  M.   £.  THOMAS30M. 

EAR  Sister  Readers  of  the  Agriculturist : — • 
I  had  hoped  long  ago  to  have  made 
your  acquaintance,  and  enjoyed  with 
you  through  the  columns  of  our  favorite 
journal,  many  social  chats  ;  but  sickness  and 
home  duties  have  kept  mo  silent  ;  I  have 
swept,  dusted,  and  chased  the  flies  ;  I  have 
cooked,  washed  dishes,  and  darned  the  holes 
in  my  husband's  socks,  because  those  things 
must  bo  done.  Common  opinion  gives  all 
such  work,  and  very  much  beside  to  the  wife. 
In  this  way  much  has  been  thrust  upon 
woman  that  does  not  properly  belong  to  her, 
and  much  withheld  from  her  to  which  she 
has  a  just  claim  ;  I  do  not  allude  to  the  bal- 
lot box.  It  is  my  opinion  that  the  right  of 
suffrage  would  not  help  the  matter,  nor  en- 
able woman  to  do  anything  for  which  her 
constitution  or  her  education  has  not  fitted 
her  ;  beside,  does  she  not  already  exercise  a 
voice  in  political  affairs? 

The  life  of  men  and  women  are  inextricably 
intertwined  ;  everywhere  they  are  inseperable 
companions,  giving  and  receiving  influence  ; 
consequently  the  male  vote  is  the  j^roduct  of 
both  male  and  female  thinking.  One  will 
seldom  find  an  intelligent  woman  ignorant  of 
the  aims  of  political  parties,  but  to  require 
her  to  walk  out  on  election  day  and  deposit 
her  individual  vote,  would  be,  to  add  to  that 
chain  of  injustice,  already  too  long. 

Much  has  been  said  and  much  written, 
about  woman's  rights  and  woman's  wrongs. 
My  opinion  is,  were  the  wrongs  removed,  the 
rights  would  naturally  assert  themselves ; 
but  here  lies  the  trouble,  the  wrongs  have 
rooted  themselves  so  firmly  and  assumed  such 
natural  colors,  that  any  hasty  attempt  to  up- 
root them,  threatens  unpleasant  conse- 
quenses.  Time,  patience  and  education  are 
the  champions  to  accomplish  this  work. 
Woman  must  learn  to  distinguish  between 
her  real  duties,  and  those  imposed  upon  her 
through  the  custom  of  ages  ;  she  cannot  do 
this  without  a  proper  knowledge  of  the  laws 
that  govern  mankind. 

I  read  an  article  in  Sunday's  Ledger,  written 
by  "somebody  who  thinks  he  knows  all 
about  it "  and  I  believe  he  does  know  more 
about  it  than  some  folks.  He  gives  his  opin- 
ion of  "  what  men  need  wives  for  :"  "It  is 
not  to  sweep  the  house,  make  the  bed  and 
cook  the  meals  chiefly  that  a  man  wants  a 
wife  ;  if  this  is  all  he  needs,  hired  help  can 
do  it  cheaper  than  a  wife  ;  if  this  is  all,  when 
a  young  man  calls  to  see  a  lady,  send  him  in 
the  pantry  to  taste  the  bread  and  cake  she 
has  made  ;  send  him  to  inspect  needlework 
and  bed-making  ;  or  put  a  broom  in  her  hand 
and  send  him  to  witness  its  use.  Such  things 
are  important,  and  the  wise  young  man  will 
look  after  them  ;  but  what  the  true  man  wants 
with  a  wife  is  her  companionship,  sympathy 
and  love."  How  beautifully  such  sentiments 
harmonize  with  the  original  design. 

I  think  it  quite  likely  that  Adam  knew 
more  about  bread-making  thou  the  men  of 
this  generation  know. 

Men  boast  of  their  wisdom  in  this  age  ; 
consider  their  laws  just  and  equal  ;  and  de- 


clare that  all  the  relations  in  life  are  properly 
and  impartially  arranged  ;  but  there  never 
Was  a  graver  mistake.  Where  is  the  wisdom 
in  sealing  the  fountitins  of  useful  knowledge 
to  only  one  half  of  the  human  race  ?  Would 
it  not  be  as  well  to  fertilize  the  mind  and  en- 
rich the  soul  of  woman  as  of  man  ?  It  is  the 
mothers  of  a  country  that  shape  its  destiny. 
"  As  the  child  is  nur.sed  on  the  bosom  of  its 
mother  so,  on  the  character  of  woman  the  in- 
ternal character  of  the  race  is  formrd  and 
shaped.'  How  necessary  then  that  woman 
be  thoroughly  trained  in  all  the  branches  of 
learning  which  her  children  will  need  ;  it  re- 
quires a  cultivated  understanding,  and  a  well 
disciplined  character  to  form  the  principles  of 
the  young  ;  as  the  mother  instructs,  so  the 
future  man  will  think  ;  the  paths  she  marks 
he  will  follow  ;  the  prejudices  she  instills  ho 
will  nurse  ;  the  generous  fires  she  enkindles 
he  will  keep  alive,  and  all  fur  the  good  or  the 
evil  of  his  country  and  of  humanity.  It  is 
for  man  to  "  shake  the  senate  and  the  field  ;" 
to  act  his  part  bravely  before  the  world  ;  but 
at  home  and  in  the  social  circle  is  seen  the 
perfection  of  womanhood  ;  which  perfection 
does  not  consist,  (as  some  may  imagine)  in 
the  wife's  ability  to  accomplish  the  drudgery 
for  a  large  family.  There  are  homes,  Ahis  I 
in  which  a  woman  is  only  a  machine  ;  turn- 
ing out  all  sorts  of  work  from  dawn  till  dark 
while  her  children  are  growing  up,  deprived 
of  their  most  sacred  rights,  remembering  at 
last  only  the  frown  of  a  worn  and  weary  face. 
Some  of  these  sad  homes  the  cruel  hand  of 
poverty  has  made  ;  and  in  them  manly  hearts 
have  bled  for  lack  of  power  to  shield  a  fair 
form  ;  but  ignorance  and  injustice  have 
made  many  more  than  has  poverty,  and  it  be- 
hooves the  world,  if  she  would  grow  in  pow- 
er and  in  greatness,  to  see  that  the  laws  of 
God  are  respected. 
GiLBOY,  Sept.,  1875. 


Woman  the  Equal  of  Man. 

I  have  faith  in  man,  but  I  have  greater 
faith  in  woman.  In  many  countries  she  has 
been,  and  still  is,  an  jtrticle  of  merchandise. 
She  has  been  educated  as  an  inferior,  and  un- 
til the  last  few  years  has  been  denied  an  equal 
education  in  all  the  higher  institutions  of 
learning.  But  she  has  steadily  advanced,  so- 
cially and  intellectually.  The  educated  wo- 
man of  our  day  would  have  been  the  wonder 
or  horror  of  early  civilization.  She  has  at- 
tained, and  holds  without  remark,  a  degree 
of  liberty  and  various  efficiency  which  would 
have  violated  the  customs  and  shocked  the 
prejudices  of  olden  days.  At  each  change 
and  at  every  upward  step  have  stood  those 
pleaders  whose  posterity  are  yet  reasoning  in 
the  same  manner,  aflirming  that  already  she 
was  in  her  right  place  and  should  stay  where 
Providence  had  placed  her.  For  those  who 
reason  with  faces  prone  to  earth,  think  always 
that  the  state  to  which  the  world  has  grown 
in  this  day,  is  all  that  God  meant  it  should 
ever  be.  Men  of  great  conceit  have  even 
thought  that  time  was  ripe  in  them. 

At  length  woman  interested  herself  in  liter- 
ature. When  she  became  a  reader,  men  no 
longer  wrote  as  if  for  men.  She  enforced  pur- 
ity and  higher  decorum.  When  she  became 
a  writer,  men  saw  that  guiding  star  which 
led  them  where  the  young  child  of  Christian 
purity  lay;  for  after  all  it  is  the  pen  that  is 
the  tongue  of  the  world,  and  a  woman's  hand 
is  becoming  more  influential  than  the  orator's 
mouth. 

Thus,  step  by  step,  against  prejudices  and 
arguments  of  her  unfitness,  against  rude 
pushes  downward,  and  much  advice  as  to  her 
proper  duties  (which  in  the  main  have  been 
the  drudgeries  that  men  disUke)  woman  has 
advanced  to  a  wider  plain,  to  higher  duties, 
to  the  liberty  of  following  freely  her  own  nat- 
ural gifts,  and  to  the  reluctant  recognition  of 
her  right  to  do  whatever  she  could  do  well. 
Nor  have  the  prophesies  that,  like  bats,  have 
flitted  about  her,  been  fulfilled.  In  the  en- 
largement of  her  sphere  she  has  forsaken  no 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


duty  of  home  and  lost  no  grace  of  tenderness 
and*  love.  She  has  become  a  better  mother, 
daughter,  sister,  friend,  by  just  that  enhvrge- 
ment  which  it  was  predicted  would  uuscx  her. 
Experience  has  shown,  that  as  woman  is  made 
to  be  worth  more  to  society  at  large,  she  be- 
comes richer  at  home,  and  is  capable  of  build- 
ing it  better  and  administering  its  duties  more 
skillfully  and  retinedly.  Woman  is  not  best 
in  the  family  in  those  communities  where  she 
is  most  secluded.  She  is  richest  in  all  house- 
hold excellencies  in  those  which  grant  to  her 
the  liberty  of  widest  activity,  and  motives  to 
the  exercise  of  lier  talents  upon  the  largest 
scale.  That  vulgar  and  threadbare  maxim, 
that  "  a  woman  ought  to  stay  at  home  and 
take  care  of  her  husband's  clothes  and  pro- 
vide her  children's  food,"  is,  as  it  were,  a 
switch  cut  from  the  great  tree  of  Arrogance, 
under  which  the  despotic  have  always  sat,  and 
from  which  the  strong  have  always  cut  their 
bludgeons  and  cudgels  wherewith  to  strike 
down  or  chastise  the  week.  A  woman  is  bet- 
ter fitted  for  home  who  is  also  better  fitted  for 
something  else.  It  is  generous  culture,  it  is 
power  made  skillful  by  exercise,  that  makes 
both  men  and  women  rich  in  domestic  life. 
Whatever  makes  her  a  better  thinker,  a  larger 
minded  actor,  a  closer  observer,  a  more  po- 
tent writer  or  teacher,  makes  her,  by  just  so 
much,  a  better  wife  and  mother.  No  one  is 
o  better  friend  for  being  ignorant — no  one  a 
more  tender  companion  for  being  weak  and 
helpless.  Our  homes  demand  great  hearts 
and  strong  heads. 

Woman  has  proven  her  worth.  Her  motto 
has  been  onward,  and  to-day  she  stands  not 
in  man's  shadow  as  an  inferior  being,  but  by 
his  side  as  his  equal.  She  is  ever  ready  to 
share  his  prospefity  or  his  adversity.  She 
has  a  smile  for  his  joy  or  a  tear  for  woe.  All 
nlong  the  earth-path,  from  the  cradle  to  the 
grave,  woman  is  man's  ministering  angel. — ■ 
Mrs.  J.  B.  11.  in  Rural  World. 


An  Oft-Forgotten  Fact, 

A  workiugman  once  said,  when  the  woman 
suffrage  amendment  was  under  discussion; 

"  Wh(  t  shouhl  my -ivife  want  to  vote  for? 
She  doesn't  earn  a  cent." 

I  suppose  the  man  had  the  idea  that  the 
vote  represented  mainly  money  interest. 
Since  his  wife  had  no  property  and  did  not  re- 
ceive any  money  except  through  him,  what 
rights  had  she? 

"  How  much  do  you  earn?"  asked  Miss  H. 

"  Twelve  dollars  a  week." 

"  How  many  children  have  you  ?" 

"Five." 

"  Any  hired  girl?" 

"  I  should  think  not,  with  five  children  to 
support  on  twelve  dollars  a  week." 

"  Then  your  wife  washes,  sows  and  cooks 
for  j'ou  all?" 

"  Of  course." 

"  How  much  do  j'ou  suppose  it  would  cost 
to  hire  all  that  done?" 

"Oh,  I  don't  know;  a  great  deal  more 
than  I  can  earn." 

"  And  yet  you  say  your  wife  doesn't  earn  a 
cent." 

"  Well,  I  never  thought  of  calling  that  earn- 
ing money." 

"  She  does  just  as  much  toward  keeping 
the  family  together  as  you  do,  and  has  just 
as  much  interest  in  what  affects  your  trade  or 
your  children's  welfare." 

The  man  looked  thoughtful,  as  if  a  new 
light  was  dawning  upon  him. 


TnK  gold  dollar  gets  its  value  from  arbitra- 
ry law  and  consent  of  the  commercial  world, 
am\  it  makes  no  difierence  whether  a  day's 
labor  produces  from  the  mine  one  dollar  or 
one!  hundred  dollars.  The  power  that  fixes 
the  value  of  the  dollar  in  gold  can  as  easily 
fix  that  vabie  in  any  thing  else  it  puts  its 
coinage  stamp  upon. 


Overcome  evil  with  good. 


'^li^ccUann. 


United  States  Land  Patents 

GREAT  many  persons  in  Cahfornia  are 
'Js   uninformed  of  the  true  import  and  legal 
ftV,  effect  of   a  land   patent   of  the   United 
^'^rt=  States.     They  believe  that  such   docu- 
^§d   ment  conveys  to  the   patentee   a   clear, 
perfect  and  unassailable  title  to  the  land  there- 
in described.      This   belief   is   erroneous   re- 
specting Mexican  Governments  to  their   sub- 
jects and  citizens  in    California.       A   patent 
from  the  United   States  for  such   lands   is   a 
writing  given  by  the  authority  of  the  Govern- 
ment, duly  authenticated  by    the   proper  offi- 
cer, ceding  to  a  certain  person  or  persons  all 
the  right,   title    and    interest    of  the   United 
States  in  certain  lands,   held  under  genuine 
grants  or  titles  from  the   former   government 
of  California.     Such  patents  are  simple  quit- 
claim deeds  from  the   United    States,    ceding 
all  the  said  rights  of  our  Government  in   and 
to  all   such  lauds   particularly   described   in 
each  patent  issued  to  the  respective  patentees 
without  prejudice  to  the  rights   of  all  other 
parties  who  may  contest  such  patents  in  any 
court   of    competent   jurisdiction,    either  on 
the  ground  of  fraud  in  obtaining  the  same,  or 
on  allegation  of  holding  a  prior  legal   posses- 
sion of  portions  of  the  land  described  in  such 
patents.     It   is   a  notorious   fact   that   great 
frauds  have  been  perpetrated  by  astute  land- 
grabbers  and   their   associates   for   obtaining 
United  States  patents  to  lands  in  Cahfornia, 
and  many  thousands  of  acres  that  really   be- 
long to  the  public  domain,    have   thus   been 
stolen  by  the  connivance  of  lawyers  and  offi- 
cials, who  have  procured   and  permitted   the 
illegal  extension  of  Mexican  grants  and  min- 
eral lands  far   beyond    the   true   boundaries 
thereof,  by  .rtoaiiny  the   former  over  immense 
tracts  that  never  were   comprised  within  the 
limits  expressed  in  the  grants   made    by   the 
Spanish  and  Mexican  Governments,   and  by 
changing  the  true  location  of  the  latter,  or  in 
augmenting  the  quantities   of  the   same,    by 
the    use   of    fictitious   names,    for   obtaining 
more   of  such  laud  than  the  law  allows  for 
each  mineral   claim.     Settlers,   who  in  good 
faith  have  occupied  such  public  lauds  to  the 
extent  allowed  by  law,   in    the    absolute   cer- 
tainty that  their   claims  were   situated   upon 
public  lands,  and  confiding  in  the  probity  of 
government  officers  for  the  protection  of  the 
same    against   insatiate    land-grabbers,   have 
been  much  harassed  by  lawsuits  instituted  by 
the  latter  for  depriving  the   settlers   of  their 
lands  thus  pre-empted;   and  after   much   an- 
noyance and  expense,  all  their  remonstrances 
and  allegations  have  been  disregarded.   United 
States  patents  have  been  issued   in    favor   of 
the    land-grabbers,    embracing    hundreds    of 
pre-emption     claims     situate   upon   Govern- 
ment  lands.     The   settlers    upon    the   same 
have  been  sued  in  ejectment  and  for  damages 
in  fabulous  sums.      The   grabbers,   as   plain- 
tiffs, triumphantly  exhibit  their  United  States 
patents  to  the  same  lands  as   positive,    unde- 
niable proof  of  their  title  thereto,  and  an  ir- 
resolute or  indifferent,  ignorant  judge  decides 
in  favor  of  the  grabbers;  whereby  the  settlers 
are  compelled  to  accept  the  alternative  of  pur- 
chasing their  claims  at  the  arbitrary  prices  de- 
manded by  the   grabbers,    or   of  abandoning 
the  same  to  go    forth    with    their   wives   and 
children  in  search  of    new  homes,   and  per- 
haps again   become   victims   of    oppression. 
There  is  no  exaggeration  in   this   statement. 
It  is  a   true  but  lamentable  account  of  cases 
that  really  have  occurred  in  California.     Wo 
say  that  such  oppression   is   lamentable   be- 
cause it  is  illegal,   and  consequently  unjust, 
that  the  rights   of  American    citizens   should 
bo  so  scandalously  disregarded  by  the  oflicials 
whose  sworn  duty  it  is  to  jirotect  land   claims 
legally  acquired,  and  also  tt)  defend  the  pub- 
lic domain   from    the   uuscrupidous    robbers 
thereof,  to  the   detriment   of    honest  settlers 
and  of  the  Government. — Aeios  Lellnr. 


How  a  Settler  was  Outraged  by  Law. 

On  several  occasions  we  have  drawn  public 
attention  to  the  uncertainty  of  results  when 
one  goes  to  law  without  money.  Nowhere  has 
this  fact  been  more  fully  impressed  on  us 
than  in  the  ejectment  suits  started  by  Jack 
Sutherland.  Mr.  Hall  was  a  neighbor  of 
BuUard,  whose  land  was  recently  in  contro- 
versy, and  had  filed  upon  a  quarter  section, 
three-fourths  of  which  was  involved  in  the 
same  controversy.  When  Bullard  was  dispos- 
sessed. Hall  was  dispossessed  of  these  three- 
fourths  also,  by  having  his  personal  ettects 
placed,  by  the  "sheriff,  upon  the  undisputed 
fourth  of  government  land.  And  since  he 
intended  to  contest  further  for  the  whole 
quarter-section,  he  thought  it  not  advisable 
to  pay  out  for  the  fourth.  He  soon  found  his 
home  covered  by  a  new  tiling,  and  to-day  he 
finds  himself  in  the  county  jail,  working  out 
a  fine  of  fifty  days  for  having  trespassed  up- 
on this  land.  Here  we  have  the  case  of  a  man 
who  entered  upon  a  piece  of  land  regularly 
surveyed  by  the  United  States  authority,  and 
knowing  that  for  the  last  twelve  years  it  has 
not  been  submerged.  His  filing  was  accepted 
in  due  form  at  the  United  States  Land  Offlce; 
and  then,  inch  by  inch,  a  swamp  land  claim 
shoves  him  from  a  home  he  has  occupied  fur 
years,  and  incarcerates  him  for  having  been 
there  at  all. 

Alas  for  Freedom  I  if  her  sons 

MuBt  liii^'er  in  a  felon's  cell. 
For  (luring  to  as&ert  the  rlMlits 

For  which  our  fatberu  luught  and  fell. 

— [  VisiiUa  Delia. 


Short  Weight  Cheats. 

The  Pacific  Orocer  which  is  fighting  against 
short  weights  etc.,  thus  aims  a  shaft  at  "ye 
honest  producer." 

We  have  been  rather  free  in  censure  of  the 
course  of  manufacturers  and  packers  in  put- 
ting up  short  weights  and  measures,  adulter- 
ating, etc.,  and  we  now  send  our  greeting  to 
those  self-constituted  models  of  honesty, 
purity,  and  simplicity— the  Grangers.  There 
is  perhaps  not  a  box  of  butter  carried  into 
this  market  containing  full  weight  as  repre- 
sented by  the  number  of  rolls.  This  butter 
cheat  is  one  of  the  favorite  tricks  of  your 
"  Mr.  Hayseed."  We  have  known  him  to 
refuse  to  have  his  butter  put  on  the  scales 
when  trying  to  make  a  sale  to  a  country  mer- 
chant. He  will  say,  "If  you  can't  take  my 
butter  by  the  roll  you  can't  have  it  at  all ;" 
and  straightway  he  moves  on  to  find  some 
dealer  who  will  take  the  butter,  which  will 
not  average  more  than  one  and  three-fourths 
pounds,  at  two  full  pounds  each,  and  pay  a 
high  price  for  it.  Again,  Mr.  Hayseed,  wa 
call  your  attention  to  your  uniform  method  of 
sacking  potatoes.  You  always  put  big  ones 
on  the  sides,  top,  and  bottom,  and  fill  in  with 
worthless  little  things,  with  a  liberal  ipiantity 
of  clods  of  earth,  small  stones,  and  the  like. 
Your  apples,  peaches,  strawberries,  and  other 
fruits,  are  put  up  much  after  the  same 
method,  while  your  cord  of  wood  usually  con- 
sists of  about  three-fourths  of  the  standard 
measurement,  cunningly  packed  into  a  narrow 
frame  so  as  to  represent  the  appearance  of  a 
large  bulk.  Then  your  hay  bales  have  been 
found  to  contain  many  jiounds  of  adobe  clods, 
with  a  liberal  sprinkling  of  worthless  rubbish 
from  the  baling  ground.  It  is  also  currently 
reported  that  a  rotten  egg  is  considered  as 
valuable  to  you  as  one  fresh  laid,  and  that  it 
is  the  loyal  "duty  of  your  fraternity  to  sell  off 
the  sick  chickens  "to  the  good-for-nothing 
town  people,  so  as  to  realize  on  them  before 
they  die. 

The  largest  field  of  pineapples  in  the  world 
is  one  in  the  Eastern  District  of  New  Trovi- 
deuce,  in  the  Bahamas.  From  one  spot  can 
be  seen,  at  a  single  glance,  1,200,000  pineap- 
ples growing. 


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California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


EXCHANGE  NOTICES. 

As  the  time  of  the  year  is  near  at  hand 
when  most  families  should  be  thinking  what 
periodicals  thov  will  subscribe  for,  for  an- 
other year's  reading,  we  make  notice  of  some 
of  our  best  exchanges  and  will  continue  the 
list  another  mouth. 

First  we  call  attention  to  Stock  Jonrnala  : 
The  Fabmebs'  Stock  Journal 

Devoted  to  the  development  of  the  agrioul- 
tnrnl  resources  of  the  gieat  west,  and  advo- 
cating the  breeding  and  improvement  of  live 
stock  whether  in  the  hands  of  breeder  or 
farmer,  and  pviblished  monthly  by  Alexander 
Charles,  Ceder  Rapids,  Iowa,  at  $1.50  a  year, 
is  an  excellent  Journal  of  its  class,  and  broth- 
er Charles  is  a  practical  man,  schooled  to  la- 
bor on  a  farm,  and  knows  how  to  run  a  paper 
for  farmers.  (See  advertisement  iu  our 
columns.) 
Thk  Nationai.  Live  Stock  Journal 

Published  at  Chicago,  Ills.,  by  Geo.  W. 
Kust  &*Co.,  is  one  of  the  Staudai-d  Stock 
Journals  in  America.  It  is  nicely  gotten  up, 
contains  much  valuable  matter  for  stock  men 
and  farmers  and  should  be  seen  by  all. _  $2.15 
a  yeai-.  Sample  copies.  18  cents  in  postage 
stamps. 
The  Iowa  Fine  Stock  Gazette 

Is  another  lively  little  journal,  only  $1.10 
a  year  ;  published  at  Vinton,  by  C.  R.  Wilkin- 
son &  Co.,  and  devoted  exclusively  to  the  im- 
provement of  live  stock  raisers  and  dairy 
men.  Sample  copies,  10  cents. 
The  Colouado  Farmers'  \kd  Ln'E  Stock  Journal 

Is  pulilished  monthly   at  Denver,  Col.,  $2 
a  year,  by  J.  F.  Wilber  <fe  Co.    Sample  copios 
18  cents.     It  contains  a  variety  of  reading  on 
agricultural  subjects. 
The  Drovers  Journal 

Is  published  at  the  Union  Stock  Yards, 
Chicago,  111.,  weekly  at  $2.00,  by  L.  H. 
Goodall  &  Co.  Its  live  stock  market  reports 
are  copious  and  correct,  also  other  matters 
quite  comprehensive. 
The  Awkrioan  Swine  and  Poultry  Journal 

Is  another  Iowa  publication,  published  at 
Cedar  Rapids  by  Ward  &  Darrah  at  only 
$1.00  a  year.  It  is  a  very  nicely  gotten  up 
monthly,  and  for  those  who  are  iu  search  of 
information  in  any  branch  of  these  speciali- 
ties, we  reccommend  it.  A  samjile  copy  will 
be  sent  for  10  cent?. 
The  NoKTH- Western  Poultry  JouRNiL 

And  Pigeon  and  Pet-Stock  Advertiser,  is 
published  monthly  by  T.  T.  Bacheller, 
Minneapolis,  Minn.,  at  only  $1.00  a  year, 
and  will  be  found  interesting  and  instructive. 
Sample  copies,  10  cents. 

We  fiud  upon  our  table  tw  5  excellent  com- 
pact httle  monthlies  devoted  to  Bee-Keeping. 
The  Bee  Keepers  Magazine. 

A  journal  devoted  exclusively  to  bee-cul- 
ture, is  published  in  New  York  City  by  King 
&  Slocum,  at  $1.50  a  year.     Send  15  cents 
for  gample. 
The  American  Bee  Journal, 

And  National  Bee  Journal  consolidated, 
rnblished  at  Chicago,  Ills.,  by  Thomas  G. 
Neuman  at  $2.00  a  year  is  the  other  one. 
Sample  cpies,  20  cents. 


These  Journals  are  similar  in  style  and 
contents,  and  we  are  puzzled  to  choose  be- 
tween them  if  we  would. 

Of  Health  Journal's  we  now  notice  : 
The  Science  of  Health. 

A  monthly  advocate  of  correct  habits,  de- 
voted to  health  on  hygienic  principles.  It  is 
pubUshod  by  S.  R.  Wells  &  Co.,  New  York, 
at  $2.00  a  year.  Single  copies  20  cents. 
This  is  a  sterling  health  magazine. 
The  Laws  of  Lu-e 

By  Dr.  Jackson,  published  at  the  celebrated 
"Home  on  the  Hillside,"  DanesviUe,    New 
York,   monthly,     $1.50  a  year,  is   a  choice 
health  periodi(;al.     15  cents  a  sample  copy. 
The  Health  Reformer 

Is  published  by  the  Health-Reform  Insti- 
tute, Battle  Creek,  Michigan.  $1.00  a  year  ; 
single  numbers  10  cents.  This  monthly  is 
devoted  to  physical,  mental  and  moral  culure. 

Send  for  copies  of  each  and  select  for  your- 
selves and  you  will  be  satisfied,  no  matter 
which  one  you  take,  that  you  must  have 
chosen  the  best. 

Next  month  we  will  notice  several  of  our 
favorite  agricultural  exchanges.  Indeed,  they 
are  all  favorites  with  us. 


Some  Hints  about  Raisin  Making. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Agricultural  De- 
partment at  Washington,  writing  from  Mal- 
aga, gives  some  very  valuable  hints  in  refer- 
ence to  raisin  making  which  we  lay  before 
our  readers  at  this  time  for  their  instruction. 
According  to  this  writer,  the  Muscatal  grape 
is  the  one  from  which,  as  he  styles  them, 
"universally  known  Malaga  raisins"  are 
made.  We  give  only  extracts  from  the  cor- 
respondent which  relate  particularly  to  dry- 
ing and  packing  raisins  : 

In  the  neighborhood  of  Malaga  and  its 
' '  vey er,  ' '  or  valley,  there  are  some  very  fine 
vineyards  which  produce  large  quantities  of 
fruit;  but  in  the  opiuiou  ot  tne  writer  it  will 
bear  no  compartsou  with  the  carefully  grown 
fruit  iu  the  sod  from  the  mountain-side,  as 
first  described  by  him ;  as  in  the  rich,  alluvial 
soil  of  the  valley  the  grajie  fills  out  too  read- 
ly,  making  jiuco  instead  of  tiesh,  which  lat- 
er is  the  indisijonsable  requisite  for  fine  pack- 
ing raisins. 

The  difl'erence  is  readily  perceptible  after 
they  have  been  packed  for  a  few  months. 
Those  of  the  Vidley  shrink  up  with  a  sharp 
edge  and  acute  wiiukle,  becoming  very  hard; 
whereas  the  mountain-grown  retain  their 
fleshy  fullness  and  soft  plastic  nature.  The 
former,  when  first  packed,  have  a  bluish,  vel- 
vety hue,  whereas  those  from  the  hilly  land 
assume  a  clarety,  transparent  color. 

The  process  ot  drying  this  gi-ape  is  natu- 
rally a  very  simple  one,  Imt  at  the  same  time, 
there  are  so  many  little  circumstances  attend- 
ing it  which  so  materially  att'ect  the  subse- 
quent operation  of  packing,  that  the  subject 
is  worthy  of  some  consideration. 

Iu  picking  the  bunches  of  grapes,  scissors 
should  be  used,  so  that  iu  this  operation  the 
fine  ones  should  not  sutt'er  any  rough  treat- 
ment or  handling,  as  above  everything  the 
beautiful  bloom  of  nature  sfiould  be  preserved 
intact. 

The  gatherer  should,  on  the  spot,  sort  out 
superior  fruit,  and  from  the  vineyard  convey 
it  in  flat  baskets,  of  about  two  feet  diameter 
and  holding  about  forty  pounds  of  grapes  in 
a  single  layer,  (as  they  must  never  press  upon 
each  other)  on  his  head,  to  the  drying  floors, 
where  he  must  lay  the  bunches  most  carefully 
close  up  against  each  other,  so  as  completely 


to  hide  the  ground,  especially  taking  care  to 
place  them  with  their  finest,  handsomest  and 
most  perfect  sides  downward  and  next  to  the 
ground.  The  object  of  this  is  to  preserve  tha 
beauty  and  bloom,  so  that  they  may  subse- 
quently adorn  the  face  of  the  packed  layers. 
The  drying  floors  require  nothing  but  the  natr 
ural  earth  on  which  the  grapes  have  been 
grown,  except  that  they  must  be  neatly  and 
nicely  laid,  and  be  kept  free  from  dust. 

The  practice  has  always  been  to  shelter  the 
flats  with  boards  or  canvas  tents  at  night  or 
when  it  threatens  rain.  It  is  not  a  good  plan, 
however,  to  cover  the  grapes  the  first  two 
nights  after  they  are  laid  down,  for  it  is  found 
to  be  a  good  thing  to  let  them  enjoy  the  dew 
and  freshness  of  the  night,  which  counteract, 
in  some  degree,  the  tendency  to  dry  too  rap- 
idly. The  writer,  however,  has  introduced 
into  his  establishment  covers  made  of  galvan- 
ized corrugated  iron,  which,  although  more 
expensive,  he  finds  incomparably  superior  to 
those  hitherto  used.  They  are  placed  more 
rapidly,  more  completely , do  not  sufler  through 
the  sun  as  do  the  planks  and  canvas;  and 
aliove  all  other  considerations,  instead  of  ab- 
sorbing the  damp,  which  iu  a  slight  degree  is 
drawn  out  of  the  ground,  they  rather  retain 
it  ou  the  flat,  thus  keeping  the  stalks  of  the 
raisins  tough  and  pliable,  whereby  the  pack- 
ers are  enabled  to  arrange  and  lay  their  layers 
without  such  a  large  amount  of  fine  fruit  be- 
ing snapped  off  and  condemned  to  the  loose- 
raisin  class. 

The  time  required  for  raisin-drying  varies 
according  to  the  season,  the  aspect  of  the 
flats  and  many  other  causes,  but  I  should  say 
the  average  consumed  may  be  computed  at 
fifteen  days;  and  one  of  the  most  important 
things  attending  the  process  is  the  selection 
of  the  proper  moment  for  picking  them  up  off 
the  flats  and  packing  or  storing  them. 

One  of  the  latest  discoveries  in  Pompeii  is 
a  small  woolen  manufactory,  situated  very 
near  the  house  where  the  fresco  representing 
Orpheus  was  recently  discovered.  Several 
charred  fragments  of  tapestry  were  found  in 
this  place,  besides  various  machines  for  card- 
ing and  weaving  wool. 

. ~^^~*-^ ■ 

Industkial  Expositions  are  of  modem 
birth.  They  are  now  taking  a  front  rank 
among  the  things  which  stimulate  industry 
and  help  humanity.  Their  purpose  is  to  en- 
courage and  glorify  labor  by  displaying  the 
grand  aggregate  of  its  triumphs. 

*  m  »• 

1^"  The  National  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to  Brad- 
ley &  Bulofson  for  the  best  Photograplis  in  the 
United  States,  and  tho  \  ienna  medal  lor  the  best  m 
the  world. 

129  Mantgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 

E^  Did  you  ever  see  how  confectionary  is 
manufactured.  We  lately  dropped  into  the 
California  Candy  Factory,  near  the  Opera 
House,  and  became  convinced  that  Mr. 
Schroder  understands  the  science  of  sweet 
things.  He  is  always  ready  to  eniertain  vis- 
itors, and  what  he  does  not  make  in  his  line 
it  would  be  hard  to  find  anywhere. 


j;y  Mr.  F.  Klieu,  who  keeps  the  store  and 
tin  shop  near  the  Post  Office,  San  Jose,  is  a 
business  man  after  the  old  times*pattern.  Ho 
is  always  hard  at  work  when  not  waiting  upon 
customers,  of  which  he  has  not  a  few.  Hi 
prices  for  goods  are  low,  and  we  are  glad  to 
note  that  he  is  prospering  .as  he  deserves. 
..<  •  * 

We  regret  that  a  letter  from  our  representa- 
tive at  the  State  Fair  came  to  hand  too  late 
for  this  month.  But  as  it  contains  matters 
of  much  interest,  we  will  give  in  connection 
with  our  notes  of  the  Santa  Clara  Valley 
Fair  next  mouth. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Uy  Tremendous  rivalry  in  the  jewelry  busi- 
ness. Now  is  your  time  to  get  bargains.  See 
Houriet  &  Go's  radical  announcement. 


I^=  That  good  suit  of  gray  that  the  editor 
has  been  wearing  every  day  for  the  last  seven 
months  was  purchased  at  O'Baniou  and 
Kent's  San  Jose  clothing  store,  opposite  the 
Auzerais,  for  only  $22.  If  any  one  can  find 
a  better  bargain  than  that  anywhere  else  he 
would  like  to  know  it.  The  suit  is  apparent- 
ly not  more  than  half  worn  out  yet.  O'Ban- 
iou &  Kent  do  business  on  the  square,  oue- 
p  rice  system,  and  sell  good  clothing  at  the 
very  lowest  prices.  Small  profits  and  honor- 
able dealing  is  their  motto  all  the  time.  Ho 
speaks  this  "good  wo  rd"  without  solicitation. 

STEAWBEERIES    and   PEACHES, 

NEW  SORTS,  BY  MAIL. 

Plants  of  the  newest  and  finest  im- 
proved sorts,  carefully  packed  and 
prepaid  b^r  mail.  SSy  collection  of 
Strawberries  tooktte  first  premim- 
um  for  the  best  Colle  ction  at  the 
great  show  of  the  IVSass.  Horticul- 
tural Society,  in  Soston,  this  sea- 
son. I  grow  nearly  100  varieties, 
the  most  complete  collection  in  the 
Country,  including  all  the  new  large 
.American  and  imported  kinds. 
Priced  descriptive  Catalogue,  gra- 
tis, by  {mail.  Also  Bulbs,  Fruit 
Trees,  Roses,  Evergreens.  25 
packets  Flower  or  G-ardcn  Seeds, 
$1.00  by  mail. 

Q.  Q,  The  True  Cape  Cod  Cran- 
es berry,  best  sort  for  Upland, 
Iiowland  or  Garden,  by  mail,  pre- 
paid. $1  per  100,  $5  per  1,000. 
Wholesale  Catalogue  to  the  Trade. 
Agents  'Wanted. 

B.  M.  ■WATSON,  Old  Colony 
Nurseries  and  Seed  VT'arehouse, 
Flymouth,     I^ass.         Established 

i84ta. 


FORTHE  HOUSE 
The  Autumn  No.  of  Vick's  Floral  Guide, 

coutiiniD;^  descriptions  of  Hyacinth's,  Tulips,  LUics, 
aucl  liU  BiiUs  anil  Sosla  fur  Fall  Flaatinj  in  tlie  Garden 
and  fur  Winter  Flowers  in  the  house— just  pulished  aud 
Kent   Iret'  to  all-     Address 

JAMKS  VlfK,  Rocheoter,     N.   Y. 

I>AIXTER'S  Manual—HoiiHO  and  sit,'n  p.iintiiiK. 
yraiuiug,  varnishing,  pnlishinp,  knlsoniinin^,  pa- 
pering. ,^c.,  .50  cents.  Book  of  Alphabets,  .^)U;  Scrolls 
!ind  Ornaments,  $1;  <;'ar])enter's  Mannal.  .')0:  Wati  h- 
maker  and  .Jewrler,  5ri:  Taxiderniist,  .50:  Snai)-Tnalicr, 
2.";;  Authorslii].,  .'ill;  Lii;htninK  (l.-ilculatcr,  M;  Hniiler 
and  Tra|Ji«  r's  (iiiiile,  'Jll;  Hog  Tniiiiint,'.  :«.  Of  hook- 
sellers,  or  by  iiiiiil.  JESSE  IIANEY  it  CO.,  11'.)  Kas 
eau  street,  N.  Y.  fo 

_ 

Pleasant,  anil   ProfUaltle    Kinployinciit. — 

■'  lieautiful  !"  "  Charming  I"  "  Oh,  how  lovel>  !"* 
"What  arc  thoy  worthv"  »lc.  Such  ar*^  tlic  oxclama- 
tions  by  those  wno  see  the  large,  elegant  Nt(\v  Chroiuus 
prodnird  by  the  Eiu-opean  aud  .\merican  Chronio  Pub. 
lishing  Oo.  They  are  all  perlect  Gems  of  .\rt.  No 
one  can  i-esist  the  temptation  to  buy  when  seeing  ihe 
ChrcmioB,  Canvassers,  Agents,  and  ladies  and  gentle- 
men out  of  employment,  will  And  this  the  best  op.-n- 
iug  ever  offered  to  make  money.  For  full  particulars, 
seiul  stamp  for  eontideutial  circular.  .\ddrcss  F, 
GLEASON,  &  CO.,  7;i8  Washingtoh  St.,  Boston,    Mass. 


10.   a.   T.— GRANGER   LODGE,   No.  295,   meets 
•    eveay  MONDAY   evening,   at   8   o'eloek.  In  thr-ir 
Hall,  No  2S4  Santa  Clara  street,  over  the  S.  .1.  Savings 
Bank.      Members    of  sister  Lodges   and    sojonruing 
members  in  good  standing  are  invited  to  attend. 
Jous  B.  Srr.vr.NS,  W.  Sec'y. 


Evert/  Intelligent  Farmer  knows  that 
neither  boys  nor  hired  men  are  always  to 
be  relied  upon,  in  his  absence  from  home, 
for  watering  stock. 

Every  Stock  Raiser  will  admit  that  a 
constant  supjily  of  water  keeps  his  stock 
in  an  easy  and  contented  condition,  and 
they  will  consequently  fatten  faster.  By 
the  use  of  the  ECLIPSE  SELF-GOV- 
ERNING WIND-MILLS  water  can  be 
abundantly  furnished  at  any  desired 
place. 

By  making  a  tank  16  ft,  long,  8  ft.  wide 
and  2  ft.  deep,  you  have  a  reservoir  of 
nearly  GO  barrels  of  water,  which  the 
ECLIPSE  MILL  will  keep  filled,  for 
occasional  calms. 

We  do  not  buikl  the  ECLIPSE  for  a 
cheap  mill.  We  make  it  for  service,  and 
our  castings  alone  weigh  107  lbs.  more 
than  those  of  other  mills.  Our  wood- 
work is  too  well  known  for  comment,  as 
all  acknowledge  our  wide,  heavy  fans  su- 
perior to  the  thin,  narrow  slats. 

Having  over  3,000  mills  in  successful 
operation,  a  ijurohaser  knows  just  what 
he  is  buying. 

Should  you  desire  a  windmill  for  any 
purpose,  or  pumps,  address  Charles  P. 
Hoag,  118  Beale  St.  San  Francissco,  Cal., 
for  descriptive  circulars. 


HOW  TO  PAIHT, 

A  New  Work  by  a  Practical  Painter,  designed 
for  the  UKe  of  Trailesmen,  Meclianics,  Mercli- 
ants,  Fiirmers,  and  uh  a  Guide  to  Professional 
Painters.  Cuutaiuiiitia  plain,  ctunmoii  Benfie  state- 
of  the  methods  ewiph.iyed  by  Painters  to  produce  sat- 
isfactory results  iu  Plain  and  Fancy  Painting; 
of  every  description,  iuiluding  Formulas  for  Mix- 
ing Paint  in  Oil  or  Water,  TooIb  rcfiuired,  etc. 
This  is  just  the  Book  needed  by  any  person  haviut,' 
anything  to  paint,  and  makes  **  every  Mau  his 
oivn  Painter." 

Full  Directions  for  using  ■^\^lite  Lead,  Lani|i- 
Black,  Ivory  Black,  Prussian  Blue,  Ultra- 
Marine,  Green,  Yellow,  Yertuilion,  Brown, 
Lake,  Carmine,  AViiitiny,  Glne,  Pumice 
Ntone,  Asi>Ualtuiu  and  Spirits  of  Turpen- 
tine, Oils,  Variiislies,  Furniture  Varnisli, 
Milk  Paint,  Preparinj^-  Ivalsomiite, 

PAINT  FOE  OUT-BUILEINGS, 

Wliitewasli,      Paste      for    Paper-llang^inf;, 

Griiiiiiii;;>  ill  ttak,  3Iaple,  I>I;iliio^jiiiy,  Rose- 
wood, ISIack  W^alnnl;  llan^j^in^  Paper, 
Stainin;:;-,  Gildiii;^,  Bron'£iii^,  Transferring; 
I>ecale<»niaiiia,  Maki]i;>:  Rustic  Pictures, 
Paintiiijur  Fhtwer-Stand,  Malio^any  PoHhIi, 
Rosewood  l^olish.  Vamishi  n^  F'urnit  ure 
Waxing  Furniture,  deuiiin;^^  Paint, 

PAINT  M  PAEMIN&  TOOLS, 

for  Macliinery,  and  for  Household  I'^ixtures. 

TO  PAINT  A  PARM  WAGON, 

lo  Re-vai'ikish  a  Carriage,  to  niake  Plaster 
Casts.  The  work  is  niiiitly  printed,  with  illnntra- 
tioiiH  whercvtr  tliey  can  serve  to  make  the  subjfct 
plainer,  iind  it  will  nave  many  times  its  cost  yeiirly 
Kvery  family  should  possess  a  copy.  Price  by  mail 
poKt-i)aid.$  I  .      Address 

Ai^riculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 

SAN  J()^^r,  c'.Mj. 


THE 

Jackson  Wagons 

Are  kimwn  to  he 

THE  BEST  TARIVI  V^AaOIVS 

Sold  on  this  Coast.  Sold  quite  afi  low  as  the  very 
many  poor  ones  otTered  f<ir  sale.  We  warrant  thera 
for  two  years.  Fur  sale  in  San  Jose  at  San  Francisco 
prices  by  UHskell  &  Mott,  Agents,  corner  of  ThirJ 
and  Santa  Clara  streets. 

J.  D.  ARTHUR  &  SOX, 

Importers,  San  Francisco. 


WOODLAND 
FOVIiTZCV 


VAB.DS 

3t      Victorious ! 


Half  the  Awards  at  the  Last  State  Fair. 


Seud  for  Price  List  of  EGGS  and  FOWLS. 

DR.  W.  .J.  PRATHER, 
ap  Woodland,  Yolo  Co.,  Cal. 

SAUTA  CLARA  TANNKRY. 

JACOB  ECERHARDT,  PkopbietoB. 

ALL  KINDS  or  LEATUER,  SHEEP   SKINS,   AND 
WOOL.    HigheBt  price  paid  for  Sheep  Skins,  Tal- 
low.  Wool,  etc.                       ■• 
• ~-^— 

ENLARaED  AND  IMPROVED. 

THE  FARMERS' 

STOCK  TOVHrrAL, 

Till  it  has  no  superior  as  a  Farmer's  and  Stockman's 
Journal  on  the  Continent;  published  on  the  finest 
quality  qf  tinted  book-paper,  beautifully  embellished 
with  numerous  engravings  of  Stock,  the  finest  that  ar- 
tistic skill  and  tnsteYau  execute,  at  ouly  $1.50  per  year, 
postage  paid.  It  is'  no  new  oDteri""^^.  btiuy  in  i*8 
5th  Volume,  thoroughly  established,  recognized  and 
patrouieed  by  the  leading  stock  men  and  farmers  of 
the  East  and  West.  Gives  Engravings  and  Biographi- 
cal Sketches  of  leading  stock  men.  The  best  paper  in 
the  country  t(>  adverrise  in.  It  dvies  not  claim  hun- 
dreds nf  th'uisands  of  readers  In  order  to  deceive  ad- 
verti'-ers;  but  it  does  claim  to  reach,  by  bona  fuie 
suhhtiiption.  nearly  every  agricultural  State  in  the 
Union,  and  in  nuiny  counties  In  Iowa  its  circulation 
exceeds  that  of  the  local  press. 

Send  10  cents  for  stunple  copy  and  you  will  like  it. 
No  attuutiou  paid  to  i^o-stal  cards  asking  for  samples. 

ALEX.  CHARLES, 

Cedar  Rapids.  Iowa. 

BOOK  A&ENTS  and  MOD  SALESli 

Aro     "  COINING  IIUNEY  "     with 

"  CHRIST  in  ART," 

ILLUSTRATED       ^ITH         THE        FAMOUS 

Bida    Designs, 

TlK-  I'lcuih  Eflition  of  whiih  SiUs  lor  Sltl.'i.lHl  .lud  the 
Liinihin  Kililicii  tor  ;f.!0(l.()ll.  Our  Popular  Edition,  ' 
ciiiiti.inilii!  civiT  Oue  Hundred  full-page  iiiuirto  platea, 
islllc  iHEAl'EST  ASI>  MOST  EI.EOANT  ruULlCVTMN  in 
AMKKirA,  nlid  the  UEST  TO  SELL.  The  critics  via 
with  ejich  other  iu  praising  it,  and  tho  muBBes    hty  it, 

Fioin  local  assent  iu  Southport,  Conn.:  "In  our  vil- 
lai^e  of  einlitv  houses  I  huve  taken  sixty-five  orders; 
have  canvassed  iu  all  aliout  twelve  days  (in  villaijo 
and  couutrv) .  aud  have  taken  orders  for  one  hundred 
aud    six     coplesl"  FULL    PAHTICULAUS   EUEE. 

Address 

J.  B.  FORD  &.  CO..  Proprietors, 

:i:l*.»  Kearny  >!..    San  Fritiieisco- 


INVENTORS! p?U  sr,;. J 

a  iiioiiel  or  sketili  ati.l  ii  mil  det^cription  of  your  in- 
vention. We  -.vill  make  an  examination  at  the  I'atent 
OtVic-,  iiud  if  we  think  it  patentable,  will  send  you 
pai»ers  and  advice  and  prosecute  your  case-  Our  fed 
will  be.  in  ordiunry  cases,  $J5.  Advick  frke.  Ad- 
dress LOUIS  I5.\GGElt  Jt  00.  Washington.  I).  O. 
ttJrSenrt  Vostal  Ciu-d  for  our  "  GoiDE  for  OBTAiNmo 
Patents,"  a  boidc  of  50  pages. 


DR.      C.     R.      SPAW, 

Resident    Dentist, 
Corner  of  Fiivt   and  Santa 

Clara  streets. 

in  McLaughlin  &   Rylaud's 

building. 

Sun    Jose,  Cal. 


-^^^^^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

CARRIAGE    AlAKKK.       PIONEKR    CAU- 
riuge  Shop. 

314  Second  Stkeet, 

Between  Santa    Clara    street    and    Fountain    Alky. 

SAN  JOSE. 

As*snt  for  Fish  Bro.  ^s  Wag-ons. 

Zioclse    dSs    Montag^ue, 

IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  &c. 

112  and  114  Battery  Street 

SAN  FRANCISfO. 


THE  PARKER  GUN: 


SEND  STAMP  FOR  CIRCULAR 

;      PARKER  BRO'S 

WEST  MERiDEN,CT.: 

WM.   SHEWS 

m  mmmE  establishment, 

115  KKAKNV  ST.,    SAN  FRANCISCO. 

This  well  known  *'Paln.ce  of  Art,"  formerly  lo- 
cated tu  Muntgoniery  St.,  No.  417,  is  now  on 
Kiarny  St.,  No.  115  and  has  no  connoction  with  any 
otluT.  Strangers  visiting  the  City  will  find  it  for  their 
int- rest  to  patronize  thiH  establishment  for  auy  kind 
of  picture  from  Min;iture  to  Life  Size. 

N.  B.  The  very  best  Uembrandt  Cards  Album  Pize 
J  per  doz.  equal  to  any  that  cost  $4  on  Montgomery 
St.;  other  sizes  equally  low  in  proportion.        ap 


Side    Peed    and    Back    Feed. 

THE  LIGHTEST  RUNNING,  MOST  SIM- 
PLE, AND  MOST  EASILY  OPERATED 
SEWING  MACHINE  IN  THE  MARKET. 

Always  in  Order  andReadyforWork.^ 

If  there  is  a  FLORENCE  MACHINE 
within  one  thousand  miles  of  San  Fran- 
cisco not  working  well,  I  will  fix  it  with- 
oat  any  expense  to  the  owner. 

SAMUEL  HILL,  Agent, 
No.  19  New  Montgomery  Street, 

GRAND    HOTEL    BniLDIN0, 
<AK  FRANCISCO. 


SHERMAN  &  HYDE, 

Cor.  Kearny  and  Suffer  Sis. 

SAN  FKANCISCO, 

WIIOLEUAI^B  AND  RETAIL  DEA1.£B8  IN 

SHEET  MUSIC, 

Musical  Instruments, 

A  ND 

MUSICAL    MERCHANDISE, 

Orders  from  the  Interior  promptly  ^led. 

MMaTFACTDHERa  OF  THE 


Acknowledged  by  Musicians  to  be  the  Beet  Lo^ 

Priced  Instruments  ever  offered  for  sale 

on  this  Coast. 


THB  UNEQUAIjLED 


These  Superb  Instruments  have  achieved  a 
success  unparalleled  in  the  history  of  Piano-forto 
Manufacture. 

They  are  remarkable  for  Great  Volume,  Purity 
and  Sweetness  of  Tone,  and  Dui-ability. 

THE  CELEBRATED 


h~-i     -i.      I"'  •-     --    '* 


The  Mogt  Desirable  Instruments  inthemartct 
for  chuivli  and  jiarUir.     Over  28,000  now  in  use. 

SHERMAN  &  HYDE, 

GKXEnAI,   AGENTS, 

SAN  FRANCISCO. 


FARMERS' UNION. 

(Successura  to  A.  Phisieb  &  Co.) 

Corner  of  Second  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 


SAN   JOSE. 


CAPITAL 


Wm.  EaKsoN,  President. 


-       SI  00,000. 

H.  E.  niLLs,  Manager. 


Diiectorai 

J^"-  ^.^H"™'  J.  P.  Diullev. 

L.  F,  Chii.iuan,  David  (■a.iif.liell, 

C.  r.  Settle,  E,  A.  Braley. 

Thomas  E.  Suell. 


<0~  Will  do  s  General  Mercantile  Business  Also 
reeeive  denosits,  on  whi.h  sii.-l,  interest  will  1..- nl^ 
owed  as  may  be  agreed  ui,ou,  and  make  loans  on  ap- 
proved Becurity.  *^ 


SAVINGS    BANK, 

286  Santa  Clara  Street. 

CAPITAL  STOCK       .       .       .       $600,000 
Paid  in  Capital  (Geld  Coin)       .    $300,000 

Officers ; 

President    jqto  H.  Mooiie 

Vue-President s.  A.  Uibimp 

CiuilJier H.  U.UEvjiOLCa 

Directors : 

John  H.  Moore,  Dr.  1!  Bryant, 

H.  Mabury,  s.  A.  Bishop, 

H.  H.  Eeynolds.  James  Hart, 

James  W.  Whiting. 

NEW   FEATURE, 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts."  bearing  inter- 
estat  (i.  Hand  10  percent  per  annum:  intenst  payable 
imimptly  at  the  end  of  six  months  from  date  of  de- 
posit. The  "  Receipt"  may  be  transferred  by  indorse- 
ment and  the  principle  with  interest  paid  to  holder. 

Interest  also  allowed  on  Book  Accouuts,  beginning 
at  date  of  deposit. 

Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any  in  the  State, 
and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe-keeping  of  Bonds, 
Stocks.  Papers,  Jewelry,  Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc  ' 
at  trifling  ccjst. 

Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  in 
Gold  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates. 

Buy  and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notea  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  BusinesB. 


FAKIMERS' 

National  Gold  Bank 


OF  SAN  JOSE. 


Paid  np  Capital  (Gold  Coin) $.>0n,  000 

Authorized  Capital $1,000,000 

President JOHN  W.  HINDS 

Vice-President E.  C.  SING  I.ETAlt Y 

Cashier W.  T.  TISDALE 

Directors : 

C.  Burrel,  C.  G.  HarriBon, 

Wm.  D.  Tisrtale,  E.  C.  Singletary, 

E.  L.  Bradley,  Wm.  L.  Tisdale, 

John  W.  Hinds. 

Will  allow  Interest  on  DepoPitfl,  buy  and  sell  Ex- 
change, make  collections,  loan  money,  and  transact 

A  General  Banking  Business. 

Special  inducements  offered  to  farmers,  merchants, 

mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  commercial  accounts. 

Cor.  First  and   Santa  Clara  Sts., 

SAN  JOSE.  eep 


--^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


StoTCi,  Eaiges, 

Pimps, 

Hydriulic  KiBt, 

Lead  and  Itsi  Pipe, 

Brass  Soods, 

Hose  Wire, 

Farmers'  Boilers, 

EoQse  Tsmishins 

Wares. 


Eh 


<4 

E-i'- 

c/l     1 

W    g 

CO 

H^l 

pi 

<J 

w 

1^ 

14 

Pi 

ll» 

Blacksmith. 


Patent 
Tire-Setter. 


C.  E.  CAMPBELL, 

Manufacturer  of 

Well  Pipp  and  Galvnitized  Iron 
fiiinpb  ivilU  iiiipruvcil  valves. 

Tin,  Copper*  Zinc  and  Sheet* 
Iron  %%-are)«.  Galvanized  Iron 
Chiinnoys,  Tin  Roofing,  Plumb* 
in^,  etc. 

No.  .339  First  Street*  opposite  El  Do- 
rado Bt. 


Mer\efee  &  Gastor\ 
SEierTiSTS, 

S.W.  Cor.  Santa  Clara  and  Fii\st  Sts 

Over  Farmers'  National  Gold  Bank, 
SAIV  JOSE. 

8^"  Special  attention  given  to  Fine 
Gold  Fillings. 


J.  E.  I^UCKER, 

Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  Stti^ 

SAN    JOSE. 

LAE&E  &  SMALL  FABMS 

FOU    BALE. 

Lots  in  all  Parts  of  the  City 


FOR    SALE. 


Insurance  in   One    of  tlie    Best 

Companies. 


Physician 


Druggist. 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  BlaL-kKinith   and  Carriage  Shop. 

Balbaclt^s  IVe^v  Brick,  cor.   Sec* 

ondst.and   Fountain  Alley, 

SAN   JOSE, 

Agent  for  Fisit   Bro.'s  Wagfone. 

New  "Work  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
ImplementB,  etc. 


West's     American    Tire-Setter, 


SANIA  CLAEA   VALLEY 

DUTTG  STOB.S, 

!dOO   Santa  Clara  street^    Op- 
posite tlie  Convent, 

SAN    JOSE. 

JOHN  3>.  SCOTT,  IKE.D., 

Physician  and  Druggist. 


SUBSCRIBE 

— For.  THE —  "'H    ^ 

U  N  S  II  I  N  Jj  ^ 

—THE    0>-LY— 

CHILDREFS  MAGAZIITE 

PuT>liBhed  on 

THE    PACFIC    COAST. 


Only     ^I.IO    a    Year. 

A  sums  present' rOHHILDREN! 

And  one  that  vrill  continue 

A    Source   of    Pleasure 

During  the  whole  year. 


Addrees,  SUNSHINE,  Poetoffice  Box  288  Santa  Clara. 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

Wiifoxlilofk,No.]9d  First  St., 
SArr    JOSE,    CA£. 

California  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AlTD  SHOES, 

A  Large  and  Superior  Assortment. 

lUo.    394     First    Street, 

Wllr.ox  Block,  San  Jose. 


ALL    KINDS  OF 

rjALiFonNiA  m  mm 

^      LUMBER,      " 

Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 

Conytautly  on  baud. 

All  Orders  Promptly  Filled. 

p.  O.  Box  5U<J. 


OCTOBES.              1 

s. 

M. 

T. 

w. 

T. 

~~7 
14 
21 
28 

1 

8 
15 
22 
29 

s. 

2 

9 

16 

23 

30 

3 

10 
17 
24 

4 
1  1 
18 
25 

5 
12 
19 
26 

.... 

6 
13 
20 
27 

EMPEY  &  LEONARD, 

Manufacturers  and  Dealers  iu 

HAR-    £JS^A.      COL- 
NESS,  5^^^  LARS, 

SADDLERY 


Carriage    Trimmings 
No.  2C2  Sanki  Clara  Street. 
SAN  JOSS.! 


Etc. 


11112\V1"[111\. 

R.  C.  Kirby  &  Co., 

TAITSTERS! 

SAHUcauzQAmmiisDLUEmii 


Wholesale  Dealers.. 

:0  F  F  I  C  K  : 

402  and  404  Battery  St., 

San  Francisco. 
ARTHUI\  GORE,  M.  D,, 

SUKGZIOir  PXSNXIST, 

Offlee,  Odd-r©UowB'  Baildlng,  Pacific  Avanuo,  Over  Poat  OfBco, 
Santa  Cruz,  Cal. 

All  operations  performed  nccordinjf  to 
tJ»e   most  Approved  Priniiples  of  our 
best  UK-XTAIj  S<:U<H>L.S,  and  sat- 
isfaction   guaranteed    in   ullj 
KeuHonable     Ca^es. 


lji:^Offico  hours  from  8  a.  m.  to  1  v.  u„  and  from  2 
to  0  r.  M. 


''Phese  Valves  are  thesim- 

J.  i)le6t  and  iiniKt  iierfect  in  cuUKtnn'- 
tinn  of  any  Valve  ever  invented.  For 
fheapuens,  durability  and  capacity  of 
dinL-har^ug  water,  tbcy  are  nut  equaled 
by  any  other  Valve.  We  manufacture 
Bizes  from  3  to  7  inches  diamt^ter,  and 
for  Hand,  Windmill  and  Horse-power 
or  Steam  PumpB. 

We  also  keep  on  hand  and  mannfac 
ture  the  best  and  cheapest  WELr>  Pu'Ej 

FRED.  KLEIN, 

Dealer  in  Stoves,  etc..  No.  227  Santa 
Clara  street,  a  few  doors  Avest  of  the 
Postitffice.  San  Jose, 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

aar  First  street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH  PRICE 

PAID  FOE 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


C.    SCHRODEF^, 

CALIFORNIA  CANDT  rACTORI, 

349  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Near  tho  Opera  House,  San  Jose. 

Confectionery  in  Great  Variety, 
WItolseale  and  Retail. 

lO"  Orders  promptly  attended  to, 


FRED.  KLEIN, 

STOVES, 

SHEET-IRON, 

Coj^per,     Tinware,     Iron     Pttmps, 
Kitchen  Ulensil-<, 

Celelirated  Peerless  Stoves. 

If)  Santa   Clara  St  , 

Near  PoBtoflice.  San  Jobe. 


mxiJ 


D^,     N.     KLEIN, 

SURGEON    DENTIST. 


RHODES  &  LEWIS, 

APOTH'ECAEIES, 

Nu.  .13.5  First  Street, 

SA.N  JOSB 


m. 


Volume  6 

m 


It 

ITOVEMBER. 


ITum'ber  11. 


bsc-iption  Price, 
$1.50  a  year. 


SAN   JOSE,   CAL.,  NOVEMBER.    187  = 


Single  Copies, 
15  cents. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Fag-e  318,  Kclitorial.— Fair  Notes.  Something 
from  Nevada.  An  Apology.  List  of  New  Ad- 
vertisemeuts. 


Editorial  Xotes.     Etc. 

I  Forgive    (original) .      The 


343, 

344,  Poetry, 

Farmer  King.  The  Independent  Farmer 
Waiting  for  Luck.  Autumnal.  The  Autumn 
of  the  World.  Autuum's  Last  Kosary.  The 
First  Breath  of  Autumu. 

345,  Kditorial. — Another  Railroad  Scheme. 
Irrig;itiun.     Itt  traction. 

34G,  Editorial  (continued) . —  Spontaneous 
CreDciatiou,  Alden  Factory  Raisins.  Grupes 
for  Cnristmas.     The  Season.    King  Coin. 

247,  Correspondence. — State  Fair  Notes. 
Letter  from  \olo  County. 

348,  Correspondence  (continued].  "Hny- 
bced"  not  all  Chufi.    Tree  Phtnting. 

34J»,      Irri$;ation.  —  Proposed     Legislation. 

Tile  liorse.  —The  Horse  Disease,  with  Notes 
and  Itumtiiks. 

350,  Tlie  Dairy.  —Making  Cheese  in  a  Small 
Way.  Horticulture. — Ihe  Gardener's  La- 
ment.   Tu  Grow  Chestnut  Trees. 

351,  Horliculture  (continued).  Evergreens 
Among  Fruit  Trees.    The  Flo*ver  Garden. 

—  Gi Hi  flowers.  Queries.  Putting  Plants. 
Huw  tu  Sow  Small  Seeds.  Washing  House 
Plants.     Etc. 

353,  lloaseli'ld  Reading.  —  Chats  V  ith 
Farmers'  Wives  and  Daughters,  (by  Jewell). 
— No.  10— Economical  Young  Women.  Grand- 
lather's  Letter,  No.  2.  Domestic. — About 
Husbands— tn  the  Gals.  Familiar  Talks- 
No.   4,    (by  Snip)— Good  Living. 

353,  First  Letter,  by  "Busy  Bee."    Recipes 

Etc. 

354,  Hyjjieulc— My Neighbor'sBaby.  Two 
Ways  ut  Feeding  Biibies.  (by  "  Jewell") .  How 
Agnes  Rears  her  Baby. 

255,  Stock.  Breeder. — Semi-annual  Conven- 
tion ut  the  SliurtUurn  Stotk-Breeders'  Asso- 
c.atiuu.  Fuot  and  Mouth  Disease.  Live 
Stuck  at  the  Centennial. 

256,  Stock  Breeder  (continued)  .—Live 
Stock  Values.  Jersey  Cattle  Sale.  Ayrshire 
Sale.  Etc  Sheep  and  GoatS; —Angora 
Goat  Fleece.  (  atshmere  Goats.  Wool  in  Col- 
orado.    New  Breed  of  Sheep. 

357,— Sheep  and  Goats,  (contimied).— A 
Cure  fur  Huof-ail.    Etc.    The  Vineyard.- 

Raisin  Culture.    Etc. 

258.  The  Vineyard  (continued).  —  Cali- 
toruia  Dried  Fruit.     Hay    and   Grain.— 

Grain  Culture  in  California  (Edituriul).  Brit- 
isU  Grain  Harvetit.  Bermuila  Grans  Hay. 
Wheat  Crop  In  1875.     New  Fodder.     Etc. 

259,  Hay  and  Grain  (continued) .  —  Short 
Crops  East.  Apiary .^PaciHc  Coast  Bee 
Notes.    Piittuiage  lor  Bees.    Etc. 

200,   Exbliange  Notices' 


Do'^^n  With  Monopolies 

WAR    ON    HIGH    PRICES! 


T 


Great  Heduction  in  the  Price  of  Furniture 

THE  SAN  JOSE  FUKNITURE  COMPANY 

WOULD  RESPECTFm,LY  ANNOUNCE  TO  THE  PUBLIC  THAT  THEY  HAVE  JUST  RECEIVED  A  CAR 
load  of  SOLID  WALNU;r  FURNITURE  from  the  EaRt;  also  a  lar^e  lot  of  San  Francisco  -work,  from  the 
CHEAPEST  to  the  BEST,  and  it  is  their  intention  to  keei)  in  future  a  Full  and  Complete  Assortment  of 
Eastern  and  City  made  Work,  which,  taken  together  with  that  of  their  own  manufacture,  will  give  them  the 
Ij.'VKGEST  as  well  as  the  BEST  ASSORTED  STOCK  of  Household  Furniture  to  be  found  in  Santa 
Clara  county,  thereby  enabliuff  their  customers  to  choose  between  our  own  work  and  that  of  other  manufact- 
urers, at  prices  at  least  5  PER  t'EINT.  LO\VE>c  than  any  other  house  in  the  State.  San  Francisco  not 
cxi^ipted.  The  Furniture  Dealers  throughout  the  State  are  invited  to  call  and  examine  our  Stock,  as  we  believe 
it  will  be  to  their  interest  to  at  least  give  us  a  trial  order. 

A  SPECIALTY  is  made  of  furnishing  Hotels.  Offices,  Banks,  Churches  and  Public  Institutions. 

FIVE  PREMIUMS  were  awarded  us  at  the  late  County  Fair  for  work  of  OUR  OWN  MAXCFACT- 
URE. 

Please  call  and  examine  our  Stock  before  making  your  purchases.  All  orders  sent  us  will  be  promptly  at 
ended  to  and  guaranteed. 

•Wareroom— Wos.  422  and  424  First  Street. 

FACTORY— Corner  of  Fwurtli  and  San  Fcriiando  Stre^  ts. 

BEITITETT  <&  CO.,  Proprietors. 


@:x3si 


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«>3 


THE  COOI3EITOX7GH 

COMMO.X-SEN'SE  SYSTKJI 

Cor  Santa  Clara  di.  San  Fedro  Sts. 

(Opposite  Post  Office.) 

The  only  Natural  Mhi  of  Shusinrthe  Horse 

—TO  PREVENT— 

CORITS,     B"Cr2TI01TS, 

Contraction  of  the  HOOF,  and  all  LAMENESS 

resultiuf^  from  Unsound  Feet. 


T.  H.  IiAHCOTVl,  Proprietor 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


i  i,.< 


VERTICAIi    FEED 

mmi     SEWIN&  MACHINE. 


TT   OOES  NOT   TAKE 


R.  S.  THOMPSON, 

NAPA,    f   A  I, 


GEO.     S.     HOLMES 

(Formerly  Xeedhatn  it  Co,.) 


m 


IVumber  438  First  Street. 


— Opposite  XSeva  "Sork  Bakery. 

N  STORE  F  ROM  THE  EAST,  A  LARGE  LOT  OF  READY-MADE  SQUARE  AND   OVAL 
Walnut  Fr  ames,  bought  at  a  low  price.     Chromos  mounted.     Picture  Frames    of  all  sizes 
MADE  TO  ORDER  at  the  very  lowest  prices.     A  choice  lot  of  Chromos  and  Engrafings  bought 
at  auction. 

Iiow  Rent  and  Low  Prices.  Satisfaction  Guaranteed. 


BUEEDEHS'  DIHECTORY. 


Parties  desiring  to  purchase  Live  Stock  will  find  in 
this  Directory  the  names  of  some  of  the  most  reliable 
Breeders. 

Our  Rates. — Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  will  be  in- 
serted in  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50  cents 
per  month.  A  line  will  average  about  eight  words. 
Payable  annually. 

CATTLE. 


C.  B.   POIiHEMUS,  Saii  Jose.  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle, 


SHEEP  AND  GOATS. 


MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOW,  Centersille,  near 
Niles  Station,  Alameda  county,  Cal.  Pure-blooded 
French  Merino  Kams  and  Ewes  lor  Bale. 


A.G. 

Cal. 


STONESIP'ER,  Hill's  Ferry.  .Stanislaus  Co., 
,  breeder  of  Pure-blooded  Frencb  Merino  Sheep. 


,     „   AN   HOtIB  TO  GET 

eady  to  do  a  minute's  work,  but  is  always  ready  m 
a  n  inute  to  do  aday's  woik.  „„„,w 

1  he  Favorite  of  the  Family  circle.  Buns  more  easily 
and  quietly  than  any  other  machine. 

The  DAVIS  presents  these  advantages  :  It  previnis 
fulling  or  gathering  of  goods,  will  sew  over  thict  seams 
or  from  one  thlciuess  to  another,  \vitho\it  change  ot 
stitch  or  tension,  and  make  the  most  Elastic.  Durable 
and  Uniform  Lock  Stitch  of  any  Machine  before  the 

The  only  one  having  an  Automatic  Bobbin  Winder, 
and  the  most  wonderful  attachment  for  making  the 

The  peculiar  feature  of  DAVIS  is  its  VERTICAL 
FEED,  which  is  essentially  different  from  any  other 
Machine  manufactured,  requiring  no  acquired  skill  to 
operate  it,  nor  basting  of  the  goods,  and  all  should  give 
it  an  anamination  at  least  before  purchasing  any  other, 

After  six  weeks'  trial  at  the  Franklin  Institute  Exhi- 
bition, held  at  Philadelphia  in  1H74,  it  was 
Awarded  «lie  Grand  Medal  Against  Nine- 
teen Competitors  ! 
And  has  universally  been  awarded   the  FIRST  PRE- 
MIUM at  all  principal  Fairs  where  exhibited. 

We  have  the  best  manufacturing  machine  in  use. 

Energetic  and  responsible  Agents  wanted  in  all  un- 
occupied territory. 

ror  further  information,  circular  and  terms,  call  on 
or  address 

G.   L.    BIGELOW, 

Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County. 

Salesroom,  Wo.  436  First  Street, 

SAN  JOSE, 
Or  TBE  DAVIS  SEWING  MACUIN'E  CO.. 

I  I  8  Post  St.,  San  Erancisco. 


S.   N.    PUTNAM,    breeder 
Cattle,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 


of    Pure-bred  Durham 


S.  B.   EMERSON,    Mountain    View,   Santa  Clara 
,   county.  Cal.,  breeder   of  Short-Horn   and  Holstein 
Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

CHARLES  CLARK,  Mllpitas.  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

CYRUS  JONES  Si  CO.,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
county.  Cal., breedersof  Short-Horn  Cattle.  "Young 
Bulls  for  sale." 

COLEMAN  YOUNGER,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


L.  J. 

Cal. 


HANCHETT,  San  Jose.  Santa  Clara  county, 
,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


R.  6.  SNKATH,  Menlo  Park.  San  Mateo  Co  ,  Cal., 
choice  Jerbey  Cows,  Heifers  and  Bull  Calves  for  sale 

CABR  •&  CHAPMAN,  Gabllan,  Nonterey  county, 
Cal.,  breeders  of  Trotting  Horses,  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine. 

R.  B.  CANNON,  Suisun.  Solano  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 


A.  VROMAN.  Jenny  Lind,  Calaveras  county,  Cal.. 
Cotswold  Bucks  for  sale.  References,  Moody  &  Far- 
ish,  San  Francisco;  Shippee,  McKee  &  Co.,  .Stockton. 

LENDBUM  St,  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal.,  im- 
porters  and  breeders  of  Pure  Apgora  Goats. 

C.  P.  BAILEY,  San  Jose  Cal.,  importer,  breeder 
and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  Angora  Goats.  Fine 
Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for  sale. 

LENDBUM  &  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal.    Im- 
porters and  breeders  of  the  finest  Cotswold  Sheep 
and  Angora  Goats. 

MCCRACKEN  &  LEWIS,    San  Jose,  Cal.     Im- 
porters and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goats.    Also, 
fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 


THOS.  BUTTERFIELD  &  SON, 

BIUCEl'ERS    AND   IMP'iRTKRS  OF 

ANGORA     OR     CASHMERE     GO-ATS, 

BS"  Also,  Cotswold  and  other  long  wool  Sheep. "^8 

FRENCH  AND  SPANISH  MERINOS. 
HOLLISTER,     MONTEREY     CO.,     CAI,. 

'  S  WINE. 


CH.ARLES  CLARK, Milpitas,  Santa  Clara  County, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Purebred  Berkshire  Swine. 


POULTRY. 


JOS 

Cal 


L.   CHAMBERS,  St.  Johns,  Colusa  county, 
,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


C.  COMSTOCK,  Sacramento,  California,  breeder  of 
Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.BREWSTER,  Gait  Station,  Sacramento  county, 
Cal  ,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


AVM.     FLEMING, 

Short-Horn  Cattle. 


Napa,    California,    breeder    of 


W.   L.   OVERHISER.  Stockton,  San  Joaquin  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 


l.Ul-uitl'Elt  A.Mi  liUEEDER  OF 
THOROUGH-BBED 

BERKSHIRE    SWINE. 


FOR    SALE. 


/?A     One  and  two  years  old  Thorout;l>I>red 

OU  Spanish  Merino  Rams.  California  bred,  from 
Ewes  imported  from  Vermont,  and  sired  by  Severance 
&  Peet'B  celebrated  ram  Fkemont,  and  by  their  ram 
Gheen  Mou.NTAiN.  which  took  the  first  premiums  at 
the  Bay  Itistrict  and  State  Fairs.  East  shearlnK.  36  )^ 
lt>p,  year's  growth.  .Also,  about  lOO  Ewes  and  Lambs, 
all  of  Green  Mountain  stock,  bred  this  year, 
.ie  B.  F.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 


J.    B.   BEDMOND,     Black    Point,   Marin    county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

MOSES  WICK,  Oroville,  Butte  county,  California, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.   R.   ROSE,    Lakeville.   Sonoma  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 


MRS.  L.  J.  'WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Premium 
Fowls.  White  and  Brown  Leghorn.  S.  8.  Hamburg, 
L.  Brahmas.  B.  B.  Bed  Game,  Game  Bantams,  and 
Aylesbury  Ducks.    Also,  Eggs. 

M  FALLON,  Seventh  and  Oak  streets,  Oakland, 
Cal.,  offers  for  sale  Eggs  from  every  variety  of  choice 
Fowls. 

ALBERT  B.  BUBBANK,  43  and  44  California 
Market.  San  Francisco,  importer  and  breeder  of 
Fancy  Fowls,  Pigeons,  Rabbits,  etc. 


MEAT  MARKETS. 

I  EDDY  &  BBO.,  Stall  No.  1,  City  Market,  do  a  gen. 
i  eral  butchering  and  market  business.    City  orders 
delivered  free  of  extra  charge. 


G.  D.  MORSE,    Ban  Francisco,  Breeder  of  Short- 
Horn  and  Devon  Cattle. 


J.  R.   JEWELL,    Petaluma, 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle 


Sonoma  coimty,  Cal. 


SENECA  DANIEI  S,    Lakeville,   Sonoma  county. 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 


JOHN  JUDSON,  Bloomfleld,  Sonoma  county,  Cal., 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

A.   MILLARD,  San  Rafael,  Marin  county,  CalJfor. 
nia,  breeder  of  Jerseys  and  Alderneys. 


a.  p.  I.IVERMORE, 

Short-Horn  Cattle. 


San  Francisco,  breeder  of 


BENNETT  &  PAGE, 

ShortrHorn  Cattle. 


San  Francisco,  breeders  of 


LEWIS  PIERCE,  Suisun,  Solano  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Shoi-t-Horn  Cattle. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


S.  HARRIS  BARRING,  San  Jose,  Cal..  aftent  for 
several  breeders  of  H'St  Purebred  animals  and  poul- 
try. We  bring  tlie  breeder  and  purchaser  together 
diVert,  and  do  not  stiind  between  them,  while  we  aid 
each  for  moderate  jiay. 

DAWSON  «te  BANCROFT,  U.  S.  Live  Stock  Ei- 
chauKe.  southeast  corner  o4  Fifth  and  Bryant  streets 
San  Francisco.  All  kinds  of  common  and  thorough- 
bred Stock  always  on  exhibition  and  for  sale. 

SPLENDID  CARD  PHOTOGRAPHS,  only 
Sa  a  dozen,  and  Cabinets  $4  a  dozen,  at  HOW- 
LAND'S  Gallerj-  {Heering's  old  stand]  No.  35i(  First 
street,  San  Jose.  fe  ly 

WALLACE  &  ROBUNS,  3SG  First  street.  HiindBome 
turnouts  always  on  hand  at  fair  prices.  Finehearso 
for  funerals.    Carriages  for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 

SANGUINETTI,  418  an4  <20  First  si.  Bookcases, 
wardrobes,  kitchen  safes  and  picture  frames  made 
to  order.    Fumitiu-e  made  and  repaii-ed. 


B. 


alifomia  Agriculturist 


Vol.  e. 


Saxi    Jos©,    Cal.,    ITovemToer,    1875. 


No.  11 


FAIR  NOTES. 


We  did  intend  wriiiug  up  very  complete 
■  notes  of  the  exhibition  of  industrial  interests 
of  the  annual  Santa  Clara  Valley  Agricultural 
Society's  Fair  this  season,  but  owing  to  tne 
lateness  of  getting  out  the  November  issue, 
we  will  only  call  attention  to  the  most  striking 
features,  and  note  the  steady  advance  of  im- 
provements. There  wag  much  more  interest 
.  felt  in  the  exhibition  of  fine  stock  than  ever 
before,  both  by  exhibitors  and  the  masses  of 
the  people.  Although  .the  horse-racing  was 
set  up  as  the  great  feature,  there  was  a  good 
display  of  useful  horses,  and  they  attracted 
.attention.  No  better  cattle  exhibit  was  ever 
held  in  this  State.  A  parade  of  these  called 
out  a  large  attendance  of  people. 

The  exhibit  of  swine  was  the  best  we  have 
seen,  although  Mr.  E.  S.  Thompson  and  Mr. 
Mills,  neither  of  them,  showed  their  fine 
Berkshires.  Poultry  attracted  a  good  deal 
of  attention,  also.  In  fact,  people  are  awake 
to  the  valiTO  of  good  breeds  of  all  kinds  of 
live  stock. 

Manufacturers  stepped  to  the  front  with 
some  of  the  best  implements  ever  before  seen 
on  this  Coast.  The  Straw-Burner  thresher 
was  there,  several  improved  gang  plows  put 
on  trial,  and  much  interest  shown  in  agricul- 
tural machinery  and  implements. 

The  wagon  and  carriage  makers  of  San 
Jose  did  much  credit  to  themselves  and  to  the 
town  by  their  large  and  handsome  show  of 
excellent  work.  No  person  needs  to  import 
work  when  such  can  be  obtained  at  home. 

The  furniture  shown  from  our  home  manu- 
factory was  of  a  very  superior  quality.  The 
woolen  goods  were  unrivalled  by  those  made 
anywhere.  The  gloves  made  by  Wilcox  & 
Williams  were  as  fine  as  any  one  ever  saw, 
and  as  good,  too.  The  Angora  Glove  and 
Robe  Company  exhibited  goods  th.at  attracted 
much  curiosity  and  elicited  much  praise.  This 
company  is  doing  more  to  develop  the  Angora 
goat  business  and  make  it  at  once  remunera- 
tive and  popular  than  has  ever  before  been 
done  in  Europe  or  America. 

Our  nurserymen  did  much  to  show  what 
fine  plants  they  are  now  producing.  Many 
species  of  tropical  plants  that  are  proving  to 
be  hardy  in  our  climate  were  shown.  Partic- 
ularly of  the  palm  family  there  were  many 
varieties.  Eock,  Sanderson  and  Fox  were 
the  principal  exhibitors  in  this  line.  O'Don- 
nell  confined  his  show  this  season  to  a  dis- 
play of  curiosities  from  his  Public  Garden. 
The  showing  of  fruits,  though  not  so  large  as 
sometimes,  contained  all  the  most  choice  va- 
rieties. In  fact,  our  growers  have  now  got 
the  fruit  business  so  reduced  to  a  certainty, 
that  a  few  varieties-the  best-are  aU  that 
they  care  to  cultivate  for  the  market. 

In  the  fine  arts  we  find  that  there  is  consid- 
erable talent  in    San    Jose.      Mr.   Brewer's 


plaster  statue  of  S.  A.  Bishop,  our  "  common 
sense"  and  "age  of  reason"  horse-raih-oad 
man,  was  life-like  and  exhibited  a  good  deal 
of  ability,  both  of  artist  and  subject.  Coombs 
showed  some  superior  sculpture  work.  Miss 
Lotz  deserves  more  than  a  mere  mention  for 
her  painting.  As  a  painter  of  animals,  she 
is  bound  to  gain  fame  if  she  perseveres,  and 
no  mistake.  There  were  many  other  very 
notable  improvements  and  worthy  exhibitions 
which  deserve  praise.  One  thing  is  sure, 
there  is  no  locality  in  the  State  of  California 
that  can  show  so  many  fine  animals  and  so 
varied  an  array  of  productions  of  utility  and 
artistic  merit,  as  can  Santa  Clara  county. 
The  State  Fair  this  year,  so  say  good  judges, 
fell  short  of  ours  in  point  of  worthy  exhibi- 
tions. All  that  our  local  Agricultural  Society 
needs  is  to  reform  some  of  the  horse-race 
gambling  features  and  prohibit  liquor  selhng 
on  the  grounds,  to  make  our  fairs  worthy  of 
the  name  indeed.  There  is  enough  of  indus- 
trial worth  here  to  draw  everybody  to  see,  if 
the  products  were  all  on  exhibition. 

Let  our  premiums  reward  the  producers, 
instead  of  entertaining  a  lot  of  black-legs, 
and  we  will  succeed  in  more  directions  than 
one.  The  fairs  can  be  so  economically  con- 
ducted as  to  pay  expenses  without  gambling, 
and  so  conducted  in  the  best  interests  of  the 
whole  people  as  to  pay  largely  in  doing  good, 
at  the  same  time  that  they  afford  pleasure  to 
all. 


SOMETHING  FROM  NEVADA. 

Mr.  I.  T.  Wood,  of  Carson  City,  Nevada,  in 
a  letter  containing  two  new  subscribtions  says : 
It  is  a  great  pleasure  to  recommend  the  Cali- 
FOKNiA  AoKicnLTUBisT,  it  givcs  Buch  good 
satisfaction.  It  is  destined  to  have  a  large 
circulation  in  the  State  of  Nevada.  Every 
new  subscriber  here  says  th^t  is  is  just  the 
paper  that  they  need. 

Our  correspondent  also  adds  the  following 
intelligence:  The  last  few  years  have  estab- 
lished the  fact  that  we  are  at  the  head  as  an 
apple-growing  State.  Nevada  apples  com- 
mand one  cent  more  a  pound  than  California 
apples,  and  will  keep  two  months  longer  than 
some  varieties  of  California  apples.  Ours 
are  finer  grained  texture,  are  crisper  and  of 
superior  flavor.  Nevada  is  not  surpassed  in 
the  production  of  hardy  fruits,  and  many 
thousand  fruit  trees  will  be  planted  this  sea- 
son in  our  State.  Nevada  is  something  more 
than  a  mining  State. 

[We  have  long  known  this,  and  advocated 
it  too.  We  spent  two  years  in  Nevada  some 
nine  years  ago,  and  carried  a  lot  of  trees  there 
and  helped  plant  an  orchard  on  Tolle's  ranch, 
near  Eeno.  Also  took  twenty-four  hives  of 
bees  into  Nevada.  We  found  it  up-hill  work 
to  introduce  fruit  trees  or  bees  there,  as  but 
few      persons       would    have      any      faith 


that  they  would  amount  to  anything.  But 
we  saw  fine  fruit  grow  there,  and  took  as 
high  as  seventy-five  pounds  of  good  honey 
from  a  hive  of  bees  in  a  single  season,  besides 
leaving  enough  for  the  bees.  The  sage  brush 
and  other  wild  plants  furnish  fine  pasturage 
for  the  bees,  as  well  as  live-stock  generally; 
and  the  sage  brash  soil,  where  it  can  be  irri- 
gated, is  generally  very  productive  of  vegeta- 
bles, hay  or  grain.  Alfalfa,  of  which  there 
was  not  probably  fifty  acres  in  cultivation  in 
Nevada,  when  we  were  there,  is  now  one  of 
their  most  valuable  crops. — Indeed  it  is  some- 
thiug  more  than  a  mining  State.  It  is  fast 
being  developed  into  one  of  the  finest  agricul- 
tural districts  on  this  unsurpassed  Pacific 
sloiJe.] 

■ ■*  *»       

An  Apology  is  what  any  publisher  of  a 
periodical  dislikes  very  much  to  make,  and, 
also,  what  readers  don't  care  to  be  bothered 
with.  They  would  rather  see  every  thing  run. 
ning  smoothly  and  to  their  satisfaction  with- 
out it  and  so  would  we.  But  we  believe  that 
the  relation  between  publisher  and  patron 
should  be  such  that  perfect  frankness  and  con- 
fidence can  at  all  time  be  maintained  between 
them.  It  is  your  paper  as  much  as  it  is  ours. 
Ours  to  produce,  yours  to  appropriate.  There 
is  no  middle  man  in  the  arrangement  except- 
ing the  postmaster.  But  this  is  not  apologiz- 
ing. What  we  wish  to  say  is  that  we  owe  our 
readers  some  explanation  for  being  so  lato 
this  month.  It  was  owing  to  a  conflicting  co- 
partnership that  had  to  be  settled  before  pro- 
ceeding. It  is  settled  now,  and  we  move  on 
with  increased  assurance  of  giving  satisfac- 
tion to  our  readers  and  of  making  a  general 
success  of  the  enterprise.  The  AoKicnLTU- 
KisT  will  keep  right  on  in  the  path  of  progre* 
and  our  readers  may  rest  assured  that  it  will 
not  only  prove  itself  worthy  of  their  patronage, 
but  will  induce  them  to  take  a  deeper  interest 
in  its  advancement.  Let  every  friend  feel  a 
personal  interstin  this  matser  for  all  the  good 
that  can  be  accomplished. 


List  of  New  Advertisements. 

Furniture — Bennett  &  Co.,  San  Jose. 

Books  and  Stationery — E.  H.  Guppy,  " 
Goodenough  Horseshoes — T.  H.  Larcom,  " 
Angora  Glove  and  Eobe  Company,  " 

Hardware — Henry  B.  Alvord,  " 

Nursery — John  Eock,  " 

Seedsman  and  Florist— T.  W.  Mitchell,  " 
Plows— Chris.  Bergstrom,  " 

Nursery — Hanna  Bros.,  " 

Eeal  Estate — Eucker  &  Brown,  " 

Physician — Dr.  J.  Bradford  Cox,  " 

Seeds — B.  F.  Wellington,  San  Francisco. 

Windmills  and  Pumps — C.  P.  Hoag     " 
Farms  for  Sale— G.  Guerinot,  Los  Gatos. 
Eailway — Chicago  &  Northwestern. 
Dentist — Arthur  Gore,  Santa  Cruz. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


S' 


I  « J/Vf  ^hck  ^/aunfiiL 


CAL.  AGEICULTURISTTUBLISHIITG  CO.,  - 1 

S.  HARRIS  HERRING,   E-litor   1 


^^e^-r-p-^-.^-^^-o::'--r^--ri::"^^rp^M3^!^ 


OFFICE:  Over  flie  San  Jose  Sa^-ing-s  B.-ink, 
BiilliarliN  Biitlcliii^r,  Santa  Cluru.  Street, 
near  First,  San  Jose. 

SPECIAL  TEEMS  TO  ACEiTTS. 

KATES  OF  ADVEKTISING. 

Per  one  Column $15  nO  Per  Month 

"    half  Column 8  (lO     "         •' 

"    luurth  Column 4  (lO    "        " 

"    eighth  Column _.      2  IK)    "        " 

'*    sixteenth  Culumn 1  uo    "        *' 

C^  We  are  determined  to  adhLTe  to  to  our  resolution 
to  admi^  none  but  worthy  business  advertising  in  our 
columns,  and  to  keep  clesir  of  patent  medicine,  liquor, 
and  ntbcr  advcrtiHemi-nts  of  doubtful  influence. 

1  he-  lari^'e  cirrulation,  the  desirable  ohtKR  of  readers, 
and  the  ueat  and  couvenientfonii.  rend-rs  this  Journal 
a  clfii.t^  medium  for  nachiuf,' the  attention  of  the 
m-iKscs. 


EDIIORIAL  NOTES. 


Best  Fruits  to  Cultivate.— Next  mouth 

we  shall  give  our  readers  a  list  of  best  kiruls 
and  varieties  of  fruits  for  a  family  orchard, 
also  best  varieties  for  shipping  East,  and  for 
drying  etc.  Our  reliable  orchanlists  and  most 
experienced  fruit-growers  will  be  consulted  in 
this  matter  for  authority. 


What's  in  a  Name?— There  is  a  Santa 
Clara  valley,  also  a  San  Jose  valley  in  South- 
ern California.  We  don't  charge  them  with 
stealing  the  livery  of  heaven  to  serve,  etc., 
but  with  all  their  boasting  they  cannot  excel 
in  points  of  soil,  climijte  and  civilization — 
the  places  by  the  same  names  in  Santa  Clara 
county.  They  can  borrow  our  name  but  not 
our  fame. 


The  People  generally  demand  cheaper 
postage,  not  only  on  transient  newspapers, 
but  on  all  other  third-class  matter.  The  Post 
Office  will  gain,  not  lose  by  a  cheaper  postage. 
Express  monopolies  are  the  only  parties  ben- 
efited by  dear  postage— they  not  only  want  to 
run  a  legitimate  business,  but  to  run  the  Gov- 
ernment in  favor  of  extortion.  Cheaper  post- 
age is  the  peojjle's  demand. 

The  Russian  Grain  Harvest  is  authma- 

tively  reported  as  very  .short  this  season. 
Great  Britain  will  need  about  the  usual  amount 
as  last  year,  as  near  as  we  can  approximate, 
and  will  call  on  California  for  all  she  can 
spare,  at  remunerative  prices.  Although  our 
prospects  for  next  year's  crop  is  now  good; 
yet  we  feel  safe  in  predicting  a  rise  in  the 
price  for  the  present  crop  on  hand,  and  think 
it  .safe  to  hold  for  an  advance  on  present 
prices. 


Our  Readers  will  Notice  that  our  lady 

correspondents  and  grandfather  have  promis- 
ed an  unusual  feast  of  good  things  for  indoors 
this  month.  It  has  been  said  with  more 
truth  than  flattery  that  the  Camfoenia  Agei- 

CtJLTUBIST    AND     LiVE     SlOCK    JOURNAL  IS     the 

best  household  journal  on  this  coast.  We 
mean  that  it  shall  be  at  any  rate,  for  as  we 
have  often  said  before  the  best  part  of  any  well 
conducted  farm  is,  or  should  be,  indoors,  and 
the  credit  belongs  to  the  wives,  mothers  and 
daughters  who  conduct  the  household  depart- 
ment. 


Peas,  as  a  farm  crop  where  there  is  stock, 
particularly  hogs,  ar(?  found  to  be  quite  profit- 
able. Sown  with  barley  or  oats,  they  will 
ripen  about  the  same  time,  and  will  stand  up 
better  for  the  scythe.  When  cut  green  for 
feed,  hogs,  horses  and  cows  will  eat  them 
ravenously.  They  make  good  pasturage, 
also.  Sown  now,  they  will  be  fit  for  table 
green  very  eai-ly.  Peas  are  as  easily  grown 
as  wheat  or  barley,  but  do  best  in  rich,  deep 
soil.     Sow  some,  if  only  on  trial. 

Prepare  your  Ground  for  an  orchard  by 

plowing  it  thoroughly  as  deep  as  you  like. 
We  believe  in  deep  plowing  of  ground  where 
an  orchard  is  to  be  set.  After  the  trees  are 
three  or  four  years  planted,  thorough  shallow 
cultivation  is  all  that  is  required.  Drag  the 
soil  down  as  neaidy  plane  as  possible.  Work 
it  well.  Mark  off  the  laud,  sticking  a  stake 
in  exact  line  of  rows  in  every  place  where  you 
are  to  plant  a  tree.  This  preliminary  work 
is  necessary  to  good,  even  planting,  and  it  is 
always  best  to  make  a  job  look  well.  Next 
mouth  we  will  give  more  information,  with 
list  of  best  varieties  for  an  orchard. 


For  a  Vegetable  Garden  it  is  well  to 

spread  manure  on  the  surface  heavily  and 
harrow  it  finely  at  this  season.  After  the 
weeds  have  made  a  good  start,  turn  them  un- 
der with  a  plow,  harrowing  well  again.  At 
the  end  of  a  week  or  two  plow  again  and 
harrow.  Another  plowing  in  January,  just 
before  planting  beets,  carrots,  turnips,  onions 
etc.,  will  be  well  and  destroy  more  weeds. 
Kemember  that,  with  the  soil  well  saturated 
as  it  now  is,  you  can  easily  make  a  good 
garden  for  home  use,  even  on  dry  upland. 
Sow  cabbage  and  cauliflower  seed  for  jjlants 
right  away,  in  a  bed  away  from  chickens  and 
where  it  can  be  sheltered  from  frost. 


Plant  out  Shade  and  ornamental  trees  until 
every  public  highway  and  avenue  is  lined 
with  them.  Kemember  that  the  Code  enjoins 
upon  County  Supervisors  to  i)romote  the 
planting  of  trees,  and  as  inducements  on  the 
part  of  owners  of  land  entitles  them  to  a 
premium  of  one  dollar  for  every  tree  set  out, 
when  it  shall  have  attained  the  age  of  four 
years.  By  co-operating  together  for  the  pur- 
pose, every  urighburliood  and  township  could 
bo  beautified  and  made  more  valuable  by  the 
planting  of  trees  in  front  of  every  farm.  The 
one  dollar  per  tree  will  pay  the  expense  of 
planting  and  caring  for  the  trees.  Every 
grange  and  farmers'  club  should  canvas  this 
matter  earnestly,  to  its  practical  eousummn- 
tion. 


Our  Readers  will  probably  take  more  in- 
terest in  an  annotmcement  to  the  effect  that 
the  California  Ageiccltukist  and  Livk  Stock 
Journal  is  soon  to  be  vastly  improved  in  its 
appearance.  We  are  employing  the  best 
ability  on  this  coast  in  designing  and  engrav- 
ing a  new  head  for  our  monthly,  and  have 
other  first-class  improvements  under  way,  so 
that  we  expect  to  present  to  our  readers  in 
January  a  periodical  that  for  real  merits  can- 
not be  surpassed  in  America  for  the  money. 
We  shall  also  start  in  January  with  1,000  lar- 
ger «irculatiou  than  a  year  ago .  We  want  to  doub- 
le the  circulation  this  year  and  shall  do  so  if 
possible  with  the  assistance  of  our  present 
subscribers.  We  are  arranging  to  offer  splen- 
did inducements  to  old  and  new  subscribers 
to  work  for  the  California  Ageicultueist 
AND  Live  Stock  Journal,  which  every  reader, 
old  and  young,  rich  and  poor,  will  be  pleased 
to  entertain. 


Palace  Hotel   Squashes  and  stump-the- 

world  beets  have  become  so  common  in  Cali- 
fornia that  it  is  hardly  thought  worth  while 
to  take  the  trouble  to  exhibit  them  in  our 
agricultural  fairs.  Now  has  turned  up  an  enor- 
mous turnip  from  San  Luis  Obispo  county, 
one  of  the  small  English  variety.  Our  old 
friend,  Mr.  J.  F.  Halloway,  who  has  just 
bought  a  farm  adjoining  the  one  on  which 
this  candidate  for  vegetable  honors  grew, 
came  packing  it  into  our  offic?  lately,  and 
showed  us  that  this  turnip  measured  two  feet 
four  inches  in  circumference  and  weighed 
eight  pounds.  This  turnip  was  finely  formed 
and  proportioned.  It  grew  on  messa  or  up- 
land, without  irrigation.  Mr.  Holloway  has 
been  traveling  for  some  time  to  find  a  locality 
and  piece  of  laud  to  suit  him  for  a  home  and 
he  thinks  he  has  found  the  spot  at  last. 
Where  such  turnips  grow  is  a  good  place  to 
vegetate. 


Gradually  I'sforms  are  working  in  civil  law 
and  there  is  need  enough  for  them  too.  The 
Grangers'  Fee  Bill,  a  bill  that  the  Patrons  of 
Husbandry  are  about  to  introduce  before  the 
Legislature  of  this  State,  is  a  move  in  the 
right  direction  and  should  become  a  law.  It 
is  for  the  purpose  of  limiting  the  amount 
ehargeal-ile  iu  cases  where  no  special  contract 
IS  made,  as  to  fees.  We  understand  this  is  to 
apply  to  lawyers  and  other  professional  ser- 
vices. Lawyers  in  particular  have  before  thi  ii 
courts,  among  themselves,  almost  or  quiii' 
unlimited  jiower  to  make  and  exact  most  i  \- 
orbit.ant  bills  tor  services  rendered.  They  ni^' 
mutually  interested  to  make  their  services  as 
valuable  as  possible  to  tlieni.sclves.  We  know 
how  it  is,  and  hope  to  see  this  ring  broken. 
And  we  would  like  to  see  the  pay  for  all  pro- 
fessional services  predicated  upon  actual  val- 
ues of  first-class  labor  in  productive  and  me- 
chanical pursuits.  If  this  is  drawing  the  lino 
too  close  to  suit  them,  let  them  take  the  benefit 
by  going  to  work  and  realizing  the  pay  for 
labor.  As  to  qualifications,  it  takes  just  as 
long  and  rcquiri'S  just  as  much  application  of 
mind  and  muscle  to  become  a  first-class  me- 
chanic or  farmer,  as  it  does  to  reach  the  high- 
er rounds  in  any  other  calling,  and  we  believe 
that  true  justice  should  more  nearly  equalizu 
the  jiay  for  all  intelligent  services. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^octvu. 


I   FORGIVE. 


BY  I9AAC  KINLEY. 


j^H,  never  were  words  bo  fondly  meet 
By  tongue  of  mortal  spoKen; 
Oh,  ne'er  was  uttered  thought  so  sweet 
As  that  dear,  holy  token — 
I  forgive. 

I  speak  the  soothing,  sacred  word; 

It  hath  no  tone  of  sorrow. 
There's  joy  wheree'er  its  sound  is  heard, 

It  brings  no  sting  to-morrow. 
I  forgive, 

Yet  I've  had  wrongs,  and  madly  deep 

My  spirit  hath  been  stirred; 
But  passion  soothed  itself  to  sleep 

When  in  my  heart  was  heard, 
"  I  forgive." 

Forgive  each  word,  forgive  each  deed, 
If  aught  of  wrong  is  done  thee, 

For  soon  thy  aching  heart  will  bleed 
If  vengeful  thoughts  have  won  thee. 
I  forgive. 

Each  angered  thought  we  must  control, 
The  fires  of  passion  smother, 

No  malice  cherish  in  the  soul, 
No  evil  for  a  brother. 
I  forgive. 

Forgive,  forglvel  'lis  God's  command— 

Forgive  and  be  forgiven; 
Forgive  and  take  the  profiered  hand 
That  leads  thee  on  to  heaven- 
I  forgive. 
San  Jose  lustitiite,  Nov.,  1875. 


The  Farmer  King. 

The  farmer  sat  in  his  old  arm-chair, 

Rosy  and  fair. 

Contented  there. 

"Kate,  I  declare," 
He  said  to  his  wife  who  was  knitting  near, 

"  We  need  not  fear 

The  hard  times  here. 
Though  the  leaf  of  life  is  yellow  and  sere, 

"  I'  m  the  king  F.nd  you  are  the  queen 

Of  this  fiiir  scene, 

These  fields  of  green 

And  gold  between. 
These  cattle  grazing  upon  the  hill, 

Taking  their  fill. 

And  sheep  so  still. 
Like  many  held  by  a  single  will; 

"These  barnyard  fowls  are  our  subjects  all; 

They  heed  the  cull, 

And  like  a  squall. 

On  fast  wings  fall, 
Whenever  we  scatter  for  them  the  grain; 

'Tis  not  in  vain 

We  live  and  reign. 
In  this  our  happy  and  calm  domain. 

"And  whether  the  day  be  dim  or  fine, 

In  rain  and  shine, 

These  lands  of  mine, 

And  fields  of  thine. 
In  cloudy  shade  and  in  sunny  glow. 

Will  overflow 

With  crops  that  grow. 
When  gold  is  high  and  when  it's  low. 

•'Unvexed  with  shifting  of  stocks  and  shares. 

And  bulls  and  bears, 

Stripes  and  cares, 

And  the  affairs 
Of  speculation  in  mart  and  street; 

In  this  retreat 

Sweet  peace  can  meet 
With  plenty  on  her  rural  beat." 


The  Independent  Farmer. 

BY  HENB  T  W.  HEUBERT. 

How  pleasant  it  seems  to  live  on  a  farm, 

Where  Nature's  so  gaudily  dressed. 
And  sit  'neath  the  shade  of  the  old  locust  tree. 

As  the  sun  is  just  sinking  to  rest; 
Bttt  not  half  bo  pleasant  to  hoe  in  the  field. 

Where  the  witch-grass  is  six  inches  high, 
With  the  hot  scorching  sun  pouring  down  on   your 
i  back — 

Seems  each  moment  as  though  he  would  die! 


DccxnB  earn  moment  as  though  he  woui< 

r*8  pleasant  to  sit  in  the  cool  porch  door, 
^  While  you  smoke,  half-reclined  at  your 
-K)oktng  out  o'er  your  beautiful  ft.ld  of  gi 


ease, 
grass 


As  it  sways  to  and  fro  in  the  breeze; 
But  not  quite  so  pleasant  to  start  with  your  scythe. 

Ere  the  morning  sun  smiles  o'er  the  land. 
And  work  till  your  clothes  are  completely  wet  through 

And  blisters  cover  your  hands. 

In  keeping  a  dairy  there's  purely  delight; 

And  it  speaks  of  contentment  and  plenty. 
To  see  a  large  stable  well  filled  wilh  choice  cows. 

Say  numbering  fifteen  to  twenty; 
And  yet  it  seems  hard  when  you've  worked  from  the 
dawn 

Till  the  sun  disappears  from  your  sight, 
To  think  of  the  cows  you  have  yet  got  to  milk 

Before  you  retire  for  the  night. 

But  the  task  fairly  over  you  cheer  up  once  more. 

And  joyfully  seek  your  repose. 
To  dream  of  the  cream-pots  with  luxury  filled, 

And  milk-pans  in  numberless  rows: 
But  the  sweet  dreani  is  broken  when  early  next  day 

You're  politely  requested  to  chum, 
And  for  three  weary  hours,  with  strength  ebbing  fast, 

The  victim  despondingly  turns! 

But  in  raising  your  pigs  thero  is  truly  a  charm. 

When  they  sell  at  the  present  high  price; 
And  of  all  the  young  stocks  which  a  farmer  can  raise, 

There's  nothing  that  looks  half  so  nice. 
How  cheerful  one  feels  when  he  leaves  them  at  night. 

The  encouraging  number  of  eleven  1 
But  his  joy  slightly  wanes  when  he  goes  out  next  day, 

And  of  live  ones  can  count  only  seven! 

But  no  one  disputes  that  the  farmer  is  blessed 

With  true  independence  and  labor, 
Whose  food  don't  depend  on  the  whims  of  mankind. 

Like  that  of  his  mercantile  neighbor. 
For  God  in  His  mercy  looks  down  from  above 

And  patiently  gives  him  his  bread, 
Provided  he  works  eighteen  hours  every  day. 

And  devotes  only  six  to  his  bed. 


Waiting  for  Luck. 

Ho!  ye  who  are  listlees  and  moping, 

Sit  dismally  twirling  your  thumbs. 
And  gloomily  waiting  and  watching 

For  something  that  thus  never  comes; 
You  might  just  as  well,  foolish  mortals, 

Expect  you'll  by  lightning  be  struck; 
One  will  happen  as  soon  as  the  other. 

Don't  stand  around  waiting  for  luck. 

There's  a  saying— a  good  and  a  true  one— 

(Take  courage,  you  poor  one  who  delves 
With  a  stout  heart  so  bravely)  that  "Heaven 

Will  help  those  who  first  help  themselves." 
And  you'll  find,  if  you  wish  for  good  forttme, 

A  pretty  good  way  is  to  tuck 
Up  your  shirt-sleeves  and  start  out  and  find  it; 

Don't  sit  around  waiting  for  luck. 

You  may  pine  and  mope  on  forever — 

Find  lault  and  deplore  your  hard  fate- 
But  you'd  better  remember  the  pioverb. 

And  act  on  it  ere  it's  too  late. 
You  may  pout  and  grumble  forever; 

Just  so  long  you'll  find  you  are  stuck 
In  mire  of  sloth  aud  abasement. 

Dou'i  sit  around  waiting  for  luck. 

There  is  wealth  to  be  had — go  and  seek  it; 

And  with  it  get  honor  and  fame. 
By  the  sweat  of  your  brow  you  can  gain  them, 

And  carve  for  yourself  a  proud  name. 
But  to  do  this  takes  tact  and  ambition. 

Persistency,  hope  and  some  pluck. 
Are  you  readyV  then  lose  not  a  moment! 

Don't  Bit  around  waiting  for  luck! 


Autumnal- 

BY    J.    G.    WHITTIER. 

The  Summer  warmth  has  left  the  sky, 
The  Summer  songs  have  died  away. 

And  withered  in  the  footpaths  lie 
The  fallen  leaves,  but  yesterday 
With  ruby  and  with  topaz  gay. 

The  grass  is  growing  on  the  hill; 

No  pale,  belated  flowers  recall 
The  astral  fringes  of  the  rills; 

And  drearily  the  dead  vines  fall. 

Frost-blackened  from  th?  roadside  wall. 

Yet,  through  the  gray  and  somber  wood, 
.\gainst  the  dusk  of  fir  and  pine, 

Last  of  their  floral  sisterhood. 
The  hazel's  yellow  blossoms  shine— 
The  tawny  gold  of  Afric's  mine. 

Small  beauty  hath  my  unsung  flower 
For  Spring  to  own  or  Summer  hail; 

But  in  the  season's  saddest  hours, 
To  skies  that  weep  and  winds  that  wai! 

.  Its  glad  surprises  never  fail. 

O,  days  grown  cold!  O.  life  grown  old! 
No  rose  of  Jnnemay  bloom  again; 

But  like  the  hazel's  twisted  gold, 
Through  early  front  and  latter  rain 
Shall  hints  of  Summer  time  remain. 

And.  as  within  the  hazel's  bough, 

A  gift  of  mystic  virtue  dwells, 
That  points  to  golden  ores  below. 


And  in  dry,  desert  places  tells 

AV'here  flow  unseen  the  cool,  sweet  welle- 

So.  in  the  wise  diviner's  hand. 
Be  mine  the  hazel's  grateful  part. 

To  feel,  beneath  a  thirsty  land, 
The  living  waters  thrill  and  start, 
The  beating  of  the  ri\'ulet'B  heart, 

Sufficeth  me  the  gift  to  light 
With  latest  bloom  the  dark,  cold  days; 

To  call  some  hidden  spring  to  sight. 
That  iji  these  dry  and  dusty  ways 
Shall  sing  its  pleaeant  song  of  praise. 

O.  Love!  the  hazel-wand  may  fail. 
But  thou  canst  lend  the  surer  spell, 

That,  passing  over  Baca's  vale, 
Repeats  the  old-time  miracle. 
And  makes  the  desert  land  a  well. 


The  Autumn  of  the  World. 

The  last  wan  petals  leave  the  rose, 
The  latest  swallows  plume  for  flight, 

The  Sumnier's  gone  where  no  one  knows. 
With  dead  men's  love  and  spent  years'  light. 
And  warm  hearts  buried  out  of  sight. 

Red  roses  are  the  crown  of  youth; 
The  warm  light  strikes  on  lover's  lips. 

Laugh,  then,  and  fondle,  happy  mouth; 
And  yet  remember,  sweet  time  slips — 
Death  hun'ies  on  with  full  eclipse. 

So  short,  so  sad!  O,  let  not  Death 
Find  only  faded  flowers  and  wine. 

When,  hungry  for  the  joyous  breath 
That  dreams  not  of  the  year's  decline. 
He  lays  his  cold,  white  mouth  to  thine. 

Cling  to  the  flying  hours;  and  yet 
Let  one  pure  hope,  one  great  desire. 

Like  snng  on  dying  lips  be  set. 
That,  ere  we  fall  in  scattered  fire. 
Our  hopes  may  lift  the  world  s  heart  higher. 

Here  in  the  Autumn  month  of  Time, 
Before  the  great  New  Year  can  break, 

Some  little  way  our  feet  should  climb, 
Some  little  mark  our  words  should  make. 
For  liberty's  and  manhood's  sake. 

Clear  brain  and  sympathetic  heart, 
A  spirit  on  flame  with  love  for  man. 

Hand  swift  to  labor,  slow  to  part — 
If  any  good  since  time  began 
The  soul  can  fashion,  such  souls  can. 

And  so  when  we  are  dead  and  past, 
The  undying  world  will  some  day  reach 

Its  glorious  hour  of  dawn  at  last. 
And  across  Time's  sunken  beach 
May  smile,  one  moment,  each  to  each. 


Autumn's   Last  Rosary. 

BY    THOMAS     HOOD. 

The  squirrel  gloats  over  his  accomplished  hoard, 
^[The  ants  have  brimmed  their  garnres  with    ripe 

grain, 
And  honey-bees  have  stored 

The  sweets  of  Summer  in  their  luscious  cells. 
The  swallows  all  have  winged  across  the  main; 
But  here  the  Autumn  melancholy  dwells 
And  sighs  her  tuneful  spells 
Amongst  the  sunless  shadows  of  the  plain. 
Alone,  alone. 
Upon  a  mossy  stone 
She  sits  and  reckons  up  the  dead  and  gone, 
With  the  last  leaves  for  a  love-rosary. 
While  all  the  withered  world  looks  drearily. 
Like  a  dim  picture  of  the  drowned  past 

In  the  hushed  mind's  mysterious  far-away, 
Doubtful  what  ghostly  thing  will  .teel  the  last 
Into  that  distance,  gray  upon  the  gray. 


The  First  Breath  of  Autumn. 

1  heard  a  voice  of  Axitumu  in  the  trees 

Calling  for  me,  who  in  far  Summer  lands 
Dwelt  and  made  merry.    In  the  fragrant  case 

Of  the  unpeopled  uplands,  on  the  sands 

Of  Proteus'  home,  I  had  cast  off  the  bandft 
Which  bound  me  to  my  fellows  and  their  cares, 
Living,  as  'twere,  in  Eden  unawares. 

Entranced  by  music  of  the  salty  strands; 
The  morning  birds  there  cheated  morning  air 

To  linger  till  the  silent  breast  ot  noon 
Laid  htr  rich  warmth  upon  the  dear  earth's  heart. 

And  lingered  there  in  turn,  till  sunset  soon 
Grown  angry,  called  her  swiftly  to  depart; 

Thus  loitering,  heard  I  Autumn  cry,  "  Prepare." 
—  [Harper's  Magazine  for  October, 


BoRPERRD  with  trees  whose  gay  leaves  fly 
On  every  breath  that  sweeps  the  sky 
The  fresli,  dark  acres  furrowed  lie. 

And  ask  the  sower's  hand. 
Loose  the  tired  steed  and  let  him  go 
To  pasture  where  the  gentians  blow; 
And  we,  who  till  the  grateful  ground. 
Fling  we  the  golden  shower  around. 
Fiing  wide  tne  generous  grain.    We  fiing 
O'er  the  dark  mold  the  green  of  Spring, 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


ANOTHEE  RAILROAD  SCHEME  ON 
FOOT. 

The  Goverument,  i.  e.  the  people  is  to   be 
asked  to    eudorse  another  little  beneticial  en- 
terprise.   The  enormous  monopoly  established 
by  Government  grants  of  money  and  lauds — 
(on  the  second  mortgage   plan,  which  an  in- 
side  ring     adroitly   worked    up,)   the  great 
overland  route  no^  in  existence  has,  become 
burdensome  and  oppressive,  and  the  people 
are    asked   to   apply   an  allopathic   dose   of 
counter   irrUalion,   by   building   a  rival  load. 
Another  blister  in  the  form   of  Government 
obligations  is  asked  for,  not  to  enrich  anybody 
this  time.     Oh,  no,  of  course  not.     It  is  all 
on  the  square  for  the  advantage  of  the  poor, 
honest  people.     And  don't  the  people  need  a 
little  help?  to  be  sure  after  all  they  have  suf- 
fered and  are   suffering.     We  do  not  care  to 
argue  this   question.     AVe  are  too   much  dis- 
gusted with  the   big   steal  business   to    ever 
consent  to   see  the   Government  made   a  re- 
sponsible party  to  any  more  schemes  to  enrich 
corporations  or  individuals  in  any  such  way. 
When  the  Government  condemns  all  private 
and  incorporate  railroad  titles  and  itself  be- 
comes owner  of  them   all,  and  runs  them  in 
the  economical  interests  of  the  people,  it  will 
be    soon    enough     to    talk   about    building 
another  road.      Until    such     time    let    cor- 
porations calculate  such  business  ou  its  own 
merits  and  if  it  cannot  rest  on  that,  let  it  go 
till  such  time  as  it  can.     The  New  York  daily 
Balklin  contains   an  article  on   this   subject 
from  which  we  extract  the  following  facts : 

What  is  styled  a  "National  Bailroad  Con- 
vention" is  announced  to  meet  in  St.  Louis 
this  month,  to  which  members  of  Boards  of 
Trade  and  political  bodies,  as  well  as  rail- 
road officers,  are  invited.  Though  no  pro- 
gramme is  given  out,  it  requires  only  ordinary 
discernment  to  see  that  the  principal,  if  not 
the  only  subject  of  deliberation,  wiU  be  an 
effort  to  commit  that  body  to  supporting  Tom 
Scott's  Texas  and  Pacific  Railroad  subsidy 
scheme,  with  Atlantic  and  Pacific  connection 
by  way  of  St.  Louis  engrafted  on  it,  which,  it 
is  understood,  is  to  be  pressed  upon  Congres- 
sional attention  again  this  winter.  Its  pro- 
moters affect  to  believe  that  this  measure  has 
better  chance  of  Congressional  favor  now 
than  then,  owing  partly  to  the  presence  of  a 
Democratic  majority  in  the  lower  house, 
many  of  them  new  men,  and  to  an  increased 
pressvire  lapon  them  from  outside  bodies,  and 
to  certain  amendments  in  the  bill  itself,  de- 
signed to  reconcile  the  conflicting  interests 
and  claims  of  the  Southwestern  cities.  The 
proposition,  as  we  understand  it,  does  not  ask 
for  a  direct  issue  of  Govenment  bonds — as 
that  would  run  counter  to  the  public  sense  of 
propriety  and  to  an  act  of  Congress  expressly 
prohibiting  an  increase  of  the  public  debt — 
but  calls  for  the  Government  guaranty  or  en- 
dorsement of  the  Company  bonds  to  an 
amount  averaging  $40,000  per  mile  for  the 
1,450  miles  between  Fort  Worth  and  San 
Diego,  and  for  500  to  1,500  miles  more  for 
branches  leading  to  St.  Louis,  Cairo,  Mem- 
phis, Vicksburg,  New  Orleans,  Galveston  and 
Indianola.  In  other  words,  it  seeks  to  com- 
mit the  pubilc  to  an  annual  interest  liabilty, 
as    endorser,   for   railroad    construction    pur- 


poses on  something  like  $70,000,000  of  paper 
obligation  for  a  series  of  years — probably  viutil 
the  roads  are   able  to  earn  the   amount,  viz: 
$3,500,000  per  annum,  in  gold.     It  is  true, 
that,  as  drawn,  the  biU  does  not  call  for  an 
abstraction  of  this  amount  semi-annually  out 
of  the  Treasury,  but  the  amount  of  bonds  per 
mile  is  made  enough  at  the  outset  to  permit  a 
portion  of  them  being  withheld,  and  from  the 
sales  of  the  same,  as  the  interest  on  the  re- 
mainder accrues,  it  is  to  be   paid,     In  plain 
language,  it  is  designed  to  borrow  under  this 
public  guarantee,  in  addition  to  its  cost,  to 
pay  the  interest  on  its  cost  for  a  series  years, 
longer  or  shorter,  as  the  case  may  be.     This 
bill  is  ingeniously  drawn  to  avoid  the  numer- 
ous objections  which  will  rise  up  idl  over  the 
country  to  any  jDolicy  of  using  public  money 
for  the  furtherance  of  private  ends.     That  it 
does,  nevertheless,  take  from  the  Government 
something  of  great  value  must  be  the  fact,  or 
otherwise   such  tremendous  exertions  would 
not  be  made  to  secure  its  adoption. 


IRRIGATION. 

This  most  vital  of  all  subjects  to  the  mate- 
rial prosperity  of  California,  is  just  now,  as  it 
should  be,  occupying  the  earnest  consideration 
of  some  of  the  first  minds  in  the  State. 
They  could  not  be  better  employed.  Without 
water,  many  sections  of  our  State,  are,  to  all 
intents  and  purposes,  deserts.  Not  that  they 
are  barren,  sandy  wastes,  like  the  Saharas  of 
Africa.  By  no  means;  for  when  supplied 
with  water,  either  from  the  clouds  or  through 
irrigating  ditches,  they  are  found  to  be  the 
most  productive  soils  in  the  world.  Water, 
then,  is  the  great  desideratum,  and  water  must 
be  had. 

It  is  our  humble  opinion,  that  the  State, 
through  her  Legislature,  should  inaugurate  a 
general  system  of  irrigation.  One  of  the 
very  first  steps  in  this  direction  should  be  an 
Act  to  condemn  any  and  all  waters  in  the 
State  suitable  to  the  purpose.  The  next,  the 
appointment  of  a  Board,  whose  duties  should 
be  to  take  possession  of  all  such  streams,  and 
utilize  them,  through  proper  ditches,  for  the 
irrigation  of  all  lauds  to  which  they  could  be 
applied.  Of  course  these  ditches  could  not 
be  constructed  all  at  once.  The  system  would 
be  one  which,  commenced  now,  would  reach 
on  down  to  future  generations.  It  would 
cost  millions  of  dollars,  and  could  be  carried 
out  only  in  accordance  with  the  financial  abil- 
ity of  the  State  treasury.  A  reasonable  tax 
should  be  levied  on  those  farmers  who  should 
use  the  water,  to  cover  interest  ou  the  capital 
expended,  make  repairs,  and  in  course  of 
time  reimburse  the  treaury  for  the  original 
outlay.  In  all  other  countries,  Italy,  Lom- 
bardy,  Spain  and  Mexico,  where  irrigation 
has  been  used  to  a  large  extent,  the  system 
has  been  a  governmental  measure.  The 
ditches  have  been  constructed  by  the  govern- 
ment, and  laws  passed  to  regulate  the  distri- 
bution of  the  water.  These  systems  have 
been  successes,  and  we  therefore  advocate 
them  here.  If  left  to  private  incorporations, 
we  believe  it  ^"ill  be  the  fruitful  source  of  liti- 
gation, confusion  and  the  usual  amount  of 
extortion  and  dissatisfaction  that  attend  all 
such  undertakings. 


Certainly  some  measure  can  be  adopted 
that  wiU  not  embarrass  the  finances  of  the 
State,  backed  up  by  the  increased  productive- 
ness and  wealth  of  the  soil  irrigated.  The 
results  would  be  equally  beneficial  to  all  in- 
dustrial interests,  if  correctly  planned  and 
executed.  As  it  now  is,  the  people's  hands 
are  tied  in  this  matter.  Farmers  cannot  and 
dai'e  uot  take  out  water  on  their  own  account 
in  many  instances,  and  co-operation  among 
individuals  where  interests  are  conflicting  or 
litigation  is  possible,  is  unsatisfactory,  and 
distrust  very  often  forbids  communities  at- 
tempting much  in  this  matter.  The  State 
could  and  should  control  all  waters  and  ini- 
gation  for  the  general  good. 

♦©♦ 

RETRACTION. 

Mr.  J.  P.  lloss,  ui  Lomi}oc,  writes  to  us 
that  he  seriously  regrets  the  iiublioation  of 
his  private  letter,  wherein  he  spoke  of  Mrs. 
Swantons  death  and  of  her  husband's  abuse, 
etc.  He  says  now  that  his  informant  exag- 
gerated a  mere  rumor  without  foundation  in 
fact,  and  that  be  did  not  write  "from  his  own 
knowledge  at  all.  He  says  he  has  investigated 
the  matter  for  himself  and  -'desires  to  justify 
Mr.  Swautun  from  the  charges  totally.  This 
is  uot  the  first  time  that  rumors  have  taken 
wings  as  real  facts.  We  blame  our  old  friinl 
Ross  for  stating  as  facts  what  he  had  no  proof 
of.  Our  only  object  in  publishing  the  letter 
(see  ijage  109,  September  No.)  was  to  show 
the  terrible  demoralizing  efl'ect  of  intoxicating 
liquors  when  used  immoderately,  also  to  show 
the  fearful  results  arising  from  such  abuses. 
We  also  sympathized  with  the  sufferers,  and 
with  the  temperance  movement  against  those 
who  were  instrumental  in  working  such  ruin. 
We  had  the  confidence  in  our  correspondent 
to  believe  his  word  without  question.  We 
hope  this  will  be  a  lesson  for  all  of  us  to  be 
careful  how  we  give  attention  to  rumors,  and, 
above  all,  how  we  spread  as  trxiths  what  we 
are  not  positive  about.  There  is  too  much  of 
this  thing  done.  Something  maliciously,  often 
thoughtlessly  and  occasionally  honestly. 
Whatever  the  object  an  injustice  is  oftener. 
than  otherwise  done  somebody.  On  general 
principles  we  are  inclined  to  the  opinion  that 
there  is  much  less  evil  in  the  world  among 
people  in  respectable  society  than  many  appre- 
hend. We  know  the  Swantou  family  person- 
ally to  be  respectable  and  well-meaning  peo- 
ple, and  regret  that  any  falsehood  should 
h.ave  found  its  way  into  our  journal,  although 
it  reflected  uot  so  much  upon  any  one's  honor, 
as  upon  the  liquor  traffic  itself;  for  every  ov 
knows  that  it  is  often  the  pettied  promis 
and  ambitious  ones  who  lose  their  self-controi 
and  become  lost  to  highest  feelings  and  duties 
through  iudulgence  in  alcoholic  stimulants. 
It  has  been  truly  said  that  no  poison  other 
than  alcohol  will  cause  a  man  to  abuse  his 
best  friends.  While  we  regi-et  that  we  pub- 
lished Boss'  personal  letter,  we  are  rejoiced  to 
learn  authoritively  that  Mr.  Swanton  is  in-  i 
nooeut  of  the  imputation  the  letter  contained; 
as  to  his  treatment  of  his  wife — their  separa- 
tion, etc.,  and  iu  justice  to  him  and  his  laini- 
ly,  we  gladly  retract  all  that  the  letter  nbovp 
referred  to  contained  about  Mr.  Swanton. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


SPONTANEOUS   GENERATION. 

It  is  still  thought,  by  some  persons,  as  we 
see  by  our  exchanges,  that  oak  trees  spring- 
ing up,  after  the  destruction  of  a  piue  forest, 
on  the  same  ground,  is  proof  of  so-called 
spontaneous  generation  of  plant:^  We  had 
an  opportunity  of  examining  this  point  per- 
sonally, and  gladly  availed  ourselves  of  it.  A 
destructive  fire  occurred  in  a  piece  of  forest 
not  far  from  where  we  lived.  It  was  only 
stopped  by  a  heavy  fall  of  rain.  In  the  third 
or  fourth  year  after  the  fire  the  whole  face  of 
the  earth  was  covered  with  young  oak  trees, 
from  one  to  three  years  old.  Where  did  the 
young  oaks  come  from?  Did  they  grow  from 
acorns?  Undoubtedly  they  did.  On  examin- 
ing the  soil  it  was  found  full  of  acorns  and 
acorn-shells.  The  fallen  pine  trees  were  also 
found  full  of  acorns  and  empty  acorn-shells. 
The  red-headed  woodpeckers  had  inserted 
thousands  of  them  in  holes  which  they  had 
dug  in  the  soft  piue  bark  for  their  reception. 
In  many  cases  only  the  shells  were  left. 
These  wei-e  those  on  which  the  birds  had 
lived  during  the  past  winters.  But  in  other 
cases  the  bark  had  grown  over  the  acorns  and 
embedded  them  so  deep  that  they  were  equal- 
ly protected  from  the  weather  and  the  birds. 
When  dug  out  thej  were  found  perfectly 
sound.  Where  the  fallen  trees  were  partially 
embedded  in  the  soil,  the  acorns  were  found 
swelling  and  sprouting  as  far  up  as  the  mois- 
ture, air,  heat  and  light  could  reach  them. 
Limbs  of  the  trees  were  found  scattered  ev- 
erywhere in  the  same  condition.  Can  any 
one  doubt  the  true  source  of  the  oaks  in 
these  cases?  And  yet  such  phenomena  have 
been  erroneously  instanced  as  proofs  of  spon- 
taneous generation!  It  onlj'  requires  a  little 
observation  and  research  to  arrive  at  the 
truth  in  these  cases.  We  apprehend  that  the 
same  scrutiny  will  explode  all  other  supposed 
cases  of  the  same  kind,  notwithstanding  Prof. 
Tyndall's  aphorism  that  ''matter  contains 
within  itself  the  power  and  potency  of  all 
life;"  but  robbed  of  its  tautology,  this  sim- 
ply means  that  matter  under  favorable  cir- 
cumstances produces  acorns,  and  that  acorns, 
uuder  the  same,  produce  oaks — all  of  which 
no  one  will  deny. 

ALDEN  FACTORY  RAISINS,  ETC. 

We  promised  to  inform  our  readers  as  to 
the  success  of  drying  grapes  into  raisins  at 
the  Aldeu  Factory  in  San  Jose  this  season. 

Mr.  C.  T.  Settle,  the  worthy  Superintend- 
ent, went  to  considerable  expense  to  thor- 
oughly inform  himself  how  to  proceed  and  in 
making  preparations  for  a  thorough  trial  and 
experiment.  He  fixed  a  lot  of  racks  so  that  he 
i'oukl  cure  them  slowly,  and  be  several  days 
about  it  if  necessary.  He  frankly  owns  that 
he  has  not  betn  as  successful  as  he  expected 
to  be.  The  raisins  he  dried  are  not  first-class 
I  in  flavor  or  appearance,  although  some  of 
i  them  are  very  fair  for  cooking  purposes.  Mr. 
'^.  is  satisfied,  and  so  are  we,  that  as  good 
!,'vapes  for  raisins  cannot  be  produced  in  Santa 
''lara  county  as  in  the  hotter  interior  valleys, 
where  the  season  is  longer  for  their  growth 
and  ripening,  and  the  atmosphere  is  more 
I  drying  than  it  is  here.  Our  grapes  are  as  beauti- 
ful as  those  grown  anywhere,  but  are  certaiulv 


not  as  rich  in  saccharine  substance.  They 
are  juicy  but  tarter  iu  flavor;  and  while  they 
are  superior  shipping  and  table  grapes,  are 
not  firstrate  for  curing  into  raisins.  Mr.  Set- 
tle thinks  that  sun-drying  for  raisins  is  best. 
One  lot  of  valley  muscat  grapes,  which  cost 
2  cents  per  pound,  cost,  for  fruit  and  fuel, 
7  4-5  cents  per  pound  as  raisins,  without  reck- 
oning other  expenses.  Another  lot  of  moun- 
tain grapes — muscats — at  2%  cents  per  pound, 
cost  in  raisins,  for  fruit  and  fuel,  8%  cents 
per  pound.  He  is  satisfied  that  he  could  not 
place  raisins  cured  by  the  Alden  process  upon 
the  market  for  less  than  11  or  12  cents,  whole- 
sale, at  a  profit.  A  grape,  to  make  a  good 
raisin,  must  be  thoroughly  ripened  on  the 
vine,  and  be  rich  in  saccharine  matter,  as  well 
as  firm  of  pulp. 

On  other  fruits  and  on  vegetables  the  Alden 
factory  is  a  grand  success  and  a  paying  con- 
cern. Mr.  Settle  is  now  running  on  onions 
and  potatoes,  and  they  are  as  good  as  fresh 
when  ready  for  niarket.  Onions  are  raised 
l^lentifuily  in  our  valley,  and  are  afibrded  by 
the  farmers  for  DO  cents  to  $1.00  per  hundred 
pounds  at  the  factory.  Ten  pounds  of  on- 
ions will  make  one  of  dried,  worth,  by  the 
case,  25  cents  per  pound  net.  Onions  are 
difficult  to  dry,  as  they  scorch  easily.  Mr.  S. 
thinks  of  making  a  run  on  squashes  soon. 
Dried  sqiiashes  and  sweet  potatoes  are  splen- 
did when  made  into  a  flour,  for  puddings  and 
pies,  and,  in  fact,  a  hundred  different  dishes, 
in  combination  with  other  ingredients  or 
alone. 

GRAPES  FOR  CHRISTMAS. 

For  several  years  past  Mr.  Dan  Hadley  of 
San  Jose,  who  has  a  small  vineyard  in  the 
South  end  of  town  has  managed  to  put  sev- 
eral tons  of  fine  grapes  into  market  about 
Christmas  time.  His  method  of  doing  this 
is  extremely  simple,  and  has  proved  to  be  re- 
munerative. His  vines  are  trained  up  high 
enough  so  that  the  bunches  of  grapes  hang 
clear  of  the  ground.  And  he  does  not  pick 
the  fruit  until  he  is  ready  to  market  it.  Hia 
system  of  preserving  them  is  as  follows:  He 
takes  common  barley  sacks,  rips  them  open 
and  after  trimming  the  top  twigs  of  the  vine 
so  as  to  allow  the  sack  to  be  spread  evenly 
over  the  grapes  like  a  tent,  he  confines  the 
sack  in  place  by  its  corners,  running  branches 
of  the  vine  like  pins  through  the  sack  to  hold 
it  iu  place.  This  sack  shelters  the  grapes 
from  sun,  from  rain  and  from  frost.  Mr. 
Hadley  has  used  the  same  sacks  for  five  or 
six  years  for  this  purpose,  and  some  of  them 
are  still  good  for  service.  During  protracted, 
rainy,  wet  weather  some  of  the  grapes  will 
rot  a  little,  but  the  loss  is  generally  trifling. 
The  worst  enemies  to  this  enterprise  are 
birds  that  pick  into  the  grapes,  causing  some 
berries  to  rot,  which  in  turn  rot  others.  To 
prevent  this  he  always  leaves  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity for  the  bii'ds  on  open  vines,  and  with  few 
exceptions  they  prefer  those  which  are  ex- 
posed. One  important  thing  iu  this  connec- 
tion he  has  observed,  and  that  is,  that  hon- 
ey-bees are  his  friends.  They  are  fond  of 
grapes,  making  honey  out  of  the  rich  juice 
of  the  fruit,  but  the}-  only  work  upon  the 
pecked  fruit,  not  being  able  to  penetrate    the 


skins  of  sound  grapes.  The  great  advantage 
in  this  is,  that  the  bees  will  at  once  suck  the 
pecked  berries  dry,  so  that  they  do  not  rot 
or  cause  rottenness.  Mr.  Hadley  thinks 
these  facts  too  valuable  to  longer  keep  to 
himself,  and  so  generously  ad^nses  us  to  pub- 
lish them  for  the  benefit  of  whom  they  may 
concern,  which  we  gladly  do. 


THE  SEASON. 

Our  first  rain  this  season  commenced  Tues- 
day, October  26.  The  fall  was  slight  iu  most 
places.  Monday,  November  1st  there  was 
quite  a  storm  sprung  up — enough  rain  to 
moisten  the  surface  soil  for  plowing.  It  did 
not  commence  without  warning;  yet,  some 
were  caught  unprepared  as  usual.  We  learn 
that  many  raisins  were  damaged.  On  Satur- 
day, November  13th,  after  a  succession  of 
warm,  bright  and  cloudy  days,  another  warm 
rain  commenced  and  continued  at  intervals  for 
several  days,  saturating  the  soil  finely,  and 
shooting  up  the  green  grass  and  grain,  that 
the  first  rains  had  sprouted  beautifully.  Nevtr 
has  a  rainy  season  commenced  hero  with 
brighter  prospects  for  flourishing  crops.  No 
blighting  frosts  or  winds,  but  the  gentle  breath 
of  Spring,  fanning  the  faying  leaves  and 
blessing  the  tender  green  that  carpets  the 
generous  and  grateful  soil. 

What  is  more  lovely  than  our  California 
Winters?  Winters  only  in  name;  none  of  the 
saddening  feelings  that  a  sleeping  earth  bound 
in  icy  chains  brings  to  the  people  who  in- 
habit more  rigorous  climes.  The  falling  leaves 
but  shelter  the  springing  plants  that  smile  in 
rain  and  laugh  in  sunshine.  Our  poets  need 
not  sing  "the  saddest  of  the  year,"  but  can 
tune  their  harps  to  gleeful  melody,  for  the 
ripeness  of  lucious  fruits  and  the  birth  of 
new  vegetable  life  is  lavish  amidst  blooming 
roses  and  singing  birds. 

No  wonder  that  the  tide  of  immigration  pours 
into  our  State  when  the  cheering  reports  of 
friends  go  back.  If  our  lands  now  held  by 
thousanda  of  acres  by  forbidding  monopolists 
and  grasping  owners,  were  only  so  that  homes 
could  be  secured  for  the  masses,  too  much 
could  not  be  said  in  praise  of  our  blessed 
country. 

The  Stringency  i"  the  money  market  and 
the  great  fluctuation  iu  stocks  and  money  val- 
ues are  but  the  natural  outgrowths  of  busi- 
ness conducted  on  a  speculative  basis.  In 
all  such  cases  some  who  acquire  wealth  with- 
out producing  it  will  sufter,  but  as  a  general 
rule,  the  industrial  interestsare  made  to  most 
keenly  feel  the  burdens  they  have  to  bear. 
As  nothing  is  produced  without  labor,  so  no 
non-productive  enterprise  or  speculation  can 
exist  without  tapping  industry  for  support. 
Whatever  it  gives  in  exchange,  be  it  money 
or  promise  to  pay,  cannot  iu  the  end  lighten 
the  burdens  of  labor.  Speculation  injures  in- 
dustry, while  every  industri;il  enterprise  of 
a  productive  character  helps  every  other.  If 
everybody  labored,  everybody  would  be  liber- 
ally supplied  with  needed  comforts,  and  lux- 
uries be  multiplied,  cheapened  and  within  the 
reach  of  all.  In  a  community  where  the  ma- 
jority are  non-productive  and  manage  to  ac- 
quire wealth,  as  an  inevitable  result,  those 
who  work  must  suffer  in  a  proportion  equiva- 
lent to  the  wrongs  committed.  The  blame 
does  not  rest  wholly  with  individuals,  but  at- 
taches to  the  artificial  system  of  finance 
which  allows  money  to  be  lang. 


California  AcKicuLTurxisx  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


(!;0nt$ir0ntIeuc^ 


JitWE.  followiug  is  the  letter   of  our    special 
j'l'   correspondent,  wnicb  reached  us  too  late 
'Vb;i  for  our  October  issue: 
c^      The  State  Fair  this  year  was  uuusual- 
ly  interesting  in   some  departments,   and   as 
disgusting  in  other  respects   as  can  well  be 
imagined.       Horse-racing   was   the   principal 
feature,    as  usual.      It  is   astonishing   how 
many  people,  and  that  of  the  class  who  claim 
to  be  respectable,  are  all  absorbed  in   this   le- 
galized gambling  game.     It  is  a  disgrace,  not 
only  to  the  Association  upder  whose  auspices 
the  Fair  was  held,  but  to   the   State.      Our 
Legislature  appropriates  money  ostensibly  to 
encourage  agriculture,  and  here  it  is   squan- 
dered among  the  professional  horse-jockeys, 
adding  nothing  to  the  industrial   interests    of 
the  State  m  any  way.     We  enact  laws  forbid- 
ding gambling,  and  then,  in  the  same  breath, 
offer  a  premium  for   the   most   demoralizing 
and  wholesale  forms  of  it.     Men  and  women 
of  all  classes  of  society  were  engaged  in   it. 
Nothing  else  was  spoken  of  in  conversation. 
Betting  and  pool-selling  was  the  only  theme  | 
that  seemed  to  be  interesting,  and  so  the  city  | 
papers  are  full  ofit.     I  am  proud  of  the  fact  j 
that  I  am  not  expected  to  post  the  readers  of  I 
the  Agbicultukist  on  the  issues  of  this  bar- , 
barous  sport.  ! 

The  show  of  California  horses  was  much 
larger  and  finer  than  ever  before,  There  were 
on  exhibition  some  horses  which  showed  rare 
qualities  for  higher  usefulness  than  mere 
speed.  There  were,  perhaps,  some  of  the 
finest  stallions  in  the  country  here.  We 
have  not  time  to  notice  all  deserving  of  spe- 
cial mention,  so  will  not  attempt  to  particu- 
larize, but  are  glad  to  note  progress  in  this 
particular. 

lu  horned  cattle  the  exhibit  was  truly  good 
— better  than  at  any  previous  Fair.  Santa 
Clara  couuty,  esiieciallj',  was  well  represented. 
In  fact,  were  it  not  for  our  couuty  the  Fair 
would  have  been  little  but  a  horse-trotting 
show.  Some  of  the  cattle  we  may  mention 
as  deserving  particular  notice.  The  finest 
herd  was  that  of  Col.  Younger,  noted  for  its 
superior  qualities.  Charles  Clark,  of  Milpi- 
tas,  and  S.  B.  Emerson,  of  Mountain  View, 
exhibit  some  fine  specimens  from  their  Dur- 
ham herds.  Mr.  Emerson's  bull,  "Sherifi'," 
is  a  beauty.  Cyrus  Jones,  of  San  Jose, 
showed  only  some  of  his  young  stock,  Cali- 
fornia bred,  but  we  notice  that  he  walked  oil' 
with  first  prizes  and  sweepstakes. 

C.  Comstock,  of  Sacramento,  had  on  ex- 
hibition a  lot  of  fine  graded  cattle.  Mr. 
Bright,  of  Sacramento,  had  a  herd  of  Ayr- 
shires  which  ho  imi^orted  from  Massachusetts 
two  years  ago,  including  the  bull  "  Dunbar,  " 
four  years  old,  a  beautiful  animal.  Jlessrs. 
l^owers  &  Stanton,  Sacramento,  imported  11 
head  of  Ayrshire  cattle  last  year,  which  they 
had  on  exhibition.  Mr.  Powers  says  that  his 
two-year-olds  will  average  one  pound  of  but- 
ter a  day,  and  mature  cows  have  made  as  high 
as  four  pounds.  Saxe  Bros.,  San  Francisco, 
had  on  exhibition  a  si>lcudid  bull  and  cow, 
hich    had      just    arrived    from    Kentucky. 


The  bull,  "Gay  Boy,"  was  sired  by  "Joe 
Hooker,"  who  took  the  sweepstakes  in  Ohio 
two  years  in  succession.  The  cow  "Fannie," 
sired  by  "  Mazourka  Lad,"  took  three  sweep- 
stakes in  Kentuckw  this  year.  This  import- 
ation is  a  valuable  addition  to  the  fine  stock 
of  the  Coast. 

There  was  only  one  exhibit  of  swine.  They 
were  called  Berkshire;  but  if  Berkshires  are 
spotted  and  have  coarse  bristles  1  never  knew 
it  before.     They  belong  to  M.  Sprague. 

Branton,  of  Dixon,  had  ten  pens  of  fine 
merino  sheep,  large  and  well-covered  with 
fine  fleece.  S.  B.  Emerson  exhibited  Cots- 
wold  sheep  as  fine  as  we  have  seen  in  the 
State. 

The  most  interesting  display  in  the  stock- 
yards was  the  show  of  Angora  goats.  C.  P. 
Bailey,  San  Jose,  had  thirteen  pxire-breds  and 
seven  grades.  His  buck,  "Prince  of  Pine 
Mountain,"  a  large  and  most  beautiful  crea- 
ture, and  the  ewe,  "Queen  of  Monterey," 
were  entered  for  the  sweepstakes.  The  grades 
are  the  fourth  cross.  They  have  good  form 
and  fine,  lustrous  fleece.  They  are  shown 
merely  to  prove  that  grades  can  have  fleeces 
that  will  make  mohair.  Mr.  B.'s  stand  was 
thronged  with  spectators  to  examine  the  spec- 
imens of  cloth,  and  also  robes,  mats  and 
gloves,  from  the  Angora  Glove  and  Robe 
Manufacturing  Company  of  San  Jose.  The 
goat  men  say  this  establishmnnt  will  adil 
greatly  to  the  interest  of  their  business.  Mr. 
Bailey  sold  all  the  specimens  he  had  long  be- 
fore the  Fair  was  closed.  Mr.  Gilmore,  Pres- 
ident of  the  Angora  Goat-Breeding  Associa- 
tion, had  on  exhibition  nineteen  head  of  pure- 
breds.  "Hannibal,"  who  took  the  sweep- 
stakes last  year  at  the  Bay  District  Fair,  is  a 
superior  animal.  The  fleece  is  very  fine  and 
glossy.  His  favorite  goat  is  the  ewe,  "  Cleo- 
patra,"  which  he  considers  the  best  he  has 
raised.  Messrs.  Landrum  &  Rogers  had  a 
meritorious  display  of  -15  pure-bred  goats. 
Chief  among  them  "  Hercules  "  and  "Robert 
E.  Lee,"  both  perfect  specimens.  S.  P. 
Thomas,  Auburn,  Placer  couuty,  had  also  a 
good  exhibit  of  twenty  head,  including  the  im- 
ported buck,  ■' H.  W.  Beecher."  The  dis- 
play of  goats  was  so  good  that  it  was  no 
easy  task  for  the  judges  to  award  the  premi- 
ums. There  was  hardly  a  poor  animal  to  bo 
seen.  The  goat  men  and  other  patrons  ex- 
pressed themselves  well  pleased  with  the  Ag- 

EICULTUBIST  AND  LiVE  StOCK  JoUKNAi. 

The  exhibit  of  agricultural  machinery  on 
the  stock  ground  was  not  large.  We  saw 
nothing  new  except  a  self-dumping  horse- 
rake,  which  was  very  simple  in  construction 
and  seemed  to  do  its  work  well.  The  Pavil- 
ion contained  very  little  that  would  be  inter- 
esting outside  of  this  city  and  county.  Some 
fine  squashes,  melons,  potatoes,  apples,  orna- 
mental plants  and  fancy  work  are  the  chief 
objects  displayed.  There  was  an  apple  on 
exhibition  which  was  a  wonder  in  itself.  It 
was  exhibited  by  Mr.  Wilkins.  It  measured 
'25  iuthes  lu  circumference,  and  weighed  nine 
pounds,  three  ounces.  The  shape  round  and 
symmetrical,  color  a  reddish  green,  called  a 
Sheridan  Pippin.  Seeds  of  this  apple  were 
advertised  for  sale  at  $50  each  by  J.  F.  t'p- 
ham,  Sacramento.  A  Darwin  could  probably 
trace  its  ancestry  back  to  its  original  melon 
vine. 


Ma.  Wm.  Squibes,  an  Oregon  saw-uiill 
owner,  has  asked  the  Centennial  Commission- 
ers if  they  would  like  to  have  him  furuish 
fur  exhibition  a  lir  plank  twelve  feet  wide  and 
100  feet  long,  a  spruce  x^lank  eight  feet  wide, 
cedar  seveu  feet,  larch  seven  feet  and  hem- 
lock five  feet,  or  even  larger. 

Subscribe  for  the  AamcuLTnaisx.  Now  is  a 
good  time. 


Letter  From  Yolo  County. 

[We  owe  an  apology  to  our  correspondent, 
Mr.  A.  K.  Woodhams,  and  to  our  readers  for 
the  mixing  up  of  the  types  of  his  letter  from 
Woodland,  when  putting  into  the  forms  for 
the  press.  Although  publishers  are  respnsi- 
h\e  for  eve%thiug  wrong  about  a  paper,  the 
printer  alone,  who  handled  the  type,  takes 
the  actual  blame  in  this  case,  as  the  editor 
could  not  know  of  the  mixing  till  the  paper 
was  printed,  when  it  was  too  late  to  correct 
the  fault. 

As  the  communication  contained  valuable 
information,  we  reprint  in  a  revised  form, 
and  this  time,  we  trust,  without  serious  blun- 
ders.] 

Eds.  AcKicuLTnisT  and  Live  Stocjk  Jouk- 
nal: — Woodland  is  a  stirring  town  of  about 
three  thousand  people,  situated  seventeen 
miles  northwest  of  Sacramento,  and  on  the 
line  of  railroad  from  the  latter  place  to 
Knight's  Landing,  and  is  surrounded  by  some 
of  the  most  productive  land  I  have  seen  in 
the  State;  and  if  not  for  the  heat  and  hot 
North  winds,  I  should  consider  it  the  Farm- 
er's Paradise.  In  this  vicinity  are  large  bod- 
ies of  white  oak  trees,  which  no  doubt  gave 
the  name  to  the  town.  Shade  and  orna- 
mental trees  do  not  thrive  as  at  Santa  Clara. 
Live  oaks  are  a  rarity. 

In  the  town  there  are  five  or  six  chui'ches, 
numerous  saloons,  one  college,  one  fine  pub- 
lic schoolhouse  with  an  attendance  of  about 
300  scholars,  two  newspapers,  gas  and  water 
works,  a  grist  mill  and  a  large  machine  shop 
and  planing  mill. 

ALFALFA. 

In  this  vicinity  there  are  between  2,000 
and  3,000  acres  of  alfalfa,  and  although  many 
farmers  of  this  State  Hunk  it  a  poor  article 
for  hay,  the  farmers  here  know  by  experience 
that  it  makes  hay  of  an  excellent  quality 
when  properly  cured.  I  can  hardly  express 
to  you  the  many  advantages  of  these  clover 
fields.  Everything  seems  to  thrive  on  alfalfa. 
Here  are  to  be  seen  fat  animals,  clover-fed. 
Hogs  are  kept  on  it  the  year  round,  and  a 
drove  of  100  is  a  common  sight.  Many  af- 
falfa  clover  fields  this  season  have  yielded 
five  tons  per  acre,  besides  a  large  amount  of 
pasturage;  others,  three  or  four  tons,  besides 
a  crop  of  seed  varying  from  200  to  800  lbs. 
per  acre.  Alfalfa  clover  also  gives  the  bee- 
keeper gi-eat  advantages.  I  saw  50  lbs.  of 
delicious  honey  made  in  three  weeks  taken 
from  two  hives.  Thrashers  are  now  at  work 
oil  clover  seed,  but  there  are  many  fields  that 
will  make  another  crop  of  hay  in  a  few  weeks 
more.  The  beautiful  green  clover  and  the  de- 
lightful fragrance  from  the  blossoms  has  to 
be  seen  and  enjoyed  to  be  appreciat- 
ed. The  farmers  of  this  section  show 
an  enterprise  that  might  with  advantage,  be 
a  copy  to  farmers  iu  other  portions  of  the 
State.  To  add  to  the  natural  productiveness 
of  the  soil,  they  make  use  of  the  waters  of 
Cache  Creek  for 

lERKlATICN. 

The  ditches  are  made  on  the  highest  laud, 
and  the  method  of  watering  is  by  flooding. 
The  laud  is  laid  olT  into  convenient  levels  by 
dikes  several  inches  high. 

If  some  of  our  dry  land  farmers  could  .see 
the   alfalfa   clover   fields   and    the   vineyards 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


yielding  a  third  crop  they  would  be  converts 
to  winter  irrigation  at  onco.  And  just  here  I 
would  most  earnestly  urge  my  8  anta  Clara 
neighbors  and  people  of  our  bean  tiful  valley 
to  utilize  the  many  streams  of  wa'ier  that  run 
to  waste  even  in  dry  seasons.  When  that  is 
done  I  predict  a  future  for  our  owu  valley 
that  few  persons  can  conceive  of..  As  a  .sam- 
ple of  what  water  has  done   nea  r  Woodland 

OH 

i  FAEM  OF  80  ACKES, 

which  a  few  years  ago  could  have  been  bought 
for  $G0O,  and  now  owned  by  Mr.  E.  B.  Blow- 
ers. $10,000  worth  of  products  was  sold  in 
one  season;  expenses  were  $2,000.  Another 
farm  owned  by  N.  Wyokofl'  seemed  to  be 
equally  productive. 

CORN. 

Last  week  I  saw  on  the  farm  of  J.  Fowler 
a  fine  sight  of  70  acres  of  corn  of  dificrent 
varieties,  some  of  it  planted  the  2.5th  of  .Tune 
and  gi'owing  from  five  to  eleven  and  one-half 
feet  high.  The  soil,  with  proper  cultivation, 
would  produce  100  bushels  per  acre. 

DAIRYING 

Is  not  carried  on  as  largely  as  it  might  be, 
but  there  is  no  reason  why  this  county  should 
not  be  the  "  Orange  County"  of  the  State. 
D.  Faruham  is  one  of  the  largest  and  best 
butter-makers  here.  He  makes  about  100 
lbs.  a  week,  and  for  color  and  flavor  it  cannot 
be  excelled. 

THE  WHEAT  CROP. 

Has  been  good  for  this  season.  Summer-fal- 
lowing is  in  general  favor  here,  lands  so  treat- 
ed yielding  from  30  to  40  bushels,  when  win- 
ter sown  yields  from  15  to  25.  The  gale  of 
last  Spring  did  serious  damage  to  wheat,  con- 
sequently many  are  looking  for  a  variety  that 
will  ripen  after  the  high  winds  cease.  Proper 
wheat  has  been  a  favorite  seed,  but  its  ripen- 
ing too  early  makes  it  objectionable.  Club 
seems  to  be  the  choice  of  many  for  next  sea- 
son. Land  here  is  worth  from  $20  to  $200 
an  acre,  according  to  location  and  improve- 
ments. 

FARMING    MACHINERY. 

Farmers  are  using  the  best  improved  ma- 
chinery. For  thrashing,  Eurights  straw 
burners  are  being  introduced.  Here,  also, 
derricks  with  horse  forks  are  used  with  near- 
ly all  thrashing  machines,  also  Jackson's 
self-feeder  and  elevator  ;  a  great  labor  saving 
machine.  I  have  seen  Jackson's  Traction  en- 
gine used  for  thrashing,  propeled  over  a 
rough  road  and  drawing  separator,  traps 
wagon,  etc.  Mr.  N.  Wyckoff  has  imported 
from  the  East  (and  I  believe  it's  the  only  one 
in  this  State)  a  Detriek's  Perpetual  hay- 
press,  driven  by  horse-power.  It  makes  com- 
pact bales  that  I  have  not  seen  equaled. 
Ten  tons  of  it  can  be  stowed  on  a  single  rail- 
road box-car. 

PO0LTRT. 

I  have  visited  the  poultry  yards  of  Dr.  J. 
W.  Prather,  and  though  his  choicest  birds 
were  away  to  State  Fair,  I  saw  enough  to 
satisfy  me  he  has  very  choice  poultry.  His 
yards  are  located  in  clover,  so  his  poultry 
have  green  feed  the  year  round. 

RAISINS. 

Before  closing  this  I  must  mention  the 
farm  and  vineyard  of  R.  B.  Blowers.  I  saw 
sights  there  that  would  astonish  even  old 
Ca'Hfornians.  Mr.  B.  has  25  acres  devoted  to 
table  and  raisin  grapes,  and  if  wine  men 
would  visit  his  vineyard  and  see  his  "  lay 
out  "  of  raisins,  no  other  argument  would  be 
needed  with  svich  of  them  as  desire  prosperi- 
ty and  have  the  good  or  their  race  in  view. 
For  bearing,  size  and  flavor  of  Mr.  B's. 
gi'apes  and  raisins,  it  will  be  hard  to  equal 
them  anywhere.     I  saw  vines  bearing  a  second 


crop  that  had  on  at  least  40  lbs.,  ofgi'apes  ! 
Mr.  B.  dries  his  grapes  on  the  ground,  but 
this  year  he  is  trying  a  cement  floor  in  the 
fleld.  He  has  700  yards  of  this  floor  already, 
and  so  constructed  that  in  case  of  a  rain, 
water  will  drain  off  quickly.  I  also  saw  the 
eft'ect  of  two  methods  of  prunning  of  one 
kind  of  grape  vine.  One  way  caused  the 
vine  to  be  almost  worthless  as  a  bearer,  the 
other  made  the  same  varfety  very  prolific. 
From  120  lbs.,  of  gi'apes,  Mr.  B.  has  made 
45  lbs.  of  raisins. 

There  again  I  saw  clover  fields  and  the  ef- 
fect it  had  on  stock,  especially  in  its  wool 
and  mutton  producing  qualities  on  some 
graded  Merino  sheep  belonging  to  Mr.  B.,  al- 
so some  of  the  get  of  buck,  "Silver  Horn." 
A  lot  of  Merinos  imported  from  Vermont  and 
owned  by  Mr.  George  Hammond  were  very 
fine.  A  lamb  7  J^  months  old  get  of  ' '  Vigor  ' ' 
of  Ohio  weighed  107  lbs.  On  10  acres  of 
clover,  Mr.  B.,  has  had  for  five  months,  1-50 
heads  of  sheep  and  10  of  cows  and  horses, 
and  there  will  be  feed  enough  for  months  yet. 
Mr.  B.,  discovered  that  cattle  and  sheep  that 
had  access  to  his  grape  cuttings — of  which 
they  ate  freely  in  the  spring — did  not  bloat, 
showing,  perhaps,  that  stock  running  on 
succulent  clover  need  dry  feed  as  well. 

A.  R.  WOODHAMS. 


"  Hayseed  not  all  Chaff." 

Dear  Editor  Agriculturist  and  Ln'E 
Stock  Journal  : — I  think  your  article  in  Oc- 
tober number  on  "  Short  Weight  Cheats," 
taken  from  the  Pacific  Orocer,  is  liable  to 
mislead  a  stranger  to  the  average  "  5Ir.  Haj'- 
seed."  Most  of  the  butter  retailed  from  the 
groceries  is  sold  by  the  roll,  the  same  as  soap 
by  the  bar,  or  cream  tartar  by  the  paxier.  So 
long  as  this  is  the  custom,  "Mr.  Hayseed" 
has  the  same  right  to  its  advantages  as  he 
has  to  the  loss  of  the  bar  and  paper  custom 
or  system.  It  is  very  proper  that  "  one 
hand  should  wash  the  other."  Most  of  the 
butter  in  market  is  moulded  in  moulds  sold 
by  the  grocer  to  the  butter-maker,  and  if  the 
butter  is  light  the  grocer  deducts  when  he 
buys,  and  then  makes  off  of  his  customers 
when  he  sells..  "Mr.  Hayseed,"  in  this  case, 
is  not  the  swindler.  I  do  not  claim  that  two 
wrongs  make  a  right,  but  that  established 
custom  is  custom.  "Mr.  Hayseed"  should 
be,  as  charged,  entitled  to  his  i^art  of  the 
benefit.  In  regard  to  "  short  cords  of  wood," 
it  is  impossible  to  take  an  honest  cord  as 
piled  by  the  chopper,  load  it  on  a  wagon, 
haul  it  from  ten  to  twenty  miles,  throw  it  oft' 
and  pile  it  up  a  full  cord  again.  Every  stick 
has  shrunk  in  drying,  the  bark  fragments 
have  rattled  oS,  there  is  an  unavoidable  loss 
in  Z/»i/t' for  some  one  to  lose,  if  "lose"  you 
can  call  it. 

In  regard  to  ' '  clods  and  stones  in  the  baled 
hay."  With  the  best  of  intentions  on  the 
part  of  "Mr.  Hayseed,"  it  is  impracticable 
to  keep  them  all  out.  Hay  is  usually  raked 
and  bunched  with  a  horse-rake,  the  rake 
gathering  all  the  loose  material  on  the  gi-ound. 
Many  a  heavy  clod  is  never  seen  by  the  r;\ker 
or  stacker;  and  any  one  who  has  seen  those 
fierce,  sweat}'  athletes  baling  hy  the  ion,  pitch- 
ing, rolling,  and  stamping  the  hay  into  the 
press,  knows  thoy  have  neither  time  nor  incli- 
nation to  put  in  or  throw  out  clods;  it  would 
not  pay  them.  Some  of  the  last  bales  raked 
up  round  the  press  contain  fine  stuS'  but  of- 
ten jiiore  actual  feed  than  the  long  straw  bales. 
I  am  writing  of  honest  work  only,  and 
wishing  to  defend  an  honest  "Hayseed"  from 
unfavorable  appearances.     I  would  not  defend 


any  dishonest  practice,  on  the  part  of  either 
producer  or  middleman,  and  should  not  trou- 
ble you  with  these  remarks  now  if  it  were  not 
a  notorious  fact  that  Mr.  Middleman  is  usu- 
ally very  yiii  in  his  own  defence,  and  "Mr. 
Hayseed"  is  usually  stronger  in  his  spinal 
column  than  in  his  to/iyue. 

Yours  for  fair  play,  C.  A,  W. 


Tree   Planting. 

Now  is  the  time  and  the  season  of  the  year 
or  our  farmers  to  engage  in  planting  trees 
Our  liberal  Legislature  has  proposed  to  pay 
out  of  the  State  treasury  one  dollar  for  every 
tree  planted  and  living  four  years  after  ihe 
work  is  done.  This  sum  will  reimburse  the 
farmer  for  all  his  time,  labor  and  expense  in 
the  undertaking,  and  he  will  have  the  trees 
clear  at  the  end  of  the  four  years  to]?beautify 
his  farm,  afford  a  welcome  retreat  from  the 
hot  Summer's  sun  to  his  cattle,  and  a  cool 
and  refreshing  shade  to  the  footsore  and 
weary  traveler.  Besides,  it  has  been  demon- 
strated that  when  a  country  becomes  treeless, 
it  becomes  dry  and  rainless.  The  earth  be- 
comes parched  and  the  springs  dry  up;  but 
when  the  whole  face  of  the  country  is  covered 
with  forests,  the  rain  that  descends  from  the 
clouds  remains  in  the  soil,  evaporation  is 
checked  and  the  springs  bubble  forth  their 
bright  and  sparkling  waters  forever.  Whole 
regions  of  the  earth's  surface  have  been  ren- 
dered rainless  by  the  destruction  of  theii-  for- 
ests. There  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  rain- 
fall of  Oregon  will  be  materially  lessened  in 
the  course  of  time  by  the  gi'eat  destruction 
which  is  now  taking  place  in  her  immense 
forests.  By  a  parity  of  reasoning,  it  might 
be  greatly  increased  in  California  by  planting 
on  a  large  scale,  as  contemplated  by  the  Act 
of  our  Legislature.  Every  farmer,  then,  who 
plants  a  tree,  not  only  lends  a  hand  to  the 
adornment  of  the  landscape,  but  assists,  by 
so  much,  in  inviting  from  the  clouds  and  re- 
taining in  the  soil  that  most  indispensable 
element — life-giving  water. 

[The  above,  submitted  for  our  editorial  ap- 
proval, meets  it  with  the  exception  of  the  old 
notion  about  trees  influencing  the  rainfall. 
We  very  much  doubt  any  such  theory,  but 
are  none  the  less  in  favor  of  tree-panting. 
Plant  trees,  everybody!] 

Gophers  antj  Aifalfa. — One  of  the  most 
•destructive  enemies  to  alfalfa  in  this  State  is 
the  gopher.  This  little  rodent  digs  into  the 
soil  and  works  his  way  along  under  the  sur- 
face from  root  to  root,  cutting  each  one  oft  as 
he  comes  to  it.  The  only  way  to  make  alfalfa 
a  good  success  on  land  where  are  plenty  is  to 
•destroy  the  gophers.  This  seems  to  be  a  very 
dlticult  problem.  Irrigation,  however,  is  cer- 
tain destruction  to  them.  To  alfalfa  irriga- 
tion is  very  beneficial  in  other  ways  than  kill- 
ing gophers.  Irrigation,  then,  in  such  cases 
works  a  double  benefit,  and  is  doubly  impor- 
portant.  Where  land  can  be  irrigated  at 
pleasure  during  the  year  the  amount  of  alfalfa 
that  eau  be  produced  is  almost  incredible.  It 
can  be  cut  as  many  as  six  times  in  a  year, 
yielding  as  many  as  two  to  two  and  a  half 
tons  each  cutting.  With  a  good  start  in  the 
fall,  it  grow  almost  as  rapidly  during  the  win- 
ter mouths  in  this  State,  especially  where  pro- 
tected from  severe  winds,  as  in  Summer. 
■WTiere  land  cannot  be  irrigated,  or  the  gophers 
kept  out  in  some  other  way,  it  has  to  be  seed- 
ed every  fourth  year.  As  it  is  thinned  out 
from  year  to  year  it  is  a  very  good  plan  to 
sow  some  oats  or  barley  each  fall,  after  the 
fir.st  rains,  and  harrow  thoroughly  with  a 
sharp-tooth  harrow.  As  the  clover  gi-ows 
thinner  this  will  keep  up  the  crop  to  a  paying 
standaid  till  it  becomes  necessary  to  reseed. — 
Sacramenii}  Mecord. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


nigatiou. 


Proposed    Legislation  in  Favor  of  an 
Irrigation  System. 


w 


5  E  are  glad  to  observe  that  public  atten- 
tion is  called  to  the  question  of  a  gen- 
eral system  of  irrigation   iu  this  State. 
The  subject  is  new  to   most  people, 
and  its  very  importance  to  a  large  por- 
tion of  the   State   requires  that  it  should  re- 
ceive a   most   searching   examination,     It   is 
certain  to   come  before  the   Legislature  at  its 
approaching  session,  and  we  believe  it  to  bo  of 
paramount   impoi-tance.      We   by   no   means 
expect  to    see  any  well-perfected  and  desira- 
able  system  devised  in  a  moment,  and  it  would 
be  contrary  to  all  our  experience  in  legislative 
matters  if  some  plans  should  not  be  present- 
ed which  will  be  full  of  loopholes  for  all  sorts 
of  jobbing  and  rascality.     Indeed,  we  are  not 
disfDosed  to  deny  that  in  the   present  state  of 
morals  and   jiolitics  it  will   be  a  very  dililcult 
matter  to  pass  a  law  on  this  or  any  other  sub- 
ject, iu  which   private    or   corporate   interest 
will  not  in  some  underhand  way  be   made  to 
override    those    of    the   iiublic.     We    do    not 
doubt  that  irrigation  will  be  made  a  hobby  by 
designing  men  that  have  no  higher   or  better 
purpose  than  to  plunder  the  people.     If  the 
fact  should  be  otherwise,  it  will  be  an  isolated, 
case  without  a  parallel  in  all  our  past  legisla- 
tive history.     But  even  this   danger,  evident 
to    every  one   who    kuowns  what   influences 
determine  legislation,  should  neither  cause  us 
to  delay  nor  to  abandon  the  attempt  to  secure 
such  wise  and  just  legislative  aid  as  will  give 
to    the  farmers  of  the  State  an  efl'eetive  and 
general    system      of     irrigation.       Necessity 
prompts  the   attempt,  and  thousands  will  re- 
joice if  it  prove  successful.     The  Santa  Rosa 
Doiiocrat  thinks  that  no  final  legislative  action 
should  be   taken  until  the    session   after  the 
next.     It  may  prove  impracticable  to  do  any- 
thing even  as  early  as  that.     The  interests  in- 
volved are  so   great,  the  exi^cnsi'  so  vast,   and 
the  facts  required  to    be  Ueflnuciy  ascertained 
so  numerous,  that  it  may  take  many  years  to 
devise  a  safe  and   practical  system,  and  carry 
it  into   full   execution.       The   histor.y   of  the 
immense  irrigation  works  in  India  will  con- 
vince any  man  that  the  magnitude  of  the  task 
and  the  diflSculty  of  the  engineer  problems  to 
be  solved,  are  not  to  be  rashly  encountered. 
Scarcely  any  works  of  human  hands,  in  an- 
cient or  modern  times,  can  rival  in  cost  and 
difficulty  the  irrigation  canals  that  have  been 
already    constructed,    and   the   works   which 
California    needs  would   require    to   be  on    a 
scale  no  less  stupendous.     It  ean  scarcely  be 
expected  that  such  a  system  ean  be  \mt  fu  full 
operation  before  the  end  of  the  present  cen- 
tury.    But  knowing  all  this,  we  nevertheless 
desire  to  see  a  beginning  made.   In  some  por- 
tions of  the  State  the  work  will  be  simple  and 
not  inordinately  expensive.     We  know  facts 
enough  already  to  make  an  intelligent  be"in- 
ning  in  the  San  Joaquin  valley. 

There  are  13,000,000  acres  of  irrigable  land 
in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys 
and  their  dependencies.  Of  this  a  single 
corporation  (the  California  Canal  &  Irrigali'ou 
Company)  once  proposed  to  irri.gate  9, GOO, 000 
acres,  or  about  1.5, OCO  squ.are  liiiles.  We  do 
not  advise  any  stretching  of  State  perogatives 
or  violation  of  the  Constitution,  nor  "do  we 
think  that  intelligent  advocates  of  irrigation 
desire  any  such  thing.  If  we  understand 
what  they  seek,  it  is  simply  to  have  the  lands 
districted  where  irrigation  is  needed,  to  have 
power  granted  to  the  laiul  holders,  to  elect 
Commissioners  to  act  for  them  as  an  associa- 
tion, and  to  issue  the  bonds  of  such  associa- 
tion, to  provide  for  the  construction  of  the 
necessary  works.  The  land  owners,  to  bo 
liable  to  taxation  to  pay  these  bonds,  and  the 
right  to  use  the  watrr.  to  be  free  to  all  tax- 
payers without  further  assessment  or  pay- 
ment.    It  seems  to  us  that  there   need  bo  no 


delay  of  two  or  more  year?  in  conferring  such 
rights  and  privileges  as  these.  The  land 
owners  only  ask  to  tax  themselves  for  their 
own  benefits,  and  to  pledge  their  credit  for  the 
means  of  increasing  the  value  of  their  lands 
and  the  annual  jirofit  arising  from  their  culti- 
vation. If  there  is  no  constitutional  objec- 
tion, we  w'ould  certainly  desire  to  see  so  much 
done  without  delay.  It  would  at  least  serve 
as  a  beginning  and  give  the  resident  of  the 
districts  subject  to  drouth  some  reason  to 
hope  for  better  times.  Irrigation  is  a  matter 
of  State  importance,  second  to  none  other, 
and  prompt  action  alone  will  keep  the  region 
west  from  the  San  Joaquin  from  being  de- 
populated. Many  have  been  .absolutely  com- 
pelled to  abandon  the  conntrj'  within  a  few 
weeks,  and  many  more  will  follow  them  ere 
long  if  there  is  nothing  done  for  the  promo- 
tion of  irrigation.  We  think  the  Legislature 
may  safely  authorize  a  beginniug  of  the  work 
as  proposed,  leaving  it  for  the  future  to  deter- 
mine what  further  legislation  may  be  neces- 
sary.— IS.  F.  Chyoidde. 

*.*.* 

The    Sacramento    Record   has  this    to 


say 
about  irrigable  lands  in  Sacramento  county : 
If  the  owners  of  the  uplands  in  Sacramento 
county,  east  of  this  city  and  lying  between 
the  American  and  Cosumnes  rivers,  would 
confer  this  power  upon  the  State,  and  expend 
say  $10  per  acre,  (or  $5  per  acre  might  an- 
swer) in  an  irrigation  i^cheme,  that  entire 
district  would  soon  be  blooii^iug  like  a  rose, 
and  all  the  people  on  it  might  become  wealthy 
for  then  ten  or  twenty  acres  would  produce  as 
much  as  one  hundred  acres  produces  now. 
And  the  increased  crops  would  pay  in  two 
years  the  entire  cost  of  the  scheme. 


|J0VJ5«^* 


THE    HORSE    DISEASE. 

The  Same  Natuke  as  the  Epizootic,  but  of 
Less  Intensity  —East,  West  and  in  Cau- 

FOENIA. 


An  annoying  epidemical  disease,  resembling 
the  epizootic  in  all  its  sj'mptoms,  is  spreading 
rapidly  among  the  horses  of  this  city.     Three 
weeks  ago  a  Tribune   reporter  visited  the  dif- 
ferent street  railway  stables   to    learn  if  this 
disease,  then  prevailing  in  Bufialo,  had  reach- 
ed New  York  in  its  march  eastward.     At  that 
time  no   trace  of  it  had  been   discovered.     It 
was    asserted   on  all   sides   that   horses  were 
more  free  from  disease  of  all  kinds  than  they 
had  been  since  the  remarkable  attack  of  ejn- 
zootic   almost  three   years  ago.     In  June  the 
horsas  of  the  Eighth  and  Ninth  Avenue  rail- 
ways were  suBering  from  inflammation  of  the 
bowels    and  pleurisy,  brought    on   by  sudden 
weather  changes.     Persons   who   have  made 
horse   disease  a  study,  and  who  are   familiar 
with   the   epizootic,   say  that    the   prevailing 
distemper  is  of  the  same   nature,  and  difl'ers 
only  iu  its   intensity.     The  horses  are    taken 
with  a  running  at  the  nose,  accompanied  with 
a  hacking  cough  and   a  sore-throat,  but  seem 
to  lose  none  ot  their  vitality,  and  maintain  a 
good  appetite.     Thus   far  about   200  hundred 
horses  irom   this  cause   have  been   unfit  for 
work  at  a  time,  while  at  least  12,000  have  been 
attacked.     Most  of  those,  however,  have  been 
worked    as  usual,  and   no   aggravation  of  the 
disease  is  expected  unless  the  weather  should 
suddenly  become  wet  and  cold. 

A  Tribime  reporter  called  at  many  railroad 
and  hotel  stables  yesterday,  and  learned  that 
the  favorable  chaugo  in  the  we'ither  since  the 
rains  last  week  and  Sunday  had  greatly  miti- 
gated the  disease.  Friday  night,  September 
loth,  was  exceedingly  cold,  ami  on  the  Satur- 
day a  few  horses  in  the  northern  and  eastern 
part  of  the  city  were  taken  with  the  disease. 
On  Thursday,  September  KUh,  said  the  sur- 
geon of  the  Third  avenue  stable,  the  disease 
iu  that  ipiarler  of  the  city  became  widely 
prevalent.     The   horses  were  taken  suddenly 


with  violent  coughing  and  slight  running  at 
the  nose.  The  doctors  pronounced  it  epizoo- 
tic at  once.  The  horses,  however,  showed  no 
running  at  the  eyes,  which  looked  as  bright 
as  usual.  By  Saturday  two-thirds  of  the  horses 
in  the  stable  were  coughing  more  or  less.  The 
Third  Avenue  Company  has  at  present  1,781 
horses  at  the  Seventieth  street  stables.  Not 
an  animal  had  been  unfit  for  work.  Nothing 
was  done  except  to  blanket  those  most  aflJict- 
ed  and  protect  them  from  drafts.  The  surge- 
on said  that  ordinary  colds  usually  prevailed 
among  the  horses  from  the  beginning  of  the 
Autumn  equinoxical  storms  to  November  10. 
He  thought  the  rain  of  Sunday  had  increased 
the  malady,  but  from  the  appearance  of  the 
horses,  he  believed  that  three  days  of  fine 
weather  would  drive  away  all  appearance  of 
epizootic  symptoms.  He  had  received  intelli- 
gence from  Philadelphia,  where  the  horses 
seemed  to  be  very  much  afiected  by  the  dis- 
ease, notably  in  North  Eleventh  street. 

Mr.  Tracy,  of  the  Park  boarding  stables, 
said  he  became  alarmed  on  Friday  at  the  ap- 
pearanca  of  the  disease  among  his  horses, 
and  took  some  pains  to  inform  himself  about 
its  spread  through  the  city.  In  traveling  to 
the  City  Hall  by  the  Third  avenue  line,  he  saw 
very  few  horses  that  were  not  more  or  less 
affected,  and  some  of  them  were  coughing 
violently.  He  regarded  the  disease  as  epi- 
demic, and,  at  the  authority  of  Drs.  Lientard, 
Castanach  and  Nostrid,  pronunced  it  a  mild 
form  of  epizootic.  On  Friday  last  the  dis- 
ease had  not  appeared. in  the  Chrystie  street 
stables.  On  the  Saturday  following  nearly 
horse  in  these  stables  were  taken  with  cough- 
ing and  sore-throat.  All  horses  in  the  neigh- 
borhood 01  Central  Park,  both  in  pubhc  and 
private  stables,  are  aflected.  It  is  obvious, 
from  the  way  the  disease  has  spread  over  the 
city,  that  there  is  an  infection  in  the  air.  The 
epidemic  is  thought  by  many  to  have  proceed- 
ed from  western  cities.  Mr.  Tracy,  as  soon 
as  his  horses  were  taken,  closely  blanketed 
them,  and  fed  hot  mash  with  a  little  vinegar 
sprinkled  in  the  feed.  His  horses  were  im- 
proving very  rapidly. 

The  Superintendent  of  the  Broadway  rail- 
way stables  said  out  of  1,200  horses  about 
900  had  had  the  disease  since  last  Thursday. 
He  considered  the  distemper  epidemic,  but 
feared  no  serious  consequences  from  it.  He 
said  the  horses  began  coughing  the  moment 
they  left  the  stable  for  the  open  air,  and 
thought  that  horses  iu  private  stables,  which 
were  usually  weighed  Aoviii  \\ith  blankets, 
were  the  greatest  sufl'erers  from  the  disease. 
The  change  from  a  warm  stable  and  heavy 
blankets  to  the  open  air  was  apt  to  induce  the 
worst  symptoms  of  epizootic.  Two  or  three 
horses  "have  been  seen  afiected  to  an  extent 
suggestive  of  the  epizootic  days  of  1873.  The 
disease  has  appeared  in  all  of  the  stables  on 
the  avenues. — A'eio  Yurk  Tribune. 

The  same  disease  has  also  appeared  in  the 

Western  States. 

The  Cincinnati  Commercial  of  a  later  date, 
in  speaking  of  the  disease  says:  "It  is  mild- 
er in  form  than  the  disease  which  prevailed 
in  the  Fall  and  Winter  of  1872,  and  less  seri- 
ous m  its  consequences.  It  appeared  first 
about  three  weeks  ago,  and  many  of  the 
horses  at  that  time  afiected  are  now  over  it. 
The  disease  is  mainly  confined  to  the  lungs 
and  broVichical  tubes.'  There  is  none  of  the 
disgusting  running  at  the  nose  that  made  the 
disease  of  1872  so  disagreeable  to  handle. 
The  present  disease  is  about  the  equivalent  of 
bronchitis  in  the  human  subject.  They  are 
attacked  with  a  cough,  the  pulse  is  quickened 
some  fever  supervenes  and  the  disease  gradu- 
ally dies  n-vay,  without  dropsy  or  other  un- 
pleasant sequehv. 

Horses  on  this  coast  are  also  aflected  in 
many  localities.  A  gentleman  iu  Oakland 
who  owns  a  fast  horse,  is  down  with  this  disor- 
der says  that  a  little  exercise  causes  great  )iain 
iu  the  lungs,  which  are  inflamed,  and  that  vio- 
lent  exercise  would  cause   dangerous  conges- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


tion  of  the  lungs.     Rest  with   gentle  exercise 
is  recommended. 

The  disease  with  the  horse  is  analogous  to 
the  bad  colds  now  prevalent  among  our  peo- 
ple— accompanied  with  sore-throat  and  lung- 
cough.  As  complete  rest,  warmth  and  light 
diet  is  the  best  treatment  for  human  beings, 
who  soon  recover  under  fiivorable  conditions; 
so  the  rational  treatment  is  the  best  for  the 
horse.  Exercise  with  exposure  to  drafts  of 
cold  air,  etc.,  and  harsh  treatment  is  likely  to 
prove  fatal.  Kind,  considerate  treatment  is 
always  best,  and  in  case  of  sickness  is  abso- 
lutely essential  to  perfect  recovery. 


What  a  Veterinary  Surgeon  Says. 

Mr.  T.  H.  Larcom,  proprietor  of  the  Good- 
enough  horseshoeing  establishment  of  San 
Jose,  also  a  graduate  from  a  veterinary  school 
and  whose  opinion  is  worth  something,  says 
that  a  horse  with  the  epizootic  should  be 
carefully  blanketed,  kept  out  of  all  drafts  of 
winds,  be  fed  lightly  with  good  bay  and  car- 
rots or  other  vegetables,  given  no  cold  water, 
but  all  he  will  drink  of  water  with  the  chill 
taken  off  or  tepid  water.  A  fire-shovel  full 
of  hot  ashes  from  the  stove  is  good  to  throw 
into  the  water  once  a  day;  in  effect,  it  loosens 
the  phlegm  and  false  membrane,  which  accu- 
mulates in  the  throat,  lungs  aid  stomaclj.  A 
handful  of  scalded  bran  is  also  good  to  add 
to  each  bucket  full  of  water  the  horse  drinks. 
No  other  medicine  is  advised,  if  the  bowles 
can  be  kept  regular  with  bran  mashes  and 
vegetable  or  green  green  feed.  Rest  to  a  horse 
in  this  condition  is  requisite  to  a  speedy 
cure.  A  little  gentle  exercise  is  all  that 
should  be  allowed  and  by  no  means  should 
fast  driving  or  hard  pulling  be  allowed,  even 
for  a  short  time. 

These  items  were  given  us  after  we  had 
writtten  the  few  suggestion  jin  the  preceding 
article,  but  we  gladly  add  them  for  the  better 
guidance  of  our  horse  owners,  in  the  treat- 
ment of  this  prevalent  horse  disease. 


So         » 


Making  Cheese  in  a  Small  Way. 

i;N  answer  to  a  correspondent  who  wishes 
to  know  the  modus  operandi  of  making 
cheese  in  a  small  way,  we  can  do  no 
better  than  to  quote  from  that  world-re- 
nowned dairy-man,  X.  A.  Williard,  who  thus 
tells  how  in  the  liund  New  Yorker: 

Good,  fair  family  cheese  can  be  made  with 
even  rude  implements  and  appliances.  If 
nothing  better  is  at  hand,  a  common  wash- 
tub,  if  clean  and  sweet,  will  answer  the  pur- 
pose for  setting  the  milk  and  working  the 
curds.  A  hoop  must  be  had  from  the  cooper 
in  which  to  press  the  curds.  Let  it  be  (for  a 
smaU  qiitintity  of  milk)  say  from  eight  to  ten 
inches  in  diameter  (top  and  bottom)  by  twelve 
inches  high,  and  fitted  with  a  follower.  A 
very  good  press  can  be  made  in  a  few  hours 
from  a  twelve-foot  plank  and  a  few  pieces  of 
scantling.  About  a  foot  from  either  end  of 
the  plank  set  up  two  short  pieces  of  scantling 
five  or  six  inches  apart;  fasten  them  firmly  to 
the  plank  with  bolts  and  pins.  The  lever 
may  be  a  joist,  say  four  x  six  and  fourteen 
feet  long.  One  end  is  secured  by  a  pin  pass- 
ing through  it  and  the  uprights  at  one  end  of 
the  plank  and  set  one  and   a  half  feet  above 


the  bed-piece  of  the  plank.  This  lever  is  to 
move  freely  up  and  down  between  the  ui)rights 
at  the  other  cud,  and  a  weight  hung  at  this 
end  of  the  lever  will  give  you  a  press  that  will 
do  good  service.  The  weights  at  the  end  of 
the  long  lever  are  a  stone  or  two  from  the 
field.  Another  lever  is  arranged  for  raising 
the  long  lever  or  press-beam,  without  removing 
the  lever,  which,  in  that  case,  may  be  made 
stationary.  The  hoop  containing  the  curd  is 
placed  on  the  plank  near  that  end  of  the 
lever  which  is  secured  with  the  pin.  Blocks 
are  put  iipon  the  follower,  and  the  press-beam 
let  down  upon  them,  and  in  this  way  the 
cheese  is  pressed. 

A  long,  thin  wooded  knife  will  do  for  cut- 
ting the  curds.  A  gallon  of  milk,  wme 
measure,  will  make  nearly  a  j)ound  of  cheese 
or  if  the  milk  is  weighed,  ten  pounds  will 
make  one  of  cheese,  and  thus  the  weight  of 
the  cheese  may  be  calculated  from  the  quanti- 
ty of  milk  in  the  tub. 

The  night's  mess  of  milk  may  be  strained 
directly  in  the  tub,  and  if  the  weather  is 
warm  a  pail  of  cold  water  should  be  set  in  the 
tub  to  cool  oti'  the  milk  and  keep  it  sound 
during  the  night.  In  very  hot  weather  it 
may  be  necessary  to  change  the  water  several 
times.  In  the  morning  skim  the  cream  which 
may  have  formed  on  the  milk,  put  it  into  the 
cloth  strainer,  and  pour  the  warm  milk  from 
the  morning's  milking  into  the  mass,  and  iu 
this  way  cream  will  be  in  condition  to  be 
worked  back  into  the  milk.  It  will  be  proper 
to  add  a  word  in  this  connection  in  regard  to 
having  the  milk  iu  proper  condition  when  it 
goes  into  the  tub.  In  hot  weather,  and  es- 
pecially in  hot  climates,  care  should  be  taken 
not  to  worry  or  overdrive  the  cows.  They 
should  not  be  irritated  in  any  way,  and  they 
should  have  an  abundance  of  good  water 
and  everything  provided  for  their  comfort, 
otherwise  the  animals  may  be  in  a  feverish 
condition,  and  yield  iuip.jrfect  milk  that  may 
cause  trouble. 

The  night's  and  moruiug's  milk  having 
been  mingled  in  the  tub,  aud  the  number  of 
gallons  or  its  weight  known,  a  portion  may 
be  taken  out  aud  heated  in  pans  over  a  com- 
mon stove.  The  pan  holding  the  milk  should 
be  set  in  another  pan  holding  water  or  over  a 
kettle  containing  water  so  as  not  to  scorch  or 
biu'u  the  milk  in  the  pan.  Heat  the  milk  aud 
pour  it  into  the  tub  until  the  mass  indicates  a 
temperature  of  about  eight-five  degrees  Fahr. 
by  the  thermometer,  then  add  a  quantity  of 
rennet,  (which  has  been  j^reviously  prepared 
by  steeping  the  dry  skins  of  rennet  iu  water) 
sufficient  to  coagulate  the  milk,  say  iu  from 
forty  to  fifty  minutes. 

Now  put  your  finger  into  the  curd  raise  it 
slowly,  and  if  it  readily  splits  apart,  the  mass 
is  ready  to  cut  into  checks  with  the  curd 
knife.  After  cutting  into  cheeks  two  inches 
square,  let  it  remain  at  rest  ten  or  fifteen 
minutes  for  the  whey  to  form;  then  cai-efuUy 
break  with  the  hands  by  lifting  up  very  gent- 
ly, and  when  the  mass  has  been  gone  over, 
let  it  rest  for  ten  or  fifteen  minutes  for  the 
curds  to  subside. 

Now  dip  oil  a  portion  of  the  whey  into 
pans,  and  heat  on  the  stove  in  the  s.ame  man- 
ner that  the  milk  was  warmed.  In  dipping 
ofl"  the  whey  a  cloth-strainer  is  thrown  over 
the  tub  and  the  whey  dipj^ed  from  oft'  the  top 
of  the  strainer,  so  as  not  to  dip  or  remove  the 
curds.  In  the  meantime  continue  breaking 
by  gently  lifting  the  curd  until  the  particles 
of  curds  are  about  the  size  of  small  chest- 
nuts or  large  beans;  then  pour  in  the  heated 
whey  until  the  mass  indicates  a  temperature 
of  from  ninety  to  ninety-eight  degrees.  Do 
not  be  in  a  hurry,  but  take  things  leisurely, 
continuing  the  breaking  or  stirring  of  the 
curds  while  the  heat  is  being  applied.  It  may 
now  be  left  at  rest  for  a  hall  an  hour,  aud 
then  stirred,  so  that  the  particles  may  not 
pack  or  adhere  iu  the  tub.  and  this  treatment 
continued  until  the  curd  has  a  firm  consisten- 
cy. Take  up  a  handful  and  press  it  together 
in  the  hand,  and  if,  on  opening  the  hand  it 
readilv  falls  to    pieces,  it   is    about   ready  for 


draining.  Another  test  is  to  chew  a  bit  of  curd, 
and  if  it  "squeaks  between  the  teeth,"  it  is 
about  ready.  The  mess  now  will  have  a 
slightly  acid  smell  and  taste,  which  is  readily 
distinguished  by  old  chee.se  makers,  but  not 
so  readily  by  the  inexperienced;  but,  to  the 
latter,  one  of  the  best  tests  is  to  take  a  little 
curd  in  the  hand,  squeeze  out  the  whey  and 
touch  the  ball  of  the  curd  to  a  hot  iron,  then, 
in  removing  it  if  the  curd  spins  or  draws  out 
iu  small  threads,  it  is  ready  for  the  whey  to  be 
removed.  Throw  a  cloth-strainer  over  the 
tub  aud  dip  off  the  whey  down  to  the  curd; 
then  put  the  strainer  on  a  willow  clothes- 
basket,  and  di])  the  curd  into  it.  It  may  now 
be  broken  up  with  the  hands,  and  when  pretty 
dry  may  be  salted  iu  the  basket  or  returned 
to  the  tub  for  saltiug.  Salt  at  the  rate  of 
four  or  five  ounces  to  sixteen  pounds  of  curd; 
mix  thoroughly,  and  put  to  j^ress. 

After  remaining  from  two  to  four  hours  in 
press,  take  the  cheese  out  of  the  hoop,  turn 
it  bottom  side  up  iu  the  hoop  and  put  it  to 
press  again'  leaving  it  under  pressure  till  the 
next  morning,  when  it  may  be  removed  to  the 
shelf  in  the  dairy  room.  Very  small  cheese 
need  not  be  b.andaged.  They  should  be  rubb- 
ed over  with  a  little  fresh  butter,  melted  and 
applied  warm,  and  the  cheese  turned  and 
rubbed  daily  with  the  hand  once  a  day  until 
well  ripened. 


SiovticuUuvc* 


v:::) 


The  Gardener's  Lament, 


CYift?" ET  none  a  garden  plant 
Unless  he  count  the  cost; 
For  there  is  labor  lust, 
And  late  and  early  frost, 
His  dreams  to  haunt. 

I  planted  mine  with  care. 
And  soon  the  young  plants  grew. 
Just  then  the  worms,  a  few, 
Exposed  themselves  to  view 

Aud  gathered  there. 

I  watched  with  anxious  care 
Each  plant  and  tender  shoot, 
And  dreamed  of  earJy   fruit; 
Alas,  worms  at  the  root — 

Worms  everywhere! 

I  set  my  banner  there. 
And  tunnel,  di{^  and  bore; 
My  siege-^^uns  then  1  lower, 
Shotted  with  hellebore — 

Death  everywhere. 

The  slain  and  wounded  lie, 
Full  twenty  thousand  killed; 
And  yet  their  ranks  are  filled. 
While  all  are  are  fully  drilled 

To  fight  or  die. 

Jly  beans  and  early  com, 
My  bed  of  tarly  beets^ 
These  all  the  cutworm  eats. 
I'm  sick  with  sore  defeats, 

And  feel  forlorn. 

And  you,  who  live  iu  ease, 
And  little  care  or  know 
Who  wields  the  spade  or  hoe, 
If  things  will  only  grow, 

And  you  have  peas. 

No  need  for  yon  to  fast. 
Let  others  fight  the  foes; 
Though  you  must  have  your  wofs— 
The  moth  will  i-at  your  ctotheii 

.\nd  you  at  last.' 

—  [Wurcester  -Egis  and  Gazette 


To  Grow  Chestnut  Tkkks. — If  you  want 
to  grow  chestuut  trees,  the  fruit  must  be 
planted  as  soon  as  it  is  perfectly  ripe  and 
while  it  is  in  its  fresh  state.  If  a  few  trees 
only  are  wanted,  plant  the  chestnut  about 
three  inches  deep,  just  where  it  is  desired  to 
have  the  tree  stand  permanently.  They  do 
better  not  to  be  transplanted,  and  sometimes 
wiU  not  grow.  AVheu  they  reach  a  proper 
height  the  stems  can  be  ga*afted  with  any  bet- 
ter sorts  attainable.  But  it  requires  a  citreful 
hand  to  graft  the  chestnut  to  insure  it?^ 
growth.  When  fairly  started,  the  young  tree 
pu'ihes  ahead  rapidly,  aud  often  takes  nn^  by 
surprise  in  the  earliness  of  its   bearing. —  A'  ■ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


l)$ 


We  have  in  California  liundreds  of  farms, 
situated  in  the  foothills,  which  could  be  made 
to  j'ield  a  handsome  revenue  by  setting  out 
orchards  of  late  apples.  Late  apples  always 
command  a  good  price  and  are  never  a  drug 
in  the  market.  Early  fruit  must  be  sold  as 
soon  as  picked,  whatever  the  i^riee;  but  late 
or  winter  apples  seldom  have  to  be  sold  for 
less  than  two  dollars  per  box.  Besides  this, 
there  are  many  other  fruits  which  are  adapted 
to  the  foot-hill  climate.  Tl^''^"  i**  i^o  better 
vineyard  land  in  the  world,  and  it  is  surpris- 
ing that  more  vines  have  not  been  planted  in 
the  mountain  sections.  It  is  far  easier  to 
cultivate  grapes  on  sidling  laud  than  to  i^low 
and  reap  grains,  and  that,  too,  when  the  ex- 
pense of  harvesting  hilly  laud  is  so  much 
heavier  than  valley  land.  A  few  years  wiU 
probably  make  a  wonderful  change  in  the 
hills  of  California. — Ex. 


Value  of  Evbegkeens  Among  Fruit  Trees. 
— A  well-growu  evergrgreen  tree  gives  off  con- 
tinually an  exodium  of  warmth  and  moisture 
that  reaches  a  distance  of  its  area  in  height; 
and  when  the  tree-planters  advocate  shelter- 
belts,  surrounding  a  tract  of  orchard  of  fifty 
or  more  acres,  when  the  influence  of  such 
belt  can  only  trace  a  distance  of  the  height 
of  the  trees  in  said  belt,  they  do  that  which 
will  prove  of  little  value.  To  ameliorate  cli- 
mate, to  assist  in  prevention  of  injury  from 
extreme  climatic  cold  in  Winter,  and  of  the 
frosting  of  the  germ-bud  of  fruit  in  the 
Spring,  all  orchards  should  have  evergreen 
trees  planted  in  and  among  them  indiscrim- 
ately,  at  a  distance  of  not  more  than  1.50  feet 
apart.  Such  a  course  pursued  will  give 
health  to  the  tree  and  be  productive  of  more 
regular,  uniform  cro2is  of  fruit. — Ex. 


Planting  Foeest-teees. — For  the  purpose 
of  making  tall,  limbless  trees  valuable  for 
timber,  close  planting  is  advisable — say  four 
by  three  feet  apart.  The  larch  is  planted 
three  feet  apart  each  way  in  England.  In 
five  and  one-half  years,  one-half  is  cut  for 
poles  for  hurdle-fence,  and  in  ten  years  one- 
halt  of  the  remainder  is  cut  for  posts.  The 
remaining  trees,  thus  left  six  feet  apart,  are 
allowed  to  complete  their  growth. 

"What  shall  I  cook?"  is  a  short  but  vexa- 
tious question,  engrossing  more  serious 
thought  probably  than  any  other  one  ques- 
tion in  ttie  world.  Many  a  good  and  Indus 
trious  wife  can  be  greatly  relieved,  and  many 
a  farmer's  table  bless  his  sight  and  appetite, 
1)3'  jjrovitling  now  for  a  good  garden.  If  you 
love  your  wife  and  daughters,  do  not  put  it 
off  for  money-making  enterjiirises  on  the 
farm. 


Two  Ceops  in  One  Season. — The  Gilroy 
Advocate  is  informed  that  Geo.  Headen  &  Co. 
of  that  place,  are  tilling  a  piece  of  land — 50 
to  60  acres  —from  which  they  have  raised 
this  year  a  good  crop  of  barley  and  a  second 
crop  of  potatoes.  The  barley  was  cut  in  June 
and  the  potatoes  planted  afterwards.  They 
are  now  bringing  the  latter  to  market.  They 
have  realized  5,000  sacks  of  100  pounds  each, 
of  as  line  potatoes  as  any  the  country  affords. 
A  sample  may  be  seen  at  the  Bank  of  Gilroy, 
which  weighs  2 -'4  pounds.  Of  course  this  is 
a  picked  one,  but  the  average  is  exceedingly 
prolific. 


France,  but  for  whose  aid  and  sympathy 
given  to  our  fathers  a  hundred  years  ago, 
America  would  scarcely  have  been  a  nation 
at  all,  is  likely  to  do  herself  great  credit  next 
Summer  at  the  Centennial,  and  is  to  occupy 
twice  the  space  originally  designed  for  her  in 
the  dinerent  buildings  at  Philadelphia. 


The  Ventura  Signal  tells  of  a  beet  weighing 
over  1,100  pounds  avoirdupois  which  has 
been  grown  in  Williams'  gardens  at  San 
Buenaventura.     "Beet"  this  who  can. 


®lic  ^Umx  (Baiilcu. 


Gillyflowers. 

^LD-FASHIONED?  yes,  I  know  tlMyare^ 
LoDg  exiled  from  the  gay  parterre,. 

Aud  buuishtd  from  the  bowers; 
But  not  the  faireht  foreign  bloom 
<Jan  match  in  beauty  or  perfume 

Those  bonny  EngliHh  tlowors. 

'J'heir  velvet  petals,  fold  on  fold, 
In  every  shade  of  flaming  t,'old 

And  richest,  deepest  brown, 
Lie  close  with  little  leaves  between, 
Of  slt-ndt-r  shape  and  tender  green, 

And  aoft  at  suftust  down. 

On  Sabbath  mornings,  long  ago, 
When  melody  began  to  flow 

From  out  the  belfry  tower, 
I  used  to  break  from  childish  talk, 
To  pluck  beside  the  garden  walk 

My  mother's  Sunday  flower. 

In  Sprihg  she  loved  the  snow-drop  white. 
In  Summer-time  carnations  bright, 

Or  roses  newly  blown; 
But  this  the  flower  she  cherished  most, 
And  from  the  goodly  garden  host 

She  chose  it  for  her  own. 

Ah,  mother  dear!  the  brown  flowers  wave 
In  sunshine  o'er  thy  quiet  grave 

This  morning,  far  away; 
And  I  sit  lonely  here  the  while. 
Scarce  knowing  if  to  sigh  or  smile 

Upon  their  sister  spray. 

I  well  coiild  sigh,  for  grief  is  strong, 
I  well  could  smile,  for  love  lives  long, 

And  conquers  even  death. 
But  if  I  smile,  or  if  I  sigh, 
God  knoweth  well  the  reason  why, 

Aud  gives  me  broader  faith. 

Firm  faith  to  feel  all  good  is  meant, 
Suru  hope  to  flU  with  deep  content 

My  most  despairing  hours; 
And  oftentimes  He  deigns  to  shed 
Sweet  sunshine  o'er  the  path  I  tread, 

As  on  to-day,  these  flowers, 

And  chose  He  not  a  bearer  meet 

To  bring  for  me  those  blossoms  sweet — 

A  loving  little  child? 
And  child  and  bonny  blossoms  come, 
Like  messages  of  love  aud  home, 

O'er  waters  waste  and  wild. 

— [.\11  the  Year  Eonud. 


QUERIES. 

1.  What  will  prevent  mildew  from  acciimuliiting 
upon  ruse-bushes.? 

2.  How  can  the  parasites  which  attach  them- 
Belves  to  Oleander  and  Lilac  bushes,  and  also  to 
aoint:  vareties  of  the  Acai.i  i,  be  best  removed? 

1.  Nobody  has  yet  found  out  how  to  prevent 
or  eradicate  the  mildew  on  rose-bushes,  without 
destroying  the  bushes  themselves.  A  gentleman 
in  San  Jose  who  has  been  trying  for  years  to  do 
yo,  says  be  wiil  give  .^100  reward  for  a  practical 
method  of  preventing  mildew  on  roses.  This  mil- 
dew attacks  the  growing,  tender  stalks  aud  ends 
of  shoots  fiist,  then  blights  the  buds,  and  finally 
withers  up  the  leaves  without  killing  the  bushes- 
Carbolic  soap-suds,  ashes,  lime,  sulphur,  blue  vit- 
riol, tobacco,  suuir  aud  smoke,  hellebore,  etc.,  have 
been  tried  in  vain;  alsopruniugof  root  aud  branch, 
charcoal  about  the  roots,  irrigation  and  dry  culture 
have  been  tried  with  little  eHect.  The  Giant  of 
]5attles  is  the  variety  that  appeals  to  be  affected  the 
worst. 

"2.  A  wash  of  caiholir  soap-suds  is  found  to  be 
efficacious  in  removing  the  scale  louse.  Lime  wash 
or  blue  vitriol  will  do  it;  also  tobacco  wash  and 
many  other  things.  This  is  laborious  but  essential- 
Where  one  wishes  to  destroy  the  scale  "  on  a  large 
frcale,"  the  Babcock  Fire  Extin^uishei,  which 
throws  a  stream  of  carbonic  acid  gas  and  water 
is  good.  In  case  this  is  used,  a  quantity  of  car- 
bolic acid  or  whale  oil  soap  should  be  put  into  the 
water  first.  This  will  also  destroy  the  woolly 
a[)hiB  in  tree  tops  and  other  insects  as  well.  A 
thorongh  washing  in  some  shape  with  either  of  the 
above  named  remedies  is  good  for  the  scale  louse. 


Now  is  the  season  to  clean  tip  the  flower 
garden.  Trim  roses,  shrubbery,  vines,  etc., 
and  remove  all  decayed  stalks  of  plants.  Hoe 
up  weeds  while  they  are  small. 


Potting  Plants. 

The  mold  for  jiotting  should  be  light  and  loamy, 
the  Ifertihziug  material  used  being  well  decayed. 
If  t?ie  soil  i8  rich  ot  itself  it  is  better  to  be  either 
veryspaiing  with  the  fertilizer,  or  to  dispense 
with  it  altogether.  In  the  bottom  of  the  pot  place 
several  small  pieces  of  crockery  or  similar  material 
to  assist  the  drainage;  aud  in  setting  the  plant,  be 
careful  to  keep  it  well  down  in  the  pot  anu  to  press 
tlie  mold  moderately  around  the  roots.  The  sur- 
face K-f  the  mold  should  hu  about  half  an  inch  be- 
low the  level  of  the  top  of  the  flower-pot.  Slips 
shoulii  be  planted  close  to  the  sides  of  the  pot,  and 
in  small  pots. 

When  a  plant  becomes  pot-bound,  that  is,  when 
the  roots  become  matted  around  the  sides  and  bot- 
tom of 'he  pot,  the  plant  after  it  has  ceased  bloom- 
ing,|Bhould  be  re-putted  in  a  larger  pot.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  remove  any  of  the  mold  from  the 
roots,  but  simply  to  iill  in  the  space  in  the  large 
pot  with  new  and  rich  mold. 

Plants  kept  in  the  windows  should  be  turned  ev^- 
erv  morning,  or  the  light,  striking  one  side  only, 
will  draw  the  plant  to  that  side  so  that  all  its 
branches  and  leaves  will  turn  towards  the  window. 
The  water  in  saucers  should  never  be  applied  to 
the  j)lants.  In  cutting  slips  of  any  plant  always 
choose  the  youngest  branches,  and  cut  ofl"  the  slip 
at  a  junction  of  a  joint  or  leaf,  since  the  roots  shoot 
more  readily  from  the  joints.  If  you  follow  these 
directions,  and  put  sufficient  sulphi.te  of  ammonia 
to  just  taint  the  water  applied  to  your  plants,  you 
may  cultivate  with  success  almost  any  plant,  even 
though  you  are  an  entire  novice. — ScieutiHc  Amer- 
ican. 


How  TO  Sow  SftiALL  Seeds  with  Success.  I 

Novices  in  floriculture  make  frequent  failures  witn 
minute  seeds,  like  those  of  the  Lobelia,  the  Mim- 
ulus  and  the  Calceolaria,  nud  even  experienced 
fl<u-ists  do  not  always  succeed  with  every  sowing, 
as  such  seeds  are  very  delicate  and  germinate  oniv 
uudtr^^lhe  most  favorable  conditions.  Have  the 
soil  in  the  pot,  pan  or  box — a  bhallow  box  is  best — 
composed  of  leaf  mold  and  clean  sand,  two  parts 
of  the  former  to  one  of  the  latter,  sifted,  or  other- 
wise made  very  flue.  Make  the  surface  even  and 
smooth  and  press  slightly;  then  aprinkU  it  by 
holding  a  wet  brush  over  it  and  drawing  the  hand 
acioss  the  bristles  ao  as  to  throw  a  line  spray  upon 
the  soil.  On  this  prepared  surface  sow  the  seed, 
and  scatter  over  it  the  finest  possible  sprinkling  ot 
flue  clean  sand.  Now  cover  the  pot  or  box  with  a 
pane  of  glass,  and  keep  it  in  the  shade,  watering, 
when  nece^sary,  with  the  spray  from  a  brush,  as 
before  directed.  The  soil  must  not  he  permitted  to 
get  dry,  nor  must  it  ever  be  deluged  with  water. 
if  the  seeds  he  sown,  as  is  generally  the  case,  on 
a  loose  surtace,  and  then  watered  with  a  watering 
pot,  they  are  mostly  carried  down  with  the  water 
so  deep  into  the  soil  that  it  is  impossible  for  them 
to  germinate. — liural  Carolinian. 


Wa9HIN(;  HoL'sE  Plants. —  Have  a  large  pail 
or  tub  filled  with  warm  soapsuds.  U'hen  spread 
the  liiigcr.s  and  palm  of  the  left  hand  over  the  soil 
iuthejiut,  turn  the  branches  topsy-turvy  into  the 
warm  suds,  swing  the  plant  briskly  in  the  water 
till  every  leaf  has  become  completely  saturated, 
then  put  it  through  a  pail  of  dean  water  and  rub 
each  ieat  with  the  thumb  and  finger.  Give  it  a 
good  shake,  and  when  dry  return  it  to  its  place  in 
the  window.  The  leaves  of  a  jihint  are  its  lungs, 
each  leaf  being  furnished  with  huudreds  of  minute 
pores,  whence  the  plants  breathe  in  carbon  and  ex- 
hale oxygen.  The  perspiration  of  plants  is  said 
to  be  seventeen  times  that  of  a  unman  being. 
Many  plants  never  bloom  an  accouu*.  of  the  accu- 
mulation of  dust  upon  lhi»ir  leaves.  A  plant  too 
large  to  lay  down  in  a  tub  may  be  syringed  and 
each  leaf  rublnd  with  the  finger  and  thumb,  which 
are  better  for  llie  purpose  than  a  brush  or  dolh. — 
Land  and  \\'ater. 


The  Boston  Commercial  Bulkiin  writing  of 
the  trade  in  flowers,  says  :  The  great  specialty 
of  Boston  is  rosos,  which  are  not  only  varied 
in  Buflicient  quantities  to  supply  the  home 
demand,  in  even  tht)  busiest  season,  but  iiro 
sent  to  New  Ytu'k  in  largo  bulk,  probably  half 
of  the  immense  number  sold  in  New  York 
coming  from  Boston.  Other  specialties  are 
lilies-of-the-valley  and  carnations,  which  are 
grown  in  immense  numbers  by  our  leading 
florists  ;  while  successful  attention  is  paid  to 
all  varieties.  The  New  York  specially  is 
ttibe-roses,  and  that  of  Philadelphia  camelias. 


Thanksgiving. — Governor  Pacheco  has  is- 
sued a  proclamation  for  Thanksgiving,  No- 
vember 2r)th,  the  same  day  as  fixed  by  the 
Presidcijt. 


07 


^U^v^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


gouofhaUl  llciidiug* 


Chats    With     Farmers'     Wives    and 
Daughters — No.  I  O. 


Economical  Young  Women. 

t-^^HIRTY-oue  young  larlies  in  Wai'saw, 
Kentucky,  have  signed  a  new  kind  of 
pledge,  which  reads  : 
We,  the  undersigned  ladies  of  Warsaw, 
desiring  by  rur  example  to  promote  econ- 
omy and  to  discountenance  extravagance,  and 
thereby  lighten  in  some  measure  the  burdens 
of  our  husbands,  fathers,  sous  and  brothers, 
by  prudent  retrenchment  in  our  household 
expenses  therefore,  pledge  our  words  of  hon- 
or, each  to  the  other,  that  we  will  not,  during 
the  period  of  one  year  from  the  1st  of  Jlay 
1875,  purchase  any  material  for  wearing  ap- 
parel, the  cost  of  which  shall  exceed  twenty- 
five  cents  per  yard.  And  shall  further  jiromise 
to  observe  a  strict  economy  in  all  our  house- 
hold purtiuances,  and  cheerfully  add  by  those 
delicate  sacrifices  to  the  general  stock  of  home 
comforts — too  often  dispensed  with  for  the 
frivolous  oufside  adornment  of  the  bod}'  alone. 

Now  that  has  tlie  true  ring  to  it  and  is  just 
what  should  be  done,  either  singly  or  in  num- 
bers, by  our  women  of  California,  whose  ex- 
penses for  dress  and  useless  finery  astonishes 
the  world.  For  we  have  no  aristocracy  here, 
compelling  a  certain  style  of  court-dress  and 
the  like.  No,  our  free  country  is  "  governed 
"by  the  people  and  for  the  peoiile"  they  say. 
I  should  judge  so  indeed,  by  a  peep  into 
fashionable  society  and  its  devouring,  ab- 
sorbing, expenditures  for  dress  and  style! 
No  poor  girl,  however  refined  or  delicate  her 
organization,  however  iuteUigently  endowed, 
or  lovely  in  face  and  form,  can  command  re- 
spect, or  enter  society  of  refinement  and  cul- 
ture or  wealth  without  money,  in  her  own 
right  or  her  family.  She  must  dress  well  or 
wealthy  people  will  not  notice  her — save  with 
a  pitying  nod  of  recognition — and  to  such 
an  extent  is  this  carried  that  our  women  of 
slender  incomes,  and  moderate  brain  capacity, 
find  no  time  for  much  else  besides  keeping 
the  household  machinery  running  and  plan- 
ning how  to  provide  against  the  inevitable 
wear  and  tear  of  clothes  for  themselves 
and  girls — if  they  wish  to  be  thought  respect- 
able even. 

Now  I  ask.  is  this  right,  is  it  ennobling  to 
the  race,  and  are  we  making  the  most  of  our- 
selves and  girls  by  so  doing  and  living  ? 
While  I  admit  the  importance  of  dress  from  a 
physiological  standpoint,  an  economical 
standpoint  and  a  becoming  standpoint,  I  can- 
not for  the  life  of  me  see  why  our  social  posi- 
tion should  be  measured  by  our  appearance 
iu  dress.  When  a  lady  in  her  silks  and  vel- 
vets receives  more  attention  and  courtesy 
from  the  dry  goods  clerk,  or  the  judge  on  his 

'fficial  bench,  than  the  s.ame  lady  in  a  simple 
I  ilico,  (which  is  true,  I  have  it  from  good 
authority)  it  is  about  time  to  look  at  this 
question  and  endeavor  if  possible  to  over- 
come its  evils.     If  our  women  are  to  become 

seful  and  healthful  members  of  society — 
earning  a  living  and  a  reputation  among 
nen— they  must  not  be  cramped  with  the 
railing  di-ess  skirt,  the  life  destroying  girting 
if  the  waist,  and  in  fact  the  all  absorbing 
honghts  of  what  to  wear,  how  to  look  best. 


&c.  Our  boys  are  not  troubled  iu  that  way, 
and  though  often  careless,  are  still  respected. 
I  often  ask  myself,  are  we  mothers  to  blame  ? 
for  in  spite  of  our  example  and  precept,  our 
six  and  eight  year  old  girls  xcill  catch  the  pre- 
vailing spirit  of  the  age  and  beg  for  trailing 
skirts,  and  show  every  sign  of  demoralization 
iu  dress — even  in  play.  My  only  hope  then 
is  in  combining  our  strength  by  numbers 
and  do  exactly  as  the  Kentucky  ladies  are 
doing,  and  my  word  for  it,  the  husbands,  and 
fathers  and  brothers  would  soon  feel  ashamed 
of  their  many  useless  expenses  too,  and  give 
up  .smpking,  chewing  and  drinking,  and  join 
fu  the  general  desire  to  save  for  some  good 
worthy  pnrpose.  Only  think  of  the  money, 
time,  health  and  self-respect  that  could  bo 
saved  for  the  adornment  of  home  and  culture 
of  mind  by  so   doing! 


Grandfather's  Letters— -No.  2. 

"WIio  hatli  not  loved,  bath  uot  lived. 
Dear  "Jewell"  and  "  Esmeralda  :\ — I  sec 
my  former  communication  was  not  consigned 
to  the  waste-papsr  box  by  the  editor,  and  am 
I  to  infer  from  that  that  he  and  you  want 
something  more  from  Grandfather  to  criti- 
cise? 

If  the  subject  is  not  as  great  a  success  as 
it  might  and  ought  to  be,  you  cannot  but  ob- 
serve there  is  no  danger  of  it's  running  out 
and  becoming  extinct.  The  coming-in  gen- 
erations are  the  same  in  this  particular  as 
were  the  generations  thousands  of  years  ago, 
in  spite  of  any  and  all  adverse  circumstances, 
and  the  going-out  generation,  who  have  had 
experience,  are  no  way  loth  to  try  the  old 
subject  over  again.  Since,  then,  it  is  a  fixed 
fact  that  it  was,  is  and  always  will  be,  it  re- 
mains for  lis  to  make  it  a  success,  and  a  good, 
firstrate  one,  the  best  way  we  can.  To  this 
end,  I  shall  adhere  to  the  abnegation  plan  I 
started  with,  and  say  to  myself,  were  I  on 
the  point  of  starting  again  on  life's  great 
journey,  think,  ihiak,  think.  Yes,  we  may 
well  think  thrice  and  think  always  when  an- 
other's happiness  is  committed  to  our  care, 
dearer  than  our  own — think  what  her  temper- 
ament and  disposition  are — think  what  are 
her  likes  and  dislikes — think  what  she  has 
given  up  to  give  herself  to  me — and  above  all, 
to  so  think  as  to  have  such  a  perennial  flow 
of  love,  as  to  make  self  forqotkii  in  favor  of 
her  whom  I  have  chosen. 

To  do  this  we  must  habilually  feel  our  great 
responsibility,  habitually  feel,  how  should  I 
demean  myself  by  a  hasty,  ill-tempered  word 
or  unkind  look,  habitually  feel  the  importance 
of  keeping  uj^  that  suavity  of  manner,  polite, 
courteous  demeanor,  so  agreeable  to  all. 
And  are  w  eto  suppose  it  to  be  less  so  to  her 
whom  we  have  chosen  above  all  others  to  be 
iu  daily  contact  with?  With  some  all  this 
seems  to  How  forth  spontaneouslj',  while  with 
others  it  requires  a  good  deal  of  careful  and 
continuous  cultivation.  I  take  it  we  shall  all 
be  the  better  for  a  little  timely  thought  on 
the  subject. 

Ah,  this  love  principle  is  the  fountain 
from  which  should  flow  that  which  will  ever 
make  it  a  success.  This  abounds  at  and  pre- 
vious to  marriage;  and  here  again  I  appeal 
to  the  sterner  sex,  if  he  is  not  the  first  form- 
ation party  to  its  loss  by  indift'ereuce  or  neg- 


'ect,  maj'be  for  want  of  thought  or  knowl- 
edge? We  make  a  great  mistake  in  suppos- 
ing that  all  or  the  chief  part  is  accomplished 
when  the  object  of  our  affections  is  "se- 
cured." No.  Then  is  but  the  beginning  of 
the  work  to  make  it  a  life  success.  Then 
comes  the  thinkinq,  the  dtdng,  the  abnegation, 
the  earnest  eflort  to  keep  the  love  principle 
to  its  full  height,  and  ever  have  it  go  on  in- 
creasing. So  it  may,  but  not  without  knowl- 
edge, thought  and  care.  Indeed,  without 
these,  what  can  bo  accomplished  in  any  de- 
partment of  life?  To  me  it  seems'most 
strange  that  this,  of  all  subjects  the  most  im- 
portant, should  be  entered  upon  iu  so  much 
ignorance  and  want  of  thought  and  care. 
Not  that  we  can  expect,  in  the  present  condi- 
tion of  things,  that  perfect  success  you 
would  desire.  But  I  do  contend  the  stronger 
sex  should  be  the  leaders  in  the  right  direc- 
tion. Alas,  they  are  too  often  the  reverse. 
But  in  these  things  there  is  no  one  a  more 
thorough  co-operationist  tlian 

Gkandfather. 


lomc^tic. 


About  Husbands — To  the    Cals. 

BY  JOHN  G  8AIE. 

MAN  is  generally  better  fiatisfiod  when  he  UaH 
a  good  dinner  upon  bis  table  tbaii  when  bie 
wile  speaks  Greek.— t^am  Jobnson- 

y,  JobuBon  was  rigbt.    I  don't  agreo  to  all 

Tbe  solemn  dogmas  of  tbc  rougb  old  stager: 
^Qj"^  But  very  mucb  approve  wbat  one  may  call 
Tbe  minor  morals  of  tbe  "  Ursa  Major." 

Jobnson  was  rigbt.    Altbougb  some  men  adore 
Wisdorti  in  woman,  and  w  tb  wisdom  cram  ber, 

Tbere  isn't  one  in  ten  but  thinks  far  morej 
Of  bis  own  grub  than  of  bis  spouse's  grammar. 

I  know  it  is  tbe  greatest  shame  in  life; 

But  who  among  them  (save,  perhaps,  myielf,) 
Returning  hungry  home,  but  asks  bis  wife 

"What  beef,  not  books,  she  has  upon  tbe  febelf. 

Though  Greek  and  Latin  be  the  lady.s  boast, 
They're  little  valued  by  her  loving  mate, 

The  kind  of  tongue  that  husbands  relish  most 
Is  modern,  boiled  and  served  upon  a  plate. 

Or  if.  as  fond  ambition  may  command. 

Some  home-made  verse  tbe  bappy  uiaironsbow  bim, 
Wbat  mortal  spouse  but  from  ber  dainty  liand 

Would  sooner  see  a  pudding  than  a  poem? 

Young  lady,  deep  in  love  with  Tom  or  Harry, 

'Tis  sad  to  tell  you  such  a  tale  as  this; 
But  here's  the  moral  of  it;  Do  not  marry; 

Or,  marrying,  take  your  lover  as  he  is — 

A  very  man,  with  something  of  tbc  brute. 

Unless  he  proves  a  sentimental  noddy. 
With  passions  strong  and  appetite  to  boot— 

A  thirsty  soul  within  a  hungry  body. 

A  very  man.  not  one  of  natures  clods, 
With  human  failings,  whether  saint  or  pinner, 

Endowed,  perhaps,  with  genius  from  the  gods. 
But  apt  to  take  bis  ttmi)er  from  his  dinner, 


Familiar  Talks — No.  4. 

BY     SNIP. 
GOOD      LIVING. 

Dear  AGKictTLTnEiST: — Oue  of  my  neigh- 
bors, afarmers's  wife,  sets  her  supper-table  to 
suit  ine  exactly.  Tea,  bread  aud  butter, 
fruit  and  plain  cake  or  cookies.  Sometimes 
honey,  of  which  the  children  are  very  fond, 
takes  the  place  of  fruit.  Never,  at  any  time 
or  under  any  circumstance,  does  she  put 
hearty  food  on  the  supper-table.  The  child- 
ren have  their  supper  bj-  five  o*clock,  are  iu 
bed  early  and  are  as  healthy  as  one  could 
wish  for,  whiie  both  father  and  mother  are 
delicate.  "  I  intend,  if  possible,  to  enable 
mv  children  to  avoid  the  suffering  I  have  been 
obliged  to  endure,"  she  said  to  me  one  day. 
I  think  she  is  right  in  maintaining  that  light, 
early  suppers  will  form  an  important  part    in 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


W 


the  success  of  this  resolve.  Dr.  HiiU  says 
that  nothing  should  be  placed  on  the  tea-ta- 
ble but  bread  and  butter  and  tea,  and  advo- 
cates letting  the  tea  alone,  or  substituting 
some  other  drink  less  injurious  in  its  effects. 
So  far  as  my  observation  has  gone,  I  fin  d 
that  in  families  where  children  are  allowed  to 
eat  meat,  potatoes  and  other  similar  food, 
they,  as  well  as  the  older  members,  often- 
times fretful  when  they  get  up  in  the  morn- 
ing. If  such  food  is  placed  on  the  table  and 
partaken  of  by  the  elders,  it  is  difficult  to 
prevent  the  children  from  following  the  exam- 
ple set  before  them.  The  lady  referred  to 
above  said  that  when  first  married  her  hus- 
band wanted  hearty  food  at  night,  but  after 
reasoning  the  matter,  he  yielded  to  her  ideas 
on  that  subject.  There  is  not  a  harder  work- 
ing man  in  the  State. 

Another  neighbor  places  upon  the  supper- 
table  such  food  as  is  found  upon  the  dinner- 
table.  Often  roast  mutton  or  beef  with  all 
the  accompanying  dishes  are  eaten  in  the 
evening,  The  parents  are  fretful,  impatient 
and  quick-temjjered,  and  often  complain  of 
not  sleeping  well;  the  children  are  no  better 
off.  Can  you  see  the  difference  and  the  rea- 
son for  it?  The  wife  in  the  latter  case  is  an- 
xious to  have  only  light  articles  of  diet  on 
the  table  in  the  evening,  but  her  husband 
says  he  cannot  work  as  hard  if  he  does  not 
have  hearty  food  every  meal.  He  does  not 
work  half  so  hard  as  the  first  mentioned  gen- 
tleman. Wonder  how  he  can  stand  so  much 
bard  work.  I  feel  like  telling  him  to  read 
Dr.  Hall's  "Health  by  Good  Living."  I  sup- 
pose he,  like  many  others,  would  pronounce 
it  all  a  humbug  that  any  one  could  work  hard 
on  lighter  food  than  is  usually  found  on  a 
farmer's  table.  We  often  have  made  our  sup- 
per all  of  oat-meal  or  graham  flour  hasty 
pudding  and  milk.  Corn-meal  during  the 
warm  weather  is  not  so  good.  I  am  remind- 
ed by  the  above  that  several  who  do  not  like 
graham  bread  very  well  think  better  of  it 
when  made  as  follows: 

NICE  GKAHAM  EEEAD. 

The  batter  is  mixed  with  half  white  and 
half  griham  flour,  and  kneaded  out  with 
white  flour.  I  believe  this  is  the  way  it  is 
made  at  Dr.  Jackson's  water-cure  establish- 
ment. I  like  better  to  make  the  batter  with 
graham  flour  entirely  and  then  knead  out 
with  white  flour. 

Not  long  ago  a  lady  friend  gave  uie  a  cooky 
to  taste,  telling  me  it  was  made  with  graham 
flour.  It  would  hardly  suit  the  taste  of  an 
epicure,  but  I  thought  it  very  good;  a  little 
dry,  perhaps,  but  healthful.  She  told  me 
she  often  made  ginger-bread  with  this  flour. 
I  do  nut  know  if  that  would  be  good  or  not, 
but  I  (hi  think  that  graham  bread  should  be 
found  on  the  table  oftener  than  it  is. 


First    Letter. 


BY  BUSY  BEK. 


I  never  wrote  anything  for  a  paper  in  my 
life,  but  I  feel  so  interested  in  the  California 
Ageiculrist,  that  I  want  others  to  write,  and 
if  all  hold  back  because  they  never  wrote  be- 
fore we  sho\ild  have  too  few  new  hints.  I 
think  almost  anything  one  can  say  upon 

riCACTICAL  SUBJECTS 

Interesting;  especially  about  children- -their 
management,  clothing  and  food.  I  look  for 
every  suggestion  with  interest,  and  have  no 
doubt  many  others  do  the  same.  Mothers 
and  housekeepers  could  send  forth  many  val" 


uable  suggestions  through  the  columns  of  the 
Ageicultueist,  and  do  a  great  deal  of  good. 

I  see  several  letters  from  the  little  folks.  I 
read  them  to  my  little  ones,  who  are  too 
young  to  read,  and  they   arc  highly  pleased. 

Now  I  must  give  "Snip"  a  hint  about 
what  to  do  for 

VEEMXN  ON    chickens. 

I  have  used  sulphur  and  almost  everything 
on  my  chickens,  and  I  do  believe  there  is  no 
such  thing  as  getting  entirely  rid  of  vermin 
on  them.  I  find  the  best  thing  is  tobacco.  I 
sprinkle  it  thickly  on  all  the  nests,  and  I  find 
wherever  it  is  there  is  no  vermin.  I  also 
sprinkle  it  wherever  a  hen  hovers  her  chicks 
at  night.  I  think  a  good  strong  wash  made 
of  it  and  applied  to  the  roosts  and  around  in 
the  cracks  ami  on  the  floors  of  the  chicken- 
house  would  be  beneficial,  though  I  have 
never  tried  it.  My  husband  says  the  chick- 
ens use  more  tobacco  than  he  does,  and  I  ven- 
ture to  suggest  it  probably  does  them  more 
good  than  it  does  him. 


A  Few  Suggestions  and  Recipes. 

Canning  Grapes. — I  have  been  canning 
some  mission  grapes,  and  a  little  care  has 
made  them  quite  eatable.  I  put  in  consider- 
able sugar,  cooked  them  quite  a  while,  then 
skimmed  nearly  all  the  seeds  off  and  feel  re- 
paid for  my  trouble. 

Grape    Pies. — The  next    time   you   make 

grajje  pies  put  a  large  tablespoonful   of  flour 

for  each  pie  into  the  fruit  before  putting  it 
into  the  pie-plate. 

Canning  Quinces. — I  hardly  ever  cook 
quinces  till  done  when  I  put  them  up,  because 
it  takes  so  long.  If  they  are  cooked  thor- 
oughly when  canned,  they  should  be  boiled 
in  clear  water  until  nearly  done.  Then  put 
in  the  sugar  and  boil  till  the  fruit  is  a  delicate 
pink  color.  Aj^ples  or  pears  are  nearly  always 
canned  with  quinces,  but  we  prefer  them  sep- 
arate. 

Quince  Jelly. — To  make  this  I  use  only 
the  skins  and  cores.  Boil  them  in  clear  wa- 
ter— a  pint  of  water  to  a  pound  of  fruit — un- 
til perfectly  soft.  Drip  over  night  and  put  a 
jiiound  of  sugar  to  a  pint  of  juice.  Do  not 
jjut  the  tin  covers  on  your  jelly  glasses  till 
the  jelly  has  formed.  Snip. 

Grape  Jam.  —  Mrs.  W.  E.  Patten  and 
Mrs.  S.  P.  Hellengren,  of  Dry  Creek, 
have  been  very  successful  in  making 
grape  jam  from  the  following  recipe:  Stem 
enough  grapes  to  make  five  gallons  of  juice — 
about  lUO  pounds  will  be  sutHcient.  Squeeze 
out  the  juice  through  a  colander,  and  then 
boil  it  slowly  till  it  is  reduced  to  two  and 
one-half  gallons.  These  operations  will  take 
one  day.  Then  take  the  same  amount  of 
grapes  and  boil  them  in  another  vessel  till 
they  burst  open  and  the  seeds  settle  to  the 
bottom.  Pour  oft' into  the  first  vessel,  being 
careful  not  to  let  the  seeds  escape.  Boil  the 
mixture  two  days.  This  jam  will  last  for 
■^■cars,  improving  with  age. — Jiusskm  River 
Flag.  

Unfermekted  Wine. — Various  churches  in 
this  country  are  introducing  unfermented 
wine  to  take  the  jilace  of  the  fermented,  com- 
miinly  in  use  for  churcli  jiurposes.  The  Jtmr- 
nal  (if  AjipUrd  Clii-mitilri/  describes  the  method 
of  manufacture  as  follows  :  In  order  to  jire- 
parc  it,  the  grapes  should  bo  allowed  to 
thoroughly  ri]jen.  They  are  then  picked,  and 
the  stems  and  all  green  and  rotten  grapes  re- 
moved. The  grapes  are  then  crushed  and 
pressed  in  the  usual  manner.  The  juice  may 
bo  put  directly  into  bottles,  or  it  may  first  bo 
concenlrated  somewhat  by  boiling  and  then 
bottled  ;  in  either  case   the  bottles  are  i]ut  in 


hot  water  and  brought  to  the  boiling  point, 
where  they  are  maintained  for  half  an  hour. 
At  the  end  of  this  time  remove  them  from  the 
fire  and  cork  them  tightly,  while  still  hot, 
wiring  in  the  corks.  Then  replace  them  and 
continue  the  boiling  another  hour.  Glass  bot- 
tles are  better  for  this  purpose  than  tin  cans, 
though  the  latter  may  be  used.  An  analysis 
of  a  specimen  jirepared  in  New  Jersey  gave 
the  following  result  :  Alcohol,  none  ;  sugar 
and  extract,  23,00  ;  ash,  40  ;  water,  7G,00— 
total,  1000,00.  This  had  probally  been  con- 
centrated somewhat  before  bottling.  The 
flavor  was  fine.  Some  acid  tartarate  of  pot- 
essium  had  crystalized  out. 

We  have  examined  grape  juice  put  up  the 
same  as  fresh  fruit  is  put  into  glass  bottles 
and  jars.  It  keeps  equally  well  and  is  excel- 
lent to  use  as  sauce  in  cooking  or  with  other 
fruit,  or  as  a  drink.  We  every  season  put 
up  several  jars  of  fresh  grapes  for  family  use 
and  like  them  altogether  better  than  the  juice 
separately.  Tartarate  of  potassium  always 
collects  in  crystals  on  bottom  of  the  bottles 
and  jars  both  of  fruit  and  juice. 


Coal  oil  lamps  will  be  much  safer  to  use, 
if  the  bowl  is  loosely  filled  with  raw  cotton 
or  tow  before  putting  in  any  oil.  In  case  of 
explosion  or  falling  on  the  floor,  the  burning 
fluid  cannot  fly  all  over  everything. 

Always  fill  a  coal  oil  lamp  every  day  before 
using.  The  bowl  should  never  be  allowed  to 
get  empty  and  be  lighted  in  that  condition, 
for  the  vacant  sj^ace  is  always  full  of  explos- 
ive gas. 

Never,  under  any  circumstances  whatever, 
try  to  kindle  a  fire  by  pouring  coal  oil  into  a 
stove  from  a  can.  Thousands  of  persons 
have  been  Vjurned  to  death  in  this  way,  and 
still  the  papers  chronicle  other  victims  to  the 

actice. 


An  egg-producing  feed  for  fowls,  highly 
recommended  by  a  fancier  who  has  tried  it,  is 
wheat  and  white  peas,  ground  and  mixed  to- 
gether as  stiS'as  possible  the  night  before  and 
used  only  as  a  morning  feed. 


As  a  drop  of  water  falling  from  the  house- 
eaves  weareth  and  holloweth  the  hard  stone, 
:iot  by  force,  but  by  often  falling  ;  even  so  a 
scholar  proveth  learned,  not  by  power  or 
strength,  but  by  much  diligence  and  great 
reading. 


The  fact  that  the  foot  hills  and  some  other 
portions  of  California  are  well  adapted  to  the 
cultivation  of  the  sumac  tree  is  attracting  at- 
fention,  the  leaves  of  that  tree  being  an  article 
of  commerce,  as  they  are  valuable  for  tan- 
hing  purposes. 


A  benevolent  gentleman  from  Vermont  ap- 
plied to  a  Boston  gentleman  for  aid  in  send- 
ing missionary  to  Turkey.  The  reply  was  as 
follows:  "I  have  invested  much  in  Vermont 
securities,  and  lost  many  thousands  by  the 
acts  of  your  railroad  men,  sustained  by  the 
people  and  the  courts.  I  have  also  lived  in 
Turkey,  and  had  much  intercourse  with  her 
people.  I  would  far  rather  give  my  money 
to  send  Turks  as  missionaries  to  Vermont.'' 


The  7orco  State  Leader  tells  a  story  of  a  well 
known  life  insurance  agent,  who  approached 
Hammond,  the  revivalist,  on  the  subject  of 
insuring  his  life.  Hammond  said  he  could 
not  afl'ord  to  turn  his  attention  to  such  a  tem- 
porary and  worldly  subject,  but  if  the  agent 
could  insure  his  soul  it  might  be  worth  while 
talking.  The  agent  slowly  shook  his  head 
and  said  it  was  impossii)le  ;  his  company  did 
not  carry  any  fire  risks  ! 

Now  that  the  evenings  are  getting  longer, 
it  is  a  good  time  to  discuss  the  mei-its  of  the 
difl'<'rent  agricultural  papers  and  select  the 
best,  and  to  urge  one's  neighbors  to  suliscribo. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


pljicttic. 


Nly  Neighbor's  Baby. 

CKOSS  in  my  neighbor's  window, 
With  its  drapings  of  eutin  and  lace 
^^"    I  sue  'iieath  its  flowing  ringlets, 
A  Ijiiby  6  innocent  face. 
His  feet  in  crimson  slipuers. 

Are  tapping  the  polished  glass. 
And  the  crowd  in  the  streets  look  upward. 
And  nod  and  smile  as  they  pass. 

Just  here  in  my  cottage  window, 

Catching  flies  in  the  snu. 
With  a  patched  and  faded  apron. 

Stands  my  own  little  one. 
His  face  is  as  pure  and  handsome 

As  the  baby's  over  the  way. 
And  he  keeps  my  heart  from  breaking 

At  my  toiling,  every  day. 

Sometimes  when  the  day  is  ended. 

And  I  sit  in  the  dusk  to  rest, 
"With  the  face  of  my  sleeping  darling 

Hugged  close  to  my  lonely  breast, 
I  pray  that  my  neighbor's  baby 

May  not  catch  heaven's  roses  all. 
But  that  some  may  crown  the  forehead 

Of  my  loved  one,  as  they  fall. 

And  when  I  draw  the  stockings 

From  his  little  weary  feet, 
And  kiss  the  rosy  dimples 

In  his  limbs,  so  round  and  sweet, 
I  think  of  the  dainty  garments. 

Some  little  children  wear, 
And  that  my  God  witholds  them 

From  mine  so  pure  and  fair. 


May  God  forgive  my  envy, — 

I  knew  not  what  I  said; 
My  heart  is  crushed  and  troubled, 

My  neighbors  boy  is  dead  ! 
I  saw  the  little  coffin 

As  they  carried  it  out  to-day  ; — 
A  mother's  heart  is  breaking 

In  the  mansion  over  the  way. 

The  light  is  fair  in  my  window  : 

The  flowers  bloom  at  my  door  ; 
My  boy  is  chasingltbe  sunbeams 

That  dance  on  the  cottage  floor. 
The  roses  of  health  are  blooming 

On  my  darling's  cheek  to-day. 
But  the  baby  is  gone  from  the  window 

Of  the  mansion  over  the  way. 


Two  Ways  of  Feeding  Our  Babies. 

BY     "JEWELL." 

The  natural  is  the  best  -wiiy  of  course  ; 
with  the  mother's  milk  -and  yet  I  have  seen 
more  than  one  bottle-fed-baby  that  surpassed 
in  appearance  and  healthfulness,  the  breast- 
fid  one — simply  because  the  latter  child  was 
fi-d  at  any  time  when  it  was  handy,  or  the 
child  cried  for  it  ;  the  mother  being  of  the 
'••nslitiitlonalli/  tired  sort,  weary  with  work  and 
worrj' — and  the  poor  babe  living  on  tired, 
sick  milk,  had  an  old,  careworn  look  on  its 
face — while  in  the  other  case,  baby  was  fed 
r'(jularly.  Ah  mother's,  remember  ihal,  every 
three  hours,  and  on  healthy,  strong  cows  milk, 
uo  sugar,  no  water — nothing  but  pure  milk  ; 
and  all  night  without  any,  after  baby  was  a 
few  months  old  ;  for  it  is  by  habit  that  our 
infants  learn  to  nurse  all  night — a  torment  to 
themselves  and  jjarents. 

Dr.  Fuller  Walker  of  Ne-«'  York  says  : 
"  Undoubtedly  the  gravest  error  committed 
by  parents,  is  in  the  matter  of  giving  food  to 
their  children.  I  find  it  almost  always  the 
f  let  that  a  child  suffering  from  inflanunalion  of 
'I":  bou:e!s,  has  been  fed  (if  it  is  dressed  right) 
« ith  corn  starch,  coffee  and  tea,  some  upon 
milk,  bits  of  bread,  meat  cake,  and  a  bit  of 
•  very  thing  there  is  going  about  the  house. 
Not  more  than  ten  cases  out  of  the  200  oc- 
curred in  infants  below  the  age  of  six  months, 
and  net  more  than  twenty-five  in  children 
over   three     years.     These    facts   show    that 


bowel  complaints  commence  in  children  from 
the  time  those  having  charge  of  them,  begin 
to  stuff  them  with  a  variety  of  food,  much  of 
which  is  totally  unsuited  to  their  little 
stomaches  and  tender  bowels." 

The  other  day,  I  was  w-onderiug  why  it 
was  that  so  many  women  of  the  present  day 
cannot  nurse  their  babies,  but  use  bottles  and 
cows  milk.  To  such  an  extent  are  they  used, 
that  the  trade  in  bottles  and  fixings  thereto, 
is  an  important  one — and  seems  reduced  to 
perfection  almost  ;  well,  I  asked  myself,  if 
it  would  be  a  type  of  the  "  coming  woman  !" 
And  would  the  future,  by  opening  its  college 
doors  to  her,  its  many  avenues  of  trade, 
making  her  equal  before  the  law  and  giving 
her  equal  power  in  politics  through  the 
mighty  ballot,  was  all  this  to  be  bought  at 
the  expense  of  her  dear  privilege  of  nursing 
and  rearing  her  own  children  ?  If  so,  it  were 
a  dear  price  to  pay,  and  I  would  say,  keep 
your  ballot  and  man's  government,  rather 
than  ask  me  to  pay  so  much  for  so  little  in 
return.  But  what  is  the  truth  regarding  the 
mothers  of  to-day.  Surely  it  is  natural  for 
her  to  nurse  her  children.  Something  is 
wrong  if  she  does  not.  If  we  look  far  enough 
into  her  habits  of  life  and  condition  of  health, 
we  will  find  errors  existing,  sufficient  to 
cause  the  evil.  Then  mothers  and  daughters, 
let  us  study  to  know  ourselves,  and  by  living 
in  accordance  with  nature's  laws,  return  to 
the  more  natural  condition  of  womanhood 
and  the  nursing  of  our  own  babies. 


How  Agnes  Rears  her  Baby. 

Deak  Emtoi:  and  Headers  of  the  Agri- 
cultukist: — There  is  so  much  truly  valuable 
reading  in  the  last  number  of  our  paper  that 
I  feel  like  sending  you  a  few  lines  apprecia- 
tive, not  yet  knowing  -what  will  be  the  nature 
of  my  article. 

It  would  seem  that  the  intellects  of  our 
contributors  had  been  whetted  for  the  occa- 
sion, their  thoughts  shine  out  so  bright  and 
clear.  There  is  "Grandfather's  Letter;" 
the  columns  for  the  "Boys  and  Girls," 
quite  amusing — particularly  the  Little  Folks' 
Dictionary.  Then  the  letters  from  our  lady 
friends:  "Jewell,"  whose  thoughts  are  al- 
ways elevating  and  enlivening,  has  been  more 
lavish  than  usual,  giving  us  two  chats  in  one 
visit.  .\ud  here,  I  believe,  is  my  subject — 
the  talks  about  babies  and  babj--dressing. 

I  have  put  some  hints,  which  I  have  gath- 
ered from  "Jewell"  and  other  like  sources, 
into  practice  in  the  rearing  of  onr  last  baby, 
who,  ten  months  old,  is  now 

sweetly  sleeping  by  my  side. 
And  can  assure  you  I  thus  far  feel  well  re- 
paid for  doing  so.  Many  times  a  day  I  call 
her  Rose-bud,  Peach-blossom,  etc.,  for  her 
clear,  lively,  healthful  appearance  suggests 
just  such  names.     She  has 

A  DELICATE,     SICKLY  MOTHER, 

And  has  consequently  been  fed  from  the  bot- 
tle since  three  weeks  old.  As  I  have  been 
benefitted,  so  may  others  be,  if  I  tell  you 
just  how  I  have  cared  for  her.  It  has  been 
done  with  my  own  hands  since  she  was  one 
week  old;  for  I  had  great  faith  in  the  antici- 
pated course,  and  was  determined  it  should 
be  carried  out  to    letter,  and  must  say   I   am 


encouraged  by  a  spirit  of  triumph  thus  far. 
She  has  been  dressed  according  to 

"JEWELL'S  "  APPROVED  STYI.E. 

In  long-sleeved  flannels.  When  changing 
the  outside  plaid  flannel  wrappers  for  white 
muslin,  I  add  an  extra  soft  flannel  under-gai- 
ment.  Then  baby  takes  no  cold.  I  like  to 
see  babies  in  white  as  well  as  any  one,  but 
prefer  the  comfort  of  the  child,  and  would  as 
soon  think  of  keeping  myself  in  white. 
The  only  objection  to  the  plaid  flannels  is 
that  they  shrink;  but  as  a  substitute  there 
are  pretty  shades  of  waterproof,  which,  when 
trimmed  with  something  bright  are  very  use- 
ful and  not  out  of  taste,  when  wo  consider 
the  benefit. 

Now  for  the  feeding,  which  is  uo  less  im- 
portant. Although  there  is  much  said  and 
written  against  the 

N0RSIXG  BOTTLE, 

I  speak  in  its  favor.  It  is  better  to  have  two 
for  use.  I  prefer  those  with  rubber  and 
glass  tube,  with  these  cone  brushes  for  clean- 
sing; but  the  little  brush  for  cleansing  the 
tube  loses  the  bristles,  and  is,  I  think,  unfit. 
I  therefore  picked  the  bristles  from  "the  wire 
and  substituted  a  piece  of  fine  sponge.  A 
piece  on  each  end  of  the  wire  is  good,  you 
will  find — one  quite  small,  the  other  larger. 
I  separate  the  tube  into  its  parts  and 
.  cleanse  it,  with  the  bottle,  thoroughly  once 
or  twice  a  day. 

PBEPAEING  THE  FOOD. 

At  first  I  used  clear,  sweet  milk  heated  to 
blood  heat,  without  sugar  or  water.  At  times 
this  would  be  too  constipating.  Boiled  milk 
would  be  more  so.  Then  I  must  look  for 
other  food  for  her,  for  baby  must  have  no 
medicine.  Indian  meal  was  suggested  to  my 
mind.  I  put  a  few  spoonfuls  to  sdak  in  water 
over  night,  next  morning  stirred  and  strained 
through  a  perforated  tin  strainer,  boiled  in  a 
smooth  porcelain  kettle  (kept  for  the  purpose 
as  baby's  taste  is  delicate),  added  a  little 
sweet  milk  and  fed  from  the  bottle  through 
the  day.     This  has  prevented  constipation. 

For  three  months  past  her  food  has  been 
prepared  for  the  daytime  in  this  way,  alter- 
nating wheat-meal,  oat-meal  and  corn-meal, 
without  sugar,  only  a  little  sweet  milk.  Our 
little  calves  are  fed  on  milk,  grains,  etc.,  with- 
out sugar,  and  they  get  their  teeth  without 
being  sick.  Our  little  girl  has  six  teeth,  has 
had  no  diarhita,  asks  not  to  be  held  through 
the  day-time  but  amuses  herself  with  jilays 
on  the  floor  and  sleeps.     Has  done  all  her 

SLEEPrSG  OUT  OF  DOOES 

Since  two  weeks  old,  except  in  stormy  weath- 
er. Sheltered  from  the  wind,  her  sleeps  have 
been  from  two  to  four   hours   in   length. 

Another  item  must  not  be  left  out — I  com- 
menced feeding  her  not  oftener  than  once  in 
two  hours  •nhen  awake.  A  few  days  care 
will  regulate  this,  and  attention  to  it  will  reg- 
ulate the  entire  habits  of  the  child.  Since 
six  months  old  she  does  not  take  food  inside 
of  three  hours.     Each  day  she  has  had 

A  FULL  BATH 

In  tepid  water.  On  taking  her  from  the  tub 
she  is  wrapped  in  flannel  or  shawl  for  a  few 
minutes  to  prevent  chilliness  and  produce  an 
even  circulation,  then  rubbed  gently  and 
diessed.  As  cold  weather  advances  may 
bathe  her  less. 

I  do  not  write  this    to    boast   of    our   baby 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^ 


over  others,  but  to  uphold  the  system  of 

EEAEINC  CHILDKEN  WITHOUT  MEDICINE, 

And  to  say,  that  if  a  child  can  fare  thus  _well 
in  the  bands  of  a  mother  whose  nervous  sys- 
tem has  been  a  wreck  since  the  birth  of  her 
first  child  twelve  years  ago,  what  may  not 
you  well  mothers  do?  Agnes. 


Semi-Annual  Convention  of  the  Short, 
horn  Stock  Breeder's  Association. 


T  the  last  meeting  of  the  Semi-Annual 
Convention  of  the  Shorthorn  Stock 
'™^  Breeders  Association  of  California,  Mr. 
L,^  Cyrus  Jones,  President  was  in  the  chair 
and  Mr.  Bridgeford  acted  as  Secretary, 
the  following  business  was  transacted : 

A  Committee  on  resolutions  on  the  death  of 
G.  N.  Sweezy,  a  member  of  the  society,  was 
appointed,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Overheizer, 
Younger  and  Quinn.  The  Committee  subse- 
quently reported  the  following  preamble  and 
resolutions  which  were  adopted: 

Wheeeas,  We  have  learned  with  much  sor- 
row of  the  death  of  one  of  our  most  valued 
members,  Mr.  G.  N.  Sweezy,  who  departed 
this  life  since  our  last  meeting,  He  was  an 
early  pioneer,  grew  up  with  the  country,  and 
was  truly  devoted  to  the  interests  of  his 
adopted  California.  His  enterprise  in  plant- 
ing out  the  semi-tropical  fruits,  that  were 
beginning  to  realize  his  most  sanguine  hopes; 
his  ardent  devotion  to  and  admiration  of  the 
Shorthorn;  his  skill  in  breeding  and  feeding 
them;  the  splendid  displays  he  has  made  for 
years  at  our  State  fairs;  his  manly  and  hon- 
orable competition,  shows  that  he  was  imbued 
with  the  great  interests  of  the  country.  Well 
we  do  remember  the  eloquent  and  forcible 
speech  he  made  at  this  place  one  year  ago,  to 
harmonize  and  foster  the  interests  of  the 
Shorthorn  breeders. 

Besolved,  That  in  his  death  we  have  lost  a 
valued  friend,  and  that  we  send  our  condo- 
lence to  his  stricken  wife  and  children.  Peace 
to  his  memory. 

Besolved,  That  the  President  and  Secretary 
forward  a  copy  of  these  resolutions  to  the 
bereaved  family. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  mem- 
bers of  the  Association;  M.  B.  Sturgiss,  Cen- 
terville;  E.  Fore,  Princeton;  L.  W.  Shippen, 
Stockton;  E.  D.  Brown,  Haywood;  B.  Bates, 
Courtland;  E.  Comstock,  Sacramento;  A.  J. 
Scoggins,  Colusa;  E.  G.  Weston,  Folsom;  E. 
A.  IJridgeford. 

Colonel  Younger  was  then  introduced,  and 
delivered  the  semi-annual  address.  This  ad- 
dress treated  of  stock-raising  entirely.  The 
following  resolutions  were  passed: 

llrsiilreil.  That  the  thanks  of  this  Society 
be  tenedered  to  Colonel  Younger  for  his  able 
address  on  Shorthorns.  We  commend  it  to 
the  people  of  California  as  embodying  much 
jiractical  and  useful  information,  and  especi- 
ally to  the  young  breeders.  We  also  thank 
him  for  his  devotion  to  our  interests  as  a 
member  of  the  State  Agricultural  Board;  his 
uniform  attention  to  all  our  wants,  and  his 
niiinly  stand  for  our  rights.  In  him  we  feel 
that  the  st(pck  breeders  of  California  have  a 
trrie  representative. 

Members  and  visitors,  and  breeders  of  other 
kinds  of  cattle  than  Shorthorns,  were  then 
called  on  and  addressed  the  Society  on  sub- 
jects of  interest  to  the  Convention.  Among 
thmo  were  Messrs.  .Jones,  Quinn  and  Wicks. 

The  question  of  having   an  annual   grand 


cattle  sale  and  exhibition  was  discussed,  and 
it  was  finally  I'esolved  to  hold  it  at  Agricultu- 
ral Park,  Sacramento,  on  the  third  Thursday 
of  April  next. 

The  Prefident  and  Secretary  of  the  Con- 
vention were  directed  to  i^repare  a  cataloiigo 
of  all  the  stock  to  be  sold  at  such  exhibition. 
The  Convention  adopted  the  following  reso- 
lutions: 

IlfSoh--r:il,  That  it  is  the  desire  of  all  the 
exhibitors  of  shorthorn  cattle  at  the  State 
fair  for  the  Committee  to  make  known  their 
decision  by  tying  on  the  ribbon  a)id  declaring 
the  winner  at  the  time  of  decision. 

Resohxd,  That  the  thanks  of  this  meeting 
be  tendered  to  the  reporters  of  the  Becord- 
Univn  and  Bulldin  for  the  interests  they  have 
taken  in  our  meetings. 

The  Convention  then  adjourned  to  meet  in 
Sau  Francisco,  April  1st,  187(5. 


"Foot  and  Mouth  Disease"  Among 
Our  Cattle- 
Says  the  Indiana  Farmer:  This  disease 
which  has  prevailed  more  or  less  in  England 
for  several  years,  and  is  now  sweeping  oflf 
thousands  of  cattle  there,  it  has  made  its  ap- 
pearance here.  The  Jersey  herd  or  F.  M. 
Churchman,  of  Indianapolis,  has  been  at- 
tacked with  it,  and  one  animal  died  with  it  a 
few  days  ago.  Animals  affected  with  the 
disease  show  profusive  saliva,  .and  the  feet 
are  exceedingly  tender. 

In  England  where  it  has  longest  prevailed 
the  disease  is  found  to  be  very  contagious, 
and  a  separation  from  the  other  animals 
should  be  promptly  attended  to.  As  dis- 
infectants, camphor  and  carbolic  acid  is  rec- 
ommended. The  feet  should  be  washed  with 
a  solution  of  one  part  of  this  acid  to  ten  parts 
of  water,  and  the  mouth  and  nostrils  with  a 
warm  solution  of  one  part  carboliea  cid  to 
thirty  parts  of  water.  This  is  donewith  a 
syringe. 

So  fatal  and  to  such  an  extent  is  the  dis- 
ease prevailing  in  England,  that  a  meat  famine 
is  feared  there.  The  cattle  in  the  western 
coast  is  more  or  less  afleeted,  and  the  strictest 
surveillance  prevails  over  all  stock  imported 
into  England. 

The  greatest  care  should  be  taken  among 
our  stock  men  to  separate  the  affected  animals 
on  the  first  ajjpearance  of  the  disease.  The 
remedy  given  above  has  proven  the  best  that 
has  been  tried,  and  if  administered  in  time 
usually  cures. 

The  Farmer  in  an  article  on  the  cattle  dis- 
ease in  England  says  the  number  of  cases  for 
the  quarter  ending  the  ICth  of  October,  is  as 
follows:  In  Somersetshire,  83,000;  Glouces- 
tersetshire,  44,000;  Cheshire,  .''.0,000;  Dorset- 
shire, 48,000;  Oxfordshire,  ,S.5,000;  AVarwick- 
shire,  33.000;  Norfolk,  31,000;  Cumberland, 
23,000.  Throughout  England  and  Wales 
there  were  for  the  same  time  over  500,000 
cases. 

»-»-* 

Mes.  Jones  did  not  interfere  when  Jones 
bought  a  farm,  but  when  he  talked  about 
stocking  it,  she  put  in  a  strong  plea  for  the 
new  stripped  pattern. 

Ameeican  Shoethoen  Heed  Book. — The 
time  for  receiving  pedigrees  for  the  American 
Shorthorn  Herd  Book,  vol.  15,  has  be.  n  ex- 
tended to  December  1st.  Address  the  editor, 
L.  F.  Allen,  1192  Niagara  street,  Buffalo, 
New  York. 


Says  the  Fresno  Expositor;  "C.'itlle  in  the 
swamps  are  said  to  bo  in  a  very  bad  comli- 
tiou.  The  feed  is  very  short,  and  stock  poor, 
aad  in  consequenoe  lage  numbers  are  dying. 
They  get  mired  in  the  water  holes,  and  are 
unable  to  extricate  themselves.  The  worst 
timo  has  not  yet  arrived:  .\fter  the  rains 
commence,  the  loss  is  sure  to  be  great." 


Live  Stock  at  the  Centennial. 

A  happy  solution  has  been  reached  of  the 
troublesome  problem  how  to  provide  ade- 
quately for  that  department  at  the  Interna- 
tional Exhibition  which  comprises  horses, 
mules,  horned  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  etc.  It 
was  manifest  that  these  could  not  be  accom- 
modated in  the  vicinity  of  the  Agricultural 
Building  at  the  Exhibition,  or  within  the 
Park  enclosure,  since,  in  the  first  place,  the 
only  available  drainage  of  any  such  tract 
must  be  into  the  Schuylkill  at  a  point  above 
the  Water  Works  of  the  city  and  of  the  Ex. 
hibition;  and  next,  the  area  of  disposable 
ground  in .  that  locality  is  wholly  unequal  to 
the  magnitude  of  the  live  stock  exhibition  to 
be  provided  for. 

In  this  emergency  the  Board  of  Finance 
have  been  fortunate  in  leasing  from  Pennsyl- 
vania Eailroad  Company  the  stock-yards, 
above  the  twenty-two  acres  in  extent,  which 
are  now  used  as  drove-yards  by  that  company 
but  from  which  they  intend  to  remove  in 
December  next,  and  which  are  situated  upon 
the  south  side  of  its  main  line  of  tracks  be- 
tween Belmont  avenue  and  Forty-first  street, 
within  a  few  hundred  feet  of  the  principal 
entrance  to  the  Exhibition  Grounds.  This 
ground  is  passed  by  street  railways  on  both 
of  the  bounding  streets,  as  well  ,as  by  the 
Pennsylvania  Ilailroad,  which  will  erect  a 
depot  upon  it  for  passenger  accommodation, 
and  has  alreadj'  sidings  and  platforms  within 
the  enclosure  for  the  unloading  of  animals, 
so  that  these  can  be  brought  by  rail  from  any 
point  without  transshipment.  The  existing 
shedding  will  be  cleared  away,  and  the  whole 
surface  handsomely  renovated  and  supplied 
with  stalls  of  a  convenience  and  neatness 
unusual  .at  live  stock  exhibitions.  Mauj'  of 
the  important  preliminaries  are  already  pro- 
vided, since,  in  addition  to  the  essential  rail- 
road facilities  already  mentioned,  water  is 
now  distributed  throughout  the  entire  tract  by 
service  pipes  twenty-tive  feet  apart;  thorough 
di'ainage  can  be  secured  through  the  adjacent 
city  sewers;  much  of  the  surface  is  paved; 
large  numbers  of  neighboring  sheds  and 
barns  provide  sutflciently  for  storage  of  hay. 
grain,  etc.,  and  hotels  hard  bj',  formerly  used 
by  the  drovers,  will  accommodate  exhibitors 
and  their  agents.  When  it  is  added  that  the 
area  of  the  land  is  such  as  to  admit  the  con- 
struction of  a  half  mile  track  for  the  exercise 
of  the  auim.als  and  their  examination  by  the 
judges,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  managers  of 
the  Exhibition  have  provided  the  means  of 
giving  its  due  prominence  to  this  very  im- 
jxn-tant  department  of  the  Agricultural  Exhi- 
bition. 

Special  series  of  live  stock  exhibitions  have 
been  provided  for  as  follows:  Horses  from 
Septeniuer  1st  to  September  15th;  neat  cattle 
from  September  20th  to  October  5th;  sheep, 
swine,  dogs,  from  October  10th  to  October 
25th;  po\iltrv  from  October  25th  to  November 
l(,th. 

Persons  who  intend  making  entries  for  this 
exhibition  should  do  so  without  delay,  in 
order  that  the  managers  may  be  able  to 
estimate  the  numb<'r  of  stalls  and  extent  of 
other  preparations  that  will  bo  needed.  In 
the  large  Agricultural  Exhibition  Building, 
though  it  covers  ten  acres,  so  many  applica- 
tions for  space  have  been  made  by  exhibitors 
of  agricultural  produi'ls  and  machinery  as  to 
necessitate  an  enlargement  of  the  original 
plan.  The  display  of  live  stock  is  likely  to 
be  no  less  popular;  and  those  wishing  to  par- 
ticipate in  it,  even  though  their  applications 
Muxy  require  future  amendment,  sliould  lose 
no  timo  in  communicating  with  Jlr.  Burnette 
Landreth,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture 
Internatiiinal  Exhibition,  Philadel]>liia. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


The  Live  Stock  Interests. 

Tho  National  Live  Slock  Journal  illustrates 
the  importance  ot  the  interests  which  it  rep- 
resents by  referring  to  the  fact  that  in  Chicago 
last  year  the  aggregate  shipments  of  live  stock 
and  dairy  products  amounted  to  $115,750,000 
while  the  shipments  of  all  other  farm  pro- 
ducts amounted  only  to  $81,650,000.  The 
live  stock,  according  to  these  figures,  repre- 
sented about  one  and  a  half  times  tho  value 
of  everything  else  included  under  tho  general 
term  of  agricutural  products.  The  TAve 
Stock  Journal,  having  thus  established  the 
importance  of  the  live  stock  interests,  pro- 
ceeds to  make  complaint  because  accommda- 
tious  are  to  be  provided  at  the  Centennial 
Exposition,  for  only  seven  hundred  head  of 
cattle — a  number  which  it  considers  altogether 
too  meagre  for  a  fair  representation  on  the 
part  of  the  country  at  large,  as  state  exhibi- 
tions frequently  elicit  one-half  or  two-thirds 
as  many.  The  Cowdry  Gentleman  docs  not 
consider  the  complaint  a  just  one;  and  be- 
lieves that,  taking  into  consideration  the  dis- 
tance to  be  traveled  and  the  expenses  to  be 
incurred,  together  with  the  fact  that  great 
care  will  be  taken  in  the  selection  of  compe- 
ting animals,  it  is  not  likely  that  the  entries 
will  largely  exceed  the  number  mentioned. 
However  this  may  be,  we  shall  certainly  have 
a  better  representation  of  our  live  stock  in- 
terests by  the  exhibition  of  a  limited  number 
of  the  finest  aninaals  than  by  getting  together 
a  multitude  of  only  average  excellence.  This 
sifting  process  is  a  good  thing  in  this,  as  in 
many  other  matters. 

Jersey  Cattle  Sale. 

I  There  takes  place  occasionally  a  sale  of  this 

favorite  class  of  stock  where  the  purchaser 
■  an  get  great  bargains  and  first-class  stock  at 
the  same  time.  On  the  7th  of  October, 
1  ilessrs.  Isburgh  &  "Walker  of  Boston  sold  at 
I  auction  fifteen  head  of  Jersey  cattle  belong- 
ing to  W.  J.  Cook,  ot  Foxboro.  There  was  a 
.;ood  attendance  of  gentlemen,  and  he  fol- 
li  .wing  shows  the  prices  paid:  Bull — Towanda 
.hopped  at  sea  Oct.  20,  1872,  $50.  Cows  and 
li'ifers — Eva  Le  Sueur,  imported,  six  years 
i!d,  $55;  Gravelotte,  imported,  six  years  old, 
sS2  50;  Alice,  imported,  five  years  old  $72- 
Ml;  Victoria,  four  and  one-third  years  old, 
>r25;  Artless,  imported,  four  years  and  five 
months,  $12  50;  Ripple,  imported,  five  years 
old,  $102  50;  Jessie,  six  years  old,  $127  50; 
Slcylark,  imported  in  dam,  dropped  Nov.  26, 
1872,  $80;  Artless  second,  imported  in  dam, 
dropped  July  25,  1873,  $50;  Bergerette,  im- 
jinrted,  nine  years  old,  $27  50;  Clover,  dropp- 
ed Oct.  3,  1873,  $82  50;  Ivy,  dropped  Oct. 
7,  1872,  $87  .50;  Lillev  dropped  Nov.  20. 
1874,  $25;  a  heifer  dropped  Dec.  12,  1873, 
S32  50. 

Jerseys  ought  to  bring  better  prices  than 
tliese  and  we  are  surprised  that  their  friends 
didn't  rally  in  greater  numbers  and  bid  with 
greater  enthusiasm. — ilfo.ss.  Pkmyhman. 


Embaego  on  Cattle! — The  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  has  addressed  a  circular  letter  to  all 
I  'oUectors  of  Customs  in  the  United  States, 
announcing  that  no  importations  of  meat 
■  ■attle  or  hides  will  be  allowed  from  England 
from  the  date  of  the  order  November  3d,  in 
consequence  of  the  prevalence  of  the  mouth 
■lisease  in  that  country. 


Takk  Caee  or  the  Implements. — Don't 
.  ave  your  implements  out  in  the  weather.    A 

leat  many  farmers  are  too  remiss  about  this 
iiaportant  matter.  They  do  not  often  see 
''..■yond  the  first  cost  of  new  tools,  forgetting 
I  he  constant  accumulations  of  interest  which 

.Q  up  into  vast  sums.  Costly  machines  and 
:  "lis  are  often  injured  more  by  exposuse  to 

in  and  storm,  than  by  use. 


Mr.  Stuyvesant's  Sale. 

The  clearing  out  Ayrshire  sale  of  Mr.  John 
E.  Stnyvesant,  at  Edgewood,  near  Pough- 
keepsie,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  20.  Tho  same  that  was 
advertised  in  the  Calieoenia  AKRicnLTURisT 
AND  Live  Stock  Journal.  Attracted  a  very 
good  attendance  of  breeders,  some  coming 
from  considerable  distances.  Competition 
was  at  times  rather  slack,  but  only  one  ani- 
mal— the  grand  old  monarch  of  the  herd, 
Robbie  Bruce — was  sent  out  of  the  ring  for 
want  of  an  offer;  and  while  five  lots  were 
knocked  down  to  the  first  bidder,  competition 
on  several  of  the  others  was  very  animated. 
The  condition  of  the  cattle  certainly  indicated 
no  attempt  at  getting  them  up  for  exhibition. 
Secretary  Harrison  of  the  New  York  State 
Agricultural  Society  acted  as  auctioneer,  and 
e£fecte<l  sales  as  below : 

Cows  and  heifers  sold  from  $50  to  $200 
each.  Bulls  and  bull  calves  $10  to  $155  each 
SoMMAKY — 41  cows  and  heifers,  average,  $80- 
90.  Total,  $3,685.  Five  bulls  and  bull 
calves,  average,  $58  00.  Total,  $200  00.  46 
head,  average,  $86  41.     Total,  $3,075. 


$\m)}  mxi  (Soat 


$. 


The  Angora  Coat  Fleece, 

^i;V.j!HE  number  of  these  goats  now  in  Cali- 
Tj  foruia  is  larger  by  many  hundred  than 
last  year,  and  importation  is  increa.sing. 
As  to  the  disposal  of  the  fleece  there  is 
no  longer  any  question.  The  Sacra- 
mento Bee  is  reliably  infroraed  that  "every 
pound  of  fleece  in  the  State  can  find  a  ready 
market  in  New  York  at  ninety  cents  or  one 
dollar  a  pound,  and  the  average  yield  is  four 
pounds  per  head.  These  animals  ai-e  well 
adapted  to  mountain  sections,  as  they  can 
subsist  where  sheep  would  starve. 

The  Angora  Goat  Breeder's  Association 
have  been  at  great  trouble  and  expense  in 
obtaining  thoroughbred  animals  for  this  coast 
and  the  result  of  there  labors  will  soon  be 
made  apparant. 

AVe  notice  the  establishment  of  an  enterprise 
in  San  Jose  which  is  the  commencement,  we 
hope,  of  an  extensive  business.  The  Angora 
Robe  and  Glove  Company  have  commenced 
the  work  of  tanning,  drying  and  manufactur- 
ing leather,  wools,  gloves,  robes  etc.,  making 
mats,  carriage  robes,  armlets,  boot  tops,  col- 
lars and  many  other  saleable  articles  from  the 
skins  and  fleeces  of  the  Angora.  There  will 
never  be  any  lack  of  market  for  so  valuable  a 
staple  as  mohair,  nor  will  the  business  ever  be 
overdone.  In  a  few  years  the  State  will  be 
stocked  with  a  class  of  goats  almost  pure  bred 
the  result  of  breeding  together  thoroughbreds 
and  high  grades,  and  the  higher  the  grade 
becomes  the  more  valuable  will  be  the  fleece. 


In  the  late  fearful  storms  in  France,  506 
sheep  were  killed  at  Belle  Coste  by  one  flash 
of  lightning.  They  belonged  to  a  flock  of 
1,800,  the  property  of  a  farmer.  His  loss 
amounts  to  18,000  francs.  About  2,000  were 
thrown  down  headlong.  Two  boys  were  j<ist 
arriving  with  the  shepherd's  lunch,  and  they 
set  t(5  work  with  great  presence  ot  mind,  to 
disengage  the  heap  of  carcases.  Many  others 
must  have  died  from  suflbeatiou  but  for  this 
help.  Some  of  the  incidents  noted  are  curi- 
ous. The  shepherd  had  his  sabots  broken, 
while  one  of  his  gaiters  was  struck  off,  and 
has  not  been  found.  The  man  was  unhurt, 
but  much  shaken.  His  dog  was  lying  between 
his  legs  when  the  bolt  fell;  it  carried  the  body 
twenty  yards,  and  twelve  carcases  of  sheep 
were  found  piled  above  it. 


Now  is  a  good  time  to  suhscrilif. 


The  Cashmeee  Goat. — Here  it  will  be  in 

place  to  say  a  few  words  concerning  that  beau- 
tiful and  interesting  animal,  the  Cashmere 
goat,  with  its  fleece  like  a  summer  cloud, 
wavy  and  long  and  shinging  after  a  rain,  like 
white-gold  satin.  William  M.  Landrum  says 
in  his  pamphlet  on  the  subject  that  there  are 
already  seventy  thousand  animals  in  the 
State  with  more  or  less  of  this  noble  blood  in 
their  veins.  Always  hardy  and  healthy  in 
this  climate,  clean  as  a  cat,  inodorous,  never 
deserting  its  young  like  the  base  Spanish 
goat,  contentedly  browsing  on  chaparral,  pine, 
poison  oak,  and  a  hundred  things,  where  even 
the  little  merino  would  die,  never  so  happy 
as  when  picking  moss  ot!  a  rock  or  a  decayed 
log,  never  getting  lost  like  the  stupid  she"ep, 
but  always  cleaving  to  its  fellows  and  always 
coming  to  the  corral  at  night  of  its  own  ac- 
cord, yielding  the  purest  milk  of  all  animals, 
which  is  never  bitter,  no  matter  what  the 
goat  eats,  with  flesh  sweeter  than  mutton  and 
mohair  twice  as  valuable  as  wool — this  little 
animal  is  one  of  nature's  priceless  boons  to 
the  poor  man.  It  thrives  wonderfully  on  the 
thinnest,  rockiest  farms  on  the  foot-hills, 
where  the  miners  have  peeled  off  the  top  soil, 
and,  in  my  opinion,  it  is  destined  to  bo  the 
regenerator  of  those  very  regions,  otherwise 
beyond  hope.  In  addition  to  its  beauty  and 
its  vahie,  if  indulged  by  its  master  with  a 
casual  handful  of  grain  or  salt,  it  will  become 
greatly  attached  to  him,  and  distressed  when 
he  is  out  of  sight,  running  and  bleating  in 
quest  of  him. — Slephen  I'ower.-i  in  Atlantic 
ilonnhly. 


Wool  in  Colorado. — A  correspondent  of 
the  Economist  writes  that  wool  growing  is 
destined  to  be  one  of  the  heaviest  and  most 
important  interests  in  this  territory.  There 
is  no  location  in  the  country  better  fitted  for 
sheep.  The  climate  is  mild,  and  in  most 
cases  the  sheep  graze  the  year  round.  The 
water  is  abundant,  and  the  bunch  grass  in 
tho  valleys  is  very  nutritious.  Few  lambs  die 
in  the  fields,  and  there  are  no  diseases  among 
the  sheep,  and  never  has  been  in  this  territo- 
ry. While  in  the  south«^-n  and  western  por- 
tions of  the  territory,  I  saw  many  large  flocks 
of  sheep,  numbering  thousands.  I  was  sur- 
prised at  the  number  of  lambs,  which  seemed 
to  be  equal  to  the  sheep.  The  wool  here  is 
very  clean  and  entirely  free  from  briars,  bur- 
docks, etc. 


•  One  of  our  exchanges  state  that  samples  of 
wool  were  on  exhibition  at  the  CrystJil  Palace 
New  York,  not  long  since,  for  which  a  pre- 
mium was  awarded.  The  same  beat  all  com- 
petition of  the  old  world.  It  took  Mr.  Bick- 
nell  three  years  to  produce  this  wonder,  and 
cost  a  great  deal  of  pains  and  labor,  braiding 
the  wool  and  tying  it  over  the  sheep's  back. 
The  fibres  of  this  wool  are  probably  the  lon- 
gest ever  grown  before  or  since,  being  about 
three  feet  in  length.  It  was  estimated  by 
good  judges  that  the  fleece  would  weigh  from 
forty  to  fifty  pounds.  The  fleece  was  finally 
sold  to  a  shownan  and  brought  the  owner  the 
nice  little  sum  of  five  hundi'ed  dollars. 


A  New  Breed  of  Sheep. — William  Crozier, 
in  charge  of  an  extensive  farm  on  Long  Is- 
land, is  endeavoring  to  establish  firmly  a  new- 
breed  of  sheep,  produced  by  crossing  Cots- 
wolds  and  Southdowxis.  He  has  produced 
says  the  American  At/riculturist,  a  sheep  with  a 
fleece  of  heavy  combing  wool,  superior  in 
quality  and  equal  in  weight  with  that  of  the 
pure  Cotswold,  and  with  as  good  quality  of 
flesh  as  the  Southdown,  and  one-half  greater 


Lloyd  Smith,  of  San  Joaquin  county,  Cal- 
ifornia, has  offered  Mrs.  Robert  Blacom,  of 
Centreville,  $1,000  each  for  three  French 
Merino  sheep,  which  he  proposes  to  take  to 
the  Centennial  Exhibition  of  1876,  for  com- 
petition with  the  best  sheep  from  all  parts  of 
the  world. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


That  Flock  of  Goats. — AVe  Eoticecl  some 
clays  ago  the  passage  of  a  flock  2,500  goats 
through  Napa  on  their  way  to  MeBcloeino  via 
Saula  Eosa,  since  which  time  the  Seuoma 
Driniicnd  has  gained  the  following  information 
concerning  them : 

Ju  the  band  there  was  500  thorongh-bred 
Angoras,  that  will  clip  five  pounds  each  on  an 
average,  in  February,  and  the  projjrietors, 
Jlessrs.  J.  W.  &  E.  L.  Eeed,  informed  lis  that 
they  had  the  Spring  clip  sold  in  New  York 
for  §1  50  a  jjound.  Among  the  thorough- 
breds are  five  bucks  imported  from  Asia.  The 
Messrs.  Iteed  will  t.ike  their  flock  to  Pine 
Mountain,  eight  miles  east  of  CIo\erda!e, 
whiire  they  have  purchased  sufficient  pasture 
land  to  graze  them.  This  is  the  largest  and 
finest  flock  of  Angoras  on  this  coast.  Mr. 
Itued  informs  us  that  there  is  a  good  market 
for  Cashmere  wools.  Messrs.  Reed  purchased 
the  band  from  E.  K.  Marsh,  a  banker  of  Sau 
Francisco,  and  paid  $22,000.  Mr.  Marsh 
paid  for  the  same  band,  exclusive  of  the  spring 
kids,  §27,400.  There  are  five  thorough-bred 
Asiatic  bucks  in  tha  band,  two  of  which  were 
presented  to  a  Mr.  Cheunery,  of  this  State, 
by  the  Sultan  of  Turkey;  also,  eight  thor- 
ough-bred Cashmere  and  thirteen  Angoras 
from  the  celebrated  Alexander  Blue  Grass 
farm  in  Kentucky;  also,  sixty -four  full-blood- 
ed nannies  from  the  same  place — making  the 
most  celebrated  collection  of  the  kind  on  this 
coast,  or  the  United  States,  quality  and  quan- 
tity considered. — Napa  Tieqkter. 


A  CnEE   FOE   HooF-AiL. — Richard   Peters, 
Jr.,  Georgia,  writes  to  one  of  our  contempo- 
raries as  follows:  During  the  Fall  of  1869  we 
purchased  some  high  priced   Merino  ewes  in 
Vermont.     On    their  arrival  here  they  inocu- 
lated our   entire    flock  with  that  fell    disease, 
the   hoof-ail    (Randall).     In   a   flock   of  200 
Merinos  and  100  Angora  goats,  it  had  almost 
full    sway   for   four    years,    notwithstanding 
constant  and  almost  daily  applications  of  blue 
vitriol,  sulphuric    acid,  pine  tar,  coal  tar,  and 
over  $75  worth  of  crude  carbolic  acid.     Noth- 
ing would    cure  it   permanently.     We   finally 
thought   death  would   be   the   best,  and    last 
remedy.     However,   our   shepherd   suggested 
nitrate  of  silver,  used  in  very  strong  solution. 
It  has  proved  an  effectual  cure,  and  for  three 
months  we  have  seen  no  sign  of  the  foot  rot. 
We  api:)lied  by  inserting  a  quill  in  a  cork  and 
wetting  all  parts  of  the  foot  with  the  caustic 
solution;    then     applying    a    little    powdered 
burnt  alum  between  the  feet.     Of  course  the 
feet  must  be  trimmed,  and  the  remedy  applied 
once   each   week.       Stables    should   be    kept 
clean    and   sprinkled    with    lime.       Pastures 
should   be  changed  until  the  fall  rains  wash 
the  pus   from  the  leaves    and   grass.     I  hope 
this  remedy  will  prove  as  valuable  to  other 
sheep   breeders  as  to  us.      When   sheeji  are 
infected  with   hoof-ail,  they  neither  grow  fat 
nor  breed  well,  neither  do  they  shear  heavily; 


Shkep  Killed. — Another  singular  disaster 
occurred  to  a  flock  of  sheep  in  Washington 
township  recently,  by  which  fifty-three  ol  the 
animals  were  killed.  The  Alameda  county 
Intlcpmthid  says  the  she])herd  atlenipted  to 
drive  the  flock  of  about  2,000  in  number  to  a 
new  pasture  field  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Alissinu  Peak.  Tiie  ground  is  here  much 
broken  by  gullies  and  deep  ditches,  ami  a 
portion  of  the  sheej),  frightened  by  some  un- 
known cause,  turned  back  and  tried  to  reaidi 
their  old  pasture.  While  hurrying  helter 
skelter,  one  sheep  fell  into  a  deep  ditch,  and 
before  they  could  be  tiirned  several  hundred 
and  followed.  On  extracting  them,  fifty-three 
were  found  to  have  been  killed  or  so  Vjadly 
ill  jured  as  to  necessitate  jmtting  them  to 
d.'ath. 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  creditors  of  the 
Ames  Plough  Company  at  Boston.  October  20 
it  was  decided  that  the  company  should  con- 
tiiiiie  business.  The  creditors  will  either 
grant  an  extension  or  the  company  will  avail 
ilsilf  of  the  offer  of  responsible"  parties  to 
tui-ni--li  the  ready  cash  needed. 


Raisin  Culture. 

A.  SANDERS,  a  gentleman  who  is 
widely  known  as  the  "raisin  man," 
in  Fresno  county,  writes  to  the  Ex- 
posilor,  of  October  10th,  a  valuable 
communication,  in  which  he  gives  informa- 
tion as  to  the  value  of  one  year's  product 
from  one  acre  of  raisins,  from  which  we  take 
the  following: 

I  have  iu  a  single  instance  made  forty  pounds 
of  raisins  from  a  single  vine  jiruued  in  the 
usual  manner  of  vineyard  pruning.  These 
raisins  sold  at  a  country  store,  retail  for 
twenty-five  cents  per  pound,  or  §10  jjer  vine 
for  the  year.  An  acre  of  land  would  i^roduce 
700  such  vines,  giving  a  gross  ineome"_of  $7,000 
per  acre.  But  this  is  a  result  far  above  what 
anybody  must  expect  from  raisin  production. 
An  acre  of  grajies  of  the  Larga,  Tokay, 
Fiber  Zagas,  or  what  brother  Wells  calls  the 
"White  Malaga,"  will  produce  in  our  superior 
climate  and  from  our  best  soil,  with  an  abund- 
ance of  water  and  good  culture,  on  matrue 
vines,  from  10,000,  to  10,000  pounds  of  grapes 
per  annum.  Gen.  Negley  gathered  from  an 
acre  of  six-year-old  Reisling  vines,  at  San 
Jose,  40,000  jiounds  last  ye.ar.  There  is  no 
reason  why  vineyards  in  our  county  should 
not  do  as  well. 

You  will  observe  that  I  do  not  use  the  term 
"drying."  llaisins  are  cured  not  dried.  Every 
person  who  has  examined  the  quidities  of 
raisins  has  observed  that  instead  of  the  juice 
hi-ving  been  merely  expelled  in  the  jirocess  of 
curing,  that  it  has  been  changed  to  glucose 
or  grajjo  sugar,  and  that  instead  of  the  raisin 
being  Jnit  dried  fruit-fibre,  as  is  the  case  with 
dried  apples,  plums,  peaches,  etc.,  that  is 
almost  a  sold  mass  of  granulauted  sugar. 
And  just  in  in'oportiou  as  this  change  of  the 
juice  to  sugar  is  affected  w'ith  least  loss  of 
Weight  is  the  grajie  suitable  for  making  rai- 
sins. 

The  Larga  loses  50  per  cent,  in  curing;  the 
Tokay  (iO  jier  cent.,  and  other  varieties,  in- 
cluding Muscats,  from  00  to  70  per  cent.  Or 
in  other  Avords,  1,000  pounds  of  grapes  will 
make  'M  to  50  pounds  of  raisins,  according  to 
the  variety  of  grape  used.  Yon  will  thus 
observe  that  the  amount  of  raisins  per  acre 
will  range  from  3,000  pounds  of  a  light  crop 
of  Fiber  Zagas  to  20,000  jiouiids  from  a  heavy 
croj)  of  Largas.  From  this  it  is  easy  to  d(;ter- 
mine  the  amount  of  cash  from  an  acre. 

And  right  here  we  wish  to  have  it  borne  in 
mind  that  we  are  writing  about  "raisins,"  not 
the  tougli,  ill-flavored,  hard-seed  dried  grapes 
made  Irom  Catawbas,  Mission,  Zinfindels, 
Sweetwaters,  Hamburgs,  or  any  other  wine, 
table  grapes,  or  trash  that  hapjiens  to  be 
growing  on  the  farm;  but  raisbt.^,  fine,  large, 
bright,  bloom-covered,  plump,  luscious, 
sugary  raisins.  And  for  such,  when  once 
they  become  known  to  the  world,  we  do  not 
think  that  we  are  over-estimating  the  price 
when  we  assume  that  wo  can  only  rely  upon 
receiving  at  least  ten  cents  per  pound  for 
them  delivered  at  the  railroad.  That  the  sales 
will  amount  to  from  $:iOO  to  $2,000  per  acre, 
gold  coin.  1  have  data  of  tho  positive  char- 
acter which  leads  me  to  rely  upon  clearing 
$1,000  per  acre  annually  from  my  vineyard, 
when  in  full  bearing. 

To  plough  the  ground  well,  construct  dis- 
tributing (Utches,  furnish  the  best  of  cuttings 
on  the  ground,  and  s(  I  them  in  the  best  pos- 


sible manner,  is  worth  $30  per  acre.  The 
care  for  the  first  year,  irrigating,  etc.,  would 
be  about  the  same  as  for  corn — say  $10  per 
iicre.  Added  to  this  after  the  first  year,  is  an 
additional  expense  for  pruning,  or  a  total  cost 
yearly  of  about  $15  per  acre.  In  addition  to 
this  there  is  the  cost  of  picking,  curing  and 
packing,  which  makes  a  total  of  about  one- 
half  per  cent  per  pound  for  each  pound  of 
cured  raisins,  not  reckoning  the  cost  of  boxes, 
which  would  be  an  additional  expense,  and 
could  be  made  to  amount  to  much  or  little, 
according  to  the  manner  in  which  they  are 
jiacked. 

And  now  let  me  use  your  columns  to  an- 
swer a  few  questions  that  are  constantly  being 
intruded  ui)on  me  from  my  reputation  of 
being  the  "raisin-man"  of  the  country. 

WHY  I  AM  HEEE. 

1st.  Because  all  the  vineyards  of  our  val- 
ley can  be  so  arranged  as  to  be  flooded.  And 
this,  when  practiced  judiciously,  is  a  sure  cure 
for  the  phylloxera  and  other  ailments  of  grape 
vines. 

2d.  Because  the  summer  heat  here  is  suffi- 
cient when  fully  utilized  bv  properly  con- 
structed drying  floors,  not  only  to  speedily 
cure  the  raisins,  but  to  destroy  all  insects 
there  may  be  in  the  grapes,  thus  insuring  the 
raisins  against  injury  or  loss  by  insects,  and 
relieving  us  from  the  expense  of  scalding, 
steaming,  or  running  thorough  an  Alden  dryer, 
or  any  other  patent  process,  as  they  are  com- 
pelled to  do  where  summers  are  less  hot  than 
in  our  valley.  In  this  respect  we  surpass 
every  other  part  of  the  State. 

3d.  Grajjes  ripen  earlier  here  than  else- 
where, and  the  full  rains  are  lighter  and  not 
so  early  as  in  most  jiarts  of  the  State,  thus 
giving  us  the  benefit  of  a  greater  amount  of 
heat  and  greater  dryness  of  atmosphere 
than  is  found  in  other  localities,  thereby  en- 
abling us  to  cure  raisins  so  as  to  produce  a 
quality  that  shall  surpass  anything  that  can 
be  iiroduced  under  less  favorable  conditions 
of  temperature  and  dryness   of  atmosphere. 

4th.  The  railroad,  affording  easy  and  speedy 
transportation  to  the  city;  and  the  prospec- 
tive canal,  which  I  hope  to  see  built,  and 
which  will  give  us  very  cheaiJ  freight  to  the 
to  the  seaboard  by  the  time  our  vineyards  shall 
produce  more  than  a  local  supply  and  a  sup- 
ply for  the  mining  region  east  of  the  moun- 
tains. 

5th.  The  superiority  of  our  land  for  grape 
production  and  the  ability  to  raise  here  oranges 
lemons,  limes,  pine-apples,  and  most  other 
tropical  fruits,  in  conjunction  with  our  vine- 
yards. 

QUESTIONS  AND  ANSWEES. 

What  is  the  best  soil  for  grapes?  Any  of 
I  he  valley  land  that  is  not  lo  sand}-,  is  not 
alkaline,  and  has  a  depth  of  soil  ranging  from 
four  to  ten  av  fifteen  feet  above  the  hardpan. 

AVill  almonds  and  alfalfa  grow  on  such 
lauds?     Yes,  both  to  perfection. 

What  can  good  vineyard  land  be  bought 
for?  From  $2  50  per  acre  uj)  to  $20,  accord- 
ing to  location.  But  none  of  it  is  worth  a 
cent  without  water. 

What  is  water  worth?  Whatever  tho  Fres- 
no Canal  it  Irrigation  Company  choose  to  ask 
for  it.  They  claim  all  the  water  of  Kings 
river  and  their  right  of  ownership  has  been 
eonfirnud  liy  the  Courts.  They  are  now  sell- 
ing rights  to  irrigate  ICO  acres  at  from  $250  to 
$500  each,  the  purchaser  to  construct  his  own 
ditch  from  their  canal,  and  to  pay  from  $25  to 
$100  annually  for  keeping  tho  ditch  in  repair. 


The  Amfiican  Grocer,  of  New  York,  is  do- 
ing a  great  service  for  the  raisin  interest  of 
California.  Every  number  of  the  paper  con- 
tains some  favorable  comment,  and  now  if 
our  people  will  put  themselves  in  a  position 
to  supply  the  demand  which  is  likely  to  fol- 
low the  eminent  endorsement  which  our  pro- 
duet  is  receiving,  the  raisin  crop  will  soon 
become  of  more  "importance  to  our  agricultu- 
rists than  the  cereal- now  is. 


'-f.Ss&'^^^j 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


California  Dried  Fruit. 

The  following  which  we  take  from  the 
Bulkiin  of  October  Sth,  gives  a  timely  hint  to 
the  fruit  raisers  of  the  State,  which  we  trust 
they  will  in-otit  by: 

A  citizen  of  this  State,  largely  interested  in 
fruit  raising,  w^ho  has  recently  returned  froui 
New  York,  says  that  the  inquiry  for  Califor- 
nia dried  fruit  is  on  the  increase. 

The  New  York  fruit  market  is  a  very  large 
one.  It  can  probably  trade  ten  times  as  much 
dried  fruit  at  a  good  price  as  California  will 
be  able  to  i)roduce.  But  fruit  growers  here 
must  study  the  market.  Moreover  dealers  in 
New  York  want  some  assurance  that  when 
they  sell  a  lot  of  California  dried  fruit,  and. 
find  that  the  same  pleases  their  customers, 
other  lots  of  the  same  quality  can  be  furnish- 
ed in  a  steady  way  to  supply  the  demand 
created.  Unless  that  can  be  done  the  trade 
would  be  injured,  and  would  be  quite  unsatis- 
factory. If  for  instance,  a  New  Y'ork  dealer 
■were  to  sell  an  invoice  of  California  raisins, 
he  wants  to  know  that  he  can  keep  right  on  sell- 
ing the  same.  And  so  of  dried  peaches  and 
plums.  If  he  sells  to-day  a  brand  of  Malaga 
raisins,  he  knows  that  he  can  stalk  his  store 
to-morrow  with  another  lot,  or  with  any  other 
kind  of  dried  fruit  which  is  well  known  in  the 
market. 

Now  these  considerations  are  of  great  im- 
portance to  California  fruit-growers.  A  few- 
odd  lots  put  up  in  variable  packages  will 
never  make  much  impression  on  the  market. 
The  dried  fruits  of  this  State  are  so  good  that 
the  demand  for  certain  sorts  would  be  with- 
out limit,  if  care  is  taken  to  put  them  into 
the  market  in  such  packages  as  are  provided 
by  the  trade. 

If  a  fruit-grower  this  year  could  have  had 
fifty  acres  of  Bartlett  pears  in  full  bearing, 
and  fifty  acres  more  of  apricots  for  drying,  ho 
could  not  have  asked  for  a  better  thing.  He 
could  have  shipped  all  his  pears  or  sold  them 
on  the  trees  to  others  at  round  prices.  His 
apricots,  which  could  be  sun  dried  at  small 
cost  and  little  trouble,  would  have  brought 
Tery  large  prices  in  the  Eastern  markets. 
These  may  serve  as  hints  of  the  direction  in 
which  fruit-growers  may  hereafter  find  prof- 
itable ventures. 


lian  ami  fevaiiu 


& 


GRAIN  CULTUEE  IN  CALIFORNIA, 

LTHOUGH  grain  growing  as  conducted 
'  in  California,  is  too  often  a  hap-hazard 
business,  it  has  nevertherless  been  re- 
^cj"  duced  to- it  system  in  some  localities, 
upon  a  paying  basis.  The  best  grain  growers 
are  not  always  the  largest,  in  fact  they  are 
usually  farmers  who  believe  in  and  practice  a 
diversified  system  of  fai-ming,  at  least  to  the 
extent  of  rotating  from  grain  to  hay  and  pas- 
turage, with  occasional  summer  fallowing, 
governed  of  course  by  local  conditions  of  soil 
and  climate.  Many  portions  of  the  Santa 
Clara  Valley  crops  can  be  grown  every  season 
without  fallowing.  Cropping  to  hay  and 
pasturage  occasionally,  is  more  economical 
and  every  bit  as  good  to  clear  the  land  of  foul 
stuff  and  insure  a  good  crop  of  grain  the 
following  season.  On  some  of  the  rich  soils 
in  the  interior  valleys,  a  diflereut  system  is 
necessary.  The  soil  must  be  left  fallow  every 
other  year,  to  be  sure  of  bringing  a  crop 
worth  harvesting.  On  an  average  the  earliest 
sown  gram  is  the  best  throughout  the  State, 
but  even  in  this  there  are  exceptions.  On 
our  rich  moist  soils,  early  sown  grain  will 
lodge  before  ripening  and  rust  badly.     Spring 


sowing  on  such  soil  is  best,  excepting  in  very 
dry  seasons.  The  prudent  farmer  on  such 
soils  will  always  sow  some  grain  early,  and 
make  hay  if  the  season  is  unfavorable  for 
gi-ain,  and  sow  a  portion  of  his  farm  later, 
that  he  may  have  a  crop  of  gi-aia  if  the  sea- 
son is  a  wet  one,  or  make  hay  and  pasture  if 
it  turns  to  be  a  dry  season.  There  are  many 
little  things  that  farmers  in  diftorent  localities 
have  learned  by  hard  experience  about  grain 
growing  in  their  particular  localities  that  is 
incalcuable  to  them.  Grain  growing  is  but 
one  branch  of  farming  to  be  sure,  and  it  is 
generally  thought  that  a  man  does  not  need 
much  experience  or  thought  to  sow  and  reap. 
But  it  is  an  important  item  in  this  Stato  to 
grow  a  good  crop  of  grain  or  hay,  and  prob- 
ably as  much  hard  work  is  needed  to  be  suc- 
cessful in  this  one  year  with  another,  as  at 
any  other  branch  of  farm  industry.  So  far 
we  have  only  referred  to  growing  grain  with- 
out artificial  irrigation,  where  more  or  'less 
guess  work  has  to  be  done.  AVith  any  system 
of  irrigation,  where  the  soil  can  be  supplied 
with  moisture  to  produce  sure  crop,  less  close 
calculation  has  to  be  done.  But  even  then 
the  cultivation  of  the  soil  is  an  important 
matter.  We  believe  that  for  grain  Winter 
irrigation  is  the  best  always.  As  to  cultiva- 
tion, our  grain  growers  aer  very  generally  of 
the  opinion  that  thorough — not  deep  cultiva- 
tion is  the  best  ujiou  almost  any  soil. 


In  a  recent  article  in  the  London  Times, 
Mr.  James  Caird,  after  showing  that  the  Brit- 
ish harvest  of  1874  is  deficient,  gives  some 
figures  sho%ving  the  effect  in  Great  Britain  of 
a  plentiful  harvest  in  1874:  The  benefit  to 
consumers  in  this  country  of  a  good  harvest, 
can  now  be  definitely  stated  by  the  realized 
result  of  that  of  1875.  This  is  the  only 
country  in  which  foreign  corn  can  always 
meet  with  a  market,  and  in  a  year  such  as  the 
past,  the  abundance  of  all  foreign  countries 
found  this  the  only  outlet.  The  weight  of 
foreign  corn  of  every  kind  imported  during 
the  last  two  harvest  years  has  varied  extreme- 
ly little,  being  in  round  numbers  -1.500,000 
tons  and  4,000,000  tons  respectively.  The 
cost  of  this  in  1873-4  was  £54,000,000,  and 
in  1874-5,  £45,000,000;  the  larger  supply  of 
the  past  year  thus  costing  about  'J, 000, 000 
less  than  the  somewhat  smaller  import  of  the 
previous  year.  To  this  difference  must  be 
added  a  considerable  saving  both  in  the  quan- 
tity and  price  of  foreign  potatoes  imported. 
When  we  add  the  saving  in  the  cost  of  the 
home  supply  corn,  the  total  gain  to  the  Brit- 
ish consumers  from  the  fine  harvest  of  1874 
can  not  have  been  less  than  £:20,000,000. 

Beemdda  Gkass  Hat.— We  have  frequently 
been  asked  writes  our  Home  Journal  whether 
Bermuda  grass,  (so  much  esteemed  for  pas- 
tm-e  and  lawn),  can  also  be  made  into  good 
hay;  and  we  have  always  answer<^,  that 
where  the  soil  is  rich  enough  to  produce  a  rank 
and  heavy  growth,  there  can  be  no  question 
of  the  value  of  this  grass  for  hay  and  forage. 
In  corrobation  of  our  views,  we  find  the  fol- 
lowing suggestive  item  in  -i  late  number  of  the 
Atlanta,  (Ga.)  ConstituUon:  One  of  the  largest 
farmers  of  Greene  county,  Ga.,  Dr.  Walde- 
mar  Moody,  is  devoting  his  entire  attention 
to  native  grasses  and  stock-raising.  He  has 
seventy  head  of  cattle,  and  the  first  cutting  of 
his  Bermuda  grass  crop  yielded  125  tons  of 
excellent  hay.  He  expects  to  gather  fiftj'  tons 
more.  This  crop  was  secured  at  little  expense. 
The  doctor  is  very  well  satisfied  with  his 
abandonment  of  cotton  culture.  He  does  not 
propose  to  return  to  it.  Grass  ano'  stock- 
raising  pay  better.  A  few  such  men  in  every 
coun;y  would  hai^pily  revolutionize  onr  agri- 
culture. 


The  Wheat  Crop  of  1875. 

Everybody  knows  that  times  are  hard  and 
that  business  of  all  kinds  is  dull.  On  the 
whole  the  farmers  have  had  the  best  o  f  it  for 
a  year  or  two  past. 

The  general  good  condition  of  our  wheat 
crop  is  an  important  element  in  the  calcula- 
tion as  to  the  probabilities  of  the  future,  and 
that  gives  some  encouragement  to  look  for 
better  times.  We  shall  have  a  surplus  to 
export  and  the  world  will  certainly  want  nil 
spare.  According  to  Mr.  Alexander  Delmar 
the  average  requirement,  supplv,  and  deficit 
for  many  years  past  in  the  difterent  European 
countries  are  shown  in  the  following  table,  in 
which  the  fcueigu  weights  and  measurements 
are  reduced  to  bushels: 


Counliy. 

Requirem't. 

Snpply. 

Deficit  or 
Suri)lu6. 

Uuitea  K'gdom 

190,000.000 

93,000,000 

-95.000.000 

Franco 

20.5.000.000 

277,080,000 

-18,000.000 

Austria 

SS.OOO.flOO 

lOC.OflO.OOO 

18.000.000 

lUissia 

l.'io.ooo.omj 

•2V2,wn,m;o 

62,000,000 

German.v 

120,000,000 

20.000,000 

liuuuiania 

15,000,000 

30,000,000 

15,000,000 

ToIAiS    ... 

858,000,000     1  810,000.(JOO 

15,000,000 

The  table  shows  an  average  deficit  in  the 
European  wheat  crop  of  18,000,000  bushels, 
which  has  been  made  up  by  importations. 
For  1S75-G,  however,  the  deficit  is  estimated 
at  49,000,000  bushels,  a  careful  estimate  given 
the  following  table : 


Co-imtry. 

Requircm't. 

Supply. 

Deficit  or 
Surplus. 

■United  K'gdom 

188,000.000 

81,000.000 

107,000.000 

France 

277,000,000 

272.000,000 

5,000.000 

Austria 

92.000,000 

95,000,000 

3.000,000 

RuBsia 

15.5,000,000 

215,000,000 

00,000,000 

Germany 

125.000.000 

115,000,000 

10,000,009 

Rouniania 

15,000,000 

25,000,000 

10,000,000 

Totals  . . . .  |    852,000,000     |  803,000,000  |    -19,000,003 

To  rceet  this  deficiency  we  have  a  suii^lus 
of  about  65,000,000  bushels,  the  total  crop 
being  265,000,000  and  the  home  supply  200,- 
000,000.  At  an  average  of  70  cents  per 
bushel  for  tlie  producer,  this  would  amount 
to  §45,000,000. 

These  figures  show  that  the .  raising  of 
wheat  for  export  is  a  very  dangerous  specu- 
lation, and  that  while  in  some  cases  it  mav 
pay,  the  chances  are  that  it  wiU  not.  The 
slender  average  defi(-it  of  18,000,000  busheli^ 
in  Europe  may  at  any  sea.son  be  turned  into 
a  surplus. — Xcio  Emjland  Fanner. 

■ — » •>■  X  p 

The  Sachamento  Beet  Sugar  Cojipa.ny.-- 
The  Record-Union  of  October  30th  has  the 
following  in  regard  to  one  of  Sacramento's 
enterjirises:  "The  Sacramento  Valley  Beet 
Sugar  Company  h.ave  about  completed  their 
manufacture  for  the  year,  the  result  being 
about  300,000  pounds  obtained  from  about 
3,000  tons  of  beets.  The  ground  planted 
this  year  yielded  four  and  a  half  tons  to  the 
acre;  the  beets  l\li  per  cent,  of  sugar.  At 
Davisville  the  beets  lacked  moisture,  and  were 
burnt  up  by  the  sun.  The  cost  of  transpor- 
tion  from  that  point  was  S5  pet  ton.  The 
company  have  secured  1,400  acres  on  the 
Cosumues,  near  McConnell's,  and  200  acres 
of  American  river  bottom  for  the  operations 
of  next  year.  No  more  will  be  planted  at 
Davisville.  The  plowing  will  commence  as 
soon  as  possible,  say  about  January,  if  the 
rains  prove  propitious.  A  dividend  wUl  be 
declared  this  year  for  the  first  time  since  the 
establishment  of  the  factorv." 


A  New  Foddeb. — We  want  new  grasses  in 
California  now  that  irrigation  is  beginning  to 
interest  us.  They  are  now  introducing  into 
Great  Britain  what  is  called  the  prickly  corn- 
fry,  a  native  grass  of  the  Caucasus.  It  yields 
in  several  cuttings  thirty  tons  to  the  acre,  the 
grass  is  propagated  from  the  roots  and  is  per- 
ennial. Cattle  eat  it  readily  and  thrive  upon 
it.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  it  wUl  suit 
•our  climate. — Southern  California. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^:^} 


Short  Crops  East. 

The  agricultural  ri'turns  saj'sthe  S;m  Fran- 
cisco Midldin  received  at  the  Washington  Bu- 
reau up  to  October  1st,  shows  a  great  short- 
age iu  the  wheat  crop  of  this  year.  The 
quantity  in  bushels  is  but  80  per  cent,  of  the 
croji  of  liSVi,  and  the  quality  is  14  per  cent, 
"below  a  sound  condition."  We  do  not 
know  whether  this  reckoning  includes  Califor- 
nia and  Oregon.  If  it  does  then  the  shortage 
for  the  whole  country  foots  up  6'2, 000,000  m 
quantity,  and  other  millions  iu  quality,  and 
ought  to  have  the  efl'ect  of  advancing  jirice.s 
in  Liverpool.  For  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1874,  the  United  States  exported  wheat  to 
all  countries  to  the  amount  of  71,039,928 
bushels;  to  England,  60,551,181  bushels. 
This,  of  course,  was  the  harvest  of  1873, 
which  was  a  heavy  one.  The  British  imports 
for  that  year  from  all  other  countries  were  not 
nearly  equal  to  those  from  the  United  States, 
and  the  average  price  for  the  year  ending 
September,  1S74,  was  §1  84  per  bushel.  With 
a  short.age  as  to  quantity  and  qualitv  of  not 
less  than  80,000,000  bushels  in  the"  United 
States  this  year,  jjrices  iu  Liverpool  are  likely 
to  rule  higher  than  thej'  are  now  before  the 
opening  of  Siiring,  notwithstanding  the  con- 
siderable supply  of  old  wheat  on  hand.  The 
barley  crop  is  rated  13  per  cent,  and  the  corn 
crop  4  per  cent,  short  of  last  year's  j^roduc- 
tioii.  Oats  is  the  only  cereal  crop  that  shows 
an  increase.  The  agricultural  returns  for 
October  show  that  the  wheat  croji  the  present 
year  is  a  short  one,  and  there  is  a  marked 
depreciation  in  the  quality.  The  average 
thus  far  reported  is  80  per  cent,  of  last  year's 
production.  If  this  indicates  the  total  de- 
preciation, it  amounts  to  neaily  C'2, 000,000 
bushels  and  gives  the  crop  at  '240,000,000 
bushels.  In  ciuality  the  crop  averages  14  per 
cent,  below  a  sound  condition. 


so  ♦  — ) 


^ 


Pacific  Coast  Bee-Notes,  From  Amer- 
ican Bee  Journal  for  November. 

^r^  

fN  answer  to  questions,  we  report  as  fol- 
lows: 1.  No  Burjilus  honey.  Increased 
from  78  to  101  swarms. 

2.  There  is  no  prosjiect  for  surplus  hon- 
ey; but  enough  to  keep  busy  during  the 
^winter  for  their  own  consumption. 

3.  White  sage,  buckbush  or  berberiy,  su- 
mach. 

4.  White  sago  blooms  iu  April.  The  ber- 
berry blooms  several  times  during  the  Sum- 
mer. It  is  now  in  blossom  in  our  canon  for 
the  fourth  time  since  April.  Sumach  gener- 
ally begins  with  August  and  lasts  a  month  or 
more.  Our  ranch  is  within  the  frost-stricken 
belt  (frost  of  April  .'Jth),  which  accounts  for 
the  poor  return.  Beunk  &  Beuck. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  Sept.  17,  1875. 

1.  Very  good.  Hives  that  did  not  swarm 
gave  me  one  hundred  pounds  box  honey.  My 
stock  hives  all  gave  two  swarms  each,  and 
some  of  them  gave  three. 

2.  No  more  surplus  honey  this  season:  my 
bees  being  kept  m  the  city,  I  have  not  the 
benefit  of  buckwheat. 

3.  Dandelion,  fruit  and  white  clover. 

4.  Dandelion  blooms  April  11th;  fruit 
blooms  about  the  last  of  Ajird;  white  clover 
blooms  May  10th,  and  continues  until  about 
August  1st.  Thos.  Braski,. 

BoiiTLAND,  Oregon,  Sept.  18,  1875. 

In  compliance  with  ycmr  request  under  spe- 
cial ;  1 .  We  have  had  but  few  swarms,  and 
fr<.m  200  hives  we  have  taken  only  32  pounds 
of  hon<:y. 

2.  We  only  expect  to  divide  and  make 
swarms. 

3.  Mountain  clover,  white  sage  and  buck- 
wheat are  the  tliree  best  honey-plants.  Moun- 
tain clover  begins  to  bloom  the  last  of  March 
and  continues  till  the  middle  of  Muy.     White 


sage  begins  May  1st  and  continues  until  July. 
Buckwheat  begins  about  June  1st  and  contin- 
ues till  the  last  of  October. 

Gko.  B.  Wallace. 
San  Been.^dino,  Cal.,  Sept.  18,   1875. 


Pasturage  for  Bees. 

With  the  exception  of  nn  occasional  gath- 
ering from  honey-dew,  bees  gather  the  whole 
of  their  honey  from  flowers,  and  consequent- 
ly where  there  are  no  flowers  they  cannot 
thrive.  But  the  term  flowers  must  be  taken 
in  a  broader  sense  than  meaning  such  as  wc 
cultivate  for  garden  ornaments  or  home  deco- 
ration. The  inconspicuous  blossoms  of  many 
trees,  the  wee  modest  w'ild  flower,  scarcely 
noticed  by  passers  by,  furnish  abundant  pas- 
turage for  bees.  Many  persons  who  have 
lived  iu  the  country  all  their  lives,  are  scarcely 
aware  that  our  noblest  forest  trees  have  flow- 
ers at  all,  but  from  the  brave  old  oak  and  the 
wide  spreading  beech,  bees  gather  many  a, 
pound  of  honey.  An  avenue  of  limes  or  syc-- 
auiores,  a  field  of  beans  or  white  clover,  form 
a  very  El  Dorado  for  the  busy  bees,  their 
pleasant  hum  on  the  snowy  hawthorn  or  the 
sweet-smelling  sallow,  (palm,  as  it  is  com- 
monly called)  is  very  noticeable  when  nature 
is  awakening  from  the  gloomy  sleep  of  win- 
ter, and  our  thoughts  and  feelings  are  glad 
with  the  prospect  of  returning  summer. 
Where  large  heaths  abound  the  bees  have  a 
second  harvest,  and  it  is  a  common  practice 
in  such  localities  for  bee-keepers  to  send  their 
hives  to  the  moors  for  about  two  months,  the 
trouble  and  cost  being  amply  rejjaid  by  the 
immense  weight  of  honey  brought  home, 
which  the  common  heather  j'ieldsfreelj'during 
August  and  September. 

In  Scotland  and  on  the  Continent  cartloads 
of  hives  may  be  seen  traveling  to  and  from 
the  heather.  Often  they  are  looked  after  on 
the  sjiot  by  some  resident  cottager  who  re- 
ceives a  gratuity  of  1  s.  per  hive  from  the 
proprietors  of  the  stocks.  In  the  South  of 
England  this  practice  is  not  pursued,  although 
I  do  not  see  why  it  should  not  be  in  many 
places,  there  being  miles  of  heather  equally 
available  as  in  Scotland'  On  the  Nile  there 
are  bee-barges  which  travel  only  at  night, 
stopping  in  the  day-time  at  any  place  that  af- 
fords abundant  jiasturage  for  bees,  and  we 
read  iu  I'Uirij  that  this  was  likewise  the  prac- 
tice in  Italy  in  his  time.  "As  soon,"  says 
he,  "as  the  Spring  food  for  bees  has  failed  in 
the  valleys  near  our  towns,  the  hives  of  bees 
are  put  into  boats  and  carried  up  against  the 
stream  of  the  river  in  the  night  in  search  of 
better  pasturage.  The  bees  go  out  in  the 
mcu-uing  in  quest  of  provisions,  and  return 
regularly  to  their  hives  in  the  boats  with  the 
stores  they  have  collected.  This  method  is 
continued  till  the  sinkiug  of  the  boats  to  a 
certain  depth  iu  the  water  shows  that  the 
hives  are  sufficiently  full,  and  they  are  then 
carried  back  to  their  former  homes,  where 
the  honey  is  taken  out  of  them."  And  this 
is  still  the  practice  of  the  Italians  who  live 
near  the  banks  of  the  Po,  the  river  which 
Pliny  instanced  particularly  in  the  above- 
quoted  passage.  It  was  the  advice  of  Celsus 
that  after  the  vernal  pastures  were  consumed, 
the  bees  should  be  transported  to  places 
abounding  with  Autumnal  flowers,  as  was 
done  by  conveying  the  bees  from  Achosia  to 
Attica,  from  Eubo.'a  and  the  Cyclad  Islands 
to  S<'yrus,  and  also  in  Sicily,  where  they  were 
brought  to  Hybla  from  other  parts  of  the 
island.  What  portion  of  our  fertile  land  does 
not  aflord  sustenance  for  bees'?  Mr.  Alfred 
Neighbor,  iu  his  work,  "The  Ajjiary,"  do- 
votes  a  chapter  to  Bee-keeping  in  London. 
Could  «(•  evia'  imagine  a  more  unpromising 
field  for  honey-gathering'? — London  !  Foggy, 
smoky  Loudon!  But  think  a  moment.  Lon- 
don has  parks,  squares,  gardens,  and  each 
of  these  has  trees,  flowers  and  shrubs.  What 
matter  it  the  flowers  be  dirty  —their  nectaries 
secrete  the  coveted  sweet,  and  the  natural  fil- 
ter of  the  bees  will  clarify  it  belter  than  any 
artificial  one  could  do.    Only  last  year  a  lady 


living  in  Kensington  told  me  she  kept  bees 
there.  They  throve  well  and  had  furnished 
her  with  a  super  of  fourteen  pounds  weight. 
It  has  been  asserted  that  bees  will  fly  five  or 
six  miles  for  honey,  if  a  su^jply  nearer  home 
be  not  attaiuabte.  They  may,  but  such  an 
extreme  labor  would  not  allow  the  stock  to 
thrive.  Too  much  time  and  muscular  strength 
would  be  consumed  in  making  the  jomney. 
The  great  danger  to  bees  is  their  liability  to 
be  tempted  into  shops,  such  as  grocers,  con- 
fectioners, etc.,  where  they  get  bewildered, 
fly  to  the  window,  aud  in  a  vain  attempt  to 
penetrate  the  glass,  they  die.  Breweries  are 
also  fatal  places,  the  sweet  work  attracting 
numbers  which  perish  by  drowning. 

Most  bee-keepers  have  a  garden,  and  in  it 
can  be  grown  many  flowers  pleasing  to  the 
eye,  grateful  to  the  nose  and  useful  to  the 
bees. 

Mignonette,  borage,  honeysuckle,  hyacinth, 
crocus,  laurustiuus,  lavendei',  lily,  primrose 
and  many  other  flowers  are  visited  by  bees, 
aud  may  well  be  cultivated  with  advantage. 
The  arable  fields  supply  buckwhaat,  beaus, 
mustard,  clover  and  lucerne,  which  all  give 
an  abundant  suj^ply  ol  honey;  iind  if  we  fol- 
low America's  example,  we  should  sow,  when 
jjossible,  special  bee  flowers. 

Borage  has  the  reputation  of  being  the 
best  of  all  bee  flowers.  It  blossoms  contiuu- 
ually  from  June  till  November,  aud  is  fre- 
quented by  bees  even  in  moist  weather.  The 
honey  from  it  is  of  superior  quality,  and  an 
acre  would  supi)ort  a  large  number  of  stocks. 
Dwellers  iu  the  country  cannot  fail  to  have 
observed  occasionally,  that  the  leaves  of  the 
trees  aud  shrubs  have  a  gummy  appearance 
and  are  sticky  to  the  touch.  If  a  leaf  so 
covered  be  put  to  the  tongue  it  will  taste 
sweet.  This  is  honey-dew,  and  is  a  secretion 
of  some  species  of  aphides,  ejected  from 
their  abdomen  in  little  squirting  streams. 

This  substance  the  bees  readily  gather,  and 
when  it  is  abundant  make  large  additions  to 
their  stores.  It  is  generally  most  plentiful  iu 
June  or  July,  and  is  chiefly  found  on  forest 
and  fruit  trees,  although  olten  on  low-growing 
bushes.  At  the  season  of  its  greatest  abun- 
dance, the  pleasant  hum  of  the  bees  engaged 
on  it  is  very  audible. — Manual  of  Mee-AtqAiig 
by  John  llunter. 


How  they  Value  Manure  in  Italy. 

When  driving  out  of  Borne  one  day  in  an 
open  carriage,  the  driver  paused  for  a  few  mo- 
ments at  the  outer  edge  of  the  city.  Imme- 
diately oijposite  me  on  the  left  side  there  were 
two  women  with  white  aprons  on  a  piazza, 
and  in  front  of  a  house  adjoining  this  several 
men  were  at  work.  Suddenly  the  younger  of 
the  two  women  came  running  to  the  carriage, 
as  I  supposed  probably  to  speak  to  the  driver 
before  he  started  again.  She,  however,  got 
down  on  her  knees,  extended  her  apron  for- 
ward ou  the  ground,  and  with  her  hands  rap- 
idly lU'ew  into  it,  fresh  and  clean  as  it  was,  a 
pile  of  manure  just  dropped.  As  soon  as 
she  had  scraped  in  every  particle  of  it,  she 
gathered  up  the  edges  of  the  apron  and  went 
back  with  the  load.  I  hoard  a  liuigh  among 
the  men,  and  on  looking  towards  them,  1 
saw  one  of  them  who  had  a  bucket  and  shov- 
el in  his  hand,  and  who  had  started  to  secure 
the  nuuuire.  The  time  he  lost  in  getting  hold 
of  his  utensils  enabled  the  woman,  who  was 
already  equipped,  to  ca.iry  ofl'  the  prize,  and 
the  laugh  was  wholly  at  his  expenses. 

I  had  a  momentary  feeling  of  surprise,  but 
on  reflection  said,  "this  will  pay."  It  would 
not,  perhaps,  require;  more  than  ten  minutes 
of  labor  to  restore  the  hands  aud  the  apron 
to  a  condition  of  cleanliness,  while  the  artick 
sccured  might  be  a  dinner  worth  of  vegeta- 
bles for  several  persons. — Travels  m  Italy. 


A  Montana  paper  says:  "M.  Stone,  living 
near  Gaft'ney,  cut  this  season  lUO  acres  of 
wheat,  some  of  which  yielded  fifty  buslu4s  to 
the  acre.  And  yet  people  trudge  ofl'  to  Cali- 
fornia simply  to  raise  wheat. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


EXCHANGE  NOTICES. 

There  are  so  many  Agricultural  papers  of 
merit  in  the  United  States,  that  to  give  ex- 
tended notices  of  them  and  their  peculiar 
excellences,  would  require  too  much  space. 
We  will  continue  our  list  from  month  to 
month.  Our  readers  can  obtain  sample  copies 
of  either  of  them  by  writing  to  the  publishers, 
giving  your  address  and  enclosing  a  stamp  to 
prepay  postage. 

We  will  remark  right  here,  that  sending  a 
postal  card  to  a  publisher  for  a  sample  copy, 
is  imposing  on  good  nature.  Publishers  must 
prepay  postage.  They  are  willing  to  send  a 
paper  to  any  one  who  wishes  to  examine  it, 
but  are  not  generally  so  generous  as  to  furnish 
postage  stamps  to  strangers.  Some  publish- 
ers advertise  that  they  will  pay  no  attention 
to  postal  cards. 

Commencing  with  the  pulilioations  of  the 
West: 

Central  Union  AomctJLTUBisT 

Is  a  semi-monthly,  8-page  paper,  the  only 
agricultural  paper  in  Nebraska,  and  published 
by  Geo.  Brewster,  at  SI  60  a  year.  Speci- 
men copies,  10  cents. 

Thb  Kansas  Farmer 

Is  a  weekly,  only  agricultural  paper  in  Kan- 
sas.    Published  at  Topeka. 
The  Missouri  Farmer 

Is  a  weekly  published  at  Booneville,  Mo. 
Coleman's  Rural  World 

Is  a  weekly  publication,  by  Norman  Cole- 
man, St.  Louis,  and  is  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able papers  on  our  exchange    list.     $2  10  a 
year. 
The  Journal  of  Agriculturh 

Formerly  a  monthly,  now  a  weekly,  is  also 
an  excellent  paper,  pubhshed  at   St.  Louis, 
Mo. 
Our  Houe  Journal  and  Rural  Southland 

Is  one  of  our  favorites,  published  weekly 
at  New  Orleans,  La.,  at  $'2  03  a  year.  We 
always  find  something  in  our  Southern  ex- 
changes applicable  to  California  farming. 

The  Bural  Sun 

Is  au  excellent  Southern  paper,  published 
at  Nashville,  Tenu.,  at  $2  50  a  year. 

The  Rural  Carolinian 

Is  a  monthly  publication,  neatly  gotten  up 
in  pamphlet  form,  at  $2  00  a  year.  ^   Publish- 
ed at  Charleston,  South   Carolina.     Send  20 
cents  for  a  sample  copy. 
The  New  England  Farmer 

Boston,  Mass.,  is  an  excellent  weekly,  $2  50 
a  year.     We  can  say  the  same  of  the 
Massachusetts  Ploughman, 

Boston,  Mass.,  |2  50.  We  should  think  that 
these  two  papers  would  join  forces.  But 
this  is  their  matter,  not  ours;  however,  they 
are  both  valuable  papers. 

New  York  produces  only  about  twentj'-five 
agricultural  papers. 
State  Agricultural  Journal 

North  Carolina  produces  the  State  Agricul- 
tural Journal,  a  neat  weekly  at  $2  00.     Pub- 
lished at  Raleigh,  N.  C. 
The  liuiiAL  Messenger 

Petersburg,  Va.,  weekly,  S2  00  a  year. 


Thb  American  Farmer 

Is  another  neat  Southern  monthly,  publish- 
ed at  Baltimore,  Md.,  at  $1  50  a  year.  15 
cents  will  obtain  a  single  copy. 


l^  Enrighl's  Foundry. — Mr.  Enright  is  now 
at  work  on  quite  a  number  sf  Straw-Buruer 
thresher  engines.  He  expects  a  big  sale  this 
coming  season,  as  his  engines  give  such  splen- 
did satisfaction  wherever  tried.  We  expect 
to  see  San  Jose  one  of  the  leading  manufac- 
turing centres  for  agricultural  machinery  be- 
fore many  years. 

<  ■  » 

CF"  Bergstrom  Flows. — We  think  that  par- 
ties wishing  to  purchase  good  plows  would  do 
well  to  examine  the  Bergstrom  plows  ou  St. 
John  street.  (See  advertisement.)  These 
plows  are  made  of  superior  steel  with  iron 
core,  so  as  to  give  great  strength  and  admit 
of  case-hardened  surface  that  dirt  will  not 
stick  to  and  that  will  wear.  We  are  sure  they 
deserve  notice. 


P^  The  National  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to  Brad- 
ley &  IJuIofson  for  the  best  Photographs  in  the 
Tnited  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  for  the  best  in 
the  world. 

429  Mantgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 
••« 

E^"  Good  Work  is  deserving  of  credit. 
Drs.  Menefee  &  Gaston,  dentists,  San  Jose, 
have  lately  done  some  excellent  plate-work, 
difficult  to  fit,  for  the  editor.  In  this  age  of 
imperfections,  when  Nature  seems  inadequate 
to  provide  substantial  teeth  for  everybody, 
a  perfect  dentist  is  a  perfect  blessing.  Good 
health  demands  sound,  clean  teeth,  and  for 
comfort  alone  it  pays  to  keep  the  mill  in  one's 
head  in  good  grinding  condition.  This  is  our 
exijerience. 


E^"  San  Jose  Foundry. — This  establishment, 
managed  by  Mr.  McKinzey,  proprietor,  is 
turning  out  a  good  deal  of  agricultural  ma- 
chinery, and  every  year  does  more  at  it.  We 
notice  there  the  Harris  Tubular  Harrow,  two 
kinds  of  excellent  gang-plows  of  recent  inven- 
tion, an  improved  seed-sower,  a  new  grain- 
cleaner  for  seed-wheat,  etc.,  and  the  Pelton 
horse-powers.  Mr.  H.  Mitchell,  the  foreman, 
informs  us  that  they  will  soon  enter  more 
largely  into  the  manufacture  of  improved 
farming  implements,  including  threshers,  en- 
gines, etc. 


f^°  From  Bradley  &  Eulofson,  leading 
photographers,  San  Francisco,  we  acknowl- 
edge the  receipt  of  a  handsomalj'  finished 
photograph  of  the  Palace  hotel,  including 
the  oj^posite  corners,  also  handsome  models 
of  architecture,  one  of  which  is  designed  for 
the  business  of  these  jihotographers,  who  will 
take  their  new  stand  ou  Market  street,  in  the 
very  heart  of  the  business  of  the  city.  At- 
tached to  the  card  is  a  description  of  the  ho- 
tel itself,  by  Professor  Knowlton. 

Berkshires  For  Sale! 

FOUE  EXTEA  FINE  PIGS, 

3SowB  auil  oue  Boar  pig.  Pure-bred  Btrkshirei*,  far. 
rowed  19th  of  last  April,  by  that  superior,  flfrst- 
premium,  breedinj;  sow,  America,  and  sired  bj-  first- 
premium  boar,  Yorso  Comet.  There  are  no  finer 
bred  pigs  in  the  United  States  than  these. 

S^  For   further  information  and  price,  inquire  of 
th@  Editor  of  this  journal. 


ENLAEaED  'AND  lUFR 

THE  FARMERS' 

STOCK  JTOURSrAIi, 

Till  it  h:iR  noHUpirinr  as  a.  Farmer's  and  Stockman's 
■Journal  ou  the  Cimtinciit;  publisbed  ou  the  finest 
quality  of  tinted  book-paper,  beautifully  embellished 
with  numerous  engravings  of  Stock,  the  finest  that  ar- 
tistic skill  and  tafitecan  execute,  at  only  $1..10  i)cr  year, 
postiige  paid.  It  is  no  new  onterprise,  being  in  its 
.•Jth  Volume,  thoroughly  established,  recognized  and 
p;itronizcd  by  the  leading  stock  men  and  farmers  of 
the  East  and  West.  Gives  Engravings  and  Biographi- 
cal Sketches  of  leading  stock  men.  The  bestpaiier  iu 
the  country  to  adverrise  in.  It  does  not  claim  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  readers  io  order  to  deceive  ad- 
vertisers; but  it  does  claim  to  reach,  by  bona  fide 
subscription,  nearly  every  agricultural  State  iu  the 
Union,  and  in  many  counties  iu  Iowa  its  circulation 
exceeds  that  of  the  local  press. 

Send  10  cents  for  sample  copy  and  you  will  like  it. 
No  attention  paid  to  postal  cards  asking  for  samples. 

ALEX.  CHARLES, 

Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa. 


Farmers  of  Small  Means 

CALIFORNIA  HOLDS  OUT  MANY  INDUCEMENTS 
to  immigrants  of  small  means,  who  may  wish  to 
engage  in  farming.  There  are  fine  agricultural  lands, 
still  unlucati  d,  iu  the  coast  and  mountain  counties, 
which  are  admirably  adapted  to  a  diperslfied  system 
of  tillage.  The  soil  is  unusually  rich  and  fertile  to 
the  very  summits,  and  even  over  the  steep  and  rocky 
places  there  can  be  found  good  pasturage — Nearly  all 
of  this  land  can  be  broken  up  with  ordinary  plows 
and  sown  to  the  cereals  and  tame  grasses,  or  cultivated 
iu  cotton,  ramie,  hemp,  etc.  Much  of  it  is  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  all  the  semi-tropical  fruits.  The  New- 
ark Land  Association  have  recently  placed  their  valu- 
able tract  of  laud  {i.Oi  0  acres)  in  market,  subdividing 
the  same  into  small  tracts  (1  to  10  acres)  for  resideiuf; 
I)ro]K'rty,  and  10,  20  and  iO  were  tracts  for  farms — and 
will  sell  on  verj'  liberal  terms  to  parlies  wlio  desire  to 
purchase  at  private  sale,  until  the  Grand  Aiictiou  Sale, 
which  will  take  place  about  the  last  week  in  Novem- 
ber or  the  first  week  iu  ne(r(mber.  This  land  is  a 
perfect  garden  spot,  and  within  easy  reach  of  the  city, 
and  with  a  climate  unsurpassed.  NVe  soy,  then,  to 
farmers  of  small  means,  that  California  offere  you  in- 
ducements that  no  other  State  in  the  Union,  or  country 
in  the  world,  can  offer.  Here  you  can  lay  the  foun- 
dation of  a  permanent  home,  with  the  certainty  of,  at 
least,  a  competency,  and,  in  all  probability,  a  fortune. 
The  Association  has  placed  the  whole  management  in 
the  hands  of  Mr.  "Wm.  H.  Martin,  the  General  Agent 
of  the  California  Immigrant  Union,  534  California 
street.     Tliis  Means  Success. 


Are 


BOOK  AGENTS  aud  GOOD  SALESMEN 

"  COINING  MONEY  "     with 

CHRIST  IU  ART," 

ILLUSTKATED        WITH  THE        F.\5I0CS 

Bida    Desig^ns, 

The  French  Edition  of  which  Sells  for  5105.00  Pud  the 
London  Edition  for  ?'200.00.  Our  Popular  Edition, 
containing  over  Oue  Hundred  full-page  quarto   plates, 

is  the    CHEAPKST    AND    MO.ST    ELEG.iST    PrBLICATION    in 

America,  and  the  BEST  TO  SELL.  The  critics  vie 
with  each  other  in  praising  it,  and  the  mas-ses  nuy  rr. 

Fiom  local  agent  in  Southport,  Conn.:  "Iu  our  vil- 
lage of  eighty  houses  I  have  taken  sixty-five  orders; 
have  canvassed  iu  all  about  twelve  days  (in  village 
and  country),  and  have  taken  orders  for  one  hundred 
and  sis    copies!"         FULL    PARTICULARS  FREE. 

Address 

J.  B.  FOKS  &.  CO..  Proprietors, 

U:t!(  Kearny  ^«t.,    Sail  Francisco. 

I  N  V  E  N  TO  R  S  !  Pat<-nt,  send  us 

a  model  or  sketch  and  a  lull  description  of  your  iu- 
vt  ution.  We  •sill  make  an  examination  at  the  Patent 
Oflice,  and  if  we  think  it  patentable,  will  send  you 
papers  and  advice  and  prosecute  your  case-  Our  fee 
will  be,  in  ordiuarv  cases,  S25.  AD^^CE  frf.e.  Ad- 
dress LOUIS  B.\GGER  k  CO,  Washington.  D.  C. 
KT'Seud  Piistal  Card  for  our  "  Guide  fob  Obtadjino 
Patents,"  a  book  of  50  pages. 


SANIA  CLARA  VALLEY 

DRUG  STOI^E, 

■iOd    Santa  Clara   street.  Op- 
posite tlxe  Con-rent. 

S.\J<    .JOSE, 

JOH£f  S.  SCOTT,  IVI.D., 

Physician  and   Druggist. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


CHOPARD, 

nmmii  ^ 


JEWELLER 

Am]    Dealer    in 

SILVER  >V^PtE, 

SPECTACLES   AND    CUTLERY, 

At  Low  Figiirps. 
(K^ Watches  and  Jewelry  Carefiilly  Repaired. 

THE 

Jackson  Wagons 

Are  known  to  be 

THE  BEST  FAB.1VI  WA&OSTS 

Sold  (in  this  Coapt.  Sold  quite  as  Inw  as  the  v<ry 
many  poor  ones  offered  for  eale.  We  warrant  thnu 
for  two  years.  For  sale  in  San  Jose  at  San  FranilBio 
prices  by  Haskell  tSc  Rlott,  Agents,  corner  nf  Third 
and  Santa  Clara  streets. 

J,   D.  ARTHUR   &  SOX, 

Importers,  Sau  Francisco. 

SAITTA  CLAHA  TAMEEY 

JACOB  EBEKHARDT,  pRorElETOR. 

ALL  KINDS  OF  LEATHER.  SHEEP   SKINS,   AND 
WOOL.    Higliest  price  paid  for  Sheep  Skins,  Tal- 
low, "Wool,  etc. 


HOW  TO  PAmT, 

A  New  Work  by  a  Practiciil  Painter,  designed 
for  the  use  of  Tradesiiten,  Mecltanics,  I>I*rcli- 
auts.  Farmers,  and  as  a  Guide  to  Professional 
Painters.  Containing  a  plaiu,  common  sense  state- 
of  the  methods  employed  by  Painters  to  produce  sat- 
isfactory resnlts  in  Plain  and  Fancy  Pnlntin^f 
of  every  description,  iucluiliiiy  Foviniilas  fnr  Min- 
ing Paint  in  Oil  or  AV'ater,  'J'utds  n  iiuin  i,  rt.  . 
This  is  just  the  Book  noede-l  by  any  -frr-Mi  hri\i  ^ 
anj'thing  to  paint,  and  makes  *' every  Man  liis 
o^vn  Painter. " 

Full  Directions  for  using  Wliite  Lead,  liamp- 
Bljick,  Ivory  Blark,  Prussian  Bine,  I'ltra- 
Marine,  Green,  Yello^v,  Vermilion,  Bro%vn, 
Lake,  Carmine,  Wliitin^,  Glue,  Pumice 
Stone,  Asplialtum  and  Spirits  of  Turpen- 
tine, Oils,  Varnishes,  Furniture  Varnish, 
Milk  Paint,  Preparinjj  Kalsomine,  ^.- 

PAINT  FOE  0UT-BUILDING3, 

AVhitewash,  Paste  for  Paper-Ilanjiinjn:, 
Graining  in  Oak,  Maple,  Maho;;any,  Rose- 
wood, Black  Walnut:  Hanging-  Paper, 
Staining,  Gildin«;,  Bronziiig^,  Transferring- 
Decalcomania,  Making  Rustic  Pictures, 
Painting  Flower-Stand,  Mahogany  Polish, 
Rosewood  Polish.  Varnishing  Furniture 
Waxing  Furniture,  Cleaning  Paint, 

PAINT  FOR  FARMING  TOOLS, 

for  Machinery,  anil  for  IIousehol<l  Fixtures. 

TO  PAINT  A  FARM  WAGON, 

to  Re-varni8h  a  Carriage,  to  make  Plaster 
Casts.  The  work  is  neatly  printed,  with  illustra- 
tions wherever  they  can  serve  to  make  the  subject 
plainer,  and  it  will  save  many  times  its  cost  yearly 
Every  family  should  possess  a  copy.  Trice  by  mail 
post-paid.  $  I  ,     Address 

Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Jo-arnal, 

SAN  .70SE,  CAL. 


DR.       C.     R.       SP.VW, 

Resilient   Dentist, 
Corner  of  First  nu<l  Santa 

CUnrii  streets, 

ill  iMeLiuiKlilin  &   RyiantrR 

buildiiit!. 

San    .Jose,   Cjil. 


HANNA  BUG'S 
EAST  SAN   JOSE. 


OUR  STOCK  OF 

FRUIT     TREES 

Is  Larger  than  Ever  Before. 

WE  ARE  OFFERING  GRE.\T  INDUCEMENTS  TO 
those  Planting  Largely.  Our  Price  List  is  now 
ready;  send  for  it.  Those  wanting  but  a  few  choice 
Trees  can  depend  on  our  selection,  and  will  be  pleased 
with  our  Trr-es  and  Prices.  Plant  early,  f<>r  the  late 
rains  have  filled  the  soil  with  moisture  and  now  is 
your  opportunity. 

HAJ^rTA    BRO'S, 

East  San  Jose. 


SEEDS. 


SEEDS. 


New  Crop  Just  Arrived  and  New  Ship- 
ments Continually  Arriving. 

VEGETABLE.  GRASS,  AND  CLOVER  SEEDS:  KEN- 
TUCKY BLUE  GRASS,  HUNGARIAN.  ITALIAN. 
ORCHARD.  RED  TOP.  TIMOTHY.  MESQ  HIT,  SWEET 
VERNAL,  RED  CLOVER,  WHITE  CLOVER,  ETC. 

Also,  ihoice  CALIFORNIA  ALFALFA,  iu  larRe  or 
small  quantities;  AUSTRALIAN  BLUE  GUiM  SEED, 
and  seeds  of  every  variety  and  description.  Fresh  and 
Re  liable.  For  sale.  Wholesale  or  Retail,  at  the  OLD 
STAND,  by 

B.    F.    WELLINGTON, 

IMPORTER  AND  DEALER  IN  SEEDS, 
435  Washington  Street,   San  FrancUco. 


HENI^Y  B.  ALVORD, 

DEALER  IN 

mkii  Sy!LDSES'  Material, 

CARPENTERS'  TOOLS, 

Agricultural    Implements, 


IRON,    STIiEL,   AXLES,    SPRINGS,  <&€., 

ALL  RINDS  OF  SHELF  U.IRDWARE  &  CliTLERY 
326  First  St.  San  Jose- 

SMALL  FARM  FOR  SALE! 

AGREEABLY  HITFATED  ON  THE  FOOT-HILLS 
iu  the  WARM  BELT,  nine  niilee  from  San  Jose, 
near  Lob  Gatos.  25  acres  in  Cultivation,  65  acres  of 
Pat^ture  and  Live-Oak  Grove,  SO  acres  of  Chaparral 
and  Wtiudlaiid;  tw<:>  Springs  on  the  place. 

D'wclliii'jf   House,    Bnrii,    Oi'cliiii'il,    Garden, 

\V'«*1I,  '-J  Gtiod   Horses,  One  Colt,  4  yojirs  old. 

Out'  Faiiii  \V:iyoii,  One  Spring  AVajfoii, 

Vi  Tons  of  lliiy,  5   Head  of  Dairy 

Stoc-U,  50  C'lkickeiis,  (-ood  Farm- 

ill'';'  Iiiip]eiiieiit<«.  House  Kiir- 

iiitiire,  LiOt  of  Tools,  «S^c  . 

Title,  U.  S.  Patent.  Price,  $3,500 

Part  Cash,  Easy  Terms  for  the  remainder. 

Address.  LOS  0ATOS  P.  O..  or  applv  on  the  Prom 
Ises  to  the  Proprietor.  G.  GUISKINOT . 

EMPEY  ^  LEITITARD, 


Mainifui'tun'i'R  and   Pciiln-.s  iu 


HAR- 
NESS, 


SADDLERY 


COL- 
LARS, 


Cari'ia.^e    Ti-iininings    Etc. 

Ko.  2C2  Santa  I'htm  Street. 

SAPJ  JOSS. 


ANGORA 

Robe  I  Glo^© 

MANUFACTURING  CO., 

SAN  JOSE,  CAL. 
CAFITAIi  STOCK,    -    $50,000 

OFFICERS: 

President C.  P.  BAILEY 

Secretary FRANK  LEWas 

Treasurer    J.W.  HINDS 

DIRECTORS ! 

C.  p.  BAILEY.  J.  W.  HINDS, 

JACKSON  LEWIS.  C.  H.  LAPHaM. 

RETURN  ROBERTS. 

Manufacture  Exclusiyely  from  Angora  Goat  Skins 

mi  m  EOBES,  HATS,  Unas,  GLOVES, 

Ladies'  Cloaks,  Sacaues,  Dress  Trimm- 
ings, and  Gents'  Caps.  Coats  and 
Coat  Trimmings. 

ALSO.  SKINS  AND  FURS  TANNED  LN  A  SUPERI. 
or  Manner  for  Saddlers'.Upholsters' and  Glovers' 
Work.    Having  the  Sole  Right  to  use  a 

NEWPROCESSOFTAMMANHDYEIM 

ALL  STYLES  OF 

CLOVES  FROM  ANGORA  GOAT  AND  DEER-SKINS 

Fnr    Gaunllets,    Driving  and  Worlilnit 
Glovea  a  Specialty. 

Cash  paid  for  Goat  and  Deer-Skins.    Skins  should  be 

thoroughly  Salted  when   Fresh-     May  be  perfectly 

Dried  in  the  Shade.    Sun-dried  Skina  are 

woithlesB. 

STEAWBSRRIES  and    PEACHES, 

NEW  SORTS,  BY  WIAIL. 

Plants  of  the  newest  and  finest  im- 
proved sorts,  carefully  packed  and 
prepaid  by  mail.  My  collection  of 
Strawberries  took  tte  first  premim- 
um  for  the  best  Collection  at  the 
great  show  of  the  IVEass.  Horticul- 
tural Society,  in  Boston,  this  sea- 
son I  grow  nearly  100  varieties, 
the  most  complete  collection  in  the 
Country,  including  all  the  new  large 
American  and  imported  kinds. 
Priced  descriptive  Catalogue,  gra- 
tis, by  [mail.  Also  Bulbs,  Fruit 
Trees,  Roses,  Evergreens.  25 
packets  Flower  or  Garden  Seeds, 
$1.00  by  mail. 

Q_  Q,  The  True  Cape  Cod  Cran- 
C.  berry,  best  sort  for  TTpland, 
Lowland  or  Garden,  by  mail,  pre- 
paid. SI  per  100,  $5  per  1,000. 
Wholesale  Catalogue  to  the  Trade. 
Agents  ^Vanted. 

B.  WI.  WATSON,  Old  Colony 
Nurseries  and  Seed  AVarehouse, 
Plymouth.  AXass.  Established 
1842. 


P.VIXTER'S  Manual— House  and  sign  painting. 
Rraiuina,  varnishinR.  polishiUR.  kalsominiug,  pa- 
pering. «:c  ,  .-.O  c.'nts.  Book  of  Alp'iabets,  5U;  ScrollB 
and  Oruanionts,  $1;  Carpenttr's  Manual,  .'iO;  Watch- 
maker and  Jeweler,  BO;  Taxidermist.  60;  Soap-maker, 
■i.'i-  Authorship,  r.O;  Lightninif  Calculator.  2.'i;  Hunter 
and  Trapper's  Uulrte,  20;  Dog  Training,  35.  Of  book- 
sellers, or  by  mail.  JESSE  HANEY  &  CO.,  lUl  Nas 
sau  street,  N.  Y. 


fo 


10.  a.  T.— GRANaER  LODGE,  No.  SM,  meets 
•    eveay  MONDAY  eveping,  at  8  o'clock,  in  their 
Hall,  No   -iM  Santa  Clara  street,  over  the  S.  J.  Savings 
Hank.       JMeinbi-rs    of   sister   Lodges    and    sojcnimiiig 
members  in  good  standing  arc  invited  to  attend, 
John  B.  Stevens,  W.  Sec'y. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

CARRIAGE    MAKER.        PIOXEKR    CAR- 
riage  Shop. 

31-1  Second  Strket, 

Between   Sauta    Clara    Btreet    and    Fountain    Alley. 

SAN  JOSE. 

Aariit  for  Fisli  Bro.  's  ^Vas^ons . 

Locke    c&    Montague, 

IMPOKTEES  AND  DEALEKS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  Saz. 

112  and  114  Battery  Street 

SAN  FRANCISCO. 


THE  PARKER  GUN, 


SEND   STAMP  FOR  CIRCULAR 

PARKER  BRO'S 

WEST  MERIDEN,CT. 

"WM.   SHEWS 

m  mmmm  mwrnm, 

115  KEARNT  ST.,    SAN  FRANCISCO. 

This  well  known  "Palace  of  Art,  "  formerly  lo- 
cated on  Montgomery  St.,  No.  417,  is  now  on 
Kearny  St.,  No.  115  and  lias  no  connection  with  any 
other.  Strangers  visiting  the  City  will  find  it  for  their 
interest  to  patronize  this  establishment  for  any  kind 
of  picture  from  Minature  to  Life  Size. 

N.  B.  The  very  best  Rembrandt  Cards  Album  Pize 
S  per  doz.  equal  to  any  that  cost  ?4  on  Montgomery 
St.;  other  sizes  equally  low  in  proportion.        ap 


THE  NEW  IMPKOVED 


Side   Feed   and   Back   Feed. 

THE  LIGHTEST  RUNNING,  MOST  SIM- 
PLE, AND  MOST  EASILY  OPERATED 
SEWING  MACHINE  IN  THE  MARKET, 

Always  in  Order  andRdyfor  Work,' 

If  there  is  a  FLORENCE  MACHINE 
within  one  thousand  miles  of  San  Fran- 
cisco not  working  well,  I  will  fix  it  with- 
out any  expense  to  the  owner- 

SAMUEL  HILL,  Agent, 

No.  19  New  Montgomery  Street,' 

GRAND    nOTEL    BriLDrXG, 
SAN  FRAN0I800. 


177S.  CENrEMIAL  1876. 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway. 

las.s.ujjeis   fur   Ciuea«.,.    Niajj^ra   Falls,  Pitts- 
burg. PhiLidelpliia,  Mnuli-oal.  C,)uel)eo,  New  York 
lioston,  or  any  point  East,  sliould  buy  their 
Traii'jcontinental  Tickets  via 

OHICASO  &NOETHWESTERN  EAILWAV 

This  is  the  liEST  KOUTI-:  E\ST 
Its  Track  is  of  HTEEf,  liAII.S,  and  ou  it  has 
been  made  the  FASTEST  tiiTiethat  has  ever  been 
MADE  in  this  country.  By  this  route  passengers 
for  points  east  of  Chicago  have  choice  of  the 
following  lines  from  Chicago: 
Pitlsburar,  Fortivayiie  and  Cliicai;o 

and  Prnnsylv.ini.i  Railways. 
•J  THROUGH  TRAIN'S  DAILY,  WITH  PAL\CE 
U  Cars  through  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
on  each  train. 

1  THROUGH  TRAIN.  WITH  PULLMAN  PAL- 
1  ace  Cars  to  Baltimore  and  Washington. 
Lake    Nliore  and    Mirliigan   Southern 

Railway  and  Connsctions— New 
1  ork  CcTitr.-il  it  Krie  ICailroads 
q  THROUGH  TR.UXS  DAILY,  WITH  PAL.ACE 
t)  Drawing  Hoom  and  Silver  Palace   Sleeping 
Cars  through  New  York. 
Dlichij^an  Central.  Grand  Trunk.  Great 

Western  and  Erie  ami  New  York 
Central  Railways 
q  THROUGH  TRAINS,  WITH  PULLMAN  PAL- 
•  }  nee  Drawing  Room  and  Cars  through  to  New 
York  to  Niagara    Falls,   Buffalo,   Rochester,   or 
New  York  city. 

Baltimore  and  OIlio  Railroad. 
O  THROUGH   TRAINS    DAILY,  WITH   PULL- 
w  man    Palace    Cars    for    Newark,    Zanesville, 
Wheeling,  Washinglou  and   Baltimore  without 
change. 

This  is  the  Shortest,  Best  and  only  line  run 
niug  PuUman  celebrated  Palace  Sleeping 
Cars  and  Coaches:  connecting  with  Union 
^ciflc  Railroad  at  Omaha  and  from  the 
»Vest,  via  Grand  .Junitiou,  Marshall,  Cedar 
Hapids.  Clinton,  Sterling  and  Dison,  for  Chi- 
cago and  the  East. 

This  popular  route  is  luisurpassed  for  Speed 
Comfort  and  Safety.  Thesmooth.  well-ballasted 
and  perfect  track  of  steel  rails,  the  celebrated 
Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars,  the  perfect  Tele- 
gi-aph  System  f  moving  trains,  the  regularity 
with  which  they  run,  the  admirable  arrangement 
for  running  through  cars  to  Chicago  from  all 
points  West,  secure  tu  r)ns.sengerB  all  the  comforts 
in  modern  Railwaj'  Traveling.  No  changes  of 
Cars  and  no  tedious  delavs  at  Ferries. 

Passengers  will  find  Tieliets  via  this  Favorite 
Route  at  the  General  Ticket  Oflice  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Krailroad,  Saorami  uto.  Tickets  for  sale 
in  all  the  TicbetOfflcesof  the  Central  PaciffcR  R 
H.  P.  STANWOOD.  General  Agency.  121  Mont- 
gomery street,  San  Francisco. 


VTNTrriAT?    Ho^'  MADE  IN 

V  li>  ll/Va/Vrl.  10  HOURS  from 
Cider,  ^\  ine.  Molasses  or  Sorghum,  without  usin" 
drugs.  Address,  F.  I.  SAGE,- Vinegar  Maker" 
Springfield,  Mass. 


ECLIPSE 


Wiad 


Are  the  CHEAPEST,  STORNGEST  and  BEST  where 

Are  considered.  Their  Record  is  their  Recommenda. 
tion.  3,500  in  Successful  Operation  in  Thirty-one 
States. 

Tested  EiiM  Tear,5  as  a  Solf-Pieinlating  Mill 

CELEBRATED 

METAL  PUMPS 

For  Hand  or  Wini  Mill  Use. 

THE  TRACHBM  PUMP  IS  THE  BEST  PUMP 
for  Wind  Mill  or  H:ind  use  made.    Send  for  Il- 
lustrated Circular  cf  Mills  and  Pumps. 

CHAE.LSS  P.  IHOAC. 

118  Beale  St.,  San  Fi^ancisco. 

C^First-ClasB  Workmen  furnished  to  erect  Hills 
when  desired. 


I.  A.  HATCH,  Carpenter,  San  Jose, 

Agent  for  SANTA  CLARA  C0UNT5'. 


FARMERS' UNION. 

(Successors  to  .\.  Phibter  &  Co.) 

Corner  of  Second  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 


SAN   JOSE 


CAPITAL 


$100,000. 


Wm.  Ebkson,  President. 


H.  E.  Hills,  Manager. 


Di.  ectorsi 


Wm.  Erkson. 
L.  F,  Chipman, 
Horace  Little, 
C.  T.  Settle, 


Thomas  E.  Snell 


J.  P.  Dudley, 
David  Campbell, 
James  Singleton, 
E.  A.  Braley, 


t^"  Will  do  s  General  Mercantile  Businesg.  Also, 
receive  deposits,  on  which  such  interest  will  be  al- 
lowed as  may  be  agreed  upon,  and  make  loans  on  ap- 
proved security. 


SjVI^   JOSE 
SAVINGS    BANK, 

2.SG  Santa  Clara  Street. 

CAPITAL  STOCK 

Paid  in  Capital  (Grold  Coin) 


$500,000 

$300,000 


Oflicers: 

President John  H.  Moobe 

Vice-PreEident s.  A,  Bishop 

..    H.     H.  ilEYXOLDS 


Cashier, 


Directors: 

John  H  Moore,  Dr.  U  Bryant, 

H.  Mabiiry.  s.  A.  Bishop, 

H.  H.  Reynolds,  James  Hait, 

James  W.  ^"hiting. 


NEW   FEATURE! 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts,"  bearing  inter- 
est at  6,  8  and  10  per  cent  per  annum ;  inten  8t  payable 
promptly  at  the  end  of  six  months  frum  date  of  de- 
posit. The  "  Receipt"  may  be  transferred  by  indorse- 
ment and  the  principle  with  interest  paid  to" holder. 

Interest  also  allowed  on  Book  Accounts,  l>eginiiing 
at  date  of  deposit. 

Our  vaults  are  largo  and  strong  as  anv  in  the  State, 
and  specially  adaptcti  for  the  safe-keeping  of  Bonds, 
Stocks,  Papers.  Jewelry,  Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc. 
at  trifling  cost.  ' 

Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New^  York,  in 
Gold  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates, 

Buy  and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


FAit.saz;B.s' 
National  Gold  Bank 

OF  SAN  JOSE. 


Paid  up  Capital  (Gold  Coin) S.]00,000 

Authorized  Capital SI,  000, 000 

President JOHN    W.  HINDS 

Vice-President E.  C.  SPsGLETARY 

Cashier W.  T.  TISD.ALE 

Directors  I 

C.  Burrel.  C.  G-  Harrison, 

Wm.  D.  Tisdale,  E.  C.  Singletarv, 

E.  L.  Bradley,  Wm.  L.  Tisdale, 

John  W.  Hinds. 


Will  allow  interest  on  Deposits,  buy  and  sell  Ex- 
change, mate  collections,  loan  money,  and  transact 

A  General  Banking  Business. 

Special  inducement*  ofiered  to  fanners,  merchants, 
mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  commercial  accounts. 

Cor.  First  and   Santa  Clara  Sts., 

S.U<  JOSE. 


f 


i 


9 
y 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


i     Hydrattlic  Earns, 
Lead  and  Iroa  Pips, 

Erass  Goods, 

Eo:8  Wirj, 

Tarmer:'  Eoikr:, 

House  rurLishicg 

Warsa. 


Eh 
Eh 

Pi 


1      " 

P4 


c!j 


Blac-ksmith. 


C.  E.  CAMPBELL, 

mauaf:tctnrtr  of 

Well  Pipe  nncl  G.ilvn.iiize<1  Iron 
F limps  »vitU  improved  valves. 

Tin,  Copper,  Zinc  and  Slieet- 
Iroii  Avares,  Galvanized  Iron 
C'hiiiineys,  Tin  Rooiiug,  Pliintb- 
ing,  etc. 

No::j;J9  rirst  Street,  opposite  Kl  Do- 
rado st. 


Meqefee  &.  Gastor\ 

S.  W.  Cor.  Saula  Cl,irii  ami  First  Sts 

OvtT  Farmers'  National  Gold  Bauk. 
SAN  JOSE. 


(E?"   Special  attention  given  to  Flue 
Gold  Fillings. 


Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  Sits., 

S.\N    JOSE. 

LAEQE  .5;  SMALL  FARMS 

FOU    PAJ.E. 

Lots  in  all  Parts  of  the  City 


FOE    PALC. 


Insurance  in   One    of  the    Best 

Companies. 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  Blacksmith   and  Carriage  Shop. 
Bnll>ac-h^.s  Ne«'   Bricic,  cor.    Sec- 
ond st.  and   Fountain  Alley, 
SAN    .JUSE. 
Agent  for  Flsli   Bi'o.  's  Wagons  . 

New  "Work  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
Imxilements,  etc. 

Wesf.s      American    Tire-Setter. 


Bi'rgstrom  Plows 

(;hris.Berg6trom, 
formerly  Snpt.  of 
tlie  Ber  gst  roin 
Ploiv  Works, 

Meena,  Wis. 

St.  John    St. 

HAN  .JOSE. 


Aquaria, 

Flower-Stands, 

Window    Eracltots, 

Forncrios, 

Bird-Iiscs  and  Eooia, 

l7y    Brackets, 

Wire       riowcr-pot 

Stands, 

Wall  Brackots, 

(Jlass     Eludes,     Etc 


FAEMEES  TAKE  NOTICE 


1JEF0HE      PrCHASING     A      PLOW 
y     (luii't  fnryet  tn  and  examine  the 

Bergstrom  First  Premim  Plow 

At  Chris.  Bcrg'strom's 

BLACKSMITH  &  WAGON  SHOP 

St.  .John  St.,  bet.  First  fc  Market  Sts., 
SAN  JOSE. 


To  W.  Mitchell, 

Porter's    Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SEEDSM AH  and  FLORIST 

A  Bid  De:»l*^r  in  FJowerinj^FJiinla, 
Ornnntontal    SUrtihsi,     Uiilbti 
iititi    Flo^verinsr    Roots   in 
Variety,  Uan^injj  Bas- 
kets,   Dried  Oriinses, 
Frrncli  Immortelles  of  Assorted 
Colors,   Etc.,  Ktc. 

(E^  Sepfls,  FrcRhaml  RLli:iI)Ie. 


North     Side 

MARKET, 
E.    C.     MUNN, 

Cor.  let  and  St.  John    Strsste. 

San    Jose 

Best  Quality  of  Meats,  Low 


•r;iis    Caah 


ROCK'S 

1^^    Ig^  eavi  ^^9  eSd  hCh    & 

North  of  San  Jose. 

Witbiu  Tfii   Miuut'^K  walk  of  terminus  of  North  Side 
Horse  Railroad. 

TREE    DEPOT, 

In  San  -Tose,  near  Wells,  Fargo  k  C'o's  Express  Office. 

Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees,  Shrub- 

ery,  Vines,  Plants,  Etc.,  Creen- 

House  Plants. 

A  Splendid  Assortment  of 

TIEL-UZT  TREES. 

WE  HAVE  AN  IMMENESE  NTMEER.  A  LARGE 
Stock  of  most  tlet^iruble  Sorts  aud  Varieties,  hll 
'Iri-es  of  Superior  Growth  aud  Health,  well  furiued 
with  Good  Roots.  The  late  addition  of  lar^^'s  Pro|)- 
;i;>iitiiig' and  Green-Honaes  to  our  Nurserits,  cu- 
able  U8  tu  nfftr  better  Indurements  to  the  Trade  thau 
ever  before.  Uur  Everjfreen  and  Forest  Trees 
are  remarkably  Fine  and  in  Great  Variety.  Now  is  the 
time  for  Buying  and  fur  Great  Bargains  to  all  who 
want  Large  or  Small  Orders. 

JOHN    ROCK, 

STurseryman,  San  Jose. 


NOVEMBEE.     | 

s. 

M. 

T. 

w. 

T. 

F. 

8. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

lO 

1  r 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

— 

— 

R.  C.  Kirby  &  Co., 

SANTA  CEUSSAKMD  SOLE  LEAIHSR 

Wholesale  DeaSers. 

OFFICE  : 

402  and  404  Battery  St., 

San  Francisco. 
ARTHUI\  GORE,  M.  D., 

SURGXSOVr  DENTZST, 

Offioe.  Odd-FellOTs'  Building,  Pacific  Avtnue.  Ovor  Post  Offlco, 
Santa  Cruz,  Cat. 

All    Operiitions  performed   acrordlnj;  to 

the    mo>«t  -Approved  Piincijiles  of  our 

best  DKXTAL.  SCHOOLS,  aud  «at- 

i'ftictiou    u^uaranteed  in   all 

Reasonable      Cases. 


ii'TT  Officf  hniirfi  from  fl  a.  m.  to  I  r.  m..  and    from    3 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

\Viico.\  Block,  No.19 1  First  St., 
SAir    JOSE,    CAIm. 

CnJlJvrida  and  I-Jastri'n  Mude 

BOOTS  AUD  SHOES, 

A  Large  and  Superior  Apsorfment. 

KTo.    394    rirst    Street, 

"Wilcos  Block,  San  Jose. 


ALL   KINDS  OF 

PALMNIA  AND  mm 


LUMBER, 


Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 

<!onPtautly  on  hand. 

All  Orders  Promptly  Filled. 

p.    O.  Box  509. 


'T'hese  Valves  are  thesim- 

X  plest  and  most  perfect  in  eonstruc- 
tii>n  of  any  Valve  ever  invented.  For 
cheapness,  durability  and  capacity  of 
discharging  water,  they  are  not  equaled 
by  any  other  Valve.  We  manufacture 
sizes  from  3  to  7  inches  diHmeter,  and 
for  Hand.  'Wimlmill  and  Horse-power 
or  Steam  Pumps. 

We  also  keep  on  hand  and  manufac- 
ture the  best  and  cheapest  Well  Pipes. 

FRED.  KLEIN, 

Dealer  in  Stoves,  etc..  No.  227  Santa 
Clara  street,  a  few  doors  west  of  the 
Postoftice,  San  Jose, 


J.  S.   CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

3-37  First  S(ret(. 

THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRiCE 

PAID  FOB 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


C.    SCHRODER, 

CALIFOEHIA  IMi  FACTSEI, 

349  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Near  the  (.>p'Ta  House,  Gau  Jose. 


Confectionery  in  Great  Variety, 
Wholseale  and  Retail. 

I^T  Orders  promptly  attended  to, 


FRED.   KLEIN, 
STOVES, 

SHEET-IRON", 

Copper,     Tinware,     Iron    Pumps, 
Kitchen  Utensils, 

Celebrated  Peerless  Stoves. 

2'37  Saiifu.  Clura  St., 
Nrar  Postofflce.  SiN  JosE. 


DF^.     N.     KLEIN. 

SURGEON    DEUJTIST. 


RHODES  &  LEWIS, 

APOTHECARIES, 

Xo.    335  First    Street, 

SAN   JOSE 


^Qiiiii 


Subscription  Price, 
$1.50  a  year. 


SAN   JOSE,   CAL.,  DECEMBER,    1875. 


Single  Copies, 
15  cents. 


y 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Pa,g9  366,  Kditorial  .—  Dampness  Ineide  o 
Dwellings  and  how  to  Obviate  it.  Financial 
Etc. 

•*    267,    Editorial  Notes.     Etc. 

**  368,  Poetry,  —  Autwmn  of  Life.  Nature's 
Nobleman.  Out  from  the  River.  The  Apple 
Bee.  Fallen  Leaves.  Work.  Song  of  the 
Seasons.     1775—1875.    Tho  Absurdity  of  it. 

**    369,   Editorial.— Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees. 

*•  370,  Editorial  (continued) .— Tarleton  Or- 
chard Cultivator.    Etc. 

**  371,  Correspondence. — A  Christmas  Story, 
(by  Neil  Van). 

*'  373,  Correspondence  (continued). — From 
San  Benito  County.  Letter  from  Lompoc 
Temperance  Colony.  Deep  Plowing.  Flecks 
or  Scuds  in  Butter  (Editorial). 

'■  378,  Stock  Breeder. — International  Exhibi- 
tion of  Live  Stock  at  Philadelphia,  1876. 

**  374,  Stock  Breeder  (continued)  .—Camels. 
Shipment  of  Short-horns  for  San  Francisco, 
Tke  Dairy. — Commencement  .^nd  Progress 
of  Associated  Dairy  Farming.  Poultry 
Yard.— Watering  Poultry.  Buckwheat  for 
Poultry.     Etc. 

**  375,  Hygienic.— Croup  and  How  to  Treat  it, 
(by  "Jewell").  Make  them  Comfortable. 
Salt  Water  for  the  Eyes.  Tobacco.  Farmers 
and  Rheumatism.  Plenty  of  Sleep.  Bathing 
and  Exercise  good  for  the  Eyes.    Etc. 

•'  376,  Porcine.— Pat  and  the  Pig.  The  Berk- 
shire Hog.  Breeding  Swine.  What  Consti- 
tutes a  Good  Pig.  Grapes  Make  Pork.  Short 
Hog  Crop.    Etc. 

*•  377,  Pisciculture.  —Fish  and  What  the 
Fish  Commissioners  have  done  to  Stock  our 
Waters.     Etc. 

*•  378,  Educational.— Self-Made.  Do  Agricul- 
tural Colleges  Make  Farmers?  Influence  of 
Newspapers.  TUe  Horse.— Horse-Haciug  at 
our  Fairs.  Bridle  Breaking.  Keeping  Horses' 
Legs  and  Feet  in  Order.     Glanders. 

'*  379,  Sheep  and  Goats. —The  Angora  Goat 
Business  East.    Foot  Rot  in  Sheep. 

*'  380,  Slieep  and  Goats  (continued),— Api- 
ary.—Silas  Hiving  Bees.  Our  Heavy  Prod- 
uct.   Feeding  Bees.     Etc. 

••  381,  Capital  and  Labor, —The  Danger  of 
Borrowing,  (by  Dr.  Scott) .  Which  shall  Rule? 
Interest  too  High,     Etc. 

'*  383,  HouseUold  Reading,— Country  Maid- 
ens. Chats  With  Farmers'  Wives  and  Daugh- 
ters,  No.  12,  (by  Jewell).  Grandfather's  Let- 
ter. No  3.     Etc. 

'*  383,  Domestic— Familiar  Talks,  No.  5,  (by 
Snip)  Carving  at  Table.  How  to  Prepare 
Feathers  for  Use.    Recipes. 

*•    384,   Miscellany. 


W 


SMITH    &  RYDER,    JEWELERS, 

Wilcox:  Block,  corner  First  and  San  Fernando  streets,  San  Jose. 
E  ARE  NOW  OPENING  SOME  CHOICE  GOODS  SELECTED  FOR  THE 

HOLIDAY   SEASON  ! 


New  styles  Solid  Silver  Ware,  fine  Silver  Platerl  Hollow  Ware.  Fine  American  ami  Swiss  Stem-winding 
WATCHES,  extra  finish,  and  made  expressly  for  lis,  durable,  reliable,  and  possessing  all  the  latest  improve- 
ments. A  new  lot  of  small  SILVER  WATCHES  FOR  BOYS,  Clocks  and  Regulators,  fline  Optical  Goods,  16-K. 
Gold  Pens  and  Holders,  Gold  Chains  aud  Gold  Lockeis.  ONYX  JEWELRYI  The  latest  noveltlee 
in  Pins,  Ear-riugs,  Neek-laces,  I^ockets,  Crosses,  Medalions,  vtc.  Fine  Gold  Jewelry  of  California  manufacture. 
KINGS  with  DIAMONDS,  Pearls,  Stone  Cameo,  Amcthyrst,  and  other  Precious  Stones.  Plain  Gold  and  Band 
Rings,  and  a  great  variety  of  other  First-class  Goods.  ALL  GOODS  ENGRAVED  WITHOUT  EX  1  RA  CHARGE . 
Our  facilities  for  Repairing  fine  watches,  clocks,  jewelry.  Optical  Goods,  i^c,  are  unsurpassed. 


SMITH  &  RYDER,  Wilcox  Block,  San  Jose. 


TOYS! 


Holiday  Presents  Given   Away   at  WILLARD'S       j 
SAN  JOSE  DOLLAR  STORE  !  ] 

Very  large  line  of  Crockery,  Glass  and  PUited  Ware 
always  on  hand,  very  cheap,  at  th..'  DOLL.Ul  STORE,  ! 
i83  Santa  Clara  Street,  Knox  Block. 


MORTON  &  CO. 

Have  lots  of  fine  HOLIDAY  GOODS,  and  substantial 
articles.  If  you  want  to  start  the  New  Y'ear  on  a 
clean  leaf,  get  one  of  our  DIARIES  for  1876. 


L.  HOURIET  &  CO. 


EMPEY  &   LENNAUD, 

Manufacturers  and  I'ealr  r8  in 

HAR-    r^^^^K      COL- 
NESS,   g^^^  LARS, 

SADDLERY, 

Carriage    Triinniings   Etc. 

Xo.  2G2  Saula  Clara  Sired. 

SAisr  josz:. 
JACKSON   lewis; 

1  DEALER  IN 

j  WATCHES,   JEWELRY,    SILVER   WARE, 
SPECTICLES,     ETC. 


IMPORTERS  AND  JOBBERS, 
Wishes  to  call  vour  attention  to  the  following 

PRICE    LIST  : 

WATCHES: 

P.  S.  Bartlet's  3  oz.  Silver  Case,  exp.  bal.,  $20.00;  Elgin, 
same  grade,  :i  oz,  f'iO.OO;  H.  &  O.  Perrett,  S16.0O; 
Rrpi)  Geneva,  ?25  00;  Ladies'  Gold  Himting  Case, 
J.  Mathey,  Slo.OO;  do  do,  S20  00;  do  do,  523.60;  do 
do,  525.00;  do  do,  528.00.  A  full  assortment  of 
Gold  and  Silver  Watches,  prices  ranging  accord- 
ingly. 

CLOCKS  :- One-day  lime,  $1.25;  One-day  alarm,  $2; 
Eight-day  time,  $4:  Eight-day  alarm,  5i.50;  Four 
inch  marine,  52  Simpson,  Hall,  Miller  &  Co.'s, 
Reed  &  Barton's,  and  Derby  Silver  Co.'s  Silver 
Plated  Ware.  Table  Sspoons,  per  set,  $i;  Table 
Forks,  per  set,  $4;  Tea  Spoous,  per  set,  $2— All 
Styles. 
The  above  Forks  and  Spoons  are  XXX.  or  triple  plate 

hest.    Eepairing  neatly  done  at  low  figvires. 

No-  324  Santa  Clara  St.,  San  Jose. 

Price  List  limited  on  account  of  space. 


Having  replenished  his  stock  is  prepared  to  sell  at 
prices  to  suit  the  times. 

No.  259SSanta  Clara  Street, 
SAPr  JOSE. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


PTHE     TRUTH      ABOUT 

The  DAVIS 


VICE'S 

FLOWER  .AND  VEGETABLE  GAULEN ! 

TT  IS  TfVe  most  beautiful  WORK  OF  THE 
^  kiml  iu  tbe  worlil.  It  coutaius  nearly  150  pagen, 
liuudrtds  of  line  illustratioiiB,  and  FoiTK  Chromo 
Plates  of  Flowers,  beautifully  drawn  and  colored 
from  nature.  Price  '.iii  cents  in  pai"-t-r  oovfrK;  65  cents 
bound  in  elegant  cloth,  Vick'b  Floral  Guide,  quar- 
terly, 35  cents  a  year.    Address 

JAMES  VICK, 

Rochester,  N>  Y. 


LOS   GAT03   NURSERIES! 

S.  NEWHAL.L,  Prop'r    -    -     -     San  Jose. 

A  LARGE  AND  GENERAL  ASSORTMENT  OF 
Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees,  Everiireens,  Flower- 
ing Shrubs,  Roses,  Greenhouse  Plants,  Grapevines, 
Small  Fruits,  etc.  I  off^r  for  sale  a  well  assorted,  well 
grown  and  healthy  stock.  liOw-topped  stalky  fruit 
trees  a  speeialty.    Address 

S.  NEWHALL,  San  Jose. 


BREEDERS'  DIRECTORY. 


Parties  desiring  to  purchase  Live  Stock  will  find  iu 
this  Directory  the  names  of  some  of  the  most  reliable 
Breeders. 

OrR  Bates.— Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  will  he  in- 
serted in  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50  cents 
per  month.  A  line  will  average  about  eight  words. 
Payable  annually. 


SHEEP  AND   GOATS. 


CATTLE, 


S.  B.  EMERSON,  Mountain  Vi-w,  Santa  Clara 
county.  Gal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  and  Holstein 
Cattle  and  Cutswold  Sheep. 

CBIARI.ES  CL.ARK,  Mllpitas.  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Hurn  Cattle  and  Swine. 


TT  DOES  NOT  TAKE  AN  HOUR  TO  GET  ! 

JL  ready  to  do  a  minute'b  work,  but  is  always_ready  in    | 
a  minute  to  do  a  day's  woik. 

The  Favorite  of  the  Family  circle.  Ruus^more  easily 
and  quietiv  than  any  other  machine. 

The  DAVIS  presents  these  advantages  :  It  prevents 
fulling  or  gatherin^of  goods,  will  sew  over  thick  seams, 
or  from  one  thicliuess  to  another,  without  change  of 
stitch  or  tension,  and  make  the  most  Elastic,  Durable 
and  Uniform  Lock  Stitch  of  any  Machine  before  the 
public.  fP»?EC. 

The  only  one  having  an  Automatic  Bobbin  Wiudi-r, 
and  the  most  wonderful  attachment  for  making,  the 
Knife  Pleating. 

The  peculiar  feature  of  DAVIS  is  its  VERTICAL 
FEED,  which  is  essentially  different  from  any  other 
Machine  manufactured,  requiring  no  acquired  slull  to 
operate  it,  nor  basting  of  the  goods,  and  all  should  give 
it  an  axamiuatiuu  at  least  bet  ore  purchasing  any  other, 

After  six  weeks"  trial  ut  the  Franklin  Institute  Exhi- 
bitiou,  held  at  Philadelphia  in  187i,  it  was 
A^varclert  tlie  Gtaiid  Mftlal  A<>;ainst  Nine- 
teen Competitors  1 
And  has  universally  been  awarded   the  FIRST  PRE- 
MIUM at  all  principal  Fairs  where  exhibited. 

"We  have  the  best  mBuufacturing  machine  in  use. 

Energetic  and  responsible  Agents  wanted  in  all  un- 
occupied territory. 

For  further  iuformatiou,  circular  and  terms,  call  on 
or  address 

G.    L.    BIGELOW, 

AL,'i'iit  fur  S.iiita  Clara  County. 

Salesroom,  IHo.  458  First  Street, 
San  Jose  Foundry  Block,  san  jose, 

Or  THE  UiVIS  SEWIXG  MACHINE  CO.. 

I  I  8  Post  St.,  San  Erancisco. 


^fW  Fur  75  &nl)PLriiitioiis  to  tbe  California  A<;ri- 
Cliifiirist  ami  Live  StofU  Joiirii.-il  at  ■^l..">0 
eacli.  tlie  imttliKtirrs  will  give  a  S70  Neiv  Davis 
SeAvingr  i>Iacliiiie.  Here  it*  an  npportiinity  for 
Bome  enert^t  tie  liutv  to  get  the  best  Kewiug-uiacbine  tor 
a  little  time  well  eiuiilo.yea.  The  Davis  took  the  flrut 
preniium  at  the  Santa  Clara  Valley  Agricultural  Soci- 
ety's Exhibition  last  Fall. 


CYRUS  JONES  &  CO.,  San  .lose.  Santa  Clara 
county.  Cat. .breeders<rf  Short-Horn  Cattle.  "Young 
Bulls  for  sale." 

COL,EHI.\N  YOl'NGER,  San  .I.ise.  Santa  Clara 
cnuutv.  Cal..  breefler  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


C.  P.  BAILEY,  San  Jose  Cal.,  importer,  breeder 
and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  .\ngora  Goats.  Fine 
Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for  sale. 

IENDRUM  it  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal.    Im- 
J  porters  and  breeders  of  the  tinest  Cotswold  Sheep 
and  Angora  Goats. 

MCCRACKEN  &  LEWIS,   San  Jose,  Cal.    Im- 
porters and  breeders  of  line  .Angora  Goats.    Also, 
fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 


MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOW,  Centennlle,  near 
exiles  Station,  .\lameda  county,  Cal.  Pure-blooded 
French  Merino  Kanis  and  Ewes  lor  sale. 

A.  G.  STONESIFER,  Hill's  Ferry,  Stanislaus  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  uf  Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Sheep. 

A.  VROMAN,  Jenny  Lind.  Calaveras  county.  Cal., 
Cotswold  Bucks  for  sale.  References,  Moody  i  Far- 
isli.  San  Francisco;  Shippee,'McKee  &  Co.,  Stockton. 


C.  B.  POI.HEHHTS,  San  Jose.  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal..  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle, 

L.  J.  HANCHETT,  San  Jose.  Santa  Clara  county, 
Cal..  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

R  .  G.  SNICATH,  Jleulo  Park.  San  Mateo  Co  .  Cal., 
choice  Jersey  Cows,  Heilers  and  Bull  Calves  for  sale 

C-*RR  &  CH-4PMAN,  Gabilan,  Nonterey  county, 
Cal.,  breeders  of  Trotting  Horses,  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine. 

R.  B.  CANNON,  Suisun,  Solano  county,  California, 
breeder  r>f  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

JOS.  L.   CH.IMBERS,  St.  Johns,  Colusa  county, 
I       Cal  .  tjreeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


C.  COMSTOCK,  Sacramento,  California,  breeder  of 

i       Short-Horn  Cattle. 

J.BREWSTER,  G:i]t  Station.  Sacramento  county, 
I       Cal  .  brceiler  of  Short-Horn  Cattle . 


WM.     FLEMING, 

Short-Horn  Cattle. 


Napa,    California,    breeder    of 


W.  L.  OVERHISER,  Stockton,  San  Joaquin  Co., 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

J.    B.   REDMOND,    Black    Point,  Marin    county, 
Cal..  breeder  of  Sbort-Horn  Cattle. 

MOSES  WICK,  Oi'oville.  Butte  county,  California, 
breeder  ■  .f  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


R.  S.  THOMPSON, 

•  N  \  P  A  .    C  A  L. 


I.Mli.Jl,  n.l;  AXli  BUEEDEI!  OF 
THOHOlGH-KRiSU 

BERKSHIRE    SWINE. 


SWINE. 


CH.YRLES  CL.*RK,  Milpitas,  Sauta  Clara  County, 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Purebred  Berksliire  Swine. 


J.   R.  ROSE,    Lakeville.   Sonoma   county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 

G.  D.   MORSE,    San  Francisco,  Breeder  of  Short- 
Horn  and  Devon  Cattle. 

J.  R.  .JEWELL,    Petaluraa,  Sonoma  county,  Cal. 
breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

SENECA   D.1,NIBI  S,    Lakeville,  Sonoma  aounty. 
Cal.,  breeder  of  Devon  Cattle. 

JOHN  .TFDSON,  Bloomfield,  Sonoma  county,  Cal., 

breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 

A.   MILLARD,  San   Rafael.  Marin  county.  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Jerse.vs  and  Alderneys. 

::.  p.  I  IVERMORE,    San  Francisco,  breeder  of 
Slii'rt-Horn  Cattle. 

BEN.MOTT  &  PAGE,    San  Francisco,  breeders  of 

Shurt-H.jrn  Cuttle. 

LEWIS  PIERCE,  Suisun.  Solano  county,  Califor- 
nia, breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


LENDBUM  &  ROGERS,    'Watsonville,   Cal.,  im- 
porters  and  breeders  of  Pure  -\ugora  Goats. 


POULTRY. 


MRS.  1j.  J.  \V.\TKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Premium 
Fowls.  White  and  Brown  Leghorn,  S.  S.  Hamburg, 
L.  Brjihnias.  B.  B.  Red  Game,  Game  Bantams,  and 
Avlesbury  Dmks.     Also,  Eggs. 


M  FAI^L-OX,  Seventh  and  Oak  streets.  Oakland. 
Cal..  otters  for  sale  Eggs  from  every  variety  of  choice 

Fuwls. 

ALBERT  E.  BURBANK,  -13  and  -W  California 
Market.  San  Fr.'aicisro.  importer  and  breeder  of 
Famy  Fowls,  Pi^eout,.  Rabbits,  etc. 


MISCELLANEO  US. 

S.  HARRI^i  HARRIXG,  San  Jose,  Cal..  agent  for 
several  breeders  of  Best  Purebred  animals  and  poul- 
try. We  bring  the  breeder  and  purchaser  together 
direct,  and  do  not  stand  between  them,  while  we  aid 
each  for  moderate  pay. 


DAVVSOX  A  BAXCROFT,  U.  S.  Live  Stock  Ex- 
change, southeast  corner  u4  Fifth  and  Bryant  streets 
San  Francisco.  All  kinds  of  common  and  thorough- 
bred Stock  always  on  exhibition  and  for  sale. 

SPLEXOID  CARD  PHOTOGRAPHS,  only 
S>*-3  a  dozen,  and  Cabinets  S4  a  dozen,  at  HOW- 
LANH'S  Gallery  (Heeriug"s  old  stand]  No.  3.')9  First 
street,  San  Jose.  fe  ly 

WALLACE  &  COCHRAN  386  First  street.  Handsome 
turnouts  always  on  hand  at  fair  prices.  Fine  hearse 
for  funerals.    Carriages  for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 


Tn^  GOODEITOTTaH 

CO.1I.1IO.V-S ENS K  SYSTE.1I 

HOESISHOEIE  SHOP, 

Cor  Santa  Clara  &.  San  Fedro  Sts. 


(Opposite  Post  Ottice.) 


The  only  Natural  Hethd'of  Shuoing  the  Horse 


-'I'D  I'KEVKNT- 


THOS.  BUTTEKPIELD  &  SON, 

HKK1-1>K11H    .\N1)    IMri.'K'ir.KS  OF  I 

ANGORA    OR     CASHMERE     GOATS, 

eS~  Also,  Cotswold  and  other  long  wool  SlK'cp.''4'« 

FRENCH  AND  SP.VNISH  MEIllNOS. 
UOLLISTER,      MONTEREY     (O,      CAL. 


COKITS,     BTXITIOITS, 

Contractiou  of  the  HOOF,  and  all  LAMEXESS 

rosultiii','  from  riisf)und  Feet. 

T.  H.  IiAI^COIVX,  Proprietor- 


A.   O.  HOOKEli, 

Late  Gunckel  A:  Hooker 


L.    FlNKiAK. 

Late  of  Marj'sville 

I      OFFICE, 

,     359 

'    I'iisl  St, 
DENTISTS.  I   San  Jose. 


aiiforiiia  Agriculturist 


Emmwrn, 


e 'T o OK   j^ o ^ Fi Iff ua 


Vol.  6. 


Saa    Jose,    Cal.,    Deceraber,    1875. 


ITo.   12 


DAMPNESS  INSIDE  OF  DWELLINGS 
AND  HOW  TO  OBVIATE  IT. 

A  lacly  subscriber  writes  that  the  recent 
wet  spell  of  weather,  although  good  for  farm- 
ing out-of-doors,  has  been  rough  on  house- 
wives who  have  large  washings  to  do,  and 
that  the  damp  has  accumiilated  in  sleeping- 
rooms  so  that  the  walls  are  mouldy  and  even 
the  bedding  is  damp.  She  wishes  to  know 
how  to  remedy  this,  or  rather,  how  to  prevent 
it. 

In  reply  we  will  say  that  much  of  the  damp- 
ness complained  of  has  probably  come  from 
the  tea-kettle  and  other  vessels  that  are  al- 
lowed to  steam  upon  the  stove  in  the  kitchen. 
The  steam  does  not  condense  upon  the  walls 
of  the  kitchen,  because  the  ceiling  is  warmed 
in  that  room;  but  it  escapes  from  the  kftchen 
through  doors  into  other  rooms  that  are  cold, 
and  whatever  the  particles  of  steam  and  mois- 
ture from  oft'  the  stove  comes  in  contact  with 
in  cold  rooms  it  condenses  upon  them,  so  that 
the  walls,  furniture,  bedding,  etc.,  all  accu- 
mulate moisture  by  condensation  in  this  way. 
Another  thing  we  will  call  attention  to  in  this 
connection  —  whatever  is  boiling  upon  the 
stove,  be  it  ham,  cabbage,  onions,  corned  beef 
or  other  food,  if  the  doors  leading  from  the 
kitchen  to  other  parts  of  the  house  are  open, 
the  scents  are  carried  with  the  steam  and  de- 
posited upon  whatever  is  cold  enough  to  con- 
dense the  steam.  This  is  why  some  houses 
are  filled  with  a  smell  "  peculiar  to  the  fami- 
ly," as  all  the  clothes  catch  a  share  of  it  and 
carry  it,  too. 

Our  advice  in  this  case  is,  first,  whenever 
any  vessel  is  steaming  on  the  stove,  shut  the 
doors  that  connect  with  other  rooms  and  open 
window  or  outside  door  of  the  kitchen  to  al- 
low the  steam  to  escape.  Don't  allow  steam- 
ing upon  the  stove  excepting  when  necessary 
to  do  cooking,  washing,  etc.  When  there  is 
nothing  steaming  upon  the  stove  and  a  clear, 
dry  heat  alone  is  generated,  then  open  the 
other  door  and  allow  the  dry  heat  to  circulate 
through  the  rooms.  At  other  times  it  is  well, 
in  fact  necessary,  to  open  windows  and  air 
the  rooms  thoroughly.  The  best  time  to  do 
this  in  Winter  is  usually  after  ten  o'clock  in 
the  morning,  when  the  air  is  the  dryest  and  a 
breeze  has  sprung  up  which  is  drying.  With 
a  little  studious  care  no  room  or  article  in  the 
house  need  to  get  moist  or  musty.  It  is  only 
necessary  to  understand  the  philosophy  of 
the  thing,  ventilate  thoroughly  at  suitabl 
times,  use  the  dry  heat  from  stoves  and  fire- 
places whenever  it  is  convenient,  and  be  care- 
ful to  observe  and  enforce  such  rules  as  are 
in  accordance  with  reason. 


QuicKxiME  and  wood  ashes,  made  into  a 
whitewash,  will  destroy  the  moss  on  old  hide- 
bound tree.  Try  it.  Lo  not  use  it  with  much 
potash  on  smooth-barked  or  young  trees,  as 
there  is  danger  of  injm-ing  them. 


FINANCIAL. 

Dr.  Scott's  article  on  the  "Danger  of  Bor- 
rowing," in  this  issue,  is  worth  reading  and 
pondering  upon.  It  is  certainly  better  for  us 
all  to  get  down  as  near  first  principles  as  we 
can,  and  "go  slow, "  as  the  saying  is.  In 
other  words,  depend  upon  self  more,  and 
make  industry  and  close  application  to  busi- 
ness within  our  means  the  method  of  acquir- 
ing means  with  which  to  branch  out,  and  grow 
like  the  oak — slowly  but  surely. 

As  the  year  draws  to  a  close,  it  is  a  fit  time 
to  take  a  retrospective  glance  at  the  prospects 
and  realizations  of  the  past,  and  pondering 
upon  the  lesson,  determine  the  best  course  to 
pursue  in  the  future.  If  our  mistakes  have 
led  us  into  difficulties,  let  us  not  be  cast 
down,  but  arise  suijerior  to  them  and  do  bet- 
ter next  time,  or  try  to,  at  any  rate.  Those 
who  have  lost  by  borro^^-ing  should  in  a  great 
measure  blame  themselves,  although  the  pres- 
ent financial  system  is  certainly  oppressive 
upon  industry  and  ought  to  be  revolutionized. 
Bankers,  like  men  in  other  speculative  trades, 
naturally  try  to  take  advantage  of  the  market, 
and  even  \\-ill  control  it.  if  thej-  can,  to  their 
own  advantage.  To  be  sure  they  are  to  blame 
for  tightening  up  their  purse-strings,  advanc- 
ing interest  rates  and  foreclosing  upon  a  man 
who  has  a  show  to  save  himself;  but  until  a 
better  financial  system  prevails,  what  else  can 
we  exi^eot  of  coin-hardened,  case-hardened 
men?  A  better  financial  system!  How  is  that 
to  come  about?  Who  is  to  give  it  to  us,  and 
what  will  it  be?  These  are  questions  that  in- 
terest tis  all,  and  upon  which  there  is  self-in- 
terest of  the  money-power  ujion  one  side, 
and  the  poor,  divided-in-opiuion  common 
people  on  the  other  side.  Who,  indeed,  will 
give  us  a  better  sj'stem,  and  how?  Not  the 
bankers,  you  may  depend;  not  those  whose 
interests  are  with  the  banks.  Like  every 
great  reform  that  ever  gained  sway,  the  peo- 
ple must  be  the  ones  to  move  and  to  jiue  it  to  thetn- 
selves,  in  spite  of  all  opposition.  This  means 
revolution— peaceable  if  we  can,  forcible  if 
we  must.  An  honest  system  must  spring  from 
an  honest  people.  An  intelligent  system 
must  be  the  progeny  of  an  intelligent  people. 

The  honesty  and  the  intelligence  are  both 
sadly  lacking;  still  there  is  hope  that  our  peo- 
ple will  soon  be  prepared  for  a  grand  reform 
in  this  direction. 


Thb  Tkappee. 

We  have  received  a  copy  of  the  Amateur 
Trapper  and  Trap-Makers'  Guide,  which  is  a 
complete  and  carefully  prepared  treatise  on 
the  art  of  trapping,  snaring  and  netting,  con- 
taining a  great  deal  of  useful  information. 
Written  by  Stanley  Harding  and  published 
by  Dick  iV:  Fitzgerald,  IS  Ann  street.  New 
York.  Just  the  book  for  the  boys.  Price  only 
50  cents.     Send  for  one. 

Vhe  If  est  If  umber  comences  a  new 
volumu  with  improvements.     Subscribe  now. 


Many  subscribers  to  this  journal  have  ex- 
pressed satisfaction  at  and  approval  of  our 
admitting  none  but  worthy  business  adver- 
tisements in  the  California  Agrigultdrist. 
It  ever  has  been  and  will  continue  to  be  our 
aim  to  conduct  our  monthly  strictly  in  the 
best  interests  of  its  readers,  guarding  its  col- 
umns against  the  intrusion  of  anything  that 
is  not  honorable  and  worthy  of  attention. 

We  feel  that  the  trust  reposed  in  or  accept- 
ed from  us  is  a  sacred  one,  and  purpose  to  so 
conduct  the  paper  that  none  who  are  well- 
meaning  can  take  exceptions  to  it,  while  all 
who  love  and  respect  the  right  shall  be  pleased 
to  continue  to  be  its  readers  and  our  friends- 


Ramie   and  Jute. 

Of  these  prodncts  the  Commissioner  of  Ag- 
riculture says; 

"  There  is,  perhaps,  no  one.  subject  of  ag- 
ricultural production  in  which  I  have  taken 
more  interest  than  that  which  relates  to  fib- 
rous plants,  especi.iUy  ramie  and  jute.  These 
have  been  brought  iuto  notice  within  the  last 
four  years  through  the  influence  of  this  de- 
partment, and  now  they  are  about  to  assume 
an  importance  which  is  only  beginning  to  be 
known.  Both  these  plants  will  grow  success- 
fully in  all  our  Southern  States,  and  especially 
in  California.  The  impediment  heretofore  to 
their  production  has  been  the  diiflculty  of  sep- 
arating the  fibre  from  the  gummy  principle 
and  green  covering  of  the  jjlants.  But  this 
jiroblem,  it  is  believed,  has  been  now  solved 
by  the  invention  of  machiner)-,  which,  with 
the  aid  of  certain  acids,  separates  the  fiber 
perfectly  and  economically.  The  ramie  is  n 
native  of  India  and  China,  where  the  work  of 
separating  the  fiber  is  done  by  hand  at  a  cost 
of  S1.50  per  ton.  The  latest  p.itentee  of  a 
machine  for  separating  the  fiber  claims  that 
the  cost  of  separating  it  will  not  exceed  $30 
per  ton.  It  is  a  beautiful  and  lustrous  staple, 
in  strength  and  brilliancy  almost  equal  to 
silk;  in  fact,  most  of  the  dress  goods  made  to 
imitate  silk  fabrics  are  made  in  part  of  ramie, 
and  its  value  now  in  England  is  .€7.5,  or  $375 
per  ton;  and  it  is  said  that  in  California  1,200 
pounds  of  this  fiber  may  be  jiroduced  on  one 
acre.  If  these  anticipations  be  realized,  of 
which  there  is  now  a  reasonable  hops,  the 
country  may  anticipate  the  prosecution  of  a 
new,  usefnJ  and  profitable  industry.  Jute 
produces  a  fiber  of  a  coarser  quality,  but  ad- 
mirably adapted  to  cordage  and  bagging,  and 
because  of  its  length  and  strength,  greatly 
superior  to  either  llax  or  hemp." 

.*  ^  — 

List  of  New  Advertisements. 

.Jewelry  for  Holidays— Smith  &  Ryder,  San  Jose. 

Toys— Dollar  Store,  " 

Niirserj- — Jobn  Rock,  *• 

Jewelry — Jackson  Lewi?, 

Lawyer— H.  S.  Lanipkin,  ■* 

Los  Gates  Nursery — Sylvester  Newhall,  " 

Jewelrv  and  Holiday  Goods— L.  Houriet  &  Co.,    " 
Oasis  Baths— W.  F.  Barker,  " 

Holiday  Goods— Morton  &  Co..  " 

Drug  Store — H.  Piessnecker,  " 

Farmers' National  Gold  Bank,  " 

Agricultural  Iinpleraents— H.  B.  ,\lvord,  " 

Flower  and  Vegetable  Garden,  J.  Vick.  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Periodicals — H.irper  Brothers,  New  York. 
Christian  Worker — Cubery  &  Co.,  San  Francisco. 
Garden  Seeds — J.  J.  H.  Gregory,  Mass. 
Sale  of  Clydesdale  Stallions — T.  G.  Duncan,  McLean, 
Illinois. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


i 


>  GAL,  AGEICULTto'iST  PUBLISHIHG  00, 


S.  HARRIS  HERRINC,  Elitm 


OFFICE:  Over  the  San  Jose  Saviii;^s  Bank, 
BalbacU's   Builf1in;Xi  SanJa  C'lara  Street, 


near  First,  San  Jose 


SPECIAL  TEEMS  TO  AGENTS. 


KATES  or  ADVEKTISING. 


Per  one  CoUimn $15  00  Per  Mouth 

"    Ji.'ilf  t.;o!nnin 8  00     "  ' 

"    fourth  Culumii 4  OO    "        " 

''    eighth  Columu _.      2  00     " 

"    Bixteenth  Cohiuxu 1  00    "        '* 

0£?"  We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  to  our  resolution 
to  admit  none  but  worthy  business  advertising  in  our 
columns,  and  to  keep  cleiir  of  luitpiit  nindiciue,  liquor, 
and  other  advertisements  of  doulttlnl  intiueuee. 

The  large  circulation,  the  desiral>le  class  of  renders, 
and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rendf  rs  this  Journal 
a  choice  medium  for  reachin-,'  the  attention  of  the 
masses. 


EDITORIAL  NOTES. 


Our  Patrons  will  please  bear  in  mind  that 
renewals  and  remittances  are  now  in  order 
and  that  we,  on  our  part  will  be  pleased  to 
credit  the  same  on  their  accounts,  sending  to 
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Peas  sown  before  the  first  rains  are  some 
of  them  in  blossom.  The  frosts  of  wintf-r 
will  be  sure  to  check  that  jiroclivity,  and 
although^^they  will  grow  all  winter,  they  will 
not  be  likely  to  bear  before  March,  unless 
this  is  an  exceijtioual  winter.  Frosts  may 
soon  be  expected  that  will  singe  tender  things 
generally  and  stop  all  lavish  growth  of  green 
plants  till  the  warm  days  of  February. 


Country  Gentleman  is  a  term  that  has 

been  applied  East  to  a  class  of  farmers,  who 
having  acquired  wealth  in  some  business  ope- 
rations, have  country  seats  and  farms  as  well 
as  city  residences.  In  this  State,  and  partic- 
ularly in  Santa  Clara  valley,  quite  a  number 
of  farmers  with  their  families  reside  in  town 
a  portion  of  the  season— generally  during 
winter  months,  where  the  children  can  have 
the  best  educational  advantages,  and  the  fam- 
ily can  attend  lectures,  and  enjoy  all  the  ben- 
efits that  an  advanced  civilizatinn  can  give. 
It  matters  not  whether  one  is  rich  or  jjoor — 
whether  they  can  own  the  house  tney  occupy 
or  not,  we  rather  like  the  plan.  While  the 
boys  and  girls  are  attending  the  institutes,  it 
is  perhaps  a  matter  of  economy  for  the  fami- 
ly to  live  in  town.  Then  in  spring  and  sum- 
mer all  can  go  back  to  the  farm,  and  work 
together  for  natural  education  and  means,  as 
they  did  in  town  for  knowledge  of  books  and 
ideas.  We  like  the  idea  of  the  family  keep- 
ing together.  The  old  folks  need  city  advan- 
tages as  well  as  the  young,  and  it  is  nice  for 
the  father  and  mother  to  enter  into  society 
with  their  children,  assist  them  in  their  stud- 
ies and  sports,  and  enjoy  with  them  as  many 
piivileges  as  possible.  As  civilization  pro- 
gresses we  expect  to  see  more  of  this  co-ope- 
rative country  and  city  life.  The  old  folks 
and  the  young  rolks  need  it  mutually. 


We  -re  glad  to  learn  that  there  is  some 
redress  for  the  farmer  or  gardener  who  is  im- 
posed upon  by  dealers  selling  poor  seed. 
There  has  been  much  complaint,  and  with 
reason,  on  this  coast,  that  it  is  almost  impos- 
sible to  get  good  seed  from  dealers.  It  should 
be  made  to  the  interest  of  dealers  to  sell  none 
but  reliable  seeds,  and  a  little  "justice"  might 
bring  them  to  an  appreciation  of  that  fact. 
The  Rural  Neio  Yorker  says :  "A  decision 
has  just  been  made  in  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  in  New  York  City  which  is  of  great  im- 
portance to  seedsmen,  farmers  and  gardeners. 
In  the  ease  of  Van  Wyck  vs.  Allen,  Judge 
Robinson  has  fixed  the  rule  regulating  the 
damages  to  which  a  seedsman  is  liable  for 
selling  inferior  seed.  He  held  that  the  plain- 
tiff was  entitled  to  as  much  damages  as  he 
might  reasonably  have  expected  from  the  crop 
of  the  kind  of  vegetable  the  seed  of  which  he 
supposed  he  was  buying;  less,  however,  the 
cost  of  the  care  and  trouble  he  expended  after 
he  discovered  the  crop  was  not  of  the  kind 
he  had  a  right  to  expect. 


The  Season  so  far  has  been  a  remarkable 
one.  The  copious  rains  of  November  came 
di'ibbling  along  so  as  to  thoroughly  saturate 
the  soil  without  causing  floods.  Since  the 
grass  first  started  in  October,  it  had  grown 
without  hindrance,  and  in  the  second  week  in 
December  is  a  half-knee  high.  With  a  straw 
stack  to  run  to,  cattle  will  not  only  live,  but 
on  the  fresh  feed  keep  in  good  order  all  win- 
ter. The  thorough  winter  soaking  of  the 
soil  has  insured  good  crops  of  grain  and  hay 
the  coming  season.  There  has  been  no  frost 
at  this  writing  to  kill  tomato  plants  or  squash 
vines.  Many  deciduous  trees  have  not  cast 
their  foliage.  Tender  plants  are  in  blossom 
and  the  warm  sun  after  the  rains  is  like 
spring. 


Orange  Culture  is  no  longer  considered 
an  experiment  in  all  the  lower  valleys  of  Cal- 
ifornia, and  in  the  mountains  below  three 
thousand  feet  altitude  in  many  localities  the 
orange  will  do  finely.  It  is  the  opinion  of 
many  good  judges  that  finer  flavored  oranges 
can  be  grown  here  than  at  Los  Angeles.  Be 
that  as  it  may,  it  is  certain  that  orange  trees 
will  grow  finely  here,  and  the  fruit  will  also 
compare  favorably  with  the  oranges  of  any 
other  country.  The  trees  are  ornamental  ev- 
ergreens, and  more  attention  should  be  paid  to 
their  culture..  Young  trees  should  be  shel- 
tered from  frosts.  Although  the  frost  is  not 
likely  to  kill,  it  will  injure  them.  A  good 
way  to  shelter  them  is  to  stick  three  or  four 
stakes  around  them  and  tie  the  top  ends  to- 
gether, allowing  a  little  space  above  the  tree. 
Then  sacking  or  straw  could  be  drawn  and 
tied  about  these  stakes,  making  a  sort  of  wig- 
wam shelter  that  would  exclude  frosts  and 
preserve  the  foliage  and  tender  tops  from  in- 
jury until  after  the  frosty  season  is  over. 
Large  trees  do  not  need  such  shelter. 

Cherry  Trees  in  an  Apple  Orchard-— 

Mr.  Charles  Caiue,  an  old  orcharchst,  of  San 
Jose,  two  years  ago  planted  cherry  trees  among 
full-grown  Newton  Pppin  apple  trees  in  an 
orch.ird.  The  apple  trees  were  standing  about 
eighteen  feet  apart,  close  enough  one  would 
think,  but  Mr.  Caine  planted  two-year  old, 
cherry  trees  between  the  trees  in  every  row. 
The  result  so  far  is  a  splendid  growth  of  the 
cherrj'  trees,  which  are  much  more  stalky  and 
vigorous  than  those  jilanted  in  open  ground. 
The  apple  trees  bear  quite  as  well  as  before, 
and  promise  to  bear  as  well  for  years  to  come. 
This  innovation  bids  fair  to  prove  a  grand 
success.  We  have  long  been  in  favor  of  closer 
planting  than  most  any  other  party,  but  Mr. 
Caine  pegs  a  hole  ahead  of  us  in  this  in- 
stance. We  will  watch  his  experiments  and 
results  from  year  to  year.  Mr.  Caine  culti- 
vates his  orchard  very  thoroughly  and  feels 
satisfied  that  he  will  reap  a  double  profit  from 
it  soon. 


The  Whiskey  Frauds  that  have  been  un- 
earthed lately  show  that  our  liquor  men,  who 
claim  that  they  support  the  Government  by 
paying  licenses  and  taxes,  are  quite  as  cor- 
rupt as  patriotic.  They  seem  to  be  inspired 
with  some  of  their  own  alcoholic  spirit^ — the 
spirit  of  the  Devil.  Their  business  is  to  get 
all  the  money  they  can  without  giving  in  re- 
turn what  is  of  value  to  the  human  race,  di- 
rectly or  indirectly.  Defrauding  the  Govern- 
ment is  the  least  of  their  sins.  It  would  be 
cheaper  in  the  end  to  support  them  all  in  lux- 
ury, without  their  doing  other  evil,  than  to 
do  it,  as  is  now  the  case,  at  n  double  expense — 
expense  of  money,  and  of  the  moral  sense, 
health,  happiness  and  lives  of  thousands  an- 
nually. What  better  can  we  expect  than 
fraud  from  a  class  of  men  whose  avocations 
are  calculated  to  spread  ruin  and  desolation 
over  the  land. 


Nkak  to  any  great  snjiply  of  manure  from 
livery  stables  and  other  city  sources,  the  soil 
can  be  compensatetl,  and.  indeed,  be  forced 
to  such  a  degree  of  fruitfulness,  that  it  is  not 
of  the  least  conseijueuce  how  frequently  crops 
of  the  most  exhausting  characteristics  suc- 
ceed each  other. 


"CALIFORNIA    AGRICULTURIST"    SUPPLKMKNT. 

A    PARTIAL    LIST    OF   BOOKS  ■ 

OFFERED    BY    THE 

CAL.  AGRICULTURIST    PUB.    CO. 

FOe  SULEJNfl  IS  PREMIUMS  TO  SUflSCRIBERS  FDR  THE " CiLIFIilll  JEIIIGOLTUIIIST,"  PUBLISIEil  IIT  Si  JOSE,  HL, 

TEEMS— U.  S.  gold  coin,  or  its  eqniyaleut  in  ciirrciuy  or  Postoffice  ovilcrs,  as  iier  Catalogue  prices.     Books  to  be  sent  postage  paid  oa 
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PRESERVE  THIS  SHEET  FOR  REFERENCE. 


Agricultural  Etc. 

American  Poulterer's  Companion. 
(Bemeut.)     Engravings,  8-vo. .  .  .i?2  00 

Trees  of  America.  (J.  D.  Browne) 
8vo 5  50 

Europeftn  Vineyards.  (Flagg.)12mo.  1  50 

Hand-Book  of  Sulphur  Cure.  (Elagg) 
paper.     I'imo 50 

American  Husbandry.  (Graylord  & 
Tucker  )      2  vols.,  ISmo 1  50 

American  Home  Garden.  (Wat.son.) 
.Several  hundred  illustrations. 
12mo 2  00 

American  Fisb  Cnllure.  (Tluidins 
Norris)      Illustrated.      12mo.  .  .  .    2  00 

The  Horse  in  the  Stable  and  Field. 

(J.  H.  Walsh,  V.  R.  C.  S.)     8vo. .   2  50 

Illustrated  Book  of  Domestic  Poul- 
try. Twenty  cliromo  illustrations 
(Martin  Doyle.)     «vo 4  50 

A  I'armers  Vacation  in  Several  Coun- 
tries. (Geo.  E.  Warrint:.)  Illus- 
trated, 8vo .3  50 

Arcliitectiire    of    Country    Houses. 

(A.  J.  Downing.)     8vo G  00 

Vegetable  World.     (Feguier)  12aio.  1^  50 

Prairie  Farming,  12mo .50 

Fish  Breeding-      (Fry.)      12mo 125 

Healthy  Houses.      (Eassie.)      12mo.  1  00 

Indian  Corn.      (Entield.)      12mo...    1  00 

American  Cottage  Builder.  Illustra- 
ted.     (Bullock.)     8vo 3.50 

Parks  and  Pleasure  Grounds  (Smith) 

12mo 2  50 

Farm  Bee-Keeping,  12mo .50 

Bee-Keepers'  Directory.  (J.  G.  Har- 
bison.)     Illustrated,  12mo 2  50 

American  Bee-Keepers  Manual.  (T. 
B.  Miner.)      Illustrated,  12mo...    1  00 

Mvnteries  of  Bee-Keeping.  ^M. 
Quinby.)      12mo 1  00 

Bee  Keepers'  Manual.      (H.  Taylor.) 

KJmo 50 

lUustratetl  Book  of  Domestic  Poul- 
try.     (M.  Doyle.)      12mo 1  50 

Food  of  Animals  and  Fattening  Cat- 
tle.     (R.  D.  Thompson.)   10  mo..    100 

The  Horse  Owner.  (Geo.  Arma- 
tage. )    lOmo 2  50 

The  American  Stud  Book.  (G.  D. 
Bruce.)      line  steel  plates,  8vo.  ..  .    2  50 

The  Horses  of  the  Shahra.  (James 
Hiitton.j      Svo 1  50 

The  Horse.  Eighteen  colored  plates 
8vo 1  75 

The  Horse  Owners'  Guide.  (Walth- 
er,  F.  G.  S.)     Svo 1  00 

The  Varieties  of  Dogs.  (C.  P.  ^  er- 
jeau.)     Illustrated, 2  .50 

Dogs  and  Their  Ways.  (Chas.  Wil- 
liams. )      lOmo 1  00 

Enclyopedia  of  the  Useful  Arts.  ...   5  00 

Cyclopedia  of  Agriculture.      (J.  C. 

Morton.)    Illustrated,  2  vols.,  Svo.   S  00 

Encyclopedia  of  Domestic  Economy 
(T.  WeL)ster  A:  INlrs.  Parks.)  Illus- 
trated, leather,  Svo 2  50 

Hand-Book  of  Husbandry.  (Geo. 
E.  Warring. )  Illustrated,  moroc- 
co, 000  j)ages,  Svo 3  50 

American  Husbandry.  (Graylortl, 
Wells  .V  Tucker.)     2  vols.,  2imo.  2  50 

Elements pf  Agriculture.      (Geo.  E. 

Warring,  Jr.)      24nio 50 

Illustialtd  Annual  liegister  of  Ku- 
ral  Ati'airs  lor  1870.     Paper  cover.       .30 


J.  Ross  Browns's  Works— Illustrated. 

An  American  Family  in  Germany . .   2  00 
Adventures  in  the  Apache  Country.   2  00 

Land  of  Thor 2  00 

Crusoe's   Island,    with    sketches   of 

California  and  Washoe 1  75 

Yusef— Travels  in  the  East 1  75 

Educational. 

General  Atlas.  (.\ppletou.)  verv 
complete "   o  00 

Sin  gleEntry-Book-Keei)ing  (Marsh) 
Svo 2  00 

Health  and  Education.  (Kingsley) 
12  mo 1  75 

The  New  Chemistry.  (Josiah  Cook.) 
12  mo 2  00 

Guide  to  Knowledge.  (Eliza  Bob- 
bins.)     ISmo 1  00 

The  Culture  Demanded  by  Modern 
Life,   Youman 2  00 


Poetical  Works. 

Byron's   Complele  Poetical  Works, 

i  plates,  sheep 3  50 

Robert    Burn's     Qomplete    Works, 

sheep,  library  style 3  50 

Beauties    of    Shakespeare,    Bedliue 

Edition 1  50 

Homer's  Illiad,  Southey 2  00 

Cowper's  ('omplete  Poetical  Works, 

Globe  Edition.    Illustrated 1  25 

Gems  from  American  Poets 1  50 

Thomas  Hood .- .    1  .50 

The  Farmer's  Boy,  Bloorafield.   Mo- 
rocco, 32mo 1  50 

Pope's'  Poetical  Works,  Globe  Edi- 
tion    1  25 

Bryant's  Poems.     Illustrated 3  50 

Shakespt\ire's  Complete  Works,  Svo  2  50 

another  edition,  Svo 3  75 

Pike    County    Ballads     and    Other 

Poems,  John  Hay 1  50 

Will  Carelton's  Farm  Ballads.  Illus- 
trated   2  00 

Teunj'son's  Poems 1  25 

Romance,  History,  Etc. 

Children  of  the  Abbey,  Bulwer.  ...    1  25 
Aurosa   Leigh,  Mrs.  Browning.     Il- 
lustrated     3  50 

The  Scarlet  Letter,  Hawthorne 2  00 

The  Blithedale  Romance,  "  ....   2  00 

What  Answer'?  Anna  Dickinson.  ..  .   2  00 

Adam  Bede,  George  Eliot 1  50 

Felix  Holt,         "  "     1  00 

The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table, 

O.  W.  Holmes 1  50 

Enoch   Ai'den,  Tennyson.     Illustra- 
ted     1  50 

Twenty   Thousand   Leagues    Under 

the  Sea,  Jules  Vernes.  Illustrated  3  50 
The   Tour  of  thn  World  in  Eighty 

I  )ays,  Jules  Vernes 1  50 

We  Girls,  Blrs.  A.  D.  T.  Illustrated  1  50 
Every-Day     Cookery.       Containing 
Receipts,  Valual)le   in    t!ookery — 
Complete  (Juide  to  fearving.  Illus- 
trated, lOmo 1  50 

Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress 1  50 

Housekeeper  and  Healthkecper. . . .   1  25 


Dicken's  Complete  Works.  14  vols.  10  00 
"  "        another 

edition.     8  vols 14  00 

Don  Quixote.     12mo i  50 

The   Last   of    the   Barons,   Bulwer 

8vo 1  00 

The  Last  of  the  Saxon  Kings.  Svo.  1  00 
Intellectual  Development  of  Europe 

Dr.  John  W.  Drajier.     Svo 5  0() 

Franklin's  Life  and  Writings.  2  vols. 

18mo I  :, 1 1 

Romance  of  the  Revolution 1  50 

Lives  of  Celebrated  Female  Sover- 

'g"s 1  50 

Juvenile  Books. 

Frank  the  Young  Naturalist,  Harry 

Castlemau.     Illustrated,  lOrao. .. .   1  2.j 
Frank  Among  the  Rancheros,  Harry 

Castleman.     Illustrated,  lOmo. .  . .  1  25 
Tom  Newcomb;  or,  the  Boy  of  Bad 

Habits.     Illustrated,  lOnio 1  50 

The  Gorilla  Hunters,  M.  Ballantyne 

16mo 1 

Robinson  Crusoe.     Svo 1 

Arabian     Nights'     Entertainments. 

8vo'. 1  ,-„ 

Stories  of  History,  Agnes  Strick- 
land.    Illustrated,  Svo , .  . .  .   1  iT. 

Idle  Hands  and  Other  Stories,  "T.  S. 

Arthur.     Illustrated,  Svo 2  00 

Small  Beginnings;  or,  The  Way  to 

Get  on,  H.  K.  Brown 75 

Children's  Picture-Book  of  Birds..    1  50 
"       "      Quad- 
rupeds    1  50 

"       "  the   Sa- 
gacity of  Animals 1  50 

Papas  15ook  of  Animals — Wild  and 

Tame,  C.  H.  Bispham.  Illustrated.  1  50 
Popular  Tales  and  Houshold  .Stories 

Grinn  Pro's.  200  illustrations '2  50 

Aladdin;  or,  the   Wonderful  Lamp. 

Illustrated 2  00 

Slovenly  Peter.  Colored  Pictures  2  00 
Mother  Goo.se.  Complete  illustrated* 

edition 65 

Birthday  Library.  3  vols,  in  box. .  3  00 
Aunt  Clara's  "  C  "  "  "  .  .  2  70 
Big  Type  "         3     "      "     '•    . .   1  50 

Tiny  "         4     "      "     "    ..       90 

Four  Instructive  ^Games — Authors, 
Poets,  Mythology  and  Popular 
Quotations— in    handsome   case.     2  00 

Practical  Drawing  Book 2  00 

Days  of  Bruce,  Grace  Aguilars.     2 

vols 2  00 

Home  Influence,  Grace  Agilars.  ..  .  1  00 
Mother's  Recompense,  "  ....  1  00 
Heir  of  Red  Clvffe      "       1  75 


CHROMOS. 


Wo  hiive  on  liaii.i  a  trw  more  of  the  choice  Oil 
Chromos— "  Roim-o  ami  .Iiiliel,"  "At  tlic  Well/ 
"The  liii-ds,"  ami  "  The  Chicks."  Those  pret'er- 
iiig  Chromos  to  boctks  can  have  ouu  of  e'Mier  of 
tlieee  on  each  subscription. 

£r^  To  any  little  hoy  or  .i^ii-I  wlio  will  eend  » 
now  Hnlmcrii>lion,  wc  will  send  both  "  The  Birds'* 
and  "Tlie  Chicks,"  pnslpaid.  Our  Chihlrena"  De 
pirtmcnl  the  coming  year  will  be  a  feature  in  the 
AGKiori.Tritisr. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock   journal. 


loetn). 


^  Autumn  of  Life- 

^^["^LIXG  down  the  faded  blossoms  of  the  Spring, 
Nor  clasp  the  rost  b  with  regretful  hftnd; 
The  joy  of  Summer  is  a  vanished  thing; 
^-  -y-       Let  it  depart,  and  learn  to  understand 
^GV  The  gladness  of  great  calm — the  Autumn's  rest, 
T*  A^  The  peace— of  human  joys  the  latest  and  the  beat! 

Ah!  I  remember  how  in  early  days 

The  primrose  and  the  wild-flower  grew  beside 
My  tangled  forest  paths,  whose  devious  ways 

Filled  me  with  joys  of  mysteries  untried, 
And  terror  that  was  more  than  half  delight. 
And  sense  of  budding  life,  and  longings  infinite. 

And  now  I  remember  how,  in  Life's  ho*  noon. 

Around  my  i)ath  the  lavish  roses  shed 
Color  and  fragrance,  and  the  air  of  June 

Breathed  rupture — now  these  Summer  days  are  fled; 
Days  of  sweet  peril,  when  the  sepent  lay 
Lurked  in  every  turn  of  life's  enchanted  way. 

The  light  of  Spring,  the  Summer  glow,  are  o'er, 

And  1  rejoice  in  knowing  that  for  me 
The  woodbine  and  the  roses  bloom  no  more. 

The  tender  green  is  gone  from  field  aud  tree; 
Brown  barren  sprays  stand  clear  against  the  blue. 
And  leaves   fall  fast,  and   let   the   truthful  sunlight 
through. 

For  me  the  hooded  herbs  of  Autumn  grow. 
Square-stemmed  and  sober,  mint  and  sage, 

Horehound  and  balm — such  plants  as  healers  know; 
And  the  decline  of  life's  long  pilgrimage 

Is  soft  and  sweet  with  marjoram  and  thyme, 

Bright  with  pure  evening  dew,  not  serpent's  glittering 
slime . 

And  round  my  path  the  aromatic  air 

Breathes  health  and  perfume,  and  the  turfy  ground 
Is  soft  for  weary  feet,  and  smooth  and  fair 

With  little  thomless  blossoms  that  abound 
In  safe  dry  places,  where  the  mountain  side 
Lies  to  the  setting  sun,  and  no  ill  beast  can  hide. 

What  is  there  to  regret  ?  ^Vhy  should  I  mourn 
To  leave  the  forest  and  the  marsh  behind, 

Or  towards  the  rank,  low  meadows  sadly  turn? 
Since  here  another  loneliness  I  find. 

Safer  and  not  Ites  beautiful— and  blest 

With  glimpses,  faint  and  far,  of  the  loug-wished-for 
Rest. 

And  BO  I  drop  the  roses  from  my  hand. 
And  let  the  thorn-priclis  heal,  and  take  my  way 

Down  hill,  across  a  fair  and  peaceful  land 
Lapped  in  the  golden  calm  of  dying  day  ; 

Glad  that  the  night  is  near,  and  glad  to  know 

That,  rough  or  smooth  the  way.  I  have  not  far  to  go. 


Nature's  Nobleman. 

Away  with  false  fashion,  so  calm  and  so  chill. 

Where  ])leasure  itself  cann(.it  please; 

Away  witli  cold  breedings  that  faithlessly  still 

Aflfects  to  be  quite  at  its  ease; 

For  the  deepest  in  feeling  is  highest  in  rank, 

The  freest  is  first  in  the  band, 

And  nature's  own  Nobleman,  friendly  and  frank 

Is  a  man  with  his  heart  in  his  hand." 

Feerless  in  hunesiy,  gentle,  yet  just, 

He  warmly  can  love,  and  can  hate. 

Nor  will  he  bow  down  with  his  face  in  the  dust 

To  Fashion's  intolerant  state: 

For  best  in  good-breeding  and  highest  in  rank. 

Though  lowly  or  poor  in' the  land. 

Is  nature's  own  Nobleman,  friendly  and  frank— 

The  man  with  his  heart  in  his  hand. 

His  fashion  is  passion  sincere  and  intense, 

His  impulses  simple  and  true. 

'Tis  tempered  by  judgment  and  taught  by  good  sense, 

And  cordial  with  me  and  with  you; 

For  the  finest  in  manners  as  highest  in  rank, 

It  is  you,  man!  or  you,  man,  who  stand 

Nature's  own  Nobleman,  friendly  and  frank— 

A  man  with  his  heart  in  his  hand! 


Out  From  the  River, 

Cluse  her  eyes  tenderly,  do  not  despise  her— 
Gone  is  the  spirit  for  judgment  above; 

She  was  doetitute— none  to  advise  her, 
She  was  so  beautiful— true  to  her  love. 

Homeless  and  penniless,  he  who  adored  her 
Stricken  in  youth  by  the  cold  hand  of  death; 

"one  was  all  comfort  the  world  could  aftbrd  her; 
Soon  she  grew  weary,  and  sickened  to  death. 

She  was  a  stranger  to  shame,  but  the  tempter 
Plied  her  pour  soul  with  his  subtlest  arts, 

Bravely  she  conquered— but  God  will  exempt  her. 
Some  said  that  she  with  dishonor  had  part. 

It  was  false;  but  the  slanders  filled  her  with  sadness 

1  (uute.l  the  finger  of  scorn  at  her  head! 
She  ill  wiM  agnoy,  driven  to  madness, 

Rushi'd  tn  the  river:  and  here  she  lies  dead. 
Clns.  her  eyes  tenderly,  thou  who  art  wiser, 

PeucefuUy  fold  the  poor  hands  on  her  breast- 
Do  nut  be  merciless,  do  not  despise  her. 

Pity  her  loneliness— lay  her  to  rest. 


The  Apple  Bee. 

Twenty  years  and  threo!    .\h  me!    Twenty  years  and 

three. 
And  there  we  sit— a  basket  of  apples  on  my  knee; 
Busy  fingers  pare  and  slice,  but  busy  thoughts  will  go 
Beak  to  a  happy,  blissful  time,  twenty-three  y'rs  ago. 

The  scent  of  the  fragi'ant  apple,  the  scraping  sound  of 

the  knife 
Take  m.ickck  o'er  a  lapse  of  time  to  a  scene  in  earlier 

life: 
Take  me  back  to  a  country  home,  a  home  I  no  more 

may  kn"w. 
Back  tu  a  rustic  apple-bee,  twenty-three  y'rs  ago. 

Back  to  a  farmer's  kitchen,  in  Autumn  eventide, 

The  basket  of  apples  ig  on  my  knee,  and  the  dear  one 

at  my  side; 
Happy,  smiling  girls  and  boys  as  thick  as  they  can 

stow. 
Paring  and  slicing  apples,  twenty-three  years  ago. 

I  live  again  those  golden  hours,  I  see  again  that  happy 

throng 
I  listen  again  to  the  sound  of  mirth   or  the  loug-for- 

goten  song: 
Blushing  apples  and    blushing  cheeks,   like   visions 

come  and  go. 
And  I  steal  a  glance  at  those  bright  eyes,  twonty-three 

years  ago. 

Do  you  remember,  dearest,  the  words  we  whispered 
then? 

And  does  the  spell  of  the  golden  hours  come  back  in 
dreams  again? 

Do  you  remember  those  apple  peels  we  o'er  our  beads 
did  throw, 

Anb  the  letters  they  made  on  the  sanded  floor,  twenty- 
three  years  ago? 

I  wonder  if  the  boys  and  girls  keep  up  those  gather- 
ings yet. 

Those  good  old-fashioned  apple-bees  they  surely  don't 
forget; 

I  wonder,  wife,  if  our  bonny  boys  will  ever,  ever 
know 

The  joys  of  that  rustic  apple-bee,  twenty-three  years 
ago!       

Fallen  Leaves. 

The  wint-y  breeze  disrobes  the  trees 
And  leaves  them  sad  and  cheerless, 

Whose  open  arms  dread  no  alarms, 
Like  giants  hold  and  fearless. 

The  withering  blast  comes  rushing  past 
And  grasps  the  leaves  in  cold  embrace, 

Till  on  the  ground  their  glow  is  found — 
Their  beauty  perished  in  its  place. 

The  Summer  flew  and  Autumn  too. 

Then  chilly  night  and  morning 
Came  down  amain,  with  ice. cold  rain, 

And  smote  them  withuut  warning. 

They  trembling  pass  across  the  grass, 

Or  on  the  path  of  gravel, — 
Making  a  bed  soft  to  the  tread. 

Where  children  like  to  revel. 

The  rustling  noise  delights  the  boys, 

Who  are  in  but  life's  dawning. 
While  from  the  trees  by  slow  degrees. 

Comes  signs  of  death-like  warning. 

Like  fiocks  of  quail,  away  they  sail, 

A  whirring,  golden  column, 
Leaving  all  pale  to  meet  the  gale 

The  maples  bare  and  solemn. 

They  pile  the  gi-ound  in  heaps  around; 

I  hear  in  walking  through  them. 
A  wrestling  voice,  as  if  they  called 

To  one  who  loved  and  knew  them. 

—The  Hartford  Times. 


Work. 

BY  ALICE  CAKY. 

Down  and  up,  and  up  and  down, 
Over  and  over  and  over; 

Turn  in  the  little  seed,  dry  and  brown- 
Turn  out  the  bright  red  clover. 

Work,  and  the  suii  your  work  will  share. 
And  the  rain  in  its  time  will  fall; 

For  nature,  she  worketh  everywhere. 
And  the  grace  of  God  through  all. 

With  hand  on  the  spade,  and  hearts  in  the  sky. 

Dress  the  ground  and  till  it; 
Tviru  in  the  little  seed,  brown  and  dry; 

Turn  out  the  golden  millet. 
Work,  and  your  house  shall  be  duly  fed; 

Work,  and  rest  shall  be  duly  won; 
I  hold  that  a  man  had  better  be  dead 

Than  alive  when  his  work  is  done! 

Down  and  up,  and  up  and  down, 

On  the  hill-top,  low  in  the  valley; 
Turn  in  the  little  seed,  dry  and  brown. 

Turn  out  the  rose  and  lily. 
Work  with  a  plan,  or  without  a  plan. 

And  your  ends  they  shall  be  shaped  true; 
Work  and  learn  at  first-hand  like  a  man — 

The  best  way  to  know  is  to  do, 

Down  and  up  till  life  shall  close, 

Ceasing  not  your  praises. 
Turn  in  the  wild,  white  Winter  snows; 

Turn  out  the  sweet  Spring  daisies, 
Work,  and  the  sun  your  work  will  share, 

And  the  rain  in  its  timi  will  fall; 
For  nature,  she  worketh  everywhere. 

And  the  grace  of  God  through  all.J 


Song  of  the  Seasons. 

Gaunt  Winter  flinging  flakes  of  snow, 
Deep  burdening  field  and  wood  and  hill; 
Dim  days,  dark  nights,  slow  trailing  fogs. 
And  bleakened  nir  severe  aad  chill. 
And  swift  the  seasons  circling  run — 
And  still  they  change  till  all  is  done. 

Young  Spring  with  promise  in  her  eyes. 
And  fragrant  breath  from  dewy  mouth. 
And  magic  touches  from  the  nooks 
Of  budding  flowers  when  wind  is  south. 
And  swift  th»^  seasons  circling  run— 
And  so  they  chauge  till  all  is  done. 

Then  Hummer  stands  erect  and  tall. 
With  early  sunrise  for  ihe  lawn, 
Thick  foliaged  woods  und  glittering  seas, 
And  loud  bird  chirpings  in  the  dawn. 
And  swift  the  seasouK  circling  run — 
And  so  they  chauge  till  all  is  done. 

Brown  Autunm,  quiet  with  ripe  fruits, 
And  haggards  stacked  with  harvest  gold. 
And  fiery  flushes  for  the  leaves, 
And  Hil-nt  cloud-skies  soft  outrolled. 
And  so  the  eeaeous  circling  run— 
And  still  they  change  till  all  is  done. 

Swift  speeds  our  Life  from  less  to  more. 
The  child,  the  man.  the  work,  the  re«t, 
The  sobering  mind,  the  ripening  soul. 
Till  yonder  all  is  bright  and  blest. 
For  so  the  seasons  circling  run — 
And  swift  they  chauge  till  all  is  done. 

Yes.  yonder— if  indeed  the  orb 

Of  life  revolves  round  central  Light, 

For  ever  true  to  central  force 

And  steadfast,  come  the  balm  or  blight. 
And  so  indeed  the  seasons  run  — 
And  last  is  best  when  all  is  done. 


1775-1875. 


Looking  back  a  hundred  years, 

And  comi)ai  ing  the  now  and  then, 
It  Seems  to  me  that  in  spite  of  fears 

The  country  has  earnest  men, 
As  willing  to  draw  the  sword  lor  right, 

As  ready  to  wield  the  pen. 
It  seems  tome  that  in  faithful  hearts 

The  currents  yet  ebb  and  flow, 
With  a  constant  motiofl  th:tt  still  imparts 

As  steady  and  clear  a  glow 
Of  zeal  for  freedom's  glorious  arts, 

As  a  hundred  years  ago. 
It  seems  to  me  that  in  field  or  forge. 

By  river  and  by  rill, 
In  fertile  plain  and  mountain  gorge, 

In  city  or  hamlet,  still 
They  live  as  they  did  in  the  days  of  King  George, 

Of  Concord  and  Bunker  Hill. 
I  do  not  know  that  the  hands  are  weak. 

Or  the  brain  unused  to  plan; 
That  the  tongue  delays  the  truth  to  speak, 

Or  the  foot  to  march  in  the  van; 
But  I  know  full  will  that  we  need  not  seek 

In  vain  for  a  Minute  Man. 
There  are  men  to-day  that  would  stand  alone 

On  the  bridge  Horatius  kept; 
There  are  men  who  would  fight  at  Marathon. 

Who  would  battle  with  Stark  of  Bennington, 
"When  flashing  from  sabre  and  flint-lock  gun 

The  fires  of  Freedom  lept. 

It  is  well  to  look  back  with  pride  and  boast, 

It  is  better  to  look  ahead; 
The  past  tu  all  is  a  dream  at  most. 

The  future  is  life  instead; 
And  standing  unmoved  at  your  duty's  post 

Is  truthfully  praisiug  the  dead. 


The  Absurdity  of  It. 

It  is  all  very  well  for  the  poets  to  teli. 

By  way  of  their  song  adorning, 
Of  milkmaids  who  rouse  to  manipulate  cows 

.\t  five  o'clock  in  the  morning; 
And  of  many  young  mowers  who  bundle  out-doore — 

The  charms  of  their  straw-beds  scorning — 
Before  break  of  ^\uy,  tu  make  love  and  hay. 

At  five  o'clock  in  the  moruine: — 

But.  between  you  and  me,  it  is  all  tuitrue— 

PeliL--ve  not  a  word  they  utrer: 
To  no  milkmaid  alive  does  the  finger  of  five 

Bring  beaux— or  even  bring  butter. 
The  poor  sleepy  cows,  if  tu!d  to  arouse, 

Wonld  do  so,  perhaps  in  a  homing; 
But  the  sweet  country  girls,  would  they  show  their 
curls 

At  five  o'clock  in  the  morning? 

It  may  not  be  wrong  for  the  man  in  the  song — 

Or  the  moon— if  anxious  to  settle, 
To  kneel  in  wet  grass,  and  pop:  but,  alas! 

What  if  he  popped  on  a  nettle? 
For  how  could  he  see  wha:  was  under  his  knee. 

If,  in  spite  of  my  friendly  warning. 
He  went  out  of  bcil  and  his  house  and  his  head, 

At  five  o'clock  in  the  morning? 
It  is  all  very  well  for  such  stories  to  tell. 

But  if  I  were  a  maid,  all-forlom-ing. 
And  a  lover  should  drop  in  the  clover,  to  pop. 

At  five  o'clock  in  the  uiomiug. 
If  I  liked  him.  you  see,  I'd  say,  "Please  call  at  three;*' 

If  not.  I'd  turn  on  bim  with  scorning; 
"Don't  come  here,  you  flat,   with  conundrums  like 
that, 

At  five  o'clock  in  the  morning!" 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


FRUITS   AND  FRUIT  TREES  -BEST 
VARIETIES  FOR  PLANTING- 


In  our  auuuiil  ailvit-e  as  to  the  best  varieties 
of  fruit  trees  to  plant  for  a  home  orchard,  and 
for  profit,  we  find  it  necessary  to  repeat  the 
most  important  parts  of  previous  articles;  in 
fact,  we  simply  revise  our  former  ones,  mak- 
ing such  corrections  and  alterations  as  the  ex- 
perience of  our  best  orchardists  have  devel- 
oped. There  may  be  some  good  varieties  of 
fruit  that  we  have  not  included  in  our  list, 
but  certainly  we  have  given  none  but  what 
are  first-rate  and  well  adapted  to  the  peciiliar 
climate  of  California.  We  do  not  give  selec- 
tions from  guess  work,  nor  in  the  interest  of 
any  party,  but  have  taken  the  most  careful 
pains  to  be  as  correct  and  reliable  as  possible 
for  the  general  good  of  our  readers. 

There  is  one  thing  in  favor  of  tree-planters 
this  season — a  very  important  one  -and  that 
is  the  soil  is  well  filled   with  moisture.     This 
makes  it  a  very  favorable  season  for  planting, 
and  one  that  our  farmers  should  take  advau- 
t.ige  of.     We  have  never  known  a  more  pvom- 
ising    opportunity  for   tree-planting,  particu- 
larly on  upland  or  dry  farms.     For  a  family 
orchard,  more  varieties  than  for  a  market  or- 
chard should  be   selected.     A   succession   of 
ripening  should  be   chosen  from  early  to  late. 
A  few  early  varieties  are  enough,  as  what  are 
not  at  once  consumed  will  decay.     More  trees 
of  late  sorts  should  be  chosen,  for  the  keeping 
qualities    of   late  ripening  fruits  will  extend 
the   time  for  consumption.     The   best   fruits 
for  canning  are  neither   the  very   earliest  nor 
the  latest  varieties;  and  as  putting  up  fruits 
hermetically    has    come   to   be   an  important' 
consideration,    in    addition  to   drying   fruits, 
more  trees  of    medium  ripening  kind  are  re- 
quired for  a  complete    family    orchard    than 
formerly. 

For  a  market  orchard  but  few  varieties  are 
profitable   to    cultivate,    and   they  should  be 
grown  with  a  view  of  commanding  the  high- 
est prices;   consequently  they  should  be  only 
of    the   handsomest   sorts,   and   such  as  will 
ripen    or    be   ready  for  market   at  the  season 
when  there  is  the  best  demand  for  them.  The 
locality  and  effect  cf  climatic  conditions  must 
lie  considered  in  the  matter  of  selecting  fruits 
for  market.     For  instance,  at  Marysville  and 
Sacramento  the  very   earliest   apples,   pears, 
apricots,    peaches,    cherries   and  grapes,   will 
bring    the   best  prices  in  San   Francisco,  be- 
cause  in    these    localities    they    can   produce 
early    fruits    several    weeks    ahead   of    many 
other  portions  of  the  State.     At  San  .Jose,  and 
within   the  influence  of  the  sea  climate,  such 
apples  as  the  Alexander,  Maiden's  Blush,  etc. 
—Fall  apples— are  as  profitable  as  any  apples 
that  can  be  grown   here.     We   can    get    them 
into    market  after  the   run  of  early  apples  is 
over   and    before    the    Oregon  Winter  apples 
flood   the   market.     Winter    apples    ar(^    also 
profitable   to    cultivate    in    San    .lose.       But, 
owing  to  the   nearness  to  the  sea  and  the  cool 
climate,  San  Jose  is  six  weeks  behind  Marys- 
ville   iu    ripening    early  apples.     While   the 
early  apples  that  grow  at  Marysville   are  very 
fine,   the    Fall   and  Winter  fruits  grown  there 
are    comparatively    inferior.      At    San    Jose 
suiK'rior    apples   <^au    be  produced  of  any  va- 


riety. Near  the  bay,  currants,  gooseberries, 
strawberries,  etc.,  of  superior  quality  are 
produced,  while  in  the  hotter  interior  valleys 
few  or  none  are  grown,  as  they  will  not  do 
well.  So  great  is  the  influence  of  climate  on 
fruits  that  it  is  a  matter  of  much  importance, 
and,  in  connection  with  the  demands  and  sup- 
ply of  markets,  it  should  be  well  understood 
by  orchardists. 

There  are  special  varieties   best  suited  to 
dry  localities.     For  instance,  where  the  Kam- 
bo  and  Wine  Sap  varieties  of  apples  will   dry 
up  so  as  to  be  worthless,  the  Skinner's  Seed- 
ling and  Gravenstein  will   do  very  well.     The 
Newton   Pippin   will  make  a  better  apple   on 
dry  soils  than  the  White  Winter  Pearmain, 
but  the  former   falls  off  badly,  while  the  lat- 
ter hangs  on.     The  home  orchard  should  be  i 
set  where  it  will  be  handy  to  the  house,  and 
where  it  will  add  beauty  to  the  place.     When 
one  makes  orcharding  a  specialty  for  profit 
other  things  should  conform  to  that.     Where 
there  is  not  a  natural  shelter  for  an  orchard 
one  should   be   provided  by  planting  trees- 
evergreens  are  best — on   the   two   sides  from 
whence  prevailing  winds  blow.     Acacia,  pep- 
per trees,  and  Monterey  cypress  are  perhaps 
the  best  to  plant  in  hedge  form  for  shelter.  It 
will  certainly  pay  to  provide  some  break-wind, 
and  even  willows  are  better  than  nothing. 

Laying   off  the   orchard,  set  nearly  every- 
thing at  a  uniform    distance,   and  not  over  16 
feet  apart  where  exposed;    when  well  shelt- 
ered, not  over  twenty  feet  aprrt.     The  experi- 
ence of    our  best  orchardists  is   in  favor   of 
closer   planting    than   is  advised  by   Eastern 
orchardists.     To  make  true  lines  and  set  trees 
in  perfect  line,   is  much  neater  than  careless 
planting.     As  an  aid  to  this,  a  long  wire  with 
marks  made  by   tying  on  strings  securely   at 
regular  distances  we  have   found  to  be  an  ex- 
cellent line    for    staking  off    an  orchard— a 
twine  will  stretch   too  much.     Find   a   base- 
line for   one  side  of  the  orchard,   then  get  a 
true  right  angle  at  one  end  cornering  on  the 
first  line.     Then,   by  setting   the  wire  by  the 
stakes   of  either   side   and   running    parallel 
lines,  sticking  the  stakes  at  each  mark  on  the 
wire,    the    rows  will   come   perfectly  in   line 
without  any  squinting   or   laborious  sighting 
with  the  eyes. 

Digging  holes  for  the  trees  is  not  such  a 
terrible  job  as  some  might  think.  We  would 
make  the  holes  just  deep  and  broad  enough 
to  take  the  roots  at  their  natural  depth  with- 
out cramping.  Let  the  hole  be  a  little  the 
deepest  at  the  edges  and  highest  in  the  centre, 
so  that  the  roots  will  incline  a  little  down  as 
the  tree  rests  upon  the  bottom  of  the  hole. 
Be  sure  that  e  ich  root  is  laid  in  a  natural  po- 
sition, and  that  nothing  but  clean  earth  is 
placed  in  contact  with  the  roots,  as  manure  or 
trash  of  any  kind  induces  a  mould  or  fungus 
growth  that  is  poisonous  to  the  tree.  What 
we  said  last  year  as  to  the  matter  of  planting 
trees  we  repeat:  There  are  a  great  many 
hobbies  that  are  passing  current  as  coin  iu 
orchard  matters  that  should  be  exploded, 
which  are  yearly  repeated  by  nurserymen  and 
newspapers  about  digging  immense  holes  and 
putting  trash  under  trees,  etc.  Our  advice 
is,  don't  put  any  manure  or  other  trash  under 
trees    when    you    plant   them.     Put  no 


manure   or  rubbish   into    the  holes  about  the 
roots.     Plant  the  tree  at  about  the  same  depth 
as  it  grew,  in  clean  soil,  laying  the  roots  in  a 
natural   position    pointing  a  little   downward. 
Y'.ni  may  put  all  the  manure  on  the  surface, 
after  the  tree  is  planted,  that  you  please,  but 
remember,    never    put   manure   next   to    the 
roots  nor  under  the  tree  in   our   dry   climate. 
Tread   the    soil    firmly  about  the  tree  so  that 
the  winds  shall  not  shake  it  loose  in  the  soil, 
particularly  where  the  soil  is  light.     Prepar- 
ing of  the  soil  for  an  orchard,  we  believe  it 
best  to  plow  deep,  narrow  furrows,  and  cross- 
plow   and  haiTOw,  with  long   teeth,    weighted 
harrows,  so  as  to    thoroughly   pulverize    the 
soil.     At   any   rate,  let  the  pulverization    of 
the  soil  be  perfect,  whether  you  plow  deep  or 
shallow. 


vour 


As  to  the  after  care  and  treatment,  keep  the 
surface  of  the   soil    throughout   the    orchard 
loose   and   light,    and  free    from   weeds,    all 
through    the   season,    and    especially   during 
Spring   and   Summer.     Never  sow   gi-ain  or 
grass  in  the  orchard,  no  matter  who  advises 
it.     If  the  laud  is  naturally  moist,  or  can  be 
irrigated,  vegetables  may  be  planted  and  kept 
cultivated  between  the  rows;  but  on  dry  soil, 
let  the  trees  have  all  the  advantage  of  clean, 
well-pulverized  soil,  so  that  they  can  resist  the 
drouth  of  Summer  and  grow  rapidly.     An  or- 
chard stunted   while  young  can  never  fully 
recover.     The  best  preventative  against  borers 
is  to  shade  the  stem  of   the  trees.     This   can 
be  best  done  by  winding  strips  of  cloth  about 
the  trunk,   from   the  ground  up  to  the  limbs. 
Be  sure  to  cover  the  base  of   the  tree,    as  the 
borers  are  most  likely  to  attack  the  tree  close 
to  the   ground.     Another  good  way  is  to  put 
two  clap-boards  on  the  south  and  we.st  sides. 
Set  them  firmly  into  the  ground;   they  will 
shade  the  trunks  for  years,  and  prevent  borers 
as  well  as  keep  the. bark  fresh  and  healthy. 
Selecting  the  trees  is  a  matter  of  very  much 
importance.     Let   every    tree  be   of    healthy 
growth   and   of  symmetrical   form.     Stunted 
trees,  or  such  as  look  bad  in  the  nursery,  are 
seldom  worth  having  at  any  price. 

FOK    A    EAMILY    OKCHAJSD. 

Apples— Sfrtj/ — Three  Ked  Astrachan  ;  2 
Rod  June;  '2  White  Astrachan;  2  Golden  Pip- 
pin; 3  Skinner's  SeetUing,  or  Maidens'  Blush; 
1  Gravenstein;  1  e.arly  Sweet  Bow,  for  baking. 
The  Golden  Pippin  is  a  very  tart  apple,  mak- 
it  desirable  for  cooking  and  drying.  It  does 
not  dry  white  as  some;  not  so  fine  for  market 
as  for  hoiue  use.  The  Gravenstein  falls  from 
the  tree  badly  before  ripening,  but  is  fine  for 
eating.  Skinner's  Seedling  hangs  well  to  the 
tree;  is  an  extra  eating  and  cooking  apple. 

Karly  n'inkr  Applea—Ct  Yellow  Bellflower;  i 
Johnathan.  Laie  KeejiiiKi  Appk.'i— 10  Yellow 
Newton  Pippins:  ;i  White  Winter  Pearmain; 
1  Nickerjaek,  and  1  late  Talman's  Sweet. 
This  makes  31  apple  trees,  all  extra  good  kinds 
for  California.  There  are  other  sorts,  favor- 
ites with  some.  Of  course  we  advise  each 
person  to  have  a  treee  of  his  favorite  in  addi- 
tion to  this  list. 

The  apples  that  dry  white,  and  are  iu  de 
mand  by  the  .\ldeu  facto.ues  for  dessieaticm,  are 
Skinner's  Seedling,  Gravenstein,  Smith's 
Cider,  Fall  Pippin  and  Yellow  Bellflower. 
For  an  apple  orchard  for  profit,  where  winter 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


apples  ripen  late,  as  in  Santa  Clara  county, 
and  keep  well,  the  Newton  Pippin  is  the  very 
best  one  to  jjlant.  Some  orchardist  say  the 
ottly  one  from  one  acre  to  a  hundred  acres 
would  be  the  Newton  Pippin. 

Pears — Early  and  late,  as  they  come  in 
succession — Two  Dearborn  Seedlings;  1  Mad- 
aline;  2  Buerre  Giii'ord;  5  Bartlett;  1  Sickle; 

1  Flemish  Beauty;  3  Buerre  Hardy;  2  White 
Doyenner  2  Glout  Morceau;  3  Winter  Nellis; 

2  Easter  Buerre.  There  is  no  better  flavored 
pear  for  drying  or  canning  than  the  Bartlett; 
but  owing  to  the  softness  of  the  core  when 
ripe  enough  to  dry  nicely,  it  will  not  hold  to 
the  fork  of  a  paring  machine,  and  is  not  so 
profitable  for  the  drying  factorj'  as  the  Flem- 
ish Beauty,  which  is  round,  smooth,  easily 
worked  on  a  machine,  and  is  one  of  the  very 
nicest  drying  pears.  Swan's  Orange  and 
Glout  Morceau,  are  also  fine  di'yiug  pears, 
■where  machinery  is  used.  The  best  shipping 
pears  for  Eastern  markets,  are  the  Winter 
Nellis  and  Easter  Buerre.  At  one  time  the 
Bartlett  and  Buerre  Hard}-  were  thought  the 
best,  but  they  do  not  keep  well,  and  arrive 
there  when  Eastern  pears  are  plentiful,  while 
the  winter  varieties  get  there  in  a  sound  con- 
dition and  at  a  time  when  Eastern  pears  ai-e 
not  brought  into  competition  to  lower  prices. 

Quinces — Two  Orange  variety.  Quinces 
are  excelleht  baking  fruit,  and  for  canning, 
either  alone  or  with  jiears. 

Plums  ■  One  Cherry  Plum ;  2  Early  Golden 
Drop;  2  Eoyal  Hative;  2  Jeflerson;  3  Colum- 
bia; 6  Green  Gage;  5  Ickworth's  Imperatrice; 
2  Coe's  Late  Ked.  The  latter  plum  will  last 
till  Christmas,  and  is  desirable  chieflj-  for  its 
late  keeping  qualities.  Best  for  canning- 
Green  Gage.  Best  i^lums  for  drying,  are  Jef- 
ferson, Washington,  Ickworth's  Imperatrice, 
Columbia,  Kein  Claud  de  Bavey,  CJeueral 
Hand.  Soft,  mushy  plums  are  not  desirable 
for  drying,  but  the  phim  that  has  a  rich  flavor, 
solid  pulp  and  is  easily  pitted,  is  a  drying 
plum.  The  Quackenboss  is  called  the  best 
shipping  plum,  owing  to  its  beauty  and  keep- 
ing qualities. 

Peaches — One  Hale's  Early;  1  Early 
York  Serrate;  1  Crawford's  Early;  3  Grosse 
Mignonue; — one  of  the  finest  peaches  in  culti- 
vation; valuable  for  canning;  1  Late  Admir- 
able; Crawford's  Late;  2  Old  Mixou,  cling; 
2  Lemon,  cling. 

Nectarine — One   Hardwick;  1  New  White. 

Prunes — Two  Grosse  Prune  de  Agen;  3 
Petti  Prune  de  Agen;  2  Felleuburg.  The 
Fellenburg,  or  German  Prune  is  the  best 
di'yiug  prune,  and  is  coming  into  high  favor 
on  that  account  very  fast.  It  pits  naiuraUy; 
is  high  flavored,  with  firm  flesh.  The  Petti 
Prune  de  Agen  stands  second,  but  is  rich  and 
fine,  though  small.  The  Grosse  Prune  de 
Agen  is  best  for  shipping,  owing  to  its  beauty, 
size  and  solidity.  It  adheres  to  the  pit  too 
tenaciously  to  be  a  favorite  for  drying. 

Apeicots — Two  Early  Golden;  2  Moore- 
park.  Nice  for  cooking,  canning  and  drying, 
as  well  as  for  eating. 

Cherries — Two  each  of  Governor   Wood, 

.'    Black  Eagle,  Black  Tartarean,  Black  Arabian, 

I     Coe's  Transparent,  Kentish  or  Pie,  Cleveland 

n     Biggareau,  Napoleon  Biggareau.     The  Black 

Tartarean. is  the  most  profitable  market  cher- 


ry, owing  to  the  regular  and  good  bearing 
quality  of  the  trees,  and  to  the  solidity  and 
carrying  quality  of  the  fruit,  which  will  not 
discolor  when  bruised,  and  is  large,  handsome 
and  of  fine  flavor.  There  is  no  better  can- 
ning fruit  than  the  cherry,  also  good  dried. 

Mulberries — Black  and  Downiug's  ever- 
bearing— trees  ornamental  us  well  as  good  for 
fruit. 

Figs— Take  a  variety.  The  Black  Bruns- 
wick, White  Smyrna  and  Brown  Turkey  are 
as  good  as  any. 

Oranges — Don't  fail  to  plant  out  several  for 
fruit  and  ornament.  The  Navil,  St.  Michael 
and  Sicily  are  leading  grafted  sorts. 

Lemon  and  Citron — One  of  each  sort,  at 
least. 

Walnuts  —  Half-dozen  each  of  English, 
American  Black,  and  Pecan. 

Chestnuts  —  Half-a-dozen  trees,  including 
American,  Italian  and  Spanish. 

Almonds— Six  Lauguedoc,  3  King's  Paper 
Shell. 

Mespulas — Two  trees. 

Olive — Two  trees. 

This  selection  will  make  a  respectable  or- 
chard for  any  farmer  for  family  use.  Persons 
living  in  the  hot  interior  valleys  should  con- 
sult orchardists  there  as  to  what  particular 
early  varieties  are  most  profitable  for  early 
market.  For  a  family  orchard  the  varieties 
we  'have  mentioned  are  very  choice  and  suc- 
ceed each  other  admirably. 

Grapes— Two  vines  each  of  White  Sweet- 
water, Isabella  and  Catawba  for  a  trellis,  10 
Rose  Peru,  10  Flame  Tokay,  50  White  Muscat 
of  Alexandria,  10  Black  Hamburg,  10  Black 
Malvoise,  10  Black  Morocco.  The  White 
Muscat  of  Alexandria  is  the  very  best  raisin 
grape.  Any  family  cau  make  their  own  rai- 
sins nicely  and  send  some  to  market.  The 
best  shipping  grapes  are  White  Muscat  of 
Alexandria,  Flame  Tokay  and  Rose  Peru,  so 
far  as  tried  for  profit.  For  canning,  high- 
flavored  graiies  are  best. 

Berries— Blackberries— 50  Lawton,  50  Kit- 
tertinny;  25  Easpberries;  25  Houghton  Seed- 
ling Gooseberries;  25  Cherry  Currants;  of 
Strawberries  the  Lougsworth  Prolific  and  Jo- 
cunda  prove  the  best. 

Distance  of  Planting  Small  Fruits. — 
For  conveuic-nce  of  cultivating  and  economy 
of  gi-ound  we  advise  setting  the  berries  at  one 
end  of  the  grape  patch  in  rows  the  same  dis- 
tance apart. 

Plant.  Grapes  8x8  feet;  the  Blackberries 
about  8x3  feet;  the  Gooseberries  and  Currants 
8x3  feet;  the  Easpberries  8x3  feet;  Ehubarb 
8x-l  feet.  The  rows  can  be  all  8  feet  apart 
one  way  for  convenience  in  cultivating,  which 
is  handier  than  odd  distances. 

Plant  Strawberries,  Asparagus,  etc.,  in  beds 
or  in  rows  two  feet  apart,  as  is  most  conven- 
ient. 


The  Grangers  are  circulating  a  petition 
praying  the  next  Legislature  to  pass  a  bill, 
"  fixing  the  rate  of  attorneys'  and  lawyers' 
fees  where  no  special  contract  is  made." — 
Sacramento  Bee. 


Not  less  than  §300,000  worth  of  oysters 
will  be  sold  from  the  Shoalwater  Bay  beds 
this  season,  the  gathering  and  moving  of  them 
forming  one  of  the  chief  industries  of  Wash- 
ington Territon'. 


TARLETON  OECHAED  CULTIVATOR 

The  best  implement  for  working  up  weeds 
in  an  orchard  is  probably  the  one  invented 
and  used  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Tarleton  in  his  fine 
orchard  near  San  Jose.  The  wood-work  con- 
sists of  three  beams  placed  parallel  about  Ifi 
to  18  inches  apart  and  strongly  connected  by 
braces,  and  the  handles  similar  to  common 
cultivator  handles.  To  each  of  these  beams 
is  attached,  by  standards  14  inches  long,  a 
double- winged  hoe,  made  of  2^  inch  sjjring 
steel,  ^^^th  a  point  similar  to  a  plow-i>oiut, 
the  point  pitching  down  a  little  to  hold  stead- 
ily to  the  ground  when  working.  The  wings 
are  18  inches  long,  level  on  the  edge,  not 
flit  but  slanting  downward  some  25  degi-ees, 
to  give  the  weeds,  when  cut  off,  an  upward 
send.  The  ends  of  the  wings  are  21  inches 
apart,  which  spread  gives  about  the  same  an- 
gle to  each  share  as  a  common  plowshare  has. 
In  front  of  each  hoe  is  attached  to  each  beam 
by  the  common  half-circles,  a  common  eight, 
inch  plow  wheel,  to  grade  and  regulate  the 
depth  of  each  hoe,  so  the  cultivator  re.sts  on 
the  three  wheels. 

Mr.  Tarleton  grades  his  to  cut  two  inches 
deep  only.  The  implement  is  not  calculated 
to  cut  over  three  inches  deep,  and  will  not 
stand  deep  running,  although  made  of  best 
spring  steel  to  give  elasticity  and  strength  to 
the  shares  or  flanges.  We  saw  this  cultivat- 
or in  use,  and  it  works  exactly  as  desired. 
Mr.  Tarleton  does  not  cultivate  his  orchard 
ever  more  than  two  to  two  and  one-half  inches 
deep,  but  cuts  every  weed  out  clean.  Two 
horses  will  run  this  cultivator  with  ease  in 
wet  soil,  and  in  dry,  light  soil  one  horse  is 
enough.  After  going  over  the  ground  with 
this  and  cross  culti\ating,  a  harrow  is  used  to 
finish  the  work.  In  dry  weather  and  when 
the  soil  is  not  wet  by  irrigation  the  weeds  are 
all  destroyed  by  the  cultivator,  so  that  the 
harrowing  afterwards  is  disjiiensed  with. 

We  have  taken  some  pains  to  describe  this 
implement,  as  it  has  been  in  use  for  some 
years  and  has  been  adoi^ted  by  several  of  our 
best  orchardists,  and  is  universally  pronounced 
to  be  the  very  best  thing  for  the  purpose  ever 
gotten  up. 

We  did  not  enquire  the  cost,  but  any  one 
at  a  distance  wanting  one  cau  have  it  made  to 
order  by  dropping  us  a  line,  in  the  best  man> 
ner  and  at  the  lowest  cost. 


Farming  at  the  South. — In  calling  atten- 
tion to  a  meeting  of  farmers  at  Petersburg  on 
Tuesday  of  this  week,  the  Eichmond  Wliig 
takes  occasion  to  say :  "The  cause  of  agricul- 
ture is  receiving  accessions  of  energy  and 
ambition  everv  day  in  Virginia.  Some  of  the 
best  intellects  of  the  State  are  turning  to  it 
with  more  exclusive  devotion  now  than  has 
ever  been  the  case  before.  The  Granges  are 
great  ad.juncts  to  the  agencies  that  are  work- 
ing for  its  advancement.  The  mental,  as  well 
as  physical  labor  of  the  farmer  is  in  process 
of  being  better  systematized.  The  tillers  of 
the  soil  are  beginning  to  take  the  touch  of 
elbow  among  themselves  more  than  they  ever 
did.  They  are  organizing  more  closely  and 
conferring  more  frequently  and  more  freelv. 
These  are  cheering  signs  for  the  old  State,  and 
it  brightens  and  heightens  the  hopes  in  our 
hearts  to  see  them."  And  what  the  Whig 
says  of  Old  Virginia,  may  be  said  of  most  of 
the  Southern  States.  It  is  the  "touch  of 
the  elbow"  that  does  the  business. — Prairie 
Farmer. 


■^^^v.,r 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


(5om!5ir0mUttte» 


[For  the  Camfoiinia  AtiiacuLTCRlsr.) 

A  CHRISTMAS  STORY,  FOUNDED  ON 

TRUTH. 

BY  NELL  TAN. 

?,^I*KT  was  CHRISTMAS  EVE  IN 
Minnesota.     The  snow-eovered 
Jd  earth  reflected   the   pale  inoon- 
Is'^liiSf  '^^"i^>*'  while  the  merry  tinkle 
1  '^ijj,®^   of     passing      sleigh-bells      fell 
cheeriugly  on  the  ear  ut  intervals. 

A  gronp  of  young  people  were  gathered 
around  the  blazing  hearthstone- in  sood  Aunt 
Myra's  sitting-room,  engaged  in  telling  sto- 
ries. Beside  the  chimney  hung  stockings  of 
various  sizes;  for  what  is  Christmas  to  the 
wee  ones  without  "  Santa  Clans  "  and  stock- 
ings for  him  to  fill. 

Glance  at  the  group  sitting  there  in  the 
firelight,  with  their  shadows  thrown  upon  the 
white  ceiling:  A  bright-eyed,  fair-haired  boy 
lounged  on  the  rug,  with  one  arm  around  his 
favorite — a  black-and-tan  terrier — and  his  oth- 
er resting  on  the  shoulder  of  black-eyed 
Georgie,  his  cousin  from  California,  who  had 
come  to  pass  the  winter  at  Aunt  Myra's.  She 
was  a  tall,  rosy-cheeked  gypsy,  with  hair  like 
a  raven's  wing  clustering  about  a  broad,  in- 
tellectual brow.  Her  teeth  were  like  pearls, 
and  her  full,  cherry-like  lijjs  were  ever  ready 
to  kiss  or  laugh,  as  the  occasion  offered. 
Laura  and  Fanny  came  next — the  one,  a 
roguish, brown-eyed  puss,  and  the  other  state- 
ly and  reserved,  her  cold  grey  eyes  and 
queenly  brow  demanding  homage  from  all  by 
her  apparent  intellectual  superiority.  Jenny 
was  there,  a  little  fairy,  sitting  on  a  footstool 
at  Aunt  Myra's  feet  with  her  head  in  her  lap, 
looking  from  one  to  the  other  and  calling  for 
more  stories  in  every  lull  iu  the  conversatitrn. 
It  was  Georgie's  turn,  they  all  said,  as  Aunt 
Myra  stirred  the  fire  and  tossed  on  another 
log.  "  Yes,  Georgie's  turn,"  said  Will,  snap- 
ping his  thumb  and  finger  in  the  direction  of 
his  cousin;  "come  now,  tell  us  something 
stunning  about  California  lire."  "  Oh,  jes!" 
exclaimed  the  others, in  concert. 

Glancing  from  her  comjiauions  to  her  aunt 
she  said:  "  I  cannot  think  of  a  good  story, 
suitable  for  the  occasion,  but  I  can  give  you 
a  bit  of  personal  experience  that  hapi)ened  to 
me  when  I  was  a  child;  for  now,  you  know, 
I'm  <iuite  grown  up.  One  begins  to  feel  old 
at  sixteen,  and  it  was  ten  years  ago  to-morrow 
that  we  were  all  so  happy. ' ' 

"We  are  all  ready,  my  diirling,"  said  Aunt 
Myra.  "It  seems  but  yesterday  when  you 
were  here,  a  babe  tour  months  old,  when  your 
dear  papa  was  carried  out  from  our  sight  and 
laid  in  the  churchyard  that  sad,  sad  Christ- 
mas day.  Sixteen  years,  you  say,  since  then! 
Ah  me,  how  time  flies!  but  you  are  here 
again,  the  living  likeness  of  that  most  pre- 
cious one.  Yes,  tell  us  something  of  your 
California  life—'  a  true  story,'  as  the  children 
say.     I,  too,  like  them  best." 

"  Well,  then,  imagine  me  a  little  frolicsome 
child  of  six,  who  was  spending  the  Summer 
in  Aunt  Eleanor's  quiet  home.  Her  neat, 
white  cottage  was  shaded  with  jessamine  and 


honeysuckle,  and  shrubbery  filled  the  door- 
yard,  among  which  we  children  rambled  to 
our  hearts'  content.  There  was  a  birthday 
party  for  me,  I  remember,  and  little  boys  and 
girls  were  there  all  decked  out  in  gay  sashes 
and  neckties,  while  gayest  among  them  all 
was  Aunt  Eleanor  herself,  who  started  plays 
for  us  and  jilayed  the  piano  while  we  danced. 
Well,  the  next  day  found  me  a  little  fretful 
and  uneasy.  It  was  the  reaction  after  such 
intense  excitement.  My  aunt  tried  various 
ways  of  amusing  me,  but  nothing  would  do 
but  I  must  go  somewhere.  My  playmates 
were  all  iu  school,  so  Auntie  chanced  to  think 
of  an  unpaid  bill  which  she  asked  if  I  would 
like  to  go  and  settle  for  her.  Delighted  with 
the  idea  of  paying  out  money,  I  started  up 
and  expressed  my  willingness  to  go  at  once. 
Taking  from  her  pocket  a  twenty-dollar  gold- 
piece,  she  folded  it  in  the  cabinet-maker's 
bill,  and  placing  it  in  my  hand  said,  "Now, 
Georgie,  hold  it  fast  and  do  not  lose  it."  Of 
course  I  promised  faithfully,  and  with  my 
light  sun-hat  on  my  arm,  I  started  out  at  full 
speed.  Now  in  California  we  have  long  sea- 
sons without  rain,  when  the  earth  is  dry  and 
parched,  and  the  roads  cut  up,  leaving  dust 
often  several  inches  in  depth. 

"TLe  village  where  my  aunt  lived  was  one  uf  con- 
siderable size  aud  iu  a  mHinilactui-ing  distiict,  so 
the  roads  all  About  were  much  traveled,  aud  couse- 
queutly  quite  dusty.  I  scampered  aloug,  singing 
as  I  wen*,  till  arriving  within  sigbt  of  the  shop 
wliere  I  was  to  go,  I  missed  the  gold-piece  from 
my  baud.  The  bill  lay  folded  in  my  fist  but  no 
money  was  there.  Back  I  went  over  the  same  path, 
slowly  returning  to  my  aunt  with  the  mournful 
news  that  I  had  lost  the  money. 

*' 'Lost  the  money,  Georgie?"  It  cannot  be.  Let's 
go  together  and  look  for  it.'  She  slipped  on  her  hat 
and  slowly  and  carefully  w^e  passed  over  the  same 
ground,  going  and  coming,  till  near  nightfall,  but 
not  a  trace  could  be  seen  of  the  coin.  The  neigh, 
bors  became  interested  iu  the  search,  and  with 
sticks  to  rake  among  the'dust  they  came  to  our  as- 
sistance without  avail.  Days  passed  on  and  cousin 
Tom,  then  a  lad  of  ten  years,  insisted  that  some 
one  must  have  picked  it  up  while  I  had  gone  to  tell 
ihe  news:  so  whenever  Aunt  urged  him  to  search 
more,  he  would  say  he  was  sure  there  was  no  use 
for  it  could  not  have  lain  there  all  this  time  with- 
out being  picked  up.  Do  you  believe  in  fortune- 
tellers. Aunt  Myra?  Well,  about  this  time  an  old, 
wandering  gypsy  passe<i  through  the  village,  stop- 
ping at  every  house  aud  telling  tortunes  in  a  tea- 
cup. Of  course  she  tasted  lite  hospitality  of  the 
house  before  she  came  to  the  tea-grounds,  and  most 
marvelous  tales  she  related  to  eager  listeners  re- 
garding their  future.  She  came  to  Aunt  and  insisted 
Uiat  there  was  souielhing  iu  the  future  [irepariug 
for  her — some  snrrow  in  the  pabt  that  she  could  ex- 
plain to  her.  I  came  in  to  see  who  the  old  body 
might  be,  and  with  eyes  distended  she  pointed  her 
long,  bony  linger  at  nie  and  asked  where  that  child 
came  from.  "  None  of  yours,  sure,"  she  added, 
luuking  suspiciously  at  Aunt  as  if  1  had  been  stolen 
away  from  eomehody.  1  was  frightened  aud  hid 
my  face  away,  hat  the  sepulchral  tones  ol  her 
voice  souuded  in  my  ears  lor  days  after.  It  was 
luuch-Iime,  I  remeinher,  tor  we  dined  in  the  cool 
of  the  day,  and  yiuut  had  a  cup  of  tea  set  for  the 
stranger  aud  oHercd  her  some  luucheon.  Alter  she 
had  linished  she  pushed  hack  her  chair,  aud  with 
the  lea  cup  iu  her  hand  dr;iincd  off  the  moisture, 
;ind  t(dd  .Vuiit  tbi  a  aud  tiicre,  she  »:nv  Irimhie 
about  iiKMicy. 

"  'Here's  a  man — a  lalM.iiiiL'  man  in  shirt  sleeves 
anil  wilh  a  plaid  pau-h  iu  the  baikof  his  waistcoat 
— will!  jiiclis  uji  a  piece  rif  UKuicy — your  uauii-y. 
uia'aiii.  lie  says,  as  he  slaps  it  in  his  palm  wiih 
Ihe  other  hand,  "That'll  just    pay    my    ta.xes   aud 


give  me  my  little  home  free.  How  glad  Mary'll 
be  to  know  the  heavens  have  rained  down  inouev 
to  help  us!"  Have  you  lost  any  money,  ma'am?' 
euijuired  she,  turning  full  upon  my  aunt.  Yes. 
there  had  been  money  lost,  hut  who  the  man  could 
he  that  p'cked  it  up  no  one  could  conjecture,  as  no 
jieison  answering  to  the  description  had  been  seen 
in  the  neighborhood.  The  fortune-teller  passed  on 
and  left  us  as  much  in  a  quandary  as  before,  no 
one  jdaciug  much  reliance  on  her  word. 

"Shortly  after  this  I  returned  to  my  city  home, 
and  nothing  was  said  to  .Mamma  about  the  lost 
money,  because  I  hated  to  think  of  it  and  good 
Aunt  Eleanor  ilid  not  want  to  worry  her  with  any- 
thing that  could  not  he  heljied.  At  Christmas  time, 
six  months  after,  we  all  went  over,  by  urgent  invi- 
tation, to  spend  a  week  at  Jessamine  Cottage,  as  I 
htve  to  call  Aunt  Eleanor's  home.  The  early  rains 
had  settled  the  dusty  roads  and  brought  forth  the 
fresh  young  grass.  The  woods  through  which  we 
passed  lu  the  old-fashioned  stage  coach  were  Irag- 
rant  with  alt  sorts  of  delightful  herbs  tnd  ever- 
greens, among  which  the  redwood,  towering  to  the 
skies,  sent  forth  its  share  of  its  peculiar  perfume. 
Arriving  there  we  found  ray  aunt  and  cousins  all 
expectation,  and  the  rooms  were  beautifully  deco- 
rated with  wreaths  of  evergreeus,  and  the  word, 
'  Welcome!'  was  hung  opposite  the  door  in  the 
best  parlor,  where  was  also  a  fine  mistletoe,  under 
which,  if  a  boy  c-night  a  little  mate,'  you  know  a 
kiss  is  the  legal  penalty.  Blundering  in,  lost  in  ad- 
miration, Cousin  Tom  led  me  directly  under  the 
mistletoe  and  kissed  nie  saying,  'There,  Georgie,  I 
caught  you  first.'  Nothing  went  amiss  with  me 
that  day,  though  ii]ion  ordinary  occasions  a  hoy 
"would  have  to  smart  tor  his  audacity  if  he  dared 
ste;il  a  kiss  even  at  that  tender  age. 

"Christmas  day  dawned  bright  and  clear,  aud  we 
children  were  \i\>  before  dawn  and  down  to  our 
stockings.  Oh,  what  merry  times  we  bad  looking 
at  the  pretty  things  funny  Santa  Claus  had  brought. 
After  Auntie  came  dowu  w'e  were  taken  into  the 
parlor,  aud  there,  in  the  centre  of  the  room  stood 
the  loveliest  Christmas-tree  I  ever  saw  or  eiiali  ex- 
pect to  see  again  It  was  all  decked  out  with 
strings  of  pop-corn,  with  fancy  horas-of- plenty  tilted 
with  candy,  and  every  conceivable  toy  and  gift 
suspended  from  or  resting  on  the  branches.  Tmy 
flags  were  mixed  in  aud  gilded  balls.  O,  you  nev- 
er dreamed  of  a  prettier  sight.  Our  presents  weie 
all  labeled,  so  that  it  was  an  easy  tasK  to  distribute 
them,  and  Tom  in  a  bran  new  suit,  with  cap  to 
match,  looked  most  woudeifid  to  my  young  eyes. 
Soon  after  breakfast,  when  the  sun  slumeout  Warm, 
a  walk  was  projiosed  by  .^Iaster  Tom,  who  offered 
to  take  Rood  care  of  Fieddy,  who  was  just  able  to 
walk  nicely.  Jlamnia  aud  Aunt  Eleanor  willingly 
assented,  and  dressed  out  in  our  very  best  we 
stepped  ofi*  quite  h(,ppily.  I  shall  never  forget 
that  walk  as  long  as  1  live;  for  what  do  you  tliink? 
when  we  were  walkiiii.^  over  the  same  piece  of 
road  where  I  had  passed  when  I  lost  the  gold-piece 
there  was  a  deal  of  mud,  so  Tom,  like  a  careful 
boy,  lifted  Freddy  over  it.  and  glancing  down,  iu  a 
wiieel-track  he  espied  something  shining  which  he 
picked  up,  aud  there  it  was — the  lost  twenty-dolho' 
piece!  Six  mtmths  it  had  lain  concealed  beneath  the 
dust,  to  he  a  surprise  to  us  on  Christmas  day!  Haf^t 
enmg  home  as  fast  as  our  feet  would  carry  us,  we 
related  the  circumstance  to  the  astonished  groii['. 
Mamma  had  never  heard  of  the  losing  of  the  mot: 
ey,  and  Wits  the  more  amazed  to  think  of  its  heii?- 
lost  and  found  withinit  her  knowledge. 

"  How  we  danced  and  sung  and  made  merry  be- 
cause the  lost  was  found;  and  what  had  hung  like 
a  cloud  over  my  childhood's  vision  of  clear  .lesya 
mine  Cottage  was  now  removed,  and  Aunt  Elean- 
or's double  eagle  laid  coaie  back  to  her.  What  did 
she  do  with  it?  Why,  she  bad  it  changed  into  tw" 
ten-dollar  gold-pieces  and  gave  one  to  Mamma  for 
briugins;  me  over  lo  be  the  means  of  lindiiig  the 
lost  treasure. 

"My  story  is  done;  for  our  Christmas  day  will 
soon  he  here,  and  if  i*  be  as  happy  as  the  one  we 
spent  that  year,  some  of  you  may  make  a  yam  to 
amuse  another  group  some  futuie  Christmas  eve." 


A  F.isHio.\'ABLE  Kecii'E.— Take  a  young  lady, 
turn  her  once  iu  a  breadth  of  satin,  twice  fn 
a  gauze  scarf  aud  three  times  iu  a  pufif  oi 
tulle;  add  twenty  yards  of  flowery  garlands 
wherewith  to  season  the  whole.  The  dish  i- 
then  trussed  up,  but  has  not  yet  suflicicnt 
dressing.  Something  heavy,  in  the  shape  of 
ft  train  is  needed.  It  may  be  made  of  mate- 
lassee  with  raised  flowers,  or  of  brocade. 
Skewer  it  on  well  behind,  aud  garnish  with 
gauze  butterflies,  lace  birds  or  gilt  beetles. 
Keep  very  warm  at  the  Ijase  and  very  cool  at 
the  top.  Kemove  the  dressing  as  much  as 
possible  from  the  upper  part  anil  pile  it  on 
below.  Season  with  diamonds  and  serve  tip 
warm, 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


FROM  SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

Peach  Tkee,  San  Benito  Co.,      | 
November,  1875.  \ 

Deak  AoRicrLTUEisT:  Noticing  your  varied 
correspondence,  I  tboutjlit  a  letter  from  this 
out  of  the  way  place  might  not  be  amiss. 

This  is  most  exclusively  a  stock  country; 
being  so  far  from  market  that  grain,  etc., 
could  not  be  transported  for  what  it  would 
bring  in  the  market  of  the  world,  even  if 
raised. 

Cattle,  hogs,  dairy  products  and  poultry 
form  the  staples  here.  Barley  is  SJj  cents  a 
pound;  wheat  is  hard  to  get  at  any  price;  hay 
is  evidently  plenty,  notwithstanding  the  dry 
season. 

Hogs  are  made  quite  a  speciality  of.  We 
have  talked  with  several  men  who  have  had 
experience,  and  they  all  consider  the  berkshires 
the  most  paying  hogs;  because  they  are  so 
much  more  hardy  than  the  Essex,  and  the 
meat  commands  a  higher  price  when  cured. 

Such  a  thing  as  an  orchard  is  almost  un- 
known np  this  far  in  the  mountains.  There 
is  but  one  in  Peach  Tree,  and  that  is  a  small 
one. 

About  twenty-five  miles  toward  HoUister, 
here  in  a  steep-sided  canon,  near  San  Benito, 
is  a  grist  mill,  belonging  to  Gough  &  AVagner. 
It  is  doing  a  good  business  in  gi-inding  feed 
and  flour;  the  latter,  good  in  quality,  as  we 
can  testify  from  experience.  Mr.  Gough  has 
a  cosy  little  place,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
above  his  mill,  where  he  raises  all  kinds  of 
vegetables,  and  has  a  small  orchard,  which 
will  soon  be  in  bearing;  also,  about  four  acres 
of  alfalfa,  which  corroborates  all  that  has 
been  said  in  praise  of  it.  He  has  cut,  we 
understand,  twenty-five  tons  of  hay,  and 
pastured  twenty-five  head  of  cattle  on  it  since 
July,  and  still  it  presents  an  appearance  of 
good  feed.  Altogether,  Mr.  Gough's  place 
seems  like  an  oasis  in  the  desert. 

.About  twelve  miles  north  of  here  is  the 
Bitter  "Water  valley,  and  the  water  is  charac- 
teristic of  the  name,  for  it  is  as  bitter  as  mod- 
ified gall,  owing  to  the  presence  of  peculiar 
salts,  which  render  it  purgative  in  character. 
A.  gentleman  here,  showed  me  a  piece  of  rock 
composed  of  shells  and  sandstone.  This  for- 
mation is  very  plenty  here,  forming  quite  a 
feature  in  the  geology  of  the  country.  He 
found  several  pieces  of  fossil  bones,  which  he 
sent  to  the  State  Normal  School;  but  has  not 
learned  as  yet  to  what  ancient  monster  they 
might  have  belonged. 

Society  here  is  rather  mixed. 
"Men  of  every  uatiun; 

Birds  of  ever.v  f'-atlier, 
Oa  a  common  level," 
associate    and   fraternise    much    more    freely 
than   one  would   suppose  possible,   from  the 
diversity  of  tongues  spoken. 

It  seems  to  be  no  disgrace  to  get  drunk, 
especially  among  the  Spaniards  and  Mexicans. 
Ihe  state  of  the  Temperance  question  is  well 
illustrated  by  the  following  anecdote.  An 
old  Mexican  lady  was  describing  a  fandango, 
and  in  particular  the  supper,  said  she;  "have 
cake,  have  pie.  have  chicken,  and  (with  spec- 
ial accentl  hetYe  piaiaty  whisk-y."  F.  G. 

Letter     from     Lompoc    Temperance 
Colony. 

Editor  Ageiculttkist  and  Live  Stock 
JouENAi:  I  have  had  several  proofs  that  the 
Ageicultueist  is  a  good  paper  to  carry  around 
news. 

Since  my  last  letter  from  this  place,  inquir- 
ies come  from  all  round  the  country,  asking 
further  information.  A  gentleman  who  takes 
a  prominent  part  in  advancing  all  good  causes 
here,  gives  me  this   extract   from  a  letter  re- 


cently received  from  Silver  City,  Idaho. 

"Seeing  an  account  of  the  Lompoc  Tem- 
perance Colony  in  that  excellent  paper  the 
AoKictrLTnBiST,  I  take  the  liberty  of  asking 
you  a  little  more  about  it, "  etc.  The  writer 
j  never  dreamt  of  seeing  his  own  words  re- 
I  peated  in  your  columns,  no  doubt.  But  I 
feel  that  you  and  your  subscribers  are  entitled 
to  the  encouragement  the}'  incidentally  con- 
tain. 

I  have  only  time  to  add  that  our  laud  is 
selling  off  so  rapidly  and  the  valley  filling  up 
so  fast,  that  another  Temperance  Colony  is 
projected  from  a  neighboring  ranch  or  two. 
If  the  plan  succeeds,  it  will  help  us  much. 
We  shall  soon  know,  and  your  advertising 
columns  no  doubt  will  give  "full  information 
to  the  many  families  that  it  will  accommodate 
and  prove  attactive  to.  I  like  this  coloniz- 
ing on  the  temperance  plan.  It  has  so  far 
successfully  kept  out  the  sale  of  whisky  in 
our  valley.  People  see  we  mean  it,  and  value 
the  exemption  from  the  curse  and  expense  of 
tippling  and  intemperance. 

We  have  had  a  fine  rain  for  a  starter.  Weath- 
er just  lovely;  health  excellent;  everyboby 
preparing  to  put  in  large  crops  of  potatoes, 
beans,  corn,  pumpkins,  beets,  barley,  wheat, 
etc.,  as  possible,  and  some  orchards  and  al- 
falfa.    All  feel  sanguine. 

Yours  trulv, 

J.  P.  Eoss. 


Deep  Plowing. 

The  question  of  diep  and  shallov:  plowing 
is  one,  which  though  often  discussed,  seems 
to  be  an  unsettled  one  in  the  minds  of  a  large 
number  of  farmers. 

Perhaps  a  farmer  of  twenty  years  experi- 
ence in  England  and  California  may  be  per- 
mitted to  express  an  opinion  on  this  question 
based  on  careful  and  repeated  exijeriments. 

I  am  persuaded  that  the  first  principle  in 
agriculture  is  deep  plowing,  but  circumstances 
must  determine  when  to  plow  deep. 

The  philosophy  of  deep  plowing  may  be 
briefly  stated  thus :  It  furnishes  a  large  amount 
of  porous  soil,  whose  absorbent  qualities 
capacitate  it  for  drawing  moisture  from  below 
and  drawing  in  the  plentiful  showers  from 
above. 

Where  deep  plowing  and  thorough  cultiva- 
tion go  together,  the  finely  commixed  condi- 
tion of  the  soil,  makes  it  more  receptive  of 
the  influences  of  sun,  air  and  moisture,  and 
more  retentive  of  each — as  well  as  becoming 
a  mass  of  the  most  assimilable  food  for  plants. 

The  mineral  elements  of  the  soil  being 
found  largely  in  the  subsoil,  cannot  be  brought 
into  acquisition  but  by  deep  ploirinq,  which 
disintegrating  that  hard  mass,  and  freeing  its 
elements,  presents  them  for  oxygenation, 
and  by  the  free  circulation  of  air,  decomposes, 
pulverises  and  makes  assimilable. 

As  the  wheat  crop  depends  largely  on  the 
mineral  constituents  of  the  soil,  other  cii'- 
cumstances  being  favorable,  deep  plowing  is 
essential  to  the  supply  of  its  necessary  food. 
The  wheat  plant  is  provided  with  a  long  lap 
root,  which  on  deeply  plowed  land  often 
reaches  to  the  depth  of  twelve  inches  or  more. 

Barley  sends  out  its  roots  more  latterally 
and  will  thrive  better  with  shallow  plowing, 
than  wheat  or  oats. 

It  does  better  after  root  crops  and  on  light 
or  shallow  soils,  matunng  earlier,  and  is  more 
remunerative  in  a  dry  season  than  wheat  or 
oats. 

The  conditions  of  success  in  deep  plowing, 
are  earliness,  and  thoroughness  of  after  culti- 
vation. 

In  California  if  done  as  late  as  January,  it 
had  better  not  be  done  at  all  as  a  rule,  as  there 
is  no  time  to  weather  the  furrows,  or  break  it 


up  into  a  fine  assimilable  shape. 

In  this  condition  it  is  neither  ahsorbatice  nor 
retentive  of  moisture;  and  wheat  may  as  well 
be  sown  among  stones. 

Much  of  the  prejudice  against  deep  plow- 
ing in  California  arises  from  the  difficulty  of 
securing  such  a  mecftani&il  condition  of  the 
soil — such  a  fine  tilth  as  promotes  such  com- 
pactness as  the  wheat  plant  demands. 

To  ensure  success,  the  land  should  not  be 
plowed  during  heavy  rains  nor  too  early  after 
them,  but  if  the  condition  of  the  soil  warrants 
it,  as  early  in  November  as  possible. 

If  practicable,  sowing  should  not  take  place 
before  nor  much  after  the  first  week  in  Feb- 
ruary. A.  cultivator  should  then  be  used  as 
well  as  a  harrow,  and  if  the  weather  will  admit, 
the  last  operation  before  seeding  should  be 
followed  with  a  good  roller,  the  seed-drill 
following  after,  and  finishing  off  with  the 
harrow. 

Such  cultivation,  other  things  being  equal, 
will  insure  a  good  crop. 

As  supplementary  to  the  above,  when  the 
crop  is  about  four  inches  high  and  the  sur- 
face dry  enough,  roll  down  with  a  heavy  roll- 
er, which  accomplishes  the  thing— consolida- 
ting the  soil,  assisting  the  plant  to  start  out, 
and  producing  an  even  surface  for  the  reaper 
at  harvest-time. 


Our  old  correspondent,    J.    B.   Rumford, 

formerly  of  Piano,  Tulare  county,  has  moved 
to  Kern  Island,  and  reports  to  us  that  he 
has  found  an  excellent  locality  for  all  kinds  of 
vegetation.  He  says  that  land  seeded  to  al- 
falfa will  yield  immensely,  and  will  pay  18 
per  cent,  or  $100  per  acre,  auuually  above  ex-  • 
penses.  Corn  and  vegetables  grow  without 
irrigation.  .\ud  there  is  no  more  sickness 
from  ague  than  along  the  Sacramento  or  San 
Joaquin  rivers.  We  expect  a  long  letter  from 
Mr.  Rumford  soon. 


FLECKS  OR  SCUDS  IN  BUTTER.- 
aUERY. 


-A 


Ed.  Ageicctltobist  and  Live  Stock  Jouk- 
nal: — Can  you,  or  any  of  your  dairyman 
readers,  inform  me  what  the  scuds  in  butter 
are?  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  they 
are  nothing  but  cream,  while  a  great  many 
think  that  they  are  sour  milk.  However,  I 
would  like  your  ideas  on  the  subject. 

Enquibee. 

We  have  often  noticed  these  "scuds,"  as 
our  correspondent  calls  them,  in  butter,  and 
in  our  experience  in  dairying  have  noticed 
that  sometimes  they  have  been  composed  of 
particles  of  cream — tough  cream  that  had 
been  exposed  too  long  and  had  become  flecked 
with  a  sort  of  mould  which  caused  the  parti- 
cles to  adhere,  and  prevented  the  globules 
from  separating  and  coming  together  as  but- 
ter as  soon  as  the  good  cream,  free  from  such 
tough  mould.  We  have  also  known  mould  to 
form  a  sort  of  membraneous  substance,  like 
tough  skin,  on  or  under  cream  that  has  stood 
too  long  or  been  exposed  in  a  tainted  atmos- 
phere. These,  like  pieces  of  thin  cuticle, 
would  remain  in  the  butter.  The  remedy  is 
to  have  a  clean  dairy-room,  thoroughly  scald 
the  pans,  etc.,  and  not  allow  the  cream  to 
stand  too  long  before  or  after  skimming.  We 
give  this  as  simply  our  own  observation,  and 
ask  our  dairy  subscribers  to  send  in  their 
ideas  on  this  subject,  that  we  may  compare 
notes  and  amve  at  the  true  solution. 


To  know  how  to  keep  a  tidy  house  and  well 
aired  apartments,  to  know  how  to  select  the 
best  kinds  of  food,  to  know  how  to  prepare 
them  in  the  best  manner — these  are  first 
things,  and  every  daughter  should  learn  them 
before  marriage. 


i 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


International  Exhibition  of  Live-Stock 
at  Philadelphia,   1876. 

'TpIEST.— The  LiTe-Stock  display  at  the 
jIT  International  Exhibition  will  be  held 
fTW  within  the  months  o£  Sejiteuiber  and 
%&  October,  187G;  the  peiiods  devoted  to 
each  class  and  familj'  being  iifteen  days,  and 
the  division  as  follows:  Horses,  nrnles  and 
asses,  from  September  1st  to  15th.  Horned 
cattle  (varieties),  from  September  20th  to 
October  5th.  Sheep,  swine,  goats  and  dogs, 
from  October  10th  to  25th.  Poultry  will  be 
exhibited  from  October  28th  to  November  10th. 
2.  Animals  to  be  elgible  for  admission  to 
the  International  Exhibition  mnst  be,  with 
the  excejition  of  trotti:ig  stock,  walking  hor- 
ses, matched  teams,  fat  and  draught  cattle,  of 
such  jiedigree  that  the  exhibitor  can  furnish 
satisfactory  evidence  to  the  Chief  of  Bureau, 
that: — As  applied  to  thorough-bred  horses,  as 
far  back  as  the  fifth  generation  of  ancestors 
on  both  sides,  they  are  of  pure  blood,  and  of 
the  same  identical  breed.  As  to  short-horned 
cattle,  they  are  registered  in  either  Allen's, 
Alexander's,  or  the  English  Herd  books.  As 
to  Holsteius,  Herefords,  Ayrshires,  Devons' 
Guernseys,  Britainys,  Kerrys,  and  other 
pure  breeds,  they  are  either  imported  or  de- 
scended from  imported  animals  on  both  sides. 
As  to  Jerseys,  that  they  are  entered  iu  the  Herd 
Register  of  the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club, 
or  iu  that  of  the  lloyal  Agricultural  Society 
of  Jersey.  As  to  sheep  and  swine,  they  are 
imported  ordescended  from  imported  animals, 
and,  that  the  home-bred  shall  be  of  pure 
blood  as  far  back  as  the  fifth  generation.  3. 
The  term  breed,  as  used,  is  intended  to  com- 
prehend all  family  divisions,  where  the  dis- 
tinction in  form  and  character  dates  back 
through  years  of  separtion;  for  instance,  it  is 
held  that  the  progeny  of  a  pure-blood  Jersey 
and  a  pure  blood  Guernsey  is  not  a  thorough- 
bred, but  a  cross-bred  animal,  and  as  such,  is 
necessarily  excluded.  4.  In  awarding  prizes 
to  animals  of  pure  blood,  the  Judges  will  take 
into  consideration  chietiy  the  relative  merits 
as  to  the  power  of  transmission  of  their  valu- 
able qualities;  a  cardinal  object  of  the  exhi- 
bition being  to  promote  improvement  inbreed- 
ing stock.  5.  In  case  of  doubt  relative  to 
the  age  of  an  animal,  satisfactory  proof  must 
be  furnished,  or  the  animal  will  be  subject  to 
examination  by  a  veterinary  surgeon;  and 
should  the  state  of  deuitiou  indicate  that  the 
age  has  not  been  correctly  stated,  the  person 
so  entering  as  an  exhibitor  will  be  prohibited 
from  exhibiting  in  any  class.  0.  The  forms 
of  classilicatiou  for  awards,  as  given  under 
each  head,  are  intended  (excejitiug  in  the 
case  of  trotting  stock,  walking  horses,  match- 
ed teams,  fat  and  draught  cattle)  to  ap])ly  to 
any  of  the  animals  of  pun^  breed  that  are  en- 
tered for  competition.  7.  The  Exhibition 
being  open  to  the  world,  it  is  of  the  lirst  im- 
liortance  that  the  best  of  their  kind  only  be 
brought  forward,  as  the  character  of  the  stock 
will  l;e  judged  by  the  average  of  those  exhi- 
bited. 8.  Exhiliitors  will  be  expected  to 
furnish  their  own  atteiulauls,  on  whom  all 
the  re.si)onsibility  of  the  care  of  feeding, 
watering  and  dialling  the  animals,  and  also 
of  cleaning  stalls,  will  rest.  '.'.  Eorage  and 
gram  will  be  furnished  at  cost  prices,  at  depots 
conveniently  located  within  the  grounds. 
Water  can  be  had  at  all  hours,  ample  facilities 
being  provided  for  its  conveyance  and  distri- 
bution throughout  the  stock-yards.  10,  Ex- 
hibitors   must    supply  all    harness,  saddlery, 


vehicles  and  other  appointments,  and  all  such 
must  be  kept  in  their  own  places.  11.  The 
Commission  will  erect  ample  accommodation 
for  the  exhibition  and  protection  ot  live-stock, 
yet  contributors  who  may  desire  to  make 
sjjecial  arrangements  for  the  display  of  their 
stock,  will  be  afi'orded  facilities  at  their  own 
cost.  Fractious  animals,  whether  Stallions, 
mares  with  foals,  oi  bulls,  will  be  jirovided 
with  stalls  of  desirable  character.  12.  All 
stalls  will  be  regularly  and  distinctly  number- 
ed; corresponding  numbers  on  labels  of  uni- 
form character  will  be  given  to  each  exhibitor, 
and  no  animal  will  be  allowed  to  pass  from 
its  stall  without  its  proper  number  attached. 
13.  Numbers  alone  will  distinguish  stock 
in  the  show-yards,  preceding  the  awards  of 
prizes.  14.  The  Judges  of  live-stock  will 
make  examination  of  all  animals  on  opening 
day  of  each  serial  show,  and  will  for  that  day 
have  exclusive  entrance  to  the  show-yard. 
15.  No  premium  will  be  awarded  au  in- 
ferior animal,  though  there  be  no  competi- 
tion. 10.  All  animals  will  be  under  the 
supervision  of  a  veterniary  surgeon,  who  will 
examine  them  before  admission,  to  guard 
against  infection,  and  who  will  also  make  a 
daily  inspection  and  report.  In  case  of  sick- 
ness the  animal  will  be  removed  to  a  suitable 
enclosure  especially  prepared  for  its  comfort 
and  medical  treatment.  17.  When  animals 
!  are  taken  sick,  the  exhibitors  may  either  direct 
}  the  treatment  themselves,  or  allow  the  veteri- 
nary surgeon  appointed  by  the  Commission  to 
j  treat  the  case.  In  this  latter  event  the  exhi- 
i  bitor  will  be  charged  for  all  the  expenses  in- 
curred. All  possible  care  will  be  taken  of 
animals  exhibited,  but  the  Commission  cannot 
be  held  responsible  for  any  injury  or  accident. 
IS.  A  ring  will  be  provided  for  the  disjilay  of 
and  exercise  of  horses  and  cattle.  19.  On 
the  last  day  of  each  serial  show,  a  public  auc- 
tion may  be  held  of  such  animals  as  the  exhi- 
bitor may  desire  to  sell.  Animals  may  be 
sold  at  private  sale  any  time  during  their  ex- 
hibition. During  the  period  of  a  serial  show 
no  animal,  even  iu  the  event  of  being  sold, 
will  be  allowed  to  be  definitely  removed.  20. 
An  official  catalogue  of  the  animals  exhibited 
will  be  published.  21.  Exhibitors  of  thor- 
ough-bred animals  must,  at  the  time  of  mak- 
ing their  entries,  file  with  the  Chief  of  the 
Bureau  a  statement  as  to  their  pedigree, 
affirmed  or  sworn  to  before  an  officer  author- 
ized to  take  affidavits,  and  the  papers  so  filed 
shall  be  furnished  to  the  Jury  of  Experts. 
22.  The  ages  of  live-stock  must  be  calculated 
up  to  the  opening  day  of  the  exhibition  of 
the  class  to  which  they  belong.  23.  Sheep 
breeders  desiring  to  exhibit  wool,  the  produce 
of  the  flocks,  will  display  not  less  than  five 
fleeces.  24.  All  animals  must  be  entered 
according  to  the  prescribed  rules  as  given  in 
forms  of  entry,  which  forms  will  be -furnished 
on  application  to  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Agriculture. 

Beedixu  HoiiSKs. — Hares  entered  as  breed- 
ing animals  must  have  had  foals  within  one 
year  of  the  show,  or  if  in  the  foal,  certificate 
must  be  furnished  to  that  efl'ect.  All  foals 
exhibited  must  be  the  offspring  of  the  mare 
with  which  they  are  at  foot.  Awards  will  be 
made  to  respective  breeds  for: — Purebred  turf 
stallion,  six  years  and  over.  Pure  bred  turf 
stallion,  four  years  and  under  six  years.  Pure 
bred  turf  stalli<in,  over  two  years  and  under 
four  years.  Pure  bred  turf  mares,  six  years 
and  over.  Pure  bred  mares  over  two  years 
and  under  six  years.  Awards  will  be  made 
for: — Trotting  stallions,  six  years  and  over. 
Trotting  stallions,  over  four  years  and  under 
six.  Trotting  stallions,  over  two  years  and  under 
four.  Pure  bred  draught  stallion,  six  years 
and  over.  Pure  bred  draught  stallion,  over 
four  years  and  under  six  years.  Pure  bred 
draught  stallion,  over  two  y(!ars  and  under 
four  years.  I'ure  bred  draught  mares,  six 
years  and  over.  Pure  bred  draught  mares 
over  two  and  under  six  years.  Trotting 
brood  mares,  six  years  and  over.  Trotting 
fillies,  over  four  years  and  under  six.  Trot- 
ting fillies,  over  two  vears  and  under  four. 


Rn.N-.s'iNG  AND  Trotting  Houses. — Shall  be       \ 

jiidged  according  to  their  record  up  to  August  ^ 
15lh,  1876,  due  regard  being  had  to  present 
condition.  Awards  will  be  made  for: — Run- 
ning horses  having  made  fastest  record.  Trot- 
ting stallions  having  trotted  a  mile  within 
two-thirty.  Mares  and  geldings  having  ti-ot- 
ted  a  mile  within  two-tweuty-five. 

Walking  Horses. — Fast  walking  horses, 
whether  bred  for  agricultural  purposes  or  the 
saddle,  will  compete  in  the  ring  for  awards. 

Matched  Teams. — Awards  will  be  made  for: 
— Matched  teams  having  trotted  a  mile  in 
two-thirty-five.  Matched  Stallions  for  heavy 
draught,  over  sixteen  hands  high,  and  over 
fifteen  hundred  pounds  weight  each.  Match- 
ed geldings  for  heavy  draught,  over  sixteen 
hands  high,  and  over  fifteen  hundred  pounds 
Weight  each.  Matched  mares  for  heavy,draught 
over  fifteen  hands  high,  and  over  four- 
teen hundred  pounds  weight  each.  Matched 
mules  for  heavy  draught,  fifteen  and  a  half 
hands  high,  and  over  thirteen  hundred  pounds 
weight  each.     ' 

Breeding  Asses. — Awards  will  be  made  to 
resiiective  breeds  of  pure  bred  jacks  over  six 
years;  jiure  bred  jacks  over  three  years  and 
under  six;  pure  bred  she-asses  over  six  years: 
pure  bred  she-asses  over  three  years  and  un- 
der six.  I 

Neat  Cattle.—  No  cow  will  be  eligible  for 
entry,  unless  accompanied  with  a  certificate 
that,  within  fifteen  months  preceding  the 
show,  she  had  a  living  calf,  if  born  dead,  was 
born  at  its  proper  time.  No  heifer  entered  as 
in  calf  will  be  eligible  for  a  prize,  unless  ac- 
companied with  a  certificate  that  she  has  been 
bulled  before  the  first  tif  April,  or  presents 
unmistakable  proof  of  the  fact  to  the  judges. 
No  bull  above  one  year  old  can  be  entered  un- 
less he  have  a  ring  iu  nose,  and  the  attendant 
be  provided  with  a  leading  stick,  which  must 
be  used  whenever  the  animal  is  taken  out  of 
the  stall.  Awards  wiU  be  made  for  the  best 
herd  of  each  resijective  breed,  consisting  as 
follows:  One  bull,  four  cows,  none  under 
fifteen  months;  neat  cattle,  of  each  respec- 
tive breed,  will  compete  individually  for 
awards.  Bulls  3  years  and  over;  bulls  over 
2  years  and  under  3  years;  bulls  over  1  year 
and  under  2  years;  cows  4  years  and  over; 
cows  over  3  years  and  under  4  years;  cows  or 
heifers  iu  calf,  over  2  years  and  under  3  years; 
yearling  heifers.  A  sweepstake  award  will  be 
made  for  the  best  bull  of  any  breed;  a  sweep- 
stake award  will  be  made  for  the  best  cow  of 
any  breed. 

Fat  and  Dkaught  Cattle. — Animals  enter- 
ed as  fat  and  draught  cattle  need  not  be  of 
pure  blood,  but  will  compete  on  individual 
merits.  Fat  cattle  must  be  weighed,  ;iiid  in 
general  those  will  be  judged  best  which  have 
the  greatest  weight  with  the  least  surface  and 
ofl'al.  Awards  will  be  made  for:— Best  fatted 
steer  of  any  age  or  breed;  most  powerful  yoke 
of  oxen;  most  rapidly  walking  yoke  of  oxen; 
most  thoroughly  trained  yoke  of  oxen;  most 
thoroughly  trained  team  of  three  or  more 
yokes  of  oxen. 

BiiKEDiNG  Sheep. — All  sheep  ofl'ered  for  ex- 
hibition must  be  accompanied  with  certificate 
to  the  I  ttect  that  they  have  been  shorn  since 
the  1st  of  April,  and  the  date  given.  If  not 
fairly  shorn,  or  if  clijiped  so  as  to  conceal  de- 
lects, or  with  a  view  to  imjirove  the  form  or 
appearance,  they  will  be  excluded  from  com- 
petition. Awards  will  be  made  to  respective 
breeds  for  the  best  pen  of  five  animals  of 
same  flock  and  including  one  ram,  the  ewes 
all  having  had  living  lambs  the  past  spring. 
Awards  will  be  made  to  respective  breeds  for 
rams  2  years  and  over;  shearing  rams.  A 
sweepsteak  award  will  be  made  for  the  best 
ram,  respectfully  of  long,  middle,  and  fine- 
wooled  breeds.  Awards  will  be  made  to  re- 
spective breeds  for  ewes  in  pens  of  three,  all 
having  had  living  lambs;  shearing  in  jiens  of 
three:  A  sweepsteak  award  will  be  made  for 
the  best  pen   of  three   breeding   ewe.s,  i-espec- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


lively  of  long,  middle,  and  fine-wooled  breeds. 
Fat  Shekp. — Fat  sheep  entered  for  compe- 
tition must  be  weighed,  and  in  general  those 
■will  be  judged  best  which  have  the  greatest 
weight,  with  the  least  surface  and  offal. 
Awards  will  be  made  for  pen  of  three  best  fat- 
ted sheep  of   any  breed. 

Bkeeding  Swine. — Every  competing  sow 
above  one  year  old  must  have  a  litter,  or  be 
in  pigs,  and  the  owner  must  bring  proof  of 
these  facts,  if  required.  If  a  litter  of  pigs  be 
sent  with  a  sow,  the  young  pigs  must  be 
sucklings,  the  offspring  of  the  sow,  and  miist 
not  exceed  the  age  of  three  months.  Awards 
will  be  made  to  respective  breeds  for  the  best 
pen  of  one  boar  and  two  breeding  sows;  for 
pen  of  sow  and  litter.  Awards  will  be  made 
to  respective  breeds  for  boars  2  years  old  and 
over;  boars  1  year  old  and  under  2  years; 
boars  between  9  months  and  1  year;  breeding 
sows  2  years  old  and  over;  breeding  sows  1 
year  old  and  under  2  years;  den  of  three  sow 
pigs  between  nine  months  and  one  year.  A 
sweepstake  award  will  be  made  for  the  best 
boar  of  any  breed.  A  sweepstake  award  will 
be  made  for  the  best  sow  of  any  breed. 

Fat  Swine. — Fat  swine  entered  for  compe- 
tition must  be  weighed,  and  in  general  those 
will  be  judged  best  which  have  the  greatest 
weight,  with  the  least  surface  and  offal.  First, 
second  and  third  prizes  will  be  awarded  for 
pair  of  best  fatted  hogs  of  each  breed;  pair 
of  best  fatted  hogs  of  any  breed. 

Dogs. — Awards  will  be  made  to  respective 
breeds  for  dogs  of  two  years  and  over;  dogs 
of  one  year  and  under  two;  pups.  A  sweep- 
stake award  will  be  awarded  for  the  best  dog 
of  any  breed  displayed  by  a  foreign  exhibitor. 
A  sweepstake  award  will  be  awarded  for  the 
best  home-bred  dog  of  any  breed.  Awards 
will  be  made  to  respective  breeds  for  bitches 
of  two  years  and  over;  bitches  of  one  year 
and  under  two;  bitch  pups.  A  sweepstake 
award  will  be  awarded  for  the  best  bitch  of 
any  breed  displayed  by  a  foreign  exhibitor. 
A  sweepstake  award  will  be  awarded  for  the 
best  home-bred  bitch  of  any  breed. 

Poni/TBV. — Poultry  can  onlj'  be  exhibited 
in  coops  made  after  specifications  fiirnished 
by  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture.  Awards  will 
be  made  to  respective  breeds  for  pairs  of  one 
year  and  over,  of  chickens,  turkeys,  geese, 
swans,  pigeons,  guineas  and  ornamental  birds 
For  pairs  under  one  year. 

Fish.  —Living  fishes  will  be  displayed  in 
both  fresh  and  salt  water  aquaria.  Awards 
will  be  made  for  largest  display  of  fish  of 
each  species.  Largest  display  of  fish  of  all 
species.  A.  T.  Goshorn, 

Burnet  Landrfih,  Director  General. 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Agriculture. 

Philadelphia,  Nov.  10,  1,S7.5. 


Camels. — Denison  Xeios,  October  29:  Our 
old  Arizona  friend.  Bethel  Coopwood,  now 
residing  at  Austin,  Texas,  has  made  a  business 
of  raising  camels  in  Texas  for  over  ten  years, 
and  it  has  proved  quite  lucrative.  When  he 
travels  over  the  State,  which  is  quite  frequent- 
ly, he  moves  in  a  style  becoming  an  oriental 
prince,  with  a  train  of  camels,  himself  mount- 
ed on  the  most  venerable  specimen  of  his 
collection.  A  few  days  ago,  as  we  see  by  the 
papers,  he  sold  five  out  of  his  herd  for  $1,0.50 
— two  year-olds  at  §250;  three  year-olds  at 
$350  aiid  five  year-olds  at  $450."  All  these 
camels  were  foaled  within  twenty  miles  of 
Austin.  The  five  year-old  is  the  largest  cam- 
el ever  seen  in  .America.  Mr.  Coopwood  can 
supply  all  the  circuses  in  America.  We  under- 
stand he  proposes  to  rear  ostriches  and  ele- 
phants, and  is  making  preparations  to  receive 
Shetland  ponies  at  his  ranch. 


where  he  has  been  resident  for  some  years. 
Mr.  Ashburner  purchased  at  the  recent  sale  of 
his  brother,  Mr.  W.  Ashburner,  at  Conishead 
Priory,  and  from  the  herds  of  his  younger 
brother,  Mr.  George  Ashburner,  Low  Hall, 
and  Mr.  Brogden,  M.  P.,  four  bulls  and 
seven  females — which  he  accompained  on  the 
voyage.  The  animals  are  mostly  of  Bates' 
blood. 


Shipment  of  Short-Horns  for  San  Fran- 
cisco.— Says  the  North  British  Agriculturist : 
On  October  20th,  there  were  shipped  from 
Liverpool,  by  the  steamship  Erin,  a  number 
of  highly-briE'd  short-horns  by  Mr.  R.  B.  Ash- 
burner, their  destination  being  San  Francisco, 


Commencement  and  Progress  of  As- 
sociated Dairy  Farming. 

CvI'VHILE  tbis  system  of  individual  dairy- 
nm    ing  was   at   its   height    there   was,    by 
Af.y    chance,  a  convenient   arrangement   in- 
V/V^i  vented  in  Oneida  county  which  in  due 
li^    time    revolutionized    the     system     of 
cheese  manufacture,  and  has  given  the  history 
of  agriculture  that  method  which    is   known 
as  "  the  American  system  of  associated  dairy- 
ing."    As  in  the  case  of  many  an  important 
innovation  upon  established  customs,  the  in- 
ventor builded  more   wisely    than    he   knew. 
Jesse  Williams  owned,  in  1S51.  a  private    es- 
tablisment  for  cheese-making  near  Rome,  in 
Oneida  county,  New  York.     He  had  achieved 
a  reputation  as    a   mwnufucturer    of  the   best 
quality  of  cheese.     To  him,  as  to  many  oth- 
ers, this  reputation  was  a  direct  money  value 
upon  tne  market.     He  could  make  a  contract 
for  a  better  price  than  others,    and   the   de- 
mand for  his  cheese  was  greater  than  the  sup- 
ply.    In    the  Spring    of    1851    one    of  Jesse 
Williams's  sons  was  married  and  went  to  live 
upon   a   dairy  farm  near  his  father's.       The 
cheese  from  this  farm  Mr.  Williams  contract- 
ed at  the  same  price  as  his  own,    but   there 
was  a  necessity  that  it  should  be  of  the  same 
quality.     This   was  the   quandary — how  can 
the  cheese  be  alike  when  the  father  is  a  skilled 
manufacturer  and  the  son  is  not?    This    was 
the  question  which  Mr.   Williams  had  to  an- 
swer.    It  first  occurred  to  him   that  he  could 
go  each  day  to  his  son's  dairy-house  and  try 
to  impart  to  his  son  his  own  skill  in  manipu- 
lation.    But   this    involved   a   great   deal   of 
trouble;  and   Mr.    Williams   second   tnought 
was  the  principle  of  associated  dairying  which 
will  make  his  name  endure.     It  was  a  happy 
thought— happy  in   its   exceeding    simplicity 
and  in  its  fitness  for  universal  application,  as 
events  have  proved.     Mr.  Williams  could  not 
go  to  the  milk— the  milk  must  be  brought  to 
him.     The  success  which  he  attained  in  his 
venture  was  the  keynote  of  the  success  which 
has  been  gained  by  the  wide    application    of 
his  method.     Skill  cannot  act  in  many  places 
at  the  same  time,  but   skill   is   powerful   over 
masses  of  material;  one  large  establishment 
occasions  less  labor  and  expense  than  a  dozen 
small  ones,  each  doiug  one-twelfth  of  its  work; 
all  supplies  are  cheaper  at  wholesale.     These 
are  some  of  the  advantages  that  have  led  to 
the  wide   adoption    of   the  American   factory 
system.     They  were  not   perceived   at    once. 
For  three  years  Mr.  Williams  and  those  who 
brought  milk  to  him  profited  by  them.     Dur- 
ing the  next  five  years  only  three   or  four  es- 
tablishments were  erected  each  year.     Since 
that  time  the  growth  has  been  rapid.     In  the 
year  1806  there  were  more  than   otiO  factories 
in  operation  in  New  York  State.     The  appre- 
ciation of  the  advantages  of  the  factory  sys- 
tem gave,  at  length,  a  marvelous   impulse  to 
the    industry.       Cheese-making,    which   was 
once   monopolized   by   the   rich    counties   of 
Central  New  Y'ork,  is  now  a  flourishing  spe- 
cialty in   half-a-dozen    regions    of  the    State. 
It  has  jiushed  westward,  shaping  the  produc- 
tive ability  of  the   Western  Keserve,   lindiug 
favoring  "conditions   for   growth    in   Illinois, 
Wisconsin.  Michigan  and  Iowa,  and  gathering 
groups  of  dairies  in  almost  every  other  West- 
ern State.     It  is  just  now  spreaOing  anew  in 
Pennsylvania.     To  the   eastward,    Massachu- 
setts  and   Vermont    have   given   it    heartiest 
welcome,  and  Maine,    youngest  of  the  dairy 


regions,  promises  to  exert  an  influence  upon 
the  supply. 

When  the  abolition  of  the  reciprocity  with 
Canada  threw  the  Canadians  upon  their  own 
resources,  the  development  there  was  sudden 
and  extended.  In  1873  Canada  manufactured 
20,0(1(1,(1110  pounds  of  cheese  by  the  .American 
method,  and  is  now  our  strongest  rival  in  the 
English  markets.  Tlie  .\merican  factory  sys- 
tem has  gained  an  enduring  foothold  in  Eng- 
land, whei-e  an  American,  Mr.  Schermerhorn, 
of  Oneida  county,  was  employed  by  English 
dairj'ineu  to  instruct  them  in  its  practice.  It 
has  been  introduced  upon  the  continent  of 
Europe,  and  the  latest  tidings  of  its  progress 
is  that  Uussia  has  sent  emissaries  to  borrow 
from  England  the  associated  idea  which  we 
implanted.  The  simple  contrivance  of  the 
Oneida  county  farmer  of  1851  has  reproduced 
itself  in  at  least  five  thousand  establishments, 
calling  to  its  uses  an  aggregate  capital  of  at 
least  twenty-five  millions  of  dollars  for  work- 
ing facilities  alone,  and  pl.acing  each  year  up- 
on the  markets  of  the  world  a  manufactured 
product  worth  one  hundred  and  fifty  millions 
of  dollars,  .iud  the  system  is  not  yet  twen- 
ty-five years  old. — Ilnrper's  MiKjiuiiu: for  Xuf. 


Watering  Poultry. 

It  is  the  belief  of  the  writer  that  many  of 
the  diseases  incident  to  poultry  are  due  to 
neglect  in  providing  them  with  pure  water. 
Particularly  do  I  believe  such  to  be  the  case 
in  the  majority  of  instances  where  chicken 
cholera  prevails.  The  omission  to  furnish 
fowls  with  suitable  drinking  water  is  one  of 
the  worst  features  of  cruelty  to  animals.  It 
is  a  neglect  that  is  decidedly  adverse  to  suc- 
cess, and  hence  tends  to  diminish  individual 
fancy  for  fowls  and  works  detriment  to  p(,ul- 
try  interests.  Those  whom  we  occasionally 
hear  say  that  "there  is  no  profit  in  poultry" 
are  not'qualified  to  have  the  management  of 
the  same,  and  in  their  attentions  may  be 
classed  with  those  thriftless  and  neglected 
parties  who  keep  fowls  that  get  drink  when 
it  rains. — Fancier's  Journal. 


Buckwheat  for  Poultry. — Buckwheat  is 
one  of  the  most  staple  articles  of  poultry 
food.  It  is  very  fattening,  an  excellent  egg- 
producer  and  very  much  relished  by  the  poul- 
try. It  is  not,  perhaps,  used  as  extensively 
here  as  in  Europe.  In  England,  France,  and 
especially  in  Germany,  it  forms  not  only  an 
important  part  of  jioultry  food,  but  is  much 
used  for  various  culinary  purposes.  The  great 
I  advantage  which  it  has  over  other  cereals  is, 
'.  that  it  thrives  luxuriantly  even  on  the  poorest 
laud.  Those  who  have  not  tested  its  value 
as  poultry  food  we  advise  to  give  it  a  trial. 


■We  must  not,  says  the  Western  liural,  at- 
tach too  great  importance  to  non-essential 
and  comparatively  valueless  peculiarities  of 
poultry.  Flesh  of  good  quality,  eggs  of  good 
size  and  plentiful  in  number,  early  maturity, 
good  size,  hardiness,  good  disposition— these 
are  more  important  than  the  color  of  the 
feathers  or  legs,  the  size  or  shape  of  the  comb 
or  tail  or  the  number  of  toes. 

A  BREEDEKof  poultry  writes:  "Every  spring 
I  procure  a  quantit.\-  of  cedar  boughs  and 
scatter  them  plentifully  in  and  around  the 
hen-house.  This  is  all"  that  is  necessary,  as 
the  odor  of  the  cedar  keeps  away  lice.  This 
remedv  is  cheap,  simple  and  effective,  and  is 
well  w'orth  trying  by  all  who  have  hens  to 
care  for.  " 

Hens'  eggs  hatch  in  from  19  to  21  days; 
turkcvs'  in  from  '20  to  29  days;  ducks' in  28 
days;  Guinea  fowls' in  from  25  to  27  days; 
pea  fowls'  in  from  28  to  -30  days;  geese'  in 
from  30  to  32  days.  Fresh  eggs  will  hatch 
one  or  two  days  sooner  than  those  two  or 
three  weeks  old. 


FuRNiA  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


jF  all  ailments  children  are  liable  to,  per- 
haps none  is  more  sudden,  und  requires 
more  prompt  attention  on  the  part  of 
parents  and  attendants,  than  croup. 
Certainly  nothing  sends  such  a  thrill  of  terror 
to  a  mother's  heart  as  that  harsh,  grating 
cough,  like  the  barking  of  a  dog,  in  the  still- 
ness of  the  night,  especiallj'  if  that  mother 
has  seen  one  of  her  beloved  little  ones  lying 
cold  and  still,  suffocated  by  her  not  knowing 
hawt  to  do  in  time,  I  find  ice  moihers  must 
know  how  to  aj^ply  simple  remedies  in  our 
families,  or  bear  the  consequences.  Doctors 
are  not  always  near  by  to  be  called  in  every 
time  our  little  ones  need  care;  and  even  if 
they  were,  it  is  an  exj^ensive  luxury,  to  pay 
for  putting  the  responsibility  on  someone  else 
that  rightfully  belongs  to  us. 

Croup  is  inflammation  of  the  trachea,  and 
in  some  cases  the  inflammation  is  so  concen- 
trated th;it  the  mucous  or  phlegm  forms  into 
a  false  membrane  which  is  very  tough,  caus- 
ing first  a  rattling  sound,  and  producing 
strangulation  if  not  relieved  immediate]}'.  In 
the  ordinary  form  of  croup  the  cough  is  dry 
and  hard,  and  is  easily  remedied  by  anything 
that  will  bring  the  inflammation  to  the  sur- 
face. Put  on  an  extra  flannel  shirt  or  waist 
over  the  nightgown  and  have  a  big  flannel  to 
wrap  the  throat  in;  then  saturate  a  smaller 
piece  of  flannel  in  kerosene  and  lay  over  the 
throat  and  chest,  wrap  well  outside  with  the 
large  flannel,  and  in  very  many  cases  the 
child  will  sleep  well  the  rest  of  the  night. 
Follow  this  up  for  several  nights — if  the  skin 
is  much  inflamed  leave  the  kerosene  off — and 
you  will  have  no  trouble  with  the  croup.  Al- 
ways see  that  the  feel  are  icanii  and  try  and 
not  awaken  the  child,  as  it  is  always  better 
for  it  to  rent  and  keep  quiet  when  there  is  any 
ailment  of  the  respiratory  organs — remember 
this.  Some  persons  of  delicate  skins  cannot 
bear  kerosene.  Goose-grease  or  sweet-oil, 
with  red  peper  sprinkled  over,  is  very  good, 
or  hot  water  with  plenty  of  flannel  to  cover, 
is  also  good;  also  cold  salt  water.  If  the  ca.se 
is  very  severe,  a  hot  bath,  as  warm  as  the 
child  can  bear  it,  is  needed.  Take  the  wash- 
boiler,  and  if  the  child  is  not  too  large  or  the 
boiler  too  full  of  water,  it  makes  the  best 
kind  of  bath-tub  (off  the  stove,  of  course) 
immersing  the  child  entirely,  except  the  head; 
have  more  warm  water  to  till  up  with,  and 
keep  the  child  in  till  the  skin  is  red  or  the  pa- 
tient weary  and  sleepy.  Lay  a  folded  sheet 
inside  of  a  warm  blanket  and  wrap  the  child 
in  th.s  as  it  is  lifted  from  its  bath.  In  a  few 
minutes  commence  wiping  the  body  and  limbs 
with  a  soft  towel,  exposing  the  skin  to  the  air 
as  little  as  necessary,  and  replace  its  night- 
clothes  quickly.  Then  a  thorough,  warm 
wrapping  after  the  nightclothes  are  on  is  nec- 
essary lu  produce  sweating.  Apply  cold  salt 
cloths  to  the  throat  and  chest  as  frequently 
as  may  seem  necessary.  In  all  cases  the 
mother  must  use  her  head  more  than  her 
luart,  remembering  that  she  has  the  power  to 


ease  the  little  one  e(pial  to  the  most  skilled 
doctor,  provided  she  be  thorough.  In  some 
cases  a  gentle  emetic,  as  Hive  Syrup,  is  given, 
to  throw  up  any  phlegm  and  produce  perspi- 
ration, but  it  is  not  usually  necessary.  The 
following  day  let  the  child  be  better  wrapped 
than  usual  and  have  the  diet  simjile  and  see 
that  the  bowels  are  free.  Use  an  injection  of 
tepid  water  if  they  do  not  move  withoirt. 

This  treatment  is  better  than  any  medicine, 
and  no  child  need  die  with  the  croup  if  taken 
in  time  and  properlj'  treated. 

Make  Them  Comfortable. — "Mary,  why  do 
you  continue  to  put  up  your  shoulder  in  that 
awkward  manner?"  said  Mrs.  Lane  sharply 
to  her  little  girl.  "  I  have  reminded  you  of  it 
half-a-dozen  times  at  least  this  very  day,  and 
still  you  pay  no  attention  to  it.  Now  remem- 
ber, if  you  have  to  be  sjioken  to  again  about 
it  this  afternoon,  I  shall  keep  you  at  home 
from  Aunt  Lucy's  to-morrow." 

The  child's  face  flushed,  and  as  she  looked 
down,  her  ej'es  half  tilled  with  tears.  She 
seemed  timid  and  anxious  lest  she  should 
commit  the  fault  again,  yet  it  was  almost  a 
certainty  that  she  would. 

"Come  here,  Mary  dear,"  said  Aunt  Lucy 
very  gently,  but  with  quite  an  indignant  flush 
on  her  cheek.  She  began  to  unbutton  the 
little  dress  and  examine  the  make  of  the  uu- 
derwaist. 

"Just  as  I  expected.  Sister,"  she  said  im- 
pulsively. "  Here  is  this  shoulder-piece  not 
fitting  at  all,  but  every  moment  slipping  down 
over  the  point  of  the  shoulder  in  an  aggravat- 
ing way.  What  comfort  would  you  take  with 
a  garment  acting  in  that  way?  Poor  little 
shoulder,"  she  said,  as  she  rubbed  it  gently 
with  her  soft,  white  hand.  "  Now  Auntie  will 
take  a  stitch  or  two  here  for  the  present,  and 
will  fix  it  better  when  you  take  it  oft".  Don't 
that  feel  better?  Now  run  and  play,  and  after 
a  while  you'll  get  all  out  of  the  fashion  of 
Ijutting  up  one  shoulder." 

The  little  girl  kissed  her  aunt  gratefully,  as 
she  tripjied  away,  much  happier  than  she  was 
a  few  minutes  before. 

"  You  should  be  ashamed  of  yourself.  Sis- 
ter," said  the  young  lady  energetically,  when 
the  child  had  gone,  "  to  leave  a  child  in  such 
discomfort  and  then  blame  her  for  acting  awk- 
wardly. I  have  seen  a  mother  scold  her  child 
for  limping  when  she  had  on  a  shoe  much  too 
tight,  or  one  with  a  nail  in  the  heel  that  hurt 
her  at  every  step.  There  is  plenty  of  una- 
voidable sufl'ering  in  this  world  without  add- 
ing any  needless  pain  to  the  burden.  It  is  as 
little  as  we  can  do  to  make  children  comfort- 
able when  we  expect  them  to  be  good  and  be- 
have with  propriety.  Full  two-thirds  of  the 
bad  behavior  of  our  children  lies  at  the  par- 
ents' door." 

The  remarks  of  her  spirited  young  sister 
set  Mrs.  Lane  a  thinking  more  seriously  than 
she  had  ever  done  before,  on  the  duties  of  par- 
ents to  make  tlieir  children  comfortable,  and 
it  is  to  be  hoped  the  good  results  were  seen 
in  her  after  treatment  of  her  little  ones. — 
Motlter's  Mayaiine. 


Salt  Water  for  the  Eyes. — Many  persons 
are  suffering  pain  from  weakness  of  the  eyes. 
This,  sometimes,  proceeds  froua  local  inflam- 
mation, sometimes  from  other  causes.  Sev- 
eral persons  who  have  thus  been  alHicted 
inform  us  that  they  derive  almost  immediate, 
and  in  some  cases,  permanent  relief  from  the 
application  of  salt  water  as  a  bath;  and  when 
the  pain  has  been  aggravated,  from  a  com- 
press saturated  with  salt  water  laiil  on  the 
eyes,  and  renewed  at  frequent  intervals. 
Opening  the  eyes  and  submerging  Ihein  in 
clean  salt  water  has  been  found  beneficial  to 
those  whose  eyesight  begins  to  fail. 

Tobacco. — Softening  of  the  brain  is  a  dis- 
ease always  connected  with  the  use  of  ner- 
vines in  some  shape.     Tobacco  is  a  powerful 


agent  in  its  production.  Trembling  is  one  of 
the  usuiil  symptoms  of  acute,  and  a  common 
result  of  chronic  nicotism.  The  Minister  of 
Public  Instruction  in  France  issued  a  circu- 
lar to  the  directors  of  colleges  and  schools, 
forbidding  tobacco  to  students,  as  injurious  to 
physical  and  intellectual  development.  To- 
bacco and  ins.anity  are  closely  connected.  It 
is  stated  upon  the  best  authority  that  of  those 
who  become  insane  from  the  supposed  use  of 
spirituous  liquors,  eighty-seven  per  cent,  also 
use  tobacco. 


Faemei;s  and  Rheumatism. — Why  are  far- 
mers so  liable  to  rheumatism?  Because  they 
wear  wet  clothing,  heat  and  suddenly  chill  the 
body,  over  eat  after  very  hard  work,  and  be- 
cause they  do  not  keep  the  skin  in  a  vigorous, 
clean  and  healthy  condition.  If  farmers 
would  avoid  suddenly  cooling  the  body  after 
great  exertion,  if  they  would  be  careful  not  to 
go  with  wet  clothing  and  wet  feet,  and  if  they 
would  not  over  eat  when  in  an  exhausted  con- 
dition, and  bathe  dailj',  using  much  friction, 
they  would  have  less  rheumatism.  The  same 
rule  applies  to  other  than  farmers.  The  Turk- 
ish bath  is  the  best  remedy  for  rheumatism. 
— Science  of  Health. 


Plenty  of  Sleep. — A  medical  man  discours- 
ing upon  sleep,  makes  this  remark:  "One 
man  may  do  with  a  little  less  sleep  than 
another;  but  as  a  general  rule,  if  you  want  a 
clerk,  a  lieutenant,  a  lawj'er,  a  physicaiu,  a 
legislator,  a  judge,  a  president  or  a  pastor,  do 
LjOt  trust  j'our  interest  to  any  man  who  does 
not  take  on  the  average  eight  good  solid  hours 
of  sleep  out  of  the  twenty-four.  Whatever 
may  be  his  reason  for  it,  if  he  does  not  give 
himself  that,  he  will  snap  sometime  just 
when  you  want  him  to  be  strong." 


Bathing  and  Exertion  Good  for  the  Eyes. 
— William  OuUeu  Bryant  has  the  best  eyesight 
of  any  man  of  his  years  in  this  city.  It  is 
well  known  that  he  bathes  daily,  and  goes 
thorough  sundry  gymnastics  with  an  invariable 
regularity,  which  ensures  a  remarkably  good 
health.  Is  there  no  connection  between  those 
habits  and  the  rare  strength  of  his  vision? — 
3^.  r.  Letter. 


If  any  one  considers  what  "farming  is"  or 
what  it  ought  to  be,  they  would  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  farming  ought  to  be  the  man- 
aging of  land  so  as  to  keep  it  in  condition  to 
pay  for  rccupation,  and  there  will  be  many 
farms  which  will  pay  for  occupation  which 
will  not  pay  for  cultivation;  that  is,  there  are 
vast  tracts  of  country  which,  from  the  nature 
of  the  soil,  from  the  high  price  of  labor  and 
from  its  adaptability  to  remain  in  permanent 
actual  grass,  would  pay  exceedingly  well  to 
grsze  with  any  kind  of  live-stock  and  by  rais- 
ing stock,  dairying,  fattening,  and  wool  grow- 
ing, etc.,  money  could  be  made  fast — this 
would  be  farming,  and  an)'  system  of  cultiva- 
tion and  course  of  cropping  on  good,  free 
working  land,'  which  would  keep  the  laud 
rich  in  plant  food  and  allow  of  selling  enough 
to  cover  expenses  and  pa)-  interest  on  capital 
and  also  profit  to  occuppier,  would  be  farm- 
ing, and  good  farming  too.  Therefore  it  is 
easy  to  say  what  farming  is;  but  robbing  the 
land  is  not  farming — it  is  running  down  of 
tioD's  beautiful  earth!  And  although  many 
liitn  purchase  a  fine  tract  of  land  and  accu- 
mulate a  fortune  frtim  the  fine  crojis  the  new 
virgin  soil  produces,  if  they  take  crop  after 
crop  without  some  system  of  reimbursing  it 
for  the  drain  upon  its  productive  jjowers,  they 
are  no  farmers  in  a  sirict  sense  of  the  word, 
but  real  despoilers  of  their  country's  wealth 
and  are  deserving  of  rcpiibaiion. 

Mit.  Watts  lays  much  stress  upon  his  cfi'orts 
to  introduce  the  raimie  and  jute  plants  into 
tile  Southern  States  and  California.  The 
public  will  agree  with  him  that  if  their  pro- 
duction proves  as  luofitable  as  he  anticipates, 
he  has  conferred  a  lasting  benefit  upon  the 
nation.  But  the  problems  of  their  culture 
and  manufacture  have  not  yet  been  solved. 


Califorxia  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Jourxal. 


foceinr. 


Pat  and  the  Pig. 

'^^'V  E  have  read  of  a  Pat  so  financially  flat 
That  he  had  neither  money  nor  meat, 
And  when  hungry  and  thin,  it  was  whisp- 
pered  by  sin 
That  he  ought  to  steal  something  to  eat. 

Solie  went  to  the  sty  of  a  widow  near  by, 
And  he  gazed  on  the  tenant — poor  soul  ! 
"Arrah  now,"  said  he,  "what  a  trate  that'll  be," 
And  the  pig  of  the  widow  he  stole. 

In  a  feast  he  joined  :  then  he  went  to  the  judge; 

For,  in  spite  of  the  pork  and  the  lard. 
There  was  soxuething  within  that  was  sharp  as  a 
pin, 

For  his  conscience  was  pricking  him  hard, 

And  he  said  with  a  tear,  "  Will  your  reverence 
hear 

What  I  have  in  Borrow  to  say  ?" 
Then  the  story  he  told,  and  the  tale  did  unfold 

Of  the  pig  he  had  taken  away. 

And  the  judge  to  him  said,  "Ere  you  go  to  bed. 
You  must  pay  for  the  pig  you  have  taken; 

For  'tis  thus,  by  my  soul,  you'll  be  saving  your 
soul. 
And  will  also  be  saving  your  bacon." 

•'  Oh,  be  jabers,"  said  Pat,  "  I  can  uiver  do  that— 
Not  the  ghost  of  a  hap'orth  have  I— 

And  I'm  wretched  indade  if  a  penny  it  nade 
Any  pace  for  my  conscience  to  buy." 

Then  in  sorrow  he  cried,  and  the  judge  replied 
"Only  think  how  you'll  tremble  with  fear 

When  the  Judge  you  shall  meet  at  the  great  judg- 
ment seat 
And  the  widow  you  plundered  while  here." 

"Will  the  widow  be  there?"  whispered  Pat,  with  a 
stare, 
"And  the  pig?  by  mi.-  Bowl,  is  it  thrue  ?" 
"  They  will  surely  be  there,"   said  the  judge,  *' I 
declare. 
And,  oh  Paddy!  what  then  will  you  do  I" 

'  Many  thanks,"  answered  Pat,  "for  your  tellin'  me 
that; 
May  the  blessings  upon  you  be  big! 
On  that  eittlement  day  to  the  widow  I'll  say: 
'  Mrs,  Flaunegan,  here  is  your  pig!'  " 


The  Berkshire  Hog. 

At  a  late  State  Fair  in  the  East  there  was 
not  one  white  hog  exhibited.  All  were  black, 
mid  either  Berkshire  or  Essex.  At  the  largest 
of  the  Western  State  Fairs,  that  of  Illinois, 
nearly  all  the  hogs  were  black,  or  black  and 
white.  This  would  seem  to  indicate  the  rapid 
growth  of  the  black  breeds  iu  public  favor, 
and  of  these  the  Berkshire  takes  the  lead.  As 
well  indirectly  as  directly,  for  in  the  Poland 
Chinas  of  the  West  is  seen,  in  the  majority  of 
oases,  the  Berkshire  blood  greatly  predomin- 
ating. The  Berkshire  has  been  most  care- 
fully bred  for  many  years,  starting  from  what 
was  originally  a  large  breed,  possessing  many 
good  points,  and  of  a  black  and  white  and 
yellowish  spotted  color.  The  improvement 
of  the  old  Berkshire  hog  was  begun  in  Eng- 
land by  Lord  Barrington,  who  died  in  lK2y, 
and  most  of  the  best  herds  now  trace  back  to 
this  original  improved  herd.  By  careful 
breeding  the  yellowish  color  has  been  gotten 
rid  of,  and  the  white  has  been  confined  to  the 
feet,  a  spot  between  the  eyes,  and  iu  some 
eases  a  few  white  hairs  near  the  shou'ders, 
although  there  are  herds  in  which  these  last 
white  marks  are  entirely  bred  out.  The  Berk- 
shire, as  we  now  know  him,  is  a  moderately 
'  large  hog,  with  a  smooth,  round  carcass, 
broad  across  the  shoulders,  with  well  devel- 
'  oped  and  round  hams,  a  long,  deep  flitch, 
Tery  fine,  small,  bony  legs  and  feet,  short 
face  and  snout,  and  covered  with  a  good  coat 
of  long,  silky,  black  hair.  In  many  good 
Berkshires  the  bluish  or  slate-colored  tint  and 
thin  hair  of  the  Neapolitan  hog,  which  has 
,  been  crossed  upon  it,  is  very  conspicuous, 
I  but  it  is  a  question  if  the  black,  well-haired 
I  f.nimal  is  not  the  more  vigorous  and  thrifty 
'  sort.  One  of  the  chief  characteristics  of  the 
Berkshire  is  the  evenness  with  which  it 
breeds.  At  the  exhibitions  and  iu  the  breed- 
ers' yard  whole  litters  may  be  seen  that 
scarcely  vary  from  each  other,  and  hardly  to 
be   distinguished   one    from    another   in  "ap- 


pearance, and  pen  after  pen  maj-  be  examined 
without  any  marked  variatiim,  excepting  iu 
those  cases  iu  which,  as  already  noted,  the 
Neapolitan  cross  is  apiiarent.  After  fifty 
years  of  careful  breeding,  this  is  not  more 
than  might  be  exjjected,  and  the  result  ap- 
pears in  an  animal  which,  on  the  whole,  is 
probably  the  most  profitable  to  the  Ijreeder, 
the  feeder,  the  butcher,  and  the  packer. 
There  is  no  pig  that  is  more  useful  to  the 
man  who  keeps  but  one,  aud  more  to  the 
farmer  who  feeds  a  hundred,  if  the  amount 
of  meat  iu  proportion  to  feed  consumed  be 
considered.  There  is  more  lean  iu  proijortiou 
to  fat  than  iu  most  other,  if  not  iu  all  other 
breeds,  and  the  boue  and  ofl'al  are  very  light. 
The  black  color  is  not  only  skin  deep,  but  the 
color  lies  in  the  outer  skin,  which  is  all  re- 
moved by  scalding,  aud  a  Berkshire  ham  is 
not  to  be  distinguished  from  that  of  a  white 
hog  if  the  hair  has  not  been  left  on  to  tell  the 
story.  It  is  no  little  evidence  of  its  good 
qualities  that  the  Berkshire  has  become  so 
rapidly  popular,  in  spite  of  the  prejudice 
against  its  color,  as  to  supjjlant,  along  with 
the  Essex,  aU  the  white  breeds  at  one  of  the 
most  prominent  Eastern  States  Fairs. — Home 
Journal. 

Breeding  Swine, 

The  present  rage  among  American  pig 
breeders  to  jiossess  animals  of  pure  blood, 
whether  in  the  Berkshire,  Essex,  Suft'olk,  or 
auy  other  breed,  while  likely  to  ijrove  ulti- 
mately of  general  benefit  to  the  stock  of 
swine  in  the  country,  is  far  from  beiug  the  . 
end  to  which  breeders  should  aim  at.  As  a 
general  thing,  very  few  pigs  are  really  thor- 
oughbred, and  now  in  England,  from  a  well- 
known  tendency  of  the  hog  to  degenerate  and 
become  enfeebled  iu  constitution,  the  moment 
the  refining  process  through  in-and-in  breed- 
ing is  carried  beyond  a  limited  point,  it  will 
be  well  for  breeders  to  consider  if  it  is  not 
more  to  their  advantage  rather  to  breed  for 
feeding  purposes,  than  to  aim  at  getting  fancy 
prices  for  fancy  animals  of  a  certain  fixed 
type.  It  has  been  proved  time  and  again  iu 
Britain  that  the  cross-bred  liig  is  the  one  for 
profit  in  the  pen.  What  is  wanted  is  to  have 
good  blood  iu  the  males,  with  sufficient  of 
boue  aud  smallness  of  ofl'al,  to  ensure  early 
maturity  and  quick  feeding.  Cross  these 
males  on  sows  of  a  larger  and  coarser  frame, 
with  souud  healthy  constitution,  and  we  ob- 
tain a  pig  that  is  a  good  w.ay  ahead  of  tlie 
common  sort.  By  keeping  to  the  use  of  well 
bred  males,  selected  with  a  view  to  possess- 
ing the  points  that  go  to  make  up  a  fine  pig, 
without  regard  to  color  or  faucy  points  iu 
markings,  we  get  healthy  thrifty  pigs  that 
will  readily  attain  fair  weight  at  an  early  age, 
on  a  moderate  amount  of  feediug. 

Experience  in  pig  breeding  teaches  that  it 
is  better  to  use  small  but  thoroughly  well- 
formed  boars  that  are  quick,  easy  feeders  of 
their  breed,  rather  than  larger  ones,  and 
never  to  use  the  same  boar  more  than  one 
year.  The  boar  iu  all  cases  should  be  smaller 
aud  finer  than  the  sows  to  which  he  is  put. 
— English  Paper. 

^-♦-^ 

What  Constitutes  a  Good  Pig. 

The  AiHt'riaiii  .Sirific  and  roultri/  Journal 
says:  We  would  not  speak  of  auy  jiarticular 
breed,  but  would  generalize:  as  what  can  be 
said  of  a  good  pig  of  one  breed  holds  equally 
good  of  one  from  another  breed,  if  we  except 
the  size,  shape,  position  of  ears,  tail,  etc.,  and 
marking.  A  good  pig  is  one  that  has  the 
smallest  proportionable  amount  of  oftal; 
whose  nose,  feet  and  tail  are  shortest,  gener- 
ally speaking,  and  smallest,  consistent  with 
proper  locomotion,  etc.  A  good  pig  is  one 
that  has  heavy,  broad  hams,  good  deep  chest, 
showing  a  heiilthy  constitution:  which  has  a 
quiet  disposition,  yet  one  which  is  always 
read}-  to  get  a  square  meal,  and  which  can 
digest  aud  assimilate  all  it  eats  in  the  quick- 
est possible  space  of  time  without  impairing 
the  digestive  organs.     We  do  not  want  a  pig 


which  has  a  small  appetite,  but  one  that  eats 
all  that  is  given  it  with  an  evident  appetite. 
The  inofit  consists  in  getting  your  grain  and 
other  food  rapidly  converted  into  pork ;  the 
quicker  the  better.  Never  bother  much  with 
a  restless  pig,  for  a  quiet  one,  with  the  same 
chances  in  his  favor  which  the  restless  one 
has,  will  soon  outstrip  him  iu  the  race  for  fat 
and  pork. 


Crapes  Make  Pork. 

Says  the  Foothill  Tidinrjs:  In  a  recent  con- 
versation with  our  old  friend  Thomas  Payne, 
whose  fine  farm  aud  vineyard  is  situated  on 
the  Colfax  road  two  miles  from  town,  we  learn- 
ed that  he  had  been  trj-ing  the  experiment  of 
feediug  grapes  to  hogs.  He  says  he  finds  the 
practice  all  aud  more  than  has  been  chiimed 
for  it — that  the  pigs  eat  the  grapes  with  avid- 
ity aud  are  taking  on  flesh  rapidly.  There  is 
no  excuse  for  the  miserable  shiftlessless  of 
the  farmers  of  the  foothills  of  California 
which  compells  the  importation  of  pork  and 
lard  from  IlUnois  and  Iowa.  With  rye  aud 
grapes,  two  crops  that  can  be  easily  raised 
here,  and  with  never  a  failure,  we  can  pro- 
duce pork  here  at  a  less  cost  of  labor  than 
can  be  done  there,  and  save  all  the  freights 
and  profits  while  the  money  is  kept  at  home. 

Short  Hog  Crop. 

It  has  been  a  long  time  since  we  have  had 
so  short  a  hog  croj)  in  the  West,  says  the 
Ilural  World.  Several  causes  nave  contribu- 
ted to  it.  The  severe  di-outh  of  last  year  and 
the  year  before,  and  the  chinch  bug  aud  gi-ass- 
hopper  invasions,  made  corn  scarce  aud  high, 
and  but  few  hogs  were  kept  over  Winter.  The 
high  prioe  for  pork  last  year  caused  every 
available  hog  to  be  fattened  and  slaughterecl. 
Then  there  has  been  a  gi-eat  mortality  in  hogs, 
caused  by  what  is  known  as  hog  cholera.  All 
of  these  matters  have  decreased  the  number 
of  hogs,  aud  good  prices  can  be  commanded 
if  the  farmers  wiU  stand  firm  and  not  be  iu 
too  much  haste  to  slaughter. 


"  My  onthankful  hearers,"  said  a  back- 
woods preacher,  "you  air  like  onto  hogs  eatiu' 
acorns.  They  never  look  up  to  see  where  the 
acorns  come  from." 


New  Peat  Fuel  Company. — Articles  incor- 
porating the  Santa  Clara  Valley  Peat  Fuel 
Comiianj'  have  been  filed  in  the  office  of  the 
County  Clerk.  The  capital  stock  is  placed 
at  81,500,000,  divided  into  shares  of  SlOO 
each.  The  Company  will  have  its  priucipal 
place  of  business  in  this  city,  and  its  term  of 
existence  is  fifty  years.  A  certified  copy  of 
the  articles  of  incorporation  has  been  traus- 
mitted  to  the  Secretary  of  State.  The  Direc- 
tors are  all  of  this  citv,  and  are  as  follows: 
Samuel  A.  Bishop,  J.  H.  L.  Tuck,  Cuthbert 
Burrel,  J.  H.  Elwood,  and  Edward  llc-Gow- 
au. 


How  TO  Stop  a  Newspaper. — Do  not  leave 
it  to  your  friend  who  is  going  to  town.  Do 
not  leave  it  to  tfce  Postmaster,  unless  you 
know  he  is  a  prompt,  reliable  man;  but  send 
a  notice  by  letter  or  postal  card  to-  the  pub- 
lisher, givinri  the  address  to  xchich  the  pa])er  is 
sent,  and  yoiu-  order  will  receive  prompt  atten- 
tion. 


A  FAKJiEK  from  Lake  Washington  informs 
the  Seattle  Tribune  of  the  19th  that  he  had 
raised  onions  on  his  place  this  season  at  the 
rate  of  1,450  bushels  to  the  acre.  Nine  and 
ten  hundred  bushels  are  claimed  every  year 
for  various  parts  of  the  Ten'itoi'j". 


Since  the  rain  the  atmosphere  is  pure  and 
balmy  aud  men's  minds  are  clearer.  One 
man  who  had  owed  us  for  four  years,  came  in 
aud  said  he  would  pay  us  as  soon  as  the  next 
crop  of  wheat  comes  oft,  showing  the  benefi- 
cial eft'ects  of  a  gentle  shower  on  the  mind. — 
Pafaroniatt. 


f 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


UiocicitUuvc. 


FISH. 

And    What  the  Fish  Commissioners 
Have  Done  to  Stock  our  Waters. 

ROM  the  36-page  pamphlet  which 
the  biermial  report  of  the  Cali- 
uia  Fishery  Commission,  we  glean 
5^d^  the  following  information  of  great  oon- 
^il)  sequence  to  ichthyopbagists : 

In  1874  the  Commissioners  telegraphod  to 
Livingston   Stone  to    prepare  another  aquar- 
inm  car  to  take  the  place  of  the  one  destroyed 
by  the  breaking  of  a  railroad  bridge   over   the 
Elkhorn  river  in  Nebraska.     He  was  also  in- 
structed with  reference  to  the  varieties  of  fish 
to   be  brought  across  the  uuntineut.     He    ar- 
rived  June    12,    1874,    having    succeeded    in 
transporting  safely   seventy-three   full-grown 
spawning  black  bass  from   Lake  Champlain, 
which    were   placed  in   Napa   Creek;    twelve 
small   black  bass   from   St.   Joseph's    river, 
Michigan,   which  were  placed   in  Napa   aad 
.Mameda   creeks;    sixteen    full-grown    glass- 
eyed  perch   from  Messisquoi  river,  Vermont, 
which   were  placed  in   the  Sacramento  river; 
seventy-four  cattish,  which  were  placed  in  the 
San   Joaquin   river,   near    Stockton;    seventy 
horn    pouts,    from    Lake   Champlain,    which 
were  deposited  in  lakes  at  Sutterville,   Sacra- 
mento  county;   three  hundred  small  Eastern 
salmon,  obtained   from   the    Penobscot  river, 
Maine,  were  placed  in   the  Sacramento  river, 
near  Rtading;  four  full-grown  rock-bass  from 
the  Missisquoi  river,  which  were  deposited  in 
Napa  Creek.     Of  salt-water  tish  there  arrived 
twenty-three    tautogs,    or   black    tish,    which 
were  deposited   in  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco. 
Of  the  one  hundred  and  fifty   full-grown  lob- 
sters,   with   which   Mr.    Stone    started,    only 
three    lived   through   the   journey.     The    de- 
tails '-  f  Mr.  Stone's  experiments  in  gathering 
and  transporting  these  ditierent  varieties    of 
fish   are   appended  to   the  report,  and  form  a 
valuable   contribution   to   the   new  science  of 
fish  culture. 

THE    IMPORT.iTIONS. 

Of  the  new  varieties  of  fish  thus  introduced 
into  the  waters  of  California,  the  Commis- 
sioners are  convinced  that  the  greater  number 
have  found  congenial  homes  and  have  spawn- 
ed. During  the  present  season  black  bass 
have  been  caught  in  Napa  Creek,  and  large 
numbers  of  the  young  have  beon  seen.  The 
catfish  placed  in  the  San  Joaquin  river  have 
grown  rapidly  and  spawned.  'The  hornpouts, 
a  species  of  small  catfish,  which  were  placed 
in  the  lakes  near  Sacramento,  have  increased 
so  abundantly  that  nearly  one  thousand  have 
been  caught.  None  of  the  Eastern  salmon 
have  been  seen  since  they  were  placed  in  the 
Sacramento  river.  Without  doubt  they  have 
gone  to  the  ocean,  not  to  return  till  the 
Spring  of  1876.  The  report  maintains  that 
this  experiment  in  the  importation  of  new 
varieties  of  fish  is  so  great  a  success  that  the 
people  of  the  State  are  already  amply  repaid 
for  the  small  amount  expended  in  the  under- 
taking. 

WHITE    FISH. 

From  the  Eastern  States  the  Commissioners 
received  twenty  thousand  white  fish  eggs 
from  Lake  Champlain,  and  lirsides  they  pur- 
chased in  New  Hampshire  sixty  thousand 
eggs  of  the  Eastern  brook  trout.  The  twenty- 
five  thousand  white  fish  eggs  received  from 
the  Government  in  1873  were  successfully 
hatched  and  placed  in  that  body  of  water. 
Inasmuch  as  Clear  Lake  seemed  to  be  well 
Flocked  with  these  fish,  the  Commissiouers 
thought  it  advisable  to  place  the  last  donation 
in  Tulare  Lake.  The  Regents  of  tin'  Univer- 
sity pirmitted  the  erection  of  a  small  hatching 
hriuse  (.11  the  banks  of  the  stream  at  Berkeley, 
where,  under  the  supervision  of  J.  G.  Wood- 
bury, these  eggs  were  successfully  hatched. 

SALMON. 

The   largest   establishment  in  the  world  for 


the  hatching  of  salmon  eggs  is  that  belonging 
to  the  United  States,  on  the  McCloud  liver, 
in  Shasta  county,  under  the  superintendence 
of  Livingston  Stone.  At  this  point  from  six 
to  ten  million  of  yonng  salmon  are  hatched 
each  year  and  distributed  to  the  Fish  Coni- 
missiorers  of  the  various  States  having  rivers 
suitable  for  their  growth  and  increase.  In 
1873  California  received  from  that  source  half 
a  million  fish,  which  were  turned  into  the 
Sacramento  river.  The  Government  works 
at  this  ijoint  are  so  extensive,  and  conducted 
with  such  economy,  that  it  is  found  that  the 
total  cost  of  hatching  one  thousand  fish  from 
the  egg  is  but  one  dollar.  On  this  subject 
the  report  says:  We  have  thought  it  to  be  of 
so  much  public  importance  to  increase  this 
valuable  variety  of  fish  in  its  native  waters, 
that  during  the  past  year  we  considered  it  ad- 
visable to  expend  $1,000  in  the  hatching  of 
one  million  more  fish,  to  be  placed  in  the 
Sacramento  river.  We  therefore  applied  $1,- 
000  of  our  appropriation  to  this  purpose,  and 
the  fish  have  been  successfully  turneil  loose. 
Our  appropriation  being  about  exhausted,  we 
will  this  year  pay  for  the  hatching  of  but  a 
half  a  million  more  fish. 


SEA    LIONS    AND    SEALS. 

For  many  years  the  sea  lions  and  seals 
which  inhabit  the  clift's  near  the  entrance  to 
the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  have  been  preserved 
by  special  enactment,  and  penalties  imposed 
on  any  person  who  should  kill  or  disturb 
them.  'The  result  is,  that  they  are  in-obably 
now  a  hundred  times  as  numerous  as  they 
were  ten  years  since,  and  are  to  be  found 
there  in  thousands.  When  it  is  considered 
that  they  weigh  from  two  to  five  hundred 
p>ounds  each,  and  that  they  each  consume  at 
least  from  ten  to  twenty  pounds  of  fish  daily, 
it  will  be  readily  seen  that  the  quantity  caught 
at  the  entrance  of  the  harbor  and  in  the  Bay 
of  San  Francisco  by  fishermen,  is  small  in  j 
proportion  to  that  consumed  by  these  animals.  | 
If  allowed  to  increase  at  the  same  rate  for  a  ' 
few  more  years,  it  will  be  difficut  for  either 
.shad  or  salmon  to  escape  them  while  entering  1 
our  bay.  The  fishermen  at  Vallejo  and  Rio 
Vista  report  that  they  find  many  of  the  sal-  ' 
mon  to  have  been  torn  by  the  teeth  of  these 
animals.  They  appear  now  to  have  no  use-  , 
ful  purpose  other  than  to  gratify  the  curiosity 
of  strangers,  and  we  believe  it  would  be  well 
if  the  law  which  now  protects  them  was  re- 
pealed and  nine-tenths  of  them  allowed  to  be 
shot,  that  their  iiil  might  be  utilized  in  the 
lubrication  of  machinery.  We  would  recom- 
mend that  this  law  be  repealed,  and,  if  ne- 
cessary, again  re-enacted  after  nine-tenths  of 
them  had  been  destroyed. 

THE    STATE    APPROPRIATION. 

The  Commissioners  believe  that  if  the  Leg- 
islature, instead  of  giving  them  a  mere  pit- 
tance of  $2,. 500  a  year,  were  to  make  an  ap- 
propriation of  $6,000  or  $10,000  a  year,  so 
many  salmon  could  be  hatched  and  deposited 
in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers 
that  after  three  years  the  fish  would  be  so 
numerous  that  they  would  compel  the  erection 
of  extensive  canning  establishments  on  those 
rivers,  as  there  are  now  on  the  Columbia.  In 
conclusion  the  Commissioners  say ;  The  ob- 
servations we  have  made  upon  the  food  fish 
of  our  rivei-s,  and  the  statistics  we  have  gath- 
ered from  various  sources  for  the  information 
of  those  who  are  interested  in  the  science  of 
fish  culture,  have  involved  a  large  amount  of 
labor,  which,  on  the  part  of  your  Commis- 
sioners, has  been  altogether  gratuitous.  A 
liberal  appropriation  by  the  Legislature  will 
enable  us  to  extend  our  operations  and  carry 
out  to  completion  the  objects  for  which  this 
Commission  was  created.  We  feel  that  the 
work  we  are  engaged  in,  and  in  the  iiromo- 
tion  of  which  we  are  willing  to  devote  our 
time  and  labor  in  the  future,  is  deserving  of 
a  more  liberal  support  from  the  State  than  it 
has  hitherto  received. 


eminent    fish-culturist,    established  his   fii-st 

salmon-breeding  camp  on  the  McCloud  river, 
away  in  the  north  of  California.  The  pictur- 
esque river  so  swamed  with  salmon  that  from 
his  tent-door  he  could  see  them  jumping  "at 
the  rate  of  a  thousand  an  hour!"  His  inten- 
tion was  to  erect  a  hatching-house  and  then 
forward  the  eggs  to  the  Northern,  Middle  and 
Eastern  States.  At  first  the  Indians  were 
troublesome  and  showed  their  dislike  of  the 
intention  in  several  unpleasant  ways;  but 
finding  that  they  lost  nothing  and  gained 
much  by  the  establishment,  they  in  time  be- 
came Mr.  Stone's  most  valuable  assistants. 
The  upshot  of  his  venture  was  that  on  the 
26th  of  August,  1873,  he  took  from  the  cap- 
tured fish  twenty-three  thousand  eggs:  and  by 
the  22d  of  September  he  had  secured  more 
than  two  millions.  Of  this  number,  we  learn 
from  the  last  or  seventh  annual  report  of  the 
operations  of  the  Commissioners  of  Fisheries 
for  1874,  over  a  million  and  a  quarter  reached 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Michi- 
gan, New-  Hampshire,  Connecticut,  Maine 
and  Utah  alive.  The  consignees  were  the 
Fish  Commifsioners  of  those  States,  to  the 
rivers  of  which  they  were  in  due  time  trans- 
ferred. The  mode  of  packing  the  spawn  was 
to  place  them  in  moss  contained  in  boxes  two 
feet  square  by  a  foot  in  depth,  the  covers  were 
firmly  screwed  down,  and  so  they  were  sent 
off  on  their  perilous  journey  of  three  thous- 
and miles. 

In  addition  to  the  Commissiouers  of  Fish- 
eries, there  has  been  established  in  New  York 
a  very  important  body  entitled  the  "American 
Fish  Culturists'  Association."  The  object  of 
the  Association  is,  by  the  transportation  of 
ova,  to  advance  the  fish  interests  of  the  vari- 
ous States.  To  California  this  has  meant  the 
gain  to  her  waters  of  the  shad  (which  stand 
at  the  head  of  the  herring  family)  and  the 
lobster;  whilst  from  California  nearly  all  the 
other  States  of  the  Union  have  been  supplied 
with  a  market  dainty  at  a  reasonable  price, 
the  salmon,  to  wit:  From  our  teeming  rivers 
the  waters  of  the  other  States  have  been 
stocked  with  the  ova  of  this  splendid  fish,  and 
now  there  is  not  a  city  on  the  Atlantic  board 
but  has  its  season  of  fresh  California  salmon. 


California    Piscicultoue.- 
Summer   of   1873   Mr.   Living 


-Early 
;toii   Stc 


the 
the 


Fish  foe  the  Centennial. — Since  the  ap- 
propriation by  Sweden  of  $100,000  for  the 
sole  purpose  of  exhibiting  the  fish  of  its  wa- 
ters at  the  Centennial,  the  zeal  of  the  Ignited 
States  Commissioners  in  that  direction,  in  the 
interest  of  their  own  country,  has  gi-eatly  in- 
creased. Professor  Bayard,  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institute,  is  at  present  engaged  at 
Wood's  Hole.  Mass.,  in  making  an  exact 
counteriDart  in  plaster  of  Paris  of  every  spe- 
cies of  fish  that  swims  contiguous  to  the 
United  States.  A  mould  of  the  fish  is  first 
taken,  afterward  the  copy  is  painted  directly 
from  the  originals.  Mr.  Eugene  Blackford 
has  at  present  at  Fulton  Market  three  speci- 
mens of  this  work,  which  were  sent  him  as  a 
compliment  by  Prof.  Bainl.  who  has  received 
from  Mr.  Blackford  300  diflerent  species  of 
fish  for  the  advancement  of  science,  at  the 
Institute  which  he  represents.  —  American 
Grocer. 


A  BUSINESS  man's  advertisement,  in  his  own 
language,  over  his  own  signature,  and  for 
which  he  is  plainly  responsible,  is  in  the  na- 
ture of  an  oilicial  document,  and  receives 
more  considerate  attention  than  a  putt'  in  ths 
local  cohimii,  ami  is  both  more  valuable  and 
respectable.  There  is  an  air  about  the  re- 
sponsible advertisement  which  says:  "  I  want 
to  trade,  and  \\ill  give  you  a  fair  bargain." 
The  putt'  insinuates  that  there  is  no  responsi- 
bility ill  the  ma'ter. 


A  TRHK  journalist  aspires  to  uplift  his  neigh- 
bors, to  encourage  the  ]uirsuit  of  good  and 
to  check  all  that  inclines  in  an  opposite  direc- 
tion; and  the  natural  disposition  to  evil  is  so 
strongly  developed  in  man,  that  ordinarily  lie 
finds  himself  engaged  in  hostilities  in  which 
there  is  but  little  lull. 


California  Agriculturi^i 


AND  Li\E  Stock  Journal. 


i£^chi(atian<il 


Self  Made. 

i>IS  star  of  fate,  to  eoiniiion  eyee, 

Seemed  very  email  aud  dim; 
And  few  the  augel  visitants 

That  sung  the  natal  hymn! 
But  in  that  little  feeble  frame 

Was  lit  a  fire  divine; 
Destined  to  burn  its  bright  way  out, 

To  all  the  world  a  sign! 

"Self-madel"    No  land  to  build  upon, 

Except  the  rock  of  trust! 
No  helpers,  save  one's  own  brave  hands 

And  will,  that  cry  "We  musti" 
Proud  energy  in  every  limb, 

And  in  truth  every  glance 
Of  eyes  that  straightway  seek  your  own. 

As  warriors  throw  the  lance! 

Nature  (dear  mother)  waxes  kind 

To  children  all  her  own: 
And  often  gives  them  wealth  of  blood 

Add  wondrous  nerve  and  bone! 
No  pampering  dries  their  sinews  up. 

No  foolish,  needless  care 
Relaxes  muscles  that  are  made 

Life's  burdens  well  to  bear! 

"Self-made!"    The  world  has  need  of  such 

To  plow  her  mighty  seas! 
To  drive  her  commerce  and  her  trade. 

And  catch  each  prospering  breeze! 
As  years  gone  by  such  noble  souls 

Have  worked,  nor  worked  in  vain, 
That  "knowledge  might  run  to  and  fro 

The  earth."  an  endless  chain! 


Do  Agricultural  Colleges  Make  Farm- 
ers? 

It  has  often  been  asserted  bj-  those  who  are 
opposed  to  Agricultural  Colleges,  and  espec- 
ially those  who  object  to  having  any  State 
money  expended  in  this  direction,  that  the 
colleges  do  not  turn  out  farmers— that  a  col- 
lege course  tends  rather  to  turn  the  graduate 
from,  than  towards  the  farm,  when  his  stud- 
ies are  finished. 

In  his  address  before  the  Legislature,  Presi- 
dent  Abbot,  of  the  Michigan  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, alluding  tu  this  oft-repeated  assertion, 
makes  the  following  statement  regarding  the 
policy  pursued  at  the  institution  and  the  re- 
sults attained  thus  far: 

"It  has  been  the  design,  says  the  Presi- 
dent, of  those  who  manage  the  Agricultural 
College,  to  create  a  bias  towards,  and  not 
away  from  the  farm ;  to  make  the  whole  at- 
mosphere of  the  place  one  of  respect  for  all 
kmds  of  work,  and  a  feeling  of  fellowship 
toward  farmers.  To  this  end  manual  labor  is 
insisted  on  from  all,  if  we  can  speak  of  insist- 
ing on  what  students  ofter  in  excess  of  our 
requirements.  To  this  end  there  is  no  fur- 
nishing of  easier  or  more  tasteful  work  to  the 
seniors  than  is  given  to  other  students;  the 
habit  of  work  aud  taste  for  it  is  kept  up  to 
the  end.  To  this  same  end  the  labor  system 
and  the  instruction  are  planned  to  m;itch  each 
other,  to  illustrate  each  other,  so  th;it  to  the 
labor  is  given  to  some  of  the  dignity  of  scien- . 
tific  work,  and  to  the  scientific  instruction 
labor  serves  as  a  kind  of  laboratorv  practice 
for  instruction. 

The  result  of  these  efforts  to  create  a  truly 
apcultural  school,  appears  in  the  fact  that  in 
place  of  V,4  per  cent,  of  graduates  going  to 
, farming,  as  from  other  colleges,  38  per  cent., 
or  not  counting  those  not  living  and  those 
who  are  still  students,  42  per  cent,  have  gone 
to  farming,  fruit  raising,  and  the  nu°serv 
business  as  their  chief  or  only  business.  In 
this  respect  the  college  is  doing  what  has 
never  been  done  before— sending  men  with 
good  education  in  fair  proportion  back  to 
work  farms.— :\c(c  Enqhmd  Farmer. 


Agricultural  Colleges  in  France. 

Considerable  attention  has  been  drawn  of 
late  to  the  various  agricultural  colleges  in  this 
country,  and  the  comparatively  small  per- 
centage of  pupils  in  them  who  devote  them- 
selves after  graduation  to  agricultural  pur- 
suits.    The   utility  of  institutions  which  do 


not  really  foster  the  industry  in  whose  behalf 
they  are  established  has  been  questioned, 
with  some  reason,  and  a  discussion  has  arisen 
in  consequence  which  is  likely  to  bring  out 
the  defects  in  the  institutions 'we  have,  and 
possibly  make  them  generally  useful.  As 
bearing  upon  this  subject,  certain  statistics 
have  been  published  relating  to  the  agricul- 
tural colleges  or  "farm-schools"  of  France, 
with  a  \-iew  to  showing  that  the  difficulty 
complained  of  is  not  eontiued  to  this  country. 
There  are  in  France  33  farm-schools,  with  862 
pupils  and  9,317  graduates.  Of  these  gradu- 
ates 2,992  have  become  farmers,  owners  and 
cultivators,  or  renters  of  farms;  845  have  be- 
comef  gardeners,  market  gardeners  or  florists; 
46  have  become  drainers,  irrigators  or  makers 
of  drain-tiles;  841  farm  laborers,  cow-herds 
or  rig-feeders;  5  land-surveyors;  16  foresters 
and  game-preservers;  29  agricultural  account- 
ants; 39  merchants  in  grain,  wine  or  fertil- 
izers; 38  farm  directors;  1-5  veterinary  sur- 
geons; 19  students  in  agricultural  coUeges, 
and  104  belong  to  other  employments  con- 
nected with  agriculture.  From  these  figures 
it  aijpears  that  about  44  per  cent,  of  the 
pupils  engage  in  what  may  fairly  be  termed 
agricultural  pursuits.  Although  this  propor- 
tion may  seem  much  smaller  than  desirable, 
there  is  only  one  college  in  this  country,  that 
in  Slichigan,  which  makes  an  equally"  favor- 
able exhibit. — Ex. 


Influence  of  Newspapers. 

The  Boston  Traveler  states  that  a  school 
teacher  who  had  the  benefit  of  a  long  practice 
of  his  iJi-ofession,  and  had  watched  closely  the 
influence  of  a  newspaper  upon  the  minds  of 
a  family  of  children,  gives  as  a  result  of  his 
observation  that,  without  exeei^tion,  those 
scholars  of  both  sexes  and  all  ages  who  hare 
access  to  newspapers  at  home,  when  com- 
pared with  those  who  have  not,  are : 

1st.  Better  readers,  excelling  in  pronuncia- 
tion, aud  consequently  read  more  under- 
staudingly. 

2d.  They  are  better  spellers  aud  define 
with  ease  and  accuracy. 

3d.  They  obtain  a  partial  knowledge  of 
geography  in  almost  half  the  time  it  requires 
others,  as  the  newspaper  has  made  them 
familiar  with  the  location  of  important  places 
aud  nations,  their  governments  and  their  do- 
ings. 

4th.  They  are  better  grammarians,  for 
having  become  familiar  with  every  Vixriety  of 
style  in  the  news2>aper,  from  commonplace 
advertisements  to  the  finished  and  classical 
oration  of  the  statesman,  they  more  readily 
comprehend  the  meaning  of  "the  text,  and 
consequently  annahze  the  construction  with 
accuracy. 


She  ^iovisc. 


Horse  Racing  at  Our  Fairs- 

ff  ERY  conclusively  the  present  year  has 
r  shown  the  efiect  which  horse-ntcing  and 
i  pool-selling  has  had  upon  all  our  Coun- 
vtj^j.  ty  and  District  Fairs,  aud  upon  our 
i^  State  Fair  also.  Whoever  has  attended 
these  fairs  and  witnessed  the  scenes  enacted 
at  these  places — the  gambling  tables  in  full 
blast  unchecked,  the  large  amount  of  drunk- 
enness and  blasphemy  witnessed,  the  dis- 
putes and  quiin-els  seen,  all  the  very  out- 
growth of  the  race-track,  must  see  and  be 
convinced  that  the  time  has  come  when  a 
change  must  be  made  at  our  fairs— either  the 
horse-race  must  be  abandoned  or  our  Agricul- 
tural Fairs  must  be  given  up  wholly,  this  is 
certain.  The  general  dissatisfactiou"expressed 
this  year  shows  that  the  people  are  in  earn- 
est tor  a  change  in  the  management  of  f;iirs, 
beginning  with  the  State  Fair,  and  thus  revo- 
lutionizing the  plan  of  all  our  fairs.  The 
fairs  that  have  been  held  this  year  have  been 
complete  failures,  aud  so  far  from  any  bene- 


fit or  improvement  to  our  farmers  and  their 
children,  they  have  been  the  source  of  dis- 
grace to  every  place  where  fairs  have  been 
held.  We  shall  here  except  from  the  list  of 
fairs  thus  far  held  this  year,  the  Santa  Clara 
Valley  Fair,  held  at  San  .lose,— Ca/.  Fanner. 

XT  'r m*  ^    

«ow,  If  we  wish  to  breed  for  a  profit,  we 
must  breed  what  the  demand  calls  for.  There 
is  a  certain  d.-maiul  f.jr  hciivy  horses,  but  it  is 
not  among  the  high  priced"  men  of  the  pres- 
ent day.  They  want  symmetry,  style,  beauty 
in  appearance,  and  a  good  stepper.  Such 
horses  are  always  in  good  demand  at  good 
prices;  and  by  breeding  to  perfect  all  points 
we  produce  muscle  and  endurance,  aud 
horses  thus  bred  will  endure  greater  hard- 
ships. They  are  medium  hight,  will  draw  all 
the  load  necessary  for  any  farm  team  to  draw, 
and  when  we  hitch  to  our  road  wagons  they 
will  glide  along  with  that  loftiness  of  spiri't 
which  nothing  but  a  well  bred  horse  will 
show,  and  it  is  generally  conceded  by  our 
best  breeders  that  the  medium  size,  well"  bred, 
is  the  better  horse  for  all  purposes.  A  horse 
that  will  weigh  from  eleven  to  twelve  hundred 
pounds,  fully  developed,  of  good  breeding,  is 
of  sufficient  weight,  and  is  worth  buying,  and 
is  also  worth  keeping. — Fartiier.i  Union. 

*** 

Bbidle-Beeaeing. — To   cure    a    hor.se    of 

bridle-breaking,  get  a  jnece  of  bed-cord,  four 
times  the  length  of  the  horse,  and  double  it 
in  the  middle,  and  at  the  double  end  make  a 
loop,  through  which  pass  the  animal's  tail. 
Then  cross  the  cord  over  his  back,  and  pass 
both  ends  through  the  halter-ring  under  his 
chin  and  tie  both  ends  of  the  cord  to  the 
trough-ring  through  which  the  halter-strap 
plays,  the  end  of  the  halter  being  attached  to 
a  billet  of  wood.  Should  the  horse  attempt 
to  pull  back,  the  strain  will  all  be  on  the  root 
of  his  tail  before  the  halter-strap  will  become 
tightened,  and  he  will  at  once  step  forward  to 
avoid  it.  After  so  fixing  him  a  few  times  in 
the  stable  he  will  abaudon  any  such  propen- 
sity.— Canada  Farmer. 


Keepi.xg  Hor.sEs'  Feet  and  Legs  in  Obdeb. 
If  I  were  asked  to  account  for  my  horses'  legs 
and  feet  being  in  better  order  "than  those  of 
my  neighbor's,  I  should  attribute  it  to  the 
four  following  circumstances:  First,  then- 
are  all  shod  with  few  nails,  so  placed  in  the 
shoe  as  to  permit  the  foot  to  expand  every 
time  they  move;  second,  that  they  all  live  in 
boxes  insteaB  of  stiills,  aud  can  move  when- 
ever they  please;  third,  that  they  have  two 
hours'  daily  walking  exercise  when  they  are 
not  at  work;  and  fourth,  that  I  have  not  a 
head-stall  or  trace-chain  in  my  stall.  These 
four  circumstances  comprehend  the  whole 
mystery  of  keeping  horses'  legs  fine,  and 
their  feet  in  sound  working  condition  ujj  to  a 
good  old  age. — Milen. 

Glasder-s. — Following  is  the  ordinance  in 
existence  with  reference  to  glanders  in  horses 
in  San  Francisco:  Section  14 — Any  person 
who  shall  keep  or  have  in  his  po  session, 
within  this  city  and  county,  any  horse  afflict- 
ed with  the  disease  known  as  the  glanders, 
shall,  within  twenty-four  hours  after  having 
knowledge  or  being  notified  thereof  by  any 
person,  kill  and  bury  the  same,  er  remove  it 
without  the  limits  of  the  city  and  county. 
Any  person  who  shall  violate  any  of  the  pro- 
visions of  this  section  sh:ill  be  deemed  guilty 
of  a  misdemeanor;  aud  upon  conviction  there- 
of shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  net  less  than 
fifty  not  more  than  five  hundred  dollars,  or 
by  imprisonment  in  the  County  Jail  not  less 
than  twenty-five  days  nor  more  than  six 
months,  or  by  both  fine  and  imprisonment. 


Maw  horses  are  ruined  by  harsh  treatment 
when  they  are  colts.  Their  dispositions  are 
soured,  aud  they  come  to  look  on  man  as  a 
demon  aud  an  enemy.  Teach  the  colt  by  every 
act  that  you  are  his  friend.  Be  kind  "to  him 
always,  and  you  will  gain  his  confidence  to 
that  degree  that  he  will  always  obey  the  word 
when  he  understands  your  meaning. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


(!ioat! 


0. 


The  Angora  Coat  Business  East. 

,?a  

irt  HE  following  which  must  prove  of  inter- 
est to   all  wishing  information    on    this 

|.|i     subject,   we  clip  from  the    Prairie    Far- 
mer: 

A  correspondent  residing  in  'VVayne 
County,  in  this  State,  recently  enquired  for  a 
house  in  Chicago  or  elsewhese,  that  deals  in 
the  fleece  of  the  Angora  goat;  about  how 
much  per  pound  the  product  is  worth;  if  the 
goats  can  be  made  to  pay  in  Illinois,  and  if 
they  can  be  prevented  from  climbing  fences 
and  barking  fruit  tfees. 

We  sent  his  questions  to  Col.  Eobt.  W. 
Scott  of  Frankfort,  Ky.,  for  answer  believing 
that  he  knew  more  about  those  animals  and 
their  future  than  any  one  we  know  of.  Mr. 
Scott  kindly  replied  as  follows; 

I  reply,  with  pleasure,  to  your  favor  of 
the  '2;ith  ult.  and  as  fully  as  permitted  by  in- 
firm health,  and  by  being  on  the  eve  of  de- 
parture to  my  winter  home,  near  Fort  Beid 
P.  O.  Orange  Co.,  Florida,  from  which  if  de- 
sired, I  will  reply  more  especially  to  your 
correspondent. 

During  the  last  fifteen  years,  I  have  built 
up  a  flock  of  several  hundred  Cashmere  (or 
more  properly  Angora)  goats;  all  of  which 
are  now  either  pure  bred,  or  full  blood.  For 
about  ten  years  the  mohair,  or  wool  of  them, 
has  been  sold  for  me  on  commission,  by 
Messrs,  Bauendahl  &  Co.,  extensive  wool 
merchants,  of  86  Worth  street.  New  York. 
It  has  met  with  ready  sale  at  prices  varying 
from  seventy-five  cents  to  one  dollar  and  a 
quarter  per  pound,  as  shorn ;  and  for  the  last 
two  years  has  been  sold  by  them  at  ninety, 
and  ninety-two  and  a  half  cents  per  pound, 
the  price  fluctuating  some,  as  with  other  com- 
modities, and  according  to  quality  and  con- 
dition. 

I  have  also  sold  some  to  A.  P.  Bachman, 
manufacturer  of  superior  plush  gijods,  at  IS 
Franklin  St.,  New  York. 

I  have  also  had  application  for  the  sale  of 
it  by  Messrs.  .Justice,  Bateman  ,S:  Co.,  enter- 
Ijrising  and  reliable  wool  merchants,  of  South 
Front  street,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Besides  other 
Ijarties,  I  have  had  also  extensive  correspon- 
dence with  the  ".Jamestown  Alpaca  Mills,"  at 
Jamestown,  New  York,  and  ifj  one  of  their 
letters  they  informed  me,  two  years  since, 
that  they  had  brought  from  England,  exten- 
sive cajjital,  skilled  laborers,  and  apjiropriate 
machinery,  and  had  located  on  an  extensive 
tract  of  land,  and  were  prepared  to  manufac- 
ture three  hundred  thousand  pounds  of  mo- 
hair or  .\ngora  wool,  annually,  if  they  could 
obtain  suitable  material.  I  received  a  letter 
from  this  Company  last  spring,  desiring  to 
purchase  my  mohair,  but  it  had  been  sent  to 
my  usual  merchant. 

I  have  been  reliably  informed  that  there  is 
a  factory  which  uses  mohair  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  and  one  also  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  but 
I  have  not  been  able  to  correspond  nith  them. 
It  is  certain  that  there  is  now  unlimited  de- 
maud  in  the  United  States,  and  that  there 
will  be  in  all  time  to  come,  for  all  of  the  mo- 
hair of  good  quality  which  we  can  produce, 
and  at  prices  which  will  pay  the  producer  bet- 
ter than  sheep's  wool  of  any  kind  will.  Its 
superior  lustre,  elasticity,  durabijfty  and  ca- 
pacity to  take  color,  make  it  the  most  desira- 
bls  material  for  the  manufacture  of  coverings 
for  car  seats,  and  this  use  aloue  will  sustain 
an  unlimited  demand. 

To  command  the  best  price,  it  should  be 
free  from  kenap  (the  coarse  hairs  which  the 
goat  wears  in  summer,  when  the  niahair  has 
been  shed),  burrs  and  trash,  and  each  fleece 
should  be  tied  up  seperatelj-  with  a  small  col- 
ored thread. 

The  /cPH.sp,  or  coarse  hair,  is  found  also  in 
the  fleeces  of  low  grade  animals,  and  it  re- 
duces the  price  in  ]iroportion  to  the  quantity; 
but  mohair  containing  it  will    always    sell    at 


least  at  the  prices  of  coarse  sheep's  wool,  it 
being  better  adopted  to  the  same  uses  as 
coarse  wool. 

Your  correspondent  asks,  "Can  they  be 
prevented  from  climbing  fences  and  barking 
apple  trees?"  and  I  rejily  that  these  capacities 
and  tastes  make  them  especially  valuable,  and 
they  must  be  controlled  and  not  destroyed, 
where  they  cannot  be  indulged.  But  clog- 
gang  or  coupling  will  j)revent  them  from  climb- 
ing, and  a  wire  muzzle  will  prevent  them 
from  barking  trees.  Arc. 

But  there  is  also  another  and  more  practi- 
cal means  of  preventing  both  of  these,  viz. : 
by  having  good  fences.  A  fence  of  common 
rails,  seven  or  eight  rails  high,  andst.akjd  and 
double  ridered,  with  corners  all  erect  and  not 
leaning,  and  with  the  rails  all  of  equal 
length,  will  hold  them  securely,  and  so  will  a 
post  and  rail,  or  a  pilank  fence,  five  feet  high, 
if  the  fences  are  in  good  order.  Goats  do 
not  break  fences  of  any  kind,  bvit  only  take 
advantage  of  the  negHgence  of  the  farmer, 
where  other  animals  have  broken  them.  They 
will  eat,  and  in  course  of  time,  will  destroy 
a  hedge  of  cedar,  or  of  Osage  orange,  if  they 
have  access  to  it  at  all  times.  A  stone  fence 
may  be  made  goat  proof  by  placing  pieces  of 
scantling  or  plank,  about  two  feet  long,  across 
the  top  of  the  wall  and  then  nailing  to  them 
strips  of  plank  on  each  side  of  the  top  of  the 
wall,  which  strips  will  strike  the  goat  in  the 
face  when  he  attempts  to  run  over  the  wall. 
I  have  hedges  and  fences  of  all  these  kinds, 
and  my  goats  are  kept  in  several  flocks,  and, 
at  some  time  of  the  year,  in  all  of  the  difi'er- 
ent  fields  and  pastures  of  a  large  farm,  and 
they  are  useful  in  consuming  the  weeds,  bush- 
es and  briars,  the  cutting  of  which  by  hand 
would  require  more  time  than  any  extra  trouble 
to  keep  the  fences  in  good  rejiair  at  all  times. 

Though  a  goat  does  not  produce  so  heavy 
a  fleece  as  some  sheep  do,  yet  because  goats 
consume  a  great  variety  of  coarser  feed  than 
sheep  do,  goats  will  produce  as  much  or 
more  wool  than  she«p  will  from  the  same 
qu.antity  of  ground,  and  the  goat's  fleece  will 
sell  at  nearly  double  the  price  per  pound  of 
the  sheep's  fleece,  and  the  same  may  be  said 
of  the  flesh  and  skins  of  the  two  animals. 

From  these  data  your  correspondent  may 
judge  of  the  propriety  of  raising  the  wool- 
bearing  goat  in  Illinois,  though  the  more  ap- 
propriate locality  may  be  in  the  prairies  of 
Texas  and  in  the  mountains  of  California,  in 
both  of  which  states  the  taste  and  demand 
for  them  is  largely  on  the  increase.  Though 
I  have  disposed  of  more  than  one  hundred 
head  this  season,  I  yet  have  respectable  flocks 
of  both  pure,  and  of  full  bloods,  and  I  find 
them  profitable,  even  in  this  blue  grass  region, 
where  lands  are  high  comparatively. 

Robert  W.  Scott. 

Near  Frankfort,  Kv.,  Nov.  4,  bST-j. 


Foot  Rot  in  Sheep. 

As  there  are  getting  to  be  more  and  more 
cases  of  foot-rot  among  sheep  on  this  coast 
Ijarticularly  in  Oregon  and  in  Mountain 
Meadow  valleys,  and  we  have  been  asked  for 
advice  on  this  subject  we  think  that  we  can 
do  no  better  than  to  give  an  article  on  this 
disease  from  the  National  Live  Slock  Journal, 
which  is  good  authority ; 

Usually  the  first  intimation  the  shepherd 
has  of  the  presence  of  foot-rot  is  the  limp- 
ing of  the  afl'ected  animals.  If  the  sheep  had 
been  carefully  examined  before  this,  there 
would  have  been  noticed  in  the  cleft  of  the 
foot,  just  above  the  horny  covering,  a  moist 
irritated  appearance,  omitting  a  peculiar  dis- 
agreeable odor.  This  is  usually  present  sev- 
eral days  before  lameness  in  manifested.  The 
disease,  from  this  first  stage,  usually  passes 
under  the  shell  of  the  hoof,  at  the  heel,  grad- 
ually working  and  widening  until  the  entire 
foot  is  afl'ected,  unless  arrested  by  artificial 
appliances.  A  feverish  condition  of  the  en- 
tire foot  is  apparent,  when  taken  in  the  hand. 


Occasionally  a  foot  may  be  found  that  has 
ulcerated,  as  the  effect  of  injury  from  some 
cause  or  other;  but  the  peculiar  odor  that  is 
inseperable  from  the  foot-rot  is  wanting. 

There  has  been  much  discussion  as  to  the 
origin  of  foot-rot,  some  flock-masters  con- 
tending that  it  originates  from  continuous 
confinement  in  foul  pens  of  stables,  or  by 
jjasturage  on  low,  swampy  grounds.  As  this 
is  a  question  upon  which  the  "doctors  disa- 
gree," we  will  not  enter  upon  its  discussion 
here,  but  relegate  it  to  the  experience  of  the 
readers  of  the  Journal,  with  the  remark  that, 
in  a  pretty  expensive  experience  with  large 
and  small  tlocks  of  sheep,  we  have  never  met 
with  a  well  defined  case  of  foot-rot  that  was 
not  traceable  to  contact  with  diseased  ani- 
mals. The  determining  of  the  possibility  of 
engendering  the  disease  by  confinement  upon 
foul  floors,  and  by  neglect,  has  a  certain  value 
from  a  scientific  standpoint — and  we  will  be 
glad  to  get  exi^eriences  tending  to  prove  the 
fact  or  fallacy  of  such  a  theory.  Practically 
considered,  the  flock-master  is  contented  with 
the  knowledge  of  the  rule  that,  to  keep  his 
sheep  free  from  the  i^ossibility  of  contact  with 
the  presence  or  walks  of  aftected  animals  in- 
sures them  exemption  from  foot-rot.  The 
exceptions  to  this  will  be  found  so  rare  that 
they  need  not  excite  solicitude. 

The  actual  presence  of  foot-rot  in  the  flock 
determined,  the  question  of  the  hour  is,  not 
so  much  how  came  it  there,  as  how  it  is  to  be 
eradicated.  Before  discussing  any  of  the 
numerous  remedies  piroposed,  all  affected  ani- 
mals should  be  picked  from  the  flocks  and 
confined  so  as  to  render  impossible  further 
spread  of  the  disease  by  inoculation  from 
them.  As  fast  as  further  cases  are  noticed — 
as  most  likely  there  will  be — these,  too,  must 
be  culled  out.  Unless  this  course  is  pursued, 
a  large  proportion  of  the  animals  in  the  flock 
will,  in  time,  be  afl'ected.  The  next  step  is  to 
get  the  healthy  animals  off  the  ground  fre- 
quented by  the  diseased  ones — and  to  keep 
them  oft'  for  several  weeks  at  least,  until  sun 
and  rains  have  thoroughly  purified  the  sur- 
face and  herbage.  As  soon  as  possible  every 
animal  in  the  flock  should  be  examined  care- 
fully— every  foot  being  scraped  and  trimmed,  ■ 
when  necessary.  Let  this  be  thoroughly  done, 
as  the  animal  neglected  may  have  about  it  the 
seeds  of  disease  that  will  in  time  render  all 
work  unavailable — for  of  foot-rot  it  may  truly 
said  that  "one  sickly  sheep  infects  the  flock 
and  poisons  all  the  rest. "  As  the  sheep  leaves 
the  hands  of  the  operator  it  should  be  placed 
in  a  troiigh  filled  to  the  depth  of  two  inches 
with  a  decoction  of  blue  vitrol,  and  be  made 
to  walk  through  this  while  passing  out  of  the 
pen.  This  will  tend  to  destroy  any  trace  of 
the  disease  that  may  have  escaped  the  eye  of 
the  operator.  Such  trough  should  be  eight 
to  twelve  feet  long,  so  that  each  foot  will  be 
immersed  several  times.  This  process  should 
be  repeated  at  the  end  of  a  week  or  ten  days 
at  the  farthest,  and  if  repeated  a  seeond  and 
third  time  will  only  make  "assurance  doubly 
sure." 

The  diseased  animals  having  been  separat- 
ed, should  receive  immediate  attention.  The 
outfit  for  the  opjerator  should  consist  of  a 
pair  of  toe-shears,  two  sharp  knives  (one 
heavy  one  for  removing  the  outside  of  the 
the  hoof,  and  a  smaller  one,  with  a  keen 
edge,  for  the  more  delicate  work),  a  sponge, 
or  cold  cloths,  for  removing  blood,  and  :i 
small  bottle  of  butyr  of  antimony,  or  soiii'' 
equally  good  caustic,  for  application  when  th' 
work  of  the  knife  has  been  thoroughly  pi  i 
formed.  The  knife  will  be  found  the  sheet- 
anchor  of  success  in  treating  foot-rot.  The 
last  Vestige  of  disease  must  be  cut  out — eveu 
though  it  involve  the  removal  of  the  entire 
horny  covering  of  the  foot.  Any  less  heroic 
treatment  may  mitigate,  but  will  not  cure  the 
disease.  When  the  diseased  portions  of  the 
foot  are  thus  laid  bare,  and  as  much  of  the 
pun  wiped  away  as  can  be  done  withcnit  irri- 
tating the  exposed  parts.the  butyr  of  antimony, 
or  other  caustic,  should  be  appled  with  a 
soft  lirush  or  swab  made  by  tying   a   piece  of 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live.  Stock  Journal. 


old  linen  or  cotton  cloth  to  the  end  of  a  stick. 
Unless  the  disease  has  been  present  for  some 
length  of  time,  nsnally  but  one  foot  on 
each  animal  will  be  attected,  though  the  sound 
ones  should  be  cleansed  (never  using  the  same 
knife  as  ou  the  sore  felt, ;  and  treated  to  an 
apptication  of  the  caustic  as  a  precautionary 
measure.  But  it  few  days  should  be  allowed 
to  intervene  before  these  invalids  are  careful- 
ly examined — great  care  being  exercised  to  as- 
certain that  the  work  has  been  thoroughly 
performed,  If  any  of  the  virus  was  over- 
looked iu  the  first  operation  it  will  now  be 
apparent.  The  knife  and  caustic  must  again 
be  applied;  and  this  vigilance  continue  to  be 
exercised  until  all  the  once  aft'ected  animals 
are  the  possessors  of  sound,  healthy  feet, 
when  they  may  be  turned  with  the  flock. 

TSough,  as  above  intimated,  it  has  not  been 
demonstrated  that  certain  floul  and  other- 
wise unfavorable  surroundings  originate  foot- 
rot,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  such  conditions 
favor  its  rapid  spread,  and  renders  its  eradi- 
cation next  to  impossible.  Such  surround- 
ings will  be  avoided  by  the  experienced  flock 
master  at  all  times.  Even  the  instinct  of  the 
sheep  will  lead  them  to  shun  such,  while 
seeking  either  food  or  rest. 

Precautions  against  contracting  the  disease 
should  be  used  by  flook-owners  when  infected 
animals  are  known  to  be  in  the  vicinity. — 
These  may  consist  in  gi-eat  care  that  no  ani- 
mal from  the  infected  flock  be  allowed  to 
mingle  with  or  cross  the  range  of  the  healthy 
sheep;  a  rigid  examination  every  few  weeks, 
of  the  feet  of  the  entire  flock,  as  indicated 
above,  and  the  passage  of  each  animal  through 
the  trough  of  diluted  vitrol;  and  great  care 
that  all  additions  to  the  number,  such  as  stock 
rams  and  choice  ewes,  are  from  flocks  and 
neighborhoods  exempt  from  ihe  malady. — 
Here  an  ounce  of  prevention  will  be  worth  a 
good  many  thousands  pounds  of  cure;  for 
we  esteem  foot-rot  the  worst  enemy  the  flock 
master  has  to  contend  with  when  once  it  gets 
headway.  Its  eradication  from  large  flocks  is 
not  an  impossibility,  but  necessitates  more 
watchful  care  and  persistent  labor  thau  the 
average  farmer  finds  the  time,  or  possesses 
the  disposition  to  bestow. 


SILAS  HIVING   BEES. 

How  He  Expected   to  Do   It,  .\xd  How  He 
Didn't. 

("he  old  gentleman's  name  is  Silas,  and  that 
of  his  eldest  son  is  George;  his  wife's 
name  is  Matilda,  and  his  three  pretty 
daughters  are  named  Helen,  Alice  and 
Susie;  there  is  a  little  Silas,  too,  and  an 
older  boy  whose  name  is  too  queer  to  men- 
tion. 

The  bees  had  alighted  in  a  great  bunch,  as 
large  as  a  half-bushel  measure,  on  the  limb 
of  a  peach  tree  in  the  yard.  A  table  is  phic- 
ed  under  the  overhanging  limb,  spread  with  a 
clean  white  cloth,  and  the  hive  placed  theroeu. 
Then  one  of  the  boys,  one  that  is  good  for 
nothing  else,  is  sent  into  the  tree  to  sever  the 
limb;  the  limb  comes  down  slowly  and  easily, 
and  the  old  gent  below,  dressed  in  a  great 
coat,  buckskin  gloves,  cowhide  boots,  and  a 
bed  quilt  tied  around  his  neck  and  face,  slvh" 
manipulates  a  twig  from  the  tree,  and  iu  two 
minutes  has  safely  coaxed  every  bee  into  the 
hive,  during  all  of  which  time  Matilda  and 
Helen  and  Alice  and  Susie  pound  the  bottoms 
out  of  just  four  tin  pans;  little  Silas  does  his 
prettiest  yelling,  while  the  boy  with  the  queer 
name  is  just  old  enough  and  shai-p  enough  to 
slip  behind  the  house  and  wait  for  the  thing 
to  come  to  a  point.  That  is  the  way  the  thing 
ought  to  have  gone  ofi";  but  that  isn't  the  way 
it  did.  Silas,  the  elder,  was  very  comfort- 
ably bundled  up  for  so  warm  a  day,  and  he  had 
his  suit  well  arranged,  only  he  forgot  to  tie 
the  strings   around  the   bottom  of  his    pants 


The  bees  had  settled  on  the  limb  of  a  peach 
tree,  and  Silas,  when  his  table  and  white  cloth 
and  his  hive  already,  commanded: 

"Now,  George,  grab  that  old  rusty  saw  and 
climb;  I  guess  you  can  cut  that  small  limb  off 
easy  enough." 

George  was  just  home  from  a  six  month's 
term  of  school,  and  he  felt  a  great  tenderness 
for  his  father,  and  would  have  gone  through 
a  patch  of  thistles  bare  foot  to  please  the  old 
gent,  and  yet  he  had  a  particular  dread  for 
the  "business  end"  of  a  bee,  and  particularly 
of  such  a  crowd  of  them.  But  he  obeyed, 
and  began  to  fiddle  away  cautiously  upon  the 
particular  limb.  One  little  bunch  of  tees 
dropped  ofl'  and  w'ere  caged;  another,  and 
another  small  bunch  dropped,  and  the  i^ros- 
pect  seemed  good,  when  suddenly  an  old  hou- 
ey-maker  aijpeared,  who  had  been  in  the  bus- 
iness, soared  upward.  George  shut  up  one 
eye  quick,  gave  one  terrific  surge  on  the  old 
rusty  saw,  got  out  of  that  tree  at  one  jump 
and  his  anxious  mother  caught  a  glimi^se  of 
him  as  he  flew  around  the  corner  of  the  barn 
twenty  rods  away. 

But  poor  old  Silas!  The  bees  came  down, 
and  he  thought  the  bunch  was  as  big  as  a 
hay-stack  now.  They  did  not  go  into  the 
hive,  but  they  went  through  his  over-coat  and 
bed-quilt  as  if  these  had  been  only  mosquito 
bars,  and  they  climbed  wp  his  pants  legs,  and 
the  old  gent  danced  as  he  had  never  danced 
before;  and  he  slapped  his  legs,  as  he  had 
never  allowed  any  one  else  to  slap  them,  and 
his  voice  towered  high  above  the  clatter  of 
the  tin  pans  and  the  shrieks  of  little  Silas  as 
he  yelled; 

"Throw  water  on  me!  throw  water  ou  me! 
soak  me,  wet  me  dowu!" 

He  rolled  three  or  four  times  over  in  the 
grass,  audspraugnp,  shouting,  "slap me!  slap 
me!  Can't  j'ou  slap  me'?"  in  the  midst  of 
which  little  Silas  crept  up  behind  his  infuria- 
ted papa  and  dealt  him  a  lively  one  with  a 
shingle;  but  poor  little  Silas  landed  the  next 
second  against  the  milk-house,  for  his  pa  took 
him  and  his  shingle  for  a  thousand  bees,  and 
gently  brushed  them  ofl'. 

Oh,  the  agony  of  that  three  mitutes  jig!  He 
appealed  to  his  wife. 

"Matilda,  for  heaven  sake,  bring  me  anoth- 
er pair  of  jiants,  won't  you!" 

But  these  things  don't  last  always,  any 
more  than  any  other  happiness,  and  after  a 
few  minutes  the  old  gent  came  limiiing  out  of 
the  cellar  with  the  breeches  on  that  Matilda 
brought  him,  feeling  quite  easier,  but  certain- 
ly much  fatigued,  just  as  George  got  back 
from  the  barn  and  the  boy  with  the  queer 
name  slipped  around  the  corner  of  the  house. 
Both  boys  were  to  anxious  know  how  matters 
stood,  and  asked; 

"Did  you  git  'em  hived,  pa?" 

But  the  old  man  was  too  mad  to  answer,  or 
even  look  at  his  boys.  He  turned  to  Silas 
and  said: 

"Little  one  you  meant  all  right,  and  I'm 
sorry  I  cuft'ed  you  so;  next  time  don't  slap  so 
hard." 

Then  to  his  wife,  "Matilda,  to  you  I  owe 
everything.  Accept  my  heartfelt  gratitude. 
■We'll  take  no  more  stock  in  bees.  I  have 
made  up  my  mind,  and  its  settled,  May  our 
quiet,  peaceful  farm  home  never  be  so  stii-red 
up  again.  Seems  to  me  I  never  had  so  much 
of  life  crowded  into  a  few  short  minutes 
before.  Kuu  after  the  cows  now,  boys;  be  off 
for  its  almost  dark." 


AVhy  Bees  "Wokk  ix  the  Dabk. — A  lifetime 
might  be  spent  iu  the  mysteries  hidden  in  a 
bee-hive  and  still  half  the  secrets  would  be 
undiscovered.  The  formation  of  the  cell  has 
long  been  a  celebrated  jn-oblem  for  the  math- 
ematicion,  whilst  the  changes  which  the  honey 
undergoes  ofler  at  least  an  equal  interest  to 
the  chemist.  Every  one  knows  what  honey 
fresh  from  the  comb  is  like.  It  is  clear,  yel- 
lew  syrup,  without  a  trace  of  solid  sugar  in  it. 
Upon  straining,  however,  it  gradually  assumes 
a    crystalline    appearance— it   camlieg,  as   the 


saying  is,  and  ultimately  becomes  a  solid  mass 
of  sugar.  It  has  not  been  suspected  that  this 
change  was  due  to  a  photographic  action;  that 
the  same  ageut  which  alters  the  molecular  ar- 
rangement of  iodide  of  silver  on  the  excited 
eoUodian  plate  aud  determines  the  formation 
of  champhor  and  iodine  crystals  in  a  bottle, 
causes  the  syrup  honey  to  assume  a  crystal- 
line form.  This,  however,  is  the  case.  M. 
Scheibler  has  enclosed  honey  in  stoppered 
flasks,  some  of  which  he  has  kept  iu  perfect 
darkness,  whilst  others  have  been  exposed  to 
the  light.  The  invariable  result  has  been  that 
the  suuiied  i>ortion  rapidly  crystallizes,  whilst 
that  kept  in  the  dark  has  remained  perfectly 
licjuid.  We  now  see  why  bees  are  so  careful 
to  work  in  perfect  darkness,  aud  why  they 
are  so  careful  to  obscure  the  glass  windows 
which  are  sometimes  placed  in  their  hives. 
The  existence  of  their  young  dspends  on  the 
liquidity  of  the  saccharine  food  presented  to 
them,  and  if  light  were  allowed  access  to  this 
in  all  probability  it  would  prove  fatal  to  the 
inmates  of  the  hive.    ■  Workimj  Farmer. 

t  m  » 

OcR  Heavy  Prodcct. — The  Los  .\ngeles 
Express  says:  "It  is  stated  that  the  honey 
product  of  San  Diego  county  this  year  will  bo 
fully  six  hundred  tons.  One  million  two 
hundred  thousand  pounds  of  honey  is  prodi- 
gious for  an  industry  only  about  three  years 
old.  Los  Angeles  county,  also,  is  making 
tremendous  advances  in  honey  culture,  and  in 
a  few  years  the  two  counties  will  supply  the 
world.  The  honey  of  Southern  California  is 
without  a  rival  iu  quaUty  and  flavor  in  the 
market.  It  is  only  during  the  last  twenty 
years  that  bees  were  known  in  California,  aud 
to-day  the  business  of  apiarist  promises  to  be 
one  of  the  most  important  in  the  southern 

portion  of  the  State.' 

♦♦♦ 

Feeding  Bees. — J.  F.  Montgomery,  of  Lin- 
coln county,  Tennessee,  tells  the  readers  of 
the  Fayetteville  Obstrcer  that  every  person 
owning  bees,  whether  few  or  many,  should 
now  commence  feeding  them  with  rye  flour 
ground  fine  and  unbolted.  This  is  done  by 
placing  the  floui-  in  a  shallow  box  or  trough 
in  the  bee  yard,  where  the  sun  can  shine  on 
it.  A.  rag  dipped  into  honey  or  sugar  syrup 
should  be  laid  on  the  flour,  t»  attract  the  bees 
to  it.  On  warm  days  will  see  the  little  fellows 
busily  engaged  rolling  it  up  on  their  legs  and 
carrying  it  into  the  hive  to  feed  the  young 
bees  on.  If  rye  cannot  be  obtained,  unbolted 
wheat  flour  is  a  good  sustitute.  If  any  one 
disbelieves  the  above  statement,  let  him  get 
the  flour  and  try  the  experiment  and  he  soon 
will  be  couviced  of  the  fact. 


Potato  Blight  rs  Marix  CorxTT. — The 
loss  by  the  potato  blight  has  not  been  exag- 
gerated. On  many  ranches  the  crop  is  a  total 
failure,  and  on  others  it  is  less  than  half. 
John  Griflin  last  year  raised  on  -15  acres  3,000 
sacks.  This  year  he  has  65  acres,  and  will 
be  glad  to  get"  1, -500  sacks.  Mr.  Mulvaney 
has  30  acres  and  has  turned  his  stock  on 
them.  D.  Callan  has  20  acres  not  worth 
digging.  George  Fieeman  has  100  acres 
which  he  will  not  dig.  J.  P.  Whittaker  wiU 
get  about  •20fl  sacks  from  25  acres.  W.  K. 
Fairbanks,  George  Dillon  and  M.  Calliher, 
with  some  others,  will  get  a  good  average 
crop.  Those  planted  on  low,  moist  ground 
seem  to  escape  the  blight  and  do  well,  while 
other  fields  that  escape  the  blight  are  barren 
from  drouth.— -U"«rin  County  Journal. 

.. »i  '•  ■    

The  failures  during  the  nine  months  of  the 
present  year  in  the  United  States  foot  up  the 
enormous  amount  of  8131.172,503.  Extrav- 
agance has  been  the  rule  in  the  Eastern  States 
for  the  last  ten  or  twelve  years.  The  country 
is  now  going  back  to  first  principles,  and  it 
will  be  well  for  all  classes  to  reduce  expenses 
as  soon  as  possible. 

_ '  m  '     m   ' 

■Will  some  benevolently  inclined  friend 
donate  us  a  newspaper  published  this  Fall 
which  does  not  allude  to  the  fact  that  "the 
melancholy  days  have  come."— £ric-<(-!'rac. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


CajJtal  and  ^aboc. 

The  Danger  of  Borrowing. 

"The  borrower  is  servaut  to  the  h'uder.'"— Holy  Writ. 

BY   JNO.    D.  SCuTT,    MI). 

n  — 

Ct^D  Agricultueist: — I  have  been  inform- 
ed that   no   one,    no    matter   what   his 
standing  or  wealth,  can  borrow  a  dollar 
from  any  of  our  banks.     A  gentleman 
in  this  city,  with  some  fifty  thousand  dollars, 
was  indebted  to  one  of  our  money-lenders  in 
the  sum  of  a  thousand  dollars.     The   lender 
demanded  his  money — said  he  must  have  it — 
swore  he  could  not  do  without  it.     The  bor- 
rower tried  hard  to  get  a  loan  to  that  amount 
from  our  banks,  and  notwithstanding  his  of- 
fer of  unexceptional  security,   he  utterly  fail- 
ed to  command  the  accommodation.     Eeturn- 
ing     to     old    money-bags   he    informed    that 
"pound     of    flesh"    individual    of  the    fact- 
Shylock  then   very  coolly   remarked,    that  in 
as  much  as  the  borrower   could    not    jiay   his 
note,     that    he  must  give  him  a   new    one, 
at   one   and    a  half  per  cent,     interest    per 
month.     As  there  was  no  other    alternative 
he  was  forced  to  submit  to  the  extortion.     As 
there  is  no  business  in   California,  except  it 
be  highway   robbery,    that    will    warrant  bor- 
rowing   money  at  a  greater  interest  than   six 
or  eight  per  cent,  per  annum,    it    will  readily 
be  seen  how  grievously   this   man    has  been 
wrou'ged  and  robbed  in  the  above  transaction. 
It  matters  not  whether  a  robber  levels  a  legal 
or   all    iriju    blimdmbuss   at   his   defenceless 
neighbor's  head.     The  effect  is  the  same — the 
exaction  of  money    by   force.     The  wretched 
Viorrower  might  just  as  well  fall  iu  the  high- 
way as  to  sulier  a  lingering  death  iu  the  spi- 
der-webs of  the  law. 

It.  seems  then  that  old  Hhyloi'k  could  have 
done  without  his  money  after  all.  It  was 
simply  a  dodge  on  his  part  to  extort  more  in- 
terest. But  he  must  have  known  beforehand 
that  the  banks  would  not  loan  under  any 
circumstances,  or  he  would  not  have  resorted 
to  the  trick.  Are  the  brokers  and  bankers  in 
league  to  rob  the  public?  Are  they  all  in  col- 
lusion to  get  up  a  corner  in  the  money-mar- 
ket in  order  to  raise  interest  up  to  the  old 
and  ruinous  rates  of  one  and  a  hall  and  twu 
per  cent,  per  month?  This  siumltaneous  ac- 
tion looks  very  much  like  it  or  else  we  have  a 
very  striking  coincidence! 

Such  conduct   on    the   part    of  lianks   and 
bankers  is  highly  reprehensible  if  not  crimin- 
al.    They  are  the  reservoirs  of  capital  as  our 
mountain  lakes  might  be  supposed  to  be  the 
resorvoirs  of  water.     The  one  would  serve  to 
furnish  the  life-giving  element  to  our  extend- 
ed   ])lains   in    times    of  drought,    whilst    the 
others  should  open  their  vaults  and  transfuse 
new  life  and  rigor  into  the   veins   of  trade  in 
times    of  financial  distress.     It   is   in    a   dry 
season    that   farmers    need   water   to    perfect 
their  crops.     They  want  no  irrigation   when 
the  heavens  open  and  delnge  their  lands  with 
floods.     So  in  prosperous  times  merchants  do 
not  need  so  much  bank  accommodation.     But 
when  trade    slackens   and   business   becomes 
dull  they  need  bank    assistance    to   tide  them 
over  that  period  of  dullness.     But  banks  and 
liankers  however  pursued  exactly  the  opposite 
course.      When    the    money-market    becomes 
tight,  they  tighten  up  their  purse  strings  slso. 


Their  sa'e  doors  are  slammed  to,  close  as 
wrter-tight  clam  shells.  This  suicidal  policy 
only  serves  to  make  money  scarcer,  to  deep- 
en distrust  and  to  spread  the  panic  wider. 
Perfectly  responsible  parties  then  go  to  the 
wall  who  never  would  have  failed  if  theie  had 
never  been  a  bank.  In  fact,  this  system  of 
bank  credit  is  an  artificial  and  a  stimulative 
one.  It  is  like  liquor,  the  more  a  man 
indulges  in  it,  the  more  he  wants,  until  at 
length  he  begins  to  think  that  he  cannot  ex- 
ist without  it.  It  is  either  drink  or  die,  bor- 
row or  bust  1 

These  institutions  by  thus  affording  ready 
facilities  for  borrowing  money,   do,   most  un- 
doubtedly, stimulate  the  desire  for  adventure 
and    foster  the  spirit    of  speculation.     When 
they  themselves,    therefore,    have    helped   to 
create  a  speculative  tendency,   how  cruel,  not 
to  say  criminal,  to  shut  down   the  flood-gates 
at  once  and  see    a   whole    community    perish 
without  a  single   effort  at  relief.     This  State 
is  dotted  all  oter   with   these   sad   examples. 
It  was  in  this  way   that  nine-tenths   of  the 
native    Californians   have   been    dispoiled   of 
their  ranches   and   homes   now    worth   many 
millions  of  dollars.     It   is   in    this   way   that 
many  American   farmers   have   been  realesed 
from    the   trouble  and   responsibility   of  run- 
ning their  farms.     The  banks,  or  the  friends 
of  the  banks  run  their  farms  for  them.     Two 
notable  instances   occur   to   my  mind  at  this 
moment,    one  was    an   enterprising    nursery- 
man  and  fruit  raiser:  he  had     a  most  valu- 
able place  of  near  an  hundred   acres,   and  of 
course  his  credit  in   bank   was   good.     Alas! 
too  good!  for  vow  (he  bunk  is  runniiui  the  pkicc 
for   hi  til.     The    other   was    a   hop-raiser   and 
owned,  perhaps,  the  best  cultivated  and  most 
valuable  hop-ranch  in  the   State.     His  credit, 
too,  became  too  good  iu  the  banks  (md  one  nf 
tliriii  )i(ts  kiridbj  relieved  liim  of  the  labor  of  ever 
piikiiuj    liops  'any   more.     It    soon   made  him 
hop  higher  than  a  Kansas  grasshopper.     And 
so    these    banks  have  served    thousands    of 
others.     They  loan  their  money  and   when  a 
dry  season  comes   and   their  crops   fail,    and 
they  are  utterly  unable  either  to  borrow  or  re- 
mortgage,  then  these  financial  vultures  scoop 
down  ujjou  them  and  feed  upon  their  heart's 
blood.     But  then  the  murder  and  robbery  are 
all  according  to  law!     The  law   makes  no  al- 
lowance for  the  dispensations  of  Providence! 
The  law  has  no   mercy — no   charity — and  the 
pious  capitalist  who  pays  pew  rent,  religious- 
ly in  a  fashionable   church,   thinks  he   has   a 
right  to  impoverish  and  beggar  his  neighbor 
if  he  has  the  legal  power  to  do  so.     "It  is  so 
nominated  in  the  bond." 

Mr.  CJirard,  the  great   banker   and  philan- 
thropist   of  the   centennial    city,    understood 
these  matters  better  than  the  curbstone  bank- 
er of  to-day.     He  had  it  in  his  power  during 
a  well  reimbursed  financial  crash  to  break  up 
half  the  merchants  in  Philadelphia,    and   to 
add    a-   quarter  of  the   real   estate  to   his  ex- 
chequer.     "There  were  millions  in  it,"   as  a 
San  Francisco  banker  would  have  exclaimed. 
His  cashier  approached  him  and  informed  him 
that  all  the  other  banks   in   the   country    had 
stopped  making   any   loans,    and   asked  him 
whether  they  should  do  the  same.     "No,  sir," 
said  Mr.  Ciirard,-  "irhen  men  need  moneij  thid's 
the  time  tiny  v.ani  it ;  let  Oil?'  customers  have  all 
the    money    they    want."     The    consequence 
was  that  he  carried  his  friends   triumphantly 
through  the  crises,   whilst   the  customers  of 
the   other  banks  and  the  Ijunks  theviscli'et:,  all 
went   to  the  dogs.     We  fear  that  it  would  be 
diftieult   to  teach   our  bankers  anything  like 
this — the   idea   may    be  too    large    to    enter 
their  diminutive  calibres. 

If  our  banks,  after  absorbing  all  the  avail- 
able and  floating  capital  in  the  comnnmity, 
are,  like  the  dog  in  the  manger,  indisposed  to 
use  it  themselves,  or  to  allow  any  body  else 
to  do  so,  except  favored  stockliolders,  the 
people  have  the  proper  remedy  iu  their  own 
hands.  It  is,  to  depo.iit  no  more  money  xeith 
Ihein  and  to  withdraie  what  they  Iiave  already  de- 
posited. When  an  institution,  like  a  bank, 
has  ceased  to  perform  the  function,  monetary 


relief,  for  which  it  was  founded,  it  has  out- 
grown its  usefulness,  and  like  any  other  nuis- 
ance, ought  to  be  abated.  We  want  bless- 
ings not  curses  in  the  community.  Better 
have  no  reservoirs  at  all  than  those  stagnant, 
miasmatic  death-dealing  cess-pools. 

«  •  *• — — 

Which  Sn.iLL  Bulk— Nine-Tenths  or  One- 
Tenth?— -About  one-half  of  our  population 
belong  to  the  farming  class.  About  one-quar- 
ter of  our  population  belong  to  the  mechanic- 
al class.  And  about  fifteen  per  cent,  of  our 
population  are  laborerers  who  make  their  liv- 
ing by  their  muscle.  Has  any  one  ever  asked 
himielf  how  much  legislation  is  done  by  this 
ninety  per  cent,  of  our  population?  Is  it  not 
a  patent  fact  that  they  have  scarcely  any  influ- 
ence iu  our  National  Legislation?  The  truth 
is,  the  legislation  of  the  country  is  shaped  _ 
and  controlled  by  less  than  one  tenth  of  the 
population.  It  is  made  in  the  interest  of  cap- 
ital, instead  of  the  interests  of  the  people. 
And  this  is  the  reason  there  is  so  much  suft'er- 
ing  among  the  industrial  classes  to-day.  There 
has  never  been  such  a  concentration  of  capi- 
tal going  on  as  within  the  past  few  years,  and 
a  concentration  of  capital  brings  a  concentra- 
tion of  political  and  law-making  power.  Cap- 
ital has  got  the  people  within  its  toils.  Can 
they  release  themselves?  This  is  an  impor- 
tant question.  This  must  form  a  great  politi- 
cal issue.  If  one-tenth  of  the  people  are  to 
govern  nine-tenths,  and  make  them  subser\-i- 
to  their  peculiar  interests,  it  is  time  we  were 
awakening  to  that  fact.  It  can  do  no  harm  to 
bestow  a  little  thought  upon  this  matter. 


An  Eastern  farmer  would  get  rich  on  what 
a  California  farmer  throws  away.     Nineteen- 
twentieths  of  the   farmers  of  this  State,  not 
only  buy  all   their  vegetables,  but  also  their 
meats,  fruits,  butter,  cheese,  flour  and   corn 
meal,  and   even  a   great   many  buy  the  very 
eggs  they  eat.     Shiftless!  of  course  it  is— but 
true,  nevertheless.     This   is    not    all.     Hired 
help    are   treated  like   Digger   Indians;  they 
sleep  iu  the  barn  or   haystack ;  have   no    ac- 
commodations  or  conveniences   that  a  white 
man  is  entitled  to;  and  the  results  are  degrad- 
ing   and   demoralizing  to   the   laborer.     The 
hired  man  at  the  East  is  treated   as  a    gentle- 
man; he  has  his  tidy  room,  comfortable  bed, 
clean  sheets,  and  is  surrounded  by  the   refiu- 
iu"  influences  of  civilization.     Here,  iu  Cali- 
fornia,  how    dift'erent.     Even    the  employers 
themselves,  in  many   instances  cannot  boast 
anything   refining  about  them  or  their   prem- 
ises; not  even  a  flower  or  shrvib  to  soften  the 
dreariness  of  the  spot  they  call  home.     Cali- 
fornia has   not   yet    entirely  risen    from   the 
chaos  of  its  first'  social  and   political   period. 
There   is   much  work  for   the   future   on    the 
golden    shores  of  the  placid  Pacific,     When 
our  people  begin  to  build  homes,  with  all  the 
attractions  that  surround  Eastern  homesteads, 
and  resolve  to  live,  instead  of  merely  existeng 
then  will  the  landscape  blossom  as  the  rose. 
—Ex.  ^ 

INTERE.ST  Too  High.— It  is  estimated  that 
the  increase  of  wealth  in  the  United  States 
does  not  exceed  three  per  cent,  per  annum. 
But  men  who  have  money  to  loan  are  not 
willing  to  take  this  increase,  but  charge  at 
least  ten  per  cent.  In  this  way  labor  becomes 
bankrujjt.  Wealth  finally  gets  away  all  thi 
earnings  of  the  industrial  classes.  It  absorbs 
as  the  sponge  absorbs  water,  A  cheaper  rati 
of  interest  is  in  same  way  demanded.  Cap- 
ital is  absorbing  the  wealth  of  the  people  too 
rapidly ,      

In  the  States,  as  a  whole,  the  nundicr  of 
acres  is  32  to  the  hand  employed;  in  Alabanm, 
17  acres;  in  -Arkansas,  18  acres;  in  Georgia,^ 
20  acres;  iu  Illinois,  ■">!  acres;  in  Indiana,  3S 
acres;  in  Mississippi,  21  acres;  in  Jlissoun, 
35  acres;  in  Oregon,  S5  acres;  iu  Tennessee, 
20  acres;  in  Texas,  18  acres;  in  California, 
129  acres.  To  illustrate:  California  had  in 
cultivation  6,218,133  acres,  worked  by  17,8(13 
people.  The  Californiau  takes  care  of  more 
than  seven  times  as  many  acr 
baniain. 


es  as  the   Ala- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


gouocholrt  lUadini). 


Country  Maidens. 

BY  GEORGE  w.  8EABS. 

fHEY  Silt  with  thi^ir  small,  white  feet  iu  the  brooli. 
Two  country  lutndeus  of  benuty  rare- 
Kate,  with  her  brij^ht,  t  speigle  look. 
And  blue-eyc(l  Blauche,  with  her  golden  hair. 

The  air  was  fraRritnt  with  new-mown  hay, 
The  wild  bee  wrought  with  a  drowsy  hum, 

And  they  chatted  the  dreamy  hours  away, 
With  {^irlihh  pJaus  for  the  years  to  come. 

And  she  with  the  eyes  of  sparkling  jet 
Would  be  content  as  a  fanner's  wife. 

To  shun  the  follies  that  wear  and  fret 
For  the  simple  pleasures  of  country  life. 

Then  Blanche  wlih  her  eyes  of  sparkling  blue 

.^hook  down  a  river  of  sunny  hair. 
That  rippled  and  flowed  in  golden  hue 

O'er  bosom  and  neck  and  shoulders  bare. 

"  And  I,"  she  said,  "  shall  live  in  the  town. 
With  lackeys  to  come  and  go  at  call: 

And  I  shall  be  proud  if  lueu  will  me  crown 
Queen  of  beauty  at  rout  or  bail. 

"  My  husband  shall  be  a  millionaire." 
Oh,  poorly  ;ou  guess  your  future  life! 

On  you,  with  your  beauty  rich  and  I'are, 
Shall  fall  the  lot  of  a  farmer's  wife. 

And  red-lipped  Kate,  with  her  midnight  curls, 
Shall  win  the  ri(  hes  1\  r  which  you  pine. 

Her  brow  shall  glisten  with  gems  and  pearls. 
Her  table  with  plate  and  costly  wine. 

But  she  shall  long  for  the  new-mown  hay, 
And  the  shadows  upon  the  upland  leas, 

And  sicken  and  tire  of  her  splendid  way. 
And  sigh  for  brooks  and  birds  and  trees 

And  you  will  sneer  at  your  narrow  lot. 
Weary  and  tire  of  yttur  household  cares. 

And  each  shall  covet  what  each  hath  not. 
And  pine  for  the  burden  the  other  wears. 

Oh,  city  dame'and  farmer's  wife. 
Each  from  the  other  too  long  estranged. 

Ye  were  (wo  jewels  of  love  and  life. 
If  but  the  settings  were  turned  and  changed. 


dTTats 


With     Farmers' 
Daughters — No. 


Wives 
12. 


and 


Having  had  a  little  taste  of  farm  life  this 
past  Summer,  I  feel  more  capable  of  oflTering 
advice  or  sympathy  to  the  wives  and  daughters 
upon  what  might  otherwise  seem  beyond  my 
ooguizance.  But  knowing  how  it  is  myself, 
and  feeling  that  much  viuhappiness  is  caused 
by  ignorant  neglect,  I  think  it  a  positive  duty 
to  mention  a  few  of  the  unpleasant  things 
about  farm  life  to  women. 

First,  the  inconvenience  of  most  of  the 
farmhouses.  Water  in  a  well  or  tank  some 
distance  from  the  kitchen,  where  it  all  has  to 
be  carried  for  cooking,  washing  and  other  pur- 
poses; no  sink  to  carry  off  the  waste  water, 
■which  in  turn  must  be  all  carried  out  again; 
no  boiler  and  water  back^to  the  stove  to  give 
a  plentiful  supply  of  warm  water;  no  bath- 
room and  few  closets.  In  fact,  a  roof  and  a 
floor,  with  a  few  partitions,  constitute  the  ma- 
jority of  our  fariaers'  homes,  where  the  wives 
and  daughters  spend  the  most  of  their  lives. 

Second,  the  drudgery  of  early  rising,  con- 
tinued cooking  and  washing  dishes,  besides 
the  accompanying  washing  and  ironing, 
churning,  with  its  heavy  washings,  scalding 
of  pans,  etc.,  making  many  a  delicate  woman 
_au  invalid  by  overworking  when  not  equal  to 
more  than  the  actual  cares  of  maternity. 

Third,  the  extra  amount  of  strength  re- 
quired to  go  to  town,  i(  the  farm  is  any  dis- 
tance out  in  the  country,  takes  from  the  en- 
joyment of  the  trip  as  a  pleasure.  Conse- 
quently the  women-folks  go  only  as  a  duty. 


when  goods  are  to  be  purchased  needing  their 
selection;  and  with  two  or  three  children  to 
take,  and  carry  the  whole  distance  makes  the 
day  indeed  a  hard   one. 

Then,  usually,  there  are  no  horses  on  the 
farm  a  woman  can  drive  to  visit  neighbors, 
so  that  pleasure  is  denied  her  unless  the 
menfolks  are  going  that  way,  and  she  is  then 
at  their  disposal  when  to  go  or  come.  Indeed, 
she  seems  as  much  a  chattel  on  the  farm, 
useful  and  maybe  ornamental,  as  any  of  the 
farm  stock  or  high-priced  farm  implements 
belonging  thereto.  Certainly  she  is  aneces- 
sity  to  do  the  drudgery  and  icomrm's  work, 
and  a  companion  to  talk  to  when  indoors,  but 
as  to  making  her  labors  light  by  giving  a 
helping  hand,  or  adding  conveniences  for 
work,  or  providing  conveyances  she  or  the 
girls  can  drive  when  or  where  they  wish,  how 
many  farmers  do  it?  That  is  just  the  question 
I  wish  to  ask  and  have  answered.  I  hope  fifty 
in  this  valley  may  say  in  all  truth  they  are 
thus  favored,  but  I  fear  not  more  than  five 
can  honestly  say  it.  The  farmers  say,  "times 
are  hard — can't  afford  it;"  or,  "crops  have 
failed  the  past  few  years,  and  when  it  comes 
a  good  year  I'm  going  to  fix  up  things,"  etc. 
But,  my  good  friends,  don't  you  see  your 
wives  working  under  disadvantages,  car-eworn 
and  failing  in  health  daily?  your  daughters 
losing  their  interest  in  the  home  that  should 
be  so  dear  to  them,  and  longing  for  a  home 
in  town,  or  anywhere  else  but  just  where  it 
is?  Nothing  seems  pleasant  where  all  is  hard 
work  with  no  freshness  of  improvement. 

This  is  jilain  talk,  but  it  is  the  truth  in 
many  a  home ;  and  I  have  seen  enough  of  farm 
life  to  know  that  the  men  have  many  an  idle 
day  or  week  which  might  easily  be  improved 
by  adding  conveniences  for  the  wife,  or  improv- 
ing the  flower-garden,  or  by  giving  a  help- 
ing hand  indoors,  instead  of  spending  it  in 
town  or  visiting  some  neighbor  on  business. 
Let  me  whisper  a  word  in  the  ear  of  fathers 
and  sons :  If  you  believe  wives  and  daughters 
are  blessings  in  farmers'  homes,  see  to  it  that 
your  farms  are  kept  thrifty,  your  fences  and 
gates  firm  and  true,  your  cattle  well-fed, 
fields  well  tilled  and  homes  convenient  and 
attractive,  and  my  word  for  it,  you  will  not 
complain  of  whole  neighborhoods  destitute 
of  true  and  noble  women  to  cheer  and  aid  in 
your  labours;  and  when  you  do  have  families 
you  will  be  as  much  a  blessing  to  them  as  yon 
expect  them  to  be  to  you.  There  is  no  mod- 
ern convenience  in  city  homes  that  might  not 
have  a  counterpart  in  country  homes,  and  no 
woman  should  be  expected  to  do  all  the 
drudgery  of  inside  farm  work  without  such 
•onveniences,  at  least,  as  -will  save  steps  and 
make  as  light  as  possible  the  necessary  work 
of  the  family. 


Grandfather's  Letters— No.  3. 

EVENTS  OF  THE    L.IST  CEXICEY. A  LOVE-LKTTER 

AND  ma's  asd  Susie's  kemakes  thekeon. 
On  breaking  open  an  envelope  the  other 
morning.  Angle  exclaimed:  "Why,  ma!  I  de- 
clare, here's  a  love-letter!  I  know  it  is  one 
from  its  length.  I  wonder  who  that  can  be 
from."  "  Oh,"  replies  ma,  "  it  must  be  from 
one  of  your  old  beaux,  or  perhaps,  and  bet- 
ter, from  one  of  your  late  conquests.     Well, 


do  read  and  let's  see  what  it  is."  "I  guess 
you  may  be  right,  ma;  for  it  has  such  a  long 
address— begins,  '  My  darling,  precious,  be- 
loved Angle!'  "  "Why,  that's  good;  go  on," 
says  ma.  •  ■  '  I  think  of  you,  talk  of  you, 
wnte  of  you,  and  I  love  you.' "  "Better  yet, 
if  he  only  proves  worthy  of  you.  Beware 
of  giving  him  the  mitten."  "I  wonder  he 
does  not  say  he  dreams  of  me."  "  Oh,  that 
is  only  the  sleeping  thinkings;  you  may  be 
sure  he  does  that.     Well,  go  on." 

"  '  I  have  in  these  lew  words  stated  my  po- 
sition towards  you.  These  arc  the  heart's 
impulses;  there  are  those  of  the  head  to  be 
thought  of  by-and-by.  First,  those  of  the 
heart:  You  know  there  is  such  a  thing  as  at- 
traction and  repulsion ;  every  one  must  have 
experienced  this — how  readily  the  best  feel- 
ings of  our  nature  flow  out  towards  some, 
while  from  others  we  are  repulsed,  when  but 
little,  if  anything,  has  passed  between  either. 
I  murk  this  as  a  fact,  without  pretending 
altogether  to  account  for  the  cause.  Suffice 
it  to  say,  you  have  proved  for  a  long  time  at- 
tractive to  me;  hence,  my  language  at  the 
commencement  of  this  letter,  and  its  result 
in  the  whole  letter  itself.  It  is  but  fair  and 
just  to  yourself,  dear  Angle,  to  account  for 
this  attraction,  so  far  as  I  am  able,  and  I  won- 
der others  have  not  seen  the  darhng  Angie  as 
I  have  seen  her.'  "  "Can'tforget  the  endear- 
ing epithets,  can  he,''  says  ma.  "  'I  have  ob- 
served that  polite  conrteousaess  of  manner 
and  kindliness  of  demeanor  towards  all,  un- 
der the  varying  circumstances  and  phases  of 
life,  and  I  know  it  to  be  inherent  in  your 
very  nature. 

"  'I  have  observed  too,  your  attentive  defer- 
ence to  your  dear  ma's  slightest  wishes,  your 
counseling  her  on  slight  as  well  as  more  im- 
portant occasions,  your  readiness  to  lend  a 
helping-hand  to  your  brother  out  doors,  to  or- 
nament the  parlor  or  assist  in  the  kitchen, 
and  surround  the  porch  with  Nature's  loveli- 
est beauties,  and  besitles  all  this  an  abnega- 
tion of  self  in  favor  of  those  around  you. 

"'Can  you  wonder,  beloved  Angle,  my 
mind  dwelling  ou  all  this  till  you  have  be"- 
come  precious  to  my  memory,  at  my  address- 
ing you  in  the  language  of  this"  letter?'" 
"Why,  who  can  it  be?"  again  exclaims  ma. 
"  We'll  soon  see,''  says  Angie,  "for  lam  near 
the  end  of  the  letter.'  It  goes  on,  '  I  fancy 
you  want  to  know,  by  this  time,  who  it  is 
that  thus  addresses  you,  and  what's  the  mean- 
ing of  all  this?  To  the  first  question  I  answer, 
you  must  guess.  You  have  so  many  visitors 
to  whom  the  same  things  are  open  and  palpa- 
ble as  to  myself,  that  I  feel  you  are  about  as 
likely  to  guess  wrong  as  right.  If  you  have 
been  a  very  close  observer  the  chances  may 
be  in  favor  of  your  guessing  right.  The  rea- 
son for  the  noin  de  plume  will  be  explained 
hereafter,  if  occasion  require.  As  to  the  oth- 
er question,  dear  Angie,  you  will  do  me  the 
favor  to  let  me  know  if  I  may  cherish  those 
sentiments  with  which  I  began  this  epistle,  or 
if  I  must  quash  them.  Kely  on  their  genu- 
ineness and  sincerity;  but  of  your  condition 
and  circumstances  I  am  too  ignorant  to  know 
if  they  can  go  beyond  mere  sentiment,  so  an- 
xiotisly  await  your  reply  to 

IXGLEWOOD. '  " 
--»-.-.«■ -^ 

It's  all  right  to  talk  about  bringing  np  a 
child  in  the  way  he  should  go,  but  the  other 
day,  when  a  Third-street  woman  set  out  to  do 
it,  a  man  halted  at  the  gate  and  shouted, 
"Coin,  mother — cripple  the  boy  for  life!" 
and  a  woman  leaned  over  the"  fence  and 
screamed,  "Why  don't  you  cut  his  throat?" 
and  a  boy  climbed  on  the  alley  fence  and 
cried  out,  "  Why  in  blazes  a'nt  the  renorters 
around  here  to  get  this  a-w-f-u-1  tragedy?" 
And  the  mother  had  to  stop  pounding  and  go 
into  the  house.— i)f/?oi7  Free  P 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Jlomf$tic. 


Our  Own. 

i;f  I  bad  known  in  the  nioruiug. 
How  wearily  all  the  day. 

The  words  unkiud 

Would  trouble  my  mind 
I  said  when  you  weut  away; 
I  had  been  more  careful,  darling. 
Nor  given  you  needless  pain; 

But  *'we  vex  our  owu" 

With  look  and  tone 
We  might  never  turn  back  again, 

For  though  in  the  qtiiet  evening 
You  may  give  me  a  kiss  of  peace, 

Yet  it  might  be 

That  never  for  me 
Tiie  pain  of  the  heart  should  never  cease. 
How  many  go  forth  in  the  moraing 
That  never  come  home  at  night; 

And  hearts  have  broken 

For  harsh  words  spoiien. 
We  have  careful  thoughts  for  the  stranger. 
And  smiles  for  the  sometime  guest, 

But  oft  for  our  owu 

The  bitter  tone , 
Though  we  love  "our  own"  the  best. 
Ah  I  lips  with  the  curve  impatient. 
Ah!  brow  with  that  look  of  scorn: 

"Twere  a  cruel  fate 
Were  the  night  too  late 
To  undo  the  work  of  morn. 


Familiar  Taiks — No.  4. 

BY     SNIP. 
FKIED  CAULIFLOWEK 

Is  a  favorite  dish  with  us,  but  seems  to  be  un- 
known to  all  who  have  not  eaten  it  here  or  hear 
it  spoken  of.  It  is  a  breakfast  dish  with  us, 
and  is  jjrepared  in  this  manner:  The  cartli- 
flower  is  boiled  and  mashed,  as  you  would 
mash  potatoes,  in  the  evening,  and  mixed 
with  pejjper  and  salt,  and  if  you  like,  a  little 
butter.  In  the  morning  make  a  batter,  not 
very  thin,  of  flour  and  milk  and  one  egg,  for 
two  small  heads  of  cauliflower.  Fry  in  small 
cakes — about  two  tablespoonfuls  for  a  cake — 
and  be  careful  it  does  not  burn. 

I  here  give  some  of  mj"  favorite  recipes. 
The  first  has  no  name,  so  you  may  call  it 
what  you  like: 

Take  some  mashed  potatoes,  or  boil  and 
mash  some.  If  the  latter,  mix  in  some  but- 
ter or  cream,  or  if  you  have  it,  some  good 
meat  gravy.  Season  to  suit  your  taste  and 
put  a  layer  in  a  deep  dish;  upon  this  place  a 
layer  of  finely  minced  meat,  seasoned  to  suit. 
AUernate  in  this  way  until  the  dish  is  tilled. 
Then  spread  the  top  thick  with  bread-crumbs 
and  bake  until  quite  brown. 

BOILED  EEEAD  PUDDING. 

Crumb  your  stale  bread  in  a  pail  that  has  a 
tight-fitting  cover.  Cover  the  bread  with 
sweet  milk  and  put  it  by  the  stove  to  warm 
and  soften.  Then  to  every  quart  of  the  mix- 
ture add  two  well-beaten  eggs,  a  cup  of  sugar, 
a  handful  of  raisins  or  sweet  dried  fruit  of 
any  kind.  Do  not  have  the  pail  full,  as  it 
will  rise  some.  Set  it  in  a  kettle  of  boiling 
water,  hainng  the  cover  on  tightly,  and  boil 
about  an  hour.  It  is  superior  to  baked  bread 
pudding. 

UNCLE    snook's    cookies. 

One  cup  of  sugar,  one-half  cup  of  butter 
or  lard,  one  teaspoonful  of  soda,  twoteaspoon- 
fuls  of  cream-tartar,  two-thirds  of  a  cnp  of 
water.  The  thinner  they  are  rolled  the  bet- 
ter. If  made  of  lard  they  will  need  to  be 
mado  thin. 

CREAM  CAKE. 


of  soda. 

BREAKFAST    CAKE. 

Four  cups  of  flour,  two  cups  of  milk,  one 
half  cup  of  sugar  or  not  as  you  choose,  two 
eggs,  one  teaspoon  of  soda,  two  teaspoons  of 
cream-tartar.  This  will  make  two  cakes  it 
baked  in  tin  biscuit  pans. 

Carving  at  Table. 

BY  AUNT  MARTHA. 

One  of  the  most  important  acquisitions  in 
the  routine  of  daily  life  is  the  ability  to  carve 
well,  and  not  only  well,  but  elegantly.  Not 
only  at  the  tables  of  the  aristocratic,  but  in 
the  circles  of  middle  life,  where  not  all  the 
refinements  of  cookery  are  adopted,  the  util- 
ity of  a  skill  in  the  use  of  a  carving-knife  is 
sufficiently  obvious. 

In  the  first  place,  whatever  is  to  be  carved 
should  be  set  in  a  dish  sufficiently  large  for 
turning  it  if  necessary;  but  the  dish  itself 
should  not  be  removed  from  its  position, 
which  should  be  so  close  before  the  carver  as 
to  only  leave  room  for  the  plates.  Th'e  carv- 
ing-knife should  be  light,  sharp,  well-tem- 
pered and  of  moderate  size,  strength  being 
less  required  than  skill  in  the  manner  of  us- 
ing it. 

Large,  solid  joints,  such  as  ham,  fillet  of 
veal  and  salt  beef,  should  be  served  in  thin 
slices,  while  lamb  and  the  like  should  never 
be  cut  in  verj'  slender  slices. 

The  art  of  carving  is  not  attained  by  the 
study  of  liooks  and  i^lates,  any  more  than 
that  of  the  carpenter  or  house-builder  Ijy  the 
study  of  architecture;  and  while  these  are 
useful  in  their  place,  the  art  is  only  made  per- 
fect by  a  regular  ajiprenticeshii);  and  every 
young  man  should  put  himself  to  this  work 
iu  early  life.  It  is  a  very  cause  of  admira- 
tion to  find  such  j^rofieients  in  doing  the  hon- 
ors of  the  table.  There  are  too  many,  both 
among  the  young  and  tlie  middle-aged,  who 
exhibit  the  most  embarassiug  awkwardness 
when  called  ujiou  to  officiate  in  this  capacity 
at  home  or  abroad. 


One  cup  of  sour  cream,   one  cup  of  sugar, 
two  cups  of  Hour,  two  eggs,   one   teaspoonful 


How  TO  Prepare  Feathers  for  Use. — Be- 
fore the  time  comes  for  killing  poultry  for 
market,  it  is  a  good  pjlan  to  i:fepare  two  or 
three  bags  of  coarse,  unbleached  cloth — one 
to  contain  the  geese  and  ducks'  feathers,  and 
the  other  for  chickens'  and  turkeys'  feathers. 
When  plucking  the  poultry,  cut  oft  the  wings 
first,  and  if  not  needed  for  dusters,  strip  off 
the  feathers  from  the  parts  nearest  the  bodj- 
and  then  peel  oft'  the  feathery  parts  from  the 
quill,  but  take  care  that  no  skin  or  flesh  ad- 
heres to  any  of  the  feathers.  Then  put  the 
bags  into  a  brick  oven,  if  you  are  the  fortu- 
nate possessor  of  one,  and  keep  them  there, 
exeejjt  when  the  oven  is  used  for  baking  pur- 
poses, taking  them  out  into  the  wind  occa- 
sionally and  be.atiug  them  with  a  stick.  When 
you  have  collected  enough  to  fill  a  pillow, 
cut  the  shape  you  desire  out  of  bed-ticking 
and  stitch  it  round  on  the  wrong  side  with 
coarse,  well-waxed  thread,  leaving  a  small 
space  at  one  end  to  put  in  the  feathers.  Now 
lay  it  on  a  table,  and  rub  it  over  on  the  wrong 
side  with  a  piece  of  beeswax,  just  warmed  a 
little,  so  as  to  besmear  the  ticking.  If  you 
cannot  obtain  the  beeswax,  common  yellow- 
soap  will  do  as  well.  If  you  do  not  wish  to 
use  the  feathers,  either  for  pillows  or  sofa- 
cushions,  they  can  be  put  into  beds  that  have 
become  a  little  empty.  The  geese  and  duck 
feathers  make  the  best  beds,  but  the  mixed 
feathers  do  well  for  cushions,  etc.  If  any  of 
the  skin  or  flesh  lulheres  to  the  feathers,  they 
will  have  a  disagreeable,  putrid  odor,  whii'h 
maj'  seem  to  be  an  insurmounlablo  obstacle 
to  their  use;  but  if,  after  the  family  wash  is 
finished,  the  bag,  tied  up  clusely  at  the  neck, 
is  put  into  the  boiler  of  soajisuds  and  boiled 
a  few  moments,  moving  it  about  with  the 
clothestick  and  lilting  it  up  .and  down  and 
squeezing  it  out  a  few  times,  and  is  then  tak<'U 


out  ana  hung  in  the  air  for  several  days,  and 
shaken  hard,  when  the  feathers  become  dry 
they  will  be  light  and  free  from  any  bad  smell, 
and  they  can  then  be  put  in  the  oven,  and  thus 
kept  free  from  moths  and  always  be  ready 
for  use. 


Corned  Beef.  —For  every  one  hundred 
pounds  of  beef,  after  the  largest  bones  have 
been  removed,  apply  the  .following:  Four 
pounds  of  table  salt,  four  pounds  of  white 
sugar,  two  ounces  of  salt-petre,  and  two 
ounces  of  baking  soda.  Mix  all  together  and 
rub  every  piece  of  meat  thoroughly,  and  then 
pack  close  and  firm.  In  a  few  days  there  will 
be  brine  enough  to  cover  the  meat.  The  ani- 
mal heat  should  be  all  diiven  off  before  pack- 
ing, and  this  is  really  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant conditions  to  be  observed  before  salting. 
If  beef  is  killed  in  warm  weather  it  should 
be  placed  in  an  ice  house  for  forty-eight  hours 
before  salting.  But  the  best  time  to  put  it 
down  is  in  late  Autumn  or  Winter,  when  the 
weather  is  cool. 

Apple  Puffs. — Mix  a  quarter  of  a  jjound 
of  butter  with  a  quart  of  sifted  flour,  two 
eggs,  a  spoonful  of  salt  and  a  half-teaspoon- 
ful  of  soda,  dissolved  in  a  little  cold  water. 
Jloisten  it  with  cold  water  so  you  can  just 
roll  it  out  easily.  Boll  as  thin  as  possible 
and  cut  into  cakes.  Put  three  of  them  to- 
gether, sprinkle  flour  between  each  one,  lay 
on  the  top  thin  slices  of  tart  apples  and  sprin- 
lile  sugar  and  a  little  nutmeg  over  them.  En- 
close the  ajiple  liy  doubling  the  pastry  over 
them,  pressing  the  edges  well  together,  and 
fry  in  sufficient  hot  lard  to  cover  them.  When 
of  a  light  brown,  take  up  carefully. 

Stewed  Fowl. — Fill  the  inside  of  a  young 
fowl  with  oysters,  put  it  into  ajar  or  tin  pail 
tightly  closed,  and  put  it  into  a  kettle  of  wa- 
ter. Boil  an  hour  and  a  half.  There  will  be 
a  quantity  of  gravy  from  the  fowl  and  oysters. 
Add  to  it  a  little  flour  made  smooth  in  a  small 
quantity  of  water,  some  butter,  seasoning  to 
taste,  and  more  oysters  with  thefr  liquor. 
Serve  this  with  the  fowl,  which  will  be  very 
white  and  tender.  All  the  fine  flavor  lost  in 
ordinary  boiling  will  be  preserved. 

How  to  Preserve  Smoked  Meats. — Take 
ground  black  pepper,  the  finer  the  better. 
Wash  all  the  mold  or  soil  oft'  from  the  hams 
or  beef,  and  w  hile  they  are  damp  rub  them 
thoroughly  with  the  pepper.  Two  pounds  of 
pepper  will  keep  thirty  pounds  of  meat  free 
from  flies  and  insects  of  all  kinds.  It  can 
remain,  afterbeing  thus  treated,  in  the  smoke- 
house or  wood-house  and  not  a  fly  will  ap- 
proach it.  It  also  improves  the  flavor  of  the 
meat. 

Polishing  Shells. — Mrs.  Bryan,  in  the 
Western  Farm  Journal,  saj's:  "My  way  of 
cleaning  and  polishing  clam  shells  is  to  boil 
them  in  very  strong  lye  about  half  an  hour, 
then  scrape  them  with  a  knife  until  I  get  all 
the  outside  crust  oft'.  I  cleaned  some  the 
other  day  that  looked  just  like  pearl.  When 
done  they  look  almost  as  pretty  as  sea  shells. 
For  the  periwinkle,  mollusk,  etc.,  I  just  rub 
them  with  a  coarse  cloth  after  they  have  been 
boiled  in  the  lye.  Care  must  be  taken  not  to 
boil  them  too  long." 

Pocket  Mucilage. — Boil  one  pound  of  the 
best  white  glue  and  strain  very  clear;  boil 
also  four  ounces  of  isinglass  and  mix  the  two 
together.  Place  them  on  a  water-bath  with 
half  a  iiound  of  white  sugar,  and  evaporate 
till  the  liquid  is  (juite  thick,  when  it  is  to  be 
poured  into  moulds,  cut  and  dried  to  curry  in 
the  pocket.  This  mucilage  immediately  dis- 
solves iu  water,  and  fastens  paper  very  firmly. 

To  Take  Grease  from   Wall-paper'— Lay 
several   folds    of  blotting-paper  on  the   spot, 
and  hold  a  hot  iron  near  it  till  th 
absorbed . 

Washing  to  Stiffen  Fine  Lace. — Dissolve 
a  lump  of  white  sugar  iu  a  wine-glassful  of 
cold  water. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


J^°  A  Choice  Specimen  of  some  elegant 
plaut  or  flower  is  often  seen  in  the  show-win- 
dow of  Jackson  Lewis'  Jewelry  store,  Auzer- 
ais  House  Block.  They  are  taken  from  his 
own  private  garden  and  conservatory  near  the 
Santa  Clara  Street  Schoolhouse,  San  Jose. 
We  take  a  stroll  through  his  grounds  occa- 
sionally, and  know  of  no  place  so  beautifully 
supplied  with  rare  and  wonderful  plants.  Mr. 
Lewis  spends  his  leisure  hours  among  his 
pets,  which  he  knows  by  name  and  cultivates 
understaudiugly.  Any  person  who  wishes 
to  note  what  plants  are  suitable  for  any  par- 
ticular locality,  wolud  do  well  to  visit  Mr. 
Lewis's  garden,  which  is  worthy  of  being 
named  the   Botanical    Garden    of    San   Jose. 


~J^  Mr.  Mitchell,  the  Seedsman  and  Florist 
of  San  Jose,  will  displaj-  a  splendid  array  of 
beautiful  plants,  and  ornamental  grass  and 
other  boquets  for  Christmas  gifts  and  decora- 
tiiias.  His  selection  of  brackets,  flower- 
et,aids,  hanging-baskets,  <fec.,  &c.,  is  superb, 
aud  such  things  make  acceptable  gifts  for 
Christmas,  or  any  other  day  in  the  year.  His 
stand  is  near  the  Mercury  office,  opposite  the 
F.irmers'  Union,  on  Second  street. 


'.W  Wilcox  is  a  man  of  his  word,  and  his 
Buots  and  Shoes  are  just  what  he  says  they 
are.  You  can  depend  upon  fair  dealing  at  his 
store.  His  neighbors.  Smith  &  Ryder,  Jew- 
elers, are  also,  fair,  square,  and  gentlemanly 
dealers,  we  vouch. 


ft^  The  National  Gold  Hetlal  was  awarded  to  Brad- 
ley .S:  Bulofson  for  the  best  Photographs  in  the 
liiitt^d  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  for  the  best  in 
tilt'  world. 

129  alautgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 


;rF"  For  a  fine  Christmas  present  a  Chick- 
ering  piano  or  Estey  organ  is  just  the  thing. 
Smith  &  Ryder,  agents,   Wilcox  block. 


^p"  Fine  optical  goods  at  Smith  &  Ryder's 
for  the  grandpa  and  grandma,  and  other  peo- 
ple. 


The  number  of  hogs  in  Illinois  is  reported 
to  be  over  half  a  million  less  than  !ast  year. 
At  present  there  is  a  prospect  that  the  num- 
ber will  be  reduced  this  fall  to  much  below 
the  average.  Hog  cholera  will  carjy  oft'  a 
good  many,  aud  high  prices  will  cause  the 
death  of  a  much  larger  number.  Between  the 
ravages  of  disease  and  the  ravages  of  the 
butcher-knife,  it  is  feared  that  there  will  not 
be  enough  left  for  breeding  purposes.  For 
the  matter  of  that,  there  were  not  enough 
kept  from  last  year,  and  the  jaresent  scarcity 
is  the  result. 


Nevek,  on  any  consideration,  says  the  Wis- 
consin Ilorlicullural  Report,  jjut  imperfect  or 
small  fruit  with  larger  or  better,  as  it  reduces 
the  whole  package  to  the  grade  of  the  poor- 
est in  it.  The  strength  of  a  chain  is  not  that 
of  the  stoutest,  but  of  the  weakest  link,  aud 
so  the  worst  specimens  in  a  package  will  drag 
all  the  rest  down  to  their  level,  and  you  with 
it  in  the  final  reckoning. 


Hardeware  ! 

HENI^Y  B.  ALVORD, 

326  First  Street, 

SAN    JOSE. 


Just  received  a  New  Stock  of 

PLOWS,        CVliTIV.iTORS,       HARROWS, 

ETC.,  ETC. 

Have  as  usnal  a  full  assortment  of 
|«BCHA]VICS'  TOOLS, 

AND  BUILDERS'  HARDWARE, 

..     ALSO  ... 
IROK,    STEEL,   COAL,    ETC.,    ETC; 


GREAT  PUBLIC  SALE 

OF  IMPORTED 


CITY       OP 


TO   I!K    IIKLr>    IN   THE 
BLOOMIIVGTON,      ILLINOIS, 


LOUIS    CHOPARD, 


-T  E  \V  E  L  L  E  R 

Aud    Dealer    in 


^ 


S  1 1. ^^ E  R  AV  ^A. E  E, 

SPECTACLES   AND    CUTLERY, 

At  Low  Fiimres. 


tf3"Watche6  and  Jewelry  Cnrefully  Repaired. 


DR.       C.     R,       SPAW, 

Kcsident   Dentist, 
I '  riier  of  First  aud  Santa 

Clara   streets, 

iu  McLaughlin  &    Kyland's 

building, 

San    Jose.    Ciil. 


"  THE  UNION  CHRISTIAN  WORKER " 

Is  a  XfW  Puljlicatmn.  issued  Montblr  bv 

CUBERY  &  COMP.ANY,:' 

{Printers  and  Publishers,  San  Francisco.) 
Terms: — (In  U.  S.  Currency) ,  SI  oOYearly.in  Advance. 
Send  for  a  Sample  Copy. 

H.    S.    LAM  KIN, 

ATTORNET-AT-LAW— ROOMS    3   AMD    4, 
Stone's  Building  (opposite  Auzeruis  House) , 
Santa  Clara  street,  San  Jose. 


Wednesday,  January  19th,  1876. 

The  f  ubscriber  will  sell,  at  the  time  and  place  above- 
mentioned,  U  ffrst-class  horses  imported  from  Scot- 
land last  .\ui,'ust,  andpronouncedby  competent  judges 
to  be  the  finest  lot  of  horses  ever  imported  into  the 
United  States,  consisting  of  two  two-year  olds,  four 
three-year  olds,  weiKhinR  from  1.W0  to  1700  lbs.,  three 
four-year  olds,  weighing  from  1800  to  2100  lbs.,  four 
five-year  olds,  weighing  from  1800  to  2000  lbs.,  one  six- 
year  old.  The  sale  will  include  one  English  Draft- 
horse  and  two  first-class  half-bloods,  weighing  over 
1700  pounds.  Part  of  them  have  been  shown  at  the 
Western  Fairs  of  1875,  and  have  been  very  successful 
in  the  prize  ring,  although  competing  against  a  large 
number  of  imported  ht)rses.  Amongst  the  lot  are  the 
secimd-prize  horse  at  the  McLean  County  Fair  held  at 
Eloomingten.  twenty-five  horses  competing:  also  sec- 
ond prize  .it  St.  Louis  Fair,  sixteen  horses  competing; 
first  prize  iu  three-year  old  ring,  eight  horses  compet- 
ing: besides  many  other  prizes  this  Fall  too  numerous 
to  mention. 

This  is  the  largest  and  finest  lot  of  horses  ever  of- 
fered at  public  sale  in  the  West,  and  are  well  worth 
the  attention  of  horsemen. 

SALE  WILL  BE  POSITIVE,  to  commence  at  one 
o'clock  sharp. 

Terms,  one-half  cash.  X  credit  of  15  months  will 
be  given  for  the  balance,  with  approved  note  at  10  per 
cent  interest.  6  per  cent,  off  for  full  payment.  Cata- 
logue and  pedigrees  on  application. 

The  horses  can  be  seen  anv  time  before  the  sale  at 
T,  G.  DUNCAN'S, 

McLean,  McLean  County,  111. 

HOW  TO  PAIHT, 

A  Xcw  Work  by  a  Pr.Tf<it;iI  Painter,  designed 
for  the  use  of  Ti-adesineii,  Meclianics,  Meioli- 
Hiifs,  Farmers,   and  as  a  Guide  to  Professional 

Painters.  Containing  a  plain,  common  sense  state- 
of  the  methods  employed  by  Painters  to  produce  sat- 
isfactory results  in  Plain  aud  Fancy  Painf  ing 
of  every  description,  including  Formulas  for  Mix- 
ing Paint  in  Oil  or  Water,  Tools  required,  etc. 
Every  f.amily  should  possess  a  copy.  Price  by  mail 
post-paid.$  I  .     Address 

A.yrioulturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 

SAN  .JOSK,  CAL. 

Will  be  g^iven  for  Two  Subscrip- 
tions prepaid;  or  One  Subscription 
and  50  Cents  will  get  the  Book. 
Old  Subscribers  who  pay  arrearages 
and  one  year  in  adyance  can  have 
the  Book  for  50  Cents. 


FLOCK'S    NUI^SERIES 

SAN  JOSE,  CAL, 

THE      ATTENTION      OF      NURSERY.MEN      AND 
planters  is  invited  to  my  large  stuck  of 

FRUIT    TREES! 

Of  the  very  best  Varieties  for  Market,  Shipping  and 
Drying.    Also. 

GR.\Pi:VINES,    CURR.\XT.S,    GOOSEBER- 
RIES,   BLVC'KBKRRmS    AND 
RASPBERRIES. 

SHADE  TREES, 

EVERGREENS, 

BLIE  GUMS 

AND  SHKITBS. 

GREENUOrSE      PL.VNTS,      BEDDING 
PLANTS,   ETC. 

Send  for  a  Catalogue. 

JOHN  ROCK,  San  Jose. 


IT    PAYS. 


IT  PAYS  EVERY  MAXUPACTURER, 
Merchant,  Mecbanio.  Inventor.  Farmer,  or  Prufep- 
eional  Mau,  to  keep  informed  on  all  the  iniprcv^ments 
aud  dist^overics  of  tho  a^'e.  It  pays  the  HK.AD  OF 
EVEKY  FAMLLV  to  introduce  into  his  household  a 
newspaper  that  ie  inKtnictive— one  that  fosters  a  taste 
for  investigation,  and  promotes  thought  and  encour- 
ages discussion  among  the  members.    The 

"SCIENTIFIC  AM  ERIC  AX" 
Does  this.  Every  number  is  profus.-ly  illustrated  and 
its  contents  embrat-e  the  latest  andniost  int^-resting 
Information  pertaining  to  the  Industrial,  Mechanical, 
and  Scientific  Progress  of  the  World.  Farmers.  Mer- 
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turers. Chemists.  Lovers  of  Science,  and  People  of  all 
Professions,  will  find  the  "  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN  " 
useful  to  thtm.  It  should  have  a  place  in  every  Fam- 
ily, Library,  Study,  Office,  and  Counting  Room;  in 
every  Reading  Room.  CoUede  and  School.  A  new  vol- 
ume commences  .Janiinry  Ist,  1870.  A  year's 
numbers  contain  833  pages  and  several  hundred  en- 
gravings. 

TERMS  :  $3  30  a  year  by  mail,  including  postage. 
Discount  to  Clubs.  Special  circulars  giving  Club 
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of  10  cents. 


PATENTS.— In  connection  -with  the  "SCIEN- 
TIFIC AMERICAN  ■'  Messrs.  Mcxs  k  Co.  are  Solicit- 
ors of  American  aud  Foreign  Patents,  and  have  the 
largest  establishment  in  the  world.  More  than  fifty 
thousand  applii-atious  have  been  made  f  jr  patente 
through  their  agencv.  A  special  notice  is  made  in 
the  "SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN"  of  all  Inventions 
Patented  through  this  Agency,  \Wth  tlie  name  and 
residence  of  the  Patentee.  A  bound  voliuue  contain- 
ing the  Patent  Laws,  Census  of  the  V,  S.,  and  142  en- 
gra\ings  of  mechanical  movements.  Price  25  cents. 
AdiU-ess  for  the  paper,  or  concerning  Patents,  MUNN 
&  CO..  37  Park  Row,  New  York.  Branch  office 
cor.  F  &  7th  streets,  Washington,  D.  C. 


I  HAVE  FOUNDED  SFY  BrsINESS  OX 
the  belief  that  the  public  are  anxiuus  to  get  their 
seed  DiREcrLY  FROM  THE  iiRowER,  and  I  therefore  offer 
FREE  to  every  mau  and  woman  in  the  United  States 
who  cultivates  a  farm,  tills  a  vegetable  garden,  or 
plants  a  flower  garden,  my  large.  Illustrated  Catalogue 
of  Vegetable  aud  Flower  Seeds  forl87G.  It  contains, 
in  addition  to  the  choicest  kinds  produced  in  Europe, 

ONE  HfNDRED  AND  FIETV  VARIETIES  OF  V»GETABLE  SEED 

GEGWN  ON  MT  FOUR  SEED  FARMS.  Customers  of  last 
season  need  not  write  for  it.  \s  the  original  intro- 
ducer of  the  Hubbard  Marblehead  and  Butman 
Squashes,  Phinney's  Melon,  the  Marblehead  Cabbages, 
and  a  score  of  other  new  vegetables,  I  solicit  your 
patronage.  All  three  soldunderthreewarrants.  Ahun- 
dred  thousand  catalogues  \vill  be  issued  and  sent  out 
the  1st  of  January.  '  JAMES  J.  H.  GREGORY, 

Marblehead.  Mass. 


o 


DR.   J.    BR.\DFORD,    COX. 

FFICE-  OVER    T.  W.  SPRING'S   STORE,  OPPO- 
site  the  Post  Of&ce,  gan  Jose. 


X 


I 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


ANGORA 

Robe  i  Glove 

MAKUFACTURIITG  CO., 

SAN  JOSE,  CAL. 
CAFITAI.  STOCK,    -    $50,000 


OPFICKRS: 

PrPBident C.P.BAILEY 

Secretary FRANK  LEWIS 

Treasurer     J.W.  HINDS 

DIRECTORS: 

C.  P.  B.ilLEY.  J.  W.  HINDS. 

JACKSON  LEWIS.  C.  H.  LAPHAM, 

RETURN  EGBERTS. 


Manufacture  Exclusively  from  Angora  Goat  Siins 

m  m  EOBSE,  ms,  eugs,  mm, 

Ladies'  Cloaks,  Sacques,  Dress  Trimm- 
ings, and  Gents'  Caps,  Coats  and 
Coat  Trimmings. 

LSO.  SKINS  AND  FURS  TANNED  IN  A  SUPEEI- 
or  Manuer  for  SaddkTH'.  Upholsters' and  Clovers' 
Work.     HaviiiL'  the  Sole  Right  to  use  a 


A 


NEWPROCESS  OF  TAMING  AND  DYEING 


ALL  STYLES  OF 


GLOVES  FROM  ANGORA  GOAT  AND  DEER-SKINS 

Fur    Gauinle«s,    Driviii*;    and    Working 
Gloves  li  Speiially. 


Cash  paid  for  Goat  and  Det-r-Sliins.     SkiDS  fthnvil.l  be 

thoronghly  Salttd  wheD   Frt-Kh-     May  be  perfc^otly 

Driea  in  the  Shade.     Sun-dried  Skins  are 

■worthless. 


HANNAY    BRO'S 

NURSE  RT 

EAST  SAN   JOSE. 


OUR  STOCK  OF 

FRXJIT     TREES 

Is  Larger  than  Ever  Before. 

WE  ARE  OFFERING  GREAT  INDUCEMENTS  TO 
those  Planting  Largely.  Our  Price  List  is  now 
ready:  send  for  it.  Those  wanting  but  a  few  choice 
Trees  can  depend  on  our  selection,  and  will  be  pleased 
with  our  Trtes  and  Prices.  Plant  early,  for  the  late 
rains  have  flllfd  the  soil  with  moisture  and  now  is 
your  opportunity. 

KAPrrrAY   bko's, 

'  .East  San  Jose. 


SMALL  FAUM  FOR  SALE! 


AGREEABLY  SITUATED  ON  THE  FOOT-HILLS 
in  the  WARM  BELT,  nine  milts  from  San  Jose, 
near  Lob  Gatos.  25  acres  in  Cultivation,  05  acres  of 
Pasture  and  Live-Oak  Grove,  80  acres  of  Chaparral 
and  Woodland;  two  Springs  on  the  place. 

DM'elliiis"   House,    Barn,    OrcUarcl,    Garden, 
AA'ell,  '^  Good  Horses,  One  Colt,  4  years  old. 
One  Farm  AVai*on,One  Spring  AVagon, 
1^3  Tons  of  Hay,  5   Head  of  Dairy 
Stock,  50  Clftickens.  Good  Farm- 
ing' Implements,  House  Fur- 
niture, Lot  of  Tools,  vVe  . 

Title,  V.  S.  Fatent.  Price,  $3,500 

Part  Cash,  Easy  Terms  for  the  remainder. 

Address.  LOS  GATOS  P.  O..  or  aj.ply  on   the  Prem 
ises  to  the  Proprietor,  G.   GUERLXOT. 


C.  S.  Orvdenwise, 

/-lARRIAGK    MAKKft.        PlOMiER    fA'R- 

y^J  riage  Shop. 

314  Second  Steeet, 

Between   Santa    Clara    street    and    Fountain    Alley. 

SAN  JOSE. 

Asent  for  Fish  Bi-o.  ^s  Wngoii.s. 


^immim  Spanish  ]t^\m 


FOR    SALE. 


6 A  One  ami  t«o  years  old  Thoronsrhbred 
U  Spanisli  Merino  Rains.  California  bred,  from 
Ewes  imported  from  Vermont,  aud  sired  by  Severance 
&  Feet's  celebrated  ram  FntsioNT,  aud  by  their  ram 
Gkeen  Mou.N-TADJ,  which  took  the  first  premiums  at 
the  Bay  District  and  State  Fairs.  Last  shearing,  36  ij 
lbs,  year's  growth.  Also,  about  lOO  Ewes  and  Lambs, 
all  of  Cireen  Mountain  stock,  bred  this  year, 
je  B.  F.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 


Berksh-ires  For  Sal©! 


ZZarper's    Magasizxe. 

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XZarper's    Bazar. 

ILLUSTRATED. 


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FOUE  EXTRA  FINE  PIGS, 

3  Sows  aud  one  Boar  pig.  Pure-bred  Eerkshires.  tar- 
rowed  19th  of  last  -April,  by  that  superior,  first, 
premimu,  breeding  sow,  .\&rEBlcA,  aud  sired  by  first- 
premium  boar,  YoDNG  Comet.  There  are  no  finer 
bred  pigs  in  the  United  States  than  these. 

ts^  For  further  information  and  price,  inquire  of 
the  Editor  of  this  journal. 


SANIA  CLARA  VALLEY 

DRUG   STOI^E, 

300    Santa  Clara  street,  Op- 
posite tlie  Convent, 

S.AN    JOSE, 


JOHIS  D.  SCOTT,  IVE.D., 

PInjsicidn  and    Druggist. 

INVENTORS!  pIl^s^nTus 

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a  half  a  million  persons,  aud  its  influence  as  an^  organ 
of  opinion  is  simply  tremendous.  The  WEEKLY 
xuaintains  a  positive  position,  and  expresses  dccide«l 
views  on  political  and  social  problems.— [Louisville 
Courier-lour  nal. 

Its  articles  are  models  of  high-toned  discussien.  and 
itspictoral  illustrations  are  often  corroborative  argil- 
meuts  of  no  small  force.— [N.  Y.  Esaminer  and  Chron- 
icle. 

Its  papers  on  existent  questions  and  its  iuimltable 
cartoons  help  to  mould  the  sentiments  of  the  coimtry. 
—  (Pittsburg  Commercial. 

H.ARPEK'S  WEEKLY  stands  at  the  head  of  illustraed 
journals  in  the  United  States,  in  circulation,  editorial 
ability,  and  pictorial  illustration.— [Ladies' Keposito- 
ty,  Cincinnati. 


TER  MS: 


Postage     free    to    all     SHbscril)ers    in    tSie 
Unitecl   States. 

UAKI'EU'S  WEEKLY,  one  year U  00 

$4  110  iueludes  prepayment  of  U.S.  postage  by  the 
publishers. 

Subscriptions  to  HABPE'RS  MAGAZINE,  WEEKLY. 
BAZAK.  to  one  address  for  one  year,  $10  00:  or,  two  of 
lliuper's  Periodicals,  to  one  address  for. one  year,t7  00: 
postage  free. 

An  extra  copy  of  either  the  JIAGAZINE,  WEEKEY, 
or  BAZAll  will  be  supplied  gratis  for  every  Ohio  of 
FIVE  suusrjtiuF.ns  at  $4  DO  each,  in  oue  remittance;  or, 
Six  Copies  for  S-.!a  00,  without  extra  copy:  postage  n»e. 
Hack  Niuubers  can  be  supplied  at  any  time. 
The  Anhual  Volumes  of  HRPER'S  WEEKLY,  in  noal 
cloth  binding,  will  be  sent  by  express,  free  of  expense, 
for  S7  00  each.  A  complete  Set,  comprising  KiuetfelJ 
Volumes,  sent  on  the  receipt  of  cash  at  the  rale  01 
J.")  2.1  per  vol.,  freight  at  expense  of  purchaser 

Prominent  attention  will  be  given  in  HAPEBR'S 
WEEKLY  to  the  illustration  of  the  Centennial  Interna- 

tiomil  Exposition.  

Address  HAIlPliR  .t  BROTHERS. 

.\eM  lork. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


FARMERS' UNSON.  I    FAEMSRS  NATIONAL  COLD  BANK   'SEEDS. 


{Sn.T< 


irs  tu  A.  Phisxer  k   Co.) 


Corner  of  Second  and  Santa  31ara  Sts.; 

SAN    JOSE. 


CAPITAL       - 

Wm.  Eukson,  President. 


-        $100,000. 

H,  E.  Hllls,  Manager. 


Diiectors: 


Wm.  ErkBon, 
L.  F,  ChiiJman, 
Hurace  Little, 
C.  T.  Settle, 


TliomaB  E.  Snell. 


J.  P.  Dudley, 
David  Campbell. 
James  Singleton, 
E.  A.  Braley. 


$^  Will  do  a  General  ^lercautile  Business.  Also, 
receive  deposits,  on  wliicli  sueli  interest  will  be  al- 
lowed as  may  be  agreed  upon,  and  make  loans  ou  ap- 
proved security. 


S^V:^  ,TOSE 
SAVINGS    BANK, 

2St}  Santa  Clara  Street. 


CAPITAL  STOCK 

Paid  in  Capital  (Grold  Coin) 


$500,000 
$300,000 


OfHcers : 

Prefiideut Jokm  H.  JIoore 

Vice-President S.  A.  Bishkp 

Cashier H.   H.  Heynulds 


Directors: 

John  H  Moore,  Dr.  B.  Bryant, 

H.  Mabury,  S.  A.  Bishop, 

H.  H.  Eeynolds,  James  Hart, 

James  W.  Whiting. 


NEW   FEATURE! 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  ReL-eipts,"  bearing  inter- 
est at  (i,  8aud  10  percent  per  annum;  interest  payable 
promptly  at  the  end  of  six  months  from  date  of  de- 
posit. The  "  Receipt"  may  be  transferred  by  iudorse- 
ment  and  the  principle  with  interest  paid  to  holder. 

Interest  also  allowed  on  Book  Accounts,  beginning 
at  date  of  deposit. 

Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any  in  the  State, 
and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe-keeping  of  Bonds, 
Stocks.  Papers.  Jewelry,  Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc., 
at  trifling  cost. 

Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  in 
Gold  or  Ciu'rency,  at  reasonable  rates. 

Buy  and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Businesti. 


ECLIFSE 

Wind  Mills 

Are  the  CHEAPEST,  STOBNGEST  and  BEST  where 

MumBiLiiuAcmmicE 

Are  considered.  Their  Record  is  their  Recommenda- 
tion. 3,5U0  in  Successful  Operation  in  Thirtv-one 
States. 

Tested  Ei^lil  Years  as  a  Self-Replatini  Mill 

CELEBKATED 

METAL  PUMPS 

For  Hand  or  Wind  Mill  Use. 

•"pHE  TRACHEM  PUMP  IS   THE  BEST  PUMP 
V.     for  Wi lid  Mill  or  Hand  use  made.    Send  iox  II- 
ustrat  ed  Circular  i.f  Mills  and  Piuups, 

GHAHZiSS  F.  ZZOAC. 

I    118  Beale  St.,  San  Francisco. 

l»"First-ClaB8  Workmeu  furnished  to  erect  Mills 
when  desired. 


I.  A.  HATCH,  Carpenter,  San  Jose, 

Ayeut  for  SANTA  CLARA  COUNTY. 


SASr    JOSE. 

Paifl  up  t'ii|iilal  (g.ild  coin) S.'.OO.OOO 

AntliorizHCI  Capital $1,  000, 000 

■John  W.  Hinds.  Presideut;  E.  C.  Singlctary, 
Vice-President:  W.  D.  Tisdale,  Cashier  and  Sec- 
retary; L.  G.  Nesmith,  Assistant  Cashier. 

Directors:— C.  Burrel,  Wm.  D.  Tisdale,  E. 
L.  Bradley.  C.  G.Harrison,  E.  C.Singletary,  Wm. 
L.  Tisdale,  .lohn  W.  Hinds. 

CorrespondpntK:-  .inf!l<i-Califomian  Bank 
(limited),  San  I'Yaucisco;  First  .Vatioual  G.dd 
Banli.  S.  F.;  First  National  Bank,  New  York; 
.\nglo-Califoruian  Bank  (limited)  London. 

WILL  ALLOW  INTEREST  ON  DEPO.SITS, 
buy  and  sell  Exchange,  make  collections, 
loan  money,  and  transact  a  General  Banking 
Business.  Special  inihicements  offered  to  raer- 
chayts,  mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  commer- 
cial accounts. 

S.  W.  Cor.  First  ami  Snuta  Clam  Sts., 

SAIM*  JOSE. 


Dr,  N.  KLEIN,       Surgeon  Dentist- 


Oasis  Bath.  ZXouse, 

NEW   YORK    EXCHANGE   BUILDING, 
No  354  First  .Street. 

HOT,  COLD  AND  SHOWER  BATH  O 
Single  Baths.  25  Cts.  C> 

Five  ticKctsTor  Uijc  Iinllar. 

W.    F.   PAP.KEU. 

TT^TVT?^^  \  O  HOW  MADI3  IIV 
V  lx>  l-/VIiVli.  10  HOURS  from 
Cider,  Wine,  Molasses  or  Sorghum,  without  using 
drugs,  -\ddress,  F.  I.  SAGE,  Vinegar  Maker, 
Springfield,  Mass. 


1776.  CEUTEUITIAL 1876. 

Chicaffo  &  Northwestern  Railway. 

P;iss.-ii;;ers    fur    Chi.-;i.;o.  SiwA^AV-.i    l-'ails.  Pitts- 
buTi^.  Philadelplnii.  Montn-al,  Quubec,  New  York 
Boston,  or  any  point  East,  should  buy  their 
Ti'iiiiscoiitiiieiitul  Tickets  via 

CHICAGO  k  NORTH  WSSTEKN  RAILWAY 

This;  is  th'-  BEST  ROUTE  EAJ^T. 
Its  Track  is  of  STEEL  RAILS,  and  ou  it  has 
been  made  the  FASTEST  time  that  has  ever  been 
MADE  in  this  country.  By  this  route  passengers 
for  points  east  of  Chicago  have  choice  of  the 
following  lines  from  Chicago: 
Pittsburg',  Fortwajrne  and  Chicago 

mid  Peniisvlvani«  Riiilivays. 
•>  THROUGH  TRAILS  DAILY.  WITH  PALACE 

0  Cars  through  to  Philadelphia  and  N«.w  York 
on  each  train. 

-•  THROUGH  TRAIN,  WITH  PULLMAN  PAL- 

1  ace  Cars  to  Baltimore  and  Washington. 
Lake    Kliore   aitd    .Hiclii<Lrait    Soiitliern 

Railway  and  CNtiiiiectioiis — Aew 

VorJt  t'entral  tSk  Erie  Railroad)^. 

O  THROUGH  TRAINS  DAILY,  WITH  PALACE 

*J  Drawing   Room   and   Silver  Palace   Sleeping 

Cars  through  New  Vork. 

Mii'hi^an  CenfrnI,  Grand  Trank.  Great 
Western  and  Erie  and  Xe^v  Vork 
Central  Railwiiys, 
q  THROUGH  TRAINS.  WITH  PULLMAN.PAL- 
•  )  ace  Drawing  Room  and  Care  through  to  New 
York  to  Niagara  Falls,  Buffalo,  Rochester,  or 
New  York  city. 

Raltiinove  and  Ohio  Railroad. 
rtTHliOUGH    TRAINS    DALLY.  WITH    PULL- 
^  man    Palace    Cars    for    Newark,    Zauesvillo, 
Wheeling,  Washiuglon  and  Baltimore  without 
change. 

This  is  the  Shortest,  Best  and  only  line  run 
ning  Pullman  celebrated  Palace  Sleeping: 
Cars  and  Coaches:  connecting  with  Union 
Pacific  Railroad  at  Oinal&a  an  d  from  the 
IVest,  via  Grand  Juuttion.  Marshall,  Cedar 
R-spids,  Clinton,  Sterling  and  Dixon,  for  Chi- 
ca^ro  and  the  East. 

This  pojiular  route  is  iinsurpassed  for  Spfed, 
Comfort  aud  Safety.  The  smooth,  well-ballasted 
and  perfect  track  of  steel  rails,  the  celebrated 
Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars,  the  jierfect  Tele- 
graph System  of  moving  trains,  the  regularity 
with  which  they  run,  the  admirable  arrangement 
for  running  through  cars  to  Chicago  from  all 
points  West.  Sinure  to  passengers  all  the  comforts 
in  modern  Railway  Traveling.  No  changes  of 
Cars  aud  no  tedious  delays  at  Ferries. 

Passengers  will  find  Tickets  via  this  Favorite 
Rouff  nt  the  General  Ticket  Office  of  the  Central 
Pacitic  Rrailroad,  Sacramento.  Tickets  for  sale 
in  all  theTicketOfficesof  the  Central  PaciffcR.R. 
H.  P.  STANWOOD.  General  Agency.  121  Mont- 
gomery  street,  San  Francisco. 


SEEDS. 


New  Crop  Just  Arrived  and  New  Ship- 
ments Continually  Arriving, 

VEOETABLE,  GRASS,  AND  CLOVER  SEEDS;  KEN- 
TUCKY  BLUEOKASS,  HlNGAltlAN.  ITALIAN. 
ORCHAUD.IIED  TOP,  TLMOTHY,  MESQIIT  SWEET 
VERNAL,  RED  CLOVER,  WHITE  CLOVEK    ETC 

Also,  choice  CALIFORNIA  ALFALFA.  In  laTRe  or 
small  quantities;  AUSTRALIAN  BLUE  GUM  .SEED 
and  Seeds  of  every  variety  aud  liesiriptiou.  Fresh  an<i 
Reliable,  F"or  sale.  Wholesale  or  ReUil,  at  the  OLD 
STAND,  by 

B.    F.    WELLIXGTOX, 

niPORTER  AND  HEALER  IN  SEEDS, 
425  \Vusliiii{;lan  Street,    San  Fruiicikco. 


Ziocke    (&    Montag-vie, 

IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  occ. 

112  and  114  Battery  Street 

SA!V   FKAXCISCO. 


Jackson  Wagons 

-Vre  known  to  be 

THE  BEST  FAB.IVI  WAGONS 

Sold  ou  this  Coast.  Sold  quite  as  low  as  the  vcr\- 
many  poor  ones  offered  for  sale.  We  warrant  them 
for  two  years.  For  sale  in  San  .Jose  at  San  Francisco 
prices  by  Hnskell  «k  Mott,  Agents,  corner  of  Third 
and  Santa  Clara  streets. 

J.   D.  ARTHUR  &  SON, 

Importers,  San  FrauciBco. 

R.  C.  Kirby  &  Co., 

TAITUERS! 

SANTA  :ilU20Ai:.TAiEB  SOLE  LEAm 

Wholesale  Dealers. 

OFFICE: 

402  and  404  Battery  St., 

San   Francisco. 

ARTHUR  GORE,  M.'  D., 

SVB.GEOn'  DENTIST, 

Offiee,  Odi-rd'.OTs'  Biiiiiic,  Pi-.-lfi:  Lrz^zi.  Otm  Post  OSm, 
Santa  Cruz,  Cal. 

AH    0|ioi-atiuus  perforiiiefl  nccordiii;;  to 
file   lUONt  .Vpiirovetl  Principles  of  oar 
best  I>l;.VTAl,  SCHOOLS,  ami  sat- 
isfaction   <j:iiarniif eed  in  all 
Reasonable      Cases. 


tST  Office  hours  from  8  i,  m.  t»il  p.  ii.,  and  from    ■> 
to  6  p.  M. 


SAUTA  CLAEA  TAMERY 

JACOB  EBERHARDT,  Peopeizt.je. 

ALL  KINDS  OF  LEATHER,  SHEEP  SKINS,   AND 
\VOOL.    Highest  price  paid  for  Sheep  Skins,  Tal- 
low, Wool,  etc. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


aAREFN  CZTV 


Saa    JoBe. 


stoves 

Einges, 

Pumps, 

Hydnulic 

Hams, 

Lead  and  Iron  Pipe, 

Brass  Qoods, 

Hose 

Wire, 

Farmers' 

Boilers, 

House  Furnishing 

Wares. 

pq 

ta 

E-1 

<1 

bo 

bH 

<J 

r/) 

A 
5 

C/3 

W 

i-:| 

pi  * 

< 

n 

W 

rs 

Pi 

lb 

Blacksmith. 


Bw'gsti'oin  Plows 

Chris.  BtTgstrnm, 
foimcrly  Supt.  of 
thf  Beigstrom 
PI  on   Wo  1-  k  s, 

Mec-ua,  Wis. 

St.  John   St. 

SAN  -JOSE. 


Aquaria, 

Flowor-Standc, 

Window    Eraciots, 

Ferneries, 

Bird-OiEcs  and  Hooks, 

Ivy    Brackets, 

Wire       Flower-pot 

Stands, 

Wall  Brackets, 

Class     Shades,     Eto 


DRUG  STORE 

H.  PIESSNECRER, 

Proprietor, 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St. 

C.  E.  CAMPBELL, 

Manufacturer  of 

W^ell  Pipe  ami  Galvanized  Iron 
Piiiii|)s  ^villi  iiupfovc-il  valves. 

Till,  Copper^  Zinc  and  Sheet- 
Iron  "wares,  Galvanized  Iron 
Cliimnej-s,  Tin  Roofing,  Plumb- 
ing, etc. 

No.  339  First  Street,  opposite  Kl  Do- 
rado 8t. 


RUCKEB,  S^  BUOWU, 

Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  StH^ 

SAN    JOSE. 

LAE&E  &  SMALL  FARMS 

FOR    SALE. 

Lots  in  all  Parts  of  the  City 

FOR    SALE. 

Insurance   in   One    of  the    Best 
Companies. 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  Blacksmith   and  CaiTiage  Shop. 
Balbach^s  Ne*v  Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond st.  and    Fonntain  Alley, 
SAN    JOSE, 
Agent  for  Fish   Bro. ^s  Wagons. 

New  Work  and  rtpaii-ing  uf  Agricultural 
Implemente,  etc. 

Wesfs      American    Tire-Setter, 


THE 

CALAGRICULTUBISTPllB.  GO 

Announces  to  Subscribers  of  the  Ageiciiltp- 
KiST  that  we  have  made  arrangements  whereby 
we  can  supply  almost  any  desirable  book  pub- 
lished upon  any  subject,  at  publishers'  prices, 
post  paid  upon  receipt  of  its  price. 

People  living  in  the  country,  away  from 
book  stores,  have  experienced  difficulty  in 
getting  what  books  they  want  at  any  price, 
and  are  frequently  imposed  upon  when  they 
do  get  books. 

Now,  we  propose  to  remedy  this  matter 
entirely,  and  without  further  trouble  to  our 
patrons  than  the  sending  of  their  orders,  ac- 
compained  with  the  cash,  to  select  the  book 
they  want,  and  send  it  to  them  at  publishers' 
own  price,  free  of  other  costs.  This  may 
seem  like  a  big  undertaking  on  our  part,  but 
our  arrangements  are  fully  perfected  for  doing 
this  business,  and  we  mean  business! 

We  shall  continue  our  catalogue  of  good 
books  from  month  to  month,  adding  the  mos' 
desirable  books  published  as  fast  as  we  can, 
within  a  limited  space,  that  our  readers  may 
be  then  better  able  to  select  such  works  as  are 
really  desiable. 


FARMEBS  TAKE  NOTICE 


B 


EFORE      PUCHASIXO      A      PLOW 
dou'i  foryet  tu  and  examine  the 


Ssrfslrom  First  hmm  flow 

At  Chris.  Berg'strom's 

BLACKSMITH  &  WAGON  SHOP 

St.  Joliu  St.,  bet.  First  it  Market  Ste., 
SAN  JOSE. 

T.W.Mitchell, 

Porter's    Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SAN    JOSE. 

SEEDSMAN  and  FLORIST 

And  Dealei'iii  Ploweriii-j: Plants, 
Oriininental    SUi'iihs,     Iltilbij 
and   Flowei'in;;    Roots   in 
Varit'ty.  Hanjjinjf  Bas- 
kets,   Dried  Grasses, 
French  Iinmortolles  of  Assorted 
Colors,  Etc.,  Ktc. 
(gy  Seeds.  Fresh  ami  Eelialile. 


IMPORTANT  TO  SUBSCRIBERS. 

"We  have  made  further  arrangements  so 
that  we  can  offer  premidjis  of  books  for  every 
prepaid  subscription,  to  old  and  new  sub- 
scribers alike;  also,  extra  premiums  to  clubs. 
And  to  every  person  who  solicits  subscriptions 
we  give  extra  premiums  of  books  of  his  own 
choosing. 

Our  premium  rates  are  as  foUows:  Upon 
each  $1  50  subscription,  prepaid  for  1876  we 
credit  to  account  of  subscriber  50  cents  re- 
coned  in  his  favor  upon  an  order  for  books 
to  the  amount  of  $2  00.  In  other  words, 
after  paying  for  1H76  upon  receiving  an  order 
for  any  book  or  books  at  any  time  worth  $'i  00, 
only  $1  50  in  coin  need  be  sent.  This  added 
to  the  50  cents  to  his  credit  will  pay  for  the 
books. 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

Wiicox  Block,  No,1!l  4  First  St., 
SAir    JOSE,     CAIi. 

California  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES, 

A  Laif^e  and  Superior  Aeeortment.        ' 

3^0.    394     First    Street, 

Wilcox  Block,  San  Jose.  [ 

ALL   KINDS  OF  j 

[]AL!FQIIN!A  AND  mm 

•       LUMBER,      ■' 

Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 

C'linstantly  ou  hand. 

All  Orders  Promptly  Filled. 

p.    O.  Box  "lOO. 


'^Phese  Valves  are  the  sim- 

X  plL^t  and  mnbt  perfect  in  couBtruc- 
tiun  uf  any  Valve  ever  iuveuted.  For 
cheapness,  durability  and  capacity  of 
discharging  water,  they  are  not  equaled 
by  any  other  Valve.  \Ve  mannfacture 
sizes  from  3  to  7  inches  diameter,  and 
for  Hand,  Windmill  and  Horse-power 
or  Steam  Pumps. 

We  also  keep  on  hand  and  manufac- 
ture the  best  and  cheapest  Well  Pipes. 

FRED.  KLEIN, 

Dealer  in  Stoves,  etc.,  No.  227  Santa 
Clara  street,  a  few  doors  west  of  the 
Postoffice,  San  Jose. 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

337  First  Street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE 

PAID  FOR 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains, 


CLUB  RATES. 

(When  but  §2  00  worth  of  books  ai'e  wanted.) 
Two  Subscriptions,  $3  00,  and  Book  worth 
$2  00,  for  $4  00;  Three  Subscriptions,  $4  50, 
and  Book  worth  $2  00,  for  $5  00;  Four  Sub- 
scriptions, §6  00,  and  Book  worth  S2  00,  for 
$G  00. 

TO  SOLICITORS. 

To  any  one  who  procures  subscriptions,  we 
will  credit  50  cents,  to  be  applied  to  his  book 
account  ou  each  $1  50  subscription  sent  in, 
besides  which  we  give  the  subscriber  credit 
also  as  above  shown. 

Thus:  The  agent  sending  us  four  subscrip- 
tions with  $6  00,  (the  bare  subscription  price) 
will  be  entitled  to  $2  00  worth  of  books,  his 
own  choice,  without  further  remittance.  This 
gives  every  young  man  or  woman  a  chance  to 
get  all  the  reading  they  want  without  cud,  and 
to  the  subscriber  a  chance  to  get  books  below 
cost. 

We  are  sure  that  no  better  opportunity  was 
ever  offered  to  the  public  on  this  coast  to  obtain 
good  reading.  The  Aguicctltueist  will  be 
greatly  improved  for  1876;  will  bo  worth  more 
than  the  suKscriptiou  price,  which  is  within 
the  reach  of  every  one's  means;  and  our  ar- 
rangements of  giving  i^remiums,  is  such  as  to 
be  sure  to  please  and  satisfy  everybody, whether 
young  or  old,  rich  or  poor.  We  are  ilctermin- 
ed  that  the  AaKict'i.xcBisT  shall  reach  every 
home  ou  the  Pacific  slope,  and  while  wo  pro- 
pose to  be  liberal  towards  all  of  our  subscrib- 
ers, wo  hope  to  be  favored  by  the  efforts  and 
good  will  of  each  and  every  reader  of  good 
books  and  of  the  CjUiIFOHNH  AomcrLTCiasT. 


C.    SCHRODEF^, 

CALIFOENIA  CAND?  FACIOH?, 

349  Santa  Clara  Street, 

Near  the  Opera  House,  San  Jose. 


Confectionery  in  Great  Variety, 
Wliolseale  and  Retail. 

6^  Orders  promptly  attended  to. 


FRED.  KLEIN, 

STOVES, 

SHEET-IRON, 

Copper,     Timixcre,     Iron    Pumps, 
Kitchen  Utensils, 

Celebrated  Peerless  Stoves. 

337  Santu  Clara  .St  , 

Near  Postoffiee.  Sa>'  Jose. 


Meqefee  &.  Gastor\ 

DZSITTISTS, 

S,  W.  Cor.  Siiiitii  L'liini  ami  First  Sts 

Over  Fiirnier.s' Natidiml  (ioltl  Bnuk, 
SAN  .lOSE. 


IK?"  Speeinl  atteutioii  yiveu  to  Fine 
Gold  Fillings. 


Fll 

Boots 

and 

Shoes. 


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■n 

» 

CD 

w 

o 

«- 

ta 

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Hi 

0 

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- 

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ca 
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c-i 

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Patent 

Pump 

Valve 

RHODES  &  LEWIS, 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.  IJ.Ij  Fir^t   Street, 

S.\N  .JOSE 


Grain 


Dealer. 


Candy 


Factory. 


Stoves, 


Kitchen 
Utensils 


1 


V 


a 


i 


i 


V 


I 


^v  «  C 


\    ^ 


t^m 


>^^ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


ran 


PAGE 

Apiary. — The  Southeru  California 
Bee  Country 31 

Boys  and  Oitls.— Ten  I.ittle  Coun- 
try BoyK.  ExpectatioiiB  (Poe- 
try). *"Nell  Van's  Talks," 
*Graudma'B  Talks.  *Georgie'6 
Doll   -'.i 

City  Dirdoning.— tCare  of  Plants, ,     111 
CorrespondoBce.—  Deep     Plowing. 
New  Agricultural  Patents.     ..     *H 

Captil  and  Labor.  —  *  .Associated 
Ciapital  i:  Co-operative  Labor.    21 

Domestic— *FamIliar  Talks,  No.  6. 
Notei*  from  Subscribers.  Rec- 
ipes      23 

Editorial  Notes.    Etc 18 

Educational.  —  "Proflciency    Com- 
j   mauds  Success.     tRelorm   in 

Public  Schools  Needed 21 

Forestry.  —Destruction  of  Forests 

Value  of  Trees  in  Town.    Etc.     2i; 

Hjy,  Grain,  Etc.— tSeasonable  Sug- 
gestions. 1  Flax  Culture.  Rico 
Culture  in  Louisiana 21) 


Hoasohold  Heading.  -  ■>Up-Counlr>- 
Letters,  No.  2.  "Grandfather  s 
Letters,  No.  .'i  

HortiCttltnie.— 'Plant  Trees.  Spau- 
ishChcstnut.  1.  S.  Cranber- 
ries.   Liquid  Grafting  Wax... 

The  Hone. —Humanity  to  Horses 
(Poetry) .  tFeediim  and  Work- 
ing Horses.  About  the  Mule. 
Racing  at  P'airs 

Land  Holder.—  tPublic  Lands  in 
California.    tScddiers'  Claims. 

Piscicnltnie.  —  tProgrcss  in  Fish 
Culture.     Etc 

Poieine  —Food  of  Swine.  BeeU 
forFatteninn  Hogs.  Welglit 
of  Hugs  bv  Measurement.  Etc. 

Ponltry  yard.— tPoultryfcrProttt. 
Feeding  Pepper.  How  to  Pet 
Canaries.    Etc 

Poetry .vv.; 

Store  — 'Ralph's  ^  alentine 

Stoci  Breeder.-Organic  .Vdapta- 
tion.  Improving  the  Dair>'. 
Kindness  to  Farm  Animals, 
Care  of  Young  Stock 


P.^GK 

Sheep  and  Boats.- tClcarin  Land 
With  Angoras.    Foot  Rot  ....     2« 

Vegaraile  Saiden.— tTimely  Sug- 
gestions. Chufas-  Salt  for 
Cabbage.     Horseradish ,    20 

W:a!n.  — Going  Away  (Poetry). 
''Woman's  Work 24 


'  CoutribiJfed. 


t  Editorial. 


A 


K^M;  f/l  tfOUSEhfOLV.  Mm/fl/J^E, 


I 


California  Agrici'lturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


A     DOMESTIC     JAR 


HOVSEZZOLS     TUIVIVLT. 

W  Our  readers  will  notice  that  the  House- 
hold and  Domestic  departments  look 
rather  mixed  on  page  23  of  this  number. 
In  putting  the  type  into  the  page  forms, 
the  columns  were  set  up  wrong  side  to — 
that  is,  the  column  that  should  have 
been  on  the  left  of  the  page  is  set  on  the 
right  of  it.  To  make  everything  come 
right,  commence  reading  the  23d  page 
at  the  top  of  the  right  hand  column,  and 
follow  the  columns  from  right  to  left, 
exactly  the  same  as  the  Chinese  read 
their  papers.  This  Chinese  Ptzzle  is 
the  result  of  accident,  not  design,  on  the 
part  of  the  compositor. 

As  our  Puzzle  deijartnient  is  lacking 
this  month,  this  practical  one  of  the 
types  may  be  regarded  as  equivalent  to 
a  remonstrance. 


A.    M.    FELDMAN. 


A   L  A  R  G  E    T  R  A  D  E 


Light  Rents  ami  E\inning  Expenses  will 
allow    SMALL  TEOFITS. 

AVe  can  ami   DO  sell  Staple  and  Faucy 

Dry  Goods,  lines  nt  Sf  ylisU  Drei^s  Goods, 

Alpacas,  P^'pliiis,  etc.,  toL;etlier  with 

AVIiite    Goodie,     Hosiiery,     ami 

Geiiei'id  fiiriiishiiis;  Goods 


s 


O'BAITIOIT  L  KENT, 

AN  JOSE  CLOTHINd  STORE? 


Gentlemen's  Clothing 

— AND — 

Furnishing  Goods. 


TF  YOU  WANT  TO  GET  YOUR  CLOTHING 
*•  where  no  impoBition  iB  practiced  on  the 
one  Bide,  and  no  beating  down  necessary  on  the 
other  side,  remember  the  pla^-e.  and  trade  at 

O'BANIOII  &  KEHT'S. 

Santa  Clara  St., opp.  Anzerai^  House, 

CAN    JOSE. 


First-Class  Goods! 
Reasonable    Prices! 

Fa<r  and  Square  Dealing! 

ONCE  A  crSTOMER— .\LW.\YS  A  CTSTOMER 


SAN  JOSE   CLOTHIITG  STOEE, 
O'BANXOVl'  6l  KZSNT. 


Vinsonhaler's 


At     Lower     Figures       BUSmCSS    College! 


Thau  tlie  name  lan  be  purchased  for  elsewhere. 
The  jieople  are  linding  tliis  nut,  and  are  taking 
advantage  of  the  fact. 

R«  meuiVjir  the  place. 

No.  41!)  FIRST  SrnKET,  San  Jose. 
A.    IMC.     FEIiDIVIAXV. 


P.  S. — Please  mention  where   yuu  saw  this  ad- 
vertisement, fi,' 


Seed     Potatoes 

FOR  SALE. 

QEED  POT.\T0ES  are  fjuotert  iu  Sau  Frau.  isi  o 

Early  Ruse $:i  2.5  ^  KlO  Its 

Early  Cioodricli   , :(  25 

Pink  Kyes   . .        2  00    ■    ■* 

Pnacb  Blows ^ ,,    17.5 

Muuterey  Red 1.50 

NesliaimofkB 175 

English  Fliiae 175 

There  have  been  put  into  our  hands,  fur  sale, 
aliout  aso  Sacks  of 

Seed      Potatoes, 

Cxrown  near  Sau  .Tose,  conBistiuj,'  of 

HUMBOLDT 

(or  Mnlileny    !:■  ai    and 

EARLY     (JOOr>RICH. 

The  Early  Cloodrieh  will  be  S(dd  fur  $2.50 
per  InO  lbs,  and  the  ■■Reds"  ut  S  I  .25  per  IIW 
U.K.  Parties  wishint^  for  (iuud  Seed,  at  a  low 
prii'e,  shunld  nrder  at  rtnee.     A<ldriss 

Cal.    Agriculturist  Publishing  Co., 

Or  call  at  the  Ofliee,  over  the   San  .lose  SaviUf^s 
Bank. 


S.V.N"    .JOsE.    t  .\L.. 


Thorouyh  instruction  iu  all  branches 
pertaining  to  a  business  education. 

No  scholar  graduated  who  falls  below 
98  per  cent,  iu  Studies  aud  Deportment, 

School  iu  session  during  the  entire 
year. 

Pupils  can  enter  at  any  time. 

Those  desiring  Board  can  find  a  com- 
fortable Home  in  the  Institute, 

All  Graduates  will  be  aw.-irded  a  hand- 
some Diploma. 

Pupils  attending  this  College  can  also 
have  access  to  any  of  the  English  brun- 
ches taught  iu  the  SAN  JOSE  INSTI- 
TUTE/?w  o/"  W,f(rf/p. 

JAMES    VINSONHALER. 

san  Jose,  Cal. 


Hardware  ! 

HENF^Y  B.  ALVORD, 

336  First  Street. 

SAN  JOSE. 


.lust  received  a  New  Stork  of 

PLOWS,  Cll.TIVATORS,  HARROWS, 

ETC.,         KTf. 

Have  as  usual  a  full  assortment  of 

MKCII.INICS'  TOOLS, 

AM>  Bl'ILDKKS'   HAKUWARK. 

..     ALSO   .  .. 
IKON,     fSTKEL,     COAL,      KT(  .,      ETC 


The     American    Bee    Journal,       BREEDERS'    DIRECTOEY. 


Established  in  ISfil  by  the  late  Samxiel  Wagner, 
at  Washington.  D.  C.  is  now  published 

:\t(inthly  :tt   CHICAGO,  111.  ,         I 

Every  Beekeepershould  Subscribe  ; 
1or_\t.  I 

IT  IS  THE  BEST  SCIENTIFIC  .\ND  PRACTI- 
cal  Journal  of  Aiucult'-.n-  in  the  world.  The 
moBt  successful  and  experif-nci-d  Apiarians  in 
Europe,  as  well  as  Amerira.  contribute  to  its 
pafies.  In  fact,  it  is  the  oldest,  lartfest,  and 
one  of  the  most  reliablt^  Bee  Papers  in  the  ' 
English  language.  Terms:  S-i  perannum.  Send 
a  staiui)  for  a  Sample  Cojiv.    .^ddre^s, 

THOMAS  G.    NEWMAX, 
'  11M>  &  108  Sontlk  Clark.  St.,  CUicajfo. 


Parties  desirint^  to  purchase  Live  Stock  wi 
find  in  this  Directory  the  names  of  some  of  tb 
most  reliable  Breeders. 

Our  Rates. — Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  wlil  t 
inserted  in  this  Diret-tory  at  the  rate  of  t 
cents  i)er  month,  payable  annually. 

A  line  will  average  about  seven  words.  Com 
five  words  f<ir  the  first  line. 


1865. 

H ANN AY 


1876. 
BRO.'S 


Nurseries. 


WE.  THE  rNDERSIGNED.  HAVE  BEEN 
engaged  in  the  Nursery  Business  for  the 
last  ten  years  in  Sau  Jose,  and  our  chief  aim  has 
been  to  grow  and  produce  only  the  very  best  va- 
rieties of  Fruit  Trees,  and  those  of  a  healthy 
growth,  and  such  trees  as  will  give  satisfaction 
to  our  patrons.  In  order  that  purchasers  may 
know  our  varieties,  and  also  cur  prices  at  whole- 
sale or  small  lots,  we  give  the  following: 

ONE  TFAR  OLD  THEE8.     I   TWO  TEAR  OLD  TREES. 

Per  ino.    Per  1000.  |  Per  100.    Per  lOlM). 

Apple...  £12  $1U0.  $2U  $150 

Pear 20  180  28                  250 

Prune 22  200  30 

Plum  ...,.  20  l«n  28               250 

Cherrv ....  22  isii  :m              260 

Peach 22  IW) 

Nectarine..  25  —  —               — 
Qnince   ...   20 

Almond..  .  20  — 

Apiicot 25  200  —                — 

Fig -  —  20 

Currants. . ,     5  —  --                — 

We  also  offer  a  large  assortment  of  the  leading 
kinds  of  Ornamental  and  Evergreen  Trees.  Pur- 
chasers whi)  wish  choice  grown  trees  are  invited 
to  visit  our  Nurseries  aud  examine  oxir  stock,  as 
wfe  know  their  character  and  healthy  growth  will 
please  them.  Persons  unknown  to  us,  that  order 
trees,  shovild  send  the  cash  or  good  reference,  in 
order  to  secure  their  tret-s. 

Our  Nursery  is  situated  upon  Julian  street, 
one  mile  east  of  the  Cnnrt  Hnuse. 

HANXAV    BROS. 


EMPEY  L  LEOARD, 

Manufacturers  and  Iteiilt-rs  iu 

HAR-/5;,;A,    COL- 
NESS,£pla^L  ARS, 

SADDLERY. 

Carriage    Trimmings.     Etc. 

No.  262  Santa  Clara  Street. 

SAXV  JOSE. 


Th.e    Goodeao-uerh. 

rOM.MO-\-SKXSK  SVSTEItl 

HORSESHOEING    SHOP! 

t'oi-.       Santa    t'liira      and     S»  ii      Pctiro 
Streets  (opposite  Post  Ollice) . 

The  only  Natural  Mctlmd  nf  Shocint^   tli.-  Horse 

tn    pnVflll 

Corns,  Quarters  Cracks,  Contrac- 
tion of  the  Hoof,  and  o.ll 
Lameness  Eesultiny 
from  Unsound 
Feet. 

T.  K.  I.ARC01VE, 

Proprietor 


CATTLE. 


SB.  EMERSON,   Mountain  View,  San' 
•  Clara  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Ho: 
anil  Holstein  Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

CAYRUS   JOKES  <k  CO..    San   Jose.  San' 
V  Clara  Conuty.  Cal. — Breeders  of  Short-Hoi 
Cattle.     "  Young  Bulls  for  sale." 

CHARLES  CLARK,  Milpitas.  Santa  Cla' 
County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Catt 
and  Swine. 

I^^OLEMAN  YOUIVGER,    San  Jose.  San 

Vy  Clara  Countv,  Cal. — Breeder  of  Short-Hoj 
Cattle. 


c 


B.    POLHEMUS,  Sau  Jose,  Snnta  Cla 
•  County,  Cal. — Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Ci 


CARR  <!te  CHAP9IAN,  GabUan.  Monter 
County,   Cal. — Breeders  of  Trotting  Horsi 
Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

WI*.   OVERHISER.  Stofkton,  Sau  J< 
•  quin  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Ho 
Cattle  and  Swine. 


■\/rOSES    WICK,    Oroville,   Butte  Count 
ItI  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND   GOATS. 


CP,  BAILET,   San  Jose  Cal.— Import 
•  breeder,  and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  , 
gora  Goats.  Fine  Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats : 

sale. 

LEXDRtJM  &  ROGERS,  WatBonville,C 
—Importers  and  breeders  of  the  finest  C< 
wold  Sheep  and  Angora  Goats. 


MCCRACKEN  &  LEWIS,  San  Jose,  Cal, 
I  mp  urters  and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goi 
also,  fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 


MBS.  ROBERT  BL.ACOW,  Centervi 
near  Niles  Station,  .\lameda  County.  Cal 
Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Rams  and  E' 
lor  sale. 


LENDRUAI    &    ROGERS,     Watsonvi 
Cal.— Importers  and  breeders  of  Pure  Ang 
Goats. 


SWINE, 


C>HARI.ES  CLARK,  Milpitas,  Santa  CJ 
'  County.   Cal.— Breeder   of    Pure-bred  B( 
shire  Swine. 


POULTRY. 


MRS.  li.  J.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clai 
Premium  Fowls.  White  and  Brown  I 
horn.  S.  S.  Hamburg,L.  Brahmas.  B.  B .  Red  Gai 
Game  Bantams,  aud  Aylesbury  Ducks.  A' 
Eggs. 


MISCELLANEO  US. 


S  HARRIS  HERRING,  San  Jose.  Ga 
„  ,  Agent  for  several  breeders  of  BeetPur6-fc 
animals  and  poultry.  We  bring  the  breeder 
purchaser  together  direct,  and  do  not  stand 
tween  them,  while  we  aid  eacli  free  of  charge. 

^PLENDID  CARD    PIIOTOGRAFI 

^  only  82  a  dozen,  and  (Cabinets  S4:  add 
Ht  HOWLANI>*S  Gallery  (Heeriug's  old  Sta 
No.  :i5y  First  street.  Sau  Jose. 


WALLACE     t!fe    COCHRAN,     386     I 
strt'tt-Handsome  turnouts  always  on  b 
at  fair  prices.    Fine  Hearwe  tor  Funerals, 
rlages  for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 


H.    S.    LAMKIN, 

4  TTOKNEY-AT-I.AW-ROOMS  3  AND 
iV  Stone's  Building  (opposite  Auzerais  Hon 
Santa  Clara  slreet,  San  Jose. 


o 


DR.   .1.    BRADFORU  COX, 

FFICE     OVEH     T.    W.  Sl'UIhO'S   STC 
opposite  the  Post  Office.  San  Jose. 


tir  The  National  Gold  Medal  was  awarde' 
Bradely  &  Bulofson  for  the  tiest  riiotoKraplJ 
the  I'n'ited  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  foil 
best  in  the  world. 

4211  Mantgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 


California  Agriculturist 


^x4ro 


E^m-wm   e'x'ooK   JOuri^Ei'Ai* 


Vol.  7~No.  2. 


SAN  JOSE,  CAL.,    FEBI^UARY,  1876. 


JSpBECRiPTiON  Price,  $1.50  a  Year. 
X  Single  Copies,  15  C'«nts. 


A   Valentine. 

Oh,  little  loveliest  lady  mine, 

Wbat  shall  I  send  for  your  valentine? 

Summer  and  flowers  are  far  away: 

Gloomy  old  Winter  is  kin^  to-day. 

Bnds  will  not  blow  and  eun  will  not  shine; 

What  shall  I  do  for  a  valentine? 

Prithee,  St.  Valentine,  tell  me  here. 
Why  do  you  come  at  this  time  o'  year? 
Plenty  of  days  when  lilies  are  white; 
Plenty  of  days  when  sunbeams  are  bright. 
But  now,  when  everything's  dark  and  drear, 
Why  do  you  come,  St.  Valentine  dear? 

I've  searched  the  garden  through  and  through. 

For  a  bud  to  tell  of  my  love  so  true; 

But  buds  were  asleep  and  blossoms  were  dead, 

And  the  falling  snow  came  down  on  my  head. 

So,  little  loveliest  lady  mine. 

Here  is  my  heart  for  your  valentine! 

— [St.  Nicholas. 


RALPH'S    VALEN- 
TINE. 

A  Story  .as  Aunt  Abby  Told  It. 

BT  NELL  TAN. 

One  rainy  February  day  Dr.  Pember- 
ton's  children,  witli  their  cousin  George, 
were  all  gathered  around  the  dining-room 
table  preparing  valentines  for  the  ap- 
proaching festivity  of  St.  Valentine.  No 
one  could  excel  Cousin  George,  so  the 
young  folks  thought,  in  the  making  of 
comic  valentines.  He  had  the  faculty  of 
producing  burlesque  likenesses  of  any 
one  he  knew,  with  bodies  of  birds  or 
or  beasts  arranged  in  the  most  killing 
positions,  and  causing  the  most  intense 
satisfaction  among  the  j'oung  folks, 
■while  Bertha  selected  suitable  verses 
from  a  book  of  promiscuous  poems.  The 
sedate  Arthur  was  arranging  sentimental 
valentines  of  gilt  and  perforated  paper, 
profusely  ornamented  with  decalcomanie 
birds  and  flowers  and  tinted  tissue  paper 
trimming.  They  were  having  a  most  de- 
hghtful  time,  when,  as  is  often  the  case, 
an  altercation  arose  between  the  younger 
ones  because  George  could  not  draw  fast 
enough  for  Susy  and  Jane  to  color,  and 
Tom  declared  it  was  his  turn  to  have  the 
iif'xt  to  paint,  and  so  on,  when  A.nnt 
\l'liy  stepped  in  to  quell  the  tumult. 
She  was  a  kind,  motherly  soul,  with- 
lit  kith  or  kin  in  the  world,  but  known 
-rywhere  as  Aunt  .\bby.  Whenever 
li 'If  was  a  murmur  of  discontent  among 
ilir  children.  Aunt  Abby  invariably  ap- 
!"  iiihI  upon  the  scene  and  took  her  sta- 
I  n  by  the  fireside  with  her  everlasting 
viiitting-work,  and  before  she  was  aware 
1  it  she  would  be  telling  a  story  of  by- 
■  'ur  days  to  the  listening  crowd. 

"Flutter,  flutter!  what's  the  buzz  now 
mil'  folks?"  said  she,  cheerily,  as  she 
iit'-red  the  room  just  as  Arthur  was  try- 
u^  to  pacify  the  youngsters.  "  What's 
,'omg  on  here,  with  all  these  picters  and 
lapers?  Makin'  valentines,  do  ye  say? 
Well,  well,  when  I  was  yoiing" — 

"Yes.  that's  right,  .\unt  Abby,"  said 

■usy,  brightening  up,  for  well  she  knew 

hose  to  be  the  words  used  to   preface   a 

itory. 

"Yes,  a  story!"  cried  another  of  the 

Ijl  ^o"P- 

[  "  We'll  be  good  if  you'll  tell  us  one," 
I  :iid  little  Jane,  qiiite  penitently.  Aunt 
I  il.by  replied: 


"  Well,  I  was  jest  savin',  when  I  was 
young  we  never  had  nothiu'  of  that  sort 
for  valentines.  Real  flesh  and  blood 
valentines  were  none  too  good  for  us  in 
them  days.  On  the  mornin'  of  the 
fourteenth  of  February  up  we  would 
jump  and  peep  out  the  window,  for  the 
first  lad  we  clapped  eyes  upon  was  to  be 
our  valentine  for  the  year;  and  though 
we  felt  a  little  shy  about  naming  it,  yet 
somehow  or  other  'twas  sure  to  come 
out,  and  there  was  no  end  to  the  fun  we 
had  at  the  spellin'  match,  quiltin'  bee, 
or  any  of  the  frolics  where  we  young 
folks  were  sure  to  meet." 

"  And  was  it  the  same  rule  for  the 
boys,  Aunt  Abby?"  adding  "for  in  these 
days  a  fellow  might  watch  out  for  half  a 
day  and  never  see  a  girl  go  past" 

"Lor'  bless  you,  no,  child,"  saidAunt 
Abby.  "The  lads  had  much  the  best 
chance  to  choose  their  valentines.  They 
used  to  go  about  the  town,  peeping  up  at 
the  chamber  windows  of  the  gals  thej- 
knew,  or  into  open  doors,  a'most  sure  to 
see  somebody  they  was  lookin'  for;  and 
it  was  droll  to  see  how  gallant  they'd 
be  to  the  gal  of  their  choice,  or  ill-man- 
nered and  rude  if  the  wrong  one  ap- 
peared first." 

' '  How  well  I  mind  the  year  that  Mas- 
ter Ralph,  then  a  lad  of  fourteen,  passed 
the  Winter  at  his  Cousin  Susan's  house 
in  Amherst.  He  had  been  left  an  orphan 
when  a  little  boy,  but  was  a  prime  favor- 
ite among  his  folks.  He  was  always  a 
studious  lad,  and  so  old-fashioned  in 
his  talk  and  ways  that  it  was  curious  to 
watch  and  listen  to  him.  There  was 
quite  a  tumult  in  the  house  on  Valen- 
tine's day  mornin'  that  year,  owin'  to 
the  arrival,  durin'  the  night,  of  a  first 
baby  to  Miss  Susan,  as  I  always  called 
her.  You  see,  when  but  a  slip  of  a  gal, 
I  had  gone  to  live  at  Miss  Susan's  moth- 
er's house,  and  after  Miss  Susan  got 
married  to  a  Colton,  who  was  second 
cousin  to  my  brother's  wife's  uncle,  X 
became  Aunt  Abby  to  the  hull  tribe. 
About  this  time  Brother  Tom  was  took 
with  the  janders  and  died,  leavin'  me 
alone  in  the  world,  for  his  wife,  Polly 
-Ann,  died  of  grief  afore  the  year  was 
out;  so  you  see  nothin'  was  left  for  me 
but  to  go  out  nursin'.  I  did  amazin' 
well,  and  brought  three  families  safely 
through  the  measles  and  mumps,  and  no 
end  to  the  cases  of  chicken-pox  and  can- 
ker rash  I  was  called  in  to  tend.  Well, 
I  was  with  Miss  Susan  (Mrs.  Colton,  I 
should  say)  with  this  iirst  baby,  and  as 
I  was  going  down  to  breakfast  that  first 
mornin',  who  should  I  meet  on  the 
stairs  but  Ralph.  He  had  heard  the 
news,  and  seemed  proper  glad,  and 
mighty  anxious  to  take  a  peep  at  the  lit- 
tle stranger. 

"  'Mayn't  I  see  Cousin  Susan  and  the 
babj'.  Aunt  Abby?'    says  he  to  me. 

"'Well,  yes,'  says  I,  'certiugly;  you 
can  walk  right  in  and  I'll  show  you  the 
purty  creatur. ' 

"How  softly  he  stepped  in!  and  after 
sayin'  good  mornin'  to  his  Cousin  Susan, 
he  watched  me  pick  up  the  little  mite  of 
a  baby  from  its  mother's  side  and  lay  it 
across  my  knee  in  front  of  the  fire. 
"  'Oh,'    said  he,    '  what   tinv   fingers 


and  finger-nails,  too!'  Then  comparing 
the  length  of  the  little  hand  with  his 
own  brown  one,  he  said,  '  Do  you  think 
mine  were  ever  so  small  as  these?' 

"Then  I  uncovered  the  feet,  and  such 
a  time  as  he  made  over  the  funny  little 
toes,  and  he  measured  the  length  of  its 
foot  with  his  fingers,  sayin',  in  his  quaint 
fashion,  '  Well,  there  will  be  a  wife  for 
somebody,  eh,  .Aunt  Abby?' 

"  'Who's  your  valentine  to-day, 
Ralph?'  asked  his  cousin,  from  the 
bed. 

"'Why,'  said  the  lad,  'I  had  not 
thought  of  that.  This  young  lady  here 
is  the  first  one  I've  seen  to-da.v.  She 
must  be  my  valentine  this  year,  and  I'll 
take  a  kiss  to  seal  the  compact;'  so, 
pressing  his  lips  to  the  soft  baby  cheek, 
he  said,  '  Y'ou'U  be  my  valentine,  eh. 
baby?  silence  gives  consent,  yon  see,' 
and  with  a  murmur  of  applause  from 
baby's  mamma,  Ralph  kissed  his  hand 
to  her,  said  '  bye-bye'  to  baby  and  was 
gone. 

"Well,  as  the  years  passed  on  I  was  at 
Mrs.  Colton 's  off  and  on,  till  that  pretty 
baby  had  grown  into  a  blooming  lass,  with 
dark,  curling  hair  and  eyes  like  night. 
They  named  her  Clarindy,  and  she  was 
right  smart  with  the  six  younger  broth- 
ers and  sisters,  who  gave  their  mother  a 
sight  of  trouble.  The  year  that  Clarindy 
was  sixteen,  the  measles  broke  out 
among  the  children,  followed  by  the 
whoopin'-cough,  and  nothin'  would  do 
but  that  Aunt  .Abb}-  must  be  sent  for  to 
carry  them  through.  Besides,  Clarindy 
had  a  beau,  and  folks  said  she  was  to  be 
married  in  the  Spring.  True,  he  was 
a'most  double  her  age,  bein'  close  on  to 
thirty,  and  a  medical  man,  having  gone 
through  his  studies,  graduated  and  trav- 
eled some,  but  come  to  Amherst  to  settle 
into  practice.  I  never  mistrusted  who 
the  Doctor,  as  they  called  him,  was,  till 
one  day  I  chanced  to  open  the  door  for 
bim,  and  there  stood  before  me,  as  nat- 
'ral  as  life.  Master  Ralph !  only  the  bits 
of  whisker  half-way  down  his  cheeks 
made  him  appear  more  manly  looking. 
His  eyes  Ut  up  when  he  see  me  and  he 
said : 

"  'Why  .\unt  -A.bby,  are  you  here?  Do 
you  remember  me?' 

"  'Indeed  I  do.  Master  Ralph,'  says  I, 
with  clear  wonderment. 

"  'Is  Clara  in?'  he  asked;  and  says  I 
to  him,  '  Well,  yes;  she's  fixin'  to  go 
ridin'  with' — — 

"Before  I  could  say  more  one  of  the 
young  ones  came  out,  and  seeing  who  it 
was,  sung  out,  '  The  doctor's  come!  The 
doctor's  come!  Now  mayn't  I  ask  him  to 
let  me  go  too?' 

".\nd  this,  then,  was  Clarindy's  lover; 
the  same  boy,  Ralph,  grown  into  a  han'- 
som'  doctor,  a  goin'  to  claim  for  his  wife 
the  valentine  of  his  boyhood!  Oh,  chil- 
dren, truth  is  stranger  than  fiction  every 
time." 

"Tell  us  more,"  said  little  Jane. 

"What  became  of  them?"  asked  se- 
date Bertha. 

"Do  tell  us  more,  dear  Aunt  Abby," 
said  Susie,  with  enthusiasm. 

"Well,  children,"  slowly  resumed 
Aunt  .\bby,  "  the  last  time  I  see  any  of 


the  doctor's  family  was  one  rainy  day  in 
February,  when  I  stepped  in  to  quiet 
the  children,  who  were  skirmishin'  over 
the  makin'  of  valentines." 

"Just  like  rae, "  said  little  Xane. 

"So,"  continued  the  old  lady,  "I 
dropped  into  a  chair  with  my  kuittin' 
work  and  set  out  to  tell  them  of  bygone 
days  and  the  true  story  of  Dr.  Ralph 
Pemberton's  valentine." 

"Oh,  that's  a  good  one, "  said  George. 
"  I  knew  all  along  it  was  Uncle  Ralph 
and  .\unt  Clara  you  were  telling  about." 

"Was  it  Papa  and  Mamma,  really, 
truly.  Aunt  Abby?"  asked  little  Jane, 
while  Bertha  and  Sue  uttered  little  ex- 
clamations of  surprise. 

"Of  course  it's  true,  simpleton,"  spoke 
Arthur.  "Don't  3-ou  know  Mamma's 
birthday  is  on  St.  Valentine's  day,  and 
her  name  is  Clara  while  Pa's  is  Ralph?" 

"Why  no,"  said  the  persistent  little 
Jane;  "  Papa  is  only  Pa  and  Doctor,  and 
Mamma  is — well.  Papa  calls  her  Dearj- 
and  we  call  her  Mamma,  you  know." 


FAVORABLE  NOTICES. 

We  arc  under  obligations  to  the  local 
press  generally  over  the  State  for  many 
flattering  notices  of  our  new  volume. 
We  make  room  for  but  one  this  month, 
and  give  that  because  it  comes  wholly 
unexpected  from  one  of  our  home  papers. 
We  value  the  notice  all  the  more  highly 
for,  as  a  general  rule,  there  is  a  sort  of 
jealousy  existing  between  papers  pub- 
lished in  the  same  town,  Avhich  prevents 
the  expression  of  a  good  will.  But  the 
Patriot,  under  its  present  management,  is 
able  to  be  independent  of  and  above  petty 
meaness,  and  is  conducted  in  a  manner 
to  gain  the  respect  and  confidence  of  its 
readers. 

"  The     CiLIFOBXLi     AoEICULTrTilST. — 

The  first  number  of  the  seventh  vol- 
ume of  this  magnificent  periodical  is  be- 
fore us,  and  we  are  proud  of  it.  The 
Caliioksia  Agricultukist  akd  Lh-e 
Stock  JonnsAL,  to  use  its  proper  title,  is 
a  publication  which  reflects  honor  on  the 
taste,  intellect  and  progressive  spirit  of 
San  Jose.  It  is  a  magazine,  no  more  of 
the  special  interests  indicated  by  its 
name,  than  a  journal  of  general  art, 
knowledge,  literature  and  fine  miscella- 
ny. Thus,  in  the  splendid  number  on 
our  table  we  find,  besides  a  variety  of 
able  editorials,  whole  departments  well 
filled  with  essays  on  many  important 
subjects,  such  as  gardening,  hygiene, 
stock  rasing,  education,  pisciculture,  etc. 
.A  history  of  the  State  Normal  School 
(with  illustrations)  will  be  found,  to- 
gether with  a  week's  reading  of  the  most 
interesting  matter  for  old  and  young, 
for  the  farmer,  artisan,  scholar,  house- 
keeper; in  fact  it  is  a  magazine  for  every- 
bodj',  and  better  worth  the  subscription 
price — $1.50 — than  any  similar  work  in 
the  country.  Office  over  the  San  Jose 
Savings  Bank. — San  Jose  Patriot,  Jan.lS. 


Stose  jars  which  have  become  offen- 
sive and  unfit  for  use,  may  be  rendered 
perfectly  sweet  by  packing  them  full  of 
earth  and  letting  them  stand  two  or  three 
weeks. 


18 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


iJ^^i^^^mdd 


gm  J/t7f/{  jrtj///7/;//J 
$L50   Per  Ar\r\urn. 


PUULieHED  MONTHLY  BY  THE 

CAL.     AGRICULTURIST      PUB.      CO. 

B.  HARRIS  HERRING,  Editor. 

OFFICE;— 0\'er  tlie  Sun  .Jose  Saving's 
Bank,  Balbn4'li''s  Biiildiii;;;,  Santa 
Clara  Street,  near  First,  San  -lose. 


SPECIAL   TE2MS  TO  AGEKTS. 


RATES    OF    ADVERTISING: 


Per  one  Colnmn S12  00  Per  Mouth 

"    half  Coluiiiu 6  00     " 

"    fourth  Column 3  00    " 

"    eighth  Column 2  00     " 

*'    sixteenth  Column 1  00    "        " 


1^"  We  are  detemiined  to  adhere  to  our  resolu- 
tion to  admit  nonelnit  worthy  business  advertis- 
ing in  our  columns,  and  to  keep  clear  of  patent 
medicine,  liquor,  and  other  advertisements  of 
doubtful  influence. 

The  large  circulation,  the  deBirable  class  of 
readers,  and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rend- 
ers this  Jouma[  a  choice  medium  for  reaching 
the  attention  of  the  masses. 


EDITORIAL     NOTES. 

Sack  Numbers. — With  the  excep- 
tion of  the  August  number,  we  have  sev 
eral  complete  files  of  the  Ageicultorist 
for  1875  to  spare.  Subscribers  who  lack 
copies  to  complete  their  files  should  send 
orders  in  at  once,  and  as  long  as  we  have 
any  to  spare  we  will  forward  them  to 
you  by  mail,  free  of  expense. 


Sumac  Seed. — Mr.  .Jacob  Elierhardt, 
of  the  Santa  Clara  Tannery,  has  left  at 
our  office  for  distribution  a  sack  of 
sumac  seed.  Such  of  our  subscribers 
as  would  like  to  experiment  with  the  cul- 
tivation of  the  plant  can  have  a  package 
sent  to  their  address  by  ordering  the 
same.  The  sumac  is  a  tree  well  known 
east  of  the  Rocky  mormtains,  and  is  val- 
uable chiefly  for  its  tanning   projierties. 


Thanks  to  the  few  subscribers  who 
have  responded  promptly  to  the  state- 
ments of  accounts  lately  sent  out.  An- 
gels' visits  are  said  to  be  few  and  far  be- 
tween. Perhaps  for  this  reason  they  are 
all  the  better  ajipreciated.  But  when  it 
comes  to  paying  our  bills,  we  sometimes 
are  compelled  to  think  we  could  appre- 
ciate a  more  profuse  shower  of  postal 
money  orders,  etc.  But  then,  we  may 
be  happy  yet. 


\ 


Senator  Lane  is  doing  a  good  work 
for  rclreucliiii^'  the  enormous  fees  and 
salaries  of  officials.  The  people  are 
taxed  beyond  endurance  to  feed  a  lot  of 
cormorants  who  do  nKU'o  harm  than 
good  anyway,  and  the  more  )iay  they  get 
the  worse  they  are,  <ui  gc;neral  principles. 
Economy  and  jiatriotism  should  crush 
out  these  parasites  and  pay  for  honest 
service  only,  and  only  pay  wages  in  pro- 
portion to  the  earnings  of  useful,  indus- 
trial pursuits.  Kvery  cent  of  pay  above 
that  is  a  premium  oB'ered  for  corruption 
and  extravagance. 


The   boys  and  girls  did  not  send 

their  little  letters  soon  enough  to  get 
them  into  their  department  this  month, 
but  they  will  find  more  than  a  page  of 
choice  original  articles  by  their  favorite 
friends.  Aunt  Polly's  puzzle  has  been 
solved  by  several  who  will  get  a  hearing 
next  month.  By  the  way,  she  is  prepar- 
ing a  nice  budget  for  March,  and  wants 
you  to  write  to  her  early.  Do  not  for- 
get, now,  but  write  at  once. 

A  netition  to  the  city  to  make  the 
San  Jose  Library  free  to  the  public,  and 
to  pay  §100  per  month  for  its  support, 
is  being  circulated  and  generally  signed 
by  the  citizens.  We  believe  it  will  be  a 
good  thing,  for  many  persons  and  fami- 
lies who  would  like  to  read  the  books 
cannot  really  afford  the  50  cents  per 
month  now  charged  for  membership. 
The  tax  to  pay  the  expenses  will  not  be 
burdensome  to  any  one,  and  will  be  de- 
voted to  a  noble  purpose.  The  library 
will  be  likely  to  attract  many  who  might 
otherwise  seek  demoralizing  associa- 
tions, and  must  result  in  much  good  to 
every  class  of  the  community. 

Laying  Out  the  Garden.—Since  we 

wrote  the  article  which  can  be  found  un- 
der the  Vegetable  Garden  department 
about  laying  out,  planting  and  cultivat- 
ing the  garden,  we  find,  in  Colemdn's 
Bund  World,  similar  advice  to  its  read- 
ers by  its  practical  editor,  who  closes  his 
remarks  by  saying:  "If  the  readers  of 
the  Bural  ]Vorld  will  adopt  this  system 
in  cultivating  their  gardens,  they  will 
say  at  the  close  of  the  year  that  the  sug- 
gestion was  worth  much  more  than  the 
subscription  price  for  the  year."  This 
is  even  so,  and  the  readers  of  this  .jour- 
nal may  as  well  take  the  matter  close 
home  in  our  case. 


Pluck  will  win  against  odds.    Two 

years  ago  Mr.  Bennett  started  a  furni- 
ture factory  in  San  .lose,  and  several 
furniture  dealers  tried  to  beat  him  out 
by  running  down  iJrices  and  discourag- 
ing him  in  everj'  way.  But,  although 
he  had  little  capital,  he  bent  all  his  en- 
ergies to  his  work.  He  thorcjughly  un- 
derstood his  business,  and  attended  to  it, 
turned  out  most  superior  and  elegant 
work,  and  commanded  patronage  and 
success.  He  has  lately  enlarged  his 
manufactory,  in  new  quarters  on  St. 
John  street,  employs  some  twenty  men, 
and  the  best  of  machinery  run  by  steam 
power.  Mr.  B.  has  experienced  difficulty 
in  getting  good,  steady,  honest  boys  to 
work  ancl  learn  the  trade.  The  right 
kind  of  a  boy  can  find  an  opportunity, 
with  Mr.  Bennett,  to  learn  a  good  trade. 
None  other  need  apply. 


ly  Business  and  professional  men 
have  long  felt  the  want  of  an  encyclo- 
pedia that  is  at  once  concise,  complete 
and  authoritative,  compiled  from  other 
books  only  so  far  as  relates  to  past 
events  and  positive  knowledge,  and  writ- 
ten up  by  the  best  living  representatives 
of  the  various  departments  of  science, 
art  and  technical  practice,  and  occupy- 
ing a  small  space,  so  that  it  can  be  con- 
sulted without  overhauling  a  dozen 
books  to  get  at  a  single  fact.  Such  a 
want  seems  to  have  been  recognized 
when  Johnson's  Cyclopedia  was  de- 
signed. An  examination  of  the  first 
book  of  the  four  volumes  convinces  us 
that  it  comes  nearer  tilling  the  bill  than 
any  other  work  ever  published. 


The  new  outside  dress  of  the  .Vom- 
cni.TUKiST  was  designed  and  engraved  by 
women — Leila  ('urtis  &  Co.,  (iOG  Mont- 
gomery street,  San  Francisco.  The  work 
will  speak  for  itself,  and  any  words  of 
praise  from  us  wiiuld  be  superlluous. 


PLANT  TREES. 


<(YUR  nurserymen  are  all  doing  a  good 
business  this  season.  This  shows 
that  the  people  are  planting  lots  of 
trees,  and  we  are  glad  to  note  the 
•r'rj  fact.  The  abunSant  and  long  con- 
tinued rains  h.ave  put  the  soil  into  readi- 
iuess,  so  far  as  Nature  can  do  it.  The 
advice  we  gave  in  December  and  Janu- 
ary numbers  is  applicable  now  as  then. 
I'UDit  trees  now  if  you  ever  intend  to. 
Plant  a  good  orchard  for  home  use,  fence 
it  in  against  all  stock  but  poultry,  and 
never  allow  animals  to  run  in  it  at  all. 
On  the  windward  side  plant  two  or  three 
rows  of  evergreen  trees  for  a  shelter  and 
breakwiud.  Monterey  cypress  and  pep- 
i:ier  trees  are  best,  and  should  be  planted 
not  over  eight  feet  apart.  Gum  trees 
(Eucaljptus)  grow  too  tall  to  do  much 
good  alone  as  a  shelter,  but  together 
with  trees  of  a  lower  growth  are  very 
good. 

Unitkd  States  Oeangeeies. — In  years 
gone  by  we  have  received  our  chief  sup- 
ply of  oranges  from  Cuba,  Spain  and 
Sicily.  "We  now,  however,  enjoy  this 
delicious  fruit  all  the  more  because  it  is 
grown  on  our  own  soil  and  under  our 
own  flag.  It  has  been  demonstrated  that 
the  United  States  grows  oranges  which 
equal  any  that  are  produced  in  the  world. 
Indeed,  some  good  judges  think  the 
Florida  orange  the  best  that  is  grown 
anywhere.  In  California  the  orange  is 
grown  to  great  perfection,  and  the  crop 
is  increasing  every  year.  During  this 
year,  also,  it  has  been  satisfactorily 
proved  that  excellent  oranges  will  grow 
in  Berrin  county,  Georgia.  The  Valdosta 
Times  is  authority  for  stating  that  orange 
culture  is  well  established  in  other  sec- 
tions of  South  Georgia.  The  trees  are 
now  in  the  third  year  of  bearing,  and 
they  are  in  no  way  inferior  to  the  much 
admired  Florida  orange.  The  same  re- 
sult may  be  expected  in  other  sections  of 
that  State,  and  in  still  other  Southern 
States  where  the  experiment  has  not  yet 
been  tried.  A  greater  number  of  orange 
groves  are  being  planted  in  Orange  coun- 
ty, Florida,  this  year,  th.iu  ever  before 
during  the  same  length  of  time,  and  the 
same  is  no  doubt  true  of  other  counties 
in  the  same  State.  Everywhere,  through- 
out the  State  of  Florida,  they  are  mak- 
ing increased  preparations  to  send  larger 
quantities  of  this  delicious  and  health- 
promoting  fruit  to  the  markets  of  our 
northern  cities. — £.r. 

Liquid  Geaftino  Wax. — The  Horiicul- 
tiu-ist  gives  the  following  formula  for 
making  Lefort's  liquid  grafting  wax, 
which  is  said  to  have  been  highly  com- 
mended in  France  and  until  lately  kept 
secret:  Melt  one  pound  of  common  resin 
over  a  gentle  fire.  Add  to  it  an  ounce  of 
beet  tallow  and  stir  it  well.  Take  it  from 
the  fire,  let  it  cool  down  a  little,  and  then 
mix  with  a  tablespoonfid  of  spirits  of 
turpentine,  and  after  that  about  seven 
ounces  of  very  strong  alcohol  (sixty-five 
per  cent.),  to  be  had  at  .any  drug  store. 
The  alcohol  cools  it  down  so  rapidly  that 
it  will  be  necessary  to  put  it  again  on  the 
fire,  stirring  it  constantly.  Still,  the  ut- 
most care  must  lie  taken  to  prevent  the 
alcohol  from  getting  mllamed.  To  avoid 
this,  the  best  way  is  to  remove  the  ves- 
sel from  the  lire  when  the  lump  that  nnvy 
have  been  formed  commences  melting. 
This  must  lie  continued  till  the  whole  is 
a  homogeneous  mass,  similar  to  honey. 
After  a  few  days'  exposure  to  the  atmos- 
phere in  a  thin  coat,  it  assumes  a  whitish 
color  and  becomesas  hard  as  stone,  be- 
ing impervious  to    water  or  air. 


The  Spanish  CHESTsnT. — In  all  the 
mountain  regions  of  Spain,  France,  Italy 
and  Switzerland,  their  declivities,  half 
way  up  from  the  plains  below  to  the 
snowy  peaks  above,  are  clothed  with 
magnificent  forests  of  a  species  of  chest- 
nut, the  edible  fniit  of  which,  imported 
into  this  country,  is  known  as  the  Span- 
ish chestnut.  "Gardner's  Farmers' 
Dictionary"  contains  the  following  brief 
description  of  this  "  famous  European 
tree."  "The  European,  also  called  the 
Sijanish  or  Italian  chestnut,  is  of  im- 
mense size  and  longevity,  trees  being 
known  which  have  a  girth  of  sixty  feet. 
The  wood,  except  in  very  old  trees  is  ad- 
mirable, being  more  durable  than  oak  in 
moist  situations.  The  bark  is  also  used 
for  tanning.  It  prefers  a  dry,  silieious 
soil,  abounding  in  silieious  matters  and 
potash.  The  European  variety  is  easily 
raised  from  the  seed,  grows  rapidly  and 
bears  in  seven  years.  The  fruit  is  five 
times  larger  than  ours  and  commands  a 
good  price  in  the  market.  Chestnuts  are 
used  boiled,  roasted  and  raw.  In  South- 
ern France,  Italy,  etc.,  they  constitute 
he  bread  of  a  large  population."  From 
other  sources  we  learn  more  of  its  tises 
and  value  as  a  means  of  subsistence, 
than  is  furnished  in  this  meagre  account. 
During  the  protracted  wars  which  were 
formerly  waged  between  the  mountiiin 
tribes  and  the  cities  on  the  plains,  the 
chestnut  formed  almost  the  only  article 
of  food  which  the  former  could  com- 
mand, and  without  it  they  would 
have  been  starved  into  submission  in  a 
tenth  part  of  the  time  required  to  sub- 
due them  by  force  of  arms.  Indeed,  the 
chestnut  enabled  the  people  in  the  up- 
lands to  maintain  long  periods  of  quasi 
independence,  and  to  dictate  their  own 
terms  when  yielding.  Not  only  is  this 
nut  eaten  boiled  and  roasted,  but  it  is 
pulverized  and  mixed  with  flour  for  bread, 
and  may  be  employed-  in  soups,  pud- 
dings, etc.  The  nut  is  exceedingly  nu- 
tritious and  wholesome,  and  at  the  pres- 
ent day  forms  as  essential  an  article  for 
tconsumption,  to  very  extensive  popula- 
tions, as  it  ever  did  in  early  times,  when 
the  means  of  living  were  comprised  with- 
in a  smaller  compass.  Barry  thus 
speaks  of  the  Spanish  chestnut,  or  Mar- 
ron:  "  This  is  "the  large,  sweet  nut,  as 
large  as  a  horseehestuut,  imported  from 
abroad.  There  are  many  varieties  culti- 
vated in  France  and  England,  but  that 
cultivated  by  the  French  as  Marron  de 
Lyon  is  the  best.  It  is  propagated  by 
grafting  on  the  common  sorts.  It  is  not 
reproduced  truly  from  seed,  but  its  seed- 
lings produce  large  and  fine  fruits.  It 
bears  the  second  year  from  the  graft  and 
the  fourth  from  the  seed" 

How  TO  Geow  Orange  Trees  From 
Seed. — Save  the  seeds  of  a  half-dozen 
nice  oranges  and  plant  at  once  five  inches 
apart,  in  shallow  boxes  with  perforated 
bottoms.  Let  the  soil  be  light  and  rich. 
In  a  year  the  seedlings  should  grow  from 
eight  to  twelve  inches.  Make  them  of 
symmetrical  shape  now.  Scr<'en  from 
frost  and  heat  with  light  muslin  cloth. 
Sprinkle  every  night.  In  the  Spring  of 
the  second  year  transplant  to  separate 
boxes,  and  graft  them  if  you  hear  of 
any  fine  variety  to  do  it  with.  In  the 
third  year  transplant  to  the  open  ground, 
twelve  or  fifteen  feet  apart.  Tlie  trees 
can  be  easily  transferred,  and  either  kept 
in  the  house  or  moved  about  at  pleasure 
to  beautify  dift'erent  parts  of  the  garden. 
Young  trees  can  be  moved  at  any  time, 
because  the  roots,  extending  in  every  di- 
rection, hold  a  fine  ball  of  earth  around 
them.^Kr. 

Christian  Fieldstead,  who  lives  in  the 
foot-hills  four  miles  cast  of  San  Jose, 
has  ordered  500  coftee  trees  two  years 
old,  which  he  intends  to  test  thoroughly. 


V 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


I0ctvn. 


The  Closing  Scene, 

BY  T.  B.  BEAD. 

I^ITHIN  the  sober  realm  of  leafless  trees. 

The  russet  year  iahaled  the  dreamy  air; 

Like  some  tanued   reaper,  ia  his  hour  of 

ease. 

When  all  the   fields  are   lying  brown 

and  bare. 

The  gray  barns  looking  from  their  hazy  hills 
O'er  the  dun  waters  widening  in  the  vales, 

Sent  down  the  air  a  greeting  to  the  mills, 
On  the  dull  thunder  of  alteruae  flails. 

All  sights  -were  mellowed  and  all  sounds  sub- 
dued, 
The  hills  seemed  further  and  the  stream  sang 
low, 
Ab  in  a  dream  the  distant  woodman  hewed 
His  winter  log  with  many  a  muffled  blow. 

The  embattled  forests,  ere  while  armed  with 
gold. 

The  banner  bright  with  every  martial  hue. 
Now  stood  like  some  sad,  beaten  host  of  old. 

Withdrawn  afar  in  Time's  remotest  blue. 

On  sombre  wings  the  vulture  tried  his  flight; 
The  dove  scarce  heard  his  sighing  mate's  com- 
plaint; 
And,  like  a  star  slow  drowning  in  the  light. 
The  village  church  vane  seemed  to  pale  and 
faint. 

The  sentinel  cock  upon  the  hillside  crew- 
Crew  thrice — and  all  was  stiller  than  before; 

Silent,  till  some  replying  warden  blew, 
His  alien  horn,  and  then  was  heard  no  more. 

Where  erst  the  jay,  within  the  elm's  tall  crest. 
Made  garrulous  trouble   rouud  her   unfledged 
youn^, 

And  when  the  oriole  swung  her  swaving  nest. 
By  every  light  wind  fcke  a  censer  swung. 

Where  sang  the  noisy  martins  of  the  eaves, 
The  busy  swallows  circling  ever  near — 

Forboding,  as  the  rustic  mind  believes, 
An  early  harvest  and  a  plenteous  year. 

Where  every  bird  that  waked  the  vernal  feast 
Shook  the  sweet  slumber  from  its  wings  at 
morn. 

To  wara  the  reaper  of  the  rosy  east — 
All  now  was  sunless,  empty  and  forlorn. 

Alone,  from  out  the  stubble,  piped  the  quail, 
And  croaked  the  crow  through  all   the  dreary 
gloom; 

Alone  the  pheasant,  drumming  in  the  vale, 
Made  echo  in  the  distance  to  the  cottage  loom. 

There  was  no  bud,  no  bloom  upon  the  bowers, 
The  spiders  moved  their  thin  shrouds  night  by 
nitjht. 
The  thistU^down,  the  only  ghost  of  flowers. 
Sailed  slowly   by— passed   noiselessly    out  of 
sight. 

Amid  all  this,  in  tJiis  most  dreary  air. 
And  where  the  woodbine  seeds  upon  the  porch 

Its  crimson  leaves,  as  if  the  year  stood  there, 
Firing  the  floor  with  its  inverted  torch; 

Amid  all  this,  the  center  of  the  scene. 
The  white-haired  matron,  with    monotonous 
tread. 

Plied  the  swift  wheel,  and  with  her  joyous  mein 
Sat  like  Fate  and  watched  the  flying  thread. 

She  had  known  sorrow.    He  had  walked  with 
her. 
Oft    supped    and  broke  with  her  the  ashen 
crust, 
And  in  the  dead  leaves  still  she  heard  the  stir 
Of  his  thick  mantle  trailing  in  the  dust. 

.    While  yet  her  cheek  was  bright  with  summer 

bloom, 
;       Her  country  summoned,  and  she  gave  up  all; 
j    And  twice  war  bowed  to  her  his  sable  plume — 
I       Regave  the  sword  to  rust  upon  the  wall. 

Regave  the  sword,  but  not  the  hand  that  drew 
And  struck  for  liberty  the  trying  blow. 

Nor  him  who,  to  his  sire  and  country  true. 
Fell  mid  the  ranks  of  the  invading  foe. 

Long,  but  not  loud,  the  droning  wheel  went  on, 
Like  the  low  murmur  of  a  hive  at  noon; 

Long,  but  not  loud,  the  memory  of  the  gone 
Breatlied  through  her  lips  a  sad  and  tremulous 
tone. 

At  last  the  thread  was  snapped,  her  head  was 

>  bowed, 

I      Life  dropped  the  distaflf  through  her  hands 

f  serene; 

J'  And  loving  neighbors  soothed  her  careful  shroud 
I  While  death  and  Winter  closed  the  autumn 
I,  scene. 


G-rowing  IVeather. 

I  stood  one  morning  where  the  sun 

Had  tipped  with  golden  edges, 
The  brown,  bare  hollows  of  the  rocks. 

And  tufts  of  ragged  sedges: 
And  from  the  meadow  fragrance  near. 

Where  scythes  swung  sharp  together, 
I  caught  the  watchword,  "swift,  my  boys,' 

For  this  is  "growing  weather." 

It  was  a  farmer's  random  thought, 

It  had  a  simple  meaning; 
But  chords  we  touch  with  careless  hand, 

Will  set  a  dreamer  dreaming. 
And  by  the  joyous  harmony 

Of  soul  and  sense  together. 
The  key-noto  of  my  mood  was  touched, 

And  echoed  "growing  weather." 

Ah  I  weak  and  worn  must  be  the  heart, 

And  comfortless  the  spirit. 
That  hears,  in  this  hweet  growing  time. 

No  "  come  ye  and  inherit;" 
Thut^are  not  drawn  to  jjurer  highte, 

By  every  lilting  mountain. 
1  [And  catch  no  whisper  of  rebuke 

From  stainless  grove  and  fountain. 


The  Old  Farm  Gate- 


HY    EUGENE  J.    HALL. 

The  old  farm  gate  hangs,  sagging  down, 
On  rusty  hinges,  bent  and  brown; 
Its  latch  is  gone,  and  here  and  there 
It  shows  rude  traces  of  repair. 

The  old  farm  gate  has  seen,  each  year. 
The  blossom  bloom  and  disappear; 
The  bright  green  leaves  of  Spring  unfold 
And  turn  to  Autumn's  red  and  gold. 

The  children  have  upon  it  clung. 

And  in  and  out  with  rapture  swung. 

When  their  young  hearts  were  good  and  pure — 

When  hope  was  fair  and  faith  was  sure. 

Beside  that  gate  have  lovers  true 

Told  the  story,  always  new; 

Have  made  their  vows;  have  dreamed  of  bliss. 

And  sealed  each  i)romise  witli  a  kiss. 

The  old  farm  gate  has  opened  wide 
To  welcome  home  the  ncwMuade  bride, 
When  lilacs  bloomed  and  locusts  fair 
With  their  sweet  fragrance  filled  the  air. 


fljwer  stand. 


Wake  ye,  who  slf^p  through  harvest  hours, 

Know  but  thf  hniith  of  roses: 
And  these  shall  t-'ach  more  generous  life, 

Before  their  short  day  closes. 
Expand  to  some  such  perffct  grace 

As  sways  the  meanest  willows, 
Or  curves  the  pliant  symmetry, 

Upon  the  smoothest  billows. 

So  each  high  noon  shall  ripen  thee 

To  fair  and  fruitful  splendor. 
And  all  night  silences  shall  fall 

Like  prisius  soft  and  tender. 
So  every  morn  shall  bring  to  thee 

Its  new  divine  evangel. 
And  wave-kipsed  lilies  show  less  white 

Than  the  record  of  thine  angel. 

Grow  on  and  upward,  soul  of  mine; 

For  thee  the  Summers  tarry; 
And  sheen  and  shade,  and  voice  and  mould, 

Are  wrought  from  Nature's  quarry, 
That  thou  upon  the  farthest  bights 

M.syst  reach  sublimer  levels. 
And  find  a  better  joy  at  last, 

Tlian  that  wherein  she  revels. 


That  gate,  with  rusty  weight  and  chain, 
Has  clo?ed  upon  the  solemn  train 
'Ihit  bore  her  lifeless  form  away. 
Upon  a  dreary  Autumn  day. 

The  lichens  gray  and  mosses  green 
Upon  its  rotting  posts  are  seen; 
Initials,  carved  with  youthful  skill, 
Long  years  ago,  are  on  it  still. 

Yet,  dear  to  me  above  all  things. 
By  reason  of  the  thoughts  it  brings, 
Is  that  old  gate,  now  sagging  down, 
On  rusty  hinges,  bent  and  brown. 

^    

r^  After  thirty  years'  experience  in 
seed  and  gardening  business,  Briggs 
Bros.,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  are  about  to 
issue  a  practical  work  on  the  cultivation 
of  flowers  and  vegetables.  The  first 
number  of  their  Floral  Work  for  1876  is 
ready.  Everyone  who  cares  for  plants, 
as  everyone  should,  ehould  obtain  and 
study  such  works. 


Fair  Flay  for  the  Farmer. 


BY  MES.  s.  M.  sairru. 

On  every  side  new  foes  arise. 

Or  old  in  modern  armor. 
King  above  ring,  like  Alps  on  Alps, 

Frown  still  upon  the  farmer. 

In  vain  he.  single-handed,  drives 

To  cope  with  powers  united. 
Or  dreams  the  wrongs  of  centuries 

Will,  of  themselves,  be  righted. 

What  wonder  if  at  last  those  wrongs 
Have  roused  each  man  and  woman  ? 

What  wonder  if  they  learn  to  use 
The  weapons  of  their  foemeu  ? 

Turn  back  the  enginery  of  wrong 

Again  on  its  possessors; 
Yet.  God  forbid  that  the  <»ppres£ed 
Become  in  turn  oppressoie. 

Though  a  grand  army  we  enlist. 

And  don  defensive  atmor. 
The  only  conquest  we  pursue 

Is  "  Fair  play  for  the  former," 

Our  ring  endangers  no  man's  rights; 

No  war  of  plunder   wages; 
Its  influence  yet  shall  bless  mankind 

Through  alt  the  coming  ages. 

The  wisdom  that  men  slowly  gain 

They  lose  not  in  au  hour; 
It  took  us  ci>uturies  to  Icam 

Uo  find  in  union  power. 

And  centuries  of  odvanciug  growth 
Will  yet  mark  our  progressioD, 

Ere  sons  and  daughters  of  the  soil 
Forget  their  dear-bought  lesson. 

Nor  is  the  lesson  yet  complete; 

Scarcely  our  feet  have  entered 
Upon  the  road  that  leads  to  bights 

Where  Toil's  full  hopes  are  centered; 

Where  the  starved  soul  at  Wisdom's  founts 

May  be  a  free  partaker, 
And  the  bent  form,  erect,  clear-eyed. 

Honor  once  more  its  Maker. 


CARE  OF  TENDEE  PLANTS. 

tITY  gardening,  to  be  made  suc- 
cessful, reijiiires  a  good  deal  more 
of  practical  knowledge  and  care 
}jS)  than  the  majority  of  persons  are 
■^p  aware.  We  refer  especially  to  the 
cultivation  of  flowers  and  plants  on  a 
small  scale,  in  yards,  windows  and  con- 
servatories, in  small  beds  out  of  doors, 
in  pots,  boxes,  hanging  baskets,  etc.,  in 
doors  and  out.  There  is  so  much  diftVr- 
ence  in  the  hardiness  of  thj  various 
plants,  the  amount  of  water  and  light 
necessary  to  healthy  growth,  the  suscep- 
tibility to  changes  of  temperature  and 
humidity  of  the  air,  and  the  effect  of 
exposure  to  winds  and  drafts,  that,  all 
things  considered,  require  much  atten- 
tion. Plants  which  have  been  grown 
under  the  shelter  of  glass  and  protected 
from  wind  and  weather  are  not  able  to 
bear  exposure  to  winds  at  all.  When 
you  purchase  of  nurserymen  for  the 
yard,  be  sure  to  get  plants  that  have 
been  inured  to  the  weather,  otherwise 
you  cannot  make  them  live  and  grow  in 
exposed  places.  Even  as  hardj'  a  plant 
as  the  rose,  if  grown  under  glass,  can- 
not endure  exposure.  We  have  known 
beautiful  window  plants  that  had  been 
grown  under  glass  to  suffer  from  raising 
the  window  and  allowing  the  draft  of 
cold  air  to  strike  over  them.  As  many 
persons  purchase  such  plants  for  their 
yards,  verandas  and  windows,  a,  word  of 
caution  should  be  given. 

They  must  not  be  placed  where  the 
wind  has  a  rake  at  them,  nor  be  exposed 
to  great  changes  of  temperature.  They 
must  be  tenderly  cared  for,  regularly  and 
plentifully,  but  not  too  copiously,  wa- 
tered. ;  that  is,  they  should  not  be  kept 
continually  soaked  with  water,  as  is  of- 
ten done  by  setting  pots  in  pans  filled 
with   water.      They   must  be   sheltered 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


(I  from  all  winds  and  from  very  hot  sun- 
I  shine.  When  the  sun  is  hottest  a  thin 
muslin  curtain  should  shelter  the  plants 
f  from  its  raj's.  Hanging  baskets  that  are 
'  filled  with  delicate  jilauts  should  never 
9  ^be  hung  out  under  the  piazza,  where 
drafts  of  wind  can  dash  the  foliage  about. 
Many  beautiful  baskets  are  ruined  by 
such  carelessness,  and  no  one  need  ex- 
pect success  with  plants  unless  they  are 
sheltered  from  the  winds.  California  is 
a  windy  country  anyway,  and  there  are 
more  plants  annually  spoiled  by  the 
winds  than  by  all  other  causes  combined. 
Piazzas  where  jjlants  are  to  be  grown 
should  have  one  or  both  ends  enclosed, 
so  as  to  give  the  plants  shelter.  Gar- 
dens, w-hen  laid  out,  should  be  so  en- 
closed that  the  prevailing  winds  will  be 
broken,  otherwise  many  plants  will  jjer- 
ish  and  none  will  flourish  satisfactorily. 
This  is  a  matter  of  much  importance — 
one  which  we  would  particularly  imjiress 
upon  the  minds  of  all,  as  few  seem  to 
realize  how  severely  most  plants  sufl'er  if 
exposed  to  winds.  Any  one  who  will  be 
careful  can  be  successful  in  rearing  and 
keeping  in  beaiitiful  luxuriance  any 
plant  they  may  fancy,  if  they  will  but 
observe  a  few  common  sense  principles 
and  humor  the  jjlants  with  aft'ectionate 
consideration  for  their  wants.  The  real- 
ly successful  and  enthusiastic  lover  and 
cultivator  of  plants  almost  seems  to  cre- 
ate a  bond  of  sympathy  between  herself 
and  her  pets  that  amounts  to  and  is,  an 
uuderstaudiug  of  what  they  need,  and 
insures  attention  to  their  wants.  But 
there  is  no  more  mystery  abrut  the  busi- 
ness of  growing  fine  jilants  than  there  is 
about  growing  potatoes.  Each  plant  is 
adapted  to  certain  conditions,  either 
through  its  natural  habits  before  culti- 
vated by  man,  or  through  the  habits  it 
has  acquired  since  man  has  cultivated  it. 
For  instance,  we  have  just  stated  that 
as  hardy  a  plant  as  the  rose  naturally  is, 
it  can  be  made  too  tender  to  endure  ordi- 
nary out  of  door  treatment  by  being  nur- 
tured in  the  greenhouse.  The  same 
jiriuciple  will  apjjly  to  all  plants,  al- 
though there  are  extremes  of  tenderness 
and  hardiness  beyond  which  they  can- 
not succeed.  The  hardy  condition  tends 
toward  a  more  stunted,  small  leaved  and 
closer  branching  habit,  while  the  tender 
plant  has  larger,  thinner  leaves,  softer 
wood  and  comes  more  rapidly  to  matu- 
rity. The  thousands  of  varieties  of  ge- 
raniums, fuschias,  verbenas,  etc.,  that 
have  been  ptoduced  under  culture,  show 
how  i^oteut  is  the  power  of  adaptation, 
when  man  understandingly  works  for  a 
given  result. 

The  condition  under  which  a  plant 
may  live  is  not  always  the  condition 
under  which  it  will  become  the  most  at- 
tractive. Success  in  the  culture  of  fine 
plants  means  hUjhcst  develnptnent  as  well 
as  healthy  growth,  although  healthy 
growth  is  alwaj-s  necessary  to  perfect 
deqeltjpment.  There  are  always  certain 
conditions  best  suited  to  development  in 
any  given  directieu.  But  we  will  defer 
further  talk  about  general  princiiiles  for 
the  present,  although  there  are  many 
important  things  to  be  considered. 

FKOSTY  NIGUTB. 

The  recent  frosts  have  been  rather  se- 
vere on  tender  plants  that  were  not  shel- 
tered. We  have  noticed  that  some 
persons  who  have  left  their  plants  un- 
protected hav(!  thrown  water  on  them  iu 
the  miu-uiug  to  draw  the  frost  out  with- 
out its  killing  the  plants,  as  is  the  case 
whore  the  sun  stiikes  upon  the  frozen 
plants.  If  the  water  is  not  thrown  on 
until  the  temperature  rises  above  the 
freezing  point,  it  will  do  this,  but  if 
put  on  very  early  in  the  morning  it  will 
freeze  all  the  harder.  The  water  will 
turn    to    ice    unless  applied    (.'Very  few 


minutes  until  the  temperature  rises.  We 
have  known  of  plants  being  killed  out- 
right by  throwing  on  a  dash  of  water 
which  was  allowed  to  freeze. 

It  is  cheaper  to  cover  plants  from  the 
frost  than  to  buy  new  ones  and  wait  for 
them  to  grow.  Many  grand  clusters  of 
calla  lilies  have  been  cut  down,  in  San 
Jose,  by  frost,  through  careless  neglect. 

PLANTIKG  SEEDS. 

The  surface  soil  is  better  adapted  to 
the  germination  of  seeds  than  that  which 
is  thrown  up  from  below  by  the  sjiade  or 
plow.  It  should  be  finely  pulverized, 
whether  in  beds  out  of  doors  or  iu  boxes. 
"To  secure  germination,  the  essentials 
are  a  proper  degree  of  moisture,  heat 
and  covering.  The  most  usual  hind- 
ranees  are,  that  the  earth  dries  down  be- 
neath the  seed  after  growth  has  begun, 
and  that  a  crust,  through  which  the  ten- 
der sprouts  are  unable  to  push  their  way, 
forms  over  the  delicate  seeds.  Hence 
they  should  bo  given  a  covering  that  is 
porous  and  light,  so  that  it  will  retain 
moisture  and  not  bake  and  form  such  a 
crust."  The  earth  upon  which  the  seeds 
are  planted  should  be  settled  down  by 
sprinkling,  or  be  slightly  pressed  down 
on  the  surface;  then,  after  dropping  the 
seeds,  cover  with  leaf  mould  or  sawdust 
and  sand  mixed,  or  rotted  spent  hops,  or 
old  manure  sifted  tine  and  mixed  with 
sand,  or  sand  mixed  with  light  soil  will 
do.  Any  covering  that  will  pack  down 
closely  and  bake  when  dry  is  not  fit  to 
cover  seeds.  "Generally,  the  covering 
should  not  be  more  than  eight  times  the 
the  thickness  of  the  seed,  and  is  best  ap- 
plied by  sifting.  This  covering  should 
be  kept  moist,  but  not  wet,  till  the  deli- 
cate little  plants  have  come  through. 
The  moisture  is  best  retained  by  spread- 
ing a  newspaper  over  the  surface  and 
keeping  it  down  with  sticks  or  stones  for 
two  or  three  days." 

The  illustration  this  month  is  of  an 
elegant  bronze  flower  stand.  This  can 
be  kept  in-doors  at  the  window,  or  be 
rolled  on  its  casters  out  upon  the  porch 
when  the  weather  is  favorable.  A  stand 
of  this  kind,  holding  a  variety  of  elegant 
plants  and  vines,  and  a  glass  globe  con- 
taining gold-fish,  is  certainly  something 
to  be  desired,  and  almost  anyone  can  get 
or  make  something  like  it.  A  stand  of 
which  this  is  a  picture  can  be  seen  at 
Mr.  Mitchell's  Floral  Depot,  San  Jo.se. 


mi  polder. 


PUBLIC  LANDS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


I 


ijVfi-F  men  with  families  who  are  hunting 
for  something  to  do  would  secure 
for  themselves  100  acres  of  land  al- 
vj^  most  anywhere  in  the  State,  they 
Kg  would  find  something  to  do  for 
themselves  independently,  and  could 
easily  make  a  living,  while  improving 
their  home  in  comfort  and  value,  with 
reference  to  a  competence.  The  man 
who  secures  a  homestead  of  laud,  places 
himself  outside  of  fluctuations  in  values 
and  trades.  He  is  not  dependent  upon 
others'  business  and  wages,  but  within 
his  own  little  holding  is  a  king.  There 
is  no  way  in  which  a  man  can  more 
surely  secure  himself  and  his  family 
above  want.  For  the  information 
of  such  persons  as  are  looking  out 
for  land  we  select  this  article  frimi  the 
San  Francisco  diulktin.  Wo  frequently 
get  letters  asking  for  just  such  advice : 
In  this  State  there  are  ten  land  dis- 
tricts, tho  offices  of  which  are  located 
as  follows:  Eureka,  Shasta,  Susanville, 
Marysville,   Sacramento,  San  Francisco, 


Yisalia,  Independence  and  Los  Angeles. 
In  all  these  offices,  or  in  any  of  them, 
tho  immigrant  can  tiud  more  or  less  laud 
that  is  subject  to  homestead  and  pre- 
emi^tion;  and  although  it  is  true  that  the 
large  valley  tracts  have  been  taken,  yet 
along  the  foothills  in  the  mountains  it  is 
not  dilEcult  for  the  home  seeker  to  find 
f  ud  locate  a  160-acre  farm  that  in  the 
Eastern  States  would  be  considered  very 
valuable.  There  is  land  to  be  had  in 
the  following  counties  by  the  immigrant 
or  home  seeker:  Kern,  Fresno,  Tulare, 
and  in  the  counties  of  San  Diego  and 
Los  Angeles,  while  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  State  there  is  much  good  land. 
The  valleys  of  this  State  will  raise  cereals 
for  the  world  as  well  as  for  a  home  pop- 
ulation. A  recent  survey  made  of  the 
La  Poresimo  Eancho,  iu  Los  Angeles 
countj',  ten  miles  from  Lompoc,  gave  to 
the  United  States  out  of  this  one  rancho 
20,000  acres  of  fine  farming  lands.  This 
was  a  siDecial  survej',  made  by  the  United 
States  Surveyor-General's  office  of  this 
city. 

The  Southern  CaUfoniian,  published  at 
Bakersfield,  in  Kern  county,  makes  the 
following  statement: 

Some  of  the  best  lands  in  Kern  County 
are  yet  ojaen  to  settlement.  The  lands 
in  townshii)  29  s.  r.  27  e.,  township  29 
s.  r.  26  e.,  lying  west  of  the  river,  are 
mostly  very  favorably  located,  and  some 
recent  settlers  there  are  constructing  a 
ditch  from  Kern  river.  The  surveyor 
has  been  at  work  in  these  towushii^s  for 
many  days  past,  accommodating  a  num- 
ber of  new  families,  who  have  made 
their  way  in  wagons  from  the  North. 
There  is  room  for  thousands  of  settlers 
in  these  two  townships  alone.  Bakers- 
field  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of  Town- 
ship 29  south,  Range  27  east,  so  that  the 
outer  limit  of  the  two  townships  will  be 
but  twelve  miles  from  this  place.  Por- 
tions of  sections  18,  25,  30  and  32  have 
been  appilied  for  within  a  short  time 
past,  but  according  to  the  testimony  of 
Mr.  McCord  and  Mr.  McCaffrey,  who 
have  settled  there,  the  lands  remaining 
are  equally  good,  and  are  well  worth  the 
attention  of  families  seeking  for  good 
homes.  There  is  a  fair  supply  of  tim- 
ber on  each  section,  and  abundant  water 
to  be  obtained  from  the  river,  which  ruus 
through  the  townships. 

As  a  general  thing  too  little  efi'ort  is 
given  to  search  for  such  locations  by 
new  comers.  It  is  found  more  conve- 
nient to  buy  out  some  settler  already  es- 
tablishad  at  from  ten  to  twenty  dollars 
per  acre.  We  kuosv  of  160-acre  farms 
having  been  sold  for  $2,000  by  specu- 
lating settlers,  who  have  never  made  the 
least  imiirovement,  and  who  have  man- 
aged to  secure  other  claims,  within  a  few 
miles,  at  Government  price. 

We  hope  this  notice  will  bo  read  only 
by  bona  fide  settlers,  to  whom  we  will 
cheerfully  give  all  the  information  need- 
ed to  make  locations,  which  to  some  ex- 
tent can  be  done  without  the  expense  of 
a  surveyor. 


SOLDIERS'     HOMESTEAD 
CLAIMS. 

The  matter  has  beeu  agitated  before 
our  State  Legislature  to  petition  Con- 
gress to  prevent  any  persons  from  spec- 
ulating in  public  lands  with  soldier 
homestead  warrants.  This  is  a  move  in 
the  right  direction,  although  late  in  the 
day.  We  would  like  to  soo  a  bill  so 
framed  that  nime  but  actual  settlers  can 
buy  Government  lands  under  any  con- 
sideration, and  then  only  in  limited 
ipiaiitities  and  only  when  ho  holds  no 
(ilher  lands.  Ever}'  scheme  of  land  war- 
rants, whether  granted  to    the    State,  to 


school  funds  or  what  not,  has  been  got- 
ten up  by  land  sharks  to  be  used  for 
their  own  aggrandizement,  and  have 
beeu  so  used.  It  should  be  made  a 
crime  against  our  country  for  one  per- 
son or  corporation  to  attempt  to  get 
more  than  a  limited  amount  of  Govern- 
ment lands;  and  that  limit  should  be 
placed  low  enough  to  allow  actual  set- 
tlers a  show  for  years  to  come.  We  are 
not  one  to  endorse  the  principle  that 
capitalists  should  have  the  right  to  more 
land  than  anybody  else.  The  land  should 
be  for  the  people,  sacred  to  the  settler, 
above  the  reach  of  inordinate  specula- 
tion. Were  land  monopoly  impossible, 
there  would  be  thousands  of  homes  in 
California  to-day  where  there  are  hun- 
dreds. The  whole  community  would  be 
better  ofl'.  Capital  would  seek  invest- 
ment in  industrial  channels,  and  less 
idleness  and  distress  would  naturally  re- 
sult. As  it  now  is,  a  poor  man  is  virtu- 
ally fenced  out  of  the  country.  Before 
one  can  get  a  farm,  he  must  give  some- 
body the  savings  of  from  ten  to  thirty 
or  more  years'  labor — somebody  who  has 
never  added  one  cent  to  its  value  in 
many  cases.  Quite  as  often  the  desira- 
ble lands  are  held  to  be  rented;  and  the 
rental,  one  year  with  another,  would 
make  a  hard-working  man  a  poor  slave 
to  tho  landlord. 

It  is  best  that  some  of  the  terrible 
evils  incorporated  into  our  civilization 
should  be  remedied  in  a  civil  manner, 
before  an  oppressed  and  long-sufl'ering 
people  become  desperate  beyond  such 
control.  That  land  monopoly,  iu  all  its 
forms,  is  one  of  the  most  serious  mat- 
ters that  our  country  needs  to  consider 
and  to  correct,  we  are  well,  and  too  well, 
satisfied.  In  the  patriotic  and  heroic 
days  of  the  Roman  repubUc,  he  was  an 
enemy  to  his  country  who  desired  more 
land  than  he  himself  could  use.  But 
the  power  that  conquered  the  world  fin- 
ally crumbled  through  land  monopoly. 
The  Senate  granted  away  the  land  and 
slavery  usurped  the  labor  of  a  once  free 
people.  Virtue  vanished;  men  decayed; 
patriotism  perished,  and  Rome  was  no 
more.  May  such  history  not  repeat  it- 
self in  our  proud  land. 


Railroad  Gi'.axts  vs.  Settleks  Claims. 
— We  are  glad  to  notice  that  Congress  is 
considesiug  the  the  rights  of  the  settlers 
who,  in  several  states,  have  been  ousted 
by  railroad  grants.  Every  honest  Ameri- 
can believes  that  our  pre-emtion  laws 
were  intended  to  protect  actual  settlers; 
and  that  no  grant  should  be  allowed  to 
interfere  with  such  rights.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  the  settler  will  yet  find  pro- 
tection against  schemers  of  every  grade. 
But  as  long  as  greedy  capital  has  the 
power,  and  dishonesty  rules,  there  is 
little  use  in  hoping. 


Every  civilized  nation  in  the  world 
will  take  part  iu  the  Centennial  Expo- 
sitiou.  The  Commission  have  determined 
to  close  it  on  tho  Sabbath — that  is  on 
Sunday,  the  Sabbath  of  the  Christians. 
If  they  close  on  the  Sabbath  of  every  na- 
tion reiiresented  there- -aud  why  should 
the  nations  be  shocked  in  their  moral 
sense  by  a  failure  to  do  so? — it  will  al- 
ways be  closed.  For  the  (ireeks  they 
will  close  it  on  Monday;  for  the  I'ersians 
on  Tuesday :  for  tho  .\ssyrians  on  Wed- 
nesday;  for  the  Egyptians  on  Thursday; 
for  the  Turks,  the'  Arabs,  and  all  Mo- 
hammedan nations  on  Friday;  for  tho 
Jews  aud  Seventh-day  Baptists  on 
Saturday,  and  for  us  Christians  they 
will  dose  it  on  Sunday,  and  open  the 
beer-garden  for  ns. —  Louisinlle  Courier 
Joiirmil. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


21  )( 


(lUiiptol  and  ^ixUx, 

ASSOCIATED   CAPITAL  AND    CO- 
OPERATIVE   LABOR. 

BY   JOHN  D.  SCOTT,   51.  D. 

t^'^HERE  is  no  real  and  bona  fide  an- 
tagonism between  labor  and  capital, 
per  se.  When,  however,  selfishness 
on  the  part  of  capitalists  induces 
joki  them  to  lessen  the  wages  of  their 
workmen  without  just  cause,  or  greed  on 
the  part  of  the  laborers  influences  them 
to  indulge  in  the  doubtful  luxury  of 
strikes,  then  there  does  arise  antagon- 
ism, often  of  a  tearful  character.  But 
these  are  really  foreign  and  artificial  ele- 
ments. They  are  not  germain  to  either. 
As  Wordsworth  in  his  inimitable  phrase- 
ology declares  that  "  the  child  is  father 
to  the  man,"  the  one,  in  process  of  time, 
growing  naturally  out  of  the  other,  so 
capital  is  but  a  legitimate  evolution  out 
of  labor.  Capital  could  never  have  had 
an  existence  without  labor.  It  is  the 
representative,  measure  and  exponent  of 
labor;  and  there  can  be  no  more  antag- 
onism between  them  than  between  the 
bunch  of  grapes  and  the  vine  that  has 
produced  it.  So  intimate  is  this  union 
between  capital  and  labor  that,  like  "the 
meeting  of  the  waters,"  they  might  be 
said  to  merge  into  one  another,  thus  an- 
nihilating the  idea  of  antagonism  alto- 
gether. One  is  the  compliment  of  the 
other,  and  could  no  more  perform  its 
appropriate  functions,  alone,  than  could 
the  single  blade  of  a  pair  of  shears 
when  separated  from  its  fellow.  They 
are  mutually  inter-dependent,  not  only 
for  their  prosperity,  but  for  their  very 
existence.  No  wrong-doing,  therefore, 
no  oppression,  no  extortion,  on  the  one 
side,  can  long  exist  without  entailing  on 
that  side  the  bitter  fruits  of  loss  of  busi- 
ness, depreciation  of  values,  loss  of  in- 
terest, loss  of  skillful  workmen  who 
seek  other  and  more  promising  fields  of 
enterprise,  and,  as  often  happens,  the 
total  breaking  up  and  ruin  of  all  inter- 
ests concerned.  And,  on  the  other 
hand,  through  the  misguided  counsels  of 
trades-unions  and  unjustifiable  strikes, 
hundreds  and  thousands  of  the  working 
classes  have  been  driven  to  the  verge  of 
starvation  and  plunged  into  indescrib- 
able ruin.  These  remedies  have  not  only 
been  shown  theoretically  to  be  inade- 
quate to  the  righting  of  the  wrongs  com- 
pliuned  of,  but  practically,  also;  for  the 
history  of  these  uuuatural  wars  teaches 
us  that  they  have  always  been  disastrous 
to  both  parties. 

As  these  remedies  have  been  found 
worse  than  useless,  it  is  jiertinent  to 
enquire  what  would  be  efl'ective  ones. 
We  confidently  replj',  in  the  first  iilace, 

AN    IN-CEE.1SE    OF     KNOWLEDGE. 

Ignorance  is  not  more  the  mother  of 
superstition  than  of  error;  and  error 
leads  to  innumerable  evils.  The  uni- 
versality of  education,  and  the  conse- 
quent dift'usion  of  knowledge,  affords  to 
capitalists  and  laborers  the  only  known 
means  of  becoming  thoroughly  ac- 
quainted with  themselves  and  with  each 
other.  It  is  the  rising  sun  that  dispels 
the  darkness  of  the  night  and  the  mists 
of  the  morning.  It  teaches  the  capital- 
ist that  money  is  not  the  panacea  for 
"all  the  ills  that  flesh  is  heir  to,"  and 
that  it  is  not  the  smnmum  bonum  of  hu- 
man effort;  and  the  laborer,  that  "man 
lives  not  by  bread  alone."  Something 
more  is  wanting  to  complete  the  sum  of 
human  happiness  than  capital  and  labor. 
These  may  be  the  means,  but  not  the 
end  of  life. 


•*  Life  is  real,  life  is  earnest, 
And  the  grave  ie  not  its  goal; 

Dxist  thou  art,  to  dust  returnest, 
Was  not  Bpokon  of  the  soul." 

Culture — a  higher  plane  of  civilization 
— the  full  and  complete  development  of 
human  cajjabilities  and  possibilities, 
should  be  the  goal  of   human  ambition. 

We  say,  in  the  second  place,  that  when 
this  knowledge  has  been  a'ttained — when 
capitalists  and  workmen  thoroughly  un- 
derstand each  other — their  mutual  needs, 
their  combined   omnipotence  for  good— 

THIS     KNOWLEDGE     SHOULD    BE     P0T    INTO 
PRACTICAL  USE. 

A  few  htmdred  years  ago,  even  among 
Europeans,  such  a  consummation  would 
have  been  an  utter  impossibiUty.  They 
had  not  yet  been  educated  up  to  that 
plane.  Even  now,  such  an  idea  would 
be  as  incomprehensible  to  the  Oriental 
mind  as  the  transit  of  Venus  to  a  Hot- 
tentot. But,  thanks  to  Dickens  and 
Eugene  Sue  in  fiction,  Beranger  in  song, 
John  Bright  and  Owen  in  actual  practice 
and  Herbert  Spencer  in  social  philoso- 
phy, and  millions  of  philanthropic  pens 
and  open  purses  everywhere,  mankind 
is  beginning  to  ho  redeemed  and  disen- 
thralled from  the  superstitions  and 
errors  of  the  ages,  and  rendered  capable 
of  conceiving  and  establishing  those 
grand  industrial  institutions  that  are  to 
civilize  and  crystalize  the  best  instincts 
and  aspirations  of  humanity.  These  are 
the  mighty  influences  that  areslowly.but 
surely,  lifting  us  to  a  higher  level,  as 
continents  rise  from  the  sea.  We  are  but 
just  entering  upon  this  grand  and  glori- 
ous 

INDUSTRIAL    EEA. 

Practical  expression  was  given  to  it  in 
the  Paris  Exposition;  the  reverberations 
were  continued  in  the  English  Crystal 
Palace,  and  now  they  are  echoed  back  in 
centennial  thunders  from  the  New  World 
to  the  Old.  In  the  City  of  Brotherly 
Love  capital  and  labor  will  meet  once 
more,  face  to  face.  Again  will  they  join 
hands  over  the  holy  altar  of  civilization, 
and  the  heart's  pulsations  of  each  will  be 
felt  by  the  other.  On  that  holy  ground, 
consecrated  to  the  best  interests  of  man, 
will  again  be  demonstrated,  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  assembled  world,  the  great 
problem  of  the  compatibility  of  capital 
and  labor.  And  the  world  will  now  ac- 
knowledge the  justness  of  the  solution, 
inasmuch  as  many  co-operative  manu- 
factories, in  various  countries,  can  be 
pointed  to  as  successful  examples  of  co- 
operation. Among  these,  the  great  car- 
pet manufactory  of  John  Bright  will  not 
be  forgotten.  It  will  be  shown,  among 
other  facts,  the  larger  the  establishment 
— within  reasonable  bounds — the  less  the 
general  and  individual  expense,  and  the 
greater  the  combined  profit.  When  the 
operatives  occupy  one  building  their 
rents  will  be  decreased  fifty  per  cent. 
The  same,  or  even  a  gi'eater  per  cent,  can 
be  saved  when  all  the  cooking  is  done  in 
a  common  kitchen  and  the  meals  served 
in  a  common  dining-room.  The  waste 
heat  from  the  cooking  ranges  could  be 
made  to  warm  the  entire  establishment, 
the  rooms  occupied  by  the  workmen  and 
their  families,  as  well  as  the  various 
apartments  where  the  work  is  done.  A 
laundry  could  do  the  washing  for  the  en- 
tire community  at  much  less  cost  than  it 
could  be  done  by  each  familj'  or  worker 
separately.  A  hospital  would  accom- 
plish the  same  saving  in  the  care  of  the 
sick.  Of  course,  water-powers,  a  strip 
of  timbered  laud,  grain  fields  and  pas- 
tures, cows,  poultry,  etc.,  would  all  be 
deskleraia.  Many  other  acquisitions 
which  will  suggest  themselves  to  the 
reader,  but  which  we  have  not  space  here 
to  enumerate,  would  lessen  the  expenses 
and  increase  the  economical  workings  of 


the  institution. 

The  great  dining-hall  could  be  made 
to  do  duty,  on  occasion,  as  a  concert 
room,  as  a  theater,  for  the  purposes  of  a 
debating  society,  for  the  delivery  of 
courses  of  lectures  upon  literature',  art 
and  science  by  distinguished  scholars, 
and  as  a  ball  room. 

As  "  honor  and  fame  from  no  condi- 
tion rise,"  in  a  community  like  this, 
endowed  with  the  various  tastes  and  tal- 
ents found  in  our  common  humanity, 
natural  musicians,  painters,  sculptors, 
inventors,  etc.,  would  spring  uj)  and  have 
abundant  opportunities  to  develop  and 
perfect  their  powers.  In  this  age  of  "the 
making  of  many  books"  a  library  would 
only  be  a  question  of  time.  The  com- 
munity could  institute  its  own  schools  or 
send  their  children  to  the  common 
schools. 

It  would  be  a  pleasant  task  to  elabor- 
ate this  article  still  further  and  run  out 
these  and  other  lines  of  thought  to  their 
legitimate  conclusions.  We  might  ad- 
vocate the  establishment  of  a  newspaper, 
a  savings  bank,  a  life  insurance  com- 
pany, and  many  other  institutions  in  this 
our  busy  little  world.  We  might  dwell 
upon  the  well-known  social  princijjle 
that  the  bettering  of  the  condition  of  the 
working  classes,  the  increase  of  their 
education,  and  the  cultivation  of  their 
tastes  and  talents  vastly  increases  their 
wants  and  their  capacity  for  enjoying  the 
luxuries  of  life  and  the  esthetic  creations 
of  genius.  We  might  demonstrate  that 
such  a  community,  set  down  in  a  dull 
town,  would  soon  galvanize  it  into  com- 
mercial life  and  ensure  a  fortune  to  every 
one  of  its  enterprising  tradesmen.  But 
we  must  leave  the  pursuit  of  these  pleas- 
ing thoughts  to  our  intelligent  readers. 
Our  lengthening  lines  admonish  us  that 
we  are  trenching  upon  our  prescribed 
limits, and  that  we  must  bring  this  paper, 
which  we  wish  we  could  have  made  more 
acceptable,  to  a  speedy  close. 

But,  to  make  our  institution  a  truly 
co-operative  one,  and  to  insure  its  suc- 
cess "beyond  all  lingering  of  doubt," 
the  working  men,  women,  and  children 
employed,  besides  reasonable  wages, 
should  be  allowed  a  certain  per  cent,  on 
the  net  earnings  of  the  institution.  The 
effect  would  be  m.agical.  It  would  in- 
stantly transform  a  human  ma<'hine  into 
an  interested,  self-respecting  worker. 
While  working  only  for  wages,  the  ma- 
chine cared  only  to  get  through  the  day's 
work  as  best  he  might  and  draw  his 
wages  every  Saturday  night.  But  as  an 
interested  stockholder — as  a  part  owner 
— in  the  vast  estate  and  buzzing  machin- 
ery, with  what  different  eyes  he  looks 
upon  the  busy  little  world  around  him ! 
He  sees  everything — hears  everything. 
He  encourages  a  despairing  comrade 
here,  chides  a  lazy  one  there,  and  re- 
proves careless  ones  everywhere.  The 
processes  of  work  which  ho  looked  upon 
before  with  such  stolid  indiflerence,  he 
now  studies  with  the  keenest  relish,  and 
makes  vast  improvements  in  the  machin- 
ery wherever  needed;  and  having  liberal 
inducements  ofl'ered  him  in  the  way  of 
re'wards  and  payments  for  patents,  this 
interest  is  hightened  an  hundred-fold, 
not  only  tor  the  benefit  of  the  worker  or 
inventor  himself,  but  for  that  of  the 
company  at  large. 

Thus  the  working  men,  the  women, 
and  even  the  children  are  raised  to  the 
plane  of  self-respect  and  self-assertion. 
The  faculties  of  the  mind  are  not  only 
unfettered  but  developed  to  their  utmost 
capacities.  The  shackles  of  blighting 
poverty,  with  its  pinching  cold  and  gnaw- 
ing hunger,  fall  from  their  limbs  in 
broken  links,  never  to  be  welded  and 
worn  again,  for  "revolutions  never  go 
backwards."       Instead    of     having     to 


trudge  with  long,  weary  steps  to  their 
work,  they  are  on  hand,  in  the  same 
building  with  it.  Their  hearts  are  not 
weighed  down  with  the  bitter  dew-drops 
of  sorrow,  nor  their  limbs  stiftened  by 
"November's  surly  blast."  They  do  not 
go  to  their  work  with  the  last  sigh  of 
human  dissolution  on  their  lips,  but 
with  the  cheerj'  carol  of  the  lark  as  he 
mounts  up  to  greet  the  coming  morn. 
Intelligence  flashes  from  every  eye,  and 
the  roses  of  health  bloom  upon  every 
cheek. 

Let  not,  then,  the  noble  band  of  work- 
ers in  the  holy  cause  of  human  progress 
despair.  Let  them  remember  that  good 
seed  in  the  moral  world,  like  that  in  the 
physical,  reproduces  itself,  and  that  its 
golden  harvest  will  be  garnered  up,  at 
last,  in  the  great  store-houses  of  "the 
good  time  coming."  The  bread  cast 
upon  the  streams  of  industry,  like  the 
Kg3'ptian's  wheat  sown  upon  the  flooded 
Nile,  wiU  return  after  many  days, to  feed, 
to  clothe,  to  educate  and  to  bless  millions 
yet  unborn.  Thus  is  the  human  race  to 
bo  raised  and  enabled  to  fulfill  their 
great  mission,  "to  subdue  the  earth." 
Thus  wiU  mankind  be  brought  to  a  per- 
fect comprehension  of  the  laws  of  mind 
and  matter — the  great  principles  of  the 
religion  of  science — that  are  to  perfect 
their  characters  and  bring  them  in  closer 
harmony  with  the  attributes  of  Deity. 


(fclucatioual 


PROFICIENCY   WILL    COMMAND 
SUCCESS. 

m  — 

t'jj-S  I  lUBTLESS  a  thorough  education  is 
][ .  something  to  be  desired  and  worthy 
iLll  of  the  ambition  and  exertions  of 
every  young  man.  It  is  a  life-long 
source  of  blessing.  But  to  be  half 
learned  is  ignorance.  Education  is  not 
simply  book-learning.  It  is  something 
practical.  To  have  the  head  filled  with 
theory,  and  lack  the  ability  to  apply,  is 
a  burden.  There  is  such  a  thing  as  be- 
ing educated  to  a  point  of  usefulness; 
but  the  one  who  has  stopped  short  of 
this  is  trtily  an  object  of  pity.  Be  edu- 
cated mechanics — be  imderstand  work- 
men, and  the  world  wiJl  want  your  ser- 
vices.    "Proficiency  will  command." 

In  almost  any  season  of  the  year,  in 
our  cities  and  towns,  numbers  of  men 
are  to  be  seen  who  apparently  have  little 
or  nothing  to  do.  They  live  in  a  hand- 
to-mouth,  semi-starvation  way;  com- 
plain loudly  of  hard  times,  no  work,  and 
gloomy  prospects;  curse  the  country  and 
the  people,  and  blame  everything  except 
themselves  for  their  lot. 

In  a  country  like  this,  where  Nature 
seems  to  have  exhausted  her  genius  in 
creating  a  home  for  man:  where  every- 
thing conducive  to  comfort  and  happi- 
ness is  all  but  spontaneous;  a  country 
that  has  but  begun  to  develop  it  varied 
resources — it  does  appear  strange,  at 
first  thought,  that  such  can  be  the  case, 
and  we  are  naturally  led  to  inquire. 
What  is  the  cause  of  this?  What  reason 
can  be  assigned  for  it?  It  results  from 
several  very  apparent  causes.  We  will 
now  notice  but  one.  Among  this  class 
of  men  are  representatives  of  almost 
every  trade  and  profession,  and  although 
not  the  only  reason,  one  of  the  chief 
causes  of  their  idleness  is  to  be  found  in 
the  fact  that  these  are  generally  ver}- 
inferior  workmen.  They  are  men  who  . 
have  not  thoroughly  mastered  their  pro- 
fessions before  setting  out  as  journey- 
men.    They  are  not  educated  mechanics. 

This  flooding  of  the  market  with  an 
inferior  and  unprofitable  class  of  work- 


22 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


B  men  ought  not  to  be  wondered  at;  it  is 
but   the   natural  offspring  of    our   loose 

^  apprentice  63'stem.  A  boy  gets  a  year 
or  two's  experience  at  a  trade  or  profes- 
sion and  then  he  is  off.  There  is  no  more 
for  him  to  learn.  He  knows  all  about 
it;  or,  if  he  does  not,  he  trusts  to  his 
"cheek"  to  help  his  ignorance  over  the 
rough  places.  No  wonder  that  such 
men  become  "tramps."  The  imposition 
is  too  transparent  to  serve  them  long  in 
one  place,  and  they  must  go  in  quest  of 
other  victims.  The  printing  trade  fur- 
nish a  good  illustration  of  this  evil.  We 
are  frequently  visited  by  specimens  of  the 
genus  "typo" — our  cities  swarm  with 
them — who  are  out  of  employment.  The 
difficulty  in  their  case  is  that  they  spent 
a  few  months,  perhaps  a  year,  in  some 
office,  then  conceived  the  desire  for  more 
wages  and  started.  The  consequence  is 
they  know  nothing  of  their  trade,  ana 
must  travel  from  place  to  place.  No  one 
wants  him  the  second  time.  His  mem- 
ory is  like  the  flies  in  the  apothecary's 
ointment. 

The  establishment  of  schools  of  me- 
chanical arts  would  remedy  this  evil  to  a 
great  extent,  if  the  management  of  such 
institutions  could  be  kept  from  the  hands 
of  ambitious  and  designing  men.  As 
this  is  almost  impossible,  and  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  will  not 
permit  us  to  adopt  the  system  of  ajipren- 
ticeship  followed  in  other  countries,  but 
one  way  is  left  to  solve  this  difficulty  and 
secure  skillful  workmanship.  Let  em- 
ployers pay  their  men  wages  in  projjor- 
tion  to  their  merits,  so  that  the  impostor 
and  the  apprentice  may  understand  that 
skill  and  proficiency  are  appreciated  and 
remunerated,  while  a  low  grade  of  work- 
manship is  a  barrier  to  any  and  all  suc- 
cess. Let  the  quality,  and  not  the 
quantity  of  work  done,  be  the  basis  of 
remuneration.  Encourage  the  appren- 
tice to  make  himself  master  of  his  pro- 
fession. Show  him  that  it  is  to  his  in- 
terest to  be  competent.  We  cannot 
compel  boys  to  remain  under  our  in- 
structions. We  must  appeal  to  their  in- 
telligence and  interests.  In  this  way  we 
think  a  vast  amount  of  good  might  be 
accomplished,  while,  if  we  continue  in 
the  way  our  present  course  is  tending, 
competent  tradesmen  will  soon  be  a  thing 
of  the  past. 

One  word  to  the  boys  and  young  men 
who  are  anxious  to  be  tradesmen.  Thei'e 
is  plenty  of  room   yet   in   any  trade   for 
you.     But  you  must  be   able  to  stand  in 
the  front  ranks.      It  is   crowded   below, 
but  there  is  room  enough  for  you  above. 
Good  workmen    are  in    demand,  and  al- 
ways will  be,  but  anything  less  is  already 
two  plenty.     The  market  is  deluged  with 
counterfeits    and   ordinaries.     Keep    to 
your  place  as  a  learner  until   you    are  a 
regular    graduate.       Strive    to   excel  in 
whatever    you    undertake.       Let    none 
stand    before   you.      If    you  are  at   the 
plow,  be  among  the  best  plowmen;  if  you 
area  mechanic,  be  among  the  first;   if  a 
lawyer,  a  doctor,  a  minister  or  a  teacher, 
be  one  of  the  tallest.     Stand  where  you 
will  command.     Never  allow  yoiirself   to 
be  satisfied  until  you  are  thorough — until 
you  are  master  of  every  detail.     No  will- 
ing and  competent  man  need  long  be  un- 
eni])loyed,  whatever  his   calling  is.     The 
world   needs   and  demands  the    highest 
and  fidlest  development   of   your  talents 
I     and  capacities,  and  is-  ready  U>  pay  for  it. 
\     Vuu  need  havi!   no  fears  of  a  proper  ap- 
f    preciatiou  and  r<tward  for  g(-'nuine  merit; 
but  you  have  no  right  to  expect  a  market 
J,   for  any  degree  of  inferiority.     Deception 
\  may  servo  you  for  a  time,  but  eventually 
I  J  it  will   leave    you    bowild(!rod   and  lost. 
I  lave  in  you  the  elements  of   worth,  and 
you  will  be  secure.  P.  F.  P. 


REFORM    NEEDED  IN  SCHOOL 
MATTERS. 

If  there  is  one  single  question  of  po- 
litical economy  that  comes  right  home 
to  the  people,  it  is  the  matter  of  public 
schools,  and  the  support  and  manage- 
ment of  the  same.  We  are  encouraged, 
by  the  report  of  the  special  committee  of 
the  State  Senate  on  retrenchment,  to  be- 
lieve that  the  present  Legislature  of  Cal- 
ifornia will  be  persuaded  to  do  something 
towards  reforming  some  of  the  abuses 
that  have  been  barnacled  ui:>on  the  sys- 
tem. At  any  rate,  it  is  by  exposing  evils 
that  people  are  to  become  prepared  to 
contest  them.  We  quote  parts  of  the 
report  upon  the  use  of  the  school  fund: 
"  Your  committee  believe  that  here,  as 
in  other  divisions  of  the  State  economy, 
reform  is  practicable,  and  th.at  discon- 
tinuance of  State  aid  to  the  pubHcation 
of  the  Teacher,  and  of  the  application  of 
the  school  fund  to  the  maintenance  of 
state  and  county  institutes  would  relieve 
the  people  annually  from  taxes  to  the 
amount  of  forty  thousand  dollars;  and 
so  far  as  the  institutes  are  concerned,  by 
preventing  the  demoralization  necessarily 
attendant  on  the  interruption  of  school 
exercises,  leave  them  in  a  more  healthy 
and  efficient  condition." 

Only  think  of  it,  $-10,000,  which 
should  go  towards  educating  our  youth, 
spent  to  streughten  the  ring  that  sup- 
ports a  lot  of  still  more  exi^eusive  figure- 
heads. A  ring  that  debars  the  people 
from  choosing  their  own  teachers,  at 
such  reasonable  prices  as  fair  competition 
would  be  sure  to  allow.  The  Teacher 
publication  is  of  no  real  advantage  in  an 
educational  point  of  view;  but  few  out- 
side of  the  ring  ever  see  it,  or  care  to  see 
it.  As  to  the  teachers' institute  arrange- 
ment, it  could  be  dispensed  with  without 
injury  to  the  cause  of  education,  even  if 
to  supi^ort  it  cost  nothing. 

The  Senate  committee  on  retrench- 
ment next  pitches  into  the  County  Su- 
perintendents' office  as  something  su- 
perfiuous ; 

"Other  subjects  of  questionable  utility 
connected  with  the  administration 'of  the 
schools  have  not  escaped  observation, 
and  it  may  be  a  matter  of  economic  con- 
sideration to  determine  whether  County 
Superintendents  form  any  necessary  part 
of  the  system;  whether  the  duties  per- 
formed by  them  are  not  more  ornamental 
and  expensive  than  useful,  and  whether 
the  same  services,  almost  without  ex- 
pense, ought  not  to  be  imposed  on  some 
other  officer.  These  offices  cost  the  peo- 
ple annually  $-13,G2'2.  Should  it  prove, 
on  examinotion,  that  the  offiee  is  to  a 
sinecure,  its  abolition  would  gi-eatly 
strengthen  the  fund  that  should  be  sac- 
redly dedicated  to  the  education  of  the 
gi'o wing  youth . " 

That  is  sensible  talk.  too.  Over  f  40,- 
000  more  of  the  people's  taxes  spent  for 
the  privilege  of  having  schools  graded  to 
suit  high-priced  teachers  who  are  often 
given  places  from  motives  of  favoritism. 
We  would  like  to  see  this  matter  of 
choosing  teachers  and  the  amount  of 
their  salaries  left  entirely  with  the 
school  districts — brought  home  as  closely 
to  the  people  themselves,  who  pay  the 
taxes  and  have  children  to  educati%  as 
possible.  Then  the  outside  school  dis- 
tricts that  get  now  only  fnmi  three  to  six 
months  schooling  in  a  year,  could  get  at 
least  ten  months,  and  better  schools  at 
that.  But  the  way  scdiool  matters  are  at 
present  managed  the  taxpay<!rs  and  pa- 
rents of  children  are  nobodies.  'I'lie 
whole  thing  is  maniijulated  for  them  by 
high-salaried  "  consequeutials,"  who 
care  more  about  sustaining  their  own  pay 
and  dignity,  together  with  that  of    their 


favorites,  than  for  the  education  of  chil- 
dred  who  need  educating. 

We  regret  that  the  State  Superintend- 
ent of  Public  Instruction  was  not  includ- 
ed in  the  list  of  figure-heads.  In  our 
opinion,  if  there  is  an  offiee  in  the  State 
that  is  of  no  earthly  use,  it  is  the  State 
Superintendent  •  of  Public  Instruction. 
The  whole  business  necessary  to  be  done 
could  be  better  accomplished  by  the 
Governor  without  extra  expense  to  the 
peoijle.  This  gkand  figure-head  upon 
the  school  monojjoly  ring  costs, in  annual 
salary,  §3,000  of  the  school  money;  and 
the  last  report  of  this  official  cost  only 
:5>10, 800  more  of  the  money  raised  to 
teach  the  children.  To  send  this  ponder- 
ous burden  through  the  mails  over  the 
State  cost  about  $3,000  more,  and  nobody 
benefitted  but  the  aforesaid  ring. 

Our  retrenchment  committee  next 
touches  upon  the  system  of  granting 
teachers  certificates: 

' '  Keeping  always  in  remembrance  the 
vast  sum  that  is  now  needed,  and  the 
much  greater  sum  that  will  soon  be  re- 
quired to  keep  in  successful  operation 
this  grand  institution  [public  schools], 
and  remembering  that  the  greatest  econ- 
omy should  be  observed,  and  that  waste 
here  is  no  more  defensible  than  elsewhere 
when  dealing  with  public  funds,  your 
committee  are  persuaded  that  unless  rad- 
ical changes  are  inaugurated  in  the  sys- 
tem of  granting  teachers'  certificates,  it 
will  prove  too  burdensome  for  the  public 
purse.  The  standard  for  admission  to 
teach  in  the  primary  schools  is  too  high. 
The  nature,  quality  and  character  of  the 
examination  is  often  unreasonable,  if 
not  absurd,  and  requires  a  scale  of  pro- 
ficiency wholly  inapplicable  to  element- 
ary ins"truotion.  The  eft'eet  is  to  exclude 
from  teaching  a  great  many  persons  of 
experience  and  capacity,  and  to  prevent 
competition  for  places;  creates  a  monop- 
oly of  the  school  house,;  maintains  a  high 
salary  for  the  favored  teachers;  makes 
the  system  unnecessarily  expensive,  and 
rewards  one  class  of  industry,  by  unequal 
distribution,  beyond  all  others.  The 
spirit  of  selfishness  which  surrounds 
with  difficulties  any  attempt  to  obtain  a 
teacher's  certificate,  finds  a  counterpart 
in  the  exclusive  privilege  accorded  the 
school  house  to  count  a  lunar  a  calendar 
month." 

Complaints  have  frequently  been  made 
,0  us,  by  competent  persons,  that  the 
granting"  of  certificates  is  often  a  matter 
of  favoritism;  also,  that  it  is  next  to  im- 
possible to  get  aposition  to  teach,  except- 
ing through  the  influence  of  friends. 
The  matter  of  teachers'  salaries  is  fixed 
by  the  ring  of  functionaries,  as  is  almost 
everything  connected  with  schools.  The 
grading  business  is  another  link  to  the 
chain  that  needs  breaking.  Honest  com- 
petition among  teachers  is  shut  out.  The 
trustees  of  school  districts  are  responsible 
for  nothing,  and  might  as  well  be  wooden 
men  for  all  the  power  they  have  as  to 
who  shall  teach,  or  .at  what  salaries,  or 
how  many  mouths  of  school  in  a  year 
the  school  money  apportioned  to  their 
districts  shall  support,  etc. 

It  is  the  people's  privilege  to  pay  taxes, 
and  grumble  if  they  want  to,  and  that  is 
about  all.  Those  who  consuuie  the 
money  with  high  salaries,  in  preserving 
the  dignities  of  their  important  positions, 
are  set  up  as  educators,  and  the  children 
can  get  along  with  what  little  is  left  for 
high-priced,  patronizing  teachers. 

Until  the  tax  payer  and  the  parent  de- 
mand that  these"  abuses  be  renuHiied, 
il  will  not  be  thorougldy  done.  So  long 
as  there  is  power  and  pay  open  to  olUce- 
sieki'i-s,  there  will  be  found  an  abund- 
ance of  men  ready  to  seek  such  offices, 
and  to  defend  tliem.  We  believe  that 
there  is  intelligence  and  principle  enough 


among  the  people  to  comprehend  the  im- 
portance of  this  question,  and  to  at  once 
demand  a  complete  reform.  We  hope 
every  club,  literary  society,  and  Grange 
will  canvas  this  subject  with  reference  to 
bringing  about  a  more  economical,  just 
and  beneficial  condition  of  educational 
affairs,  for  the  sake  of  right  and  the  good 
of  the  rising  generation. 


gouoeliold  Reading, 


UP-COUNTRY  LETTERS—NO.  2. 

BY  EACHEL  A.  ELY. 

%0  the  mountains!  Yes,  so  the  doc- 
tor orders;  and  in  languid  enthusi- 
asm I  assent,  feeling  that  anything 
would  be  better  than  this  continued 
sameness.  The  very  wall-paper  is 
tiresome  to  me,  and  the  never  ending 
noise  and  confusion  of  the  crowds  in 
the  streets  coming  and  going  weary  me, 
while  the  everlasting  eagerness  and  en- 
ergy of  buyers  and  sellers  puzzle  me. 
What  a  wonderful  enigma  is  life!  and 
what  a  work  we  make  of  it,  too!  Why 
not  take  it  a  little  bit  easier,  go  slower 
and  enjoy  more,  instead  of  rushing  it 
through,  as  they  mostly  do,  making  a 
labor  of  enjoyment,  even?  Why,  half 
my  lady  friends  are  literally  stores  to  so- 
ciety and  fashion,  and  the  men  are  slaves 
to  business  and  money  making,  while 
the  children  are  slaves  to  book-learning; 
and  none  but  we  invalids  seem  to  take  a 
thought  of  to-morrow  and  the  soul's 
needs. 

Ah,  well,  I  do  believe  I  shall  enjoy  the 
fresh  mountain  air,  the  blue  sky,  away 
from  fogs,  and  smoke,  and  breath  of 
crowds.  Green  grass  and  growing  crops, 
daisies  and  buttercups  (when  I  am  able 
to  gather  them),  and  the  kind,  motherly 
housewives,  in  simple  calico,  who  sing 
as  they  churn  the  yellow  cream;  the 
golden-haired  children,  dressed  for  com- 
fort, playing  under  the  trees  and  simply 
happy,  because  healthy;  the  g  ntle  low 
of  the  cows,  nipping  the  green  grass; 
the  whistle  of  the  menfolks  at  work  in 
the  fields  —all  this  flo:its  over  my  vision. 
And  folding  my  thin  hands,  I  close  my 
eyes  and  wonder  if  indeed  I  shall  grow 
strong  in  those  new  scenes,  and  ever 
take  my  place  again  among  the  busy 
throngs,  and  do  anything  to  help  the 
world  along.  No  cue  misses  me  now 
save  the  few  who  attend  my  daily  wants. 
But  would  it  be  the  same  if  I  were  well 
•and  strong  once  more,  active  and  full  of 
life,  helping  the  poor  and  needy  and  en- 
couraging the  failing,  giving  words  of 
counsel  to  the  weak  and  sickly,  who, 
like  myself,  are  battling  against  disease 
and  perhaps  death  for  our  portion  of 
health  and  strength?  How  I  wonder  if  I 
ever  sludl  fill  so  large  a  field  of  useful- 
ness, and  know  I  should  be  missed  if  not 
there  to  fill  it!  Fearing  that  I  never  shall 
has  urged  me  to  do  my  feeble  best  now, 
and  this  is  my  excuse,  dear  readers  of 
the  Aaiiicui.TUKisT,  for  writing  these 
Up-Country  Letters. 


GRANDFATHER'S 
NO.  6, 


LETTERS- 


EVENTS  OF   THE   LAST   CEKTTJEY — INOLE- 
WOOd's  EEPLY. 

Thank  you,  dear  Aunt  Mary,  for  ycnir 
very  candid  answer  to  the  questions 
about  which  I  was  so  solicitous,  and  tlic^ 
encouragement  you  give  for  the  continu- 
ance of  the  conespondcnce.  You  must 
even  be  of  my  way  of  thinking  in  this 
matter,  viz:  that  serious  subjects  can  \h- 
discussed  more  coolly  and  dispassionately 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


in  bone.  The  breast  does  well  for  kitch- 
en dinnel-  nicely  stufl'ed,  and  is  much 
cheaper  than  the  other  joints. 

Sirloins  and  ribs  of  beef  are  very  ex- 
travagant joints  from  the  weight  of  bone. 
The  roasting  side  of  the  round  part  of 
the  buttock,  and  the  part  called  the  "top 
side,"  are  the  most  i^rciitable  for  family 
eating.  The  mouse  buttock  is  used  fcr 
stewing;  shin  is  used  for  soup  or  stew- 
ing. 

Washing  Woolen  Blankets. — A  lady 
writing  for  the  Household  gives  her  j3ro- 
cess  for  washing  woolen  blankets:  For 
two  or  three  blankets  take  one  pint  of 
soft  soap,  two  tablespooufuls  of  powdered 
borax  and  dissolve  in  boiling  water.  Add 
the  solution  to  a  tub  half  filled  with  cold 
water,  and  large  enough  to  contain  the 
blankets;  let  them  stand  entirely  covered 
by  the  solution  from  twelve  to  twenty- 
four  hours,  then  squeeze  and  rub  tho- 
roughly, but  do  not  wring  them;  jjut  in  a 
basket  over  a  tub  and  let  them  drain. 
Kinse  in  clear  cold  water  and  drain  twice, 
then  rinse  in  blue  water,  drain  and  hang 
up  to  dry.  Be  sure  to  use  cold  water 
and  not  wring  during  the  process, 
then  the  blankets  will  not  shrink,  but 
will  dry  white  and  smooth. 

Favorite  Bread  Pudding. — One  pint 
of  breadcrumbs;  one  quart  of  rich  sweet 
milk;  beaten  yolks  of  four  eggs;  stir  all 
together  and  bake  in  a  moderately  hot 
oven  till  done.  Add  one  heaping  tea- 
spoonful  of  white  sugar  to  the  whites  of 
the  eggs ;  beat  to  a  froth ;  turn  it  over  the 
pudding  and  return  to  the  oven  to  brown 
slightly.  To  be  eaten  with  cream  and 
sugar,  or  pudding  sauce,  if  desired.  If 
wished  very  nice,  a  little  currant  or  other 
jelly  may  be  placed  on  the  top  of  each 
dish  as  it  is  served  at  table. 

To  ruin  oil-cloths,  clean  them  with  hot 
water  or  soap-suds,  and  leave  them  half 
wiped,  and  they  will  look  very  bright 
while  wet,  and  very  dingy  and  dirty 
when  dry,  and  soon  crack  and  peel  off. 
But  if  you  wish  to  preserve  them,  and 
have  them  to  look  new  and  nice,  wash 
them  with  soft  flannel  and  luke-warm 
water,  and  wipe  thoroughly  dry.  If  you 
want  them  to  look  extra  nice  after  they 
ara  dry,  drop  a  few  tablespooufuls  of 
milk  over  them,  and  ruli  them  with  a 
small  cloth. — Hural  Home. 

Spectacle  Wipers. — These  are  easy 
presents,  and  nice  ones.  You  must  cut 
out  of  soft  chamois  leather,  two  perfectly 
round  pieces  an  inch  and  a  half  across, 
and  bind  the  edges  neatly  with  narrow 
ribbon  of  auj'  color  you  like.  Fasten 
the  circles  together  at  the  side  with  a 
small  bow.  This  is  all,  but  you  will  find 
that  grandpapa  will  like  it  very  much. 
It  takes  almost  no  room  in  his  pocket, 
and  is  always  at  hand  when  he  wishes  to 
wipe  his  glasses,  which  he  is  sure  to  do 
several  times  a  day. 

A  little  fellow,  who  was  at  a  neigh- 
bor's house  about  noon  the  other  day, 
watched  the  preparations  for  dinner 
with  great  interest,  but  when  asked  to 
stay  and  eat  something  he  promptly  re- 
fused. "Why  yes  .lohnny,  you  had  bet- 
ter stay,"  said  the  lady;  "why  can't 
you?"  "Well  'cause,"  said  the  little 
fellow,  "ma  said  I  mustn't  unless  you 
ask  me  three  times."  They  invited  him 
twice  more  right  off. 

The  shortest  way  the  best — Mamma 
(to  Ethel,  on  their  waw  to  the  latter's 
first  part3')  "  Now,  mind,  darling,  if 
J  you  see  any  nice  things  on  the  table  that 
you'd  like  to  eat,  you  mustn't  ask  for 
hem."  Ethel — "O,  no,  mamma! — I'll 
ake  them." — Punch 


box.  I  like  it  fully  as  well  as  bath-brick. 

We  have  been  papering  the  house,  and 
have  found  what  we  consider  an  improve- 
ment on  the  old  plan  of  dipping  the 
strips  of  cloth  into  the  paste.  We  put 
the  paste,  with  a  brush,  on  the  boards, 
then  put  the  strip  on  dry  and  run  the 
paste-brush  over  it  once  or  twice,  and  it 
lays  down  smooth  with  no  trouble  of 
unrolUng  the  edges.  AVe  put  on  news- 
papers between  the  wall-paper  and  the 
boards  in  the  same  maimer. 

Looking  over  an  old  number  of  the 
AaKicuLTURisT,  I  saw  an  article  in  which 
the  writer  advocated  grafting  or  budding 
lemon  trees  with  orange  cions,  giving  as 
a  reason  that  the  trees  will  bear  two  or 
three  years  sooner  than  without  grafting. 
We  would  like  to  hear  from  those  who 
have  tried  this  method  of  bringing  their 
tr^es  into  earlier  bearing.  Which  is  the 
safer,  to  graft  or  bud — and  when?  How 
old  should  the  lemon  trees  be  from  the 
seed? 

PLAIN    CAKE. 

One  cup  of  sugar,  two  eggs,  one  and  a 
half  cups  of  flour,  two  tablespooufuls  of 
butter,  gi-ated  rind  and  juice  of  one 
lemon,  one  teaspoonful  of  soda,  two  of 
cream  of  tartar,  four  tablespoonfuls  of 
sweet  milk. 

CREAM  CAKE. 

One  cup  of  sour  cream,  two  cups  of 
flour,  one  cup  of  sugar,  one  teaspoonful 
soda,  one  egg.     Flavor  with  vanilla. 

Will  some  of  my  sister  house-keepers 
give  me  a  receipt  for  lemon  pies? 

NOTESFROm  CORRESPONDENTS 

Editor  Ageicultuelst  :  I  noticed  in 
your  January  number  "A  Devoted  Sub- 
scriber" inquiring  how  to  wash  colored 
flannels  so  as  to  have  them  soft  and 
bright.  I  never  have  any  trouble,  and 
this  is  how  I  do  mine:  I  use  suds  that 
is  almost  cold,  rubbing  them  immedi- 
ately upon  putting  in  the  water,  and 
rinsing  in  perfectly  cold  water,  hanging 
them  wrong  side  out  in  a  good,  airy 
Ijlace  to  dry  quickly.  If  the  sun  is  not 
very  hot  I  hang  them  in  it,  but  in  Sum- 
mer I  prefer  the  shade.  Some  put  a  few 
drops  of  sulphuric  acid  in  the  suds,  but 
I  do  not,  fearing  it  would  rot  them. 
Yours,  L.  p. 


Me.  Editoe:  Can  any  of  your  lady 
readers  tell  me  how  to  make  mushroom 
catsup?  I  am  verj'  anxious  to  know  how, 
as  it  is  very  nice.  An  Inqctiree. 


Dear  Editor  AftEicULTUEisT :  Will  not 
some  of  your  young  lady  readers  tell  me 
how  to  make  those  pretty,  coral  fancy 
ornaments  out  of  grape-vine  branches 
and  egg  shells?  I  saw  one  the  other 
day,  and  would  so  like  to  make  some. 

.-\-LICE. 

Selected  Recipes,  Etc. 

Hints  About  Meat. — Pepper  is  a  pi-e- 
ventive  of  decay  in  a  degree ;  it  is  well, 
therefore,  to  pepper  hung  joints. 

Powdered  charcoal  is  still  more  re- 
markable iu  its  effect.  It  will  not  only 
keep  the  meat  over  which  it  is  sprinkled 
good,  but  will  remove  the  taint  from  al- 
ready decaj'ed  flesh. 

A.  piece  of  charcoal  boiled  in  the  water 
with  "  high"  meat  or  fowls,  will  render 
it  or  them  quite  sweet.  A  piece  of  char- 
coal or  powdered  charcoal  should  be  kept 
in  every  larder.  Hams,  after  being 
smoked,  may  be  kept  for  any  length  of 
time  packed  in  powdered  charcoal. 

The  leg  of  mutton  is  the  most  profita- 
ble joint,  containing  most  solid  meat. 
The  neck  is  the  most  extravagant  joint, 
half  the  weight  consisting  of  bone  and 
fat.     The  shoulder  has  also  much   waste 


health.      These,   going  hand  in  hand, 

each  promotes,  or  should  promote,  the 
other.  But  what  is  the  best  health  iu 
all  these  departments,  without  compan- 
ionship? This  may  be  most  observable 
in  childhood.  A  child  suddenly  comes 
on  some  new  object  of  interest — a  flower, 
a  new  one  it  greatly  admires.  Is  that 
child  content  to  admire  it  alone?  No  ;  it 
is  plucked  to  carry  to  her  companion — 
her  mother,  perhaps,  whose  mutual  ad- 
miration doubles  her  own  joy.  If  that 
mother  turns  from  the  flower  in  disgust, 
it  disappoints  and  dampens  the  ardor  of 
thai  child's  joy.  So,  in  the  intellectual, 
moral  and  spiritual,  we  may  have  lone- 
some joy;  but  how  is  it  enhanced  by 
congenial,  suitable,  sympathizing  com- 
panionshii)! 

Such,  dear  .^.unt  Mary,  is  Inglewood's 
reply  to  a  portion  of  your  letter.  Will 
it  elicit  a  reponse  from  any  member  of 
your  family  circla?     Very  truly, 

Inglewood. 


Men  as  Lovers. — In  the  first  place,  it 
is  an  imposition  on  any  well-bred  girl  to 
keep  her  up  later  than  half-past  ten 
o'clock,  when  you  have  the  opportunity 
of  seeing  her  often.  If  you  alw.ays  leave 
her  with  the  wish  in  her  heart  that  you 
had  stayed  longer,  you  gain  so  much. 
Never  run  the  risk  of  wearying  her  with 
your  presence.  Be  just  as  earnest  and 
straightforward  as  in  your  honorable 
dealing  with  men.  Impress  your  friends 
with  the  worthiness  and  seriousness  of 
your  love,  so  that  vulgar  and  senseless 
bantering  will  appear  to  them  as  such. 
Love  is  religion — the  supremest  happi- 
ness, wear  it  manfully  and  proudly,  but 
holily.  Woo  a  woman  bravely.  If  there 
is  anything  humiliating  to  a  woman,  it 
is  to  have  a  lover,  whom  she  wishes  to 
honor,  weak  and  vapid,  ever  yielding  and 
half  afraid  of  her.  She  longs  to  tell  him 
to  "act  like  a  man."  The  man  who  con- 
ceals or  denies  his  love  for  fear  of  being 
laughed  at,  is  a  coward.  X  love  that  has 
no  element  of  divinity  in  it  is  not  love, 
but  passion,  which,  of  itself,  has  nothing 
enobling.  That  was  a  beautiful  inscrip- 
tion on  an  engagement  ring,  "Each  for 
the  other,  and  both  for  God." — Miss  Ah- 
hie    Terry. 


Jlomcotic 


io 


FAMILIAR  TALKS— No.  6. 

BY      SNIP. 

■Y  deaf  "  Busy  Bee,"  do  not  think 
|i  me  ungrateful  for  the  advice  about 
my  chickens.  Owing  to  the  late 
receipt  of  the  Ageicultdrist,  a 
.4„^  portion  of  my  letter  for  .Tanuary 
was  written  before  I  had  the  pleasure  of 
reading  your  letter.  So  far  as  I  have 
put  "Busy  Bee's"  suggestions  into 
practice,  the  result  is  satisfactory. 

I  had  my  attention  called,  the  other 
day,  to  a  rather  novel  article  used  for 
scouring  knives.  The  materials  required 
are  a  piece  of  board  about  four  or  five 
inches  wide  and  about  as  long  as  a  knife 
blade,  and  a  piece  of  heavy  carpet  as 
wide  as  the  board  and  twice  as  long.  One 
half  the  carpet,  lengthwise,  is  nailed  to 
the  board,  the  other  half  being  left  loose. 
The  brick-dust  is  placed  on  the  carpet, 
the  knife  is  placed  on  it,  the  other  piece 
laid  on  the  knife  and  held  with  the  hand 
while  the  knife  is  drawn  in  and  out. 
Apparentlv,  the  work  is  done  easier  and 
quicker  tliau  by  the  old  method  of  using 
a  rag  and  brick-dust.  For  some  time 
past  I  have  been  using  the  sand  that 
falls  from  the  grind-stone  into  the  water- 


with  the  pen  than  viva  voce.     More   apt  I 
'  are  we  to  make  slips  of  the  tongue  which  > 

cannot  be  recalled,  than  we  are  of  the 
I  pen;  so  I  cheerfullj'  accede  to  your  sug- 
gestion as  to  what  are  my  views  of  that 
I  ulterior  object  I  may  have  in  view — mat- 
I  rimony;  also,  as  to  those  sterling  mascu- 
I  line  ([ualities,  equally  essential  as  the 
feminine  ones  on  the  other  side. 

More  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago 
I  remember  to  have  heard  man,  and  wo- 
I  man  too,  in  a  single  state,  compared   to 
j  the  separate  halves  of  a  pair  of  scissors. 
'  True,  they  can  exist  and   not   wear   out 
any  quicker  in  this   separate   condition; 
1  but  these  halves,  when  brought  together 
I  iu  a  perfect  match  and   fit — how    nicely 
'  they  do  their  work!  what  useful  instru-  ' 
!  ments  they  are!     Though  this  is  a  very 
poor  analog}',  it  seems  to   show  the  in- 
completeness of  man  alone;   that  there 
I  is  something  more  wanting;  a  yearning 
I  for  companionship  iu  all  th':-  departments 
I  of  our  nature,  from   the  physical  up    to 
the  very  highest — the  spiritual.       As   in 
the  scissors  comparison    there    must   be 
adaptability,  a  fitness  of  parts,  just  so  iu 
the   other  case  —in   the  physical  condi- 
tions and  circumstances;  in  the  intellec- 
tual, tastes  and  sentiments;  in  the  moral, 
right  and  WTong;  in  the  spiritual,  hopes, 
expectations  and  aspirations;  and  what 
are  all    these,   wandering   tnrough   life's 
dreary   path    alone,    as   compared    with 
what  they  are  in  congenial,  suitable  com- 
panionship, by  one's  own  fireside? 

Such,  dear  Aunt  Mary,  is  the  compan- 
ionship I  am  hunting  for;  and  for  life's 
results  in  this  direction  I  assure  you  I 
feel  no  little  responsibility,  extending 
even  into  the  next  world.  Under  one  or 
other  of  these  departments  of  our  na- 
ture are  to  be  found  those  sterling  mas- 
culine qualities  of  our  nature  (and  femi- 
nine quaUties,  also),  that  iu  conjunc- 
tion are  so  promotive  of  happiness.  To 
reply  to  your  inquiries  with  equal  can- 
dor and  frankness  with  your  own  good 
letter,  I  begin  with  the  physical  condi- 
tions and  circumstances.  Here  it  is  for 
you  to  judge  how  my  choice  coincides 
with  my  principles.  5Iy  principle  is, 
that  man  being  the  chooser,  having  the 
wide  world  before  him,  being  the  more 
positive  agent,  on  him  must  rest  by  far 
the  greater  responsibiUty;  and  that  it  is 
only  by  promoting  the  happiness  of  her 
whom  he  takes  to  his  bosom  that  he 
promotes  his  own.  Therefore,  I  have 
to  ask  myself  how  far  and  to  what  ex- 
tent are  the  darling  Angle's  condition 
and  circumstances  to  be  altered  by  the 
changes  in  homes  I  propose  for  her.  .\ 
country  life,  as  she  has  been  accustomed 
to,  and  the  interior  department  consigned 
wholly  to  her  care,  I  may  hope  in  time 
that  "it  may  conform  wholly  to  her 
wishes.  She  will  have  to  trust  to  my 
love,  my  honor  and  efforts  for  tny  en- 
deavors to  make  it  so;  but  mainly  to  the 
first  of  these,  for  if  that  abounds  the 
others  flow  forth  spontaneously.  Of 
Angle's  sterling  feminine  qualities  I  am 
well  convinced,  fori  have  been  a  close  ob- 
server, and  it  now  remains  for  Aunt 
ilary,  dear  JIa  and  the  beloved  Angle 
herself  to  scrutinize  the  quahties  of  In- 
glewood on  the  other  side  and  from  the 
same  standpoint;  and  I  may  hope  to  be 
allowed  they  should  have  the  opportu- 
nity to  do  so.  I  claim  for  him  to  be 
free  from  a  love  of  club-room  pleasures, 
and  all  those  of  a  more  sensual  nature, 
that  lead  men  from  the  love  of  and 
study  of  the  welfare  of  their  families  to 
mere  selfish  gratification.  I  know,  too, 
how  he  appreciates  physical  health  as  of 
the  very  utmost  importance ;  that  neither 
man  nor  woman  should  enter  the  sacred 
precincts  of  matrimony  without  it;  and 
how  it  is  best  promoted  by  being  joined 
with   intellectual,    moral    and    spiritual 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Women, 


Going-  Away. 

And  so  you'll  soon  he  goine  away, 

3Iy  darling  little  Bess; 
Aud  HO  you  ha'  been  to  the  store  to-day 

To  buy  your  wedding  dress. 

And  so  yoiir  dear  good  mother  and  I, 
Whose  love  you  long  have  known, 

Must  lay  the  light  of  your  presence  by. 
And  walk  the  road  alone. 

So  come  along  with  your  mother  an'  me. 

To  the  porch  for  an  hour  or  two, 
Aud  Kit  on  yotir  old  father's  knee. 

The  same  as  you  used  to  do; 

For  we  who  ha'  loved  yoti  many  a  year. 
And  clung  to  you,  strong  and  true. 

Since  we've  had  the  yoimg  professor  here 
Ha'  not  had  much  of  you. 

But  lovers  be  lovers  while  earth  endures, 

for  once  on  a  time,  be  it  known, 
I  helped  a  girl  with  eyes  like  yours 

Construct  a  home  of  our  own. 

And  we  laid  it  out  in  the  garden  spot. 
And  dwelt  in  the  midst  of  flowers. 

Till  we  found  the  world  was  a  good-sized  lot. 
And  most  of  it  wasn't  ours. 

You're  heavier,  girl,  than  when  you  come 

To  us  one  cloudy  day. 
And  seemed  to  feel  so  little  at  home 

We  feared  you  wouldn't  stay. 

Till  I  knew  the  danger  was  passed,  because 

You  struck  so  mortal  a  track. 
And  got  so  independent  and  cross 

God  never  would  let  you  back . 

But  who  would  ever  ha'  had  the  whim. 
When  you  lay  in  my  arms  and  cried, 

You'd  sometime  .sit  here,  pretty  and  prim, 
A  waitin'  to  be  a  bride? 

But  lovers  be  lovers  while  earth  goes  on, 

And  marry  as  they  ought; 
But  if  you  would  keep  the  heart  you've  won, 

liemember  what  you've  been  taught. 

Look  lirst  that  ymr  wedded  lives  be  true. 
With  naught  from  each  other  apart: 

For  the  flowers  of   true  love  never  grew 
In  the  soil  of  a  faithless  heart. 

Look  next  that  the  buda  of  health  shall  rest 
Their  blossoms  upon  your  cheek; 

For  life  aud  love  are  a  burden  at  best, 
If  the  body  be  sick  and  weak. 

Look  nest  that  your  kitchen  tire  be  bright, 
That  your  hands  be  neat  aud  skilled; 

For  the  love  of  a  man  oft  takes  its  flight. 
If  his  stomach  is  not  well  filled. 

Look  next  that  money  is  fairly  earned. 

Ere  ever  it  be  spent; 
For  comfort  and  love,  however  turned, 

Will  ne'er  pay  ten  per  cent. 

And  next,  due  care  and  diligence  keep 
That  the  mind  be  trained  and  fed; 

For  blessings  ever  look  shabby  and  cheap 
That  light  an  empty  head. 

And  if  it  should  please  the  gracious  God 

That  children  to  you  belong, 
Kemember,  my  child,  and  spare  the  rod 

Till  you've  taught  them  right  nud  wrong. 

And  show  'em  that  though  this  life's  a  start 

For  the  better  world,  no  doubt. 
Yet  earth  an'  heaven  ain't  so  far  apart 

As  some  good  folks  make  out. 

-[WillJ.  Carleton. 


WOmAN'S     WORK --CONGRATU- 
LATIONS. 

•^\  

(«<#DITOR  Agricultueist;— Will   you 

q!!  permit  a  few  words  of  greeting 
IjN  from  a  stranger?  Not  entirely  a 
fpK  stranger,  but  it  is  only  within  a 
S'§^  short  time  that  the  A(iRiC[JLTURiST 
has  oome  under  our  observation,  and 
Tipon  the  coming  out  of  your  January 
number,  we  were  strongly  moved  to  send 
you  our  congratulations  upon  its  new 
dress  and  improved  a])pearance.  Hav- 
ing a  fine  corps  of  able  contributors, 
with  its  increased  beauty  and  attnictive- 
ne.ss,  it  must  coiitiiiiie  to  grow  and  de- 
velop to  full  perfection.  It  has  not  now 
a  peer  among  iirsl-class  and  impartial 
.jnuruids. 

I  am  told,  Sir  Editor,  that  this  beauti- 
ful design  and  ingenuity  of  construction 


of  the  AGEiccTLTtrEisT's  present  attire  is 
a  woman's  work.  If  it  is  so,  -n'e  are 
proud  of  it.  Nothing  so  satisfies  us  for 
being  a  woman  as  to  know  and  see  what 
useful,  beautiful  and  grand  things  wom- 
en have  done  aud  can  do.  We  honor 
our  own  sex  more  and  more  every  time 
we  hear  of  a  woman's  ha\ing  done,  or 
attempted  to  do  anything  that  ennobles 
;tnd  endows  her  with  the  qualifications 
for  advancing  humanity's  interests,  mak- 
ing the  world  better  for  her  having  lived 
in  it.  Whether  every  undertaking  is  a 
successor  not  doesn't  matter;  effortouly 
proves  the  ability,  as  a  sex,  to  ilo,  to 
be,  and  eventually  to  compel  the  world's 
recognition  and  appreciative  plaudits  of 
power  and  of  worth. 

But  what  we  wished  to  say  was  this: 
that  you,  with  your  generous  recognition 
of  feminine  ability,  and  sympathy  with 
its  present  position  socially  aud  intellec- 
tually, will  not  omit  to  give  this  work  its 
full  meed  of  praise  and  justice.  We  are 
sure  you  Arill  not,  for  you  know,  dear 
sir,  that  as  the  matter  stands  to-day  wo- 
men get  but  very  little  share  of  praise 
or  encouragement  for  what  they  do,  try 
to  do,  or  for  what  they  in  reality  accom- 
plish. Masculinity  (God  bless  the  men, 
anyhow)  gets  the  lion's  share  of  the 
credit  for  even  women's  labor  and 
achievement,  in  this  nineteenth  century. 
We  venture  to  say,  however,  that  a  large 
proportion  of  all  the  elegancies  of  de- 
sign and  execution,  in  almost  every  line 
aud  province  of  human  labor  and  suc- 
cess, if  it  could  be  found  out,  is  tracea- 
ble to  the  busj',  aching  brain,  the  toil- 
ing, weary  fingers  of  women  behind  the 
scenes.  And  to  think  of  it!  so  much — 
oh,  so  much  of  the  beauty,  gi-ace  and 
perfection  of  the  artistic,  so  much  of  the 
utility  of  the  useful,  which  will  be  ex- 
hibited at  Philadelphia,  has  received 
enough  of  woman's  best  thought  and 
best  work  to  forever  immortalize  us  as 
artisans  of  handicraft;  and  wrought,  too, 
by  women  of  the  deepest  obscurity,  the 
severest  toil,  the  most  abject  and  com- 
Ijlete  social  and  mental  enslavement. 

But  as  a  .sex,  we  will  j'ield  the  point 
gracefully  and  prettily,  as  we  can  now, 
fully  confident  that  when  the  American 
nation  shall  have  another  Centmnial,  wo- 
man will  then  come,  not  in  the  reiir  but 
in  the  van,  standing  where  she  should 
have  stood,  not  only  100  years  ago  but 
from  the  beginning  of  Time.  Therefore, 
as  we  women  cannot,  and  would  not  if 
we  could,  do  without  the  men,  we  will 
still  continue  to  humor  their  peculiarities 
and  whims,  because  we  sincerely  believe 
that  if  ever  they  do  come  to  their  senses 
their  rejiaration  will  be  so  full  and  com- 
]ilete  that  they  will  be  in  daiiger  of  err- 
ing as  far  the  other  way,  to  wit:  of  do- 
ing us,  in  degree,  as  much  too  much 
honor  as  now  they  do  us  too  little. 

Your  jjardon,  sir,  for  want  of  brevity. 
Wo  did  not  contemplate  this  tirade  in 
the  beginning;  indeed,  we  had  nothing 
to  say,  except  to  tell  you  how  nicely  your 
new  paper  looked,  and  also  how  glad  we 
are  to  know  that  women  designed  and 
engraved  its  title  page.  And  now,  if 
this  should  not  prove  objectionable,  we 
may,  with  your  permission,  have  some- 
thing further  to  say  about  our  sex,  to- 
gether with  matters  and  things  in  gen- 
eral. (!.  H.  1). 

San  Jose. 


Oranges  near  Sonoma. — The  Dmio- 
errit  says  that  (Jeneral  Vallejo  has  '200 
Uourishing  orange  trees.  100  of  them 
are  in  full  bearing.  As  many  as  (100  or- 
anges have  been  taken  from  one  tree.  He 
has,  jjerhaps,  the  largest  nundier  of 
pomegranate  trees  in  any  one  place  in 
the  State — fifty  bearing  trees.  He  has  a 
full  grown  magnolia  and   a  biiuana  tree. 


fyxxt^^mAtmt. 


"DEEP  PLOWING"   REPLIES. 

Editor  AoRicnLxnEisT:  —  Permit  me 
to  reply  briefiy  to  Mr.  Burrell's  crilique 
on  "deep  plo\ving."  He  starts  out  with 
saying  that  mountain  lands  will  not  ad- 
mit of  deep  plowing.  That  may  be  so, 
but  I  dare  affirm  that  but  few,  if  any, 
have  tried  it;  so  that  is  merely  a  matter 
of  opinion,  and  is  a  mere  evasion  of  my 
facts.  His  next  statement  is,  that  the 
wheat  plant  has  no  tajj-root,  and  charac- 
terizes my  statement  as  mere  "asser- 
tion." I  am  sorry  to  find  any  one  pro- 
fessing to  be  a  farmer  capable  of  making 
such  a  statement,  which  is  its  own  refu- 
tation. This  denial  is  so  simple  and  ex- 
plicit as  to  be  unpardonable.  Any  far- 
mer can  siitisfy  himself  as  to  the  tenden- 
cy of  the  whe:it  plant  under  the  differing 
conditions  of  deep  and  shallow  plowing. 
Four  years  ago  I  deeply  plowed  part  of  a 
field  one  mile  from  San  Jose,  that  had 
been  consecutively  cropped  for  ten  years, 
and  was  thought  to  be  worn  out.  It  had 
never  been  plowed  more  than  three  inches 
deep  before.  It  is  a  fine  sandy  loam  and 
sutlers  considerable  from  drouth.  I  han- 
dled the  soil  strictly  according  to  my  ex- 
perience. I  had  a  hohhy — thoroughly  pul- 
verizing the  soil  and  then  consolidating 
with  a  heavy  roller  after  the  grain  was 
up.  On  the  part  deeply  plowed  I  had 
as  heavy  a  crop  as  the  first  that  was  ever 
raised  upon  it.  On  the  part  plowed 
about  three  inches  deep,  I  had  ;ibout 
eight  sacks  to  the  acre.  So  much  for 
facts. 

This  is  but  one  instance  among  many 
with  the  same  results.  It  is  a  little 
amusing  how  your  correspondent  in- 
stances his  "  garden  ' '  aud  ' '  grape 
patch  "  in  which  he  experimented  with 
deep  culture,  as  an  offset  to  my  facts 
about  deep  plowing.  I  have  no  doubt 
that  any  one  can  spoil  a  garden  patch  of 
virgin  soil,  as  his  must  have  been  twenty 
years  ago,  by  trenching  it  two  feet  deep. 
It  must  have  been  a  curious  "hobby," 
that  stimulated  our  friend  to  such  un- 
timely and  excessive  digging.  But  I  was 
not  writing  about  a  garden  or  grape  patch. 
I  ventured  a  few  thoughts  to  practical  far- 
mers— to  men  who  can  discriminate  be- 
tween a  garden  patch  of  virgin  soil  an/1 
an  exhausted  wheat  field;  and  I  stated 
facts  which  canuotbe  controverted.  I  have 
tested  this  thing  so  thoroughly,  with  the 
assistance'  and  in  the  presence  of  the 
best  advised  and  most  scientific  farmers, 
and  under  differing  conditions  of  soil 
and  climate,  and  do  not  know  of  a  single 
instance  where  deep  plowing  on  exhaust- 
ed hinds,  followed  with  the  culture  I  in- 
sisted on  in  my  December  article,  has 
not  been  productive  of  the  most  satisfac- 
tory results;  and  when  shallow  plowing 
has  been  a  total  failure  alongside  of  it. 


NEW   AGRICULTURAL     PATENTS. 

Issurd  by  rim  UiiUecl  States  Palfiit  Of- 
lUe  from  Dec.   l!ltli,  to.Iun.    Hill. 

flu-ported  for  the  California  AGRIcU[.TtrRieT  by 
Louis  Bugger  &  Oo.,  Solicitors  of  Patents, 
Washington,  P.  C.l 

Ivotary  Spade  Cultivators,  1>  \V  lirodiiex, 
^o.  'UocK<lal(!,  Texas. 

Mowiu;;  Abiclilues,  Wm  C  Doulhett,  Spring- 
dale.  L'.i. 

(;iu-ck  Kow  Phmters,  Wni  II  ,Iohnson,  Far- 
mer City,  Illinois. 

ISee-llives,  Klvin  Armstrong,  .Ier.sey ville. 
Illinois. 

I'l-occsses  of  Preparing  Preecrvc.l  Kj-uit,  .Iiu> 
F  lioBsford,  Now  York,  N.  Y. 

(iraiu  I'ouvcyer  Sluill,  Henry  I  Chase,  IVo- 
ria,  Illinois. 

Fences,  Wm  A  Couch,  Ilanuibcl,  Nevada. 

Corn  I*lante)-s,  Coiu-iid  (Irueiner,   Dale,  \\'is. 


Plowing  and  Seeding  Machines,  D   McVaw, 

Gallatin,  Texas. 
Plows,  Josejjh  Philips,  Smithton,  Illinois. 
Butter  Carriers,  B   F   Roberts,   Bennington, 

Vermont. 
Gang  Plows,  Timothy  M  Shaw,   Lebanon, 

Tennessee. 
Hay  Lo;ider8,  Clias  M  Young,  Meadville,  Pa. 
Sway  Bar  CJuides  for  Ha:'\-efterB,  W  R  Baker, 

Chicago,  Illinois. 
Grain  Separators,  D  H  Caswell,  Nashville, 

Tennessee. 
Seed  Phuiters  and  Fertilizer  Distributers,  M 

P  Curlee,  Corinth,  Mriss, 
Fences,  Jno  Dwver,  Marion,  Oliio. 
Hand  Seed  Planters,  Thos  J  Hubbell,   Napa 

City,  Cal. 
Reciprocating  Chums,  Wm  McKinley,   Bel- 

lare,  Ohio. 
Cultivators,  E  B  Moore,  Bell's  Mills,  Ala. 
Feediuf,'  Belts  and  Partitions  for  Corn  Shell- 

crs,  Wm  B  Quaiton,  Freeman,  Ohio. 
Corn  Drill,  Jno  R  Rude,  Liberty,  Ind. 
Grain   Separatoi-8.  C    F"  Buttertield,    Garden 

City,  Minn. 
Adjustable  Locks  aud  Dogs  for  Hay   Eleva- 
tors, J  R  Fitshous,  Centre  Hall,  Pa. 
Grain  Meters,  B  M  Sulliam,  Tolmo,  III. 
Reel    Rakes   for   Harvestei'S,    R    C    Taylor. 

Brockport,  N  Y. 
Milk  Coolei'8  aud  Heaters,  M  L  Bush,  Hunt- 
ington, Ohio- 
Self  Rakes  for  Reajjer,  S  B   Gillsland,  Salis- 
bury, Mo. 
Corn  Ilusking  Iinplementa,  H  W  Hill,  Deca- 
tur, III. 
Plows,  Henry  II  Habley,  Cent i-al  Manor,  Pa. 
M;inutactuie  of  Grian  Cradle    i^iugers,  C   P 

Kelsey.  Richmondville,  N  Y. 
Grain    Separators,   L  Theobald,    Plaiuwell," 

Michigan 
Churn  D;)sherB,  Jno  R   Underwood,   Nelson- 

ville,  Ohio. 
Wheel  II.arrows,FBramer,  Little  Falls,  N.  Y. 
Churn  Dashers,  R  M  Case,  Auburn,  N  Y. 
Plows,  N  G  Pinney,  New  Hudson,  Mich. 
Combined  Reels  iuid  Rakes  for  Harvesters, 

H  Stoles,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Hooks   for   Harrows,  J  D   Tracy,  Sterling, 

Illinois. 
Plows,  Jno  Wori'ell.  Clayton,  Ind. 
Bee  Hives,  Daniel  Cox,  Kingston,  Mo. 
Convei-tible     Revolving    Harrows,    Beuj    G 

Devoe,  Kenton,  Ohio. 
Milk     Coolers,    M    D    Fei-guson,    Carthage, 

New  York. 
Grain  Separators,  Lewis  W  Hasselman,    In- 
dianapolis, Ind 
Poiato  Diggers,  Robert   Heydemann,  Kreb- 

sow,  Prussia. 
Clover   Separators,    Geo   F    Metzger,    West 

F;iyetle,  N.  Y. 
Milk  Coolers,  Isiiac  IT  Wonzer,  Elgm,  III. 
Churns,    Daniel  McCarty,  Croppers'  Depot, 

Kentucky. 
Appaiatus  for  Storing  and  Preserving  Grain, 

Hans  P  C  Lassen,  Chicago,  III. 
Gang  Plows,  J  1{  McCormick,  Georgetown, 

Texas. 
Corn    Stalk    Knives,    Peter    C    Moore,  La 

F;iyette,  Ohio. 
Portable  Fences,  Isaiah  W  Pancoast,  Liber- 

tyville,  Io\v;t. 
Di-:ig  rake  Handles,  Ilugli  Smitii,  Passumsic, 

Vermonl. 
Portable  Feiu-es,  Horace  Tell,  Bristol,  Md. 
Churns,    ,l:unes     Watson,     Port     Colborne, 

Canada. 
Stump  Extractors,  J  A  Hart,  Tionesta,  Pa. 
Hoi-se  Riikes,  Chas  B  Perkins,  Keiiduskeag, 

Maine. 
Cultivators,  Josluia   Pierpont,    Bnslmell,  III. 
Horse   Rakes,   Wm  C   Rayuoi',   Milwaukee, 

Wisconsin. 
Sulky  Plows,  H  Ridiardson,  Janesville, Wis. 
I'l(n\s,  ,Ino  .Scwell,  Bowdon.  (^ieorgia. 
Drills    anil    Fcriili'/or    Distributers.   Aladiui 

\\  isliart,  Lurulicrlon,  N  C. 
(iniiu  Hinders.  .)  K  .Vpplebv,  Beloit,  Wis. 
Plows,  Asa  Hiill,  Rocliford",  III. 
harm  dales,  Wm  J  Hollis,  DeVVitl,  Mo. 
Fruit    I'i(-k(-rs,   John    Mooney,    Provlden<c. 

Ivliode  Isbliul. 
Hay  Loiuleis,  Geo  E  Peck,  Geneva.  Illmoie. 
Seed  Separatoi's,  Jno  L  Catchpole,  Fnimsden, 

Great  Britain. 
Cultivators,    Joseph     W    Case,   Midilleport, 

Ohio. 
Straw  Cutters,  .lohn  Griiiun,  St  Limis,  Mo. 
Yielilint:  Teeili  for  Seeders  a[id  Culiivators, 

('  P  ilewili,  Kingston,  Wis. 
Land  Rollers  and  Alarkcrs,  James  Jl  Hunter, 

Clai-iiula,  Iowa. 
Stc-;uu  Plows,  lienj  S  Hclison,  Baltiuiore,  Md 
Ciller  Pre.-<ses,  L  0   Rockwood,    Ottawa,  111., 
Potato  liiig   Destroyers,    Isaac    W    Gnscoiu 

Woodbury,  N  J. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


f  o|o  Mil  6ivB» 


Ten  Little  Country  Boys. 

Ten  Httl"  couutry  boys 

Uuderiieath  a  vine, 
A  dariiiiif^-ueedlfi  frigntc-neil  one 

And  then  there  were  but  nine. 

Nine  little  country  boys 

SmngiuK  on  a  gate. 
One  turned  a  suuiniersault 

And  then  there  were  but  eight. 

Eight  little  country  boys 
i^earniiig  about  heaven, 
One  fell  fast  asleep 
And  then  there  were  but  seven. 

Seven  little  country  boys 

Full  of  monkey  tricks, 
One  rolled  down  the  bill 

And  then  there  were  but  six. 

Six  little  country  boys 

Going  to  rob  a  hive, 
A  bumblebee  stung  one 

Ani  then  there  were  but  five. 

Five  little  country  boys 

Asking  for  simif  more, 
One  burst  his  little  self 

And  then  th^re  were  but  four. 

Four  little  country  boys 

Climbing  up  a  tree, 
The  farmer  came  and  whipped  one 

And  then  there  were  but  three. 

Three  little  country  boys 

Gaily  dressed  in  blue, 
One  tumbled  overboard 

And  then  there  were  but  two. 

Two  little  country  boys 

Both  named  John, 
One  knocked  the  other  down 

And  then  there  was  but  one. 

One  little  country  boy 

Diving  for  a  penny, 
A  little  fish  swallowed  him 

And  then  there  wasn't  any. 

—[St.  Nicholas. 


Sxpectations. 

Every  little  grape,  dear,  that  clings  unto  a  vine. 
Expects  some  day  to  ripen  its  little  fruit  so' fine; 
Every  little  girl,  I  think,  expects  in  time  to  be 
Exactly  like  her  own  mamma— as  grand,  as  sweet, 

as  free: 
Every  little  boy.  who  has  a  pocket  of  his  own, 
Expects  to  be  the  biggest  man  the  world  has  ever 

known; 
Every  little  piggy-wig  th.at  makes  its  little  wail. 
Expects  to  be  a  great  big  pig,  with  a  very  curly 

tail; 
Every  little  lambkin,  too,  that  frisks  upon  the 

preen. 
Expects  to  be  the  finest  sheep  that  ever  yet  was 

seen: 
Every  little  baby  colt  expects  to  be  a  horse: 
Every  little  pup  expects  to  be  a  dog,  of  course. 
Every  little  kitten  pet,  so  tender  and  so  nice. 
Expects  to  be  a  grown-up  cat  and  live  on  rats 

and  mice: 
Every  little  flufl'y  chick,  in  downy  yellow  drest, 
Expects  some  day  to  crow  and  strut  or  cackle  at 

its  best: 
Every  little  baby  bird  that  peeps  from  out  its 

nest 
Expects  some  day  to  cross  the  sky  from  glowing 

East  to  West;— 
Now  every  hope  I've  mentioned  here  will  bring 

its  sure  event, 
Piovided  nothing  happens,  dear,  to  hinder  or 

prevent. 

—[St,  Nicholas. 


"NELL  VAN'S"  TALKS   TO  THE 
CHtLDREN. 

ABOUT  THE  DSE  OF    SUGAK. 

LL  of  you  little  folks  are  fond  of 
(,1  sugar,  I  dare  s.aj-,  and  many  a  hard 
cry  has  been  quieted  by  a  lump  of 
nice,  crisp  white  sug;xr.  It  is  so 
comforting,  when  one  feels  out  of 
sorts,  to  have  a  sweet  morsel  to  roll  un- 
der one's  tongue.  A  drop  of  essence  of 
lemon  on  a  lump  of  sugar  tastes  almost 
like  lemon  candy,  ■n-hile  the  essence  of 
vanilla,  dropped  on  sngiir,  is  like'  ice 
cream,  only  not  as  cold.  Some  people 
think  sugar  is  not  good  for  children,  and 
•"■e  all  agree  that  too  much  sugar  takes 
away  the  appetite  for  other  food  and 
causes  a  craving  for  sour  things.  Now, 
■we  cannot  live  on    sugar   and    be   -n-ell. 


I  ouce  heard  an  anecdote  of  a  colony  of 
people  who  had  eaten  up  till  their  stores 
of  flour  and  other  things,  and  were  re- 
duced to  nothing  but  sugar.  They  lived 
upon  it  for  quite  a  while,  and  when  helj] 
came  to  them  they  ■n'ere  found  greatly 
reduced  in  strength,  and  their  comjjlex- 
ions  were  singularly  transparent;  which 
shows  us  that  sugirr  does  not  contain  suf- 
ficient nutriment  to  support  life.  Ex- 
treme indulgence  in  the  appetite  for  any 
one  thing  is  intemperance,  as  temperance 
is,  or  rightly  should  be,  defiued — the 
moderate  use  of  iinything  which  is  inju- 
rious it  indulged  in  to  excess. 

Eating  tuo  much  sugar  causes  an  acid 
to  form  m  the  stomach  by  fermentation, 
which  sends  forth  fumes  through  the 
throat  and  mouth  that  affect  the  teeth, 
caxising  their  early  decay.  Children  don't 
like  to  have  the  toothache,  I  know,  and  a 
disordered  stomach  is  sure  to  affect  the 
teeth.  Food  gets  lodged  between  the 
teeth  while  eating,  and  if  not  picked  out 
■vvith  a  broom  splinter,  or  brushed  out 
of  the  mouth  with  cold  wfter,  the  walls 
of  the  teeth,  which  are  of  fine  enamel, 
become  softened  and  decay,  letting  in 
the  air  to  the  nerve  and  causing  intense 
pain.  Therefore,  children  with  decayed 
teeth  comphrin  when  sugar  or  acid  is 
taken  into  the  mouth.  Keep  your  teeth 
clean  and  your  stomachs  he:dthy  if  you 
would  avoid  suffering. 

But  there  is  another  use  for  sugar 
which  I  would  like  every  child  to  know. 
When  any  of  you  catch  cold  in  the  head, 
and  have  your  nose  stopped  up  so  that 
you  can  scarcely  breathe  except  through 
your  mouth,  do  you  go  straightway  for  a 
teaspoon  of  fine,  pulverized  white  sugar, 
and  snutt"  as  much  as  you  can,  or  take  a 
pinch  of  it  between  your  little  thumb 
and  finger  and  press  it  up  into  the  nos- 
trils; then  lie  down  or  hold  the  heitd 
back  so  that  it  can  penetrate  through  the 
stoppage.  Presently  the  passage  will  be 
thawed  out,  and  after  using  your  hand- 
kerchief your  nose  will  be  relieved  of  its 
disagreeable  condition.  What  little  boy 
or  girl  likes  to  go  to  table  when  the  nose 
is  so  stopped  up  that  it  is  impossible  to 
eat  comfortably,  to  s;iy  nothing  of  tho 
peculiar  way  of  pronouncing  words 
which  commence  with  the  letter  m.  For 
instance,  mamma  says,  "John,  what  is 
the  matter  with  you  this  morning'?"  and 
he  replies,  "nothidg  is  the  b;itter  with 
be,  ba'am."  She  replies,  "I  should  say 
there  was,  when  you  pronounce  your 
words  so  badly.  You  talk  about  'batter,' 
and  'be,'  and  'ba';tm.'  Why  do  you  not 
talk  so  that  you  can  be  understood?  It 
reminds  me  of  the  young  man  who  went 
to  serenade  his  lady-love,  and  had  such 
a  bad  cold  in  his  head  from  being  out  in 
the  night  air,  that  he  sang  thiit  pretty 
song  like  this: 

"  '  Cub,  oh,  cub  with  be, 
The  hood  is  beabidg,'  etc." 

Now,  it  I  had  been  John's  mother,  I 
should  have  given  him  a  spoonful  of 
sugar  snufl',  and  sent  him  in  the  other 
room  to  clear  out  his  heitd  to  relieve  him. 
I  know  a  mamma  that  used  to  put  sugar 
snufl  up  b;iby's  nose  when  it  had  the 
snutHes,  and  you  don't  know  how  soon 
the  little  thing  could  breathe  freely.  Yes, 
children,  sugar  is  a  most  excellent  thing 
to  have  in  the  house,  and  if  it  were  not 
good  for  anything  else,  it  would  be  in- 
dispensable in  every  family  for  snuff. 
Don't  forget  this;  but  try  it  the  first 
time  you  get  a  cold,  and  see  it  what  I 
tell  you  is  true. 

GRANDMA'S  TALKS— EASY   LES- 
SONS  FROM   NATURE— NO.   2. 

Well,  children,  here  we  are  again,  a 
little  earlier  this  month  than  last.  Grand, 
ma  will  talk  to  yoti  this  time  about  Na- 
ture, or  the  things  which  surround  us  ou 


the  earth.  Johnny  tells  me  that  he 
Iciirned,  from  last  month's  talk,  that 
everything  was  either  solid  or  fluid. 
Lucy  (who  is  quite  a  little  girl)  explains 
the  difl'erence  between  the  two  in  this 
way:  " Solid  things  we  can  take  hold  of 
and  pile  up,  but  fluids  run  all  over,  un- 
less we  keep  them  in  bottles  or  such 
things."  Is  that  a  good  explanation,  do 
you  think'?  Johnny  laughs  at  it,  and 
says  that  dogs,  cats  and  chickens  would 
run  all  over  if  we  tried  to  pile  them  up, 
and  asks  Lucy  if  they  are  flviids.  Grand- 
pa tells  Johuny  that  pcrh;ips  it  is  the 
fluid  in  them  that  makes  them  run  so 
fast.  But  Lucy  thinks  our  seriotis  talk 
oiight  not  to  be  interrupted  by  fun,  and 
Johnny  knows  she  is  not  talking  about 
live  creatures,  but  only  thinr/f:. 

Did  you  ever  think  that  there  is  not 
a  place  on  the  Ciirth  where  there  is  noth- 
itnjP  Here  is  a  box  which  I  open,  and 
Johnny  and  Lucy  both  call  it  empty; 
but  it  is  quite  full  of  something — wh.-^t 
is  it?  What  do  we  breathe?  Jchnny  did 
not  know  that  the  air  is  anything,  but 
yet  he  knew  if  it  was  taken  away  from 
him,  only  for  a  few  minutes,  he  would 
die.  Do  you  see  or  feel  the  air?  When 
I  move  this  fan  Lucy  says  she  feels  it, 
and  I  am  sure  we  can  all  see  it  by  look- 
ing up  to  the  clear  sky.  Children,  will 
you  look  at  it  and  see  what  a  beautiful 
color  it  is?  Is  the  air  a  solid  or  a  fluid? 
Can  you  pile  it  up  or  t;xke  hold  of  it,  or 
does  it  "  run  all  over"  as  Lucy  says  a 
fluid  does?  Johnny  thinks  the  air  does 
run  all  over,  because  it  seems  to  be 
everywhere,  and  he  can't  push  it  away. 
Then  it  must  be  a  fluid  which  we  are  liv- 
ing in,  just  as  the  fishes  do  in  water. 
Lucy  laughs  at  that  idea,  but  isn't  it 
true?  Hark!  hear  the  whistle  of  the  lo- 
comotive as  the  cars  go  whizzing  by  to- 
Wiirds  San  Jose.  What  is  it  makes  such 
a  noise?  You  say,  Johnny,  that  it  is 
made  by  steam  instead  of  wind:  now, 
what  is  steam?  Lucy  saj-s  it  is  some- 
thing that  is  made  by  water  boiling;  she 
has  seen  it  come  from  the  spout  of  the 
tea-kettle,  and  if  we  let  it  boil  long 
enough,  there  will  be  no  water  left  in  the 
kettle.  If  that  is  true,  then  water  takes 
two  difterent  fluid  forms — liquid  and  air, 
or  steam,  which  disappears  in  the  air. 
Did  any  of  you  ever  see  solid  water? 
Lucy  thinks  Grandma  is  making  tun 
now,  but  Johnny  remembers  that  he  saw 
ice  in  town  and  snow  on  thij  mountains. 
These  are  both  solid,  yet  turn  to  water 
when  held  in  the  h;ind.  So,  then,  water 
is  sometimes  solid,  sometimes  liquid  and 
sometimes  air.  Next  time  you  sh.all  try 
and  tell  me  what  causes  water  to  change 
its  form,  for  certainly  you  all  know. 

HOW  CEORCIE'S  TEN  CENT  DOLL 

WAS  CHANCED  INTO  A  PAIR 

OF  SLIPPERS. 

BT    HELENA. 

Georgia  is  a  little  girl  who  lives  in 
San  Jose.  Last  year,  during  Fair  time, 
there  was  a  tent  all  decked  out  with 
bright  colors,  where  flying  horses  for 
children  to  ride  revolved  round  and 
round,  stopping  when  the  riders  wished 
to  dismount  for  others  to  take  their  places 
for  a  ride.  As  Georgie  and  her  mamma 
were  passing  by,  the  little  girl  begged 
to  stop  and  take  a  ride  on  the  pretty 
wooden  horses  with  side-saddles  on. 

Her  mamma  gave  her  ten  cents  and 
said:  "Now,  my  dear,  which  would  yoti 
rather  have — a  ride  on  one  of  those  fly- 
ing horses,  or  a  ten  cent  doll  which  will 
amuse  you  for  hours  and  days?" 

The  child  thought  for  a  moment  and 
then  said:  "Oh,  JIamma,  I  believe  I'd 
rather  have  a  ten  cents  doll." 

"Very   well,"    said  her  mamma;   so 


they  passed  on  to  a  toy  store,  and  there 
bought,  with  the  ten  cents,  a  pretty  doll. 
Day  after  dity  Georgie  found  much  joy 
in  her  "ten  cents  doll,"  as  she  called  it; 
ami  ;is  the  little  girls  in  the  neighbor- 
hood made  dresses  and  aprons  for  it,  she 
played  go  to  the  dressmaker's  and  then 
out  calling,  as  grown  folks  do. 

After  a  time  Georgie  went  to  San  Fran- 
cisco for  a  visit  to  her  aunt  and  cousins. 
Of  course  the  "ten  cents  doll"  went 
along  in  Georgie's  trunk.  Ouce  when 
she  had  gone  to  Oakland  to  spend  the 
day  lier  little  baby  cousin  found  the  doll, 
which  had  been  left  at  home,  and  played 
with  it  till  both  feet  and  one  arm  came 
off.  When  sh(!  came  back  and  found 
what  baby  had  done,  her  aunt  grve  her 
another  ten  cents  to  buy  a  new  doll,  be- 
cause baby  had  broken  hers. 

"Thank  you.  Aunty  dear,"  said  the 
happy  child;  then  turning  to  the  baby 
she  said,  "  now  the  broken  dolly's  yours 
and  this  ten  cents  is  mine."  So,  going 
down  town  with  her  other  cousin,  she 
asked  her  to  keep  the  ten  cents  for  her 
till  she  wanted  it. 

Something  new  happened  every  day,  so 
the  doll  w:ts  forgotten;  and  the  day  she 
sf;irted  off  ou  tho  steamer  with  Cousin 
Ben  the  doll  had  never  been  bought  and 
her  cousin  had  spent  the  ten  cents,  so 
she  gave  Georgie  a  bright  quarter  instead. 
Georgie  accepted  with  many  thanks,  and 
entrusted  to  Cousin  Ben's  care.  They 
were  going  to  Santa  Cruz,  where  her 
mamma  had  gone  for  a  visit,  and  the 
bright  quarter  was  spent  for  oranges  to 
eat  on  the  trip. 

"Now,  Georgie,"  said  good  Cousin 
Ben,  "which  would  you  rather  have — a 
quarter  or  thirty  cents?" 

"Oh,  I'd  rather  have  thirty  cents,  of 
course,"  said  she;  which  quite  surprised 
the  young  man  to  find  so  young  a  child 
knowing  the  value  of  money.  When 
they  reached  Santa  Cruz  and  he  found 
he  had  not  the  exact  change,  he  threw 
out  upon  the  table  a  half  dollar  and  said : 

"  Here,  Georgie,  is  your  money;  that's 
near  enough,  I  think." 

"Oh,  it's  more,  Cousin  Ben;  you  told 
me  thirty  cents  and  here's  fifty — twenty 
cents  too  much.  Am  I  to  have  it?  Oh, 
goody!  Thank  you,  sir.  See,  Mamma, 
what" my  ten  cents  doU  has  grown  into!" 
Then  begging  her  mamma  to  keep  it 
till  she  wanted  to  spend  it,  the  money 
was  slipped  into  ilixmma's  purse. 

One  day  when  Georgie  had  nothing  to 
do,  she  asked  for  her  money  to  go  and 
buy  something.  Her  mother  took  from 
her  purse  the  half  dollar  and  a  quarter, 
sayiug,  "see,  now,  Georgie,  how  your 
ten  cents  has  grown  since  it  came  into 
my  possession!  Now  let's  see  what  you 
can  buy  with  it." 

Delighted  beyond  expression,  the  child 
danced  off  down  town  alone  to  spend  it. 
Candy  or  fruit  she  would  not  buy  be- 
cause they  wouldn't  last,  and  even  dolls 
got  broken;  so,  in  passing  a  shoe  .store, 
she  saw  a  lovely  pair  of  slippers  in  the 
window.  She  stepped  in  and  inquired 
the  price.  They  were  a  dollar,  the  man 
said:  but  when  be  saw  the  disappointed 
look  of  the  child  as  she  turned  the  money 
over  iu  her  hand  and  started  to  go,  he 
said,  good-naturedly,  "Well,  Miss,  you 
may  take  them  ale ng  for  75  cents,  this 
time." 

Thanking  him  kindly,  she  hastened  to 
lay  the  parcel  in  JIamma's  lap,  saying: 
"  See  the  pretty  new  slippers  I  have 
bought  with  my  own  money." 

Everybody  laughed  when  the  story 
was  told  over,  and  .all  agreed  that  Geor- 
gie was  a  most  fortunate  child  to  be  able 
to  have  a  ten  cent  doU  changed  into  a 
pair  of  slippers. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


U 


TIMELY  SUGGESTIONS. 

^1%  

,5|'EGETABLE  gardens,  on  farms 
Itfr  where  laud  is  plenty  and  persons 
m  cannot  devote  as  much  time  to 
£  them  as  the  professional  gardener 
^  does,  can  be  economically  carried 
ou  oy  allowing  more  space  between  the 
rows,  so  as  to  admit  the  cultivator  to  do 
a  good  deal  of  the  work  of  weeding. 
Weeds  are  the  greatest  enemies  to  be 
contended  with,  and  it  will  not  do  to  al- 
low them  to  grow  amongst  the  plants, 
rob  them  of  nutriment  and  crowd  them 
for  room  in  which  to  freely  gi-ow.  The 
farmer  who  starts  a  vegetable  garden  wilf 
be  likely  to  get  discouraged  if  he  doesn't 
like  to  puU  weeds  from  among  the  ten- 
der young  plants,  and  to  use  the  hoe 
vigorously  and  often.  It  will  not  do  to 
give  the  weeds  the  least  advantage.  They 
must  be  gotten  rid  of.  A  good  way  to 
Ijlant  carrots,  beets,  turnips,  parsnips, 
etc.,  is  to  plant  in  double  rows;  that  is, 
two  rows  eight  inches  apart,  and  three 
feet  between  the  double  rows,  so 
that  a  horse  cultivator  can  run  in  the 
wide  spaces,  and  the  hoe  will  be  used  to 
clean  the  weeds  about  the  plants  and  in 
the  narrow  space.  In  this  way  the 
whole  garden  can  be  laid  out  uniformly 
for  almost  everything.  Cabbages  and 
tomatoes  will  need  the  entire  space  in 
one  row.  This  late  in  the  season  ma- 
nure for  a  garden  should  be  put  upon 
the  surface  after  plowing,  and  dragged 
down  with  a  harrow  finely.  When  ap- 
plied in  the  Fall,  which  is  the  best  time, 
it  should  be  spread  upon  the  surface  and 
the  seeds  in  it  allowed  to  germinate  be- 
fore plowing;  then  by  plowing  under 
and  cross  plowing  so  as  to  mix  thor- 
oughly with  the  soil,  not  too  deeply,  it 
will  be  in  the  best  position  and  condi- 
tion to  benefit  plant  growth. 

In  planting  seeds,  instead  of  digging 
a  line  to  put  them  in,  press  down  the 
earth  with  a  wheel  or  rake-head,  an  inch 
below  the  level,  drop  the  seeds  and  cover 
lightly  with  finely  pulverized  soil,  then 
press  this  gently  upon  them.  The  ob- 
ject of  this  is  to  have  each  seed  firmly 
bedded  in  fine  soil,  which  will  gather 
moisture  from  below  and  cause  the  seed 
to  surely  sprout.  With  a  firm  bed  un- 
der the  seed  it  will  break  through  the 
covering  without  cramping  and  grow- 
rapidly.  Should  a  shower  cause  the 
surface  of  the  soil  to  form  a  crust  before 
the  seeds  break  through,  it  should  be 
carefully  removed  to  allow  the  tender 
shoots  to  spring  upwards;  otherwise 
they  may  become  cramped  down  and  die 
before  seeing  the  light.  The  chickens 
should  be  kept  out  of  the  garden  until 
the  plants  are  too  large  to  bo  injured  by 
scratching.  After  that  they  will  do  as 
much  good  as  harm,  by  destroying  in- 
sects. If  the  hens  do  eat  some  vegeta- 
bles it  will  do  ihem  good.  Hens  need 
green  feed  the  year  round,  and  should 
have  it,  too,  from  some  source.  It  will 
pay  to  plant  onions  and  beets  for  the 
hens. 

Persons  who  are  not  used  to  sowing 
vegetable  seeds  are  likely  to  put  them  in 
too  thick,  the  seeds  are  so  small.  Use 
judgment  in  this  matter,  and  where  too 
thick,  thin  out  the  plants  while  young, 
and  transjilant  wliere  there  are  places 
needing  more. 


Chufah.— Chufas  or  earth  almonds  are 
"  grass  nut  but  not  a  nut  grass.  The  nut 
grows  to  the  size  of  a  small  gouber,  and 

I  Ihave  frequently  grown  a  quart  from  a 
single   nut.     On    hmd  that    vyill   make 

,  twenty  bushels   of    corn,    one   hundred 


bushels  of  chufas  can  be  raised  easily, 
and  one  bushel  of  chufas  is  worth  two 
of  corn,  as  I  will  demonstrate.  The 
chufas  delight  in  a  light,  sandy  soil,  but 
will  grow  in  any  soil.  They  may  be 
planted  any  time  from  December  to  April, 
as  they  never  rot  in  the  ground  or  are 
injured  by  cold  or  frost.  I  plow  the  land 
smooth  and  lay  open  shallow  furrows 
two  feet  apart,  and  in  this  furrow  drop 
single  seeds  twelve  inches  ajwrt,  and 
cover  with  a  board.  The  seed  will  vege- 
tate the  first  warm  weather,  and  soon 
show  a  green  line  along  the  row.  The 
green  spires  will  eventually  meet  across 
the  rows,  each  spire  having  a  nut  at  the 
bottom  in  the  givjund.  The  nuts  do  not 
grow  more  than  two  inches  in  the  ground, 
and  the  hogs  fatten  ou  them  in  Winter, 
when  all  other  crops  are  in  the  jut  or 
barn.  This  is  a  great  advantage  over  all 
other  crops — no  digging  or  storing. 
Poultry  are  very  fond  of  them  and  soon 
learn  to  scratch  for  them,  and,  as  they 
grow  so  near  the  surface,  find  no  difli- 
culty  in  getting  them.  It  is  said  the  pe- 
culiar flavor  of  the  canvas-back  duck  of 
the  Chesapeake  is  derived  from  the  wild 
celery  they  feed  upon,  but  epicures  can 
have  no  conception  of  delicious  game  or 
poultry  unless  they  have  eaten  chickens 
fattened  on  chufas.  I  have  parched  and 
ground  them,  and  find  them  superior  to 
chocolate  as  a  breakfast  drink.  When 
we  take  into  consideration  all  its  good 
qualities — its  fattening  properties,  its 
easy  culture,  its  hardiness,  and  the  fact 
that  hogs  will  dig  them  as  they  want 
them,  without  wasting  them — it  is  the 
most  valuable  seed  the  Patent  Office  has 
ever  sent  out,  and  is  destined  to  prove  a 
great  boon  to  the  South. — Chas.  A.  Pea- 
b<xly  in  {i<nUhe)-n  PlanUxiion. 

Salt  fob  Cabbage. — A  New  Jersey 
gardener  considers  salt  necessary  to  the 
development  of  cabbage,  especially  in 
jjlaces  far  from  the  coa»t.  He  finds  them 
more  crisp,  of  better  flavor  and  to  keep 
better  when  salt  is  used  than  without. 
He  used  it  as  follows:  A  few  days  after 
setting  out  the  plants,  and  when  they  are 
damj],  either  after  a  rain  or  when  the 
dew  is  on,  I  take  a  small  dish  of  tine 
salt,  and  walking  among  the  rows,  sprin- 
kle a  little  jnnch  of  salt  on  the  centre  of 
each  plant.  When  the  leaves  begin  to 
grow  I  repeat  the  salting,  and  when  the 
centre  of  the  leaves  begin  to  form  the 
head  I  apply  salt  again,  scattering  it  over 
the  leaves.  After  this  I  look  them  over 
occasionally  and  if  I  find  plants  that  do 
not  head  well  and  ajipear  diseased,  I 
sprinkle  the  salt  over  freely.  This  will 
save  all  such  plants.  A  quart  of  salt  is 
sufficient  for  five  hundred  plants  in  a 
season,  although  more  can  bo  used  with 
safety. — Ex. 

GitowiNo  Horseradish. — Around  the 
city  of  New  York  gardeners  grow  it  as  a 
second  crop.  The  ground  is  plentifully 
manured  and  marked  off  into  rows  one 
foot  apart.  Every  alternate  row  is  plant- 
ed with  early  cabbages,  and  after  the 
plants  are  set  out  the  horseradish  sets 
are  planted  in  the  intermediate  rows  at 
a  distance  of  eighteen  inches  aiiart.  If 
the  horseradish  starts  too  soon  it  is  cut 
off  in  hoeing  the  cabbages,  which  does 
not  injure  the  horseradish  roots  in  the 
least.  In  July  the  cabbages  are  har- 
vested and  sold,  and  the  ground  is  left 
entirely  to  the  horseradish.  As  the  far- 
mer is  supposed  to  produce  only  one  crop 
from  his  land  each  year,  ho  can  manage 
the  eroj)  without  so  much  labor.  The 
soil  must  be  deep,  so  as  to  aUow  the 
roots  to  penetrate  a  foot  or  more,  if  pos- 
sible. The  sets  which  are  planted  con- 
sist of  the  small  roots  which  are  taken 
from  the  largo  ones,  and  are  from  four 
to  six  inches  in  length. — Ex. 


Destruction  of  Forests. 

HE  New  York  Times  gives  some 
rather  startling  facts  and  figures. 
The  constant  and  reckless  destruC' 
tion  of  our  forests  is  fast  bringing 
us  to  a  condition  in  which  there  will 
occasion  for  real  alarm.  It  is  not 
probable  that  any  "scare"  like  that  which 
a  few  years  ago  went  over  England,  con- 
cerning the  prosjjective  exhaustion  of 
her  coal  supply,  will  immediately  occur 
in  America,  touching  the  loss  of  our  for- 
ests; but  we  wish  something  near  enough 
approaching  it  might  happen  to  stop  a 
work  that  is  full  of  evil  jiromise.  In  the 
whole  United  States  there  is  left  but  one 
really  great  tract  of  timber.  It  lies  at 
the  far  extreme  of  our  country  and  con- 
sists of  about  one-half  of  Washington 
territory  Territory  and  a  third  of  Oregon. 
California  has,  perhaps,  5U0,0U0  acres  of 
forests  now,  of  which  fully  one-half  has 
been  cut  away  within  the  last  two  or 
three  years.  Here  in  New  Y'ork  our 
wealth  of  maple,  walnut  and  hickory  is 
substantially  gone,  and  a  large  part  of  it 
has  been  wantonly  destroyed. 

Wisconsin  had  a  magnificent  forest 
growth,  but  the  people  are  sweeping  it 
away  at  a  rapid  rate.  One  billion  feet  of 
timber  were  cut  in  a  single  year.  It  will 
not  take  more  than  a  decade  or  two  at 
the  utmost  to  fairly  exhauste  this  source 
of  wealth  to  the  State.  Michigan  and 
Minnesota  are  following  in  the  same 
course,  slashing  away  at  their  forests  as 
if  a  tree  had  no  right  to  lift  its  head.  One 
of  our  most  intelligent  army  officers. 
General  Brisbin,  who  knows  the  West- 
ern country  thoroughly,  and  to  whose 
accurate  knowledge,  of  this  subject  we 
are  indebted  for  many  facts,  says  that 
50,000  acres  of  Wisconsin  timber  are  cut 
annually  to  supply  tlie  Kansas  and  Ne- 
braska markets  alone.  The  Saginaw 
forests  are  even  now  practically  destroy- 
ed, and  if  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway 
is  built,  it  will  open  up  to  the  ax  the  one 
remaining  belt  of  American  timber  in 
Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

The  railroads  have  been  the  great  de- 
stroyers of  our  forests.  They  use  100,- 
000,000  of  ties  annually — that  means  the 
leveling  of  at  least  150,000  acres  of  trees. 
The  timber  they  use,  also,  is  not  the  ref- 
use or  inferior,  but  among  the  very  best 
tine  young  trees,  eight  to  ten  inches  in 
diameter.  Fences  are  also  enormous 
consumers  of  trees.  In  the  East  we  are 
learning  in  this  regard  economy  from  ne- 
cessity; but  in  the  West,  in  some  States, 
the  farmers  cut  down  the  forests  with 
sciu-celj'  more  thought  than  they  harvest 
their  grain.  The  fences  of  the  United 
States,  people  may  not  generally  know, 
have  cost  more  than  the  lauds,  and  are 
to-day  the  most  valuable  property,  save 
railroads  and  real  estate  in  cities.  Illin- 
ois alone  has  i3!2,000,000  invested  in  fen- 
ces, and  they  cost  annually  $175,000  for 
rejiairs.  In  Nebraska,  where  excellent , 
hertl  laws  are  in  force,  the  necessity  for 
fences  ,  has  been  so  much  lessened  that 
the  fences  of  the  State  cost  less  in  pro- 
portion to  population  than  in  any  other 
in  the  Union. 

The  outrageous  waste  of  timber  caused 
by  (lie  felling  of  forests  and  the  burning 
of  the  trees  to  bring  the  land  under  culti- 
vatiim  still  goes  on  at  a  fearful  rale. 
From  lyOO  to  IS70  no  less  than  1-2,000,- 
000  acres  of  forest  w-ere  tlius  w-antonly 
destroyed.  For  fuel  also  vast  tracts  are 
leveled  of  their  trees.  It  took  10,000 
acres  of  forest  to  supplj-  Chicago  with 
fuel  one  year,  1871.  Our  annual  decrease 
of  forest  from  all  those  causes  is  not  far 


from  8,000,000  acres.     Yet  we  plant  only 
10,000  acres  of  new  forest  a  year. 

The  necessity  for  a  commission  of 
forestry,  and  tne  need  of  efficient  laws  in 
all  the  States  for  the  preservation  of  our 
forests,  need  no  further  argument  than 
these  facts. 


Experiments  upon  Acclimatization. — 
Dr.  Gray,  in  the  Journal  of  Science  for 
Septctmber,  publishes  an  interesting  no- 
tice of  some  experiments  recently  made 
by  the  veteran  Swiss  botanist,  DeCau- 
dolle.  It  has  long  been  noticed  that  in 
Spring  vegetation  in  northern  climates 
suddenly  pushes  out  with  a  vigor  not  to 
be  seen  in  warmer  regions.  It  is  a  ques- 
tion of  a  good  deal  of  practical  interest 
as  bearing  upon  the  problem  of  acclima- 
tization, whether  this  was  due  simply  to 
the  immediate  influence  of  climate,  or 
whether  the  northern  plants  ftai-e  in  ihem 
the  power  to  grow  -n-ith  such  great  rap- 
idity during  the  early  Spring  days.  Ac- 
cordingly DeCaudoUe  planted  two  lots  of 
seed  of  the  same  kind  of  plants — the  one 
lot  gathered  from  northern,  the  other 
from  southern  Europe.  The  result  of 
this  experiment  was  as  expected,  the 
plants  from  the  northern  regions  "show- 
ing a  decided  advantage  in  precocity." 
To  further  test  the  matter,  the  experi- 
menter procured  branches  of  Poplar, 
Blue  Beech,  Tulip  tree  and  Catalpa  from 
extreme  southern  Europe,  and  placed 
them  in  water  along  with  branches  taken 
from  similar  Switzerland.  All  were 
treated  exactly  alike,  and  yet  the  south- 
ern trees  were  much  behind  the  nothern 
ones  in  leafing  out.  The  branches  from 
the  northern  Pojjlar  tree  were  ticenty- 
tliree  dai/s  ahead  of  those  from  the  south. 
The  Blue  Beech  and  Tulip  tree  from  the 
north  were  eighteen  days  earlier,  and 
the  northern  Catalpa  twenty  days  earlier 
than  the  southern  ones.  These  experi- 
ments appear  to  indicate  that  sUght  vari- 
ations had  arisen  in  these  species,  and 
that  the  same  temperature  and  other 
conditions  do  not  always  produce  the 
same  eft'ects,  or  in  other  words  that  the 
trees  themselves  possessed  a  power  of 
more  rapid  growth  in  cases  of  the  north- 
ern siiecimens. 

Value  of  Trees  in  Town. — Mr.  Grif- 
fiths, the    medical   officer   of  health   for 
Sheffield,  in  his  report  upon  the  sanitary 
condition    of    that    town    during    1874, 
makes  the  following  remarks  in  reference 
to  street  trees:     "In    the    formation   of 
new  streets,  and  on  the  eve  of  the  con- 
temj^lated  widening  and  alteration  of  old 
ones,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  an  effort  may 
be  made  to  provide  for  trees  whenever 
prabticable.     The  pleasing  appearance  of 
verdure  in  Summer,   and  the  agreeable- 
ness  of  the  shade,  are  benefits  to  the  in- 
habitants well  w-orth   the  etfort  and  the 
cost.     Whoever   has    visited   the    boule- 
vards  of  continental  towns,  or  even  the 
squares  of  London,  can  testify  to  the  ad- 
vantages of  verdure  as  oftering  pleasure 
to  the  eye  and  gratification  to  the  mind. 
Jlin-eover,  from  a  sanitary  point  of  view, 
the  benefits  are  of  incalculable  value.    It 
has  been  asserted  that  the  aggregate  sur- 
face  of   the    leaves   of   well-grown  elm, 
lime  and   sycamore  trees,  with  their  six 
to  seven  million  leaves,  equal  about  200,- 
000  square  feet  or  about  five  acres;    and 
these  are  almost  constantly  absorbing  and 
digesting  the   carbonic  acid  and  various 
exhalations  given  oil'  by  the  putrefactiim 
of  animal   and  vegetable  matter,  and.  as 
if  grati'ful  for  such  supiiort.  returns  into 
till-  air  pure  oxygen,  which  reiuvigorates 
and  renews  animal  life.     Trees  thus  re- 
move poison  from  our  midst,  and  to  be 
without  them  is  an  oversight.     Trees  can 
be  had  w-hich  will  exist,  with  suitable  at- 
tention, in  any  jiart  of  the  city." 


I 


€,, 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Ancient  Tkees. — In  a  recent  number 

of  the  Illustration  Uorticole  are  some  in- 
teresting statistics  in  regard   to  the  lon- 
gevity  of   various  liinds  of  trees.     The 
annual   concentric  circles,   so  called,  ou 
the   stumps  give  cue  a  pretty  accurate 
idea   of   the  ages,  although  not  exactly, 
for  the  reason  that  some  trees  will  form 
two  circles  during  one  year.     The  table 
above  alluded  to  is  as  follows:    Judas 
tree,  300  years;  common  elm,  335;  com- 
mon ivy,  -150;  common  maple,  51C;  white 
birch.  576,  orange,  630;  evergeen  cypress, 
800;   common   olive,    800:   walnut,  900; 
oriental  plant  or  sycamore,  1,000;  com- 
mon lime  or  linden,  1,100;   common  fir, 
1,200  ;   common   oak,    1,500  ;    cedar   of 
lebanon,  2,000;  deciduous  cypress,  3,000; 
yew,    3,200.      Ou    the    Sierra    Nevada 
Mountains  of  California  we  have  excel- 
lent illustrations  of  the  great  age  which 
trees   can    attain.      The    red   wood   and 
what  is  knowTi   as  the   "big  trees"   or 
or   Sequoia  are  examples.     An   accurate 
count  of  the  annual  rings  on  a  stumj)  of 
one    of   the   past  named  showed  the  as- 
tonishing  age   of   from    3,000    to  i,000 
years.     Foreign  journals  mention  a  pop- 
ular tree  worth  speaking  of  in  this  con- 
nection.    We  quote:     "Among  notable 
trees,"  thePeuplier  de  I'.irquebuse,  now 
standing  in  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Dijon, 
is   worthy   of    record.      This   venerable 
poplar  was  planted  about  A.   D.  1400, 
and  is  consequently  now  about  470  years 
old.     It  is  .  100  feet  high  and  40  feet  in 
circumference  at  its  base.     The  age  and 
dimensions  of  this  tree  are  quite   extra- 
ordinary, as  the  average  duration  of  pop- 
lar  life    seldom    exceeds  two  centuries, 
and   a   poplar   trunk    of   even    half   the 
dimensions  of  the  above  is  seldom   seen 


mmu. 


The  Food  of  Swine. 

OGS  are  too  often  looked  upon  and 
treated  as  a  very  iitthy  animal. 
They  can  bo  made  filthy  by  filthy 
«  feeding  and  treatment,  or  be  kept 
j^  healthy  and  clean  by  giving  clean 
feed  and  drink,  and  keeping  in  a  clean 
place.  We  clip  from  the  Detroit  Tribune 
some  facts  on  this  subject  that  we  heart- 
ily approve : 


FoKEST-TREE  planters  may  well  take 
thought  of  the  great  value  of  the  walnut 
and  the  tempting  prices  now  paid  for  its 
number  ou  account  of  rapid  devastation 
of  surfaces  which  heretofore  yielded 
largely.  Already  the  wide-awake  West  is 
wisely  turning  attention  to  this  specialty, 
and  before  many  years  we  may  expect  a 
supply  from  the  cultivated  forests  of  this 
wood.  For  some  unexplained  reason 
eastern-grown  walnut  is  inferior  to  that 
from  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  jirobably 
ou  account  of  its  more  rapid  growth  in 
the  latter  States. 

The  pecan  is  one  of  the  finest  shade 
trees  that  grows.  It  will  grow  on  any 
alluvial  laud.  As  timber,  the  pecan  is 
next  to  the  hickory  in  strength,  and  far 
superior  in  lightness.  The  wood  of  the 
pecau  tree  makes  finer  pick  handles,  ax 
handles,  whipstocks,  and  all  that  sort  of 
thing  than  any  other  tree.  In  planting 
the  pecan,  nuts  should  be  obtained  from 
the  western  part  of  Texas.  There  the 
fruit  of  the  tree  is  much  larger  than  any 
grown  along  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi. 
The  Texas  variety  of  the  nut  reproduces 
itself,  always  giving  a  large,  sweet  nut. 
The  pecan  tree  is  worthy  the  attention  of 
all  who  own  land  in  this  State. — Ex. 

Young  tree  seedlings  should  be  shaded 
as  soon  as  up,  taking  care  to  use  some 
kind  of  shelter  that  will  allow  a  free  cir- 
culation of  air  around  the  plants;  a 
screen  of  lath  is  much  used  by  nursery- 
men. 


If  rats  enter  the  cellar,  a  little  powd- 
ered potash  thrown  into  their  holes,  or 
mixed  with  meal  and  scattered  in  their 
ruuways,  never  fails  to  drive  them  oft'. 


Ip  a  mouse  makes  an  entrance  into  auy 
part  of  your  dwelling,  saturate  rag  with 
cayenne  pepper  in  solution  .and  stuff  it 
in  the  hole,  which  can  then  be  repaired 
«ith  either  wood  or  mortar. 


If  (ihere  is  auy  one  thing  in  rural  prac- 
tice   which   needs   reforming  more   than 
another,  it  is  the  matter  of  raising  and 
feeding  swine.     From   the  day  they  are 
largo  enough   to  eat  they  are  offered  all 
manuer  of  refuse   about  the  place,  such 
as  rank  weeds,  filthy  slops,  S2Joiled  vege- 
tables and  meats,  dead  fowls,  etc.    They 
are  allowed  to   rummage  the  dung  yard 
and  glean  the  refuse  of  food  in  the  fieees 
of   cattle   and  horses,  on  the  ground  of 
economy.     The  quantity  of  food   saved 
iu   this  way  is   very  insignificant.     The 
objections  to  keeping  swine  in  this  way 
are  so  serious,  that  the  reasons  in  favor 
of  it  have  no  force  at  all.     The  origin  of 
trichinosis  in  sw-ine  m.ay  be  always  traced 
to  the  consumption  of  vile  stuffs  in  their 
food,    or   to    being   housed   and   yarded 
amid   filth    and    foul    air.      Every    few- 
months   the   press   announce  a  case   of 
trichiujB   in   au    individual   or   a   whole 
family,  with  all  the  horrible  details  and 
sufferings  which  attend  the  parasitic  at- 
tack.    Only  lately  some  new  cases  are 
reported  in  the  West,  which  are  alarm- 
ing.    We  are  quite  sure  that  every   far- 
mer aud  every  one  who  feeds  and  fattens 
a  pig  will  only  need  to  have  their  atten- 
tion called  to  so  important  and  serious  a 
matter  to  secure  a  complete  reform  in  the 
practice  of  feeding  an  animal  which  will 
take   whatever  is  ofl'ered  to  it,  and  will 
live  in  the  most  filthy  holes  and  yards. 
Ou  the  farm  the  swine  should  have  clover 
pasture,    aud   for   swill    only   milk   and 
meal   or  grain;    no  dish  water  or  meat 
scraps  from  the  table,  as  these  are  sure, 
to  putrefy   aud  poisou  the  mass  in  the 
barrel  or  tank.     Pure  water,   with  a  lit- 
tle meal  added,  is  preferable.     Give  the 
scraps   from    the    table   to    the  poultry, 
while   they    are   fresh.       Spoiled    meats 
should  never   be  given  to  any  domestic 
animal.      Large   numbers  of    swine    are 
frequently   confined   in   small  quarters, 
with   very  little  regard  to  cleanliness  or 
pure  air.     Of  course,  some  of  them  will 
lose   appetite,  the  first  sign   of  the  de- 
rangement of  the  organs  of  nutrition  and 
assimilation.     They  do  not  thrive,   but 
they   are    kept    aloug    till   slaughtering 
time,  and  are  dressed  and  jiacked  anion" 
the   lot.     Such   animals    are    extremely 
liable  to  be  infested   with   trichina;  aud 
other  parasites;    and  those  who  consume 
them  as  food  expose  themselves   to  sick- 
ness,  diseases  of  a  lingering  nature,  aud 
to  death  iu  a  most  horrible  form. 

Interests,  therefore,  as  dear  as  health 
and  life  require  a  thorough  reform  in 
keeping  aud  feediug  swiue.  Let  their 
food  be  as  pure  as  that  which  other  ani- 
mals consume.  Let  them  be  kept  in 
clean  quarters  aud  have  pure  air.  Let 
diseased  or  unthrifty  animals  be  sepa- 
rated from  those  in  health,  and  we  may 
have  no  fears  of  trichinosis  among  either 
swine  or  human  beings. 


roots,  began  on  the  16th  of  August  and 

was  continued  three   times   a   day  until 
the  1st  of  October,  after  which  "ground 
feed  was  given,  consisting  of  two  parts 
of  corn  aud  one  of  oats,   three  times  a 
day,  tillthe  animal  was  slaughtered,  the 
meal  being  mixed  with  cold  water.     The 
result  was,  on  the  13th  of  August,  when 
the  sugar  beet  feeding  was  begun,  that 
the  weight  was  300  pounds;  September 
1st,  390  pounds;  October  1st,  450  poiinds 
and  November  1st,  520  pounds.     This  is 
the  substance  of  the  statement  given,  by 
which  we  perceive  that  the  increase  the 
last  of  August,  when  fed  on  boiled  sugar 
beets,  was  at  the  rate  of   two  pounds  per 
day.     This  rate  of  increase  on  the  same 
food     continued     through     September. 
When  fed  on  ground  corn  and  oats,  m.ade 
into  cold  slop,  the  gain  for  the  next  fifty 
days  was  less  than  a  pound   and  a  half 
per  daj'. 


SnOAE  BEET.S  FOE  F.VTTENING  SwTNE. — 

Jonathan  Talcott  gives  a  statement  in 
the  Boston  Oullirator  of  au  experiment 
performed  on  Suffolk  pigs  where  sugar 
beets  w  ere  largely  employed  for  fattening. 
The  auim.al  was  about  a  year  old,  and  the 
feeding  on  boiled  sugar  beets,    tops  and 


Weight  of  Hogs  by  Measurement. — 
The  same  general  rule  applies  to  smaller 
animals— hogs,  sheep,  etc. — as  to  cattle. 
This  is,  to  take  the  girth  of  the  hog  just 
behind   the   shoulder   blade,  getting  the 
dimensions    in    feet    aud    inches,    and 
measure  the  length  of  the  back;  multiply 
these  measurements  together,  which,  re- 
duced to  feet,  gives  the  square  superfici- 
al feet;  multiply  again  by  the  number  of 
pounds  allowecl  to  the   superficial   foot. 
This   depeuds  upon  the  size  of  the  ani- 
mal; for  animals  having  a  girth  of  from 
three  to  five  feet  allow  fifteen  pounds  to 
the  superficial   foot,  and  if  the  girth  is 
less  than  three  feet,  allow  eleven  pounds 
to  the  superficial   foot.     Sujipose  a  pig 
measures  two  feet  in  girth,  and  two  feet 
aloug  the  back;  multii^ly  these  together 
gives  four  square  feet,  and  this  multiplied 
by  elven  (pounds  to   tho  superficial   foot 
for  animals,  animals  measuring  less  than 
three    feet   iu     girth)    gives     forty-four 
pounds  as  the  weight  of  the  pig. — Frai- 
ree  Fanner. 

Bkeeding  Sows. — The  best  formed 
sows  only  should  be  saved  for  breeders, 
and  when  one  such  is  found  aud  proves 
to  be  a  good  mother,  keep  her,  even  for 
four  or  live  years.  From  the  young  sows 
select  only  the  very-best. 

Kectoe. — "Those  pigs  of  yours  are  in 
fine  condition,  Jarvis."  Jarvis. — "Yes, 
sir,  they  be.  Ah,  sur,  if  we  was  all  ou  us 
only  as  tit  to  die  as  them  are,  sur,  we'd 
do." 


lUi^cicultuve, 


PROGRESS  AND  PROSPECTS  IN 
FISH   CULTURE. 


O  important  iudustrial  art  has  made 
more  rapid  progress  within  the  last 
half  dozen  j'ears  than  fish  culture. 
The  readers  of  the  Cai.  Ageicul- 
e^  tueist  have  kejit  pretty  well  jjosted 
in  this  matter,  as  this  department  has 
been  made  of  special  interest  by  giving 
the  most  satient  information  which  has 
come  to  the  editors  notice  upon  this 
subject.  Artificial  hatching  is  reduced  to 
a  science;  or,  in  other  words,  to  a  practi- 
cal aud  positive  certainty,  and  is  no 
longer  an  experiment,  although  much 
improved  by  recent  experimeutiug  tests. 
Wherever  clear  ponds  of  water  are  found, 
or  streams  and  rivers  run,  the  water  can 
be  supplied  with  myreades  of  the  most 
valuable  kinds  of  flsh  hatched  iu  troughs, 
aud  fed  in  artificial  or  natural  ponds  and 
streams  till  they  are  strong  enough  to 
take  care  of  themselves  in  the  deeper 
waters  where  enemies  have  to  be  avoided 
aud  a  living  obtained.  We  read  of  rivers, 
ponds  aud  Kikes  being  stocked  with  mil- 


lions of  fish  by  the  various  Commission- 
ers which  different  States  have  appointed 
for  the  purposes.  Laws  are  passed  for 
the  protection  of  fish  during  spawniug 
time;  and  the  public  is  being  instructed 
in  mauy  ways  to  au  appreciation  and 
better  understanding  of  the  benefits  to  be 
derived  from  an  intelligedt  system  in  all 
public  waters. 

What  is,  perhaps,  of  equal  importance, 
is  a  better  understanding  as  to  how  fish 
culture  can  be  made  successful  aud  pro- 
fitable on  a  smaller  scale  in  such  ponds 
or  streams  as  many  persons  may  be  able 
to  proWde  with  little  expense.     We  pre- 
di<-t  that  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when 
fish  will  be  as  commonly  grown  all  over 
the   country,   in   artificial   reservois,    as 
pigs  and  chickens  are  now  iu  farm  yards. 
Wherever  water  cau  be  obtained  that  is 
clear,  and  free  from  deletereous  mineral 
and  organic  substauces,  and  that  can  be 
kept  at  a  degree  of  temjieratrn'o  suited  to 
fish,  life  and  growth,  and  that  cau   be 
supplied  with  atmospheric  oxygen  in  suf- 
ficient quantities  to  supply  the  respera- 
tiou  of  fishes,  and  that  can  bo  shaded  in 
places  to  afford  shelter  from  the  sun,  aud 
from  observation,  so  that  the  fishes  will 
feed  at  ease  and  at  home,  it  seems  to  us 
that   tho   essential    conditions  to  health 
and  growth  will  be  complied  with. 

The  matter  of  food  will  be  found  a 
very  important  one,  but  not  more  dilfi- 
cult  to  master  than  the  feediug  of  aui- 
mals.     We  believe,  from  the  best  infor- 
mation  we   can  gain  upou  the  subject, 
that  a  s'ystem  of  ditches  will  be  the  most 
economical    form    of   arranging   for  fish 
culture.     These  can  be  dug  at  any  width 
or  depth,   and  run  in   together  in  auy 
most  convenient  and    artistic  manner, 
easy  to  dam  at  any  point  or  to  shade  in 
any  place,    can  be  gi-aveled    here   and 
there,  and  be  genei'ally  arranged  so  as  to 
be  practically  just  the  thing  on  a  small 
scale  for  fish  of  all  ages  aud  size.     Tho 
supply  of  water  must  depend  upon  cii-- 
cumstances.     Whether  from  natural  or 
artificial  wells  or  streams  it  makes  but 
little   difference   so   long  as  it  is  pure 
enough  aud  is  aireated  sufliciently,  which 
can  be  artificially  done  by  wind  power 
at  little  cost.     We  shall  aim  to  keep  our 
readers   posted  upon  whatever  progress 
is  made  iu  any  direction  so  far  as  we  can 
glean  it,    and   shall  expect  such  of  our 
friends  as  feel  an  interest,  aud  have  had 
experience  iu  the  matter,  to  assist  with 
such  facts  as  they  may  have  acquired. 


Fish  Culture.— In  times  past  I  at- 
tempted fish  culture,  and  even  before  I 
was  able  to  undertake  it,  I  did  plead  with 
my  people,  for  the  pleasure  and  profit, 
to  begin  the  work.  There  are  many  who 
saw  my  pool  during  the  wjir.  One  who, 
I  remember,  iu  1862,  endeavored  to  find 
the  bottom,  and  said  it  was  so  cold  (in 
-lugust)  he  could  not  dive  deep.  I  heard 
those  who  saw  the  relic  after  the  em- ' 
bankmeut  gave  way,  speak  of  fish  as  by 
the  million.  The  pond  had  .an  embank- 
ment of  some  nineteen  or  twentv  feet, 
with  eighteen  feet  of  water  at  the  deep- 
est point,  and  covered  perhaps  one  to 
two  acres  at  least.  My  lots  cornered  in 
parts  for  stock  water,  and  there  was  so 
much  grass  that  but  little  dirt  washed  in. 
My  overseer  aud  myself  caught,  with  a 
dip-net,  four  hundred  small  perch  in 
1860  or  1861,  and  I  had  a  pond  drained 
out  that  cat-fish,  designedly  or  otherwise, 
had  got  into  and  were  destroying  the 
perch.  The  perch  caught  and  put  with 
others  in  the  new  pond  did  not  count.  I 
know  from  a  cistern — yea,  also  one  in 
Vicksbnrg — that  a  perch  too  small  for 
eating  did  in  two  years,  in  one  instance 
in  one  year,  grow  to  size  for  table.  Fish 
is  cheaper  than  fowl,  cheaper  than 
pork,  or  beef,  or  mutton,   if    fed.     All 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


know  the  Indians,  especially  Northern, 
subsist  largely  on  fish.  Fish  culture. 
North  and  East,  is  attracting  State  aid 
and  large  expenditures  are  made.  A 
great  many  localities  in  hilly  sections  can 
have  ponds  at  the  mere  cost  of  embank- 
ing carefully  between  short  hills.  Even 
gentle  slopes,  by  digging  out  and  embank- 
ing a  pond  large  enough  to  hold  stock 
water,  and  grassing  all  around  to  keep 
earth  and  sediment  from  injuring  water, 
will  afford  fish  for  any  family. — Southern 
Faj'er. 

The  XTniversity  of  Virginia  has  had  a 
hatching  house  erected  on  its  grounds  by 
the  Commissioner  of  Fisheries  of  that 
state,  and  tish  culture  is  to  be  included 
in  its  course  of  instruction.  Mr.  Fred 
Mather,  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission, 
has  been  engaged  to  superintend  the 
work  of  hatching  the  salmon  and  trout 
this  season.  Mr.  Mather's  long  experi- 
ence in  fish  culture,  especially  at  his 
Trout  Farm  in  Honeoye  Falls,  N.  Y., 
renders  him  amply  qualified  for  the  po- 
sition.— Ex. 

Ninety-five  per  cent,  of  the  California 
salmon  lately  received  at  the  Westport, 
Conn.,  trout  ponds  have  been  success- 
fully hatched. 


herdsman;  and  when  they  can  be  profit- 
ably employed  in  clearihg  lands,  board- 
ing themselves  at  the  same  time  off  the 
refuse,  as  it  were,  and  doing  better  than 
on  grass  alone,  it  is  an  object  worth  some 
consideration,  surely. 


S^ 


\\nf  Mil  OJoat$, 


CLEARING     LANDS     WITH 

ANGORAS. 

^?,  

T  the  risk  of  weai'ying  our  readers 
upon  this  subject,  we  still  have 
something  more  to  say  about  Au- 
\bcr['  gora  goats.  We  have  lately  had  a 
<^p)3  long  talk  with  Mr.  L.  J.  iiurrell, 
who  owns  a  flock  of  these  animals,  and 
is  pasturing  his  chapparel  lands  upon 
the  toj)  of  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains. 
Mr.  Burrell  says  the  Angora  goat  is  just 
the  best  thing  in  the  world  to  help  clear 
such  lands  of  undergrowth  brush  of 
every  kind.  Where  the  brush  is  once 
cut  down  and  burned  they  will  eat  every 
sprout  that  shows  itself,  and  there  is  no 
better  pasturage  for  them  than  chapparel 
and  chimesel  clearings.  They  fatten 
upon  the  young  shoats  of  oak,  maple, 
wild  cherry,  mansanita,  buckeye,  ma- 
droue, willow,  wild  rose,and  all  other  sorts 
of  brush  that  make  the  thickets  on  these 
rugged  hills.  The  soil  there  is  the  best 
in  the  county  for  heavy  vegetable  growth, 
and  invaluable  for  orchard  and  viuevard 
when  once  reclaimed  from  the  rank 
growth  of  shrubbery.  Mr.  Burrell  seems 
much  elated  at  his  success  with  his  goats 
and  his  progress  in  clearing  his  lauds. 
With  the  exception  of  having  lost  some 
li)ie  animals  by  California  lions,  which 
find  a  congenial  home  amidst  the  moun- 
tain thickets  and  ravines,  his  success 
has  been  all  he  could  ask  and  even  more 
than  he  expected,  although  he  was  san- 
guine when  he  started  into  the  business 
over  a  year  ago.  It  was  thought  by  some 
that  the  Angoras  would  not  do  so  well  in 
such  a  locality  as  upon  open,  gi'assy 
lulls.  When  the  value  of  these  animals 
for  clearing  lands,  that  now  have  to  be 
grubbed  and  worked  over  so  laboriously, 
is  better  known,  doubtless  they  will  be 
in  gnat  demand  for  this  purpose  in  con- 
nection with  the  firolits  that  can  be  de- 
rived from  them,  which  is  of  first  impor- 
tance. Wo  learn  that  tho  farmers  in 
Oregon,  where  much  of  the  best  land  has 
to  be  cleared,  have  found  out  the  vaUie 
of  goats  for  this  purpose,  and  that  already 
several  orders  for  these  animals  from 
Oregon  have  been  filled  by  Caltfornia 
breeders.  On  its  own  merits  alone, 
where  pasturage  has  to  be  supjilied,  the 
Angora  is   a  profitable    animal    to   the 


Foot  Rot. — Be  so  good  as  to  inform 
me  through  your  valuable  paper  the  best 
cure  for  foot  rot  in  sheep.  Amongst 
a  stock  of  cross  bred  lambs  a  great  many 
are  affected.  I  have  applied  butter  of 
antimony,  Cuff's  powder,  tar,  etc.,  but 
with  litle  efl'ectt.  Shepherd.  When  foot 
rot  has  been  neglected  for  some  weeks 
and  the  sheep  continue  on  soft  ground, 
which  favors  the  superabundant  growth 
of  degenerate  hiu'u,  it  beeomrs  confirmed 
and  dfiicult  to  cure.  The  secreting  tex- 
tures persist  in  pouring  out  lymph  and 
weak  faulty  horn,  instead  of  tough,  firm 
protecting  covering  of  the  healthy  foot. 
One  of  the  chief  dfficulties  in  the  way  of 
cure  is  to  restore  the  secreting  parts  to  a 
sound  state.  The  first  step  must  be  with 
a  strong  knife,  whilst  the  hoofs  are  soft, 
to  carefully  cut  away  all  loose  unsound 
horn.  Where  the  hoof  is  extensively 
affected,  this  cannot  be  done  all  at  once; 
two  or  three  operations  will  be  necessary. 
Fungus,  bad-smelling  growths  which  ap- 
pear in  most  troublesome  cases,  are  got 
rid  of  by  any  strong  astringent.  Butter 
of  antimony  is  often  used  for  such  pur- 
poses, and  cautiously  handled,  answers 
fairly.  Some  shepherds  use  it  mixed 
with  about  equal  parts  of  impure  carbol- 
ic acid  and  diluted  with  two  or  three  liarts 
of  oil.  In  some  districts  copper  sul- 
phate ointment,  made  in  the  proportion 
of  one  to  four  of  fatty  matter,  is  in  good 
repute,  and  is  improved  by  the  addition 
of  one  part  of  the  antiseptic  deodorizing 
carbolic  acid.  Such  treatment  may  be 
varied  by  dressing  of  zinc  chloride  solu 
tion  of  mercury  pernitrate  solution.  It 
will  be  found  that  the  successful  treat- 
ment of  foot  rot  depends  not  so  much  on 
the  particular  dressing  employed,  as  upon 
careful  paring  away  of  faulty  horn,  ex- 
amine and  doctoring  the  foot  at  intervals 
of  two  or  three  days,  avoiding  strong 
caustics,  and  placing  the  flock  on  di'y, 
firm  ground.  Amongst  sheep  on  arable 
land,  foot  rot  is  usually  cured  quicker 
than  in  those  on  grass. — yurlh  Biltidi 
AijricuUuiid. 

Danbuky  Bailey. — You  have  seen  pic- 
tures of  shepherds  with  the  proverbial 
crook  in  their  hands.  I  didn't  think  a 
party  could  be  a  shepherd  without  a 
crook,  any  more  than  a  man  could  be  a 
leader  of  an  orchestra  without  a  pair  of 
pants.  I  was  glad  that  the  first  man  I 
saw  tending  sheep  carried  one  of  these 
crooks.  I  didn't  know  what  a  crook 
was  for,  but  always  believed  it  was  a 
badge  of  tlie  occupation,  whose  origin  I 
could  not  fathom,  handed  down  from 
century  to  century  since  the  time  when 
sheep  were  invented.  Imagine  my  dis- 
gust when  I  saw  this  shepherd  use  the 
sacred  crook  to  capture  the  straying 
animals  by  catching  hold  of  one  of  their 
hind  legs  and  tripping  them  up!  The 
awful  truth  came  upon  me  like  a  flasli, 
and  I  sat  kown  heavily,  a  broken-hearted 
man.  I  had  thought  it  a  beautiful  em- 
blem, and  it  provi'S  a  hind-leg  snatcher! 
Thus  floated  the  wind  from  another  sweet 
vision  of  youth.  I  must  have  more  sal- 
ary, or  I'll  di<',  I  fear. — Ex. 

SiiKKi'  on  a  farm  yield  both  woo!  and 
mutton.  T'hey  multiply  with  great  ra- 
pidity. They  are  the  best  of  farm  scav- 
gers,  "clean  a  field"  as  no  other  class  of 
animals  will.  They  give  back  to  the  farm 
more  in  proportion  to  what  they  take 
friuu  it  than  any  other  animal,  and  dis- 
tribute it  better  with  a  view  to  the  future 
fertility  of  the  .soil. 


Organic  Adaptation. 

r.NDER  this  heading  Professor  Kin- 
ley,  of  the  San  Jose  Institute,  has 
written  to  the  American  Slock  Jour- 
_j  ncd.  The  subject  is  an  important 
%'if  one  for  all  stock  men  to  consider, 
and  we  take  pleasure  in  transferring 
what  he  says  to  our  columns : 

Traveling  over  this  great  stock  raising 
State,  I  have  been  frequently  impressed 
with  a  truth  which  I  think  equally  appli- 
cable to  all  parts  of  th«  Union,  viz:  In 
our  efl'ort  to  raise  or  inqirove  live  stock, 
reference  should  constantly  be  had  as  to 
the  conditions  under  which  it  is  to  be 
grown.  Within  the  boundaries  of  the 
United  States  is  almost  every  conceiva- 
ble variety  of  climate  soil  and  topographic 
character.  Florida  and  Southern  Texas 
are  troiiical;  the  mountain  regions  of  the 
northeast  and  northwest  are  perfectly 
Arctic;  while  between  these  extremes  the 
climate  takes  endless  modifications,  shad- 
ing oft'  into  the  one  or  the  other,  accord- 
ing to  position,  latitude  or  i^revailing 
wind  currents.  We  have  mountains  and 
valleys,  plateaus  and  lowland  plains;  we 
have  sterile  lands  and  fertile  lauds,  wet 
lands  and  dry  lands.  The  average  rain- 
fall on  the  coast  of  Alaska  is  I  know  not 
how  many  score  inches,  while  iu  some 
parts  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  it  sel- 
dom rains  at  all.  In  other  parts  of  the 
Union  the  annual  amount  of  rainfall  will 
be  found  varying  between  these  extremes. 
In  some  parts  of  the  United  States  the 
clinuite  is  subject  to  great  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold,  while  along  the  Pacific 
coast  there  are  places  where  the  temper- 
ature varies  but  little  the  year  round.  It 
would  be  absurd  to  suppose  that  all  these 
various  conditions  are  equally  adajjted 
to  every  kind  of  live  stock,  or  that  any 
one  kind  would  flourish  equally  well  in 
all.  In  the  wild  state  the  goat  chooses 
the  mountain  and  the  buffalo  the  plain. 
And  any  one  who  has  studied  the  geo- 
graphical distribution  of  animals  and 
plants  will  find  that  the  principle  has  a 
very  general  application.  It  is  not  an 
accident  that  the  lion  and  the  leopard 
tenant  the  Torrid  Zone  and  the  polar 
bear  the  Frigid.  Neither  is  it  altogether 
the  art  and  skill  of  man  that  have  made 
the  Arabian  horse  the  highest  type  of 
the  equine  race. 

What  is  true  of  species  is  also  true  of 
varieties.  Some  varieties  of  the  same 
sjjecies  will  flourish  in  hahilals  in  which 
others  will  perish.  But  there  is  an  elas- 
ticity in  the  constitution  of  both  animal 
and  plant  that  will  carry  it  out  of  its 
original  residence  and  cause  it  to  flour- 
ish under  very  different  conditions.  In 
fitting  itself  to  this  change  of  place  there 
is  an  organic  change  of  character.  If 
we  could  gather  together  tho  primordial 
ancestors  of  the  domestic  animals  and 
plants,  we  should  find  some  of  them  so 
changed  in  their  progeny  that  we  could 
hardly  recognize  them  as  of  the  same  spe- 
cies. It  is  doubtless  true  of  domestic 
animals  and  pl.ants,  that  while  they  have 
lost  something  of  the  rugged  strength  of 
tho  wild  type,  they  have  also  gained 
something  in  that  elasticity  of  constitu- 
tion which  enables  them  to  live  and 
flourish  under  various  clinuitie  and  other 
influences.  But  while  I  thus  state  the 
principle  of  adaptation,  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted also,  on  the  other  hand,  that  it  is 
true  only  within  certain  limits,  beyond 
which  neither  animal  nor  plant  can 
prosper.  In  the  early  settlement  of  Min- 
nesota, the  Winters  about  Minneapolis 
were  too  severe  for  the  ordinary  apple. 
But  there  have  been  found,  and  iu  some 


cases  perhaps  grown  on  the  soil,  hardy 
varieties  that  endure  their  coldest  Win- 
ters. One  of  these,  I  believe,  was  im- 
ported from  Siberia.  Doubtless  the  do- 
mestic animals,  when  removed  to  colder 
climates,  suff'er  often  from  the  severity 
of  the  Winters;  but  long  years  of  accli- 
mation develop  a  hardier  race,  constitu- 
tionally adapted  to  the  new  habitat.  So, 
animals  taken  from  the  mountain  to  the 
plain,  or  from  the  plain  to  the  moun- 
tain, undergo  in  time  corresponding 
changes.  The  mountain  demands  mus- 
cle and  litheness  of  limb  to  enable  them 
to  obtain  their  food  from  places  not  ea- 
sily accessible,  and  muscle  comes.  The 
ox  of  the  plain,  developing  through  gen- 
erations, becomes  agile.  Both  body  and 
limb  lose  in  weight,  bones  become 
smaller  and  more  compact  and  fat  gives 
place  to  muscle.  But  all  this  imjflies  a 
corresponding  change  of  organic  struc- 
ture. The  animal  is  still  an  ox,  it  is 
true,  but  it  is  no  longer  an  ox  of  the 
plain.  He  has  grown  in  his  organiza- 
tion and  become  modified  to  his  condi- 
tion. Our  domestic  sheep  came  from 
the  mountain,  and  despite  its  long  years 
of  domestication,  it  still  remembers, 
through  its  organs,  its  original  instincts. 
But  the  Komney  Marsh  sheep  seems  to 
have  forgotten  entirely  its  instinct  for 
the  mountain,  and  takes  to  the  lowland 
from  preference.  It  is  still  a  sheep, 
however,  but  it  is  not  the  Argall  or  the 
Bighorn.  Let  it  be  admitted,  as  I  pre- 
sume it  will  be  without  further  argu- 
ment, that  changed  conditions  demand 
and  eft'ect  organic  changes. 


Improving  the  Dairy  Herd. 

Dr.  E.  L.  Sturdevant,  of  Massachusetts, 
concerning  the  need  of  increasing  the 
milk  yield  of  our  dairy  cows,  notes  the  low 
price  which  has  ruled  for  dairy  jjroducts, 
and  rightly  says  that  decrease  in  price 
must  be  met  by  enlarged  productive- 
ness in  the  milk-making  machinery, 
and  better  use  of  the  food  material  em- 
ployed. He  says  further:  How  can  the 
dairy  farmer  increase  his  production  '? 
Clearly  by  increasing  the  milk  capacity 
of  his  animals.  Suppose  two  cows 
weighing  1,000  pounds,  one  giving  1,300 
ipiarts  of  milk,  the  other  1,800  quarts. 
Both  require,  say  30  pounds  of  ha_y  per 
day,  or  its  equivalent,  of  which  say  eight 
liounds  go  to  support  the  vital  processes. 
Under  this  supposition,  foiu"  tons  of  hay 
will  produce,  when  consumed  by  one 
cow,  1,300  quarts,  and  by  the  other  1,- 
800  quarts  yearl}'.  These  figures,  1,300 
and  1,800  represent  the  actual  average  of 
common  and  superior  dairies  in  New 
York  State,  and  three  per  cent,  of  live 
weight,  or  thirty  pounds  of  hay  or  its 
equivalent,  is,  according  to  Pabst,  the 
amount  reipiired  for  a  cow  in  milk,  while 
about  eight  pounds  is  required  for  suste- 
nance only.  This  leaves  the  figures  as 
stated.  Let  us  assume  the  feeding  value 
of  this  food  to  be  equivalent  to  $8  per 
ton,  and  the  average  price  of  milk  to  be 
2;  J  cents  a  (juart,  net,  then  the  average 
cow  will  bring  a  profit  of  §111. .50,  while 
the  average  superior  cow  will  show  a 
jirofit  of  $13.  Suppose,  however,  tho 
cow  is  a  very  superior  one,  and  will  yield 
3,000  quarts,  then  we  have  a  profit, 
under  our  sujipositiou,  of  $-13.  This 
illustration  indicates  clearly,  then,  how 
the  farmer  can  meet  the  depression  iu 
tho  value  of  his  milk  liy  increasing  the 
lu'oductiveness  of  his  cows.  The  experi- 
ence of  ev<.'ry  one  who  has  had  any  nc- 
(juaiutauce  with  the  breeding  of  cattle 
testifies  to  the  value  of  a  thoroughbred 
bull,  or,  to  use  a  common  expression, 
tho  grading  u])  a  herd  toward  a  thorough- 
bred. The  introducti(Ui  of  thoroughbred 
dairy  bulls  into 
dry  cattle  would 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


tits  of  the  stock  raised  from  such  a  bull 
with  the  certainty  of  a  law  of  nature. 
For  the  thoroughbred  transmits  truly  his 
1  characteristics,  and  the  more  nearly  tho 
I  cattle  ajjproach  the  type  of  the  thorough- 
bred the  more  nearly  they  approach  his 
qualities.  Let  the  dairy  farmer,  there- 
fore, meet  the  fall  in  the  price  of  pro- 
duet  by  an  irnproTement  of  the  milking 
quality  of  his  stock.  Let  him  seek  this 
improvement  by  the  use  of  the  thorough- 
bred. If  he  desires  the  Short-horn,  let 
him  seek  the  animal  which  has  departed 
from  the  Short-horn  type  toward  the 
dairy  type,  and  which  comes  of  a  milk- 
ing line  of  ancestry.  If  he  desires  the 
greatest  certainty  of  improvement,  let 
him  seek  the  Ayrshire  bull  of  a  milking 
strain,  for  power  and  functions  are  al- 
lied, and  the  Ayrshire  is  moulded,  and 
has  been  for  generations  moulded,  on 
the  type  which  has  been  universally  rec- 
ognized as  belonging  to  the  larger  milker. 
The  merchant  recognizes  the  fact  that 
the  manufacturer  who  manufactures 
most  cheaply  can  offer  him  the  goods  at 
the  least  cost,  and  that  those  goods 
which  are  bought  at  the  least  cost  can 
furnish  the  most  profit  in  their  line.  Let 
the  farmer  see  the  bearings  of  the  same 
fact,  that  the  quart  of  milk  which  is  fur- 
nished him  at  the  cheapest  rate  will  pro- 
duce for  him  the  most  profit,  and  the 
farmer  who  gets  more  milk  from  his 
food  than  any  of  his  contemporaries  can- 
not fail  to  be  successful.  I  will  close  by 
asking  the  question:  "Is  there  any 
other  way  of  increasing  the  productive- 
ness or  the  profitableness  of  your  herds 
than  by  changing  them  into  thorough- 
breds of  the  proper  character  as  rapidly 
as  may  be,  by  either  the  purchase  of 
thoroughbreds,  or  perhaps  what  is  to  be 
preferred  on  a  large  scale,  the  introduc- 
tion of  thoroughbred  bulls." 

Kindness  to  F.\km  Anim-ixs. — Kind- 
ness to  animals  in  every  respect  is  as 
highly  appreciated,  apparently,  as  among 
the  human  family;  therefore  keep  the 
animals  in  good  humor  by  ke?piug  in 
good  humor  yourself.  The  man  who 
makes  a  practice  of  judiciously  fondling 
his  stock,  in  the  yard  and  stable,  has  a 
more  orderly,  good  uatured  stock  than 
he  who  cannot  pass  them  without  vent- 
ing his  spleen  by  a  kick  or  curse  upon 
some  poor,  unoffending  brute.  In  the 
one  case  the  animals  are  all  rejoiced  to 
see  him,  and  are  quiet  among  themselves, 
seldom  crowding  each  other,  except  as  to 
show  their  appreciation  for  their  master 
and  keeper;  in  the  other  case  they  par- 
take of  the  disposition  of  the  master,  are 
cross,  hook  and  kick  each  other;  and, 
instead  of  expressing  pleasure  at  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  owner,  are  apt  to  par- 
take of  his  disposition,  returning  his 
gi-eeting  in  kind.  We  wei-e  forcibly  im- 
pressed by  this  a  few  days  ago  when  vis- 
itiug  the  farm  of  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent and  successful  breeders  of  fine  stock 
in  our  State.  We  noticed  whenever  he 
approached,  the  animal  recognized  him 
with  a  low  whinney  of  delight,  or  a  kind 
look,  which  the  master  was  sure  to  re- 
turn by  a  caress  of  the  hand,  or  a  gentle 
word.  AVe  did  not  see  a  single  animal 
while  there  that  would  not  permit  yon  to 
come  up  to  it  in  the  open  field,  neither 
did  we  see  one  jioor  in  flesh.  And  here 
we  will  state,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who 
treat  their  stock  harshly,  that  kindness 
goes  far  towards  making  the  provender 
last. — liural  Sun. 

Oil    Cake    fok    Feed.  —  An   English 
writer  to  the  MUlwrUjht  asks:     Why  is  it 
that  so  much  of  the  linseed  oil-cake  pro- 
\  diiced  in  your  country,  especially  in  the 
i  West  and  North,  is  exported  to  England? 
I  It  must  be  that  its  value  as  food  for   cat- 
tle and   stock  of  all  kinds  is  not  known 


or  is  not  appreciated  by  stock  feeders  of 
your  country.  American  oil-cake  com- 
mands 55U  to  iJfiO  per  ton  in  England, 
and  as  the  English  are  the  best  econo- 
mists in  the  world  they  would  not  pay 
more  for  oil-cake  than  they  would  for 
anything  else  if  it  were  not  the  most 
valuable  for  feeding  purposes,  particular- 
ly when  we  consider  the  extent  to  which 
they  feed  for  fattening.  Experienced 
English  feeders  all  saj'  that  there  best 
beef  is  that  from  cattle  fed  on  oil-cake 
meal,  and  it  is  universally  known  that 
the  English  know  how  to  make  and  ap- 
Treciate  good  beef.  Oil-cake  meal  is 
equally  valuable  as  food  for  horses,  cows, 
sheep  and  hogs.  It  is  the  richest  food 
known;  it  gives  a  healthy  tone  to  the 
animal,  fattening  the  lean  ones  and 
maintaining  the  health  and  vigor  of  the 
strong.  The  great  value  of  oil-cake  for 
cattle  food  has  long  been  known,  yet  it  is 
by  no  means  sufficiently  appreciated  in 
your  country,  nor  upon  the  part  of  very 
many  jjersons  who  own  or  feed  stock  is 
it  clearly  or  fully  understood. 

Care  of  Young  Stock. — Some  farmers 
have  advanced  the  opinion,  and  even 
practiced  upon  it,  that  to  have  hardy 
stock  they  must  be  exposed  to  the 
weather  and  stinted  in  food  while  young ; 
or,  in  other  words,  that  a  calf  or  a  colt 
well  fed  and  cared  for  will  be  naturally 
tender,  and  must  be  so  fed  through  life 
to  be  kept  in  good  condition.  This  is 
not  so,  in  the  first  instance,  for  stock 
half  kept  while  young  can  never  recover 
from  iujurj'  thus  received,  and  no  after 
care  in  feeding  can  make  as  good  an  ani- 
mal as  would  have  been  produced  by 
proper  treatment  in  early  life.  To  keep 
stock  profltably,  thej'  should  always  be 
kept  in  thriving  condition,  receiving  ex- 
tra attention  while  young  and  growing, 
especially  during  the  AVinter  and  Spring. 
Good  shelter  and  plenty  to  eat  and  drink 
are  especially  necessary  at  this  season  of 
the  year  to  make  valuable  horses  and 
cattle  hereafter. —  Wool  (J-rower. 

The  Destruction  of  Bison  on  the 
Plains. — Where,  j'ears  ago  the  mammoth 
herds  of  bison  roamed  the  plains  and 
were  hunted  only  by  the  Indian.s  as  ne- 
cessity demanded,  now  lie  the  bleaching 
bones  of  million  of  those  noble  animals 
sacrificed  simply  for  their  hides.  For 
the  past  two  years  the  work  of  destruc- 
tion and  annihilation  has  gone  forward, 
and  to-day  there  is  not  enough  buffaloes 
to  form  what  was  at  one  time  considered 
a  moderate  sized  herd. 


|lag,  ^xm  iJtc. 


SEASONABLE    SUGGESTIONS. 

Gl  

N  unusual  amount  of  moisture  in 
i^flX>  the  atmosphere  and  soil,  with  warm 
'^f,  weather,  showers,  etc.,  is  likely  to 
make  the  growth  of  grain  very  ten- 
cj"  der,  so  that  it  will  lodge  before  its 
time  for  ripening,  and  be  predisposed  to 
attack  by  rust.  JIany  of  our  most  ob- 
serving and  practical  farmers  find  it 
necessary  to  either  pastm'e  down  their 
grain  fields  with  sheep  or  cattle,  or  else 
to  run  a  mower  through  them  to  cut 
back  and  check  the  soft  growth.  A  good, 
early  stock  of  roots  is  well  enough,  and 
is  even  an  advantage  to  gi'ain,  no 
matter  how  good  the  season  rnay  be,  but 
it  will  not  do  to  allow  a  tender  growth 
of  stalks  prematurely.  If  pastured  or 
mowed  to  the  ground,  the  fields  of  grain 
will  start  up  again  in  dryer  and  sunnier 
weather,  with  healthy,  strong  stalks,  ca- 
pable of  standing  alone  and  healthy 
enough  to  resist  the  attacks  of  fuiuji,  so 
destructive  and  to  be  dreaded.   Of  course, 


we  can  give  uo  instruction  in  this  mat- 
ter to  experienced  farmers  in  this  coun- 
try, but  call  attention  to  it  for  tho  bene- 
fit of  such  as  may  be  inexperienced. 

Where  a  field  of  early  sown  or  volun- 
teer grain  shows  that  it  is  likely  to  be 
choked  with  weeds  and  foul  stuff',  it  is 
bettet  to  cut  it  for  hay  and  to  pasture  it, 
than  to  allow  tlie  weeds  to  rule  and  ruin. 
We  have  known  cases  where  it  paid  to 
resow  the  fields  with  seed  after  the  grain 
was  several  inches  high,  and  cultivate 
the  seed  in  and  tho  green  stuff  out  by 
thoroughly  working  the  surface  with  plow- 
tooth  cultivators  and  harrowing  finely. 
The  crop  of  grain  from  the  last  sowing 
would  be  clean  and  as  fine  as  possible. 
Where  one  has  a  use  for  ha}',  as  every 
farmer  should  have,  with  good  stock  to 
eat  it,  or  where  the  market  for  hay  is 
within  easy  reach  by  team  or  railroad,  a 
crop  of  hay  often  proves  more  remunera- 
tive than  one  of  grain.  We  think  it  ad- 
visable to  make  hay  of  such  portions  of 
grain  fields  as  are  likely  to  lodge  badly, 
or  that  are  foul,  at  any  rate.  In  the  vi- 
cinity of  San  Jose,  many  fields  are  sown 
with  wheat  yearly  for  hay.  Many  far- 
mers when  they  sow  their  seed,  do  not 
know  whether  they  will  make  hay  or 
grain,  but  calculate  on  being  governed 
by  circumstances  over  which  they  have 
no  control.  If  the  growth  is  more  fa- 
vorable for  grain,  then  let  it  stand;  but 
if  it  shows  too  rank  a  growth  for  grain, 
aud  promises  better  returns  as  hay,  or  if 
it  commences  to  rust,  it  is  made  at  once 
into  hay.  There  are  chances  to  be  taken 
in  farming  in  California,  but  the  wise 
farmer  will  take  advantage,  even  of 
chances. 

Now  is  a  good  time  to  poison  squirrels. 
Use  plenty  of  strychnine  aud  phospho- 
rus. Probably  phosphorus  is  the  best 
dead-shot,  when  well  prepared,  of  any 
poison  known,  patent  poisons  not  ex- 
cepted. In  boiling  water  phosphorus 
will  easily  dissolve.  To  six  lbs.  of  brown 
sugar  put  two  quarts  of  water,  and  bring 
to  a  boil  in  an  iron  kettle;  then  take 
from  the  stove  into  the  open  air  out  of 
doors,  add  five  sticks  of  phosphorus  and 
stir  till  dissolved.  Put  this  into  a  peck 
of  w'heat  aud  stir,  mixing  flour  till  it  is 
dry  enough  to  handle  conveniently.  The 
rodents  will  like  this  prepared  wheat, 
and  it  will  surelj'  kill  every  one  that  eats 
a  single  kernel.  It  is  not  dangerous  to 
handle  in  this  way,  except  with  the  bare 
hands,  which  in  no  case  should  be  done. 
Ground  squirrels  aud  unikground  poli- 
ticians cost  the  farmers  too  much  to  be 
allowed  their  own  way  in  this  State  much 
longer. 


FLAX  CULTURE. 

The  Coast  counties  in  this  State  find 
the  culture  of  flax  profitable,  simply  for 
the  seed,  which  is  contracted  for  by  the 
oil  factory  in  Sau  Francisco.  In  the  hot 
interior  valleys  but  little  flax  is  grown. 
A  temperature  and  degree  of  moisture 
in  the  atmosphere  favorable  to  the  growth 
of  oats  appears  to  be  also  best  for  flax. 
We  hope  to  see  the  time  when  tho  fibre 
will  be  utilized  on  this  Coast,  aud  flax 
culture  become  more  general.  Mr.  Wil- 
son Watson,  in  tho  Iowa  iSfoife  Jiejjhler, 
\irites  the  following  facts  which  are  inter- 
esting: 

In  1873,  throughout  the  world  there 
were  over  3,000,01)0  acres  in  flax,  Kussia 
had  1,600,000  acres  and  the  United  States 
61,20-1,  or  less  than  half  of  "  Ould  Ire- 
laud,"  which  had  lii), 4:3-2  acres.  Derry, 
Down  and  Tjrone,  in  Ulster,  Ireland, 
had  4,0S0  more  acres  in  flax  than  the  en- 
tire United  States.  Ireland  has  21,000,- 
000  acres  of  hind,  while  in  1S70  the 
United  States  had  408,000,000,  of  which 


218,000,000  were  unimproved.  Flax  cul- 
ture should  be  in  America  what  it  is  in 
Russian  and  Ireland,  an  avenue  of  pri- 
vate and  public  prosperity. 

In  1870  thirty-three  states  in  the  Union 
raised  over  27^000,000  pounds  of  flax, 
the  bulk  of  which  was  sacrificed  by  being 
deviled  into  flax  "moss,"  for  upholster- 
ers' use  in  place  of  hair.  Instead  of 
this,  had  it  been  properly  fixed  for  man- 
ufacture, the  United  States  annual  ex- 
penditure of  §25,000,000  for  flax  aud  its 
manufacture  might  have  been  materially 
reduced.  Now  this  could  be  easily  ac- 
complished through  the  Flax-puller  of 
Tyler  and  Decorticator  of  Lefranc,  the 
newest  and  finest  flax  machines  in  the 
world. 

During  the  past  twenty  years  the 
United  States  expended  three  hundred 
and  fifty-four  million  dollars  on  flax  and 
its  manufactures,  the  bulk  of  which  could 
and  should  have  been  furnished  by  the 
United  St.ates. 

During  the  past  twenty  years  America 
more  than  doubled  its  wheat  exportation 
to  England,  while  Russia  decrea,sed  more 
than  one-half.  In  1874  (nine  months) 
America  sent  58  per  cent,  of  England's 
entire  wheat  supplies,  or  nearly  six 
times  more  than  Russia,  which  only  sent 
11  per  cent.  America  also  received 
nearly  7  per  cent,  more  for  its  wheat 
than  Kussia,  amply  demonstrating  the 
superiority  of  American  over  Russian 
wheat. 

Wheat  land  is  best  for  raising  flax. 
America  makes  no  eflbrt  to  secure  a  slice 
of  England's  flax  and  hemp  trade,  worth 
nearly  §100,000,000  jier  annum,  monop- 
olized by  Russia,  but  annually  buys  mil- 
lions of  dollars'  worth  of  raw  flax  of 
Russia  and  its  manufacturers  of  Eng- 
land. When  will  this  suicid.al  importa- 
tion cease?  America  excels  Russia  in 
wheat;  it  could  also  surpass  Russia  in 
flax. 


Rice  Culture  in  Louisiana. 

The  following  in  regard  to  rice  culture 
we  glean  from  southern  exchanges,  be- 
lieving it  will  be  interesting  to  many  of 
our  readers.  We  expect  the  time  to  soon 
arrive  when  the  culture  of  rice  will  becoiLi 
a  profitable  industry  in  California  upon 
reclaimed  marsh  and  tide  lands: 

Before  the  war  almost  all  tho  rice 
grown  in  the  United  States  was  raised 
on  the  immense  plautatiohs  in  South 
Carolina.  Special  attention  being  given 
by  the  planters  in  that  State  to  the  selec- 
tion of  good  seed,  aud  the  thorough  irri- 
gation and  culture  of  the  fields,  a  supe- 
rior quality  has  been  produced  which 
brings  in  the  New  York  market  a  cent  a 
pound  more  than  the  imported  Rangoon 
or  I'atua.  Immense  injury  was  done  to 
these  low  lands  by  the  neglect  conse- 
quent on  the  war,  the  dykes  being  bro- 
ken down,  the  system  of  drainage  de- 
stroyed and  everything  allowed  to  go  to 
ruin.  So  widespread  was  the  destruc- 
tion that  the  crop  is  now  not  equal  to 
one-fourth  of  w  hat  it  was  in  1860.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  jjroductiou  was  about 
half  a  million  barrels  of  rice. 

Louisiana  has  entered  as  a  competitor 
for  this  trade,  with  prosiJects  of  great 
success  on  account  of  her  suitable  soil 
and  climate.  In  the  old  days  of  slavery 
only  a  small  quantity  had  been  raised  in 
the  State,  amounting  to  about  seven 
thousand  barrels  in  1800.  Instead  of 
decreasing,  like  the  cr(.p  in  South  Caro- 
lina, the  production  increased  during  the 
w.<ir,  aud  in  1SG4  it  was  nearly  ten  thou- 
sand barrels.  Then  a  great  impetus  was 
given  to  the  business,  many  of  the  plant- 
ers turning  partiidly  from  cotton  and 
sugar  to  rice  planting,  aud  year  by  year 
a  larger  area  of  land  has  been   given  to 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


this  culture,  with  the  most  encouraging 
I  results.  During  the  last  ten  years  the 
i^  increase  has  been  more  than  ten-fokl. 
The  crop  for  1875-7C,  just  harvested,  is 
reported  to  be  the  most  abundant  ever 
produced.  The  area  under  cultivation 
was  39,000  acres,  or  about  sixty  per  cent, 
more  than  last  year,  and  the  yield  is  es- 
timated, by  competent  judges,  at  17.5,000 
barrels.  The  yield  would  doubtless  have 
been  still  larger,  but  for  the  fact  that  a 
large  portion  of  the  land  under  cultiva- 
tion was  for  the  first  time  planted  with 
rice  and  under  the  management  of  inex- 
perienced planters.  The  seed  used  has 
been  mostly  of  South  Carolina  growth, 
and  to  this  is  largely  attributed  the  im- 
proved quality  of  the  present  crop. 

Statement  of  the  Louisiana  rice  crop 
for  the  past  twelve  years,  showing  the 
steady  and  almost  uninterrupted  increase 
from  "9,866  barrels  in  1864-05  to  175.000 
barrels  in  1874-75,  furnished  by  Messrs. 
Dan  Talmage's  sons: 

TEABB.  BAERELa. 

1864-65 9.86(; 

1865-66 11,94.-! 

1866-07 20.464 

1867-68    21,663 

1868-69 41,317 

1869-70 67,956 

1870-71    01,256 

1871-72 29,87:i 

1872-73 52,200 

1873-74 97,120 

1874-75 115,(1011 

187.5-76 175,000 

The  total  yield  of  American  i-ice  may 
be  safely  estimated  at  73,000  tiercas  and 
175,000  barrels.  It  is  a  much  more 
profitable  crop  than  either  sugar  or 
cotton. 

Smoking  IN  the  Bakn. — "No  smok- 
ing "  ought  to  be  posted  in  every  barn. 
There  is  not  much  diftVreuce  between 
having  a  horse-thief  around  the  stables 
and  a  man  cleaning  oft'  horsfs  with  a 
pijie  or  cigar  in  bis  mouth;  and  there  is 
no  hired  man  much  meaner  than  the  one 
who,  when  his  employer  comes  around, 
slips  his  pipe  into  his  jiocket  or  holds 
his  hand  over  it.  All  such  fellows  should 
be  paid  off  and  started  off.  As  for  the 
proprietor  himself  going  into  the  barn 
with  a  pipe  in  his  mouth,  no  complaint 
can  be  made;  but  if  his  establishment 
burn  up,  nobody  should  cry  unless  it  be 
his  wife  and  children.  Lightning,  in- 
cendiaries and  spontaneous  combustion 
combined  do  not  cause  so  many  barns  to 
be  burned  as  the  pipe,  and  generally  at 
least  one  good  horse  goes,  too. — Spirit  of 
the  TiiiK^s. 

Dr.  Lee,  a  distinguished  a.gricultural 
writer  and  chemist,  said,  in  an  address 
before  the  New  York  Agricultural  Society : 
"  I  regard  it  as  one  of  the  greatest  dis- 
coveries of  this  age,  that  about  ninety- 
seven  per  cent,  of  the  ingredients  which 
make  up  the  whole  substance  of  wheat, 
rye,  barley,  oats,  peas  and  beans,  exist 
in  the  air  in  inexhaustible  quantities. 
To  transmit  these  aeriform  bodies  into 
the  plants  above  named  and  into  grass 
and  roots  at  the  smallest  expense  is  the 
object  of  nearly  all  your  hard  work." 
This  was  spoken  thirty  years  ago,  and 
the  doctor  says  that  the  views  then  ex- 
pressed will  not  now  be  called  in  ques- 
tion. 

An  English  farmer  accidentally 
dropped  a  grain  of  wheat  among  some 
seeds  he  was  sowing  in  his  garden,  and 
having  a  curiosity  to  protect  it,  gave  it 
every  chance  to  come  to  perfection.  The 
result  was  sixty-four  heads — forty  very 
large — containing  3,044  counted  kernels, 
not  including  some  picked  away  by  an 
enterprising  hen.  He  leaves  readers  to 
draw  their  own  conclusions,  only  adding 
that,  as  the  result  of  frequent  investiga- 
tion, he  never  found  more  than  twenty- 
live  cars  to  one  root  growing  in  his  fields. 


®Iic  ^§m$t. 


Humanity  to  Horses. 

[The  following  vertes  are  issued  on  leaflets  for 
distribution  to  drivers  and  others  bs,ving  the 
caro  of  horses,  and  ou  cards  for  hanging  up  in 
stables,  by  the  Society  for  Prevention  of  Cruelty 
to  Animals:] 

Going  up  hill,  whip  me  not; 

Coming  down  hill,  hurry  me  not: 

On  level  ground  spare  me  not; 

Loose  in  stable  forget  me  nut. 

Of  liay  and  corn  rob  me  net; 

Of  clean  water  stint  me  not; 

"With  sponge  and  water  neglect  me  not; 

And  of  soft,  dry  bed  deprive  me  not. 

Tired  or  hot,  wash  me  not; 

Sick  or  old,  chill  me  not; 

With  bit  or  reins  jerk  me  not; 

And  when  you  are  angry,  strike  me  not. 


FEEDING    AND    WORKING 
HORSES. 


OESES  that  work  need  an  abund- 
ance of  good  feed,  should  be  fed 
at  stated  times,  and  be  systemati- 
cally cared  for.  The  jockey  who  is 
training  a  horse  for  the  race-course 
knows  how  essential  regularity  in  feeding 
is,  and  is  alwaj'S  very  particular  about 
the  quality  of  the  feed  given  his  training 
horses.  We  have  seen  them  pick  over 
the  hay  by  the  handful,  taking  out  every 
defective  straw  or  objectionable  weed 
with  the  greatest  of  care;  also  sifting  out 
the  oats  and  washing  clean  before  giriug 
them  to  the  horses,  and  alwaj's  feeding, 
watering  and  exercising  by  the  time- 
piece— this  for  months,  so  as  to  prejjare 
the  system  to  expect  feed,  and  rest,  and 
exercise,  at  a  certain  time,  and  to  be  pre- 
pared and  ready  for  it.  Every  hard  work- 
ing man  who  has  been  regular  at  his 
meals  for  a  time  knows  how  his  stomach 
tells  him  exactly  when  the  hour  and 
minute  of  meal-time  arrives,  and  how 
bad  he  feels  if  the  food  his  stomach 
craves  is  not  ready,  whatever  the  cause 
of  irregularity  may  be.  It  becomes  an 
essential  part  of  his  good  nature  and 
comfort  to  get  his  meals  ou  time.  He 
can  work  with  a  better  will  if  regular  in 
his  hours  of  labor,  and  endure  moi'e 
without  fatigue.  His  muscles  and  his 
stomach  are  stronger.  And  while  a  va- 
riety of  f(K)d  is  essential,  there  are  cer- 
tain things  that  sei'iu  equally  so  at  every 
breakfast,  dinner  or  supper.  As  it  is 
with  a  man  who  labors  so  it  is  with  the 
horse  in  these  particulars,  only  more  so, 
for  the  horse  has  no  mental  diversions  or 
cares  to  call  his  mind  from  his  stomach. 
And  when  his  day's  labor  is  ended  it  is 
cruel  to  ask  him  to  do  more  if  it  can  be 
avoided.  When  we  take  into  considera- 
tion the  nature  and  wants  of  the  animals 
under  our  charge,  and  intelligently  care 
for  and  treat  tkem,  we  can  obtain  better 
work,  and  keep  them  in  better  condition 
with  ease  to  the  aninud  and  satisfaction 
to  the  master. 

The  teamster  and  farmer  are  not  ex- 
pected to  be  as  particular  as  the  jockey 
is  about  food  and  exercise,  nor  is  it  nec- 
essary; but  they  should  work  and  feed 
by  some  rule  that  can  be  conveniently 
conformed  to,  Thiit  rule  should  be  es- 
tablished with  reference  to  the  needs  of 
the  horse  as  well  as  to  the  nature  of  the 
work  to  be  done.  We  have  known  many 
teamsters  and  some  farmers  to  keep  their 
horses  at  work  all  day  without  anything 
to  eat  from  morning  till  night.  This  is 
poor  policy  as  well  as  needless  cruelty. 
A  horse  can  do  one-fourth  more  work  if 
allowed  an  hour  m-  two  to  feed  at  noon. 
We  know  this  by  actual  experience  at 
the  heaviest  kind  of  teaming  and  farm 
work. 

One    word    about    hay  and   grain,  for 


horses.  We  can  never  advise  hay  chop- 
pers. They  make  the  hay  no  easier  of 
mastication  or  digestion,  and  when 
chopped  the  horse  has  to  eat  every  de- 
scription of  weed  and  refuse  that  it  con- 
tains. We  prefer  to  let  the  horse  pick 
over  the  hay  himself  and  reject  whatever 
he  doesn't  like,  feeding  no  more  at  a 
time,  of  course,  than  will  be  eaten  ^vith- 
out  unnecessary  waste.  As  to  the  grain, 
it  is  economy  to  have  it  ground,  as  it 
saves  a  working  horse  a  great  deal  of  la- 
bor in  mastication.  Soaked  grain  is  not 
so  good.  It  is  apt  to  cet  sour  and  act 
injuriously,  or  be  swallowed  down  with- 
out chewing,  doing  no  good  and  causing 
dyspepsia.  We  have  found  that  a  mix- 
ture of  ground  barley,  oats  and  wheat 
bran,  fed  dry,  is  the  best  for  a  work 
horse.  He  can  eat  it  no  faster  than  the 
natural  moisture  of  the  salivial  glands 
prepares  it  for  the  stomach,  and  it  will 
all  be  thoroughly  digested  and  assimi- 
lated by  the  blood  for  use  in  supplying 
vital  strength  to  the  system.  A  horse 
will  soon  learn  to  eat  no  more  of  it  than 
he  needs,  if  given  in  any  quantity,  and 
he  will  keep  healthy  and  strong,  be 
hearty  and  full  of  cheerful  life  and  vigor, 
and  stand  up  to  a  good  deal  of  very  hard 
work,  under  kind  and  systematic  treat- 
ment. 


About  the  Mule. 

The  mule  seems  to  be  again  coming 
into  favor  in  England.  At  a  recent 
show  in  that  country,  the  prize 
mule  was  seventeen  hands  high  and 
proved  to  be  much  stronger  than  a  com- 
l^eting  horse  of  equal  size.  Another 
mule  exhibited  was  only  twelve  and  a  half 
hands  high,  which  the  previous  week  had 
been  driven  220  miles  in  forty-two  hours 
entering  in  London  the  evening  of  the 
second  day  at  a  gait  of  ten  miles  an  hom' 
•and  with  no  signs  of  fatigue.  These 
evidences  of  toughness  and  endurance 
seemed  to  have  somewhat  astonished 
John  Bull,  and  he  is  now  discussing  the 
question  as  to  whether  the  mule  will 
prove  as  a  work  animal  of  greater  value 
than  the  horse.  The  farmers  of  the  West 
and  .South  (in  the  United  States)  could 
easily  give  him  a  solution  of  this  ques- 
tion. Let  him  visit  the  Blue  Grass  re- 
gions of  Kentucky,  Callaway,  Saline. 
Lafayette  and  other  counties  in  Missouri, 
any  portions  of  the  rich  cotton  growing 
districts  of  the  South,  and  he  will  there 
find  constant  evidence  that  for  good, 
steady  work,  healthfuluess  and  economj' 
in  keeping,  there  is  no  animal  to  be  found 
which  is  the  equal  to  the  mule.  We  be- 
lieve, further,  that  for  constant  work 
either  in  harness  or  saddle,  "day  in  day 
out, ' '  the  mule  Is  decidely  the  superior 
of  the  horse.  The  best  riding  animal  we 
ever  owned  for  both  speed  and  endur- 
ance, was  a  mare  mule.  She  was  fully 
sixteen  hands  high,  was  as  graceful  as  a 
deer  in  making  an  action;  just  wild 
enough  to  use  constant  watchfulness, 
and  if  properly  confined,  in  one  night's 
time  woidd  jiaw  herself  out  of  almost 
any  stable.  But  what  a  luxury  it  was  to 
ride  her!  head  always  up,  spirits  never 
flagging,  going  as  freely  at  the  outcome 
as  at  the  start,  it  seemed  to  make  no  <lif- 
fcrcnce  to  her  whether  her  journey  was 
of  an  hour  or  amonlh!  We  knew  her  gaits 
as  well  as  wo  know  the  frauiture  in  our 
sanctum,  and  knowing  either  the  distance 
or  time,  could  tell  the  other  by  the  six- 
mile  running  walk  of  hers,  as  well  as  by 
the  chronometer  or  mile-post.  For  long 
distances,  the  best  traveler  we  ever  rode 
behind  was  a  mule.  Wo  have  both  in 
this  State  and  Kentucky,  seen  mule 
spans  which,  hitched  to  a  biiggy,  for 
style  and  speed  are  hard  to  excel.  Give 
them  good   groondng  and  proper   hand- 


ling, and  they  wiU  certainly  show  it,  and 
just  as  much  as  a  horse.  The  time  has 
been  when  mules  were  the  fashionable 
animals  of  Europe.  Who  does  not  re- 
member the  ambling  mules  ridden  by  the 
luxurious  churchmen  who  presided  over 
the  monastries  and  abbeys  of  England  in 
the  days  of  Friar  Tuck  and  Kichard 
Coeur  de  Leon?  In  the  reigns  of  the 
Bourbons  the  mule  was  an  equal  favorite 
in  France,  and  was  alone  considered  ap- 
jjropriate  to  draw  the  gorgeous  carriage  of 
his  majesty  in  its  annual  journey  to 
Fontaiubleau.  In  Spain,  even  yet  he  is 
pjetted  and  caressed  and  constantly  re- 
ceives the  attention  he  deserves,  and  the 
proud  hidalgo,  the  jewelled  senorita,  and 
even  royalty  itself,  delight  in  doing  him 
honor  and  riding  him  with  rich  and  cost- 
ly housings.  The  day  may  come,  for 
aught  we  know,  when  the  mule  shall  be 
as  jjopular  as  the  thoroughbred  horse 
now  is,  and  when  an  equal  amount  of 
care  and  attention  will  be  given  to  his 
breeding. — Journal  and  Farmer. 

•  HoKSE  Racing  at  Fairs. — A  con-es- 
pondent  of  the  Indiana  Farmer  does  not 
accept  the  opinion  so  often  expressed  by 
horseman  that  if  it  was  not  for  racing  the 
Agricultural  Societies  would  fail  to  take 
money  enough  at  the  gates  to  pay  their 
running  expenses.  There  are  manj-who 
really  believe  that  it  would  be  imjiossible 
to  conduct  the  fair  successfully  without 
the  fast  ring.  They  further  believe  that 
the  encouragement  of  fast  speed  in  a  horse 
is  legitimate  work  of  agiicultural  societies. 
Neither  of  these  propositions  are  true. 
The  fact  that  the  largest  number  of  peo- 
ple are  present  on  the  day  that  the  prin- 
cipal racing  comes  off  is  cited  as  evi- 
denee  that  the  racing  drew  them.  And 
to  one  who  has  given  but  little  tliought 
to  this  subject,  or  has  not  been  behind 
the  curtains  and  seen  how  these  things 
are  managed,  this  is  a  plausible  conclu- 
sion; but  to  one  who  knows  how  these 
things  are  managed,  the  argument  is  not 
as  conclusive.  While  the  friends  of  the 
fast  ring  would  have  the  people  believe 
that  the  fast  horses  brought  the  crowd  ou 
the  day  of  the  racing,  they  argue  dift'er- 
ently  when  it  comes  to  making  out  the 
programme.  The  reasoning  then  is  that 
the  racing  must  come  oil'  on  tho  day 
when  it  is  almost  certain  the  greatest 
number  of  people  will  be  in  attendance 
so  that  they  can  have  an  opportunity  of 
witnessing  it.  The  argument  stands  in 
about  this  shape:  The  racing  is  arranged 
for  a  ijarticular  day,  because  that  will  be 
the  most  popular  day,  and  the  people  are 
there  on  that  day  because  the  racing  is  to 
come  oft"  on  that  day.  One  of  the  most 
successftil  fairs  of  the  Indiana  State 
Board  of  Agricultural  was  when  no  pre- 
mium was  ott'ered  on  speed  alone.  Not 
long  since  the  Ohio  State  fair  was  a 
grand  success  without  any  premium  ex- 
clusively on  speed.  1'he  New  York  State 
fair  held  last  fall  realized  $10,000  re- 
ceipts— $10,000  more  than  at  any  pre- 
vious fair,  yet  no  premium  was  given  ou 
mere  speed.  \'arious  county  societies 
have  held  their  fairs  without  the  pres- 
ence of  the  fast  ring,  and,  others  things 
being  equal,  their  success  has  been  as 
great  as  when  their  fairs  were  largely 
giovn  up  to  racing  and  gambling. 

DuitiNo  the  last  three  months  1,44G 
horses,  67  donkeys  and  5  mules,  were 
killed  in  Paris  for  jniblic  consumption. 

The  cattle  melon,  as  our  English  cous- 
ins c.ill  the  pumpkin,  is  grown  to  per- 
fection in  France.  This  year  one  was 
exhibited  there  weighing  400  pounds. 


If  they  want  to  pull  'em  biick,  all  the 
men  in  the  world  can't  stop  'cm. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Wmiltw  mml 

At  Rest. 


Now,  all  clncked  home  to  their  feather  beds, 
Are  the  vtlvety  chicks  of  the  dowuy  houclB. 
In  the  old  Dutch  style,  with  the  bedfl  ab^ve, 
All  under  the  wings  of  a  hovt-riug  love; 
With  a  few  chinked  in,  as  plump  as  wrens. 
Around  the  edge  of  the  rurtlt-d  hens. 


POUTLEY    FOK    PROFIT. 

I'tONFLICTING  advice  as  to  which 
breed  of  lioultry  is  the  best  to  keep 
for  profit  results  in  confusiug  the 
ideas  of  a  new  beginner  in  the  busi- 
ness of  poultry  raising  and  egg  pro- 
ducing. The  persons  who  make  a  busi- 
ness of  breeding  fine  fowls  and  have  eggs 
and  birds  for  sale,  are  frequently  preju- 
diced in  favor  of  or  against  some  special 
■  variety,  and  there  edvice  is,  accordinglj', 
liable  to  be  unreliable.  Every  few  years 
some  particular  breed  is  in  fashion,  and 
its  popularity  causes  many  to  desire  it 
above  any  other.  In  one  decade  it  may 
be  the  Cochins  or  Brahmas,  and  in  an- 
other the  Leghorns,  Hamburgs  or  Po- 
lands.  Whatever  it  be,  after  a  short  run, 
some  other  sort  is  sui'e  to  supercede  it. 
Each  kind  and  variety  of  fowl  has  its 
special  peculiarities  which  adapts  it  to 
certain  conditions,  under  which  it  will 
do  as  well  or  better  than  any  other  sort 
would.  Also  there  are  fowls  for  the  table 
and  fowls  for  egg  producing.  The  best 
fowl  for  the  table  will  not  be  likely  to  be 
the  best  layer,  and  the  abundant  layers 
are  not  the  best  for  the  table.  The 
heavy  aorts,  which  mature  early  and 
fatten  easily,  and  are  not  given  to  roav- 
ing,  are  the  best  whore  fowls  are  raised 
for  market  or  for  the  table,  especially  if 
kept  in  small  enclosures.  On  the  other 
hand,  where  chickens  are  bred  for  eggs, 
and  a  wide  range  is  supplied,  the  lighter 
and  more  active  breeds,  which  are  the 
best  layers,  should  be  chosen. 

Some  breeders  advise  keejiiug  breeds 
of  poultry  pure — unmixed  with  other 
sorts.  Others  say  that  it  increases  the 
value  of  poultry,  either  as  layers  or  for 
the  table,  to  mix  the  breeds.  We  believe 
it  depends  much  upon  the  hardiness  of 
the  breeds  about  that.  Where  poultry 
has  been  bred  for  years  to  fine  points  of 
any  special  sort,  whether  of  color  or 
form,  regardless  of  hardy  qualities  and 
health,  they  are  iikely  to  become  delicate, 
and  in  a  word,  run  out,  as  the  white  face 
Black  Spanish  variety  did,  for  instance. 
In  this  case  it  would  be  an  advantage  to 
them  to  cross  in  a  little  stronger  blood 
from  whatever  source  it  might  be.  The 
Game  Cock,  which  is  bred  for  strength, 
health  and  endurance,  is  found  to  be  an 
excellent  blood  to  mix  with  fine  or  com- 
mon fowls.  On  general  principles,  other 
things  being  equal,  the  hardiest  and 
healthiest  fowls  are  the  best.  In  fact, 
they  are  the  best  anyhow;  but  for  certain 
purposes  fowls  of  such  breeds  as  are,  or 
seem  to  be  best  adapted  to  any  given 
conditions,  should  be  selected.  The 
feethug  has  much  to  do  with  health  and 
egg  and  poultry  producing;  also  keeping 
them  free  from  vermin,  and  giving  an 
abundance  of  pure  water  and  pure  air 
day  and  night.  All  sickly  hens  should 
be  at  once  removed  from  the  llock.  Bet- 
ter kill  them  at  once  than  allow  them  to 
ruE  among  the  others.  Choose  the 
strongest  cocks  for  breeders,  and  use 
special  efforts  to  keep  your  fowls  healthy 
and  you  will  be  successful. 


Feeding  Fowls  Pkppee. — I  witnessed 
for  the  first  time,  at  the  late  Crystal  Pal- 
ace bird  show,  the  results  of  pepper 
feeding,  and  was  greatly  pleased,  as  well 
as  surprised  at  the  wonderful  improve- 


ment in  color  of  the  different  specimens 
so  treated.  I  looked  upon  the  treatment 
as  fair  and  legitimate,  and  in  no  way  de- 
serving the  name  of  a  "trick,"  which,  I 
am  sorry  to  say,  has  been  applied  to  it. 
Such  a  term  of  reproach  shoulil  bo  re- 
served for  all  dishonest  interference  with 
the  outside  of  competing  birds,  such  as 
drawing,  trimming  or  staining  feathers. 
Whatever  can  be  effected  through  the  se- 
creting organs  of  any  bird  cannot  fairly 
be  termed  artificial  or  unnatural,  unless 
everything  be  so  named  which  diff'ers 
from  the  mode  of  life  and  food  of  the 
bird  in  its  original  state.  The  object 
aimed  at  in  the  treatment  of  all  domestic 
animals  is  an  improvement  upon  their 
natural  or  wild  state;  and  in  the  case  of 
the  canary  bird,  bred  in  confinement, 
cayenne  pepper,  voluntarily  eaten,  is  no 
more  unnatural  to  it  than  the  egg  and 
cake  with  which  the  show  birds  have 
been  regularly  fed  for  years.  The  sys- 
tem of  moulting  birds  in  close  warm 
cages,  feeding  them  at  the  same  time  on 
more  stimulating  food  than  simple  seed, 
has  long  been  recognized  as  a  necessity 
where  depth  and  richness  of  color  are 
desired.  The  new  mode  of  feeding  on 
cayenne  pepper  is  simply  an  extension 
of  this  rule ;  ana  whether  discovered  ac- 
cidentally or  as  the  result  of  an  experi- 
ment, is,  in  my  humble  opinion,  the 
greatest  improvement  in  the  treatment 
of  our  favorites  that  I  have  witnessed. 
If  it  could  be  shown  that  the  health  of 
the  birds  is  injured  by  such  food,  there 
would  be  some  grounds  for  objection  on 
the  score  of  cruelty;  but  as  for  all  I 
could  learn,  such  is  not  the  case  but 
rather  the  contrary.  I,  for  one,  hail  the 
discovery  with  great  satiafastion.  Dejith 
of  color  has  been  the  point  chiefly  aimed 
at  in  many  varieties  of  canary,  and  here 
it  is,  beyond  the  expectation  of  the  old- 
est fanciers,  and  permanent  or  not,  ac- 
cording to  the  continued  treatment  of 
the  bird.  I  would,  in  conclusion,  lay 
down  one  simple  rule,  viz:  Put  whatever 
you  like  inside  the  bird  that  it  wilUngly 
takes  without  injury,  but  forbid,  under 
the  strictest  penalties,  any  interference 
with  the  outside. — Correspondent  Poultry 
Eevlew  {Ennland). 

How  TO  Pet  Canaries. — Says  a  writer 
on  canaries:  "In  this  way  I  answer  the 
qirestion  of  '  how  I  had  such  luck  with 
birds.'  Simply  by  allowing  the  birds  to 
attend  to  their  own  afl'airs,  and  by  letting 
them  understand  that  their  mistress 
would  not  harm  them.  Also,  by  accus- 
toming them  to  plenty  of  light  and  air 
and  company,  rather  than,  as  com- 
mended in  books,  keeping  the  cage  in  a 
dark  room  for  fear  of  frightening  the 
birds.  Make  just  half  the  fuss  directed 
in  bird  books  over  the  matter,  and  you 
will  have  double  the  success  in  raising 
the  birds.  Never  give  them  sugar,  but 
all  the  red  jjepper  they  can  eat.  It  is 
the  best  thing  for  them.  And  if  your 
bird  feels  hoarse  at  any  time,  put  a  piece 
of  salt  pork  in  the  cage  and  see  how  the 
little  fellow  will  enjoy  it,  and  listen  for 
the  result.  Give  him  flax-seed  once  in  a 
while,  and  if  he  appears  dumpy  occa- 
sionally, give  him  a  diet  of  bread  and 
water  with  red  pepper  sprinkled  in.  Open 
the  cage  door  and  give  your  pets  the  free- 
dom of  the  room.  Soon  they  will  come 
at  your  call  and  fly  to  meet  you  when- 
ever your  voice  is  heard.  I  had  one  who 
came  regularlj-  to  my  desk  as  I  sat  writ- 
ing each  day,  and  disputed,  with  flutter- 
ing wings  and  open  beak,  my  humble 
right  to  the  inkstand;  and  when  I  had 
reasoned  him  out  of  his  mistaken  notion, 
he  would  perch  himself  upon  my  pen- 
handle  (no  comfortable  proceeding  for 
me),  and  watch  gravely  as  I  wrote.  I 
have  also  many  times  discovered  him  in 
the  act  of  eating  ofl'  the   corners  of   my 


paper,  even  to  the  title  of  my   article.   "  Some  500  or  600  miles,"  etc.      It  is  I 

Another  thought  nothing  of  trotting  I  480  miles  by  sea  from  San  Francisco  to 
about  on  my  head  and  shoulders,  and  San  Diego.  I  have  traveled  that  whole 
even  hopped  under  my  throat  to  nestle  distance  overland  on  horseback  on  pur- 
against  my  chin.  He  would  take  his  pose  to  see  the  country.  Fifty  miles 
bath  as  I  held  the  cup  in  my  hand,  and  south  of  San  Francisco  is  San  Jose; 
coolly  dry  himself  on  my  head.  Anoth- ;  the  plain  or  valley  surrounding  which 
er  would  fly  down  or  up  stairs  to  me  ,  was  thought,  twenty  years  ago,  by  uov- 
wheuever  I  called  him.  He  has  wel-  ices  like  G.  F.  M.,  to  be  a  "desert." 
corned  my  return  by  flying   down   stairs  |  Now  it  cannot  be  bought   for  less   than 


and  singing  at  the  top  of  his  voice  all 
the  while,  until,  at  last,  perched  on  my 
shoulder,  he  would  accompany  me  to  my 
room." 

Signs  of  Young  Fowls. — A  young  tur- 
key has  a  smooth  black  leg;  in  an  old 
one  the  legs  are  rough  and  reddish.  In 
domestic  fowls,  the  combs  and  the  legs 
are  smooth  when  the  bird  is  young,  and 
rough  when  it  is  old.  The  bills  and  the 
feet  of  geese  are  yellow  and  have  few 
hairs  upon  them  when  the  bird  is  young, 
but  they  are  red  if  it  be  old.  The  feet 
of  a  goose  are  pliable  when  the  bird  is 
fresh  killed,  and  dry  and  stiff  when  it 
has  been  some  time  killed.  Geese  are 
caUed  green  till  they  are  two  or  three 
months  old.  Ducks  should  be  chosen 
by  the  feet,  which  should  be  supple,  and 
they  should  also  have  a  plump  and  hard 
breast.  The  feet  of  a  tame  duck  are 
yello\vish,  those  of  a  wild  one  reddish. 
If  the  rear  end  of  the  keel  bone  of  a 
dressed  fowl  be  elastic,  so  that  you  can 
bend  it  a  trifle,  it  is  a  certain  sign  thiit 
the  bird  is  not  over  a  year  old. 

The  Poultry  TForW  recommends  cooked 
meat  to  be  given  to  fowls  generally  over 
raw  meat,  as  more  nutritious  and  as 
making  them  less  quarrelsome.  Fish, 
it  says,  are  always  good  as  food,  and 
when  boiled  are  picked  clean  from  the 
bones.  Scraps  from  the  chandlers,  al- 
ready cooked,  are  s.aid  to  be  excellent. 
It  is  well  known  that  dogs  are  quite  fe- 
rocious at  times  from  being  fed  on  raw 
meat. 

"  Have  you  any  nice  fresh  farmer's 
eggs?"  inquired  a  precise  old  lady  at  a 
grocery  store.  "No,  ma'am,"  replied 
the  practical  clerk,  "but  we  have  some 
very  good  hen's  eggs."  She  took  three 
to  try. 


^Uiivn, 


[E'rom  the  American  Bes  Jourual  for  January.] 

The  Southern    California  Bee 
Country. 

%  

Cj'f-N  the  American  Bee  Journal  for  Sep- 
tember, 187-5,  I  noticed  a  communi- 
cation over  the  signature  of  "  G.  F. 
M.,"  a  few  of   the  false  statements 
in  which    I   wish    to   contradict.     I 
also    wish  to   show  up    some   inconsist- 
encies   and    contradictions   of  the   com- 
munication    of     "J.,"      who    received 
a    letter    from    a    "prominent    Kansas 
bee-keeper."     By   way    of    parenthesis, 
I    will    state    that   G.    F.   II.   is   located 
on    one   of    the  prettiest  claims   in   the 
county   of    San   Diego,    just    sis    miles 
from  mine,  and  it  is  not  a    "desert"    by 
any  means.     I   am  at   a   loss   to  under- 
stand how  a  man  can  state  in  his  letter 
that  a  country  is  a  "desert,"  and  in  the 
same  letter  state  the  fact   that  the  coun- 
try  is    "overrun    with    swifts,    horned 
toads,  snakes,  ground  squirrels,  gojihers, 
rabbits  and  quails."     Query — What   do 
they   live  on?    I   always  supposed  that 
sheep  and  cattle  had  to  have  grass,  etc., 
to  live  on.  and  that  thousands  of  sheep 
and  cattle  do  live  here,  and  live  fat,  too. 
This   G.    F.    SI.   cannot,    with   truth, 
deny. 
Now  as  to  some  more  of  "J.'s"   facts: 


from  S'200  to  §1,000  per  acre,  it  now  be- 
ing under  a  high  state  of  cultivation, 
and  covered  with  vineyards  and  or- 
chards and  fruit  of  .all  kinds;  and  in  the 
Fall  of  1808  I  saw  hundreds  of  bushels 
of  apples  rotting  on  the  ground,  there 
being  no  market  for  them.  Thirty  miles 
south  of  San  .lose  is  Gilroy,  with  a  rich 
farming  country  surrounding  it.  Twen- 
ty miles  south  of  tliis  is  HoUister,  with 
the  same.  Between  Gilroy  and  HoUister 
lies  Soap  Lake,  out  of  which  flows  the 
Pajaro  river,  which  "reaches  the  ocean" 
all  the  year  round.  Thirty  miles  south 
of  HoUister  is  the  valley  of  the  Salinas 
river,  which,  for  a  portion  of  the  year 
at  least  "  reaches  the  ocean  "  in  some- 
thing besides  a  "dribble,"  perhaps(?). 
"J."  knows  more  about  that  than  I  do. 
The  valley  is  a  rich  farming  country 
and  not  a  desert,  "J."  to  the  contrary 
notwithstanding.  Next  comes  San  Luis 
Obispo,  with  some  more  good  farming 
country,  the  people  of  which  would  not 
thank  "J."  for  publishing  their  county 
as  a  "  desert. "  Next  comes  Santa  Bar- 
bara, the  same.  Then  comes  Ventura 
county,  with  just  as  good  farming  land 
as  a  man  need  live  on.  Next  comes  Los 
Angeles,  with  her  thousands  of  acres  of 
orange,  lemon,  lime,  peach,  pear,  apricot, 
plum  and  prune  orchards,  as  fine  as  any 
in  the  world;  also  her  thousands  of  acres 
of  vineyards,  producing  vast  quanti- 
ties of  grapes,  etc.  Not  much  of  a 
desert!  'The  average  com  crop  of  Los 
Nietos,  Anaheim,  Santa  Ana  and  San 
Bernardino  is  from  80  to  100  bushels 
per  acre. 

When  I  refer  to  fruits  and  harvest 
fields,  I  don't  mean  a  portion  of  the 
State  500  or  600  miles  north  of  where  I 
live,  but  I  mean  right  here  in  San  Diego 
county.  Yesterday  I  saw  a  White  Tur- 
key fig  tree  three  years  old,  without  a 
drojj  of  water  put  on  it  since  it  was  set 
out,  and  not  a  thing  done  to  it  in  the 
w.ay  of  cultivation  since  the  first  season. 
This  was  frozen  to  the  giound  the  first 
Winter,  and  yet  I  saw  on  it    113    figs. 

Men  who  plant  and  sow  here,  and  do 
it  when  and  how  it  should  be  done,  get 
just  as  good  returns  for  their  labor  as  in 
any  of  the  Western  states,  where  they 
are  as  far  from  market  as  we  are  here. 
frood  men  get  just  as  good  wages  and  as 
stead}-  employment  here  as  in  any  couu- 
tiy  I  ever  lived  in,  and  I  have  Uved  in 
Pennsylvania,  New  York,  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Iowa  and  Missouri,  and  to-day  I  would 
not  trade  my  little  160  acres  for  the  best 
farm  in  either  of  those  states,  and  be 
compelled  to  go  there  and  live  on  it  and 
work  it  mjself,  or  hire  it  worked,  for 
that  matter.  I  am  a  carpenter  and  get 
$3.00  and  board  as  the  lowest  price  I 
work  for.  The  statement  that  "  masons 
they  have  no  use  for,  as  they  don't  build 
brick  or  stone  houses  on  account  of 
earthquakes,"  is  simjjly  laughable.  In 
San  Diego,  Los  Angeles  and  .San  Ber- 
nardino there  are  plenty  of  brick  houses. 
It  is  true  that  many  of  the  bee  men 
are  living w-ithout  women — "baching  it" 
— but  many  more  are  not.  The  majority 
of  settlers  here  have  wives  and  families, 
and  more  would  have  if  they  could  get 
them  worth  having.  Good,  marriage- 
able white  girls  are  not  very  plenty  here. 
G.  F.  M.  has  just  called  in  and  I  read 
this  to  him.  We  had  quite  a  laugh  over 
it.     He  confessed  that  he  had  the  blues 


California  Agriculturist  axd  Live  Stock  Journal, 


when  writing  his  letter,  and  probably 
wrote  as  he  felt.  He  called  my  attention 
to  a  communication  from  M.  M.  Bald- 
ridge,  in  the  July  number  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bee  Jiiurmil,  in  which  it  was  stated 
that  bees  in  Harbison  hives  could  be 
bought  for  ^'ISM  per  colony,  etc.  John 
Jlyers,  a  rCKident  of  Los  Angeles,  while 
at  my  house  told  me  that  he  was  oflered 
a  lot  of  bees  for  that  price  in  exchange 
for  cows,  and  made  the  rest  of  the  state- 
ment as  I  gave  it,  and  I  supposed  it  true. 
It  seems  that  the  case  was  an  excption. 

One  statement  more  of  G.  F.  M.'s: 
"  They  can't  raise  a  thing  here  farming, " 
etc.  O.  Oakes,  at  Bernardino,  raised 
over  3,00(1  sacks  of  wheat  and  barley 
and  a  large  quantity  of  hay,  how  much 
I  did  not  enquire.  Benus  Sikes  also 
raised  a  large  amount,  and  many  others 
raised  grain  this  year,  and  lots  of  grain 
is  being  shipped  from  San  Diego  this 
year,  and  a  great  deal  was  shipped  away 
last  year.  Wo  have  no  starvation  here, 
nor  have  we  been  eaten  out  by  grasshop- 
pers, as  they  have  in  Kansas  and  other 
Western  states.  W.  J.  AVhitney. 

Beenaedino,  Cal. 

mSCELlANEOVS. 


BANKS. 


WM.    O'LONNELL 

Wishes  it  known  and  distinrtly  nnLlcrsiooil  tlint 
lie  HAS  NOT  <ionv  nut  uf  the 

But  has  now,  and  will  cunlinuu  tu  U;ivo,  us  line 
a  stock  of  Splendid  Ornamental  Plants.  Slirub- 
bery  and  Trees;  also  Fruit  Trees  of  all  kinds,  as 
any  Nursery  in  the  State. 

A  TREE  DEPOT 
Has  been  opened  on  the  eoruor  of  El  Dorado  find 
First  streets,  where  O'DONNELL  can  be  found 
with  a  full  assortment  of  nil  flie  most  desiralde 
trees  and  plants  of  every  dit>rriptiiiii,  CHEAP 
FOR  THE  MILLION  ! 

TBE  ZOOI^OGItWVL  OARUEA'S, 
■Which  he  has  established  on  his  KTonnds  as  a 
Grand  Summer  Park,  detract  nothing;  fmni  tlie 
NURSERY  DEPARTMENT  uf  his  business,  but 
all  work  in  harmony.  Next  Spring  he  will  otlVr 
for  sale,  near  his  Famous  Gardens,  a  number  of 
beautifully  ornamented 

liOT.S  FOR  RESIDENCES, 
But  more  about  that  anon.  What  is  now  of 
most  interest  to  the  public  is  the  fact  that 
O'DONN  ELL  is  selling  nil  varieties  of  Superior 
Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees  and  Plants.  Give 
him  a  call. 


SA-1^  JOSE 
SAVIE^GS  BANK, 

280  Sa)ita  Clara  Street. 


CAPITAL.  STOCK  -        -        SOOO,  000 

Piiid  ill  Capiiiil  (Gold  Coin)     -    $:{00,OUO 

Officers;— President,  John  H.  Moore;  Vice- 
President.  Cary  Peebles;  Cashier,  H.  H.  Reynolds. 

Dive^ctors:— John  H.Moore,  Dr.  B.Bryant,  S. 
A.  Bisliup,  Dr.  W.  H.  Stuue,  Cary  Peebles,  S.  A. 
Clark,  li.  Messing. 

NEW   FEATURE: 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts."  bearing 
interest  at  C,  Hand  10  percent  per  annum;  inter- 
est payable  promptly  at  the  end  of  six  months 
from  date  of  deposit.  The  "Receipt"  maybe 
transferi'ed  by  indorsement  and  the  principle 
with  interest  paid  to  holder.  Interest  also  al- 
lowed on  Book  Accounts,  beginning  at  date  of 
dejiosit.  Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any 
in  the  State,  and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe 
keeping  of  Bonds,  Stocks,  Papers,  Jewelry. 
Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,  at  trilling  cost. 
Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York, 
in  Gold  or  Currency,  at  reueonablc  rates.  Buy 
and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


THE 

CHICKEHmG    PIAITO 

Has  al-wayB  taken  the  lead  as  a 
FIRST  CLASS  INSTRUMENT! 

But  witli  all  the 

WONDEEFUL  IMPEOVEMENTS 

Kecenlly  made,  it  is  cunsidcri'd,  by  good 
judges,  to  be 

FAB.  ZU  ASVAI7CB 

Of  auy  Piano  luaLle  on  the  wliolo  I'aitc  of  the 
Earth ! 

11^  Their  New  style,  Overstrung,  Upright 
Piano  contains  improvements  found  in  no 
other.    Please  rail  and  examine. 

KDIITH  i'b  KYDRR 

(Jewell  rs).    Acenla, 
400  First  Street,  WiUox   Kloek, 

SAN  JOSE. 


Lock©  c&  Moxxtague, 

$  IMPOln'KRS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

?    Stoves, 

I  Pumps, 

w  Iron  Pipe; 

Tinware  &o. 

112  and  114  Battery  St., 

SAN   FllANlIstO. 


FARS¥iERS'     UNION. 

(Suecessors  to  A.  Phistek  &   Co.) 

Cor.     Second    and    Santa    Clara    Sts., 

SAN  JOSE. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


SAN  JOSE 

IHSTITUT 


CAPITAL 

WILLIAM  ERKSON 
H.  E.  HILLS 


$100,000. 

rrcsi.leut. 
Manager. 


DIRECTORS: 

Wm.  Erksnn,  J.  P.  Durtley, 

L.  F.  Chipnian,  David  Campbell, 

Horace  Little,  James  Singleton, 

C.  T.  Settle,  E.  A.  Braley, 

Thomas  E.  Snell. 

B3"  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  Business. 
Als(^,  receive  deposits,  on  which  such  interest 
will  be  allowed  as  may  be  agreed  upon,  and 
make  loans  on  approved  security. 


mWM  NAIMAL  m  lANE 


Paid  «ii  Capital  (gold  coin) ... .   $r»00,000 
AiitUoi-izeil  Capital $1,  OOO,  000 

John  W.  Hinds.  President;  E.  C.  Singletary, 
Vice-President:  W.  I).  Tisdale,  Cashier  and  Sec- 
retary; L.  G.  Nesmith,  Asbistaut  Cashier. 

Directors:— C.  Burrel,  "Wm.  D.  Tisdale,  E. 
L.  Bradlej-,  C.  G.Harrison,  E.  C.  Singletary.  Wm. 
L.  Tisdale,  John  W.  Hinds,  W.  H.  "Wing,  J.  B. 
Edwards. 

Correspondents ;—  Anglo-Californian  Bank 
(limited),  San  Francisco;  First  National  Gold 
Bank,  S.  F.;  First  National  B-ink,  New  York; 
Anglo-Califoruian  Bank  (limited)  London. 

WILL  ALLOW  INTEREST  ON  DEPOSITS, 
buy  and  sell  Exchange,  muke  eollections, 
loan  mnuey,  and  transact  a  General  Banking 
Business.  Special  inducements  otyered  to  mer- 
chants, mechanics,  and  all  classes  I'or  commer- 
cial accounts. 
S.  W.  Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 

SASS'  JOSE. 


BUSmESS_COLLEaE! 

A  Day  and  Boarding  School  for 
Both  Sexes. 

npHE  SECOND  SESSION  OF  THE  CURRENT 
School  Year  will  commence  January  3d,  187G. 

In  acknowledging  the  kindness  of  the  patrons 
of  this  School,  the  Proprietors  desire  to  assure 
them  that  with  the  increased  patronage  will  be 
added  increased  facilities  for  imparting  in8truc_ 
tion.  They  intend  that  the  School  shall  offer 
the  very  best  opportunities  for  acquiring  thor 
ough  education,  both  theoretical  and  practical 

The  course  of  study  in  the  Academic  grade  is 
extensiTe  and  thorough. 

The  Business  College  has  no  Tactions. 

Students  from  a  distance  will  find  pleasant 
rooms  and  board  at  reasonable  prices  at  the 
boarding-house. 

The  Faculty  accept  to  its  fullest  extent  the 
gi'owing  demand  of  the  industrial  classes  for 
recognition  in  the  public  educational  system 
hailing  it  as  the  harbinger  of  a  higher  and  better 
civilization. 

ISAAC  KINLEY, 
Superintendent  of  t lie  Insfitnte. 
.TAMES  VINSONHAL.ER. 
Principle  of  tlic  Balslne.«s  Colleije. 


SEEDS.       SEEDS. 

New  Crop  Just  Arrived  and  New 

Shipments      Continually 

Arriving. 

VEORTABLK,  CRASS.  AND  CLOVER  SEICnS: 
iiKNTUCKYBLlIE  (IHASS,  HUNtlAUIAN, 
ITALIAN,  OKCIIAUD.  RED  TOP.  TIMOTHY, 
MKSQUIT.  SWICET  VERNAL,  RED  CLOVER, 
WHITE  CLOVER,   ETC. 

Also,  choice  CALIFORNIA  ALFALFA,  in 
large  or  small  ipiantitics;  AUSTRALIAN  BLUE 
GliM  SEED. and  Seeds  of  every  variety  and  de- 
scription. Fresh  and  Reliable.  For  sale, 
Wiiolesalo  or  Retail,  at  the  OLD  STAND,  by 

B.  i'\  wr:r.i.iNGTON, 

UIPORTER  AND   DEAI.KR  IN  SEEDS, 
I'Zr,    Wa^iliiii^liin     Street, 

SAN  EILINCISCO. 


1776.  CEITTEMIAL 1876. 

Cliicaffo  &  Northwestern  Railway. 

Passe!i°TS   fur   I'liii'ago,  Niagnr.-i    Falls.  Pitts- 
burg, Philadelphia,  Montreal,  (.[ncbec.  New  York 
Boston,  or  auy  point  East,  should  Ijuy  their 
Transcontinental  TicUetH  via 

CHICAGO  Si  NORTHWESTERN  RAILWAY 

This  is  the  liEST  KorTK  EAST. 
Its  Track  is  of  STEEL  RAILS,  and  (Ui  it  hiis 
been  made  the  FASTEST  time  that  has  ever  been 
MADE  in  this  couutiy.  By  this  route  passengers 
for  points  east  of  Chicago  have  choice  of  the 
following  lines  from  Chicago; 
Pittsburg,  Fortwayne  and  CUicago 

and  Pennsvlvania  Rail^vays. 
•  >  THROUGH  TR.UNS  D.\ILY.  WITH  PALACE 

0  Cars  through  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
on  each  train. 

1  THROUGH   TRAIN.  WITH  PULLMAN  PAL- 
1  ace  Cars  to  Baltimore  and  Washington. 
Lake    Sliore   anil    Micllisr.'in    Sonlliern 

Railway  and  Coiineclions— IVew 

York  Central  vt  Krii>  Kailroads. 

Q  THROUGH  TRAINS  DAILY,  WITH  PALACE 

•_)  Drawing  Room  and  Silver  Palace  Sleeping 

Cars  through  New  Yt,>rk. 

Miclilffan  Cen(r:il,  Grand  TrnnJt,  Cireat 
AVesterii  and  l-^rie  and  Nevy  York 
Ceniral  Kailwjiys, 
O  THROUGH  TRAINS,  WITH  PULLMAN  PAL- 
t  J  ace  Drawing  Room  and  Cars  through  to  New 
York  to  Niagara  Falls,  Buffalo,  Rochester,  or 
New  York  city. 

Baltimore  and  OSiio  ll.iilroad. 
O  THKOUGII    TRAI.XS    DAILY.  NVn'll    FULL- 
^  man    Palace    Cars     fur    Newark,    Zanesvillo. 
Wheeling,   Washinglon  and   lialtimore  without 
change. 

This  is  the  Shortest,  llest  and  only  llm- run 
ning  Pullman  celebrated  I'alace  Sleepiiifr 
Cars  and  Coadies;  connecting  with  liiion 
Paiitic  Railroad  at  OnkHlia  and  from  the 
West,  via  Grand  Junction,  Marshall.  Cedar 
Rapids,  Clinton,  Sterling  and  Dixon,  for  Clii- 
ca«jo  and  the  East. 

This  popular  route  is  unsurpassed  for  Speed, 
Comfort  and  Safety.  The  smooth,  well-ballaslcil 
ami  perfect  track  of  steel  rails,  the  celebrated 
Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars,  the  perfect  Tele- 
gr.aiih  System  of  moving  trains,  the  regularity 
with  wldiii  they  run.  the  admirable  arrangement 
fin'  rniuiing  through  ears  to  Chicago  fi-om  all 
juiints  West, secure  to  passengers  all  theeomforts 
in  modern  Railway  Traveling.  No  changes  of 
Cars  and  no  tedituis  delays  at  Ferries. 

PasBengers  will  find  Tickets  via  this  Favorite 
Route  at  the  General  Ticket  Office  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Rr.ailroad.  Sacramento.  Ticki'ts  for  sale 
in  all  the  iiclict  ( llllccs  of  the  Central  PacifV.-  R.  R. 
II.  P.  STANWOOD,  General  Agency.  121  Mont- 
gomcry  street,  San  Francisco. 


THE  TRUTH    ABOUT 

TH  E    DAVIS 

mmi  §SWIN5  MACHINE, 


TT  DOES  NOT  TAKE  AX  HOUR  TO 

-"-  get  ready  to  do  a  minute's  work,  but  is  al- 
wavs  ready  in  a  minute  to  do  a  day's  wo:k. 

■The  Favorite  of  the  Family  circle.  Runs  more 
easily  and  quietly  than  any  other  machine. 

The  DAVIS  presents  these  advantages  :  It 
prevents  fulling  or  gathering  of  goods,  will  sew 
over  thick  seams,  or  from  one  thickness  to  an- 
other, without  change  of  stitch  or  tension,  and 
make  the  most  Elastic,  Durable  and  Uniform 
Lock  Stitch  of  any  Machine  before  the  public. 

The  only  one  having  an  Automatic  Bobbin 
Winder,  and  the  most  wonderful  attachment  for 
making  the  Knife  Pleating. 

The  peculiar  feature  of  the  DAVIS  is  its  VER- 
TICAL FEED,  which  is  essentially  different 
from  any  other  Machine  manufactured,  requir- 
ing no  acquired  skill  to  operate  it,  nor  basting  of 
the  goods,  and  all  should  give  it  an  examination 
at  least  before  purchasing  any  other. 

After  six  weeks'  trial  at  the  Franklin  Institute  ■ 
Exhibition,  held  at  Philadelphia  in  18Ti,  it  was 
Awarded    tlie    Granil   Medal    Against 
Nineteen    Competitors  I 

And  has  universally  been  awarded  the  FIRST 
PREMIUM  at  allprincipal  Fairs  where  exhibited. 

We  have  the  best  manufacturing  machine  in 
use. 

Energetic  and  responsible  Agents  wanted  in  all 
unoccupied  territory. 

For  fiu'ther  information,  circular  and  terms, 
call  on  or  address 

G.  L.    BIGELOW, 

Ageut  for  Santa  Clara  County. 
B?5"  Salesroom,  No.  458  First  Street,  San  Jos 
Foundry  Block,  SAN  JOSE,  or  the 

DAVIS  SEWING  MACHINE  CO., 

I  I  8  Post  St.,  San  Francisco. 


BSF"  For  '}.'•  subscriptions  to  the  Califor- 
nia AgriruHurist,  Live  Stock  and 
Household    .Tournal    at    Sl-.^'O    each,    the 

puldishers  will  give  a  $10  Kew  Unvis 
SeivluK  Machine.  Here  is  an  opportunity 
for  some  energetic  lady  to  get  the  best  Sewing 
Machine  for  a  little  time  well  employed.  The 
DAVIS  took  the  first  premimn  at  the  Santa 
Clara  Valley  Agricultural  Society's  Exhibition 
last  Fall. 


I^VETTTORS! 

IP  YOU  WANT  A  P,*TENT,  SEND 
us  a  UK.del  or  sketch  and  a  full  description  of 
your  Invention.  We  will  make  an  exnndnation 
at  the  I'atent  Oflice,  and  if  we  think  it  patent- 
able, will  send  you  papers  and  advii'c  and  prose- 
cute jour  case.  Our  fee  will  be,  in  ordinary 
cases,'  S'irt.  Anvirr.  rni  K.  Address  LOUIS 
BAGGER  ,^-  CO..  Washingtcm,  D.  C.  »3^  Send 
Postal  Card  for  our  "  GiiniE  foe  OliTArslso 
Patknts  " — a  book  of  .'>()  pages. 

JACOB   EBFAillARDr  -  ■  Propr. 

AM,  KINDS  OK  I.KA'rHKR,    SlIKEP- 
skins    and   wool.    Highest    price    paid    for 
Sheep  skins,  Tallow,  Wool,  etc. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


ANGORA 

Hobe  and  Glove 

MAITUFACTURIITG    CO., 

SAN    JOSK,   GAL. 
CAPITAL  STOCK    -   -    -    $50,000 

OFFICERS: 

Pn-sidc.nt C.  P.  BAILEY 

SeticUrv FBANK  LEWIS 

Treasurer     ....I.W.HINDS 

DIRECTORS : 

C.  P.  BAILEY.  -I.  W.  HINDS. 

JACKSON  LEWIS.  C.  H.  LAPHAM, 

RETURN  ROBERTS. 

Maiiiifju'tnre  Exclusively  from  Angora  Goat  Skins 


PURS     FOR     ROBES,     MATS, 

RUGS,    GLOVES,  i 

Ladies'  Cloaks,  Sacques.  Dress  Trim-  j 

nungs,    and    Gents'    Caps, 

Coats     and    Coat 

Trimmings. 

ALSO,  SKINS  .\N1>  FURS  TANNED  IN  A 
6\iin'rii  r  Mauiicr  tor  SmUllers',  UjiholRterB' 
«n<l  GloverB'  Work.  Having  (lie  Sole  Right  to 
use  a 

NEW   PROCESS    OF   TANNING 

AND    DYEING    ALL 

STYLES     OF 

GLOVES     FI!0)I    ANGORl    liOAT    .\M) 

DEER-SKINS. 

Pur    Gaunllets,    Driving    ami    Work- 
ins  Gloves  a   Specialty. 

Cash  paid  for  Ciout  anil  Decr-Skiue.  Skins 
shonltl  be  thoroughly  Salted  when  Fresh.  May 
be  perfectly  Dried  in  the  Shade.  Sun-dried 
Skins  are  worthless. 

Age  of  Bikds.-.— The  eagle,  raven,  swan 
and  parrot  are  each  centenarians.  An 
eagle  kept  in  Vienna,  died  after  a  con- 
tiuement  of  lU  years,  and  on  an  old  oak 
in  Shelborue,  still  known  .as  the  '-raven 
tree, "  the  same  pair  of  ravens  are  be- 
lieved to  have  fixed  their  residence  for  a 
series  of  more  than  ninety  years.  Swans 
upon  the  river  Thames,  about  whose 
ages  there  can  be  no  mistake,  since  they 
are  annually  nicked  by  the  Vintner's 
Company,  under  whose  charge  they  have 
been  f  orthe  last  five  centuries,  have  been 
known  to  survive  150  years  and  more. 
The  melody  of  the  dying  swan  is  mytho- 
logical. Upon  approach  of  death  the 
bird  quits  the  water,  sits  down  upon  the 
bank,  lays  its  head  upon  the  ground,  ex- 
pands its  wings  a  trifie  and  expires,  ut- 
tering no  sound. — Ex. 

The  Bee-Keepsrs'  Magazine. 

An  iLLrsTR.\TED  Monthly  Jour- 
nal of  :V2  octavo  pages  devoted 
exclusively  to  Bee -CuLTunE.  i 
Edited  by  .\LBERT  J.  KlxG.  con-  ^ 
tainiiig  monthly  contributions 
from  Mrs.  E.  8.  Tuppeh,  and 
(itbcr  eminent  Bee-Keepers  in 
both  Europe  and  .America.  A 
large  space  is  devoted  to  beoinnebs  giving  use- 
ful information  just  when  it  is  needed  throiigh- 
out  the  year.  Terms:  fl.50  per  year.  We 
will  send  the  Magazine  4:  months  on  trial  and 
iNcmnE  a  G4-p»ge  pamphlet  (price  .50  cts, ) ,  con- 
taining a  beautiful  life-like  Ohromo  of  Honey- 
plants  and  Italian  Bees  In  their  natural  colors, 
Prize  Essay  by  Jlrs.  TrppER.  Queen  Bearing  by 
M.  QulNBY,  Instructions  for  Begiilners.  etc.,  all 
for  50  cts.     Address, 

KING  it  SliOCUSI, 
61  Hudson  Street,  New  York. 

Buy  the  best,  whether  of  seed,  trees, 
tools  or  implements,  and  it  will  prove 
the  cheapest  in  the  long  run.  Take  only 
those  agricultural  newspapers  which  are 
true  to  the  interests  of  the  people. 


I\OCK'S  NUI\SER1ES, 

SAN  JOSE,  CAL. 

q-'HE   ATTENTION    OF   NURSERYMEN  AND 
X    planters  is  invited  to  my  large  stock  of 

FRUIT    TREES! 

Of  the  very  tiest  Varieties  for  Market,  Shipping 
and  Drying:    Also, 

GRAPEVINES,     CURRANTS,    GOOSE- 
BERRIES,       BI..\CKBERRIES 
AND    R.VSPBERRIES. 

SHADE  TREES, 

EVKRGREENS. 

BLUE  Gl'MS 

AND   SHRUBS. 
GREENHOUSE      PLANTS,       BEDDING 
PLANTS,     ETC. 
Send  for  a  Catalogue. 

JOHN  ROCK,  San  Jose. 

A  Suit  growing  out  of  the  purchase  of 
a  twenty-five  cent  package  of  turnij) 
seed  has  just  been  finally  decided  by  the 
New  Jersey  court  of  errors  and  appeals, 
after  a  litigation  of  six  years.  The  seed 
was  represented  as  producing  early  tur- 
nips, whereas  the  crop  was  a  late  one 
and  poor  at  that.  Hence,  a  suit  for  dam- 
ages and  a  verdict  of  about  one  hundred 
dollars,  although  the  defendants  proved 
they  had  no  intention  of  defrauding 
their  customer.  They  appealed  to  the 
common  pleas,  to  the  supreme  court  and 
to  the  court  of  errors  in  succession,  but 
the  Justice's  decision  was  sustained  in 
every  instance. 


Easterday,  Morgan  & 
Phipps, 

^4J 


50 


SMALL  FARM 
FOR      SALE! 


AGRKEABIA'  SITUATED  ON  THE  FOOT- 
hillH  in  tho  WARM  RELT.  uine  mileB  from 
San  Jose,  near  liOH  GntoH.  '2.'i  acres  iu  Cultiva- 
tion, <;5  acres  of  Pasture  antl  Live-Oak  Grove, 
80  acres  of  Chapan-al  and  Woodland;  two  Springe 
on  the  place. 


UND  ERT  AKERS 

AND    MANUFACTURERS 

Of  every  Style  of 

Coffin  6l  Caskets ! 

Our  Prices  are  50  per  cent,  less  than  any  house 
on  the  Coast.  To  learn  our  Prices  is  an  object 
to  all  in  want  of  anything  in  our  line.  -  To 
Undertakers,  we  call  their  special  attention  to 
our  Stock. 

339  Santa  Cliira  St.,  San  Jose,  Cal. 
B^  Will  send  Price  List  ou  application. 


THE 

Jackson      Wagons ! 

Are  known  to  be 
THE      BEST     FARM     WAGOXS 

Sold  on  this  Coast.  Sold  quite  as  low  as  the 
very  many  poor  ones  offered  for  sale.  We 
warrant  tliem  for  two  years.  For  sale  in  San 
Jose  at  San  Francisco  prices  by  Haskell  & 
9Iott,  Agents,  corner  of  Third  and  Santa 
Clara  streets. 

J.   D.  ARTHUR  &  SOX, 

Importers,  San  Francisco. 


R,     S.     THOMPSON, 

NAPA.     (A  I,,. 

Importer  and  Breeder  of 
THOROUOHBRED 

iimmi  SWINE. 


Dwelling  IluuHe,  Barn,  Orcliard,  Gar- 
den, Well,  3  Good  Horses,  One  Colt, 
4r  years  *>ld.  One  Farm  AVaproii.  One 
Sprin;;-  Wa^on,  13  Toiim  of  Hay,  5 
Head  of  Oairy  Stock.  .'>0  Chickens, 
Goo<l  Farming  Iinpleinents,  Honne 
Furniture,  fjot  «>f  Tools,  &r  . 

Title,  U.  S.  Patent. 

Price,  9^3, 500— Part  Cunh,  easy  terms  fyr  the 
Remainder. 
A'IdreBB,  LOS  GATOS  P.  O.,  or  apply  on  tUo 
Premises  to  the  Proprietor, 

G.GUERINOT. 

The  best  thing  one  can  do  with  worn 
out  implements  is  to  put  the  wood  that 
is  in  them  into  the  woodshed  for  fuel, 
and  the  old  iron  into  the  workshop  to  re- 
pair other  tools  with. 


LOS  GATOS  NURSERIES, 


S.  NEWHALIi,  Prop'r San  Jose. 

A  LARGE  AND  GENERAL  ASSORTMENT 
of  Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees,  Ever;,'reews, 
Flowering  Shrubs,  Roses,  Greenhouse  Plants, 
Grapevines,  Small  Fruits,  etc.  I  oflt>r  for  sale  a 
well  assorted,  well  grown  and  healthy  stock. 
Low-topped  stalky  fruit  trees  a  specialty.  Ad- 
dress s.  NEWHALL,  San  Jose- 


mmmm  sfanish  mm 

j  FOR     SALE. 

^IXTY  OXK  AXUTU'O  YEARS  OLD 

O  — Thoron^^lil'i-i  a  Spanish  Mc-rinu  Rams,  Cali 
fornia  bred,  truia  Kwrs  iinimrted  from  S'ermont, 
I  and  hired  l>v  Severance  &  Peet's  celebrated  ram 
'  FREMONT',  and  by  their  ram  GREEN  MOUN- 
TAIN, which  took  the  first  premixuns  at  the  Bay 
I'istrict  ;ind  State  Fairs.  Last  shearing.  35.^ 
Itis,  \(-;ii's  !..;ro\vtli.  Also,  about  100  Ewes  and 
Laini.s.  all   of    GREEN  MOUNTAIN  stock,  bred 

""^   ^""b.  F.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara.  Cal. 


R.    C      KIRBY     Sc    CO.,   ^ 

TANNERS ! 


SANTA  CRUZ  OAK-TANNED  SOLE 

LEATHER. 

WHOLfcSALE     DEALERS. 


OIUce~40ii    and    40*    Battery    Street, 

SAy    FRANCISCO. 


A  jtKTHOD  of  curing  skins  without  re- 
moving the  hair  is  given  by  a  correspon- 
dent in  tho  Fancier's  Journal:  Take  about 
ten  gallons  of  soft  water,  one-half  bushel 
of  wheat  bran,  seven  pounds  of  suljihuric 
acid;  dissolve  all  together  and  put  the 
skins  iu  the  solution  and  allow  them  to 
remain  twelve  hours;  take  them  out  and 
clean  them  well  and  again  immerse  twelve 
hours  more,  or  longer,  if  necessary. 
The  skins  may  then  be  taken  out,  well 
washed  and  d'ri^d.  They  can  be  beaten 
oft,  if  desired. 


Dr,  N.  KLEIN,       Surgeon  Dentist- 


PRINTING. 


The  slickens  question  is  getting  to  be 
seriotTS,     The  farmers  along   the   banks 
of  the  Yuba  have   held   more    than   one 
1  meeting  for  the  discussion  of  this  very 
[  grave   question.      They   seom   to   think 
i  that  their  lauds  will   be   ruined,    if  hy- 
'  draulic  mining  goes  on  as  it  is  now  go- 
ing on.   by    depositing  sand   and  gravel 
(they  call  it  "slickens")  on  their  fields. 

FLOWER    SEEDS! 

VE&ETABLE    SEEDS ! ! 

SPOONER'S    PRIZE  FLOWER   SEEDS ! 

'  SPOONER'S   BOSTON   MARKET  VEGE- 

!  ,    TABLE    SEEDS ! ! 


THE  CHEAPEST  AND  BEST  SEEDS  IN  THE 
market.    Semi    two  3-ieiit  stamps  for  our 
Illustrated  Catalogue  and  see  the  prices. 

W.  H.  SPOOXER, 

Boston,  Mags. 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

CARRIAGE     MAKER.        PIONEER 
Carria-je  Shop. 

31-4  SECOND  STREET, 

Between    Santa     Clara     street    and    Fountain 

Alley,  Sau  Jose. 

Afsvnt  for  FIsU  Bro. 's  Wagons. 


posters.  Dodgers, 
Haudl>ills,  Books, 
Catalogues,  Circu- 
lars.Prngrammes, 
Hills  C.I  liil'  ,  Ii.Ml  Mi.iiis.  Keeeiptti,  Labels, 
Blanks,  liiUhciiils.  Slateiiifiits,  Cards,  Tags,  et»., 
together  with  ev,Ty  description  of  .Job  Printing 
executed  prontptlv  and  in  a  workmanlike  man- 
ner by  B.  H.  COTTLE,  No.  au  Market  street, 
over  Bland  &  Reguart's  auction  store,  San  Jose, 

Alfalfa  is  perennial  in  the  strictest 
sense  of  the  term.  A  single  planting 
will  endure  tor  a  quarter  of  a  century, 
or,  for  that  matter,  forever,  and  the  yield 
is  simply  astonishing.  Year  after  year 
the  well  attended  alfalfa  will  yield  its 
twelve  and  twenty  tons  of  hay,  in  month- 
ly or  qtiarterly  cuttings.  Whether  pas- 
tured, or  fed  green  or  cured,  it  affords 
a  most  healthy  and  nutritious  diet  for 
all  kinds  of  stock.  The  sheep,  the  hog, 
the  milch  cow  and  the  horse  thrive  upon 
this  luxuriant  grass  and  require  but  little 
grain. 

SANIA  CLARA  VALLEY 

Drug  Store, 

•ioo    Saiitji  <'lara  street. 
Opposite  tile  Convent, 

SAN     JOSE, 

JOHN  D.  SCOTT,  SC.  D.,  1 

P/ij/siciaii   and   Druggist. 

A.  O.  HooKEB,  L.  Ftnioan, 

Late  Gunckel   K   Hooker  (late   of   Marysville.) 


DENTISTS. 
Office:— 359  Eirst  street.  San  Jose. 


DR.  C.  R.  SPAW, 

Resident  Dentist, 
Comer  of  First   and 

Santa  Clara  streets, 

In  McLaughlin  k  Ry- 

land's  building, 

San  Jose,  Cal. 


Do  not  forget  to  renew  your  subscrip- 
tions at  once.  In  doing  so,  obtain  the 
names  of  neighbors  and  send  along  with 
vour  own. 


GARDErr  CITV 

Bet  1st  a.t  21  DRUG  STORE 


lipothdtc. 


stores,       Eangea, 

Pumps, 

H^dnulic  Sams, 

Load  aid  Iron  Fipe. 

Brass  Goods, 
HosB  Wire, 

Farmers'  Boilers, 
House  Furnishing 
.    Wares. 


H.  PIESSUECKER, 

Proi»ri«*tor, 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St. 

C.  E.  CAMPBELL, 

Manufacturer  of 

Well  Pipe  n,iirl   Galvanized  Iron 
Pumps  witU  Improved  Valves. 

Till,  Copper,  Zinc  and  Sheef- 
Iroii  Wares,  Giilvani/.ed  Iron 
Chimneys,  Tin  Rooliii";,  Pliimli- 
ing,  etc. 

No. 339  First  Street,  opposite  El  Do- 
rado  St. 


JOHN    BALBACH, 
Blacksmith.     B  L  A  C^  K  S  M  I  Til, 

Pioneer  BlMcksiuitb    and  <  ■jirriage  Shop. 
Balbacli''iii  Neiv    Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond St.  and  Foiinlain   Alley, 
SAN    TOSE. 
A£;ent  for  Fisli   Bro.  ^s  Wagons, 

New  Work  ami  repairiuy  nf  Agricultural 
ImplemeutB,  etc. 


Aquaria, 

Flower-Stands, 

Window    Brackets, 

Ferneries, 


West's      American     Tire-Setter. 

T.W.Mitchell, 

Porter's    Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SAN  .losi;. 

Bird-cages  and  Hooks,  gEEDSMAN  and  FLORIST 

Ivy    Brackets, 
— ,.  —  ,    And  Oejiler  ill  Floweriiiif  Plants, 

Wiro        nower-pot        ornamental    Sliruhs,     Bulbs 
Stands,  and    Flowering-    Roots   in 

Wall  Brackets,  A'aviety.Han^jring  Bas- 

«,,„     f*v,j.,       r*-  kets.    Dried  Grasses, 

t*ias-     -naae-,      MC  F,.e„eh  Immortelles  of  Assorted 
Colors,   Etc.,  Etc. 
6^  Seeds,  FreBh  and  Reliable. 


Menefee  &  Gastoq 

DETTTISTS, 

S.  W.ror.Saiitii  ('laru  ami  First  Sis 

Ov'-r  Faruifrs'  National  Gold  Bank, 
SAN  JOSE. 

tt^"   Spctnal  attention  given   to  Fine 
G..ld  Fillings. 


THE  CAIi.  AGRICULTURIST  PUB.  CO. 

ANNOUNCE  TO  SUBSCRIBERS  OF  THE  "  AGRI- 
CULTimiST"  that  they  have  made  aiTange- 
mtnts  whereby  they  can  supply  almost  any  deBirable 
bonk  published  iipon  any  subject,  at  publishers' 
prices,  jtOKtpaid,  upon  receipt  of  its  price.  People 
living  in  the  country,  away  from  book  stores,  have  ex- 
perienced difficulty  in  getting  what  books  they  want 
at  any  price,  and  are  frequently  imposed  upon  wlieu 
they  do  get  books.  Now,  we  ijropose  to  remedy  this 
matter  entirely,  and  without  further  trouble  tn  our 
patrons  than  the  sending  of  their  orders,  accompaniei 
with  the  cash,  to  select  the  book  they  want,  and  send 
it  to  them  at  publishers'  own  price,  free  of  other  costs. 
Our  arrangements  are  fully  i^erfected,  and  we  mean 
business  !  We  shall  continue  our  Catalogue  of  good 
books  from  time  to  time,  adding  the  most  desirable 
books  published. 

IMPORTANT    TO    SUBSCRIBERS. 

We  li:ive  made  further  arrangements  so  tliat  we  can 
offer  TREMiuus  OF  BOOKS  for  every  prep'iid  subscrip- 
tion, to  old  and  new  subscribers  alike  ;  and  to  every 
person  who  solicits  subscriptions  we  give  extra  premi- 
ums of  his  own  choosing.  Our  pnniium  rates  are  as 
follows:  Upon  eacli  Si. 50  subst-riptir.ii.  pnpaid  for 
1876,  we  credit  to  account  of  subweriber  ">()  cents  reck- 
oned in  his  favor  upon  an  order  for  books  to  the 
amount  of  $2.  In  other  v  ords,  after  paying  for  1870, 
upon  receiving  an  order  for  any  book  or  books  at  any 
time  worth  £2,  only  $1.50  in  coin  need  be  sent.  This, 
added  to  the  50  cents  to  his  credit,  will  pay  for  the 
books.  Persons  who,  at  the  time  of  paying  their  sub- 
scriptions do  not  order  books,  or  who  order  but  a  part 
of  what  they  want  at  once,  will  be  entitled  to  the 
benefits  of  oun  premiums  and  reductions  whenever 
they  choose  to  take  advantage  of  it.  at  any  time  during 
the  continuance  of  their  Subscriptions. 

TO    SOLICITORS. 

The  agent  sending  ns  t'><nr  subscriptions  with  $il 
{the  bare  subscription  price),  will  be  entitled  to  $2 
worth  of  b'^oks.  his  own  choice,  without  further 
.emittance.  This  gives  every  young  man  or  woman 
a  chance  to  get  all  the  reading  they  want  wiTHOtrr 
COST,  and  to  the  subscriber  a  chance  to  get  books 
BELOW  COST.  We  are  sure  that  no  better  opportunity 
was  ever  (itl'ered  to  the  public  on  this  coast  to  obtain 
good  reading.  The  Agriculturist,  greatly  improved 
for  187ti,  \vill  be  worth  more  than  the  subscription 
price,  which  is  within  the  reach  of  every  one's  means, 
and  our  arrangements  of  giving  premiums  is  such  as 
to  be  sure  to  please  and  satisfy  everybody,  whether 
young  or  old.  rich  or  poor.  We  are  detennined  that 
the  Agbiculturist  sball  reach  every  home  on  the 
Pacific  Slope,  and  while  we  propose  to  be  liberal  to- 
wards all  of  our  subscribers,  we  hope  to  be  favored  by 
tlie  ertnrts  and  good  will  of  each  and  every  reader  of 
gnod  bonks,  and  of  the  California  Agriculturist. 


SAIt    JOSE,     CAZi. 

Califorma  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

A  Large  and  Superior  A6sortiiieiit. 

ITo.    394     First    Street, 

AVilciix  Bluik,  San  .T"se. 
ALL    KINDS  OF 

PALiFQUNiii  m  mm 


►6 


LUMBER, 


WIIDiWtlER. 


Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 

Oi-tUHtantly  nn  hniKl. 

All  Orders  Promptly  Filled. 

p.   O.  Box  509. 

These  Valves  are  the  sim- 
plest and  inuht  iterlert  in  cuntstrui  ■ 
tion  of  any  Valve  ever  invented.  For 
eheapnees.  durability  and  capacity  ot 
discharging  water,  ttiey  are  not  equaled 
by  any  other  Valve.  We  inannfactui-e 
Bizes  from  3  to  7  inches  diameter,  and 
for  Hand.  Windmill  and  Horse-p(iwer 
or  Steam  Pumps. 

We  also  keep  on  hand  and  nianufa^-- 
ture  the  best  and  cheapest  Well  Pipes. 

FRED.  KLEIN, 

Dealer  iu  Stoves,  etc.,  No.  227  Santa 
Clara  street,  a  few  doors  west  of  tlie 
Postoftice.  San  .Jose, 


CO  CD 

*3      o        «»_ 


tn 
> 


M 


Pnteiit 
Pumii 
Valve. 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

337   First  Slieel. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH    PRICE 

PAIO  FOR 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


If  you  ever  intend  louying  a  WIND 
MILL,  examine  the  record  of  the  solid- 
■wheel  ECLIPSE,  tested  8  years  ;  3500  in 
operation— IMPROVED  Hand  or  Wind- 
mill Force  Pumps ;  Second-hand  STEAM 
Machinery  ;  CHEAP.  Write  me  for  cir- 
culars, or  call.  CHAS.  P.  HOAG,  118 
Beale  St.,  San  Francisco. 


''rt:^^:M 


/A- 


t 


TUF.  Cal.  AoiucuLTUiasr  Pun  Co.  have  constituted 
themselves  a  Purcliiislng  Ayoncy,  to  accommodate 
AGRioiiLTUitisT  subscribers.  Anything  wanted  in  Sau.Joso 
or  San  Francisco  purchased  at  lowest  rattis  for 
forwarded  to  order  Free  of  C'oiiiiikissioiis, 


■Vre  the  Best  the  world  prodni'es.  They  arc  planted 
by  a  million  people  in  Amcri.-a,  and  the  result  is 
1"  aiilitnl  Flowers  ami  siilenilid  Vegetubles.  A  Priceil 
(.■ntalogue  sent  free  to  all  who  inclose  tin-  postage— .1 
twi-cent  stani]'. 

Viek's  Floral  <illiil<',   (,liiarl(  riy.  ■.;:,  cuts  a  car. 

Vlck's  Floivttr  mill  V>';;t>lal>Io    Garden 
-■ents;  with  cldlh  .■nv,-rs.  t.:,  .vnls.      Addrr.-,s, 

JAWIES  VICK,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


RSTT7Z11TED. 

E.  B.  lTeWIS 

lias  returned  frt»m   the   East  and   takin 
his  old  stand,  in  the   P.istoftic... 

A  SFIiEiarDID   STOCK 


NEW     O  O  O  I)  S 

At  Very  Low    Prices. 

FRED.   KLEIN, 

STOVES, 
SHEET-IRON, 

Copper,      Tinicare,     Iron     Pumps, 
Kitchen  Utensil.^, 

Celebrated  Peerless  Stoves, 

■43?  SiiiitH    Clara  St  , 

Near  PostotUce.  San  Jose. 


(irjiiii 


Dealer. 


Postoffice 

News     ami 

Stjitiuiifi-y 

Stand. 

Stoves, 


Kitilieii 
Utensils 


RHODES  &,   LEWIS. 

APOTHECARIES, 

SAN   JOSK 


TREES  and  PLANTS 

CuiefuHy  selcrted  by  the 
editui'.  who  lias  been  a  imr- 
seyman.  uml  I'orwartlcd  to 
I'l'der.  No  comiuisBiou asked. 


^^/y^^,^^  d-/ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


R,  S.    THOMPSON, 

.VAPA.     CAL., 

Importer  and  Breeder  of 
^E-.  THOROUGHBRED 

s£USH!iiE  mn, 


/,*L>il,.^(:jt,' 


Just  What  You  Want  for  Your- 
self and  Children. 


'TrAILtoSENDrOEaPATTEHN 


ONLY  25  VENTS. 


Comfortable  Combination 

Clothing. 


THIS  STYLE  OF  liNDERCLOTHING  FOR 
Lailies  has  lieeu  foiiiicl  by  all  who  have 
used  it,  the  most  convenient  and  comfortable, 
as  well  as  econmuical  of  any  now  in  nee.  Models 
were  exhibited  and  aVtracted  much  commenda- 
tion at  the  late  Fair. 

Patterns  can  be  had  by  a]iplyint:  at  the  San 
Jose  a{^ency,  C'Hlifornia.  Ag-ricnlturist 
Office,  (where  samplcK  can  be  seen,)  or  by  ad- 
dresBing 

Box  (JHO  San  Friimi 


C.  C.  C.  Company. 


This  reform  imderclothiug  has  been  worn  by 
the  Editor's  wife  and  children  for  the  past  two 
seasons,  and  is  certainly  superior  in  points  tn 
comfort,  healthfulnesK,  and  economy  of  wear 
and  material  of  any  ever  invented.  It  is  the  in- 
vention of  a  California  lady  who  makes  every 
pattern  her  elf  and  writes  full  directions  upon 
each.  No  family  that  once  tries  this  style  of 
clothing  will  ever  go  back  to  the  others. 


Closing  Out  Stock 


THE  SUBSCRIBERS,  INTENDING  TO  CLOSE 
up  their  business  with  as  little  delay  as  pos- 
sible, now  offer  their  strx-k  of 

Jackson      Wagons ! 

As  a  WHOLE,  or  at  KETAIL.  im  the  most  favor- 
ablv  tcnns  and  at  very  low  prices. 

J.    D.  ARTHUR  «b  SON, 

nih  Cor.  California  and  Davis  st.,  S.F. 


Tb.e    Goodexiousrh. 

COMMON-SKNSK  SYSTKM 

HORSESHOEIUG    SHOP! 

Cor.      Saiila    Clara     and     San     Pedro 
Streets  (opposite  Post  Oflfiee) . 

The  only  Natural  Method  of  Shoeing;  the  Horse 
to  prevent 

Corns,  Quarters  Cracks,  Contrac- 
tion of  the  Hoof,  and  all 
Lameness  Resulting 
from  Unsound 
Feet. 

T.  H.  I.ARCOIMI, 

Proprietor . 

«*"  The  gcnfrnltalk  iBDoWiins'  Klpctrir  Soup 
(Kold  by  Newkin  liros.  &  Co..  Sun  FranriKco) . 
There  never  wub  n  Knap  m  highly  nml  (generally 
pruiBeil.  It  tellB  u  filDi-y  of  ilB  (iwTi  nieritB  that 
luimcit  be  euutrailiiteil.    Ti-y  it. 


ANGORA 

Zlobe  and  Glove 

MAITUFACTURING    CO., 

SAN   JOSE,  GAL. 

CAPITAL  STOCK    -    -    -    $50,000 

OFFICERS: 

Preekleut O.  P.  BAILEY 

Secretary FRANK  LEWIS 

Treasurer    J .  W.  HINDS 

DIRECTORS! 

C.  P.  BAILEY,  .J.  W.  HINDS. 

JACKSON  LEWIS.  C.  H.  LAPHAM, 

RETURN  ROBERTS. 

IManufartnre  Exi-lnBively  from  Angora  Goat  Skins 

,FURS     FOE     EGBES,     MATS, 

EUGS,    &LOVES. 

Ladies'  Cloaks,  Sacques.  Dress  Trim- 
mings,   and    Gents'    Caps, 
Coats     and    Coat 
Trimmings. 

ALSO,  SKINS  AND  FURS  TANNED  IN  A 
Buperior  Manner  for  SaddlerB',  UphulBters' 
and  GloverK'  Work.  Having  the  Sole  Right  to 
UBS  a 

NEW   PROCESS    OF  TANNING 
AND    DYEING    ALL 
STYLES    OF 

GLOVES    FROM    ANGORA    GOAT    AND 
DEER-SKINS. 

Fur    Gaumlets,    Driving    and    Work- 
ing- Gloves  a  Specialty. 

Cash  paid  for  Goat  and  Deer-Skins.  Skins 
should  be  thoroughly  Salted  when  Fresh.  May 
be  ]5erfectly  Dried  in  the  Shade.  Sun-dried 
Skins  are  worthless. 


A.    M.    FELDMAN. 


A   LARGE    TRADE 


Light  Rents  and  Running  Expense-s  will 
allow   SMALL  PROFITS. 

We  can  and   DO  tell  Staple  and  Fainy 

Dry  GoodH,  lines  nf  StyliHU  Drens  GoodK^ 

Alpnf*iis,  Piiplins,  etc.,  together  with 

While    GonclSf     Hosiery,     and 

General  furnlHliinj;  Goods 

At     Lower     Figures 

Than  the  same  can  be  purchased  for  elsewhere. 
The  people  are  ftndint^  tliis  imt,  atnl  iirr  taking 
advantage  of  the  fart. 

Reuicnibrr  the  plare. 

No.  119  FIRST  ST'iEET.  Son  Jo.w. 
A.    m.     TULJUaAN. 


P-  S. — Please  mention  where  yon  saw  this  ad- 
vertisement, fi- 


WM.    O'DONNELL 

Wisliis  it  known  and  distiiirtly   iiiidriM 1  th;it 

be  H.*.s  NOT  ^'Mii.'  Mill  <<t   tlf 

IVURSISRV    BUSINESS, 

But  has  now,  and  will  eonlinue  tu  have,  as  fine 
a  6toi-k  of  Splendid  Ornann-utal  Plants,  Shrub- 
bery and  Trees;  also  Fruit  Trees  of  all  kinds,  as 
any  Nursery  in  the  State. 

A  TBEE  DEPOT 
Has  bee»  opened  on  the  corner  of  El  Dt)rado  and 
First  streets,  where  O'DONNELL  can  be  found 
with  a  full  assortment  of  all  the  most  desirable 
trees  and  plants  of  every  disiription,  CHEAP 
FOR  THE  MILLION  ! 

THE  ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS, 
Which  he  has  established  on  his  grounds  as  a 
Grand  Summer  Park,  detract  nothing  from  the 
NURSERY  Dl;P.\UTMENT  of  his  business,  but 
all  work  in  harmony.  Next  Spring  he  will  offer 
for  sale,  near  his  Famous  Gardens,  a  number  of 
beautifully  oruamented 

L1OT.S  FOR  RESIDENCES, 
But  more  about  that  anon.  What  is  now  of 
most  interest  to  the  public  is  the  fact  that 
O'DONNULL  is  selling  all  varieties  of  Superior 
Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees  and  Plants.  Give 
him  a  call. 


_  BEEEDESS'    DIRECTORY. 

Parties  desiring  to   purchase  Live   Stock  will 
find  in  this  Directory  the  names  of  some  of  the 
I  most  reliable  Breeders. 

Our  Rates. — Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  will  be 
I  inserted  in  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50 
cents  per  niontb,  payable  annually. 

A  line  will  avcDi'^eab'-ut  seven  words.  Count 
hvi-  wnj-ds  fnr  tin   first   line. 


CATTLE. 

SB.  EMERSON,  Mountain  View,  Santa 
^  •  Clara  County,  Cal. — Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
and  Holstein  Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

C^YRUS  JONES  «&  CO.,    San  Jose,  Santa 
/  Clara  County.  Cal.— Breeders  ofShor^Horn 
Cattle.    "  Young  Bulls  for  sale." 

CAHARL.KS  CLARK,  Milpitae.  Santa  Clar^ 
'  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  CattU' 
and  Swine. 


EMPEY  a  LENUAED, 

Manufacturers  and  Dealers  in 


tlOliEBIAN  YOUNGER,    San  Jose.  Santa 
/  Clara  County,  Cal. — Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle. 

CB.    POLHEIHITS,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
*  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cat- 


HAR- 
NESS,! 


COL- 
LARS, 


SADDLERY, 

Carriage    Trimmings.    Etc. 

Xo.  2C'2  .SYoi/a  Clara  Street. 

SAN  JOSE. 


/'^ARR  &  CHAPMAN,  Gabllan,  Monterey 
\_f  County,  Cal. — Breeders  of  Trotting  Horses. 
Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

WL.  OVERHISER.  Stockton,  San  Joa- 
•  quln  County,  CaL — Bleeder  of  Short- Horn 

Cattle  and  Swine. 


M 


Vinsonhaler's 

Business  College! 


OSES    WICK,     Orovllle,   Butte  County. 

Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND  GOATS. 


SAN  JOSE,  CAIi. 


Thorough  instruction  in  all  Viranches 
pertaining  to  a  business  education. 

No  scholar  graduated  who  falls  below 
98  per  cent,  in  Studies  and  Deportment. 

School  in  session  during  the  entire 
year. 

Pupils  can  enter  at  any  time. 

Those  desiring  Board  can  find  a  com- 
fortable Home  in  the  Institute. 

All  Graduates  will  be  awarded  a  hand- 
some Diploma. 

Pupils  attending  this  College  can  also 
have  access  to  any  of  the  English  bran- 
ches taught  in  the  SAN  JOSE  INSTI- 
TUTE free  of  charqf. 

JAMES    VINSONHALER, 

San  Jose,  Cal. 


CI  P.  BAII.EY,  San  Jose  Cal.— Importer. 
'•  breeder,  and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  An- 
Rora  Goats.  Fine  Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for 
sale. 

LENDRVM  &  ROGERS,  WatsonTille,  Cal. 
— Importers  and  breeders  of  the  finest  Cots- 
I  wold  Sheep  and  Angora  Goats. 

MCCRACKEN  &  LEWriS,  San  Jose,  Cal.— 
Importers  and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goats; 
also,  fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  fur  sale. 

MRS.   ROBERT  BL.ACOW,  Centerville, 
near  Niles  Station,  Alameda  County,  Cal. — 
Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Rams  and  Ewes 

lor  sale. 

LENDRUM    &    ROGERS,     Watsonville, 
Cal. — Importers  and  breeders  of  Pure  Angora 
Goats. 


FLOWER    SEEDS  ! 
VEGETABLE    SEEDS!! 
SPOONEE'S    PRIZE  FLOWEE   SEEDS! 
SPOONEE'S    BOSTON   MAEKET  VEGE- 
TABLE   SEEDS ! ! 

rpHE  CHEAPEST  AND  BEST  SEEDS  IN  THE 
V  market.  Send  two  3-i'ent  stamps  for  our 
Illustrated  Catalogue  and  see  the  prices. 

W.  H.  SPOONER, 

Boston,  Mass. 


SWINE. 


C CHARLES  CLARK,  Milpitas.  Santa  Clara 
J  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of    Pure-bred  Berk- 
Bhire  Swiue. 


POULTRY. 


MRS.  t,.-  J.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara- 
Premium  Fowls.  White  and  Brown  Leg- 
horn, S.  S.  Hamburg, L.  Brahmas,  B.  B.  Red  Game, 
Game  Bantams,  and  Aylesbury  Ducks.  Also, 
Eggs. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


PoBtert!,  Dodt^ere, 
HandblllP,  Books, 
Catalog' UP"-.  Cirru- 
larB.Prngrftiuniep, 


PRINTING. 

Billh  of  Fiire,  Iiivit:itioiiB,  Keceipte,  Labels, 
Blaiikfi,  BilllK-iiiis.  Statfiinnts,  Cardw,  Tape,  eto., 
togt:tber  with  every  d^'StTiptiuH  of  Juli  Printiug 
executed  prouiptlv  and  in  a  workinanliko  man- 
ner by  COTTLE  .VWKIGHl'.No.  yi4  Market  Bt, 
over  Bland  .S;  Kej^'iuirt'B  niK-tii>n  (-tore,  San  Joee. 


SHARRl!^  HERRING,  San  Jose,  Cal.— 
-_  ,  Agent  for  several  breedersof  BestPure-bred 
imimalfi  and  poultry.  We  bring  the  breeder  and 
liurtliHHir  toKfther  direct,  and  do  not  stand  be- 
twet  It  tlii'iu,  while  we  a^d  each  free  of  charge. 

oPLENDID   CARD    PHOTOGRAPHS, 

^  »Milv  %'l  u  dnzen.  and  Cabinets  $4  a  dozen, 
lit  HOWLANP'S  Gallerj'  (Hecring's  old  stand) 
No.  359  First  street.  San  Jose. 


WAL.L..'\rK  «Jt  COCHRAN,  386  First 
street— Handsome  turnoutB  always  on  hand 
at  fair  price's.  Fine  He^irso  for  Funerals.  Car- 
riages for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 


A 


H.   S,    LAMKIN, 

TTOUNEY-AT-LAW-KOOMS    3  AND    4, 
Stimc's  IJnilditig  (opposite  Auzerais  House), 


Santa  Clara  street.  San  Jose. 


o 


DR.   J.    BRADFORD  COX. 

FFICE     OVER     T.    W.  SPRING'S   STOKE, 
opposite  the  Post  Office,  San  Jose. 


B^"  The  National  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to 
Bradely  &  Bulofson  for  the  best  Photographs  in 
the  United  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  for  the 
best  in  the  world. 

429  Mantgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 


lalifornia  Agriculturist 


.£kNiO 


Emmwm.   ei«@o 


O^  Oi  X7  £1.  M  Mi.  1« 


Vol.  7~No.  a } 


SAN  JOSE,  CAL.,    MARCH,  1876. 


ISOBSCKIPTION  Pbice,  Sl-SOaYear. 
■J  Single  Copies,  15  Cents, 


LETTER   FROM    ITALY. 

BY    JAMES    S.     LIPPINCOIT. 

S.  Harris  Herrino,  Esq.:  'While  pass- 
ing through  this  lauil  of  vines  we  have 
often  been  reminded  of  scenes  in  the 
Occident,  and  many  a  time  have  memo- 
ries of  San  Jose  come  up  vividly  before 
us.  Two  weeks  at  Vevay,  near  the  head 
of  Lake  Geneva,  in  Switzerland,  were 
especially  agreeable,  the  wine  harvest 
being  at  its  hight. 

Unlike  California  in  almost  every  other 
respect  though  Switzerland  may  be,  in 
the  abundance  and  excellence  of  her 
grapes,  pears  and  plums,  grown  upon 
the  hills  that  border  her  lakes,  she  rivals 
even  your  young  and  sunny  laud.  Such 
an  overwhelming  abundance  of  sweet 
blue  plums  and  Grand  Duchess  and  other 
pears,  I  never  before  witnessed;  while 
the  crop  of  grapes  was  so  vast  as  to 
greatly  exercise  the  ingenuity  of  the  pro- 
prietors and  text  the  capacity  of  their 
vaults,  to  afford  space  wherein  to  bestow 
the  vintage. 

Picture  to  yourself  the  northern  sloije 
of  the  lake  side  for  twenty-five  miles  in 
length,  and  from  one-quarter  to  one-half 
a  mile  wide,  covered  almost  entirely  with 
vineyards,  terrace  upon  terrace,  with 
walls  from  five  to  twenty  feet  iu  hight, 
supporting  the  earth  at  wide  intervals, 
with  here  and  there  a  stately  homestead, 
a  fine  chateau,  or  ancient  tower,  while 
broad-armed  walnut  trees,  or  thrifty 
orchards,  or  avenues  of  sycamores  are 
thrown  in  to  diversify  the  scene.  Higher 
up  the  slope  appear  meadows  and  orch- 
ards and  compact  villages  on  streets  so 
narrow  that  carriages  can  barely  pass 
each  other,  while  before  or  beside  each 
house  stands  the  ever-present  manure 
heap,  reeking  with  foul  vapors  and  wat- 
ers. The  almost  universal  presence  of 
this  hope  of  the  future,  gives  a  charac- 
teristic scent  to  Switzerland — the  smell 
of  the  cow  yard — which,  owing  to  the 
manner  in  which  the  fertilizing  liquid  is 
appliad,  is  a  universal  nuisance,  detract- 
ing from  the  pleasure  with  which  one 
would  otherwise  regard  many  a  beautiful 
scene  by  positively  thrusting  itself  upon 
the  unwilling  attention  and  filling  the 
sensitive  with  disgust. 

Swiss  houses  are  generally  lumbered 
around  with  balconies  loaded  with  wood 
or  faggots  of  vine-trimmings  and  bean 
haulm,  and  almost  every  one  has  the 
under  side  of  the  balcony  or  outside  gal- 
lery ornamented  with  festoons  of  yellow 
Indian  corn  hanging  in  close  files  from 
the  twisted  husks  on  very  long  pcles, 
tier  upon  tier,  for  the  American  corn-crib 
is  unknown  among  them. 

Above  those  diriy  villages,  each  house 
of  which  is  a  picture  in  itself,  sometimes 
painted  by  some  ardent  young  village 
artist  iu  vigorous  designs,  rise  the  mead- 
ows and  the  rougher  slopes,  and  soon 
the  groves  of  pines  and  firs  usurj)  the 
soil,  which  has  become  very  thin;  while 
beyond  the  precipitous  rocks  look  down 
in  their  grey  barrenness  or  thrust  their 
sharp  peaks  above  the  lower  clouds. 
Before  we  left,  the  early  snows  had  pow- 
dered their  scalps,  and  on  our  departure 
the  highest  mountain   tops  and  far  down 


towards  their  bases  were  covered  with 
snow,  which,  in  the  morning  light,  ad- 
ded another  element  of  beauty  to  that 
which  before  was  lovely;  and  when  the 
evening  glow  lighted  the  summits  into 
phosphorescent  brilliance,  they  becaaie 
gloriously  beautiful  with  the  tints  of  pale 
rose  and  violet,  to  die  into  the  duu  of 
twilight  and  the  sombre  of  the  evening 
shades. 

The  vintage  is  here  the  industry  in 
which  all  classes  are  interested,  as  upon 
its  prosperity  depends  much  of  the  wealth 
of  the  people.  To  it  they  give  them- 
selves with  an  enthusiasm  which  is  quite 
catching,  and  we  temperance  advocates 
entered  into  the  spirit  of  the  occasion 
with  a  zest  we  were  not  aware  could  have 
been  awakened  in  us. 

The  city  of  Vevay,  like  many  other 
southern  cities  which  have  endured  the 
trials  of  war,  has  the  lower  story  of  its 
houses,  iu  many  instances,  constructed 
iu  a  massive  manner,  and  entered 
through  largo  arched  doorways.  This 
story,  though  above  ground,  is  heavily 
vaulted,  and  serves  as  a  depository  for 
wines  and  for  the  mills  and  presses  and 
scene  of  manufacturing. 

Let  me  attempt  a  description  of  a  day 
at  Vevay  among  the  grapes:  You  must 
be  informed  that  the  Swiss  are  the  most 
industrious  and  toilsome  of  laborers — 
not  even  your  Chinese  can  excel  them,  I 
imagine.  Men,  women  and  children 
here  perform  an  amount  and  kind  of 
labor  that  would  be  scarcely  credible  to 
your  easy-going  Califcrniaus.  One  may 
see  masons  jsropelling  wagons  loaded 
with  masses  of  stone  that  would  make  a 
load  for  two  horses,  and  which  American 
laborers  would  not  touch  with  even  one 
hand.  Groups  of  six  or  eight  washer- 
women iu  lively  chat  may,  morning  and 
evening,  be  seen  and  heard  pushing  a  ve- 
hicle loaded  with  linen  to  or  from  the 
lake,  where  the  washing  is  daily  enacted, 
and  where  the  western  order  of  things  is 
reversed;  for  the  washerwoman  usurps 
the  place  of  the  soapsuds  and  clothing, 
and  taking  her  stand  in  the  tub,  punches 
and  slaps  the  clothes  around  with  a  long 
pole,  which  she  dextrously  wields.  But 
the  manner  in  which  smaller  burdens  are 
carried  by  the  peasants  is  curious.  The 
Vaudois  appear  to  consider  their  toilet 
incomplete  unless  they  are  furnished 
with  the  hoik.  This  hoUe,  or  hod  is  fitted 
to  their  backs,  and  it  is  evident  that  their 
backs  are  early  fitted  to  the  hoUe,  for 
groups  of  children  daily  appear  in  the 
streets  upon  whose  backs  this  unseemly 
appendage  is  strapped,  and  in  which 
they  carry  bread,  grapes,  chips  and  even 
their  schoolbooks  on  their  way  to  and 
from  these  abouuding  safeguards  of  their 
liberties.  This  hotte  is  a  long,  oval  bas- 
ket or  light  wooden  vessel  tapering  to- 
wards its  base,  and  attached  to  the  back 
by  means  of  straps  through  which  the 
arms  are  passed,  and  affords  the  most 
convenient  method  of  carrying  burdens 
iu  this  land  of  steep  declivities. 

But  to  the  vintage — that  joyous  scene, 
into  which  so  many  entered  with  interest 
that  the  schools  were  adjourned,  so  that 
young  and  old  might  assist  therein.  The 
hillsides,  as  far  as  we  could  see,  were 
alive  with  grape-gatherers,  among  whom 


young  women  were  most  numerous,  and 
the  streets  were  thronged  with  singular 
vehicles,  upon  each  of  which  was  fas- 
tened, lengthwise,  a  hogshead  or  pipe 
loaded  with  crushed  grapes  on  their  way 
to  the  mill  and  adjacent  press  in  the 
vaults  of  the  city  proprietor.  The  grapes 
were  cut  from  the  vines  by  means  of 
small,  sickle-shaped  knives,  thrown  into 
baskets  and  emptied  into  large  wooden 
hods  in  the  vineyard,  where  they  were 
smashed  by  means  of  a  plunger  or  pestle 
in  the  hands  of  a  strong  man,  who  bore 
the  full  hod  to  the  gate  of  the  vineyard 
and  emptied  it  by  pouring  its  contents 
over  his  head  into  a  hoeshead  upon  the 
wagon  that  bore  it  downhill  to  the  press. 
Every  vehicle  that  the  city  could  muster, 
capable  of  bearing  the  burden  of  a  hogs- 
head, seemed  brought  into  service,  and  a 
most  incongruous  assemblage  of  beasts 
harnessed  thereto,  from  spavined  old 
steeds  to  noble  teams  of  draught  horses, 
grand  old  bulls,  well-worn  mules,  placid 
cows  and  the  omnipresent,  patient  and 
all-enduring  donkey. 

Our  landlord  having  invited  us  to  visit 
his  vineyard  and  help  ourselves,  we  ac- 
cepted with  pleasure.  We  climbed  up 
the  steep  hillside,  wound  about  between 
the  walls  boundingthe  narrow  pathways, 
and  at  length  found  ourselves  among  a 
group  of  grape-gatherers,  each  busy  with 
her  sickle-knife  upon  the  large  bunches 
of  sweet  amber  grapes.  We  plucked 
and  ate,  and  though  our  capacity  did  not 
equal  that  of  our  host,  which  he  asserted 
was  eight  pounds,  we  left  that  vineyard 
glad  of  heart  but  heavier  than  when  we 
entered  it.  No  injurious  effects  follow  a 
very  generous  consumption  of  grapes, 
and  several  grape-cures  have  been  opened 
in  this  district,  where  patients  are  en- 
couraged to  consume  them  in  almost  un- 
measured quantities,  morning,  noon  and 
night,  and  with  excellent  results.  We 
partook  abundantly  during  our  two 
weeks'  tarrianco  at  Vevay,  and  can  say 
that  our  health  has  not  been  better  at 
any  time  during  our  travels  in   Europe. 

Florence,  Italy,  December,  1875. 


inUnxt,  to  cover  the  necessary  expenses 
of  the  business,  instead  of  paying  inter- 
est. The  property  of  each  State,  county 
and  township,  and  individual  to 
whom  the  money  might  be  issued 
should  be  he'd  by  pledge  for 
the  payment  of  interest  and  re- 
turn of  money  or  its  value.  Such  a 
system  would  be  simple,  just,  economic- 
al and  practical.  It  would  give  no  bank- 
ers power  to  extort  enormous  rates  of 
interest,  would  encourage  instead  of 
kill  industrial  enterprises;  everyone 
could  be  employed  in  producing,  and 
everyone  could  secure  the  comforts  and 
luxurious  of  life.  Money  would  be  a  ser- 
vant instead  of  a  king.  The  money 
kings  would  find  their  speculative  occu- 
pations gone,  and  could  become  useful 
citizens,  instead  of  parasites  to  suck  the 
people's  and  the  nation's  blood.  Min- 
ing stocks  and  swindles  could  be  dis- 
pensed with  as  worse  than  useless.  The 
actual  wealth  and  honor  of  the  people 
only  would  be  at  stake,  and  upon  that 
should  be  based  the  circulating  medium 
called  money.  And  the  less  the  actual 
cost  of  the  medium,  the  greater  the  ben- 
efit to  the  people. 


IN  A  NUT-SHELL. 

The  people  are  as  completely  slaves  to 
a  pernicious  financial  system,  iu  the 
United  States,  to-day,  as  ever  were  the 
negroes  iu  the  South  to  their  owners. 
The  unjust  and  outrageous  national 
bank  act  costs  the  people  thirty  millions 
of  dollars  every  year  for  individual  bank 
notes  not  as  good  as  greenbacks!  The 
Government  pays  interest  on  money  she 
should  have  issued  herself,  without  pay- 
ing interest,  and  might  be  drawing  in- 
terest on  as  well  as  not,  instead  of  pay- 
ing it  out  as  is  now  the  case. 

The  greenbacks  were  a  mistake  in  not 
being  made  payable  for  everything  in- 
stead of  excepting  "interest  on  the 
public  debt  and  duties  on  imports." 
Then  there  would  have  been  no  discount 
necessary. 

We  believe  in  paper  money,  but  thirrk 
it  should  be  issued  only  by  the  Govern- 
ment, and  paid  out  by  the  Government 
only  for  value  received,  or  on  good  se- 
curity,   and    should   draw   a   very  stnall 


MODELS  OF  HUMANE   INVEN- 
TIONS WANTED. 

The  Massachusetts  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals  is  en- 
deavoring to  collect  models  of  every  in- 
vention for  the  comfort  of  animals.  The 
organ  of  the  society.  Our  Dumb  Animals, 
published  at  the  office  of  the  Society, 
No,  168  Washington  street,  Boston,  thus 
announces: 

In  order  to  show  the  progress  of  hu- 
mane sentiments  in  regard  to  the  treat- 
ment of  animals,  we  propose  to  introduce 
into  the  Centennial  Exhibition,  models 
of  such  inventions  as  are  calculated  to 
relieve  animals  from  suffering. 

We*  therefore  request  inventors,  or 
owners  of  such  inventions,  to  send  mod- 
els to  our  office,  on  or  before  the  last  day 
of  March,  with  such  description  as  may 
seem  necessary. 

These  will  include  horse  and  ox  har- 
ness—collars, bits  and  substitute; bridles, 
breastplates,  horse-shoes,  coops,  bird- 
houses,  interfering  and  other  pads, 
whiffletrees,  and  any  other  parts  of  har- 
ness or  vehicle  which  contribute  to  the 
relief  of  animals,  cattle-cars,  calf-racks, 
in  fact,  angthing  which  fitly  represents 
the  idea  that  animals  should  not  be  sub- 
jected to  unnecessary  suffering. 

These  models  should  be  as  small  as 
they  can  be. 


Wash  fokFkctit  Trees. —The  Practical 
Farmer,  speaking  of  a  wash  for  bodies  of 
friut  trees,  recommends  the  following: 
One  ounce  of  copperas  to  eight  or  ten 
gallons  of  water,  forms  a  good  wash, and 
is  advised  for  trial  as  a  preventive  against 
blight.  One  pound  of  bleacher's  soda 
and  one  gallon  of  water  forms  a  wash 
that  cleans  off  all  insects,  and  leaves  the 
trees  with  fresh,  young-looking,  healthy 
bark. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


give  gh  Ilk  go  tin  fill 

$1.50   Per  Ar\r\un\. 


rUBLIPHED  MOSTni,T  BY  THE 

CAL.     AGRICULTURIST      PUB.      CO. 

S.  HABRIS  HERRING,  Editor. 


OFFICE:— Over  flie  San  Jose  Sa^-ingrs 
Bank,  Balbacli^s  Biiildiii;;,  Sunt  a 
Clara  Street,  near  First,  San  Jose. 


SPECIAL   TEKKS  TO  ACE17T3. 
RATES    OF   ADVERT8SING: 

Per  one  Column S12  00  Per  Mouth 

*'    half  Column 6  00    '* 

"    fourth  Column 3  00    "        *' 

"    eighth  Column 2  Oi)    "        " 

"    Bisteeuth  Column 100    •'        " 

t£^  We  are  detenuined  to  adhere  to  our  resohi- 
tion  to  admi*  none  but  worthy  business  advertis- 
ing in  our  columns,  and  to  keep  clear  of  patent 
medicine,  liquor,  and  other  advertisements  of 
doubtful  influence. 

The  large  circulation,  the  desirable  class  of 
readers,  and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rend- 
ers this  Journal  a  choice  medium  for  reaching 
the  attention  of  the  masses. 


EDITORIAL     NOTES. 


Every  farmer  who  has  cultivated  a 
hill  sido  has  experienced  more  or  less 
trouble  by  the  washing  away  of  fine 
plowed  and  cultivated  soil,  during  the 
season  of  heavy  rains.  Mr.  Burrell, 
who  owns  laud  in  the  Santa  Cruz  moun- 
tains, tells  us  that  he  does  not  cultivate 
his  side  hills  during  the  rainy  season, 
but  allows  the  grass  and  weeds  to  grow 
until  danger  of  heavy  rains  is  over.  The 
settled  soil  is  held  by  the  roots  and  debris 
from  washing  away.  Then,  in  spring, 
he  turns  under  the  green  crop,  and  aims 
to  leave  the  soil,  after  cropping,  in  such 
condition  iu  the  fall  as  to  not  wash  away 
during  wiuter. 


We  lately  noticed  J-  Q-  A.  Baliou, 

an  experienced  orchardist,  pruning  his 
fruit  trees  in  such  a  way  as,  in  our  opin- 
ion, to  greatly  lessen  their  value.  The 
trees  were  very  tall  and  straight,  and  ho 
was  cutting  out  the  lower  limbs  and 
spurs  from  the  inside  of  the  plum  and 
pear  trees.  The  excuse  seemed  to  be 
that  the  fruit  growiug  on  the  lower  inside 
limbs  was  always  inferior.  We  believe 
the  fault  is  in  allowing  so  tall  a  growth, 
that  the  fruit  grows  near  the  end  limbs 
the  best.  His  system  of  pruning  will 
cause  the  trees  to  produce  finest  fruit  no 
where  else  but  at  the  ends  of  the  tall,  top 
limbs.  We  should,  in  this  case,  have 
shortened  in  the  top  one-fourth  to  one-third 
the  distance  to  the  ground,  and  encour- 
aged a  healthy  lower  growth  throughout 
the  head  of  the  tree.  The  tree  would 
then  bear  its  fruit  nearer  within  reach, 
be  iu  better  proportion,  and  produce 
more  good  fruit  than  when  growing  so 
tall  and  thin  a  head.  Our  oliject  in  mak- 
ing this  criticism  is  to  bring  out  the  ideas 
of  others.  There  nmst  be  a  right  way 
and  a  wrong  way.  Of  course  experience 
is  the  best  teacher,  and  the  best'method 
must,  in  the  end,  produce  the  best  re- 
sults. 


Specie  Basis. — The  recent  attempt  to 
discount  silver  coin  of  the  United  States, 
on  this  coast,  proves,  if  it  jjroves  any- 
thing, that  a  specie  currency  is  no  safer 
from  the  machinations  of  brokers  than 
paper  money.  In  fact,  a  paper  cun-ency 
properly  issued — in  the  interests  of,  and 
backed  up  by  the  wealth  and  honor  of 
the  people — would  be  so  stable  as  to  be 
absolutely  bej'ond  the  power  of  any  com- 
bination of  brokers  to  disturb.  The 
excuse  for  the  present  discount  on  silver 
is,  that  it  is  too  abundant.  Never  since 
we  have  been  on  this  coast — now  twenty 
years — has  money  of  all  kinds  been  so 
hard  to  command  as  at  the  present  time. 
The  fact  is,  our  money  dealers  are  de- 
termined to  tax  the  industry  of  the  peo- 
ple just  as  long  and  iu  as  many  ways  as 
they  will  stand  it.  The  matter  is  so 
maneuvered  that  every  cent  of  discount 
has  to  come  either  directly  or  indirectly 
out  of  industry — a  one-sided  game,  at 
which  the  stake-holders  win. 


A  Good  Step  in  the  Right  Direc- 
tion.—Rev.  .Jabez  Walker,  a.  W.  C.  T. 
of  the  Good  Templars,  Geo.  Bramall, 
G.  W.  P.  of  Sons  of  Temperance,  and 
other  leading  men  have  counseled  to- 
gether iu  the  matter  of  legislation  on  the 
liquor  question.  The  result  is  the  fol- 
lowing circular  and  petition,  asking  that 
the  power  to  grant  or  withhold  license  to 
retail  intoxicants  be  vested  in  the  super- 
visors of  each  county.  We  hope  it  will 
succeed.  The  lovers  of  morality  and 
good  order  can  then  be  heard  by  way  of 
remonstrance  in  each  or  all  cases.  We 
hope  every  town  in  our  coiinty  will  join 
all  other  places  in  sending  on  such  a  pe- 
tion,  numerously  signed.  This  should 
be  done  at  once.  Petitions  to  be  sent  to 
Geo.  B.  Katzenstein,  Sacramento,  who 
will  see  that  they  are  properly  presented 
in  good  season : 

To  the  Honorable,  the  Senate  and  As- 
sembly of  the  State  of  California. 

We,    the  undersigned   citizens  of  the 

State  of  California,  County  of 

respectfully  petition  j'our  honorable  body 
to  enact  a  law  giving  greater  jirotcction 
to  ourselves  and  the  State  from  the  abuse 
of  the  present  system  of  indiscriminately 
granting  license  for  the  sale  of  intoxicat- 
ing liquors  by  retail,  by  enacting  that 
the  jjower  to  grant  or  withhold  license 
for  the  sale  ot  intoxicating  liquors  be 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  siipervisors 
of  each  county,  respectively,  in  the 
State.     And  your  i^etitiouers  ever  jn-ay. 


This  is  the  age  of  rings  and  mo- 
nopolies. When  a  thing  can  no  longer 
stand  on  its  own  merits,  if  there  is  money 
iu  it,  an  attempt  is  made  to  bolster  it  up 
and  force  iu  some  way  a  respectable 
recognition  and  support.  The  most 
ridiculous  attempt  at  this  sort  of  game 
that  has  for  some  time  come  under  our 
notice  is  that  made  by  the  alopathic 
school  .  of  medical  practice — the  drug 
doctors.  Because  there  are  other  schools 
of  practice  which  discard  their  drugs; 
because,  as  people  become  more  intelli- 
gent and  better  informed  uinni  health 
subjects  the  more  likely  they  are  to 
think  and  choose  for  themselves,  and 
consequently  discard  dug  medication, 
which  has  killed  and  injured  more  per- 
sons than  all  other  diseases  together;  be- 
cause, while  free  to  choose,  people  will 
emploj'  siich  physicians  as  they  believe 
to  practice  more  in  accordance  with  the 
laws  of  health — these  alopaths  desire  to 
get  a  law  condemning  as  (juacks  all  per- 
sons not  liolding  diplomas  from  their 
particular  schools,  and  making  such 
"quackery"  a  crime  punishable  by  law. 
We  can  compare  this  outrage  upon  the 
sense  of  a  free  and  enlightened  people 
with  nothing  excepting  the   old  religious 


intolerances  which  existed  when  people 
begun  to  question  the  power  of  churches 
and  jjriests.  We  don't  expect  the  matter 
will  result  in  such  bloody  wars  now  as 
then,  but  hope  these  medical  bigots, who 
have  martyred  millions  with  their  pois- 
onous drugs  in  the  name  of  science,  will 
be  soon  placed  where  they  belong — 
among  the  fossilized  rubbish  of  the  past. 
Should  they  succeed  in  passing  such  a 
law  as  they  are  now  anxious  for,  their 
doom  would  be  sealed  all  the  sooner;  for, 
surely,  as  the  people  discuss  this  svibject 
and  feel  that  their  own  rights,  intelli- 
gence and  liberties  are  subverted,  they 
will  break  from  such  a  "practice"  and 
cause  even  the  drug  doctors  themselves 
to  become  converts  to  a  system  nearer  in 
accordance  with  natural  hygienic  princi- 
ples. 


ORCHAKD  GRAFTING. 

A  farmer  who  says  that  he  followed 
our  advice  and  directions  for  grafting  last 
year  with  splendid  success,  although  he 
had  never  grafted  a  tree  before,  requests 
us  to  repeat  the  article  this  year,  as  it 
must  benefit  evei-youe  who  has  trees  that 
need  grafting  if  they  wiU  but  give  projier 
heed. 

Grafting  is  a  simple  process,  easy  to 
understand  and  to  do.  It  is  something 
that  every  boy  should  learn  how  to  do, 
and  anyone  can  be  successful  with  using 
proper  care.  There  are  several  methods 
of  grafting  and  budding,  but  the  same 
principle,  viz.,  uniting  the  vital  saps 
under  the  bark  of  stalk  and  scion,  is  al- 
ways involved.  The  only  question  is 
the  best  method  of  doing  the  work. 
Practice  has  determined  this;  at  any  rate, 
to  a  conclusion  with  us.  In  this  i  rticle 
we  will  give  the  directions  only  for  graft- 
ing standing  trees. 

For  gi-afting  orchard  trees  we  find  it 
much  betters  to  apply  the  grafting  wax 
liquid  than  plastic;  and  in  order  to  do  this 
and  have  the  wax  acquire  proper  consis- 
tency and  hardness  after  application,  we 
melt  the  wax  iu  any  vessel  that  is  handy 
to  carry,  and  apply  warm,  with  a  flat 
brush.  The  brush  should  be  about  one 
inch  wide.  We  found  it  most  conven- 
ient, where  we  had  to  use  the  wax  con- 
stantly, to  have  a  lamp  burning  under  a 
vessel  near  by,  whero  we  could  repilenish 
the  wax  we  carried  in  a  smaller  dish  as 
often  as  we  found  necess.ai'y.  A  lard  can 
may  be  used  as  a  lantern  to  set  the  lamp 
in,  and  be  attached  to  the  bottom  of  the 
vessel  of  wax  so  as  to  br  handy  to  carry. 

For  grafting  wax,  take  half  as  much 
bees'  wax  as  resin,  and  half  as  much  tal- 
low, lard  or  oil  as  bees'  wax.  When  to 
be  applied  warm,  it  needs  no  working 
other  than  to  be  stirred  and  melted  to- 
gether. 

It  is  better  to  cut  scions  some  time  be- 
fore grafting  especially  when  the  grafting 
is  deferred  until  late  iu  the  season.  They 
can  be  preserved  by  healing  them  into 
the  Soil  in  a  shady  place.  During  this 
nKmth  the  scions  may  safely  be  put  in 
the  same  day  they  are  cut. 

In  sawing  off  large  limbs,  always  saw- 
in  on  the  under  side  of  the  limb  first, 
then  when  you  saw  from  the  upper  side 
there  is  less  danger  of  splitting.  We 
USB  a  sharp,  fine  saw,  and  cut  oiT  all  the 
limbs  on  the  tree  where  we  wish  to  graft 
them. 

We  use  a  knife  of  steel,  four  inches 
long  on  the  edge  (the  cutting  side  quite 
concave),  with  a  wedge  on  the  outer  end 
one  and  a  half  inches  long,  to  insert  in 
the  split  while  we  insert  the  scion.  Iu 
large  stalks  we  put  iu  two  scions— one 
on  each  side  of  the  split — and  iu  very 
large  stalks  two  splits  and  four  scions. 

The  scions  should  be  prepared  three  to 
six  inches  long.     Cut  the  wedge  cud  long 


and  straight,  leaving  the  outside  of  the  ijj 
bevel  thicker  than  the  inside,  and  with  a 
bud,  when  convenient,  as  nearly  in  the 
center  of  the  oiitside  of  the  scion  as  you 
can,  and  insert  the  scion  so  that  the  in- 
ner bark  and  saps  (libers)  come  exactly 
together.  Be  careful  in  putting  on  the 
wax  to  cover  every  part  of  the  wound  to 
exclude  the  air — even  the  top  of  the 
scion  should  be  touched  with  wax. 

The  first  year  allow  all  the  sprouts  and 
suecers  to  grow,  cutting  off  nothing  until 
next  winter.  The  removing  of  all  the 
limbs  deprives  the  tree  of  leaf-producing 
surface,  and  it  will  need  all  the  leaves  it 
can  produce  on  all  the  sprouts  the  first 
year  to  keep  it  healthy.  Shade  the  trunk 
of  the  tree,  either  with  boards  or  by 
winding  sacks  about  it,  as  the  sun  will 
be  likely  to  scald  the  exposed  bark.  This 
is  quite  important. 

We  have  had  good  success  in  grafting 
in  California  as  early  as  the  last  of  De- 
cember, but  if  scions  are  properly  pre- 
served so  as  not  to  swell  the  buds  too 
much,  grafting  may  be  done  as  late  as 
the  last  of  April,  on  most  soils.  On  dry 
soils,  early  grafting  is  the  best.  Stone 
fruits  should  be  grafted  early. 

Grafting  is  something  that  any  person 
of  intelligence  and  self-confidence  can 
easily  do.  And  anyone  with  an  orchard 
that  does  not  produce  the  kinds  of  fruit 
desired  should  not  delay,  but  at  once 
graft  the  trees,  or  get  some  one  else  to 
do  it,  to  the  best  varieties  adapted  to  our 
climate.  For  best  vai-ieties  for  a  family 
orchard,  see  the  Agkicultukist  for  De- 
cember. 


RAIN   ON   THE   MOUNTAINS  AND 
IN  THE  VALLEY. 

Ed.  Agriculturist:  We  are  in  the 
Santa  Cruz  mountains,  about  five  miles 
due  north  from  the  city  of  Santa  Cruz. 
The  rain-fall  here  is  heavy,  as  is  shown 
by  the  following  amounts  taken  from  my 
record,  which  has  been  very  carefully 
kept: 


Inches  of  Rain. 
18.56 
..    6.85 
15.68 


No.  OF  Raint  Days. 

November 13 

December 7  .. 

January 14 

Total 34  .. 

Aaiiing  amount  for  Feb.  7  and  8 


In  the  town  of  Santa  Cruz  the  amount 
up  to  the  last  of  January  was  27.06 — 
nearly  12  inches  less  than  here  in  the 
hills. 

The  people  of  your  valley,  with  their 
meagre  amount,  often  not  sufficient  for 
fair  crops,  can  hardly  realize  how  copi- 
ously it  is  poured  down  upon  us  "  good 
folks, "  just  out  of  sight,  over  the  Santa 
Cruz  ridge.  As  the  rain  clouds  come 
drifting  iu  from  the  ocean  they  encoun- 
ter these  mountains,  and  are  turned  up- 
wards into  the  colder  regions,  where 
their  vajiors  condense  and  fall;  thus  giv- 
ing us  too  much,  and  your  valley  not 
enough.  This  is,  to  say  the  least,  a  very 
unneighborly  arrangement;  and  if  the 
cutting  down  of  our  forests  would,  as 
many  predict,  send  more  rain  over  to 
your  thirsty  valley,  I,  for  one,  could  not 
object — much  as  I  prize  every  one  of 
these  noble  trees.  I?ut  this  old  theory 
is  still  in  dispute  among  scientific  men. 
In  all  general  storms,  when  we  get  the 
bulk  of  our  rain,  the  clouds  extend  from 
one  to  five  miles  high,  and  it  seems 
scarcely  possible  that  the  forests  upon 
the  mountain  sides  have  much,  if  any, 
influence  upon  them. 

D.  M.  Locke. 
Springvale  Farm,  Santa  Cruz,  Feb.  0.     ^ 
The  rain  fall  in  San   Jose    for  the  sea- 
son, up  to   February  12th,  the  last  rain, 
was  15  inches. 


■»<*^^^y^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal 


People  ^Vill  Talk. 

rE  may  get  through  the  world,  but  'twill 
be  very  Blow, 
If  wc  litjteu  to  all  that  is  said   as  we  go, 
We'll   bo  worried  aad  fretted,  and   kept 
in  a  stew, 
'  For   lueddlesome     tongues    must    have 
something  to  do, 
For  people  will  talk. 

If  quiet  and  modest,  you'll  have  it  presumed 
That  your  humble  position  Is  only  assumed; 
You're  a  wolf  in  sheep's  clothing,  or  else  you're 

a  fool. 
But  don't  get  excited,  keep  perfectly  cool. 
For  people  will  talk. 

If  generous    and  noble,   they'll  vent  out  their 

spleen. 
You'll  hear  some  loud  hints  that  you're  selfish 

and  mean; 
If  upright  and  honest,  and  fair  as  the  day, 
They'll  call  you  a  rogue,  in  a  sly,  sneaking  way. 
For  people  will  talk. 

And    then  if  you    show  the    least  boldness  of 

heart, 
Or  a  slight  inclination  to  take  your  o^^ti  part, 
They  will  call  you  an  upstart,  conceited  and 

vain. 
But  keep  straight  ahead,  don't  stop  to  explain, 
For  people  will  talk. 

If  threadbare  your  coat,  or  old-fashioned  your 

bat, 
Some  one,  of  course,  will  take  notice  of  that, 
And  hint  rather  strong  that  you  can't  pay  your 

way, 
But  don't  get  excited,  whatever  they  say, 
For  people  will  talk. 

If  you  drees  in  the  fashion,  don't  think  to  es- 
cape, 

For  they  criticise  then,  in  a  different  shape; 

You're  ahead  of  your  means,  or  the  tailor's  not 
paid; 

But  mind  your  own  business,  there's  naught  to 
be  made. 

For  people  will  talk. 

If  a  fellow  but  chance  to  wink  at  a  girl. 

How  the  gossips  will  talk  and  their  scandal  un- 
furl. 

They'll  canvass  your  wants,  and  talk  of  your 
means, 

And  declare  you*re  engaged  to  a  chic  in  her  teens 
For  people  will  talk. 

They'll  talk  fine  before,  but  then  at  your  back 
Of  venom  and  slander  there's  never  a  lack; 
How  kind  and  polite  in  all  that  they  say, 
But  bitter  as  gall  when  you're  out  uf  the  way, 
For  people  will  talk. 

The  best  way  to  do,  is  to  do  as  yon  please. 

For  your  mind,  if  you  have  one,  will  then  be  at 

ease; 
Of  coure,  you  will  meet  with  all  sorts  of  abuse. 
But  don't  think  to  stop  them,  it  ain't  any  use, 
For  people  will  talk. 


Better    Than    Gold. 

Better  than  gold  is  a  conscience  clear. 
Though  toiling  for  bread  in  an  humble  sphere, 
Doubly  blest  with  content  and  health. 
Untired  by  the  lust  of  cares  of  wealth. 
Lowly  living  and  lofty  thought 
Adorn  and  ennoble  a  poor  man's  cot— 
For  man  and  morals,  on  nature's  plan, 
Are  the  genuine  test  of  a  gentleman. 

Better  than  gold  is  the  sweet  repose 

Of  the  sons  of  toil,  when  their  labors  close; 

Better  than  gold  is  a  poor  man's  sleep, 

And  the  balm  that  drops  on  his  slumbers  deep. 

Eriug  sleepy  draughts  to  the  downy  bed, 

Where  luxury  pillows  his  aching  head; 

His  simpler  opiate  labor  deems 

A  shorter  road  to  the  laud  of  dreams. 

Iletter  than  gold  is  a  thinking  mind. 
That  in  the  realm  of  books  can  find 
A  treasure  surpassing  Australian  ore. 
And  live  with  the  great  and  good  of  yore. 
A  hpart  that  can  feel  for  a  neighbor's  woe, 
And  phare  his  joys  with  a  genial  glow; 
With  Hympathies  large  enough  to  enfold 
All  men  as  brothers— is  better  than  gold. 

Better  than  gold  is  a  peaceful  home. 
Where  all  the  fireside  charities  come— 
The  shrine  of  love  and  the  heaven  of  life. 
Hallowed  by  mother,  or  sister,  or  wife. 
However  humble  the  suul  may  be, 
Or  tired  by  sorrow  with  heaven's  decree. 
The  blessings  that  never  were  bought  or  sold, 
And  centre  there,  are  better  than  gold. 


The  Song^  of    1876. 

BY    BATABD    TAYLOR. 

"Wakea,  voice  of  the  land's  devotion ! 
Spirit  of  Freedom,  awaken  all! 
Ring,  ve  phores,  to  the  Song  of  Ocean, 

Rivers,  answer,  and  mountains,  call! 

Tho  golden  day  has  come; 

Let  every  tongue  be  dumb, 
That  sounded  its  malice,  or  murumred  its  fears; 

She  hath  wou  her  story; 

She  wears  her  glory; 
We  crown  her  the  Laud  of  a  Hundred  Years. 

Out  of  darkness  and  toil  and  danger 
Into  the  light  of  Victory's  day. 
Help  to  the  weak  and  home  to  the  stianger. 
Freedom  to  all,  she  hath  held  her  way. 
Now  Europe's  orphans  rest 
Upon  her  mother- breast; 
The  voices  of  nations  are  heard  iu  the  cheers 
That  shall  cast  upon  her 
Ne%v  love  and  honor. 
And  crown  her  the  Queen  of  a  Hundred  Years. 

North  and  South,  we  are  met  as  brothers; 

East  and  West,  we  are  wedded  as  one! 
Right  of  each  ehall  secure  our  mother's; 
Child  of  each  is  her  faithful  son! 

We  give  thee  heart  and  hand. 

Our  glorious  native  land. 
For  battle  has  tried  thee  and  time  endears; 

We  will  write  thy  story, 

And  keep  thy  glory 
.\s  pure  as  of  old  for  a  Thousand  Years. 


Advice  to  Voung  TUten. 

BY  ANNA  LINDEN. 

Stand  nobly  up  and  face  life's  work 

With  brave  and  honest  soul. 
And  let  no  false  and  foolish  pride 

Your  manly  heart  control. 
Stfi.nd  out  iu  honest,  bold  relief — 

A  worker  and  a  man; 
Something  ol  use  in  tiiis  great  world. 

After  your  Maker's  plan. 


'TiB  good  to  Bee  the  honest  face 

And  stalwart,  manly  frame. 
With  muscles  that  btsjieak-of  strength. 

And  hands  to  match  the  same — 
Hands  that  look  competent  to  grasp 

And  grapple  with  life's  foes. 
And  cause  the  bai-ren  wihlerness 

To  blossom  as  the  rose. 

Ashamed  of  labor!    No,  not  you, 

Since  that  was  God's  decree; 
For  honest  and  industrious  toil 

Brings  glad  prosperity. 
It  frames  and  builds  up  all  the  good 

\  nation's  life  can  know — 
Science,  and  art,  and  fame,  and  wealth; 

From  work  and  efl'ort  grow. 

Spurn  indolence,  whose  weakening  grasp 

Blights  manliness  and  worth; 
Be  something  to  yourself  and  friends; 


An  honest  old  farmer,  on  being  in- 
formed the  other  day  that  one  of  his 
neighbors  owed  him  a  grudge,  growled 
out,  No  matter;  he  never  pays  anything. 


AQUAEIUM    AND     STAND. 


Care   for  All. 

BY  FREDERICK    T.  CLAKK. 

There  never  has  been  a  life 
But  has  had  its  share  of  strife; — 
Finding  thorns  among  lifo's  flowers. 
Branches  in  its  strongest  towers, 
Cruel  stones  around  the  feet. 
And  bitterness  with  all  the  sweet. 

There  has  never  been  a  heart 
But  has  felt  pain's  cruel  dart 
Through  its  choicest  treasures  cleave. 
Sure  and  quick,  and  only  leave 
Of  our  fond  and  clinging  trust 
Heaps  of  faded,  lifeless  dust. 

Every  life  must  have  its  care; 
Every  heart  must  have  its  share 
Of  the  bitterness  of  earth 
To  api.treciate  God's  worth. 
Through  thewinter's  cruel  blight 
Come  the  blossoms,  pure  and  white. 


Men  cousiime  too  much  food  and  too 
little  pure  air.  They  take  too  much  med- 
icine and  too  little  exercise. 


Be  useful  to  the  e.arth. 
Make  labor  noble  in  itself 

By  being  nobly  done. 
And  make  fair  Nature's  heart  rejoice 

To  own  you  as  her  son. 

Work  is  most  noble,  good  and  grand. 

Since  God  ordained  it  so; 
It  keeps  the  heart  from  cankering  rust 

.\nd  makes  the  nation  grow.  * 
The  workers  are  the  nation's  wealth. 

And  not  the  idle  drones. 
Work  makes  the  country  prosperous. 

Makes  happy  hearts  and  homes. 

It  matters  not  if  hands  and  brains 

Are  all  your  stock  of  wealth; 
With  steady,  patient  industry. 

And  energy  and  health, 
Y*ou  yet  may  rise  to  lofty  hights. 

As  others  have  before. 
And  crown  the  throne  of  wealth  and  fame 

With  one  brave  victor  more. 


Dissolved  Salt  foe  the  Tablk. — The 
best  way  to  use  table  salt  is  said  to  be  to 
dissolve  it  in  water  and  keejj  it  in  a  bot- 
tle in  a  fluid  state,  using  it  as  you  would 
pepper  sauce  through  a  quill  in  the  cork. 
The  Chinese  use  it  in  that  manner. 


THE  PHTLLOXERA. 

■VE  have  written  nothing  about  this 
J  insect  before  for  the  very  reason 
that  we  knew  very  little  about  it. 
We  were  aware  of  the  destruction 
it  had  caused  to  grapeWnes  in  Eu- 
rope,  and  also  that  its  ajipearance  in 
California  had  filled  viniculturists  with 
much  alarm,  and  that  speculation  is  rife 
as  to  the  possibilities  of  its  ravages  and 
the  methods  for  exterminating  the  pest, 
pre\'enting  its  spread,  etc.  We  have 
carefully  read  everything  we  could  find 
bearing  upon  the  question. 

It  seems  that  these  minute  insects  in- 
fest the  roots  of  the  grape  plant,  some- 
thing as  do  the  woolly  aphis  the  roots  of 
apple  trees,  only  the  phylloxera  cover  the 
entire  bark  of  the  roots  as  a  scale,  even 
to  the  far-reaching  and  smallest  fibrous 
roots.  This  inse<;t  injures  the  vine  by 
feeding  upon  the  juices  of  the  plant 
which  it  sucks  through  the  bark.  Hence 
the  roots  covered  with  the  tenderest  bark 
arc  preferred  by  them,  and  it  is  impossi- 
ble to  destroy  them  by  the  application  of 
any  poison  that  docs  not  reach  to  the 
very  ends  of  the  roots.  This  being  the 
case,  and  it  being  impracticable  to  so 
apply  poisons,  all  efforts  to  destroy  them 
by  poisoning  have  failed.  Immense 
sums  of  money  have  been  offered  for  the 
discovery  of  some  potent  remedy,  but 
without  the  desired  result.  However,  it 
has  been  found  that  the  pest  can  be 
drowned  by  flooding  the  vineyards  for 
several  weeks  at  a  time  with  water.  This 
process  is  not  injurious  to  the  vines  if 
applied  any  time  during  the  winter 
mouths  when  the  vines  are  not  in  leaf. 
This  remedy  is  probably  the  only  effec- 
tual one,  and  is  good  enough  where  wa- 
ter can  be  so  used.  Vines  gi-owing  upon 
hillsides  of  course  cannot  be  so  flooded, 
unless  it  be  found  that  ditches  flUed 
with  water  between  the  rows  and  about 
the  vines  will  answer  the  same  purpose. 
It  appears  tliat  the  phylloxera  works 
worse  ravages  iu  dry  soils  than  in  wet, 
so  that  in  California  it  -will,  unless 
checked  in  some  way,  prove  very  de- 
structive on  all  soils  that  are  not  occa- 
sionally flooded.  Persons  who  contem- 
plate planting  vineyards  should  bear  in 
mind  the  necessity  of  selecting  ground 
that  can  be  flooded,  or  of  bringing  water 
upon  it  for  that  purpose. 

It  is  said  that  the  phylloxera  is  indig- 
enous to  the  United  States,  and  has  been 
known  upon  the  native  grapevines  in  the 
East  for  many  years,  and  that  the  insect 
is  not  destructive  to  the  native  varieties. 
Grapes  that  grow  along  streams  and  the 
banks  of  ponds,  where  the  roots  are  be- 
low the  ■n'ater  level,  are  not  troubled  with 
the  pest.  It  is  in  such  places  that 
wild  grapes  grow  in  the  greatest  profu- 
sion. The  following,  from  the  Ohio 
Farmer,  is  a  summing  up  of  about  all 
that  is  of  practical  utility  as  far  as  is  at 
present  known: 

Our  French  correspondent,  in  his  last 
letter,  thus  speaks  of  the  phylloxera,  its 
ravages  and  the  remedy  proposed: 

The  importance  of  the  vine-bug  or 
phylloxera  question  to  France  may  be 
estimated  by  the  fact  that  the  insect, 
which  covers  the  roots  like  a  bark,  has 
already  destroyed  nearly  half  a  million 
acres  of  vineyard,  and  threatens  with 
ruin  two  millions  of  acres  more.  Since 
three  years  a  government  commission 
has  been  occupied  at  Slontpelier  in  ex- 
perimenting with  all  suggested  remedies 
on  an  aftected  vineyard  several  acres  in 
extent.  It  may  be  safely  said  that  the 
commission,  composed  of  practical  and 
cientific  men,  has  discovered  no  cure. 


'j'atga 


36 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


It  has,  however,  demonstrated  the  happy 
action  of  manures  in  prolonging  the  life 
of  the  vine,  though  without  preserving 
it.  The  submersion  of  the  vines,  for 
thirtj'  days  at  least,  with  running  water 
in  autumn  or  winter,  and  the  subsequent 
application  of  fertilizers— known  as  the 
Falcon  plan — is  the  sole  efficacious  rem- 
edy up  to  the  present  demonstrated,  and 
so  highly  is  it  appreciated  that  a  project 
is  on  foot  to  construct  a  canal,  to  be  fed 
from  the  Rhone,  so  as  to  enable  several 
million  acres  of  vineyards  to  be  tempo- 
rarily inundated.  A  special  commis- 
sioner has  left  for  the  LInited  States  to 
study  a  variety  of  American  vine  stocks, 
known  in  Pennsylvania  as  the  "corn 
grape,"  and  reported  capable  of  resisting 
the  phylloxera. 

VINEYARDS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

Grape  growing  in  this  State  can  be 
made  a  very  profitable  business,  notwith- 
standing the  fact  that  the  so-called  '  'wine- 
growers" have  not  made  money,  and 
many  of  them  have  been  obliged  to  give 
up  everything,  after  some  years  of  hard 
work,  to  foreclosers  of  mortgages  upon 
the  property.  Raisin  and  table  grapes 
have  paid  well  right  along;  ,ind  as  the 
State  increases  in  population  and  trans- 
portation facilities  increase,  so  will  the 
business  of  shipping  fine  grajjes  and 
making  raisins  become  more  and  more 
important  and  surely  remunerative. 

We  advise  the  planting  of  new  vine- 
yards of  best  varieties,  and  the  grafting 
of  the  "wine"  vai'icties  to  table 
and  raisin  grapes,  instead  of  tearing  up 
the  old  vines  as  some  are  doing.  There 
is  policy  in  the  matter  of  grafting,  as 
the  well  established  roots  will  soon  make 
new  vines  that  will  bear  abundantly  of 
superior  fruit.  A  grajje  vine  produces 
better  fruit  after  it  is  a  dozen  or  more 
years  old  than  when  it  is  younger.  The 
old  vines,  if  cut  back  and  grafted,  will, 
the  second  or  third  year  after,  produce 
as  well  as  old  vines.  The  maturity  nnd 
strength  imparted  to  the  new  top  by  the 
well  grown  roots  make  grafted  vines 
equal  in  value  to  vines  of  same  age  as 
the  roots.  There  is  only  one  difficulty 
about  grafted  grajjes,  and  that  is  the  lia- 
bility of  the  old  stalk  that  is  gi-afted  to 
send  out  suckers.  If  grafted  above 
gi'onnd  there  will  be  a  good  deal  of  trou- 
ble to  keep  those  sprouts  below  the  graft 
from  outgrowing  the  scions.  To  obviate 
this,  the  old  vine  should  be  cut  oflf  from 
four  to  six  inches  below  the  surface.  Re- 
move the  earth  from  about  the  vine  with 
a  spade  and  saw  the  old  stalk  otl'  as 
smoothly  as  possible  with  a  small,  fine, 
hand  saw.  The  root  stumps  may  be 
split  grafted  or  splice  grafted — it  makes 
little  difl'erence,  so  long  as  the  inner 
bark  of  the  scion  and  the  stump  come 
together  to  form  a  union  of  growth.  If 
the  scion  is  set  into  the  stump  so  as  to 
touch  the  vital  sap  in  only  two  or  three 
places,  it  is  enough  to  give  circulation 
to  the  living  juiees  in  both  stalk  and 
scion.  The  stronger  the  cuttings  are 
that  are  used  for  scions  the  better. 
Slender,  weak  cuttings  are  not  good  for 
scions.  Choose  them  from  the  strong- 
est growth  of  last  year's  wood.  Make 
the  split  or  cut  in  the  stalk,  then  wedge 
the  scion  to  fit  and  insert  it  firmly,  with- 
out bruising  the  bark  on  either  scion  or 
stalk.  One  or  two  buds  above  ground 
g  are  enough,  and  the  scions  should  be 
.  shortened  so  as  to  admit  of  not  over  two 
/  buds  above  ground.  Common  grafting 
j)  wax  can  be  used.  It  is  best  applied 
^  warm  with  a  brush.  A  vessel  holding 
Ihe  wax  can  be  kept  over  a  portable  coal 
stove  such  as  linkers  use.  Any  one  can 
iiiakfi  one  that  will  answer  the  purpose 
ji  out  of  a  joint  of  stove-pipe.  Some  per- 
I,    sons  press  the   fine    earth    flnnly    about 


the  graft  and  use  no  wax,  and  with  very 
good  success.  The  best  time  to  graft 
grapevines  is  just  as  soon  as  the  new 
leaves  get  to  be  about  the  size  of  your 
thumb-nail.  Then  the  vines  will  not 
bleed.  If  grafted  before  the  leaves  start 
the  old  roots  will  bleed  badly.  About 
the  first  of  April  is  a  good  time  to  graft 
in  many  localities.  The  vines  may  be 
grafted  earlier,  but  experience  has  proved 
that  it  is  better  to  graft  after  the  bleed- 
ing season  is  past.  The  cuttings  should 
be  prepared  as  soon  as  convenient,  and 
put  in  a  cool  shady  place  out  of  the 
wind  until  time  for  grafting. 

We  hope  that  none  of  our  readers  who 
may  have  inferior  vines  will  neglect  to 
graft  them  this  season.  It  will  p.iy  to 
do  it.  We  are  ^villing  to  admit  that  the 
wine  business  is  the  poorest  paying  us 
well  as  the  most  demoralizing  business 
that  a  poor  honest  man  can  venture  into. 
But  a  good  vinej'ard  of  useful  grapes, 
for  raisins  and  for  the  table,  is  at  once 
respectable  and  remunerative.  The 
White  Muscat  of  Alexandria  is  the  best 
raisin  grape,  though  there  ,ire  other 
good  ones.  The  White  Corinth  or  Zaute 
Currant  grape  is  bound  to  prove  very 
valuable  also  upon  this  Coast.  The  busi- 
ness of  shipjMug  fine  grapes  to  the  At- 
lantic States  will  always  be  a  remunera- 
tive one.  The  Flame  Tokay,  Rose  Peru, 
Black  Hamburg  and  others  are  good  for 
shipping. 

Planting  a  vineyard  in  this  State  is 
not  necessarily  a  very  expensive  job.  It 
is  not  necessary  to  cultivate  the  ground 
any  deeper  than  for  a  crop  of  grain. 
The  rows  should  be  laid  ofl'  six  to  eight 
feet  apart  both  ways,  and  may  be  struck 
out,  after  measuring  accurately,  with  a 
plow  in  complete  squares,  by  running 
straight  furrows  at  right  angles.  Then 
in  the  ditch  where  the  furrows  cross 
plant  the  cuttings.  A  long  handled  spade, 
run  down  the  length  of  the  blade,  at  an 
angle  of  forty  degrees,  will  be  deep 
enough  to  plant  the  cuttings.  Remove 
the  soil  enough  to  insert  the  cutting  and 
then  pack  the  dirt  back  closely  about  it, 
and  it  is  done.  One  or  two  buds  above 
ground  are  enough.  Two  men  can  plant 
several  thousand  cutting  in  a  day  when 
everything  is  ready.  The  after  cultiva- 
tion should  be  with  harrow  and  cultiva- 
tor and  hoe,  so  as  to  leave  the  surface 
soil  light  and  fine  and  free  of  all  weeds, 
for  the  first  two  years  particularly. 

This  is  a  very  favorable  season  for 
planting  cuttings,  because  the  soil  is  so 
thoroughly  filled  with  moisture,  and 
Mareh  and  April  are  good  months  to 
them.  If  you  have  to  plow  under  a  lit- 
tle patch  of  green  grain  to  make  a  vine- 
yard, it  will  not  hurt  anything  but  will 
leave  the  soil  in  good  condition.  Every 
farmer  upon  dry  land  should  plant  a 
vineyard  for  faniily  use,  for  raisins,  and 
for  an  investment  to  pay  dividends  as  a 
branch  of  farming. 


f  hccp  and  ©oab- 


A  PROGRESSIVE  INDUSTRY. 

G.Ci,  

t^"*'HE  Angora  goat  business,  which  a 
few  years  ago  was  sneered  at  by 
some  journals  that  should  have 
known  belter,  has  been  brought 
forward  and  placed  upon  ft  footing 
that  insures  for  it  a  grand  success  and  a 
s]>lendid  future. 

There  was  a  time  when  but  little  mo- 
hair was  produced  here,  and  there  was 
but  little  demand  for  that  small  quantity. 
Now  the  manufacturers  are  making  good 
bids,  in  fact  there  is  a  wholesome  rivalry, 
which  places  the  jiroduct  in  demand  at 
good  figures,  and  as  the  supply  increases 


the  prices  will  become  better  and  stead- 
ier. The  sales  of  the  fleeces  for  the  last 
two  years  have  proved  that,  for  the  mo- 
hair alone,  it  will  pay  to  raise  goats. 
But  the  mutton  is  as  good,  some  say 
better,  than  that  of  the  sheep,  and  the 
pelts  are  much  more  valuable  for  tan- 
ning. The  common  goat  skin  is  little 
better  than  the  sheep  skin,  but  the  An- 
gora skin  is  fine  grained  and  very  strong. 

During  a  late  visit  to  the  Angora  Robe 
and  Glove  Manufacturing  Company,  in 
San  Jose,  we  gained  several  points  of 
information.  The  workmen  can  tell  by 
the  feel  of  the  tanned  skins  whether  the 
goats-  were  half,  three-fourths  or  seven- 
eighths  Angora,  also  by  the  looks,  so 
striking  is  the  difference.  The  skin  is 
not  so  thick  and  rough — it  is  fine,  soft 
and  tough.  We  have  before  mentioned 
that  for  strings  and  belt-lacings  they  are 
found  to  be  very  excellent,  and  are  being 
largely  used  already. 

There  is  about  one-half  the  increase  of 
every  flock  that  are  males,  and  as  they 
are  not  used  for  breeding,  unless  the 
mohair  is  very  fine,  they  are  killed  at 
from  six  months  to  two  years  old  for 
mutton  and  pelts.  The  half  and  three- 
fourths  breed  goat  sldns  are  now  worth 
from  40  to  60  cents  each  for  tanning. 
The  finer  breed  pelts  are  worth  75  cents 
to  $3  each  for  making  into  robes,  trim- 
mings, etc.  This  jniee  will  soon  ad- 
vanco.  The  manufacturing  company, 
having  only  lately  started  into  the  busi- 
ness, cannot  aiTord  to  pay,  this  year,  what 
they  will  be  able  to  as  soon  as  the  people 
find  out  the  actual  merits  of  the  goods, 
and  there  are  more  pelts  to  be  tanned 
and  make  up. 

It  is  estimated  that  there  are  now 
240,000  gi-ade  Angora  goats  on  this  coast, 
but  probably  200,000  is  nearer  the  mark. 
This  number  will  soon  increase  to  one 
million,  and  as  they  increase  in  numbers 
so  do  they  increase  in  purity,  as  only 
pure-breed  bucks  are  used  for  breeding 
purposes.  Not  less  than  one-fourth  of 
the  entire  number  will  have  to  be  slain 
annually,  on  an  average. 

This,  it  will  be  seen  is  to  be  a  great 
and  growing  industry.  Already  the  An- 
gora robes  and  gloves  are  found  to  be  the 
jirettiest  and  most  useful  of  any.  Some 
of  the  finer  pelts  of  kids  and  full  grown 
wethers,  when  colored  black  or  some 
shade  of  brown,  by  Mr.  Henry  T.  Welch, 
resemble  the  richest  furs,  and  are  much 
admired  and  prized  for  rich  trimmings 
to  ladies  clo.aks,  etc.  As  the  finer  furs 
are  getting  scarce  all  over  the  world,  and 
continually  dearer,  these  fine  Angora 
kids  furs  will  come  more  and  more  into 
demand  at  fine  prices.  And  as  the  buf- 
faloes and  foxes  and  wolves  are  disap- 
pearing, the  robes  of  the  beautiful  full 
breed  Angoras  will  not  go  begging  for  a 
market.  In  fact  they  are  superior  to  any 
other  robes,  and  civilization  is  no  loser 
by  substituting  the  Angora  furs  for  those 
of  the  wild  and  lower  animals.  Any 
person  who  will  take  the  trouble  to  ex- 
amine the  Angora  goods  will  be  satisfied 
that  what  we  say  is  even  so. 

The  manufacturing  company  at  San 
Jose  are  giving  employment  to  man}- 
women  and  girls  in  making  up  their 
goods.  Their  machinery  for  cutting  out 
gloves  is  quite  no\el.  They  have  dies 
made  for  cutting  out  gloves,  complete  in 
every  part,  and  can  cut  out  dozens  at 
once.  But  we  will  not  attempt  to  de- 
scribe the  workings  of  the  manufactory, 
which  is  sil\iated  on  the  eastern  bank  of 
the  (iuadahqie,  near  the  San  .Jose  Wool- 
en mills. 

The  company  have  lately  sent  samples 
of  their  goods  East,  and  with  the  most 
flattering  prospects.  The  only  thing  we 
fear  is  that  the  demand  will  soon  be  so 
far  in  advance  of  the  supply  that  we 
Californians   will    not  be   able   to   keep 


enough  of  the  goodB  at  home.  From 
the  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin,  Gazette,  we 
quote  a  portion  of  an  article  in  which 
mention  is  made  of  some  goods  sent  by 
C.  P.  Bailey,  President  of  the  manufac- 
turing company,  and  also  a  breeder  of 
Angoras.     Says  the  Gazette: 

"Of  late  years  the  efibrt  has  been 
made  to  colonize  this  valuable  quadruped 
in  some  parts  of  this  country.  It  has 
been  tried  in  South  Carolina  with  some 
success,  but  the  strike  seems  to  have 
been  made  in  California.  Under  the 
auspices  of  a  stock  company,  some  three 
thousand  of  these  beautiful  animals  have 
been  induced  to  graze  in  the  vicinity  of 
San  Jose.  If  it  is  really  the  fact  that  the 
true  Angora  goat  can  be  reared  on  the 
Pacific  coast,  we  see  not  why  it  should 
not  prove  a  source  of  wealth  beyond 
mines  of  gold.  Our  native  furs  are 
growing  scarce.  The  march  of  civiliza- 
ts  driving  back  the  buffalo,  the  wolf,  the 
mink,  the  otter,  etc.,  and  but  a  few  ye.ars 
more  of  "jirogress"  will  make  furs  of 
any  kind  a  rare  and  costly  luxury.  It 
looks  as  if  Providence  was  sending 
these  four-footed  Angorans  from  that  far 
land  of  Turkish  barbarism  to  warm  the 
back  of  the  great  Republic  during  its 
second  century. 

'  ■  We  advise  any  who  have  a  curiosity 
about  such  goods  to  visit  the  office  of 
W.  C.  Bailey,  Esq.  He  has  received 
from  his  brother,  in  California,  some 
elegant  specimens  of  this  fur,  and  we 
understand  is  verj-  willing  to  have  the 
public  look  at  them.  That  very  white 
robe  and  mat  would  together  constitute  a 
graceful  present  for  your  minister  or  the 
editor  of  the  Gazette,  or  some  other  pub- 
lic benefactor." 

One  mistake  we  notice  in  the  forego- 
ing. The  stock  company  own  no  goats, 
although  several  of  the  individual  mem- 
bers do.  The  companj'  is  organized  for 
manufacturing,  and  proposes  to  confine 
itself  solely  to  that  and  the  selling  of  its 
goods. 

We  hope  the  company  will  make  a 
showing  of  their  goods  at  the  Centennial 
fair  in  Philadelphia.  The^  have  made 
no  calculation  to  do  so  as  3'et,  but  the 
breeders  on  this  coast  cannot  aftbrd  to 
allow  such  an  opportunity  of  showing 
the  products  of  this  business  to  the 
world  to  go  by  without  some  concerted 
action.  There  is  not  a  more  important 
industr5-  on  this  coast  we  feel  satisfied. 
The  monthly  report  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  for  February  contains  the 
the  following: 

"California,  in  pursuance  of  a  charac- 
teristic fashion  of  doing  what  cannot  be 
done  elsewhere,  has  not  only  persisted 
in  keeping  considerable  flocks  of  Angora 
goats,  but  multiplies  their  numbers  and 
utilizes  the  fleece.  There  have  been 
placed  in  the  museum  of  this  Depart- 
ment some  specimens  of  dressed  skin 
with  fleece  intact,  of  divers  colors  and 
great  beauty,  such  as  are  used  for  fancy 
robes,  rugs,  mats,  fur  gauntlets,  and  for 
other  purposes.  These  gloves  are  very 
strong,  durable,  warm  and  showy.  The 
leather  is  also  used  in  strings  for  belt- 
lacing, and  appears  from  its  great  strength 
to  be  very  suitable  for  such  use.  This  is 
the  work  of  the  Angora  Kobe  and  Glove 
(-'ompany,  located  at  San  Jose,  nnd  de- 
monstrates the  availability  of  Angora 
products  for  successful  manufacture  into 
articles  of  comfort  and  utility.  Their 
gloves,  unlike  those  of  buckskin,  are 
dressed  with  the  grain  left  on.  Mr. 
Frank  Leavis,  the  secretary  of  the  com- 
pany, is  a  part  owner  of  a  flock  of  six 
liundred  ewes  which  were  sheared  last 
spring.  In  one  county,  Monterey,  there 
are  no  less  than  twenty  thousand  re- 
turned by  the  assessors,  and  they  con- 
stitute a  portion  of  the  stock  of  twenty- 
eight  other  counties." 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Ostrich  Farming  in  Africa. 

M-^  ITHIN  the  last  dozen  years  an  iu- 
''-^y/  dustry  has  sprimg  tip  in  Africa 
that  ought  to  claim  the  attention 
of  the  jjeople  along  the  PaeiUe 
l.i-^  slope  of  the  United  States.  It  is 
the  raising  and  care  of  ostriches  for 
their  feathers.  There  are  u^uy  half- 
desert  like  stretches  of  country  here  just 
suited  to  the  habits  of  the  ostrich,  and 
that  might  probably  be  put  to  good  use 
as  ostrich  pastures,  could  a  ship  cargo  of 
those  birds  be  brought  here  and  bred 
from  for  that  purpose.  The  article  that 
we  select  from  an  exchange  almost  makes 
us  wish  that  we  owned  a  fine  flock  of 
them,  and  owned  a  combined  bee  and 
ostrich  farm  in  San  Diego  county  on 
which  to  rear  them: 

Within  the  last  seven  or  eight  j'ears 
an  industry  has  sprung  up  at  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  which,  on  account  of  its 
novelty  and  the  important  results  it  pro- 
duces, is  worthy  of  notice.  It  is  that  of 
keeping  ostriches  in  a  state  of  semi-do- 
mestication for  the  sake  of  their  feathers, 
which  have  latterly  become  more  and 
more  scarce  and  consequently  more  val- 
uable. From  the  Cape  the  business  of 
ostrich  farming  has  been  introduced  in 
South  America,  where,  as  we  showed  in 
this  journal  in  1872,  it  is  carried  on  with 
more  or  less  success.  But  the  best 
feathers  are  still  those  produced  in  the 
south  of  Africa. 

Like  many  other  important  undertak- 
ings, ostrich  farming,  if  not  actually  the 
the  result  of  an  accidental  discovery,  re- 
ceived a  great  impetus  from  an  appar- 
ently trilling  circumstance.  A  few  years 
ago  one  of  the  native  traders  in  ostrich 
feathers  and  eggs,  having  more  eggs  than 
he  could  conveniently  carry,  left  four  or 
five  of  them  in  a  cupboard  adjoining  a 
bakehotise  in  some  Algerian  village.  On 
his  return  about  two  months  afterwards, 
he  was  surprised  to  find  the  broken 
shells  of  his  ostrich  eggs  and  a  corres- 
ponding number  of  young  ostrich  chicks. 
The  birds  were,  of  course,  dead  from 
want  of  attention;  but  the  fact  was  un- 
deniable that  the  fresh  eggs  of  two 
months  ago,  had,  under  the  influence  of 
a  high  temperature,  actually  produced 
fully  developed  chickens.  The  circum- 
stances came  to  the  knowledge  of  an  of- 
ficer in  the  French  army,  M.  Crepu,  ^ho 
immediately  perceived  the  practical  re- 
sults that  might  ensue  from  a  careful 
following  up  of  the  hint  thus  strangely 
given.  He  set  to  work  to  devise  artifi- 
cial incubators  for  the  purpose  of  hatch- 
ing ostrich  eggs,  while  at  the  same  time 
he  procured  some  pairs  of  adult  birds, 
with  a  view  to  rearing  them  in  a  state  of 
semi-domestication. 

It  is  needless  here  to  enter  into  partic- 
ulai-s  of  the  difficulties  M.  Crepu  had  to 
encounter.  Suffice  it  to  say  that,  after 
many  disappointments,  he  had  the  satis- 
faction of  finding  a  Uve  ostrich  chick  ac- 
tually, hatched  in  his  apparatus,  and 
thus  his  assiduous  eftbrts  were  cro-n'ned 
with  triumph.  About  tifty-three  or  fifty- 
four  days  is  the  full  term  of  incubation, 
which  may  be  slightly  accelerated  or  re- 
tarded by  a  trifling  change  in  the  heat  to 
which  the  eggs  are  subjected,  although 
the  smallest  excess  or  want  of  heat  be- 
yond a  certain  limited  range  is  fatal. 
But  to  such  perfection  have  artificial  in- 
cubators now  been  brought  that  the 
whole  "sitting"  of   eggs  may  be  hatched 

\  Tith  more  certainty  than  if  left   to   the 

I   natural  care  of  the  parents. 

I       The  baby  chick,  when  it  makes  its  de- 
but, is  about  the  size  of  a  common  fowl. 


and  begins  to  pick  up  food  at  once.  The 
nature  of  the  food  suitable  for  both  the 
brood  and  the  adults  was  a  principal  dif- 
ficulty in  the  first  attempts  at  the  artifi- 
cial breeding  of  the  ostrich;  but  a  care- 
ful study  of  the  habits  of  the  birds  in  a 
wild  state  has  resulted  in  the  discovery 
of  the  best  kind  of  diet  suited  for  the 
welfare  of  their  domesticated  brethren. 
The  principal  food  given  to  the  young 
birds  is  lucerne  and  thistles  and  tender 
herbs  and  gi'asses  indigenous  to  the 
country.  Old  birds  are  fed  on  more  ma- 
tured shrubs  and  plants,  the  leaves  of 
which  they  strip  off  with  their  beaks. 
They  are  also  fed  on  Indian  corn,  known 
at  the  Cape  as  "mealies." 

It  will  be  interesting  to  note  that  when 
the  full  number  of  eggs  has  been  laid, 
the  old  birds  invariably  place  one  or  two 
of  them  outside  the  nest — the  nest  con- 
sisting naturally  of  a  hollow  scooped 
out  of  the  sand  bj-  the  action  of  the  legs 
and  wings  of  the  birds.  It  has  been 
found  that  these  eggs  are  reserved  as 
food  for  the  chicks,  which,  in  a  natural 
state,  are  often  reared  miles  away  from 
a  blade  of  grass  or  other  food.  As  soon 
as  the  chicks  emerge  from  the  shell,  the 
parent  ostrich  breaks  one  of  these  eggs 
and  the  yolk  is  eagerly  eaten  up  by  the 
young  ones.  They  are,  therefore,  both 
herbivorous  and  carnivorous;  but  it  is 
not  necessary  to  gratify  their  appetite 
for  flesh,  as  they  thrive  excellently  on 
the  herbs  above  mentioned.  Of  course 
where  food  is  supplied  in  abundance  this 
precaution  on  the  part  of  the  parent 
bird  of  providing  meat  for  their  ofl'- 
spring  is  not  necessary,  and  each  egg  so 
left  is  therefore  wasted.  Considerable 
loss  also  occurs  in  the  number  of  ad- 
dled eggs,  when  they  are  left  to  be 
hatched  by  the  parents.  It  is  said  that 
the  ostrich  is  able  to  discover  when  an 
egg  becomes  addled,  and  that  it  immedi- 
ately ejects  it  from  the  nest;  thus  show- 
ing an  amount  of  wisdom  which  has 
hardly  been  attributed  to  a  bird  which  is 
popularly  supposed  to  thrust  its  head 
into  a  bush  when  being  hunted,  in  the 
vain  hope  that  as  it  cannot  see,  it  can- 
not be  seen  by  its  pursuer. 

These  observations  were  first  made  in 
Algeria,  but  it  is  at  the  Cape  that  they 
have  been  turned  to  practical  account, 
and  a  very  perfect  system  of  ostrich- 
farminor  has  been  established  there.  Dif- 
ferent practices  prevail  at  different  estab- 
lishments. The  birds  are  allowed  occa- 
sionally to  sit;  but  the  success  which  has 
attended  the  use  of  artificial  contrivances 
is  so  great  that  fewer  losses  occur  by  this 
means  than  under  natural  circumstances, 
and  the  use  of  incubators  is  becoming 
veiy  general.  The  chicks  produced  are 
so  healthy  as  to  show  that  they  do  nfft 
suffer  from  this  mode   of  treatment. 

The  arrangement  of  ostrich  farms  is 
similar  in  all  cases.  The  deskkmta  are 
plenty  of  space,  suitable  soil — that  is 
sand  and  pasture  with  facilities  for  grow- 
ing the  proper  food — conveniences  for 
shelter  and  water.  A  well  conducted 
farm  would  require  jierhaps  £3,000  cap- 
ital to  begin  in  a  small  way.  The  indus- 
try at  the  Cape  is  barely  eight  years  old, 
and  much  has  to  be  learned  b}»  a  begin- 
ner. Loss  and  disappointment  are  fre- 
quently experienced  at  first;  but  the 
occupation  is  considered  a  very  profita- 
ble one,  and  is  certainly  healthy  and 
agreeable.  Yet  nowhere  are  patience,  sa- 
gacity and  perseverance  more  necessary 
thanfin  conducting  a  good  ostrich  farm. 

A  healthy  bird  of  a  week  old  is  worth 
£10;  at  three  mouths  it  will  be  worth 
£15,  and  at  six  months  £30  and  more. 
Feathers  may  be  plucked  from  the  os- 
trich when  a  year  old,  and  each  year's 
crop  will  be  worth  about  £7  per  bird.  At 
five  years  the  breeder  begins  to  pair  his 


birds,  and  each  pair  will  yield  from 
eighteen  to  twenty-fiMir  eggs  in  a  season. 
It  is  necessary  to  keep  the  adult  birds  in 
separate  paddocks,  which  are  generally 
surrounded  by  wire  fencing.  The  os- 
trich is  liable  to  sudden  fits  of  jealousy. 
In  such  a  case  frequent  quarrels  would 
ensue  if  the  birds  were  all  together  in 
one  indosure,  with  the  result,  if  not  of 
black  eyes,  at  least  of  damaged  feathers, 
and  perhaps  broken  legs  and  even  death 
to  one  of  the  combatants.  The  blow 
from  the  leg  of  the  ostrich  has  been 
comj)Uted  to  be  fully  equal  to  the  force 
developed  by  the  kick  of  a  colt  seven 
mouths  old.  But  whatever  be  the  exact 
force  produced,  it  is  very  severe,  suffi- 
ciently so  to  break  a  man's  leg. 

The  ostrich,  however,  both  male  and 
female,  is  quite  an  exemplary  parent, 
notwithstanding  the  popular  rumor  that, 
like  the  crocodile,  it  leaves  its  eggs  in 
the  sand  to  be  hatched  simply  by  the  ac- 
tion of  solar  heat.  Father  and  mother 
take  it  in  turn  to  sit  on  the  eggs,  and 
when  the  ostrich  takes  his  female  com- 
panions out  for  their  evening  promenade 
in  the  desert,  one  of  them  aiways  re- 
mains by  the  nest.  This  fact  is  suffi- 
cient to  induce  many  breeders  to  leave 
the  eggs  to  be  hatched  in  the  natural 
way,  and  merely  to  devote  their  energies 
to  the  rearing  of  the  young  birds  and 
the  collection  of  the  feathers. 

These  are  operations  that  require  very 
great  care.  Regular  supplies  of  food — 
about  two  pounds  a  day  to  each  adult — 
are  necessary;  shelter  must  be  provided 
for  the  night  and  to  shield  the  birds  from 
the  violent  storms  which  frequently  burst 
over  the  southern  part  of  Africa;  and 
there  must  be  supplies  of  sand  and  peb- 
bles, which  the  birds  swallow  as  aids  to 
the  digestion.  Pepsine  is  unknown 
among  these  birds  of  the  desert,  and 
they  introduce  a  quantity  of  hard  sub- 
stances into  the  gizzard  to  assist  them  in 
grinding  up  theit  food,  just  as  the  dys- 
peptic featherless  biped  takes  his  morn- 
ing bitters  to  help  the  secretion  of  the 
gastric  juices.  It  is  very  amusing  to 
watch  the  flock  of  young  birds  as  the  at- 
tendant enters  to  scatter  their  breakfast. 
The  moment  he  appears  with  his  load 
of  "  green  meat,"  the  youngsters  of  the 
ostrich  family  trot  up  to  the  entrance 
and  caper  and  dance  about  in  the  most 
grotesque  manner,  and  devour  their  food 
with  evident  relish.  They  are  generally 
tame  and  to  a  certain  extent  tractable, 
but  as  they  grow  old  they  sometimes 
evince  a  sourness  of  temper  which  is 
anything  but  encouraging  to  the  forma- 
tion of  a  near  acquaintance  with  them. 

As  the  feathers  are  picked  they  are 
sorted  according  to  their  quality  and  pu- 
rity of  color.  The  pure  whites  from  the 
wings  are  called  "bloods,"  the  next 
quality  "  prime  whites, "  "firsts,"  "sec- 
onds," and  so  on.  The  tail  feathers  are 
not  so  valuable,  and  the  more  irregular 
the  markings  of  the  colored  varieties  the 
less  valuable  they  are.  "Bloods"  will 
fetch  from  forty  to  fifty  pounds  sterling 
per  pound  weight  in  the  wholesale  mar- 
ket, and  from  this  price  they  range  as 
low  as  five  shillings  per  pound. 

The  quality  of  the  feathers  produced 
by  tame  ostriches  is  fully  equal  to  the 
best  collected  from  wild  birds,  while  the 
general  average  is  much  higher.  Not- 
withstanding increasing  yield,  prices  are 
rising  instead  of  falling:  indeed,  good 
ostrich  feathers  are  now  thrice  as  dear 
as  they  were  fifteen  years  ago.  But  it 
is  more  than  probable  that  as  the  produc- 
tion increases  the  price  will  eventually 
fall.  Kven  with  reduced  prices  the  prof- 
its would  be  sufficiently  large  to  render 
ostrich  farming  a  very  profitable  under- 
taking;  and  as' each  year  !, will  increase 
the  experience  'of  breeders,  the  difficul- 


ties will  be  gradually  diminished  and 
losses  more  easily  avoided.  As  it  is, 
this  strange  iuduslrj' — the  domestication 
of  the  wild  birds  of  the  desert,  once  re- 
garded as  types  of  liberty  and  intracta- 
bility— is  at  the  same  time  one  of  the 
most  interesting  and  most  profitable  of 
the  African  trader. 


A  Colony  or  Osteiches.— Slontgomery 
Queen  has  purchased  100  African  os- 
triches, and  is  about  colonizing  them  ou 
his  place  near  Haywards,  a  small  town 
fifteen  miles  from  San  Francisco.  It  is 
Mr.  Queen's  intention  to  raise  ostriches 
solely  for  their  plumage,  each  bird  yield- 
ing over  $200  worth  of  feathers  yearly. 
He  has  invested  $100,000  in  the  enter- 
prise.— Denver  Xews. 


Undeveloped  Fruits  of  America. 

m  — 

FEW  wild  fruits  may  be  mentioned 
which  manifestly  have  great  capa- 
bilities, that  may  or  may  not  be 
develojied  in  the  future.  The 
leading  instances,  in  my  mind,  are 
the  Persimmon  and  the  Papaw;  not  the 
true  Papaw,  of  course,  which  we  have  in 
Florida,  but  the  Asia  Minor,  or  Western 
Papaw  so  called.  Both  Persimmons  and 
Papaws  are  freely  offering  from  spontan- 
eous seedlings,  incipient  choicer  varieties 
to  be  selected  from  both  fruit  when  only 
a  few  years  old,  thereby  accelerating  the 
fixation  of  selected  varieties  into  races; 
and  both  give  fruits  of  types  wholly  dis- 
tinct from  any  others  we  possess  of  tem- 
perate climates.  He  that  has  not  tasti  d 
Kaki  has  no  conception  of  the  capabili- 
ties of  the  Diospyrus  genius.  The  Cus- 
tard Apples  of  the  West  Indies  give  some 
idea  of  what  might  be  made  of  our  Pa- 
paw when  ameliorated  by  cultivation 
and  close  selection  for  several  genera- 
tions. I  have  understood  that  one  of 
the  veteran  pomologists  of  the  country. 
Dr.  Kirtland,  of  Ohio,  a  good  while  ago 
initiated  a  course  of  experiments  upon 
the  Papaw  in  this  regard;  it  would  be 
well  to  know  with  what  success,  and  if 
the  breeding  and  selection  have  been 
continued  through  successive  genera- 
tions. 

Our  American  Plums  have  for  many 
years  been  in  some  sort  of  cultivation 
and  have  improved  upon  the  wild  forms; 
but  I  suppose  they  have  not  been  sys- 
tematically attended  to.  Their  exterior 
liability  to  black  knot  and  other  attacks 
renders  them,  for  the  present,  unsuccess- 
ful. 

Finally,  if  pomology  includes  nuts, 
there  is  a  promising  field  uncultivated. 
Our  wild  chestnuts  are  sweeter  than 
those  of  the  Old  World;  it  would  be  well 
to  try  whether  races  might  not  be  devel- 
oped with  the  nuts  as  large  as  marrons 
or  Spanish  chestnuts,  and  without  dimi- 
nution of  flavor.  If  we  were  not  too 
easUy  satisfied  with  a  mere  choice  be- 
tween spontaneous  hickory  nuts,  we 
might  have  much  better  and  thinner- 
shelled  ones.  Varying  as  they  do,  exces- 
sively in  the  thickness  of  the  shell  and 
the  size  and  flavor  of  the  kernal,  they 
are  inviting  your  attention,  and  promis- 
ing to  reward  your  care.  The  Peccan  is 
waiting  to  have  the  bitter  matter  between 
the  kernel  bred  out;  the  butternuts  and 
black  walnuts  to  have  their  excess  of  oil 
turned  into  farinaceous  and  sugary  mat- 
ter, and  their  shells  thinned  and  smoth- 
ered by  continued  good  breeding;  when 
they  will  much  sui-pass  the  European 
walnut.-  -Prof.  Asa  Gray. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


About  Bananas. — Few  people  who  see 
liauanas  hanging  in  fruit  stores  think  of 
them  as  more  than  a  tropical  luxury.    In 
fact,  they  are  a  staple  article  of  food  in 
some  2>arts  of  the  world;  and  according 
to  Humboldt,   an   acre   of   bananas   will 
produce  as  much  food  for  man  as  twenty- 
five  acres  of  wheat.     It  is  the  ease  with 
which   bananas  are   grown   that   is    the 
great  obstacle  to  civilization  in  some  trop- 
ical countries.     It  is  so  easy  to  get  a  liv- 
ing without  work  that  no   effort  will  be 
made,  and  the  men  become  lazy  and  in- 
tolerably shiftless.     All  that  is  needed  is 
to  stick  a  cutting  into  the  ground.      It 
will  ripen  its  fruit  in  twelve  to  thirteen 
months  without  further  care,  each  plant 
having  7.5  to  125  banan.as,  and  when  that 
dies    down   after    fruiting,    new   shoots 
spring  up  to  take  its  place.     In  regions 
where  no  frost  ever  reaches  bananas  are 
found  in   all  stages  of  growth,  ripening 
their  fruit  every  month  and  every  day  in 
the  year.     Colonel  Whituer,  near  Silver 
Lake,  Florida,   has  probably  the  largest 
banana  plantation  in  the  Uuited  States, 
containing  fully  1U,U00  plants  in  bearing. 
Some  of  these  are  large  trees,    which  do 
not  die  after  bearing  their  fruit,  but  the 
majority  are  of  the  dwarf  species,  which 
are  renewed  every  year.   Slips  are  planted 
about  eight  feet  apart,  and  rapidly  push 
up  leaves,  disclosing  six  or   eight  small 
bananas  behind  this  jirotection.     Some 
plants  will  have  sixteen  or  twenty  leaves 
and  bunches  of  fruit,  bending  over  as  it 
ripens,  forming  a  most  beautiful  sight. 
The  banana  is    a   very   tender   plant. 
Says  a   southern    correspondent   of    the 
Prairie  Farmer:  "A  statement   is   going 
the  rounds  of   the  papers   to   the   effect 
that  'the  old  cotton  fields   of  the    South 
are  being  planted  to  bananas.'     It  is  as- 
tonishing how  much  ignorance  and  mis- 
representation have    been   published   in 
regard  to  this  fruit  and   the   cultivation 
of  it.     In  my  article  on  the  banana,  pub- 
lished in  the  Prairie  Farmer  more    than 
two  years  ago,  I  stated  (and  I  repeat  it) 
that  to  be  grown  successfully  it  requires 
a  rich,    m^t   soil   and   tro'pical  diimUe. 
These  conditions  are  not   found   in   old 
cotton   fields.      The   only  parts   of  the 
United  States  where  it  caii  be  grown  with 
success,  are  the  southern  parts  of  Cali- 
fornia and  Florida.     It  is  very  suscepti- 
ble to  cold,  and  even  on  our  gulf   coast 
it  seldom  matures  its  fruit  without  Win- 
ter protection,  and  is  not  planted   as   a 
crop  for  profit. 


Close  Planting  and  Pkuning.— We 
are  more  and  more  becoming  converted 
to  the  practice  of  close  jilanting  and 
pruning.  Take,  for  instance,  black  rasp- 
berries, or  blackberries,  g.ow  them  close 
in  a  row,  and  like  a  hedge,  by  keepint? 
them  well  cut  back  as  they  grcjw.  This 
makes  the  brandies  stitt',  so  that  they  do 
not  get  down  in  the  dirt,  and  are  easily 
passed  among  to  pick  the  fruit,  and,  too, 
by  mulching  the  entire  surface,  the  same 
amount  of  mulch  mulches  a  much  larger 
numlier  of  vines.  The  roots  of  all  kinds 
of  plants  run  much  farther  than  most 
people  have  any  idea  of,  and  simply 
mulching  close  around  the  plant  does  not 
answer  the  purpose.  The  roots  of  a 
Jilantatiou  of  raspberries  and  blackberries 
or  currants,  or  even  strawberries,  run 
through  the  entire  surface,  and  hence  to 


Oeange  Cultdee  in  Uppek  Califor- 
nia.— From  a  personal  knowledge,  de- 
rived from  a  residence  in  both  Los  An- 
geles and  Napa  counties,  we  will  state 
that  it  is  our  fii-m  belief  that  Los  Angeles 
as  an  orange  gi-owing  county,  does  not 
hold  a  particle  of  advantage  over  Napa. 
We  have  frost  here  every  Winter,  and  so 
do  they,  and  last  Winter  their  orange 
trees  triumphantly  passed  through,  over 
and  above  frost,  and  are  now  hanging 
full  of  golden  fruit— a  striking  illustra- 
tion of  their  power  of  resistance  to  frost. 
Comparatively  speaking,  in  a  point  of 
fact,  the  orange  trees  of  Los  Angeles 
demonstrated  that  they  could  stand  the 
same  amount  of  frost  that  grapevines  do, 
without  suffering  an  equal  amount  of  the 
blighting  effect.  Now,  why  not  go  into 
the  orange  business?  our  market  is  close 
and  the  next  best  thing  is  that  they  fre- 
quently pay  $1,00U  per  acre.— ,Sta;'. 

[What  is  true  of  Napa  county  is  equal- 
ly true  of  several  other  counties,  in  fact, 
every  agricultural  county  in  the  State,  in 
localities  below  the  heavy  snow  line. — 
Ed.] 

Ameeican  Tea.  —It  is  said  that  Georgia 
is  going  to  try  her  hand  once  more  at 
tea  growing.  Those  who  have  investi- 
gated the  subject  assure  us  that  the  ob- 
stacles to  the  culture  of  tea  successfully 
as  an  article  of  commerce  in  the  South- 
ern States  are  the  want  of  exi^erience 
and,  chiefly,  the  want  of  cheap  labor. 
The  tea  tree  of  China  has  been  grown  by 
several  persons  in  Georgia,  from  the 
Piedmont  region  to  the  sea  coast.  The 
shrub  is  a  hardy  and  vigorous  evergreen 
and  grows  from  three  to  five  feet  high. 
It  is  a  neat,  compact,  laurel-leaved  shrub, 
with  pretty,  white  flowers  in  Spring  and 
is  quite  ornamental.  It  is  perfectly  hardy 
and  will  stand  any  exposure  to  the  cli- 
mate, as  has  been  tested  in  Athens  ami 
many  other  localities  in  Georgia. 

[We  believe  that  Georgia,  like  Califor- 
nia with  cotton,  tea  and  silk,  will  not 
find  tea  a  profitable  plant  to  cultivate. 
Whatever  requires  cheaper  labor  to  make 
ita  success  in  competition  with  China, 
we  have  no  present  use  for,  to  any  great 
extent,  at  least.  ] 


The  Papaw  Teee  ok  Shkub. — The  pa- 
paw  is  very  common  in  the  Western  and 
Southern  States.  The  fruit  is  very  nu- 
tritious and  palatable,  much  resembling 
the  banana.  Its  introduction  here  would 
give  us  a  desirable  addition  to  the  num- 
ber of  our  fruits.  The  papaw  is  Jiulpy 
and  soft,  and  probably  could  not  bear 
long  transportation  or  command  an  ex- 
tensive sale  in  the  market,  but  it  would 
be  a  very  acceptable  fruit  for  home  con- 
sumption. There  are  several  varieties, 
.some  of  which  grow  to  the  height  of  ten 
or  flfteen  feet,  while  others  are  low 
shrubs.  The  fruit  of  all  of  them  is  sweet 
and  very  fragrant  and  the  product  very 
abundant.  The  jiajsaw  generally  grows 
wild,  along  the  banks  of  streams,  and 
sometimes  forms  thickets  of  several 
acres. — Vail. 

In  Ceylon  large  apes  arc  now  regularly 
employed  to  pull  cocoauuts.  These  an- 
imals are  imported  from  Acheen  in 
batches,  and  marched  round  the   planta- 


Encoueaoing  to  Oeange-Geowees. 
The  cultivation  of  the  orange  in  Louisi- 
ana has  of  late  attracted  much  attention. 
One  gentleman  on  Lower  Lafourche  has 
an  orchard  just  come  into  bearing,  of  125 
acres — said  to  be  the  largest  in  the 
world.  The  same  gentleman  has  a  tree 
on  his  plantation  over  sixty  years  old, 
the  fruit  of  which  this  year  is  worth  on 
the  ground  $100.  For  several  years  past 
the  income  from  this  tree  has  been  $50 
to  $75.  The  Co-operative  JVews,  from 
which  we  learn  these  facts,  adds  that 
California,  Louisiana  and  Florida  are  the 
only  parts  of  the  United  States  in  which 
the  orange  is  now  cultivated  with  suc- 
cess. Its  cultivation  in  South  Carolina 
and  Georgia  has  been  abandoned  on  ac- 
count of  frost.  The  market  for  the  fruit 
keejjs  jjace  with  the  increase  of  jjroduc- 
tion. 

Tamarind. — This  beautiful  tree  is  a 
native  of  the  East  Indies,  but  is  now 
considerably  cultivated  in  warm  climates 
elsewhere.  Only  one  species  seems  to 
be  known — a  spreading  tree,  thirty  or 
forty  feet  high,  with  alternate  pinnate 
leaves,  which  have  from  twelve  to  fifteen 
pairs  of  small  leaflets,  and  fragrant  flow- 
ers with  three  petals,  the  pods  brown 
and  many-seeded,  as  thick  as  a  man's 
finger  and  about  six  inches  long.  These 
pods  are  filled  with  a  pleasant,  acidulous, 
sweet,  reddish-black  pulp. 


the  soil  on  condition  that  they  paj'  the 
rent  and  please  their  landlord,  are  no 
less  slaves  than  were  the  negroes  in  the 
South  to  their  owners  and  masters. 

7th — That  tlie  idea  that  one  man 
should  own  large  tracts  of  land  to  the 
exclusion  of  others  belongs  to  the  old 
feudal  system,  and  should  not  exist  in 
free  America. 

8th — That  it  is  the  duty  of  the  press 
of  this  State  to  show  all  frauds  commit- 
ted in  land  matters,  by  private  individu- 
als or  public  servants,  giving  the  names 
of  all  jsarties  therein  engaged,  that  they 
may  be  held  up  to  public  view,  not  as 
enterprising  gentlemen,  but  as  public 
thieves  and  perjured  villains. 

W.  G.  GuFFT,  Chairman. 
John  Foutnet,    Secretary. 

Paso  Kobles,  Cal.,  Feb.,  1876. 


Pnml  poWcr. 


ANTI 


RESO- 


he  properly  benefitted,  tlie  surface  must  |  """s  by  thciir  owners,  who  let  them  out 
be  mulched  or  worked  by  hoe  and  culti- 
vator, and  the  part  that  most  needs  this 
IS  the  extremities  of  the  root.  Currants 
and  gooseberries  must  have  a  cool,  moist 
place  to  do  well,  and  if  jilanted  on  dry 
soil,  this  is  best  secured  by  a  heavy 
mulching  of  the  entire  surface.  So,  if 
fruit,  and  of  the  best  quality,  is  what  is 
sought  for,  plant  close,  prune  close,  and 
mulch  heavy,  is  our  advice.  -tImaU  Fruit 
necorder. 


on  hire.  A  line  is  first  .attached  to  these 
peculiar  laborers,  and  he  is  then  sent  up 
a  tree,  and  is  said  to  select  suitable  fruit 
with  great  discrimination,  and  to  twist 
the  nut  round  ami  round  till  it  falls  to 
the  ground.  Each  successive  fall  of  a 
nut  is  hailed  by  the  hairy  worker  with  a 
sort  of  grim  cliuckle  of  satisfaction. 
»  [In  California  the  fruit  growers  find 
it  cheaper  to  import  Chinamen  to  gather 
fruit.    -Ed.  J 


LAND    MONOPOLY 

LUTIONS- 

^}[  

«?7TD.    Aoricdltueist:    The    following 

qlf  resolutions  were  adopted  at  a  meet- 
jjilT.  ing  of  the  People's  Deliberative 
{y]\  Association,  held  at  the  Estralla 
<0^  school-house,  on  the  29th  of  Janu- 
ary, 1876 : 

Wheeeas,  under  existing  laws,  large 
bodies  of  agi'icultural  lauds  have  been 
procured  by  a  few  individuals  who  hold 
them  for  speculative  purposes;  and 

Whekeas,  it  is  an  acknowledged  fact 
that  great  frauds  have  been  committed 
to  procure  titles  to  land  in  California 
under  the  guise  of  Mexican  grants, 
swamp  iuid  overflowed  lands,  Sioux  scrip, 
soldiers'  bounty  warrant,  lien  warrants, 
college  scrip,  and  other  scrips;  and 

Waeeeas,  the  i)ublio  journals  are  the 
educators  of  the  people;  therefore,  be  it 
Resolved,  First — That  it  is  apparent 
that  the  laws  governing  land  matters 
have  failed  to  secure  the  rights  of  the 
people;  and  to  say  that  all  that  is  neces- 
sary is  a  faithful  execution  of  the  laws, 
is  but  to  throw  dust  in  the  eyes  of  the 
people. 

2d — That  upon  the  principle  that  the 
Government  has  the  right  to  grant  to 
individuals  or  corporations  one  million 
acres,  it  has  the  right  to  grant  the  whole 
public  domain. 

3d — That  a  system  of  taxation  that 
would  force  monopolists  to  sell  their  lands 
would  be  no  remedy  to  these  evils.  Noth- 
ing less  than  such  a  change  in  our  laws 
as  would  force  them  to  surrender  their 
stolen  propertj'  to  the  rightful  owners 
would  be  adequate  to  remedying  the 
evil. 

ith— That  no  legislative  body  has  the 
right  to  grant  any  of  the  public  lniu]§  to 
individuals  or  coipiuatioiis,  excepting 
to  the  actual  settlers  and  cultivators. 

5th — That,  according  to  American 
ideas,  no  man  is  in  the  full  enjoyment  of 
liberty  without  a  home  that  he  can  call 
his  own. 

(ith--That  the  thousands  of  our  best 
citizens   who  are   only  i)ernuttcd   to  till 


GOVERNMENT  LANDS  IN 
CANADA. 

In  conti'ast  with  the  way  settlers  are 
generally  treated  in  California,  we  quote 
the  following  from  a  Canada  paper  as 
showing  how  settlers  are  encouiaged. 
The  Canadians  believe  that  individual 
prosperity  insures  the  prosperity  of  the 
State.  They  guard  the  rights  of  indi- 
viduals, and  no  selfish  monopolist  can 
defraud  the  people  of  their  public  domain. 
It  is  held  sacred  to  actual  settlers,  as  it 
should  be  everywhere. 

'•The  conditions  of  settlement  are  as 
follows,  according  to  the  latest  arrange- 
ments: A  married  man  with  a  family 
can  ijre-empt  100  acres,  and  is  allowed 
to  purchase  the  same  amount,  to  com- 
plete the  half  section,  at  50  cents  per 
acre;  and  all  single  men  or  women  over 
18  years  of  age  can  get  160  acres  free, but 
are  not  allowed  to  purchase  any  at  any 
price.  The  terms  of  settlement  are,  to 
clear  on  each  ICO  acres,  15  acres,  and 
build  a  log  house  within  five  years  after 
executing  the  same." 


MAINE  STATE  LANDS. 

There  is  a  large  Sweedish  settlement 
in  Maine  upon  lands  granted  in  quarter 
sections  to  settlers.  The  State  surveyed 
the  lands,  laid  out  the  public  roads,  built 
school  houses,  and  a  log  house  on  each 
quarter  section,  also  cleared  a  few  acres, 
as  a  starter,  and  required  each  settler  to 
clear  a  given  number  of  acres  within 
five  years  to  become  free  owner.  The 
result  of  this  is,  that  the  State  is  gainer 
by  a  thrifty  and  increasing  population, 
and  taxable  property,  while  the  settlers 
are  well-to-do  and  independent,  gaining 
in  wealth,  intelligence  and  comfort  each 
year. 

How  different  this  policy  from  that  of 
California!  Here  grabbers  get  all  the 
State  lands.  Settlers  are  fenced  out  of 
this  country,  or  bled  of  more  money  than 
they  can  make  in  ten  years,  before  they 
can  get  hold  of  any.  Nature  has  made 
a  paratlise  which  man  has  rendered  for- 
bidden ground  to  the  deserving. 


Federal  Land  Guants. — The  grants 
of  land  made  to  California  by  the  United 
States  are  approximated  at  7,5'J0,03a 
acres.  Classified — 500,000  acres  are  en- 
tered under  the  head  of  internal  improve- 
ments, 1,553,115  as  swamp  and  over- 
flowed lands,  5,220,1.10  for  Thirteenth 
and  Thirty-sixth  sections,  40,080  as 
seminary  giant,  0,100  for  the  erection  of 
public  buildings,  150,000  for  the  benefit 
of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts, 
and  105,000  as  salt  marsh  and  tide  lands. 
This  makes  a  territorial  area  of  2,508,030 
acres,  or  50  per  cent,  greater  than  that 
of  the  State  of  Alassachusetts,  which 
State  covers  but  ■1,902,000  acres. 


"••^^^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


;0vdnc. 


The  Wild  Hog  in  India. 


Aff^HE  Indian  dookur,  or  -wild  pig,    if 
fil  not  so  burly  as  the  great  mast-fed 
hogs  of  Germany,   is   a   fierce    and 
powerful  brute,  standing  over  thirty 
c>g5  inches  at  his  withers,  and  wielding 
tushes  which  gleam  milk-white  from  his 
chaps,  becoming  from  six  to  nine  inches 
long  in  the  well-grown  boar.     There   is 
nothing  in  the  jungle  that  he  is   afraid 
of,  armed  with  these  sharp-edged  kmves 
of  ivory  and  clad  in   almost  impenetra- 
ble hide.     The  native   shikarris   declare 
that  the  Deccan  boar,  when  he  is  thirsty, 
will  "  go  doOTi  to  drink  at  the  pool   be- 
tween two  tigers,  and  ask  neither  for  per- 
mission," while  his  temper   is   quick    as 
his  courage  is  high;    for  they   also   say 
that  when  the  wild  elephant  comes  tramp- 
ling over  the  sleeping  apartments  of   his 
wives  and  children,   the    iVjokiir   will   go 
at  the  huge  intruder  and  rip  at  his  hocks 
and  tiauk  without  a  moment's  considera- 
tion  of  their   disproportion.     Over  and 
over  again  the  panther  and  the  pig  have 
been  found  lying  side   by    side   dead   in 
the  forest,   after  an   equal   contest;   for, 
once  committed  to    any   such    struggle, 
the  gray  boar  goes  through  with  it.    Not 
that  he  has  not  speed  either,  in  spite   of 
his  short  legs  and  heavy  carcass.     Colo- 
nel Shakspeare,  a   great   authority,    has 
just  written  in  his  "Wild  Sports  of   In- 
dia:"  "  No  one  but  he  who  has  seen  it 
would  believe  that  the  wild  hog  of  India 
can,  on  his  own  ground,  out-pace  at  his 
first  burst  and  run  away  from  the  fastest 
Arab  race-horse;  but  such  is   the   fact. 
Let  the  hog  be  mountain  born  and  bred, 
—having  to  travel,  in  certain  seasons  of 
the  year,  forty  or  fifty  miles  every  night 
for  his  food— then  try   him   on  his  own 
hillside,  or  over    the   rock  and  brush  of 
the    Deccan,   and   I  will    back   the  hog 
against  the  hunter.      *     *     '     No  man 
who  has  not  been  an  eye-witness  of  the 
desperate  courage  of   this    animal  would 
believe  in  his  utter  recklessness   of  life, 
or  the  fierceness  that  will  make  him  run 
up  the  hunter's  spear,  which  has  passed 
through   his  vitals,    until  he  buries  his 
tusk  in  the  body  of  the  horse,  or,  it  may 
be,  in  the  leg  of  the  rider."     The  boars 
of   the    plains,    however— especially    if 
they  get  the  run  of  the  sugar-canes  and 
garden  grounds— quickly   lay  on  fat  and 
become    short-winded;  but   a  pahari,  or 
hill  pig,  who  travels  for   bis  hving,   and 
has  to  seek  it  far  and  wide,  does  put  even 
a  good  Arab  to  his  metal  over  the  stones 
and  sun-cracks.     He  feeds  by  night,  and 
there  is  little  difficulty  in  knowing  where 
for  the  earth  w  ill  be   found  turned  up  in 
heaps  as  it  a  subsoil  plow  or  a  gang  of 
railway  navvies  had  been  at  work.      "His 
snout  digs  sepulchres  where'er  he  goes," 
and  having  eaten  his  fill   of   forest  roots 
and  berries,  his    "custom    always  of  an 
afternoon"  is  to  sleep  away  the  hot  hght 
enscoused  in  some  thicket  or  close  cover 
of  spear-grass  and   coriuda-bush,  or  per- 
chance in  the   coolest  and  dampest  part 
of  the  jowarree  field  or  cane  plantation. 
Water  he  must   have  near  at    hand,  and 
thus  he  is  constantly  found  in  the  woods 
which  border  a  stream  or  the  slopes  of  a 
hill  leading  down  to  a  lake  or   pool.     In 
such  places  the  hunt  meets,  in  the  early 
morning  or  the  later   hours  of   the  after- 
noon, with  a   village  full  of   beaters  eu- 
gaced  to  rouse  up  the  great  swme,  whom 
they   hate    because    he    tramples    then- 
plantations    and    roots   at   their  young 
crops. 

"Hog  hunting  is,"  says  Colonel  Camp- 
bell, "the  most  exciting  sport  in  India. 
As  for  the  pace,  there   is  but  one— the 


very  best  your  horse  can  muster,  be  the 
ground  what  it  may.  A  lanky,  outlying 
boar  can  beat  a  good  horse  in  a  spurt  of 
half  a  mile  over  the  best  ground;  what, 
then,  must  such  an  animal  do  over  a 
country  covered  with  loose  stones  and 
cut  up  by  ravines'?  A  hog  usually  se- 
lects the  worst  ground  he  can  find.  Go- 
ing slowly  at  a  boar  is  very  dangerous; 
tor  not  oiily  may  a  miss  occasion  an  ac- 
cident, but,  even  if  you  spear  him 
through,  he  can  run  up  the  shaft  and 
rip  the  horse's  entrails  out  before  he  has 
time  to  turn."  And  the  old  boar  is  con- 
sidering how  to  do  that  as  he  bounds 
along,  making  for  the  next  cover,  but 
aware  that  two  or  three  of  the  pursuers 
are  gaining  upon  him.  It  is  at  this 
juncture  racing,  steeple-chasing,  fox- 
hunting and  fighting— as  some  one  says 
—are  all  blended  in  one;  but  before  it  is 
over  the  pig  will  go  shares  at  least  in 
some  of  the  last. 


Teichinosis  ra  the  West.— Dr.  George 
Sutton  has  made  a  report  on  trichinosis 
to  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  in 
which  we  find  some  alarming  observa- 
tions: 

From  microscopic  examination  of  pork 
killed  in  southeastern  Indiana,  says  the 
report,  we  have  found  from  three  to  six- 
teen per  cent,  of  the  hogs  affected  with 
trichina,  the  number  of  hogs  diseased 
varying  gi-eatly  in  different  localities. 

That  over  five  millions  of  hogs  are 
slaughtered  and  packed  in  the  Western 
States,  not  including  those  which  are 
put  up  for  family  use  by  the  farmers; 
that  if  four  per  cent,  of  the  pork  is  dis- 
eased, which  we  believe  to  be  a  low  esti- 
mate, we  have  221,484  diseased  hogs  put 
•annually  upon  the  market;  or,  at  an  av- 
erage of  200  pounds  to  the  hog,  44,296,- 
800  pounds  of  diseased  meat,  every 
ounce  of  which,  under  favorable  condi- 
tions, is  capable  of  producing  disease. 

That  from  the  cases  of  trichinosis  that 
came  under  our  observation,  and  the 
post  mortem  examinations,  and  the  eS'ects 
upon  the  dog  that  was  fed  with  the  dis- 
eased meat,  we  have  come  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  ninety  per  cent,  of  disease 
produced  from  eating  trichinous  pork 
appears  either  as  gastro-enteritis,  or  as  a 
diarrhea  or  dysentery,  and  not  more 
than  ten  per  cent,  as  the  fully  developed 
form  of  trichinosis,  in  which  the  muscu- 
lar system  becomes  afl'ected. 

That  as  diarrhea,  dysentery,  and  en- 
teritis rank  high  as  causes  of  mortality 
in  the  United  States,  these  diseases  caus- 
ing 31,153  deaths  in  1870,  .as  shown  by 
the  last  census  reports;  and  as  we  have 
seen  that  a  large  amount  of  trichinous 
pork,  capable  of  producing  these  diseases 
is  among  the  principal  articles  of  food 
in  our  country,  we  thing  it  more  than 
probable  that  trichinai  have  a  much 
greater  influence  in  the  etiology  of  this 
class  of  diseases  than  has  been  recog- 
nized by  the  profession. 

That'll  is  highly  probable  that,  when 
the  fact  becomes  more  generally  known 
j  that  so  large  a  percentage  of  pork  is 
I  swarming  with  trichina?,  capable  of  pro- 
ducing disease,  it  may  have  an  ett'ect 
upon  the  use  of  this  meat,  and  conse- 
quently affect  the  sale,  to  some  extent, 
of  one" of  the  principal  articles  of  com- 
merce in  the  West." 


al  Live  Slock  Journal  a  correspondent,  in 
speaking  of  the  prevalence  of  this  dis- 
ease in  the  Western  States,  makes  the 
following  very  pertinent  remarks  on  this 
point: 

The  causes  of  the  disease  are  obscure; 
but  as  it  is  more  prevalent  in  low  and 
undrained  localities  than  on  high  and 
well-drained  soil,  it  is  considered  to  be 
due  mainly  to  miasmatic  and  mah  rious 
emanations.  Confinement  in  filthy  sties, 
impure  drinking  water,  and  a  want  of 
change  in  food,  etc.,  are  also  among  the 
causes.  We  are  convinced  that  many 
animals  of  this  class  are  annually  lost 
from  the  effects  of  improper  food,  from 
living  in  an  atmosphere  surcharged  with 
poisonous  effluvia,  the  product  of  animal 
or  vegetable  decomposition.  Decompos- 
ing substances,  both  animal  and  vegeta- 
ble, corn  that  has  undergone  a  change 
from  long  keeping  or  exposure  to  damp, 
and  w^hicb  is  loaded,  perhaps,  with  the 
sporules  of  poisonous  fungi,  brine  from 
the  meat  tub— these  and  other  simDar 
substances  are  often  given  to  pigs  as 
food,  and  in  many  instances  have  been 
known  to  cause  very  great  losses.  Much 
that  we  have  seen  convinces  us  of  the 
necessity  of  more  attention  being  paid  to 
the  quality  of  the  food  of  these  animals 
than  is  generally  being  done  and  also  to 
the  nature  of  their  lodgings,  as  well  as 
the  air  they  breathe. 

This  disease  doubtless  assumes  differ- 
ent forms  under  diffrent  circum- 
stances, but  the  causes  are  probably 
the  same  in  all,  and  might  be 
traced  to  something  radically  wrong  in 
the  food  or  general  surroundings  of  the 
affected  animals. 


Mm^ 


^ 


\\ 


Hog  Choleea. — This  is  a  chsease  which 
of  late  years  has  prevailed  to  a  fearful 
extent  in  various  portions  of  the  country. 
Very  little  is  yet  known  of  the  cause  or 
the"  best  mode  of  treatment,  although 
thousands  of  animals  are  annually  lost 
by  what  is  said  to  be  hog  cholera.  But, 
like  many  other  diseases  common  among 
farm  stock,  there  is  little  doubt  that  this 
is  the  result  of  improper  food  or  general 
neglect.     In  a  late  numberof  the  \<Uion- 


HONEY  -  PRODTJOING     PLANTS. 

@  

sSTn'    districts    where  honey-producing 

not  so  abundant  as  to  fur- 

suificient  feed  for  bees,  and  a 
.^..-plusfor   honey,   bee-keeping  can 
■K2   not  he  made  a  success   unless  some 
such  plants  as   furnish  honey   are  culti- 
vated in  such  quantities  as  to  supply  the 
want.       In  the  wheat-growing   districts 
bees  will  nearly  starve,  unless  kept  along 
rivers  where  tliere  is  a  good  deal  of  wild 
pasturage    within    reach.       Mustard    is 
good  while  it  lasts,  so  are   several   other 
plants,    as    willow    blossoms    and   wild 
spring  clover.      But,  to    be   successful, 
there  must  be  a  succession  of  feed  from 
early  till  late.     Grapes  are  excellent  bee 
feed".     As  soon  as  they  are  ripe  the  birds 
and    yellow-jackets   break    through  the 
skins,  and  then    the  bees   suck  out  the 
sweet  juices   and    make  lots  of   honey. 
We  have  known  bees  to  fill  several  hives 
from  less  than  half  an  acre  of  grapes  in 
a  month's  time.     But  without  the  aid  of 
birds,   or   other  insects,  the   bees  could 
not  get  through   the  skins  into  the  con- 
centrated juices  and  sweets  of  the  fruit. 
There  are    several  plants   indigenous  to 
this  coast   that  are   superior  honey-pro- 
ducing   plants,    such  as  the    tnaurinata, 
willow,  white    sage  of  Southern  Califor- 
nia, and  others. 

The  following  article  we  quote  from 
the  Amerkan  Bee  Journal.  _  It  wiU  be 
found  instructive  and  interesting: 

"  We  will  first  mention  those  which 
are  a  valuable  crop,  aside  from  the  honey 
which  they  produce: 

"Buckwheat  {polygonum  fagopyrum) 
succeeds  best  on  a  dry,  rich,  sandy  loam. 
It  is  a  valuable  crop  for  family  use,  farm 
stock,  poultry,  etc.,  and  will  rapidly  en- 
rich the  soil,  if  deeply  plowed  under 
while  in  full  bloom.     Its  yield  of  honey 


while  in  bloom,  which  is  of  quite  short 
duration,  in  a  favorable  season,  compares 
well  with  any  plant  with  which  we  are 
acquainted,  but  it  is  of  very  inferior 
quality  both  in  taste  aud  color.  The 
seed  should  be  sown  in  June,  broadcast, 
using  three  to  five  pecks  per  acre. 

"  Chinese  mustard  (Sbiapsis  Chiner^yj 
is  about  as  well  adapted  to  the  wants  of 
the  bee-keeping  farmer  as  any  plant  can 
well  be.  It  is  well  adapted  to  most  soils 
and  does  not  seem  to  be  afl'ected  by  at- 
mospheric changes.  Prof.  J.  P.  Kirtland 
says  of  it  in  'Gleanings'  (vol.  3,  page 
IS) :  'In  my  belief,  the  true  Chinese 
mustard  holds  out  the  best  prospects  for 
this  purpose  (profitable  cultivation)  of 
any  ijlant  at  present  known.  *  *  It 
produces  more  than  double  the  quantity 
of  flowers  aud  seed  than  either  the  black 
or  white  mustard;  the  species  usually 
cultivated  in  this  state,  the  last  named.is 
too  frequently  sent  out  from  our  seed 
stores  as  the  Chinese.  If  patches  of 
ground  be  sown  at  suitable  intervals  of 
time  from  early  Spring  till  near  the  close 
of  Summer,  our  bees  will  be  constantly 
occupied  in  collecting  honey  during  those 
periods  when  they  are  usually  idle  for 
the  want  of  such  supplies  as  will  be  thus 
furnished.  The  seed  of  this  kind  is 
peculiarly  adapted  for  grinding  into  the 
popular  condiment,  always  commands  a 
ready  sale  and  good  price,  aud  will  insure 
sufficient  income  to  repay  for  its  cultiva- 
tion.' 

"  It  is  highly  prized,  when  young,  as 
a  salad,  or  as  greens;  the  seed  is  also 
eaten  by  poultrj'.  The  honey  which  it 
produces  is  of  a  very  beautiful  light  yel- 
low color,  is  of  fine  flavor,  and  always 
commands  the  highest  market  price. 

"Common  mustard  fSbutp/ii's  yigraj, 
is  a  valuable  bee  plant,  cultivated  to 
some  extent  for  its  seed;  but  it  is  a  bad 

weed. 

"  Rape  (Brassica  Xapus  Okifera,  Fr. 
CoUa,  Ger.  liapxj  is  an  important  plant 
both  as  a  bee  plant  and  field  crop,  and  is 
so  well  known  that  no  description  from 
us  is  needed. 

"Sunflower  (HelianllMs)  has  deservedly 
received  much  attention  during  the  past 
few  years,  for  indeed  it  is  as  useful  a 
crop  as  a  farmer  can  raise,  the  leaves 
producing  an  enormous  quantity  of  nu- 
tritious forage  for  stock,  and  the  seeds 
are  eagerly  devoured  by  all  kinds  of 
poultry,  hogs,  etc.  They  also  have  a 
real  commercial  value,  being  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  vegetable  oil.  It  yields 
a  large  amount  of  beautiful,  yellow 
honey. 

"Lucerne  or  French  clover  (alfalfa) 
(Medicago  saliva)  is  one  of  the  best  kinds 
for  sandy  soil.  It  is  notable  for  its  long 
tap  roots,  which  penetrate  the  soil  to  a 
great  depth,  rendering  it  capable  of  with- 
standing a  severe  drought,  and  causing  a 
prodigous  growth  of  fine  food  for  stock. 
As  a  bee  plant  it  is  nearly  equal  to  Alsike 
clover.  . 

"Italian or  scarlet  treefoil  (T.  mcarna- 
tum),  introduced  from  Italy,  where  it  is 
extensively  grown,  as  also  in  France,  is  a 
profitable  "crop.  Its  flowers  are  produced 
in  long  heads  of  bright  scarlet  and  are 
sought  for  by  the  bees  from  morning  till 
night.  We  recommend  this  variety  for 
trial  to  our  brother  bee-keepers.  For  a 
crop  it  should  be  sown  the  same  as  Alsike 
clover,  for  soiling  during  Summer,  using 
I  from  fi  to  10  &s  per  acre. 

"  Yellow  treefoil  e\o\er  (Medicago  Lu- 

\pulb\a)    is    very    prolific    and  perfectly 

hardy.     It  grows  very  rank  and  produces 

honey  during  our  severest  droughts.  Sow 

in  Spring  7  fts  per  acre. 

"Espareette  or  sanfoin  (Iledysarum 
Onobrychis).  This  plant  is  an  acquisi- 
tion alike  to  the  stock-raiser  and  the  bee- 
keeper, and  though  usually  classed  with 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


n 


the  clovers,  it  is  a  legnminons  plant.  Jts 
roots,  -which  are  large,  hard  and  woody, 
remain  in  full  vigor  for  a  great  number 
of  years,  thus  producing  anniially  an 
enormous  quantity  of  fine  honey  and 
forage.  It  is  particular!}'  recommended 
for  feeding  milch  cowg,  sheep,  etc. 

"Vetches  or  tares  fVicki  saliva  J.  This 
species  of  the  pea  is  grown  extensively 
in  Canada  and  England,  where  it  is 
highly  prized  for  green  fodder,  soiling, 
pasturage,  or  as  hay,  being  relished  by 
all  liinds  of  domestic  stock.  Its  flowers 
are  beautifully  variegated,  and  are  a  fa- 
vorite resort  for  the  bus}'  little  bees.  Sow 
broadcast,  using  about  one  bushel  of  seed 
for  an  acre  of  ground,  or  it  may  be  sown 
in  drills  the  same  as  field  peas. 

"Borage  (Boraqo  OfficiiiUiUs,  Ger.  Stir- 
kenkraul),  though  it  may  not  be  fully  en- 
titled to  be  cultivated  as  a  field  crop 
alone,  yet  it  certainly  deserves  a  pl.ace  in 
every  garden.  In  Europe,  it  is  consid- 
ered a  valuable  vegetable,  and  is  to  be 
found  in  almost  every  garden.  The  value 
of  borage  is  thus  spoken  of  in  the  Enq- 
lish  Mechanic:  'The  large  leaves  and  ten- 
der stalks  dipped  in  butter  and  fried 
make  an  excellent  and  savory  dish.  The 
brilliant  blue  flowers  are  very  pretty  as  a 
garnish  for  salads.  *  *  The  young 
leaves  boiled  are  a  good  substitute  for 
spinach.  *  *  *  Bees  are  extremely 
fond  of  borage  and  it  appears  to  repay 
them  well  for  their  attention.' 

"Mignonette,  Parson's  new  white 
(Besedo  Odorata  EximiaJ.  Too  much 
canuot  well  be  said  of  the  value  of  this 
beautiful  jilant  to  those  who  are  raising 
but  a  few  stocks  of  bees.  Kidder  speaks 
thus  of  the  value  of  mignonette  in  his 
'Secrets  of  Bee-Keeping,'  page  59:  'If 
cultivated  to  the  extent  that  it  might  or 
ought  to  be,  it  would  certainly  furnish  a 
rich  pasturage  for  bees;  it  blooms  from 
June  until  the  autumnal  frost.  A  small 
patch  of  this  will  perfume  the  air  for 
quite  a  distance;  .and  were  it  cultivated 
by  acres,  for  hee  jiasturage  alone,  we 
should  be  favored  with  a  fragrant  atmos- 
phere that  would  vie  with  the  spicy 
breezes  of  Ceylon,  and  a  honey  that 
would  outdo  the  famed  honey  of  Hymet- 
tus  for  aromatic  flavor. ' 

"  It  blossoms  in  the  latter  part  of  .Tune 
and  continues  in  bloom  until  cold  weath- 
er (heavy  frosts  do  not  injure  it),  and 
indeed  we  are  informed  by  our  Southern 
friends  that  with  them  it  continues  in 
full  bloom  during  the  Winter.  There 
are  many  other  new  varieties,  but  we 
think  they  are  inferior  for  field  culture, 
as  is  also  the  common  dwarf  sort  {Reseda 
Odorata).  The  seeds,  which  are  small, 
should  be  sown  in  the  Spring,  sowing 
thinly  and  covering  lightly,  in  drills  at 
least  three  feet  apart. 

"Alyssum  orrockmadwort  (steinkraiit) 
is  of  but  little  value,  except  as  early  bee 
pasturage.  The  dandelion  furnishes  a 
rich  pasturage  for  bees  very  early  in  the 
Spring.  Scatter  the  seed  in  your  pas- 
tures; it  will  do  no  harm,  as  all  kinds  of 
domestic  stock  will  eat  it,  and  in  a  year 
or  two  you  will  have  a  rich  feast  for  your 
V)ees. 

"Yellow  and  white  Bokhara  clover 
(Miiilotns  lencanllia  and  M.  alhus  altisonits) 
are  most  excellent  honey-produeing 
plants,  but  they  are  a  great  nuisance  to 
growing  crops,  and  should  not  be  allowed 
to  spread  too  much  where  they  are  not 
desired.  However,  they  are  well  adapted 
for  sowing  on  barren  hills,  steep  hill- 
sides and  broken  ground  generally. where 
it  is  not  desirable  for  cultivating  grain. 
"Catnip  (Nepela  Calnria)  and  mother- 
wort {J,emmrus  Cardicia).  Bee-keepers 
should  not  cut  down  nor  destroy  these 
plants,  but  increase  their  number,  as  bc- 
iug  the  very  best  honey-produeing  plants 
that  can  be  grown.     It  is  a  good  plan  to 


scatter  the   seed    in    stone    piles,  along 

fences  and  other  waste   places  about  the 
farm.     It  is  not  a  bad  weed. 

"Monardn.  punctata  is  valuable  for  bees 
but  it  is  difficult  to  grow  it  except  on 
sandy  or  gravelly  land. 

Patridge  pea  and  Eocky  Mountain  bee 
plant  we  have  not  tested  sufficiently  to 
recommend. 

"Basswood  or  linden  ( Tilia  Americana') 
and  tulip,  whitewood  or  poplar  (IJrio- 
devdron  TiiUpifera)  are  worthy  alone  for 
cultivation,  either  for  their  timber  or  as 
an  ornamental  shade  tree.  They  are 
rapid  and  thrifty  growers,  easily  trans- 
planted, and  will  live  for  hundreds  of 
years,  and  are  the  most  valuable  monu- 
ment that  a  man  can  build  tor  future 
generations.  Were  our  public  roads, 
parks,  dwellings,  etc.,  planted  with  these 
trees,  what  a  boon  it  would  be  to  all  en- 
gaged in  this  interesting  pursuit.  A  good 
way  to  introduce  them  in  a  neighborhood 
is  to  furnish  your  neighbors  the  desired 
quantity  on  condition  that  if  they  grow 
them  successfully  they  have  them  free; 
but  if  they  neglect  them  and  let  them  die 
they  to  pay  you  cost  price.  The  seeds 
are  to  be  sown  in  drills,  and  cultivated 
one  year,  then  transplanted,  setting  from 
8  to  14  feet  apart  each  way.  The  seed 
will  also  grow  if  strewn  among  timber, 
along  fences,  etc. 

"The  Wild  China  is  also  a  good  honey- 
yielding  tree,  nearly  or  quite  equal  to 
the  .above;  but  we  do  not  think  it  will 
stand  our  severe  Winters." 


fy\)M  mn\  ^'Mx, 


Bees  fn  Los  Angeles  County. — Myself 
and  companion  have  an  apiary  consist- 
ing of  150  colonies  of  bees,  in  Los  An- 
geles county,  California,  18  miles  east  of 
Santa  Ana,  and  12  miles  north  of  San 
Juan,  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  coast  range 
of  mountains.  My  partner  located  here 
in  the  Fall  of  1873,  at  which  time  it  was 
the  only  apiary  in  this  section.  Although 
his  bees  were  in  the  old-fashioned  box 
hives,  he  had  excellent  success,  owing 
no  doubt  to  the  superiority  of  range  and 
mildness  of  climate. 

Others  hearing  of  his  success  have 
coucluded  to  try  their  luck  in  the  bee 
business,  in  the  same  locality.  We  have 
1'2  or  14  families  located  here  who  are 
establishing  apiaries,  having  waited  for 
the  return  of  cool  weather  so  they  may 
remove  their  bees  in  safety  from  the  val- 
ley. We  have  succeeded  in  transferring 
15(J  colonies  from  the  old  box  hives  to  the 
Langstroth,  without  the  loss  of  a  single 
one,  although  by  some  accident  we  lost 
four  or  five  cjueens;  but  they  were  soon 
replaced  by  inserting  a  frame  of  larvic 
into  the  queenless  hive.  In  transfeiTing 
we  took  13,000  jiouuds  of  first-class 
strained  honey.  My  partner  had  taken 
7,000  ]3iiunds  before  transferring, making 
in  all  20,000  pounds  from  150  colonies  in 
the  old  box  hive.  We  expect  to  have  at 
least  200  colonies  with  which  to  com- 
mence operating  in  the  Spring. — S.  P. 
II.,  in  Am.  Bee  Journal. 


In  the  construction  of  the  San  Lor- 
enzo Flume,  thirty-four  tons  of  nails 
were  used.  The  fiume  is  eleven  and 
three-fouiths  miles  in  length,  and  absorb- 
ed 1,000,000  feet  of  himber  in  its  con- 
struction. 


According  to  English  papers  the  foot 
and  mouth  disease  is  still  raging  almost 
unabated  in  that  country.  It  is  also 
spreading  among  the  shepherds'  dogs  in 
Yorkshire;  the  dogs  ju'obably  catching  it 
from  the  flocks  they  tend. 


Chicago,  the  largest  grain  market  in 
the  world,  handles  !)O,OO0,00O  bushels 
annually,  and  has  now  in  operation  eigh- 
teen steam  elevators,  with  a  cajiacity  of 
15,350,000  bushels. 


Song   of  Progress. 

f  HAT  !  Khali  the  future  fate  of  man 
Be  likened  to  the  past; 
And  disregard  of  human  rights 
Continue  to  the  laetV 
I  Shall  po^Te^,  ambition,  and  deceit 
Still  warp,  and  crush,  and  bind 
The  mind,  and  body,  dark  ning  still 
The  future  of  mankind? 

Shall  Ignorance,  in  fetters  dire. 

The  masses  still  enslave; 
And  Bigotry,  in  bitter  ire, 

Its  dreary  dogmas  rave  ? 
Shall  wealth  and  wretcliedness  for  aye 

Their  glaring  contrast  find; 
And  crime  and  creeds  be  rife  through  all 

The  future  of  mankind  ? 

Shall  Toil  produce,  but  ne'er  partake. 

Complain,  but  yet  endure? 
Is  there  no  physic  for  the  ill, 

No  remedy  to  cure? 
Yes,  there's  a  problem  might  be  solved 

Freedom's  amount  to  find. 
For  in  tlie  present  is  involved 

The  future  of  mankind. 

The  task  to  learn,  the  part  to  take. 

The  duty  to  discharge. 
The  obstacle  to  overthrow. 

Advantage  to  enlarge: 
Justice,  and  Truth,  the  cynosure 

To  guide  the  earnest  mind: 
The  present  earnest  helper  works 

The  future  of  manliind. 

—  [Histrion. 


GRANGER'S      IDEA 
QUESTION. 

BY     A.    O.    S. 


ON     THE 


E  know  the  universal  antagonism 
of  labor  and  capital,  which  ex- 
plains all  labor  strikes  elsewhere. 
Wise,  or  otherwise,  they  will  con- 
tinue, in  the  nature  of  things,  till 
justice  and  equity  shall  harmonize  the 
conflicting  relations  of  men  .and  classes, 
employers  and  employees.  Labor  can 
never  be  yielded  or  relinquished,  since 
life  itself  is  only  sustained  by  labor. 
Labor  itself  is  always  the  workiugman's 
capital,  which  shonld  stand  forever 
united  and  independent,  against  all  mo- 
nonoly  of  kings  and  lords. 

'The  negro  chattel  had  rights,  founded 
in  human  nature.  The  rebellion  was 
most  terribly  bloody,  to  be  sure,  but  the 
last  resort.     Mankind  is  slow  to  learn. 

The  Knights  of  Agriculture  and  the 
Grange  are  now  grand  aud  extensive. 
We  avoid  the  blood,  but  claim  justice  and 
equal  rights  for  the  farmers  aud  produc- 
ers. Parties  and  sects  are  ignored.  It 
is  a  question  of  manhood  and  labor 
against  non-laborand  money  aristocracy. 
We  inaugurate  a  new  order  of  aristoc- 
racy, namely,  the  aristocracy  of  labor. 

Man  is  man,  and  who  is  more?  Come 
down  to  the  farmer's  half  bushel.  Ever 
so  big  or  high,  or  whatever  your  rank, 
station,  or  title,  you  all  have  to  eat  the 
same  bread  with  us,  and  we  produce  it. 
It  is  common  sense,  common  labor.com- 
mon  right,  common  humanity.  We 
want  no  privileged  class  of  any  kind,  be- 
cause the  farmer  claims  equal  manhood, 
and  such  jairtiality  degrades  and  crushes 
him  down  in  the  dust.  Why  so  many 
professional  br:iins,  if  the  common  class 
are  endowed  with  that  needed  quality';' 
Look  at  it,  and  abolish  such  nonsense. 
You  may  boast  of  your  famous  lawyers, 
but  the  essence  of  all  law  even  the  seedy 
and  swarthy  farmer  can  well  understand, 
and  save  tlie  fees,  through  arbitration, 
though  his  carefully  studied  and  classical 
speech  be  not  reiKUteil  in  the  morning 
jiapers.  The  substance  of  all  true,  prac- 
ticiil,  common  sense  religion  the  plainest 
and  roughest  work(>rs  may  fully  compr(^- 
hend,  without  making  any  man  an  idol. 
Such  gilt-edged,  fidse  distinction  ruins 
the  best  society,  like   the  old   caste  sys- 


tem of  India.  Then  your  M.  D.s  spread 
round  thick  and  stylish;  but  does  not  the 
extra  professional  dosing  largely  increase 
the  general  poverty?  Would  it  not  be 
wealth  to  the  working  class  if  they  would 
take  care  of  their  own  health?  Even  so, 
evidently. 

All  superfluous  offices,  legislation,  and 
burdens  of  old  custom  or  habit  in  the 
past,  we  would  throw  off  and  abolish, 
because  thereby  labor  is  taxed,  shackled 
and  crushed.  \Ve  would  strike  in  vari- 
ous ways;  by  speech,  oral  or  written,  by 
the  newspaper,  aud  by  the  ballot.  Pity 
a  vast  majority  of  editors  are  so  devoid 
of  brain  force  and  moral  back-bone. 
Never  fear  to  speak  the  bold  and  saving 
truth,  for  speech  is  our  greatest  weapon 
and  power.  Speak,  sing,  write,  print, 
the  burning  ami  blistering  truth.  "He 
that  would  be  free,  himself  must  strike 
the  blow."  We  may  make  a  bloody 
strike,  but  there  are  wiser  methods. 
Ballots  are  better  than  bullets.  But  the 
best  strike  of  all  is  co-operation.  Strike 
for  manhood,  honor,  truth  and  right; 
with  the  plow,  the  hoe,  the  spade,  the 
ax,  the  scythe,  the  hand,  the  foot.  Strike 
down  tyranny  and  monopoly.  Strike 
up  brotherhood  and  equality.  Strike  tne 
saloons,  the  loafers,  the  dandies,  the  pol- 
iticians, the  de.ad-heads,  the  aristocrats. 
Strike  for  the  good  time  coming — the 
millennium. 

The  Grange  movement  is  national,  not 
sectional;  and,  therefore,  when  women 
vote  in  Minnesota  and  Texas,  they  will 
do  the  same  in  California.  Millions  of 
Grangers  and  Sovereigns  will  be  millions 
for  womiiu's  ballot.  Then  keep  it  before 
the  people.  East,  west,  north  and  south 
— the  cause  is  one  everywhere. 

Government  with  us  is  a  multiplicity, 
a  combination,  a  complication ;  a  mixed, 
cunning,  confused  and  intricate  web, 
•with  the  people  for  warp  and  woof,  and 
self-weaving;  a  nice,  curious,  beautiful, 
harmonious,  perfect  system !  Really,  all 
right  for  the  millennium — only  wipe  out 
clean  the  monstrous  and  diabolical  abuses 
and  abominations,  and  all  those  am- 
bitious ones  who  stand  outside,  a  peg  or 
two  above  the  working  class,  to  boss, 
assume,  grab  and  monopolize  the  whole 
grtind  job,  and  hay  on  the  big  taxes.  We 
must  mark  and  correct  the  foul,  black 
proof-sheet,  and  pick  out  the  knotty  and 
tangled  threads,  and  kill  monopoly  stone 
dead. 


LABOR. 

liV    MES.    L.  H.  GUNN. 

Ever  since  the  decree  that  man  shouKl 
"  eat  bread  in  the  sweat  of  his  f ace, " 
hibor  has  been  considered  a  curse,  a  de- 
grading punishment  for  the  sins  of  our 
first  parents.  From  the  stately  Roman 
of  ancient  times,  down  to  the  men  and 
women  of  the  present  age,  we  find  the 
idea  firmly  fixed  in  a  certain  class  of 
minds  thiit  work  is  low,  disgraceful, tend- 
ing to  make  us  mere  animals,  blunting 
our  moral  nature  rather  than  elevating 
us.  An  essayist  s;iys  "things  altect  the 
mind  ;iccor(liiJgly  as  we  put  them;"  thus 
it  is  with  lalKU',  if  we  put  it  as  drudgery, 
it  becomes  so,  and  ceases  to  be  a  bless- 
ing; and  so,  considering  the  means  with- 
out the  end,  nothing  that  we  have  of 
ourselves  in  this  life,  is  a  blessing,  foi 
everything  that  is  worth  having  is  the 
price  of  labor,  and  the  bettor,  the  more 
valuable  a  thing  is,  the  harder  the  work 
for  its  attiunment.  Iron  is  heaped  in 
mountain  piles,  and,  comjiarativcly 
speaking,  is  obtained  with  slight  labor; 
while  gold-tlakes  are  the  fruits  of  hard, 
incessant  toil.  Fishes,  ill  countless 
numbers,  are  found  almost  upon  the  sur- 
face of  the  water;   but   pearls  come  only 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


by  the  severe  work  of  the  pale  diver. 
The  elements  of  learning  are  within 
the  reach  of  all,  ami  obtained  by  very 
little  effort;  but  the  higher  attainments 
of  art  and  science  are  the  result  of  labor 
and  industry  only.  If  a  person  wishes 
a  high  moral  character,  he  must  work. 
Good  thoughts  and  noble  deeds  never 
come  by  idleness. 

I  do  not  mean  by  work,  necessarily 
manual  labor.  A  man  may  work  just  as 
hard,  and  even  more  severely,  with  the 
brain  than  with  the  hands  alone.  If  one 
would  write  a  good  book,  it  is  only  by 
years  of  labor  that  he  can  hope  to  suc- 
ceed. It  he  would  be  an  artist,  a  musi- 
cian, it  is  only  after  a  long  time  of  toil 
that  he  wins  success.  Think  you  that 
Raphael  painted  his  glorious  pictures,  or 
that  Shakspeare  wrote  his  wonderful 
traaediesand  comedies  without  labor.  In 
history  do  we  find  one  instance  where  a 
great  advance  in  improvement  and  civil- 
ization has  been  made  but  by  toil,  sacri- 
fice and  bloodshed? 

Now,  if  all  things  noble  and  beautiful, 
if  every  step  in  the  road  to  success  is  the 
price  of  labor,  can  work  be  called  a  curse, 
a  punishment?  No!  a  thousand  times. 
No!  It  is  one  of  the  blessings  given  to 
man.  Go  to  heathen  lands,  where  man 
lives  almost  without  labor,  see  him  in 
his  degradation  and  tilth,  and  then  ques- 
tion, it  you  can,  the  wisdom  of  an  all- 
wise  Creator  in  requiring  man  to  work 
for  his  maintenance.  Work  is,  in  reality, 
rest — rest  from  the  sorrows,  the  petty 
vexations,  the  temptations  to  evil  which 
are  caused  by,  or  more  felt  in  idleness — 
for,  are  not  those  days  in  which  we 
lounge  about  with  no  particular  aim  the 
most  unhappy?     Finally,  let  us  work. 

Worls  for  some  good— be  it  ever  so  slowly; 

Cherish  some  flower— be  it  ever  so  lowly; 

Labor— nil  labor  is  noble  and  holy. 


(SjtluQitional 


SUCCESS    REWARDS    MERIT. 


BY  ECONOMY. 


ITnity. 

Thought  is  deeper  ihan  all  speech, 

Feeliug  deeper  thaa  all  thought; 
Souls  to  BoulB  can  never  teach 

What  unto  themselves  was  taught. 
Like  the  stars  that  gem  the  sky, 

Far  apart,  though  seeming  near. 
In  our  light  we  scattered  lie; 

All  is  thus  but  starlight  here. 
Only  when  the  sun  of  love 

Melts  the  scattered  stars  of  thought. 
Only  when  we  live  above 

What  the  dim-eyed  world  hath  sought, 
Onl  y  when  our  souls  are  fed 

By  the  fount  whicU  gave  them  birth, 
And  by  inspiration  led. 

Which  they  never  (U'cw  from  earth, 
We,  like  parted  drops  of  rain. 

Swelling  till  they  melt  and  run, 
Shall  be  all  absorbed  again, 

Melting,  flowing  into  one. 

— [C.  P.  Crauch. 


A  Xiesson. 

Last  night  I  weighed,  quite  wearied  out. 
The  question  ttiat  perplexes  still; 

And  that  sad  spirit  we  call  doubt 
Made  the  good  nought  beside  the  ill. 

This  morning,  when,  with  rested  mind, 
I  try  again  the  self-same  theme, 

The  whole  is  altered,  and  I  find 

The  balance  turned,  the  good  supreme. 

A  little  sleep,  a  brief  night's  rest, 
Hub  changed  the  look  of  all  that  is! 

Sure  any  creed  I  hold  at  best 

Needs  humble  holding  after  this. 

—  [Chamber's  Journal. 

"That." 


In  the  following  lines  the  word  that  is  used  to 
exemplify  its  various  significations: 
Now.  that  is  a  word  which  may  often  he  joined. 
For  that  that    may  be  doubled  is  clear  to  the 

mind; 
And  that  that  that  is  right  is  as  plain  to  the 

view 
A8  that  that  that  that  we  use  is  rightly  used  too; 
And  that  that  that  that  that  line  has  is  right, 
In  accordance  with    grammar,  is  plain  in  our 

sight. 


(^jrHERE  is  no  more  a  royal  road  to  for- 
tune than  to  knowledge.  He  who 
uses  not  the  judgment,  and  puts 
not  forth  the  effort  necessary  to 
success,  deserves  not  to  succeed,  j 
Success  is  the  reward  of  merit.  There  is  | 
no  such  thing  as  lack-.  Life  has  no  acci- 
dents. There  are  misfortunes,  it  is  true, 
which  we  neither  forsee  nor  avoid. 
Events  there  are  whose  causes  we  can 
neither  forsee  nor  control.  But  these 
are  the  exceptional  cases,  and  their  re- 
sulting disasters  may  usually  be  over- 
come by  other  and  greater  success. 

The  more  we  understand  of  Nature  and 
her  laws,  the  better  able  are  we  to  pro- 
vide against  misfortune.  The  more  we 
understand  of  the  principles  and  laws  of 
trade,  the  better  able  are  we  to  foresee 
financial  changes,  and  prepare  against 
financial  disaster. 

The  farmer  who  neglects  to  p'.ow  and 
plant  at  the  proper  time,  and  to  cultivate 
in  the  proper  way,  or  to  take  proper  care 
of  his  harvests  when  grown,  may  not  be 
an  eminent  success  in  his  business;  but 
for  this  he  is  not  to  blame  his  luck,  but 
himself. 

The  mechanic  who  has  not  learned  his 
trade  well,  and  turns  out  poor  work  for 
his  employers,  fails,  as  a  matter  of 
course;  but  it  is  not  his  luck  or  his  mis- 
fortune, but  his  fault  that  good  paying 
jobs  pass  his  shop  for  his  next  neigh- 
Ijor's. 

The  man  who  is  wasteful  and  extrava- 
gant in  his  living,  spending  more  than 
his  income,  is  not  unlucky,  but  unwise; 
and  should  blame  himself,  and  not  his 
fortune  or  his  stars,  when  he  finds  him- 
self owing  more  than  he  can  pay. 

A  young  man  starts  in  lite  with  the 
intention  of  acquiring  a  competency  and 
living  in  comfort.  He  marries  a  young 
wifr>,  and  both  have  the  same  aims  and 
purposes.  Both  are  industrious  and 
frugal.  They  waste  no  time.  They 
spend  no  money  unnecessarily.  They 
easily  make  their  income  exceed  their 
expenditures.  To  them  the  progress  to 
fortune  is  an  easy  forward  march. 

This  is  not  luck.  Their  success  is  not 
an  accident,  but  a  result — precisely  such 
as  must  always  follow  such  causes. 

Another  young  man  has  also  married 
a  young  wife.  But  they  have  no  ideas 
of  economy  or  habits  of  industry.  In 
their  stead  are  notions  of  extravagance  — 
fashionable  attire,  fine  houses,  fine  fur- 
niture, high  living,  and  gay  society. 
They  fail,  as  a  matter  of  course.  Their 
expenses  exceed  their  income;  and  the 
occasional  visits  of  officers  with  writs  to 
their  house  admits  of  very  easy  explana- 
tion. If  they  do  not  learn  wisdom  from 
their  failure,  and  change  their  habits, 
they  can  never  take  the  first  step  on  the 
ladder  of  fortune. 

This  reckless  running  into  debt — this 
spending  of  money  before  it  has  been 
earned — this  silly  vanity  that  apes  the 
life  and  habits  of  those  of  greater  wealth, 
is  wrong  in  itself,  and  must  keep  even 
the  most  industrious  in  life-long  poverty. 
Persons  of  such  habits  fail,  and  ought  to 
fail.  It  is  not  right  that  one  should 
reap  the  rewards  without  practicing  the 
virtues  of  industry  and  economy.  In 
business,  as  in  nature,  this  is  an  inevita- 
ble law,  and  no  one  can  succeed  who 
disregards  the  necessary  conditions. 

Failure,  like  physical  pain,  is  for  our 
good,  warning  us  to  make  amends  by  re- 
moving the  causes  that  have  led  to  it. 
Nature  is  right.  We  should  not  com- 
plain of  her  laws,  but  accommodate  our- 
selves to  her  inexorable  conditions. 
"  But, "  says  some   one,    "  Old  Mean- 


ness has  succeeded.  He  is  rich.  Has 
success  rewarded  merit  in  his  case?" 
This  is  a  great  mistake.  He  has  rot 
succeeded.  He  has  amassed  money,  it 
is  true,  but  his  life  is  one  of  the  most 
pitiable  of  all  failures.  See  him  as  he 
walks  the  streets,  preyed  upon  by  the 
miser's  demon.  Does  he  look  as  if  his 
life  had  been  a  success? 

Knaves  and  rogues  and  swindlers  may 
amass  wealth,  and  often  do.  But  God  ' 
has  linked  to  every  offence  its  appropri-  | 
ate  penalty,  and  there  is  no  escaping 
consequences.  Stand  up  Old  Meanness 
by  the  side  of  Mr.  Honest  Man,  whom 
he  has  wronged  out  of  house  and  home. 
Look  them  in  the  face.  See  the  honest, 
happy  expression  of  the  one,  smiling 
even  in  his  misfortunes;  the  other — the 
demon  of  avarice  at  his  soul  has  carried 
its  contortions  to  his  very  countenance. 
Look  at  these  two,  and  say  which  has 
been  the  successful  man.  Which  of  the 
two  is  the  more  worthy  of  your  respect 
— the  honest  man,  ujuight  in  his  losses, 
or  the  fellow  who  has  stolen  himself 
rich  ? 

But  property  is  necessary  to  comfort. 
A  man  may  be  happy  without  it,  yet.with 
it,  he  and  his  family  will  be  at  least 
more  comfortable.  Mr.  Honest  Man 
made  a  mistake.  He  should  not  have 
placed  himself  in  Old  Meanness'  power. 
Though  his  failure  has  not  been  so  great 
as  that  of  the  rogue  who  wronged  him, 
he  has,  nevertheless,  failed  where  he 
should  have  succeeded.  Though  it  will 
be  a  great  comfort  to  him,  as  he  looks 
back  on  the  transaction,  to  feel  that  he 
has  not  sacrificed  bis  integrity,  the  loss 
of  the  hard  earnings  of  the  best  years  of 
his  life  must  furnish  unpleasant  recol- 
lections. But  if  he  goes  to  work  with 
energy,  economizes  his  time  and  earn- 
ings, makes  his  dailj-  gains  exceed  his 
daily  expenses,  he  will  soon  recover  from 
his  losses,  and  jjossibly  have  reason  to 
be  thankful  for  the  dear  lesson  experi- 
ence has  taught. 

Industry  and  economy-  these  are  tal- 
ismauic  words.  He  who  has  learned 
them  is  already  on  the   road  to  fortune. 


The  x^GBictTLTUKAL  Pkess. — One  hun- 
dred years  ago  it  was  unknown,  to-day 
it  has  no  superior.  .\nd  as  we  enter 
upon  our  centennial  year,  it  is  with  pride 
we  refer  to  it.  We  mean  when  we  say 
the  agi-icultural  press,  those  who  write 
for  the  benefit  of  the  tiller  of  the  soil, 
and  those  papers  published  in  the  inter- 
est of  the  farmer.  The  farmer  to-day 
has  access  to  a  literature  as  pure,  as  ele- 
vating and  instructive  for  his  calling, 
as  any  other  profession.  This  is  the 
more  wonderful,  when  we  remember  that 
fifty  years  ago,  "  book  farmers,"  or  sci- 
ence applied  to  agriculture,  was  sneered 
at  by  ninety -nine  of  every  hundred  far- 
mers in  the  land.  Now  "the  farmer  that 
has  not  one  or  more  weekly  papers  on 
bistable,  is  going  to  the  wall,  "or  west." 
It  is  a  truism,  he  cannot  grow  nor  sell 
and  compete  with  the  well  read,  well 
posted  farmer.  It  is  plain  to  us  that  in 
the  future  there  is  still  greater  achieve- 
ments for  this  press.  The  portals  of 
science  just  begin  to  reveal  the  wonder- 
ful storehouse  of  nature  to  the  tiUer  of 
the  soil.  Chemistry  just  begins  to  shed 
its  light  on  the  first  great  occupation  of 
man.  Entomology,  botany  and  other 
kindred  sciences  liave  a  storehouse  of 
knowledge  so  full  of  interest  to  the  tiller 
of  the  soil,  that  though  the  next  centen- 
nial may  seem  a  great  way  off,  they  will 
not  have  scarcely  began  to  unfold  their 
wonders,  when  our  second  centennial 
shall  herald  its  coming  with  bells  and 
cannon.  See  what  has  already  been 
done  in  perfecting  animals,  fruits,  flow- 
ers and  vegetables!     And  yet  no  one  can 


deny  that  we  have  but  just  entered  this 
field  of  progress.  It  needs  no  prophetic 
vision  to  assure  the  farmer  that  his  mis- 
sion is  coming  to  the  front,  and  that  the 
agricultural  press  has  but  just  begun  its 
career.  Onward  to  duty,  is  the  watch- 
word.—^, a.  Moss,  Cltautauqua   Farmer. 

Every  Fabmee  Shoth-d  Do  His  Owx 
Tai-vKiNa. — The  Country  Gentleman  very 
truthfully  says  that  it  is  only  within  a 
recent  period — at  least  as  compared 
with  the  epoch  of  positive  assertion, 
thirty  or  forty  years  ago — that  we  have 
found  out  in  farming  how  comi)letely 
truth  too  broadly  asserted  becomes  false- 
hood, with  how  many  qualifications  and 
limitations  theories  must  be  hedged 
about,  and  what  folly  it  is  to  lay  down 
any  single  dogma  for  the  universal  ac- 
ceptation of  all.  And,  as  a  natural  con- 
sequence in  our  agricultural  literature, 
the  tendency  is  no  longer  to  pronounce 
upon  this  or  that  practice  as  right  or 
wrong  in  itself,  but  to  elicit  from  those 
who  are  successful  the  modes  by  which 
and  the  circumstances  vinder  which  suc- 
cess was  reached,  and  then  to  leave  each 
reader  to  judge  for  himself  to  bow  great 
an  extent  a  similar  course  of  action 
would  suit  his  own  case,  and  wherein  it 
might  be  hazardous  to  his  interests. 
What  we  ask,  in  a  word,  is  the  experi- 
ence of  others — what  we  •«ish  to  teach, 
that  each  should  think  for  himself. 

Faemers,  mechanics,  merchants,  give 
your  sons  a  moral  and  intellectual  edu- 
cation as  well  iis  an  education  of  facts. 
Put  not  a  single  dollar  away  for  one  of 
them,  to  be  given  after  you  are  gone — 
while  there  is  a  school  where  they  cotild 
learn,  spend  it  there.  Put  it  where  the 
Sheriff  cannot  take  it  from  them,  or  the 
money  changers  get  it  through  their  ig- 
norance. Put  it  in  the  mind,  in  the 
brain,  and  when  you  are  gone,  they  will 
rise  up  and  bless  you.  But  above  all, 
don't  say  "we  have  got  along  without 
education,  and  our  children  are  no  better 
than  we  are;"  that  would  be  a  disgrace 
to  the  age  in  which  we  live,  an  insult  to 
intelligence,  a  slander  upcn  common 
sense. 

The  Indiana  Farmer  of  Xovtmber  6th 
says:  In  all  our  struggles  for  gain — our 
desires  for  fine  stock,  tine  strains,  and 
development  of  stock — we  should  not  for- 
get that  our  sons  are  also  developing  into 
better  or  .worse  men,  in  proportion  as  we 
care  for  and  train  their  minds.  X  taste 
for  good  reading  and  habits  of  thought 
should  be  cultivated  in  their  younger 
years. 


"  Yes,  I  know  it;  I  said  so;  uncomfort- 
ability  of  temper — them's  the  words  that 
does  it.  Well,  is  there  not  alkrs  nncom- 
fortability  of  temper  in  every  family,  and 
allers  has  been  and  allers  will  be?  Only 
in  the  good  old  times  they  used  to  screw 
it  down  and  keep  it  under,  and  they 
managed  to  get  along  without  and  of  your 
divorces." 


The  wheat  crop  of  the  United  States 
in  IfSTO,  according  to  the  census,  was 
288,000,000  bushels.  In  1872  it  was  es- 
timated at  240,000,000,  in  1873  at  287,- 
000.000  and  in  1874  at  30(t, 000, 000  bush- 
els, and  the  average  for  the  last  five  years 
is  about  280,000,000  bushels. 


These  seems  to  be  a  law  of  animal  life 
that  each  individual,  to  be  healthy  and 
strong,  must  have,  at  least,  a  certain 
amount  of  room.  That  whenever  this 
law  is  violated  by  crowding  too  many  in- 
dividuals of  the  same  species  within  a 
certain  space  there  results  disease  and 
degeneration  or  death. 


42 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


®0  OJ0MtriIrut0V!5. 


Write. 


BY  OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLStES. 

Yfs,  write,  if  you  want  to,  there's  nothing  like 
frying; 
Who  knows  what  a  treasure  your  casket  may 
hold  V 
I'll  show  you  that  rhymiug's  as  easy  as  lying 
If  you'll  listen  to  me  while  the  art  I  unfold. 

Here's  a  book  full  of  words;  one  can  choose  ns  he 
fancies, 
As  a  painter  his  tint,  as  a  worliman  his  tool; 
Just   think!  all    the  i>nemB  and  plays  and  ro- 
mances 
Were  drawn  out   of  this,  like   the  fish    from  a 
pool ! 

You    can    wander  at  will  through  its  syllahled 
mazes. 
And    take    all    you    want — not   o    copper  they 
cost — 
What  is  there  to  hinder  your  pickingonr  phrases 
For  an  epic  as  clever  as  Paradise  Loot? 

Don*t  mind  if  the  index  of  sense  is  at  zero. 
Use  words  that  run  smoothly,  whatever  they 
mean; 
Leander  and  Lilian  and  Lillibullero 
Are  much  the  same  thing  in   the  rhymiug  ma- 
chine. 

There  are  words  so  delicious  their  sweetnePswill 
smother 
That    boarding-school    flavor  of  which  we're 
afraid — 
There  is  •■lush"  in  a  good  one,  and  "sv;irl"  in 
another — 
Put  both  in  one  stanza,  its  fortune  is  made. 

With  musical  murmurs  and  rhythmical  closes 
Vou  can  cheat  us  of  smiles  when  you've  no- 
thing to  tell; 
Vim  hand  us  a  nosegay  of  milliner's  ruses 
And  we  cry  with  delight,  "Uh,  how  sweet  they 
do  smell!" 

Perhaps  you  will  answer  all  needful  conditions 
For  winning  the  laurel  to  which  you  aspire 

By  docking  the  tails  of  the  two  prepositions 
1'  the  style  o'  the  bards  you  so  greatly  admire. 

As  for  subjects  of  verse,  they  are  only  too  plenty 
For  ringing  the  chauges  on  metrical  chimes, 

A  maiden,  a  moonbeam,  a  lover  of  twenty, 
Have  filled  the  great  basket  with  bushels  of 
rhymes. 

I,et  me  show  you  a  picture — 't  is  far  from  iiTele- 
vaut — 
By  a  famous  old  hand  in  the  arts  of  desim; 
'Tis  only  a  photoymphed  sketch  of  an  elephant— 
The  name  of  the  draughtsman  was  Rembrandt 
of  Rhine. 

How  easy!  no  troublesome  colors  to  lay  nn, 
It  can't    have    fatigued  him— no,  not  in   the 
least — 
A  dash  here  and  there  with  a  hap-hazard  crayon, 
And  there  stands  the  wrinkled-skinned,  buggy- 
limbed  beast. 

Ju^jt  .so  with  your  verse— 't  is  as  easy  as  sketch- 
ing— 
You  can  reel  off  a  song  without  knitting  your 
brow, 
An  lightly  as  Remorandt  a  drawing  or  etching; 
It  16  nothing  at  all,  if  you  only  know  how. 


ADVANTAGES  OF  WRITING. 

We  iii-e  told  that  the  pnet  Cowper  once 
contribiitecl  au  artii'le  to  a  perioiliciil 
published  in  his  time  on  the  subjeot  of 
"  Keeping  a  Secret."  Although  written 
in  a  spirit  of  levity  and  banter,  it  had 
siicli  an  effeot  npon  himself  that  he  says 
"lie  never  told  a  secret  afterwards."  We 
do  not  know  which  most  to  admire,  the 
candor  of  the  poet  or  the  success  of  his 
essay  -at  least  upon  himself.  This  little 
incident  shows  what  an  efleet  can  be  pro- 
duced upon  our  minds  and  characters  by 
liiiiiing  down  our  ideas  occasionally  and 
I  "Miring  tliem  out  on  paper  to  erystalize. 
'I'hiy  tlu-n  become  definite  and  tangible. 
In  the  same  line  of  thought,  we  are 
told  of  a  witty  Frtmch  philosopher  who 
said  that  when  he  wanted  a  book  on  any 
particular  subject,  and  could  not  iind  it, 

\^  lie  wrote  one.     And  why  should  hf)  not? 

i  Jle  has  access  to  the  same  nuderials  that 

I  anyone  else  has,  and   why    not  put  thi?m 

J  in  order? 

Writing   upon    any  given    theme   is  a 


wonderful  eoUecter  and  condenser  of 
thonght.  Ourideasat  first  come  like  the 
invisible  particles  of  moistiire  that  rise 
from  the  Southern  oceans.  Ascending 
to  the  sky  above  they  soon  form  clouds 
which,  borne  on  the  winds,  flood  the 
northern  regions  of  the  earth  with  re- 
freshing showers.  So  our  ideas,  vague 
and  misty  at  first,  soon  overspread  the 
canopy  of  the  brain  and  flood  the  w  hit- 
ening  fleld  of  manuscrii)t  with  inky 
floods  of   thought. 

Indeed,  the  meditative  writer  will 
often  be  astonished  at  the  amount  of  his 
knowledge  on  any  given  subject  when  he 
attempts  to  write  about  it.  His  thoughts 
will  at  first  come  slow  and  single,  like 
the  twilight  star.s  of  evening,  but  in  a 
little  while  his  whole  miud  becomes  il- 
luminated with  the  twinkling  gems  of 
thought. 

Walter  Scott,  as  a  school  boy,  was  the 
butt  of  the  school,  and  his  teacher  pro- 
nounced him  a  dunce.  But  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  the  novelist,  historian  and  poet — 
the  Wizzard  of  the  North — has  enter- 
tained the  world  with  his  witching  stories, 
instructed  it  with  his  histories  and  elec- 
trified it  with  the  i)atlios  and  sublimity 
of  his  poetry. 

Buhver  somewhere  frankly  acknow- 
ledges that  it  was  all  up-hill  business 
with  him  when  he  first  began  to  put  pen 
to  paper.  He  was  not  only  unable  to 
collect  his  ideas,  but,  unfortunately,  he 
had  no  ideas  to  collect!  Can  you  im- 
agine, kind  reader,  a  more  hopeless  case 
than  this?  And  yet,  behold  his  star, 
proudly  ascendant,  shining  brightly 
among  his  peers  in  the  galaxy  of  English 
literature. 

AVe  shall  not  touch  upon  innate  ideas, 
or  acquired  ones,  either.  W^e  shall  not 
inquire  whether  the  infant  mind  is  a 
tabula  rasa — a  virgin  sheet  of  white  paper 
as  yet  not  written  upon,  nor  argue  that 
thought  is  or  is  not  a  secretion  of  the 
brain,  as  milk  is  of  the  breast,  and  both 
of  them  elaborated  from  the  food  by  that 
wonderful  alchemist,  the  human  stom- 
ach. We  care  not  whether  according 
to  this  materialistic  theory,  an  ear  of 
Indian  corn  might  be  sent  to  Cengress 
and  electrify  the  nation  with  its  elo- 
quence. Nor  shall  we  undertake  to  dis- 
cuss such  questions  as  the  spiritualistic 
theory,  that  it  is  to  ministering  angels 
that  ever  hover  around  us,  we  owe  all  our 
best  and  brightest  thoughts.  We  will 
not,  therefore,  be  like  the  man  who, 

"  On  hypothetic  dreama  and  visions 
Grounds  everlasting  disquisitions, 
And  raises  endless  controversies 
On  vulgar  theorems  and  hear-says; 
Grows  positive  and  confident 
In  things  so  far  beyond  th'  extent 
Of  human  sense,  he  does  not  know 
Whether  they  be  at  all  or  no!" 

But  one  thing  we  do  know.  The  cul- 
tivation of  the  faculties  of  the  mind — 
perception,  observation,  comparison, 
reason,  memory,  or  whatever  they  may 
be  called — strengthens  them ;  and  the 
attemijts  to  exjiress  in  written  language 
the  results  of  that  culture  make  each 
efl'ort  easier  than  the  last,  until  the  per- 
severing writer  acquires  a  facility  of  ex- 
pression as  astonishing  to  himself  as  it 
is  pleasing  and  instructive  to  his  readers. 

But  the  point  which  we  have  attempt- 
ed to  niake  in  this  article  is  to  induce 
the  many  and  intcllig.^nt  readers  o(  the 
Agp.icultuiust  to  take  up  "the  gray 
goose  quill"  and  become  better  acquaint- 
ed with  its  use  and  power.  "The  pen  is 
mightier  than  the  sword."  Thei-e  are 
thousands  of  our  readers,  young  and  old, 
of  both  sexes,  who  would  Iind  it  greatly 
to  their  benefit  to  jot  down  their 
thoughts  daily,  about  the  house,  the 
farm,  and  the  inillicm  of  topit's  connected 
with  active  life, its  mission  and  its  duties. 
While  we  cannot  all  expect  to  gain  great 
renown  as  writers,  we  should  feel  it  our 


duty  to  add  our  might  to  the  general 
fund  of  useful  information.  We  who 
can  appreciate  the  benefits  we  receive 
from  the  thoughts  and  experience  of 
others  should  be  willing  to  give  our  own 
for  others'  benefit.  There  is  no  farmer, 
mechanic,  or  other  industrial  person,  no 
house-keeper  or  general  observer,  but 
has  some  ideas  and  knowledge  gleaned 
from  life  that  might  be  of  iise  to  others. 
A  farmer  who  reads  agricultural  papers, 
sees  something  occasionally  that  he 
might  criticise  to  advantage,  and  could 
find  time  to  talk  about  many  jiractical 
things.  Then  why  not  write  down  your 
thoughts,  and  give  us  your  experience? 
We  never  yet  talked  with  a  housewife 
who  could  not  give  some  recipe,  or  who 
had  not  some  excellent  rules  for  labor- 
saving  management.  We  want  just  such 
jjractical  ones  to  write.  Your  communi- 
cations, if  not  used,  will  be  respected. 
We  want  the  young  men,  and  young 
women  to  write.  A  little  play  of  the 
imagination  is  often  refreshing.  If  we 
cannot  use  every  contribution  we  will  be 
frank  with  you,  at  any  rate.  Remember 
ths  prisoner's  sjiider  who  did  not  reach 
the  opposite  wall  until  after  the  iiftieth 
attemjit. 


gggicitic. 


PRACTICAL  HEALTH  TOPICS- 
NO.  2. 


(J\^N  speaking  on  this  subject  I  am 
aware  of  undertaking  a  great  and 
exhaustive  work,  open  to  conjecture, 
theory  and  research  by  learned  men, 
Kj  as  well  as  the  various  hobbies  of  the 
ignorant  and  thoughtless  ones.  Still,  a 
few  plain  remarks  on  the  subject,  any- 
thing, in  fact,  to  set  the  people  to  think- 
ing on  so  important  a  matter  as  the  food 
we  eat,  of  which  the  blood  is  made, 
which  in  turn  supi^lies  bone  and  muscle, 
tissue  and  brain  power,  may  not  be 
amiss  from  any  source.  It  may  be  well 
for  us  to  see  ourselves,  in  this  Centen- 
nial year  of  the  nation's  growth  and 
piide,  as  others  see  us  and  as  we  are — 
"  a  nation  of  dyspeptics."  Yes,  scarce 
a  healthy  man  or  woman  can  be  found 
in  all  our  land,  of  American  parentage. 
Indeed,  our  historians  say,  that  were  it 
not  for  the  foreign  element  that  is  mix- 
ing with  the  Yankee  blood,  our  nation 
would  die  out!  Oh,  glorious  America! 
Oh,  boasted  civilization  and  vain  ambi- 
tion !  How  much  more  might  we  be  and 
do  if  we  were  strong-bodied,  like  the 
German  and  Irish!  And  what  gives  them 
the  strength  and  vigor  we  lack?  Not  in- 
telligence nor  climate  surely;  for  in  spite 
of  our  feeble  bodies,  the  brains  are  equal, 
if  not  superior — taking  the  masses — to 
either  or  any  nation.  Then  what  might 
we  not  expect  from  bodies  sound  and  ro- 
bust. And  our  climate  cannot  be  ex- 
celled in  any  land,  taken  collectively. 
Our  habits  of  life  vary  little  with  othcvr 
nations — save  in  onr  food — if  we  except 
the  high-pressure  speed  at  which  we 
live.  It  is  well  known  that  the  Irish, 
as  a  nation,  live  largely  on  potatoes,  veg- 
etables, coarse  bread  and  milk;  the 
Scotch  ditto,  with  the  addition  of  oat- 
meal, which  is  indispensable  at  each  re- 
jiast  in  some  form;  whiio  the  Germans 
use  coarse,  hard,  stale  bread,  vegetables, 
but  little  fr«.'sh  meat,  .and  are  much  given 
to  cotit'ee  and  beer  and  a  social  good  time 
which  greatly  aids  digestion.  The  wo- 
men work  hard,  but  out-of-doors  and 
loss   over    a    hot   stove    than    our    peo- 


ple. In  none  of  these  countrie..!  do  you 
find  the  everlasting  hot  bread  or  biscuit,  ( 
pastry,  fresh  pork  and  salted  too,  fried  V 
meat  and  potatoes,  confections  of  all 
kinds,  as  we  do  in  our  land.  A  German 
baker  told  me  that  he  never  made  a  pie 
or  fancy  cake  in  his  country;  had  to 
learn  that  here.  It  was  the  same 
with  bread-making;  he  could  not  sell  the 
old  country  style  of  bread  here.  Con- 
sequently they  lose  their  health  after 
coming  and  remaining  long  enough  to 
contract  our  habits  of  eating.  Many 
physiologists  claim  that  we  partake  of 
the  nature  of  the  food  we  eat;  as,  for 
instance,  the  carnivorous  animals  are 
more  savage  w-hen  fed  on  meat  than  when 
they  eat  only  grains  or  vegetables;  and 
those  Indian  tribes  who  live  by  hunting, 
eating  meat  as  the  staple  article  of  diet, 
as  the  Apache,  Navaho,  etc.,  are  savage 
and  unfriendly  to  the  whites,  cunning 
and  wild,  never  to  be  trusted,  while 
those  nations  who  lead  a  pastoral  life, 
cultivating  fruit  and  grain,  and  raising 
cattle  for  use  rather  than  for  food,  like 
the  Pemos  of  Arizona,  the  Zuui,  Mo- 
(piis  and  I'uelilos,  of  New  Mexico,  are 
friendly  to  the  whites  and  at  war  only 
with  the  savage  tribes. 

If,  then,  food  can  eft'ect  animals  and 
tribes  of  Indians,  as  we  see  it  does,  why 
not  bring  it  home  to  ourselves,  and  see 
if  our  diet  is  such  as  to  make  us  the 
highest  and  best  that  is  possible.  While 
the  land  is  flooded  with  health  tracts  and 
magazines  devoted  to  this  question,  like 
the  Science  of  UeaUli,  Herald  of  Health, 
Laws  of  Life,  Health  Reformer,  and  plen- 
ty more  like  them,  surely  none  of  us 
should  ignorantly  close  our  eyes  and 
ears  to  so  important  a  subject. 


Careless  Haxdlixg  of  Childkex. — 
I  wish  to  enter  a  protest  in  the  name  of 
all  nervous  persons  and  of  the  injured  lit- 
tle ones  against  the  reckless  way  in  which 
many  heedless  persons  express  their  love 
for  children,  such  as  lifting  them  up  by 
their  heads,  tossing  them  up  in  the  air, 
carrying  infants  on  their  hands  without 
any  support  to  their  backs,  and  other- 
wise endangering  their  limbs  and  senses. 
I  have  now  in  my  mind  the  case  of  a 
man  who  was  rendered  a  cripple  for  life 
through  his  father's  carelessness  in  lift- 
ing him  by  the  ankles  while  he  was  a 
small  child,  he  (the  father)  having  un- 
fortunately lost  his  balance  and  turned 
his  child's  ankles  in  such  a  way  that  he 
was  lame  ever  afterwards.  Two  dift'ereut 
persons  have  told  me  that  they  knew, 
when  too  late,  that  by  their  thoughtless 
play  with  them  they  seriously  injured 
infants  entrusted  to  their  care,  one  case 
resulting  in  spinal  disease  and  the  other 
in  fits.  And  yet  it  is  a  sight  daily  to  be 
seen — that  of  people  doing  these  things. 
Do  give  the  little  folks  tender  hand- 
ling.— Rural  A'eic  Yorker. 

OpKN  YouE  W'lNDOws.- — There  is  good 
sense  in  this.  There  are  some  houses 
in  evei'y  town  whoso  windows  might  as 
well  be  sealed  in  with  the  walls  for  any 
purpose  they  have  but  to  let  in  the  light. 
They  are  never  opened.  Summer  or  W'in- 
ter.  In  Winter  it  is  cold;  in  Summer 
the  flies  stray  in,  or  if  they  are  netted 
the  dust  sifts  through  the  nets.  Now 
you  can  tell  a  jiersou  who  inhabits  such 
chambers  when  you  pass  him  in  the 
street,  there  is  such  a  smell  aboiit  his 
clothing.  You  long  for  a  suifl"  of  co- 
logne, or  hartshorn,  or  burnt  feathers, 
or  something  of  the  sort  to  "take  the 
ta.ste  out. "  A  house  that  is  never  aired 
has  every  nook  and  corner  filled  with 
stale  odors  of  coidced  meats,  boiled  veg- 
etables, especially  cabbages  and  onions, 
which,  as  th«  weeks  go  by,  literally  reek 
in  their  hiding  places.  Who  has  not 
wished    sonirtimes    to    hang   a   new    ser- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


vaut's  clothing  out  of  doors  some  frosty 
night  tmtil  it  should  be  tlioroughly  aii-ed? 
S  Fine  ladies  come  sweeping  into  church 
with  their  velvets  and  silks,  said  velvets 
and  silks  giving  unmistakable  evidence 
of  having  been  housed  in  just  such  shut 
up  chambers.  Oh,  what  a  tale  that  odor 
of  pork  and  cabbage  tells  about  that  la- 
dy's stylo  of  housekeeping!  The  very 
garments  of  the  children  tell  the  same 
story  of  uncleanliuess.  It  is  bad  to 
have  unwashed  clothes,  but  there  may 
be  an  excuse  for  it;  but  what  excuse  is 
there  for  unaired  ones  when  the  air  is  so 
cheap  and  free?  There  is  death  in  such 
close  rooms.  Better  a  swarm  of  flies  or 
a  cloud  of  dust — better  frost  and  snow 
in  a  room  than  these  intolerable  smells. 
Dear  girls,  the  hist  thing  in  the  morning 
when  you  are  ready  to  go  down  stairs, 
throw  open  your  windows,  take  apart 
the  clothing  of  your  beds  and  let  the 
air  blow  through  as  hard  as  it  will. 
There  is  health  and  wealth  in  such  a 
policy.  It  helps  to  keep  away  the  doe- 
tors  with  their  long  bills.  It  helps  to 
make  your  eyes  sparkle  and  your  cheeks 
glow,  and  to  make  others  love  yourj^res- 
ence.  Girls  who  live  in  those  close, 
shut-up  rooms  can  hardly  be  tolerated 
in  any  circle. — Mail's  Journal  of  Health. 

Health  Maxims. — The  best  three 
medicines  in  the  w^orld  are  warmth,  ab- 
stinence and  repose. 

Whatever  promotes  a  comfortable  and 
harmless  state  of  mind  promotes  health. 

Men  consume  too  much  food  and  too 
little  pure  air.  They  take  too  much  med- 
icine and  too  little  exercise. 

Patent  medicines  are  temporary  in 
their  effects;  they  alleviate  or  smother, 
instead  of  eradicating  disease. 

Very  many  diseases  are  laid  at  the 
door  of  "the  weather. "  It  is  the  want 
of  weather  which  brings  multitudes  in 
our  larger  cities  to  an  untimely  grave. 

In  small  qxiantities  and  occasionally 
many  things  may  be  eaten  with  advan- 
tage, which,  if  eaten  continuously  for 
weeks  and  months,  or  in  inordinate 
amounts,  would  occasion  serious  resiilts. 

Persons  may  outgrow  disease  and  be- 
come healthy  by  proper  attention  to  the 
laws  of  their  physical  constitutions  By 
moderate  and  daily  exercise  men  may 
become  active  and  strong  in  limb  and 
muscle. 

Pads  and  supporters  are  all  pernicious 
and  worse  than  useless,  because  they  j 
teach  the  system  to  rely  on  them,  and 
cannot  support  one  part  of  the  body 
without  causing  an  unnatural  strain  on 
some  other  iiart,  and  to  that  extent  tend 
to  disease  that  part. 

To  all  young  persons,  to  students,  to 
the  sedentary,  and  to  invalids  the  fullest 
sleep  that  the  system  will  take,  without 
artificial  means,  is  the  balm  of  life ;  for 
without  it  there  can  be  no  restoration  to 
health  and  activity.  Never  wake  up  the 
sick  or  infirm  or  young  children  of  a 
morning.  It  is  a  barbarity.  Let  them 
wake  of  themselves. 

Speaking  of  changing  the  clothing, 
we  consider  it  hazardous  to  lessen  its 
amount  after  dressing  in  the  morning, 
unless  active  exercise  is  taken  immedi- 
ately. No  under  garments  should  be 
changed  for  lighter  ones  during  the  day 
ordinarily.  The  best,  safest  and  most 
convenient  time  for  lessening  the  cloth- 
ing is  in  the  morning  when  we  first  dress 
for  the  day. — Br.  IIuU. 

SpEiNG  HyoiENE. — The  New  York  Tri- 
hiiiie  gives  a  few  timely  hints  in  regard 
to  the  mistake  jieopla  oftenj  make  in 
early  Spring  when  the  weather  looks 
fine,  being  bright  but  cold,  in  going  out 
with  insutiicieut  protection  in  clothing, 
and  in  letting  the  fires  in  the  house  go 


out  too  soon.  The  old-fastioned  belief 
of  our  grandmothers  that  there  was  a 
fatal  iutluence  in  the  Spring  air,  was  not 
so  great  a  mistake,  but  was  founded  on 
experience,  and  they  fought  against  it 
with  flannel  wrappings  and  woolen 
stockings  worn  until  June ;  and  we  would 
do  well  to  take  a  hint  in  this  direction. 
The  records  of  our  physicians  show  that 
the  standard  of  general  health  is  lowest 
in  the  Spring.  This  is  partially  due  to 
the  nervous  exhaustion  of  the  labor  in 
closed  rooms  in  the  Winter,  and  partially 
to  the  less  wholesome  diet,  which,  how- 
ever good  it  may  be,  is  never  equal  to 
that  of  Summer,  with  its  fresh  vegeta- 
bles and  fruits.  It  is,  therefore,  neces- 
sary to  Vie  prudent  in  Spring,  and  in- 
stead of  exposing  ourselves  to  the  dan- 
ger of  taking  cold,  to  be  very  careful 
how  we  clothe  our  bodies,  heat  our 
houses  and  fill  our  stomachs. 


AN   EPISODE   IN  MY 
EXPRESS    LIFE. 

BY     "JOE." 

It  had  been  one  of  those  terribly  sul- 
try days  that  are  sometimes  experienced 
in  the  Sacramento  valley,  and,  in  fact, 
in  all  of  the  interior  valleys  of  CaUfornia, 
and  which  no  description  can  convey  to 
the  mind  of  those  who  have  never  "been 
there  themselves."  I  was  the  sub-clerk 
(scrub-clerk  was  what  my  teasing  com- 
panions were  wont  to  call  it)  in  the  ex- 
press office  in  a  town  where  the  stages 
from  the  mines  and  Sacramento  centered, 
and  from  the  very  large  amounts  of 
treasure  that  passed  through  our  hands 
our  office  was  considered  quite  au  im- 
portant one. 

As  I  said,  it  had  been  very  sultry,  and 
even  the  light  work  of  the  office  had 
nearly  exhausted  us.  The  stages,  with 
their  freights  of  gold-dust,  and  dust- 
laden  and  begrimed  returning  miners, 
had  come  and  gone,  and  those  bound  for 
the  mines  with  their  coin,  and  "spick  and 
span  miners"  that  were  to  be,  had  gone 
their  way  also,  and  we  closed  up  our 
day's  work,  thankful  for  the  approach  of 
the  cool  and  refreshing  night. 

The  porter  and  I  slept  in  the  office, 
while  the  agent,  or  head  man,  had  a 
room  adjoining,  the  door  of  which 
opened  into  the  main  office. 

Night  dropped  down  upon  us  with  its 
cooling  breath,  and  we  sat  in  the  gloam- 
ing, chaffing  one  another  and  chatting 
over  such  things  as  lone  men  will  who 
have  been  a  long  time  away  from  home. 
At  length  the  porter  and  I  built  up  our 
beds  outside  the  counter,  in  the  airy  of- 
fice, and  stowing  ourselves  away  under 
the  comfortable  blankets,  which,  not- 
withstanding the  heat  of  the  day,  were  a 
necessity  at  night,  we  were  soon  lost  in 
the  mazes  of  dreamland. 

How  long  I  slept  I  know  not,  but  I 
was  suddenly  roused  by  a  heavy  hand 
laid  on  my  mouth  and  the  not  very 
dainty  touch  of  a  metal  bar  to  my  temple 
(w'hich,  to  my  gradually  awakening 
senses,  resolved  itself  into  the  muzzle  of 
a  pistol),  and  a  hofu-se  whisper  of  "Lie 
still,  or  you're  a  dead  man." 

I  was  limp  as  a  rag  in  au  instant,  for 
I  knew  well  what  was  up.  The  notori- 
ous Jack  Powers  had  been  collecting  il- 
legitimate tribute  in  the  country  about, 
and  our  office  attracting  his  attention, 
here  he  was.  To  bind  and  gag  me  was 
short  work,  and  I  was  tossed  over  the 
counter  like  a  pinioned  sheep,  coming 
with  a  bump  onto  the  floor  and  the  por- 
ter, who  I  found  had  preceded  me  with  a 
similar  experience. 

My  ears  were  free,  and  my  whole  at- 
tention was  concentrated  in  the  sense  of 


hearing.  I  could,  after  a  little,  trace  the 
robbers  by  their  foot-falls  almost  as  well 
as  I  might  have  done  by  sight,  by  the 
dim  light  we  always  left  burning  in  the 
office. 

The  agent  was  brought  out  from  his 
room,  bound  and  seated  in  a  chair.  He 
was  then  ordered  to  deliver  up  the  keys 
of  the  vault,  in  a  tone  which  meant  "no 
delay."  He  demurred,  however,  and 
was  coolly  advised  that  his  personal 
safety  depended  on  compliance.  The 
keys  were  given  up,  and  the  robbers  set 
to  work  at  the  vault.  A  combination 
lock  balked  them  and  the  agent  was  called 
upon  to  give  the  combination.  A  short 
parley  took  place  on  this,  for  the  agent 
was  no  coward,  and  he  thought  he  might 
gain  time  enough  to  frustrate  the  designs 
of  the  robbers.  But  he  reckoned  without 
the  host.  The  ominous  "click"  of  a 
pistol  was  heard,  and  "two  minutes  for 
that  combination!"  was  the  word.  Con- 
sidering discretion  a  virtue  just  then,  he 
practiced  it,  and  gave,  in  a  short  pause, 
broken  only  by  the  sound  of  the  key, 
muttered  curses,  and  then  an  impatient 
"D — n  this  mask;  I  cant  breathe,"  from 
the  operator,  next  hurried  steps  and  a 
fierce,  but  subdued,  voice  speaking  to 
the  agent — 

"Curse  you;   you've  lied  tons.     It's 

not  the  combination,  and  we'll   fix  you!" 

"  It  is  the  combination,"  I  heard  the 

agent  say.     "  You  can't  have  worked  it 

right  or  you  would  open  the  door." 

Again  the  combination  was  given,  care- 
fully and  clearly.  Again  a  pause,  with 
the  "click,  click"  of  the  knobs  and  key, 
and  then,  to  my  relief,  the  creak  of  the 
swinging  door.  The  tramp  of  the  rob- 
bers in  and  out  of  the  vault,  the  "sug" 
of  the  plump  bags  of  gold-dust  as  they 
were  dumped  into  a  sack  was  all  that  I 
could  hear.  Then  came  the  "clean  up." 
"  Well,  Cap,"  says  a  gruft' voice,  "  we 
are  all  right;  what'll  we  do  with  "these 
fellers?" 

"  Light  out  and  leave 'em,  "a  musical, 
manly  voice  replied. 

"  Not  much,"  returned  the  grutf  one. 
"This  'ere  feller  has  seen  too  much  o' 
me.  That  cussed  door  made  me  hot,  and 
I  couldn't  stand  that  mask,  and  this  fel- 
ler knows  me  better'n  his  own  brother. 
He's  got  to  go,  sure!" 

"Guess  not,"  said  the  quiet,  manly 
voice.  "  It  was  your  own  fault.  We've 
got  all  we  come  for,  and  we'll  take  no 
more  than  we  want." 

"  But  I  tell  you  my  life  is  wuth  more 
to  me,  and  to  you,  too,  than  his'n,"  the 
gi-uflf  voice  answered;  "and,  by  G — ,  I'll 
take  no  chances  in  that  line." 

"  Bill,"  said  the  cool  voice,  seeming  to 
grow  cooler  as  the  other  heated;  "  this 
yer  is  between  you  and  me.  Who  is 
captain  of  this  party— you  or  me?  /say 
we  go  as  we  are ;  and  if  there's  to  be  any 
shooting  there's  ((CO  to  do  it." 

Much  more  was  said  by  both,  and  my 
blood  curdled  in  my  veins  to  hear  a 
man's  life  made  the  subject  of  such  con- 
tention, the  man  most  interested  sitting, 
meanwhile,  bound  hand  and  foot,  and 
unable  to  help  himself.  Finally,  the 
gruft'  voice  softened  down  a  little,  as  if 
convinced,  and  said,  "All  right,  Cap.  I 
was  wrong  and  you  was  right.  You  go 
ahead  with  the  rest  of  the  boys  and  I'll 
stop  behind  and  keep  these  fellers  from 
squeaking  right  away,  and  after  you're 
well  away   I'll  jiue  you." 

"Not  much,  Bill,"  said  the  manly 
voice;  "that's  my  biz.  I  don't  leave  any 
of  you  f eUers  .  to  look  after  my  safety. 
I'll  stop  here  myself,  and  you  go  along 
with  the  boys.  I'll  meet  you  at  the  old 
place  all  right." 

A  little  discussion  took  place  on  this 
point,  in  which  the  cool  voice  came  out 
ahead  and  the  gruff  one,  with  a  muttered 


curse  or  two,  was  silent. 
!  Silence — what  silence  that  was,  too!- 
for  what  seemed  an  hour,  but  which  was 
but  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes,  and  the 
quiet,  manly  voice  saj'S,  "Mister,  you'll 
allow  I  saved  your  life  to-night,  now  you 
must  give  me  a  show  of  one  hour  for 
mine — after  that  I  take  my  chances." 

A  striding  stei),  a  bang  of  the  door,  a 
galloping  horse,  and — sUciice. 

I  had  been  squirming  around,  easy 
like,  trying  my  bonds,  and  had  got  my- 
self pretty  loose,  so  that  it  took  but  a 
few  minutes'  tugging  to  get  free,  and  I 
was  by  the  side  of  the  agent.  He  was 
in  a  cold  sweat,  with  his  teeth  clenched 
and  an  ashen  paleness  over  his  face,  visi- 
ble even  in  the  dim  light  of  the  office.  I 
loosened  him  and  the  porter,  and  in  a 
short  time  the  town  was  alarmed. 

The  amount  taken  was  not  as  large  as 
it  might  have  been  at  almost  any  other 
time,  as  the  receipts  from  the  mines  had 
been  light  that  day.  But  it  was  enough 
to  cause  the  express  company  to  offer  a 
handsome  reward  for  the  arrest  and  con- 
viction of  the  robber  whom  the  agent 
was  so  well  able  to  describe.  But  noth- 
ing came  of  it  for  years. 

The  agent  received  a  terrible  shock, 
which  affected  his  health  to  such  a  de- 
gree that  he  could  never  even  allude  to 
this  night's  expci'ienco  without  the  per- 
spiration starting  on  his  brow.  He  was 
given  a  pleasanter  and  more  lucrative 
situation  in  the  San  Francisco  office,  and 
was  looked  up  to  by  the  fledgling  ex- 
pressmen as  "grit  to  the  backbone.' 

One  day  he  received  a  telegram  from  a 
branch  office  in  a  southern  mining  town 
to  "come  up  immediatelj'."  He  obeyed, 
and  on  arrival  was  unsuspectingly  ush- 
ered face  to  face  with  the  man  who  had 
so  fiercely  argued  with  his  leader  for  a 
man's  life.  The  robber  had  been  shot 
through  the  lungs  while  being  pursued 
for  horse-stealing,  and  the  reward  yet 
out  had  sharpened  the  wits  of  his  cap- 
tors, and  they  wanted  the  agent  to  iden- 
tify him. 

The  identification  was  complete,  and 
horrified  the  spectators,  for  the  instant 
the  agent  saw  the  robber  he  sprang  for 
him  with  blazing  eyes  and  clenched  teeth. 
The  bystanders  immediately  grappled 
him,  and  then  the  ensuing  scene  was 
said  to  be  ten-ific.  The  robber,  with  his 
hfe  ebbing  away,  lay  supinely  on  a  pal- 
let, blood  slowly  oozing  from  his  mouth, 
while  the  agent  raged,  a  madman,  in  the 
hands  of  the  bystanders.  He  foamed  at 
the  mouth,  cursed  the  dying  wretch  as 
never  man  was  cursed  before,  and  was 
finally  dragged  away  to  fall,  weak  and 
exhausted,  into  a  chah-  in  an  adjoining 
room. 

The  robber  died  of  his  wounds,  with- 
out disclosing  anything  concerning  the 
robbery,  but  the  recollection  of  it,  to  us 
who  were  there,  is  a  terrible  reality,  as 
■iivid  as  ever. 


Stock  raising  in  San  Diego  County 
has  experienced  a  very  decided  increase 
during  the  past  year,  the  aggregate  value 
now  being  $.577.'903,  against  §373,306  in 
1871  and  $339,680  in  1873.  The  am- 
ount of  bees  has  also  increased  from 
'2,i58  hives  a  year   ago,    to   8,761  hives 

in  1875. 

* — , , — 

In  making  whiffletrees,  they  will  be 
srtonger  if  the  front  side  of  the  whiffle- 
trees is  nearest  the  heart  timber  and  the 
back  side  toward  the  bark;  they  will  re- 
tain their  shape  longer  if  the  timber  be 
split  in  this  direction, not  across  the  grain 
of  the   wood. 

Do  not  forget  to  renew  your  subscrip- 
tions at  once.  In  doing  so,  obtain  the 
names  of  your  neighbors  also. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


mi^  mu\  (f^\xh. 


n 


The  Country  Boy. 

PITY  tho  poor  little  country  boy, 

Away  on  his  lonely  farm! 
The  holidays  bring  him  no  elegant  toy; 
He  has  no  money;  there  is  no  shop: 
Even    Christmas    morning    hia     work 

doesn't  stop; 
He  has  cows  to  milk, — he  has  wood  to 
chop. 
And  carry  in  on  his  arm." 


Did  you  hear  that,  Fred,  as  you  came  through 
the  gate. 

With  your  millt-pail   full  tc  the  brim? 
No  envy  hid  under  yuur  curly  brown  pate — 
You  were  watching  a  star  in  the  morning  sky. 
And  a  star  seemed  shining  out  of  your  eye; 
Y'our  thoughts  were  glad,  you  couldn't  tell  why; 

But  they  were  not  of  toys,  or  of  him. 

Tet  the  city  boy  said  what  he  kindly  meant. 

Walking  on  by  his  mother's  side, 
With  his  eyes  on  the  toy-shop  windows  bent. 
Wishing  for  all  that  his  eyes  could  see; 
Longing  and  looking  and  teasing  went  he. 
Nor  dreamed  that  a  single  pleasure  could  be 

Afar  in  your  woodlands  wild. 

You  ate  your  breakfast  that  morning,  Fred, 

As  a  country  buy  should  eat; 
Then  you  jumped  with  your  father  upon  the  sled 
And  were  olf  to  the  hill  for  a  load  of  wood; 
Quiet  and  patient  tJie  oxen  stood. 
And  the  snowy  world  looked  cheerful  and  good. 

While  you  stamped  to  warm  your  feet. 

Tlien  your  father  told  you  to  take  a  run, 

And  you  started  up  the  hill; 
You  were  alone,  but  it  was  such  fun  I 
The  larch  and  the  pine  tree  seemed   racing  past 
Instead  of  yourself,  you  went  so  fast; 
But,  rosy  and  out  of  breath,  at  last 

You  stood  in  the  sunshine  still. 

And  all  of  a  sudden  there  came  the  thought — 

While  a  brown  leaf  toward  you  whirled. 
And  a  chickadee  sang,  as  If  they  brought 
Something  they  meant  on  purpose  for  you. 
As  if  the  trees  to  delight  you  grew, 
As  if  the  sky  for  your  sake  was  blue— 
"It  is  such  a  beautiful  world!" 

The  graceful  way  that  the  spruce  trees  had 

Of  holding  their  soft,  white  load. 
You  saw  and  admired;  and  your  heart  was  glad. 
As  you  laid  on  the  trunk  of  a  beech  your  hand. 
And  beheld  the  wonderful  mountains  stand 
In  a  chain  of  crystal,  clear  and  grand. 

At  the  end  of  the  widening  road . 

Oh,  Fred!  without  knowing,  you  held  a  gift 

That  a  mine  of  gold  could  not  buy: 
Something  the  soul  of  a  man  to  lift 
From  the  tiresome  earth,  and  to  make  him  see 
How  beautifid  common  things  can  be— 
A  glimse  of  heaven  in  a  wayside  tree — 
'I'he  gift  of  an  artist's  eye! 

What  need  had  you  of  money,  my  boy. 

Or  the  presents  money  can  bring. 
When  every  breath  was  a  breath  of  joy? 
You  owned  the  whole  woUd,  with  its  hills  and 

trees, 
The  sun,  and  the  clouds,  and  the  bracing  breeze, 
And  yuur  hands  to  work  with:  having  these, 

You  were  richer  than  any  king. 

When  the  dusk  drew  on,  by  the  warm   hearth 
fire, 
You  needed  nobody'  r  pity; 
But  you  said,  as  the  soft  flames  moiinted  higher. 
And  the  eye  and  cheek  of    your  mother  grew 

bright. 
While  she  smiled  and  talked  in  tho  lovely  light 
(A  picture  of  pictures,  to  your  sight) , 
"  I  am  sorry  for  boys  in  the  city!" 

—[St,  Nicholas, 

"OUR  CORNER." 

M'ell,  little  folks,  hero  we  are, 
with  so  many  letters  I'm  afraid  the  Edi- 
tor will  hardly  give  us  room  for  them  all, 
but  Aunt  Polly  won't  have  to  talk  so 
much  if  yon  young  folks  keep  the  corner 
filled.  Don't  make  your  letters  too  long, 
and  there'll  be  plenty  of  room  for  all. 
We'll  led  Jenny  speak  first,  as  she  brings 
a  rebus  with  her  letter: 

LivERMoHE,  January,  1870. 

Daui-  Aunt  Polly: — I  was  reiiding  tho 
.Xt'.RictTLTUiiisT  and  saw  your  Greeting  to 
tho  Young  Folks  and  the  puzzle  you 
gave  out,  and  thought,  as  you  asked  the 
"  cousins  "  to  send  in  the  answer  if  they 
could  find  it  out,  I  would  send  it,  as  I 
had  mnde  it  out.  I  think  it  a  very  hard 
one  indeed.  I  did  not  understand  it  at 
first,  and  niy  brother  showed  me  how  to 


make  out  the  first  one  or  two  and  I 
found  the  rest  out  myself.  The  three- 
fourths  of  a  cross  is  1';  the  circle  com- 
plete is  O;  the  upright  where  two  semi- 
circles meet  is  B;  the  acute-angled  trian- 
gle standing  on  feet  is  A;  the  two  semi- 
circles are  C-C,  and  the  circle  complete 
is  0 — all  together  forming  "Tobacco." 
I  remain  yonr  friend,         Jennie  D. 

Well  done,  Jenny!  Your  rebus  will 
be  found  below.  I  hope  others  will  fol- 
low your  example  and  send  in  original 
rebuses,  charades,  enigmas,  riddles,  co- 
nundrums— anything  for  us  to  puzzle  our 
brains  over. 

SoQUEL,  January,  187G, 
Bear  Aunt  Polh/: — My  papa  takes  the 
AGRictiLTUEisT,  and  I  have  read  the  let- 
ters of  the  little  boys  and  girls,  so  I 
thought  I  would  try  and  write  one.  I 
have  a  nice  little  colt  named  ' '  Stocking- 
feet."  It  is  not  old  enough  to  ride  yet. 
We — my  brother  Frank  and  I — have  got 
a  nice  big  black  dog  named  "  Nig,"  that 
we  are  training  to  work  in  harness. 
When  we  get  him  trained  so  he  will 
work  good,  Pajja  has  promised  to  make 
us  a  nice  wagon.  We  have  lost  the  pa- 
per that  had  your  address  in  and  don't 
know  how  to  direct  this  letter.  Mamma 
says  direct  it  to  the  Agricultueist  Of- 
fice, San  Jose.  From  your  nephew, 
G.  M.  Oed. 
Aunt  Polly  is  very  glad  you  tried,  and 
wishes  every  one  would  do  as  much. 
Next  time  direct  to  Aunt  Polly,  Agricul- 
turist Office,  San  Jose. 

Dear  Aunt  Folly: — Mamma  says  that 
you  want  all  the  little  children  to  write 
to  you  every  mouth.  I  don't  know  what 
to  tell  you  about  because  I  don't  know 
what  you  would  like  to  know,  but  I  hojje 
some  more  boys  and  girls  will  write  to 
you  and  tell  what  they  got  for  Christmas. 
I  think  Tom's  sister  Mary  was  real  good 
to  write  for  him,  don't  you?  I  laughed 
at  Tom  losing  his  apples,  but  I  think  it 
was  real  mean  to  play  such  a  trick,  don't 
yon?  I  believe  I  know  that  boy,  Tim, 
that  shot  that  rat,  but  his  name  ain't 
Tim.  To-day  it  is  snowing  a  little,  right 
here  in  San  Jose.  Geoegie. 

AVhat  Aunt  Polly  wants  to  hear  about 
is  just  what  most  interests  you,  and 
whatever  you  think  would  be  interesting 
to  the  other  little  readers  of  Our  Cor- 
ner. 

Aunt  Polly: — I  am  twelve  years  old, 
but  not  too  big  to  want  to  write  to  you, 
because  I've  guessed  the  puzzle  you  put 
in  tho  i^aper,  and  hope  you  will  give  us 
a  new  one  every  month.  I  like  puzzles. 
The  answer  to  this  one  is  "Tobacco," 
and  I  don't  mean  to  ever  use  it.  My 
father  don't,  nor  Uncle  Ed,  and  it  don't 
seem  as  if  a  gentleman  would,  either. 
Eddie  T. 

Certainly  you're  not  too  big,  Eddie. 
Aunt  Polly  allows  a  great  deal  older  boys 
than  you  to  write  to  her,  provided  they 
don't  use  tobacco. 

SrEiNG  Lake,  Cal. 
Dear  Aunt  Folly : — I  am  afraid  to  try 
to  write  you  a  letter,  because  so  many 
little  boys  and  girls  will  write  so 
much  better  letters  than  I  can.  I  think 
of  lots  I  want  to  say,  but  somehow  I 
don't  know  how  to  tell  it  in  a  letter. 
Mamma  says  we  should  always  try.  I 
think  it  is  a  real  nice  plan  to  have  a  cor- 
ner all  to  ourselves  in  the  paper,  and 
hope  lots  of  little  boys  and  girls  will 
write  letters  for  it,  because  it  is  such  fun 
to  read  them.  I  did  not  guess  your  puz- 
zle, but  was  told  the  answer  to  it,  and 
I'm  sure  I  hope  that  no  one  I  like,  or 
ever  care  to  like,  will  ever  use  such  nasty 
stuir.  If  all  the  girls  in  the  world  were 
like  me  they  would  just  say  to  the  boys, 
"  If  you  use  tobacco  at  all  when  you  are 


men  we  will  never,  never  speak  to  you, 
or  go  anywhere  with  you,  or  do  any- 
thing you  want  us  to — no  never!"  Would 
not  that  be  just  right.  Aunt  Polly?  And 
they  mustn't  drink,  whiaty  either.  Oh, 
Aunt  Polly,  I  guess  my  letter  is  too  long 
already,  so  I  will  close  it.  From  your 
little  friend  Willa  Eose. 

It  would  no  doubt  be  a  good  thing  if 
every  little  girl,  and  big  girl  too,  were  as 
determined  as  Willa  on  the  tobacco  and 
whisky  subject;  but  she  must  remem- 
ber that  there  are  habits  almost  as  bad 
that  little  girls  are  apt  to  fall  into.  There 
isn't  room  in  the  corner  this  month  for 
Willa's  little  brother,  so  he'll  have  to 
wait. 

Aunt  Polly  thanks  you  all  for  your 
letters,  and  hopes  to  hear  from  a  great 
many  more  cousins  before  next  month. 
She  is  sorry  she  has  no  hard  puzzles  for 
you  to  crack  this  time,  but  she  would 
like  to  see  who  can  form  the  greatest 
number  of  separate  words  from  the  word 
"carpets."  Of  course  you  can  use  each 
letter  as  many  times  as  you  please. 

Here  is  an  enigma  some  one  has  sent 
us: 

I  was  not  in  the  beginning,  yet  was 
present  at  the  creation,  and  with  the 
morning  stars  when  they  sang  together; 
with  Moses  when  he  talked  with  God 
and  with  the  old  prophets,  but  not  with 
the  disciples.  I  dwell  neither  on  laud 
nor  water,  yet  itm  found  in  the  ocean 
and  on  the  continent.  I  am  with  the 
old  in  their  sorrow,  and  share  the  joys 
of  youth.  I  am  a  stranger  to  the  rich, 
but  the  miser  cherishes  me  in  his  gold. 
Am  with  the  widow  and  orphan,  yet 
dwell  with  the  opulent  ;xnd  am  embraced 
by  all  with  love.  I  am  with  the  school- 
boy when  he  learns  his  lesson  or  spins 
his  top,  and  the  schoolgirl  speaks  loudly 
of  me  when  she  exclaims,  "  0,  do  help 
me  write  a  composition!" 

Here  is  Jennie's  rebus: 
My  first  is  in  heat  but  not  in  cold; 
My  second  is  in  silcer  but  not  in  gold ; 
My  third  is  in  fear  but  not  in  doubt; 
My  whole  is  what  no  man  can  live  with- 
out. 

N.  B. — The  answers  should  ;ihvays 
accompany  puzzles  that  are  sent. 


Ijouodioldf^ciuliug; 


FRIENDLY    LETTERS--No   I. 

BY    MES.    M.   E.  T. 

eae  Editor:  Please  permit  me  to  ex- 
press my  admiration  for  the  new 
volume  of  the  Agricultueist.  It 
is  delightful,  and  too    much  cannot 

be  said  in  its  praise.     I  would  like, 

also,  to  thank  those  who  have,  by  their 
labors,  aided  you  in  placing  before  us  a 
miigazine  so  admirably  adapted  to  our 
real  wants.  Every  page  is  fraught  with 
interest.  The  selections  are  well  chosen, 
the  jjoetry  excellent,  and  letters  and 
other  correspondence  instructive  in  the 
highest  degree;  the  3vholo  presenting  a 
delightful  reality  that  cannot  fail  to  bo 
appreciated  by  readers  everywhere. 
What  a  pleasant  treat  are  the  letters 
from  the  little  folks  to  Aunt  Polly?  and 
who  does  not  love  to  rciul  them  ? 
Please  allow  me  to  say  to  tho 

little    BOiS    AND    GIRLS 

who  read  the  Agriculturist,  I  hope  you 
are  all  trying  to  be  good  children.  Little 
boys,  let  me  say  to  you,  bo  very  careful 
about  tho  habits  you  form.  Do  not  use 
bad  words,  do  not  swear,  and  above  all 
never  learn  to  smoko  or  chew  tobacco, 
and  some  day  you  will  feel  thankful  that 


these  fetters  do  not  bind  you  in  slavery,  i 
I  have  a  boy,  taller  now  than  his  mother,  J 
and  of  whom  I  am  proud.  I  will  tell 
you  of  the  little  contract  we  made,  when 
he  was  scarcely  higher  than  my  knee. 
Willie  promised  that  he  would  never  use 
bad  words,  never  use  tobacco,  nor  visit 
saloons  before  his  twenty-first  birthday. 
For  these  promises  I  gave  him  the  jjretty 
speckled  hen  and  her  brood  of  chicks, 
the  beautiful  bay  colt  that  trotted  so 
nicely,  and  then,  if  he  kept  his  pledge 
faithfully  till  the  specified  time,  he  was 
to  have  other  presents  according  as  we 
may  make  further  agreement.  This  con- 
tract is  still  standing  firm.  It  has  never 
once,  to  my  knowledge,  been  violated, 
and  I  feel  sure  now  that  it  will  not  be. 
Perhaps  some  of  the  little  boys  who  read 
this  would  like  to  make  such  a  contract. 
I  think  it  a  very  nice  plan,  for  bad  hab- 
its are  generally  formed  in  youth. 

Sometime,  if  our  kind  Editor  will 
grant  me  space,  and  you  wish  me  to,  I 
will  tell  you  some  funny  little  stories 
that  a  mother's  memory  has  treasured — 
the  wise  saying  of  a  sister  and  brother 
that  will  make  you  laugh  all  over.  I 
think  your  little  letters  to  Aunt  Polly  are 
very  nice,  and  I  hope  to  see  many  of 
them  in  the  Agricultueist. 

the  up-countet  letters. 

And  now,  if  my  letter  is  not  already 
too  long,  I  will  say  to  my  invalid  friend 
— Yes;  there  is  one  reader  at  least  that 
can  "comprehend  it  all,"  that  has  "felt 
and  endured"  the  very  same,  that  can 
tell  the  same  sad  story.  For  twenty 
years  I  have  been  a  member  of  this  "Or- 
der of  Wretchedness,"  submitting  as 
patiently  as  possible  to  its  cruel  laws. 
Ah !  if  we  only  knew  before  entering  what 
a  gloomy  place  we  should  find,  how  care- 
ful we  would  be  to  guard  our  footsteps! 
But,  alas!  we  venture  on  till  we  cross  the 
threshold,  and  tho  door  is  shut;  we  find 
no  way  of  escape,  and  no  rest  for  the 
aching  body.  Separated  from  the  happy 
outside  world,  everything  seems  changed. 
We  cannot  understand  the  unecjual  laws 
that  govern  our  destiny.  Not  all  the 
guilty  are  doomed  to  enter — some  escape 
with  impunity;  others  declare  that  in- 
justice is  done  them — that  the  rod  of 
utUiction  falls  not  in  consequence  of  vio- 
lated laws,  nor  through  inherited  sins. 

Are  we,  then,  unfairly  dealt  with? 
Does  Mother  Nature  surround  us  with 
mystery  in  order  to  hide  her  partiality? 
Or  does  she  grieve  over  our  ignorance, 
and  lament  over  our  short-sighted  vision  ? 
To  these  perplexing  questions  comes 
only  the  echo  of  a  silent  answer,  too 
faint  to  satisfy  the  anxious  soul.  How 
much  wiser  to  cease  from  worrying. 
Why  oppress  ourselves  about  that  which 
wo  can  neither  make  ner  mend?  Why 
be  troubled  about  that  which  is  beyond 
our  sphere,  and  which  only  tends  to 
lengthen  the  shadows  that  darken  our 
pathway?  Bather  let  us  trust  in  Provi- 
dence, believing  that  an  all-wise  Creator 
governs  the  universe. 

And  now,  kind  Editor,  I  once  more 
crave  your  indulgence  before  concluding 
my  variety  letter.  "A  Devoted  Sub- 
scriber" asks 

HOW     TO    WASH     flannels 

without  "shrinking,  changing  color,  and 
feeling  sticky."  Of  course,  some  colors 
are  so  poor  that  a  simple  wetting  will 
fade  them;  but  aside  from  such  excep- 
tions, the  first  reiiuisite  is  ijood  soap. 
Never  use  any  of  tho  cheap  chemical 
soap  for  flannels,  but  make  a  suds  from 
good  soap,  in  quite  hot  water.  Kub  the 
pieces  to  bo  washed  quickly  and  carefully 
and  wring  them;  then,  in  water  equally 
hot,  rub  them  through  a  very  light  suds. 
Two  waters  as  usually  sufficient  to  cleanse 
them.     Wring  as  dry   as   possible,  and 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


shake  out  the  wrinkles.  The  entire  pro- 
cess should  be  gone  through  quickly,and 
ahviiys  on  bright,  drying  days.  This  is 
my  phiu.  and  the  best  I  hiive  over  tried. 


THE  NECESSITIES  OF  LIFE. 

BY  MRS.    LILLIBKIDGE. 

The  necessities  of  life,  such  as  food, 
raiment,  shelter,  warmth,  etc.,  are  so  in- 
dispensable to  life  and  comfort  that 
where  we  see  the  lack  or  want  of  them, it 
arouses  our  sympathy  and  thrills  our 
hearts  with  pity.  The  horrors  of  slow 
starvation,  or  the  death  by  exposure,  as 
the  cast-away  upon  the  ocean,  or  the  still 
more  frequently  met  homeless,  house- 
less wanderer,  the  foot-sore,  friendless 
outcast,  who  meets  no  smile,  no  joy  on 
earth — these  vibrate  each  sympathizing 
chord  of  our  natures,  and  we  give  of  our 
abundance,  or  even  share  our  scanty 
means  with  them.  This  is  well.  Sur- 
face sorrow  strikes  the  eye  and  awakes 
the  pitying  spirit,  which  seeks  to  relieve. 
Would  that  this  feeling  were  more  gen- 
eral. 

But  how  few  think  of  the  soul  needs — 
the  heart  hunger — the  slow  starvation  of 
the  affections — the  more  than  blight  of 
all  that  renders  life  happj' or  desirable! 
How  many  maidens,  forced  to  barter 
themselves  for  a  home  and  find  they  ai-e 
only  unhappy  wives  and  unwilling  moth- 
ers, can  attest  this  truth.  There  is  an 
atmosphere  of  coldness  in  a  loveless 
home — Oh!  so  cruel,  so  hard  to  bear.  It 
freezes  all  the  life-springs  of  endeavor, 
and  sets  a  hopeless  seal  of  discourage- 
ment upon  the  brow  of  youth,  causing  a 
poverty  of  spirit  worse  by  far  than  the 
tattered  garb  of  the  street  beggar.  There 
is  a  sorrowing  widowhood  in  unmated 
hearts  and  an  orphanhood  of  soul  in  the 
ofTspring  of  such  uncongenial  parents. 
There  is  loneliness  and  desolation  for 
those  who  yearn  love  and  companion- 
ship. There  is  death — death  by  keenest 
of  starvation. 

Many  possessed  of  wealth  and  fame, 
are  writhing  in  torture  and  privation  for 
their  soul-needs  are  unresponded  to,  and 
their  gold  is  but  a  mockery,  and  fame 
worthless  to  a  soul  who  thirsts  for  love. 
Oh,  no;  the  great  necessities  of  life  are 
not  merely  food  and  clothing  for  the 
body;  that  is  well,  but  cannot  satisfy  all 
the  aspirations  of  humanity.  We  want 
the  blending  of  soul  with  soul,  and  life 
with  life,  in  harmony  and  love.  This  is 
wealth  worth  possessing;  this  is  an  in- 
heritance worth  receiving.  Let  us  culti- 
vate it,  live  it,  and  bestow  it  more  fully 
upon  our  children. 


UP-COUNTRY     LETTERS— NO.    3 

BY  RACHEL  A.  ELY. 

Fatigue,  weariness  of  soul,  discomfort, 
rain,  mud,  swollen  streams  and  snow — 
all  these,  and  a  sense  of  homelessuess, 
have  been  my  daily  companions  the  past 
week  of  travel  to  my  retreat  in  these 
mountain  hills  where,  in  a  charming  lit- 
tle valley,  I  propose  to  tarry  a  while. 
But  now  that  the  sun  shines  once  more, 
snow  is  gone,  mud  drying,  and  Nature 
smiles  in  her  spring  garments  of  emer- 
ald, my  own  flood  tides  are  drying,  hope 
again  tips  my  w'eary  heart  with  its  golden 
light,  and  as  the  old  aches  and  pains 
grow  less  under  its  magic  touch,  I  calmly 
wait  and  fold  my  patient  hands  to  watch 
if  the  quiet  calmness  of  mountain  air  and 
life  is  truly  building  up  wasted  vitality 
and  easing  the  everlasting  cough  which 
threatens  to  sunder  soul  and  body.  My 
hostess  is  one  of  the  old-fashioned  sort, 
I  fat  and  motherly,  but  full  of  duties — 
three  men  and  four  children   beside  my- 


self constitute  her  family — but,  by  keep- 
ing steadily  at  work  from  early  dawn 
until  ten  or  past  at  night,  she  manages 
to  keep  ahead  of  her  work.  But  wnen 
harvest  times  comes  I  fear  she  will  fail. 
I  sit  and  watch  her  by  the  hour  (for  the 
weather  won't  permit  of  my  sitting  out- 
side yet),  wondering  how  she  can  man- 
age to  keep  so  fleshy  under  such  a  press 
of  work,  and  why,  if  she  is  truly  healthy, 
is  she  so  full  of  aches  and  pains.  Sit- 
ting down  to  a  breakfast  table  with  fried 
bacon,  hot  griddle  cakes,  coffee,  cream, 
fried  potatoes  and  buttered  toast,  is 
simple  enough,  but  yet  this  hearty 
woman  eats  a  bit  of  toast  and  drinks  a 
cuji  of  coffee,  and  even  that  distresses 
her.  To  be  sui'e,  she  is  tired  and  warm 
with  being  up  since  four  o'clock,  feeding 
pigs,  helping  milk,  etc,  and  cooking  the 
breakfast,  with  tne  children  about  her 
wanting  this  and  that,  and  distracting 
her  mind  in  a  thousand  ways.  I  pity 
her,  as  I  quietly  lie  in  my  adjoining  bed- 
room and  hear  distinctly  .even  the  frying 
of  the  meat.  No  wonder  she  loses  com- 
mand of  her  temper,  with  three  men 
watching  and  hurrying,  but  not  offering 
to  help  her — all  the  children  half  dressed, 
and  the  baby  crying  from  the  cradle — the 
frying  bacon  making  as  much  noise  as 
any,  and  filling  every  corner  with  smoke, 
even  creeping  into  my  room.  I  wonder 
they  don't  open  the  windows  and  door 
and  air  the  room.  Can  all  this  have 
anj'thing  to  do  with  her  weak  digestion 
and  gorged  liver? 

After  quiet  is  restored,  men  are  gone 
to  work  and  baby  sleeping,  I  go  out,  take 
my  cup  of  new  milk  and  bread,  and,  as 
I  eat,  watch  the  washing  of  dishes  and 
sweeping  of  rooms — if  it  is  not  washing 
day — and  I  am  more  surprised  continu- 
ally to  see  how  much  and  varied  are  this 
woman's  duties.  No  sooner  are  the  beds 
made,  rooms  swept,  milk  skimmed, 
dishes  washed,  butter  worked  or  churned, 
and  lamps  cleaned — between  all  of  which 
the  care  of  the  baby  and  the  two-year- 
old  boy  and  four-year-old  girl  must  be 
attended  to — than  is  the  dinner  to  be 
got,  with  vegetables  (mostly  cabbage  or 
beets),  boiled  salt  pork  and  potatoes, and 
pudding  or  pie.  Again  the  hurry  and 
heat,  and  with  blazing  face  and  baby  in 
arms  she  sits  down  to  try  to  eat.  Poor 
so\il!  a  cup  of  tea,  slice  of  bread  and 
butter,  or  bit  of  pie,  is  all  she  can  swal- 
low— though  she  feeds  the  fretful  baby, 
to  keep  it  quiet,  on  pork  and  potato, 
with  sips  of  strong  tea.  I  wonder  if 
such  food  is  not  one  cause  why  the  baby 
cries  and  is  so  troublesome — though  she 
dont  seem  to  he  able  to  nurse  it  enough, 
eating  so  little  herself. 

Well,  these  thoughts  tend  to  amuse  me 
and  when  I  gain  strength  I  shall  try  to 
study  them  out,  for  I  cannot  understand 
these  things.  Do  all  farmers'  wives 
work  so — helping  milk,  feeding  pigs, 
etc.,  besides  so  many  in-door  cares  and 
inconveniences  of  house,  carrying  in 
water  and  emptying  again,  etc.?  Her 
husband  is  kind  and  affectionate,  but  he 
thinks  her  strong  and  hearty,  yet  I  know 
her  to  be  ailing  and  hurt  by  the  constant 
drain  upon  her  system,  which,  I  fear, 
will  give  way  one  of  these  days. 


A    VOICE    FROM    THE    RURAL 
DISTRICTS. 

Dear  Editor:  I  hear  that  an  agricul- 
tural journal  published  in  San  Jose  de- 
signs offering,  for  the  accommodation  of 
its  numerous  country  subscribers,  to  fill 
orders  in  groceries,  dry  goods,  or  fancy 
articles  at  a  small  advance  upon  the  first 
cost.  If  yours  be  the  enterprising  com- 
pany' ready  to  help  us  poor  dwellers  in 
rural  districts  in  making  life  more  en- 
durable, accept  our  most  earnest  thanks. 


Your  estimable  paper  has  been  a  welcome 

quest  at  our  fireside  ever  since  its  first 
number  was  issued,  and  the  valuable 
hints  for  the  farmer  and  stock  raiser, 
with  the  useful  household  reading,  make 
it  the  very  best  paper  published  on  this 
coast.     Your  friend  and  well-wisher, 

UOUSE-KEEPEB. 

[Yes;  we  have  really  undertaken  to 
accommodate  our  subscribers  by  procur- 
ing any  articles  they  may  order  on  the 
best  possible  terms  as  to  quahty  and 
price.  We  do  this  without  asking  remu- 
neration in  commissions.  Persons  who 
desire  to  take  advantage  of  full  markets, 
but  cannot  afford  to  spend  the  time  and 
go  to  the  expense  of  traveling,  can  be 
just  as  well,  or  better  served  by  sending 
orders  to  us  for  anything  sold  either  in 
San  Jose  or  San  Francisco.  Our  ar- 
rangements for  doing  this  business,  in 
both  places,  are  most  complete,  and  will 
be  found  thoroughly  reliable. — Ed.] 

A    HOUSEHOLD   LETTER. 

BY  MAKY  MODOTAIN. 
FROM     "OVER  THE  HILLS." 

One  of  the  pleasantest  things  I  have 
found  in  the  beginning  of  centennial  year 
is  the  improvement  in  our  agricultural 
papers.  When  the  Januarj'  number  of 
the  California  Agricultueist  came  to 
hand,  we  first  admired  the  handsome, 
new  title  page,  and  then  a  dip  hero  and 
there  assured  us  that  it  had  brought  a 
well-furnished  interior,  and  such  variety 
that  each  one  might  find  something  es- 
pecially suited  for  self. 

It  is  right  that  farmers'  papers  should 
be  sociable  and  in  some  sort  familiar  in 
style,  and  I  am  often  astonished  that 
they  suit  our  conditions  of  life  so  well, 
when  prepared,  as  they  must  be,  amid 
the  distracting  activities  of  the  city. 

Yet  here  they  come  from  out  those 
"noisy  ways," — come  dropping  into 
homes  on  hill  or  plain,  breathing  the 
very  quiet  of  these  homes,  filled  to  the 
brim  with  sympathy  and  cheer,  becoming 
thus  a  part  of  all  our  lives. 

Last  summer,  when  Jew'ell  and  her 
advisers  were  agitating  the  yeast  and 
bread  business,  it  became  a  lively  topic 
for  us,  and  how  free  we  were  endorsing 
this,  or  censuring  that,  according  to  the 
range  of  personal  experience!  There 
was  great  temptation  to  snatch  a  pen  and 
take  a  turn  at  "stirring  the  dough,"  or 
giving  the  obstinate  loaf  a  "raise;"  but 
just  then  we  were  in  the  midst  of  the 
"company  campaign,"  and  one  must 
look  sharp  or  her  own  cake  will  be  dough. 
If  we  always  had  time  to  write  when  the 
fit  is  on,  when  suggestion  or  question 
has  roused  the  wish  and  ability  to  re- 
spond, the  editor  would  be  overwhelmed 
with  "copy"  and  might  even  cry  out  in 
dismay,     "save  me    from   my  friends!" 

For  my  own  part,  I  never  read  one  of 
our  good  home  papers  without  finding 
something  to  which  I  would  like  to  re- 
spond, and  in  your  last  there  is  so  much, 
so  much — as  if  each  contributor  had 
brought  a  "best  gift"  to  enrich  the  first 
offering  of  the  year.  Yet  we  feci  sure 
there  is  plenty  more  as  good  and  yet  to 
come  from  Grandfather,  Snip  and  Jew- 
ell, from  Up  Country  Letters,  Busj'  Bee, 
and  brisk  Nell  Van,  who  can  turn  her 
hand  to  anything.  To  her  I  looked  up 
w'ith  the  profound  respect  that  is  due  to 
one  who  can  calmly  and  gallantly  lead  in 
the  upper  ranks  of  hygiene.  How,  then, 
can  I  describe  the  tremor  of  doubt  and 
dismay  that  seized  my  mind  as  I  stepped 
one  morning  inside  her  gate  and  sniffed 
— doughnuts!  Nell  Van  frying  dough- 
nuts! I  could  as  easily  imagine  "Water- 
cure  Trail"  inside  there  eating  them. 
However,  that  "smell  may  come  from  the 


neighbors."  So  I  "compoged  myself, 
as  Sairy  Gamp  would  say,  and  rang  the 
bell  as  if  nothing  had  happened.  But 
inside  the  door  it  smelt  nuttier  than  ever, 
and  I  could  not  help  asking  the  gay  little 
woman,  "  Is  it  possible,  Nell  Van,  that 
you  fry  doughnuts?"  And  she  answered, 
truthful  as  George  Washington,  "O,  yes; 
once  in  a  while!"  So  I  had  something 
to  think  about  as  I  came  home,  and  was 
very  glad  I  had  caught  her  at  it.  For, 
although  I  read  papers  that  do  denounce 
doughnuts  (and  some  deserve  this  ill 
name),  yet  I  continue  to  make  them  in 
the  winter,  "to  please  ray  husband," 
and  then,  very  kindly,  I  help  to  cat  them 
up;  for  they  are  plain  and  light,  no  more 
greasy  than  a  piece  of   bread  and  butter. 

There  are  two  prime  faults  that  spoil 
a  great  many  doughnuts.  Fault  No.  1 — 
Made  up  too  rich,  or  two  soft,  and  sure 
in  either  case  to  soak  fat.  Fault  No.  2 — 
Fat  not  kept  at  boiling  point.  Must  be 
boiling  (not  burning)  all  the  time. 

A  receipt  for  doughnuts  in  your  Janu- 
ary number  is  very  good,  I  should  think, 
if  the  butter  were  left  out.  It  seems  as 
if  an}'  grease  mixed  in  the  dough  opens 
wide  doors  for  the  entrance  of  more 
grease  while  the  cakes  are  frying.  If 
mixed  w'ith  skim  milk,  a  very  little  cream 
may  .safely  be  added,  and  buttermilk  will 
do  for  mixing  if  not  too  butterv. 


FAMILIAR  TALKS— No.  6. 

BY      SNIP  . 

i.EFORE  I  commenced  gardening  I 
thought  there  was  more  fun  than 

|)  work  about  such  an  occupation, 
but  nave  come  to  the  conclusion 
_  that  it  is  just  the  other  way — es- 
pecially when  one  has  a  piece  of  work 
nicely  finished  and  suddenly  finds  it 
must  all  be  done  over  again.  For  in- 
stance, last  month,  thinking  one  day  it 
was  going  to  rain,  I  hastened  to  set  out 
nearly  a  hundred  cabbage  plants.  The 
storm  did  come,  and  before  it  was  over, 
part  of  the  garden  fence  blew  down,  and 
before  it  could  be  repaired  the  chickens 
destroyed  the  plants.  I  have  an  idea 
they  were  better  natured  about  that  than 
I  was  when  I  had  to  set  out  another  lot. 
But  in  spite  of  all  discouragements  and 
drawbacks,  I  enjoy  the  work;  for  while  I 
am  putting  the  dry  seeds  into  the  warm 
earth  and  watching  the  tiny  plants 
scringing  up,  I  enjoy,  in  anticipation,  as 
I  shall  in  reality  after  a  while.  The  nice, 
fresh  vegetables  I  will  have  nfxt  summer 
independent  of  the  vegetable  peddler. 
Of  course,  it  will  take  work  and  time 
and  care,  but  do  you  not  think  I  shall  be 
well  paid  by  being  able  to  gather  vege- 
tables fresh  and  crisp?  Lust  season, 
during  a  visit  to  a  friend  in  this  valley,  I 
went  with  one  of  the  girls  to  get  some 
tomatoes.  On  entering  the  garden,  I 
looked  around  to  see  where  they  were, 
and  finally  saw  them  pulled  out  of  the 
weeds  which  were  in  greater  abundance 
than  the  vegetables.  "Do  you  raise 
many  vegetables?"  I  asked.  "No;  some- 
how they  do  not  do  very  well."  I  should 
think  not.  On  a  farm  of  160  acres  a 
small  garden  was  fenced  in,  and  one- 
third  of  it  occupied  with  Mission  grape 
vines  that  did  not  furnish  enough  fruit 
for  the  tabic,  and  of  course  none  could 
be  canned  or  put  up  in  any  way  for  win- 
ter. The  remainder  was  used  for  vege- 
tables, but  as  they  received  but  little 
cultivation,  and  weeds  will  grow  without 
it,  the  latter  were  in  greater  abundance 
than  anything  else.  With  a  good  arte- 
sian well  on  the  place,  not   a  particle  of 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


wiiter  was  turned  to  the  garden.  "To 
what  use  do  you  put  that  stream  of  wat- 
er?" "None  at  all."  Although  the 
same  man  has  owned  the  place  for  six- 
teen years,  he  put  out  last  season,  for 
the  first  time,  some  evergreen  trees. 
AVith  plenty  of  water,  these  trees  had  to 
l)c  watered  by  hand — the  water  carried 
all  of  two  hundred  yards  in  pails.  All 
the  water  for  the  house,  and  for  washing, 
had  to  be  carried  still  farther.  When 
the  chickens  were  not  laying  they  were 
not  fed,  because  "there  was  no  profit  in 
feeding"  them  then;  and  when  they  laid, 
why,  they  were  "doing  well  enough  on 
what  they  picked  up."  As  a  matter  of 
course,  chickens  don't  pay  on  that  farm. 
The  cows  are  milked  anywhere  from  five 
o'clock  to  ten  in  the  evening.  There  is 
butter  on  the  table  only  half  the  time. 
"Cows  don't  pay  without  green  feed;" 
but  no  effort  is  made  to  supply  such 
feed.  The  boys  are  leaving  home  as 
soon  as  they  are  old  enough,  and  the 
girls  learning  ti'ades.  This,  as  many  a 
one  in  California  can  testify,  is  not  an 
exceptional  case.  Is  it  because  nature  is 
so  lavish  that  people  think  no  work  or 
carefulness  is  needed? 

In  strong  contrast  to  this  picture,  an- 
other arises  before  my  mind's  ej'e,  viz: 
farming  in  the  old  Key.stone  State.  The 
outside  things  were  different.  The  farm 
in  good  order,  fences  in  perfect  repair,  a 
large,  commodious  barn,  well  tilled.  In- 
stead of  one  or  two  cows  to  furnish  milk 
and  butter  about  half  the  year,  five  to 
eight  and  ten  was  the  number  found  on 
nearly  every  farm,  and  a  tub  of  butter 
for  market  every  week.  Every  farm  had 
a  large  garden  and  a  good  orchard.  The 
farmer  carried  berries  of  nearly  every 
kind  to  market,  with  apples,  potatoes, 
beans,  and  nearly  every  week  a  basket  of 
eggs.  In  the  winter  turkeys  and  chick- 
ens were  sent  off  hy  dozens.  True,  many 
of  the  farmers  were  what  people  here 
would  call  "old  fogies,"  but  as  a  general 
thing  they  were  intelligent,  and  once 
convinced  that  a  new  idea  was  a  good 
one,  tliat  was  the  right  way  to  do  ever 
after. 

I  do  not  wonder  that  Eastern  people 
are  in  ecstacies  over  California  when 
they  come  here  in  the  winter.  Two  days 
ago  I  had  a  letter  from  Baltimore  in 
which  the  writer  stated  that  the  weather 
was  bitterly  cold  and  it  was  dangerous  to 
venture  out  because  of  the  ice.  To-day, 
the  lith  of  February,  is  too  pleasant  for 
one  to  remain  in-doors.  Bright  and 
warm,  at  least  it  is  here  in  the  moun- 
tains, the  air  pure  and  bracing,  every- 
thing green  and  fresh,  the  wild  flowers 
springing  out  of  the  warm  ground — is  it 
surprising  that  the  first  settlers  here 
called  it  God's  own  country? 

But  you  h,ave  such  terrific  storms  in 
the  mountains.  Well,  suppose  we  do. 
1)0  you  not  think  we  appreciate  pleasant 
weather  when  it  comes?  AVe  are  free 
from  fogs,  have  an  ever-changing  picture 
of  beauty  before  us,  for  we  can  look  over 
an  area  that  you  dwellers  in  the  valley 
cannot  see  one-tenth  of  at  one  time.  The 
air  is  pure  and  free,  and  we  are  healthy 
and  free,  too.  Not  so  entirely  shut  out 
from  the  world  as  one  might  think,  for 
we  have  the  best  of  companions — books 
and  papers. 


THE    GENIUS    OF  THE  KITCHEN. 

BY  MKS.  E.  M.  ABBOTT. 

Yes,  dear  reader,  why  not?  If  we  have 
always  associated  the  word  <imms  with 
those  who  excel  in  the  arts  and  sciences, 
back  of  all  these  there  is  an  army  of 
1  presiding  geniuses,  who  require  for  the 
I  faitliful  discharge  of  their  duties  and  re- 
s|ionsd]ilities,  a  talent  more  varied  and 
a  lalior  more  complicated  than  that  of  a 


^^-ira.j-  -  ^ 


Raphael  or  a  Hogarth.  "Who  will  deny 
that  the  faithful  housewife  is  guiding  a 
pencil  which  paints  life-pictures  more 
beautiful  than  those  of  aGuido. 

The  kitchen  which  we  have  in  our 
mind's  eye  is  not  the  separate  hut,  as  at 
the  South,  where  the  "  help  "  preside  as 
of  old,  and  which  the  wealthy  mistress 
never  sees  the  inside  of  from  one  mouth's 
end  to  the  other ;  neither  is  it  the  California 
kitchen  ( where  the  Mongolian  is  the  ca- 
terer and  man  of  all  work  for  a  consid- 
eration in  gold  coin),  built  in  shanty 
style  of  rough  redwood  boards,  with  one 
window  looking  out  into  the  back  yard; 
but  the  New  England  kitchen,  with  its 
sanded  floor,  in  a  large  wing  of  the  main 
building  fronting  the  street,  spacious, 
neat,  airy  and  sunny,  the  throne  of  the 
wife  and  mother,  where  her  large  family 
have  arisen  to  call  her  blessed,  where 
her  radiant  face  bent  over  the  little  cra- 
dle as  she  kept  time  with  the  rocking  in 
a  sweet  lullaby,  the  constant  accompani- 
ment of  her  manifold  labors  and  duties. 
The  evening  is  occupied  with  her  knit- 
ting-work, her  only  resting-spell,  which 
she  alternates  with  helping  the  boys  in 
their  "examples"  in  arithmetic  and  the 
girls  with  their  sewing  and  embroidery. 
If  this  is  a  fancy  sketch  at  the  present 
day — the  commencement  of  the  Centen- 
nial year,  a  half-century  ago  it  was  true 
to  life.  The  presiding  genius  of  the 
kitchen  was  also  the  inspiring  genius  of 
the  home,  the  central  magnet  and  heart, 
which  was  eminently  a  position  of  honor 
if  not  of  power.  If  the  average  woman 
of  the  present  day  cannot  sit  for  the  por- 
trait herein  drawn,  we  will  not  say  that 
it  is  due  to  degeneracy,  or  that  they  are 
not  as  intelligent,  refined  and  noble-mind- 
ed as  their  mothers  and  grandmothers 
were;  but  that  habits,  tastes  and  opiJor- 
tunities,  which  are  in  the  legitimate  or- 
der of  progress,  have  changed  with  the 
cycles  of  time.  True,  some  apparently 
for  the  worse,  but  in  the  main  we  have 
added  to  the  storehouse  of  knowledge, 
which  in  turn  has  "sought  out  many  in- 
ventions" whereby  bone  and  sinew  labor 
have  been  lightened,  thus  adding  to  the 
means  and  opportunities  of  obtaining 
useful  information,  which  in  olden  time 
was  considered,  for  woman  ,at  least,  su- 
perfluous. The  time  has  come,  and  let 
us  be  thankful,  that  she  can,  in  addition 
to  those  home  duties  which  are  first  in 
importance,  do  even  those  better  by  par- 
ticipation in  cares  and  objects  outside. 
The  one  point  conceded  by  every  intelli- 
gent mind  is  the  necessity  of  education. 
Not  a  smattering  of  reading,  writing 
and  arithmetic,  but  in  its  broadest  and 
most  liberal  rendering.  This  change 
has  been  wrought  by  a  comparative  few, 
at  a  sacrifice  of  wealth,  reputation  and 
friends,  by  hard  work,  with  no  pay  but 
hard  names.  But  who  will  argue  for  a 
moment  that  the  change  has  not  been 
fiu'  the  better  for  both  men  and  women. 
After  obtaining  an  education  it  is  not  in 
the  nature  of  things  for  woman  to  rest 
satisfied  without  putting  it  to  practical 
account,  for  every  stej]  towards  enlight- 
enment is  only  a  suggestion  for  a  fur- 
ther demand,  and  she  is  no  longer  looked 
down  upon  by  men  from  an  eminence 
on  which  experience  alone,  and  not  abil- 
ity, placed  them.  A  new  age  and  era 
have  come,  which  were  as  inevitable  as 
the  law  of  gravitation,  and  that  which 
once  had  the  name  of  fanaticism  is  now 
common  .sc/i.se  and  nothing  more  or  less, 
and  that  is  a  very  good  thing  to  have  in 
abundance.  Among  other  things  women 
have  learned  that  the  everlasting  knit- 
ting-work is  not  their  vorniat  sinle;  and 
men  are  no  longer  satisfied  with  wives 
who  know  nothing  beyond  the  cooking 
stove.  The  genius  of  the  kitchen  may 
also  be  a  genius  in  the  arts  and  sciences. 
San  Josk,  l-'cbruary,  lH7f>. 


CHOICE    RECIPES. 

CONTRIBUTKD    BY     LADY     COBEESPO.SDENTS. 

Ginger  Sponge  Cake. — One  cup  of 
molasses,  one  of  butter,  two  of  brown 
sugar,  four  of  flour,  one  of  hot  water, 
four  epgs,  one  large  teaspoonful  of  soda, 
two  tablespoonf  uls  of  ginger.  Bake  in  a 
moderate  oven. 

Pl.ain  Kailkoad  Cake. — One  table- 
spoonful  of  butter,  one  cup  of  sugar, 
one  egg,  one  and  a  half  cujis  of  fiour, 
two-thirds  of  a  cup  of  milk,  half  a  tea- 
spoonful  of  soda,  one  teaspoonful  cream 
of  tartar. 

Lemon  Pie  'SVithodt  Lemons. — Two 
tablespoonfuls  of  vinegar,  one  of  flour, 
three  of  water,  four  of  sugar,  and  one 
teaspoonful  of  extract  of  lemon. 

Good  Breakfast  Cake. — Cold  mashed 
potatoes  mixed  with  flour  and  rolled  out 
and  cut  into  biscuits  are  very  nice  and 
healthful. 

Oatmeal  and  •  Cocoandt.  —  Oatmeal 
mixed  with  grated  cocoanut  makes  a  very 
attractive  cake  to  both  old  and  young. 
Take  three  heaping  teaspoonfuls  of 
grated,  or  two  of  prepared  dessicated 
cocoanut;  add  to  it  half  a  pint  of  fine 
oatmeal  and  two  heaping  teaspoonfuls  of 
sugar;  stir  into  it  one  gill  of  boiling  wat- 
er, and  mix  thoroughly  together;  turn  it 
out  on  the  rolling  board,  roll  thin,  and 
cut  out  as  for  common  crackers.  If 
wanted  very  nice,  jjut  a  piece  of  citron 
and  half  a  dozen  currants  into  each  cake, 
sticking  them  into  the  dough.  Bake  in 
a  slow  oven,  and  watch  carefully  lest 
they  brown  a  shade  too  deep.  To  make 
crisjiy,  let  them  stand  a  day  or  two  in  an 
uncovered  dish. 

A  Nice  Dish. — To  cook  fine  hominy, 
boil  with  considerable  water  until  soft, 
and  thicken  just  before  serving  with  corn 
starch  dissolved  in  cold  water. 

Graham  gems,  wuth  cocoanut  and  sug- 
ar added,  are  also  an  improvement  on 
plain  gems  when  eaten  cold. 

Graham  Flohr  Puffs. — One  quart  of 
sweet   milk,  two  eggs,   flour   to   make  a 
thin  batter;  fill  the  gem  pans   two-third 
full,  and  bake  in  a  quich  oven. 

Mashed  Potatoes. — Mashed  potatoes 
are  very  nice  with  only  salt  and  sour 
cream  added.  You  will  find  it  better 
than  sweet  cream  to  use. 

To  make  nut  cake,  take  one-half  cup 
of  butter,  one  and  one-half  cups  of  sugar, 
two  cupsful  full  of  flour,  three-fourths 
cupful  of  sweet  milk,  one  cupful  of  nut 
meats,  two  eggs,  or  the  whites  of  four, 
one  teaspoonful  of  cream  tartar  and  one 
ane-half  teaspoonsfnl  of  soda. 


Iiilomciu 


SOMETHING   ABOTJT   WOMAN'S 
SUFFRAGE. 

GAIN  women  citizens  of  the  United 
.T/iV/li  States  have  memorialized  Congress, 
this  time  asking  the  right  of  suf- 
'^Urf  frage  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 
<^'e)''  Why  the  "white  men"  who  repre- 
sent us — or  pretend  to — don't  give  up 
and  let  the  women  vote,  is  more  than  we 
can  account  for.  Surely  every  man  born 
of  a  woman  should  km^w  tliat  when  a 
woman  makes  up  her  mind  for  a  thing 
she  will  accomplish  it  soimer  or  later. 
'J'his  matter  of  sullVage  for  women  is 
only  a  qiK'Stion  of  time,  and  that  time 
can'  only  be  gauged  by  man's  perverse- 
ness  and  stupidity.  Here  is  a  string  of 
"whereases"  and  a  "therefore"  in  sub- 
stance as  set  forth: 

Whereas,  the  United   States    Su]n-eme 


Court  has  decided  (in  the  cases  of  Spen- 
cer vs.  The  Board  of  Registration,  and 
Webster  vs.  The  Judges  of  Election  of 
this  District, )  that  by  the  first  section  of 
the  Fourteenth  Amendment  ' '  women 
have  been  advanced  to  full  citizenship, 
and  clothed  with  the  capacity  to  become 
voters,"  and  further,  that  this  section 
does  not  execute  itself,  but  requires  the 
supervention  of  legislative  power  in  the 
exercise  of  legislative  discretion,  to  give 
it  effect;  and  whereas  Congress  made  an 
nnjust  discrimination  in  giving  suffrage 
to  colored  men  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, and  refusing  to  give  it  to  women — 
thus  depriving  the  intelligence  and  mor- 
al jjower  of  citizens  of  said  District  of  a 
fair  opportunity  of  expression  at  the 
polls;  and  whereas  woman  suffrage  is  no 
experiment,  but  is  universally  admitted 
to  be  successful  in  Wyoming,  which  has 
been  redeemed  from  lawlessness  through 
it;  and  whereas,  a  fair  trial  of  equal  suf- 
frage for  men  and  women  in  the  District 
of  Columbia,  under  the  immediate  su- 
pervision of  Congress,  would  demon- 
strate to  the  country  that  justice  to 
woman  is  policy  for  men:  and  whereas, 
"the  woman  citizens  of  the  United  States 
are  govermd  without  their  own  consent, 
are  denied  trial  by  a  jury  of  their  p>eers, 
are  taxed  without  representation,  and 
are  subject  to  manifold  wrongs,  result- 
tng  from  unjust  and  arbitrary  exercise  of 
power  over  an  unrepresented  class;"  and 
whereas,  this  is  the  centennial  year, 
when  the  spirit  of  '76  is  breathing  its 
infiuence  upon  the  people,  melting  away 
all  prejudices  and  animosities  and  in- 
spiring in  our  national  councils  a  clearer 
perception  of  individual  rights;  there- 
fore, the  memorialists  pray  Congress  to 
establish  a  government  for  the  District  of 
Columbia  which  shall  secure  to  its  wom- 
an citizens  the  right  to  vote. 

One  of  the  strongest  petitions  of  this 
kind  ever  offered  was  placed  befoi-e  Con- 
gi-ess,  in  1873,  by  Dr.  Mary  E.  Walker. 
Among  a  host  of  reasons  why  suffrage 
should  not  be  witheld  from  woman,  the 
doctor  urged  the  following  strong  point: 

"  The  equality  of  the  rights  of  women 
with  men,  when  the  Constitution  was 
framed,  was  not  questioned  by  our  fore- 
fathers, for  i€0>nen  were  at  tliat  time  voting 
in  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  and  co«(i)i- 
ued  to  exercise  the  riyhl  for  two  gena-ations, 
without  their  constitutional  rights  ever 
having  been  questioned,  dearly  procing 
that  it  was  the  intention  of  the  fathers 
to  secure  such  rights  to  women  as  well 
as  men.  The  fact  that  the  women  did 
vote  unqirestioned,  proves  the  spirit  of 
the  Constitution,  for  it  was  in  the  time 
of  its  framing,  and  while  its  framers  were 
all  licinq,  and  ready  to  explain  the  spirit 
of  the  same." 

Authentic  reports  from  Wyoming  show 
that  great  benefits  have  resulted  from 
women's  power  to  over-balance  such  evils 
as  politically  curse  the  communities 
where  they  are  denied  the  ballot. 

We  cannot  close  this  article  without 
calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  a  sister 
republic  on  this  continent  recognizes  that 
woman  has  a  right  to  her  rights,  at  least 
politically,  and  no  foolishness.  Read 
the  annexed  on  woman  suffrage  in  Chiii:; 

"A  curious  question  has  arisen  in  some 
towns  in  Chili  on  occasion  of  the  inscrip- 
tion of  citizens  in  the  electoral  registers. 
At  San  Felipe  one  woman  presented  her- 
self for  registration,  one  at  Casablanca, 
and  ten  at  La  Serena.  As  the  law  makes 
no  distinction  of  sex,  and  as  the  only 
([ualifications  required  for  citizenship 
are  to  have  attained  one's  majoi-ity  and 
possess  a  knowledge  of  reading  and  * 
writing,  the  Boards  decided  to  register 
said  representatives  of  the  weaker  sex, 
so  that  at  the  coming  elections  women 
will  be  admitted  to  vote." 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


fym^mnUim. 


DEEP   PLOWING. 

BY    MECHANIC. 

D.  AoRictrLTUKisT :  The  correspon- 
dence on  this  subject,  in  your  last 
issue,  reminded  me  of  the  fact  that 
I  had  promised  you  an  article  on 
the  same  subject,  and  I  propose  to 
state  facts,  as  they  have  come  under  my 
observation,  believing  demonstration  to 
be  the  crowning  point  of  theory. 

In  the  famous  Genesee  valley  (when 
it  was  new)  some  of  the  most  successful 
farmers  were  advocates  of  shallow  plow- 
ing, which  succeeded  for  a  time  in  pro- 
ducing fine  crops.  In  a  few  years  the 
shallow  surface  appeared  to  be  exhausted 
01  its  fertility  and  produced  very  light 
crops,  when  deep  and  thorough  pulver- 
izing of  the  soil,  to  the  depth  of  ten  or 
twelve  inches,  again  produced  heavy 
crops. 

The  old,  worn-out  fields  of  Montgom- 
ery county,  and  other  counties  of  Mary- 
land and  Delaware,  in  18-18,  could  be 
bought  for  75  cents  to  $1  50  per  acre. 
Shallow  plowing  and  repeated  cropping 
wore  out  the  surface,  and  deep  plowing 
— with  a  little  guano  for  the  first  two  or 
three  crops,  and  the  straw  of  the  crops 
returned  to  the  soil,  with  a  little  lime  for 
a  solvent — made  the  worn-out  fields  more 
productive  than  when  the  laud  was  new. 

I  saw  an  old  field  of  sixteen  acres,  in 
Jackson  county.  111.,  planted  to  corn  in 
1866. ■  The  field  had  been  worn  out  by 
shallow  plowing  and  repeated  cropjiing 
with  corn.  Four  acres  of  the  field  were 
plowed  thirteen  inches  deep,  three  acres 
five  inches,  and  the  balance  nine  inches 
deep.  The  whole  was  thoroughly  pul- 
verized, but  no  manure  was  used.  It 
was  all  planted  in  corn,  on  the  same  daj', 
and  all  tilled  in  the  same  manuer.  Wheu 
the  corn  was  ten  inches  high  there  was  a 
rain  of  -±.2G  inches  in  forty-eight  hours, 
and  no  more  rain  until  the  crop  was  ma- 
tured. The  yield  was  eighty  bushels  per 
acre  on  the  jjart  plowed  thirteen  inches 
deep,  forty-five  bushels  on  that  plowed 
nine  inches,  and  about  five  bushels  of 
"Vubbins"  on  the  five-inch  plowing. 

In  1867  there  were  sixteen  acres  sum- 
mer-fallowed and  thoroughly  pulverized 
to  a  depth  of  fsurteen  inches,  on  an  old 
farm  of  170  acres  on  the  Bois  Brule  bot- 
tom, about  eighty  miles  below  St.  Louis, 
on  the  Mississippi  riven-  In  the  Fall  it 
was  ridged  for  corn  and  planted  in  the 
Spring — the  first  of  April.  The  balance 
of  the  farm  was  plowed  in  the  Spring 
twelve  inches  deep  and  planted  in  corn. 
The  farm  was  settled  by  the  Fi-ench  at 
the  time  of  the  settlement  of  Koskoskia, 
about  1GC6.  It  had  never  (before)  been 
plowed  over  four  inches,  and  repeatedly 
cropped  in  corn.  The  place  had  been 
rented  for  several  years  for  ten  bushels 
per  acre,  yet  seldom  raised  enough  to 
pay  the  rent;  but  in  1867  the  ground  and 
corn  was  thoroughly  tilled,  and  the  yield 
ou  the  summer-fallow  was  165  bushels 
per  acre,  and  80  bushels  per  acre  ou  the 
spring  plowing. 

I  came  to  Marysville,  California,  in 
April,  1871.  I  had  a  letter  of  introduc- 
tion to  Wra.  P.  Harkey,  of  Sutter  county. 
Mr.  H.  showed  me  his  wheat  field, which 
had  been  summer-fallowed  and  tho- 
rniighly  pulverized  the  previous  summer 
t'l  the  depth  of  eight  or  nine  inches. 
I'lie  wheat  looked  healthy  and  vigorous, 
iiitwithstandiug  the  bed  rock  was  near 
he  surface  and  the  wheat  in  the  neigh- 
Jorhood  a  failure.  This  deep  and  tho- 
ough  tillage  yielded  about  twenty-five 
Jushels  to  the  acre. 


Mozo  Ellis,  of  the  Placer  Mills,  Marys- 
ville, had  a  farm  not  far  from  Mr.  Har- 
key's,  but  nearer  the  Buttes,  and  deeper 
to  the  bed  rock.  Mr.  Ellis  informed  me 
that  he  had  a  piece  of  wheat  that  season 
which  was  summer-fallowed  twelve 
inches  deep,  and  yielded  thirty-five  bush- 
els to  the  acre.  Mr.  Ellis  also  informed 
me  that  the  same  dry  season  ho  tilled  a 
piece  for  grapes  very  deep  and  thorough- 
ly, and  that  he  could,  with  one  scrape  of 
his  foot,  reach  moist  ilirt  any  time  in 
the  summer. 

I  have  given  the  successful  experi- 
ments above  mentioned  as  correctly  as 
my  memory  serves  me.  If  I  have  made 
any  mistake,  it  can  be  ascei'tained  in  the 
last  two  cases  by  an  api^eal  to  Messrs. 
Harkey  and  Ellis.  The  former  is  now 
Sheriff  of  Sutter  county,  and  the  latter 
owns  and  runs  a  flouring  mill  at  Tehama. 
Send  them  this  communication,  and  ask 
them  wherein  I  have  erred. 

A  few  more  remarks,  and  my  long  ar- 
ticle will  close.  First — From  forty-two 
years  of  close  observation,  with  miich  of 
my  time  spent  in  farming,  and  being  an 
earnest  advocate  of  deep  and  thorough 
culture — with  all  this,  I  am  free  to  ad- 
mit that  there  are  two  sides  to  this  ques- 
tion. For  instance,  where  virgin  soils 
are  very  open  and  fertile,  as  in  the  Gen- 
esee valley  and  California,  shallow  cul- 
ture often  produces  fine  crops  until  the 
ground  becomes  packed  by  repeated 
cropping  and  working. 

Second — I  have  noticed,  in  some  in- 
stances, in  California,  that  where  land 
was  plowed  deep  and  the  clods  not  pul- 
verized by  rain  or  thorough  culture,  the 
crops  sufi'ered  much  more  from  drouth 
than  similar  laud  that  was  tilled  shallow 
and  made  fine. 

Third — I  have  had  the  best  success  by 
deep  and  thorough  culture  for  small 
grain,  as  well  as  corn,  and  found  the 
roller,  after  seeding,  beneficial;  but  when 
the  top  became  tight,  by  rain  after  roll- 
ing, and  liable  to  bake,  the  trouble  was 
remedied  by  a  thorough  harrowing  with 
a  fine-tooth  harrow,  with  the  teeth  well 
slanted  back  to  prevent  tearing  up  too 
much  grain.  What  grain  was  torn  up 
by  the  harrow,  was  replaced  by  the  extra 
stooliug  of  the  balance.  The  harrowing, 
making  the  surface  fine  and  loose, makes 
a  good  mulch  to  prevent  the  escape  of 
moisture  from  below.  I  have  tried  this 
with  wheat  twelve  inches  high  with  ben- 
efit. 

Fourth — I  have  often  taken  pains  to 
discover  the  depth  to  which  the  roots  of 
small  grain  penetrate  the  earth,  and 
where  the  soil  was  loose  and  thoroughly 
tilled  have  usiially  found  them  at  the 
bottom  of  the  furrow,  and  often  strug- 
gling (in  a  dry  soil)  to  go  deeper.  There 
is  no  danger  of  tilling  good  corn  land  too 
deeply,  and  it  is  important  for  corn,  if 
you  desire  thick  stalks  and  large  ears,  to 
plow  deeiJ,  pulverize  fine,  plant  early, 
work  the  ground  deep  and  often  while 
the  corn  is  youug,  and  when  the  lateral 
roots  start  keep  the  surface  fine  until  the 
corn  shades  the  ground.  If  the  soil  and 
climate  are  good  you  have  nothing  fur- 
ther to  do,  except  to  harvest  a  lai"ge  crop 
in  the  fall. 

Every  farmer  who  has  corn  land  should 
make  corn  one  of  his  rotation  of  crops, 
and  feed  it  to  hogs  or  other  stock,  and 
return  the  manure  to  the  soil.  I  am 
very  skeptical  about  the  inexhaustible 
fertility  of  any  soil  when  repeated  crop- 
ping is  the  rule  and  no  return  made  to 
the  soil.  Compensation  is  the  universal 
law  of  nature, and  it  is  easier  to  impover- 
ish a  good  soil  than  to  renovate  one  that 
is  worn  out  by  bad  farming. 


Whatever  promotes  a  comfortable  and 
harmless  state  of  mind  promotes  health. 


TREE  CULTURE. 

Feiend  HERitiNo: — Your  valuable  pa- 
per has  given  hints  and  instructions  on 
nearly  every  point  in  farm  and  garden 
matters,  but  I  don't  remember  anything 
in  regard  to  the  best  kind  of  pears  to  graft 
on  the  quince.  I  read  some  time  ago  that 
it  was  not  best  to  graft  Bartlott  on  quince 
stalk,  but  no  reasons  were  given.  I  wish 
to  graft  a  lot  of  seedling  quince  (set  in 
place),  and  would  like  to  graft  some  to 
Bartlett.  If  covenient,  please  tell  me 
in  March  number  if  there  are  any  real 
objections  to  Bartlett,  and  what  are  the 
best  varieties  to  dwarf.  I  would  like  to 
know  if  there  is  any  fruit  I  can  success- 
fully graft  on  white  mulberry  stalk. 

The  more  experience  I  have  with  seed- 
ling trees,  the  better  I  like  them.  Where 
it  is  anyways  difiicult  to  start  an  orchard 
a  tree  that  will  not  throw  up  an  abun- 
dance of  suckers  is  worth  only  half- 
price.  Many  of  our  long-shanked, 
smooth-bodied,  short-root-grafted  trees 
will  not  sprout  about  the  trunk  unless 
injured  by  some  damage  to  the  top  or 
depi-edations  of  borers;  then  Mother 
Nature  makes  one  more  desperate  endea- 
vor to  assert  her  rights,  and  shade  the 
trunk  in  her  own  unrivaled  style.  The 
orchardist  and  gardener  should  assist 
rather  than  defeat  Nature.  I  don't  know 
a  single  point  in  favor  of  a  small;  suck- 
erless  tree. 

A  good  growth  of  small  suckers  is  a 
great  protection  from  the  many  accidents 
to  which  even  well  cared  for  trees  are  lia- 
ble, while  the  trunk  at  and  near  the 
ground  will  be  better  shaped  and  tougher 
in  fiber  for  their  attachment  to  it.  As 
much  root  is  made  to  develop  a  foot  of 
sucker  as  a  foot  of  limb,  and  bj'  the 
time  the  root  is  all  needed  to  sustain  the 
top  and  fruit,  the  tree  will  be  able  to 
dispense  with  the  sucker.  Nature  al- 
most invariably  starts  her  most  stalwart 
trees  as  bushes.  Any  one  who  has  taken 
out  oak  grubs  knows  what  fine,  loose, 
moist  soil  is  found  close  about  the 
stump.  The  close  overhanging  green 
bush  has  gathered  moisture  from  every 
dew,  and  the  leaves  and  grass  have  rotted 
and  enriched  the  spot  they  could  not  be 
blown  away  from.  It  is  only  in  close, 
moist  swamps  that  trees  naturally  run 
up  without  sprouts  from  the  root. 

There  has  been  so  much  written  and 
said  about  the  slovenly  look  of  suckers 
around  trees  and  the  beauty  of  tall, 
straight  trunks,  that  I  feel  I  am  on  dan- 
gerous grdund.  I  can  hardly  blame  any 
one  for  casting  admiring  glances  at  a 
solid,  Samson-built,  mature  man  in  close 
fitting  pants;  but  will  any  sane  person 
say  that  the  immature,  spindle-shanked 
bo}-,  in  short  coat  and  tights,  is  a  thing 
of  beauty?  But  the  youug  lady,  with  her 
drapery  gradually  increasing  in  diameter 
from  the  waist  to  the  grouud,  is  shaded 
and  protected  on  natural  principles. 
May  fashion,  in  the  near  future,  revive 
the  hoops  and  leave  oft'  the  piillbaohi.  Na- 
ture will  revenge  herself  for  every  sin 
and  indiscretion  against  her  laws.  I  ex- 
pect she  has  allowed  the  pnllbacks  as  a 
punishment  to  us  for  saying  and  writing 
so  many  hard  things  about  ibe  way  she  [ 
starts,  protects  and  develops  her  young  1 
trees.  C.  A.  W.      I 

Cozy  Nook,  Feb.  9th,  1876. 

BEPLY. 

The  objection  to  grafting  the  Bartlett 
pear  on  the  Quince  is,  that  even  on  a 
strong  pear  stalk  it  is  a  delicate  grower—  j 
makes  a  slender  tree.  On  the  quince, 
which  still  more  reduces  the  vigor  and 
flow  of  sap,  it  has  not  enough  vitality  to 
make  a  handsome  tree  or  produce  good 
fruit.  The  strongest  growing  pear  trees 
seem  to  do  the  best  upon  the  quince. 
The  Easter  Buerre,  Duchess  and  Winter  j 


Nellis  have  been  proved  to  do  well  upon 
the  quince.  Such  varieties  of  pear  as 
m.ake  a  good  deal  of  sap  wood  on  their 
owTi  stalks  will,  by  becoming  dwarfed, 
produce  fruit  more  proliflcally  and  some- 
times of  better  quality  on  the  quince 
than  on  pear  roots. 

2.  The  only  thing  that  will  pay  to 
graft  into  the  white  mulberry,  so  far  as 
we  know,  is  Downings  ever-bearing  va- 
riety. This  makes  a  very  nice  fruit,  as 
also  a  fair  ornamental  tree. 

3.  Although  many  orchardists  might 
call  the  allowing  of  suckers  to  grow  very 
slovenly,  yet  we  believe  it  would  be  bet- 
ter than  the  close  pruning  that  many  of 
them  give  their  trees.  We  know  of  some 
who  rub  off  every  bud  and  trim  oft'  every 
side  shoot  as  if  they  were  enemies  instead 
of  friends  to  the  health  of  the  tree.  Our 
advice  is,  don't  rub  oft'  a  single  bud  from 
the  trunk  and  lower  limbs.  Let  every 
one  grow;  but  keep  them  nipped  or  cut 
back  so  short  that  they  do  not  get  too 
much  in  the  way.  If  a  tree  has  its  en- 
tire trunk  sheltered  by  a  growth  of  suck- 
ers and  spurs  it  will  grow  all  the  health- 
ier and  stronger  for  it.  We  would 
encourage  them  to  grow,  and  make  fruit 
spurs  from  the  ground  up. 


EXPERIENCE     OF     A      BUSINESS 
MAN  AS   A  FARMER. 

Many  men  in  business,  vexed  with 
cares  and  confinement,  sigh  for  the  free- 
dom and  independence  of  the  farm. 
They  have  sometimes  looked  upon  a 
cabin,  with  its  smoke  curling  quietly  up 
towards  the  heavens,  and  envied  the  oc- 
cupants whom  they  fancy  to  be  free  from 
care  and  trouble,  and  they  would  almost 
sacrifice  their  luxuries  for  such  quiet  and 
like  them 

"  Keep  the  noiseless -tenor  of  Ibeirway." 
They  are  apt  greatly  to  over-estimate  the 
profits  of  farming  in  the  rather  limited 
way  that  they  propose  to  engage  in  it, 
for  thej-  intend  to  make  it  a  sort  of  pas- 
time. Many  have  tried  the  farm  to  find 
that  they  have  only  fled  from  one  sort  of 
trials  to  another,  and  the  man  of  more 
muscle  and  more  experience  may  smile 
at  their  complaints. 

I  take  the  liberty  to  extract  from  pri- 
vate letters  of  one  who,  rather  late  in 
life,  has  left  active  business  engagements 
for  the  farm.     He  says: 

"  I  have  been  very  busy  with  my  farm 
work,  and,  while  at  work,  your  remark 
came  forciblj'  to  my  mind  that  'a  man 
working  at  farming  has  to  do  more  work 
for  a  dollar  than  in  any  other  business.' 
It  is  but  a  few  bushels  of  potatoes  that  a 
man  can  dig  in  a  day,  and  when  dug 
they  cannot  be  sold  at  any  price  at  pres- 
ent. Now  I  am  prepared  to  say  that 
there  is  more  disappointment  in  farming 
than  in  any  other  business  ou  this  earthy 
footstool,  and  any  man  who  knows 
enough  to  lick  molasses  cfi'  a  smooth 
stick  had  better  never  engiige  in  farming. 
Cain,  I  believe,  was  the  first  farmer,  and 
for  his  crime  divine  wrath  has  rested  on 
farming  ever  since. 

"  In  the  first  place,  you  have  the  fowls 
of  the  air,  the  beasts  of  the  field,  and 
all  creeping  things  to  destroy  your  crops. 
Secondly,  you  have  the  elements  to  con- 
tend with;  if  there  is  too  much  rain,  or 
too  little,  your  crops  will  be  destroyed; 
and  what  seems  to  be  the  most  provok- 
ing part  of  the  whole  thing  is,  that  while 
you  have  been  striving  against  all  the 
above  judgments,  and  your  poor  crops 
look  withered  or  decayed,  the  worthless 
weeds  by  their  side  are  green  and  flour- 
ishing, holding  up  their  heads  with  re- 
joicing. Lastly,  and  finally,  if  by  any 
chance  you  escape  any  or  all  of  the  .above 
calamities  and  raise  a  good  crop,  then 
the  price  is  down  and  you  get  nothing. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


"Brother  J.,  buy  the  ;  buy  any- 

thiug;  get  a  clam  hoe,  and  go  on  the  top 
N,  of  Mt.  Diablo  and  fry  to  dig  clams  there, 
but  don't  buy  a  farm  with  the  idea  of 
ever  making  anything  at  farming.  With 
me  it  was  not  so;  when  I  bought  my 
place  I  did  not  expect  to  make  one  cent 
— not  a  red — and  I  have  succeeded  so 
well  that  I  have  no  reason  to  complain — 
feel  very  much  encouraged." 

San  Jose,  February,  187G.  C. 

NEW  AGRICULTURAL    PATENTS. 

Issued  by  tlie  United  States  Patent  Of- 
lice  from  JTun,   Iltli,  to  Feb.  lltb. 

[Reported  for  tlie  California  Agricultuiiist  by 
Louie  Bagger  k  Co.,  Solicitors  of  Patents, 
Washington,  D.  C.l 

Hay  loaders — Jno  A  Bower,  Eureka,  Kansa.s. 
(iraiii  binders — C  G   Crease,    Sun    Prairie, 

Wis. 
Machines  for  untying  bands  on  cotton  balee — 

S  11  Gilnian,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Macliines  for  punching  and  shearing  cotton 

bales— S  H  Gilman,  Xew  Orleans,  La. 
Cradle    fingers    for    scvlhes — W    Hamilton, 

Fallsburg,  N  Y. 
Hand  plows — M   Y  Tlionipson,  Arkadel|ihia, 

Ark. 
^lacliines  for  twisting  bay  or  straw — Addi.son 

A  Wells.  Iowa  Falls,  Iowa. 
Bran   threshers   and   separators — C   S  Hall, 

Rochester,  N  Y. 
Beater-reels    for   threshing    machines — C    S 

Hall,  Rochester,  N  Y. 
Horse-rakes — \Vm  J   Lane,  Millbrook,   Port 

Chesler,  N  Y. 
Corn-planters — A  C  Burgner,  Charleston,  111. 
Horse-rakes — Orlando    Clarke,  Isaac    Ulter, 

Rock  lord.  III.  ■ 
Plows— Wui  A  Estes,  Chevia,  Mo. 
Tooth  fastenings   for  liorse  hay   rakes — T  A 

f.alt.  Sterling,  III. 
Corn  planlera — T  A  Gait.  Sterling,  111. 
Ajiparatus  for  manufacturing    fertilizers  ~H 
O  P  Lissagary.  Paiitin,  near  Paris,  France. 
Corn  coverers— Thos  B  McChesney,  Hainors- 

ville,  Ohio. 
Hand    corn   planters — Milton    Pollock  Koel, 

.St.  Cloud.  Jlinn. 
Harrows— J  Van  Orlheiick,  Hillsdale,  Mich. 
Potato   diggers— P  M   Bawtinhiuier,  Wood- 
stock, Canada. 
Bands  for    binding    grain — Daviii    Olmsted, 

Minneapolis. 
Giain binders — Wm  R  Baker,  Chicago,  111. 
Harvesters — Peter  Kline,  Lisbon,  Iowa. 
Grain  bags — ('  Lazarevitch,    Brooklyn,  N  Y. 
Plow  points — W  B  Ixcady,   Sacramento,  Cal. 
Harvester  rakes— T  H  Bacon,  Hannibal,  Mo. 
Machines  for  making  grain  conveyer  flights — 

II  I  Chase,  Peoria,  PI. 
Harvesters— Jas  B.  Mohler,  Pekiu,  111. 
Harrows — Jas  B  Oakey,  ludiairapolis,  lud. 
Harvesters — Win  F  Cochrane,  Lafayette, Ind. 
C(a-n  planters — Levi  Scotield,  Grand  Haven, 

Mich. 
Cutting  apparatus  for  harvesters — Frederick 

H  WolKenhane,  Beusonville,  111. 
Churns — I'^li  F  Beard,  Repaid ic,  O. 
Apiiaratus  for  steaming    food    for    stock — R 

IJalley,  Qnincy,Mich. 
Reaper  reels— S  Hamilton, Mount  Sterling, 111. 
Cotton  seed  pl.inters — J  C  Jenkins,  Lebanon, 

'i'enn. 
Corn  Planters— S  P   Babcock,  Adrain,  Mich. 
Cultivator  teeth — J  C  Bannigan,l>uuleith,Ill. 
Milk  coolers — Liingdon  Clark,  Crary's  Mills, 

NY. 
Straw  cullers — Levi  Cossit,  Guelph,  Canada. 
Plow  handles — Wm  A  Crouch,  Hannibal. Mo. 
(iang  plows — lilnoch  C  Eatou,Pinckiieyville, 

III. 
Churns- D  L  Epperson,  Mill  Sho.ils,  III. 
Itand    cutters    and    fccdias  for  thieshlng  lua- 

(diiiies— G  LGearliait,  Ijcbauon, Neb. 
Bee  hives— Wm  1j   Haniilton,  (Uaagow,  Ky. 
Hay  rakea  and   loaders- Geo  Lambert,  Hill 

(irove,  0. 
Fence  posts — Luke  Ijightfoot,  Walnut,  Iowa. 
Fence  posts — Archibald  Taylor,    Keezleton, 

Va. 
Combined  land  rollers  and  grass  seeders — F 

M  Howling,  Ida,  Mich. 
Ccu'n  planters— Sol  F   Holly,  Rockford,  III. 
Processes   of    niantifaeturing     fertilizers — L 

Stoekbridge,  Amherst,  Mass. 
Torsion    springe   lor    harvesters — R  Du'llcy, 

Erie,  Pa. 
Grain  Separators— Henry  B  Stevenr,  BulTalo, 
N  Y.  }  '  • 

Compositions  for  preserving  eggs — Abigail  S 

White,  Chunchila,  Ala. 
Hay  stackers- Mosea  Amidon,  Lathrop,  Mo. 


Churns — Henry  T  Davis,  Sherman,  Tex. 

Cutter  bars  for  reapers  and  mowers — Thomas 
Henderson,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Cotton  seed  Plauters---Win  Jarrell,  Humboldt 
Tenn. 

Wheel  cultivators -Benj  W  Reney,  Brook- 
ville.  Ind. 

Harrows— Bardun  W  Taylor,  Roseville,  Cal. 

HarvesterS'-Wm   N  Whitely,  Springfield,  O. 

Ilarvester  rakes— Wm  N  Whitely,  Spring- 
field, O. 

Combined  stack  and  feed  cutters  -Isaac  S 
Wilson,  AValdo,  Mo. 


A  STUPENDOUS  FRAUD. 

Before  our  present  Legislature  put 
their  hands  into  the  people's  pockets  for 
twenty  thousand  dollars,  or  any  other 
sum,  wherewith  to  pay  the  debts  of  that 
gambling  institution  known  as  the  State 
Agricultural  Society,  they  ought  to  weigh 
well  a  few  facts. 

It  has  long  been  apparent  to  all  who 
have  given  the  subject  a  thought,  that 
the  State  Agricultural  Society,  although 
a  perpetual  stipendiary  upon  the  people's 
bounty,  has  been  so  conducted  as  to 
make  every  legitimate  interest  for  the 
promotion  of  which  such  societies  are 
supposed  to  be  organized,  tributary  to 
and  productive  of  that  most  seductive  of 
all  gambling  games — pool-selling.  As 
conclusive  evidence  of  this  fact  we  need 
but  refer  to  the  report  of  the  Society  for 
1874.  That  year  the  Directors  awarded 
to  the  horse-racing  department,  as  pre- 
miums for  speed,  the  sum  of  f  Hi, 330. 
Deduct  ten  per  cent,  entrance — $G,750 — 
and  the  amount  given  outright  for  the 
encouragement  of  this  species  of  agri- 
culture(?)  was  $11,850.  For  other  than 
racing  money  there  was  given  that  year 
to  the  horse  department  the  additional 
sum  of  $2,315,  making  a  net  total  for 
the  horse  of  11,895.  'We  now  consult 
the  same  report  to  see  what  was  done  to 
encourage  the  breeding  of  fine  cattle,  and 
find  that  the  total  amouul  of  premiums 
awarded  that  year  for  all  classes  was  the 
meager  sum  of  $1,83'.)! 

The  recent  resignation  of  Col.  Younger 
as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Directors 
of  the  Society  leaves  the  entire  southern 
portion  of  the  State,  south  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, without  a  representative  in  the 
Board.  For  the  five  years  he  had  occu- 
pied a  seat  there  he  had  earnestly  endea- 
vored to  jireveut  the  encroachments  of 
the  pool-selling  interests  upon  the  legiti- 
mate purposes  of  the  Society.  An  ex- 
tensive Short-horn  breeder  himself,  he 
rejiresented  the  great  cattle  interests  of 
the  State.  He  was  one  one  of  the  larg- 
est exhibitors  at  the  Fairs,  and  without 
his  stock,  together  with  that  of  such  men 
as  Ashburner,  Emerson,  Quinn,  Clark, 
Jones,  Carr,  Boots,  Hamilton  and  many 
others,  all  from  this  section  of  the  State, 
our  State  Fairs  would  have  have  been 
very  slim  aft'airs  indeed.  The  people 
had  a  right  to  expect,  in  view  of  the  im- 
portant industry  he  represented,  some 
little  consideration  from  the  Society — 
the  right  to  insist  that  horse-racing  and 
pool-selling  should  not  swallow  up  every 
other  end  and  aim  of  the  Society.  But 
they  found  their  representative  in  a  hope- 
less minority  of  the  Board,  out-voted  at 
every  point.  Hence,  when  the  Society 
elected,  a  few  weeks  since,  the  editor  of 
a  horse-racing  journal,  whose  business 
partner  is  at  the  head  of  the  pool-selling 
evil  of  the  State,  to  a  Directorship, 
against  his  wishes  and  the  wishes  of  all 
who  had  the  best  good  of  the  Society  at 
heart.  Col.  Younger  thought  ho  might 
as  well  quit.  And  so  may  the  cattle  men 
of  this  section  of  the  country  as  well 
(piit,  and  henceforth  let  the  ring  of  black- 
legs, into  whose  hands  the  Society  has 
fallen,  run  it  to  their  hearts'  content. 
Those    who    have    never    visited   our 


State  Fairs  can  have  but  a  poor  concep- 
tion of  the  extent  to  which  gambling  is 
carried  on  in  connection  therewith. 
Thousands  of  the  young  men  of  the 
State  are  there  brought  face  to  face  with 
a  form  of  gambling  more  dangerous,  be- 
cause more  enticing,  than  faro,  roulette, 
or  cut-throat  monte.  Respectable  far- 
mers, who  never  wagered  a  dollar  in 
their  lives  at  S  horse-race,  are  found  bid- 
ding at  the  pools.  Under  the  guise  of 
aa  agi-icultural  or  stock  exhibition,  the 
State  becomes  a  '•  capper"  for  a  stupen- 
dous system  of  gambling,  "roping  in" 
thousands  to  their  ruin. 

Isn't  it  about  time  that  this  condition 
of  things  ceased?  Or,  if  it  must  continue, 
that  the  State  withhold  its  countenance, 
and  the  Society  be  compelled  to  sail  un- 
der its  true  colors  and  be  known  by  its 
true  name — "Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  Pool-selling." 

We  are  aware  that  certain  journals 
have  intimated  that  Col.  Younger's  res- 
ignation is  in  keeping  with  the  supposi- 
tion that  the  southern  stock  breeders  are 
moving  to  take  the  State  Society  away 
from  Sacramento.  We  know  that  this 
is  not  true.  Surely  San  Jose  does  not 
want  it.  We  have  a  better  society  and 
more  valuable  property  of  our  own.  W'e 
would  see  the  State  Society  remain 
where  it  is,  but  divested  of  the  excres- 
cences which  have  fastened  themselves 
to  it. 

The  foregoing  from  the  San  Jose  3Ier- 
cury  is  just  about  what  we  wanted  to  say 
upon  this  subject;  only  our  own  local 
Society  needs  as  radical  reforming  as  the 
State  Society  does.  We  are  glad  to  see 
that  a  sentiment  is  growing  in  favor  as 
to  the  right  use  of  agricultural  societies. 
Probably  no  paper  in  existence  has  la- 
bored for  it  more  earnestly  than  the  Cal- 
ifornia Agricultukist,  or  been  worse 
abused  for  such  work.  We  believe  in 
commencing  this  reform  right  at  home. 


SAN  JOSE 

INSTITUTE 

BUSI1TESS_C0LLEGE ! 

A  Day  and  Boarding  School  for 
Both  Sezes. 

rr-(HE  SECOND  SESSION  OF  THE  CUEKENT 
School  Year  will  commence  January  3d,  1876. 

In  acknowledging  the  kindness  of  the  patrons 
of  this  School,  the  Proprietors  desire  to  assure 
them  that  with  the  increased  patronage  will  be 
added  increased  facilities  for  imparting  Instruc- 
tion.  They  intend  that  the  School  shall  offer 
the  very  best  opportunities  for  acquiring  thor- 
ough education,  both  theoretical  and  practical. 

The  course  of  study  in  the  Academic  grade  is 
extensive  and  thorough. 

The  Business  College  has  no  vactions. 

Students  #om  a  distance  will  find  pleasant 
rooms  and  board  at  reasonable  prices  at  the 
boarding-house. 

The  Faculty  accept  to  its  fullest  extent  the 
growing  demand  of  the  industrial  classes  for 
recognition  in  the  public  educational  system 
hailing  it  as  the  harbinger  of  a  higher  and  better 
civilization. 

ISAAC  KINLEV, 
Superintendent  of  the  Institute. 
JASIES  VIX'SONHALER. 
Principle  of  tlie  Business  CoUeSe. 


SEEDS.        SEEDS. 

New  Crop  Just  Arrived  and  New 

Shipments      Continually 

Arriving. 

VEC^ET.^BLE,  GRASS,  -AND  CLOVER  SEEDS: 
KENTUCKY  BLUE  GRASS,  HUNGARIAN, 
ITALIAN,  ORCHARD,  RED  TOP.  TIMOTHY. 
MESQUIT,  SWEET  VERNAL,  RED  CLOVER, 
"WHITE  CLOVER,  ETC. 

Also,  choice  CALIFORNIA  ALFALFA,  in 
large  or  small  quantities;  AUSTRALIAN  BLUE 
GUM  SEED,  and  feeds  of  every  variety  and  ile- 
Bcription.  Fresh  and  Reliable.  For  sale. 
Wholesale  or  Retail,  at  the  OLD  STAND,  by 

B.    F.  Wi:LLINaTON, 

IMPORTER  AND  DEALER  IN  SEEDS, 
4a5    ■Washington     Street, 

SAN  FHANCISCO. 

Zioclse  (&  Montague, 

IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tm'ware  s,z. 

112  and  114  Battery  St., 

SAN   FUANCI«CO. 


1865. 

HANxNAY 


1876. 
BRO.'S 


THOROUGHBRED 


Fori    sale;. 

OIXTY  ONK   AND  TWO  YEARS  OM> 

Q  — Thoruughliri'il  Spanish  Merino  Rams.  Cali. 
fornia  bred,  from  Ewes  imported  from  Vermont, 
mid  sired  by  Severance  &  Pei-fs  eelebrat<-d  ram 
FREMONT,  and  by  their  ram  GHEEN  MOUN- 
TAIN, which  took  the  Urst  premiums  at  the  Day 
Ilistriit  and  State  Fairs,  Last  shearing,  :15,S1 
lbs  year's  growth.  Also,  about  100  Ewes  and 
Lambs,  all  of  GREEN  MOUNTAIN  stock,  bred 
last  year. 

B.  F.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 


Hurler  i©s. 


WE,  THE  UNDERSIGNED,  HAVE  BEEN 
engaged  in  the  Nursery  Business  for  the 
last  ten  years  in  San  Jose,  and  our  chief  aim  has 
been  to  grow  and  produce  only  the  very  best  va- 
rieties of  Fruit  Trees,  and  those  of  a  healthy 
growth,  and  such  trees  as  will  give  satisfaction 
to  our  patrons.  In  order  that  purchasers  may 
know  our  varieties,  and  also  cur  prices  at  whole- 
sale or  small  lots,  we  give  the  following; 

• 

ONE  YF.1R  OLD  TREES.     I  TWO  TE.vn  OLD  TREES. 

Per  mil.    Per  1000.  |         Per  llJO.    Per  liHKJ. 

Apple $12  $100.  $20  l\^) 

Pear 20  1«0  •      -28  '250 

Prime 22  200  30  — 

Plum   . .  , ,  .  211  I«0  28  250 

Cherry  ....   22  180  30  200 

Peach 22  180  — 

Nectarine..  2r)  —  —  — 

Quince...   20  —  —  

Almond. .  .  20  —  

Apricot 25  200  —  

Fig _  _  20  — 

Currants...     5  —  — 

■\Ve  also  offer  a  large  assortment  of  the  leading 
kinds  of  Ornamental  and  Evergreen  Trees.  Pur- 
chasers  who  wish  choice  grown  trees  are  invited 
to  visit  our  Nurseries  and  examine  our  stock,  as 
we  know  their  character  and  healthy  growth  wdll 
please  them.  Persons  unknown  to  us,  that  order 
trees,  should  send  the  cash  or  good  reference.  In 
order  to  secure  their  trees. 

Our  Nursery  is  situated  upon  Julian  street, 
one  mile  east  of  the  Court  lUuise. 

HANNAY    BROS. 

The     American    Bee    Journal, 

Estiiblislied  in  ISiU   liy  tlie  late  Samuel  Wagner, 

at  Wasliington.  D,  C.  is  now  published 

Monthly  at  CHICACIO,  111. 

Every  Beekeeper  should  Subscribe 
for    It. 

IT  IS  THE  BEST  SCIENTIFIC  AND  PR.ACTI- 
cal  Journal  of  Apicnlt'ire  in  the  world.  The 
most  BUCiessful  and  experienced  .\piarialis  in 
Eurttpe,  nfi  well  as  Anierica.  contribute  to  H» 
pages.  In  fact,  it  is  tlie  oldest,  largest,  anil 
one  of  the  most  relialile  llee  Piipers  in  the 
English  langunge.  Teumb:  $2  per  lumuiu.  Send 
a  stamp  for  a  Sample  Copy.    Address. 

THOM.VS  G.    NKWM.AX, 
I'.in  &  108  South  CInrk  St.,  Chicnso, 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


THE   TRUTH     ABOUT 

TH  E    DAVIS 

VERTICAI.    rEED 

SHUTTLE  SEWINd  MACHINE. 


TT  DOES  NOT  TAKE  AX  HOUR  TO 

JL  get  ready  to  do  a  minute's  work,  but  ie  al- 
ways ready  in  a  miDute  to  do  a  day's  woik. 

The  Favorite  of  the  Family  circle.  Runs  more 
easily  and  quietly  than  any  other  machine. 

The  DAVia  jiresents  these  advantages :  It 
prevt-nts  fulling  or  gathering  of  goods,  will  sew 
over  thick  scams,  or  from  one  thichuess  to  an- 
other, without  change  of  stitch  or  tension,  and 
make  the  most  Elastic,  Durable  and  Uniform 
Lock  Stitch  of  any  Machine  before  the  public. 

The  only  one  having  an  Automatic  Bobbin 
Winder,  and  the  most  wonderful  attachment  for 
making  the  Knife  Pleating. 

The  peculiar  feature  of  the  DAVIS  is  its  VER- 
TICAL FEED,  which  is  essentially  ditlereut 
from  any  other  Machine  manufactured,  requir- 
ing no  acquired  skill  to  operate  it.  nor  basting  of 
the  goods,  and  all  should  give  it  an  examination 
at  least  before  purchasing  any  other. 

After  six  weeks'  trial  at  the  Franklin  Institute 

Exhibition,  held  at  Philadelphia  in  1874,  it  was 

Aivarded     tlie    Grand    Medal    Ag'aingt 

Nineteen    Competitors  ! 

And  has  universally  been  awarded  the  FIRST 
PREMIUM  at  all  principal  Fairs  where  exhibited. 

We  have  the  best  manufacturing  machine  in 
use. 

Energetic  and  responsible  Agents  wanted  in  all 
unoccupied  territory. 

For  further  information,  circular  and  terms, 
call  on  or  address 

G.  L    BIGELOW, 

Agent  for  Santa  Clara  Countj'. 

1^"  Salesroom,  No.  4:58  First  Street,  San  Jos 
Foundry  Block,  SAN  JOSE,  or  the 

DAVIS  SEWING  MACHINE  CO., 

I  1  8  Post  St.,  San  Francisco. 


B3r  For  7."i  HuliAtriptions  to  the  Califor- 
nia Ajsrrirulturist,  L<ive  Stock  and 
Household  Journal  at  $1.50  each,  the 
publishei-s  will  give  a  $"70  New  Davis 
Serving'  Machine.  Here  in  an  opportunity 
for  some  energetic  lady  to  get  the  best  Sewing 
Machine  for  a  little  time  well  employed.  The 
DAVIS  took  the  first  premium  at  the  Santa 
Clara  Valley  Agricultural  Society's  Exhibition 
last  Fall. 


FLOCK'S  NUI\SERIES, 

SAN  JOSE,  CAL. 

THE   ATTENTION    OF   NURSERYMEN  AND 
planters  is  invited  to  my  large  stock  of 

FRUIT    TREES! 

Of  the  very  beet  Varieties  fur  Market,  Shipping 

and  Drying:    Also, 
GRAPKVINEfS,     CURRANTS,    GOOSE- 
BERRIES,       BLACKBERRIES 
AND   RASPBERRIES. 
SHADE  TREES, 

EVERGREENS, 

BLUE  GUMS 

AND   SHRUBS. 
GREENHOUSE      PLANTS,       BEDDING 
PLANTS,     ETC. 
Send  for  a  Catalogue. 

JOHN  ROCK,  San  Jose. 


S^N  JOSE 
SAVINGS  BANK, 

•,^.SG  S'l/tta  Clara  *:iiretl. 


CAPITAL.  STOCK  -        -        «(>00,000 

Paid  in  Capital  (Gold  Coin)    -    $»00,000 

Oflicers I— President,  John  H.  Moore;  Vice- 
President,  CaryPecliles;  Cashier,  H.  H.  Kcynnlds. 

Directors:— John  H.  Moore,  Dr.  B.  Bryant,  S. 
A.  Bishop,  Dr.  W.  H.  Stone,  Gary  Peebles,  S.  A. 
Clark,  H.  Messing. 

NEW  FEATURE: 

-  This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts.*'  bearing 
iuterestat  (J,  Sand  10  percent  per  annum;  inter- 
CBt  payable  promptly  at  the  end  of  six  mouths 
from  date  of  deponit.  The  "Receipt"  maybe 
transferred  by  indornement  and  the  principle 
with  interest  paid  to  holder.  Interest  also  al- 
lowed on  Book  Accounts,  beginning  at  date  of 
deposit.  Our  vaults  are  lurye  and  strong  as  any 
in  the  State,  and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe 
keeping  of  Bonds.  Stocks,  Papers,  Jewelry, 
Silverware.  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,  at  trifling  cost. 
Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York, 
in  (.iohlnr  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates.  Buy 
and  H(dl  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral  Banking  Business. 


INVENTORS! 

IP  YOU  WANT  A  PATEiVT,  SEND 
us  a  model  or  sketch  and  a  full  description  of 
your  invention.  We  will  make  an  examination 
at  the  Patent  Office,  and  if  we  think  it  patent- 
able, will  send  you  papers  and  advice  and  prose- 
cute your  case.  Our  fee  will  be,  in  ordinary 
caBes,  $!85.  Advice  free.  Address  LOUIS 
BAGGER  &  CO.,  Washington,  D.  C.  B^"  Send 
Postal  Card  for  our  "  Guide  for  Obtaining 
Patents  "—a  book  of  50  pages. 


177fj       CXSNTEM'SriAXi        1876 

P  K  O  C  I^  AM  A  T  I  O  N. 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway. 

Is  the  popular  route   overland  to  the  Eabt, 
Passengers   for   Chicago,  Niagara   Falls,  Pitts- 
burg, Philadelphia.  Montreal,  Quebec,  New  York 
Boston,    or   any    point  East,    should  buy    their 
trans-continental  tickets  via  tlie   pioneer  route, 

THE  CHICAGO  k  NORTHWESTEEN  R.R. 

This  is  the  Best  route  East.  Its  Trark  is  of 
Steel  Rails,  and  on  it  has  been  niadr  the  Fastest  , 
time  that  has  ever  been  made  in  this  country.  By 
this  route  phssengers  for  points  east  of  Chicago 
have  choice  of  the  following  lines  from  Chicago: 
Pittsburg:,       Fortwayne    and    CUica^o 

and    Pennsylvania  Railways. 
•  >   Through  trains   daily,   with    Puluiau  Palace 

0  Cars  through  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
on  each  train. 

1  THROUGH  TRAIN,  WITH  PULLMAN  PAL- 
l  ace  Cars  to  Baltimore  and  Washint^ton. 

B7  the  Laie  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  KaUway  and 

Connections  I  New  York  Central  and  Erie  Railways) : 
O  THROUGH  TRAINS  DAILY,  WITH  PALACE 
O  Drawing   Room   and    SilvL-r   Palace  Sleeping 
Cars  through  to  New  Vork. 
By  the  Michigan  Central.  Grand  Trant,  Great  Western  and 

Erie  and  New  Tori:  Central  Eailwayc: 
O  Through  trains,  with  Pullman  Palace  Draw- 
•J  ing  Room  and  Sleeping  Cars  through  to  New 
York  to  Niagara  Falls.   Buftalo,   Rochester,  or 
New  York  city. 

By  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad; 
rt  Through  trains  daily,  with  Pullman  Palace 
^  Cars  for  Newark.  Zauesville,  Wheeling, 
Washington   and    Baltimore  without  change. 

This  is  the  Shortest,  Best,  and  only  line  run- 
ning Pullman  celebrated  Palace  sleeping  cars  and 
cohches,  connecting  with  Union  Pacilic  Railroad 
at  Omaha  and  from  the  AVest,  via  Grand  Junc- 
tion, Marshall,  Cedar  Rapids,  Clinton,  Sterling 
and  Dixon,  for  Chicago  and  the  East. 

This  popular  route  is  \msurpassed  for  Speed. 
Comfort  and  Safety.  The  smooth,  well-ballasted 
and  perfect  track  t>f  steel  rails,  the  celebrated 
Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars,  the  perfect  Tele- 
gi-aph  System  of  un)viug  trains,  the  regularity 
with  which  they  nm,  the  admirable  arrangement 
for  running  through  cars  to  Chicago  from  all 
points  West.  sc<ure  to  passengers  all  the  comforts 
in  modern  Railway  Traveling.  No  changes  of 
Cars  and  no  tedious  delays  at  Ferries. 

Passengers  will  find  Tickets  via  this  Favonte 
Route  at  the  General  Ticket  Othce  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Rrailroad.  Sacramento,    and    in    all    the 
Ticket  Officesof  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad. 
Marvin  Hughitt.  W.  H.  Stennett, 

Gen.  Supt..  Chicago.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent. 

H.  P.  STANWOOD.  General  Agency.  121    Mont- 

gomery  street.  San  Francisco. 

I     I-  /,  n-l  ( (-!■>• 

R.    C      KIRBY     &    CO.. 

TANNERS ! 


SANTA  CRUZ  OAK-TANNED  SOLE 
LEATHER. 

WHOLESALE     DEALERS. 


OtHce— 403    and    404    Battery    Street, 

SAN    FHAXCISCO. 


SMALL  FARM 
OR      SALE 


AGREEABLY  SITUATED  ON  THE  FOOT- 
hills  in  the  WARM  BELT,  nine  miles  from 
San  Jose,  near  Los  Gatos.  25  acres  in  Cultiva- 
tion, 65  acres  of  Pasture  and  Live-Oak  Grove. 
SO  acresof  Chaparral  and  Woodland;  two  Springs 
on  the  place. 


^. 


Dwellinj;  House,  Rarn.  Orclianl,  Gar- 
den, Well,  3  Good  HorKes,  One  Colt, 
4  years  old.  One  Farm  Wagon,  One 
Sprin;;  Wagon,  13  Tonn  of  Hay,  5 
Head  of  Dairy  Stock.  .'>0  Chickens, 
Good  Fanning  Implements,  House 
Furniture,  I^ol  of  Tools,  i!kc  . 

Title,  XT.  S.  Fatent. 

Price,  S:l,  .".00— Port  Cnsli,  eaey  ttrms  tut  the 
Kemaiudcr. 
AddrcBs.  LOS  GATOS  P.  O.,  or  apply  on  the 
FremiHCK  to  the  Proprlct<)r, 

O.  GVBRINOT. 


FARMERS'    UNION.  LOS  GATOS  NURSERIES, 


(Surcessors  to  .\.  Phister  &    Co.) 
Cor.      Second    iinci    Santa    Clara    Sts., 


SAN   JOSE. 


CAPITAL 

WILLIAM  ERKSON 
H.  E.  HILLS 


DIRKCTORS: 


$100,000. 

President. 
Manager. 


S.  NEWHAL.L,  Prop'r San  Joi««*. 

A  LARGE  AND  GENERAL  ASSORTMENT 
pf  Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees,  Evernreens, 
Flowering  Shrubs,  Roses,  GreenhouBe  PlantB, 
Grapevines,  Small  Fruits,  etc.  I  offer  for  sale  a 
well  assorted,  well  ^rown  and  healthy  stock. 
Low-topped  stalky  fruit  trees  a  specialty.  Ad- 
dress  S.  NEWHALL,  San  Jose- 


Wm.  Erkson. 
Ij.  F.  Chipman, 
Horace  Little, 
C.  T.  Settle, 

Thomas   E, 


J.  P.  Dudley. 
David  Campbell, 
■James  Sinf^h-ton, 
E.  A.  Braley. 
Snell. 


a£?"  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  Business. 
.\lso,  receive  deposits,  on  which  such  interest 
will  be  allowed  as  may  be  agreed  upon,  and 
make  loans  on  approved  security. 

FAIIM£IIS  NATIONAL  m  UE 

...OK    . 

SAUr    JOSE. 

Paid  up  Capital  (gold  coin) ... .  $500,000 
Antliorized  Capital $1, 000, 000 

John  W.  Hinds.  President;  E.  C.  Singletary. 
Vice-President:  W.  D.  Tisdale,  Cashier  and  Sec- 
retarj';  I-*-  ^^-  Nesmith.  Assistant  Cashier. 

Directors:— C.  Burrel,  Wm.  D.  Tisdale,  E. 
L.  Bradley,  C.  G.HaiTison,  E.  C.  Singletary,  Wm, 
L.  Tisdale.  John  W.  Hiuds,  W.  H.  Wing,  J.  B. 
Edwards. 

Con-espondents:-  .\nglo-CaUfomian  Bank 
(limited),  San  Francisco:  First  National  Gold 
Bank,  S.  F.;  First  National  Bank.  New  York: 
Anglo-Califomian  Bank  (limited)  London. 

WILL  ALLOW  INTEREST    ON    DEPOSITS, 
buy  and  sell  Exchange,  make  collections. 
I  loan  money,   and   transact  a   General  Banking 
Business.    Special  inducements  offered  to  mer- 
I  chants,  mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  commer- 
cial accounts. 
S.  W,  Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  St*., 

SAN  JOSE. 

C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

CARRIAGE      AIAKER.        PIONEER 
Carriage  Shop. 

314  SECOND  STREET, 

Between    Santa     Clara     street     and    Fountain 

Alley,  San  Jose. 

A^ent  for  Fisli  Bro.'s  Waijfons. 


DR,  C,  R.  SPAW, 

Resident  Dentist, 
Comer  of   First    and 

Santa  Clara  streets. 

In  McLaughlin  k  Ry- 

land's  building, 

San  Jose,  Cal. 

A.  O.  HOOKEB,  L.   FiNIGAN,* 

Late  Gxmckel  &  Hooker,     {late  of  Marysville.) 


Hardware 

HENF^Y  B.  ALVORD, 

326  First  Street. 

SAN   JOSE. 


Just  received  a  New  Stock  of 

PLOWS,  Cl'LTIVATORS,  HARROWS, 

ETC.,         ETC. 

Have  as  usual  a  full  fissortment  of 

MECHANICS'   TOOLS, 

AND  BriLDERS'  HARDWARE, 
..     ALSO   ... 
IRON,     STEEL,     COAL,     ETC^     ETC. 

The  Bee-Keepers'  Magazine. 

An  ILLUSTRATED  Monthly  Jour- 
nal of  3'2  octavo  pages  devoted 
exclusively  to  Bee -Culture. 
Edited  by  Albert  J.  Kjno,  con- 
taining monthly  contributions 
from  Mrs.  E.  S.  Tuppeb,  and 
other  eminent  Bee-Kecpers  in 
both  EruopE  and  Auerica.  A 
large  space  is  devoted  to  beoissebs  ^ving  use- 
ful information  just  when  it  is  needed  through- 
out the  year.  Terms:  $1.50  per  year.  We 
will  send  the  M.^gazine  4  months  on  trial  and 
jNCLCDE  a  64-pag.-  pamphlet  (price  50  cIb  ) ,  con- 
taining a  beautiful  life-like  Chromo  of  Honet- 
pla>'T8  and  Italtan  Bees  In  their  natural  colors, 
Prize  Essay  by  Mrs.  Tuppeb.  Queen  Rearing  by 
M.  QnsBY,  Instructions  for  Beginners,  etc.,  all 
for  50  ct».      Address. 

KING  &  SLOCUM, 
61  Hudson  Stxeet,  Ne-w  Tork. 


50 


Office: 


HOOKEH  a  HNICAN, 

DENTISTS. 

359  First  street,  San  Jose. 


SANIA  CLARA  VALLEY 

Drug  Store, 

•iOO    Santa  Clara  street. 
Opposite  tile  Convent. 

S.W     -JOSE. 

JOHSr  S.  SCOTT,  M.  D.,^ 

Physician   and   Druggist. 

JACOB   EBERHARDT  - 


ALL  KINDS  OP  LEATHER,    SHEEP- 
skins    and  wool.    Highest    price    paid    for 
\  Sheep  Skins,  Tallow,  Wool.  etc. 


GARSEVr  CITV 

Bt  ,st  a"^ 2^  DRUG  STORE 


3toTe:.       Basgcs, 

Fnmps, 

Hydraulic  Earns, 

Load  aid  Iran  Fipe, 

Brass  Coods, 

Hose  Wire, 

Farmers'  Boilers, 

House  Furnishing 

Wares. 


Blacksmith. 


Patent 
Tire-Setter. 


H.  PIESSITECKEII, 

Propriftoi", 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St, 

C.  E.  CAMPBELL, 


Mamifactiir*  r  of 

Well  Pipe  nnd  GalTanizeil  Iron 
Pumps  ivitli  Improveil  Valves. 

Till,  Copper,  Zinc  ami  Slieet- 
Iroii  AVares,  Galvanized  Iron 
Chimneys.  Tin  Roofiiifjc,  Plunili- 
injj,  etc. 

No.  .S39  First  Street,  opposite  VA  Do- 
rado  St. 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  Blacksiiiith   and  Carriage  Shop. 
Balbach^s  New   Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond St,  and  Fountain   Alley, 
SAN    JOSE. 
Agent  for   Fish    Bro.^s  Wagons. 

New  AVorlv  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
Implements,  etc. 

West's      American    Tire-Setter, 


THK  CAL..    AGRICt'LTURIST  PUB.    CO. 

ANNOUNCE  TO  SrBSORIBEUSOF  THE  "  AGRI- 
CULTUKIST"  that  they  have  made  aiTange- 
lueutB  whereby  they  can  supply  almost  any  desirable 
boitk  published  upon  any  subject,  at  publishers' 
prices,  postpaid,  upon  receipt  of  its  price.  People 
living  in  the  country,  away  from  book  stores,  have  ex- 
perienced diffii'ulty  in  getting  what  books  they  want 
at  any  price,  and  are  frequently  imposed  upon  when 
they  do  get  books.  Now,  we  propose  to  remedy  this 
matter  entirely,  and  without  further  trouble  to  our 
patrons  than  the  sending  of  their  orders,  accompanied 
with  the  cash,  to  select  the  book  they  want,  and  send 
it  to  them  at  publishers' own  price,  free  of  other  costs. 
Our  an-angementsare  fully  perfected,  and  we  mean 
biisiiifss  !  We  shall  continue  our  Catalogue  of  good 
b.Mjks  from  time  to  time,  adding  the  most  desirable 
bunks  publislied. 

IMPORTANT    TO    SUBSCRIBERS. 

We  have  made  further  arrangements  so  that  we  can 
oiler  PREMIUMS  OF  BOOKS  foi  every  prep/iid  subecriii- 
tion,  to  old  and  new  subscribers  alike  ;  and  to  every 
l-ersou  who  solicits  subscriptions  we  give  extra  premi- 
ums of  his  own  choosing.  Our  premium  rates  are  as 
follnws:  Upon  each  Si, 50  subscrii:)tion,  prepaid  for 
187 ti,  we  credit  to  account  of  subscriber  50  cents  reck- 
oned in  his  favor  upon  an  order  for  books  to  the 
amount  of  $2.  In  other  v  ords.  after  paying  for  1870. 
upon  receiving  an  order  for  any  book  or  books  at  any 
time  worth  $2.  only  $1.50  in  coin  need  be  sent.  This, 
added  tu  the  50  cents  to  his  credit,  will  pay  for  the 
books.  Persons  who,  at  the  time  of  paying  their  sub- 
scriptions do  not  order  books,  or  who  order  but  a  part 
of  what  they  want  at  once,  will  be  entitled  to  the 
benefits  of  odb  premhtjis  and  beductionb  whenever 
they  choose  to  take  advantage  of  it,  at  any  time  during 
tlie  continuance  of  thdr  SubK(Tiptious. 


T.W.  Mitchell, 

Porter's    Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SAN    JOSE. 

Bird-iages  and  Hooks,  SEEDSMAN  and  FLORIST 

Ivy    BracKets, 

.  _,  And  Dealeriii  Floweriiig-PIaiits, 

Wire        ^lowe^pot       ornamental    SItrnlis,     Bnlbs 
Stands,  and  Fli>\vevin<;    Root»«  in 

Wall  Braeltets,  Variety,  Hanging  Bas- 

„.     .  _,  kets.    Dried  Grn.sses, 

Olas!     oaaaes,     Etc  Prencli  Imniortulles  of  Assorted 
Colors,  Ktc,  Etc. 
8^  Seeds,  Fresh  and  Reliable. 


Aquaria, 

Flower-Stands, 

Window    Bracket! 

Ferneries, 


TO    SOLICITORS. 

The  agent  sending  us  four  subscrii)tions  with  St> 
{the  bare  subscription  price) ,  will  be  entitled  to  $2 
worth  of  books,  his  own  choice,  without  further 
.emittance.  This  gives  every  young  man  or  woman 
a  chance  to  get  all  the  reading  they  want  without 
OOBT,  and  to  the  subscriber  a  chance  to  get  books 
BELOW  COST.  We  are  sure  that  no  better  opportunity 
was  ever  riflVred  to  the  public  on  thi^  coast  to  obtain 
good  reading.  The  Agriculturist,  greatly  improved 
for  1876,  will  be  worth  more  than  the  subscription 
price,  which  is  within  the  reach  of  evei-y  one's  means, 
and  our  arrangements  of  giving  premivnns  is  such  as 
to  be  sure  to  ploase  and  satisfy  everybody,  whether 
young  or  old,  rich  or  poor.  We  are  determined  that 
the  Agriculturist  shall  reach  every  home  on  the 
Pacific  Slope,  and  while  we  propose" to  be  liberal  to- 
wards all  of  our  subscribers,  we  hope  to  be  favored  by 
tlie  efforts  and  good  will  of  each  and  every  reader  of 
good  books,  and  of  the  California  Agriculturist. 


Meriefee  &  Gastor\ 

DENTISTS, 

S.W.  Cor.  Santa  lllara  and  First  Sts 

Over  FariiiiTs' NHtioual  Ciold  Biiuk, 
SAN  .IO.SE. 

ffy    Special  jitteiition   il^iveu   t'l  Fine 
Oiild  FilliiiaB. 


WINDiWlTfR. 


'J'liK  Cal.  .\oiiicuLTiinisT  Tun  Co.  linvo  coiiBtitute<l 
tliemselves  a  Pureltuslng  Agency,  to  aeeommodate 
Aailicui.TUrti8T  BubKcriberts.  Aiiytbiiig  wanted  in  San  Jose 
or  fc^un  Fraiieiseo  jjiircbaHrd  at  lowest  rates  for  rash,  and 
forwarded  to  order  Free  of  C'oninil»tsfons, 


If  you  ever  intend  tuying  a  WIND 
MILL,  examine  the  record  of  the  solid- 
wheel  ECLIPSE,  tested  8  years ;  3500  in 
operation— IMPEOV  ED  Hand  or  Wind- 
mill Force  Pumps ;  Second-hand  STEAM 
Machinery ;  CHEAP.  Write  me  for  cir- 
culars, or  call.  CHAS.  P,  HOAG,  118 
Beale  St.,  San  Francisco, 

Are  the  Jie.sl  Ihe  world  i,rndii.-is.  Tiny  are  idauted 
by  a  million  jieople  in  Amerie  i,  and  tin'  reealt  is 
tieautifnl  Flowers  and  splendid  Vejjetablos.  A  Prieed 
CataliiHMc  sent  free  to  all   who  inelose  the  postage— n 

t\V  -r.iil  stiiliili. 

Viek-s^Flural  Oiilde,  Qimrt.  rly.  2.5  eents  a  year. 
Vick's   h'lower   anil  V<-;;elal>le    Uurdeii 

eents;  with  iloth  rovers   i;:.  i.  ril'^       \(ldri  ss 

JAMES  VICK,  Rochester;  N.  Y. 


•-i 


Patent 


BOOTS  AUD  SHOES. 

A  Lurge  and  Superior  Ass<;'rtiiient. 

ITo.    394     First    Street, 

"Wilcox  Block,  San  Jose. 

ALL    KINDS  OF 

[|AL!ro!iN!A  ANs  mm 

^      LUMBER,     ■' 

Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 

Constantly  on  hand. 

All  Orders  Promptly  Filled. 
p.  o.  Box  r.oo. 

These  Valves  are  the  sim- 
plest and  must  perfect  in  cimstruc- 
tion  of  any  Valve  ever  invented.  For 
cheapness,  durability  and  capacity  of 
discharging  water,  tlicy  are  not  equaled 
by  any  other  Valve.  We  mannfacture 
sizes  from  3  to  7  inches  diameter,  and 
for  Hand,  WimUnill  and  Horse-power 
or  Steam  Pimipe. 

We  also  keep  on  hand  and  manufac- 
ture the  best  and  clieapest  Well  Pipes. 

FRED.  KLEIN, 

Dealer  in  Stoves,  etc.,  No.  227  Santa 
Clara  street,  a  few  doors  west  uf  the 
Postoffice,  San  Jose, 


J.  S.   CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER,       Cxmin 

337  First  Street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE         Dealer. 

PAID  FOR 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 
SAN  JOSE. 

DRUG  STORE 

111  McLaujjlilin  \  Kvbinds  ll.-iiik 
HnildinH. 

309   FIRST    STREET, 

SAX  JOSK,   CAI.. 

J.  A.    Chittenden. 


FRED.   KLEIN, 


STOVES, 

SHEET-IRO.V, 

Copper,     Tinware,     Iron    Pimips, 
Kitchen  I'linsils, 

Celebrated  Peerless  Stoves. 

337  Sniita    Clara  St., 

Xear  Postolliee.  San  Jt^SK. 


RHODES  &  LEWIS, 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.  :i.j.5  First  !>itreet, 

S.\N  JOSE 


TREES  and  PLANTS 

I'arelully  srle.  led  by  lli,> 
editor,  who  has  been  a  niir- 
soyman.  and  forwarded  to 
order.  No  eoniniission  asked. 


(jPi'-M^ 


«£-^  l/y-c 


^1 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


FAOE 

Apiary.^Apicnlture  in  California 
Filling  the  Hive.  Age  of  Bees. 
To  Fill  Empty  Comb.  Califor- 
nia  Honey 57-58 

B073  and  QtU. — Over  in  the  Mea- 
dow   {Poetry).     ♦Our  Corner. 
^Grandma's   Letters 62-63 

Correapondence.— Political  Enigma 
Solved.  Deep  Plowing  Con- 
troverted      C3 

City  Gardening.  —  Spring  Flowers 
(Poetry).  tCultivating  Flow- 
ers. tHow  to  Destroy  Plant- 
Lice.  Testing  Seeds.  Window 
Gardening.    Planting  Seeds. 51-52 

Domastio. — Don't  Take  it  to  Heart 
(Poetry) .    *New   Contributor.    (>2 

Editorial  Notes.    Etc 50 

Household  Seiding.  —Home  (Poe- 
try) .  *Up-Couutry  Letters, 
No.  3.  *Graudfather's  Letters, 
No.  7-  *Wtiat  Your  Neighbors 
Know.  tThat  Letter  from  It- 
aly. *Familiar  Talks,  No.  9. 
*Friendly  Letters,  No.  2.  *A  , 
Cheerful  Letter.    ^To  M.E.T.60-61| 


I  PAGE 

The  H0T39.—i  Breaking  Colts.  He- 
reditary Disease.  Treatment 
of  ShyiDg  Horses.    Spavin... 5i-3.') 

Poetry 51 

Ponltr?  Yard. — Domestication  of 
Wild  Fowls.  Vermin  in  Fowls. 
tFine  Poultry.  Fowls  in  Afri- 
ca. Worn;s  in  Fowls.  Rod 
Pepper  and  Poultry 50 

Pissicultnre.  —  Progress  in  Fish 
Culture.    Fish  Culture  in  the 

Northwest.    Etc ,   . .     57 

Porcine. — So-Called  Hog  Cholera. 
A  Profitable  Hog.  How  to 
Keep  Boars,    Dantition  in  the 

Pig.     Etc 55 

Sheep  and  floats. — t  Angora  Profits. 50-51 
Story.— *^euteel  Intemperance,.  49 
Stoci  Br3ed3r.  —  Two  Kinds  of 
Cattle  Husbandry.  threat 
Asnuil  Sale  of  Fine  Stock. 
Camels.  Sale  of  Short-horns 
During  the  Past  Year.  Ameri- 
can Beef  on  the  London  Mar- 
ket.   Foot  and  Mouth  Disease 


m 


— A    Remedy,      Value  of  Im- 
proved Stock 53-54 

Womsn.— The  Farmer's  Daughter 
(Poetry).  *Open  Letters  to 
Women,  No.  1.  Taxation  With- 
out Representation ;  .,5S-.59 

♦Contributed.     \  Editorial. 


f^^^*:^^ 


li^ 


I 


Mr  i/^  hfOUSEhfom  Mm/¥Z/I\'E 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


AN  ENTEEPEISIN&  riEM.      J.    M  .  MOOREHEAD  gAN     JOSE     CLOTHING     STORE. 


Smith  iV  Rjder,  Jewelers,  aud 
dealers  iu  Cbickering  Pianos  and 
Estj  Organs,  have  just  fixed  up,  in 
splendid  style,  the  fine  store  in  Mc- 
Laughlin &  Ryland's  Bank-building 
[lately  vacated  l)y|  Hart's  dry  goods 
store],  audjhave  moved  their  mag- 
nificent stock  of  goods  from  Wilcox 
Block  to  the  new  quarters.  They 
are  now  right  in  the  middle  of  the 
town,  and  will  make  such  a  display 
of  Fine  f  Jewelry,  Watches,  Sliver 
and  Plated  Tableware,  etc.,  as  will 
be  sure  to  please  their  many  friends 
and  patrons. 

Their  Manufactv.ring  and  Repair- 
ing Department  will  not  be  neglect- 
ed; will,  in  fact,  be  a  feature  of  their 
business. 

Since  these  gentlemen  were  flooded 
out  of  Marysville,  and  have  made 
San  Jose  their  home,  they  have  not 
only  made  hosts  of  friends  and  built 
up  a  good  business  in  si^ite  of  all 
competition,  but,  by  their  enterprise 
and  liberality,  have  insured  a  suc- 
scess  that  warrants  them  in  stepping 
square  to  the  front. 

If  you  want  to  be  fairly  dealt  with, 
and  get  the  best  the  world  can  pro- 
dace  at  low  prices,  and  no  humbug 
about  it,  just  give  Smith  &  Byder  a 
call.  Examine  and  price  their  goods; 
or,  if  you  know  what  you  want — a 
Watoh,  a  Eing,  a  Tea-Set,  a  Piano, 
or  an  Organ — do  dot  fear  to  send 
them  your  order. 

Eememlier  the  New  Place,  in  Mc- 
Laughlin &  Ryland's  Bank-building, 
First  sti'eet,  near  the  corner  of  Santa 
Clara  street,  San  Jose. 

Ho !  For  the   Coming  Harvest ! ! 

Where  to    get    the  BEST 

MOWEES   L  REAPERS 

Is  now  the  important  question. 
Examine    those  iutrodmcil   liy    tin- 

FARMERS'     UNION. 

THE  I,ATEST    IMl'KOVED 

Two-Wheeled  McCormick 

AHEAD  OF    ANYTHING. 

The  cTitter-bjr  of  the  Mower  has  the  action  of 
the  Champion  and  the  Buckeye,  with  Elasticity, 
Strength  and  Easy  Control  Ruperiurto  all  otlicrs. 
It  is  Powerful.  Durable,  Heliable;  costs  LE»S 
than  other  firKt-class  machines,  lasts  longer,  and 
needs  no  repairing  for  yeare.^    ^_^ 

THE  IMPEOVED  ADVANCp 
Self-Haking  Reaper  and  Mower 

Has  SEPARATE  liARS  for  rcapiiiK  anil  irmwiiiK 
,  —a  truly  Cunibim-il  iiiarliinc. 


tivin^  tilt-  tiin 
!4ant    Hnr 


,t  .-111.1  m.iRt  elf 


MILLIITEBY.    FANCY    &OODS, 

— AND— 

LADIES'       FURNISHING       GOODS 

Ever  offered  in  this  City- 
All   of   Our    Own   Direct  Importatious, 
At  370  SANTA  CI-ARA  STREET, 

Opposite  the  Auzerais  House, San  Jose. 


Ladies'  Hats  and  Bonnets 

BLEECHED,  PRESSED,  and  DONE  OVER 

Iu  all    tlif    Xrw  Shaprs 


266  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 

O'BAITIOIT      <ft     KEITT, 

MERCHANT     TAILORS,     CLOTHIEI\S, 

And  dealers  in  all  kinds  of 

GENTS'    FTJRISriSHIISra     aooDS. 

A  large  and  Superior  stock  of  Wew  Goods  for  the  Spring  Trade 


STAMPING      DONE     TO 

In  the  Best  Manner. 


ORDER 


FOE  THE  HAEVEST  OF  1876. 


I^  LOW  PRICES,  and  NO  SEQOND  PRICE.  Ja 


Lightstone  Block,  nearly  opposite  the  Auzerais  House. 


ap 


RE  PREPARED  FOR  THE  OOMINtt  HAR- 
■est  with  the  largest  stock  of  Improved  Ma- 


At  Cost  of  Importation. 

TREADWELL  &  CO.,  San  Friiiicisco, 

chines  aud  Implements,  ever  ofl'eredtothe  farm 
ers  of  California.  These  machines  are  all  new, 
mostly  built  this  season,  and  now  just  being  re- 
ceived from  the  factory.  Theliistemlmiees  such 
machines  as, 

.ETNA  MOWKRS. 

Price  SIOO.  Extras  for  which  we  guarantee  to 
keep  always  on  hand.  Wei^iht,  OfiiJ  tbs.:  cuts  4 
feet  4  inches.  Has  Doubh^  Speed  to  knife,  aud 
is  the  best  machine  ever  sold  in  California. 

.ETNA  AND    KIRBV  REAPERS, 
At  from  S15U  to  S200.     We  have  a  large   stocli  on 
hand,  aud  are  determined  to  sell  them,  regard- 
less of  cost. 

Pit  lent 
TREADWELL'S     Sin^^ie.     HEADERS, 

g-ear 
Made  by  J.  I.  Casi;  &  Co.    The  best  ever  sold  in 
California.    Ask  any  man  who   has  tried  one, 
■•What  he  thinks  ol  it." 

HOAD.  EY    ENGINES. 

The  new  style  Hoadley  Straw  Burner  is  the 
finest  threshing  engine  in  the  world.  Price, 
S1700.  The  standard  IS-horse  power  Hoadley. 
Sli;.50:  li-horse  power, $1450:  9-horse  power,Sl'2U0 
All  with  heavy  running  gear,  and  all  improve- 
ments. 

THE  END-SHAKE  THRESHER. 

These  Threshers  are  the  finest  in  the  "world. 
Send  for  REDUCED  PRICES. 

THE  WHITEWATER   WAGON. 

This  is  the  STANDARD  WAGON  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.     Send  f(jr  reduced  prices. 

0^"  We  liave  a  few  Pacific  Wagons  on  hand, 
which  we  offer  below  cost.    Send  for  prices. 

l^^Any  farmer  buying  ?300  wortliof  machines 
or  implements  of  us,  will  be  paid  his  fare  to  San 
Francisco  aud  back,  if  not  over  '20(1  miles.  He 
can  thus  come  and  see  for  himself  without  auy 
expense. 

TREADWELL  &  CO., 

Old  Stand, 
Market,  head  of  Front  st.  S;ui  Francisco. 


R.  S.   THOMPSON, 

NAPA.    .CAI,., 

Importer  and  Breeder  of 
T  H  O  R  O  UGH  BRED 


f,f.>'/Jijf^^i^__ 


SSnSHIHE   SWINL 


SMALL  FARM 
FOR      SALE! 


AGREEABLY  SITUATED  ON  THE  FOOT- 
hillB  in  the  WARM  BELT,  nine  miles  from 
San  Jose,  near  Los  Gatos.  2.5  acres  in  Cultiva- 
tion, 6.5  acres  of  Pastui'e  and  Live-Oak  Grove, 
80  acrescf  Chaparral  and  Woodland;  two  Springs 
on  the  place." 


Dwelling  House,  Barn,  Orchard,  Gar- 
den, Well,  3  Good  Horses,  One  Colt, 
4  years  old.  One  Farm  Wagon,  One 
Spring  Wagon,  la  Tons  of  Hay,  5 
Head  of  Dairy  Stock.  .50  Chickens, 
Good  Farming  Implements,  House 
Purnittire,  Lot  of  Tools,  tWc  . 

Title,  U.  S.  Patent 

Price,    $3,  500— Part  Cash,  i 

Remaiu<kr. 

Address,  LOS  GAT08  P.  O. 

Premises  to  the  Proprietor. 

G.   GUEBINOT 


ANGORA 

Hobe  azicL  Glove 

MANUFACTURING    CO., 

SAN   JOSE,  GAL. 

CAPITAL  STOCK    -   -    -    $50,000 

OFFICKRS: 

President C.  P.  BAILEY 

Secretary FRANK  LEWIS 

Treasurer     .J.W.HINDS 


terms  for  the 
or  apply  on  the 


I 


T£CX:     FAIVIERS'      UNION 

Has  the  nK'H'V  for  Ihesi^  nuichiues  iu  Santa 
Clara.  San  licuito,  Santa  Cruz,  aud  Miuitcn  y 
Counties.  Deijots  of  Sale  will  be  estahllHlied  iu 
the  towns  of  Gilroy,  Hollistcr,  SaliuaB.  Watsou- 
ville,  and  Santa  Cruz.  Fanners  will  tlnd  it 
economy  to  see  and  ixamiue  these  niacliines  lie- 
fore  buying  others.  p  , 

FARMERS'.  UNION,i~«i 

»P  Sau^Jose.  Cal. 


We  invite   yon  to 
ixauiiue   luir 

FINE  SHIRTS, 


Made  to  Fit, 

I'lace  of   business, 

319 

Second    Street, 

(f.ccmid  ihinrsoiitli 
of     EarmtTs' 
Union) 


Opp.  Fountain  st 
Sun  Jose. 


A  SAMPL.E    FREE. 


At  our  request,  Cragin  &  C'o.,  of  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  have  prondsed  to  send  any  <'f  our  readers, 
gratis  (on  receipt  of  \h  cents  to  pay  postage) ,  a 
Bimijle  of  Dobbins'  Electric  Soap,  to  try.  Si  nd 
at  once.  aji'Jt 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

CARRIAGE     MAKER.        PIONEER 
Carriage  Shop. 

314  SECOND  STREET, 

Between    Santa     Claia     street     aud    Fountain 

Alley,  San  Jose. 

AKent  for  Fish  Bro.'8  Waeona. 


Dr.  N.  KLEIN,       Surgeon  Dentist- 


F.    W.     W  OLFF'S 

SAN   .TOSE     AGENCY. 


Ijght  Running 
DOMESTIC, 

NKW   WILSON,  ' 

R  E  I»I  I  N  G  T  O  N  , 

and  VICTOU 
Sewinj;  91  uclklnes 

A  full  assortment  of 
the  Best  Needles  and 
Sewing  Machine  Sup- 
plies. 


DIRECTORS: 

C.  P.  BAILEY.  J.  W.  HINDS, 

JACKSON  LEWIS,  C.  H.  LAPHaM. 

RETURN  ROBERTS. 

I  ^Manufacture  Exclusively  from  Angora  (ioat  Skins 

JFUES     FOE     ROBES,     MATS. 

EUGS,    GLOVES, 

;  Ladies'  Cloaks,  Sac^ues,  Dress  Trim- 
I         mings,   and   Gents'   Caps, 
Coats     and    Coat 
Trimmings. 

ALSO,  SKINS  ANI)  FURS  TANNED  IN  A 
superior  Manner  for  Saddlers',  TTpholsterB' 
and  Glovers'  Work.  Having  the  Sole  Right  to 
use  a 

NEW   PROCESS    OF  TANNING 

AND    DYEING    ALL 

STYLES    OF 

(iLOVKS     FROM    ANGORA    GOAT    AND 
DEEU-SKINS. 

Fur    Gauntlets,     Driving    and    Work- 
ing Gloves  a   S|>ecialty. 

Cash  paid  for  Goat  and  Decr-Skins.  Skins 
Bhonld  be  thoroughly  Saltid  when  Fresh.  May 
he  perfectly  Dried  in  the  Shade.  Suu-dried 
Skins  are  worthless. 


PRINTING.; 


Posters,  Dodgers, 
Handbills,  BooliB, 
Catnlogue  .  Circu- 
lars, Prrgrnmmes, 
Bills  of  Fiire,  Invitdions.  Receiids.  Labels, 
Bhinks.  Billheads.  Staternents.  Cards,  Tfig-'^.ete.. 
togetln-r  with  every  dc6oripti<ui  of  Job  Printing 
executed  prontptly  and  in  a  workniaidike  man- 
ner by  COTTLE  it  WUiail  \\  No.  :iU  Market  st. 
over  Bland  &  Rognart's  auction  store,  San  Jobc. 


lalifomia  Amculturis 


£Lmiy 


Emm^wm   e^ooic   joi-on^ra^^ jkx*. 


Vol.  7— No.  4. } 


SAN  JOSE,  CAL.,    APRIL,  1876. 


( SuBscniPTioN  Fbjce,  $1.50  a  Tear. 
X         Siiigle  Copies,  15  Cents. 


GENTEEL      INTEMPERANCE. 

A    TALE    OF    OUR    OWN    TIMES- 

BY  NELL  VAN. 

iAMlIA,"  said  Gertrude  Deau  to 
one  of  our  staunch  prohibition- 
ist mothers,  "can  you  imagine 
any  evil  that  can  consistently  be 
'  called  genteel?" 
'Weil,  my  dear,  that  depends  upon 
circumstances,"  said  the  lad}%  with  a 
puzzled  look;  "for  instance,  one  might 
speak  of  a  genteel  dram  shop  with  a  de- 
gree of  correctness  to  distinguish  it  from 
a  low  den  where  liquor  is  dealt  out.  Now 
a  dram  shop  is  in  itself  an  unmitigated 
evil  in  any  community — a  plague-spot  to 
contaminate  the  morals  and  pollute  the 
very  atmosphere  to  all  within  breathing 
distance.  But,  child,  what  prompted 
such  an  odd  question?  Of  what  were 
you  thinking  to  suggest  it?" 

Gertrude  frankly  explained  to  her 
mother  that,  the  afternoon  previous,  she 
and  Fanny  K.  had  sat  next  to  a  ministe- 
rial-looking gentleman,  in  a  street  car, 
who  was  conversing  with  a  fine,  benevo- 
lent-looking lady.  "They  sj^oke  earn- 
estly, mamma,"  said  she,  "and  so  loud 
that  we  became  unintentional  listeners 
and  deeply  interested  in  a  remarkable 
story  related  by  the  lady.  I  can  never 
forget  the  sorrowful  expression  of  the 
old  gentleman's  face  as  he  said,  with  a 
sigh,  '  Alas!  madam,  it  is  but  another 
example  of  genteel  intemperance.  We 
have  plenty  of  such  on  every  side,  and  it 
is  the  more  lamentable  beause  of  our  in- 
ability to  prevent  it.'  He  continued: 
'the  habitual  drunkard  can  be  dealt  with 
by  law,  but  this  fashion  of  fostering 
dnmkenness  in  the  family  circle,  by  of- 
fering hospitality  with  the  wine  cup, 
feeding  invaUds  upon  strengthening  bit- 
ters and  tonics,  and  drinking  hot  whisky 
punch  to  induce  sleep,  are  all  demoral- 
izing in  the  extreme.'  And,  mamma, 
you  should  have  seen  the  expression 
upon  his  countenance  as  he  spoke — his 
hoary  locks  moving  in  the  breeze  and 
his  eyes  brightening  with  enthusiasm.  I 
scarce  ever  saw  a  finer  face,  and  both 
Fanny  and  I  felt  sorry  to  see  them  stop 
the  car  and  go  out,  for  we  had  been  so 
much  interested  in  them  both." 

It  was  now  Mrs.  Dean's  turn  to  speak, 
and  glad  was  she  to  remind  her  usually 
giddy  daughter  of  the  terrible  evil  which 
fashion  had  placed  at  our  very  doors  to 
combat. 

"On  every  side,  my  dear,"  said  she, 
"we  find  men  and  women,  and  children 
even,  either  battling  with  or  yielding  to 
temptation  in  the  wine-cup.  Frequently 
the  taste  for  liquor  is  inherited,  and  more 
frequently  fostered  by  the  habit  of  ignor- 
ant and  unprincipled  nurses  feeding 
young  babes  either  soothing  syrup  or 
gin-sling  to  keep  them  quiet.  Upon  the 
young  women  of  to-day,  my  dear,  rests 
a  great  responsibility — that  of  using 
your  influence  towards  crushing  out  this 
hydra-headed  monster.  If  more  of  our 
young  girls  were  as  firm  in  their  convic- 
tions of  right  as  my  school-mate  and 
friend.  Amy  Stanhope,  much  good  might 
be    accomplished.       You've    heard    me 


speak  of  Amy,  my  dear.  She  passed 
through  town  a  few  j'ears  ago,  with  her 
husband,  on  their  waj'  to  Japan,  where 
he  has  been  to  establish  a  Christian 
mission.  She  was  a  girl  of  unusual 
power.  Her  youth  had  been  spent  wnere 
she  had  become  familiar  with  the  devas- 
tating results  of  intemperate  habits,  and 
upon  every  occasion  she  would  read  a 
lecture  to  the  young  men  who  hovered 
about  her  because  of  their  fondness  for 
wine.  Young  Oscar  lletcalf  was  one  of 
her  chief  admirers.  He  was  the  only  son 
of  a  wealthy  merchant  who  had  spared 
no  pains  to  give  him  a  fine  college  educa- 
tion. At  that  time  Oscar  was  a  splendid- 
looking  youth,  generous  to  a  fault,  and 
the  admiration  of  all  the  young  women 
of  the  village  when  he  spent  his  vaca- 
tions at  home,  where  he  formed  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Amy,  who  was  spending  a 
few  weeks  with  his  sisters.  Like  all  the 
young  men  of  the  time,  he  had  formed 
the  very  respectable  habit  of  wine-drink- 
ing, and  more  than  once  had  he  remarked 
the  sad  expression  and  quivering  lip  of 
Amy  while  listening  to  his  recitals  of  the 
lively  times  he  and  his  college  chums  en- 
joyed together  at  the  festive  board.  Oc- 
casionall}'  a  gentle  remonstrance  would 
fall  from  her  lips,  and  she  would  tell  him 
how  disgusting  the  habits  of  smoking 
and  drinking  were  to  any  right-minded 
young  lady,  that  she  pitied  the  one  who 
became  his  wife,  if  he  did  not  mend  his 
ways,  to  all  of  which  he  replied  in  an 
off-hand  way;  but  the  truth  of  her  argu- 
ments would  rankle  in  his  heart  and  de- 
stroy, for  the  time,  his  peace  of  mind, 
for  he  was  madly  in  love  with  Amy,  and 
desired  to  please  her  that  he  might  win 
her  for  his  own. 

"  In  those  days  I  was  more  thought- 
less than  she,  and  cared  less  for  the  fu- 
ture than  for  the  glorious  present.  How 
well  I  remember  taunting  Amy  with  the 
remark  that  she  would  lose  her  lover 
with  her  reproachful  talk,  and  that  it 
was  well  enough  for  old  folks  and  spin- 
sters to  preach  temperance,  but  to  one  of 
her  j'outh  and  good  looks,  she  should  take 
the  world  as  she  found  it,  for  young 
folks  would  be  young  folks,  and  wine- 
drinking  and  smoking  was  a  fashion 
among  men  which  it  was  simply  impos- 
sible to  disturb.  Such  talk  aroused  Amy 
to  use  her  influence  upon  me,  and  many 
interesting  conversations  we  held  to- 
gether upon  the  subject,  till  I  grew  to 
love  the  girl  for  her  strong  principles 
and  desire  to  influence  all  within  her 
reach  to  do  right,  because  it  was  right, 
regardless  of  fashion  or  custom. 

"She  afterwards  made  me  a  long  visit, 
and  I  became  conscious  of  the  fact  that 
she  really  loved  the  wild,  harem-skarem 
Oscar,  and  desired  above  everything  to 
save  him  from  the  ruin  which  seemed  in- 
evitable. She  had  won  his  affection  and 
esteem  and  hoped  to  be  able  to  shield 
him  from  the  enemy. 

"One  evening  we  all  stood  on  the 
moon-lit  porch,  where  climbing  vines 
filled  the  air  with  perfume.  Her  brother 
and  mine,  young  Oscar,  Amy  and  I  had 
been  talking  over  a  grand  party  which 
we  had  all  attended.  Amy,  as  usual, 
deprecating  the  habit  of  the  young  men's 
frequent  visits    to   tlie    wine  room,  and. 


stamping  her  foot  to  give  emphasis  to 
her  words,  she  said,  decisively,  'I'll 
never  marry  a  man  who  cannot  find  suf- 
ficient enjoyment  in  the  society  of  his 
friends  and  the  dance,  without  seeking 
outside  stimulants.' 

"  Tut,  tut,  little  one,'  said  her  brother, 
laughing;  '  I  dare  say  Oscar  here  will 
take  wine  at  parties  all  the  days  of  his 
life,  notwithstanding  his  partiality  for 
you — which  he  does  not  try  to  deny — and 
you  never  would  try  to  coerce  so  clever  a 
fellow  as  he  is  now,  when  he  paj's  yon 
the  highest  compliment  a  young  man 
can  pay  a  lady.  Don't  be  too  severe 
upon  us  young  fellows  with  your  strict 
ideas  of  propriety  which  belong  to  a  past 
generation.'  " 

"And  wh.it  did  she  say  to  that,  mam- 
ma?" said  Gertrude,  with  animation. 

"Well,"  continued  Mrs.  Dean,  "she 
turned  upon  him,  with  her  large,  brown 
eyes  full  of  earnestness,  and  drawing 
herself  up  with  indignation,  she  said, 
impressively,  "George,  I  know  a  young 
lady — who  shall  be  nameless,  for  she  is 
very  dear  to  yoiir  heart — who,  to  en- 
hance the  beauty  of  her  complexion,  is 
slowly  poisoning  herself  with  arsenic! 
She  has  not  acquired  the  habit  thought- 
lessly for  social  indulgence,  but  to  grat- 
ify a  desire  for  the  admiration  of  the 
world  and  the  envy  of  a  few  of  her  own 
sex.  Would  .vou,  in  your  sound  senses, 
lead  that  young  woman  to  the  altar  to 
become  your  wife,  even  though  you  loved 
each  otner  to  distraction,  without  at- 
tempting to  awaken  her  to  a  sense  of  her 
danger  and  urging  her  to  denounce  the 
habit?  Now,  this  wine-drinking,  being 
a  social  habit,  is  much  more  disastrous 
in  its  results;  for  it  does  not  necessarily 
kill  its  victim,  but  leads  on  to  ruin  no 
end  to  the  number  of  participants. 
Henceforth,  George,  go  your  way,  and 
let  me  go  mine.  Marry  your  transparent 
faced  beauty  and  have  her  to  bury;  but 
I'll  live  the  life  of  a  spinster  and  depre- 
cate the  small  vices  of  men  to  my  dying 
day  before  I'll  succumb  and  entail  upon 
future  generations  a  disgraceful  inherit- 
ance.' 

"Not  a  word  was  spoken  in  reply,and, 
Gertrude,  those  words  sank  deeply  into 
the  hearts  of  more  than  one  of  her  hear- 
ers, as  I  afterwards  learned." 

".\nddid  she  marry  Oscar,  mamma?" 

"No,  child.  He  sat  moody  and  un- 
easy the  whole  evening  after  we  went 
in-doors,  and  before  leaving  had  a  long 
conversation  with  Amy,  which  made 
him  renounce  forever  all  claim  to  her 
hand. 

"  He  found  he  must  choose  between 
the  life  he  then  led  and  a  future  with  a 
new  state  of  things.  She  year  of  trial 
she  demanded  before  a  final  answer 
could  be  given  was  more  than  his  weak 
nature  could  stand.  They  met  for  a 
time  only  as  friends,  and  then  as  Amy 
was  lost  to  him  forever,  he  became  reck- 
less, and  died  as  he  had  lived,  a  victim 
to  what  might  be  called  "genteel  intem- 
perance." His  passion  for  the  cup  was 
already  stronger  than  his  love  for  this 
pure  girl.  She  had  a  lucky  escape  from 
a  fate  worse  than  any  that  can  befall  a 
noble  wom.an — a  sensual,  selfish,  drunk- 
en husband. 


POOL-SELLERS    AND   AGRICUL- 
TURAL FAIRS. 

Our  Legislators  will  do  one  good  work 
if  they  succeed  in  classing  pool-selling  as 
gambling,  and  subject  it  to  the 
severest  penalty  of  the  law.  We  have 
had  enough  of  it,  and  sufilcient  of  its 
evil  effects.  Pool-selling  is  gambling — 
and  pool-sellers  are  no  better  than  any 
other  class  of  gamblers.  It  is  the  most 
dangerous  of  all  gamWing;  the  most  de- 
moralizing, exciting,  enticing,  and  there- 
fore the  most  dangerous  to  the  morals  of 
a  community.  If  pool-sellers  are  allowed 
to  ply  their  avocations,  why  not  license, 
or  remove  restraint  from  all  other  species 
of  gambling?  The  power  of  pool-selling 
is  felt  all  over  the  State,  and  wherever  it 
is  allowed.  There  are  rings  of  pool- 
sellers  who  control  State  and  county  ag- 
ricultural societies.  They  do  not  foster 
agriculture,  or  in  the  least  benefit  it;  but 
agriculture  is  made  to  serve  pool-selling, 
and  whatever  industrial  interests  arc 
drawn  together  at  fairs  arc  controlled  by  ' 
the  pool-sellers — are  a  sort  of  breast- 
work and  shield  behind  which  they  are 
sheltered.  As  a  general  thing,  the  pres- 
idents and  directors  of  State  and  county 
agricultural  societies  are  elected  by  the 
pool-sellers.  Whom  they  oppose  cannot 
be  elected.  The  pool-sellers  make  up 
the  boards,  the  speed  progiammes,  the 
pool  privileges.  They  match  the  horses 
so  as  to  produce  the  largest  sales  of 
pools.  They  influence  the  boards  to 
give  twice  as  much  for  horse-racing  as 
for  all  other  exhibits.  Pool-selling  is 
chargeable  with  all  the  disgraceful  con- 
duct of  drivers.  They  so  manipulate  the 
races  as  to  rob  the  dupes  who  buy  their 
pools  and  bet  at  races.  They  monopo- 
lize half  the  day  at  fairs,  to  the  exclusion 
of  all  honest  interests.  We  say,  as  we 
have  heard  dozens  of  honest  farmers  say, 
if  all  this  horse-race  gambling  is  to  be 
forced  upon  us,  and  we  cannot  rid  our- 
selves of  it,  let  the  fairs  go  down — the 
sooner  the  better.  The  public  demand 
that  pool-selling  shall  not  be  allowed  at 
our  State  and  county  fairs.  Pool-sellers 
have  had  control  of  fairs  long  enough. 
In  place  of  our  fairs  fostering  gambling, 
drunkenness,  reckless  profanity,  extrav- 
agance and  immorality,  it  is  time  that 
they  be  devoted  to  advancing  material 
interests  of  honest  producers,  and  foster- 
ing the  virtues  of  our  wives,  sons  and 
daughters. 

Since  1854,  the  State  has  given  the 
State  Agricultural  Society  §118,000,  and 
it  has  so  managed,  with  all  its  vast  pat- 
ronage, as  to  be  now  some  $16,000  in 
debt.  The  State  Society  is  now  praying 
to  the  Legislature  for  relief.  Within  the 
past  three  years  the  State  board  has  given 
the  horse,  in  piirses  and  premiums. 
S52,59'2.  For  entrance  to  these  purses 
they  have,  for  the  same,  $21,0'71. 
Amount  of  all  premiums  paid  for  other 
purposes  during  the  years  1873  and  1874 
(excepting  medals  and  diplomas),  cn!y 
S12,.530.  These  figures,  compiled  from 
the  transactions  of  the  State  Agricultural 
Society,  will  tend  to  show  what  interest 
is  festered  by  "State  aid." 

The  pool-sellers  take  a  percentage    of 


50 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


all  money  thrown  into  their  game,  the 
same  as  monte  and  faro  banks  do,  the 
winner  to  pay  the  percentage  to  the 
game.  Of  the  tens  of  thousands  of  dol- 
lars that  go  into  pools  over  and  over 
again  during  several  weeks  of  horse- 
racing,  how  much,  think  you,  is  lodged 
in  the  game?  What  a  convenience  for 
these  gamblers  to  be  made  respectable 
by  law,  and  be  subsidised  by  the  State, 
and  be  allowed  to  virtually  control  the 
the  fairs  which  are  ostensibly  held  in 
the  interests  of  agriculture  and  its  kind- 
red industries!  How  nice  to  be  patron- 
ized by  gaiet}'  and  beauty !  How  flatter- 
ing must  it  be  to  a  gambler's  profession 
to  be  able  to  draw  to  its  support  the 
presence,  and  the  dollars  and  dimes,  of 
gentlemen  and  ladies,  and  boys  and  girls 
who  walk  in  the  highest  strata  of  so- 
ciety ! 

In  New  Yoi'k.  Illinois  and  Wisconsin, 
we  believe,  pool-selling  or  other  gamb- 
ling is  not  allowed  at  agricultural  fairs. 
In  Canada  no  horse-racing  is  allowed 
within  five  miles  of  any  place  where  a 
fair  is  being  held,  diaring  the  time  of  the 
fair.  The  testimony  of  our  exchanges 
is  all  one  way,  that  where  there  is  no 
horse-racing  there  are  better  and  more 
successful  fairs.  In  Canada  their  agri- 
cultural fairs  are  probably  the  best  sup- 
ported by  attendance  of  the  people  and 
by  exhibitors  of  any  fairs  in  America. 
Where  the  industrial  interests  alone  are 
fostered,  the  fairs  have  better  success 
financially  than  do  fairs  where  horse- 
racing  is  fostered.  And  it  requires  no 
_  very  deep  reasoning  to  sec  that  the  grand 
results  of  fairs  conducted  to  benefit  in- 
dustry must  be  vasth'  more  profitable  to 
the  people. 

We  hope  our  legislators  will  favor  the 
best  interests  of  the  people,  and  throw 
pool-selling  where  other  gambling  is  de- 
posited— on  the  criminal  list. 

We  have  never  opposed  the  exhibition 
of  horses.  All  of  their  desirable  quali- 
ties should  be  shown — their  strength, 
speed,  action,  .stepping,  walking,  train- 
ing, etc.,  to  the  best  advantage.  We 
believe  that  our  fairs  might  be  grand  ex- 
hibitions of  everything  worthy  included 
ed  in  the  list  of  jiroducts  of  a  civilized 
people.  We  much  desire  to  see  them 
become  such,  and  hope  our  Legislators 
will  subsidize  no  societies  or  fairs  that 
include  pool-se!ling,  liquor-selling  and 
other  demoralizing  practices  in  their  ex 
hibitions. 


WIDE  WAGON-TIRE  BILL. 

Santa  Clara  county  has  been  provided 
with  a  law,  by  our  present  Legislature, 
to  regulate  the  width  of  wagon-tires. 
This  has  been  enacted  to  prevent  loaded 
teams  from  cutting  the  roads  to  pieces. 
The  expense  of  changing  the  felloes  and 
tires  of  wheels  will  be  considerable—  a 
heavy  tax  upon  many  persons  in  the 
start,  but  the  benefit  in  preserving  roads 
will  probal)ly,  eventually,  pay,,  ami  when 
once  established  will  be  a  good  rule  to 
follow. 

Here  is  the  act,  in  substance,  as  ap- 
proved: All  wagons  used  on  public 
roads  in  this  county,  or  wagons  of  any 
other  county,  used  in  this  for  habitual 
teaming,  shall  have  tires  as  follows:  If 
the  axle  in  its  vertical  diameter  be  one 
and  a  half  inches,  the  tire  shall  be  two 
and  a  half  inches  wide;  if  one  and  three- 
foir.ths  inches,  three  inches  wide;  if  two 
inches,  three  and  ii  half  inches  wide;  it 
two  and  one-fourth  inches,  four  inches 
wide;  if  two  and  a  half  inches,  four  and 
a  half  inches  wide;  if  over  two  and  a  half 
inches,  five  inches  wide.  Or,  if  the  axle 
be  of  wood,  then  the  tiro  shall  be  as  fol- 
lows: For  wagons  constructed  to  carry 
one  and  a  half  tons  burden,  the  tire  shall 


be  two  and  a  half  inches  wide;  if  to  carry 
two  tons,  the  tire  shall  be  three  inches 
wide;  if  two  and  a  halt  tons,  three  and 
one  fourth  inches  wide;  if  three  tons, 
three  and  a  half  inches  wide;  if  four  tons, 
four  and  a  halt  inches,  and  all  over  five 
tons  the  tire  must  be  five  inches  wide. 
This  act  takes  effect  after  the  first  of 
May,  1878. 


give  ghflt^otinfiiU 

$1.50   Per  Ar\r\uni. 

PUBLISHED  MONTHLY   BY  THE 

CAL.     AGRICULTURIST      PUB.      CO. 

K.  HARRIS  HERRING.  Editov. 


OFFICE:— Over  the  San  .Jose  Savings 
Bank,  Balbach'^s  Buil<lin<;,  Santa 
Clara  Street,  near  First,  San  Jot^e. 


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K^  We  are  di'termined  to  adhere  to  ovir  resolu- 
tion to  adniit  none  but  wortliy  but-inese  adverti.s- 
ing  in  our  coluraue,  and  to  keep  clear  of  patent 
medicine,  liquor,  and  other  advertiKemeuts  of 
doubtful  influence. 

The  large  circulation,  the  desirable  class  of 
readers,  and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rend- 
nrs  this  Journa[  a  choice  medium  for  reaching 
the  attention  of  the  massee. 


Notice  to  Eastern  Advertisers  and 
Advertising  Agencies. 

li^  Hereafter  no  proimtitum  for  advertising 
in  this  journal  will  be  entertained  without  pay 
in  advance.  Our  published  rates  are  the  stand- 
ard for  all. 


EDITORIAL  -NOTES. 


E.  M.  Sishop  &  Co.,  who  have  lately 
gotten  up  a  fine  directory  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, are  at  work  vigorously  on  one  for 
San  Jose.  We  judge  by  the  pains  they 
are  taking  that  it  will  be  a  most  complete 
affair,  and  a  really  reliable  guide. 


The  Archer  Railroad  Bill  was  cal- 
culated to  regulate  the  price  of  fares  and 
freights  on  raih-oads  in  an  equitable  man- 
ner, allowing  ample  compensation  to 
railroad  companies.  The  Assembly 
passed  it — the  Senate  Committee  report- 
ed adversely.  If  this  means  defeat,  it 
also  means  that  the  mibnnds  otrn  tlie.  peo- 
pl"-  

Retrograding.— The  State  Legisla- 
ture has  icpealcLi  the  laws  providing  for 
the  schooling  every  child,  called  the  com- 
pulsory education  law;  also,  the  law  al- 
lowing w-omen  to  hold  public  educational 
offices.  Either  there  is  something  radi- 
cally wrong  in  our  system  of  law-making, 
or  else  in  the  law  makers  themselves. 
At  any  rate,  whoever  looks  for  acts  su- 
perior to  the  mental  and  moral  calibre  of 
our  representatives  will  evidently  be  dis- 
appointed all  the  time. 


Several  fine  contributions  are  held 
over  for  our  next  issue,  and  some  depart- 
ments are  left  out  for  want  of  room  this 
month. 


Premiums. — Any  subscriber  who  has 
ordered  books  or  chromos  from  this  of- 
fice, and  has  not  received  the  same,  will 
confer  a  favor  by  at  once  notifying  the 
publishes  that  the  matter  may  be  at- 
tended to.  Mistakes  will  sometimes  oc- 
cur. Letters  and  articles  sent  do  not 
aUvays  reach  the  proper  destination.  It 
will  cost  only  one  cent  to  drop  ns  a  card. 
We  design  that  every  one  shall  get  what 
he  is  entitled  to  without  fail. 


The  local  rain- fall  for  the  season, 
up  to  the  middle  of  March  is  19.8  inches. 
This  is  the  exact  measurement  kept  by 
Mr.  Ethell  at  the  San  Jose  Bank  build- 
ing. After  the  most  stormy  winter  ever 
known  on  this  coast,  the  weather  cleared 
up  on  the  13th  ult.  with  a  fair  promise  of 
fine  weather.  But,  as  the  longer  we  live 
here  the  less  we  know  about  what  will 
follow,  we  will  not  venture  to  prophesy. 


A  Sample. — Those  Legislators  who 
advocate  the  bill  compelling  publishers 
of  newspapers,  etc.,  to  append  the  name 
of  the  writer  to  each  article  published, 
are  probably  very  wise  and  efficient  rep- 
resentatives, in  their  own  estimation; 
but  if  the  exact  estimate  in  which  they 
are  held  by  their  constituents  generally 
could,  by  any  possible  means,  be  com- 
prehended by  their  immense  intellects, 
they  would  have  reason  to  "bag  their 
heads."  (Signed"", 

S.  Haekis  Heekino. 


The  visit  of  Dr.  Mary  E.  Walker  to 
this  coast, and  her  lectures  to  the  people, 
have  made  for  her  many  warm  friends 
.amongst  the  better  classes.  She  ven- 
tured to  give  expression  to  many  whole- 
some truths,  which  were  obnoxious  only 
to  such  as  were  viciously  inclined.  In 
defense  of  honest  marriage,  of  virtue  and 
morality  she  uttered  noble  and  feeling 
sentiments;  while  the  way  she  handled 
libertinism,  free-loveism,  and  the  l>ad 
generally,  was  a  caution  to  youthful 
looseness  and  gray-headed  reprobates. 
The  doctor's  talks  are  calculated  to  make 
whoever  hears  them,  hold  purity  in  a 
higher  estimation  and  despire  wicked- 
ness with  a  deeper  contempt. 


McCall's  Road  Grader  is  certainly 

a  very  superior  implement.  It  is  so  con- 
structed as  to  be  completely  under  the 
control  of  the  manager,  upon  side-hill  or 
level  ground,  in  heavy  or  light  work. 
The  wheels  .are  set  on  crooked  axles  th.at 
can  be  turnad  to  any  degree  of  pressure 
against  the  furrow-lifter,  with  a  lever 
and  coupling  ratchet.  It  will  work  right 
or  left  with  equal  facility,  and  at  any 
angle  to  suit  light  or  heavy,  hard  or  soft 
ground.  The  scraper  is  swung  to  a  turn- 
table resting  upon  the  running  gear,  the 
whole  weight  of  which  can  be  thrown 
upon  it  at  will.  A  neater,  or  more  ad- 
mirably constructed  device  adajited  to  its 
work,  it  is  hard  to  im.agine. 

There  are  three  of  these  MeCall  grad- 
ers now  at  work  upon  the  Mount  Ham- 
ilton road,  doing  each  the  work  of  over 
fifty  men  with  ordinary  scrapers.  By 
the  way,  the  construction  of  the  Mount 
Hamilton  road  is  being  pushed  with 
vigor,  nearly  all  the  men  employed  being 
white  men — not  Chinamen.  This  we 
are  glad  to  notice,  as  there  are  hundreds 
of  our  own  race  who  really  need  the 
work,  and  to  send  to  China  for  a  road 
which  can  be  made  at  home  would  not 
be  true  ecououiy. 


fhe^p  *ind  ^m\$. 


ANGOEA  PROFITS-A  FEW  FIG- 


^r> 


UEES  ABOUT  MOHAIR 


£V  rT  has  been  asserted  by  some  outside 
parties  that  there  was  no  profit  in 
Angora  goats'  fleece — that  sheep's 
wool  will  pay  much  better  than  mo- 
hair. Until  lately  the  owners  of 
Angoras  have  not  been  .able  to  fully  re- 
fute the  charges,  o%viug  to  the  fact  that 
the  low  grades,  brought  from  common 
goats,  would  not  prove  anything.  Now 
that  there  are  many  high,  and  more  pure- 
bred Angora  goats  than  formerly,  facts 
and  figures  are  abundant  to  show  that 
there  is  profit  in  breeding  for  the  mo- 
hair. 

We  can  present  figures  from  three  dif- 
ferent breeders:  Mr.  C.  P.  Bailey,  of 
S.an  Jose;  Stockton  &  Biiffin,  of  Hornitas. 
and  Mr.  Gilmore,  of  El  Dorado.  Mr. 
Bailey  weighed  several  of  his  best  pure- 
bred fleeces,  which  ran  as  follows:  Buck 
Borneo  '2d,  five  years  old,  eleven  months' 
growth  of  fleece,  8J2  Itis;  a  two-year-old 
buck,  one  year's  fleece,  ly^  lbs;  ewe, 
Scotch  Woman,  six  years  old,  twelve 
mouths'  fleece,  G^^  lbs;  ewe.  Queen  of 
Monterey,  three  years  old,  twelve  months' 
fleece,  6  lbs;  ewe,  two  years  old,  5%  lbs. 
The  above  fleeces  are  worth  $1  per  lb, 
net.  From  a  flock  of  1,000  young  goats, 
one  and  two  years  old,  were  sheared 
1,000  pounds.  These  were  grades  from 
7~8ths  to  .31-32ds,  and  the  fleece  will 
average  worth  60  cents  per  pound.  Mr. 
Bailey  says  that  .he  can  get  as  good  re- 
sults from  31-32ds  and  63-64ths  .as  from 
pure-breds.  Soon  there  will  be  many 
such,  as  the  high-breds  are  increasing 
wonderfully  fast  now. 

From  a  private  letter  written  to  Mr. 
C.  P.  Bailey,  of  San  Jose,  we  are  per- 
mitted to  take  the  following  f.acts  and 
figures  of  Messrs.  Stockton  it  Bufl'um's 
flock:  They  commenced  grading  up  from 
the  common  goat  and  grade  bucks,  1.5- 
lOths  and  31-33ds,  in  the  j-ear  186-1.  The 
bucks  were  purchased  in  Ohio  and  driven 
across  the  plains  by  Thom.as  Brock, from 
whom  they  obtained  them.  These  and 
similar  grades  were  used  a  few  years, 
when  they  obtained  pure-breeds,  and 
have  used  nothing  but  pure-breeds  since. 
Owing  to  a  limited  range,  they  have  but 
a  small  flock.  They  have  readily  sold 
their  surplus  stock  for  fair  prices,  always 
carefully  selecting  and  keeping  the  best 
goats  for  breedess.  Their  flock  now 
consists  of  550  head,  of  this  number  36 
are  pure-breeds  and  the  balance  grades 
from  7-8ths  to  127-l'28ths.  Last  year 
they  shipped  1,500  pounds  of  mohair  to 
New  York  (being  the  clip  for  two  j-ears) 
and  sold  it  for  85  cents  per  pound,  un- 
assorted. They  have  a  better  clip  this 
year,  and  ejipect  a  good  price  for  it. 

Messrs.  Stockton  &  Buft'um  send  fig- 
ures of  forty  fleeces  weighed  sepai"ately. 
One  pure-bred  ewe  sheared  7  Ihs;  one 
31-32ds  owo's  fleece  weighed  7  lbs;  a  15- 
lOths  ewe  sheared  6^4'  H>s;  a  7-8ths  ewe 
sheared  i]'^  ll>s;  five  7-8ths  ewes  sheared 
18:-'4  lbs;  throe  1.5-lGths  sheared  17?^  ibs; 
two  31-32ds  ewes  sheared  13 '4  lbs;  four 
pure-bred  ewes  sheared  25)4  lbs.  One 
of  their  pure-bred  bucks  sheared  7%  ibs, 
and  a  pure-bred  buck  kid  3J.j  lbs,  while 
a  grade  kid  sheared  •! '4  lbs;  twelve  kids 
sheared  30  lbs  of  fine  mohair;  three  pure- 
bred bucks  sheared  20  lbs.  But  the  most 
remark.able  fleeces  were  the  wethers'. 
One  wether  sheared  9J,j  lbs!  ten  wethers  , 
sheared  76  lbs  of  tine  mohair.  We  must 
make  special  mention  of  the  produce  of  / 
wethers.  Evidently  they  will  make  the  ' 
best  mohair.     The  expenditure   of    vital 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


force  incident  to  breeding,  caring  for,  and 
nursing  the  young,  detracts  from  the 
tieece  production  of  breeding  animals. 
The  wethers  keep  in  more  uniform  and 
better  order  on  the  same  feed,  and  their 
fleece  is  not  only  line  and  heavy,  but 
uniform  in  texture  during  its  growth  the 
(.utire  year. 

About  Stockton  X'  Buffum's  manage- 
ment, we  learn  that  they  drive  their 
tlocks  to  the  mountains  during  the  sum- 
mer, where  the  animals  have  at  once  the 
advantage  of  a  cooler  atmosphere  and 
greener  feed,  which  conditions  are  favor- 
able to  fleece  growing  and  the  general 
growth  of  the  goat.  These  gentlemen 
have  this  season  sheared  some  2,000 
pounds,  which  is  probably  the  largest 
shearing  ever  made  in  our  State  by  any 
one  breeder  in  a  single  season. 

The  Gilmore  Angora  Goat  Breeding 
Association  has  made  a  report,  and  gave 
weights  of  best  fleeces  G%  pounds  rang- 
ing to  -i  x^ouuds.  The  entire  fleece,  we 
understand,  was  about  1,600  pounds, 
from  some  2,000  goats.  Of  course, many 
low  grades  did  not  shear  much,  if  any, 
mohair.  This  association  claims,  we 
l>elieve,  some  -4,000  acres  of  laud  near 
Shingle  Springs,  and  about  10,000  acres 
near  lake  Tahoe.  The  association  also 
claims  to  represent  some  $350,000  in 
capital.  Also,  that  it  designs  briuging 
lo  this  State  a  large  flock  of  pure-breds 
from  Asia,  soon.  The  breeders  of  goats 
in  the  State  are  anxiously  awaiting  the 
advent  of  this  fresh  supply. 

The  San  Francisco  Chronicle  says: 
"Little  pure  mohair  has  been  marketed 
as  yet,  because  it  is  too  costly  an  under- 
taking to  import  both  bucks  and  ewes 
with  which  to  stock  the  State,  but  the 
more  expedient  and  slow  method  has 
been  adopted  of  crossing  pure  bucks 
upon  our  native  ewes.  These  half- 
breeds  in  turn  will  be  bred  to  imported 
bucks,  and  as  these  animals  breed  so 
often,  it  will  only  be  a  few  years  at  most 
until  we  shall  have  a  stock  of  high-grades 
which  will  be  so  near  thoroughbred  that 
the  difference  cannot  be  distinguished, 
and  i^roducing  a  quality  of  mohair  equal 
to  tjiatof  the  pure-blood  animals.  In  a 
few  years  there  will  be  goats  enough  in 
this  State  and  in  Oregon  and  Nevada  to 
justify  the  building  of  a  factory  on  this 
coast  to  work  up  the  mohair,  and  when 
that  event  happens  there  will  be  profit  in 
the  business." 

L.  H.  Gaskill  writes  from  Campo,  San 
Diego  county,  to  the  JUfral  Press  as  fol- 
lows: 

"I  have  been  the  Angora  goat  busi- 
ness only  two  years,  and  I  think  that  it 
will  not  be  long  before  it  will  supersede 
the  sheep  business,  for  several  reasons. 
The  goats  do  not  need  as  tine  quality  of 
food  as  sheep.  They  will  live  entirely 
in  the  mountains,  subsisting  upon  the 
browse  of  this  lower  county.  I  have  a 
band  of  GOO  and  they  range  in  the  moun- 
tains all  the  time.  I  was  afraid  that 
they  would  pull  out  their  wool,  but  they 
are  as  careful  about  that  as  a  person 
woirld  be  about  pulling  his  hair.  The 
mohair  I  have  worked  right  at  home, 
the  women  work  it  the  same  as  wool, 
into  yarn,  and  knit  it  into  socks  and 
stockings.  It  is  the  old-fashioned  style, 
but  a  very  economical  way  of  putting  in 
long  evenings.  They  work  it  by  hand. 
It  would  be  much  better  if  there  was 
some  machinery  for  carding  and  spinning 
it  into  yarn ;  then  they  could  afford  to 
knit  it  very  well  and  make  it  profitable 
to  the  manufacturer  and  the  consumer. 
These  socks  sell  from  seventy-five  cents 
to  one  dollar  a  pair,  when  you  can  get 
sheep's  wool  for  three  to  four  bits  for  a 
pair  made  in  the  same  way.  One  pair  of 
mohair  socks  will  last  as  long  as  four 
pairs  of  wool.  They  are  more  elastic, 
and  the  fiber  is  so  long  that   the  yarn  is 


as  strong  as^hemp  twine,  and  very  soft 
and  white.  I  hope  to  hear  from  some 
other  experimenters  with  the  mohair." 
In  previous  articles,  we  have  written 
up  other  advantages  and  profits  of  this 
industry.  There  is  no  doubt  in  our 
mind  that  the  Angora  goat  will  yet  be 
admitted  to  be  the  most  profitable  fleece- 
producing  animal,  and  will  discount  the 
best  breeds  of  sheep. 


The  Farmer. 

Of  all  pursuits  by  men  invented 
The  plowman  is  the  best  contented, 
His  calling's  good,  his  profit  high. 
And  on  his  labors  all  rely. 
Industrious  plans  by  him  are  laid; 
Mechanics  all  by  him  are  fed; 
His  hand  gives  meat  to  everythin, 
Up  from  the  beggar  to  the  king. 

The  milk  and  honey,  corn  and  wheat, 
Are  by  his  labors  made  comple; 
Our  clothes  from  him  doth  first  arise, 
To  deck  the  fop  or  dress  the  wise. 
We,  then,  by  vote,  may  justly  state 
The  plowman  ranks  amoug  the  great; 
More  independent  than  they  all 
That  dwell  upon  this  earthly  ball. 

All  haill  ye  farmers,  young  and  old, 
Push  on  your  plow  and  courage  bold; 
Your  wealth  arises  through  the  clod. 
Your  independence  from  your  God. 
If,  then,  the  plow  supports  the  nation. 
And  men  of  rank  In  every  station, 
Let  kings  to  farmers  make  a  bow, 
And  every  man  procitre  a  plow. 


At  last  she  nursed  a  new  desire; 
She  sighed,  she  wept  for  William  Brown, 
She  watched  the  splendid  sun  go  down 

Like  some  grc-at  sailing  ship  a-flre; 

Th<;n  ruse  and  checked  her  trunks  right  on. 
And  in  the  cars  she  lunched  and  lunched. 
And  had  her  ticket  puuclied  and  punched, 

Until  she  came  to  Oregon. 

She  wore  blue  specks  upon  her  nose. 
She  reached  the  limit  of  the  lines. 
And  then  set  out  to  reach  the  mines, 

In  rather  short  and  manly  clothes; 

Her  right  baud  held  a  parasol. 
Her  pocket  held  a  testament. 
And  thus  equipped  right  on  she  went — 

Went  waterproof  and  waterfall. 

She  asked  a  miner  gazing  down, 
Slow  stirring  sometbiug  with  a  spoon. 
To  tell  her  true  and  teli  her  soon 

What  had  become  of  William  Brown. 

He  looked  askance  beneath  her  specs. 
Then  stirred  his  cocktail  round  and  round, 
Then  raised  his  head  and  sighed  profound, 

And  said,  "He's  handed  in  his  checks." 

Then  care  fed  on  her  damaged  cheek, 
And  she  grew  faint,  did  Mary  Jane, 
And  smelt  her  smelling  salts  in  vain. 

Yet  wandered  on  wayworn  and  weak, 

Until  at  last  she  sat  her  down 
Upon  a  eloping  hill  alone; 
And  there,  good  gracious!  stood  a  stone, 

And  lo!  thut  stone  read— William  Brown. 

"  O  William  Brown  1  O  William  Brown! 

And  here  you  rest  at  last,"  she  said, 

"With  this  lone  stone  above  yuur  hea^^i,  j 
And  forty  miles  from  any  town.  Q^ 
I  will  plant  cypress  trees,  I  will,  

And  I  will  build  a  fence  around.  ^QT!^ 

And  I  will  fertilize  the  ground 
With  tears  enough  to  run  a  mill.",       Z^ 

ShCiWent  and  got  a  hired  man. 

She  brought  him  forty  miles  frum  town; 


ORNAMENTAL  "WINDOW  FLOWEK  BEACKET. 


^Villiam  Brown,  of  Oregon. 

AFTER  JOA^>UIN  MILLER. 

They  call  him  Bill,  the  hired  man. 
And  she  they  call  her  Mary  Jane; 
And  lovers  often  drew  a  rein 

To  chat  and  sigh  as  lovers  can 

Across  the  gate  in  snatch  and  catch; 
And  women  winked  across  their  tea, 
And  said,  and  truly  so  thought  he. 

That  she  would  make  a  splendid  match. 

The  hired  man  had  loved  her  long, 
Hud  loved  her  best  and  first  and  last; 
Her  very  garments  as  she  passed 

For  him  had  symphony  and  song. 

So  when  one  day,  with  brow  a-frown. 
She  called  him  Bill,  he  raised  his  head, 
He  caught  her  eye,  then  faltering  said: 

"I  love  you,  and  my  name  is  Brown." 

She  fairly  walized  with  rage;  she  wept; 
Y'ou  would  have  thought  the  house  a-tire; 
She  told  her  bire,  the  porlly  squire, 

Theu  smelt  her  smelling  salts  and  slept. 

Poor  William  did  what  could  be  done- 
He  swung  a  pistol  on  each  hip. 
He  gathered  up  a  great  ox-whip 

And  drove  towards  the  setting  sun. 

He  crossed  the  great  backbone  of  earth; 
He  saw  the  snowy  moxiutains  rolled 
Like  mighty  billows,  saw  the  gold 

Of  awful  sunsets,  saw  the  birth 

Of  sudden  dawn  upon  the  plain, 
And  every  eve  would  William  Brown 
Eat  pork  and  beans,  and  then  lie  down 

And  dream  sweet  dreams  of  Mary  Jane. 


The  teeter  board  of  life  goes  up, 
The  teeter  board  of  life  goes  down; 
The  sweetest  face  must  learn  to  frown; 

The  biggest  dog  has  been  a  pup. 

Her  lovers  passed.  Wolves  hunt  in  packs. 
They  sought  for  bigger  game.  Somehow 
TLey  seemed  to  sea  about  her  brow 

The  forky  sign  of  turkey  tracks. 


Then  in  the  tall  grass  she  sat  down, 
And  bade  him  build  as  she  should  plan. 
But  Digger  herders,  with  their  bunds. 

They  saw  and  hurriedly  they  ran 

And  told  a  bearded  cattle-man 
That  some  one  builded  on  his  lauds. 

He  took  a  rifle  from  the  rack, 
He  girt  bim  in  his  battle-pelt, 
He  thrust  two  pistols  iu  bis  belt. 

Then  mounted  on  Ids  charger's  back, 

And  plunged  ahead.     But  when  ihey  showed 
A  woman  there,  about  his  eyes 
He  pulled  his  hat,  and  he  likewise 

Bulled  at  his  beard,  and  chewed  and  chewed. 

At  last  he  got  him  down  and  spake: 
"O,  lady,  dear,  what  do  you  here?" 
"I  build  a  tomb  for  my  own  dear. 

I  plant  some  tiowers  for  his  sake." 

The  bearded  man  threw  his  two  hands 
Above  his  head,  then  brought  them  down, 
And  cried,  "O,  I  am  William  Brown, 

And  this  the  corner  of  my  lauds." 

Her  specks  fell  off,  her  head  fell  back. 
Some  like  a  lifted  teapot  lid; 
She  screamed— thip  ancient  maiden  did— 
Then,  fainting,  split  herself,  alack! 
Right  in  the  beard  of  William  Bro\vn. 
Then  all  the  Diggers  were  amazed. 
They  thought  the  lonely  maiden  crazed. 
And  circling  there,  they  squatted  down. 

******* 
The  preacher  rode  a  spotted  mare; 
He  galloped  forty  miles  or  more; 
He  vowed  he  never  had  before 
Seen  bride  or  bridegroom  half  so  fair. 
And  all  the  miners,  they  came  down, 
And  feasted  as  the  night  advanced. 
And  all  the  Diggers  drank  and  danced, 
And  cried,  "Big  lujin.  WiUirm  Brown." 

^__ ^ 

Up  to  the  date  of  our  going  to  press^ 
the  season  is  remarkablj^  promising  for  a 
large  fruit  crop,  as  well  as  for  grain,  hay 
and  vegetation  generally.  If  we  have  no 
heavy,  late  frosts,  all  is  well. 


Oh!  dainty  baby  foresters, 

That  hide  in  silent  nooks. 
That  linger  by  the  cow-paths. 

And  peep  into  the  brooks, 
To  me  yon  are  the  warders 

Of  the  realm  of  Long  Ago, 
At  whose  soft  beck  unnumbered  forms 

Like  shadows  come  and  go. 

By  mossy  rockfl  and  nodding  feme 

You  lift  your  timid  eyes. 
And  by  the  wounded  maple  tree 

In  smiling  groups  arise. 
No  more  the  shrieking  winter  winds 

Affright  the  naked  woods, 
But  all  the  scented  aisles  are  gay 

With  Flora's  dappled  hoods. 

Though  years  have  sped  since  first  for  me 

You  made  the  meadows  bright, 
And  many  a  sunset-tinted  dream 

Has  faded  into  night. 
Still  do  I  hail  with  boyish  love 

The  violets'  sweet  perfume — 
Still  Joy  to  see  the  crocus  burst 

Like  Lazarus  from  the  tomb. 

I  thrill  to  gee  the  buds  again 

Upon  the  apple  tree. 
Where  every  branch  is  eloquent 

Of  glories  yet  to  be; 
Where  soon  the  winged  Argonauts, 

From  lands  beyend  the  main. 
Will  sing  their  merry  love-songs, 

And  build  their  homes  again. 

litraco  the  tints  of  deathless  Hope, 

Sweet  flowers,  in  all  your  beauty; 
You  come  as  meek  interpruttra 

Of  man's  exalted  duty. 
You  whisper  of  a  dawning  heaven 

Beneath  ua  as  above. 
When  earth  shall  melt  with  poetry. 

And  man  be  full  of  love. 


CULTIVATING    FLOWERS. 

Jp,  HEKE  is  80  much  that  needs  to  be 
t"  said,  and  that  should  be  said, under 
'I  this  department,  that  we  are  almost 
puzzed  where  to  begin  or  leave  oft'. 
But  as  we  cannot  get  it  nil  into  one 
paper,  and  us  it  is  necessary,  to  be  a  suc- 
cessful gardener,  that  one  should  learn 
well  what  he  or  she  does  learn,  it  may  be 
well  to  give  short  lessons,  and  request 
each  reader  to  commit  to  memory  and  to 
practice,  each  month,  as  much  of  it  as 
possible.  We  can  all  be  pupils,  and  all 
are  requested  to  be  teachers,  too,  by  giv- 
ing such  advice  as  experience  suggests. 
Every  lady  reader,  especially,  should 
feel  an  interest  iu  this  as  her  own  de- 
partment, whether  residing  in  city  or 
country.  So  far  as  we  are  concerned, 
we  will  try  to  give  the  best  and  most 
seasouable  advice,  whether  original  en- 
selected  matter. 


HOW  TO  DESTRY  PLANT  LICE. 

A  lady  subscriber  near  Virvinia  City 
wants  to  know  how  to  destroy  lice 
(aphidsj  on  house  plants.  It  can  be 
done  bj-  fumigating  with  tobacco  smoke, 
also  bj-  dusting  fine  snui?  upon  them. 
To  fumigate,  place  your  plants  in  a  small 
room,  or  into  a  large  dry  goods  box 
where  they  can  be  closed  from  outside 
air;  then  upon  live  coals,  or  a  hot  stove 
cover,  diop  pulverized  tobacco,  and  close 
the  entrance  for   several   minutes.     The 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


smoke  ■srill  kill  the  insects  -without  in- 
juring the  plants  unless  they  are  exposed 
to  the  fumes  over  fifteen  minutes.  Hot 
water  will  kill  insects.  A  single,  quick 
jjliinge  into,  or  pouring  of  hot  water 
upon  plants,  will  kill  all  aphids  without 
killing  the  plants.  The  insects  get  under 
as  well  as  upon  the  leaves,  and  must  be 
reached,  whatever  the  means  used  to  de- 
stroy them.  A  drop  of  carbolic  acid  in  a 
wine  glass  of  water  will  kill  aphids  if 
put  upon  them. 

These  lice  are  hatched  from  eggs  that  a 
small  fly,  the  size  of  a  gnat,  with  long 
wings,  lays  upon  the  plants.  Once  kill- 
ing of  them  may  not  last  forever,  as 
more  eggs  may  be  laid  and  another  crop 
soon  grow.  But  keep  atfhem.  They  are 
mortal,  and  will  succumb  to  persistent 
treatment,  generation  after  generation. 


Illustrations. — We  present  a  picture 
of  an  ornamental,  hinged,  metalic  win- 
dow bracket,  and  also  another  of  an  ele- 
gant single  flower-pot  stand,  to  set  ujjon 
a  shelf  or  table.  These  convenient  and 
beautiful  articles  we  see  for  sale  at  51r. 
T.  W.  Mitchell's  floral  depot,  in  San 
Jose,  who  sells  a  variety  of  ornamental 
flower  furniture  at  low  i^rices.  They 
will  also  suggest  to  the  reader  rustic 
work  that  can  be  constructed  at  home, 
out  of  such  materials  as  can  be  obtained 
in  the  vicinity  of  most  homes.  A  thous- 
and things  can  be  made  to  beautify  the 
home,  bv  the  exercise  of  a  little  ingenu- 
ity. 


Window  Gaedenino.— It  may  be  be- 
yond the  reach  of  a  good  many  to  pos- 
sess a  greenhouse,  says  an  experenced 
gardener,  but  there  is  no  one  but  may 
have  a  few  plants  in  the  window.  The 
culture  of  plants  has  a  weighty  moral  in- 
fluence upon  those  who  indulge  in  it  for 
the  love  of  it.  In  fact,  a  study  of  nature 
in  any  of  her  varied  forms  leads  the  mind 
away  from  that  which  is  ignoble  to  that 
which  ennobles  it.  Especially  is  this 
the  case  with  the  young,  and  it  should 
be  the  aim  of  every  head  of  a  household 
to  bring  the  younger  members  under  the 
influence  of  whatever  teaches  morality, 
and  helps  to  direct  the  Intellectual  abili- 
ties in  a  legitimate  channel.  A  study  of 
nature,  therefore,  as  she  exhibits  herself 
in  the  floral  world,  is  within  the  reach  of 
nearly  all;  and  every  one  possessing  the 
convenience  should  endeavor  to  cultivate 
a  few  plants  for  the  sake  of  amusement, 
as  well  as  to  help  make  home  attractive 
for  the  younger  members  of  the  house- 
hold 

That  the  plants  be  in  good  healthy 
condition,  is  really  more  needful  with 
regard  to  what  is  required  for  the  window 
than  for  the  greenhouse.  In  the  window, 
although  the  atmoijihere  is  suitalile  for 
plants  to  continue  to  flower  and  keep  in 
health,  if  in  good  health  when  put  in, 
yet  it  is  diflicult  to  revive  into  luxuriant 
health  when  sickness  has  ruined  the 
constitution.  In  the  genial  atmosphere 
of  the  greenhouse,  a  sick  plant  nuiy  be 
brought  into  good  health  again.  There- 
fore, for  the  house,  get  suuill  but  healthy 
l>lants.  Large  i>lauts  soon  till  the  si)acu 
allotted  for  them,  and  have  not  room  for 
freedom  of  growth,  and  look  miserable. 
Small  ones,  in  healthy  condition,  give 
i  the  owner  considerable  pleasure  in  see- 
ing them  grow,  and  also  do  best.  Largo 
plants  cannot  be  grown  very  satisfac- 
torily where  they  get  insufficient  light, 
and  enough  cannot  be  given  them  when 
liauipered  in  a  small  place.  A  window 
with  a  southern  or  eastern  aspect  is  (!on- 
sidered  the  most  suitable.  Keeping  the 
glass  in  the  window  clean  has  often  a 
good  eft'ect  on  the  plants,  hi  hot,  sunny 
days  in  summer,  a  thin  muslin  between 
the  sun  and  plants  will  prevent  scorchiii" 


and  drying  of  foliage.  Careful  washing 
of  the  leaves  cleans  off  all  dust  which 
may  accumulate  upon  them. 

"When  it  is  necessary  to    repot   plants, 
do  so  with  care.     Destroy  the   roots  as 
little  as  possible;  after  jjlaeing  the  drain- 
age, then  as  much  soil   as  will  raise  the 
base  of  the  plant  so  high  that  about  an 
inch  will  be  left  from  the  surface  of  the 
roots  to  the  rim   of   the  pot.     Use  a  nar- 
row strip  of   wood  to  press   the   soil  be- 
tween the  roots  and   the  side  of  the  pot, 
taking  care  that  no  empty  spaces  are  left 
around  the  roots,  especially  if  it  is  a  hard 
wooded    plant.       If    empty   spaces    are 
left  when  potting   it   is  very    difBcult  to 
tell  when  the   plant  is  dry,  as  it  has  al- 
ways an  empty  and  dry  sound  even  when 
saturated   with  water.     "When    pots  are 
kept  in  saucers  in    windows,  do    not  al- 
low much,   if  any,  water    to    remain   in 
them    long    after    \vatering    the    plant. 
Never   water   the  plant    by  putting   the 
water  into  the  saucers,  but  water  always 
at  the  surface  of  the  jjot,  and  allow  it  to 
drain  through  the  roots,  which  is  the  far 
superior  and  more   natural  way.     Plants 
allowed  to  remain  in  stagnant   water  get 
so  saturated  that  their  health  is  soon  de- 
stroyed. 

Testing  Seeds. — All  seeds  should  be 
tested  before  planting,  especially  all 
small  seeds,  which  can  be  done  in  simple 
ways.  One  way  is  to  take  a  saucer  and 
fill  it  with  white  sand,  and  then  fill  it 
with  enough  water  to  wet  the  sand  and 
keep  it  so,  place  the  seed  on  the  wet  sand 
pressing  it  gently  into  it  so  that  the  seed 
is  about  half  way  imbedded  into  the  sand 
and  set  the  saucer  in  a  light,  warm  room, 
in  the  sunlight. 

Another  plan  is  to  take  two  thicknesses 
of  woolen  cloth — either  flannel  or  fulled 
cloth  will  answer.  Dampen  them  with 
water,  and  lay  them  in  some  shallow 
dish,  as  a  plate  or  saucer.  Then  sprinkle 
a  few  seeds  on  them,  being  careful  not  to 
spread  the  seeds  so  thick  that  one  will 
lay  upon  the  other.  Now  dampen  an- 
other piece  of  cloth  and  lay  over  the 
seeds.  Keep  the  plate  or  saucer  in  n 
moderate  warm  place,  and  by  removing 
the  upper  cloth  at  will  you  can  watch  the 
result.  The  good  seed  will  gradually 
swell  and  finally  sprout,  while  the  seed 
that  is  too  old,  or  that  is  bad  from  any 
other  cause,  may  swell  at  first,  but,  in- 
stead of  growing  like  the  good  will  mold 
and  rot. 

Still  another  way;  Take  a  wide- 
mouthed,  clear  glass  bottle  nearly  full  of 
clear  water,  and  take  lint  cotton  and  mix 
the  seed  through  it  and  lay  the  cotton, 
after  being  moistened,  on  the  water. 
This  jDlan  has  the  advantage  of  keeping 
the  seed  in  a  uniform  moisture  until  it 
germinates.  The  bottle  should  be  placed 
in  a  light  room,  where  the  sun  can  reach 
it.  Seeds  will  germinate  in  from  2-1 
hours  to  10  days,  governed  by  the  kind, 
size  and  age  of  the  seed  and  the  warmth 
of  the  room.  The  seed  being  exposed 
to  view  can  be  watched  in  their  daily 
progress,  which  will  furnish  a  very  in- 
teresting study   to  both  old  and  young. 


in  a  warm,   dry  room,  in  dry  sand    or 

earth,  and  they  will  not  grow.  They 
may  be  placed  in  damp  earth,  and  kept 
in  a  low  temperature,  and  they  will  most 
likely  rot,  though  some  seeds  will  remain 
dormant  a  long  time  under  these  circum- 
stances. But  place  them  in  moist,  warm 
earth,  and  they  will  commence  growth 
at  once, 

After  seeds  are  nicely  started,  the 
plants  three  inches  high  may  be  trans- 
planted with  a  trowel,  with  the  earth 
about  the  roots. 

Eoor    GAnDE^^No.  —  Boof  gardening 
has,  in  Chicago,  one    very   admirable  il- 
lustration in  the  case  of  a  hotel.     On  the 
roof  of  the  first  story  is  a  court,  opening 
outward  to    the  south.       Above   this,  on 
three  sides,  in  a  circular  style,  run  three 
more  stories.     This  court  or  roof  is  sim- 
ply a  garden.     The  tiles  are  set  over  with 
vases,    and    these    during    summer  are 
filled  with  gorgeous  bloom.     A   hundred  j 
windows  ^look  out   upon  this  loveliness, 
and  from  the  second   floor   persons   can 
walk  out  for  a  pleasant  promenade.    The 
designer  and  owner,    Mr.   Bhinney,  tells 
me  the   thought  came   to    him  while  on 
shipboard  crossing  the    Atlantic,  and  he 
hastened  to  put  it  into  form.     Of  course 
the  whole  establishment  becomes  a  fam- 
ily.    The  ordinary  hotel  barrenness  is  an 
iiiiiTOSsibility.       A   gorgeous    display  of 
gilt  and  fresco  is  displaced   by   nature's 
adornment.     That    kind    of    refinement 
arises  which  can  come  only  from  a  fusion 
of  city  and  country  life.     Cottage  hotels 
in  the  smaller  cities,  such  as  the  Dwight 
house  on    the    old    Dickinson   place   at 
Binghampton,  surrounded   with    parks, 
fountains  and  flowers,  are  an  easier  pos- 
sibility.    Indeed  it   seems   strange   that 
they  are  not  more  general;  but  here  is  a 
garden  home,  for  the   first  time  in  Ame- 
rica,   embedded    for    the  public  in  the 
heart  of  a  vast  city.— £.  P.  1'.,  in  Oanlm- 
ers'  Monthly. 

Window  Plants. — A  writer  for  the 
Sdeniific  Farmer,  who  professes  to  know 
all  about  it,  says  that  according  to  the 
temperature  required  for  the  healthy 
growth  of  difi'erent  plants,  they  may  be 
divided  into  tw-o  classes,  namely;  Those 
that  grow  well  at  an  average  temperature 
of  50  degrees,  that  is,  ranging  from  40  to 
GO  degrees,  and  these  that  require  a 
higher  temperature,  an  average  of  GO  de- 
grees, ranging  from  GO  to  70  degrees. 

The  first  class  will  include  geraniums, 
carnations,  centaureas,  camellias,  aza- 
leas, abutilous,  agcratums,  eallas,  sweet 
alyssum,  English  ivies,  smilax,  mignon- 
ette, hyacinths,  paimulas,  stevias,  petu- 
nias, verbenas,  lobelias,  and  roses.  In 
the  second  class  are  begonias,  bouvard- 
ias,  epiphyllums,  cacti,  fuchsias,  glox- 
inias, German  ivies,  heliotrope,  pileas, 
zorrenias,  and  roses.  Hoses  are  included 
in  both  lists,  as  they  will  succeed  under 
either  conditions. 

Plants  grow  much  better  where  the 
temperature  runs  lower  at  night  than 
during  the  day.  It  never  should  go  be- 
low 40  degrees  in  the  first  case,  or  below 
50  degrees  in  the  second  case. 


Planting  Sekds. — If  seeds  are  planted 
too  deep,  they  either  rot  in  the  damp, 
cold  earth,  for  the  want  of  warmth  ne- 
cessary to  their  germination,  or  after 
germination,  perish  before  the  tender 
shoots  can  reach  the  sun  and  air;  and 
thus  tliat  which  was  designed  for  their 
nourislimeiit  proves  their  grave.  Sand, 
sawdust,  vegetabh'  mould  or  some  light 
material  should  be  used  to  cover  seeds. 
Then  the  soil  should  be  kept  gently  and 
regularly  moist  until  they  are  well 
started. 

Warmth  and  moisture  are  necessary  to 
the  germination  of  seeds.  Neilhcr^of 
these  will  do  alone.     Seeds   may  bo  kept 


A   YOUNG   MAN    ASKS    ABOUT 
THE  STOCK  BUSINESS. 

New  Yoke,  Feb.  11,  187G. 

Ed.     AGKICULTtTRIST    AND     LiVE    StOCK 

Journal;  Sear  Sir — I  hope  yon  will  par- 
don the  liberty  I  take  in  addressing  you,     I 
but  I  desire  some  information  and  do  not 
know  who  else  to  apply  to. 

Having  a  desire  to  go  to  Southern  Cal- 
ifornia and  engage  in  stock  raising,  I 
wish  to  know  what  chance  there  is  for  a 
strong,  healthy  young  man.  I  would 
like  to  engage  myself  to  some  large  stock 
grower,  learn  the  business  thoroughly, 
and,  as  soon  as  possible,  start  in  business 
for  myself.  Can  you  give  me  any  neces- 
sary information? 

Very  truly,  yours, 

HoEACE  M.  King. 

Remarks;  As  Mr.  K.  has  not  intimated 
what  kind  of  stock  raising  he  wishes  to 
engage  in,  we  hardly  know  what  answer 
to  make.  The  old  w"ay  of  cattle-breeding 
on  a  thousand  hills — wild  stock  with 
wild  vacqueros  to  herd  them  over  hund- 
reds of  leagues  of  land,  is  drawing  to  a 
close.  As  the  country  gets  settled  up,  a 
more  civilized  and  better  system  is  being 
adopted.  There  is  abundant  room  for 
introducing  the  better  breeds  of  all  kinds 
of  stock.  It  will  require  some  money  to 
get  land,  and  time  to  accomplish  much, 
but  there  is  no  surer  business  if  properly 
conducted.  But  do  not  entertain  an  idea 
that  your  services  will  be  valued  by 
such  men  as  adhere  lo  the  old  style  of 
cattle  and  sheep  husbandry.  All  they 
want  is  a  wide,  free  range,  and  Mexican 
herdsmen  mounted  upon  bronco  mus- 
tangs— a  halt-civilized  condition  and 
business.  We  request  such  of  our  read- 
ers as  may  know  of  any  opening,  or  as 
can  give  information  or  encouragement, 
to  write  to  Mr.  King. 


Look  to  Yonn  Axles.  —  How  many 
horses  sufl'er  by  the  want  of  attention  to 
the  axles  of  carts  and  wagons.  We  often 
see  the  wheels  running  at  an  angle  ten 
or  fifteen  degrees  "out  of  true,"  the 
teamster  seeming  not  to  realize  how 
much  this  increases  the  burden.  If  the 
wheel  wiW  only  revolve,  it  seems  all  that 
is  needed  by  the  thoughtless  driver. 
'J'hen,  again, "want  of  care  in  greasing 
the  wheels  is  another  source  of  unneces- 
sary labor  for  the  horses.  It  is  only 
fair,  that  while  we  require  reasonable 
labor  from  our  animals,  we  shall  grant 
them  reasonable  faeilitic.H  for  doing  it. 


BENTLEY'S  HOT-AIK  FURNACE 
FOR  DRYING  FRUIT. 

Dr.  G.  J.  Beutley,  of  Michigan  City, 
Ind.,  who  has  been  spending  the  winter 
in  Santa  Clara,  has  shown  us  a  device 
for  producing  hot  air  for  drying  purp.  'si  s 
that  seems  to  be  constructed  on  ratiuual 
principles  and  is  so  simple  as  to  com- 
mend it  as  worthy  of  attention.  To  us 
it  appears  to  be  just  about  the  thing, 
whether  hot  air  is  required  upon  a  large 
scale,  or  is  wanted  in  ever  so  small 
quantities,  as  the  furnace  can  be  made  of 
any  size,  and  do  equally  good  work  ac- 
cording to  its  capacity.  Of  course,  an 
economical  dryer  must  utilize  as  much  of 
the  heat  of  the  fuel  as  possible.  Dr. 
Bentleys  furnace  is  so  constructed  as  to 
waste  the  least  possible  amount  of  heat. 
He  proposes  to  construct  three  sizes, 
worth  respectively  ?50,  $75  and  §100, 
capable  of  thying  10,  20  and  30  bushels 
of  fruit  at  a  time.  The  rooms  and  ap- 
paratus for  drying  can  be  made  at  the 
o|)tiou  of  the  "parties  using  the  dryers. 
The  smaller  sized  need  not  cost  over  ?'25, 
screens  and  all  complete.  This  would 
make  a  dryer  and  furnace,  suitable  for 
any  ordinary  orchard,  cost  only  $75. 

The  dryer  is  also  an  excellent  heater 
for  dwellings — better  than  any  stove  or 
fireplace.  It  is  already  in  use  in  public 
and  private  building  in  various  places. 

One  of  these  can  bo  seen  in  operation 
at  Mr.  Menzell's  hardware  store,  Santa 
Clara,  and  also  a  model  of  the  furnace. 
Next  month  we  will  give  a  description  of 
this  furnace,  as  wo  believe  it  must  prove 
of  great  advantage,  and  is  the  very  thing 
that  our  orchardists  need. 


Truth  and  honesty  often  neglect  ap- 
pearances, hypocrisy  and  imposture  are 
guarded. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


ftoclj  f vccdcc 


Two  Kinds  of  Cattle  Husbandry. 

t-'^^^HE  Colorado  Fanner  and  Live  Slock 
Journal  exactly  expi-esses  our  senti- 
ments upon  this  question : 
A  citizen  of  New  Mexico  owns 
.^^.^  not  less  thuu  forty-two  townships 
of  land,  and  has  it  stocked  with  sixty 
thousand  head  of  cattle.  In  Texas  there 
are  cattle  ranches  nearly  as  large,  the 
number  of  cattle  ranging  from  twenty  to 
fifty  thousand  head.  In  early  times 
ranches  stocked  with  twenty  or  thirty 
thousand  cattle  were  not  uncommon  in 
California. 

There  was  an  attractive  side  to  this 
primitive  cattle  husbandry.  It  was  a 
grand  thing  to  send  forward  great  herds 
of  cattle  to  market,  or  to  ride  over  a  do- 
main as  large  as  a  whole  county.  But 
this  kind  of  cattle  husbandry  involved 
no  improvements.  No  crops  were  raised, 
roads  built  or  fences  made.  In  short, 
cattle  raising  as  followed  in  New  Mexico 
and  Texas,  or  as  formerly  in  California, 
tends  to  barbarism.  The  business  de- 
velops nothing  that  is  be^t  for  the  indi- 
vidual; it  stimulates  no  growth,  encour- 
,  ages  no  agricultural  improvements, 
organizes  uo  society,  supports  no  school, 
and  does  nothing  for  a  well-ordered  com- 
munity. 

There  are  few  who  sigh  for  the  good 
old  times  when  if  a  hungry  man  wanted 
a  beef  he  took  it  from  the  fields,  or  if  his 
horse  gave  out  he  exchanged  it  for  a  fresh 
one  with  the  next  ranch  man.  No  doubt 
the  rude  hospitality  of  these  early  times 
was  attractive.  But  then  an  ox  was 
worth  little  more  than  his  hide  would 
bring,  and  a  horse  had  no  commercial 
value.  The  "pastoral  days"  have  de- 
parted, and  they  are  succeeded  bj'  much 
better  ones. 

The  new  cattle  husbandry  involves  the 
best  improvements.  When  a  farmer  un- 
dertakes to  raise  the  best  breeds  of  cattle 
his  enterprise  is  sure  to  carry  him  far 
enough  to  adopt  the  best  methods  of 
culture.  The  home-farm  is  put  under 
conditions  of  renewal.  Itis  conveniently 
sub-divided,  the  exterior  fences  are  well- 
built,  and  the  i^roblem  is,  bow  many 
cattle  can  be  sustained  on  a  given  num- 
ber of  acres.  These  high  bred  cattle  will 
pay  for  .ill  the  care  bestowed  upon  them. 
They  want  rich  pasture  and  a  small  area. 

The  sheep  and  cattle  husbandry  which 
have  become  accessories  of  the  home 
farm  have  an  influence  just  the  reverse 
of  primitive  cattle  husbandry.  The  lat- 
ter was  continually  lapsing  and  carrying 
everything  towards  barbarism ;  the  other 
involves  skill,  stimulates  the  best  meth- 
ods of  agriculture,  and  lifts  up  farming 
to  an  intelligent  and  attractive  home 
pursuit.  The  great  ranges  of  New 
Mexico  and  Texas  maj'  serve  a  useful 
purpose  in  furnishing  beef  for  populous 
cities,  but  even  then  it  is  not  the  best. 
The  business  will  disappear  before  the 
advancing  wave  of  population,  becavise 
the  very  conditions  of  success  are  im- 
mense ranges  and  an  .ibsence  of  popula- 
tion. 

Best  Tabieties  of  PE.is. — Early  sorts 
— Daniel  O'Kourke,  Carter's  First  Crop, 
Bishop's  Long  Pod.  Late  sorts — Cham- 
pion of  England,  Blue  Imperial,  Veiteh's 
Perfection  and  several  varieties  of  Mar- 
rowfats. 

Mammoth,  overgrown  steers  have  had 
their  daj',  and  we  now  come  down  to  the 
neat,  compact,  well-fattened  animal,  both 
in  hogs  and  cattle.  To  accomplished 
this  in  cattle,  good  feeding  from  a  calf  is 
necessary." 


THE  GREAT  ANNUAL  SALE  OF 
FINE  STOCK. 

From  Hon.  Cyrus  Jones,  President  of 
the  Short-horn  Breeders'  Association  of 
California,  wo  have  received  a  catalogue 
of  the  "Great  Sale  of  Thoroughbred 
Short- Horn  Cattle,  to  be  Sold  at  Public 
.\uction  at  the  Fair  Ground  in  Sacra- 
ments, on  Thursday,  April  '20th,  1876." 
This  is  the  first  spring  sale,  and  it  will 
be  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the 
association  above  mentioned. 

The  association  first  undertook  to  con- 
duct the  annual  sales  in  the  fall,  during 
the  State  and  county  fairs,  but  found 
that,  as  the  fall  was  not  the  season  that 
stock-raisers  cared  to  purchase  breeding 
stock,  they  had  better  change  the  time 
to  the  spring,  when  every  intelligent 
breeder  is  looking  for  animals  to  improve 
his  herds. 

We  expect  that  there  will  be  a  rush  of 
competitors  to  this  grand  sale  of  fine 
stock.  There  will  bo  no  horse-racing, or 
crowd  of  sight-seers  as  at  the  fair  times, 
to  divert  attention  from  the  sales.  Who- 
ever attends  will  be  likely  to  mean  busi- 
ness. The  way  such  sales  are  attended 
in  the  great  Short-horn  districts  east  of 
the  Mississippi  should  be  a  fit  ex- 
ample for  the  cattle  breeders  and  own- 
ers on  this  coast.  There  is  no  place 
under  the  sun  where  .fine  stock  is  more 
needed  than  in  California,  to  grade  up 
our  bands  of  cattle  alid  improve  the 
general  farm  stock.  There  is  every  rea- 
son why  our  stock  men  should  be  awake. 

The  Short-horn  Breeders'  Association 
of  C.alifoi-nia  is  composed  of  the  best 
breeders  of  fine  stock,  and  they  represent 
some  of  the  finest  Short-horns  in  Ameri- 
ca. Several  of  the  principal  breeders 
will  put  up  some  of  their  best,  and  an 
opportunity  will  be  offered  to  buy  that 
no  enterprising  owner  of  cattle  can  af- 
ford to  lose.  Such  breeders  of  thorough- 
breds as  Cji-us  .lones  &  Co.,  Col.  Youn- 
ger and  Wm.  Quinn  of  San  Jose,  W'.  T. 
Overhiser  of  Stockton,  John  Brewster  of 
Gait,  Moses  Wick  of  Oroville,  J.  D.  Carr 
of  Gabilan,  M.  B.  Sturgis  of  Centerville, 
and  E.  Comstock  of  Sacramento,  will  put 
up  several  head  each.  We  notice  pedi- 
grees of  twentj--nine  bulls  and  several 
cows  and  heifers,  and  are  assured  that 
several  head  of  thoroughbreds  not  cata- 
logtied  will  also  be  sold.  Besides,  there 
are  a  number  of  fine  grade  Durham  cattle 
to  be  sold,  also  Berkshire  swine  and  fine 
sheep. 

We  expect  the  time  is  not  far  distant 
when  much  importance  will  be  attached 
to  the  annual  spring  sales.  They  only 
need  a  little  popularity  to  draw  all  the 
cattle  men  and  fine  stock  men  on  the  coast. 
But,  really,  now  is  the  most  important 
time,  for  the  sooner  such  stock  is  ob- 
tained by  our  beef  and  butter  producers, 
the  better  for  them  and  their  stock.  As 
a  purely  business  proposition  there  is  no 
better  investment  for  a  breeder  than  pure 
blood. 


Camels. — The  breeding  of  camels  w.as 
begun  in  Texas,  twenty  years  ago,  by  an 
importation  of  the  War  Department. 
From  Texas  the  camels  were  taken  to 
Carson  valley,  Nevada.  The  first  im- 
portation were  India  camels;  the  second 
were  the  two-humped  camels  of  China. 
These  two  varieties  cross  well  together. 
The  two-humped  are  preferable,  as  they 
are  more  docile  and  kind  to  handle  than 
the  one-humped. 

The  breeding  of  the  camels  has  been  a 
success,  and,  as  pack  animals,  has  Ufeen 
profitable.  They  subsist  on  the  sage 
brush  and  less  desirable  herbage  of  this 
rugged,  barren  region,  and  attain  such 
size  as  is  unknown  in  any  other  country. 
They  were  the  largest  we  ever   saw,  and 


were  selected  with  reference  to  shipping 
in  the  cars.  The  largest  ones  could  not 
be  put  into  the  ordinary  stock  cars  used 
on  the  Pacific  railroad.  The  man  who 
owns  and  breeds  them  is  a  Swiss,  and 
wants  to  sell  out  and  return  to  his  native, 
land.  It  he  does  not,  he  intends  to  re- 
move to  Arizona  with  them,  for  the  rea- 
son that  camels  as  pack  animals  frighten 
the  teams  of  "  freighters"  and  make 
trouble  for  him  continually.  Thej-  breed 
once  in  two  years;  and  in  this  lot  there 
was  one  cow  camel  with  her  year  old 
calf  at  her  side,  taking  his  dinner  like 
any  other  great,  saucy  calf.  The  most 
of  these  were  two  and  three  years  old. 
The  five-j-ear-olds  were,  as  stated,  small- 
ish selections  from  this  herd,  yet  their 
hums  were  very  near  the  roof  of  the  car, 
and  their  odd-looking  heads  had  to  be 
kept  in  a  very  cramped  position. 

It  is  a  matter  of  wonder  and  congratu- 
lation that  the  breeding  of  superior  cam- 
els is  added  to  the  live  stock  interests  of 
the  countr}'.  From  this  camel-breeding 
establishment  can  bo  supplied  all  the 
show  animals  needed  for  the  world,  as 
the}'  cost  no  more  to  rear  than  mules, 
and  are  far  better  as  pack  animals.  The 
rigors  of  winter,  and  the  heat  of  sum- 
mer, are  alike  favorable  to  their  growth 
and  prosperity.  Nevada,  though,  is  a 
fine  stock  growing  region  for  cattle,  hor- 
ses or  sheep,  as  well. — Live  Stock  Jour- 
nal. 

Sale  op  Short-Hoens  Durisg  the 
Past  Year. — Says  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette: 
Short-horn  sales  are  becoming  almost  as 
sensational  as  those  of  thoroughbred 
yearlings  were  a  short  time  since,  and  it 
is  no  uncommon  thing  for  an  animal  of 
the  Bates  or  Booth  blood,  each  of  which 
strains  has  its  respective  admirers  and 
even  champions,  to  be  sold  for  a  price 
equal  to  that  which  a  Derby  winner 
would  have  realized  a  few  years  ago. 
From  comparative  tables  of  the  results  of 
those  sales  during  the  past  year  in  Great 
Britain  and  America,  which  are  pulished 
in  the  almanac  of  the  Agricultural  Gazette, 
it  appears  that  the  total  amounts  reaUzed 
at  these  sales  were  almost  the  same  for 
both  countries.  The  returns  refer  only 
to  the  sales  of  "pedigree  Short-horns" — 
that  is  to  say,  animals  inscribed  in  the 
Herd  Book,  which  is  for  cattle  what  the 
Stud  Book  is  for  the  turf;  and  from  them 
we  learn  that,  while  the  sixty-five  sales 
held  in  Great  Britain  yielded  a  total  of 
£228,088  16s.  6d.,  the'  fifty-seven  sales 
in  America  amounted  to  £204,790  6s.  lOd. 
Each  of  the  American  sales  amounted  on 
an  average  to  £3,593,  as  against  £3,509 
for  each  of  the  English  sales;  but  the 
advantage  does  not  in  reality  remain  with 
.American  breeders,  for  though  eight  less 
sales  were  held  there,  the  number  of  an- 
imals disposed  of  was  within  ten  of 
those  sold  at  home.  The  2,589  Short- 
horns sold  in  America  averaged  £79  each 
and  the  2,589  sold  in  Great  Britain  £87 
each.  The  largest  total  realized  at  any 
one  sale  was  £i2,919  16s.,  for  which  81 
animals  belonging  to  the  late  Mr.  Torr, 
a  Lincolnshire  farmer,  were  disposed  of 
in  September.  The  highest  price  given 
at  this  sale  was  2,160  gs.,  and  the  aver- 
age for  the  whole  lot  was  £510  19s.  Still 
more  remarkable  was  a  sale  held  in  Scot- 
land a  week  previously,  when  39  ani- 
mals, the  property  of  Lord  Dunmore, 
brought  £26,223  "l5s.  This  gives  an 
average  of  £672  8s.  for  each  animal,  one 
of  which  went  for  4,500  gs.  At  a  third 
sale  34  animals  brought  more  than  £10,- 
000,  and  several  others  took  place  at 
which  the  total  was  over  £7,000  and  the 
average  over  £200. 

The  most  successful  sale  held  in  Ame- 
rica was  that  at  which  83  animals  brought 
£18,534  15s.  5d.,  with  an  average  of 
£402  19s.  9d.  for  the  whole  number,  one 


of  them  reaching  £3,225.  At  two  other  \ 
sales  in  America  totals  of  rather  more 
than  £10,000  were  obtained  for  35  and 
33  lots,  the  average  in  the  two  cases  be- 
ing slightly  over  and  under  £300.  These 
figures  may  be  left  to  speak  for  them- 
selves; but  it  is  impossible  to  avoid  the 
suspicion  that  purchasers  will  not  in  the 
long  run  get  the  best  of  the  bargains. 

The  London  Court  Journal  says  the  fol- 
lowing about  Short-horns: 

Whether  the  top  pnce  for  Short-horns 
has  yet  been  reached  we  do  not  know, but 
that  a  Duchess  bull  was  sold  for  3,500 
guineas  is  a  "great  fact."  The  animal 
was  named  the  Duke  of  Connaught,  the 
purchaser  was  Lord  Fitzhardiuge,  an<l 
the  price  was  paid  at  the  sale  of  Lord 
Duumore's  castle  at  Dunmore,  near  Stil- 
ling. It  is  not  surprising  to  learn  that 
this  acimal  was  described  fts  "  the  finest 
Buchess  bull  in  the  world,"  and  it  is 
satisfactory  to  know  that  he  is  not  going 
out  of  England.  Strange  to  say,  both 
the  sire  and  mother  of  the  Duke  of  Con- 
naught  came  from  Canada,  having  been 
bred  there  by  enterprising  purchasers  of 
Bates'  stock.  The  other  prices  realized 
at  Lord  Dunmore's  sale  were  higher  on 
the  average  than  ever  before  known. 
.\nother  Duchess  bull  brought  3,000  gs., 
two  magnificent  cows,  1,950  gs.  and 
4,810  g3.  respectively,  and  very  few  of 
the  animals  offered  realized  under  £300. 
The  average  of  the  bulls  was  £992  IGg.Sd. 
per  head,  and  of  the  cows,  £576  Ss.  6d. 
per  head,  the  total  average  of  the  sale  of 
39  lots  being  £672  16s.  8d.  per  head. 

American  Beef  on  the  London  Mar- 
ket.— An  article  in  Tlie  Fanner,  publish- 
ed in  London,  England,  representing 
that  forty-two  tons  of  American  beef  had 
just  been  sold  on  that  market  for  six 
pence  per  pound,  was  deemed  of  suffi- 
cient importance  to  telegraph  to  this 
country.  The  beef  in  question  was  the 
fourth  consignment  made  by  Eastman  k 
Martin,  well-known  dealers  of  New  York 
city.  They  claim  to  be  the  first  experi- 
menters in  this  direction,  fitting  up  a 
line  of  steamers  with  refrigerators  of  the 
Bates  patent,  having  a  forced  circulation 
of  air.  While  the  enterprise  has  proved 
successful  in  delivering  the  beef  in  good 
condition  in  the  new  Smithtield  Market, 
it  remains  to  be  seen  whether  there  is 
sufficient  margin  in  values  between  New 
Y'ork  and  London  to  make  it  profitable. 
Shipping  about  the  best  beef  found  in 
this  market,  the  first  cost,  with  the  sub- 
sequent expense  of  sending  abroad — us- 
ing about  40  tons  of  ice  to  each  100  head 
of  cattle— so  run  up  the  bills  that  it  is  a 
question  whether  a  successful  competi- 
tion can  be  carried  on  with  the  choice 
English  and  Irish  beef  sold  at  about  8 
pence  per  pound.  After  landing  in  Liv- 
erpool the  meat  is  run  to  London  by  car, 
and  to  prevent  its  getting  dirty  by  hand- 
ling, each  quarter  is  bagged  or  wrapped 
in  cotton,  so  that  the  care,  labor,  and  ex- 
pense are  considerable  items  in  the  cost 
of  deliver}-.  Further  experiments,  with 
a  view  of  economizing  some  of  the  ex- 
penses are  being  made,  and  the  question 
will  soon  be  settled. 

The  New  York  Sun  says:  The  shipment 
of  American  beef  from  this  country  to 
EngKand  is  an  established  business.  The 
"Nevada,"  "Wyoming"  and  "Dakota," 
of  the  Williams  "&  Guion  line,  have  been 
supplied  with  refrigerators,  and  two 
others  are  being  furnished  in  Liverpool. 
The  refrigerators  are  40  feet  long,  28  feet 
wide,  and  9  feet  high.  Atone  side  is  an 
ice-house,  holding  40  tons.  A  blower, 
run  by  a  steam  engine,  keeps  a  current 
of  cold  air  from  the  ice  box  on  the  meat. 

The  Foot  and  Mouth  Dlsease  in  Ec- 
EOPE — A  Remedy. — The  foot  and  mouth 
disease  continues  to   make   its   ravages 


54 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


here;  it  is  a  maliidy  more  troublesome 
aud  aunoyiufi  than  dangerous:  it  is  un- 
^  pleasantly  contagious,  also,  esjiecially 
for  pigs;  it  does  not  destroy  the  animals, 
but  retards  their  development  and  pro- 
duction. The  Veterinary  College  of  Al- 
fort  recommends  the  isolation  of  the 
affected,  and  the  free  use  of  diluted  car- 
bolic acid  in  the  sheds;  to  break  the 
pustules  with  a  rag-stopper,  and  garale 
the  mouth  with  a  preparation  of  honeyed 
water  sharpened  with  vinegar,  alum,  or 
brandy,  several  times  a  day;  administer- 
ing linseed  or  other  meal  drinks  requir- 
ing only  to  be  swallowed.  When  the 
feet  are  sore,  the  bedding  ought  to  be 
very  dry  and  clean,  and  the  ulcers  each 
touched  with  a  mixture  of  alum  and  car- 
bolic acid  in  'J5  parts  of  water.  If  fever 
be  declared  along  with  diarrhea,  half  a 
pound  of  Glaugher  salts  is  added  to  the 
drinks  to  cleanse  the  blood.  Connected 
with  the  malady,  is  a  plan  of  insurance 
in  operation  in  Upper  Savoy.  The  far- 
mers of  a  townland  form  a  society;  each 
animal  insured  pays  two  francs,  aud  an 
additional  franc  as  an  annual  premium. 
In  case  of  loss,  the  farmer  receives  the 
full  price  of  the  animal,  provided  he  has 
followed  the  instructions  for  treating  it 
when  diseased.  At  Lille  there  is  a  so- 
ciety that  will  insure  cattle  against  all 
risks ;  the  premium  being  iive  percent, 
on  the  estimated  value  of  the  animal;  a 
single  farm  can  insure  as  far  as  300,000 
francs. 

V.VLUE  OF  Impkoved  Stock. — A  writer 
in  the  New  York  7'ii»e.<!s  put  the  question 
plainly  in  saying  that  if  a  farmer  keeps 
thirty  cows  that  average  $30  a  year  each 
for  milk,  and  he  can  increase  the  aver- 
age to  S-tO  a  year  Viy  the  Use  of  a  tho- 
roughbred bull,  of  a  good  milding  breed, 
he  can  afford  to  pay  a  good  round  sum 
for  a  bull.  And  yet  better  results  than 
this  have  been  accomplished.  If  he  is 
raising  cattle  for  beef,  aud  he  can  add 
two  hundred  pounds  to  the  carcass  of 
each,  by  the  time  it  is  ready  for  the 
shambles,  by  the  use  of  a  Short-horn 
bull,  it  will  certainly  be  profitable  for 
him  to  pay  a  good  price  for  such  a  bull. 
And  yet  this  is  the  average  result  of  us- 
ing thoroughbred  bulls  on  the  native 
cows  of  the  country,  as  estimated  by  all 
the  best  stock  breeders.  And  this  two 
hundred  pounds  is  clear  gain,  for  it  is 
produced  with  no  greater  consumption  of 
food.  If  the  use  of  a  thoroughbred  ram 
on  a  flock  of  common  ewes  will  increase 
the  weight  of  fleece  one  pound,  on  the 
average,  certainly  more  than  "five  in  a 
hundred  could  make  it  pay;"  whether 
more  than  one  in  five  would  or  not,  is 
another  question.  And  so  with  hogs. 
The  difference  between  the  common 
"woods"  breed  of  the  past,  and  the  im- 
proved breeds  of  to-day,  is  beyond  com- 
parison. 

GuERNSEv  Sai.k. — A  herd  of  choice 
Guernsey  cattle  imported  by  the  Mas- 
s  ichusetts  Society  for  promoting  agricul- 
ture, over  a  year  ago,  were  sold  at  auc- 
tion at  Jamaica  Plain,  on  3d  of  Novem- 
ber. Twelve  head  wore  sold  at  prices 
ranging  from  $(;i  to  $301,  and  the  ag- 
gregate amount  realized  at  the  sales  was 
$1,734. 

Be  kind  to  the  young  stock.  Let  the 
first  thing  it  knows,  after  its  jiarent,  be 
the  kind  voice  and  gentle  hand  of  its 
master.  Accustom  it  to  kindness  as  it 
grows  up,  and  when  it  reaches  maturity 
there  will  be;  no  difiiculty  in  teaching  it 
to  perform  its  dutv. 


®hc  gov$c» 


(^  What  men  want  is  not  talent,  it  is 
I lurpose;  in  other  words,  not  the  power 
to  achieve,  but  the   will    to    labor.    -  «»;- 


BREAKING  COLTS. 

^,  

fl^HETHER  it  is  best  to  handle  a  colt 
O    while  young,  and   accustom    it  to 
I,    the   Iiridle  aud   obedience,    or   to 
vJ.^  wait  until  it  becomes  of  age  to  be 

yj^  broken  to  work,  is  a  question  with 
many  persons  that  will  be.ar  discussion. 
California  farmers  have,  many  of  them, 
tried  both  methods,  and  we  would  be 
glad  to  getthe  opinions  of  such  as  t.ake 
an  interest  in  the  question.  One  thing 
should  be  considered:  colts  that  are 
handled  young  are  generally  fooled  with 
Vjy  boys,  or  in  playful  sport  by  men,  aud 
are  likelj'  to  lose  confidence  in  men,  and 
to  become  persistently  uurul}'.  On  the 
otherhand,  if  never  handled,  they  have 
as  much  respect  as  fear  of  man,  aud, 
having  no  bad  hicks,  are  more  likely  to 
become  fully  obedient  as  soon  as  they 
find  it  is  required,  and  that  it  is  easier 
and  better  for  them  to  be  observant  and 
yield  compliance  than  to  resist  their  mas- 
ter. We  have  often  thought  upon  this 
subject,  and  were  reminded  of  it  by 
reading  the  following  from  a  working 
farmer  in  the  Hwal  New   Yorker: 

An  old  saying  is,  "live  and  le;xrn,"  and 
to-day  my  son  taught  me  something  I 
had  forgotten.  I  set  him  to  break  a  colt 
rising  three  years  old,  which,  being  by  a 
fast  trotting  horse,  has  been  saved  entire. 
He  had  never  been  touched  by  any  one, 
being  as  wild  as  any  animal  could  be. 
My  son,  with  a  man  to  help,  put  on  a 
head-stall,  with  a  long  rope  attached, 
which  they  did  in  a  stable  after  he  had 
been  separated  from  the  company  he  had 
been  running  with  all  summer.  He  was 
then  moved  about  until  he  discontinued 
hauging  back,  which  he  persisted  in  do- 
ing for  nearly  two  hours,  when,  as  his 
neck  probably  began  to  get  tired  of  the 
strain  and  he  found  by  sundry  plunges 
that  there  was  no  getting  away,  he  com- 
menced to  walk  along  quieth',  and  then 
a  collar  was  first  put  on,  and  at  intervals, 
as  he  cooled  off'  and  submitted  to  be 
handled  all  over,  harness  was  put  on,  so 
that  by  dinner  time  he  had  drawn  a  log 
of  wood  three-quarters  of  a  mile  and 
back  again.  He  was  then  put  into  the 
stable,  when  he  ate  the  first  quart  of  oats 
he  ever  had  and  also  a  little  hay,  after 
which  old  "John" — a  steady,  heavy, fine 
cart  horse — was  hitched  into  a  stone  boat 
with  the  colt  by  his  side,  and  after  one 
hour's  hard  walking  around  a  paddock 
the  two  were  \n\t  to  a  wagon,  and  they 
went  a  distance  of  two  miles  to  some  oat 
stacks  which  had  been  pulled  by  some 
steers  having  liroken  down  the  rails,  aud 
about  half  a  load  of  loose  oat  straw  was 
brought  home,  and  his  coltship  seemed 
perfectly  quiet  and  willing  to  move  as 
guided,  so  that,  instead  of  waiting  to  go 
day  by  day  in  training,  it  was  done  hour 
by  hour,  and  judging  from  his  lack  of 
fear  and  apparent  liking  to  be  brushed 
and  cleaned,  it  is  probable  he  will  do 
half  a  day's  work  to-morrow  quite  as 
tractably  as  if  he  had  been  in  hand  daj's 
instead  of  hours.  I  shall  have  him 
work  aliout  three  days  a  week,  so  as  to 
keep  him  growing  and  looking  in  good 
condition. 

We  worked  a  filly  in  the  above  manner 
last  winter  and  turned  her  to  grass  i^i  the 
spring.  She  is  now  doing  regidar  work 
and  is  a  very  fine  animal;  but  in  that  in- 
stance we  took  days  to  do  what  has  been 
done  since  morning. 

I  recollect  now  tliat  years  since,  when 
I  fai'med  in  England,  that  although  it 
was  a  mouth's  job  to  break  a  nag,  tliere 
being  regular  crlt  breakers  by  profession 
who  got  them  quiet  to  rido  and  M'ith  good 


mouths,  yet  the  cart  horse  breed  of  colts 
had  a  more  summary  way  of  breaking 
than  the  one  just  related,  for  as  horses 
are  worked  a  good  deal  there  three  or 
four  in  length,  one  before  the  other,  the 
colt  was  haltered  and  forcibly  pushed  to 
the  horses,  and  two  before  and  one  be- 
hind started  to  work,  with  a  man  on  each 
side  to  keep  him  straight,  which,  as  the 
horses  kept  regularly  walking  on,  was 
not  a  difficult  job.  Of  course  there  would 
be  a  deal  more  trouble  with  some  than 
with  others;  but  after  finding  there  was 
no  escaping,  most  of  the  colts  would  soon 
become  docile,  aud  often  there  would  be 
one  which  would  walk  away  from  the 
first  and  give  no  trouble,  the  men  walk- 
ing on  each  side  leaving,  so  that  the  reg- 
ular driver  would  be  all  required  to  mind 
him. 

Again — The  colt  has  worked  half  a 
day,  going  <juietly  and  actually  standing 
instead  of  a  horse  hauling  corn  stalks. 
Advocates  for  handling  colts  from  the 
time  they  are  weaned  won't  like  to  resid 
of  such  dispatch. 

Hereditaky  Disease  in  Hobses. — Dar- 
wm  sums  up  his  researches  upon  this 
subject  as  follows: 

Even  if  no  single  fact  had  been  known 
with  resi^ect  to  the  inhei'itance  of  disease 
and  malformations  by  man.  the  evidence 
would  have  been  complete  in  the  case  of 
the  horse,  as  horses  breed  quicker  than 
man,  are  matchwl  with  care  aud  are 
highly  valued.  I  have  consulted  many 
works,  and  the  unanimity  of  belief  by 
veterinarians  of  all  nations,  in  the  trans- 
mission of  various  morbid  tendencies,  is 
surprising.  Authors  who  have  had  wide 
experience  give  in  detail  many  singular 
cases,  and  assert  that  contracted  feet, 
with  the  numerous  contingent  evils  of 
ring  bones,  curbs,  splints,  spavin,  foun- 
der and  weakness  of  the  front  legs,  brok- 
en and  thick  wind,  melanosis,  specific 
opthalmia,  and  blindness,  (the  great 
French  veterinarian,  Hugard,  going  so 
far  as  to  say  that  a  blind  race  could  soon 
be  formed)  crib-biting,-  jibbing  and  ill 
temper — are  all  plainly  hereditary. 
Youatt  sums  up  by  saying  that  "there  is 
scarcely  a  malady  to  which  the  horse  is 
subject  that  is  not  hereditary,"  and  Mr. 
Hugard  adds  that  the  doctrine  "that 
there  is  scarcely  a  disease  that  does  not 
run  in  the  stock,"  is  gaining  new  advo- 
cates every  day.  I  may  add  to  these 
facts,  established  by  such  weight  of  con- 
current testimony,  what  I  have  before 
marked  in  general,  namely,  that  it  is  not 
the  actual  ailments,  such  as  contracted 
feet,  ring  bones,  curbs,  splints,  and 
spaviu,  but  the  predisposing  causes  that 
are  transmitted.  The  disposition  of 
parts,  the  imperfect  shape  and  size,  or 
the  faulty  texture  of  any  tendon,  bone  or 
muscle  most  favorable  to  a  particular 
disease,  are  transmitied  from  sire  to  son. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  those  disorders 
that  affect  the  internal  organs  or  the 
whole  body.  The  abnormal  condition  of 
the  blood,  aud  not  the  scrofulous  symp- 
toms it  produces,  is  hereditary.  The 
weakness  in  some  of  the  muscles  of  the 
larynx  that  cause  roaring,  has  a  heredit- 
ary tendency.  The  narrow  loins  and 
flat  sides  that  give  a  proneness  to  attacks 
of  diarrhea  and  colic,  belong  to  a  cer- 
tain lienage.  This  constant  tendency  of 
morbid  condition  or  defective  organs  to 
re-appear  in  the  line,  shows  how  import- 
ant it  is  that  horses  selected  for  breeding 
should  bo  sound  in  wind,  limb,  and  con- 
dition. 

F*n  A  Cr.inniNu  House.— Feed  with  a 
nose-bag  and  give  hay  only  from  an  iron 
rack.  Coating  the  wood  work  in  a  man- 
ger with  crude  petroleum  is  also  recom- 
mended. The  bad  taste  will  soon  cure 
the  auimal   of  all  desire   to  bite  his  crib. 


Treatment  of  Shtisg  Houses. — Shy- 
ing generally  arises  from  timidity,  but 
sometimes  it  is  united  with  cunning,  and 
induces  the  animal  to  assume  a  fear  of 
some  object  for  the  sole  purpose  of  find- 
ing an  excuse  for  turning  aside.  The 
usual  cause  of  shying  is,  doubtless,  the 
presence  of  some  object  to  which  the 
horse  has  not  been  accustomed,  and  if 
he  has  defecti%-e  eyes,  which  render  him 
short-sighted,  it  will  be  difficult  to  con- 
vince him  of  the  innocent  nature  of  the 
novel  object.  There  are  endless  peculi- 
arities in  shying  horses,  some  being 
dreadfully  alarmed  by  one  kind  of  object 
which  to  others  is  not  at  all  formidable. 
The  best  plan  of  treatment  which  can  be 
adopted,  is  to  take  as  little  notice  as  pos- 
sible of  the  shying,  and  to  be  especially 
careful  to  show  no  fear  of  its  recurrence 
when  the  "alarming"  object  appears  in 
the  distance.  When  the  horse  begins  to 
show  alarm,  but  not  till  then,  the  driver 
should  speak  encouragingly  to  him,  and 
if  necessary  ^vith  a  severe  tone,  which 
may  even  be  supported  by  the  use  of  the 
whip  if  his  onward  progress  cannot 
otherwise  be  maintained. 

The  principle  which  should  be  carried 
out  is  to  adopt  such  measures  as  will  get 
the  horse  to  pass  the  object  at  which  he 
shies,  somehow  or  other,  and  this  should 
be  effected  with  as  little  violence  as  pos- 
sible, always  commanding  in  an  encour- 
aging tone  as  soon  as  the  purpose  is 
gained.  Nothing  has  so  great  a  tendency 
to  keep  up  the  habit  as  the  plan  so  com- 
mon among  ignarant  gi-ooms  of  chastis- 
ing the  shyer  after  he  has  passed  the 
objsct  of  his  alarm.  If  he  can  be  pur- 
suaded  to  go  quietly  up  to  it,  and  exam- 
with  his  muzzle,  as  well  as  with  his  eyes, 
great  good  will  be  effected,  but  this  can 
seldom  be  done  with  moving  vehicles, 
and  heaps  of  stones  or  piles  of  sand  are 
generally  only  alarming  from  defective 
vision,  so  that  each  time  they  assume  a 
new  phase  to  the  active  imagination  of 
the  timid  animal.  Punishing  bits  only 
make  a  high-couraged  horse  worse,  and 
the  use  of  "overchecks"  rarely,  if  ever, 
proves  beneficial. — Wilkes'  Spirit. 

The  selection  of  a  stallion  is  an 
important  matter.  He  should  be  from  a 
family  with  well  established  character- 
istics which  he,  like  the  other  members 
of  the  same  family,  will  be  likely  to 
transmit  and  stamp  upon  his  ott'spring. 
He  should  be  of  good  size,  have  good 
bone  aud  muscle,  and  power  and  ability 
to  do  what  will  be  required  in  his  ofl'- 
spring.  He  should  have  a  kind  aud 
tractable  disposition,  for  vicious  charac- 
teristics are  transmissible.  He  should 
have  good  action,  for  action  is  wanted  in 
a  horse.  If  a  horse  is  wanted  for  draft 
purposes,  breed  with  that  object  in  view, 
aud  breed  heavy  draft  horses.  If  horses 
are  wanted  for  general  purposes  on  the 
farm — to  jjlow,  to  mow,  and  to  do  all 
kinds  of  farm  work,  and  also  to  ride,  to 
drive  before  the  buggy  (U-  carriage— then 
a  different  horse  is  wanted — more  active, 
aud  that  can  be  used  more  handily  for 
any  and  all  purposes.  If  he  has  flue  ac- 
tion and  gets  over  the  ground  rapidly 
and  in  flue  style,  he  is  better  to  rido  or 
drive,  aud  will  command  a  high  price; 
for  all  people  will  pay  for  beauty  a'-id 
speed  in  a  horse  if  they  have  tho  means. 
.Many  of  our  fastest  trotters  have  been 
bred  ou  a  farm,  by  farmers,  and  worked 
at  farm  wcrk.  Even  Occident,  the  great 
California  horse,  was  worked  hard  (in  a 
butcher's  wagon  and  otherwise)  for  sev- 
eral years,  and  after  that  trotted  in 
•2:10;'4.— Kr. 


There  are  in  San  Jose  only  twenty- 
one  livery  stables  for  the  acconimodatinii 
of  the  inhabitants  of,  and  visitors  to  this 
burg. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Spavin. — The  exciting  causes  of  spaTin 
are  strains,  concussion,  and  sometimes, 
though  rarely,  blows.  A  kick  from  an- 
other horse  has  been  known  to  produce 
line  of  a  very  serious  character,  Any 
cause  which  will  excite  inflammation  of 
the  tissues  of  the  j<jiut,  is  liable  to  cause 
a  deposition  of  bony  matter,  or  ulcera- 
tion of  the  tissues  covering  the  boues. 

The  first  and  most  important  step  to 
take  in  the  first  stages  of  spavin  is  to 
place  the  animal  in  absolute  rest.  The 
hock  joint  of  the  horse  and  the  ankle  of 
a  man  are  anatomically  nearly  alike.  If 
a  person  sprains  his  ankle  the  surgeon 
orders  rest,  not  for  a  day  or  week,  but 
for  a  long  time,  then  apply  a  cooling  lo- 
tion— cold  water  freely  applied  is  per- 
hajis  as  good  as  anything  to  arrest  the 
inflammatory  action.  Afterwards  some 
stimulating  application,  perhaps  counter 
irritation  (a  blister)  may  be  necessary  to 
bring  the  deep-seated  inflammation  to 
the  surface. 

Balky  Hokses. — The  following  devices 
have  been  successfully  tried  to  accom- 
plish the  desired  end: 

Tying  a  string  around  the  horse's  ear 
close  to  the  horse's  head. 

Hitching  the  horse  to  the  single-tree 
by  means  of  a  cord  instead  of  the  tugs; 
the  cord  fastened  to  the  horse's  tail. 

Filling  the  mouth  full  of  some  disa- 
greeable substance. 

Tying  a  stout  twine  around  the  leg 
just  below  the  knee  and  then  removing 
it  when  he  has  traveled  some  distance. 

Never  whip  a  balky  horse,  for  the  more 
he  is  whipped  the  crazier  he  -nill  become. 
Let  everything  be  done  gently,  for  bois- 
terous words  only  confuse  him  and  make 
him  worse.  Treat  him  in  the  mild  man- 
ner that  you  would  a  crazy  man,  and  you 
will  succeed. 

A.  Good  Colt  of  I'JOO  Years  Ago. — AVe 
may  prognosticate  great  things  of  a  colt 
if,  when  running  in  the  pastures,  he  is 
ambitious  to  get  before  his  companions; 
and  if,  in  coming  to  a  river,  he  strives  to 
be  the  first  to  plunge  into  it.  His  head 
should  be  small,  his  limbs  clean  and 
compact,  his  eyes  bright  and  sparkling, 
his  nostrils  open  and  large,  his  ears 
placed  near  each  other,  his  mane  strong 
and  full,  his  chest  broad,  his  shoulders 
flat  and  sloping  backward,  his  barrel 
round  and  compact,  his  loins  broad  and 
strong,  his  tail  full  and  bushy,  his  legs 
straight  and  even,  his  knees  broad  and 
well  knit,  his  hoofs  hard  and  tough,  and 
his  veins  large  and  swelhng  all  over  his 
body. —  I'arro. 


A  Phacticill  Use  of  Dogs. — It  is  a 
fact  perhaps  not  generally  known  that 
there  is  a  firm  doing  business  in  San 
Francisco  who  purchase  the  thousands 
of  dogs  slaughtered  by  the  pound  master 
of  that  city  or  that  may  have  been  other- 
wise killed,  for  which  they  pay  -10  cents 
each.  The  carcasses  are  conveyed  to 
their  manufactory  at  South  San  Fran- 
cisco, where  the  skins  are  removed  and 
sold  to  the  tanneries,  the  hair  taken  oft' 
and  resold  to  plasterers,  the  hide  tanned, 
made  into  gloves  and  sold  in  the  market. 
The  denuded  carcass  is  then  thrown  into 
a  huge  caldron  and  boiled  until  the  bones 
are  easily  separated  from  the  flesh,  when 
they  are  removed  and  sold  to  the  sugar 
refineries,  where  they  are  ground  to  a 
powder  and  used  to  clarify  sugar.  The 
oil  that  rises  to  the  surface  of  the  boiling 
mass  is  skimmed  oft'  and  manufactured 
into  cod  liver  oil,  and  the  remainder  is 
used  for  the  purpose  of  fattening  hogs. 
E.r. 

TuET  who  are  most  weary  of  life,  and 
yet  most  unwilling  to  die,  are  such  who 
have  lived  to  no  purpose — who  have 
rather  breathed  to  no  purpose. 


The  So-called  Hog  Cholera. 

t'~^HE  past  season  has  been  very 
fatal  to  many  of  the  Western  hogs. 
A  large  portion  of  many  herds  has 
been  canied  ofi'  by  what  is  known 
,Kij  as  hog  cholera.  The  disease  is  so 
virulent,  that  before  any  course  of  treat- 
ment can  be  determined  on,  it  has  run 
its  course,  and  in  the  majority  of  cases 
most  of  the  herd  is  lost.  Treatment  is 
either  of  no  avail  whatever,  or  if  the  ani- 
mal recovers,  it  is  left  in  such  a  wretched 
condition,  paralyzed,  rheumatic  and 
emaciated,  that  it  is  of  less  value  than 
the  cost  of  restoration.  It  is  therefore 
necessary  to  consider  how  to  pi-event  the 
"hog  cholera,"  rather  than  to  treat  it. 

The  disease  is  closely  related  to  the  so- 
called  Texan  fever,  or  splenic  apoplexy 
of  cattle,  and  on  examining  a  dead  hog, 
the  spleen  is  found  gorged  with  black 
blood,  soft  and  greatly  enlarged.  Some- 
times it  takes  the  form  of  carbuncular 
erysipelas,  or  the  black  leg  of  cattle,  the 
legs  breaking  out  in  sores.  It  is  a  true 
case  of  blood-poisoning,  that  results  in  a 
fever  which  may  bo  c.dlcd  typhoid,  en- 
teric or  intestinal,  or  anthrax,  as  persons 
may  choose.  The  disease  can  be  pre- 
vented, but  can  hardly  be  cirred.  It  is 
most  common  in  low,  undrained,  marshj" 
places,  or  where  the  hogs  are  kept  in 
filthy  pens,  and  have  to  drink  water 
fouled  with  their  own  evacuations.  From 
these  it  spreads  to  other  quarters  where 
it  would  not  originate.  Sanitary  meas- 
ures, good  food,  pure  water,  clean  quar- 
ters, and  the  regular  removal  of  the 
droppings,  and  the  abolition  of  the  dis- 
gusting practice  of  permitting  hogs  to 
"follow  cattle"  and  consume  their  excre- 
ment, would  doubtless  entirely  prevent 
it.  The  most  economical  thing  in  stock 
keeping  is  humanity,  and  such  measures 
as  would  preserve  the  health  of  the  own- 
ers themselves,  would  immediately  re- 
move their  stood  from  the  danger  of  the 
virulent  diseases  which  now  decimate 
them. — yational  Live  Stock  Journal. 

A  Peofitablb  Hog. — The  following 
description  of  a  profitable  hog,  was  re- 
ported by  the  committee,  at  the  Swine 
Breeders'  Convention  at  Indianapolis, 
Ind.: 

He  must  have  a  small,  short  head, 
heavy  jowl,  and  thick,  short  neck;  ears 
small,  thin,  and  tolerably  erect,  not  ob- 
jectionable if  they  droop  slightly  for- 
ward; must  be  straight  from  the  neck 
back  to  the  flank;  must  be  let  well  down 
to  the  loiees  in  brisket;  of  good  length 
from  head  to  tail;  broad  on  the  back; 
ribbed  rather  barrel-shaped;  must  be 
slightly  curved  or  arched  in  the  back 
from  shoulder  to  the  setting  on  of  tail; 
tail  small;  long  in  the  ham  from  hock  to 
letting  o3  the  loins;  shoulder  not  too 
large  to  give  symmetry  to  the  animal; 
ham  broad  and  full;  hair  smooth,  and 
evenly  set  on ;  skin  soft  and  elastic  to  the 
touch;  legs  short,  small,  and  well  under; 
broad  between  the  legs;  good  depth  be- 
tween bottom  and  top  of  the  hog;  with  a 
pleasant,  cjuict  disposition;  should  not 
weigh  more  than  three  or  four  hundred 
pounds  gross,  at  twelve  to  eighteen 
months  old,  according  to  keep;  color  may 
be  black  or  white,  or  a  mixture  of  the 
two.  The  above  described  hog  will 
measure  as  many  feet  from  the  top  of  the 
head  to  setting  on  of  the  tail  as  he  does 
around  the  body,  and  will  measure  as 
many  inches  around  the  leg,  below  the 
knee,  as  he  does  feet  in  length  around 
the  body;  depth  of  body  will  be  four- 
fifths  of  his  hight. 


Old  Foot  Fabmebs. — Is  not  a  farmer 
an  old  fogy  who  will  continue  to  breed 
the  common  scrub  hogs  of  the  country, 
when  there  is  undoubted  testimony  from 
everyone  who  has  tried  the  improved 
breeds,  such  as  the  Berkshire,  Poland 
China,  etc.,  that  there  is  a  saving  of  at 
least  25  to  50  per  cent,  in  feed,  in  pro- 
ducing a  certain  number  of  pounds  of 
pork,  by  keeping  the  improved  breeds'/ 
Is  it  not  everywhere  admitted  that  some 
animals  will  fatten  more  readily  than 
others — that  some  breeds  will  fatten 
more  easily  than  others,  on  less  food'/ 
That  some  breeds  of  cattle  are  eminent 
for  their  butter-producing  properties'? 
That  some  breeds  of  sheep  are  noted  for 
wool,  and  others  for  the  quantity  and 
high  quality  of  mutton  they  produ('e? 
That  some  horses  are  noted  for  their 
speed  as  trotters,  and  others  for  their 
speed  as  runners?  Is  it  strange,  then, 
tnat  hogs  should  be  subject  to  the  same 
law  of  improvement'/  That  skill  and 
care  and  pains-taking  selection  of  par- 
ticular animals,  should  finally  give  us 
breeds  that  keep  easily,  fatten  easily,ma- 
ture  early,  and  have  all  the  desirable 
points  required  in  swine?  And  yet  there 
are  farmers  who  think  the  hazel-splitting, 
razor-backed,  alligator  hog  just  as  good 
as  any.  They  must  believe  the  world 
stands  still;  that  there  is  no  change,  no 
improvement  in  anything.  Such  f.armers 
we  class  old  fogies. — Coleii\aa's  Rural 
World. 

The  hog  is  properly  a  European  ani- 
mal, though  the  wild  hog  was  found  in 
the  mountains  of  Syria  and  Asia  Minor, 
and  still  exists  in  the  wilds  of  the  Atlas 
mountains  in  .\frica.  The  prohibition 
of  swine's  flesh  among  the  Egyptians  and 
Hebrews,  shows  that  it  was  known  as  a 
domestic  animal  even  in  those  early 
times.  Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
the  hog  was  rather  popular  as  a  flesh 
furnishing  animal.  It  is  the  most  pro- 
lific of  our  domestic  animals,  and  a  given 
weight  of  flesh  can  be  produced  at  a  less 
expense  than  any  other  form  of  animal 
food;  but  it  is  the  hardest  of  digestion, 
and  least  healthful  of  all  our  meats.  In 
cold  climates,  however,  the  large  amount 
of  fat  it  contains  is  important  as  a  heat 
producing  element,  and,  therefore. 
Northern  nations  use  largely  of  pork. 
The  filthy  habits  of  the  hog  are  owing 
chiefly  to  his  domestication.  In  the 
wild  state  the  hog  is  a  cleanly  animal, 
living  almost  exclusively  on  vegetable 
food,  while  the  domestic  hog  is  omnivo- 
ons,  and  quite  fond  of  animal  food. — 
Pairal  Sun. 

How  TO  Keep  Boars. — We  read  about 
the  care  bestowed  upon  stallions,  rams 
and  other  breeding  animals,  but  rarely 
do  we  ever  see  a  word  on  the  care  of 
boars.  They  are  usually  raised  with 
breeding  sows,  and  run  and  worry  and 
become  nothing  but  runts.  They  go 
days  without  food.  They  disappoint 
their  owners  and  everybody  else.  Now, 
it  is  just  as  important  to  take  care  of  a 
breeding  hog  as  it  is  of  a  horse,  and  a 
good  snug  pen  or  yard  should  be  used  to 
enclose  them.  They  can  be  well  fed  here, 
and  made  to  grow;  and  if  their  services 
are  needed,  it  is  easy  to  have  a  door  or 
gate  to  let  breeding  stock  in.  If  this 
plan  is  followed,  one  will  have  a  far  bet- 
ter animal,  and  far  better  stock.  The 
slops  of  the  kitchen,  sour  milk,  vegeta- 
bles, bran  and  soaked  corn  can  be  fed  to 
him,  and  he  will  be  a  credit  to  all  con- 
cerned.— Rural  World. 

A  MAX  that  will  swear  at  the  pig  that 
neglected  to  eat  the  acorn  that  grew  the 
tree  from  which  came  the  refractory  piece 
of  oak  he  is  vainly  trying  to  split,  may 
be  said  to  have  gotten  down  to  the  root 
of  the  thing. 


Dentition  in  the  Pig. — At  birth  the 
pig  has  the  temporary  tusks  and  the  cor- 
ner incisors  well  up.  These  teeth  are 
very  fine  and  sharp,  almost  like  needles, 
and"  occupy  a  position  on  each  side  of  the 
mouth,  leaving  a  clear  space  in  front. 
In  a  month  to  six  weeks  the  central  tem- 
poraries are  cut,  and  soon  after  the  com- 
pletion of  the  second  month  the  lateral 
incisors  are  cut,  and  the  animal  has  its 
full  set  of  temporary  teeth,  including 
three  molars  on  each  side,  top  and  bot- 
tom, six  incisors,  top  and  bottom,  and  a 
tusk  each  side,  top  and  bottom.  At  the 
age  of  six  months  the  premolars,  which 
occupy  a  position  between  the  first  tem 
porary  molar  and  the  tusk,  are  cut,  also 
a  permanent  molar,  which  is  fourth  in 
situation.  The  premolars  are  not  always 
present,  and  in  their  absence  the  fourth 
molar  will  be  accepted  as  an  indication 
of  the  age  of  six  months. — Agricultural 
Gazette. 

A  SUCCESSFUL  swine-breeder  says  sows 
should  be  put  in  their  farrowing-pens 
about  two  weeks  before  the  expected 
time.  This  pen,  for  the  large  breeds, 
should  be  eight  feet  square,  end  for  the 
small  breeds  seven  feet  square.  K  shelf 
of  one  and  a  half  inch  plank,  eight 
inches  wide,  should  surround  the  inside 
of  the  pen,  fastened  securely,  with  the 
underside  of  the  shelf  seven  inches  from 
the  floor.  This  shelf  will  prevent  the 
sow  from  lying  on  her  pigs  or  crushing 
them  against  the  wall. 

This  letting  males  run  promiscuously 
with  a  lot  of  breeding  stock,  and  particu- 
larly so  far  as  hogs  are  concerned,  can 
not  be  too  strongly  condemned.  Every 
good  breeder  knows  it,  and  no  good 
breeder  will  permit  it  to  be  done. — Rural 
World. 


Quantity  of  Seed  for  an  Acre. 

The  following  tuble,  from  Mr.  Gre- 
gory's Aun'ial  Seed  Circular,  is  inserted  as 
giving  useful  information  which  is  often 
wanted  by  our  friends  in  guiding  the 
amount  of  their  seed  purchases. 

Seed  men  vary  much  in  their  direc- 
tions for  the  quantity  to  be  planted  to 
the  acre.  In  the  following  list  we  give 
the  quantities  of  the  more  common  sorts 
used  by  practical  farmers : 

Dwarf  Beans,  in  drills 1  ii  bu8h. 

Peas,  thai  make  small  vines H    do 

Peas,  that  make  large  vines 1!*     do 

BtetB,  in  drills 4         Ih 

Cabbage,  in  hills. M      lb 

Cabbage,  in  bed  to  transplant 2        oz 

Carrot,  in  drills. 1  to  IX      lb 

Musk  M.  km.  in  hills. 1  to  1 H      lb 

Mangold  Wurtzel,  iu  drills 4         lis 

Onion,  for  bulbs,  to  sell  green  or 

to  trace  in  drills 6  to  8         Hi 

Onions,  for  dry  bulbs,  in  drills..   .3  to  4         lb 

Onions  for  sets,  in  <trillB 30         lb 

Onion  sets,  in  drills 10     bush. 

Potatoes,  in  drills,  cut,  depends  on 

number  of  eves. 8  to  14        do 

Radish,  in  drills 5         tt. 

Spinach,  in  drilla lOtolS         lb 

Sage,  in  drills 2  to  6    ■      lb 

Squash  (run  varieties)  in  hills itoiH      lb 

Squash  (bash  varieties)  in  hill 3  to  4         lb 

Tomato,  in  bed  to  transplant 2        02 

Turnip,  in  drills .....1  to  1)4      lb 

The  Illinois  Farmer's  Association,  at 
their  convention  at  Bloomington,  adopt- 
ed, among  other  resolutions,  one  de- 
manding the  withdrawal  of  the  national 
bank  circulation  and  the  issue  of  a  green- 
back currency  direct  from  the  treasury, 
to  be  made  a  legal  tender  for  all  debts, 
both  public  and  private,  except  the 
principal  and  interest  on'the  public  debt, 
contracted  to  be  paid  in  gold,  and  inter- 
changeable for  registered  bonds  bearing 
interest,  to  be  paid  in  gold  or  legal  ten- 
der, at  t'ae  option  of  the  holder,  at  a  rate 
not  exceeding  three  per  cent.,  said  bonds 
being  redeemable  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
Government  in  from  ten  to  fifteen  years. 


56 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Wm\\ix\)  mmL 


& 


Domestication  of  Wild  Fowls. 

U  — 

rtA-EING  an  euthusiastic  sportsman  as 
'^■^  well  as  fowl  breeder,  I  have  learned 
from    many  years'    experience    in 
the  hills,  marshes,  and  tules  of  this 
country,  the  habits  and  merits  of 
many   varieties  of   wild    fowl,     and  am 
looking  forward  to  the   time   when  I  can 
provide  the  place,  and  have   the   leisure 
to  demonstrate  the  feasibility  of  crossing 
our  domestic  fowls  with  those   beautiful 
and    edible    birds    of    the    valleys   and 
marshes.     Jlr.    Rodman   mentions  "the 
peerless  Koueu  duck,  produced  from  the 
domestication  of   the  wild  Mallard,"  (or 
as  is  generally  supposed,  the   tame  duck 
bred  to  the  wild  RIallard,  as  has  the  do- 
mestic turky  with  the  wild  bird,  produc- 
ing the  large  and   beautiful  Bronze   tur- 
key), instance  also  the  mongrel  goose,  so 
much    prized   and    sought   after  by  the 
epicures.     I  think  man}'  fine  birds  could 
be  obtained  by  crossing  several  varieties 
of  the  wild  fowl  with  the   domestic  Mal- 
lard, as  I  have  seen  and  obtained  several 
beautiful   specimens  of    hybrids   during 
my  hunting  excursions  in  San  I'ablo  and 
Suisun  bays  in  this  State.     One  I  partic- 
ularly remember  was  a  cross  between  the 
wild  Mallard  and  the  Pin-tail  (commonly 
known   here   as  the  Sprig-tail).     These 
birds  are   similar  in  their    habits,  often 
flock  together,  are  non-divers,  feeding  on 
the  mud-banks,  on  slugs    and   snails,  or 
in  the  ponds   for  grasses    and  the   like. 
The  flesh  of  the  former  is  very  juicy, and 
of  a  rich  orange  color,  while  the  latter  is 
eipudly  rich  and   juicy  and  of   a  delicate 
white,  and  tiuer  grained,  much  like  that 
of  a  chicken  in  color.     I  think   the  cross 
would  produce  a  most  desirable  bird   for 
the  table,  and  by  domestication  produce 
as  large  a  duck    as   the  famous    Kouen. 
The  only  question  in  my  mind  regarding 
their  success  is  the  chance  or    their  pro- 
geny being  "mules."     I   could  mention 
others  that  in  my  oi^iuion   could  be  bred 
or  domesticated  with    flattering   results. 
My  old  lamented   friend  Ward  Eaton, 
of  San  Francisco,  imported  several  years 
ago  from    Oregon  and  Washington  Ter- 
ritorj'  a  dozen  or -more  of  the  red  grouse 
of   that   section   of    country,    which    he 
thoroughly  domesticated  in  his  yard;  but 
he  died  before  he    had  fairly  completed 
the  experiment   of   breeding    them,  and 
they  were  finally  turned  out  in  the  hills 
of  Marin  county.     What  the  result  has 
been  I    have   never    ascertained.     They 
may  have   met   the  fate  of   most  of   the 
Ivistern  quail  which   have  been   brought 
out   hare  —they    having    been  killed  by 
their  stronger  neighbors,  the    California 
qual,  which  seems  to  have  taken  an    an- 
tipathy   to  them    and   "go  for  them"  as 
Bill  Nye  did  for  the    "heathen  Chinee." 
— Clicis.  A.  Morse,  of  Odldand,  in  I'ovllry 
Journal. 

Yehmin  on  Fowls. — The  Fancier's  (!a- 
zdte  speaks  as  follows:  A  very  important 
duty  of  the  poultry  breeder  is  to  see  that 
his  chicks  are  free  from  vermin.  Sprin- 
kle sulphur  continually  over  the  chick- 
ens, roosts  and  houses,  the  latter  two 
occasionally  washed  with  kerosene.  If 
you  find  the  slightest  symptiuiis  of  the 
presence  of  vermin,  get  rid  of  them  im- 
J  mediately.  Sometimes  careless  breeders 
will  lose  whole  settings  of  eggs  simply 
by  not  occasionally  sprinkling  the  hens 
aud  nests  with  suljihur,  or  other  good  in- 
sect powder,  and  the  poor  hens,  unable 
to  stand  the  dreadful  i)ests,  have  forsaken 
llieir  nests.  A  careful  breeder  will  never 
allow  the  scourge  of  lice  among  his 
poultry  to  trouble  him,  but  will  see  that 
he  "has  none  of  it. 


FINE  POULTRY. 

Our  attention  as  been  called  to  the 
yard  of  Judge  Collins,  of  San  Jose.  The 
judge  has  sjjared  no  expense  to  get  the 
very  finest  pure-bred  fowls  to  be  obtained 
in  England  and  America.  He  makes 
specialties  of  the  black-breasted  Games, 
brown  Leghorns  and  dark  Brahmas.  For 
one  trio  of  Game  fowls,  he  says  he  paid 
$75.  We  have  never  seen  fluer  birds. 
He  has  one  tJame  cock  imported  from 
India,  called  the  Wild  Game — a  novelty 
— powerfully  built,  but  not  a  very  heavy 
fowl.  The  brown  Leghorns  are  beauti- 
ful, and  just  such  hens  as  farmers  who 
have  plenty  of  room  for  fowls  to  run 
about  should  have.  The  dark  Brahmas 
are  also  beautiful,  large  and  extra  fine. 
Being  heavy  and  of  quiet  habits,  they 
are  better  adapted  to  small  yards  than 
lighter  poultry.  This  is  not  saying  that 
heavy  fowls  are  not  also  good  where  room 
is  plenty.  The  other  fowls  kept  by  the 
judge  are  Game  Bantams  and  Kouen 
ducks. 

One  word  about  Games.  It  has  been 
found  that  they  are  of  other,  and  better, 
use  than  to  breed  for  fighting  purposes. 
You  will  rememger  that,  on  general  prin- 
ciples, tlie  healthiest  fowls  are  iliehest.  Now 
while  other  breeds  of  hens  are  bred  for 
certain  fine  points,  independent  of 
healthy  considerations,  the  Games  are 
invariably  selected  for  hardiness,  strength 
and  endurance.  Hence  they  are  stand- 
ards of  excellence  in  this  direction,  aud 
are  found  to  be  the  very  best  blood  with 
which  to  cross  all  other  breeds.  The 
chicks  are  the  hardiest  and  easiest  to 
raise,  and  there  is  less  liability  to  get  sick 
among  the  Games  than  any  other  breed. 
The  hens  are  trim-built,  cleanly,  good 
layers,  and  as  peaceable  as  any  hens. 
The  cocks  are  not  more  likely  to  fight 
than  others,  unless  trained  to  it,  or 
thrown  among  strange  fowls.  The 
very  fact  that  tliey  fight  so  desperately, 
shows  the  abundance  of  vital  energy 
they  possess.  In  California,  where  hens 
so  often  get  sick,  we  think  this  is  the 
best  blood  to  mix  with  other  sorts  to  in- 
sure health. 


Domestic  Fowls  in  Afeic^. — Dr.  Liv- 
ingstone wrote:  "  When  I  was  coming 
through  Londa,  my  men  carried  a  great 
number  of  fowls,  of  a  larger  breed  than 
any  they  had  at  home,  (Liuganti,  almost 
exactly  in  the  center  of  Southern  Africa). 
If  one  crowed  before  midnight,  it  had 
been  guilty  of  calling  death  to  visit  the 
tribe,  and  was  killed.  The  men  often 
carried  them  sitting  on  their  guus,  aud, 
if  one  began  to  crow  in  a  forest,  the 
owner  would  give  it  a  beating,  by  way  of 
teaching  it  not  to  be  guilty  of  crowing  at 
nnseasonablo  hours."  In  his  writings 
he  very  frequently  refers  to  domestic 
fowls  as  one  of  the  principal  articles  of 
diet,  and  every  tribe  in  the  great  region 
over  which  he  traveled  had  them;  and  he 
stated  that  it  was  customary  for  every 
tribe  that  he  approached  to  send  men 
with  cooked  fowls  and  other  food  to  meet 
him,  thus  showing  a  genuine  hospitality 
scarcely  credible  among  savages.  When 
he  was  350  miles  inland  from  the  western 
coast,  he  writes:  "My  men  were  busy 
collecting  a  better  breed  of  fowls  and 
pigeons  than  those  in  their  own  country. 
The  anxiety  these  people  have  always 
shown  to  improve  the  breed  of  their  do- 
mestic animals  is,  I  think,  a  favorable 
point  in  their  character."  At  Kovuma, 
on  the  eastern  coast,  he  said:  "The  peo- 
ple have  no  sheep  or  goats;  only  fowls, 
jjigeons  and  Muscovy  ducks  are  seen." 
.\lthough  ho  mentions  the  Guinea  fowls 
occasionally-  and  every  traveler  agrees 
that  they  abound  in  Africa — it  is  evident 
that  he  more  frequently  bad  reference  to 


large  breeds  of  which  the  cocks  crawed; 
for  when  550  miles  inland  from  the  east- 
ern coast  he  mentioned  the  Guinea  fowls 
particularly,  viz.:  "Guinea  fowls  and 
francolins  abound." 

When  Chuma  and  Lusi,  Livingstone's 
faithful  attendants,  who  brought  his  re- 
remains  to  England,  saw  some  immense 
Cochins  at  a  poultry  show,  they  said 
these  fowls  were  not  larger  than  those 
they  saw  when  with  their  master  on  the 
islands  of  lake  Tanganika. 

It  is  singular  that  no  other  domestic 
fowls  besides  the  Guinea  fowls  have  been 
brought  from  Africa  to  this  country,  con- 
sidering that  there  are  fine  fowls  there, 
aud  that  so  many  have  been  brought 
from  Asia.  Some  enterprising  fancier 
should  make  inquiries  of  men  engaged 
in  the  African  trade,  and  try  to  import 
some  of  the  large  varieties  of  fowls  men- 
tioned so  frequently  by  Livingstone. 
Africa  is  a  very  large  aud  a  very  old 
country,  and  probably  the  varieties  of 
domestic  poultry  are  many,  useful  and 
curious.  How  did  they  get  there?  may 
be  a  question  of  the  curious;  but  a  more 
profitable  one  might  be.  How  can  we  get, 
them  tiere.^  Had  Livingstone  seen  those 
fowls  with  Mr.  Felch's  eyes,  the  account 
would  have  been  so  wonderful  and  en- 
thusiastic as  to  have  induced  some  fan- 
cier to  procure  some  very  soon,  but  Liv- 
ingstone was  absorbed  in  a  greater 
matter,  and  gave  them  only  a  passing 
notice,  which,  small  as  it  is,  suggests 
tne  importation  of  some  remarkable 
fowls  from  Africa  yet.  The  Asiatic  fowls 
difter  much  from  the  European  or  Amer- 
ican, and,  doubtless,  the  African  difi'er 
from  either  as  widely,  judging  from  the 
only  specimen  from  that  country — the 
Guinea  fowl. — I'oullri/  Journal. 

WoEMS  IN  Fowls. — Some  years  ago  I 
had  several  fowls  drooping  about  with 
all  the  symptoms  of  cholera,  except  that 
they  lingered  for  a  longer  period.  After 
experimenting  with  almost  every  known 
remedy,  I  at  length  determined  to  make 
a}iost  mortem  examination,  and,  if  possi- 
ble, determine  the  cause.  Accordingly  I 
proceeded  carefully,  that  nothing  should 
escape  my  notice.  Arriving  at  the  in- 
testines, i  found  that  the  entire  lining 
was  apparently  removed,  and  they  con- 
tained no  less  than  fifty  worms,  about 
two  inches  in  length,  and  as  thick  as  an 
ordinary  knitting  needle,  both  ends  of 
which  coming  to  a  sharp  point  like  a  pin. 
They  were  white  in  color  and  as  tough  as 
sinews.  I  theugave  the  remaining  fowls 
close  attention,  and  frequently  saw  that 
as  soon  as  they  passed  from  one  fowl, 
another  would  hastily  swallow  it,  and,  1 
doubt  not,  would  soon  become  afl'ected. 
At  length  I  hit  on  the  following  remedy: 
After  they  had  goue  to  roost,  I  made  a 
strong  tea  of  common  worm  seed,  and 
gave  each  one  about  threctablespoonfuls. 
Early  next  morning,  before  they  had 
left  the  perches,  I  removed  the  dropping 
from  beneath  them,  and  found  it  literally 
alive  with  worms.  I  again  dosed  them 
on  the  following  eveniug;  this  time  they 
did  not  expel  so  large  a  quantity.  I  then 
began  feeding  them  wheat  shorts  and 
bran,  adding  a  little  stimulant,  and  care- 
fully avoiding  anything  that  had  a  ten- 
dency to  irritate  the  intestines.  In  the 
course  of  a  week  thej  were  seemingly  as 
lively  as  ever.  Since  then  I  have  found 
on  several  occasions  small,  conical  worms 
in  turkeys  in  great  numbers,  and  am  of 
the  opinion  that  thousands  die  from  this 
cause,  while  it  is  attributed  to  cholera. 
'J'ho  symptoms  from  which  I  detect  it 
are  from  their  slow,  stifl',  crampish 
movements,  and  disorderly,  sorrowful 
ii])pearauce. — Kx. 

Red  1'epper  and   Poultiiv. — I  do  not 
know  if  other  persons  who  raise  poultry 


and  pet  birds  are  as  much  dependent  as 
I  am  on  red  pepper;  but  I  have  found  so 
much  benefit  from  its  use  in  my  poultry 
yards  and  bird  cages,  that  it  may  not  be 
amiss  to  call  the  attention  of  others  to 
its  good  properties.  I  do  not  speak  of 
the  article  that  is  sold  in  drug  stores — 
aud  sometimes  not  remarkably  fresh — 
but  of  the  capsicum  that  grows  in  our 
gardens.  I  have  tried  all  the  diflferent 
varieties,  and  the  most  pungent  and  ef- 
ficacious is  the  small  kind  mostly  known 
by  the  name  of  "bird's  pepper."  The 
plant  in  itself  is  a  beautiful  object;  grows 
about  two  feet  high,  and  in  autumn  its 
bright  little  scarlet  berries  look  like  coral 
beads  peeping  from  under  the  dark -green 
foliage.  Indeed,  one  plant  in  a  pot  is  a 
very  pretty  ornament  for  a  flower  stand. 
The  seeds  possess  a  stimulating  and  re- 
viving property,  and  I  find  that  two  or 
three  given  to'  newly-hatched  chickens, 
especially  if  they  aro  weakly,  have  a 
most  happy  effect.  If  a  hen  looks  feeble 
after  moulting,  six  of  these  berries  or 
pods,  given  daily  in  some  corn  meal  and 
sweet  milk,  improves  her  wonderfully. 
Last  summer  two  of  my  canaries  began 
to  droop.  Every  day  I  gave  them  each 
one  seed  of  the  "bird's  pepper,"  and  in 
less  than  a  week  they  were  quite  well. 
The  same  remedy  is  invaluable  for  mock- 
ing birds.— .471  'Old  Fanner,  in  Woon- 
socket  Patriot. 

ScuEVY  Legs.— Having  seen  many 
cases  written  out  at  great  length  on  heal- 
ing this  eyesore,  I  have  yet  to  hear  de- 
finitely what  is  the  cause.  Many  are  no 
doubtVeady  to  say,  lice,  of  course,  to 
which  I  would  say,  from  microscopic  rev- 
elations, this  is  a'peculiar  insect  by  itself, 
and  is  brought  into  existence  by  the  ad- 
herence of  filth  to  flesh.  In  short,  it  is 
just  exactly  Uch.  For  a  preventive  see 
that  your  fowls  have  clear  runs  aud  coops ; 
and  for  a  sure  and  speedy  cure,  use  an 
ointment  of  lard  and  sulphur.  One  or 
two  ajiplications  is  sufficient. — E.t. 

Yung  Hen  is  one  of  the  two  new  Chi- 
nese Ministers  to  this  country.  With  a 
diplomatic  Shicken  already  in  Washing- 
ton the  place  seems  likely  to  become  a 
first-class  poultry  yard.  Russia  might 
contribute  a  Pulletowski  to  help  the 
thing  along. 

It  is  the  belief  of  a  writer  that  many 
of  the  diseases  incident  to  poultry  are 
due  to  neglect  in  jiroviding  them  with 
pure  water. 

ALW.is  thoroughly  clean  out  the  nest 
after  the  hen  is  through  setting. 


EvEKY  year  the  use  of  iron  in  the  man- 
facture  of  implements  is  extending.  The 
best  mowers  are  now  made  without  a 
particle  of  wood  about  them  except  the 
tongue  and  whitfletrees.  But  iron  might 
be  iTsifuUy  employed  to  a  greater  extent 
than  it  now  is  in  the  furniture  of  barn 
buildings  and  implements  in  every-day 
use.  Feed-troughs  of  all  kinds,  racks 
and  mangers,  gutters,  drains,  gate-posts, 
"ates,  fencing,  wheel-barrows  and  many 
other  things  now  made  of  wood,  would 
be  nuK'h  more  durable  and  ec'onomical 
if  made  of  iron.  The  cost  would  be 
more  at  first,  but  a  set  of  iron  furniture 
in  the  stables,  barns,  pens  and  yards 
would  not  need  replacing  in  a  lifetime. 


MoDEKN  Times. — "Yon  see,  prand- 
mamina,  we  perforate  an  aperture  in  the 
apex,  aud  a  corresponding  aperture  in  the 
base,  and  by  applying  the  egg  to  the  lips 
aud  forcibly  inhaling  the  breath,  the  egg 
is  entirely  "discharged  of  its  contents." 
"Bless  liiy  soul,"  cried  the  old  lady, 
"what  wonderful  improvements  they  do 
make!  Now,  in  my  younger  days  wo  just 
made  a  bole  inbolh  ends  and  sucked." 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


isicictiltuit* 


Progress  in  Fish  Culture. 

r7i~riOJI    Harper's   MonUdij   for  March 

ill      ^^^  '^'^^         followiug: 

life       As  usual,  the   subject  of   piscul- 

^<3(  ture  and  the  fisheries    contiuues  to 

'j\fe  occupy  a  large  share  of   the  pubhc 

attention,  in   view  of   the   popularity  of 

the  measures   taken  looking  toward  the 

increase   in    the    supply   of    fresh-water 

fishes  and  the  proper   utilization  of  the 

laoducts  of  the  Avaters  generally. 

Of  the  various  State  Conimissions, 
those  of  Virginia,  California  and  Maine 
have  lately  published  their  reports  of 
satisfactory  work. 

The  varied  enterprises  in  which  the 
United  States  has  been  engaged  during 
the  autumn  have  been  successfullj'  pro- 
secuted, the  United  States  hatching  es- 
tablishment on  the  Sacramento  river, 
under  the  charge  of  Mr.  Livingston 
Stone,  having  obtained  nine  millions  of 
eggs,  in  bulk  amounting  to  eighty  bush- 
els. Some  two  millions  of  the  young 
were  hatched  out  and  placed  in  the  Sac- 
ramento for  the  pujpose  of  keeping  up 
its  supply,  and  the  remainder  of  the  eggs 
were  sent  East,  for  the  most  j^art  to  the 
State  Commissioners  of  Fisheries.  The 
introduction  of  the  young  fish  into  suit- 
able waters  was  prosecuted  mainly  dur- 
ing the  mouths  of  December  and  .January 
and  nearly  all  the  waters  of  the  United 
States  east  of  the  Missouri  river  have  re- 
ceived their  share.  A  very  large  number 
were  planted  in  the  head  waters  of  the 
Ohio,  the  Mississippi,  and  other  streams 
in  the  central  portion  of  the  United 
States,  as  well  as  in  the  waters  tributary 
to  the  great  lakes,  and  those  of  the  East 
from  Maine  to  Georgia.  It  is  not  too 
much  to  hope  that  in  a  few  years  most 
satisfactory  results  fiom  the  experiment 
will  be  experienced.  Mr.  Atkins  has 
also  continued  his  work  in  collecting  and 
developing  the  eggs  of  the  Eastern 
salmon  at  Bucksi^ort,  Maine,  and  has  se- 
cured between  three  and  four  millions. 
These,  as  being  taken  later  iu  the  year, 
and  of  slower  development,  will  be  dis- 
tributed in  March  or  April.  In  addition 
to  his  labors  with  the  sea  salmon,  Mr. 
Atkins  has  also  secured  a  large  number 
of  eggs  of  the  landlocked  salmon  from 
the  Grand  Lake  Stream,  in  Eastern 
Maine,  some  nine  hundred  thousand  eggs 
in  all  having  been  placed  in  the  hatching 
boxes.  In  the  course  of  its  labors  dur- 
ing thtj  summerof  iy75,  having  reference 
to  the  shad,  about  twelve  millions  of 
young  were  hatched  out  and  distributed 
iu  various  waters  by  the  United  States 
Fish  Commission. 

A  very  important  enterprise  of  the 
same  general  character  is  that  which  is 
now  in  progress  under  the  direction  of 
the  Fish  Commissioners  of  Michigan, 
Ohio  and  Canada.  The  Michigan  Com- 
missioners are  now  hatching  about  seven 
millions  of  white-fish  eggs,  those  of 
Canada  having  almost  as  many.  The 
Ohio  Commissioners  were  unable  to 
complete  their  establishments  in  time  for 
extensive  operations  this  season,  but 
they  have  at  their  four  hatching  stations 
a  considerable  number  of  the  eggs  of  the 
white-fish,  partly  furnished  to  them  by 
the  Commissioners  of  Michigan. 

An  important  movement  has  been 
made  on  the  Hudson  river  by  Seth  Green 
under  the  direction  of  the  Fish  Com- 
missioners of  New  York,  in  the  multi- 
plication of  sturgeon.  The  economical 
value  of  this  fish  is  only  beginning  to  be 
appreciated  iu  this  country,  although  in 
Europe  it  has  long  ranked  among  those 
of   most    importance.       But    already  a 


large  business  in  the  manufacture  of  is- 
inglass and  caviar,  as  well  as  in  supply- 
ing this  fish  for  consumption,  both  fresh 
and  smoked,  has  been  prosecuted  for 
some  time.  The  Hudson  river  formerly 
abounded  iu  sturgeon,  which  have  be- 
come scarce,  .and  the  object  of  Mr. 
Green's  work  has  been  to  increase  the 
number.  An  incidental  benefit  resulting 
from  the  multiplication  of  these  fish,  it 
is  expected,  will  be  the  destruction  by 
them  of  the  stake  nets  which  at  present 
do  so  much  to  prevent  the  natural  in- 
crease cf  shad  iu  that  river,  the  nets  be- 
ing too  weak  to  resist  so  powerful  a  fish 
as  the  sturgeon. 

The  prominence  of  the  turbot  and  sole 
among  the  more  expensive  flshas  of  Eu- 
rope has  suggested  the  idea  of  introduc- 
ing them  iuto  American  waters;  and  at 
the  request  of  Mr.  .J.  S.  Kidder,  of  Bos- 
ton, the  United  States  Fish  Commis- 
sioner is  now  engaged  in  making  prepa- 
rations for  transferriug  a  sufficient 
number  of  young  fish  from  the  British 
coast  to  that  of  Massachusetts  to  make  a 
satisfactory  experiment,  the  expenses  to 
be  borne  by  Mr.  Kidder. 

Fish  CuLTtjEE  in  the  Northwest. — A 
writer  in  the  Chicago  Timfs  says: 

In  no  State  is  fish  culture  receiving 
more  attention  than  Michigan.  Aside 
from  private  enterprise,  the  State  and 
United  States  have  aided  in  the  work.  A 
State  hatchery,  under  the  supervision  of 
Hon.  George  H.  Jerome,  of  Niles,  is 
located  at  Pakagon,  in  which  over  700,- 
000  salmon  have  been  hatched  and  dis- 
tributed to  the  waters  of  the  State  during 
the  last  four  months. 

A  State  hatchery  for  white-fish  is  also 
established  at  Detroit,  in  which  there  are 
now  over  7,000,000  of  eggs  that  were 
taken  from  the  white-fish  of  Detroit 
river,  during  the  first  week  of  November, 
and  which  are  expected  to  hatch  in 
March.  Iu  about  ten  days  after  they 
hatch  the  umbilical  sac  (from  which 
they  obtain  their  nourishment)  will  be 
absorbed,  when  they  will  be  "planted 
out"  in  the  lakes  of  the  State  that  are 
thought  to  be  suited  to  their  habits. 

The  great  success  that  has  attended 
the  hatching  and  letting  loose  of  young 
shad  iuto  the  Connecticut  and  Hudson 
rivers,  aud  the  consequent  reduction  of 
price  at  the  fishing  grounds,  from  50  cts. 
to  a  dime  apiece  for  shad,  give  encour- 
agement to  promoters  of  this  enterprise, 
and  inspire  the  hope  that  the  investment 
will  prove  a  good  one. 

At  this  place,  25  miles  northwest  of 
Detroit,  is  the  hatchery  of  Mr.  Frank 
Clark.  The  Deputy  Fish  Commissioner 
of  the  United  States,  James  W.  Milner, 
made  arrangements  last  fall  with  Mr. 
Clark  to  hatch  out  800,000  salmon  eggs 
and  4,000,000  white-fish  eggs.  The 
salmon  eggs  were  obtained  from  the  head 
waters  of  the  Sacramento  river,  Califor- 
nia. They  were  out  of  a  lot  of  8,000,000 
that  were  obtained  there  under  the  aus- 
15ices  of  the  United  St.atcs  Fish  Commis- 
sion iu  September  last.  The  eggs 
arrived  at  this  place  on  the  7th  of  Octo- 
ber, aud  commenced  hatching  on  the 
■25th,  and  continued  up  to  the  middle  of 
November.  "When  first  hatched  they 
were  about  an  inch  long,  nearly  transpa- 
rent, and  had  a  large  appendage  which 
prevented  them  from  swimming,  buf 
which  furnished  them  their  nourishment 
during  the  first  forty  days  of  their  exist- 
ence. At  the  end  of  this  the  umbilical 
sac  was  absorbed,  and  the  fish  had  grow  n 
to  be  over  an  inch  long,  and  they  re- 
quired food.  It  was  at  this  stage  that 
they  were  "planted  out"  iuto  streams  of 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Tennessee  aud 
Kentucky. 
These  rivers    were   selected    that  ap- 


peared to  bo  the  best  suited  to  the  habits 
of  the  fish.  Salmon  are  always  hatched 
iu  fresh  water,  where  they  remain  till 
thep  are  one  to  three  years  old.  Then, 
when  no  obstacles  intervene,  they  go  to 
salt  water  where  they  grow  very  rapidly, 
and  when  of  ten  pounds  weight  or  more 
they  return  to  propagate  their  species. 
It  is  a  well  established  fuel  that,  if  no 
insurmountable  obstacles  prevent,  they 
will  invariably  go  to  their  native  spawn- 
ing beds.  It  may  interest  some  in  Chi- 
cago to  learn  that  286,000  young  salmon 
were  turned  loose  into  the  Kankakee 
river  during  the  last  thirty  days.  They 
were  put  iuto  the  head  waters,  near 
South  Bend.  It  is  thought  by  those  who 
have  given  tho  subject  careful  examina- 
tion that  the  California  salmon  fsabiio 
ijuinnat)  will  thrive  and  be  able  to  with- 
stand the  high  temperature  of  the  \\aters 
of  our  western  and  southern  rivers. 

Tests  were  made  last  summer  in  the 
San  Joaquin  rivea,  a  good  salmon  stream 
in  California,  aud  it  was  found  that  the 
temperature  of  the  water  was  from  80  to 
85  degrees  for  weeks  at  a  time,  which  is 
higher  than  that  of  the  Mississippi  or  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Mr.  Jerome,  iu  behalf  of  the  State  is 
making  an  experiment  by  putting  young 
salmon  iuto  the  lakes,  hoping  that  the 
fish  will  be  couteut  to  remain  in  the  lake 
aud  not  attempt  to  ]nish  down  to  salt 
water  over  Niagara  falls. 

Is  it  not  best  to  make  these  experi- 
ments? The  rivers  of  Great  Britain, 
many  of  which  were  nearly  barren,  and 
others  in  which  no  salmon  were  found, 
have  by  artificial  propagation  become 
sources  of  income  to  the  government  aud 
furnish  an  abundance  of  wholesome  food 
for  the  people.  What  has  been  done 
there  may  be  done  here,  and  we  predict 
that  the  8,000,000  eggs  which  have  been 
distributed  to  various  States  will  jiroduce 
salmon  suited  to  the  streams  in  which 
they  are  placed,  and  that  their  jirogcuy 
will  furnish  a  rich  supply  of  food  for 
coming  generations. 

The  Massachusetts  Fish  Cojnassiox- 
ERs  have  reported  for  1875.  From  a  sum- 
mary given  by  the  A'oic  England  Fanner 
we  quote  the  following  as  of  general  in- 
terest :  In  the  remarks  upon  trout  cul- 
ture great  stress  is  laid  on  the  fact  that 
large  aud  stagnant  ponds  arc  not  favor- 
able for  trout,  as  the  water  becomes  too 
warm  for  the  health  of  the  fish;  owing  to 
this  reason  many  attempts  at  trout  rais- 
ing have  failed.  About  2.';0,000  salmon 
were  hatched  last  year,  from  spawn  re- 
ceived from  the  Bueksport,  Maine,  estab- 
lishment, and  distributed  in  the  head- 
waters of  the  Merrimac.  A  large  amount 
of  laud-locked  salmon  spawn  will  be  re- 
ceived from  Maine  next  year;  over  75,000 
California  salmon  have  been  hatched 
from  80,000  eggs  received  from  that  State, 
and  have  been  distrib>ited  through  the 
State.  Last  year  about  5,000,000  young 
salmon  were  sent  from  California  to  the 
Atlantic  States,  besides  2,000,000  placed 
in  rivers  in  that  State.  For  the  comple- 
tion of  the  LawTcnce  fish-way  and  for  im- 
provements of  the  one  at  Holyoke,  the 
Commissioners  recommend  an  appropria- 
tion of  S8000,  and  85000  for  other  ex- 
penses of  the  Commission.  The  total  ex- 
pense of  the  Commission, last  year,  was 
§6061.  Among  the  jjonds  leased,  last 
year,  was  L.ake  Pleasant  in  Montague  to 
that  town  for  10  years;  there  are  55  leas- 
ed ponds  in  the  State.  E.  H.  Kellogg  of 
Pittsfield,  for  the  lessees  of  Pontoosuc 
Lake  in  that  town,  reports  that  400  or 
500  land-locked  salmon  were  placed  in  it, 
in  1875,  that  they  are  doing  well,  and 
that  the  leasing  of  Pontoosuc  Lake  wiU 
result  greatly  to  the  advantage  of  the 
public. 


The  CDXxtntE  of  fish  is  one  of  the  most 
successful!  enterprises  of  the  times;  and 
it  promises  great  benefits  to  the  wants  of 
man.  With  proper  diligence  and  care  iu 
this  matter,  warm  winters,  so  generally 
fatal,  as  this  has  been,  in  the  loss  of 
meat,  may  be  regarded  with  little  concern. 
As  an  illustration  we  note  that  the  United 
States  fish-hatching  establishment  on  tho 
JlcCloud  liver,  a  branch  of  the  upper  Sac- 
ramento, has  Iteeu  operated  with  great 
success  daring  the  past  year.  Over  U,000,- 
000  salmon  eggs  have  been  obtained,  of 
which  0,210,0(10  were  sent  East,  arriving 
in  good  condition  and  with  a  small  loss 
in  hatching.  The  renuiinder,  when  de- 
veloped, will  be  placed  iu  the  Sacramento 
river.  The  eggs  shipped  East  were  put 
up  in  packages  of  80,000  each,  in  alter- 
nate layers  with  damp  moss.  They  were 
then  packed  iu  cftt*s  iu  pairs,  surround- 
ed by  stufSng  to  prevent  jarring.  The 
totiil  weight  of  the  consignment  was  over 
20,000  pounds;  tho  bulk  of  the  eggs  alone 
was  80  bushels. 


Apiculture  in  California. 

COIUJESPONDEXT  of  the  Ohi,- 
inqs  in  lice  Culture  gives  his  account 
of  his  last  year's  experience  at  An- 
aheim as  follows: 
I  commenced  here  the  5th  of 
last  May,  with  144  swarms  in  the  old 
box  and  Harbison  hives,  many  of  them 
new  swarms.  As  the  swarming  season 
here  is  in  March  and  .\pril,  you  can  im- 
agine how  much  of  the  season  had  passed 
before  the  5th  of  May.  After  that  time 
I  had  to  send  for  my  hives,  etc.,  so  that 
I  did  not  get  through  transferring  before 
the  1st  of  June.  I  have  increased  from 
these  144  hives  to  305,  and  have  taken 
20,305  pounds  of  honey.  I  expected  to 
have  reached  ;jO,000,  but  calculated  too 
m\ich  on  honey  dew  this  fall.  However, 
there  are  4,000  or  5,000  pounds  in  the 
hives  now  that  I  \rill  take  out.  So  you 
see  I  have  taken  on  an  average  fourteen 
and  a  half  pounds  per  hive  throughout 
the  whole  apiary,  and  I  assure  you  that 
many  of  them  were  in  anything  but  good 
condition  when  they  were  transferred.  I 
have  taken  iu  one  day,  without  an  as- 
sistant, 1,170  pounds  of  honey,  and  with 
an  assistant,  1,800  pounds. 

My  apiary  is  aiTanged  on  a  smooth 
piece  of  ground,  constitmiug  a  bench 
about  twelve  feet  above  the  land  below. 
The  bee  house,  or  honey  house,  is  built 
on  the  edge  of  this  bench,  or  in  the  baulc; 
so  that  we  can  go  from  the  ground  of  the 
apiary  into  the  second  story  of  the  build- 
where  are  the  extractor,  stove  for  heating 
water,  a  small  tank,  holding  seventy-five 
gallons,  etc.  In  the  lower  story  are  the 
carpenter's  tools,  bench,  etc.,  the  large 
tank,  framed  in  one  comer  of  the  build- 
ing, stout  and  strong,  boarded  up  and 
lined  with  zinc.  This  tank  holds  about 
1,000  gallons,  is  in  the  southeast  corner 
of  the  building,  and  is  exposed  to  the 
sun  by  a  window  on  the  south  side  of 
the  upper  story.  It  is  covered  with  a 
fine  \\-ire  gauze,  and  is  protected  with  a 
partition  in  the  upper  story  from  dust, 
dirt,  etc.  The  honey  is  first  put  into 
the  small  tank,  where  it  stands  until  the 
trash  that  naturally  gets  into  it  when 
extracted  all  rises  to  the  top,  when  it  is 
well  skimmed  and  the  honey  drawn  ofi' 
into  the  large  tank  below.  The  object 
of  the  gauze  cover  aud  exjiosure  of  the 
lerge  tank  is  to  evaporate  the  honey 
thoroughly  before  putting  up  for  market. 
The  honey  is  draws  from  the  larj,e  tank 
into  cans,  barrels,  etc.,  for  market.  The 
arrangement  of   the  apiary   is  in  jjaral- 


58 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


lel  rows,  eight  feet  apart,  with  hives  six 
feet  apart  in  rows,  fifty  iu  a  row,  twenty- 
five  each  side  of  the  door  to  the  honey 
house.  My  intention  is  to  have  an  arbor 
of  grape  vines  for  each  double  row  of 
hives,  the  rows  of  posts  for  trellis  eight, 
and  vines  six  feet  ajjart  in  each  row  and 
each  double  row,  or  arbor,  to  be  ten  feet 
apart,  the  rows  running  north  and  south, 
and  hives  sitting  just  under  the  edge  of 
the  arbor,  with  openings  outward,  or, 
the  hives  on  the  east  side  opening  to  the 
west.  Then  I  can  go  under  the  arbor 
and  between  the  rows  of  hives,  and  be 
behind  each  while  I  work  with  it.  This 
I  like  better  than  any  other  arrangement 
for  I  am  always  under  shade  and  away 
from  the  bees. 

I  have  this  season  had  a  temporary 
shed  made  by  throwing  brush  overhead, 
but  I  intend  that  the  vines  shall  take  the 
place  of  brush.  My  intention  is  to  pro- 
vide for  500  swarms.  This,  you  see, 
will  take  five  double  rows  with  100  hives 
in  each,  or  fifty  hives  iu  each  arbor  on 
each  side  of  the  avenue  leading  to  the 
door  of  the  honey  house.  Thus,  you 
see,  I  have  an  apiary  of  COO  hives  in  a 
space  of  300x90  feet.  The  apiary  being 
on  higher  ground  than  the  front  part  of 
the  lower  room  of  the  building.  I  am 
not  troubled  by  the  bees  in  driving  a  team 
up  to  the  door  to  load  or  unload.  My 
intention  is  to  keep  not  over  500  colonies 
in  one  place. 

I  expect  to  go  ahead  of  this  year's  re- 
turns next  season.  This  has  been  a  very 
poor  season,  they  say,  and  I  suppose  it 
has  been  much  worse  than  usual,  but  I 
will  be  satisfied  if  all  average  with  this. 
I  have  a  little  idea  in  my  head  by  which 
I  expect  to  go  far  ahead  of  anything  I 
have  ever  done  with  bees.  But  I  will 
wait  until  another  season  is  over  before  I 
tell  it,  and  if  I  make  more  honey  per 
colony  next  year  than  any  other  man  in 
the  United  States — well,  what  then?  And 
this  13  exactly  what  I  intend  to  do.  I 
will  commence  next  year  with  200  col- 
onies (as  bees  I  handled  this  year  were 
not  all  my  own).  I  do  not  make  any 
calculation  on  wintering,  as  bees  gather 
honey  the  year  round. 

Can  you  suggest  any  plan  by  which  we 
Californians  can  realize  more  than  ten 
cents  per  pound  for  nice  sage  honey?  It 
is  better  than  the  white  clover  honey  of 
the  East,  and  it  is  a  shame  that  we  do 
not  get  more  than  ten  cents  for  it.  Our 
second  rate  honey  is  about  like  the  gold- 
en rod  or  smart  weed  honey  of  the  East, 
and  we  get  seven  cents  for  it.  I  have 
now  about  12,000  pounds  of  nice  honey 
that  I  would  take  twelve  and  a  half  cents 
for,  and  deliver  at  the  depot. 

FiLLiNci  THE  Hive.  —A  writer  on  the 
subject  of  how  the  bees  fill  their  hive, 
says: 

As  soon  as  the  central  cell  is  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  deep,  the  queen  lays 
an  egg  iu  it.  She  then  goes  around  on 
the  opposite  side  and  lays  eggs  in  the 
three  cells  that  are  built  from  the  base  of 
the  central  one.  She  then  returns  and 
deposits  eggs  in  the  six  cells  surrounding 
the  first  one,  and  continues  to  keep  the 
cell  on  both  sides  filled  with  eggs,  as  fast 
as  they  are  ready  to  receive  them,  thus 
estiiblishiug  the  center  of  her  brooding 
nest  at  the  center  of  the  comb  structure, 
and  when  the  comb  on  each  side  of  the 
first  is  brought  opposite  the  center  she 
embraces  them  in  her  circuit,  thus  giving 
lu-r  l)rood-nest  a  globular  form. 

The  honey-storing  bees  keep  the  store 

cells  above  filled  with  honey  down  to  the 

^  brood.     As  the  sheets  of  comb   are  wid- 

icned  they  come  down  lower,  and  as  each 
additional  cond)  sheet  is  built  they  occu- 
I>y  more  of  it,  thus  storing  the  honey  in 
an  arch  or  dome  over  the  brood. 


The  work  must  progress  and  will  con- 
tinue in  the  same  order  for  twenty-one 
days,  if  the  sijace  be  large  enough;  at 
which  time  the  brood  nest  attains  its  full 
size,  for  at  the  expiration  of  that  time, 
the  cells  in  the  center,  first  filled  with 
eggs,  are  vacated  by  the  maturing  bees, 
and  the  queen  returns  to  the  center  to 
refill  them  with  eggs;  and  as  they  are 
emptied  in  the  same  rotation  in  which 
they  are  filled,  she  continues  to  follow 
them  up,  going  over  the  same  ground 
every  twenty-one  days. 

The  completion  of  the  brood  nest  does 
not  stop  the  comb-building.  That  con- 
tinues as  rapidly  as  ever,  but  as  it  is  not 
filled  with  eggs  by  the  queen  the  honey- 
gatherers  keep  it  filled  with  honey,  thus 
surrounding  the  brood  with  honey. 

Around  the  brood  on  every  side,  and 
below,  there  is  found  a  border  of  cells 
that  are  neither  filled  with  brood  nor 
honey,  but  are  partly  filled  with  bee- 
bread. 

Age  of  Bees. — The  queen  passes  the 
period  of  about  three  days  in  the  egg 
and  five  as  a  worm;  the  workers  then 
close  her  cell,  and  she  immediately  be- 
gins to  spin  her  cocoon,  which  takes  her 
from  twenty  to  twenty-four  hours.  On 
the  tenth  and  eleventh  days,  and  perbajos 
a  part  of  the  twelfth  day,  she  seems  to 
be  exhausted  by  her  hard  labor.  She 
now  remains  in  almost  complete  repose; 
she  then  passes  four  or  five  days  as  a 
nympha,  and  on  the  fifteenth  or  sixteenth 
day  a  jierfect  queen  is  attained.  Much 
depends  upon  the  strength  of  the  colony 
and  the  heat  of  the  season,  which  will 
vary  it  from  one  to  two  days. 

The  drone  jiasses  three  days  in  the 
egg  and  about  six  in,  the  worm,  and 
changes  into  a  perfect  insect  on  the 
twenty-fourth  day  after  the  egg  is  laid. 
Much  depends  on  the  strength  and  heat 
of  the  colony,  which  should  be  about  70 
degrees  Fah.,  for  their  speedy  develop- 
ment. They  lay  in  rather  a  dilatory 
state  for  several  days  after  they  hatch 
before  taking  wing. 

The  worker  spins  its  cocoon  iu  thirty- 
six  hours.  After  passing  three  days  in 
the  egg  in  this  state  of  preparation  for  a 
new  life,  it  gradually  undergoes  a  great 
change,  and  becomes  armed  with  a  firmer 
body,  with  scales  of  a  brownish  color, 
and  somewhat  fringed  with  light  hairs. 
On  its  belly  it  has  six  rings  or  scales. 
After  it  has  reached  the  twenty-first  day 
of  existence — reckoning  from  the  egg — it 
comes  forth  from  the  cell  on  the  twenty- 
first  or  twenty-second  day  a  perfect  in- 
sect, and  is  termed  an  image. — I'radkal 
Farmer. 

How  TO  Fill  Empty  Comb. — A  corres- 
pondent having  asked  Mrs.  Tupper  the 
following  question,  "How  can  we  best 
fill  a  number  of  hives  of  empty  combs 
with  bees?  Wehaveten  living  colonies, 
healthy,  though  weak,  and  twenty-nine 
hives  full  of  comb,"  she  replies  through 
the  Iowa  Ilonedmd  a,s  ioWows:  The  best 
way  to  fill  up  your  comb  is  to  watch  the 
bees  when  warm  weather  comes, and  every 
few  days  put  one  empty  comb  between 
two  that  the  queen  has  filled  with  brood. 
In  this  way  you  will  soon  have  any 
hive  full  of  brood,  if  honey  is  plenty;  if 
not,  you  must  feed  quite  liberally  with 
sugar  syrup.  There  will  Ijc  no  trouble 
in  getting  your  hives  all  full  of  bees  again 
if  you  manage  in  this  way.  If  the  season 
is  good,  it  may  be  necessai'y  for  you  to 
extract  honey  fre(jueutly  from  the  comb, 
to  give  the  queens  room.  I  have  follow- 
ed the  above  plan  successfully  for  a  num- 
ber of  years,  and  can  therefore  recom- 
mend it. 

C.n.iFOBNiA  HoNEV. --Among  other  nu- 
merous  products    for   which   California 


seems  destined  to  become  famous,  honey 
ranks  as  by  no  means  the  least  valuable 
item.  It  has  already  found  its  way  into 
the  eastern  markets,  though  so  far  in 
limited  supply,  and  is  much  admired  for 
its  purity  and  delicacy  of  flavor.  Its 
production  is  not  limited  to  any  part  of 
the  State,  but  at  jiresent  it  is  chiefly 
made  a  specialty  in  San  Diego  county, 
near  the  Mexican  border.  The  honey 
crop  of  that  county  for  ISC'?  was  119,000 
jjounds,  and  it  is  expected  that  it  will 
this  year  reach  200,000  pounds.  The 
bees  commence  working  iu  that  county 
about  the  1st  of  February,  and  the  sea- 
son for  storing  honey  lasts  from  June  to 
September.  The  finest  honey  is  made 
from  the  flowers  of  the  sage,  which 
grows  there  in  such  abundance.  This  is 
the  true  sage  plant,  and  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  the  "sage  brush"  of  Ne- 
vada and  the  northern  counties.  The 
flat  top  or  "buckwheat  greasewood"  also 
affords  excellent  honey.  The  bloom  of 
this  plant  closely  resembles  that  of  buck- 
wheat, hence  the  name.  The  flower  of 
the  sumac  is  another  source,  and  the  ice- 
plant,  which  covers  so  much  of  the  coun- 
try, is  likewise  much  sought  by  the 
bees. — Farmers'  Union. 

Honey. — The  Ventura  S'uiiial  of  Janu- 
ary 25th  says:  The  production  of  honey 
has  in  the  past,  in  this  county,  proved 
quite  remunerative,  and  we  are  pleased 
to  observe  that  our  bee  men  are  taking 
gi-eat  pains  to  place  their  honey  iu  the 
market  in  the  best  possible  shape,  and 
will  thus  make  still  more  from  it.  It  is 
a  source  of  revenue  which  increases  in 
importance  each  year.  It  is  impossible 
to  flood  ihe  market  with  such  honey  as  is 
produced  where  the  white  sage  abounds. 


W.  H.  Seward's  Energy. — Judge  S. 
gave  his  son  $1000  and  told  him  to  go  to 
college  and  graduate.  The  son  returned 
at  the  end  of  the  Freshman  year  without 
a  dollar  and  with  several  ugly  habits. 
About  the  close  of  vacation  the  judge 
said  to  his  son,  "Well,  William,  are  you 
going  to  college  this  year?"  "Have  no 
money,  father."  "Very  well,  my  son,  I 
gave  you  all  I  could  afl'ord  to  give  you. 
You  can't  stay  here;  you  must  now  pay 
your  own  way  through  the  worUL"  A 
new  light  broke  in  upon  the  vision  of 
the  young  man.  He  accommodated  him- 
self to  the  situation;  left  home,  made  his 
way  through  college,  graduated  at  the 
head  of  his  class,  studied  law  and  became 
Governor  of  the  State  of  New  York;  en- 
tered the  cabinet  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  and  made  a  record  for 
himself. 


TiciAL  OF  Fakm  Implements. — Mowers, 
rakes,  reapers,  tedders  and  horse  forks 
were  last  season  publicly  tested  at  Elmi- 
ra,  N.  y.,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Farmer's  Club  of  that  place.  Twelve 
mowing  machines  were  entered,  includ- 
ing the  Wood,  Union,  and  Sprague.  The 
Countri/  (lenllernan  says  the  committee  on 
mowers,  five  in  number,  found  on  com- 
paring preferences  that  each  had  voted  for 
a  different  machine,  and  hence  no  agree- 
ment as  to  the  best  was  reached.  On 
rakes,  the  ijreference  was  awarded  to  the 
Coatcs;  on  reapers, to  Hubbard's  Meadow 
Lark;  and  on  tedders  to  the  Bnllard. 


Implement  Trial  at  tue  Centennial. 
The  Centennial  managers  have  secured 
the  use  of  nearly  fifty  acres  of  good  land 
on  the  Philadelphia  and  Trenton  railroad 
near  Schenck  station,  which  they  pi-o- 
pose  to  devote  to  an  iuternational  trial 
of  agricultural  im))lements  of  all  kinds. 
The  Centennial  Agricultural  l!\ireau  has 
already  had  this  tract  plowed  so  as  to  be 
n  readiness  for  next  year. 


The  Parmer's   Daughter 


BY  ANNIE  L.  JACK. 


She  lives  within  a  quiet  home. 

No  model  of  ttie  graces. 
Unknown  to  culture's  higher  walks. 

Or  fashion's  giddy  places: 
A  thoughful  girl,  so  sweet,  so  wise, 
With  earnest  face  and  loving  eyes — 

The  farmer's  gentle  daughter. 

From  morn  till  eve  the  little  maid 

Is  bu.sy  at  her  labor; 
She  sweeps  and  dusts  the  old  farm  bouse 

And  helps  a  poorer  neighbor. 
No  gossips  will  slie  listen  to 
(A  merit  rare,  I  own  you). 

So  lives  the  farmer's  daughter. 

On  baking  days  her  tiny  hands 

Are  busy  at  the  making; 
No  bread  more  lighi;  and  sweet  than  hers 

Was  ever  made  by  baking. 
She  churns  the  butter  golden,  sweet. 
And  keeps  the  dairy  white  and  neat — 

The  farmer's  useful  daughter. 

Her  garden  is  an  Eden  fair, 

A-bloom  with  pinks  and  roses- 
She  knows  the  name  of  every  flower, 
And  makes  some  gorgeous  posies — 
Grows  peas,  and  radishes,  and  cress, 
And  corn,  and  f-quash,  and  herbs  to  press- 
The  farmer's  happy  daughter. 

Long  may  she  bravely  smile  on  us — 
Our  da'-ling  household  fairy. 

The  queen  of  garden,  house  and  lot, 
And  princess  of  the  dairy— 

To  teach  us  by  her  pleasant  way 

To  love  the  things  of  every  day- 
God  bless  the  farmer's  daughter. 


OPEN      LETTERS     TO   WOSWEN— 
NO    I. 


BY   CHARLOTTE. 
I^rj    A.MERIUAN  SOCIETY  AND  ITS  ISSUES. 

^EAK  EDITOR:  It  is  difficult  to  fairly 
reach  the  varied  interests  of  our 
sex,   so    much   has   been  said  and 


(F^. 


'ij'h  written  i^rejudicial,  not   only 
"iSl  to  us  especially,  but  to  human 


not  only  only 
anity  in 
general.  It  is  through  both  masculine 
and  feminine  influence  upon  coming 
generations  that  humanity  is  to  be  per- 
fected and  completed,  thereby  fulfilling 
the  Creative  Mind's  purpose  in  making 
a  world  and  peopling  it  with  men  and 
women. 

In  Miss  Emily  Faithful's  thoughts, 
there  is  much  of  truth,  strength  and 
practicality.  What  is  true  in  England, 
is  also  true  iu  America  of  women  as  a 
class  to-day.  But  Miss  Faithful  got  at 
the  right  way  of  remedying  past  and 
present  evils,  conditions  and  circum- 
stances over  which  heretofore  we  have 
had  no  control.  Our  country  and  our 
time  demands  that  we  unite,  laboring 
from  her  standpoint,  and  iu  her  depart- 
ment of  the  great  work,  education  and 
elevation  for  women,  or  woman's  "real 
needs,"  as  she  expressed  it. 

And  now,  as  we  have  introduced  our- 
self,  we  want  to  ask  the  close  attention 
of  all  our  sisters  to  whom  this  may  come, 
simply  as  earnest  talks  about  ourselves 
and  our  association  in  the  various  econ- 
omies of  life,  in  which  drama  we  are  such 
importaut  actors.  We  wish  to  speak 
strongly  and  feelingly,  and  tr\ist  that  oiir 
language  will  be  plain  and  pointed. 

Phrenologists  tell  ns  that  man  ;we  use 
the  word  gciieric;dly)  "is  a  social  anim- 
al." And  tndy  it  would  seeui,  when  hu- 
man tliought,  I'xpression  and  action  are 
viewed  metaphisically — taken  together 
with  all  its  consequences  for  good  or  ill 
—  that  sometimes  the  word  "animal"  is 
indeed  befitting.  But  we  seek  not  to  be 
sarcastic.  The  mind  grows  upon  what  it 
feeds,  therefore  we  cannot  tolerate  Dean 
Swift's  odious  carricatures,  nor  with  him 
believe  that  to  hold  up,  or  keep  before 
the  public,  vice,  immorality   and  coarse- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


iiess,  will  disgust  the    mind  to  the  for- 
saking of  all   that  will    vitiate,  blunt,  or 
^    destroy  the  finer  sensibilities. 

Our  own  emulation  is  the  Addison 
school,  believing  that  the  holding  up  be- 
fore all  people  truth,  purity  and  beauty, 
all  that  refines,  elevates  and  touches,  will 
at  last  bring  about  purer  morals,  finer 
feelings,  more  tender  and  beautiful  ex- 
amples of  human  love  aud  human  sac- 
rifice. 

Especially  do  we  realize  this  when  we 
consider  that  much  of  what  the  world 
contemns  is  only  in  the  seeming — that, 
from  its  very  nature,  evil  must  destroy 
itself  eventually.  We  would  not  say  that 
the  immortal  Dean's  proclivities  were 
vile  or  ignoble,  but  his  greatest  forte 
seemed  to  be  in  exciting  the  more  com- 
risibilities  of  his  readers  by  rather  indel- 
icate, vulgarly-si^okeu  comjjurisons  and 
allusions.  However,  all  this  is  neither 
here  nor  there  for  the  question  before  us, 
viz,:  social  association,  interest,  merit, 
demerit,  and  consequences,  which  takes 
iu  both  sexes  equally,  with  only  this  dif- 
ference, viz.:  that  there  are  involved  by 
far  the  most  largely  and  lastingly,  femi- 
nine morals  and  perfection. 

First— It  is  very  gratifying  to  contem- 
plate true  womanhood,  the  sublime  mis- 
sion and  responsibility  of  the  feminine 
soul;  but  we  do  not  love  to  think  of  our 
sex's  enslavement  to  fashion,  pride,  friv- 
olity, and  often  inexcusable  ignorance. 
And  we  may  deserve  sometimes  to  be 
told  of  these  faults  with  censorious  harsh- 
ness, but  in  person  we  must  protest 
against  Gail  Hamilton  pitching  us  all 
about  so  summardy,  although  she  says 
many  thing  only  too  true,  and  many  a 
gem  of  thought  flashes  from  her  potent 
pen,  yet  she  is  too  cau^ic.  Also  wise 
•  Dr.  Holland,  of  i<crihnef's  monihhj. 

We  cannot  all  be  Martha  Washingtons, 
Mrs,  John  Adamses,  Isabellas,  Queen 
Elizabeths,  Victorias,  aud  Cornelias, 
mother  of  the  Gracchi.  Why?  Because 
circumstances,  fortunate  or  unfortunate, 
gov£ru  the  world.  Those  whom  fortuit- 
ous chance  places  in  the  way  of  all  life's 
blessings  and  helps  can  be  cultivated, 
refined  aud  intellectual — they  can  accom- 
plish a  mighty  work  iu  the  domestic  and 
social  realm.  Such  wives,  mothers,  sis- 
ters aud  daughters  are  "the  cities  set  on 
a  hill."  But  those  women  to  whom  life 
is  unavoidably  nothing  but  a  tread-mill 
of  deprivation  of  all  educational  influ- 
ences, bringing  to  them  poverty,  toil, 
hardship,  disappointment,  obscurity  aud 
destitution,  whose  very  existence  the 
beast  of  burden  is  which  keeps  the  mill 
revolving — Ihese  iironicn!  what  can  tlicy  do 
toward  Isegettiug  men  and  women  of 
God-like  souls,  great  intellects,  exhaust- 
less  patience  and  aft'ection? 

We  are  told  that  "it  is  the  father's 
place  to  provide  the  material  of  the 
household;  the  mother's,  to  train  the  in- 
tellectual." But  these  women — these 
loomen!  how  are  they  to  train  the  intellec- 
tual? They  who  often  aud  often  have 
neither  time  to  eat  or  sleep  sufficient  for 
physical,  mental  or  moral  growth,  and  of 
whom  the  full  half  (including  all  nations 
and  countries)  can  neither  read  nor 
write,  who  are  unable  to  think  of  any- 
thing beside  inexorable  tasks,  the  endless 
chain-power  which  compels  stepping, 
stepping,  ceaselessly  stepping,  but  get- 
ting no  farther  on — these  are  the  candles 
destiny  lights  and  places  "under  a 
bushel.  ' 

Dear  ladies,  let  us  not  be  understood 
as  charging  the  blame  of  the  existence  of 
poverty,  crime  and  misery  upon  any 
class,  any  community,  or  individuals,  as 
abstract  cause.  The  bare  fact,  none  can 
prevent;  but  it  is  with  its  details,  its 
amelioration,  palliation,  extent,  and 
control  that  we,  the  differing   easts   and 


classes,  have  to  do.  It  is  in  keeping 
evil  down — destroying  it — that  men  and 
women  ought  to  be  interested,  earnest 
and  vigilant.  Overcoming  evil  with  its 
opposite,  is  the  great  work  of  men  and 
women  to-day  aud  hecceforth,  because 
everything  good  and  god-like  depends 
upon  virtuous  action. 

But  it  is  indeed  true  that  too  many  of 
us  who  can  labor  for  human  regeneration 
have  too  long  been  content  to  seek 
amusement  in  fashion,  ostentation  and 
rivalry.  Our  mania  has  not  been  very 
severe  for  self-elevation  and  mental  ac- 
quirements —  perquisites  stronger  and 
more  enduring  than  was  ever  "a  love  of 
a  bonnet, "  latest  styles  of  apparel,  or 
faultless  coiffm-e.  Feminine  excitements 
are  generally  not  of  a  high  character  to 
educate  and  develop,  in  a  jiroper  direc- 
tion, the  masses  of  women  for  auy  and 
all  exigencies  of  individual  thought  aud 
action. 

Masculinity,  too,  has  bad  a  large  in- 
fluence iu  making  our  character  what  it 
is — an  influence  which  they  are  begin- 
ning to  see  and  to  be  ashamed  of.  Sen- 
timental jjhilosophy  holds  out  the  seduc- 
tive idea  that  woman  is  man's  treasure, 
his  charmer,  his  hope,  his  pride;  but  as 
yet  it  helps  us  very  little  to  find  out  why 
we  are  of  so  much  value,  and  how  a 
correct  valuation  of  ourselves  is  best  at- 
tained. 

We  must  not  longer  deceive  ourselves 
with  the  impression  that  men's  respect 
and  esteem  is  secondary  to  their  love 
and  admiration,  and  to  secure  these  last, 
the  truer,  better  feelings  must  be  sup- 
pressed, allowing  the  inferior  iu  human 
nature  to  be  the  only  requisition  as  aids 
and  counselors. 

We  should  always  speak  the  truth, and 
confess  that  their  admiration,  their  love, 
is  of  immeuRe  importance  to  us;  but  it  is 
a  vital  mistake  to  suppose  that,  iu  order 
to  possess  it,  we  need  only  know  how  to 
make  superficial  little  speeches  to  them — 
to  flirt,  fascinate,  and  lead  captive  bj' 
"ijhysical  eye  batteries,"  instead  of  real, 
intellectual,  earnest  soul-power. 

High  mental  preferment  should  beget 
a  more  lady-like  bearing  aud  attractive- 
ness, enhancing  appreciation  of  social 
aud  sexual  relations;  and,  certainly,  that 
woman  who  excels  iu  piquant  brilliancy, 
where  desultory  badinage  is  requisite, 
passing  easily  and  ably  to  graver,  pro- 
founder  themes,  bringing  out  depth  aud 
strength  of  soul-endowment — surely  ahe 
can,  aud  must,  call  forth  a  greater  de- 
gree of  reliable  admiration  from  the  mas- 
culine-add zest  to  pursuit  enjoyment 
to  possession. 

What,  pray,  iu  all  ages  has  made,  aud 
at  present  makes  women  what  they  are? 
AVill  men  or  women  denj-  that  it  is  the 
ignorant  ojipression — narrow  selfishness 
— a  waut  of  intellectual  culture,  induced 
by  the  prevailing  h.abit  in  American  so- 
ciety among  men  of  indulging  and  hu- 
moriug  the  weaknesses  and  foibles  of 
woman,  aud  requiriug  too  little  mentality 
of  them? — a  course  most  unwise,  depre- 
cicting  aud  ignoble — the  real  fomidalion 
of  what,  in  later  times,  has  become 
known  as  masculine  oppression,  injustice 
and  wrong.  Out  of  this  habit  comes 
another  danger,  of  which  we  will  speak 
at  another  time. 


Taxation 


Represen- 


We  have  always  regarded  Harper's 
Mayazine  as  very  conservative  upon  the 
question  of  woman's  sufi'rage.  In  the 
March  number  of  this  excellent  monthly 
we  find,  in  the  "Easy  Chair,"  the  fol- 
lowing, which  our  better  half  requests  us 
to  quote  as  very  much  to  the  point,  and 
of  interest: 


Last  year,  when  the  celebration  of  the 

Centennial  auniversaaies  began  at  Con- 
cord and  Lexington,  some  of  the  sincer- 
est  aud  most  faithful  friends  of  fair  play 
for  women  declined  to  take  any  part  or 
interest,  because  Concord  Bridge  and 
Lexington  Green,  they  contended,  are 
famous  for  the  defense  of  a  great  princi- 
ple, which,  these  protestants  insisted, 
those  who  managed  the  celebrations  reso- 
lutely opposed.^  This  principle  was  one 
of  which  we  shall  hear  very  much  in  this 
Centennial  year — that  there  should  be 
no  taxation  without  representation. 

Sundry  ladies  have  recently  been  urg- 
ing this  rather  familiar  American  princ- 
iple upon  a  perplexed  committee  of  the 
New  York  Legislature.  The  Chamber 
was  crowded,  as  it  always  is  upon  such 
occasions,  and  the  ladies  had  it  all  their 
own  way.  Tlio  Easy  Chair  docs  not  say 
this  "gallantly,"  but  sincerely,  for  there 
is  no  adverse  argument.  When  we, 
either  consciously  or  ignorantly,  permit- 
ted women  to  become  owners  of  taxed 
property  iu  fee,  we  surrendered  the  case. 
If  a  stupid  and  druuken  man,  owning 
a  handsome  estate  in  the  country,  may 
have  a  voice  iu  the  selection  of  the  rep- 
resentative who  ts  to  lay  taxes  upon  it, 
why  should  not  his  next  neighbor,  an 
intelligent  aud  sagacious  woman,  owning 
a  larger  estate  and  paying  taxes  upon  it, 
have  an  equal  voice  iu  the  selection  of 
the  imjioser  of  the  taxes?  Does  the  fact 
of  sex  destroy  the  ijrinciple?  But  is  the 
Centennial  year  famous  for  the  vindica- 
tion of  the  political  doctrine  that  male 
taxation  and  representation  should  go 
together,  or  simply  that  taxation  and 
representation  should  be  so  united?  Did 
Sam  Adams,  or  James  Otis,  or  Patrick 
Henry,  or  John  Jay,  or  any  of  the  heroes 
of  '76  qualify  the  assertion  of  their  prin- 
ciple by  any  word  denoting  sex?  Or, 
when  they  declared  on  a  certain  famous 
day  that  all  men  were  created  equal,  did 
they  mean,  as  was  gravely  contended  by 
so  "ijractical"  a  isolitician  as  Mr.  Doug- 
las, that  white  men  only  were  so  created, 
and  therefore — ! 

But  certainly  they  meant  white  men, 
interposes  the  objector,  for  at  that  very 
time  they  held  black  men  iu  slavery;  and 
certainly,  he  says,  they  meant  male  tax- 
ation, because  nobody  ever  thought  of  a 
woman's  voting.  The  Easy  Chair  once 
heard  the  ladies  arguing  for  this  claim  in 
the  same  Assembly  Chamber  in  which 
the  perplexed  committae  lately  sat,  and 
the  committee  of  that  earlier  day  were 
equally  perplexed.  The  members  smiled 
good  humoredly  at  the  absurd  claim,  aud 
they  responded  "gallantly"  to  every 
question,  and  were  quite  willing  that  the 
"good ladies  should  have  their  say."  In 
the  Speaker's  pulpit  stood  Mrs.  Stanton 
in  the  summer  evening,  tranquilly  fan- 
ning herself,  and  with  candor  and  force 
and  good  nature  asking  the  terrible  ques- 
tions, to  which  no  member  of  the  com- 
mittee had  any  other  distinct  reply  than 
that  the  suggestion,  if  m.ade  in  earnest, 
was  simply  preposterous.  When  anj'  one 
of  them  remarked  that  the  actual  cir- 
cumstances and  practice  of  the  men  of 
the  Revolution  showed  that  they  had  no 
thought  of  such  an  application  of  their 
princijjle,  Mrs.  Stanton  asked,  with  an 
amused  smile,  whether,  as  philosophers 
and  logicians,  they  ought  not  to  have 
thought  of  it,  ,and  whether  their  blind- 
ness was  a  reason  that  we  should  refuse 
to  see?  If  men  proclaim  a  principle  of 
action  which  by  its  very  nature  is  gradu- 
ally seen  to  be  more  and  more  embracing 
is  its  oijeration  always  to  be  limited  by 
the  narrow  vision  and  selfish  aim  of 
those  who  promulgate  it?  If,  she  asked, 
gently  waving  her  fau,  as  if  to  scatter 
mosquitoes — if,  gentlemen,  representa- 
tion should  go  with  taxation,  ought  not 


I  all  intelligent  and  moral  native  tax-pay- 
I  ers  to  have  a  voice  in  the  choice  of  the 
representative?  One  of  the  committee, 
who  declined  to  go  into  the  corner,  mur- 
mured, "Not  if  they  are  women."  "And 
why  not  if  they  are  women?"  "Because 
God  did  not  intend  that  women  should 
vote."  "And  where  does  He  say  that 
He  intends  that  men  should  vote?" 

There  was  one  woman  a  hundred  years 
ago  who  is  perhaps  the  most  famous 
woman  of  the  Revolution,  admirable  in 
every  capacity  of  woman's  peculiar 
sphere,  and  equally  fitted  for  the  com- 
mon sphere  of  men  and  women  in  hu- 
man society.  This  was  Abigail  Adams, 
the  wife  of  one  President  and  the  mother 
of  another.  She  at  least  was  reasonable 
and  logical,  whoever  is  not.  Writing  to 
her  husband,  who  was  iu  his  seat  in  the 
Continental  Congress,  on  the  31st  of 
March,  177G,  this  typical  American  mat- 
ron says: 

"  I  long  to  hear  that  you  have  declared 
an  iudepeudeuey.  And,  by-the-way,  in 
the  new  code  of  laws  which  I  suppose  it 
will  bo  necessary  for  you  to  make,  I  de- 
sire you  to  remember  the  ladies,  and  be 
more  generous  and  favorable  to  them 
than  your  ancestors.  Do  not  put  such 
unlimited  power  into  the  hands  of  the 
husbands.  Remember,  all  men  would 
bo  tyrants  if  they  could.  If  particular 
care  and  attention  is  not  paid  to  the 
ladies,  wo  are  determined  to  foment  a 
rebellion,  and  will  not  hold  ourselves 
bound  by  any  laws  in  which  we  have  no 
voice  or  representation.  That  your 
sex  are  naturally  tyrannical  is  a  truth  so 
thoroughly  established  as  to  admit  of  no 
dispute;  but  such  of  you  as  wish  to  be 
happy,  willingly  give  up  the  harsh  title 
of  master  for  the  more  tender  and  endear- 
ing one  of  friend.  Why,  then,  jot  put 
it  out  of  the  power  of  the  vicious  and  the 
lawless  to  use  us  with  crueltj'  and  indig- 
nity with  impunitj'?" 

Again,  in  the  following  May,  she  says: 
"I  cannot  say  that  I  think  you  are 
very  generous  to  the  ladies,  for  while  you 
are  proclaiming  peace  aud  good  will  tj 
men,  emancipating  all  nations,  you  in- 
sist upon  retaining  an  absolute  power 
over  wives." 

The  tone  of  affectionate  gayety  and 
feminine  dependence  does  not  affect  the 
deep  and  sweet  seriousness  of  passages 
that  show  how  penetrating  was  the  glance 
of  this  admirable  womau.  Indeed,  she 
but  expresses  the  instinctive  feeling  of 
most  of  the  noblest  minds  and  hearts  of 
her  sex.  But  Mrs.  Abigail  Adams  would 
have  pleaded  in  vain  before  a  committee 
of  the  Congress  in  which  her  husband 
sat.  The  smiling  and  aft'able  chairman 
would  have  heard  her  courteously,  and 
would  then  hf.ve  replied:  "Dear  and  re- 
spected madame,  when  women  show  that 
they  feel  the  dei)rivation  of  the  ballot  to 
be  a  grievance,  this  Congress  will  take 
the  subject  into  serious  consideration. 
You  must  excuse  us  if  we  cannot  regard 
your  individual  views  and  wishes  as 
"those  of  your  sex.  We  are  inclined  to 
believe  that  most  of  them  would  consider 
the  ballot  to  be  an  oppressive  burden  im- 
posed upon  them,  not  a  desirable  privi- 
lege. Home,  not  Congi'ess,  is  the  sphere 
of  woman,  dear  madame^at  least  that  is 
our  opinion,  and  that  seems  to  have  been 
the  universal  opinion  aud  practice  of 
mankind.  You  and  your  fellow-petition- 
ers, dear  Mrs.  Adams,  have  leave  to 
withdraw." 

This  is  very  much  the  speech  that  the 
afl'abfe  chairman  contrives  to  make,  if  he 
makes  any.  Its  argument  really  is  that 
no  political  reform  shoidd  be  made  until 
the  wrong  to  be  corrected  has  become  so 
intolorable  that  is  a  general  cry  and  pr 
test.  Nothing  must  be  done  iu  regard  to 
the  relations  of  capital  and   labor  until 


^  B 


Califortsiia  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


the  peace  of  society  is  eTideutly  imperil- 
eil.  Nothing  must  be  done  about  slavery 
until  the  chain  eats  into  the  flesh  and 
wrings  a  cry  of  agony  from  the  lips.  No 
measures  must  be  taken  against  pestil- 
ence until  it  is  decimating  the  pojjula- 
tion.  Statcsmanshiji  is  never  to  try  to 
prevent,  but  only  to  alleviate  when  po- 
litical disease  has  become  desperate. 
Foresight,  sagacity,  comprehension,  the 
s.alvatiou  of  the  state  from  the  moral  de- 
terioration and  the  economical  loss 
of  acknowledged  abuses,  these 
are  not  to  be  considered  as  ele- 
ments and  purposes  of  political  wisdom. 
The  practice  of  ages  and  of  mankind  is 
to  be  our  guide,  as  if  it  would  not  justify 
every  enormity  and  folly.  Home,  not 
somewhere  else,  is  the  sphere  of  woman, 
as  if  the  only  condition  of  home  to  most 
women  were  not  that  they  should  toil 
somewhere  else.  Finally,  the  intelligent 
should-uot  be  allowed  to  do  what  the  ig- 
norant do  or  wish  to  do.  The  aft'able 
chairmen  must  do  better  than  this.  Their 
wisest  way  is  to  smile  only,  and  not  to 
attempt  to  answer  Abigail  Adaraas.uuder 
whatever  name  she  may  apjiear. 


g0,usirli0ljl  |leaaiu§; 


Home. 


liY  CiEOROE    SWAIN. 

Home's  not  merc'ly  four  square  walls, 

Tliougli  with  jiictures  linug  and  gilded; 
nome  is  where  aftectiou  calls. 

Filled  with  shrines  the  heart  hath  builded. 
Home!  go  watch  the  faithful  dove, 

Sailing  'ueath  the  heaven  above  ns: 
Home  is  where  there's  one  to  love  ns! 

Uome  is  where  there's  one  to  love! 

Home's  not  merely  roof  and  room- 
It  needs  something  to  endear  it; 

Home  is  where  the  heart  can  bloom, 
Where  there's  some  kind  lip  to  ch?er  it! 

What  is  home  with  none  to  meet, 
None  to  welcome,  none  to  greet  iisV 

Home  is  sweet— and  only  sweet— 
Where  there's  one  we  love  to  meet  ns. 


UP-COUNTRY     LETTERS—NO.    4 


S3 

't 


BY  r,.iCHEL  A.  KLY. 


HANGE  and  motion,  it  is  said,  are 
the  eternal  laws  of  nature,  and  w'e 
X^l  mortals'  lives  are  no  exception  to 
)jc_I)  her  rules.  Scarce  had  I  taken  a 
■^^Js  deep  breath  of  air  invigorated  by 
sunbeams, into  my  weary  body,  when  my 
good,  kind  hostess  was  taken  danger- 
ously ill.  As  I  feared,  a  long  account 
was  to  be  settled  with  over-taxed  nature. 
And,  as  they  were  dependent  on  the 
friendliness  of  neighbors  to  care  for  her 
and  the  children,  I  felt  it  best  to  find  a 
new  home.  So  hero  I  am,  in  the  sunni- 
est, cheeriest  spot  im.iginable.  Already 
I  feel  the  calm,  quiet  atmosphere  of 
peace  which  pervades  the  household. 
My  room  is  a  southwest  one,  conse- 
quently always  sunny,  as  my  new  host- 
ess and  friend  says  a  sick  room  alwaj's 
should  be.  The  west  window  opens  on 
the  porch,  over  whicli  the  delicate  and 
fragrant  honeysuckle  and  clustering 
grape  vine  will  soon  make  a  bower.  Al- 
ready I  see  traces  of  their  work — swell- 
ing of  buds  and  the  like. 

In  my  new  home  I  have  teacher  and 
physician  combined  with  hostess  and 
friend.  Oh!  why  are  there  not  more  of 
such  in  the  world?  But  I  shall  confuse 
you,  perhaps,— and  myself,  too— unless 
1  quietly  ]iaint  my  new  life,  and  the  new 
hopes  and  worlds  of  usefulness  which 
are  opening  to  my  view.  Five  children 
and  one  hired  man,  besides  the  father 
and  mother  and  myself,  constitute  our 
family.  And,  though  farmers,  they  have 
but  two    meals   a   day.      SIcat  once   or 


twice  a  week;  no  tea  or  coffee,  but  cho- 
colate, or  a  gruel  made  of  oatmeal  or 
Graham  flour,  or  boiled  cocoa  shells, 
every  morning  instead.  But  the  child- 
ren prefer,  as  do  I,  fresh,  warm  milk. 
The  Graham  rolls,  or  gems,  or  corn  cake, 
are  truly  sweet  and  delicious.  My  good 
hostess  seems  amazed  at  the  ignorance 
and  folly  of  the  country  people  generally 
in  not  eating  it  more.  Then  fruit  is  a 
staple  article  of  diet  at  each  meal,  and 
the  vegetable  garden,  kept  the  year 
round  to  furnish  something  green  each 
day,  is  indeed  a  blessing.  But  what  sur- 
prises me  most  is  the  ease  with  which 
this  woman  performs  her  daily  duties. 
To  bo  sure,  she  wears  a  short  dress,  and 
has  only  to  get  two  meals  a  day;  yet 
that  can't  really  make  such  a  difference, 
can  it?  Let  me  see — breakfast  at  eight, 
at  which  all  the  children  but  baby  are 
dressed  neat  and  clean,  and  ready  for 
school.  On  the  table  is  a  big  dish  of 
Graham  or  oatmeal  mush,  boiled  or 
baked  potatoes,  a  pitcher  of  fresh  cream, 
warm  milk,  a  plate  of  golden  butter,  and 
another  of  hot  gems,  with  a  fragrant 
glass  of  fruit,  canned  and  most  luscious 
to  behold.  Surely  a  breakfast  for  a  king 
— and  easy  to  get,  too.  The  men  have 
done  their  chores  and  been  at  work  an 
hour  or  more,  and  now  come  in  with 
hearty  appetites,  as  do  we  all.  The 
children  go  to  school,  and  the  mother, 
whose  tasks  are  already  in  part  done, 
gathers  up  the  dishes,  and  as  she  has  a 
sink  and  water  hand}'  in  it,  a  permanent 
boiler  on  the  stove  also,  which  the  man 
fills  each  morning,  it  is  but  a  trifle  to 
wash,  wipe  and  put  away  the  dishes  in 
the  closet  at  her  right  hand,  not  a  step 
away.  Meantime  I  sit  in  the  sun  b3-  the 
open  door  and  watch  the  quiet,  happy 
baby,  who  has  taken  care  of  herself  so 
long  on  its  own  rug  on  the  floor,  and  be- 
gin to  frame  a  world  of  questions  to  ask 
this  woman  as  soon  as  babj'  is  bathed 
and  dressed  and  nursed  to  sleep.  The 
children  do  not  return  from  school  until 
three,  so  that  we  dine  at  half-past  two, 
they  getting  in  by  the  time  we  are  only 
'juietly  hungry,  and  can  listen  to  their 
day's  mishajis  and  joys.  The  dinner  is 
composed  of  two  or  three  kinds  of  vege- 
tables, cold  rolls  or  loaf  bread,  fruit,  and 
a  piidding  of  some  kind,  and  always  a 
truly  lovely  boquet  of  fresh  flowers, 
gathered  by  the  children  on  their  way 
from  school  or  from  the  front  garden. 
After  this  meal  the  two  eldest  children 
clear  away  the  table,  wash  and  wipe 
and  ijut  away  the  dishes,  while  the 
mother  continues  her  sewing  and  the 
others  play  with  the  year-old  baby.  A 
lunch  of  bread  and  fruit,  after  the  day's 
work,  is  sociallj'  set  in  two  dishes.  Such 
is  the  daily  routine  of  this  household, 
except  washing-day,  which  she  has  a  way 
of  turning  off  in  the  same  easy  manner. 
I  really  forget  mj'  own  aches  and  pains, 
if  I  have  anj',  in  these  days,  so  busy  are 
my  thoughts  in  questioning  wherein  this 
little  woman  is  sui)erior  to  the  other,and 
to  most  every  wife  and  mother  in  the 
land.  I  have  about  concluded  that  she 
not  oidy  has  br.iins,  but  nscn  them—  ap- 
plies them  to  her  daily  life,  and  practices 
wh.at  she  preaches.  And  this  is  the 
woman  I  have  heard  sneers  about — short 
dress,  hygienic  woman  doctor,  strong- 
minded  woman,  and  many  more  less  bo- 
coming  epithets!  Well,  I  myself  should 
not  have  known  her  W(n'th  without  tliis 
chance,  which  has  made  mo  a  silent 
spectator  of  her  family  and  its  workings. 

GRANDFATHER'S      LETTERS- 
NO.  7. 

AUNT  MAKy's  IIKPLY  TO  IXULEWOOD. 

Dear  Ivqleirnod:  True,  we   cannot  but 


coincide  with  you  in  thinking — yes,  and 
knowing  how  necessarj' is  congenial, suit- 
able comjianionship  in  life's  journeyings. 
With  ever}'  word  you  say  on  that  subject 
we  heartily  agTce;  but  with  all  this  there 
yet  remains  an  individuality  that,  under 
certain  conditions  and  circumstances, 
must  still  remain  intact.  You  may  have 
yet  to  learn  how  much  your  own  individ- 
ualism may  be  mergediu  that  of  another, 
and  how  much  that  other's  may  be 
merged  in  yours;  and  what  is  to  be  the 
result  when  they  will  not  thus  merge  to- 
gether? Ah!  I  know  you  men,  iirior  to 
marriage,  during  the  courting  season, 
feel  like  giving  in  to  everj-  suggestion  of 
your  lady  love,  but  the  case  becomes  too 
often  sadly  altered  afterwards,  when  im- 
perious self-will  seems  to  usurp  the 
place  where  formerly  love  for  that  other 
reigned  supreme,  and  self  was  but  of 
secondary  consideration.  True,  we  ad- 
mire masculine  suj^remacy  and  the  right 
to  reign  in  its  legitimate  sphere,  but 
there  it  must  be  kept;  just  so  of  the  fem- 
inine supremacy,  that  also  must  be  kept 
to  its  legitimate  sphere,  all  subject  to 
that  higher  law  of  our  nature  in  the  in- 
tellectual, moral  and  spiritual,  and  love, 
pure  and  holy  love,  presiding  over  all. 

Ma  and  I,  and  even  Angle  herself, 
every  one  of  us,  feel  the  imijortance  of 
the  event  to  which  you  allude,  and  if  the 
young  felt  it  as  we  older  ones  do,  doubt- 
less more  would  be  restrained  from  en- 
tering upon  it.  However,  nature  asserts 
her  own  rights.  I  rejoice  to  see  those 
who  recognize  those  rights,  in  the  high- 
est departments  of  their  natures.  As  to 
those  rights,  Mr.  Inglewood,  I  appeal  to 
you  before  you  proceed  further,  when 
you  come  to  discover  that  Angle's  indi- 
vidualism differs  from  your  own,  and  in 
some  cases  cannot  be  brought  to  merge 
into  yours,  how  will  you  take  it?  We 
claim  for  Angle  some  rights  of  body  and 
soul  that  no  earthly  power  may  take  from 
her;  for  the  former,  the  due  preservation 
of  her  health,  and  for  the  latter,  its  sal- 
vation according  to  her  peculiar  notions 
on  that  subject.  These  matters  might 
take  a  turn  quite  different  from  your  own 
ideas  on  those  things.  If  so,  can  you 
still  say,  "My  beloved  Angle,  your  health 
and  your  salvation  arc  as  dear  to  me  ns 
to  yourself.  Do  as  you  think  best.  I 
forego  .all  in  your  favor,  so  long  as  you 
do  not  require  a  tour  to  Europe  for  the 
fonner,  nor  a  hundred-dollar  mass  for 
the~'  latter."  Of  these  extreme  cases, 
truly  there  is  no  danger,  but  I  cannot  say 
if  there  may  not  bo  something  in  that 
direction  that  may  requu-e,  on  your  part, 
some  self-control,  and  self-abnegation 
enough,  at  least,  to  subdue  that  imperi- 
ous self-will  and  treat  that  other  individ- 
ualism with  the  courteous,  loving-kindli- 
ness of  manner  that  you  would  like  to 
have  meted  out  to  you  in  like  circum- 
stances. Now  is  the  time  to  think  over 
these  things,  Mr.  Inglewood. 

As  to  that  to  which  you  refer  "the 
[physical  conditions  and  circumstances," 
t  am  authorised  by  ma  and  Angie  to  say 
if  the  soul  affinities  are  all  right,  they 
nill  not  fear  for  the  other,  but  trust  lo 
that  good  providence  that  always  rewards 
(;he  energetic  and  industrious,  and  trust 
f.f  Angle's  present  state  of  health  con- 
tinues, she  may  have  heroism  enough  to 
(;ako  her  own  jiosition  on  life's  great  bat- 
tle lield,  and  mutually  aid  her  companion 
in  his  arduous  efforts  for  victory.  And 
Jiere  let  me  say  to  you,  either  as  an  ac- 
cepted lover  or  a  probationary  one,  nev- 
er use  deception;  l>e  frank  and  true  in  all 
your  statements;  abhor  deception  ns  you 
would  a  lie,  and  Avhen  you  have  fairly 
won  that  heroine  from  a  pure  good  honu', 
who  can  say  "what  is  good  enough  for 
you  is  good  enough  for  me,"  and  you 
have  the  tact  to  retain  that  lovo  all  your 


life  long — and  it  will  be  your  own  fault  if 
you  don't — you  will  have  won  a  prize 
of  which  you  may  be  proud  till  your  dy- 
ing day.     Truly,  your  friend. 

Aunt  Maey. 


WHAT  YOUR  NEIGHBORS  KNOW. 

BY  KLIZA  E.    ASTHONT. 

If  you  wish  to  find  out  anything  aboiit 
yourself,  ask  your  neighbors;  thej-  will 
be  sure  to  know.  They  can  tell  whether 
you  live  happily  or  not;  and,  of  course, 
it  would  give  them  more  food  for  reflec- 
tion if  you  did  not.  They  know  how 
many  visitors  you  have,  and  will  peer 
through  the  window-shutters  for  hours, 
in  the  hope  and  expectation  of  finding 
out  some  news.  If  you  venture  on  the 
street  in  a  new  suit,  your  neighbors  won- 
der how  many  more  new  clothes  you  are 
going  to  buy,  and  how  your  husband  can 
get  along  with  such  an  extravagant  wife ; 
and,  w  ith  raised  eye-brows  and  pursed 
mouths,  they  will  shake  their  heads  and 
exclaim,  "Poor  man!  how  I  pity  him; 
but  you  couldn't  expect  much  else  from 
her."  If  you  venture  out  without  your 
spouse,  your  neighbors  are  on  the  qui  virc 
to  find  out  where  you  are  going,  and 
whom  you  are  going  with.  One  will  say 
that  you  are  a  ilirt;  another  will  repeat 
it,  w-ith  the  addenda  that  you  have  left 
your  confiding  spouse,  and  so  on,  until 
the  mole-hill  becomes  a  mountain;  but 
endeavor  to  trace  it  back,  and  you  will 
get  no  satisfaction  but  "They  say."  If 
you  are  single,  your  neighbors  wonder 
when  on  earth  you  are  going  to  get  mar- 
ried, and  kindly  (?)  add  that  you  have 
tried  often  enough,  but  always  failed — 
and  no  wonder.  For  their  ^nrt,  they 
could  not  see  what  there  was  attractive 
in  such  a  looking  specimen  as  you  were. 
Now  if  it  were  their  Ella  or  Eafella,  the 
men  would  be  sure  to  propose;  but  you 
— bah !  you  were  cut  out  for  an  old  maid. 
When  you  are  married,  your  neighbors 
all  flock  in,  and  pr}'  and  peer  into  this 
room  and  that  closet,  and  praise  every- 
thing, from  your  husband  down  to  the 
feather  pillows.  But,  after  they  have 
left  your  house,  they  compare  notes. 
One  says,  with  a  snifl",  that  the  curtains 
were  only  cheap,  cotton  lace;  another, 
that  the  table-cover  was  actually  darned; 
a  third,  that  you  need  not  put  on  such 
airs,  for  yoiu-  carpet  was  only  ingrain, 
after  all;  and  she  didn't  see  why  you  had 
so  many  hanging  baskets  and  vines,  un- 
less it  was  to  catch  the  dust;  and  then 
they  all  groan,  and  say  that  you  will 
come  to  the  poor-house,  and  you  deserve 
it  for  lieing  so  extravagant,  and  they  pity 
your  husbrnd  for  being  so  foolish  and 
indulgent,  and  only  wish  they  had  con- 
trol of  you  for  a  short  time.  You  are 
entii-ely  too  independent  and  don't-care 
in  your  manner  to  suit  them.  Wouldn't 
they  like  to  sober  you  down?  Oh,  no! 
It  you  visit  the  iiost-office  oftener  than 
once  a  month,  your  neighbors  wonder 
who  you  correspond  with.  There  must 
be  something  wrong,  and  your  spouse 
ought  to  know  it.  For  they  actually  saw 
you  receive  six  letters  at  one  time,  and 
gracious  knows  how  many  papers.  The 
idea  of  a  married  wonniu  receiving  that 
many  letters  more  than  once  a  year,  and 
then  ,viii7(  a  bundle  of  papers!  For  their 
part,  they  can't  find  time  to  read  the 
papers,  they  have  so  mucn  else  to  do  (i. 
e.,  gossiping),  and  think  a  woman  must 
be  crazy  to  want  to  know  about  affairs 
all  over  the  world,  and  don't  see  what 
earthly  good  it  does  yoti  to  know  .about 
current  events.  They  don't  uiulcrstand 
how  you  can  perform  your  household 
duties  and  also  write  for  t)ic  papers;  but 
of  course  your  husband  comes  home  and 
sits  down  to  a  half-cooked  meal,   whilr 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


you  are  writing  "The  Trials  and  Tribu- 
lations of  Timothy  Toodles,  Esq.,"  with 
your  hair  dishevelled,  slippers  down  at 
the  heel,  and  fingers  stained  with  ink. 
But  if  they  happen  in  at  meal  time  (as 
they  generally  do),  and  find  you  presid- 
ing at  a  well-laid  table,  with  no  signs  of 
ink  about  you,  they  say  sweetlj-,  "What 
au  admirable  house-keeper  you  are,  my 
dear;  your  husband  ought  to  be  proud  of 

}'0U." 

A  good  neighbor,  in  whom  you  can 
confide  and  trust,  is  a  jewel  of  imtold 
value;  but  from  people  who  are  inquisi- 
tive, deceitful,  and  fond  of  slander  and 
gossip,  may  the  Lord  deliver  us! 

Santa  Cruz,  Feb.  1876. 


THAT    LETTER    FROM   ITALY. 

"Who  is  the  European  correspondent? 
His  'Letter  from  Italy,'  in  March  num- 
ber, is  certainly  most  interesting  and 
entertaining."  This  question  asks  a 
contributor.  We  gave  his  name  with 
the  letter.  Mr.  James  S.  Lippincott  was 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  American  edition 
of  Chambers'  Encyclopredia,  and  has  at- 
tained a  high  standing  for  literary  ability. 
Now,  a  ripe  scholar,  he  is  spending 
his  time  in  scientilic  pursuits  and  recre- 
ation, in  traveling.  While  in  California, 
he  made  extensive  collections  of  plants, 
and  his  good  wife,  who  always  accom- 
panies him  in  his  travels,  jiainta  all  the 
most  beautiful  and  strange  fiowers  and 
plants  in  a  most  natural  style.  What  he 
designs  to  finally  accomplish  in  this  di- 
rection, we  know  not.  But  this  we  do 
know — while  in  California,  we  found 
him  and  his  wife,  personall)',  to  be  very 
modest  and  unassuming,  yet  companion- 
able and  warm  friends. 

We  will  add  to  this  a  portion  of  a  pri- 
vate note  which  came  with  his  excellent 
letter ; 

"Naples,  January '21st,  187G. 

' '  We  have  been  in  Europe  about  eight 
months,  and  purpose  to  pass  eight  or 
nine  more,  and  have  greatly  enjoyed  it, 
though  it  is  my  second  visit.  Switzer- 
land is  a  glorious  country,  rivaling  Colo- 
rado and  California  in  scenery,  and  Italy 
is  fall  of  interest.  A  month  at  Florence 
and  a  mouth  at  Rome  were  filled  with 
pleasure.  I  sidjmitted  the  paper  on 
crossing  animals  in  j'our  paper  to  our 
best  zoologist,  who  pronounced  it  a  can- 
ard, as  several  of  the  animals  employed 
had  not  been  imported  into  Europe. 
The  copies  of  the  AoEicuLTtntisT  sent  me 
have  been  read  with  interest  by  some  of 
our  fruit  growers." 

We  will  state  that  the  article  refen-ed 
to  in  the  above, "crossing  cattle,"  is  the 
one  that  appeared  in  March,  1875,  under 
the  heading  "Cattle  Hybridization," 
giving  the  experiments  of  Mr.  Adraan- 
zoou  Van  Koppenael,  near  Leyden,  Hol- 
land. We  credited  the  article  to  the 
Mural  Xew  Yorker,  and  it  to  the  World 
as  furnished  by  a  Brussels  correspond- 
ent. It  the  experiment  is  a  canard,  the 
writer  certainly  shows  ability  for  inge-  * 
nious  originality  and  cogent  reasoning 
that  would  deceive  the  wisest  and  most 
experienced  cattle  breeders.  We  regret 
the  article  was  not  really  true. 


One  such  I  was  acquainted  with,  and 
one  day  she  told  me  how  she  managed. 
All  her  work  was  done  before  breakfast. 
The  washing  must  bo  done  on  Monday, 
rain  or  shine.  She  got  up  at  half-past 
three  or  four  o'clock,  soon  as  possible 
got  to  washing,  and  not  iintil  it  was  all 
done  did  she  get  breakfast.  The  next 
day  she  was  up  at  five  and  did  the  iron- 
ing before  getting  breakfast,  and  so  with 
all  her  work.  I  did  not  wonder  that  she 
was  delicate.  The  strain  ujjon  one's 
system  by  such  a  course  cannot  be  small. 
For  in  the  morning  the  stomach  is 
empty,  and  the  system  needs  sustenance 
before  any  very  hard  work  is  undertaken. 
Dr.  Hall,  one  of  our  great  sanitarians, 
writes  very  strongly  against  exercising 
much  before  food  has  been  taken  into 
the  stomach  in  the  morning.  To  return 
to  the  wash-tub:  I  prefer  to  do  my  wash- 
ing on  Tuesday,  in  pleasant  weather;  at 
other  times,  just  when  the  weather  per- 
mits. By  washing  on  Tuesday,  I  can 
put  the  clothes  to  soak  on  Monday  eve- 
ning. I  heat  water  and  make  a  good 
suds,  and  the  clothes  wash  much  easier 
than  if  they  had  not  been  soaked.  The 
most  of  the  people  rush  into  the  washing 
as  soon  as  the  breakfast  table  is  cleared, 
and  after  bending  over  the  wash-tub  two- 
thirds  of  a  day,  have  to  sweep,  make 
beds,  and  wash  the  dishes.  I  used  to 
follow  that  plan,  but  for  more  than  two 
years  past  have  taken  the  opposite  course 
— do  all  my  housework  first;  then,  when 
the  washing  is  done,  I  can  rest  at  once. 
To  be  sure,  I  am  a  little  late  getting  my 
clothes  out,  but  I  never  care  for  that,  for 
I  know  that  as  soon  as  the  washing  is 
done,  I  shall  beat  liberty  to  rest,  read  or 
write  as  I  may  wish. 

I  hope  "Grandfather"  has  not  deserted 
us,  without  telling  us  what  became  of 
Inglewood  and  his  love-making.  If 
"Grandfather's  Letters"  are  a  true  recit- 
al of  love-making  a  century  ago,  I  think 
it  must  have  been  a  queer  aft'air.  But 
few  gentlemen  now  would  receive  a  fav- 
orable answer  to  their  suit  if  they  were 
afraid  to  tell  who  they  were.  Neither 
would  many  girls  put  the  matter  into 
Aunt  Mary's  hands.  Perhaps  it  would 
be  better  for  a  good  many  of  them  if  they 
would,  for  so  many  do  not  attach  half 
the  importance  to  marriage  that  they 
should,  but  seem  to  regard  marriage  as 
the  great  desideridiim  of  woman's  life; 
never  stopping  to  think  of  the  years  to 
follow,  with  more  trouble  and  sorrow 
than  they  dreamed  of  during  their  girl- 
hood. But  what  use  of  talking  to  them 
and  telling  them  not  to  be  in  a  hurry  to 
get  married?  They  only  think  that 
those  who  talk  so  are  old  fogies. 


FAMILIAR  TALKS— No.  9. 

B  V      SNIP. 

The  author  of  "  Up-Country  Letters" 
tells  of  a  woman  who  is  always  at  work, 
and  the  majority  of  those  who  live  on 
farms  seem  to  belong  to  that  class  whose 
work  is  never  done.  But  there  are  some 
liousekeepers  who,  apparently,  always 
have  their  work  done.  No  matter  what 
time  of  day  it  may  be,  yon  will  not  find 
them  at  work,  except   just  at  meal  time. 


FRIENDLY   letters-No  2. 

BY    3IKS.    M.   K.  T. 

A  remakkableJmbntal  condition. 

Alone,  with  not  a  sound  to  break  the 
stillness  of  a  quiet  Sunday  evening,  save 
the  regular  tick,  tick,  measuring  time's 
unceasing  march,  I  find  my  thoughts 
wandering  hero  and  there,  in  a  strange 
sort  of  waj',  at  mystifying  whys  and 
wherefores. 

There  is  so  much  to  worry  us ;  so  much 
that  we  mortals  cannot  understand,  that 
no  wonder  the  mind  grows  bewildered, 
and  is  lost  in  the  vain  endeavor  to  solve 
some  perplexing  theory. 

It  was  this  peculiar  mental  condition, 
"a  mind  diseased,"  of  which  I  was  last 
thinking,  when  the  desire  came  over  me 
to  relate  to  others  the  strange  freaks  of 
one  I  well  knew  while  laboring  under 
this  mysterious  malady.  The  story  is 
quite  true,  and  may  prove  interesting  to 
the    readers   of   The  Califoenia  Agki- 

CDLTUKIST. 


My  first  recollection  is  of  a  pale,  sad- 
looking  woman,  whose  daik,  mournful 
eyes  deeply  touched  my  childish  sympa- 
thy. Ever  in  the  same  little  corner  I 
saw  her.  Day  after  day,  year  after  year, 
she  sat  there,  quietly  spinning.  Her 
little  wheel  seemed  a  thing  of  life  to  her 
— the  recipient  of  all  her  silent  affection. 
She  never  smiled,  never  spoke,  save  un- 
der rare  provocation,  and  then  only  to 
utter  the  same  simple  sentence,  "We 
don't  be  to  know."  We  called  her  Aunt 
Polly;  she  was  related  to  our  grandfather, 
and  for  years  his  house  had  been  her 
home.  'To  my  anxious  inquiry  about 
her,  my  mother  said,  "She  is  crazy." 

As  I  grew  older,  and  years  passed  on, 
I  saw  and  heard  much  of  this  woman's 
remarkable  madness.  During  a  period 
of  seven  years  she  played  this  quiet  role. 
She  used  only  signs  to  express  her  de- 
sires, often  displaying  an  ingenuity  that 
was  truly  amusing.  If  sometimes,  with 
a  view  to  provoke  her  to  speak,  one 
made  a  feint  of  not  understanding  her 
sign,  she  would,  after  much  ijatient  try- 
ing, repeat  her  chosen  expression,  "Me 
don't  be  to  know." 

After  seven  years  of  quiet  industry 
came  a  change  of  programme.  Seven 
years  jubilee  followed  instead.  The 
idolized  wheel  was  set  aside.  Silence  no 
longer  reigned  supreme.  Overflowing 
with  life  and  spirit,  .Vunt  Polly  was  a 
new  person,  made  up  of  new  material. 
She  talked  almost  incessantly,  day  and 
night,  her  imagination  supplying  won- 
derful topics,  to  which  her  eloquence 
added  a  peculiar  charm. 

She  was  fond  of  visiting,  and  often 
made  toiirs  through  the  country  calling 
on  all  and  exhibiting  a  friendly  interest 
in  every  one's  affairs.  At  one  place  she 
found  a  rich  old  widower  with  two  grown 
up  daughters.  Her  sympathetic  htart 
was  at  once  enlisted  in  behalf  of  this 
comjjanionless  man  aud-  his  motherless 
girls.  A  wife  and  mother  were  needed, 
and  she  resolved  to  fill  the  jilace,  and 
jjersisted  in  entering  upon  her  duties 
with  all  the  dignity  of  a  high-bred  lady. 
The  old  gentleman  absented  himself  from 
home  for  a  few  days,  thinking  she  would 
soon  tire  of  the  new  jjosition.  But  she 
did  not.  She  willingly  stayed  at  home, 
giving  orders  on  the  big  farm  and  care- 
fullj'  tending  her  children,  just  as  an\' 
true  wife  and  mother  should  h.ave  done, 
and  much  tact  was  called  into  exercise 
before  she  could  be  induced  to  leave. 
For  a  long  time  after,  she  called  herself 
Mrs.  K.,  and  spoke  of  her  daughters 
with  much  concern  and  affection. 

Uidike  many,  I  was  glad  to  have  her 
visit  me.  She  exercised  over  mc  a  kind 
of  mesmeric  influence  that  was  tridy  en- 
joyable. I  could  sit  for  hours  listening 
to  her  impossible  stories;  and  to  have 
her  stroke  my  hair  and  pity  my  poor 
head,  would  send  through  my  body  a 
thrill  of  inexpressible  delight. 

Considered  harmless,  she  was  seldom 
depi-ived  of  her  liberty,  but  came  and 
went  at  will,  keeping  up  a  perfect  round 
of  pleasure  and  excitement  throughout 
the  seven  years.  And  then,  as  naturally 
as  the  sun  sets,  she  would  step  into  her 
quiet  self  again,  bring  out  the  long- 
neglected  wheel,  and  st  doM'u  for  a  seven 
years'  rest — her  countenance  resuming 
the  old  sad  look,  and  her  tongue  refus- 
ing to  speak  save  only  the  old  expres- 
sion, "Me  don't  be  to  know."  Thus, 
every  seven  years,  this  wonderful  woman 
changed  back  and  forth  her  manner  of 
Ufe. 

She  was,  perhaps,  about  thirty  years 
of  age  when,  through  some  matrimonial 
trouble,  her  mind  first  became  disturbed. 
She  lived  to  the  very  old  age  of  ninety 
years,  her  periodical  changes  continuing 


through  sixty  years  with  a  regularity 
that  passes  comprehension.  Surely  no 
madness  was  ever  more  mysterious. 

We  cannot  contemplate  a  diseased 
mind  without  a  strange  feeling  of  pity 
for  the  unfortunate  possessor;  and  I  oft- 
en think  there  are  more  in  this  world 
deserving  our  pity  than  we  are  aware  of. 
In  fact,  are  we  not  all,  more  or  less,  in 
and  out  of  our  natural  selves,  according 
to  circumstances? 


A  CHEERFUL  LETTER. 

BV  BCSV  bee. 

The  .\grici7ltcbist  comes  to  us 
freighted  with  interest,  and  with  prom- 
ise of  even  better  things  in  the  future. 
I  placed  the  last  year's  Agkicdltuei.sts 
on  tile  before  me,  and  read  over  the  ar- 
ticles from  the  several  correspondents, 
and  found  much  both  entertaining  and 
instructive,  and  how  much  more  may  we 
look  forward  to  during  the  present  year? 

"Snijo"  speaks  of  a  farmer's  wife  who 
gets  dinner  in  the  middle  oi  the  day,  and 
has  a  light  tea  about  five  o'clock.  I 
have  been  doing  so  since  last  summer, 
and  find  it  in  every  way  more  satisfac- 
tory. 

I  sometimes  make  what  we  call  "min- 
ute pudding."  I  take  a  quart  of  milk — 
more  or  less,  according  to  the  size  of  my 
family — put  in  a  little  salt,  and  let  it 
come  to  a  boil;  then  set  it  off  of  the  stove 
and  stir  in  flour  (I  like  Graham  best) 
very  fast  until  it  is  thick.  I  then  make  a 
sauce  of  butter,  sugar,  and  an  egg,  all 
beaten  up  together,  with  a  little  flavoring 
of  any  kind  preferred.  We  like  it  very 
much  once  in  a  while,  and  it  is  easily 
made. 

"  .\.uut  Polly"  sends  au  invitation  to 
the  children.  I  wonder  If  she  would  not 
extend  it  to  grown  children,  and  tell  us 
how  to  make  jn-etty  and  useful  house- 
hold articles.  Will  she  not  invite  per- 
sons to  send  descriptions  of  such  things 
to  her  department,  if  the  editor  can  give 
us  the  room?  I  suppose  we  should  not  ex- 
pect everything  in  one  paper,  but  I  think 
this  woiUd  be  very  nice.  Just  think  how 
many  prerty  and  useful  things  we  could 
learii  to  make  by  next  Christmas  for  our 
children  and  friends.  I  lately  saw  some 
little  articles  that  pleased  me  very  much. 
They  were  little  brackets,  made  of  per- 
forated card  board,  hanging  on  the  Avail 
each  side  of  the  bureau.  They  were 
made  in  the  shape  of  a  horn  of  plenty, 
with  lids  fasteuded  on  the  top  to  keep 
the  dust  out  and  hide  that  which  was  in- 
side, and  were  to  put  the  combings  of 
hair  and  soiled  ruHles,  laces  and  colars 
in.  I  thought  them  very  pretty  and  use- 
ful. 

TO    "Nl.   E.  T." 

Eu.  AGBicm-TUTBisT:  I  hope  you  will 
pardon  a  few  remarks  in  answer  to  your 
correspondent  "  M.  E.  T."  whose 
"Friendly  Letters"  are  indeed  what  they 
purport  to  be,  I  feel  to  thank  her  for 
her  words  of  sympathy,  which  iuvaUds 
so  well  appreciate.  But  I  would  ask  her 
if  she  is  satisfied  to  endure  p.iin  and  suf- 
fering without  questioning  the  cause,  or 
tr.ying  to  regain  health?  While  my  eyes 
are  now  being  opened  to  the  new  life — 
a  life  in  accordance  with  God's  (nature's) 
laws — in  which  there  is  health  and 
strength  if  we  obey,  my  soul  yearns  to 
spread  the  glad  tidings,  that  others  who 
are  treading  the  path  which  leads  to  ill 
health,  pain  and  miser}',  may  take  warn- 
ing and  retrace  their  steps  ere  it  be  too 
late.  My  hostess,  teacher  and  guide 
encourages  me  in  investigating  and 
thinking  upon  these  questions. 

I  wish  "M.  E.  T."  would  tell  us  some 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal 


of  her  "mother's  memories,"  for  some 
of  us  big  folks  are  only  children  grown 
big,  with  hearts  and  heads  that  enjoy  the 
"Corner"  as  well  as  little  folks,  and  I 
often  wonder  if  it  would  not  make  us 
happier  and  better,  to,  if  we  all  indulged 
more  iu  the  sports  and  joys  of  children. 
Eaciikl  a.  E. 


i0mc$tic» 


Don't  Take  it  to  Heart. 

There's  many  a  trouble 

Would  break  like  a  bubble. 
And  into  tbe  waters  of  Lethe  depart, 

Did  not  we  rehearse  it, 

And  tenderly  nurse  it, 
And  give  it  a  permauent  place  in  the  heart. 

Tht^re'8  many  a  sorrow 

Would  vanish  to-morruw. 
Were  we  not  unwilling  to  furnish  the  wings; 

So  sadly  intruding. 

And  quietly  brooding. 
It  hatches  out  all  sorts  of  horrible  things. 

How  welcome  the  seeming 

Of  looks  that  are  beaming, 
Whether  one's  wealthy,  or  whether  one's  poorl 

Eyes  bright  as  a  berry. 

Cheeks  red  as  a  cherry, 
1  he  groan  and  the  curse  and  the  heartache   can 
cure. 

Resolved  to  be  merry, 

All  worry  to  ferry 
Across  the  famed  waters  that  bid  us  forget. 

And  no  longer  tearful. 

But  happy  and  cheerful 
We  feci  life  has  much  that's  worth  living  for  yet. 


BY  A  NEW  CONTRIBUTOR. 

^l\  

gSj*©.  Ageicultukist :   I  am  a  farmer's 

4if  wife,  and  have  been  a  reader  of 
Tff ,  your  valuable  paper  two  years,  and 
(yfi  I  have  gained  a  great  deal  of  infor- 
o|i^  matiou  through  its  columns.  In 
the  January  number,  a  lady  asks  some 
one  to  tell  her  how  to  wash  colored  flan- 
nels without  fading,  shrinking,  etc.  I 
will  give  her  my  way:  Make  a  strong 
soap  suds  with  luke  warm  water.  To 
each  pail  of  water  put  iu  one  tablespoon- 
ful  of  liqiaid  ammonia.  Prepare  the 
water  before  puttiog  the  flannelsinto  the 
tub.  If  necessary  to  take  them  through 
a  second  suds,  add  only  half  the  quantity 
of  ammonia  the  second  time.  Kinse 
through  warm  water. 

I  also  have  a  good  receipt  for  washing 
calicoes  to  prevent  them  from  fading.  If 
any  of  the  lady  readers  would  like  the 
receipt,  they  can  have  it  by  asking 
through  the  Aoeicultttkist. 

Will  some  one  please  tell  mo  how  to 
kill  lice  on  goats?     Ours  are  very  lousy. 

As  one  of  your  corresijondents  has 
asked  how  to  do  it,  here  is  my  receipt 
for  making  sweet  pickled  currants:  Let 
the  currants  stand  six  hours  iu  weak  salt 
water,  then  drain  through  a  colandar. 
'When  well  drained,  put  into  a  stone  jar. 
To  every  pound  of  currants,  take  one 
pound  of  sugar  and  a  pint  of  cider  vine- 
gar, with  spices  to  suit  the  taste.  Put 
the  sugar  and  vinegar  over  the  stove  and 
let  come  to  a  boil,  then  pour  it  over  the 
currants  boiling  hot.  Boil  the  juice  once 
a  day  for  three  days.  Peaches  can  bo 
put  up  in  the  same  way. 

Miis.  L.  W. 


Flora  wants  to  know  if  any  of  our 
lady  readers  can  tell  her  how  to  remove 
tea  and  coffee  stains  from  table-cloths; 
and  we  supplement  the  query  by  asking 
if  chloride  of  lime  will  not  do  it. 


lU       Santa  Cbra   County  is  to  have  a 

beautiful    atlas.     A    competent  corps  of 
artists,  writers,    statisticians,   surveyors, 
J    etc-.,  are  making  rapid  progress  with  the 
Tl\  ^^".''''-     ^'aiiy    of    the    most    prominent 
liuildings  and  most  i!nport:iut  i>Iaces  will 
bo    elegantly    lithogi-aphed.     The  whole 
'  work  will  be  one  of  much  value   and  in- 
'"■'   tcrest. 


10WJ5  iXml  #ivb. 


Over  in  the    IMEeadow. 

ItY     MR.S.    ULr\'E    A.   W.VDSWORH. 

[A  Kindergarten  play  for  twelve  little  boys, 
from  "Songs  for  Our  Darlings."  The  recita- 
tions should  be  single;  the  sounds  and  motions, 
such  as  winking,  etc.,  given  by  the  whole,  in 
concert.] 

First  Boy- 
Over  in  the  meadow,  in  the  sand  inthe  sun. 
Lived  an  old  mother  toad  and  her  little  toady 

one. 
"  WinkI"  said  the  mother;    "I  wink,"  said  the 

one. 
So  she  winked  and  she  blinked,  in   the  sand,  iu 

the  sun. 

Second  Boy- 
Over  in    the    meadow,  where    the  stream  runs 

blue, 
Lived  an  old  mother  fi,sh    and  her  little  fishes 

two. 
"Swim!"  said  the  mother;  "We  swim,"  said  the 

two; 
So  they  swam  and  they  leaped  where  the  stream 

runs  blue. 

Third  Boy- 
Over  in  a  meadow,  in  a  hole  in  the  tree, 
Lived  a  mother  bluebird  and  her  little  birdies 

three. 
"Sing!"  said  the  mother;   "We  sing,"  said  the 

three; 
So  they  sang  and  were  glad  in  the  hole  in  the 

tree. 

Fourth  Boy — 
Over  in  the  meadow,  in  the  reeds  on  the  shore. 
Lived  a  mother    muskrat  and  her  little  rattles 

four. 
"  Dive!"  said  the  mother;  "We  dive,"  said  the 

four; 
So  they  dived  and  they  burrowed  in  the  reeds  on 

the  shore. 

Fifth  Boy- 
Over  in  the  meadow,  in  the  snug  bee-hive. 
Lived  a  mother  honey-bee  and  her  little  honeys 

five. 
"  Buzz!"  said  the  mo  her;  "We  buzz,"  said  the 

five; 
So  they  buzzed  and  they  hummed  in  the   snug 

bee-hive. 

Sixth  Boy- 
Over  in  the  meadow,  in  a  nest  built  of  sticks. 
Lived  a  black  mother  crow  and  her  little  crows 

six. 
"Caw!"  said  the  mother;  "  We  caw,"  said  the 

six: 
So  they  cawed  and  they  called  in  the  nest  built 

of  sticks. 

Seventh  Boy- 
Over  in  the  meadow,  where  the  grass  is  so  even. 
Lived  a  gay  mother  cricket  and  her  little  crickets 

seven. 
"  Chirp!"  said  the  mother;  "We  chirp,"  said  the 

seven; 
So  they  chirped  cheery  notes  in   the  grass   soft 

and  even. 

Eighth  Boy- 
Over  in  the  meadow,  by  the  old  mossy  gate. 
Lived  a  brown  mother  lizard  and  her  little  liz- 
ards eight. 
"Bask!"    said  the  mother;  "  We  bask,"  said  the 

eight; 
So  they  basked  in  the  sun  by  the  old  mossy  gate. 

Ninth  Boy — 
Over  in  the  meadow,  where  the  clear  pools  shine 
Lived  a  green  mother  frog  and  her  little  froggies 

nine. 
"  Croak!"  said  the  mother;  "We  croak,"  said  the 

nine. 
So  they  croaked  and  they  splash<'d   where  the 
clear  pools  shine. 

Tenth  Boy- 
Over  iu  the  meadow,  in  a  sly  little  di  n, 
Lived  a  gray  mother  spider  and  her  little  spiders 

ten. 
"  Spin!"  said  the  mother;  "We  spin,"  said  the 

ten; 
So  they  spun  lace  webs  in  their  sly  little  den. 

Eleventh  Boy- 
Over  in  the  meadow,  in  the  soft  summer  even. 
Lived  a  mother  fire-lly  and  her  little  flies  eleven. 
"Shine!"  said  the  mother;  "We  shine,"  said  the 

eleven; 
So  they  shone  like  stars  in  the  soft  summer  even. 

Twelfth  Boy- 
Over    in    the  meadow,   where  the  men  dig  and 

delve. 
Lived    a   wise    mother  nut  and  her  little  antics 

twelve. 
"Toil!"  said   the  mother;  "We  toil,"  said  the 

twelve; 
So  they  toiled  and  were  wise  where  the  men  dig 

and  delve. 


"OUR  CORNER." 

HAPPY  greeting,  nephews  and 
neices!  Here  is  something  for  us 
to  puzzle  our  brains  over,  and  I 
am  not  sure  but  it  is  a  point  well 
worth  discussing.  Amanda  puts 
tile  question  as  follows: 

Santa  Ceuz,  March,  l«7n.  ^ 
Dear  Aunt  Polly:  Feeling  interested  iu 
the  plan  which  you  suggest  for  mutual 
improvement,  I  venture  to  send,  as  an 
answer  to  your  puzzle,  the  following, 
suggested  by  a  friend  at  my  elbow:  It  is 
what  we  often  find  in  the  form  of  a  roll 
with  fire  at  one  end  and  a  fool  at  the 
other.  My  friend,  you  see,  is  very  out- 
spoken, and  a  little  prejudiced  against 
anything  which  you,  dear  Aunt  Polly, 
would  hope  the  young  cousins  will  h;we 
nothing  to  do  with. 

Jerry  has  been  a  good  deal  exercised  of 
late  about  a  matter  which  presses  sorely 
upon  his  conscience,  and  I  have  resolved 
to  lay  it  before  you  for  advice  and  com- 
ment. The  "Good  Book"  tells  us  decid- 
edly, among  the  commandments,  "Thou 
sha'lt  not  kill."  It  does  not  add  what; 
therefore,  should  not  the  command  be 
construed  to  kill  not  at  all— neither  bird 
nor  beast?  Food  we  have  in  abundance 
of  a  variety  of  sorts  without  taking  life, 
still,  to  many  of  earth's  inhabitants,  ani- 
mal food  has  become  a  necessity.  Jerry 
has  a  passion  for  hunting.  Game  is  shy 
and  unapproachable.  He  has  been 
tempted  to  shoot  robins  and  larks,  and 
has  received  numberless  rebukes  from 
the  bird  defenders.  Jerry  asks  if  life  is 
not  as  dear  to  every  living  creature  as  to 
each  little  bird,  and  what  difference 
whether  one  is  born  a  robin  or  a  jack 
rabbit;  is  it  more  of  a  crime  to  take  the 
life  of  one  than  the  other? 

Sincerely,  yours,  Amanda. 

Aunt  Polly  will  only  say  that  if  you 
will  look  a  little  farther  into  the  "  Good 
Book"  you  will  find  other  commands 
which  involve  the  taking  of  animal  life, 
both  for  food  and  other  purposes,  and 
still  others  that  provide  for  the  punish- 
ment of  those  who  take  human  life;  so  I 
think  that  settles  the  question  as  to  ichat 
we  are  not  to  kill.  However,  killing  any 
animals  for  sport  is  cruel  and  wrong. 

Here  is  a  new  correspondent.  How 
do  you  do,  Willie.  Glad  to  shake  hands 
with  you : 

Cknteeville,  March,  1870. 
Aunt  Folly:  I  am  nearly  twelve  years 
old,  but  not  too  old  to  write  to  you.  The 
answer  to  Jennie's  puzzle  is  "Air."  I 
have  one  which  I  think  is  still  more  dif- 
ficult.    Here  it  is: 

I  am  composed  of  IG  letters. 
My  7,  5,  2,  G,  8  is  a  large  man. 
My  8,  9,  15  is  a  weight. 
My  8,  11,  10  is  a  metal. 
My  12,  2,  8  is  a  small  animal. 
My  3,  2,  3,  4  is  an  article  of  ornament. 
My  1,  1*1,  IG  is  what  old  people  some- 
!  times  wear. 

My  13  is  a  consonant. 
My  whole  is  the  nama  of  an  American 
author. 

Please  imt  this  in  your  jmirnal. 

WiLI.IK  A. 
Jennie  brings  another  puzzle  for  you. 
I  wonder  if  she  will  be  as  successful  in 
solving  Willie's  enigma  as  he  was  in 
guessing  hers.  Do  not  allow  yourself  to 
be  beaten  by  a  boy,  Jennie. 

LiVEEMoHK,  March,  187G. 
I)c((r  Aunt  I'olli/:  I  have  written  once, 
and  do  not  know  that  I  ouglit  to  write 
again,  but  I  thought  I  would  send  the 
answer  to  the  enigma  somebody  sent 
you.  It  is  the  letter  "O."  I  got  thir- 
teen soiiarate  words  from  the  word  "car- 
pets." Here  is  a  riddle  that  is  not  new, 
Imi  perhaps  some  of  the  "cousins"  have 


never  seen  it,  and  for    mo  it   was  very  ' 
hard : 

There  is  a  thing  in  many  lands 
Teaches  multitudes   but   nothing  under- 
stands. 
It  is  not  in  Italy,  but   in   Piome  it  doth 

appear; 
It  comes  in  every  moment,  but   not  iu 

twenty  year; 
It's  in  all  kinds  of  timber,  but  not  iu  any 

tree : 
It's  in  all  kinds  of  mountains,  but  not  in 
land  or  sea. 
I  remain,  your  niece,  Jennie  D. 

You  did  very  well  to  get  thirteen  words 
from  "carpets,"  but  you  are  beat,  for 
here  comes  another  little  niece,  only  ten 
years  old,  who  has  done  still  better: 
LivEEMOEE,  March,  187G. 
Dear  Aunt  Polly:  My  papa  takes  the 
Ageicultukist,  and  when  it  comes  I 
always  turn  to  the  children's  "corner." 
I  like  puzzles  very  much.  I  tried  to  see 
how  many  words  I  could  make  out  of 
"carpets,"  and  succeeded  iu  getting  one 
hundred  and  sixty-five,  which  I  send  you. 
[Will  give  the  words  another  time.-Aunt 
Polly.]  I  think  the  answer  to  Jennie's 
rebus  is  "air."  As  this  is  my  first  letter 
to  you,  I  will  make  it  short. 
Lovingly,  your  little  niece, 

Maky  C. 
Aunt  Polly  thinks  there  are  still  more 
words  that  can  be  found  by  using  the 
letters  as  many  times  as  you  please.  To 
the  little  girl  or  boy  who  will  send  us  the 
most  Aunt  Polly  "will  send  the  pair  of 
chromes,  "Chicks"  and  "Birds."  Now 
all  try  real  hard,  won't  you?  -ind  now 
hear  what  Georgie  has  to  say: 

San  Jose,  March,  1867. 
Dear  Annl  Polly:  Every  night  my  mam- 
ma reals  to  me  and  my  lit.le  brother 
after  we  go  to  bed,  and  it  is  a  real  nice 
way  to  do,  because  it  makes  us  sleejiy, 
and  we  dream  of  stories  and  things.  I 
like  the  children's  "corner"  ever  so 
much,  and  hope  lots  of  girls  and  boys 
will  write  to  you,  and  I  wish  the  big  ones 
would  tell  us  something  fuuiiy,_  too. 
Mamma  read  me  what  "M.  E.  T.'' said 
about  telling  us  some  funny  stories,  if 
they  would  let  her,  and  I  ■  want  you  to 
be  sure  and  ask  her  to,  right  away. 

Your  niece,  Geoegie. 

LiVEEMOEE,  March,  1870. 
Aunt  Polly:  In  looking  over  the  child- 
ren's "corner"  of  the  Ageiccliueist  I 
found  the  enigma,  and  think  I  can  solve 
it.  It  m\ist  be  the  letter  "0."  I  have 
written  an  enigma,  which  I  send  you. 
If  you  think  it  worthy  of  a  place  in  your 
columns  I  should  be  glad  to  see  it  pub- 
lished. 

I  am  composed  of  -12  letters. 
My  11,  2,  7,  26,  29,  41,    20,  35   is  an 
aniiual  of  the  hog  kind. 
Uy  IS,  33,  40  is  a  weight. 
My  15,  24,  32  is  a  domestic  animal. 
My  30,  38,  25,  30  is  a  the  mouth. 
My  26,  10,  8,  12.  30,  39  is  peril. 
My  1,  G,  13,  39,  2,  42  is  an  iuclosure. 
My  30,  19,  14,  34,  30  is   the  sap  of  a 
fruit. 

My  22,  23,  28,  27  is  quiet. 
My  17,  4,  5,  32  is  to  raise. 
My  31,  16,  21,  23  is  to  fit. 
My  37,  9,  27  is  a  kind  of  fluid. 
My  whole  is  something  that  we  always 
welcome. 

Yours,  To.MMV  Claek. 

Now  here  is  a  little  anecdote  you  will 
like: 

A  child  went  with  her  mother  to  buy 
shoes,  and  was  shown  some  congress 
boots  with  a  row  of  buttons  up  the  side 
in  imitation  of  bnttoued-bools.  She  de- 
clined trying  them  on,  and  when  mam- 
ma insisted,  she  declared  they  w-ere  only 
mitke-believe  buttoned-shoos,  and  she 
did  not  want  to  wear  anything  that  w;is 
a  sham.      "Please    let    me    try   a   pliiin 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


I The  child  was  hiimorecl  and 

'     the  mother  and  shop-keeper  both  taught 
^    11  lesson  that  it  would  be   well  for   all  to 

l.r-ep  in  mind — to  avoid  pretending  to  be 

dift'erent  from  what  you  are. 

And  now,    good-bye  all,    and  be    sure 

and  see  that    "Our  Comer"   is  full  next 

month.      Every  month    wo    want  some 

puzzle  that  will  be  w-orth  a  pair  of  chro- 

mos  to  beat. 


GRANDMA'S   TALKS- 

Easy  Lessons  from  Nature—No.  3. 

Well,  children,  how  many  of  you  are 
ready  to  tell  what  will  change  ice  to 
water,  or  to  steam?  Johnny  says  if  he 
warms  the  ice  it  turns  into  water,  then 
when  the  water  gets  hot  enough  it  turns 
into  steam.  Now  this  is  a  fact  worth 
knowing  and  remembering,  that  lietit  is 
the  cause  of  all  the  chaiVjcs  of  matter  from 
the  solid  to  the  fluid  condition. 

iVfter  a  shower  do  you  see  any  of  that 
kind  of  work  done  by  the  sun?  It  rained 
last  night,  and  .Johnny  and  Lucy  a  look- 
ing eagerly  out  of  the  window  to  see — 
what?  That  steam  or  vapor  is  rising 
from  the  roof  of  the  barn.  Look  sharp, 
children,  and  you  will  see  vapors  rising 
from  the  ground,  fences,  houses  and 
lake,  as  if  hurrying  up  to  make  more 
clouds,  which  will  fall  to  the  earth  again 
in  rain. 

Lucy  asks  what  stops  the  steam  np  in 
the  air — why  it  don't  go  clear  np  to  the 
Ktars  and  never  come  down  again.  John- 
ny calls  her  a  "goosie"  to  ask  such  a 
([uestion.  But  can  you  answer  her,mas- 
ter  Johnny?  Then  you  want  to  know 
the  reason,  too,  don't  you? 

Breathe  on  the  window  glass,  Lucy, 
and  what  is  the  result?  Oh!  you  cannot 
see  through  the  glass;  you  have  made  a 
tiny  cloud  there.  You  may  laugh,  but 
it  ii'  a  real  cloud.  Now  breathe  ten  or 
twelve  times  in  the  same  place.  You 
see  the  little  cloud  is  beginning  to  rain. 
At  first  the  drops  were  so  very  small  they 
scarcely  appeared  to  be  water,  but  by 
adding  more  steam  or  breath  they  have 
increased  in  size  until  too  heavy  to  stick 
to  the  glass  and  are  falling  like  rain. 

If  heat  causes  water  to  change  into 
^tfam,  what  happens  when  heat  is  taken 
liutof  the  steam?  Johnny  says  truly 
tiiat  it  will  turn  into  water  again.  What 
cliauges  your  breath  (which  is  vapor  or 
steam)  int*water  on  the  window  pane? 
That  is  I'ight,  Lucy.  Feel  if  the  glass  is 
cold.  You  have  found  out  the  reason, 
now.  And  if  we  took  a  great  deal  more 
heat  out  of  those  drops,  what  then?  They 
would  turn  to  snow  or  ice.  That  is  Jack 
Frost's  work  on  the  window  panes  in 
freezing  weather.  Perhaps  you  have 
never  seen  his  beautiful  work  in  this 
mild  climate. 

I  must  tell  you  now  that  even  in  coun- 
tries where  the  weather  is  always  exces- 
sive warm  the  tops  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains are  covered  with  snow;  also,  that 
the  people  who  travel  in  balloons  always 
notice  that  the  air  grows  colder  as  they 
rise  higher  and  higher  (for  balloons  fre- 
quently sail  into  and  through  the  clouds) . 
Now,  children,  what  stops  any  vapor 
or  steam  from  rising  and  turns  it  back  to 
the  earth  in  rain?  You  are  right,  little 
Lucy.  The  cold  air,  stops  it,  for  that 
takes  the  heat  out  of  the  steam,  which 
forms  into  clouds  of  tiny  drops  of  water, 
falling  in  rain  when  they  become  heavy 
enough.  And  now  Johnny  will  not  call 
you  a  "goosie,'  so  readily  again,  I  think. 
Thus,  you  understand  that  the  atoms 
composing  water  are  not  destroyed,  but 
are  continually  taking  one  of  the  three 
j  forms  wc  have  mentioned:  solid,  liquid, 
or  vapor.  For  instance,  fresh  falling 
tain  is  forrard  of  the  water-atoms  which 


have  fallen  over  and  over  again;  for 
since  the  creation  of  the  earth  not  an 
atom  has  been  destroyed  of  any  kind  of 
matter. 

Lucy  says  Bridget  has  certainly  de- 
stroyed her  dolly's  hat,  for  she  threw  it 
in  the  fire  and  it  is  gone  entirely.  Not 
so,  Lucy;  the  form  only  is  changed.  Y'ou 
can't  fit  it  on  your  dolly  now,  I  know. 
It  has  certainly  lost  its  fashionable  shape 
and  all  its  beauty  as  a  hat;  but  every 
atom  still  exists,  and  perhaps  takes  more 
space  than  it  did  before,  only  your  little 
eyes  can't  see  it.  In  the  bright  flame  it 
vanished  from  your  sight,  turning  into 
smoke  or  gas,  leaving  only  a  few  ashes 
visible. 

Here  I  have  a  little  toy  called  "Pha- 
raoh's serpent's  egg."  It  is  no  larger 
than  a  white  bean.  I  light  it  carefully 
with  a  match.  See  it  burn!  Children, 
dont  think  it  is  really  growing  into  a  live 
snake,  though  it  looks  very  much  like 
one  as,  fold  after  fold,  it  wriggles  out  of 
the  burning  egg.  That  is  only  the  ashes 
you  see  forming,  and  some  portion  of 
that  little  egg  has  also  passed  off  in 
smoke. 

I  suppose  you  consider  smoke  "  noth- 
ing," but  you  really  h.ave  seen  some- 
thing, Johnny  and  Lucy,  that  increases 
in  size  by  burning.  The  ashes  are 
formed  by  a  new  combination  of  the 
atoms  in  the  egg  and  the  atoms  in  the 
air,  caused  by  applying  heat. 

Our  lesson  to-day  has  been  about  a 
property,  belonging  alike  to  all  matter, 
which  philosophers  call  inckslmchbility . 
Lucy  says  it  is  too  long  a  word  for  such 
a  little  girl  to  remember,  but  as  it  has 
only  seven  syllables,  by  taking  two  syl- 
lables a  week  I  think  you  can  learn  it 
well  during  the  month. 


€nxt^mU\iU. 


A  POLITICAL     ENIGMA    SOLVED. 

BY   UNCLE  SAM. 

Dear  Editor:  An  article  in  a  San 
Francisco  paper  accounting  for  the  pres- 
ent hard  times  by  the  fact  that  our  taxes 
exceed  our  exports,  suggests  to  me  a  few 
thoughts  that  possibly  you  may  find 
room  for. 

A  heavy  tax  is  not  necessarily  detri- 
mental to  the  prosperitj'  of  the  country. 
If  the  money  raised  by  taxation  is 
promptly  and  evenly  distributed  among 
the  people,  and  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
help  the  work  of  the  country,  it  may  be 
a  great  benefit. 

I  have  a  force  of  men  working  my 
ranch,  and  tax  them  ten  dollars  each  for 
a  "Hail  Columbia"  fund.  It  looks  like 
a  heavy  tax;  but  if  I  pay  each  man  a 
dollar  every  time  he  whistles  or  sings 
"Hail  Columbia"  the  men  soon  have  the 
money  in  their  pockets,  and  the  place  is 
benefitted  by  the  cheery  influence  and 
patriotic  suggestions  of  that  good,  old 
tune.  Should  I  insist  upon  a  stave  of 
"Dixie  Land"  being  sung  or  whistled 
before,  each  bar  of  "Hail  Columbia,"  my 
men  w-ill  probably  discuss,  quan-el,  and 
raise  more  discords  than  there  are  in  both 
tunes  kept  apart,  and  ni}'  "Hail  Colum- 
bia" fund  will  come  to  grief. 

It  is  better  that  Congress  should  refuse 
to  vote  a  Centennial  fund,  than  to  force 
■'Hail  Columbia"  and  "Dixie"  on  the 
same  platform. 

Should  I  pay  the  "Hail  Columbia" 
fund  to  a  baud  of  Chinese  musicians, and 
thus  send  it  nearly  unbroken  across  the 
Pacific,  my  men  would  feel  the  discord 
of  the  transaction,  and  there  would  be 
less  money  to  carry  on  business  on  the 
place. 


Should  I  give  it  to  any  one  man   in 

such  a  shape  that  he  could  hire  my  men 
at  increased  wages  to  build  some  orna- 
mental work  that  would  return  no  equiv- 
alent to  the  country,  both  ranch  and 
men  would  eventually  suft'er  a  loss,  as 
during  this  absence  my  ranch  has  not 
prospered,  and  where  the  ranch  or  coun- 
try goes  down  hill,  the  workmen  follow. 

Some  of  my  men  on  the  south  side  of 
the  ranch  got  dissatisfied,  jumped  the 
ranch,  stole  the  stock  and  tools,  and 
elected  another  boss.  I  was  obliged  to 
detail  a  jiart  of  the  workmen  from  the 
north  side  to  stop  these  irregular  pro- 
ceedings, and  so  much  labor  being  with- 
drawn from  producing,  I  had  to  borrow 
money  and  issue  notes. 

This  being  so  easily  done,  I  pay  my 
faithful  men  large  wages,  and  they  go 
into  many  enterprises  on  thei.  ow'iihook. 
They  gi-ade  a  railroad  across  the  middle 
of  the  ranch,  and  make  me  responsible  for 
most  of  the  work.  They  spend  vast  sums 
of  money,  and  withdraw  much  labor 
from  production,  on  a  railroad  at  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  ranch  that,  at 
present,  is  dead  capital.  They  have 
erected  a  great  many  very  costly  build- 
ings all  over  the  ran^h,  most  of  them 
good  to  have,  but  will  not  pay  this  gene- 
ration for  building.  Up  the  stream  from 
one  camp  called  New  Y'ork  City,  they 
have  built  summer  camps  and  laid  oiit 
pleasure  grounds  that  have  cost  millions 
of  dollars,  but  return  but  very  few  dol- 
lars for  the  mass  of  the  people  to  live  on. 
Plenty  of  my  promises-to-pay  circulating 
among  the  men  stimulated  trade  most 
unnaturally.  Stimulated  trade  fairly  in- 
toxicated manufacture,  and  my  ranch  is 
piled  up  in  places  with  boots,  shoes, 
woolen  and  cotton  goods,  wagons,  plows, 
etc.,  begging  for  a  market,  while  those 
that  made  them  are  begging  for  employ- 
ment, and  those  who  need  them  have  no 
money  to  buy  them. 

My  dissatisfied  workmen  on  the  south 
side,  I  am  glad  to  employ  to  build  up 
the  country  they  have  so  badly  damaged. 
But  if  they  insist  on  my  sliding  alomj  to 
let  their  whipped  boss  draw  his  stool  up 
to  my  desk,  handle  half  the  money,  and 
make  half  or  more  of  the  laws,  I  must 
firmly  say.  No.  I  had  rather  he  would 
keep  out  of  sight  or  emigrate. 

I  would  say  to  my  men,  north,  south, 
east  and  west,  be  industrious  and  work 
at  such  work  as  will  pay;  don't  fool  away 
your  time  at  fancj'  work  for  a  few  years, 
and  we  will  pull  through  all  right.  I 
have  been  learning  a  good  lesson  watch- 
ing my  good  friend  Johnny  Crapaud,  who 
has  a  ranch  over  east  of  the  big  pond, 
and  who  so  kindly  lent  me  a  helping 
hand  nearlv  a  hundred  years  ago,  when 
I  had  a  little  difliculty  with  my  mother. 
Johnny  has  had  a  tough  lesson  to  recite, 
but  his  boys  have  taken  hold  with  such 
good  grit,  and  used  so  much  economy, 
and  paid  their  bills  so  promptly,  that  it 
is  more  than  an  even  chance  that  they 
will,  morally,  be  victors  over  their  phys- 
ical victors. 


LETTER     FROM      CASTROVILLE. 
MONTEREY,    COUNTY. 

Deep-Plowing  Controverted. 

Ed.  Agricultuelsi:  I  have  noticed  ar- 
ticles on  deep  and  shallow  plowing  in 
late  numbers  of  the  AGKicn-TURLST. 
During  an  experience  of  nine  years  farm- 
ing in  California,  I  am  convinced  that 
thorough  surface  cultivation  is  the  best. 
Good  crops  do  not  depend  upon  deep 
plowing  in  dry  years,  and  in  wet  seasons 
they  do  as  well  upon  shallow  as  upon 
deeply  plowed  land.  i 

■Where  the  soil  is  shallow,  as  upon 
poor  hill  land,  it  will  not  do  to  plow  deep. 


as  the  only  good  soil  is  on  top,  where  it  I 
belongs;  to   turn  it  under  and  bring  up 
coarse  material  ruins  it.     Early  seeding, 
as  a  rule,  works  best,  and  is  better  than 
all  theories  about  deep  plowing. 

I  have  plowed  my  ground  deeply  after 
rains,  when  I  could,  and  the  light  plow- 
ed, early  sown  has  always  yielded  the 
best.  The  soil  is  lighter,  liner  and  better 
for  the  germination  of  the  seed  when 
worked  shallow  and  thoroughly. 

In  1870-71  I  plowed  both  deep  and 
shallow,  and  I  saw  the  wheat  on  the  deep 
plowed  soil  dry  out,  while  on  the  shallow- 
worked  it  made  a  good  crop,  lly  neigh- 
bors have  experienced  the  same.  On 
the  deep  plowing  the  grain  was  slower 
in  getting  a  start,  and  as  the  plowed  soil 
dried  out  the  roots  perished,  while  on 
the  lightly  tilled  they  reached  for  moist- 
ure sooner  and  grew  right  along. 

A  gentleman  in  Pajaro  valley  plowed 
deep  and  sub-soiled  with  a  small  plow 
following  the  large  one.  In  sandy  sedi- 
ment tlie  plows  ran  very  deep,  and  in 
other  places  a  poor  sub-soil  was  stirred 
up.  He  did  not  get  as  good  grain  from 
his  deeply  plowed  land  as  from  that 
which  w  as  lightly  worked  on  the  surface 
alone. 

Potatoes  and  beans  need  deeper  idowed 
soil  than  grain,  but  not  too  deep,  either, 
but  thoroughly  working  of  the  soil.  I 
have  tried  it  during  the  last  nine  years 
with  potatoes,  barley,  wheat  and  oats.  A 
good,  early  start  is  the  best  for  all  grain 
crops,  and  in  all  seasons,  wet  or  dry,  I 
find  deep  plowing  not  so  good  as  tho- 
rough surface  tillage,  not  over  three  or 
four  inches. 

It  is  not  safe  to  plow  adobe  land  over 
five  or  six  inches,  and  it  takes  a  good 
deal  of  extra  power  to  do  it.  Your  cor- 
respondent, "Mechanic,"  who  speaks  of 
plowing  fourteen  inches,  must  be  in 
error.  This  rainy  season  it  may  do  to 
plow  some  classes  of  soil  deep,  such  as 
black  adobe  on  clay  snb-soil.  Such  soil 
is  the  best  and  most  enduring  grain  land 
in  the  world. 

The  farmers  in  Europe  do  not  get  their 
best  crops  from  real  deep  plowing,  but 
from  heavy  manuring  and  working  into 
the  soil  ingredients  to  make  it  light,  ro- 
tation of  crops,  changing  to  green  crops 
and  pasture,  etc.,  two  plowings  a  year, 
careful  harrowing,  and  fine  tillage  gener- 
ally. As  they  have  small  farms,  and 
naturally  a  shallow  soil,  it  has  paid  them 
to  deepen  it  artificially,  underdrain  it, 
and  renew  its  fertility  with  manures, 
plowing  under  green  crops,  etc.  They 
have  a  sod  to  turn  under,  rains  every 
month  in  the  year,  and  must  farm  differ- 
ently. 

Here,  before  the  heavy  fall  rains,  we 
cannot  plow  deep — and  if  we  do,  we  get 
no  better  crops.  But  with  shallow  cul- 
tivation we  can  get  in  our  crops  early, 
and  in  better  condition  than  at  any  other 
time.  And  if  not  drowned  out,  we  get 
the  best  crops. 

On  rich  land  the  only  danger  is  that 
the  grain  will  grow  too  rank   and  lodge. 

ScBSCBIBEK. 


In  the  Common  Lot  of  Man. 

Wheeeas.  In  the  inevitable  course  of  human 
events,  another  link  has  been  dropped  from  our 
fraternal  chain  in  the  death  of  our  worthy  and 
youthful  brother,  C.  "W.  Keith,  and  our  Grange 
Bhome  of  the  promise  of  support  and  greater 
usefulness  in  a  more  mature  age;  be  it 

Resolved,  That  in  the  death  of  our  youthful 
brother  this  Grange  has  lost  a  worthy  member 
and  his  parents  a  beloved  son. 

Resolved,  That  wc  extend  our  heart-felt  and 
fraternal  sympathy  to  the  bereaved  parents  and 
friends. 

Resolved,  that  this  preamble  and  resolutions 
be  spread  upon  the  records,  and  a  copy  be  sent 
to  the  California  Agbicultctust  and  Rur.il 
Press  for  publication. 

Z.  L.  Gabwood.  '\ 

J.  Knowles,        J  Committee. 

.\ .  B.  HtJXTEn,     ) 


California  Agriculturist  Axn  Live  Stock  Journal. 


TREADWELL  SINGLE-GEAR 
CALIFORNIA  HEADER. 

We  give  an  illustration  of  this  header, 
believina  it  to  be  a  superior  machine.  It 
is  manufactured  expressly  for  California 
gi-ain  fields,  by  J.  I.  Case  &  Co.,  of 
Wisconsin,  the  largest  agricultural  ma- 
chine manufacturers  in  the  country. 
Besides  retaining  all  the  improvements 
of  value  used  in  the  Haines  headers,  it 
has  the  patent  adjustable  reel,  improved 
iron  wheels,  new  flange  guide  wheels, 
improved  pitman  and  boxes,  improved 
elevator,  improved  bevel  gearing  to  drive 
the  reel,  and  pipe-shaft  for  reel.  The 
strain  is  equalized  with  truss  braces.  No 
unnecessary  friction;  easy  to  turn; 
thrown  in  or  out  of  gear  while  in  motion; 
was  gotten  up  in  California  by  practical 
mechanics  and  farmers,  for  California, 
and  is  manufactured  out  of  the  very  best 
materials  for   good  and   lasting   service. 

The  proprietors  of  Elevator  A,  at  Indi- 
anapolis, offer  to  transfer  grain,  and  store 
the  same  for  20  days  at  '-'^c  per  bushel, 
and  no  charge  for  shoveling  or  switching. 
The  charges  in  Chicago  are  nearly  3c  on 
wheat  and  corn. 


Good  Black  Ink.— A  gentlemn  away 
out  in  Idaho  says:  "Good  black  ink  is 
not  easily  attainable  here,  and  the  trash 
that  passes  for  the  genuine  article  is  sold 
at  fabulous  prices."  For  his  benefit 
and  that  of  others  similarly  situated  we 
repeat  a  recipe  taken  from  the  New  York 
Tribune:  To  one  quart  of  strong  decoc- 
tion of  logwood,  well  strained,  add  three 
ounces  of  blue  galls  in  coarse  powder, 
twelve  drams  sulphate  of  iron,  one  and 
one  quarter  drams  acetate  of  copper, 
twelve  drams  of  well  ground  sugar,  one 
and  one-half  ounces  of  gum  arable.  Set 
it  over  the  fire  till  it  begins  to  boil,  then 
set  it  away  uncorked  till  it  has  turned 
black  enough :  add  a  few  cloves  to  keep 
out  the  mold.  It  is  a  real  pleasure  to 
open  a  letter  and  find  a  clear,  legible 
chirography,  in  ink  of  a  decided  color, 
as  well  as  less  of  a  task  to  write  one 
with  smoothly  flowing  ink. 


SxK.iw  AND  Hat. — Good  clean  straw, 
carefully  stacked,  is  supposed  to  repre- 
sent a  value  in  comparison  with  the  best 
meadow  hay,  of  three  to  one.  That  is, 
an  animal  must  eat  three  pounds  of  straw 
to  get  the  same  subsistence  as  would  be 
aftbrded  by  one  pound  of  hay. 


One  of  our  exchanges  mentions  the 
fact  that  a  person  had  trouble  with  the 
drawing  out  of  staples  from  barn-doors, 
and  screws  from  hinges.  He  drove  pegs 
into  the  holes,  and  put  the  irons  in  again; 
but  they  would  soon  come  out,  wooden 
pegs  and  all.  Then  he  used  leather, 
which  was  better  than  wooden  pegs,  but 
in  time  the  latter  got  used  to  the  pressure, 
ancl  let  the  staple  out.  Then  he  filled  j 
the  holes  tightly  with  cork,  and  put  in 
the  screws  and  irons,  and  they  have  re- 
mained in  perfect  condition  to  this  day. 

To  Preserve  Fence  Posts. — Accord- 
ing to  excellent  authority,  fence  posts 
can  be  made  as  imjjcrishable  as  iron  for 
less  than  two  cents  apiece.  Pulverized 
charcoal  is  to  be  stirred  into  boiled  lin- 
seed oil  to  the  consistency  of  paint,  and 
a  coat  of  this  is  to  be  brushed  over  the 
part  of  the  post  to  be  placed  in  the 
ground. — Boston  Journal  of  Chcmistri/. 


Vinsonhaler's 

Business  College! 


SAN    JOSE,    C-AL. 


Be  fnigal,  but  not  mean;  prudent,  not 
subtle:  complaisant,  not  servile;  active  in 
business,  but  not  its  slave.  There  are 
also  four  other  habits  which  are  essen- 
tially necessaiy  to  the  happy  manage- 
ment of  temporal  concerns:  punctuality, 
accuracy,  steadiness  and  dispatch. 


Thorough  instruction  in  all  branched 
pertaining  to  a  business  education. 

No  scholar  graduated  who  falls  below 
98  per  cent,  in  Studies  and  Deportment. 

School  in  session  during  the  entire 
}-ear. 

Pupils  can  enter  at  any  time. 

Those  desiring  Board  can  find  a  com- 
fortable Home  in  the  Institute. 

All  Graduates  will  be  awarded  a  hand- 
some Diploma. 

Pupils  attending  this  College  can  also 
have  access  to  any  of  the  English  bran- 
ches taught  in  the  SAN  JOSE  IN8TI- 
TVT'Efreeofcharqe. 

JAMES    VINSONHALER, 

San  Jose,  Cal. 


I\OCK'S  NUI\SERIES, ' 

SAN  JOSE,  CAL.  ■ 

THE  ATTENTION    OF   NUKSERYMEN  AXI)  ! 
plautiTK  is  iiivit*'d  tu  my  large  stuck  uf 

FRUIT    TREES! 

Of  Die  very  best  Varieties  for  Jlarki  t.  Shipping  i 

and  Drying;    Who, 
GRAPKVIXES,     CURRANTS,    GOOSK-  ! 
UI^RRIKS,        BI..ACKBBRRIES 
AND    R.VSPBERRIES. 
SUADE  TREES, 

KVRRGREENS, 

HI.UE  GUMS 

AND    SHRUBS. 
GREKXHOUSE      PLANTS,       BEDDING 
PLANTS,     ETC. 
Srnrl  f(,r  a  C'ataloKiir. 

JOHN  ROCK,  San  Joso. 

TMinLARil  TANNER?, 

J  AC  or,  Ei',h:iaiAi;Dr  ^  -  Prop,-. 

A   I-r.  KINDS  OP  LKATIIEK,    8HEEP. 

iVBkliis    and   wncil.     IIii;lioBt    price    paid    lor 
Slicop  SliinB,  Tnllo^v.  Wool,  etc. 


EMPEY  &  LENITAIID, 

IManufacturcrK  and  I'tiil'rs'in 

HAR-/C|^^    COL- 
NESS.g^^L  ARS, 

SADDLERY. 

Carriage    Trimmings.     Etc. 

'So.  '2C,2   ,SV/,i^(  Chira  Sired. 

SA.N  JOSXS. 


mmmm  mu  m\m 

FOR     SALE. 


O  IXTY  ONE  AND  TWO  YEARS  OLD 

O  — ThoroURhbred  Spanish  Merino  Ilams,  Call 
fornia  bred,  Irom  Ewcb  imported  from  Vermont,  [ 
and  sired  tty  Severance  &  Peet's  celebrated  ram 
I'REMONT.  and  by  their  ram  GKEEN  llOrX- 
TAIN,  which  took  the  first  premiunifi  at  the  liay 
district  and  State  l-'aii-s.  Last  shearing.  35!<. 
lbs.  year's  grfiwth.  Also,  about  100  Ewes  and 
I  I.ambs,  all  of  (JKEEN  MOUNTAIN  stock,  bred 
lust  year. 

'    B.  F.  WATKINS,  S'mta  Claru.  Cal. 


T3a.©    Goodeaoue-b. 

COMMON-SENSE  SYSTEM 

HORSESHOEIITG    SHOP! 

Col'.       Santa    Clam     niitl     San      Pectro 
Streets  (opposite  Post  Oilic*-) . 

The  only  Natuial  Method  of  SliiicinK  the  Horse 
to  prevent 

Corns,  Quarters  Cracks,  Contrac- 
tion of  the  Hoof,  and  all 
Lameness  Eosr.ltin.^ 
from  Unsound 
Feet. 

vs.  K.  IiAKCOXta, 

Proprietor. 

IF  YOU  VVAXT  A  PATKXT,  SEND 
US  a  moapl  or  tketrli  and  ;i  lull  deKcriptioii  of 
yoTir  jnvputlon.  Wo  '.vill  iniiko  nji  oxaniiiintion 
lit  the  Patont  Ollloo.  and  if  wo  thiuk  it  patent- 
able, will  sonrt  yon  papers  and  athlco  and  proRc- 
outo  your  case.  Our  feo  will  bo.  in  ordinary 
CHBOR,  flias.  Advice  fhfe.  Address  LOUIS 
I  BAGGKU  k  CO..  Wanbiugton,  It.  C.  BE^  Scud 
j  Postal  Card  for  our  "  Guujk  roii  Obtainino 
Patents"— n  book  of  fiO pages. 


Closing  Out  Stock 


THE  SUUSCKIBERS,  INTENDING  TOCLOoE 
up  their  business  with  as  littlo  delay  as  pos- 
sible, now  ofler  their  sloct  of 

Jackson      Wagons ! 

As  a  WHOLE,  or  at  RETAIL,  on  the  most  favor- 
able terms  and  at  very  low  prices, 

.T.    D.  ARTHITR   &  SON. 

nih  Cor.  California  and  Davis  St.,  S.F. 


ZiOcke  <&  Montague, 

IMPOHTERS  AXr>  DEALERS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  S:c. 

':112  and  114  Battery  St., 

]  KAN  FRANCISCO. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Parties  ilesiriiiR  to  purcbase  Live  Stock  will 
tiiui  iu  this  Directory  the  names  of  some  of  the 
moBt  reliable  Breeders. 

Our  Rates. — Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  wlil  be 
inserted  iu  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50 
cents  per  month,  payable  annually. 

A  line  will  averaf:;e  about  seven  words.  Count 
five  words  for  the  tirst  line. 


CATTLE. 


SB.   EDICRSOIV,  Mountain  View,  Santa 
•  Clara  County,  Cal. — Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
and  Holetein  Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

CYRUS  JONES  &  CO.,    San  Jose,  Santa 
Clara  County.  Cal. — Breeders  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle.     "  Young  BuIIb  for  sale." 

CHARL.es  CliARK,  Milpitas,  Santa  Clar* 
County.  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine. 

(^OL.EMAIV  YOUNGER,    San  .Jose,  Santa 
y  Clara  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle. 


c. 


B.    POIiHEMUS,  Sau  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cat- 


CARR  &  CHAPMAN,   Gabilan,  Monterey 
County,   Cal.— Breeders  of  Trotting  Horses, 
Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

WL.  OV£RHISER.  Stockton,  San  Joa- 
•  quin  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle  and  Swine. 


M 


OSES    "mCK,     Oroville,  Butte  Countv 
Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Hora  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND  GOATS, 


CP.  BAILEY,  San  Jose  Cal.— Impoi-ter- 
•  breeder,  and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  An- 
gora Goats.  Fine  Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for 
sale. 

LBNDRUM  At  ROGERS,  Watsonville,  Cal. 
—Importers  and  breeders  of  the  finest  Cots- 
wold Sheep  and  Angora  Goats. 


McCRACKElVifc  LEWIS,  San  Jose,  Cal.— 
Importers  and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goats; 
also,  fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 


MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOW,  CenterviUe, 
near  Niles  Station,  Alameda  County,  Cal. — 
Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Rams  and  Ewes 
lor  sale. 

IEIVDRUM     Si     ROGERS,     "SVateonville, 
J  Cal.— Importers  and  breodersof  Pure  Angora 
Goats. 


swmE. 


CHARI.ES  CliARK,  Milpitas,  Santa  Clara 
County,   Cal.— Breeder  of   Pnre-bred  Berk- 
shire Swine. 


POULTRY. 


MRS.  t,.  J.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara- 
Premium  Fowls.  White  and  Brown  Leg- 
horn, S.  S.  Hamlinrg.L.  Brahmas,  B.  B .  Red  Game, 
Game  Bantams,  and  Aylesbury  Ducks.  Also 
Errs. 


MISCELLANEO  US. 

HARRIS  HERRING,  San  .Jose,  Cal.— 
_  .  Agent  for  several  breeders  of  Best  Pure-bred 
animals  and  poultry.  We  bring  the  breeder  and 
purchaser  together  direct,  and  do  not  stand  be- 
tween  them,  while  we  aid  each  free  of  charge. 

SPLENDID  CARD  PHOTOGRAPHS, 
only  S'i  a  dozen,  and  Cabinets  S4  a  dozen, 
at  H0WL\N1''S  Gallery  (Heering's  old  stand) 
No.  .3.'>9  First  street,  San  Jose. 

WALLACE  &  COCHRAN,  386  First 
street—Handsome  turnouts  always  on  hand 
at  fair  prices.  I'ine  Hearse  for  Funerals.  Car- 
riages for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 

H.   S.    LAIUKIN, 

ATTOHNEY-AT-LAW-KOOMS    3   AND    4, 
Stone's Buildiiig  (opposite  Auzerais  House), 
Santa  Clara  street,  San  -Jose. 


mum  NATIONAL  GOLB  BANK 


DR.   J.    BRADFORD  COX, 

FFICE     OVER     T.    W.  SPRI^G•S 
opposite  the  Post  Office,  San  .Jose. 


«^"  The  National  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to 
Bradely  k  Biilofson  for  the  best  Photographs  in 
the  United  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  for  the 
best  in  the  world. 

429  Mantgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 


CAPITAL 

WILLIAM  ERKSON 
H.  E.  HILLS 


S  100,000. 

President. 
Manager. 


SANIA  CLARA  VALLEY 

Drug  Store, 

300    SiiiitiL  Clara  street, 
Opposite  tile  Convent, 

SAN     JOSE, 

JOHN  D.  SCOTT,  9X.  D.,1 

Physician   and   Druggist. 


SASr    JOSE. 

Paid   up  Capital  (gold  coin) $.500,000 

Authorized  Capital $1,000,000 

John  W.  Hinds.  President;  E.  C.  Siugletary, 
Vice-President;  W.  D.  Tisdale,  Cashier  and  Sec- 
retary; L.  G.  Nesmith,  Assistant  Cashier. 

Directors:- C.  BniTel,  Wm.  D.  Tisdale.  E.  I 
L.  Bradley,  C.  G.HaiTison,  E.  C. Siugletary,  Wm. 
L.   Tisdale,  John  W.  Hinds,  W.  H.  Wing,  J.  B. 
Edwards. 

Correspondents:- Anglo-Californian  Bank  ! 
(limited),   San  Francisco;  First  National  Gold 
Bank,  S.  F.;  First  National  Bank,  New  York;  \ 
Anglo-Californian  Bank  (limited)  London. 

WILL  ALLOW  INTEREST  ON  DEPOSITS, 
buy  and  sell  Excliange,  make  collections, 
loan  money,  and  transact  a  General  Banking 
Business.  Special  inducements  offered  to  mer- 
chants, mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  commer- 
cial accounts. 

S.  W.  Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 

SABar  JOSE. 

SA.^   JOSE 
SAVINGS  BANK, 

2S(3  Santa  Clara  Street. 

CAPITA!.  STOCK         -        -        $600,000 
Paid  iu  Capitul  (Gold  Coin)    -    $300,000 

Officers :~Pi'esident,  John  H.  Moore;  Vice- 
President.  Gary  Peebles;  Cashier,  H.  H.  Reynolds. 

Directors : — John  H.  Moore,  Dr.  B  Bryant,  S. 
A.  Bishop,  Dr.  W.  H.  Stone,  Cary  Peebles,  S.  A. 
Clark,  H.  Messing. 

NEW   FEATURE: 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts,"  bearing 
interest  at  tj,  Hand  10  percent  per  annum;  inter- 
t  st  payable  promptly  at  the  end  of  six  months 
from  date  of  deposit.  The  "  Receipt"  may  be 
transferred  by  indorsement  and  the  principle 
with  interest  paid  to  holder.  '  Interest  also  al- 
lowed on  Book  Accounts,  beginning  Rt  date  of 
deposit.  Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any 
in  the  State,  and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe 
keeping  of  Bonds,  Stocks,  Papers.  Jewelry, 
Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,  at  trifling  cost. 
Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York, 
in  Gold  or  Ciu-rency,  at  reasonable  rates.  Buy 
and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 

FARMERS'     UNION. 

( Success! n-s  to  .\.  Phister  k   Co.) 
Cor.     Second    and    SantA    Clara    Sts., 

SAN   JOSE. 


DIRECTORS  : 

Wm.  Erkson,  J.  P.  Dudley, 

L.  F.  Chipman,  David  Campbell, 

Horace  Little,  James  Singleton, 

C.  T.  Settle.  E.  A.  Braley. 

Thomas  E.  Snell. 

fl£^  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  Business. 
Also,  receive  deposits,  on  which  such  interest 
will  be  allowed  as  may  be  agreed  upon,  and 
make  loans  on  approved  security. 

LOS  GATOS  HURSEHIES, 

S.  XEWHALIi,  Px-op'r Sau  Jose. 


A  LARGE  AND  GENERAL  ASSORTMENT 
of  Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees,  Evert.'reens, 
Fli>wering  Shrubs,  Roses.  Greenhouse  Plants, 
Grapevines,  Small  Fruits,  etc.  I  offer  for  sale  a 
well  assorted,  well  grown  and  healthy  stock. 
Low-topped  stalky  fruit  trees  a  specialty.  Ad- 
dress s.  NEWHALL,  San  Jose- 


T  n  E 


SAN  JOSE 

Xity  of  San  Jose"  I  INSTITUTE 

BUSIITESS    COLLEGE! 


255  .SV1.V7VI  CLAliA  ST. 


-IMrOllTKKS    OF- 


DHY  GOODS. 


WE   HAVE    THE   PLEASURE  TO  INFORM 
the  ladies  of  San  Jose  and  vicinity  that  wc 
are  now  ready  to  supply  them  with  all  sorts  of 


Spring  and  Summer  Goods 

I 

I  —FROM— 

THE  CHEAPEST  TO  THE  BEST. 

Our  assortment,  this  season,  is 

iXiAKGEB.     THAN    EVER, 

And  we  are  sntisrtfd  that  our 

PRICES  WILL   SUIT  EVERYBODY. 

"City  of  San  Jose" 

255  Santa  Clara  Street, 

SAN   JOSE. 

Hardwar-^ 

HENI^Y  B.  ALVORD, 
396  First  Street, 

SAN   JOSE. 


Just  received  a  New  Stock  of 

PLOWS,  CII.TIVATORS,  HARROWS, 

ETC.,         ETC. 

Have  as  usual  a  full  assortment  of 

MECHANICS'  T001.S, 

.\ND  BUILDERS'  HARDWARE, 

.     ALSO   ... 
IRON,      STKEL,     COAL,      ETC .,      ETC . 

Comfortable  Combination 

Clothing. 

THIS  STVLE  OF  INDERCLOTHING  FOR 
Ladies  has  heen  found  by  all  who  have 
used  it,  the  most  convenient  and  comfortable, 
as  well  as  economical  of  any  now  in  use.  Models 
were  exhibited  and  attracted  mnch  commenda- 
tion at  the  late  Fair. 

Patterns  can  be  had  by  applying  at  the  San 
Jose  agency,  California  A<;ricnlf nrist 
Office,  (where  6ami>les  can  be  seen.)  fir  by  ad- 
dressing 

Box  68G  San  Francisco 


C.  C.  C.  Company, 


This  reform  underclothing  has  been  worn  by 
the  Editor's  wife  and  children  for  the  past  two 
seasons,  and  is  certainly  superior  in  points  oi 
comfort,  healthfuluess,  and  economy  of  wear 
and  material  of  any  ever  invented.  It  is  the  in- 
vention of  a  California  lady  who  makes  every 
pattern  her-eU  and  writes  full  directions  upon 
each.  No  family  that  onc*^*  tries  this  style  of 
clothing  will  ever  go  back  to  the  others. 


DR.  C.  R.  SPAW, 

Resident  Dentist, 
Corner  of  First    and 

Santa  Clara  streets. 

In  McLaughlin  &  Ry- 

land's  building, 

San  Jose,  Cal. 


A  Day  and  Boarding  School  for 
Both  Sezes. 

rpHE  SECOND  SESSION  OF  THE  CIIRRENT 

'  School  Year  will  commence  January  3d,  187i>. 

In  acknowledging  the  kindness  of  the  patronw 
j  of  this  School,  the  Proprietors  desire  to  asKui-e 
them  that  witli  the  increased  patronage  will  be 
added  intreased  facilities  for  imparting  instruc- 
tion.   They  intend  that  the  School  shall  offer 
the  very  bc.-^t  oi)portunitie8  for  acquiring  thor- 
ough education,  both  theoretical  aud  practical. 
Tlie  cours4^  of  Ktudy  in  the  Academic  grade  is 
I  extcnsiTO  and  thorough. 

Tlie  liusiness  CoIIckp  has  no  vactions. 
Students  from  a  distance  will  find  pleasant 
rotuiis  and    board  at   reasonable   prices  at  the 
boarding-houRO. 

The  Faculty  accept  to  its  fullest  extent  the 

'  growing  demand  of  the  Industrial   clasjws  for 

recognition  in  tlie  public    educational  system 

hiiiling  it  as  the  harbingerof  a  higher  and  better 

civilization. 

ISAAC  KINXEV, 

Siipei-intciidi-iit   of  ili«*  ln>>tifiif*' 
JAME.S  VINSOMIAI^KK. 
Princliml  of  the  BiiHiiiess  CoUejfe. 

:  1776~~~CE1VTENNIA1        1876 
;  P  R  O  C  1-V^I  A  T  I  O  ^T. 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway. 

Is  the  pujiular  route   overland  to  the  Eat.t. 
Passengers  for  Chicago,  Niagara  Falls,  Pitts- 
burg, Philadelphia,  Montn-al.  Quebec,  New  York 
Bnston.    or   any    point  East,    should  buy    their 
trans-contitiental  tickets  via  th--  lanneer  route, 

THE  CHICAGO  &NORTHWESTEEN  R.R. 

This  is  the  Best  rout*;  East.  Its  Track  is  of 
Steel  Rails,  and  on  it  has  been  made  the  Fastest 
time  that  has  ever  been  made  in  this  country.  By 
this  route  passengers  for  p«»ints  east  of  Chicago 
havechoiceof  the  following  lines  from  Chicago: 
Pittsbiirjr,  Fort«ayiie  nnci  Chica^co 
and    Pennsylvaiiiii  Ruilivays. 

3  Through  trains   daily,   with    Pulnian  Palace 
Cars  through  U*  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
on  each  train. 

1  THROrCrH  TRAIN.  WITH  PCLLMAN  PAL- 
1  ace  Cars  to  Baltimore  and  Washington. 
BytheLiie  Shcre  aaa  il  chigos  Scr.hcra  EiUway  and 

Conaecrons  i^exTsTi  Zestra'aci  Zrlc  Siiixays): 
O  THROUGH  TRAINS  DAILY,  WITH  PALACE 
D  Drawing  Room  aud  Silver  Palace  Sleeping 
Cars  through  to  New  York. 
By  tne  Michigan  Central,  Grani  Tmn^,  Great  Western  and 

Erie  and  ITct  Tori  Central  Eailwavs: 
O  Through  trains,  with   Pullman  Palace  Draw- 
•  J  ing  Room  and  Sleeping  Cars  through  to  New 
York  to  Niagara  Falls,  Buffalo.  Rochester,  or 
New  York  city. 

By  the  Bnltimore  and  Ohio  RaSlroad; 
O  Through  trains  daily,  with  Pullman  Palace 
.^  Cars  for  Ni-wark,  "ZanesviUe.  WTieeling. 
Washington  and   Baltimore  without  change. 

This  is  the  Shortest,  Best,  and  only  line  run- 
ning Pullman  celebrated  Palace  sleeping  cars  and 
coftches.  connecting  with  Tnion  Pacific  Railroad 
at  Omaha  and  from  the  West,  via  Grand  Junc- 
tion, Marshall.  Cedar  Rapids,  Clinton,  Sterling 
and  Dixon,  for  Chicago  and  the  East. 

This  popular  route  is  xmsurpassed  for  Speed, 
Comfort  and  Safety.  Thesmooth.  well-ballasted 
and  perfect  track  of  steel  rails,  the  celebrated 
Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars,  the  perfect  Tele- 
graph System  of  moving  trains,  the  regularity 
with  which  they  run.  the  admirable  arrangement 
for  running  through  care  to  Chicago  from  all 
points  West,  secure  to  passengers  all  the  comforts 
in  modem  Railway  Traveling.  No  changes  of 
Cars  and  no  tedious  delays  at  Ferries. 

Passengers  will  find  Tickets  via  this  Favorite 
Route  at  the  General  Ticket  Office  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Rrailroad,  Sacramento,    and    in    all   the 
Ticket  Offices  of  the  Central  PacitTc  Railroad. 
Marvin  Htjuhitt.  W.  H.  Stennett, 

Gen.  Supt..  Chicago.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent. 

H.  P.  STANWOOD,  General  Agency.  121  Mont- 
gomery street.  San  Francisco. 


A.  O.  HOOKEB. 

Late  Gunckel  \-  H 


L.   F  IMG  AN, 

(late  of  Marysville.) 


San    Jose 


Gtove:,       Rmges, 
Pumps. 
Hydraulic  Earns, 
Lead  and  IroB  Pipe, 

Brass  Goods, 

Hoso  Wiro, 

Farmers'  Boilers, 

House  Fumishmg 

Wares. 


Blacksmith. 


Patent 
Tire-Setter. 


H.  PIESSNECKEE, 

Proprietor, 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St. 

C.  E.  CAMPBELL, 

MaDxifactiinr  of 

AVell  Pipe  mid  Galvjn»iz«*<l  Iron 
Pumps  ^vitU  Improved  Valves. 

Till,  Copper,  Zinc  and  SUeet- 
Iron  AVares,  Galvanized  Iron 
Chimneys,  Tin  Rooling,  Plumb- 
in«jr,  etc. 

No.  339  First  Street,  opposite  El  Do- 
rado St. 

JOHN    BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pinucer  Blucksmith  and  Carnage  Shop. 
Bulbach's  Ne^v   Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond St.  anil  Fountain  Alley, 
SAN    JOSE, 
Agent  for  Fish   Bro.'s  Wagons. 

New  Work, and  repairing  f-f  .Agricultural 
Implements,  etc. 

West's      American     Tlre-Setler, 


T.W.  Mitchell, 

Porter's   Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

S.\N    JOSK. 

■  SEEDSMAN  and  FLORIST 

And  Dealerin  Flowering  Plants, 

Ornamental    Sliriibs,     Bnlbs 

and    Flowerin^r    Roots   in 

Variety,  Hanging-  Bas* 

Icets     Dried  Grasses* 
Class    Shades,     Etc  French  Im'morteUes  of  Assorted 
Colors,  Etc  ,  Etc. 

n^  Seeds,  Fresh  and  Reliable. 


Aquaria, 

Flower -Stands, 

Window    Brackets, 

FeniGries, 

Blrd-Cages  and  Eoo)ts 

Ivy    Brackets, 

^  iro       Flowe^pot 

Stands, 

Wall  Brackets, 


THE  CAL.   AGRICULTURIST  PUB.   CO. 

ANNOUNCE  TO  SUBSCRIBERS  OF  THE  "AGRI- 
CULTURIST" that  they  havi^  made  arrauge- 
meiits  whereby  they  can  supply  almost  any  desirable 
book  published  upon  any  subject,  at  publishers' 
prices,  postpaid,  upon  receipt  of  its  jirice.  People 
living  in  the  couutry.  away  from  book  stores,  have  ex- 
perieuced  difficulty  in  getting  what  books  they  want 
at  any  price,  and  are  frequently  imposed  uj^on  when 
they  do  (i^iet  books.  Now,  we  propose  to  remedy  this 
matter  eutirely.  and  without  further  trouble  to  our 
patrons  than  the  sending  of  their  orders,  accompanied 
with  the  cash,  to  select  the  book  they  want,  and  send 
it  to  them  at  publishers'  own  price,  free  of  other  costs. 
<.)i]r  arrangements  are  fully  jjerfected,  and  we  mean 
l.uisiucBS  !  We  shall  continue  our  Catalogue  of  good 
books  from  time  to  time,  adding  the  most  desirable 
books  iiuldished. 

IMPORTANT    TO    SUBSCRIBERS. 

We  have  made  further  arrangements  sv  that  we  can 
offer  PREMIUMS  OF  BOOKS  for  every  prepaid  subscrip- 
tion, to  old  and  new  subsciibers  alike  ;  and  to  every 
person  who  solicits  svibscriptions  we  give  extra  i)remi- 
ums  of  his  owu  choosing.  Our  premium  rates  are  as 
f<dlows:  I'pon  each  $1,50  subscription,  prepaid  for 
1876,  we  credit  to  account  of  subscriber  r>0  cents  reck- 
oned in  his  favor  iipon  an  order  for  books  to  the 
amount  of  S2.  In  other  v  ords,  after  paying  for  1876, 
upon  receiving  an  order  for  any  book  or  books  at  any 
time  worth  $2,  only  $1.50  in  coin  need  be  sent.  This, 
added  to  the  50  cents  to  his  credit,  will  pay  for  the 
books.  Persons  who,  at  the  time  of  paying  their  sub- 
scriptions do  not  order  books,  or  who  order  but  a  part 
of  what  they  want  at  once,  will  be  entitled  to  the 
benefits  of  our  premiums  and  reductions  whenever 
they  choose  to  take  advantage  of  it,  at  any  time  during 
the  continuance  of  thtir  Subscriptions. 

TO    SOLICITORS. 

The  agent  sending  us  four  subscriptions  with  $6 
(the  bare  subscription  price),  will  be  entitled  to  $2 
worth  of  books,  his  own  choice,  without  further 
.emittance.  This  gives  every  young  man  or  woman 
a  chance  to  get  all  the  reading  they  want  without 
COST,  and  to  the  subscriber  a  chance  to  get  books 
BELOW  COST.  We  are  sure  that  no  better  opportunity 
was  ever  offered  to  the  public  on  this  coast  to  obtain 
gciod  reading.  The  Agriculturist,  greatly  improved 
for  1876,  will  be  worth  more  than  the  subscription 
price,  which  is  within  the  reach  of  every  one's  means, 
and  our  arrangements  of  giving  premiimis  is  such  as 
to  be  sure  to  please  and  satisfy  everybody,  whether 
young  or  old,  rich  or  poor.  We  are  determined  that 
the  Agriculturist  shall  reach  every  home  on  the 
Pacific  Slope,  and  while  we  propose  to  be  liberal  to- 
wards all  of  our  subscribers,  we  hope  to  be  favored  by 
the  eft'orts  and  good  will  of  each  and  every  reader  of 
good  books,  and  of  the  California  Agriculturist. 


Mer\efee  &  Gastor\ 

DEIVTISTS, 

S.  W.  Cor.  Santa  I'tara  ami  First  St,s 

Over  Farmers'  National  Gold  Bank, 
SAN  JOSE. 


Speeial  attention  t^veu  to  Fine 
Gold  Fillings. 


wiNDiwrnR. 


If  you  ever  intend  buying  a  WIND 
MILL,  examine  the  record  of  the  solid- 
wheel  ECLIPSE,  tested  8  years ;  3500  in 
operation— IMPROVED  Hand  or  Wind- 
mill Force  Pumps ;  Second-hand  STEAM 
Machinery ;  CHEAP.  Write  me  for  cir- 
culars, or  call.  CHAS.  P.  HOAG,  118 
Beale  St.,  San  Francisco. 

SUFERIOR  FARM  tlTAGOIVS 


M'-.  Joliu  Balbach  lias  just  receiveil  from 
the  miiuufactory  a  whole  carload  of  the  well- 
known  and  favorite  Fish  Bros.  Wagons. 
Every  wagon  is  warranted  to  be  made  through- 
out of  the  very  best  select  seasoned  lumber. 
The  wheels  are  re-seasoned  in  boiling  oil, 
and  the  whole  w.agon  is  constructed  in  a 
thorough,  workman-like  manner. 

Tlie  Carriage  JIauufactory  connected  with 
Mr.  Balback's  shop,  under  the  supervision  of 
Mr.  Crydenwise,  is  also  turning  out  very  su- 
perior IJuggies  and  Express  AVagous,  mostly 
built  to  lu'der.  Don't  fail  to  see  what  they 
can  do  if  you  want  aiivthing  in  their  line. 


BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

X  Large  and  Superior  Assortment. 

ZTo.    394     First    Street, 

Wiliox  Bloik,  San  .Tnse. 

ALL   KINDS  OF 

^      LUMBER,      " 

Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 

Constantly  on  hand. 

All  Orders  Promptly  Filled. 

P.    O.  Box  509. 

These  Valves  are  the  sim- 
plest and  most  perfect  in  construc- 
tion of  any  Valve  ever  invented.  For 
cheapness,  durability  and  capacity  of 
discharging  water,  they  are  not  equaled 
by  any  other  Valve.  We  mannfacture 
sizes  from  3  to  7  inches  diameter,  and 
for  Hand,  Windmill  and  Horse-power 
or  Steam  Pumps. 

We  also  keep  on  hand  and  manufac- 
ture the  best  and  cheapest  Well  Pipes. 

FRED.  KLEIN, 
Dealer   in    Stoves,    etc.,    No.  227  Santa 

Clara  street,  a  few  doors  west  of  the 

Postoflice,  San  Jose, 


Patent 
Pump 
Valve. 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

337  First  Street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE 

PAID  FOB 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 
SAN  JOSE. 

DRUG  STORE 

In  McLaughlin  &Ryland's  Bank 
Iluildiiig. 

309    FIRST    STREET, 

SAN  .JOSE,  CAL. 

J.  A.    Chittenden. 

FRED.   KLEIN, 
STOVES 

SHEET-IRON, 

Copper,     Tinware,     Iron    Pumps, 

Kitchen  Utensils, 

Celehrated  Peerless  Stoves. 

■i:i7  Santa.   <'lara  .St  , 

Near  Postoffice.  San  Jose. 


Grain 


Dealer. 


RHODES  &.  LEWIS 


APOTHECARIES, 

No.   355  First   Street, 

S.A.N  JOSE 


i 


TREES  and  PLANTS 

Caretully  sch-.  ),(1  byllio 
filitor,  who  has  lifcii  it  iiur- 
seymnu,  and  forwjuih.'d  to 
order.  No  commission  asked. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


F.   W.   WOLIiF, 

The  only  agent  in  San  Jose  for  the 
LIGHT    RUNNINCt 


|1)|().m|e|s|t|i|c| 


mF,COIiFOmBLE,SEIlVICEASLE 


NKW    ^VII.SON, 
REMINGTON, 

AXI)     VICTOIi 


_;^_^/;Wca?«ssf^ 


R.  S.   THOMPSON,  |j 

XAPA.    ICAL,.,  at  I 

Importer  and  Breeder  of        ^ 
THOROUGHBRED    ^' 

'  BEUSHIHE   SWINE. 


THE      ANGORA 

Ik  d  Slove  k, 

OF  SAN  JOSE,  CAL., 

Are  making  a   Specialty  of   Mamifactur- 

ing  all  styles  of  Gloves  from  the  Angora 

Goat  Skin,  and  claim  for  them: 

iBt.— They  are  cheape  ,  Ijiickskin  t^loves. 

'2d. — The  Kkins  are  tauntd  with  the  grain  on, 
and  are  very  nearly  water- proof,  and  when,  by 
long  exposure,  they  are  wet,  they  dry  out  per- 
fectly soft— as  good  as  new. 

3d. --They  will  out-wear  the  bt'St  bmkskin 
gloves. 

4th.— For  a  HARVEST  (iLOVE,  they  have  no 
equal. 

These  articles  are  manufactured  in  all  styles, 
from  the  cheapest  Laboring  Glove  to  the  Finest 
Furdauntlet.     Also,  all  desi-riptionK  of 

FUES,  EOBES,  MATS,  EUGS.Etc 

Which,  for  Beauty,  Durability,  and   Cheapuess. 
are  iiit'erinr  to  none. 

Buckskin  Gloves,  Mittens,   Etc., 

In  all  verietieB,  and  as  good  as  the  best. 


Fine  Foultrj. 


Black-Breasted  Red  Games,  from 

iiii|M)rtHil  st'iik,  warrantril  ti>  t-t:iiit  t-teel,  abso- 
lutr  purity  nf  htrain  ^uantntetl.  Eggs  ?G  per 
do/.eii.     'I'l-iof;.  Jitter  Angtst  1st,  ^20. 

Dark  BrahmaS,  from  imported  stock, 
Eggs  :?:>  per  doz.    Trioe;.  after  Aiigust  let,  $20. 

Brown  Leghorns,  Superior  variety. 
Eggs  54  perdoz.      Trios,  after  August  let,  $15. 

My  Games  are  from  stock  imported  by  me 
from  the;  most  celebrated  breedere  in  the  United 
States  and  England. 

T'nder  no  cirrumstances  will  an  inferior  bird 
be  sold.  Purchasers  can  rely  in  all  cases  upon 
receiving  the  best. 

Orders  received  will  be  filled  in  rotation. 

Refer  to  the  Editor  of  this  paper. 

PRED.   E.    COLL.INS, 

P.  O.  Box  171,  San  Jose.  my 


A  full  assortment  of  SILK.  THKKAD.  OIL, 
ATTACHMENTS,  the  Best  Nr.dles  for  all  Sew- 
ing Machines i-onstautly  on  hand. 

319  Second    Street, 

Opp.  Fountain  street,  Sau  Joee.  my 


:HOii5E.Foms!  miimm 


Ho !  For  the   Coming  Harvest !  ! 

AVhere  to   get   the  15EST 

MOWERS   &  EEAPERS 

Is  now  the   important  (luestion. 


salebytheshehiff. 


rpUERE  will  1«.  h..l(l  lij  the  Slifritt'.  on 

SATURDAY,  MAY  13th,  1875, 

(If  not  previously  disposed  of  privately)  at  the 

SASr      JOSE      FOUNDRV, 

FIVE  or  PELTOX'S  Crk  l.ndr.l 

Six-Fol(3-G-eared      Horse-Powers, 

Suitabk-    fi.r  Threshing,  etc. 

Call  and  see  one  in  operation  in  the  Foimdry 
Yard,  or  send  for  circulars  if  you  want  further 
particulars. 

The  Superiority  of  these  Powers  is  too 
well  known  to  lall  for  comment. 


MOWER  ATTACHMEITT. 


This  is  an  attaihment  which  enables  the  far- 
mer, in  all  kinds  of  mowing,  to  cut  his  grass 
without  any  aid  whatever  Viehind  the  mower.  A 
sweeping,  curved  arm  guides  the  grass  or  grain 
in  front  of  the  cutter-bar  in  such  a  manner  that 
when  mowed  the  swath  has  the  appearance  of 
being  cut  with  a  grain  cradle,  the  heads  all  lying 
away  from  the  standing  grass  or  grain  about  V2 
inches  in  the  clear.  To  facilitate  the  operation, 
an  ingenious  attachment  is  made  fast  to  the  end 
of  the  cutter-bar,  in  place  of  the  shoe  usually 
need  with  mowers.  In  lodged  grass  or  grain, 
and  when  the  wind  blows  contrary  to  the  lay  of 
the  swath,  theee  Attachments  work  like  a  charm, 
having  the  cut  swath  lying  just  as  desired.  The 
Attachment  can  be  fitted  to  any  mower. 

Mr.  DuBois  has  now  made  arrangements  to  fill 
all  orders.  The  cost  of  the  Attachment  will 
range  from  $ia  to  $15— the  price  varying  with 
the  expense  of  fitting  to  diflerent  mowers. 

ORIN  Dubois.   San  Jose. 

Or  call  at  the  shop  of  Scott  &  Watkius,  ou  the 
Alameda,  San  Jose. 

The  Editor  of  this  pajier  has  witnessed  the  ac- 
tion of    this    Attachment    in  the   field,  and  can 
cheertully  endorse  the  above  statement  as  being 
subhlaiittjilly  correct.     It  ie   certainly  a  valuable 
I  aid  in  all  kinds  of  difticult  mowing.  my 


miFOHNIA 


CILOVS 


SAN  JOSK 


FACTCHy 


WILCOX  &  WILLIAMS, 

Maniifartureis  and  Dealers  in 

GLOVES     AND     GAUNTLETS 

Of  all  Descrijitione. 


HARVEST    CLOVES, 

IIKAVY     Hi;CK     (il^OVKS 

I'nr  'I'ojiUisti-rs  and  Farinors, 
IIKAVY  AM)  I,IGHT    GAVNTliBTS 

l''or  l.uilicH  and  (lentlcnitn. 
IIKAVY  AND    LIGHT    RtrC'KiSKINS 

For  (Icjitlomon.  and 
FIIVK    KIDS 

l''or  EadioH, 
nn^.  The  very    best   inaterinls  art'    UH<-d  in  our 
Factory,  and  skilk-d  workinanKliiiiiB  yiiarautccd. 

STORK    AND    FACTORY: 
Santa  Clara  Rtrcct,  opp.  AvizcrniB  Hourc.     [my 


J  .  M.  MOOREHEAD 

Is  now  receiving  the  finest  and  most  ele- 
gant  line  of 

MILLINEEY,    FANCY    GOODS, 


LADIES'       FURNISHING       GOODS 


Ever  offered  in  this  City- 
All   of   Our   Own   Direct  Importations, 
At  270  SANTA  CXARA  STRKKT, 

Opposite  the  AuzeraiH  House San  Jose. 


Ladies'   Hats  and  Itoniu  ts 

BLEECHED,  PRESSED,  and  DONE  OVER 

In  all    till'   New  Sliapi-8. 


STAMPING      DONE     TO      ORDER 

In  the  Best  Manner. 


Examine    those  introduced  by    the 

FARMERS'     UNION. 

THE  L.\TEST    IMI'liOVEIl 

Two-Wheeled  McCormick 

AHEAD  OF   ANYTHING. 

The  cutter-bar  of  the  Mower  has  the  action  of 
the  Champinn  and  the  Buckeye,  with  Elasticity, 
Strength  and  Easy  Control  superior  to  all  others. 
It  is  Powerful,  Durable,  Reliable;  costs  LESS 
than  other  first-class  machines,  lasts  longer,  and 
needs  no  repairing  for  years. 


IHE  IMPROVED  ADVANC 


COMBINED 


Self-Eaking  Reaper  and  Mower 

Has  SEPAE.\TE  B.\I!S  for  reaping  and  mowing 
— a  truly  Combined  maebine. 


THE     FAIMIERS'     VNIOIT 

Has  the  agency  iw  these  machines  in  Santa 
Clara,  San  Benito,  Santa  Cruz,  and  Monterey 
Counties.  Depots  of  Sale  will  be  established  in 
the  towns  of  Gilroy,  Hollister,  Salinas,  Watson- 
villc,  and  Santa  Cruz.  Farmers  will  find  it 
economy  to  see  and  examine  these  naachines  be- 
fore buying  others. 


NEW  YORK 

REAPERS  AND  MOWERS 

Fiili     SALE  liV 

THE       FARMERS'       UNION, 

SAN    JOSE, 

PRICE,  NINETY   DOLLAKS. 


Closing  Out  Stock 


THE  SUBSCRIBERS.  INTENDING  TO  CLOSE 
up  their  business  witli  as  little  delay  as  pos- 
sible, now  ofter  their  sloek  of 

Jackson      Wagons ! 

As  a  WHOLE,  or  at  RETAIL,  on  the  most  favor- 
able terms  and  at  very  low  prices. 

X    D.  ARTHUR  ib  SON, 

mh  Cor.  California  and  Davis  st.,  S.F. 


PRINTINI}. 

Bills   oi     I'nre,     hivil;i(i«'ns. 


Posters.  Dodgers, 
Handbills,  lioolts, 
Catalogues,  Circu- 
lars. Programmes, 
Uect'ipts.  Labels, 
Blanks,  Billheads.  Statements,  Cards,  Tugs,  etc., 
together  with  every  description  of  Job  Printing 
executed  promptly  and  in  a  workmanlike  man- 
ner by  COTTLE  k  WHIGH  l\  No.  ai4  Miu-ket  st, 
over  Bland  &  Regnart'e  auction  stoi-o,  San  Jose. 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

i-^ARHIAGK      MAKKR.        PIONKKR 

VV  Carriage  Shop. 

314  SMVND  STREET, 

Between    Santa     Clara     street     and    Fountain 
Alley,  San  .Jose. 

Aicent  for  FInU  Uro.  ^s  Wii(i:oiin. 


FOE  THE  HARVEST  OF  1876. 


At  Cost  of  Importation. 


BEEEY  &  PLACE,  San  Francisco, 

Agents  fur  J.  I.  CASE, 

ARE  PREPARED  FOR  THE  COMING  HAR- 
vest  with  the  largest  stock  of  Improved  Ma- 
chines and  Implements,  ever  offered  to  the  farm- 
ers of  California.  These  machines  are  all  new, 
mostly  built  this  season,  and  now  just  being  r-- 
ceived  from  the  factory.  The  list  embraces  such 
machines  as, 

^«TXA  MOWKRS. 
Price  SlOO.    Extras  for  which  we   guarantee  t'> 
keep  always  on  hand.     Weight.  650   lbs.;   cute  4 
feet  4  inches.    Has  Double  Speed  to   knife,   and 
is  the  best  machine  ever  sold  in  California. 

^ETNA  AND    KIRBY  REAPERS, 
At  from  $150  to  $200.    We  have  a  large  stock  on 
hand,  and  are  determined  to  eellthem,  regard- 
less of  cost. 

Put  en  t 
TREADWELL'S     Single-     HEADERS, 

gear 
Made  by  J.  I.  Case  &  Co.    The  best  ever  sold  in 
California.     Ask  any  man  who  has  tried  one, 
"What  he  thinks  of  it." 

HOADLEY  ENGINES. 
The  new  style  Hoadley  Straw  Burner  is  the 
finest  threshing  engine  in  the  world.  Prici  , 
$1700.  The  standard  15-horse  power  Hoadley, 
$1650:  I'J-horse  power.$1450;  9-horse  power,$l*2iMi 
All  with  heavy  running  gear,  and  all  imi^rove- 
ments. 

THE  END-SHAKE  THRESHER. 
These  Threshers  are  the  finest  in  the  world. 
Send  for  REDUCED  PRICES. 

THE  WHITEWATER  WAGON, 
This  is  the  STANDARD  WAGON  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.    Send  for  reduced  pl-ices. 

a^  We  have  a  few  Pacific  Wagons  on  hand, 
which  we  ofter  below  cost.    Send  for  prices. 


fS^Auy  farmer  buying  S3i^  worth  of  machiues 
or  implements  of  us,  will  he  paid  his  fare  to  Sau 
Francisco  and  back,  if  not  over  '20u  miles.  He 
can  thus  come  and  see  for  himself  without  any 
expense. 

BERRY  &  PLACE, 

Old  stand, 
^Market,  head  of  Front  st.  San  Francisco. 


Menefee  &  Gastor\ 


DENTISTS, 

S.W.  Cor.  Simla  liiira  1111(1  First  Sts 

Over  Farmers'  National  Gold  Bank, 
SAN  JOSE. 

Q£^  Special  attention  given  to  Fine 
Gold  Filllnge.  Laugbing  Gas  Adminis- 
tered. 


OIUcH— lOa    and    404    Buttery    Street, 

SAN    FEANCJSCO. 


R.    C      KIRBY     ^-    CO.,   ^ 

TANNERS ! 


SANTA  CRUZ  OAK-TANNED  SOLE 

LEATHER. 

WHOLliSALE    1)K.\LEUS. 


California  Agriculturist 


Vol.  7— No.  5.} 


SAN  JOSE,  CAL.,    MAY,  1876. 


jSuBSCBiPTiON  PniCE,  $1.50  a  Year. 
\  Single  Copies,  15  OutB, 


ENRIGHT'S  PATENT  PORTABLE 
WOOD  AND  STRAW  BUKNER. 

Mr.  Euright,  of  San  Jose,  the  inventor 
of  the  thresher  engine  of  which  we  pre- 
sent an  illustration  on  this  page,  has 
studied  the  wants  of  California  farmers 
for  many  .years,  and  has  now  succeeded 
in  producing  an  engine  that  at  once  com- 
mends itself  for  practical  use.  The 
arrangement  for  burning  stra%v  is  far  su- 
perior to  that  of  other  engines,  prevent- 
ing any  choking  up  of  flues  and  at  the 
same  time,  by  admiting  a  larger  supply 
of  air,  forming  complete  combustion. 
The  economy  of  thus  utilizing  the  straw 
that  many  farmers  burn  simply  to  get 
rid  of  it  is  apparent.  For  practical  use, 
we  believe  this  engine  to  be  a  worthy 
and  successful  invention.  Following  is 
a  card  from  Mr.  Enright  in  which  he 
sets  forth  his  claims: 

Fifteen  years  ago  I  constructed 
the  first  portable  thresher  engine 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  its  intro- 
duction in  the  harvest  field  was 
an  important  event  in  the  history 
of  grain  raising  in  California. 
From  that  event  up  to  this  time, 
I  have  been  constrautly  experi- 
menting and  improving  on  my 
original  ideas  of  steam  threshing 
in  the  open  field,  until  I  have  now 
constructed  an  engine  and  boiler 
so  near  perfection  that  is  is  barely 
possible  to  be  improved  upon. 

Having  for  so  many  years  made 
it  n  specialty  to  construct  portable 
thresher  engines,  I  can  with  con- 
fidence recommend  my  patent 
wood  and  straw  burning  engines 
manuiactured  by  me  at  the  present 
time.  They  burn  wood  or  straw 
without  change,  and  coal  bj 
changing  two  plates;  they  ha\i- 
also  the  advantageof  compactness 
superior  workmanship,  great  dur 
ability  and  economy  in  saving 
fuel,  using  but  two  tons  of   straw 

to  equal  one  and  a   half  cords  of - 

wood,  and  saving  40    per  cent,  of _ 

fuel  usually  consumed  by   woodfgy-^ 
burners.  ^^^^g. 

It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  __^^ 
straw  has  been  successfully  used 
as  a  fuel  ts  raise  steam,  in  Europe, 
for  many  years,  and  it  has  been 
lately  introduced  on  this  coast, 
but  with  little  success  until  I  invented 
for  that  purpose  my  "patent  ring  grate 
and  combustion  chamber,"  which  pre- 
vents any  choking  up  of  flues,  and  by 
which  I  am  enabled  to  admit  a  larger 
supply  of  air,  thereby  forming  complete 
combustion  and  doing  away  with  all  de- 
lays on  the  field. 

I  built  and  sold   thirteen  of   them  last 
season,  all  of  which  gave   entire  satisfac- 
tion, which  is  proved  by  the  many  testi- 
monials received  from  those  using  them. 
I  am   now   busy  constructing   twenty 
more  for  this  season  and  intend  to  have 
them  all  ready  for   use   this  present  har- 
,  vest;  I  also  intend  to  make   it  to  the  in- 
I  terest  of   all  farmers  to    purchase  of  me, 
;  who  need  a  cheap  and  economical  power 
for  threshing.     I  come  before  you  with 


this  power,  with  full  assurance  of  your 
jjatronage,  having  considered  your  needs 
in  this  very  essential  invention.  I  have 
had  an  ofJ'er  from  parties  in  San  Fran- 
cisco and  Sacramento  to  have  my  engine 
built  in  the  East  on  royalty,  which  otter 
I  declined,  although  it  may  have  been  to 
my  advantage  to  do  so;  I  preferred  to  be 
sustained  by  the  people  of  California  in 
home  manufacture,  and  I  come  before 
you  with  an  engine  that  is  guaranteed  to 
you  in  every  respect,  and  which  took  the 
premium  at  the  California  State  fair  of 
1S75,  as  the  best  straw  burner.  And  I 
further  state  that  I  hold  myself  in  readi- 
ness to  reinforce  any  of  my  customers; 
all  that  is  necessary  for  them  to  do,  is  to 
send  me  a  telegram  and  I  will  be  at  their 
service. 

Thankful  for  past  patronage,  and  by 
strict  attention  to  business,  I  hope  in  the 
future  to    merit   your    ai^probatiou    and 


FINANCIAL  FOUNDATION. 

The  anniial  interest  on  the  foreign  in- 
debtedness of  France  is  said  to.be  more 
than  the  entire  product  of  all  the  gold 
mines  of  the  world!  Then  how  con- 
temptible does  the  idea  seem  that  gold  is 
the  true  basis  of  all  values.  There  is  no- 
thing of  much  value  produced  without 
human  industry.  And  inasmuch  as  in- 
dustry supplies  about  all  the  wealth  of 
the  world,  wliy  nut  bane  values  upon  indus- 
Iry  ?  There  can  be  no  gauge  more  accu- 
rate, or  nearer  In  accordance  with  relia- 
alile,  simple,  and  natural  principles. 
Industry  must  bo  the  support  of  a  per- 
fect financial  system,  and  such  a  system 
must  be  predicated  upon  industrial  val- 
ues. Therefore,  industry  should  estab- 
lish the  relative  values  of  denominational 
ciirrency,  and  the  demands  of  industry 
and   trade   should   control    its    volume. 


"^HSi  ,^-iv^-^^^fr- 


^.i'^"' -->— n 


E.NEIGHT'S  rA.TE>;T  WOOD  AND  STRAW  BURNING  ENGINE. 


continued  patronage. 

Ftirther  information  can  be  had  con- 
cerning these  engines  by  addressing  Mr 
Joseph  Enright,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
county,  California. 


The  Virginia  Chroincle  says:  Virginia 
City  has  given  birth  to  a  genuine  sensa- 
tion— a  mule  colt.  It  has  been  thought 
that  the  limits  of  cross-breeding  had 
been  reached  with  the  mule  jaroduction, 
and  only  two  instances  have  been  record- 
ed of  the  further  reproduction  of  the 
mule  genus.  Virginia  now  furnishes  a 
third.  The  colt  resembles  a  mule  in 
every  respect,  but  is  much  smaller  and 
more  delicate.  It  is  the  property  of  J. 
S.  Hardwick,  who  has  been  ottered  $300 
for  it  by  J.    Douglas,   which  he  refused. 


Money  or  currency  should  be  the  servant, 
not  the  master  of  man.  It  is  not  at  all 
necessary  that  monej'  should  contain  in- 
trinsic value  in  itself.  Its  only  use  is  to 
represent  values  and  be  exchangable  for 
value.  If  projierly  grounded  in  and 
and  upon  the  actual  productive  industry 
and  substantial  honor  of  a  people  or  na- 
tion issuing  the  same,  it  may  be  unex- 
ceptionally  exchangable  for  any  and  all 
valuable  commodities  without  discount. 
Interests  may  be  brought  so  low  as  to 
unburden  our  people  from  that  source  of 
taxation.  The  Government  may  regu- 
late interest  rates  by  loaning,  instead  of 
hirinq  money.  An  industrial  people 
never  can,  and  never  should  be  satisfied 
with  a  vacilating  money,  whether  paper, 
silver    or    gold.        Something    rehable, 


cheap  and  abundant  is  demanded  by  the 
people.  And  the  people  are  ready  to 
pli-dge  their  property  and  their  lives  to 
substantiate  a  currency  that  shall  serve 
them  with  the  least  expense  and  most 
utility. 


BENTLEYS  FURNACE  AND 
DRYER. 

Last  month  we  briefly  mentioned  Dr. 
Bentley's  furnace  and  fruit-dryer.  Wo 
expected  to  have  a  cut  to  illustrate  a  de- 
scription, but  it  is  not  ready.  The  fur- 
nace is  simply  a  plain,  barrel-shaped  tire 
box  surrounding  a  smaller  barrel  which 
is  supplied  with  air  by  tubes  connecting 
with  the  air  out-side  of  the  furnace,  and 
with  a  discharge  upon  the  top  for  its  es- 
cape. Another  cylinder  surrounds  the 
whole  to  take  up  all  the  heat  radiateil 
outward,  and  together  with  the  hot  air 
from  the  interior  barrel  conduct  it  by  a 
tube,  or  directly,  into  the  dryer.  The 
smoke  from  the  fuel,  after  being  deprived 
of  its  occompanying  heat,  is  carried  ott' 
through  a  separate  pipe.  The  construe  • 
tiou  of  the  furnace  is  such  as  to  most 
economically  utilize  the  heat  of  the  fuel, 
as  there  is  a  very  large  radiating  surface 
to  absorb  it  before  the  smoke  can  escape. 

Tile  dryer  is  shaped  like  a  long  box, 
and  is  placed  horizontally  upon  legs 
al^out  three  feet  from  the  ground.  In- 
side are  several  sets  of  rollers  above  each 
other,  at  each  end,  with  endless  bands, 
running  lengthwise,  upon  which  screens 
with  the  prepared  fruit  for  drying  are 
placed.  The  fruit  screens  are  put  in  at 
one  end  and  taken  out  at  the  other,  or  at 
the  same  end,  and  a  crank  is  used  to  run 
the  screens  in  the  direction  desired. 

The  heated  air  is  to  be  applied  at  the 
top  of  the  dryer,  and  is  either  forced  or 
drawn  downward,  reversing  the  methods 
heretofore  used  by  other  dryers.  In  this 
arrangement,  we  think,  Dr.  Beiitley  has 
struck  upon  the  right  principle.  The 
heat  can  be  entirely  utilized  in  this  way. 
After  the  hot  air  is  used  for  drying,  it  can 
be  further  used  for  feeding  the  furnace 
fires,  or  may  be  conducted  again  into  the 
he4ter,  or  be  expelled,  as  susts  the  pur- 
poses of  the  person  in  charge. 

Altogether,  for  simplicity,  economy, 
and  philosophical  principles  of  con- 
struction, this  dryer  strikes  us  as  being 
nearer  the  thing  than  any  ever  gotten  up, 
whether  on  a  large  or  small  scale.  No 
engine  or  blower  is  necessary  with  this 
drj-er,  as  the  air  drawn  into  the  heater 
will  be  expelled  with  sufficient  force  to 
operate  as  desired  without  other  power. 
It  is  a  perfect  thing  in  itself,  and  within 
the  reach  of  aU.  Dr.  Bentley  will  man- 
ufacture three  sizes  of  these  furnaces 
and  dryers,  and  can  make  them  of  any 
capacity  desired.  The  cheapest  furnace 
(small  size)  is  §50;  dryer  to  go  with  it, 
capable  of  drjang  ten  to  fifteen  bushels 
of  fruit  per  day  easy,  §25  more,  making 
only  S75  for  a  complete  outfit  for  a  small 
orchard.  No  large  commissions  are 
counted  against  the  purchaser  in  these 
figures. 


Chip  hats  ought  to  suit  blockheads 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


give  ghch^oiinfi 

$1.50   Per  Ar^qurri. 

I'UELI.-HEL>   MONTHLY  BY   THi; 

CAL.     AGRICULTUEIST      PUB.      CO. 

S.  HARRIS  HERKING,  Editor. 


OFFICE:— Over  tlio  San  .lose  Savings 
Bank,  Balb:it-li''!4  Itnilfliii*;,  Santa 
C'lara  Street,  near  First,  San  tTotse. 


SPECIAL   TEEMS  TO  AGEUTS. 
RATES    OF    ADVERTISING: 

Per  one  Column $12  00  Per  Mouth 

*'    half  Column GOO    " 

*'    fourth  Column 3  00    "        *' 

"    ei-^hth  Column a  00     "         " 

"    Bixteuuth  Cuhimn 1  00    '*        " 

B^  "We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  our  resolu- 
tion to  adnii*  none  but  worthy  business  advertis- 
in^'  in  our  eolumne,  and  to  ki;ep  ckar  of  patent 
medicine,  liquor,  and  otber  advertisements  of 
doubtful  influence. 

The  large  oircTilation,  the  desirable  class  of 
readers,  and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rend- 
ers this  Journal  ^  choice  medium  fur  reaching 
the  attentiuu  of  the  masses. 

Notice  to  Eastern  Advertisers  and 
Advertising  Agencies. 

ifc^  Hereafter  no  proposition  for  advertising 
in  this  journal  will  be  entertained  without  pay 
in  advance.  Our  published  rates  are  the  stand- 
ard for  all. 


EDITORIAL     NOTES. 


An  excellent  variety  of  coutribu- 

tioiiK  may  be  found  in  tliia  month's  issue.  It 
takes  all  hands  to  .make  a  f^ood  paper,  and  we 
never  feel  prouder  than  when  we  can  send 
out  a  unmbe!- filled  with  good  articles  from 
the  pens  of  our  worthy  correspondents. 


What  eau  be  Joue  with  the  mining 
debris  that  is  now  filling  the  beds  of  rivers 
and  causinsj  the  water  to  submerge  farms  and 
ruin  them  with  a  deposit  of  mud,  is  a  rjues- 
tion  that  the  agricultural  editor  of  the"  Re- 
cord-Union" undertakes  to  solve.  He  would 
build  dams  in  many  places  in  the  lower  moun- 
tain ravines,  and  letlhe  sediment  make  acres 
of  level  groun<l  for  cultivation.  Also,  by  con- 
ducting it  upon  the  low  tule  lands,  would  con- 
vert them  into  the  licheet alluvial  farms.    We 

judge  these  suggestions  lobe  sound  and  prac- 
lical. 


Illustrated  Temperance  Lectures. 

Mrs.  Carrie  F.  Young  has    been  lecturing   in 

,San  Jose  and  vicinity  during   the  i)ast  month 

with  e.\cellent  success.  Although  the  subjects 

of  tempci'ance    and    lieallh   ai-o  old,  and  by 

many  thought  to  be   worn   threadbare,   Mrs. 

Young  seems  to  be  in  such  demand  that  every 

o:ie  who  hears  her  once  wants  to  again,  and 

wants  his  friends  to  hear.      Kvery  school  dis 

Irict  has  sent  a  call,  and  if  Mrs.  Young  is  not 

worn  out  before  she  gets   a\v,vy,  maybe  souje 

oulside  of  Santa  Clara   county   will  have  the 

1.    privilege  of  listening  to   her  earnest  and  in- 

I    structive  talks  to  the    people,  for   then-  good. 

|Long  may  her  voice  be  heard  in  the  land! 


Vineyards,  vtpon  rich,  moi.st  soils, 
will  be  likely  to  make  an  immense  growth  of 
wood  this  season  and  produce  inferior  fruit. 
Too  nuich  moisture  in  the  soil  isnot  favorable 
to  the  production  of  line  grapes.  We  advise 
letting  the  grass  and  weeds  grow  a  while  to 
absorb  moisture  from  the  ground.  The  grapes 
will  be  all  the  better  for  it.  Better  than  this 
would  be  the  raising  of  a  crop  of  some  kind  of 
vegetables  in  the  vineyard.  To  guard  against 
nnldew,  which  is  bound  to  be  prevaleut  this 
moist  season,  use  sulphur  freely.  Put  it  ou 
the  blossoms  and  on  the  fruit  as  soon  as  fairly 
set,  and  even  when  half  grown.  A  free  use  of 
sulphur  in  many  localities  will  be  absolutely 
necessary  to  insure  good  grapes. 

The  Cminlry  Gentleman  publishes,  in 
its  editorial  notes,  the  followiiig: 

A  C.VLIFOKNH  TiiANSiCTioN. — Of  course 
we  should  not  publish  the  following  state 
ment  if  the  name  of  the  writer  were  nut 
known  to  us:  "'Kds.  'Country  Gentleman' — 
h(ujie  time  during  1S74,  you  published  seve 
ral  letters  from  a  correspondent  in  California 
who  had  a  good  deal  to  say  about  alfalfa. 
He  stated  in  one  of  his  letters  that  pure  seed 
could  be  obtained  from  a  Col.  \V'arren,  32U 
C'lay  street,  San  Francisco.  In  January, 
1S75,  I  wrote  a  letter  of  inouiry  to  the  Col- 
onel, asking  the  best  way  of  shipment  for  50 
pounds  altalfa  seed.  I  received  a  reply  signed 
Warren  &,  Co.,  staling  that  for  $1:J  "iu  gold 
they  would  send  me  by  mail,  postage  paid,  12 
bags  of  four  pounds  each.  I  iinmidiately 
mailed  them  a  liuney  order  for  the  amount, 
and  have  not  heard  Irom  Warren  &,  Co.  since. 
I  wrote  two  letters  of  inquiry  to  them,  but 
they  did  not  see  til  to  reply.  I  received  a 
statement  from  the  postmaster  of  8an  Fran- 
cisco, llia.t  the  order  was  presented  by  the 
hrm  mentioned,  and  paid. 

"  If  Messrs.  Warren  6c  Co.,  will  only  re- 
turn the  amount  of  that  money  order,  I  won't 
write  them  another  word  aljout  alfalfa,  but 
invest  it  at  once  iu  red  clover. — [P.,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio." 

And  from  another  correspondent  the  fal- 
lowing : 

"  To  Come  Down  a  Peg.— I  have  .an  ac- 
count of  another  'California  transaction'  to 
give  you.  Acting  on  the  information  concern- 
ing alfalfa  referred  to  by  your  Cleveland 
(Ohio)  correspondent,  ou  p.age  1G9,  January 
i'J,  ll^ro,  I  forwarded  to  Col.  Warren,  editor 
of  the  'California  Farmer,'  a  postoffice  money 
order  tor  $G,  begging  him  to  send  me  alfalfa 
seed  by  mail,  according  to  the  terms  named 
by  Ml-.  Armstrong,  but  in  case  the  price  had 
advanced,  then  to  send  the  money's  worth. 
Hearing  nothing  from  Mr.  Warren,  February 
21st  I  wrote  hiiu  again.  No  answer  being  re- 
ceived. I  wrote  to  make  inquiries  of  Mr. 
Ariiistong.  He  replied  promptly,  informing 
iiie  he  had  visited  the  'Farmer'  office  in  San 
Francisco;  that  they  acknowledged  i he  re- 
ceipt of  the  money,  asserted  seed  had  been 
sent,  but  that  by  mistake  a  wrong  address 
must  have  been  made.  However,  they  pro- 
mised to  send  another  package,  and  to  com. 
peusate  for  the  delay  and  error  to  add  a  valu- 
able collection  of  Pacilic  Coast  seeds. 
Meantime,  I  bad  asceitaiued  from  the  San 
Francisco  postmaster  that  the  order  liad  been 
paid  on  a  date  given,  and  fioni  the  postmaster 
of  Champaign,  111.,  that  there  was  no  other 
postolfice  of  that  name  in  the  territory  of  the 
Ltnited  States.  But  I  have  heard  nothing  of 
Col.  Warren  to  this  day.  Before  making 
this  tiansaction  public,  1  iiave  waited  for  cor- 
loborative  evidence,  and  in  c-oiidudiug  luy 
testimony  beg  to  ask  if  such  acts  are  not 
doiiljly  intamous  from  the  fact 'hat  they  must 
inevitably  annoy  and  embarrass  an  upright 
and  honorable  man  /" 

Several  complaints  of  a  like  character,  from 
persons  in  this  Slate,  have  been  made  to  us, 
Iiy  well  known  and  responsible  persons, 
and  if  California  and  the  publishers  of  papers 
devoted  to  the  high  calling  of  the  farmer, 
have  got  to  rest  under  an  obloquy  irom  the 
villainous  transactions  of  any  one  man  or 
linn,  it  is  about  time  to  ventilate  tlie  matter. 
We  should  have  published  a  few  facts  long 
ago,  as  an  honest  warning  to  the  people, 
but  for  the  advice  of  friends,  wlio  told  us 
tliat  our  motives  would  be  impugned,  and  we 
had  birtlcr  not  dirty  lUlr  lilu^crs  with  the  sub- 
ject. 


The  elegant  plant  stand  and  bell- 
glass  fernery  which  we  illustrate  this  month 
is  certainly  a  ])retty  oniauient  for  a  sitting- 
room,  and  the  window  bracket  for  a  pot  and 
hanging-basket  is  also.  These  can  be  found 
at  Mr.  Mitchell's  flower  store,  S.an  Jose. 

Our  readers  will  find  Dr.  Scott's  ar- 
tilce  in  this  nunitier  very  worthy  of  contem- 
plative reading.  "Old  Mortality"  went 
about  with  pious  hammer  and  patient  chisel 
and  renewed  on  the  tombs  of  the  old  Scotish 
Covenanters  the  names  and  dates  that  the 
ruthless  tooth  of  Time  had  well  nigh  erased. 
It  was  a  labor  of  love.  He  desired  to  renew 
the  names  and  virtues  of  those  old  worthies 
to  the  living  age.  Would  that  some  reform- 
ing "  Mortality"  would  rise  up  now  in  our 
midst,  and  retouching  the  tablets  of  our  hearts, 
once  more  deepen  and  bring  out  in  bold  re- 
lief the  almost  forgotten  principles  and  pre- 
cepts of  the  Fathers  of  the  Kepnblic.  Dr. 
Scott's  article  arouses  refreshing  thoughts. 


Rust  is  likely  to  attack  wheat  fields 
iu  our  coast  counties  in  seasons  when  there  is 
much  moisture,  producing  a  rank,  tender 
growth  of  straw.  Morning  fogs,  which  wet 
the  growing  grain  and  then  clear  u])  sudden- 
ly, exposing  the  still  wet  fields  to  a  hot  sun, 
also  showers  and  sunshine  immediately  fol- 
lowing, are  favorable  to  the  gerniinatiou  and 
growth  of  the  fungus  rust.  As  a  preventive, 
a  bu.shel  of  salt  to  the  acre,  sown  upon  the 
growing  grain,  is  good.  Two  horsemen,  one 
each  side  of  a  field,  with  a  rope  stretched  be- 
tween them,  can  sweep  a  field  of  dew  and 
prevent  the  scalding  from  the  hot  sun  which 
seems  to  produce  the  rust.  As  a  general 
thing,  when  the  rust  once  shows  itself  in  a 
field,  it  is  safe  to  cut  the  wheat  for  hay  be- 
fore it  is  entirely  ruined. 

Upon   the   Chinese   Question,  the 

people  generally  seem,  at  last,  to  have  come 
to  their  senses.  Since  this  journal  took  the 
held,  we  have  steadily  opposed  Chinese  im- 
migration, believing  it  to  be  a  curse  nearly 
exactly  parallel  in  its  effects  to  the  slavery 
that  once  existed  in  the  South,  and  which  we 
opposed  in  the  field,  under  arms.  At  one 
time — before  we  were  aware  of  the  evils 
that  were  fostered  by  Chinese  servitude — like 
many  others,  we  only  thought  of  the  gener- 
ous principle  of  oui*  Government  which  in- 
vites all  peoples  from  all  nations  to  come  and 
join  us  in  our  free  institutions,  and  be  free 
with  us,  and  become  a  part  of  us.  But  when 
we  found  that  Chinamen  would  never  do  this, 
that  they  were  antagonistic  to  our  princijiles; 
bringing  their  slavery  here,  and  coming  only 
to  get  and  carry  away  our  wealth;  when  we 
found  that  their  cheap  labor  benefitted  none 
but  their  masters  and  rich  men  and  monopo- 
lists;  wtis  building  class  distinctions,  degrad- 
ing labor,  and  bolstering  up  aristocracy;  that 
no  man  or  woman  can  compete  with  them 
and  live  as  respectable  beings  in  a  civilized 
country  should  live;  that  their  very  contact 
was  contagion  and  degradation,  without  one 
hope  of  bettering  afiairs  while  they  control 
any  species  of  labor  jirices;  that  their  labor 
system  discourages  individual  enterprises,  and 
thai,  iustcad  of  making  the  country  any  rich- 
er or  bettor,  or  becoming  freer  themselves 
under  our  Hag,  they  alisorb  our  wealth,  make 
the  ))Oor  poorer,  discourage  the  iinmigration 
of  other  nations  and  people  as  African  slavery 
did,  and  are,  in  every  sense,  in  opposition  to 
general  thrift  and  pi ospeiily,  peace  and  lib- 
erty and  good  will,  we  turned,  as  we  now 
are,  in  favor  of  the  best  interests  of  our  own 
race  and  civilization. 


Jottings. 

The  way  to  help  along  an  agricultural 
paper  is  to  talk  for  it  and  write  for  it. 
Talk  to  your  neighbors  and  friends;  talk 
to  farmers,  fruit  growers  and  stock  breed- 
ers and  others,  and  tell  them  of  the  value 
of  a  good  agricultural  paper.  That  is  one 
way  to  help  its  circulattion.  But  there  is 
also  another  way,  and  an  excellent  way, 
and  that  is  to  write  for  it.  As  you  are  at 
work,  or  walking  from  field  to  field, 
thoughts  will  flash  into  your  mind,  that, 
if  put  into  an  agricultural  jiaper,  would 
be  of  great  help  to  it.  Retain  those 
thoughts,  and  when  you  have  a  little 
leisure,  jot  them  down  with  pen  or  pen- 
cil on  paper,  and  send  them  to  be  pub- 
lished. Semi  them  on  postal  cards,  or  in 
the  form  of  a  letter,  or  in  any  other  way. 
Editors  are  always  glad  to  get  these  jot- 
tings, They  give  variety  to  the  matter 
and  interest  to  the  paper.  Every  reader 
could  contribute  something  of  benefit  to 
somebody. — Rural  Worlds 


A  DuiiiELE  Whitewash. — A  whitewash 
that  will  stand  the  exposure  to  weather 
to  which  it  is  subject  ou  the  lighthouse 
structures  of  the  Atlantic  coast  will  cer- 
tainly prove  good  for  use  in  covering 
fences  and  farm  out-buildings  in  our  eU- 
mate,  and  those  who  have  noticed  the 
appearance  of  the  lighthouse  structures 
to  which  the  Bureau  reoii^e  wash  has  been 
applied,  consider  it  but  little  inferior  to 
paint.  The  following  is  the  direction 
furnished  by  the  Department  for  prepar- 
ing and  applying  this  wash,  which  can 
■of  course  be  "tinted  to  suit  any  taste  by 
the  use  of  ochre,  umber,  Spanish  brown 
or  other  ingredients :  Slake  a  half  bushel 
of  unslaked  lime  with  boiling  water, 
keeping  it  covered  during  the  process. 
Strain  it,  .and  add  a  peck  of  salt  dissolved 
iu  warm  water,  three  pounds  of  ground 
rice  put  in  boiling  water  and  boiled  to  a 
thin  iiaste;  half  a  pound  of  Spanish 
whiting  and  a  pound  of  clear  glue  dis- 
solved in  warm  water;  mix  these  well 
together  and  let  the  mixture  stand  for 
several  days.  Keep  the  wash  thus  pre- 
pared in  a  kettle  or  portable  furnace,  and 
when  used  put  it  on  as  hot  as  possible, 
using  either  a  painter's  or  a  white-wash 

brush. 

— ^ — 

There  is  probably  no  article  manufac- 
tured in  the  United  States  that  has  ex- 
torted so  much  money  from  the  working 
people  in  exorbitant  price  as  the  seeing 
machine.  For  over  twenty  years  there 
has  been  a  powerful  combination  which 
monopolized  and  controlled  the  prices  of 
all  first-class  machines.  Nearly  oil  pat- 
ents on  sewing  machines  have  expired. 
Yet  the  old  prices  are  firmly  adhered  to 
by  the  monopolizers  who  are  not  satisfied 
with  the  millions  upon  niillicms  of  dol- 
lars extorted  from  the  poor  people  who 
are  compelled  to  purchase  a  sewing  ma- 
chine to  gain  a  livelihood.  Particularly 
is  this  true  iu  large  cities,  whore  the 
working  girls  are  compelled  to  toil  from 
morning  to  night  to  save  and  pay  eighty 
dollars  for  a  sewing  inachino,  that  should 
not  ill  any  event  have  cost  more  than 
fovty  and  with  a  good  manufacturing 
profit  at  that. 


It  used  to  bo  a  gin  mill,  then  a  bar- 
room, then  bar,  then  saloon,  then  sample 
rotmi,  then  exchange,  then  parlors;  now 
it  is  a  picture  gallery.  "Oo  around  to 
the  picture  gallery,  and  take  a  drink  of 
the  best  whisky  in  the  world,"  says  an 
advertisement.  Very  good.  Wo  expect 
to  see  a  groggery  call  itself  a  minister,  or 
a  public  library,  or  a  home  for  the  friend- 
less, or   au  academy  of   scieuces,  before 

wo  die. 

» 

Kead  ,he  adveatiscmcnts  and  profit  by  thciu 


***ftfe  -  ""^^L^- 


California  Agriculturist  akd  Live  Stock  Journal. 


}mixn. 


Jasper  Dean's  Z^usings. 

^fHE  apples  were  red  in  the  orchard,  the  mea- 
*  '  dows  were  sober  and  bare, 

--,     The  woods  were    atlumo  with  a  splendor 
l('' )  that  glowed  iu  the  glorified  air. 

Through  the  valley  a  tremiilous  murmur 
ran  drowsily  all  the  day  long. 
M*hero  ft  brook  kissed  tho  pebbles,  and   passed 
them  and  sang  its  perpetual  eong. 


"  A  man  without  some  one  to  care  for  is  not  as  a 

man  ought  to  be; 
And  a  home  without  Bome  one  to   cheer  it  ain't 

pleasant  to^havo  or  to  see. 

"  Now,  if  I  had  married  at  thirty— Phawl'^hero  I 

lun  drivelliu'  on. 
Within  lots  o'  things  to  bo  seen  to,  and  the  sun, 

as  I  live,  a'most  guue. 

"There's  a  rhill  in  tho  air  about  sundown,    I 

reckon  I'd  better  get  round, 
Or  I'll  have  tliat  old  rheiimatiz  sliootin'  all  thro' 

me  ageu,  I'll  bu  bound." 


An  Horatian  Lyric. 


Leaning  over  the  gate  of  his  garden,   the  leaves    O,  blest  is  ho,  from  business  free 


all  awhirl  at  his  feet, 
Jasper  Dean  mused,  like  one  wht>  was  dreaming 
a  dream  far  more  bitter  than  sweet. 

"  I  am  fifty  years  old  this  October,"  he  muttered, 

"and  how  do  I  stand? 
Well,  I  own  a  smart  house  and  two  hundred  good 

acres  of  tol'rablo  land. 

"There's  many  a  man  would  be  happy  with  half 

what  I've  got  to  my  name, 
But  I'm  not;    and  L  reckon  most  likely  there's 

suthin'  or  other  to  blame. 

"  There's  a  feelin'  that  sometiraeg  comes  on  me, 
aud  mos'ly  at  this  time  of  year — 

When  the  birds  fiy  away,  and  the  dimness  gives 
noticu  that  winter  is  near. 

"  There's  a  feelin' that  sometimes  comes  on  me 
and  makes  me  half  wish  to  be  dead; 

And  I  don't  know  exaekly  what  brings  to  buzz 
like  a  bee  in  my  head. 

"It  may  bo  the  changing  o"    the  seasons,  with 

death  and  decay  all  around; 
Or  it  may  be  a  wish  growin'  stronger  for  suthin' 

that  ain't  to  be  found. 

*'  There  is  hardly  a  day  but   the  neighbors  are 

tiilUing  about  my  affairs; 
I  don"  thank  them  for  mindin"  my  business;  I'm 

sure  I  don't  meddle  with  theirs. 

"  But  they  talk,  and  they  talk,  and  the  drift^of 

it  all  about  my  dull  life. 
It  is  dull,  I  know  that  very  well;  but  I'm   now 

past  the  time  for  a  wife. 

"  When  a  man  touches  fifty,  like  me,  he  had  bet- 
ter be  sayin'  his  prayers; 

Not  fretting  himself  about  women  and  runnin' 
his  head  into  snares. 

"There  was  Absalom  Brown,  that   went  ofl'  and 

got  married  at  most  tifty-five. 
If  he  hadn't  done   that.    I   don't   doubt  but   the 

critter  would  still  be  alive. 

"  But  the  woman  he  took  just  worried  his  wits 

out  in  less  than  a  year; 
Though  wheu  he  went  off  she  was  ready  with 

many  a  crocodile  tear. 

'  But  all  women  are  not  o'  that  sort.    There  are 

plenty  as  good  as  can  be; 
And  it  1  had  married  at  thirty  it  might  have  been 
better  for  me. 

'There's  the  house,  and  a  good  one  it  is — net  a 

beiter  the  country  can  show; 
But  I  never  go  iu  without  feeling  a  dullness,  in- 
stead of  a  glow. 

„  A  homo  may  seem  ever  so  pleasant  and  ever  so 

neat  and  hue, 
And  still  have  no  comfort  within  it;  and  that's 

what's  the  matter  with  mine. 

'There  is  never  a  voice  to   give  welcome,   and 

never  a  glad  smile  to  greet. 
And  my  heart  never  throbs  to  tho  musical  patter 
of  innocent  feet. 

'What's  tho  use  of  a  man  always  strivin'?    He 

gains  but  a  little  at  last: 
And  it  generally  comes,  if  at  all,  when  the  time 
to  enjoy  it  is  past. 

'Now,  if  I  had  married  at  thirty,  as  I  had  a  no- 
tion to  do. 

Who  can  tell  but  my  heart  would  be  lighter,  the 
heme  a  mure  pleasant  one  too  ? 

'  But  somehow  I  waited  and  waited;  and  now  I 

am  fifty  years  old; 
There  is  plenty  of  frost  in  my  hair,  and  my  blood 
has  grown  sluggish  and  cold. 

"I  feel  morn  like  restin'  than  workin',and  every 

year  that  goes  by 
Pears  to  toll  mc  I'd  better  bo  careful,  and  leaves 

me  a  trifle  less  sjiry. 

"And  suthin' comes  on  me  in  autumn— I  don't 

know  esai'kly  what  way — 
That  makes  me  feel  sad-like  and  solemn,  and  sets 

all  my  ideas  astray, 

"It  may  be  the  change  o'  the  seasons,  with  death 

and  decay  all  around; 
Or  it  may  be  a  wishin'  and  longin'  for  suthin' 

that  ain't  to  be  found. 


Like  the  merry  men  of  old. 
Who  tills  the  land  with  his  own  stout  hand, 
Aud  knows  not  tho  lust  of  gold. 

No  sailor  ho  on  tho  stormcy  sea, 

No  soldier,  trumpet  stirred; 
And  he  shuus  the  town  and  the  haughty  frown 

Of  the  courtiers'  fawning  herd. 

But  he  bids  the  vine  with  her  tendrils  twine. 

Around  tho  poi>lar  tall; 
And  he  adds  a  graft,  with  a  garduer's  craft, 

To  the  tree  that  climbs  his  wall. 

Or  a  grazier  keen,  on  the  pastures  green, 

He  sees  his  oxen  feed; 
Or  he  shears  his  flock,  or  ho  brews  a  stock 

Of  his  rustic  nectar  mead. 

And  when  autumn  at  length,  in  his  manly 
strength. 

Has  raised  his  fruit-crowned  head. 
And  plucked  the  pear,  with  its  flavor  rare. 

And  the  grape  with  its  clusters  red, 

"With  his  knee  on  the  sod  he  blesses  God 

For  his  mercies  and  favors  frie: 
And  he  lays  him  along,  while  he  lists  the  song 

Of  the  thrush  in  tho  old  oak  tree: 

While  the  waters  glide  with  the  rippling  tide, 

And  the  zephers  softly  creep 
O'er  the  quivering  leaves,  mids  the  murmuring 
trees. 

And  lull  the  senses  to  sleep. 

But  when  thunilerinf:;  Jove  from  his  stores  above 

Sends  wintry  slnrm  and  rain. 
And  r.ick  and  wood,  and  held  and  flood, 

Lay  bound  iu  his  icy  chain, 

With  many  a  hound,  in  the  woods  aroun<l, 

He  hunts  the  grizzly  boar; 
Aud  ere  dayliMbt  fjcde  his  gleaming  blade 

Is  red  with  the  monster's  gore. 

When  the  sim  has  set  he  spreads  his  net. 
And  the  partridge,  fluttering,  dies; 

He  takes  tho  hare  in  his  crafty  snare. 
And  the  crane— a  goodly  prize. 

'Mid  joys  like  these,  what  ill  can  tease— 

Who  could  remember  pain  ? 
He  feels  no  wrong,  and  laughs  at  the  throng 

Ot  the  cares  that  swell  love's  train. 

If  a  loving  wife— best  staff  of  life- 
Be  his,  and  children  dear. 

The  lire  burns  britihl,  with  its  ruddy  light, 
His  homeward  step  to  cheer. 

At  tho  cottage  door,  when  his  toil  is  o'er. 
She  stands  with  her  smile  so  sweet; 

And  holds  up  her  face,  with  a  modest  grace. 
His  welcome  kiss  to  meet. 

Ami  children  glad  swarm  round  their  dad. 

But  himgry  the  man  mus    be; 
So  she  spreads  the  cloth,  and  he  sups  his  broth. 

While  she  pours  out  refreshing  tea. 

—[Blackwood's  Magazine. 


Follow  Up  the  Plow, 

BY  WILL  S.  HAYS. 

Hard  times  are  now  upon  us. 

And  the  people  are  in  debt; 
The  country's  full  of  trouble 

And  the  worst  is  coming  yet, 
'Tis  not  without  its  causes, 

Aud  we'll  plainly  tell  you  now. 
The  only  way  to  stop  it. 

Is  to  '-follow  up  the  plow." 

Fill  up  your  fields  and  prairies 

With  a  crop  that's  "good  as  gold." 
And  mine  your  hills  and  valleys  wide 

For  iron,  salt  and  coal. 
The  earth  is  the  producer. 

And  we  can  tell  you  how 
To  make  a  princely  fortune— 

'Tis  to  "follow  up  the  plow." 

There  are  too  many  people 

Who  from  their  duty  shirk. 
Who'd  rather  make  a  fortune 

By  some  other  meaus  than  work. 
The  man  who  plants  tobacco. 

Corn,  wheat  or  cotton  now. 
Is  king  among  the  moneyed  men," 

He  -'follows  up  the  plow." 


The  Days  of  Iiong  Ago. 

I  wonder   are   tho   fields  as  green,  the  skies  as 

brightly  blue. 
The  birds  as  joyous  in  their  songs,  the  flowers  as 

bright  in  hue- 
Wild    roses    blushing  fresh  and  fair  in  many  a 

green  hedge  row — 
As  sweet  as  those  I  gathered  in  the  days  of  long 

ago. 

"Oh  yes,"  replies  the  maiden  faJr,  with  voice  of 

melody,  * 

With  BunbeaiiiR  in  her  waving  hair,  aud  eyes  like 

summer  sea, 
"Yes,   yps,"  responds    the  gallant  youth,  scarce 

pausing  to  reply. 
While  high  resolve  and  happy  love  beamed  in 

eager  eye. 

Oh  Pjjeed  ye  toward   tho  mountain  tops  wo  wiSO 

old  graybeards  say, 
Yet  are  ye  not  so  light  of  foot  as  wo  were  In  our 

day. 
So  hardy  on  the  rocky  pathB,  so  blithe  among  the 

bowers, 
So  stout  of  hfrflrt  as  we   were   when  your  happy 

age  was  ours. 

Oh,  speed  yo  toward  the  mountain  top  ye  moid- 
ens  fair  and  sweet. 
While  spring  flowers  deck  your  bowing  hair  and 


€\i\)  ^{irdcning.    ^ 


The  Sun  and  the  Kose. 


BY   ALICE     GIUY, 

The  sun.  who  smiles  whereever  he  goes 
Till  the  flowers  all  smile  again. 

Fell  in  love  one  day  witli  a  bashful  rose 
That  had  b.-en  a  bud  till  then. 

So  he  pTished  back  the  folds  of  the  soft, 
green  hood. 

That  coveri'd  hfr  modest  grace. 
And  kissed  her  as  only  u  lover  could. 

Till  the  crimson  burned  iu  her  face. 

But  woo  for  the  day  when  his  golden  hoir 

Tangled  her  heart  in  a  net. 
And  woe  for  the  night  of  dark  despair. 

When  her  cheek  with  tears  wab  wet. 

For  she  loved  blni  as  only  a  maiden  could, 
And  he  left  her  cnishfrd  and  weak. 

Striving  in  vain  with  her  faded  huod 
To  cover  her  guilty  cheek. 


The  Flower  Crarden. 

DV  MABY  Hownr. 

God  might  liavo  bid  the  earth  bring  forth 

Knotigh  for  great  and  small. 
The  oak  tree  and  the  cedar  tr«e, 

Without  a  flower  at  all. 

He  might  have  made  enough,  cnongb 

For  every  want  of  ours — 
For  luxury,  mediiine,  and  toll. 
And  yet  have  made  no  flowers. 

Our  outward  life  required  them  not — 
ThcTi  wherefore  have  tliey  birth':* 

To  minister  delight  to  man; 
To  beautify  tho  earth; 

To  comfort  man:  to  whisper  hoi>e 

Whene'er  his  faith  is  dim; 
For  whoso  caretb  for  the  flowers, 

Will  much  more  care  for  him. 


dewdrops  bathe  your  feet —  ] 

With  star  bright  eye,  with  rose  bright  cheeks.yet 

&re  ye  not,  you  know,  | 

So  lovely  as  the  girls  we  loved  a  long  time  ago.     \ 

We  linger  i.n  the  lighted  halls,  for  still  we  fondly 

prize 
The  echoing  laughter  of  young  lips  the  sunshine 

of  young  eyes. 
Yet  here  we  shake  our  wise  old  head    and  say 

with  faltering  tongue. 
Old  friend,  things  were  not  so,  when  you  and  I 

were  young. 

The  dance  may  sweep  its  giddy  round,  the  song 

its  silvery  flow. 
What  are  they  to  the  dance  and  song  we  joined 

in  long  ago? 
Thus  hioking  from  the  hills  of  age  along  youth's 

distant  glades. 
We  mark  the  lingering,  sunlight  there,  but  will 

not  see  the  shades. 

But  oh!  we  miss  the  lightsome  form,  wo  miss  the 

flowing  curls. 
We  miss  the  bitoyant  hearts  wa  own'd  when  we 

were  boys  aud  girls; 
We  linger    fondly  on  thy  joy,  forgetful  of    thy 

woe, 
01  happy  agel  0!  golden  climel  delnsiye  long  ago* 


SEASONABLE  ADVICE. 

-yHOEVEIl  expocts  to  be  snccessful 
[7/  in  cultivating  tlowers  and  lawns, 
iu  our  dry  climate,  must  make 
provision  for  plentifully  irrigating 
lliem.  Many  persons  in  town 
liavtj  hose  that  may  be  attached  to  the 
water  pipes  and  irrigate  evferything  cither 
by  showering  or  flowing  over  the  roots. 
When  so  provided,  a  little  care  only  is 
needed  to  keep  everything 
in  splendid  condition. — 
Xeglect  is  fatal  to  tender 
plants,  and  unless  plenty 
of  water  is  given,  any 
plant  will  soon  show  suf- 
fering by  a  wilted  look 
and  the  lower  leaves  turn- 
ing yellow.  With  sutB- 
cieut  water  and  soil  and 
shelter  from  wiuds.  plants 
will  grow  most  luxuriantly 
and  will  reward  the  care 
given  them  in  living 
beantj-  and  sweetness. 
Where  water  cannot  be 
conducted  npon  plants  or  the  surface 
soil  cannot  be  wet  withont  great  trouble, 
aud  one  wishes  a  few  choice  plants  only, 
it  is  well  to  sink  some  tin  or  other  vessel 
like  a  can,  or  flower  pot  with  the  bottom 
plugged,  below  the  plant  so  as  to  hold 
water  enongh  to  last  the  plant  a  day  or 
two  at  a  time.  The  vessel  should  be 
first  filled  with  pebble  stones,  old  bones, 
or  lumps  of  charcoal,  and  set  be  set 
about  four  inches  below  the  surface,  with 
some  coarse  material  like  straw  or  sack- 
ing placed  over  it  before  tire  soil  is,  to 
keep  it  from  filling  with  fine  soil.  Then 
a  hole  should  be  left  through  which  the 
water  can  be  poured,  covering  it  with  a 
small  stone  or  convenient  thing.  In  this 
way  plants  can  be  kept  growing  with  the 
least  waste  of  water  about  the  house  in 
very  dry  and  hot  places.  Still  another 
way,  and  a  very  good  one,  too,  is  to  dig 
trenches    eight    inches  deep  and  a  foot 


G8 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


wide  all  about  wherever  you  want  plants 
to  Krow,  auil  either  lay  down  trouf^hs  or 
till  with  coarse  fjravel.  At  one  end  of  this 
winding  set  of  trenches,  which  should  be 
all  connected  and  as  nearly  level  on  the 
bottom  as  possible,  have  an  ujiright  box 
made  to  pour  or  pumji  water  into,  so 
that  it  may  run  all  through  the  trenches. 
Plants  set  over  or  near  these  trenches 
will  get  watered  from  the  saturation  of 
the  soil  from  underneath.  This  is  cer- 
tainly a  very  nice  and  economical  way  to 
piopare  for  tie  inigation  of  a  garden  on 
a  small  scale  where  a  good  showing  of 
plants  is  wanted  and  not  much  water 
can  be  easily  obtained. 

Heavy  soil  should  always  be  well  man- 
ured and  covered  a  few  inches  deep  with 
tine  sand,  or  very  sandy  soil,  to  make  it 
right  for  cultivating  plants  to  advantage. 
This  advice  will  apply  whether  one  re- 
sides in  the  city  or  the  country.  When 
you  once  get  a  little  place  ready  for  a 
garden — and  getting  it  tixed  just  right  is 
frequently  more  than  half  the  work — 
everything  will  then  be  reduced  to  a  sys- 
tem, and  you  will  feel  encouraged  to  do 
your  best,  with  the  assurance  that  you 
will  be  rewarded  with  success. 

There  is  nothing  in  a  yard  that  looks 
jirettier  than  a  lawn.  Even  if  the  yard 
is  small,  a  single  patch  of  grass,  with  a 
plant  or  bunch  of  flowers  growing  in  the 
center,  will  look  lovely.  But  remember 
that  without  liberal  watering  a  lawn,  in 
this  dry  climate,  cannot  be  a  success. 

Some  one  makes  the  following  practi- 
cal remarks:  "Close  feeding  has  the 
same  efl'ect  upon  grass  that  close  shear- 
ing has  upon  our  hedges  or  ornamental 
trees.  If  let  alone,  they  run  up  tall  and 
the  branches  are  open  and  straggling, 
but  if  they  are  kept  closely  sheared,  the 
growth  may  be  so  close  and  tine  that  a 
bird  can  hardly  find  entrance.  So  grass, 
closely  fed  or  sheared,  grows  thick  and 
fine,  and  although,  to  the  casual  observ- 
er, it  makes  less  show,  yet  it  really  pro- 
duces more  nutriment  to  the  acre  than 
if  left  to  run  up  to  seed.  The  lawn 
mowers,  which  have  come  into  such  gen- 
eral use  in  villages  within  the  past  few 
years,  have  proved  the  advantage  of  close 
and  frequent  cutting  for  producing  a  fine 
thick  turf."  Of  course,  it  will  not  pay 
to  get  a  lawn  mower  to  trim  a  very  small 
lawn.  It  can  be  more  economically  done 
by  hand. 

Last  month,  we  gave  directions  for 
planting  seeds  in  Vioxes,  pots,  etc.  If 
you  have  not  started  your  annuals  now 
is  the  time  to  commence,  and  there  is 
little  time  to  be  lost.  You  can  start 
seeds  where  you  want  them  to  gi'ow,  if 
you  will  observe  tne  following  rules; 
Prepare  the  soil  by  spading  lightly  and 
raking  as  fine  as  possible.  It  is  best  if 
some  fine,  well-rotted  manure  is  worked 
lightly  in  the  soil.  Now  thoroughly  sat- 
urate the  soil  with  water  from  a 
sprinkler.  After  it  is  well  settled,  but 
while  it  is  still  wet,  make  an  impression 
not  over  one-half  of  an  inch  deep  where 
you  wish  to  drop  your  seed;  drop  and 
cover  with  sand  mixed  with  saw-dust  or 
fine  pulverized  manure;  sprinkle  again, 
and  cover  with  sacks  or  paper  fastened 
down  to  keep  the  air  from  drying  out  the 
soil,  or  jianes  of  glass,  or  even  a  board 
can  be  laid  over  the  seed  beds.  Every 
day  remove  the  cover  and  sprinkle,  until 
yo>i  see  the  young  plants,  when  you  may 
remove  the  covering.  To  keep'  insects 
from  destroying  the  young  plants,  sift 
dry  ashes  or  road  dust  over  them  after 
watering,  but  not  while  the  young  plants 
are  still  wet,  wait  till  the  moisture  has 
evaporated  from  their  tiny  loaves. 

If  you  wish  to  transplant  any  of  your 
plants— and  you  nniy  if  they  come  up 
too  thick — follow  this  rule,  which  wo  clip 
from  the  Gn-Diaidoim  Tekfjmph:    "There 


is  no  mode  we  have  tried  so  effectual  in 
transplanting  tomato,  cabbage,  canta- 
loupe, or  any  other  tender  plants  from 
the  hot-bed  or  from  one  place  to  another 
as  to  prep.are  a  vessel  filled  with  manure 
water  and  rich  soil,  about  the  consistency 
of  thin  mush,  with  which  the  roots  of 
the  plants  should  be  well  coated  and  set 
in  a  hole  made  with  a  sharp  round  piece 
of  wood  or  dibble.  After  being  firmly 
planted,  moisten  again  with  manure- 
water,  We  have  never  failed  iu  any 
transplanting  when  done  in  this  way, 
and  the  trouble  is  very  slight." 

In  arranging  flowers  in  beds,  it  is  well 
to  observe  harmony  of  colore,  .and  attend 
to  the  following  rules:  "Avoid  placing 
rose-colored  next  to  scarlet,  orange  or 
violet.  I)o  not  place  orange  next  to  yel- 
low, or  blue  next  to  violet.  White  re- 
lieves any  color,  but  do  not  place  it  next 
to  yellow.  Orange  goes  well  with  blue, 
yellow  with  violet.  Kose-color  and  pur- 
ple alw,ays  go  well  together." 

We  have  given  little  advice  about  what 
varieties  of  plants  to  cultivate.  Each 
person  has  some  favorites,  and  it  is  well 
to  gratify  one's  own  taste  in  such  mat- 
ters. Certain  plants  are  considered  pre- 
ferable by  very  fashionable  people,  but 
if  plants  are  suitably  and  neatly  arranged 
to  show  to  advantage,  it  matters  little 
what  they  are.  Tall  plants  should  be 
put  where  they  will  not  hide  the  smaller 
ones. 


Dianthus,  Phlox  Drummondi,  Pansy, 
Verbena,  Salpiglossis,  Stocks,  Balsams, 
Zinnias,  etc.  lied  and  shades  of  red — 
Phlox  Drummodi,  Zinnia,  Portulaca, 
Catchfly,  Aster,  Cacaliacoccinea,  Cocks- 
comb, Poppy,  etc.  White  —  Phlox 
Drummondi,  Candytuft,  sweet  Alyssum, 
Dianthus,  Stocks,  Aster,  Portulaca,  etc. 
Blue — Ageratum  Mexicanum  and  Tom 
Thumb,  Lobelia,  Aster,  Larkspur,  No- 
lana,  Nemophila,  Whitlavia,  Lupines, 
etc.  Yellow — Calliopsis,  Eschscholtzia, 
Sanvitalia,  Platystemon,  Marigold,  Zin- 
nia Haageana  fl.  pi.,  Portulaca,  Erysim- 
um, etc. 

Mr.  Koot,  iu  his  Mannn],  has  this  to 
say  about  flowers  for  the  shade:  "Many 
a  little  yard  in  town,  deep  in  shade, could 
be  made  beautiful ;  the  shady  jilat  before 
many  a  sitting-room  window  colild  be 
made  fragrant  and  -blooming,  were  the 
planting  only  Judicious.  The  Morning 
Glory,  hiding  from  sight  all  that  we 
would  screen,  will  every  morning  the 
summer  through  give  an  abundance  of 
bloom  iu  more  deeply,  delicately,  richly 
tinted  colors  that  the  painter's  brush  can 
paint.  The  Adonis,  with  its  pretty, 
fiuely-cut  foliage  and  blood-red  flowers, 
flourishes  in  the  deepest  shade.  To  pro- 
duce the  best  effect,  the  plants  should 
stand  thickly  in  the  row,  five  or  six  to 
the  foot.  Sown  late  in  August,  it  lives 
through  the  winter  with  a  protection  of 
stalks  and  leaves.     The  Pansy  is  perfect- 


In  Root's  Garden  Manual  are  some  ex- 
cellent hints,  a  few  of  which  we  take 
ple.asure  in  copying:  "For'a  screen  or 
background,  the  larger  sorts  of  Lupines, 
Hollyhocks,  Marygolds  and  Zinnias  pro- 
duce an  excellent  effect.  To  lend  a  trop- 
ical appearance,  the  larger  varieties  of 
Kicinus,set  only  two  feet  apart,  are  valu- 
able. For  a  close,  impenetrable  screen 
or  back  ground,  all  the  climbers  are  ser- 
viceable. The  Cobea  Scandens  is  one  of 
the  best,  growing  rapidly,  and  on  rich 
soil  running  twenty  feet  and  more,  with 
aVuindance  of  large,  bell-shaped  flowers. 
Dolichos  is  especially  valuable  for  a  light 
soil,  and  beautiful  with  its  purple  flowers 
and  seed-i5ods.  Morning  Glory  .is  es- 
pecially of  service  in  the  shade.  The 
Wild  Cucumber  will  grow  most  thriftily, 
and  cover  the  objects  most  efl'ectively  of 
any,  and  lift  clear  above  its  foliage  a 
mass  of  yellowish  white  flowers,  in  hya- 
cinth-like trusses,  and  for  this  jjurpose 
is  very  popular  wherever  tried.  Nastur- 
tium, grown  with  the  latter,  fills  up  the 
vacancies  near  the  ground,  and  mingles 
its  variously  colored  bloom  prettily  with 
the  other,  producing  an  excellent  efl'ect." 

As  to  choosing  colors  for  bedding 
plants,  wc  copy  this  from  liriggs  Bros.' 
Floral  Work:  "Sonic  may  desire  to  fill 
separate  beds  with  flowers  of  a  single 
color  and  of  such  kinds  as  will  have  a 
fine  appearance  and  bloom  the  whole 
season.     These  may  be  selected  from  the 


ly  at  home  in  the  shade,  iu  fact  attains 
perfection  only  there;  .and  a  bed  of  them 
beneath  your  window,  bowing  their  faces 
iu  the  breeze,  can  be  easily  imagined  to 
be  waiting  to  gi'eet  j'ou  morn  and  even- 
ing. They  are  usually  largest  and  most 
perfect  in  the  cool  of  spring  and  autumn; 
but  if  given  a  sprinkling  of  diluted  liquid 
manure  occasionally,  .and  thorough  wat- 
erings in  dry  times,  they  will  continue  of 
large  size  the  summer  through.  Calli- 
opsis and  Evening  Primrose  bloom  the 
season  through  in  the  shade,  quite  as 
well  as  in  the  sun.  Evening  Primrose, 
Larksjiur,  and  Marvel  of  Peru,  seem  to 
attain  their  greatest  perfection  in  partial 
shade.  Mignonette  seems  just  as  fra- 
grant and  quite  at  home  in  such  situa- 
tions. Ipomopsis  does  well  in  shade  or 
sun.  Petunia,  Myosotis,  Lobelia,  An- 
tirrhinum, Sweet  Alyssum,  Candytuft, 
and  most  of  the  climbers  do  well  iu  morl- 
erate  shade  where  the  sun  occasionally 
peeps  in.  The  strong-growing  Zinnia 
does  little  in  vigor  or  colors  if  in  the 
shadow." 

There  is  much  more  that  wo  wanted  to 
say  this  month,  but  arc  pushed  for  room. 
One  hint  more,  and  wo   close. 

Now  is  the  seasim  for  picnics,  and  if 
you  go  into  the  wild  woods,  do  not  fail 
to  gather  up  some  of  the  jilants  you  may 
find  growing  there.  Three  years  ago  wc 
gathered  in  a  deep  glade,  ujion  rocks,  a 
lot  of  moss  and  ferns.  The  moss  was 
in  beds  with  fern  roots  running  thickly 
through  it.  It  was  little  troul)U  d  to  peel 
the  moss,  like  a  pelt  from  the  rocks. 
(Jno  piece  was  as  large  as  a  blanket  and 
about  two  inches  thick,  full  of  fern  roots. 
When  home,  we  cut  it  in  suitable  pieces 
to  line   hanging  baskets   and    two    wire 


plant  stands,  then  transplanted  into  the 
baskets  and  stands  elegant  flowering  and 
leaf  and  trailing  plants.  With  plentiful 
watering,  the  ferns  came  out  thickly  with 
feathery  leaves,  while  the  green,  velvety 
moss  was  just  splendid.  Such  handssme 
stands  and  baskets  we  never  saw  before, 
and  they  are  still  pretty,  though  getting 
a  little  brown  with  age,  and  need  recon- 
structing. Since  then,  others  have  fol- 
lowed suit,  and  now  in  San  Jose  such 
fern-covered  baskets  are  not  rarely  to  be 
seen. 


gomc^tic* 


FAMILIAR  TALKS— No.  I  O. 

BY      SNIP. 

^^(>  F  Flora  will  soak  her  table-cloths  iu 
cold  water  before  putting  them  into 
the  wash-water,  1  think  she  will 
no  trouble  in  getting  tea,  coflfee,  or 
fruit  stains  out.  If  it  is  possible  to 
bleach  clothes,  the  soaking  is  not  neces- 
sary. I  have  no  grass  plot  that  can  be 
used  for  such  a  purjiose,  but  am  so  situ- 
ated that  I  can  leave  the  clothes  on  the 
line  all  night  if  I  wish,  and  have  no  fears 
of  finding  an  empty  close-line  in  the 
morning.  I  used  a  rojje  for  about  three 
years,  and  then  obtained  a  galvanized 
iron  wire  that  I  would  not  exchange  for 
all  the  rope  clothes-lines  in  the  county. 
It  remains  out  doors  all  the  time;  no 
trouble  to  put  up  and  take  down  every 
week,  and  it  does  not  break  and  let  the 
clothes  into  the  dirt;  it  does  not  rust, and 
it  takes  less  time  to  \vipe  it  off  than  it 
would  to  put  up  a  rope. 

I,  for  one,  would  like  to  have  Mrs.  L. 
W.'s  recipe  for  washing  calicoes  and 
prevent  their  fading,  and  in  return  will 
tell  her  how  we  got  Tid  of  lice  on  our 
goats.  It  was  simply  hy  greasing  them. 
I  think  any  kind  of  fresh  grease  would 
do.  A  plentiful  supply  was  put  on  the 
back  which  melted  and  run  down.  The 
ears,  face  and  neck  were  rubbed  well 
with  grease  and  we  had  no  more  trouble. 

Pears,  if  thoroughly  ripe,  make  excel- 
lent sweet  pickles  prepared  in  the  man- 
ner that  Mrs.  L.  W.  makes  currant  and 
peach  iMckles.  If  the  pears  are  not  en- 
tirely ripie,  boil  them  in  the  syrup  about 
half  an  hour,  not  hard,  but  gently,  or 
they  will  break  in  pieces. 

AVill  some  one  please  tell  me  how  to 
make  cucumber  pickles,  and  how  old 
they  should  be  when  pickled? 

Here  are  two  recipes  1  cut  from  an  old 
paper,  but  they  were  new  to  me  and 
may  be  to  some  of  the  readers  of  the 
Agricultukist: 

tomato   soup. 

Boil  one  pint  of  canned  tomatoes  for 
twenty  minutes  in  one  pint  of  water: 
add  half  a  teaspoonful  of  soda,  and  one 
pint  of  milk.  Season  with  butter,  salt 
and  pepper  and  crackers  as  for  oyster 
soup. 

POTATO      PUFF. 

Two  cups  cold  mashed  potatoes:  add 
two  tablespoonfuls  melted  butter,  beat- 
ing to  a  cream ;  two  well-beaten  eggs  and 
one  cup  cream  or  milk.  Bake  in  a  quick 
oven. 


BAKE-DAY  CAKE  RECIPE. 

After  kneading  your  bread  save  dough 
enough  to  fill  three  tea  cups;  add  one 
and  a  half  cups  of  sugar,  one  cup  butter,  ^1 
two  well-beaten  eggs,  and  one  cup  of 
seedless  raisins;  work  all  thoroughly  to- 
gether with  the  hands;  let  it  stand  in  a 
warm  place  half  an  hour;  make  into  one 
large  loaf.  Jlr.s.  L.  W. 


I'^^- 

.^^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Mm- 


1 


Six  Months  Among  the    Bees  in 
California. 

5S@      THE  "BLUE  side"  OF  THE  QUESTION. 

^VqlOU  have  had  in  your  journal  from 
jjj  time  to  time,  during  the  past  yeiir, 
■Xill  many  rose-colored  reports  from  this 
yS  country,  which  are  inclined  to  mis- 
Sc?  lead  your  army  of  readers  at  the 
East,  who  have  felt  an  interest  in  this 
land  of  honey.  A  few  items  of  other  facts 
may  also  be  of  interest  to  your  readers, 
from  one  who  has  had  pretty  good  facil- 
ities for  "learning  the  ropes,"  though  I 
do  not  profess  "to  know  it  all,"  yet. 

The  tirst  thing  an  apiiu'ist  does  after 
his  arrival  here,  is  usually  to  hunt  up  a 
"ranch,"  or  location,  on  which  to  estab- 
lish his  apiary.  This  is  usually  located 
on  government  laud,  after  many  weeks 
search,  and  may  then  turn  out  not  to  be 
a  good  one.  The  main  point  is  to  get 
within  the  granite  or  bee  range— a  strip 
of  mountainous  country  8  or  lU  miles 
wide,  extending  from  Lower  California 
up  into  Lo3  Angeles  county,  over  lUO 
miles  long. 

To  select  a  location  here  intelligently, 
one  needs  to  be  somewhat  of  a  botanist, 
or  at  least  to  know  by  sight  all  the  diti'er- 
eut  kinds  of  honey-plants,  their  order  of 
blooming,  and  the  relative  quantities  of 
each  required.  Of  course  one  cannot  find 
everything  just  as  ho  would  order  it;  but 
take  as  near  a  perfect  jiasture  as  he  can 
find.  In  the  early  days  of  bee-keeping 
as  a  business  in  San  Diego  county,  the 
ranches  were  established  on  the  Sweet- 
water, a  "C;Jiforuia  stream,"  whichruns 
out  east  from  just  south  of  the  town  of 
San  Diego,  among  the  mountains.  It  is 
only  within  the  past  two  years,  or  since 
the  great  excitement  began,  that  other 
localities  were  sought  for  further  north. 
At  this  writing  nearly  every  location, 
good,  bad  or  indifferent,  has  been  settled 
on  as  far  as  Temecula,  75  miles  north  of 
San  Diego,  to  which  point  all  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  apiary  have  to  be  carried  in 
■wagons,  and  all  supplies  brought  out, 
making  it  very  expensive  to  carry  on  the 
business.  The  roads  generally  are  good, 
but  as  all  the  mountain  ranges  tend  from 
the  seashore  toward  the  southeast,  it  is 
easily  seen  that  there  are  some  heavy 
grades.  All  or  nearly  all  the  teams  we 
meet  in  traveling  (.re  four  or  six  horse — 
two  to  draw  the  wagon,  and  the  balance 
the  load. 

There  are  few  "old  settlers"  except 
"greasers,"  or  Indians  and  Mexicans. 
The  former  are  half-civilized,  dress  like 
whites,  live  in  adobe  huts,  and  either 
herd  their  own  flocks  of  cattle,  sheep  or 
horses,  or  else  are  herders  for  the  Mexi- 
can stock  men.  Since  the  great  rush  and 
settlement  in  Los  Angeles  count}',  which 
lies  next  north  of  this,  the  larger  portion 
of  the  sheep  men  have  had  to  search  other 
and  less  populated  sections  for  their 
flocks. 

Many  thousands  of  sheep  were  driven 
into  this  county,  where  they  are  now 
overstocked,  many  herds  decreasing  in 
numbers  from  insufficient  food  or  water. 
The  price,  too,  this  fall  for  the  wool — 9 
cents  or  10  cents — has  disgusted  many 
with  the  business. 

Cattle  and  horses  will  not  feed  after 
sheep. 

The  stock  men  dislike  to  see  new  set- 
tlers come  in,  as  the  laws  here  require 
herding  of  stock  or  suits  for  damages. 
The  "bee  men",  too,  dislike  to  see  stock 
around  them,  particularly  sheep;  for  al- 
though they  eat  but  sparingly  of  the  white 
sage  and  other  honey-producing  plants, 
they  break  down    the  brittle    stems,   and 


soon  wear  out  a  fine  field. 

California  is  famed  for  its  freedom  from 
insect  pests  injurious  to  fruit.  While 
that  may  be  true,  it  nevertheless  is  quite 
true  that  a  worm  was  found  in  nearly 
every  white  sage  flower  last  spring.which 
will  account  for  the  rarity  of  pure  white 
sage  honey  in  market  this  year.  This 
worm,  with  the  April  frost  and  extreme 
dryness  of  the  season,  cut  off  the  crop  of 
honey  to  an  average  of  not  over  25  lbs. 
pa.-  hive,  and  an  increase  of  not  over  25 
per  cent.  Indeed,  I  know  of  one  apiary 
of  250  stocks  which  gave  but  two  swarms 
this  whole  year,  and  when  I  was  there 
last — at  the  end  of  the  busy  season — the 
owners  had  taken  but  09  cases  of  honey. 
One  other  apiary  of  150  stands  came  out 
equally  bad,  and  both  did  remarkably 
well  last  year.  One  apiary  of  500  hives 
did  not  give  a  single  pound  of  surplus. 
I  have  heard  of  but  half  a  dozen  or  less 
in  this  whole  county  who  have  made 
enough  to  pay  expenses,  counting  the 
time  and  attention  required  as  anything. 
One  gentleman  had  150  stands,  hired  an 
experienced  apiarist  at  $15  per  month 
and  board,  In  return  he  got  seven  cases, 
or  400  lbs.  of  box-honey,  and  an  increase 
by  dividing  of  some  ten  or  twelve  stands. 
There  are  many  long  faces  among  the  bee 
men,  and  many  a  poor  fellow  would  like 
to  sell  out  and  quit.  I  sincerely  believe 
that  for  a  man  who  understands  the  bus- 
iness, and  whose  heart  is  in  the  work, 
bee-keeping  here  will  pay  in  the  long  run ; 
still,  I  think  some  changes  in  the  pre- 
vailing methods  of  gathering  and  market- 
ing the  products  are  necessary. 

It  seems  that  there  has  never  been  any 
effort  made  to  save  the  large  surplus  of 
honey  from  the  manzinita  and  blue  sage, 
which  bloom  in  January  and  Ajjril,  be- 
cause they  do  not  produce  quite  so  white 
a  honey  as  the  white  sage,  and  yet  many 
a  hive  at  these  times  becomes  too  full  of 
stores  for  the  good  of  the  colony. 

At  the  time  (May  20th  to  July  20th) 
when  the  white  sage  is  in  bloom,  the  su- 
mac and  grease-wood  also  yield  fully  as 
well.  The  color  of  the  sumac  honey  is 
several  shades  darker  than  either  9f  the 
others,  so  that  it  is  rare  to  find  se'ions 
filled  exclusively  of  either  sort. 

Possibly  the  extractor  will  be  reverted 
to,  at  least  to  give  it  a  fair  trial  to  know 
whether  or  not  it  will  pay. 

Those  who  are  engaged  in  bee-keeping 
rarely  do  anything  else,  consequently 
each  one  has  to  watch  carefully  for  the 
best  reward  for  his  labor. 

There  are  few  cultivated  farms  in  the 
country,  which  are  as  large  as  a  good 
sized  state — the  habitable  portion  being 
about  60  miles  east  and  west,  and  100 
miles  north  and  south.  Take  either  of 
the  two  roads  leailing  up  north  from  San 
Diego,  you  may  travel  twenty  miles  and 
not  see  a  cultivated  field.  It  is  a  con- 
stant warfare  to  get  and  keep  things  grow- 
ing. The  gophers,  ground  squrrels  (grey 
and  but  little  smaller  than  the  grey  squir- 
rel at  the  East)  and  kangaroo  rats  are 
omnipresent,  eating  the  seeds  or  young 
plants  as  they  appear.  Dozens  give  up  in 
despair  of  raising  even  their  own  vege- 
tables on  this  account.  Some  of  the  land 
is  tnoist,  on  which,  if  properly  guarded, 
nearly  everj-thing  will  grow,  and  with 
marvelous  rapidity.  But  such  land  is 
the  exception,  and  wherever  found  in  any 
considerable  quantity,  it  is  pretty  sure  to 
be  covered  by  a  grant,  and  consequently 
not  to  be  settled  on. 

Very  little  rain  falls  from  April  to  Nov- 
ember— in  fact  but  one  shower  has  fallen 
since  May  1st,  and  that  wet  the  parched 
soil  but  from  two  to  four  inches,  and 
was  speedily  dissipated  under  the  suc- 
ceeding days  of  sunshine. 

I  have  not  seen  any  estimate  of  the 
relative  proportions  of   cultivable   lands 


too  worthless,  but  my  judgement  is  that 
not  one  aero  in  fifty  is  good  for  any  pur- 
pose of  cultivation.  The  mountains  and 
in  fact  almost  the  entire  country  is  bare 
of  trees.  The  extreme  dryness  of  the 
climate  producing  only  bushes  of  a 
stunted  growth  averaging  five  feet  high, 
over  tens  of  thousands  of  acres  in  one 
body. 

The  principal  bu.sh  and  at  the  same 
time,  the  most  worthless  for  bees,  is  the 
chemise  or  chemisel — a  harsh,  rough 
bush  from  4.  to  (1  feet  high,  through 
which  it  is  impossible  to  go  either  on  foot 
or  horseback.  The  little  forays  occasion- 
ally made  upon  it  only  result  in  torn 
clothes,  bleediug  hands  and  l>ad  tempers. 
Of  course  in  such  a  country,  from  the 
great  scarcity  of  timber,  wood  is  high  and 
not  of  good  quality. 

Such  as  is  taken  to  market  being  either 
small  limbs  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  or 
short,  crooked,  intractable  sticks,  which 
successfully  resist  the  ax,  but  bring  a 
good  price  in  money.  Of  churches,  there 
are  several  in  San  Diego — not  one,  to  my 
knowledge,  in  the  country  outside  the 
city,  except  Catholic,  and  the  service  in 
these  is  usually  carried  on  in  Spanish. 

There  are  a  few  school-houses,  but  the 
people  live  so  far  apart  that  the  children 
cannot  attend.  It  is  twelve  miles  from 
where  I  am  located  to  the  nearest  school- 
house  or  any  other  public  building. 

As  a  consequence,  the  children  must  be 
taught  by  their  parents,  or  allowed  to 
grow  up  in  ignorance. 

The  idea  seems  to  prevail  that  all  are 
here  temporarily — that  as  soonasenough 
is  made  to  live  on  elsewhere  to  pick  up 
and  leave. 

Fhyscians  are  rare  outside  the  town  of 
San  Diego — and  when  called  upon  to  go 
out  20  to  50  miles  to  attend  a  case,  their 
charges  are  simply  extortionate.  I  recall 
one  case  of  a  chai'ge  of  §1,000  for  going 
50  miles. 

It  is  all  very  well  for  people  at  the  East 
to  keep  bees,  where  they  are  surrounded 
by  the  comforts  and  amenities  of  life — 
they  oiujid  to  have  some  drawbacks,  for 
on  coming  here,  one  abjures  comfort,  so- 
ciety— everything. 

To  place  a  man  alone  on  a  bee-ranch 
for  a  year,  he  is  a  tit  subject  for  a  lunatic 
asylum — the  solitude  is  terrible.  The 
oppressive  silence  of  these  canyons  and 
mountains  with  no  trees  through  which 
the  light  winds  can  sigh;Mhe  nearly  en- 
tire absence  of  birds  of  song  to  gladden 
the  heart;  the  distance  to  neighbors,  all 
contribute  towards  the  feelings  one  might 
have  iu  solitary  confinement. 

Coming  to  California,  you  give  up  for- 
ever all  your  old  associations  and  enter  a 
new  world.  The  trees,  the  flowers,  the 
birds,  the  climate,  the  soil,  the  sky — -all 
differ  from  what  one  has  been  accustomed 
to  from  childhood. 

It  is  true  they  call  many  trees,  bushes 
and  birds  here  by  the  same  names  they 
do  at  the  East,  but  you  fail  to  recognize 
them,  and  soon  come  to  the  wise  conclu- 
sion to  accept  everything  as  strange. 

While  the  farmer  has  so  many  difficul- 
ties in  the  way  of  getting  crops  to  grow, 
all  is  not  plain  sailing  for  the  apiarist. 
The  moth  miller  has  twelve  months  in  a 
year  here  to  work.  Skunks  and  ants 
abound. 

A  skunk  will  get  up  in  front  of  a  hive 
and  tap  on  the  front  of  it  until  enough 
bees  come  out  and  get  entangled  in  his 
hair  for  a  meal,  when  he  will  roU  over 
and  over  until  the  poor  bees  are  crushed 
or  stunned,  and  then  he  will  eat  them. 
Poison,  or  traps,  have  to  be  regularly  in- 
serted to  keep  them  from  despoiling  an 
apiary. 

Of  ants  there  are  many  kinds :  from  the 
wee  red  one  of  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch 
in  length  to  those  of  au  inch  or  more. 


On  account  of  these  legions  of  ants, 
they  have  to  make  stands  for  their  hives 
to  set  on,  and  keep  the  legs  greased  with 
coal-oil  or  axle-grease,  or  any  other  nau- 
seous thing  to  repel  them.  Houses  in- 
tended for  honey  have  to  be  set  on  stilts, 
which  are  kept  greased  to  keep  out  the 
pests.  This  is  really  the  plague  of  the 
country;  and  any  man  who  will  invent 
au  "Ant  Destroyer."  sure  to  kill  or  drive 
them  away,  can  come  and  make  a  small 
fortune  selling  it. 

The  water  is  generally  good,  though 
hard,  and  is  usually  found  at  less  than 
30  feet  in  depth.  I  do  not  know  of  any 
artesian  well  in  the  country,  but  would 
suppose  they  would  be  tried,  to  avoid  the 
great  loss  of  crojis  during  the  long  seasons 
of  drouth. 

In  the  town  of  San  Diego,  the  water  is 
not  good,  but  such  as  it  is,  is  sold  at  the 
rate  of  three  cents  a  bucketful. 

The  Water  Company  is  now  trying  to 
remedy  this  by  pumping  water  from  the 
bed  of  the  river  of  the  same  name.  Nearly 
all  the  water  we  get  from  wells  is  warmer 
than  the  outside  air,  when  first  drawn,  so 
that  you  have  to  let  it  stand  and  cool. 
Ice  is  out  of  the  question.  A  little  is 
brought  down  from  somewhere  up  toward 
the  North  Pole,  and  sold  at  5  cents  a 
pound. 

Those  of  us  who  keep  horses,  usually 
have  to  by  hay  for  them  or  submit  to 
their  getting  too  poor  to  do  any  work 
during  the  long  dry  season. 

Hay  in  this  country  is  not  the  hay  of 
the  Eastern  States.  It  is  wheat,  barley 
or  oat  straw,  cut  while  yet  green.  This 
is  often  hauled  fifteen  to  thirty  miles,  as 
it  is  only  at  rare  intervals  that  any  is 
grown. 

The  seasons  here  are  two—  the  wet  and 
the  dry.  The  former  extending  from 
December  to  March,  during  which  time 
rain  usually  falls  in  sutficient  quantities 
to  overflow  the  sand  iu  the  beds  of  the 
streams,  and  exen  create  a  torrent 
through  which,  over  the  treacherous 
quicksands  of  the  streams  it  is  dangerous 
to  cross.  Some  of  the  streams  are 
bridged,  and  few  have  steep  banks  where 
the  roads  cross  them.  At  this  season  of 
the  year,  the  real  summer  in  California, 
the  country  gets  green  and  is  beautified 
with  flowers. 

With  the  advent  of  March,  the  ground 
dries  up,  vegetation  dies,  and  by  the  first 
of  May  the  country  looks  parched  and 
brown.  From  this  time  on  to  December, 
the  same  state  exists,  with  nearly  the 
same  temperature. 

The  climate,  meantime,  is  superb. 
Nothing  any  of  us  have  ever  been  ac- 
customed to  will  equal  it.  And  this  one 
thing,  climnle,  is  the  great  charm  of  the 
country.  I  have  not  heard  it  thunder 
but  once  iu  six  months,  and  that  was  a 
weak  roll.  Neither  have  I  felt  any 
strong  wind  during  the  same  time. 

The  nights  are  invariably  calm, or  with 
the  gentlest  of  low  breezes  wafting  the 
delicionsly  soft  air  across  the  sea.  The 
early  mornings  are  often  foggy  and 
nearly  calm  until  nine  or  ten  a.  m.,  dur- 
during  which  time,  if  it  chance  to  be 
clear,  is  the  hottest  part  of  the  day. 
Then  the  sea  breeze  springs  up,  gently 
at  first,  increasing  to  a  fair  breeze  by  one 
or  two  p.  m.,  and  then  dies  down  again, 
and  thus  will  go  the  rounds — the  same 
thing  day  after  day,  week  after  week,  and 
month  after  month.— (?.  F.  Merriam,  San 
Jjkgo,  Val.,  in  American  Bee  Jounxal. 


A  if.is  said  to  his  gardener:  "George, 
the  time  will  come  when  a  man  \rill  be 
able  to  carry  the  manure  for  an  acre  of 
land  in  one  of  his  Waistcoat  pockets." 
To  which  the  gardener  replied:  "I  be- 
lieve it,  sir;  but  he  will  be  able  to  carry 
all  the  crop  in  the  other  i^ocket." 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


PRACTICAL    HEALTH     TOPICS- 
NO.    3. 

BI      "JEWELL." 
SLEEP. 

1)0  all  the  mothers  who  read  the  Ag- 
RicnLTUEisT  feel  the  deep  import- 
ance of  sleep  for  their  infants  and 
growing  children?  This  is  a  ques- 
tion I  have  often  thought  of,  and 
in  watching  my  neighbors  and  friends, 
patients  and  strangers,  when  opportunity 
ofieres,  I  have  about  arrived  at  the  con- 
clusion that  few  even  think  upon  the 
subject,  and  a  small  proportion  act  upon 
their  convictions.  The  consequence  is, 
we  see  sickly,  pale,  delicate,  stunted, 
nervous  girls  and  boys  about  us,  and 
frail,  dyitig  men  and  women.  (I  use 
strong  language,  because  the  case  is  a 
desperate  on  and  requires  prompt  action 
on  the  part  of  parents  and  teachers.) 

We  will  not  stop  to  question  who  is  to 
blame.  Everj'one  who  knows  and  feels 
the  importance  of  raising  strong,  robust 
men  and  women  to  take  our  places  in 
this  world  of  action  is  to  blame  who 
quietly  looks  on,  and  sees  civilization 
turn  the  night  into  day,  and  does  noth- 
ing to  warn  the  people  of  the  danger  sure 
to  follow.  I  could  begin  bj'  quoting  the 
sayings  of  celebrated  physicians  and  em- 
inent writers  upon  this  subject — which, 
perhaps,  no  one  would  read  or  follow, 
simply  because  society  govei'us  our  hab- 
its of  life  to  such  an  extent  that  even 
those  very  doctors  and  writers  seldom 
follow  their  own  prescriptions,  but  make 
willing  sacrifices  of  their  lives  waiting 
on  others  for  the  good  of  humaijity. 

Many  of  our  amusements  and  enter- 
tainments are  at  night;  our  lectures,  con- 
certs, social  gatherings,  church  fairs,  are 
nearly  all  held  in  the  evening.  Even 
revival  meetings  are  carried  on  to  the 
greatest  extent  at  night,  often  lasting  till 
after  midnight,  when  the  participants 
are  in  too  excited  a  condition  to  calmly 
go  to  bed  and  sleep  that  quiet,  refreshing 
sleep  which  alona  enriches  blood  and 
brain.  And  yet  this  is  a  Christian  land, 
and  they  claim  to  be  working  for  the  love 
of  God  and  our  good  in  these  very  re- 
vivals and  protracted  church  meetings, 
while  breaking  a  law  of  health.  Are  not 
our  bodies  the  true  temples  of  God?  and 
does  he  not  require  that  we  keep  them 
pure  and  holy,  and  uncoutaminated  by 
the  world?  Let  us  not  discard  any  ele- 
ment of  common  sense  from  our  religion. 
I'erhaps  we  m.ay  learn  from  the  Adveut- 
ists  and  Mormons  somewhat  of  good  in 
this  connection.  For  instance,  Brigham 
Yonng  has  issued  a  decrea  that  all  enter- 
tainments are  to  begin  at  two  in  the 
afternoon  and  not  last  after  ten  o'clock 
at  night;  while  the  Adventists  insist  on 
rules  of  health  as  truly  as  any  other  in 
their  creed. 

I  have  seen  mothers  awaken  their  in- 
fants to  show  them  to  a  friend,  and 
others  who  thought  it  would  make  the 
children  stupid  to  sleep  so  much;  while 
it  is  a  common  practice  to  awaken  the 
household  at  a  cerlaiu  lime  in  the  morn- 
ing, so  as  to  get  the  children  to  perform 
certain  duties  before  school  time. 

Now  this  is  all  wrong.  Children  need, 
and  should  hdve,  from  ten  to  sixteen 
hours,  o>it  of  twenty-four,  good,  sound, 
ileep,  quiet,  sleep,  with  plenty  of  light, 
warm  covering  on,  and  plenty  of  fresh 
air,  but  no  draughts.  Eight  o'clock 
Khould  find  every  child  under  sixteen 
years  old  fast  asleep,  every  night.  This 
would  give  the  piireuts  one  hour  of  quiet 
to  read  or  chat  before  seeking  their  own 


rest.  But  how  can  this  bo  done  when 
we  have  so  many  calls  out  of  an  evening? 
Indeed,  if  we  want  to  enjoy  any  social 
life  we  must  lay  aside  our  principles  of 
right  and  join  in  with  the  masses.  Even 
the  children  have  their  evening  parties 
and  Christmas  entertainments  at  night, 
and  some  are  allowed  to  go  with  their 
parents  to  church  socials  and  the  like, 
while  many  parents  are  obliged  to  take 
their  children  with  them  or  stay  at  home. 
The  old  saying,  "one  hour  before  mid- 
night is  worth  two  after,"  is  a  true  one; 
and  regularity  in  sleep  is  very  essential 
to  children  and  grown  folks,  too.  To 
the  sick,  sleep  is  their  greatest  restorer 
and  best  friend,  as  all  know;  without  it, 
the  physician's  skill  is  useless,  and  all 
his  knowledge  powerless  to  make  well. 

Looking  vipon  the  American  people  as 
a  "nation  of  invalids,"  as  we  are,  the 
cry  seems  to  come  from  our  cradles  and 
our  tombs,  "Give  us  more  sleep!" 


THE  DOCTOR   SPEAKS. 

BY    HELENA. 

Listen,  girls,  for  it  is  not  often  that  he 
gives  advice  unasked.  He  tells  us,  in 
the  first  place,  to  dress  lossely  so  that 
we  can  expand  our  lungs  to  the  utmost 
with  each  breath  we  draw.  Also,  that 
the  clothing  should  hang  from  the  shoul- 
ders, instead  of  resting  upon  the  bips. 
Corsets,  he  says,  are  a  species  of  straight 
jacket,  only  worn  in  these  enlightened 
days  by  those  who  are  slightly  demented. 
A  back  bone  is  preferable  to  a  front  one 
any  time  to  keep  the  person  erect,  and 
the  corset  board  is  no  more  needed  for 
the  one  one  sex  than  for  the  other. 

He  tells  us,  girls,  to  avoid  stimulating 
drinks  of  every  kind,  while  we  are  yet 
young,  so  that  as  old  age  creeps  on  we 
may  not  find  ourselves  the  victims  of  an 
uncontrollable  appetite.  Food  alone 
nourishes  the  body,  and  by  it  every  func- 
tion in  the  living  organif  m  derives  neces- 
sary support.  Regular  daily  exercise  in 
the  open  air  is  indispensable  to  good 
health.  As  our  happiness  and  useful- 
ness depend  upon  the  physical  condition 
of  our  bodies,  we  need  use  every  means 
in  our  power  to  become  as  healthy  as 
possible. 

Then  hear  what  he  says  about  late 
hours;  Sleep  is  the  natural  invigorator 
of  the  system.  One-third  of  each  twen- 
ty-four hours  should  be  allowed  for  rest. 
Retire  early,  for  one  hour  before  mid- 
night is  worth  two  after.  Then  rise  with 
the  sun,  for  the  morning  hours  are  the 
cream  of  the  day. 

He  has  a  word  fcr  the  mothers,  too, 
who  teach  their  daughters  a  variety  of 
indoor  industries  instead  of  encouraging 
them  in  open  air  tasks.  Horticulture  is 
one  of  the  finest  employments  for 
women.  Hire  a  cook,  and  set  the  girls 
to  work  in  the  garden.  Plant  vegeta- 
bles, weed  the  garden  beds,  breathe  fresh 
air  and  sunshine,  instead  of  paying  a 
gardener,  and  you  will  surely  save  the 
doctor's  bill,  besides  having  the  satisfac- 
tion of  seeing  a  merry  group  of  hungry 
ones  asssemble  around  the  table  at  meal 
time. 

Rightly  clothed  and  properly  fed,  with 
daily  exercise  in  the  fresh  air  and  sun- 
shine, serve  to  prepare  the  mind  for  ac- 
tivity to  grasp  whatever  conies  within 
reach.  See  to  it,  then,  parents  and 
guardians  of  the  young,  that  the  proper 
sort  of  reading  matter  is  placed  before 
them.  Let  their  hours  for  study  be  dur- 
ing the  sunny  part  of  the  day,  and  not 
prolonged  beyond  the  strength,  or  until 
fatigue  is  felt. 

lie  says  that  the  thousand  and  one 
contrivances  for  killing  time,  so  common 
among  women  of  the  present  day,   such 


as  fine  embroidery,  fancy  work,  etc.,  are 
sapping  the  health  of  the  nation.  Who 
but  the  wives  and  mothers  of  coming 
ing  generations  should  demand  health  as 
their  inheritance?  And  thoughtful  peo- 
ple every  where  would  do  well  to  listen 
and  profit  by  what  they  hear  when  the 
doctor  speaks. 

FRIENDLY   letters-No  3. 

BY    MES.    M.   E.  T. 
MEDITATIONS. 

In  bed,  propped  up  with  pillows,  and 
in  my  arms  six  pounds  of  frail  humanity, 
so  frail  that  a  breath  might  almost  blow 
him  away — thus  I  am  resting  and  think- 
ing. Outside  the  sun  is  shining,  the 
birds  singing,  and  all  nature  seems  re- 
joicing. I  look  at  the  dear  baby-face 
and  wonder  if  I  shall  keep  it.  I  think 
of  my  own  aching  body,  and  the  every- 
day sameness  of  life  to  which  I  am 
bound  by  a  chain  of  circumstances,  and 
I  wish  that  I,  too,  like  my  invalid  friend, 
could  enjoy  the  fresh  mountain  air. 

Since  my  letter  must  necessarily  be 
brief,  permit  me,  in  conclusion,  a  few  re- 
marks to  your  correspondent  "R.  A.  E., 
to  whose  "kind  inquiry  I  would  say.  No; 
0  no !  not  satisfied  after  the  manner  of 
your  supposition,  for  I  think  we  agree 
with  regard  to  the  consequences  of  vio- 
lating nature's  laws.  Tliat  is  just  where 
the  trouble  originates.  The  manner  and 
customs  of  life  of  the  majority  of  Ameri- 
can women  are  sufficient  causes  for  all 
the  ills  that  flesh  is  heir  to.  But  these 
evils  have  come  so  gradually  upon  us, 
and  in  such  a  variety  of  ways,  that  m 
many  cases  we  are  powerless  to  help  our- 
selves individually.  Nothing  short  of  an 
united  eft'ort;  and  God  speed  the  day 
when  intelligent  women  shall,  together, 
resolve  to  throw  oli'  the  yoke  of  bondage 
that  binds  them  now  to  such  cruel  bur- 
dens—the burdens  of  folly  and  fasion. 


Something    Which    Concerns 
Everybody. 

There  lies  a  book  before  us  written  by 
Br.  William  Hargreaves,  entitled  "Our 
Wasted  Resources."  We  wish  that  the 
politicians  and  political  economists  of 
this  country  could  read  this  book,  and 
ponder  well  its  shocking  revelations. 
They  are  revelations  of  criminal  waste — 
the  expenditure  of  almost  incalculable 
resources  for  that  which  brings  nothing, 
worse  than  nothing,  in  return.  There 
are  mxiltitudes  of  people  who  regard  the 
temperance  question  as  one  of  morals 
alone.  The  men  who  drink  say  simply, 
"We  will  drink  what  we  please,  and  its 
nobody's  business.  You  temperance 
men  are  pestilent  fellows,  meddlesome 
fellows, who  obtrude  your  tuppeny  stand- 
ard of  morality  upon  us,  and  we  do  not 
want  it,  and  will  not  accept  it.  Because 
you  are  virtuous,  shall  there  he  no  more 
cakes  and  ale?"  Very  well,  let  us  drop 
ii  as  a  question  of  morality.  You  will 
surely  look  at  it  with  us  as  a  question  of 
national  economy  and  prosperity;  else, 
you  can  hardly  regard  yourselves  as 
patriots.  We  have  a  common  interest  in 
the  national  prosperity,  and  wo  can  dis- 
cuss amicably  any  subject  on  this  com- 
mon ground. 

During  the  year  1H7(),  in  our  own  State 
of  New  York,"  there  were  expi'iuled  by 
consumers  for  liquor  more  than  one 
hundred  and  six  millions  of  dollars,  a 
sum  which  amounted  to  nearly  two- 
thirds  of  all  the  wages  paid  to  laborers  in 
Agriculture  and  manufactures,  and  to 
ni'arly  twice  as  much  as  the  receipts  of 
all  th'o  railroads  in  the  State,  the  sum  of 
the  hitter  being   between  sixty-eight  and 


sixty  nine  millions.  The  money  of  our 
people  goes  across  the  bar  all  the  time 
faster  than  it  is  crowded  into  the  wick- 
ets of  all  the  railroad  stations  in  the 
State,  and  where  does  it  go?  What  is 
the  return  for  it?  Diseased  stomachs, 
aching  heads,  discouraged  and  slatterny 
homes,  idleness,  gout,  crime,  degrada- 
tion, death.  These  in  various  measures, 
are  exactly  what  we  get  for  it.  We  gain 
of  that  which  is  good,  nothing— no  up- 
lift in  morality,  no  increase  of  industry, 
no  accession  to  health,  no  growth  of 
prosperity.  Our  State  is  full  of  tramps, 
and  every  one  is  a  drunkard.  There  is 
a  demoralization  everywhere,  in  conse- 
quence of  this  wasteful  stream  of  fiery 
fluid  that  constantly  fiows  down  the 
open  gullet  of  the  State. 

But  our  State  is  not  alone.  The  liquor 
bill  of  Pennsylvania,  during  1870,  was 
more  than  sixty-five  millions  of  dollars, 
a  sum  equal  to  one-third  of  the  entire 
Agricultural  product  of  the  State.  Illi- 
nois paid  more  than  forty-two  millions, 
and  Ohio  more  than  fifty-eight  millions. 
Massachusetts  paid  more  than  twent}-- 
five  millions,  a  sum  equal  to  five-sixths 
of  her  agricultural  products,  while  the 
liquor  bill  in  Maine  was  only  about  four 
millions  and  a  quarter.  Mr.  Hargreaves 
takes  the  figures  of  Massachusetts  and 
Maine  to  show  how  a  prohibitoi-y  law 
does,  after  all,  reduce  the  drinking;  but 
it  is  not  our  purpose  to  argue  this. 

What  we  desire  to  show  is,  that  with 
an  annual  expenditure  of  $600,000,000 
for  liquors  in  the  United  States— and  all 
the  figures  w-e  give  are  based  upon  official 
statistics— it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at 
that  the  times  are  hard  and  the  people 
poor.  Not  only  this  vast  sum  is  wasted; 
not  only  the  rapital  invested  is  diverted 
from  good  uses,  and  all  the  industry  in- 
volved in  production  is  taken  from 
beneficent  pursuits,  but  health,  morality, 
respectability,  industry,  and  life  are  de- 
stroyed. Sixty  thousand  Americans  an- 
nually lie  down  in  a  drunkard's  grave! 
It  were  better  to  bring  into  the  field  and 
shoot  down  sixty  tnonsand  of  our  young 
men  every  year  than  to  have  tnem  go 
through  all  the  processes  of  disease,  deg- 
radation, crime  and  despair  through 
which  they  inevitably  pass. 

With  $(ioO,OOO,O06  saved  to  the  coun- 
try annually,  how  long  would  it  take  to 
m"ake  these'United  States  not  only  rich, 
but  able  to  meet, without  disturbance  and 
distress,  the  revulsions  in  business  to 
which  all  nations  are  liable?  Here  is  a 
question  for  the  statesman  and  the  poli- 
tician. Twenty-five  years  of  absolute 
abstinence  from  the  consumption  of  use- 
less, and  worse  than  useless  liquors, 
would  save  to  the  country  fifteen  billions 
of  dollars,  and  make  us  the  richest  na- 
tion on  the  face  of  the  globe.  Not  only 
this  sum— beyond  the  imagination  to 
comprehend— would  be  saved,  but  all  the 
abominable  consequences  of  misery,  dis- 
ease, disgrace,  crime  and  death,  that 
would  flow  from  the  consumption  of 
such  an  eiKU-mous  amount  of  poisonous 
lluids  would  also  be  saved.  And  yet 
temperance  men  are  looked  upon  as  dis- 
turbers and  fanatics!  And  are  adjured 
uot  to  bring  temperance  into  politics! 
And  this  great  transcendent  question  of 
economy  gets  the  go-by,  while  we  hug 
our  little  issues  for  the  sake  of  jiarty  and 
of  office!  Do  we  not  deserve  adversity? 
—Dr.  J.  ti.  Holland,  in  Scribner's  Monihly. 


The  diflereuce  in  the  amount  of  labor 
performed  by  a  well  fed  man  or  animal 
and  an  ill  fed  one  is  considerable.  There 
is  no  real  economy  in  placing  the  laborer 
upon  a  starvation  diet.  Abundant  and 
good  food  give  bodily  strength  and  cmi- 
tentmeut  uf  mind  which  is  an  important 
item. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


71 


The  Highway    Cow. 

The  hue  of  bor  UiOe  was  a  dusky  brown, 
Ht-r  body  was  Ituu  and  her  neck  was  slim, 

One  boru  turned  up  and  the  other  down. 
Sho  was  keen  of  vision  and  long  of  limb, 

■With  a  Roman  nose  and  a  short  Btump  tail. 

And  ribs  like  the  hoops  uu  a  Uome-inade  pail. 

Many  a  mark  did  her  body  bear; 

She  had  been  a  target  for  all  things  known, 
On  many  a  scar  the  dusky  hair 

Would  grow  no  more  where  it  once  had  thrown, 
Many  a  passionatu  parting  shot 
Had  left  upon  her  a  lasting  spot. 

Many  aud  many  a  well-aimed  stone, 

Many  a  brickbat  of  goodly  size, 
Aud  many  a  cudgel,  swiftly  thrown. 

Had  brought  the  tears  to  her  bovine  eyes; 
Or  had  bounded  off  from  her  bony  bm-k, 
With  a.  noise  like  the  sound  of  a  rifle  crack. 

Many  a  day  had  she  passed  in  the  pound, 
For  hidping  herself  to  her  neighbors  corn. 

Many  a  cowardly  cur  and  hound 
Had  been  transfixed  on  her  crumpled  horn, 

Many  a  tea  pot  and  old  tiu  pail 

Had  the  farm  boys  tied  to  her  time- woru  tail. 

Old  Deacon  Gray  was  a  pious  man. 
Though  sometimes  tempted  to  be  profane, 

When  many  a  weary  mile  he  nm 
To  drive  her  out  of  his  growing  grain. 

Sharp  were  the  pranks  that  she  used  to  play 

To  get  her  1111  and  to  get  away. 

She  knew  when  the  deacon  went  to  town: 
She  wiwely  watched  him  when  he  went,  by; 

He  never  passed  her  without  a  frown. 
And  an  evil  gleam  m  each  angry  eye: 

Ho  would  crack  his  whip  in  a  surly  way. 

And  drive  along  in  his  "one-hoes  shay," 

Then  at  his  homestead  she  loved  to  call, 
Lifting  nis  bars  with  her  crumpled  horD. 

Nimbly  scaling  his  garden  wall; 
Helping  herwelf  to  his  standing  corn, 

Kating  his  cabbages,  one  by  one; 

Hurrying  home  when  her  work  was  done. 

Often  the  deacon  homeward  came, 
Humming  a  hymn  from  the  house  of  prayer, 

His  hopeful  heart  in  a  tianquil  frame. 
His  soul  Hs  calm  as  the  evening  air. 

His  forehead  smouth  as  a  well-worn  plow. 

To  find  in  his  garden  that  highway  cow. 

His  human  passions  were  quick  to  rise, 
And  striding  forth  with  a  savage  cry, 

With  fury  blazing  from  both  his  eyes. 
As  lightniugs  flash  in  a  summer  sky. 

Redder  and  redder  his  face  would  grow, 

Aud  after  the  creature  he  would  go. 

Over  the  garden,  round  and  round, 

Breaking  bis  pear  and  apple  trees. 
Tramping  his  melons  into  the  ground,     . 

Overturning  his  hives  of  bees. 
Leaving  him  uugry  and  badly  stung, 
Wishing  the  old  cow's  neck  wys  wrung. 

The  mosses  grew  on  the  garden  wall; 

The  years  went  by  with  their  work   and  play; 
The  boys  of  the  village  grew  strong  and  tall; 

And  the  gray-haired  farmers  passed  away, 
One  bv  oue,  as  the  red  leaves  fall: 
But  the  highway  cow  outlived  them  all. 

All  earthly  creatures  must  have  their  day. 

And  some  must  have  their  months  aud  years; 
Some  in  dying  will  longdelay; 

There  is  a  climax  to  all  careers; 
And  the  highway  cow  at  last  was  slain 
lu  running  a  race  with  a  railway  train. 

All  into  pieces  at  once  sho  went, 

Just  like  the  savings  banks  when  they  fall; 
Out  of  the  world  she  was  swiftly  sent: 

Little  was  left  but  her  old  stnuip  tail. 
The  farmers'  cornfields  and  gardens  now 
Are  haunted  no  more  by  the  highway  cow. 

— (Kiigeue  J.  Hays. 


PUERPERAL    OR  MILK  FEVER. 

j-'lrVANY  valuable  cows  are  lost  every 
T"  "J!  summer  from  the  disease  known 
1  1;  generally  as  the  milk  fever.  The 
C^i~)\  name,  "milk  fever,"  probably 
Sju  ,^  arises  from  the  sudden  dryinf;  up 
of  the  milk.  Cows  are  usually  attacked 
with  the  puerperal  fever  the  second  day 
after  calving;  and  at  the  time  of  having 
the  third  calf  seem  to  be  the  most  sus- 
ceptible. 

This  is  one  of  the  many  cases  where 
prevention  is  better  than  cure,  although 
cure  is  not  alw^ays  impossible.  But  a 
cow  never  seems   to   fully   recover  from 


S^r- 


Jeesey  Milking  Can. — This  can  is  of 
tiu,  globular,  with  a  flat  bottom  and  a 
rim  around  it.  The  upper  part  of  the 
globe  open,  and  has  a  flaring  top,  which 
is  about  eight  inches  in  diameter  at  the 
edge.  A  handle,  like  a  pitcher  handle, 
is  uiion  one  side,  attached  to  this  flaring 
top.  When  in  use,  a  rather  closely  wo- 
ven linen  napkin  is  tied  over  the  lop, and 
under  the  handle,  so  that  it  will  sag 
down  into  the  can  to  a  depth  of  three 
inches  or  so.  In  this  sag  (k  the  strainer 
a  sea-shell  is  laid — one  of  the  shells  of  a 
scallop  being  usually  employed.  The 
streams  of  milk  strike  into  the  shell,  imd 
the  foam  soon  rises  and  nearly  fills  the 
strainer;  specks  of  falling  dirt  mostly 
rest  upon  the  top  of  the  foam.  Those 
which  are  carried  down  wash  over  the 
edge  of  the  shell  and  lie  beneath  it. 
There  is  no  spattering,  and  the  milk  is 
obtained  entirely  free  from  hairsanddirt, 
while  soluble  dirt  which  sometimes  falls 
in,  comes  as  little  as  possible  in  .contact 
with  the  milk. — Jersey  Vily  Jininial. 


the  effects  of  such  sickness.  In  order  to 
use  means  for  its  prevention,  it  is  quite 
essential  that  the  causes  should  be  well 
understood,  as  also  the  nature  of  the 
disease. 

Cows  low  in  flesh  and  not  over-fed 
about  the  time,  and  just  before  calving, 
seldom  or  never  are  troubled  with  the 
disorder.  It  is  the  full,  fleshy  and  well- 
fed  cow  that  is  in  danger.  The  fever 
arises  from  congestion  of  the  womb, 
which,  instead  of  contracting  after  the 
birth  of  the  calf,  the  blood-vessels  become 
surcharged  with  blood  from  inflamma- 
tion, aud  if  not  relieved  mortification 
soon  ensues. 

High  feeding,  upon  such  food  as  is 
constipating,  is  the  cause.  In  other 
words,  the  system  is  filled  with  rich 
blood,  and  in  this  condition  a  fever  is 
sm-e  to  result  from  inflammation.  A 
low  Jdiet,  of  a  loosening  nature,  such 
as  green  grass  and  bran  mashes,  is  the 
best  a  week  or  two  before  the  cow  calves. 
The  bowels  should  not  be  allowed  to  be- 
come constip.ated.  Many  persons  natu- 
rally think  that,  in  order  to  make  the 
cow  give  a  good  flow  of  milk,  it  is  best 
to  feed  highly  of  rich  food  a  while  before 
she  has  her  calf.  And  this  high  feeding 
is  the  very  worst  thing  that  can  be  done. 
A  low  diet  of  green  grass  or  other  phy- 
sicking feed,  so  as  to  keep  the  bowels 
free  and  the  blood  thin,  is  a  sure  pre- 
ventive. With  thick,  rich  blood,  and 
warm  weather  coming  on,  together  with 
high  feeding,  the  increased  digestive 
jiowers  of  the  cow  at  this  period  so  over- 
sujjplies  the  system  that  a  morbid  action 
with  non-contraction  of  the  uterus  is 
almost  sure  to  follow  with  all  the  serious 
consequences. 

Should  the  cow  be  discovered  to  be 
sick  a  day  or  two  aftisr  calving;  if  she 
fails  to  notice  her  calf,  is  listless,  does 
not  rise,  and  staggers  at  the  attempt;  if 
the  eyes  are  glassy  and  cannot  wink,  the 
head  hot,  and  apparently  in  great  pain — 
the  case  is  one  of  milk  fever. 

The  treatment  must  be  immediate,  for 
the  disease  runs  its  course  in  a  few 
hours.  Physic  with  a  pound  of  epsom 
salts  and  give  enemas  of  soup  suds  to 
immediately  relieve  the  bowels,  as  they 
are  always  constipated  in  such  a  fever, 
and  unless  they  are  freed  the  cow  cannot 
recover.  The  brain  is  aft'ected  with  con- 
gestion, usually,  in  sympathy  with  other 
afleeted  organs.  Keep  the  head  cool 
with  water  or  ice;  and  with  hot  water, 
blankets  and  hot  bricks  keep  the  body 
about  the  hips  warm,  with  an  occasional 
dash  of  cold  for  reaction.  Give  cold 
water  as  often  as  she  will  drink,  but  do 
not  give  any  kind  of  stimulants  or  food 
until  after  recovery  is  certain. 


Questions  for  Dairymen.  —  Every 
dairyman  should  have  a  list  of  questions 
posted  in  some  suitable  place  on  his 
premises  where  his  family  and  those  in 
his  employ,  as  well  as  his  visitors,  will 
haxe  an  opportunity  to  read  them  fre- 
quently. We  give  some  questions,  but 
the  list  can  be  extended : 

Do  your  cows  feed  in  swamps  and  on 
boggy  lands? 

Have  you  good,  sweet,  running  water 
convenient  for  stock,  and  is  it  abundant 
and  permanent  in  hot  weather? 

Have  you  shade  trees  in  your  pasture, 
or  do  you  think  that  cows  make  better 
milk  while  lying  down  to  rest  in  discom- 
fort in  the  hot,  broiling  sun? 

Do  you  use  dogs  and  stones  to  hurry 
up  the  cows  from  pasture  at  milkingtime 
— thus  over-heating  their  blood  and 
bruising  their  udders? 

Do  jou  cleanse  the  udders  of  cows  be- 
fore milking  by  washing  their  teats  with 
their  own  milk,  and  practice  fui-ther 
economy  by  allowing  any  droppings  to 
go  into  the  milk  pail? 

Do  you  enjoin  upon  your  milkers  to 
wash  their  hands  thoroughly  before  sit- 
ting down  to  milk,  or  do  you  think  that 
cleanliness  in  this  respect  is  not  import- 
ant for  milk  that  is  to  be  treated  for  but- 
ter making? 

When  a  cow  makes  a  mis-step  while 
being  milked,  do  you  allow  your  milkers 
to  kick  her  with  heavy  boots,  or  to  pound 
her  over  the  back  and  sides  with  n  heavy 
stool,  accompanied  by  sundry  profame 
remarks  addressed  to  the  cow  to  teach 
her  manners? 

Is  the  air  about  your  "milk  bam"  or 
milk  house  reeking  with  foul  emanations 
of  the  pig  sty  or  manure  heap,  or  other 
pestiferous  odors? 

Good,  fresh,  clean  water,  and  in  abun- 
dance, is  one  of  the  most  important  re- 
quisites for  milch  cows,  and  it  should  be 
in  convenient  places  where  stock  will 
not  be  required  to  travel  long  distances 
to  slake  their  thirst.  If  springs  and 
running  streams  cannot  be  had  in  pas- 
tures, a  good  weU,  with  wind-mill  and 
pump,  makes  an  efficient  substitute,  and 
the  waste  water  maj-,  if  necessary,  b 
conducted  back  into  the  well,  so  as  to 
keep  up  a  constant  supply  of  good,  fresh 
water. —  Willard's  Buikr  Book. 


Aboct  Milking. — Five  percent.,  and 
perhaps  ten,  can  be  added  to  the  amount 
of  milk  obtained  from  the  cows  of  this 
country,  if  the  following  rules  are  inex- 
orably followed: 

1  —Never  hurry  cows  in  driving  to  and 
from  the  pasture. 

2 — Milk  as  nearly  at  equal  intervals  as 
possible.  Half-past  five  in  the  morning 
and  six  at  night  are  good  hours. 

3  — Be  especially  tender  of  the  cow  at 
milking  time. 

•1 — When  seated  draw  the  milk  as  rap- 
idly as  possible,  being  always  certain  to 
get  it  all. 

5 — Never  talk  or  think  of  anything 
besides  what  you  are  doing  when  milk- 
ing. 

6 — Offer  some  caress,  and  always  a 
soothing  word  when  j'ou  leave  her.  The 
better  she  loves  you  the  more  free  and 
complete  wiU  be  her  abandon  as  you  sit 
by  her  side. 

We  append  the  not  uncommon  prac- 
tice: 

1 — Let  some  boy  turn  the  cows  away, 
and  get  him  who  is  fond  of  throwing 
stones  and  switching  the  hind  ones  every 
chance  he  gets. 

2 — Milk  early  in  the  morning  and  late 
at  night,  dividing  the  day  into  two  por- 
tions, one  of  fifteen  hours  and  the  other 
of  nine. 

3 — Whack  the  cow  over  the  back  with 
the  stool,  or  speak  sharply  to  her  if  she 
does  not  "so"  or  "hoist." 


4 — Milk  slowly  and  carelessly  and  stop 
at  the  first  slackening  of  the  fluid. 

5 — Talk  and  laugh,  and  perhaps  squirt 
milk  at  companion  milkers,  when  seated 
at  the  cow. 

0 — Keep  the  animal  in  a  tremble  all 
the  time  you  are  milking,  and  when  done 
give  her  a  vigorous  kick. 

Beine  that  Will  Preseeve  Bctter  a 
Year. — Among    the    many    devices    for 
keeping  butter  in  a  manner  that   will 
preserve  the   fresh,  rosy    flavor  of   new, 
with  all  its  sweetness,  is   the   following 
from  the  Duchess  Farmer:  To  three  gal- 
lons or  brine  strong  enough  to  bear   an 
egg,  add  a   quarter  of   a  pound  of   nice 
white  sugar  aud  a    lablespoonful  of  salt- 
petre.    Boil   the  brine,  and  when  cold, 
strain  carefully.     Make  your  butter  into 
rolls,    and    wrap   each    separately   in    a 
clean,  white  muslin  cloth,  tying  up  with 
a  string.     Pack  a   large   jar  full,  weight 
the  butter  down,  and  pour  over  the  brine 
until  all  is   submerged.      This  will  keep 
really  good   butter    perfectly  sweet   and 
fresh  for  a  whole  year.     Be  careful  not 
to  put  upon  ice,  butter  that  you  wish  to 
keep  far  any  length  of  time.     In  summer 
when  the  heat   will  not  admit  of  butter 
being   made  into  rolls,  pack   closely  in 
small  jars,    aud,  using   the  same   brine, 
allow  it  to  cover  the  butter  to  the   depth 
of  at  least   four  inches.     This   excludes 
the  air  and  answers   very  nearly  as  well 
as  the  first  method  suggested. 


Milking  Stooij). — Let  me  tell  how  to 
make  what  I  call  a  convenient  stool. 
Take  a  piece  of  board  about  8  inches 
wide  and  2  feet  long;  nail  short  pieces 
across  the  ends  to  increase  its  strength 
and  to  bore  holes  through;  put  two  lege 
8  or  10  iuclits  long  in  one  end,  and  one 
a  trifle  shorter  in  the  forward  end.  Place 
the  stool  where  you  intend  to  sit,  the 
one-legged  end  where  you  usually  set  the 
pail.  Place  the  pail  on  that  end  of  the 
stool  and  sit  on  the  other.  If  you  do 
this  you  will  have  your  pail  out  of  the 
dirst  and  the  cow  cannot  easily  put  her 
foot  in  it,  as  often  happens  when  the 
pail  is  on  the  ground.  Some  cows  are 
so  low  that  you  are  obliged  to  set  the 
pail  on  ths  ground.  In  such  case  turn 
your  stool  around. — Fariiter's  Vtiwjiilcr, 
in  Westeiyi  lUiral. 

[We  have  tried  many  ways  of  milking, 
and  have  found  it  most  convenient  tu 
have  a  small,  three-legged  stool,  and 
then  spread  a  common  barley  sack  that 
is  ripped  open  across  the  knees  and  hold 
the  pail  between  the  knees.  The  sack 
assists  in  holding  the  pail  steady,  and 
also  prevents  the  milk  spattering  upon 
the  clothes.  ] 

Curing  Rennet. — Take  the  stomach 
of  the  calf  fresh  from  the  butcher,  clean 
and  salt,  and  pack  in  an  earthen  jar  with 
brine,  A  few  weeks  pre\ious  to  use 
they  are  taken  out  and  drained  of  all 
brine,  and  dried.  Take  a  forked  limb  of 
a  bush  and  spread  the  rennet  over  it. 
It  will  be  well  to  add  a  small  lump  of 
saltpetre  to  the  brine  in  which  the  ren- 
net is  placed.  When  it  is  wanted  take 
several  small  pieces  two  inches  square 
and  steep  in  warm  water,  allowing  them 
to  soak  over  night.  A  pint  of  watel-  is 
suflScient.  This  will  give  a  solution  suf- 
ficient to  "kurd"  100  gallons  of  milk. 
Flavored  spices  may  be  added  to  the  so- 
lution if  desired. 

Swelled  Bag. — When  a  cow's  bag  be- 
comes swelled,  a  simple  and  generally 
effectual  remedy  is  found  in  applj-ing 
fresh  lard,  which  should  be  thoroughly 
and  repeatedly  rubbed  in.  Some  people 
use  beef  brine  instead  of  lard,  with  good 
results.  Plenty  of  rubbing  without  any 
application  will  often  effect  a  cure.  The 
calf  should  be   allowed  to   suck    until  a 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


CTire  is  effected,  and  if  a  portion  of  the 

milk  is  drawn  from  the  cow  before  he  is 
given  his  rations,  so  he  will  be  obliged 
to  do  a  good  deal  of  stripping,  he  will 
help  to  reduce  the  swelling. 

Whoever  emploj's  the  violent  remedies 
^  shonld  uuder.staud  that  they  may  do 
more  than  is  desired.  Iodine  affects  the 
secretions  powirrfully,  and  causes  the  ab- 
sorption of  tumors  and  abnormal 
growths;  may  it  not  also  cause  a  decrease 
in  the  secretion  of  milk?  We  have 
found  that  persistent  rubbing  and  knead- 
ing was  better  than  anything  else.  If 
the  bag  be  very  tender,  as  it  often  is,take 
a  teaspoonful  of  tincture  of  arnica  in 
water,  and  rub  the  same  dilnted  with 
twice  as  much  water  upon  the  bag,  to 
take  onr  the  soreness. 

Water  fok  D.4IRY  Cows. — The  Canada 
Fanner  tr\ily  says  that  no  animal  should 
be  required  to  drink  water  which  the 
owner  himself  would  refuse,  and  especi- 
ally so  if  that  animal  is  the  cow  from 
which  you  hope  to  make  good  butter. 
It  is  sufficient  on  this  point  to  say  that 
pure  water  is  an  indispensable  article  to 
the  success  of  the  dairyman,  for  good 
butter  or  cheese  cannot  be  made  where 
good  water  cannot  be  obtained. 

It  has  been  discovered,  says  an  ex- 
change, that  cows  that  do  not  give  down 
their  milk  may  be  cured  of  the  habit  by 
milking  with  only  one  baud  at  a  time. 
This  is  said  to  be  nearly  imitating  the 
calf,  which  ever  asks  for  but  one  teat  at 
a  time,  and  hence  the  greater  certainty 
in  obtaining  the  milk.  This  has  been 
proved  a  sure  remedy  for  cows  with- 
holding their  milk,  at  least  in  one  invet- 
erate case,  and  it  may  be  worthy  of  a 
general  trial. 

Warts  at  the  end  of  the  teat  are  occa- 
sionally found,  and  are  a  great  annoy- 
ance, not  only  obstructing  the  milk,  but 
from  their  soreness  causing  the  cow  to 
become  fidgety  and  uneasy  while  milked. 
In  such  cases  they  must  be  removed, 
either  by  the  knife,  or  by  a  ligature  of 
fine  silk  tied  round  it;  the  latter  is  the 
preferable  mode,  as  warts  when  excised 
with  the  knife  are  more  liable  to  return 
than  when  sloughed  off. 


^vovti(«lt«n\ 


ORANCE  GROWTH  AND  CULTURE 

Valuable  liifi>Miiatioii  for  California — 
Horficultiiri^lH^  Practical  Hints 
and  Advice,  Base<l  on  Tliirty 
Years^  Exijerience— Etc. 

[From  the  S.  F.  Bulletin.) 
The  State  Department,  a  few  months 
ago,  issued  a  circular,  addressed  to  all 
United  States  Consuls  in  foreign  ports 
wherever  tropical  fruits  are  cultivated, 
requesting  them  to  report  upon  the 
mode,  conditions  and  extent  of  culture 
within  the  districts  under  their  observa- 
tions. This  circular  was  issued  at  the 
instance  of  Senator  Sargent,  with  a  view 
to  obtaining  iufiirnuition  that  might  be 
turned  to  practical  a(^count  in  various 
portions  of  California.  The  first  re- 
sponse is  now  at  hand.  It  comes  from 
Edward  (iillespio,  our  Consul  at  San 
Jose,  Ijower  California,  and  abounds  in 
vaUnible  observations  founded  ujion  the 
experience  of  thirty  years'  residence  in 
that  cnuntry.  and  derived  also,  as  he 
states,  from  (he  opinions  of  the  most 
successful  fruit-growi'rs  with  whom  he 
has,  during  so  prolonged  a  period,  been 
brought  in  contact. 

I  I.IMATIC  CONlnriONS-  -  AliTIFiriAL  lUlOTEC- 
TION. 

Mr.  Gillespie  writes  as  follows:  First, 


elt  me  state  that  a  considerable  difference 
is  found  in  the  orange  fruit  grown  in 
different  localities  in  this  district;  and  I 
attribute  this  more  to  a  difference  of  soil 
than  of  climate,  for,  although  the  tem- 
perature changes  as  you  ascend  the  Sier- 
ra, ytt,  as  far  up  as  gardens  are  found, 
it  does  not  fall  to  the  freezing  jioint. 
The  rainy  season  here  occurs  during  the 
summer  months,  and  therefore  the  leaf 
or  bud  are  not  liable  to  cold  storms. 
The  leaf  has  its  time  to  fall,  but  the  in- 
cessant production  of  the  new  preserves 
the  tree  in  its  perpetual  green.  Any 
thing  that  blights  or  injures  the  leaf  de- 
stroys or  deteriorates  the  fruit,  and, 
therefore,  in  a  climate  like  that  of  San 
Diego,  artificial  means  of  protection 
must  be  resorted  to,  or  sheltered  spots 
selected  for  the  groves.  The  fog  from 
the  sea  is  also  injurious.  A  gentleman 
living  near  the  beach  at  C.ipe  San  Lucas 
had  some  apparently  fine  trees  in  his 
garden  which  bore  very  little  fruit,  and 
that  small  and  acid,  and  always  on  the 
leeward  side  from  the  sea  breeze.  He 
was  an  Englishman,  and  bad  seen  wall 
fruit,  and  this  reminded  him  of  an  idea; 
so  he  built,  at  little  expense,  a  fence  of 
long  poles  three  feet  apart,  interwoven 
with  brush  (what  they  call  here  cerco  en- 
ramado),  some  fifteen  feet  high,  hiding 
its  deformities  by  wild  running  vines. 
After  that,  all  lower  branches  every  year 
were  tilled  with  good  fruit. 

SELECTION  OF  SOIL — MODE     OF  PLANTINfi  — 
IKItlGATION ETC. 

Now,  as  to  the  soil,  there  is  no  ques- 
tion that  the  rich  alluvial  of  the  bottom 
lands  or  mould  of  the  valley  is  best  for 
the  iiroduction  of  fruit,  though  manur- 
ing may  be  a  good  substitute  elsewhere. 
In  a  mixture  of  soil  and  gravel,  or  even 
in  rocky  soil,  however,  the  tree  thrives 
equally  well.  In  fact,  if  you  plant  your 
tree  in  a  crevice  of  rock,  where  there  is 
sufficient  soil  below  for  the  roots  to  ex- 
pand, it  is  at  home,  but  the  fruit  is  not 
sweet,  so  full  of  juice,  or  so  large.  It  is 
claimed  for  it  however,  that  it  rijiens 
earlier. 

The  earth  about  the  roots  should  be 
kept  moist,  but  il  is  not  necessary  to  del- 
uge the  ground  near  the  trunk,  and  least 
of  all  with  cold  well  water  or  water  im- 
pregnated n-ith  minerals.  The  practice 
here  is  to  irrigate  every  eight  days. 

Some  of  those  who  have  the  finest 
trees  and  best  fruit  here  give  their  advice 
decidedly  against  ever  transplanting  the 
orange  tree,  and  I  have  examined  several 
trees  which  seem  to  warrant  the  asser- 
tion. The  experiment  is  recommended 
of  planting  tlie  seeds  four  or  five  in  a 
hill,  with  the  hills  twenty-five  feet  apart 
each  way,  and  rooting  out  afterwards  all 
but  one  plant,  the  best  in  each.  The 
seed  is  planted  here  from  November  to 
January,  as  soon  as  the  fruit  is  ripe  and 
the  seed  dry.  The  tree  is  transplanted 
two  years  afterwards  in  the  last  of  Janu- 
ary or  the  first  part  of  February,  during 
the  full  of  the  moon.  The  orange  tree 
is  never  grafted  here  now.  All  trials 
have  resulted  in  a  dwarfed  body  and  in- 
ferior and  diminished  yield  of  fruit. 

PRUNINCi     AND     CARE  OF    THE  YOUNG    TRF.B. 

There  is  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to 
pruning.  The  general  conviction  is  that 
the  lower  limbs  should  not  be  cut  off 
more  than  six  feet  from  the  ground. 
The  sprouts  below  this  should  be  re- 
moved immediately  when  thi'y  appear, 
for  they  thrive  with  wonderful  vigor  on 
the  tree  and  roots  at  the  expense  of  the 
vitality  of  the  fruit  branches  above.  All 
superfluous  limbs  should  be  cut  off  and 
shortened  in  the  spring.  It  would  be 
comiuonjjlace  to  advise  against  alhuviug 
dead  or  dying  limbs  to  remain  on  the 
tree.     I  should  say  the   same   regarding 


any  limbs  that  appear  sickly,  producing 
a  small  and  imperfect  leaf.  But  the 
symmetry  of  the  tree  must  be  preserved 
as  far  as  possible,  not  crowded  by  too 
much  growth  of  wood,  and  thorns  kept 
down  with  constant  care.  A  fruit-grower 
requires  no  advice  of  this  kind,  and  un- 
derstands that  the  orange  is  a  delicate 
tree  and  cannot  thrive  under  neglect. 
To  produce  superior  ruit  it  requires  at- 
tention and  cleanliness;  and  without  this 
the  tree,  as  it  advances  in  age,  becomes 
deceased  or  loses  its  vigor. 

The  time  for  thorough  pruning  and 
shortening  the  limbs  here  is  the  last  of 
January.  No  mulching  is  done  here  or 
root-pruning;  and  the  practice  among  our 
nurserymen  of  thinning  out  the  fruit 
when  overloaded   is  unwisely  neglected. 

THE  YIELD  OF  FRUIT  —  HOW  IT  CAN  BE 
GATHERED  SO  AS  NEVER  TO  HOT. 

The  orange  tree,  if  taken  care. of,  lives 
to  a  great  age.  It  begins  to  bear  at  six 
years,  and,  on  attaining  its  growth  will 
give  from  1.500  to  2,. 000  oranges  in  a 
season.  The  tree  here  blossoms  in 
March,  and  bears  from  the  last  of  Sep- 
tember to  December. 

Too  much  care  cannot  be  taken  in 
gathering  the  fruit,  which,  if  the  thorn 
has  been  kept  properly  clipped,  can  be 
reached  and  cut  ofl'  by  a  dexterous  hand 
without  even  squeezing.  Much  harm  is 
done  by  allowing  it  to  be  bruised.  Of 
all  things,  it  must  not  be  plucked;  the 
stem  should  be  cut  off  close  to  the  fruit. 
With  these  precautions  it  will  never  rot. 
Laid  upon  a  platform  of  cane  and  venti- 
lated from  all  sides,  it  will  dry  up  in 
time,  but  not  decay. 

EFFECT  OF  RAIN — COMMERCIAL    QUESTIONS. 

The  effect  of  rain  upon  the  trees  and 
fruit  during  the  months  when  rain  is  to 
be  expected  here,  (July  to  1.5th  of  Octo- 
ber) is  beneficial,  clearing  the  leaf  and 
giving  it  respiration;  but  what  the  result 
further  north  would  be  of  the  cold  storms 
upon  the  stem,  the  leaf  and  the  blossom, 
I  leave  for  others  to  determine.  We 
have  in  this  country,  however,  (years 
apart)  during  the  season  of  rain,  chubari- 
O'S — hurricanes  of  wind  and  rain — which 
precipitate  all  the  frit  to  the  ground  and 
make  sad  havoc  with  the  trees. 

Oranges  are  worth  here,  piled  under 
the  trees,  $3  50  per  thousand;  and  packed 
in  crates,  with  expense  of  freight  to  the 
beach  and  placed  on  board,  about  $5 
per  thousand.  But,  as  very  little  atten- 
tion is  given  to  the  delicate  handling  of 
this  juicy  fruit  or  to  wrapping  in  paper 
or  packing  in  boxes,  the  loss  from  rotting 
is  a  large  percentage;  so  that  after  paying 
freight  to  San  Francisco  ($5),  together 
with  duties  and  other  heavy  expenses 
upon  the  gross  amount  shipped,  the  re- 
sult is  not  always  enccmraging. 

Of  other  tropical  productions,  such  as 
the  pineapple,  sugar-cane,  cocoanut,date, 
etc.,  it  is  not  worth  while  here  to  speak. 
They  are  not  adapted  to  the  climate  of 
Upper  California.  Cotton,  indigo,  rice, 
tobacco  and  coffee,  grow  in  perfection 
here.     The  first  two  arc  indigenous. 

In  conclusion  Mr.  Gillespie  says:  "If 
Lower  California  were  apart  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  exemjit  from  heavy  duties  for 
exports  of  thjs  kind  to  San  Francisco,  it 
would  be,  for  all  tropical  fruits,  the  gar- 
den of  California." 


Do  not  suppose  for  a  single  moment 
that  your  neighbor  cannot  teach  you  any 
thing.  The  wisest  man  may  sometimes 
learn  a  valuable  lesson  from  a  fool.  The 
farmer  who  thinks  he  knows  all  there  is 
to  be  learned  will  soon  lind  himself  con- 
siderably behind  the  times.  Agriculture 
is  now  a  progressive  science  and  its  pro- 
fessors and  students  must  bo  wide  awake 
and  stirring. 


Political  Economy. 

The  Southern  Farmer,  of  Memphis, 
Tenn.,  gives  expression  to  the  following 
strong  sentiments  upon  Important  ques- 
tions: 

There  was  less  corruption  in  the  public 
service  when  the  jiay  of  Congressmen 
was  small.  Now  it  is  ten  thousand  dol- 
lars and  perquisites  which  runs  up  the 
compensation  very  high.  And  ever  since 
then  there  has  been  more  or  less  corrup- 
tion in  our  legislation.  Unscrupulous 
politicians  now  seek  office  for  the  pay  it 
promises,  and  they  know  beforehand 
how  much  they  can  afford  to  spend  in 
corrupting  suffragists,  to  obtain  the  prize. 
The  more  pay  there  is  attached  to  the 
office,  the  more  corruption  funds  will  be 
dispensed  to  obtain  office.  The  main 
remedy  is  in  a  reduction  of  salaries.  Let 
all  legislators.  State  and  National,  have 
no  higher  wages  than  are  earned  by  the 
industrious  farmer  and  mechanic,  and 
the  temptation  to  use  corrupt  means  to 
obtain  office  will  be  at  once  removed.  In 
this  way  the  honest  and  patriotic  who 
will  not  consent  to  be  assessed  to  pay 
whisky  bills  and  lying  newspapers  will 
be  offered  some  inducements  to  seek  of- 
fice for  the  good  of  the  community.  Let 
us  have  a  general  reduction  of  official 
salaries  from  Congressmen  down  in  the 
National,  and  from  Governor  down  in 
all  the  State  governments.  The  great 
want  of  the  times  is  honesty  and  econo- 
my in  all  departments  of  government. 

There  is  a  small  minoritj-  of  the  peo- 
ple who  are  flourishing  beyond  all  pre- 
cedent. These  are  the  money-lenders 
who,  falsely  claiming  that  money  is  pro- 
perty, demand  unprecedentedly  usurious 
rates  for  money  loans.  In  this  way  they 
grow  rich  with  great  rapidity.  But  the 
high  rates  of  interest  demanded  soon 
produced  suspension  and  demoralized 
trade,  and  these  a  depression  in  prices 
unheard  of ;  and  now  these  money-Iend- 
ere,  who  have  all  along  demanded  the 
pound  of  flesh  of  the  agriculturist,  are 
flourishing  off'  the  misfortunes  which 
their  own  avarice  and  unwise  State  leg- 
islation have  brought  upon  the  great 
mass  of  the  people.  Let  us  have  cheap 
money  rates  and  thus  encourage  all 
branches  of  useful  manufactories,  and 
these  will  give  profitable  employment  to 
all,  and  thus  restore  a  healthy  trade  and 
general  prosperity. 

The  people  of  this  country  want  econ- 
omy and  honests  in  the  administration  o- 
government.  They  want  fewer  officef 
holders  and  smaller  salaries  for  those 
that  are  really  necessary.  They  want 
less  expensive  State  governments,  and 
less  taxation.  They  want  less  legisla- 
tion and  better  laws,  more  faithfully  en- 
forced. They  want  the  State  officials, 
who  have  been  the  head-centers  of  rings 
adverse  to  the  interests  of  the  people,  to 
take  back  seats.  They  want  all  indus- 
trial interests  developed,  and  all  educa- 
tional interests  fostered.  Let  them  make 
known  their  wants,  and  demand  that  an 
honest  effort  shall  be  made  to  promote 
them  in  all  legislative  halls  during  this 
Centennial  year. 


A  California  Gem. — The  California 
Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 
published  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  is  the  neat- 
est agricultural  work  received  at  this  of- 
fice. The  typographical  appeai'ance  of 
this  work  is  sujierb,  and  its  contents 
leave  nothing  to  be  desired.  We  have 
but  one  fault  to  find  with  the  Western 
cotemporary — it  is  furnished  to  subscrib- 
ers for  $1  50  a  year,  a  price  by  no  means 
commensurate  with  its  merits. — CliiaK/fK 
Jit.,  Drovers'  Jonmal. 


Lu2^?-' 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


i^mm\mu\tna. 


THE  FARM. 


The  Xiirsfrj-   uf  Patriots,    OratorH  and 
State:^ineii. 

BY    JOHX  D.  SCOTT,   M.  D. 

prtHEEE  is  au  old  say iug  that    "  aian 
Mi    'H'll'fis  the  city,  but  God  makes  the 


country."  Whether  it  be  this  di- 
vine impress,  or  the  pure,  calm 
quiet  of  country  life  that  produces 
the  efl'ect,  certain  it  is  that  the  best  and 
brightest  intellects  that  have  adorned  the 
annals  of  history  have  been  born  and 
bred  on  the  smiling  plains  and  amidst 
the  raountaiu  homes  of  rural  life.  It 
may  be  that  peaceful  pursuits  have  a 
civilizing  effect,  that  the  unvarying  order 
of  the  seasons  establishes  a  similar  state 
in  the  faculties  of  the  mind,  that  the  care 
of  domestic  animals  cultivates  the  best 
affections  and  emotions  of  the  heart,  and 
that  the  quiet  undisturbed  occupation  of 
the  farmer  naturally  tends  to«seful  med- 
itation. This  meditation  —this  concen- 
tration of  the  mental  powers  upon 
various  subjects  until  they  have  been 
viewed  in  every  possible  light,  is  only 
that  disciplining  of  those  powers  whose 
successful  cultivation  is  rightly  denom- 
inated "genius." 
*■  This  16  not  solitude.  *tifi  but  to  hold 
Couverse  with  Nature's  charms  aud  view  her 
stores  uuroUed." 

Books,  though  useful  in  their  place, 
are  not  absolutely  necessary  to  the  dis- 
cipline of  the  mind.  Its  faculties  existed 
in  all  their  God-like  powers  long  before 
a  book  was  ever  written.  Indeed,  books 
are  the  evidence  and  the  result  of  the 
existence  of  those  powers.  What  is 
generally  understood  by  self-made  men 
are  those  obscure  individuals  who,  never 
having  had  the  advantages  of  a  collegiate 
education,  often  astonish  their  neighbors 
and  the  world  by  the  sudden  display  of 
mental  capacities  not  hitherto  suspected 
in  them.  They  have  had  the  same  men- 
tal discipline  that  the  students  of  our 
colleges  enjoy  from  the  study  of  the 
dead  languages,  mathematics,  philoso- 
phy, history-,  etc.,  but  their  minds  have 
been  exercised  and  strengthened  on  other 
subjects,  and  in  Nature's  schools.  Can 
any  one  believe  that  the  mind  of  Patrick 
Henry  was  idle  while  watching  his  fish- 
ing line  on  the  banks  of  some  quiet 
stream?  Was  that  of  Newton  inactive 
when  he  observed  the  fall  of  the  tra- 
ditional apple?  Were  the  mental  fires  of 
Demosthenes  quenched  by  the  spray  as 
he  stood  upon  the  sea  shore,  coping  with 
the  breakers'  roar? 

That  scenery  and  climate  both  exer- 
cise a  modifying  influence  on  the  human 
mind  and  character,  can  hardly  be 
doubted  when  we  compare  the  mountain 
Switzer  with  the  Italian  on  the  plains 
below,  the  Scotch  with  the  Hollander, 
and  the  hardy  and  enterprising  Yankee 
with  his  American  neighbors  of  the  plains 
of  Mexico  and  the  pampas  of  the  La 
Plata. 

But,  however  much,  or  however  little 
mankind,  like  the  chameleon,  may  take 
his  hues  from  the  colorings  and  circum- 
stancee  of  his  surroundings,  it  is  never- 
theless true,  that  a  vast  number  of  the 
great  and  good  men,  particularly  of  our 
own  country,  have  been  the  best  products 
of  agricultural  districts.  In  saying  this, 
however,  let  it  be  understood  that  we  do 
not  disparage  the  merits  of  those  who 
have  been  city-born  and  risen  to  distinc- 
tion amidst,  perhaps,  greater  tempta- 
tions. Nor  would  we  be  understood  as 
ignoring,  for  a  moment,  the  claims  of  the 
thousands   who   have  rushed    from  the 


work-shop,  the  counting-room,  the  bar, 
the  bench,  and  even  from  the  sacred 
desk,  at  the  call  of  their  country,  either 
to  the  tented  field,  to  defend  it,  or  to  the 
councils  of  the  nation,  to  sustain  it. 

This  Centennial  year  our  mind  natur- 
ally reverts  to  the  patriots  who  founded 
this  nation.  And'firsti  n  importance,  if 
not  in  time,  looms  up  the  venerable  form 
of  Washington,  who  loved  Mount  Vernon 
as  no  man  ever  loved  a  spot  of  earth  be- 
fore. It  was  always  with  a  sigh  of  re- 
gret that  he  left  it;  it  was  always  with  a 
feeling  of  unutterabls  joy  that  lie  return- 
ed to  its  peaceful  shades.  Not  all  the 
crowns  of  Europe  could  have  tempted 
him  away;  but  when  the  stronger  and 
sterner  demands  of  duty  required  the 
sacrifice,  he  willingly  wended  his  way  to 
the  North,  to  assume  command  of  that 
feeble  and  undisciplined  body  of  militia 
— it  could  not  have  been  called  an  army 
— which  had  raised  its  feeble  arms  in  re- 
bellion against  the  providest  and  most 
powerful  empire  on  earth.  And  even  in 
the  midst  of  the  conflict  of  arms,  and 
often  in  the  grave  covineils  of  peace  not 
less  difficult  and  important,  his  gi'eat 
spirit  would  wander  away  to  his  beloved 
Mount  Vernon,  as  seen  in  his  hundreds 
of  letters  to  his  agent.  Havirg  been  an 
accomplished  surveyor,  he  drew  a  map 
of  the  estate  with  mathematical  accuracy. 
On  it  he  traced  every  road,  avenue,  walk 
and  cow-path,  giving  the  positions,  and 
even  the  species,  of  the  trees  that  lined 
or  overshadowed  them.  His  lawns, 
meadows,  tobacco  fields  and  timbered 
lands,  all  had  a  place  on  it.  With  this 
map  before  him,  in  the  tented  field,  in 
the  midst  of  trying  and  perilous  cam- 
paigns, or  after  victory  had  perched  upon 
American  banners  and  he  had  become  the 
honored  first  President  of  the  Republic, 
he  would  calmly  sit  down  and  write  to 
his  manager  the  most  minute  directions 
in  regard  to  the  management  of  the  vast 
estate.  Nothing  was  forgotten — nothing 
overlooked.  In  regard  to  the  comfort 
and  well-being  of  his  servants  he  was 
most  solicitous.  Accompanying  the 
shipments  and  sales  of  his  crops  were 
always  full  and  explicit  orders,  down  to 
the  minutest  particulars  for  clothing, 
medicines,  dietetics  and  everything  else 
that  could  possible  contribute  to  their 
general  welfare.  A  mind  that  could  thus 
grasp  the  destinies  of  a  nation  and  yet 
find  ample  time  to  care  for  the  lesser, but 
not  less  imperative,  interests  of  his  de- 
pendents on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac, 
deserves,  as  it  has  received  from  the 
world,  the  epithet  great.  It  is  the  eagle 
eye  that  sweeps  the  horizon — the  eagle 
wing  that  braves  the  storm,  but  forgets 
not  the  helpless  eaglets  on  the  craggy 
hights  at  home.  No  wonder  that  the 
orators  and  poets  of  the  world  love  to 
dwell  upon  such  a  character,  for  its  good- 
ness is  unfathomable,  and  its  greatness 
unmeasurable.  The  theme  is  as  inex- 
haustible, practically,  as  the  light  and 
heat  of  the  sun;  and  Washington's  name 
and  wTitings  and  deeds  will  be  spoken, 
quoted  and  emulated  "  down  to  the  last 
recorded  syllable  of  time." 

And  next  comes  Thomas  Jefferson, 
who,  if,  perchance,  he  may  once  have 
loved  power  and  place  more  than  his 
great  Mount  Vernon  compatriot  and  co- 
worker in  the  cause  of  human  freedom, 
did  not  love  his  own  Monticello  any  the 
less.  From  the  cares  of  state  and  the 
vituperation  of  bitter  party  opponents, 
he  fled  to  that  beautiful  and  quiet  retreat, 
i  as  the  shipwrecked  mariner  seeks  some 
hospitable  root  from  the  horrors  of  the 
storm.  With  clear  and  well  digested 
ideas  upon  government,  an  incisive  style, 
and  a  well-marked  character,  that  could 
not  be  turned  from  the  right,  he  was  cal- 
culated,   like   many  others    among  our 


great  men,  to  make  warm  friends  and 
vindictive  enemies.  Mr.  Jefferson,  Gen- 
eral Jackson  and  Henry  Clay  were,  per- 
haps, the  best  abused  men  in  America. 
At  one  time  Jefferson's  gi-eat  heart  nearly 
jaelded  to  despair  under  the  heavy  weight 
of  slander  and  obliquy  which  the  politi- 
cal world  rolled  upon  it.  But  his  mas- 
terly intellect  neutralized  the  crushing 
effect  and  culminated  in  that  brilliant 
gem  of  wisdom,  "error  can  do  no  Itarmas 
hiir/  as  rmsoh  is  left  free  io  cotnhal  it."  At 
Monticello  he  spent  the  quiet  evenings 
of  his  days  in  tue  society  of  his  friends, 
in  the  reception  and  entertainment  of  the 
guests  of  the  nation,  and  in  giving  his 
wise  counsels  to  its  rulers.  Through 
that  inscrutable  providence  "that  shapes 
our  ends,"  on  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of 
our  independence,  he  and  that  fearless 
and  able  champion  of  liberty,  John 
Adams,  nearly  at  the  same  hour,  joined 
"that  innumerable  caravan"  that  crosses 
but  once  the  valley  and  shadow  of  death. 

Jackson  was  emphatically  one  of  the 
most  perfect  types  of  the  .\nierican  fron- 
tiersman. He  was  from  the  country 
people,  and  of  the  country  people.  En- 
ergetic, partaking  more  or  less  of  the 
wildness  of  the  primeval  forest,  his  will 
was  like  the  native  oak,  unyielding  in  its 
strength,  and  stubborn  in  its  growth. 
His  whole  life  was  one  long  battle.  If 
he  was  not  fighting  the  laud-grabbers  of 
the  West,  he  was  engaged  in  a  baud  to 
hand  conflict  with  the  merciless  savages 
of  the  forest ;  and  if  not  with  these,  with 
the  enemies  of  his  country  at  New  Or- 
leans. When  elevated  for  two  terms  to 
the  chief  magistracy  of  the  nation,  it 
would  seem  that  his  pugnacity  ouLjht  to 
have  ceased.  But  not  so.  Both  of  his 
administrations  were  but  continuous, and 
on  his  part,  well-fought  battles.  But 
when  his  vital  sun  began  to  decline,  and 
its  slanting  rays  indicated  the  coming 
evening  of  life,  shortly  to  be  closed  in 
the  shades  of  night,  the  war-worn  veter- 
an began  to  think  of  home.  And  as  a 
striking  instance  of  human  C(Uitradiction, 
so  common  in  every  day  life,  he  had 
strangely  named  that  home  the  Hermit- 
age— a  jjlace  of  peace,  of  quietness,  and 
of  prayer — the  very  antipodes  of  his 
whole  life.  However,  in  the  bosom  of 
his  family — amidst  hosts  of  friends  whose 
minds  yielded  to  his  iron  will  as  the 
needle  to  the  pole,  in  the  fullness  of 
years  and  of  honors,  he  died,  a  sincere 
Christian,  wept  by  his  friends  and  for- 
given by  his  enemies. 

"De  mortuis,  nil,  nisi  boniim," 

The  great  orator  and  statesman,  Henry 
Clay,  "  the  mill-boy  of  the  Slashes," 
throughout  a  long,  active  and  brilliant 
life,  never  forgot  his  obligations  to  the 
farm.  Agriculture,  no  less  than  manu- 
factures, owes  a  deep  debt  of  gratitude 
to  his  eloquent  efforts  in  its  behalf  both 
in  and  out  of  Congress.  His  was  among 
the  first  voices  raised  in  favor  of  tine 
stock,  and  that  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky 
to-day  attests  the  wisdom  of  his  foresight 
and  the  value  of  his  example.  He  w  as, 
too,  the  father  of  the  turnpike  system, 
which  was  itself  but  the  fore-ninner  of 
the  rail  and  the  iron  horse.  And  his 
voice  was  ever  heard  in  Congress  in  ef- 
fective appeals  for  the  improvement  of 
the  western  rivers,  in  order  that  the 
country  might  be  opened  up  to  travel 
and  settlement,  and  th.-it  the  farmers 
might  be  able  to  transport  their  produce 
to  market  at  the  least  possible  cost  of 
money  and  time.  After  having  bestowed 
his  best  energies  on  the  country,  he,  too, 
sought  the  shades  of  farm-life,  and  retir- 
ing to  his  beloved  Ashland,  lived  like 
a  sage  and  died  like  Christian. 

Millard  Filmore  was  but  a  poor,  hard- 
working farm-boy,  but  he  lived  to  repre- 
sent   his    country   at  the   court   of   St. 


James,  where  Queen  Victoria  pronounced 
him  "the  most  perfect  gentleman  she  had 
ever  met."  From  guiding  the  plow  he 
was  at  last  called  to  guide  the  ship  of 
state,  and  his  administration  compares 
favorably  with  any  since  the  time  of 
Washington.  No  name,  perhaps,  in  our  : 
history  so  well  illustrates  the  benign  and 
fostering  care  of  our  noble  institutions, 
under  which  the  poor  and  friendless 
plow-boy  may  attain  the  highest  station 
on  earth. 

'*  Hon' r  and  fame  from  no  condition  rise." 

Harrison  and  Taylor  were  both  tillers 
of  the  soil — the  one  a  farmer  of  (he  West 
and  the  other  a  planter  of  the  South.. 
These  may  both  have  had  more  or  less 
collegiate  training,  but  their  principal 
education  was  obtained  in  the  forests, 
amidst  the  whizzing  of  arrows  and  the 
whistling  of  bullets.  But  when  they 
were  transplanted  from  their  native  soil 
to  the  uncongenial  region  of  Washington 
City,  like  the  old  oaks  of  the  forest  un- 
der similar  treatment,  they  withered  and 
died,  but  left  names  for  honesty  and 
prowess  that  will  endure  as  long  as  the 
fields  of  Buena  Vista  and  Tipicauoe. 

But  if  there  ever  was  a  legitimate  child 
of  the  forest  and  the  farm,  it  was  Abra- 
ham Lincoln.  Born  in  the  midst  of  In- 
dian wars — the  brain  of  his  own  father 
having  been  pierced  by  the  bullet  of  a 
merciless  savage,— reared  in  the  forest, 
where  the  sunlight  never  ])enetrated  until 
with  his  young  but  stalwart  arms  he 
felled  the  timber  and  made  it  iulo  rails  to 
enclose  the  hard-earned  clearing — what 
seer,  what  holy  prfiphet,  as  he  listened 
the  young  picmeer's  ax  a«  its  echoes  died 
away  in  the  interminable  fastnesses  of 
the  forest,  would  have  dared  to  predict 
that  the  hand  that  then  wielded  the  ax 
would  some  day  guide  the  i)en  that 
would  alter  the  industrial  system  of  a 
nation,  and  change  the  destinies  of  a 
continent?  Aye,  who  would  have 
dreamed,  in  his  wildest  imaginings,  that 
this  untutored  spectre  of  the  wilderness 
would  rise  up  and  confront  the  polished 
Douglass,  "the  little  giant  of  the  West," 
and  in  the  fierce  encounter  of  logic  would 
parry  every  thrust  and  neutralize  every 
blow  of  the  wiley  and  practiced  debater? 
Mr.  Douglass  himself  candidly  admitted 
that  he  had  met  a  foe  worthy  of  his  steel. 
This  political  campaign  gave  "the  Kail- 
splitter"  a  national  reputation,  .and  soon 
placed  him  in  a  position  where  his  know- 
ledge of  "splitting"  would  be  of  incal- 
culable value  to  the  country  in  prevent- 
ing others  from  ".splitting"  the  Union. 

Thus  might  we  go  on,  adding  line  to 
line,  and  page  to  page,  in  the  discussion 
of  this  interesting  subject.  We  might 
have  gone  back   to  the  Pilgrim  Fathers, 

!  who  were  farmers  in  England  and  farm- 
ers after  their  advent  to  America.  We 
might  hav?   culled  other  brilliant  exam- 

I  pies  from    "the  times  that  tried  men's 

I  souls" — Ethen  Allen.  Putnam,  Mircer, 
Greene,  Marion,  Moultrie,  and  hiindreds 

I  of  others.  Many  of  the  signers  of  the 
Declaration  were  farmers.  A  large  num- 
ber of  our  Senators  and  Rcyresentativcs 
in  Congress,  both  in  the  past  and  pres- 
ent, have  been,  and  are  farmers,  and 
have  been  and  are  proud  of  the  name. 
The  same  may  Vie  said  of  our  Judges, 
Governors  and  Legislators.  In  fact,  the 
farm  is  the  goal  of  all  ambitions,  the 
utiima  thule  of  human  happiness.  It  is 
the  natmal  state  of  man.  It  is  a  busi- 
ness upon  which  all  other  business  de- 
pends. It  is  the  conservator  of  political 
virtue.  It  is  the  paladium  of  human 
freedom,  for  as  long  as  the  farmers  of  a 
country  remain  virtuous  and  intelligent 
their  liberties  cannot  be  overthrown  by 
any  power  that  can  be  brought  against 
them. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


In  this  lengthy  and,  we  fear,  tiresome 
HI  tiele,  we  have  not  touched  upon  a  tithe 
(if  what  iiiight  be  s-iid.  We  leave  much, 
very  much,  to  the  reflections  of  our  read- 
ers. One  thought  more  and  we  have 
done. 

How  were  these  creat  and  good  men 
produced?  Through  what  subtle  train- 
ing— by  what  wonderful  alchemy — were 
they  brought  to  the  perfection  of  mind 
and  character  in  which  we  behold  them? 
Wo  think  these  questions  can  be  an- 
swered in  two  words,  home  education. 
Their  schools  were  the  fire-sides,  and 
their  colleges  and  uuiversities  the  sitting 
rooms  of  their  homes.  Their  professors 
and  teachers  were  their  fathers  and 
mothers.  The  first  taught  them  tlie  prao- 
tical  iesNO/is  of  life;  the  second,  its  moral 
ohllqat'wns,  and  engraved  the  principles 
of  virtue  so  deeply  upon  their  hearts  that 
no  time  or  circumstances  could  eftace 
them!  Has  there  been  much  of  that 
kind  of  teaching  during  the  latter  half  of 
our  first  century?  We  fear  not.  And  if 
not,  may  not  the  negative  fact  account, 
in  great  measure,  for  the  universal  and 
acknowledged  want  of  public  and  jirivate 
viriue,  honesty  and  moral  jirinciple? 


SHALL  WE  PLOW  DEEP  ? 

En.  AoEicrLTiTEisT:  I  did  not  promise 
to  \\rite  you  an  article  on  deep  plowing, 
therefore  you  will  not  be  disappointed  if 
I  do  not  do  it.  There  seems  to  be  a 
.spirit  of  inquiry  into  the  reason  why, 
and  a  desire  to  prove  that  deejj  plowing 
is  what  farmers  most  need  to  be  success- 
ful in  raising  large  crops  on  worn-out 
land.  Mr.  Burrell's  statement,  I  think, 
is  good  and  sound  as  far  as  it  goes.  But 
he  said  nothing  of  the  soil  to  be  treated 
after  bis  stj'le  of  cultivation,  only  that  it 
was  mountain  land.  That  he  regards 
deep  plowing  as  a  played-out  hobbie, 
and  he  is  not  willing  to  admit  of  any  ex- 
ceptions, even  on  fine,  sandy  loam,  I 
think  his  last  stej)  rather  long  for  the 
times. 

The  gentleman  one  from  San  Jose,  in 
his  reply  to  Mr.  Eurrell,  takes  Mr.  B. 
rather  roughly  by  the  scalp  in  his  "cri- 
tgue"  on  Mr.  B.'s  style  of  cultivating 
mountain  land.  He  thinks  Mr.  B.  wants 
to  evade  "my  facts"  in  regard  to  deep 
plowing.  He  states  that  he  plowed  a 
field  "deeply."  Now,  Mr.,  how  deep 
did  you  plow?  Was  it  six  inches,  twelve 
inches,  or  fourteen  inches?  Much  might 
depend  upon  the  depth  it  was  plowed. 
He  gets  a  largo  crop  on  the  land  that  was 
plowed  deep,  when,  on  the  shallow 
plowed  land,  he  only  gets  eight  sacks  of 
potatoes.  It  proved  his  hobby  to  his 
satisfaction.  He  also  states  that  the  soil 
was  a  tine,  sandy  loam.  I  must  say 
that  was  good  land  for  his  hobby.  But 
he  does  not  state  that  he  saw  a  piece  of 
heavy,  clay  soil  cultivated  in  the  same 
manner,  the  same  season,  and  in  the 
same,  or  adjacent,  neighborhood;  and 
that  the  result  of  such  cultivation  on 
clay  soil  was  the  same  as  on  fine,  sandy 
loam.  Now,  right  here  is  where  the 
trouble  all  centers  in  deep  or  shallow 
plowing.  It  is  to  know  what  kind  of  a 
soil  will  be  benefitted  by  being  deeply 
plowed,  and  what  kind  of  a  season  to 
plow  it  deep.  The  gentleman  one  mile 
from  San  Jose  must  not  think  that  he 
can  Um-i:  his  "tai;ts"  and  "hobbies"  on 
all  kinds  of  soil  and  all  kinds  of  seasons 
and  be  successful.  There  are  thousands 
of  farmers  who  are  sensible  that  will  tell 
him  it  can't  be  done  with  profit.  What 
kind  of  a  crop,  think  you,  could  have 
been  raised  last  year  on  our  high,  clay 
soil  if  it  had  been  plowed  twelve  inches 
1  deep,  with  the  best  surface  cultivation 
!  within  our  reach?  Not  having  a  "hob- 
by," I  simply  assert,  no  crop  at  all.     At 


the  same  time,  on  a  fine,  sandy-loam 
soil,  a  good  crop  could  have  been  ex- 
pected by  the  carrying  out  of  the  gentle- 
man's "hobby,  deep  plowing  _and  tho- 
rough surface  cultivation. 

"  Mechanic"  gives  us  some  wonderful 
statements  of  "facts"  in  regard  to  deep 
l)lowing.  But  ho  fails  to  tell  us  what 
kind  of  soil  the  facts  grew  out  of,  and 
only  a  partial  statement  of  facts  as  to  the 
seasons — whether  wet,  dry  or  average. 
In  his  concluding  remarks  he  becomes 
somewhat  mixed  in  his  observations.  In 
fact,  he  don't  really  know  which  is  the 
best  under  all  circumstances,  but  inclines 
to  deep  plowing  for  corn.  That  is  well. 
Query:  If  "Mechanic"  has  farmed  it  for 
forty- two  years,  why  call  himself  "J/c- 
dicinic  y 

But,  to  sum  up  the  question  of  deep 
or  shallow  plowing,  I  will  venture  this 
assertion:  No  general  rule  will  success- 
fully apply  to  all  kinds  of  soil.  The 
farmer  must  consider,  first,  his  soil;  sec- 
ond, the  season.  What  is  good  practice 
for  A  may  be  ruin  for  B.  Farmers  can 
settle  the  question  only  by  experiments 
wpon  the  land  thej'  work,  and  by  close 
observations. 

In  reference  to  the  tap  root  of  the 
wheat  plant,  I  will  saj  that  to  call  a  man 
a  fool  does  not  make  him  one,  and  that 
the  gentleman  one  mile  from  San  Jose 
may  put  me  down  as  one  of  the  unpar- 
donable mud  sills,  for,  after  forty-eight 
years  of  hard  work,  and  some  observa- 
tions, on  the  farm,  I  fail  to  accept  the 
wheat  plant  as  belonging  to  the  tap-root 
family.  Therefore  I  have  concliulad  to 
give  my  evidence  in  favor  of  Bro.  Bur- 
rell's statement  of  facts.  I  believe  he  is 
sound  on  the  wheat  point.  Bro.  B.  has 
a  good  subject,  and  I  hope  he  will  mine 
it  "deeply."     Yours, Hruly, 

Samuel  Spuel. 

San  Jose,  March,  1870. 

[The  above  came  too  late  for  last 
month.  We  are  pleased  to  see  our  farm- 
ers discussing  this  question,  and  hope 
they  will  keep  good  natured  over  it. 
Error  is  something  hard  to  root  out  of 
the  soil,  but  truth  must  stand  on  it  own 
merits. — Ed.] 

FRIENDLY  APPROVAL. 

Ed.  Ageicultueist:  The  members  of 
the  People's  Deliberative  Association,  in 
token  of  our  thanks  to  the  Editor  of  the 
Califoenia  Ageicultueist  and  Live 
Stock  Jouenal,  submit  the  following: 

We  take  pleasure  in  recommending 
the  Califoenia  Ac;kicultueist  to  the 
public  as  a  worthy  of  patronage  for  its 
out-spoken  and  fearless  manner  of  at- 
tacks on  monopoly,  rings  and  frauds  of 
every  character;  and  we  regret  that  other 
journals  will  not  do  as  much  for  the 
common  good  of  the  country.  May  the 
spirit  of  this  paper  be  felt  in  the  capitals 
of  both  State  and  Nation. 

John  Foetney,  Secretary. 

Paso  Eobles,  March  'li,  187(>. 


REPORT  OF  THE  COWIJVIITTEE  ON 
LAND    IV!ONOPOLY. 

To  the  People's  Jh-Uljeratice  Assoniaiion: 

Wc,  your  committee,  submit  the  fol- 
lowing report,  and  request  its  publica- 
tion in  the  Califoenia  Ageicultueist: 
Wheekas,  the  i)eople  of  the  State  of 
(California  have  sntt'ereil  from  the  unset- 
tled condition  of  land  titles,  and  all  ap- 
peals to  law  have  proved  fatal  to  tho 
settlers,  and  intimidating  to  other  wish- 
ing to  SI  tt-le;  and, 

Whkkeas,  President  U.  S.  Crautof  the 
Cnited  States,  and  the  United  States  .\t- 
torney-General  and  tho  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  having  set  on  foot  a  move  to 
settle    all    land  titles,  which  we   believe 


will  greatly  advance  the  farming  inter- 
ests of  California,  and  throw  open  mil- 
lions of  acres  to  actual  settlers  heretofore 
held  by  frauds,  which  frauds  have  rob- 
bed the  Government  of  millions  of  dol- 
lars for  which  said  frauds  ought  to  pay 
heavy  rents  to  the  Government; 

Resolved,  That  no  bill  has  heretofore 
been  recommended  to  the  Congress  of 
the  United  States  so  vital  to  good  gov- 
ernment as  the  settlement  of  land  titles 
in  California;  and, 

2d — That  we  extend  our  prayers  to  the 
gi-eat  Kuler  of  the  universe  that  He  may 
endow  our  President  with  a  competency 
of  wisdom  to  execute  his  noble  move  and 
meet  out  justice  to  all  jjarties;  and, 

3d — That  it  is  tho  duty  of  every  lover 
of  Uberty  to  sustain  the  President  in  this 
move,  and  as  W"ashington  was  called 
"defender,"  so  may  we  have  full  reason 
to  call  U.  S.  Grant  deliveeek  of  our 
State. 

J.  M.  Stone, 
D.  G.  Weight, 

Committee. 
John  Foetney,  Secietary. 

Paso  liobles,  March  20,  1876. 


TOKEN  OF  RESPECT. 

[Published  bj'  request  oi/  tbe  Committee  ] 

E.STKELLA  School  Disteict,  | 
San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  Feb.  29,  1«7G.  ( 
We,  as  a  committee  in  behali  of  the 
patrons  of  this  school,  extend  our  most 
humble  thanks  to  Miss  Adella  Madden, 
of  Sail  Jose,  as  a  teacher,  and  for  the 
kindness  she  has  shown  her  »tn  lents, 
the  manner  in  which  she  has  conducted 
her  school,  and  her  unlimited  eft'orts  in 
imparting  knowledge  to  her  puiMls.  We 
very  much  regret  the  closing  of  her 
school.  Hoping  prosperity  will  go  with 
her,  we  freely  recommend  her  as  a  teach- 
er worthy  of  her  high  calUng. 

J.  M.  Stone,  | 

D.  G.  Weight, 
Waltee  Gbaham, 
John  Foetney,        j 


-  Com. 


Farm   Laborers     Here 
where. 


and  Else- 


It  may  be  a  matter  of  interest  to  some 
of  our  readers  to  know  that,  according  to 
the  last  census,  there  are  in  this  coun- 
try 188,0(10,001)  acres  in  improved  farms, 
and  5,922,000  agricultural  laborers ;  which 
gives  about  31  acres  to  each  laborer. 
California,  in  1870,  had  3,000,000  acres 
of  cultivated  laud,  and  48,000  agricultu- 
ral laborers,  an  average  75  acres  to  the 
laborer.  In  England  there  are  about  15 
acres  to  each  agricultural  laborer,  and  in 
France  5%.  In  general  terms,  we  may 
say,  therefore,  that  one  agricultural  la- 
borer works  as  much  land  in  California 
as  three  do  in  the  Atlantic  States,  five  in 
England  or  twelve  in  France.  This  is  a 
showing  which  may  lead  some  (jalifor- 
nians  to  boast  of  their  State;  but  when 
we  remember  that  the  careful  cultivation 
to  which  the  lands  of  England  and 
France  are  subjected,  keeps  the  land  as 
good  as  ever,  while  the  lands  of  Califor- 
nia are  being  constantly  skinned  and 
made  poorer  by  a  prodigal  waste  of  the 
resources  of  the  soil,  wo  are  inclined  to 
think  that  it  would  bo  bitter  for  Califor- 
nia if  it  had  more  agricultural  laborers  to 
the  acre  and  had  more  labor  and  fertil- 
izers put  upon  its  soil.  The  fact  cannot 
be  (louied  that  a  groat  deal  of  the  land  in 
California  is  being  rapidly  wiu'u  out  by  a 
bad  system  of  farming,  and  that  the 
grandsons  of  some  of  the  present  tillers 
of  the  soil  will  have  hard  work  to  get  a 
living  on  the  ancestral  acres,  and  will 
want  to  "go  West,"  or  give  up  farming. 
—  Xapa,  Heijister, 


GOING  TO   THE  SHOW. 

We  have  always  had  a  weakness— if 
weakness  it  is — for  witnessing  the  won- 
derful manuevers  of  good  circus  perform- 
ers, and  for  seeing  the  wild  and  trained 
animals  constituting  a  first-class  menag. 
erie.  Man,  the  superior  animal,  exhib- 
iting his  animal  jiowers  and  training, 
may  be  deemed  by  some  to  be  below  such 
as  exhibit  man's  mental  and  moral  qual- 
ities, ideas  and  sentiments.  But  while 
a  sound  physical  body  is  essential  to 
man's  comfort  and  happiness  and  fullest 
development  intellectually  as  well,  an 
exhibit  of  physical  training  in  a  high  de- 
gree, must  be  interesting  to  evei-y 
student  of  mankind  as  well  as  to  the 
mCiO  lovers  of  sport.  While  we  have 
always  enjoyed  the  jollity  and  fun-pro- 
voking part  of  such  performances,  and 
have  drawn  quicker  breaths  at  startling 
and  amazing  feats,  we  have  also  enjoyed 
the  study  in  its  more  serious  significance. 
And  whatever  others  may  think  or 
preach  we  have  never  regretted  either 
the  time  or  money  spent  in  witnessing 
such  scenes. 

As  to  an*  exhibit  of  animals,  it  is,  or 
should  be,  as  much  a  study  as  a  matter 
of  curiosity.  The  boy  or  girl  who  visits 
a  menagerie  should  be  given  an  illus- 
trated book  of  animal  natural  history, 
and  also  a  geography,  and  be  encouraged 
to  commit  to  memory  the  natures  and 
habits  of  the  various  living  things  seen, 
and  the  country  and  natural  characteris- 
tics of  the  country  they  inhabit.  Who 
would  not  like  to  know  what  sorts  of 
beings  inhabit  tho  planets?  And  yet 
how  many  will  say  it  is  silly  to  attend  a 
show  where  many  beings  that  inhabit  our 
own  planet,  the  earth,  can  be  scan. 

This  train  of  thought  has  been  sug- 
gested by  the  fact  that  the  greatest  show 
of  animals  and  the  finest  circus  ever  upon 
this  coast,  viz.,  Montgomery  Queen's  is 
now  making  the  tour  of  the  State.  If 
we  did  not  ajiprove  of  going  to  see  such 
shows  we  should  not  encourage  it. 


The  Model  Farm. 

As  the  large  ranches  are  splitting  up 
into  smaller  and  better  cultivated  farms, 
the  competition  in  size  is  exchanged 
for  emulation  in  thoroughness.  The  very 
idea  of  what  is  called  a  "  model  farm," 
probably  never  entered  the  head  of  a  Mex- 
ican ranch  owner.  How  many  miles  could 
be  ridden  over  without  passing  one's  own 
boundaries,  seems  still  to  be  more  a  mat- 
ter of  pride  with  some,  than  the  less  im- 
posing, but  more  efi'ective  merits  of  order, 
thrift  and  comfort.  The  agricultural  ed- 
itor of  the  New  York  Times  has,  we  think, 
hit  the  mark  in  a  recent  description  of, 
and  plea  for  model  farming,  and  we  can 
not  do  better  than  to  give  place  to  his  re- 
marks on  the  premium  system : 

It  is  unfortunate  that  the  local,  as  well 
as  the  State,  agricultural  associations  al- 
most altogether  ignore  tho  cultivation  of 
the  soil  in  their  competition  for  premi- 
ums. .\s  the  success  of  agriculture  de- 
ponds  ill  a  much  greater  degree  upon  the 
excellence  of  cultivation  of  the  farms, 
than  upon  the  size  or  beauty  of  the  stock 
raised  upon  them,  it  would  seem  to  be 
more  conducive  to  tho  attainment  of  the 
ends  for  which  those  associations  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  instituted,  that  they 
should  attract  attention  to  this  especial 
feature  by  otl'oring  premiums  for  tho  best 
ploughed  field,  the  best  crops,  tho  best 
cultivated,  best  managed  and  best  kept 
farm,  as  well  as  for  the  best  horse,  cow, 
hog,  or  trio  of  poultry. 

Sf  If  you  intend  to  do  any  mean  thiu.^ 
wait  till  to-morrow.  If  you  are  to  do  a 
noble  thing,  do  it  now. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


to 


Wmm\\M%tdm^. 


MULTUM  IN  PARVO. 

BY    JIKS.    D.  C.  OUNN. 

S  strange   as  it  may  at   first  seom, 
there  is   uo  truer   saj-ing  than  this 
■wise    old    Latin    proverb,    which, 
translated,  means  "much in  little." 
<i'cP   A.  truth  which  is  wonderfully  illus- 
trated bj-  the  workings  of  nature. ' 

The  little  stream  running  by  our  door, 
tangling  the  sunbeams,  laughing  in  glo- 
rious gleams,  is  but  a  drop  compared 
with  the  grand  old  ocean,  and  yet  the 
larger  body  of  water  could  not  exist 
without  the  smaller  one. 

The  tiny  seed  sown  by  the  farmer  pro- 
duces vast  fields  of  golden  corn  and  wav- 
ing wheat. 

The  diamond  is  very  small,  and  yet 
what  beauty  and  brilliance  flash  from  its 
crystal  depths! 

It  is  only  after  examining  the  little 
flowers  filling  the  earth  with  beauty  and 
fragrance,  and  noticing  the  delicacy  of 
tinting  that  cau.ses  the  rose  to  blush  and 
the  lily  to  whiten,  that  we  realize  that 
man  could  not  create  and  sustain  one  of 
these  little  beauties. 

History,  as  well  as  every  day's  experi- 
ence, proves  that  many  wonderful  dis- 
coveries and  important  results  have  been 
brought  about  by  humble  means,  show- 
ing that  even  in  little  there  may  be  much. 
Sir  Isaac  Newton,  lying  listlessly  in  his 
garden,  dreamingly  looking  up  into  the 
blue  sky,  is  attracted  by  the  falling  of  an 
apple,  and  anon  he  gives  to  the  world 
the  laws  of  earth's  attraction  or  gravita- 
tion. 

The  simple  fact  of  steam  pouring  from 
a  kettle  over  the  tire  awakened  thought 
and  research,  and  to-day  we  have  the 
mighty  steam  engine  starting  the  echoes 
in  the  silent,  sombre  forests,  or  thunder- 
ing along  vast  plains  and  valleys. 

"To  do  and  dare"  to  accomplish  some 
gi'and  and  noble  result  seems  to  us  many 
times  well  worth  a  life  of  struggle.  So 
considering,  we  think  there  lies  no  glory 
in  the  quiet  routine  of  every  day  life,  nor 
honor  in  the  well  doing  of  humble  tasks, 
and  j'et  it  requires  more  perseverance, 
greater  diligence,  for  the  accomplishment 
of  these  than  of  acts  that  are  seemingly 
grander.  It  needs  greater  strength  of 
character,  more  of  true  human  principle, 
to  bear  patiently  the  petty  annoyances, 
the  little  ills  of  life,  than  to  undergo 
some  great  trouble  or  sorrow. 

A  smile,  a  kind  word,  a  sympathizing 
tear,  are  little  things  in  themselves,  and 
cost  us  nothing,  yet  by  them  how  many 
a  desponding  and  weary  heart  has  been 
gladdened  and  sent  on  its  way  rejoicing. 
It  was  only  a  thoughtless  jest,  an  an- 
gry answer,  but  it  turned  the  soul  of  a 
fellow  creature  from  the  ways  of  pleas- 
antness and  peace  into  the  dark,  fathom- 
less river  of  sin  and  wretchedness. 

The  artless  questioning,  or  simple 
prattle  of  a  child  will  often  lead  upward 
and  onward  one  upon  whom  strong  and 
forcible  reasoning  and  earnest  appeal 
have  had  no  ett'eet. 

Many  a  man  has  been  saved  from  ruin 
by  the  remembrance  of  a  little  prayer 
lisped  nightly  at  a  mother's  side. 

A  tiny  shoe,  a  golden  curl,  a  withered 
rose,  are  each  and  all  little  things  in 
themselves,  and  yet  what  dear,  precious 
memories  they  may  awaken;  and  how 
carefully  do  we  treasure  them  if  worn  by 
loved  and  lost  ones! 

In  the  recollections  of  a  friend  it  is  not 
the  greatest  acts,  the  wisest  sayings,  that 
are  to  us  the  dearest;  but  the  little  deeds 
of  kindness,  the  IxUle  words  of  love,  spok- 


en, perhaps,  falteringly,  from  full  hearts. 
Thus  we  learn  that — 


"  Life  is  made  of  smallest  fragmeuts— 
Shade  and  siinshiue,  w(irk  and  iilay; 

So  may  we,  with  prcatest  profit, 
Learn  a  little  every  day." 


REFORM  UNDER  CLOTHING. 


BY   ONE    OF    THE    MOTHEES. 


De.\e  Editok:  A  March  number  of  the 
Rural  Press  contains  an  excellent  article 
from  the  pen  of  "Sister  Colby"  describ- 
ing the  combination  suit  for  underwear 
invented  by  Mrs.  C.  C.  Curtis,  of  GOG 
Montgomery  street,  San  Francisco — the 
same  that  may  be  seen  advertised  in  the 
Agriculturist,  which  every  house- 
keeper should  read. 

It  has  been  my  aim,  ever  since  I  be- 
came the  mother  of  girls,  to  plan  out  and 
clothe  them   without   the   endless   array 
of  garments  usually   thought   necessary, 
so  that  they   might  dress  themselves  ill 
the  morning  as  speedily  as  their  brothers. 
Until  the  garment  in  question   came  un- 
der my  observation,   I  never   found  any 
which     combined    everything   necessary 
for  comfort  and   convenience.      Warmth 
equally  distributed  from    neck    to  heels, 
looseness,  with  no  strictures  to  keep  the 
arms  from  being  lifted  over  the   head  or 
the  chest  from  expanding  to  the  utmost. 
Surely  Mrs.    C.  is    a  public  benefactor, 
and  I  am  happy  to  know  that  she  is  daily 
in  receipt  of  orders  for   patterns,   which 
argues  strongly  in  favor  of    setting  forth 
the    desire    among  thoughtful    ones  for 
emancipation   from  jirevailing   customs. 
I  am  sure  that  any  sensible  woman  would 
feel  thankful  to  be  emancipated  from  the 
uncomfortable  styles  of    under-clothing, 
so    constraining    to    breath   and   move- 
ments, that    our   mothers  have    handed 
down,  even  if  they  do  not  break  through 
the  fashion    of    exterior   dress.     And  if 
American  women  were   brave  enough  to 
adapt  their  outer  garments  to  their  needs 
without  being   severely    criticised,  there 
would  be  one  less  barrier  to  health,  since 
those  who  have  tried  it   declare  that  the 
prevailing  mode  of  dress  is  a  great  hiud- 
rouce  to  locomotion,  whether  indoors  or 
out,    ascending  stairs,    or  stepping  over 
pavements.      The    walking    costume  of 
some  years  back,  when  the  skirt  needed 
no  lifting,  was  universally    admired  and 
thoroughly  ajipreciated  by  the  fair  wear- 
ers themselves;  still  it   was  permitted  to 
pass  out  of   style.     Such   a    dress,   with 
tiat  trimmings  instead    of    the   flounces 
and  knife-pleatings  now   so   popular,   is 
recommended  for  a  home  dress  for  those 
having  active  household    duties   to  per- 
form. 

At  the  sea  side,  where  sea-bathing  is 
one  of  the  summer  pleasures,  the  custom 
prevails  of  wearing  the  bathing  dress  on 
picnic  excursions  or  to  camping  parties. 
Nothing  can  be  more  suitable  than  the 
loose  blouse,  confined  at  the  waist  with 
a  leather  belt  or  sash,  and  pants  of  the 
same  material,  closely  fastened  at  the 
ankle  over  a  neatly-fitting  boot.  A  long 
skirt  is  often  worn  over  this  costume,  in 
going  and  coming,  to  avoid  being  con- 
spicuous, as  well  as  for  warmth.  The 
fatigue  of  walking  is  very  much  lessened  j 
by  wearing  a  single  skirt,  and  that  so 
short  as  to  be  not  a  hindrance,  as  all  ad 
mit  who  have  ever  tried  it;  but  then  it  is 
so  ungiaceful,  and  trailing  skirt^i,  falling 
in  folds,  are  so  becoming  to  lovely 
womanhood — "even  though,"  says  the 
health  reformer,  "they  entail  untold 
miseiy  upon  coming  generations." 

[We  append  an  extract  from  Mrs. 
Carrie  A.  Colbv's  article  above  referred 
to.— Ed.] 

EMANCIPATED. 
I  am  the   happy    owner    of    two    new 


dress  reform  suits,  and  am,  this  moment, 
blessing  the  clever  originator,  Mrs.  C.  C. 
Curtis,  of  San  Francisco,  and  if  anybody 
will  procure  jiatterns,  sit  down  and  make 
one  suit,  put  it  on,  and  not  spoil  the  ef- 
fect by  tight  corsets  and  heavy  skirts,  I 
will  guarantee  that  she  will  trip  about, 
mentally  exclaiming,  at  least,  as  I  did, 
"Emancipated!"  "Eureka!"  or  anything 
else  that  will  express  the  sense  of  light- 
ness and  comfort  that,  to  me,  was  an  al- 
together new  and  grateful  experience. 

I  had  before  worn  some  half-way  hy- 
gienic garments,  but  here  were  three  in 
one,  waist,  chemise  and  drawers,  cut  to 
measure,  neat-fitting  and  altogether  ele- 
gant, such  as  the  most  fastidious  might 
not  despise.  A  full  suit  of  flannel  first 
covers  the  body  from  neck  to  heels,  and 
over  it  is  a  cotton  garment  that  perfectly 
fulfills  the  requirements  of  the  three  be- 
fore mentioned. 

This  will  be  appreciated,  first  in  wear- 
ing, being  quickly  put  on,  and  oh,  so 
comfortable;  next,  in  the  laundry,  wheth- 
er at  home  or  away  in  the  hands  of  the 
"heathen  Chinee,"  and  lastly,  in  mak- 
ing; for  although  tucks,  ruffles  and  pufl's 
may  be  added,  the  design  of  the  garment 
doesn't  invite  them. 

I  remember  that  "Mary  Mountain" 
made  certain  strieturee  in  the  matter  of 
having  this  artile  of  dress  in  one  piece, 
but  the  objection  doesn't  obtain  here, 
because,  good  friend.s,  (sub  rosa),  we 
don't  base  fleas  in  Butte  county. 

And  now  having  taken  myself  out  of 
the  way  as  a  stumbling  block  to  my 
neighbors  and  friends  by  my  good  ex- 
ample, having  tested  the  patterns  and 
experienced,  in  part,  the  benefit  arisin 
from  them,  I  am  free  to  maintain 
every  woman  who  reads  this  is  not  guilt- 
less if  she  neglects  to  avail  herself  of  the 
opportunity  now  afl'orded  her  of  obtain- 
ing cheap  and  excellent  patterns  of 
healthful  undergarments  (unless  she  al- 
ready wears  those  equally  good'',  and 
thus  saves  to  herself  and  friends  the 
remnant  of  health  that  the  present  style 
of  under-wear  has  left  to  her. 

Mrs.  Curtis  recommends  that  the  out- 
side garment  be  made  of  Canton  flannel, 
or  twilled  cotton,  so  that  it  may  the  bet- 
ter pay  for  making,  and  as  I  stitched 
"seam,  gusset  and  baud,"  I  found  my- 
self wondering  if  it  wouldn't  be  in  one 
respect  at  least,  like  the  "one-hoss 
shay,"  not  indeed  that  it  was  likely  to 
last  "a  hundred  years  to  a  day,"  but  the 
inventor  had  make  it  "so  like  in  every 
part, " 

•'There  wasn't  a  chance  for  a  Btitcb  to  start." 
So  that  after  good  old-fashioned   wear  it 
will  fall  to  i^ieces  in  a  heap  or  mound. 

".\11  at  once  and  nothing  first,  j 

Just  as  bubbles  do  when  they  burst." 

I  remember  that  a  sister  inquired,  dur- 
ing the  Matrons'  meeting  at  the  State  j 
Grange,  as  we  pored  over  the  hygienic 
dolls'  garments,  (which  were  those  I  [ 
have  been  describing  in  miniature)  what 
we  should  do  with  our  present  stock  of 
underwear.  I  didn't  quite  know  then, 
but  having  found  out  what  I  shall  do 
with  mine,  I  give  j'ou  the  benefit  of  my 
wisdom.  My  very  best  I  shall  preserve 
to  be  exhibited  at  the  Centennial  exhibi- 
tion, 1076,  as  a  relic  of  the  dark  ages, 
which  they  almost  begin  to  seem  already; 
the  rest  I  shall  keep  for  emergencies, 
and  by  all  means  never   make  any  more. 

I  must  not  forget  that  I  wanted  es- 
pecially to  say,  that  perhaps  the  reason 
many  have  not  already  adopted  this  new 
fashioned  underwear,  is  because  they 
were  unable  to  learn  where  the  patterns 
could  be  obtained. 

It  would  be  funny  to  relate  my  experi- 
ence on  this  score,  and  if  I  hadn't  there- 
by realized  that  others  might  profit  by  it, 
I  should  hardlj'  have  written  this  sketch 


at  all.  j 

[  In  the  varied  and  absorbing  matters  ' 
that  drew  our  attention  at  the  State 
Grange,  I  failed  to  secure  the  address  of 
Mrs.  Curtis,  consequently,  when  I  got 
settled  down  at  home  again,  and  desired 
to  use  the  ijatterns  I  had  so  much  ad- 
mired, I  was  obliged  to  Cr.st  lay  Sister 
Dewey  under  contribution  for  the  needed 
information.  Sister  Carr  was  next  in- 
I  terrogated  as  being  headquarters,  in  a 
I  certain  sense — being  the  exhibitor  of  the 
doll  at  the  Grange.  There  being  several 
Mrs.  Curtises,  the  right  one  was  at  Inst 
found,  when  it  turned  out  that  a  certain 
Mrs.  Dr.  C.  had  charge  of  the  patterns; 
but  on  applj-iug  to  her  we  were  once 
more  referred  back  to  Mrs.  Curtis  afore- 
said, for  patterns  of  the  required  size. 

It  did  seem  a  good  deal  like  "red  tape" 
didn't  it?  or  Dickens'  "how  not  to  do  it," 
but  it  really  wasn't,  at  all;  and  at  last  the 
coveted  package  came  by  mail,  ^^^th  a 
note  from  the  inventor  saying  she  had 
been  obliged  to  project  the  patterns  upon 
an  entirely  new  scale.  Could  it  be  that 
I  had  made  a  mistake  in  one  of  the  meas- 
urement? Yes,  surely,  in  giving  the 
hight  in  inches  I  had  represented  it  to 
be  about  eight  feet.  Here  was  a  figure 
to  make  the  gravest  of  our  ancestors 
smile.  Eight  feet  tall  and  '24  inches 
around  the  waist!  We  had  a  good  laugh 
as  the  ridiculous  picture  appeared  and 
reappeared  before  our  excited  imagina- 
tion, and  wondered  if  Mrs.  C.  didn't  think 
some  of  the  children  of  Anak  had  be- 
bome  "matarialized"  up  here  in  Butte 
county.  So  here  follows  the  kernel  of 
the  nut  that  has  required  so  much  crack- 
ing, to  wit:  the  full  address  of  Mrs. 
that  '  Curtis  and  measurements  required  in 
sending  for  patterns: 

"Mrs.  C.  C.  Curtis  k  Co.,  No.  606 
Montgomery  street,  San  Francisco,  room 
31. 

'  'The  first  measurement  should  be  from 
the  highest  point  on  the  shoulder  seam 
to  just  below  the  knee  cap;  second,  the 
size  around  the  bust;  third,  around  the 
waist;  fourth,  length  of  waist  under  the 
arm ;  and  fifth,  length  of  drawers  on  the 
inside  seam  to  just  below  the  knee." 
Price  of  pattern  for  flannel,  25  cents;  for 
cotton  ditto,  35  cents,  and  15  cents  post- 
age if  sent  by  mail. 

Now  good  friends,  lovers  of  humanity 
and  reform,  won't  yon  all  give  these  pat- 
terns a  fair  trial  and  test  the  virtue  of  a 
"sure  enough"  dress-reform  garment. 

[Mrs.  Curtis  is  now  making  three  dif- 
ferent patterns  of  underclothing,  viz:  the 
"Combination  Suit,"  three  pieces,  25 
cents;  "Excelsior,"  six  pieces,  35  cents, 
and  "Close-fitting,"  ten  pieces,  40  cents. 
Ladies  near  San  Jose  can  see  samples  of 
underclothing  and  patterns  by  calling 
upon  the  wile  of  the  editor  of  this  jour- 
nal.] 


GRANDFATHER'S 
NO.  8. 


LETTERS- 


IXGLKWOOD  S  BEPLY  TO  KXTST  M.\BY. 

Dear  Aunt  Mary:  I'our  very  courteous, 
candid  answer  to  my  last  letter  encour- 
ages me  to  further  open  my  mind  to  you 
on  that  subject  my  heart  dwells  upon  so 
much.  Between  us  there  seems  great 
union  of  sentiment,  and  1  think  the  soul 
aflinities  to  which  you  allude  will  be 
found  to  be  as  compatible  as  are  the 
physical.  True,  we  know  little  enough 
what  the  soul  is,  separate  and  distinct 
from  the  body.  That  it  continues  to  ex- 
ist, I  do  not  doubt,  so  do  not  be  afraid 
of  ever  finding  me  a  mere  materialist. 
We  find  a  vast  difference  in  the  condi- 
tions of  people  in  this  world,  and  who 
knows  but  there  may  be  as  great  a  differ- 
ence in  the  next?  As  in  this  world, what 
is  really  essential  to   our  well  being  de- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


peuds  very  muc-li,  or  mainly,  upon  our 
sulves,  on  a  parity  of  reasoning,  may  we 
\    not  expect  it  to  be  so  in  the  other? 

As  I  told  you  Viefore  my  pleasures  are 
not  in  the  club-room  or  ostentatious 
show,  so  I  will  tell  you  now  in  what  they 
do  consist.  First,  and  primary,  in  the 
successful  prosecution  of  that  business 
by  which  we  live.  Though  this  belongs 
to  the  physical,  its  success  is  equally 
important  for  the  soul's  well-being — in- 
deed, for  the  whole  man.  Then,  next  iu 
importance,  I  deem  a  polite,  kindly 
courteousness  of  demeanor  and  manner 
when  I  come  into  the  house,  making  a 
special  effort  to  leave  trouble  and  vexa- 
tion behind,  till  an  opportune  time  ar- 
rives to  give  expression  to  these  things. 
The  cultivation  of  a  taste  for  certain 
things  I  deem  important,  not  physical 
tastes,  but  intellectual,  soul  tastes;  and 
what  a  vast  range  for  its  exercise!  In 
the  book  department,  a  taste  for  history, 
biography,  science,  religion,  theology, 
and  the  general  knowledge  to  be  attained 
only  through  re.ading.  Oh!  how  I  won- 
der at  the  young  finding  time  to  spend 
over  a  billiard  table.  Then,  again,  I  do 
love  to  have  and  cultivate  a  taste  for 
those  beauties  of  nature  we  often  see 
surroundiug  the  porch  and  g.arden;  also, 
those  other  beauties  of  art  that  are  made 
to  decorate  the  interior.  Why,  in  some 
houses  we  go  into,  beauty  covers  the 
walls,  and  nothing  but  beauty  emanates 
from  the  lips  in  the  shape  of  polite, cour- 
teous language,  in  having  something  to 
say,  for  these  tastes  and  their  cultivation 
promote  our  conversational  powers. 
They  give  us  something  to  think  and 
talk  about.  But  what  food  does  an  eve- 
ning spent  over  a  billiard  or  card  table 
give  us  for  thought  and  conversation? 
Vet  our  very  nature  has  a  craving  for 
society,  from  earliest  childhood  to  old 
age,  and  if  denied  or  restrained  from  that 
which  is  ennobling  and  elevating,  it  is 
apt  to  have  recourse  to  the  contrary — 
that  which  is  debasing.  And  why  can- 
not we  have  more  houses  and  families  of 
the  higher  type  upon  which  my  mind's 
eye  now  rests?  We  could,  I  think,  by 
timely  care  and  cultivation.  For  such  I 
am  an  advocate.  Who  will  come  to  my 
assistance?    Will  the  darling  Angle? 

Such,  de.ir  Aunt  Mary,  are  my  soul's 
cravings  and  desires.  This  and  the 
words  of  a  former  letter  will  include  the 
physical,  the  intellectual,  moral  and 
spiritual.  Congenial,  suitable  exercise 
iu  all  these  departments  of  our  nature, 
and  in  congenial,  suitaijle  companion- 
ship; and  who  will  not  say  there  is  a 
possibility  o(  a  little  heaven  here  below. 
One  word  of  that  masculine  supremacy 
to  which  your  letter  refers.  It  is  to  the 
husband's  home  and  business,  style  and 
mode  of  life  the  wife  always  comes,heuee 
he  rnly  is  competent  to  judge  how  far  he 
may  deviate  from  that  course.  But 
never  fear,  .\uiit  Mary,  as  long  as  the 
love  principle  is  kept  all  right  on  both 
sides;  that  is  the  great  compensating 
regulator  in  domesticity. 

!'■  S. — Dear  Aunt  Mary,  you  perceive 
the  contideuco  I  place  in  you.  May  I 
hope,  through  your  mediumship,  to 
make  a  favoriUile  impression  on  the  heart 
of  ck'ar  ma  and  the  beloved  Augie? 
Vour  true  friend,  Inglewood, 

LETTER  FROM  MOUNTAIN  HOME 

DV    AUST    PEGGY. 


Twenty  ndlcs  iu  the  mountains,  one 
thousand  feet  above  the  ocean,  moun- 
tains of  the  north,  south,  east  and  west 
sides,  in  the  liasin,  is  one  of  the  finest 
and  loveliest  little  mouutaiu-valley 
homes  that  can  be  found  in  the  State -a 
place  that  literally  Hows   with  milk   and 


honey.     Here  lives  your  friend. 

Many  have  asked  the  question,  "How 
do  you  content  yourself,  and  pass  .away 
the  time,  so  far  away  from  neighbors 
and  society?  I  should  die  with  the  hor- 
rors." I  answer  them,  that  I  have  my 
children  to  care  for,  my  household 
duties,  my  family  sewing,  honey  bees, 
home  dairy,  fruits  of  all  kinds,  plants 
and  flowers,  and  my  little  chickens,  and 
little  kids  that  are  orphans,  and  a  great 
many  things  that  are  too  numerous  to 
mention,  and  hist  of  all,  "there  is  no 
place  like  home!" 

This  is  Saturday  afternoon.  The 
week's  work  is  finished,  children  dressed, 
faces  washed,  etc.,  and  as  I  feel  that  I 
would  like  to  sit  down  and  rest  until  time 
for  tea,  I  take  up  the  last  numlier  of  the 
C.iLiFOKNiA  Agkicultueist,  read  over  the 
communications,  familiar  talks,  letters 
from  boys  and  girls,  and  it  almost  seems 
as  though  I  was  reading  letters  from  far 
awaj'  friends.  I  am  glad  to  see  our  boys 
and  girls  take  so  much  interest  in  trying 
to  make  the  paper  more  interesting.  I 
think  the  Editor  very  generous  in  giving 
you  a  "Corner"  for  your  little  mite.  And 
I  think  when  we  have  such  a  sociable 
and  valuable  paper  within  our  grasp, it  is 
the  duty  of  every  subscriber  to  do  all 
they  can  to  keep  it  up  and  make  it  in- 
teresting tor  both  old  and  young. 

I  have  been  pressing  ferns  and  flowers, 
and  so  successfully  that  I  really  feel 
proud,  and  will  tell  you  how  I  dry  them 
so  that  they  will  retain  their  natural 
colors.  I  take  a  box,  any  size  (not  too 
large,  of  course),  cover  the  bottom  with 
fine,  dry  sand,  put  in  a  Layer  of  flowers 
and  a  layer  of  sand,  alternately,  until  the 
box  is  full ;  then  let  them  remain  until  I 
think  they  are  dry  enough;  then  take 
them  out  and  spread  before  putting  them 
in  books.  I  hope  whoever  may  try  this 
will  be  as  successful  as  I  have  been. 


PASSIONS. 

A  SCHOOL  COJiroSITION,   EV  MAMIE. 

To  subdue  the  p.assions  of  creatures 
who  are  all  p.assion  is  impossible.  And 
what  are  these  passions  which  make  such 
havoc?  If  you  permit  j-our  jiassions  to 
govern  you,  instead  of  your  governing 
them,  you  destroy  your  vital  powers.  A 
Wiseman  govenrns  his  passions;  but  a 
fool  permits  his  passions  to  govern  him. 
The  passions  are  modifications  of  self- 
love.  The  preservation  of  man  is  the 
center  toward  which  all  his  afl'ectious 
and  all  his  actions  converge;  he  inclines 
stronglj'  toward  jileasure,  and  he  avoids 
everything  that  can  injure  him.  I'leas- 
urc  and  pain  are  the  elements  of  all  the 
passions,  which  may  be  reduced  to  love 
and  hatred.  Pleasure  is  only  momen- 
tary. We  judge  of  it  by  its  intensity. 
Its  duration  establishes  happiness.  The 
greater  the  pleasure  a  i^ersou  experiences, 
the  greater  the  ajiprehensions  which  he 
has  of  being  deprived  of  it.  The  njind 
is  immortal,  and  full  of  undying 
thoughts  aud  conceptions.  The  stream, 
when  it  descends  slowly  with  a  hoarse 
murmur  from  the  mountain,  ripples 
through  the  plains  and  adorns  and  en- 
riches the  scene;  but  when  it  rushes 
dow'u  in  a  roaring,  impetucnis  torrent, 
overflowing  its  banks,  it  carries  devasta- 
tion and  ruin  in  its  course.  So,  when 
the  passions,  appetites  and  desires  are 
kept  under  due  restraint,  they  are  useful 
and  fulfill  the  intentions  of  a  wise  and 
overruling  Providence  iu  iierformiiig  a 
part  of  our  nature;  but  when  they  are 
allowed  to  r.age  with  unbridled  fury,  they 
commit  fearful  ravages  on  the  character 
which  they  wi're  lifted  to  adorn  and  ex- 
alt. If  we  wish  the  stream  of  life  to  be 
pure,  wo  must  preserve  the  fountain 
Irom  whence  it  flows  unpolluted.     And 


to  enjoy  health  and  long  life,  the  pas- 
sions should  be  kept  under  due  control; 
for  they  may  l)e  considered  the  moral 
thermometer  that  regulates  the  system 
and  holds  the  most  powerful  influence 
over  the  general  health  and  welfare. 
Our  passions,  when  controlled,  are  the 
genial  warmth  that  cheers  us  along  the 
w.ay  of  life;  ungoverncd,  they  are  con- 
suming fires. 

San  Jose  Institute,  April,  18G7. 


IMPROVE  THE  COUNTRY  HOME. 

BY    A    FABMER's    wife. 

Why  are  our  young  people  so  ready  to 
leave  the  country  home  and  seek  a  live- 
lihood in  the  city  or  town?  Is  it  not 
because  science  and  art  and  civilization 
are  there  most  rapidly  developing,  and 
amusements  and  entertainments  are  more 
enticing?  Those  of  our  young  people 
who  can  be  spared  from  the  farm  to 
enter  these  marts  of  education  are  sel- 
dom induced  to  come  back  and  lead  that 
blind,  dull,  monotonous  life  in  which  we 
country  people  are  plodding.  Then  I 
say  we  must  educate  for  the  farm.  We 
must  bring  more  science,  art  and  litera- 
ture into  our  homes — take  and  read  more 
good  books  and  papers.  Let  the  genius 
of  intelligence  shine  in  the  kitchen  and 
embellish  our  lives. 

The  little  country  girl  of  eight  or  ten 
summers,  by  a  simplified  form  of  botany, 
can  be  made  to  see  much  more  beauty  in 
the  lovely  wild  boquet  she  gathers  than 
she  does  to-day;  and  the  middle-aged,  or 
hoary-headed  man  need  not  plod  along 
in  uncertainty  from  ten  to  twenty  years 
on  his  farm  before  he  knows  to  what 
kind  of  growth  his  soil  is  adapted,  but 
he  m.ay,  by  the  science  of  chemisti-j'  and 
practical  experimenting,  unfold  the  na- 
ture of  the  soil  and  plant  and  cultivate 
rightly  that  which  is  adapted  to  its  con- 
ditions. Then  will  there  be  inducements 
on  the  farm  for  the  young  man  and  for 
the  young  woman.  Harvest  will  yield 
more  abundantly  with. less  labor.  We 
will  not  hear  the  continued  cry,  "it  don't 
pay,"  when  knowledge  takes  the  place  of 
ignorance  in  our  labors.  There  will  be 
more  recreation  for  all,  more  home  em- 
bellishments, and  our  young  people  will 
not  look  like  old  men  and  women  before 
they  are  mature. 

There  are  many  helpers  at  work  to 
bring  about  this  result  for  the  laboring 
agriculturists,  aud  the  best  thing  the  far- 
mer can  do  is  to  resolve  to  progress  and 
make  his  farm  home  more  attractive  and 
himself  more  intelligent.  Keniaiu  or- 
ganized as  you  are  in  the  Grange,  I 
would  say  to  every  farmer,  and  by  co- 
operation help  to  "paddle  your  own 
canoe."  You  cannot  reach  a  more  ready 
road  to  mind  improvement  than  to  pat- 
ronize the  best  periodicals,  and  jot  down 
your  daily  thoughts  upon  the  many, 
many  subjects  about  you.  It  may  come 
a  little  hard  at  first,  but  it  will  grow- 
easier  each  time,  and  will  be  greatly  to 
your  benefit. 


EVENINGS   AT    HOME. 

DY    HODSE-KEEI'Eit. 

It  is  one  duty  of  parents  to  devise 
means  for  making  the  evenings  in  our 
country  homes  jileasant  and  profitable 
for  our  children.  If  they  find  enjoy- 
ment at  homo  they  will  not  lie  so  much 
inclined  to  seek  it  elsewhere.  Of  course, 
when  we  live  several  miles  from  town, 
we  have  not  the  opportunity  of  attend- 
ing lectures  and  other  entertainments 
wliich  wo  lis  well  as  our  children  could 
enjoy.  Therefore  we  must  look  for  other 
means  of  entertainment. 


One  very  pleasant  way  of  spending  an 
evening  is  by  reading  aloud.  Let  each 
person  present  read  a  short  article.  The 
children  can  select  from  books  suited  to 
their  age  and  capacity.  This  practice 
will  be  found  of  great  assistance  in  mak- 
ing the  reading  enjoyable  as  well  as 
beneficial  to  the  entire  household. 

There  are  many  games  which  are  verj- 
pleasant,  among  them,  chess,  checkers, 
and  backgammon;  also,  many  games  of 
cards,  among  them  the  popular  game  of 
authors,  which  is  very  interesting  and 
instructive  as  it  makes  us  familiar  with 
some  of  the  names  and  works  of  promi- 
nent authors.  All  of  these  games  are 
not  only  harmless,  if  properly  indulged 
iu  at  home,  but  are  useful  in  cultivating 
the  memory  and  disciplining  the  mind, 
but  principally  in  affording  such  amuse- 
ment at  home  as  will  keep  the  young 
folks  from  wanting  to  go  elsewhere. 

There  are  very  many  ways  in  which 
instruction  and  amusement  may  bo  com- 
bined in  spending  our  evenings  at  home 
in  the  country . 


A  MID-NIGHT   HIDE. 


I  was  iu  a  very  new  mining  district. 
The  reputed  richness  of  the  mines  had 
attracted  a  large  number  of  prospectors, 
and  with  the  rush  came  the  "slum"  of 
followers  that  are  almost  inseparable 
from  such  excitements.  Our  mine  was 
the  only  one  fairly  at  work,  and  the  only 
one  whose  mill  was  in  operation.  Other 
mills  were  in  course  of  construction,  and 
the  reputation  of  the  assays  in  San 
Francisco  of  our  rock  had  made  this — 
the  first  run  of  our  mill — a  subject  of 
universal  interest  in  the  district.  The 
clean-up  was  made  on  Saturday,  and  big 
reports  had  leaked  out  of  its  grand  re- 
sult. It  was  only  a  week's  run,  and  the 
mill  was  a  single  battery,  with  limited 
conveniences  outside  of  the  battery  for 
amalgam.ation,  etc.,  bearing  about  the 
same  relation  to  the  present  style  of 
quartz  mill  as  a  jewsharp  to  a  jjiauo. 
However,  It  was  a  big  thing  for  our  dis- 
trict, and  the  run  had  been  watched  find 
commented  upon  and  the  result  projihe- 
sied  was  one  calculated  to  throw  Washoe 
(which  was  then  the  generic  term  forthe 
Nevada  Territory  mines)  quite  into  the 
shade. 

Of  course  it  was  desirable  to  get  the 
result  of  this  first  run  to  Sau  Francisco 
as  soon  as  possible,  aud,  as  the  condi- 
tion of  things  was  a  little  shaky  as  to  the 
security  of  the  road,  etc.,  it  was  a  serious 
question  how  to  solve  the  i)roblem. 

A  military  express  was  running  from  a 
neighboring  United  States  Indian  post, 
and  the  arrangements  were  made  to 
have  the  yellow  bullion  carried  by  their 
"vidette"  to  the  nearest  express  office: 
but  the  post  was  some  twelve  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  mine,  aud  a  dangerous 
road  lay  between  it  and  our  mill. 

Tempted  by  tlu;  madcap  riile,  I  ofl'ered 
my  services  to  carry  the  bullion  through 
by  night  to  the  post.  The  superintend- 
ent of  the  company  eagerly  accepted  the 
offer,  and  sober  second  thought  found 
me  saddled  with  an  errand  which  threat- 
ened a  little  persinial  danger  and  a  good 
deal  of  personal  discomfort.  However, 
I  wouldn't  back  out,  nor  show  iny  mis- 
givings; so,  about  midnight,  I  set  out  on 
my  lonely  ride,  mounted  on  a  white 
horse  well  known  in  the  district,  with 
saddle-bags  carefully  secured  ami  filled 
with  (he  bullion,  and  a  Colt's  dragoon 
pistol  in  the  holster.  I  felt  the  excite- 
ment that  a  spice  of  danger  always  gives 
to  such  undertakings. 

After    crossing    a    ferrv  at  the  start  of 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


the  journey,  the  road  lay  through  a  long 
stretch  of  plain  (lotted  by  sage-brush  and 
l^reaso-'u'ood  and  crossed  by  two  streams, 
(HI  the  margins  of  -n-hich  cotton-wood 
tried  to  grow,  and  succeeded  so  far  as  to 
make  the  roadside  quite   like  chapparel- 

All  was  quiet,  save  the  sound  of  my 
horse's  feet  as  he  went  otT  on  a  round 
trot,  until  after  crossing  the  first  creek. 

Soon  after  getting  out  of  the  thicket 
which  the  stream  encouraged  to  grow,  I 
heard  the  sound  of  another  horse  follow- 
ing rapidly.  To  say  I  was  thoroughly 
alarmed,  is  probably  a  mild  way  to  put 
it.  However,  I  concluded  to  make  it  a 
question  of  speed,  and  striking  my  spurs 
into  old  "Whitey,"  we  commenced  our 
race. 

"This  chap,"  I  thought,  "intends  to 
come  up  with  me,  if  possible,  at  the 
next  creek,  where  the  undergrowth  is 
thicker,  and  I  must  beat  him  there."  So 
I  urged  my  horse    to  his   utmost  speed. 

Away  we  flew  through  the  gloom;  but 
the  sound  of  the  pursuer  come  nearer. 
No  use  to  look  behind.  I  could  only  see 
some  fifteen  feet  about  me,  and  that  but 
indistinctly. 

On  I  went — the  perspiration  dropping 
from  my  forehead,  and  on  patting  my 
horse's  neck  (urging  him  in  a  low  voice) 
I  found  he,  too,  was  feeling  the  pace. 

Still  the  pursuer  gained.  From  the 
break-neck  pace  at  which  we  were  going, 
there  could  be  no  doubt  of  his  inten- 
tions. 

The  line  of  shrubbery  of  the  second 
creek  could  now  be  seen  dimly  through 
the  darkness,  and  almost  immediately 
the  stream  was  reached.  Through  I 
dashed — a  gleam  of  hope  that  my  pursu- 
er would  stop,  making  me  feel  a  little 
elated. 

On  regaining  the  hard  road  once  more, 
I  heard  my  pursuer  nearer  than  before. 
I  was  doomed,  I  thought;  but  I  was  go- 
ing to  make  an  efibrt  for  it,  even  yet.  I 
loosened  the  saddle-bags  and  grasped  my 
pistol.  The  pursuer  was  close  behind. 
Throwing  a  glance  backward,  I  could 
distinguish  his  dim  outline  merely  clos- 
ing up  the  gap  between  us,  his  hoi\se 
breathing  heavily.  Kicking  my  feet 
from  the  stirrups,  I  swerved  sharply 
from  the  road,  dashed  into  the  sage- 
brush, and  pulled  up,  ready  to  leap  from 
my  horse  with  my  saddle-bags,  and  giv- 
ing him  a  blow,  send  him  off  ridei-less, 
hoping  to  deceive  my  pursuer  into  the 
belief  that  I  was  still  ujion  him. 

As  I  cleared  the  road  my  pursuer  flew 
by,  unable  to  turn  as  quickly  as  I  had 
done,  and  you  may  imagine  my  feelings 
when  I  founa  it  was — a  riderluss  horse! 

It  seems  some  of  the  horses  of  the 
company  of  cavalry  stationed  above  had 
got  loose,  and  they  were  so  used  to  the 
drill  of  the  camp  that,  while  loose  in  pas- 
ture, they  would  often  join  in  the  mount- 
di-iU,  and  I  suppose  this  fellow  was  just 
amusing  himself  bj'  "following  suit." 

I  got  over  my  scare,  but  never  told  be- 


fore  this  adventure    of   mj* 
ride.'' 


'  midnight 


Jesse  D.  Carr,  of  Salinas  City,  recently 
lost  his  fine  young  bull,  "Sixth  Lord  of 
Oxford,"  which  has  been  known  through- 
out the  State  as  the  finest  blooded  bull 
in  the  country.  He  has  taken  the  first 
prize  at  every  fair  he  has  been  exhibited 
at,  and  arrangements  had  been  made  to 
the  Centennial  this  summer  for  exhibi- 
tion. Mr.  Carr  has  been  offered  on  sev- 
eral occasions  $12,000  for  the  animal. 


The  religion  which  is  to  save  the  world 
■n-ill  not  put  all  the  big  strawberries  on 
the  top,  and  all  the  small  ones  at  the 
bottom. — Ex. 


MUtl  WjmkL 


MODERN   CATTLE   FARMING  VS. 
THE  ONE-CROP  SYSTEM. 

BY    COL.    COLEMAN     TOUNCER. 

t-^^^HE  following  paper  was  prepared  by 
Col.  Younger  to  be  read  before  the 
California  Short-horn  Cuttle  Breed. 
i^y^  ers'  Association: 

It  is  held  by  the  most  expeiiended  far- 
mers in  the  older  States  that  breeding  of 
Short-horns,  or  grading  up  our  common 
cattle  in  connection  with  farming  is  the 
most  profitable  farming. 

I  propose  to  discuss  the  latter  proposi- 
tion at  some  length.  In  some  portions 
of  this  State  farmers  are  beginning  to 
realize  the  fact  that  to  cultivate  our  virgin 
soil  from  year  to  year  in  wheat  or  barley, 
will  ultimately  impo%'erish  the  land  to 
such  an  extent  that  the  yield  will  be  be- 
low a  paying  crop. 

It  is  a  fact  that  formerly  our  best  lands 
would  yield  from  40  to  CO  bushels  of 
wheat  per  acre,  and  from  GO  to  80  in  bar- 
lej'.  What  is  the  comdition  now,  after 
twenty  years  of  continued  cropping  the 
same  lands  in  wheat  and  barley?  It  is 
considered  good  cropping  on  this  same 
land  if  it  yields  from  30  to  40  bushels  in 
wheat  and  from  30  to  50  in  barley  per 
acre.  Now,  the  American  people  in  anj' 
other  State  but  this  would  long  since  have 
changed  this  mode  of  farming.  But  our 
misfortune  is  that  we  want  to  strike  a 
bonanza  in  every  crop  we  raise,  and  keep 
trying,  on  the  same  principle  from  j'ear 
to  year,  until  our  lands  are  ruined,  and 
we  then  have  to  adojit  a  new  mode  at  a 
great  disadvantage. 

In  that  portion  of  California  where  the 
soil  was  light  from  the  beginning,  after 
sowing  their  land  in  wheat  for  some  years, 
they  found  that  they  would  have  to  adopt 
a  dift'erent  mode  or  give  up  farming. 

The  practice  now  is  to  summer-fallow 
one-half  of  their  farming  lands,  and  the 
result  is  that  the  one-half  produces  more 
than  all  did  under  the  old  process.  Now, 
let  us  consider  for  a  moment  where  the 
jirofit  comes  in.  Let  us  suppose  the 
farm  to  consist  of  200  acres,  under  the 
old  mode;  these  200  acres  have  to  be 
plowed,  seeded  and  harrowed;  the  reaper 
will  have  to  go  over  all  the  ground.  Now, 
to  get  at  the  cost,  count  up  what  the  seed 
will  cost  for  100  acres — plowing,  harrow- 
ing, reaping  and  threshing — and  you  will 
realize  the  amount  of  money  lost  every 
year.  But,  under  the  new  mode,  all  this 
is  .saved,  except  the  summer-fallowing. 
This  of  itself  is  a  large  saving,  and  should 
be  reckoned  as  clear  gain. 

Now,  I  contend  that  there  is  still  a  more 
profitable  mode  of  farming,  which  must 
be  adopted  sooner  or  later,  and  that  is  to 
combine  beef-raising  with  other  branches 
of  farming.  All  farmers  ought  to  and 
most  of  them  do  own  a  number  of  com- 
mon cows.  Suppose  everj-  farmer  would 
keep  as  many  cows  as  a  third  of  his  cul- 
tivating laud  would  keep  well,  and  breed 
them  to  a  Short-horn  bull,  what  think 
you  would  be  the  result?  To  come  at 
this  we  will  suppose  the  farm  to  be  200 
acres ;  a  third  of  that  would  be  66  J'^  acres, 
allowing  two  acres  to  each  cow.  Now 
allow  these  cows  to  produce  thirty  calves, 
and  to  suckle  the  same.  Having  ample 
pasture,  at  twelve  months  of  age  they 
w-ill  average  in  this  climate  a  thousand 
pounds,  of  the  most  delicious  and  high- 
priced  beeves.  These  thirty  calves  will 
bring  at  least  ;J1,500.  The  resting  of  the 
land  and  the  droppings  are  invaluable  to 
the  soil — far  more  so  than  summer  fal- 
lowing.    I  am  only  estimating  one-third 


of  the  land  in  this  proposition.  It  may 
be  said  that  this  number  of  cows  will 
cost  quite  a  sum  of  money.  It  can  be 
truthfully  said  that  the  cultivation  of  the 
extra  hundred  acres  will  dost  much  more 
than  the  cows.  In  the  first  case  there  is 
but  little  expense  connected  with  the  rais- 
ing of  the  calves;  the  purchase  of  the  birll 
is  the  only  extra  expense.  Young  Short- 
horn bulls  of  superior  quality  can  be 
bought  of  reliable  breeders  in  this  State 
at  from  $150  to  $300.  If  these  proposi- 
tions are  true  and  are  practicable,  and  I 
think  they  are,  why  have  not  the  farmers 
of  California  long  since  adopted  this 
mode  of  farming? 

There  was  a  time  in  this  country  when 
there  were  good  reasons  for  not  adopting 
this  course.  But  few  farms  were  fenced; 
the  country  was  full  of  cheap  cattle;  they 
roamed  over  the  jilains  by  thousands, 
and  our  people  hoped  to  make  a  large 
fortune  by  some  chance  speculation  and 
leave  the  country  for  their  old  homes, 
not  realising  that  this  was  the  best  farm- 
ing and  stock  country  in  the  habitable 
globe.  The  failure  of  thousands  to  make 
fortunes  by  mining,  and  not  having  means 
to  take  them  out  of  the  country,  compel- 
led them  to  cultivate  the  soil.  This  fact 
has  developed  the  farming  resources  of 
California.  These  hai'dy  pioneers  were 
quick  to  learn  that  there  was  large  and 
quick  fortunes  to  be  made  in  raising 
wheat  and  barley,  and  the  owners  of  large 
ranches,  with  their  tens  of  thousands  of 
Sjianish  cattle,  had  as  good  a  thing  as 
thej'  wanted  to  furnish  Spanish  beeves  for 
the  wheat-gi-ower  and  other  non-pro- 
ducers. These  cattle  kings  could  not  be 
induced  to  use  Short-horn  bulls.  They 
said  what  they  lacked  in  quality  they 
made  up  in  numbers. 

The  drouth  in  1864  made  sad  havoc  of 
these  cheap  cattle.  Large  ranches,  that 
counted  their  cattle  by  the  thousands, 
could  no  longer  count  them  by  the  hun- 
dreds. After  these  vast  herds  were  de- 
stroyed, the  owners  of  these  large  ranches 
were  unable  to  again  stock  them  as  before, 
and  of  necessity  they  had  to  be  divided 
up  into  small  tracts,  and  sold  for  farming 
purposes. 

Then  the  mania  for  making  fortunes 
in  raising  wheat  continued,  and  thiscon- 
stant  wheat-growing  has  been  tried  until 
some  of  our  largest  farmers  are  involved 
to  an  enormous  amount.  This  insane 
policy  of  taking  such  desperate  chances 
from  ytar  to  year  on  a  single  cropping 
will,  if  persisted  in,  bankrupt  any  far- 
mer. What  sense  is  there  in  cultivating 
thousands  of  acres,  and  handling  hund- 
reds of  thousands  of  dollars  every  year, 
only  to  come  out  behind  four  years  out 
five,  and  ultimately  to  fail  with  all  your 
energy?  'Will  sensible  farmers  from 
sheer  desperation  follow  up  this  ruinous 
policy,  hoping  against  hope,  to  make  a 
gi'eat  fortune  on  a  single  crop?  Or  does 
it  gratify  their  vanity  to  see  their  vast 
farming  operations  spoken  of  in  the  pa- 
pers? Is  this  a  compensation  for  the 
great  losses  sustained  by  many?  But 
few  are  aware  of  the  great  struggle,  the 
anxious  moments,  the  fear  of  failure,  the 
hope  of  success  th.at  alternate  in  the 
minds  of  these  large  farmers,  when  per- 
haps their  all  is  staked  on  a  single  crop. 
This  inward  struggle,  these  inward  mo- 
ments of  despair  are  concealed  from  the 
papers  and  the  -world,  at  least  for  a  Ume. 

We  are  compelled  to  turn  from  this 
class  of  farmers,  for  they  are  joined  to 
their  idols,  and  to  discuss  the  beef  ques- 
tion with  the  small  farmer.  We  are  glad 
to  note  that  a  great  change  has  taken 
place  on  this  coast.  In  the  last  few 
years  hundreds  of  our  farmers  have 
adopted  the  mixed  mode  of  farming. 
Some  have  started  a  small  herd  of  Short- 
horns and  are  doing  well,  but  much  the 


larger  portion  have  bought  young  Short- 
horn bulls  and  are  grading  up  their  com- 
mon cattle.  As  a  general  proposition, 
there  is  more  money  in  this  course  than 
the  other,  for  any  farmer,  I  do  not  care 
how  small  his  means  are,  can  buy  a 
young  Short-horn  bull  and  commence. 

There  is  so  much  to  encourage  our  far- 
mers to  improve  their  stock,  to  raise 
better  beef,  that  I  am  inclined  to  think 
that  if  Short-horn  breeders'  experience 
and  practical  information  were  diffused 
more  fully  among  our  farmers  of  breed- 
ing, raising  and  feeding  of  Short-horns 
and  grades,  it  would  induce  hundreds  to 
add  that  to  their  other  farming.  The 
great  increase  of  the  consumption  of 
beef  in  America  and  England  in  the  last 
twenty  years  is  so  marked  that  there  can 
be  no  mistake  in  embarking  in  tue  busi- 
ness. 

In  a  few  years  we  will  have  cheap 
transportation  to  the  Atlantic  States  and 
to  England.  Then  all  the  beef  from  Ne- 
vada will  be  shipped  East,  and  we  will 
have  California  to  supply.  The  great 
supply  for  the  Eastern  market  is  driven 
from  Texas.  When  that  is  exhausted, 
which  must  be  in  a  few  years,  where  are 
the  millions  to  get  their  supply  from? 

It  is  a  noticeable  fact  that  Yankee  in- 
genuity is  now  being  taxed  to  construct 
vessels,  that  freoh  beef  can  be  shipped 
to  England  and  to  all  Europe  to  feed 
their  millions  of  hungni'  inhabitants. 
Breeders  should  bear  in  mind  that  it  is 
the  quality  and  not  the  quantity  which 
gives  the  greatest  profit.  Prime  beef 
commands  ready  sale  at  good  prices  when  "^ 
inferior  beef  is  a  drug  in  the  market. 

If  our  farmers  needed  encouragement 
to  grade  up  their  common  stock,  they 
would  get  it  by  visiting  the  herds  of  Lux 
&  Miller.  These  gentlemen  have  been 
in  the  business  for  more  than  fifteen 
years,  and  they  now  have  the  largest  and 
iinest  herds  of  Short-horns  in  this  or 
any  other  country.  Then  there  is 
Walsh's  estate  in  Colusa  county;  Martin, 
James  and  Daniel  Murphy  of  Santa 
Clara  county,  and  Emerson  of  San  Ma- 
teo. Across  the  bay,  the  Page  Brothers, 
Chapman  of  San  Francisco,  Carr  of  Sa- 
linas, who  has  a  large  ranch  of  grades  in 
Oregon.  AU  these  gentlemen  hiive  fine 
thoroughbreds.  Yon  may  say  these  men 
are  of  great  wealth,  and  can  afford  the  ■ 
outlay.  So  they  are;  but  I  will  now 
mention  a  few  out  of  the  many  who  are 
called  smiiU  farmers  who  have  been  in 
this  business  for  years,  and  have  made 
it  a  success.  In  Santa  Clara  Valley  I 
find  Quinn,  Reardon,  Clark  and  Thomp- 
son, and  there  are  many  others  in  all 
portions  of  the  Stat«.  To  see  these 
herds  of  grades  and  learn  the  amount  o£ 
money  they  have  realized  from  them, 
would  give  great  encouragement  to  young 
breeders.  To  improve  our  stock  and  in- 
crease their  value  for  feeding  the  human 
family,  is  one  of  the  duties  of  the  Cattle 
Breeders'  Association. 


A  good  reputation  in  business  affairs 
is  of  the  first  importance  to  any  farmer, 
and  especially  to  a  young  farmer.  A 
reputation  for  being  a  grower  of  first-class 
fruit  is  worth  as  much,  yea  more,  than 
the  crop  itself,  if  such  a  comparison  is 
permissible,  A  farmer  noted  for  growing 
fine  fruit  and  for  putting  up  nothing  but 
fine  fruit  for  market  is  always  in  market 
at  highest  rates.  Indeed  the  market 
seeks  him  and  pays  him  a  bounty  for  his 
care  and  honesty.  A  good  reputation  is 
a  good  thing.  A  farmer  who  grows  fine 
wool  and  cleanses  it  in  the  most  thorough 
manner,  and  offers  nothing  but  wool,  is 
known  among  all  manufacturers  through 
their  agents,  and  his  product  is  worth  a 
premium.  His  reputation  makes  him  a 
market  at  his  door. — Detroit  Tribune. 


■':S»^^:-*S.- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


§i^p  mill  i»ivfc» 


Totty's  Arithmetic. 


One  little  lieml,  worth  its  whole  weight  in  gold. 
Over  and  over,  a  milllou  times  told. 

Two  shining  eyop,  full  of  innocent  glee, 
Briyhter  than  ditimonds  ever  could  be. 

Three  pretty  dimpleR,  for  fun  to  slip  in. 
Two  in  the  cheeks  and  one  in  the  chin. 

Four  lily  fingers  on  each  baby-hand, 
fit  for  a  princess  of  sweet  Fairy-land. 

Five  on  each  hand,  if  we  reckon  Tom  Thumb, 
Standing  beside  them,  so  stiff  and  so  glum! 

Six  pearly  teeth  just  within  her  red  lips, 
Over  which  merriment  ripples  and  trips. 

Seven  bright  ringlets,  as  yellow  as  gold. 
Seeming  the  sunshine  to  gather  and  hold. 

Eight  tiny  waves  running  over  her  hair, 
Sunshine  and  shadow,  they  love  to  be  there. 

Nine  precious  words  that  Totty  can  say, 
But  she  will  Itarn  new  ones  every  day. 

Ten  little  chubby,  comical  toes. 
And  that  is  as  far  as  this  lesson  goes. 

— [St.  Nicholas. 


What  VITould  Vou  Think  ? 

When  walking  out  pome  snramer'6  day, 
What  if  a  little  bird  should  call, 

And  on  yourshoulder  perch  and  say, 
"Speak  well  of  all.  or  not  at  all." 
"What  would  you  think! 

Wluit  if  you  chased  and  caught  for  fun 
An  airy,  gaiuly  butterfly: 
'  And  un  its  wings  there  in  the  eun 

Vini  plainly  saw  the  words  "Don't  lie!" 
What  would  you  think! 

What  if  you  watched  an  opening  rose 
Spread  all  its  petals  to  the  air, 

And  to  your  wondering  gaze  discloBe 
Two  little  warning  words,  "Don't  swear!' 
What  would  you  think! 

What  if  you  sought  to  rob  the  birds. 

And  hunted  for  their  nests  with  zeal, 
But  found  each  egg  traced  o'er  with  words 
As  plain  as  print,  "Dear  boy,  don't  steal!' 
What  would  you  think! 

— [Independent. 


"OUR  CORNER." 

m  

t"jjS:KAW  near,  childreu,  iinj  listen 
1.1  while  Aunt  Polly  tells  you  of  a 
llall  sweet  child  who  has  passed  awaj' 
from  earth  —  a  precious  bud 
snatched  away  to  bloom  elewhere. 
The  mother's  hands  have  dressed  that 
little  form  for  the  last  time,  and  away 
out  of  her  sight  have  they  carried  her 
babe,  in  its  flowery  bed,  away  to  its  silent 
resting  place.  She  was  an  only  child. 
The  sole  object  of  afiection  almost  idol- 
atrous, of  both  parents  and  a  wide  circle 
of  friends.  Less  than  two  years  had 
she  dwelt  upon  earth,  yet  many  of  more 
matni'6  years  pass  away  leaving  behind 
fewer  to  mourn.  Her  beauty  and  win- 
ning ways  endeared  her  to  all,  and  never 
can  her  place  be  filled. 

E.ach  one  of  you,  little  ones,  bears  the 
imprint  of  angelhood.  This  world  would 
be  a  dreary  place  were  there  no  children. 
But  kind,  lovely,  gentle  children  are  the 
ones  whose  presence  we  all  enjoy.  Re- 
member to  think  of  others  always  before 
yourselves.  Try  to  do  something  each 
day  to  render  life  happier  to  those  you 
love,  And  when  restless  or  impatient, 
remember  the  lesson  breathed  forth  in 
the  patient  lily  of  the  valley,  ,'ind  fra- 
grance of  the  hyacinth  .always  scattering 
joy.  Think  of  the  silent  form  enshroud- 
ed in  lace,  decked  with  the  hyacinth  and 
lily  of  the  valley — emblems  of  purity — 
and  hold  your  breath,  lest  you  offend. 
A  life  ended.  A  mission  fulfilled.  Our 
I  only  solace  in  (his  trying  hour  is,  that 
j  she  has  passed  beyond" all  sufi'ering,  and 
and  we  would  not  call  her  back  to  a  life 
so  full  of  trial  and  disappointinent  as  this 


life  is  to  many  of  ns.  The  lesson  taught 
by  such  bereavements  we  all  must  learn, 
and  if,  as  children,  you  jiatieutly  submit 
to  the  will  of  earthly  parents,  you  will, 
in  time,  become  submissive  to  the  High- 
er Will. 

And  now,  my  little  nephews  and 
nieces,  see  what  a  funny  story  is  sent  us 
by  our  good  friend,  M.  E.  T. ; 

When  little  Annie  was  three  years  old, 
she  went  Avith  her  papa  to  witness  the 
ceremony  of  baijtism  by  immersion.  A 
large  and  clear  stream  of  water  was 
chosen  for  the  occasion.  Annie  stood 
where  she  could  see  all  that  transpired, 
and  as  the  parties  were  taken  to  and 
from  a  watery  grave,  her  little  face  grew 
thoughtful.  On  reaching  home,  she 
asked  mamma  why  they  put  the  people 
into  the  water.  Mamma  scarcely  knew 
how  to  answer  one  so  young,  so  slie  sim- 
l^ly  said,  "To  make  them  better. ' '  An- 
nie was  satisfied:  what  mamma  said  was 
always  true.  On  the  following  day 
Annie  was  seen  very  busily  engaged  at 
something  about  the  pool  of  water  where 
the  chickens  drank.  I'aixt,  on  go- 
ing out,  found  two  tiny  kittens,  dripping 
with  water,  and  almost  drowned.  Know- 
ing how  fond  and  how  kind  was  her 
usual  manner  towiirds  her  pets,  he  said, 
"Why,  Annie;  would  you  kill  your  little 
kittens?"  "0,  no,  papa,  I'm  only  mak- 
ing them  hctter  kittens." 

Now  for  our  letters. 

HoLLisTEE,  March,  187ri. 

Aunt  roily:  I  am  eleven  years  old.  I 
have  guessed  the  enigma;  it  is  U.  I 
have  made  out  Jennie's  rebus,  too;  it  is 
Air.  I  have  formed  54  words  from  the 
word  "carpets."  I  will  give  yon  a  list 
of  them.  A.  E.  Pool. 

Glad  you  have  written,  and  hope  to 
hear  from  you  again.  May-be  you  will 
beat  next  time. 

And  this  from  amidst  flie  snow-capped 
Sierras : 

SiEiiRA,  A]iri].  1K7C. 

Tkfir  Aunt  Poltij:  1  like  the  little  folks" 
Corner  so  well  that  I  thought  I  would 
write  j'ou  a  few  hues,  though  I  am  afraid 
you  will  not  think  my  letter  very  inter- 
esting. Perhaps  you  will  be  surprised 
to  hear  fi-om  your  little  niece  that  lives 
way  up  in  the  mountains,  where  the 
snow  has  been  up  over  the  fences  this 
winter.  I  have  been  trying  how  many 
words  I  could  spell  from  "carpets,"  and 
send  you  CO.     I  am  eleven  years  old. 

Good-bye.  Lizzie  H. 

Aunt  Polly  remembers  when  .she  was 
a  little  girl,  and  lived  where  there  is  lots 
of  snow  in  the  winter.  It  was  verj'  cold 
sometimes,  but  we  had  splendid  fun 
phiying  in  the  soft  snow  and  sliding  on 
the  hard,  glaring  ice,  when  we  went  to 
school.  It  is  just  as  good  for  girls  to 
play  out  of  doors  as  for  boj-s — so  Aunt 
Polly  thinks. 

Alther  Feldman,  San  Jose,  sends  the 
answer  to  Jennie's  rebus  and  83  words 
from  "carpets." 

Antioch,  March,  187G. 

Dear  Annl  Polly:  Noticing  a  request  in 
the  Agkioultdrist  for  the  young  folks 
to  try  and  find  how  many  difi'erent  words 
could  be  made  out  of  "carpets,"  I 
thought  I  would  try,  and  I  succeeded  in 
making  Ifi?  words.     Yours,  truly, 

Geo.  W.  Fuller. 

Hero  is  a  letter  from  Lompoc: 

Ue(tr  Aunl  Polly:  I  am  fourteen  years 
old.  Do  you  think  I  am  too  old  to  be  a 
cousin  to  the  little  boys  and  girls  that 
write  to  you'/  I  see  in  the  last  Acricul- 
TRisT  you  requested  the  boys  and  gii-ls  to 
see  how  many  separate  words  they  could 
nuike  from  the  word  "carpets,"  so  I 
thought  I  wotdd  try  and  see  how  many  I 
could  get.  I  got  211;  all  the  words  I 
could  think   of  and   find  in   books  and 


papers,  and  then  took  the  dictionary.  I 
don't  know  as  that  was  right,  but  there 
was  nothing  said  about  it,  and  mother 
said  it  would  do  no  hurt,  and  would 
teach  me  to  spell.  I  have  made  a  puz- 
zle which  I  will  send  to  you,  and  if  you 
think  it  good  enough,  I  would  like  to  see 
any  of  the  cousins  make  it  out. 

Charley  Tucker. 

Yes,  Charley,  it  is  good  drill  to  find 
the  words  in  the  dictionary  and  learn  to 
spell.  You  are  not  too  old  to  be  Aunt 
Polly's  nephe*-.  She  is  glad  that  you 
have  written,  and  hopes  you  will  remem- 
ber to  do  so  again. 

Here  is  Charley's  puzzle.  How  many 
can  guess  it? 

My  first  is  in  paint,  but  not  in  ink; 
My  second  is  in  rose,  but  not  in  pink: 
My  third  is  in  make,  but  not  in  wake; 
My  fourth  is  in  sleej),  but  not  in  lake; 
My  fifth  is  in  see,  but  not  in  talk ; 
My  si.\th  is  in  run,  but  not  in  walk; 
My  seventh  is  in  stake,  but  not  in  log: 
My  eighth  is  in  snake,  but  not  in  frog ; 
My  ninth  is  in  track,  but  not  in  trail; 
My  tenth  is  in  fence,  but  not  in  rail; 
My  whole  is  a  thing  which  we  all  should 
love. 

Here  is   a  cross-word   enigma  sent  us 
by  a  good    friend,  and   we    guess   it  will 
puzzle  our  pets  to  make  it  out: 
My  first  IS  in  apple,  but  not  in  plum ; 
My  second  is  in  go,  but  not  in  come; 
My  third  is  sn  sister,  lint  not  in  brother; 
My  fourth  is  in  mother,  also   in  father; 
My  fifth  is  in  love,  but  not  in  joy; 
My  whole  is  loved  by  every  boy. 

MotTNTAiN  View,  Aiwil,  187G. 

Dear  Aunt  Polly:  I  send  my  list  of 
words  from  carpets.  I  have  359  words. 
I  like  the  Aoeicultukist  very  much. 

Good-bye.  Charlie  Sprincjer. 

Well  done,  Ch.arlie.  Y'ou  have  dusted 
the  "carpets"  pretty  thoroughly,  and 
have  beat  for  the  chromos. 

A  welcome  to  our  little  niece  clear 
away  in  Ohio : 

La  GRANCiE,  Ohio,  April,  187G. 

^iunl  Polly:  My  own  Aunt  takes  the 
AfiRicnLTUEisT,  and  I  have  read  the  let- 
ters of  the  little  boys  and  girls,  so  I 
thought  I  would  try.  I  have  a  colt 
named  "Dotty  Dimple."  It  is  not  old 
enough  to  ride  yet.  I  have  a  shepherd 
dog.  His  name  is  "I'luto  the  Fourth," 
and  he  can  sit  up  and  cross  his  paws, 
walk  along  on  his  hiud  feet,  roll  over, 
and  do  many  other  tricks.  This  is  all 
you  will  want  to  read,  I  guess.  Please 
print  this  letter.  From  your  friend. 
Anita  Johnson. 

Thanks  to  all  who  have  tried  to  get  all 
the  words  they  could  from  "carpets." 
The  question  now  is.  Who  is  entitled  to 
the  pair  of  chromos,  the  "  Chicks  "  and 
"Birds"?  Aunt  Polly  has  found  out 
53G  words,  which  beats  all,  but  then  she 
does  not  expect  to  keep  the  chromos,  al- 
though she  wishes  some  one  else  had  beat 
her.  It  is  not  impossible  to  do  it.  I 
notice  two  mistakes  in  Charlie  Tuck- 
er's list.  He  gets  "tartar"  in  twice. 
Did  you  ever  hear  the  story  about  catch- 
a  Tartar?  Look  out,  Charlie.  The  oth- 
er false  word  is  "parrot."  Where  did 
you  find  your  "o,"  Charlie?  But  we 
will  not  scold  you ;  231)  is  not  a  bad  num- 
ber. You  are  next  to>the  head,  and  came 
near  beating,  l>ut  Charlie  Springer's  list 
contains  35!)  words,  and  only  one  mis- 
take. There  is  no  such  word  as  "setas," 
but  probably  you  meant  "scta\" — 
the  plural  of  a  word  used  in  botany  sig- 
nifying like  a  bristle.  Charlie  Springer 
gets  the  chromos  this  time.  His  is  the 
largest  list  received  up  to  the  15th  of  the 
month,  which  is  the  latest  moment  the 
Editor  will  allow  Aunt  Polly  to  hand  in 
copy  to  the  printer.  But  should  any 
other  niece  m  nephew  send  a  larger  list, 


chromos  will  be  sent  to  them 

It  would  occupy  so  much  space  to  give 
all  the  words  found  in  "carpets"  that 
the  editor  objects  giving  room  for  them. 

Now  what  puzzle  can  we  think  up  that 
will  test  the  studious  powers?  0,  I  have 
it  now:  the  three  boys  and  girls  that  will 
send  in  the  most  names  of  mountains  and 
rivers  found  in  the  Pacific  States  and 
Territories — west  of  the  Kocky  Moun- 
tains— shall  have,  each,  a  pair  of  chro- 
mos. To  give  all  a  chance  I  will  grade 
the  ages.  The  one  under  ten  years  who 
sends  most  names  shall  have  a  jjair;  the 
one  under  twelve  years  another  pair,  and 
the  one  under  fifteen  years  another 
pair.  Now,  how  many  will  try?  Three 
chances  to  win  and  nothing  to  lose,  for 
you  will  learn  something  by  trying  at  any 
rate.  The  names  shall  be  printed  and 
due  credit  given,  and  Aunt  Polly  gives 
to  the  loth  of  June  to  trj-  in. 


CRANDWIA'S   TALKS- 
Easy  Lessons  from  Nature—No.  4. 

Good  morning,  children.  Why  are 
you  looking  so  merry,  Johnny,  while 
Lucy  is  half  crjing  and  very  much  an- 
noyed in  spite  of  her  span  clean  dress 
and  pinafore?  Does  "thereby  hang  a 
tale,"  as  the  boy  said  of  his  kite? 

Oh!  indeed!  Johnny  is  quite  ready  to 
tell  how  lucy  went  to  draw  up  the  kitchT 
en  window  shade  and  unexpectedly  sat 
down  in  one  of  the  pumpkin  pies  which 
Sarah  had  just  got  ready  for  the  oven. 
That  accounts  for  the  smiles,  but  not  for 
the  tears.  Better  a  cold  pie  than  a  hot 
one,  eh,  Lucy?  Oh,  never  mind  John- 
ny's poor  jokes.  Let  him  sing  all  day 
if  he  wants  to,  "Sarah  made  a  pumpkin 
pie,  which  Lucj'  turned  to  squash."  It 
was  a  funny  accident,  and  we  will  turn 
it  to  some  account  by  taking  our  lesson 
from  it  to-day. 

I  fancy,  Lucy,  that  a  great  deal  of  that 
pie  changed  its  place  suddenly  when  you 
sat  down  upon  it,  because  there  is  a  law 
in  nature  which  prevents  two  bodies 
from  occujiying  the  same  place  at  the 
same  time. 

Can  either  of  you  tell  me  of  any  two 
things  which  seem  to  Occupy  the  very 
same  place  at  once? 

Johnny  thinks  he  can  drive  a  nail  into 
wood  without  changing  the  atoms  of 
wood,  but  let  us  pull  the  nail  out  again 
and  there  is  a  hole  the  size  of  the  nail, 
showing  that  the  particles  of  wood  have 
been  jammed  out  of  place  just  as  the 
pumpkin  was  jammed  out  of  the  plate. 

Lucy,  dip  your  finger  into  the  water 
in  this  full  glass.  Doesn't  your  finger 
displace  some  of  the  water  as  it  goes  in? 
Yes;  see  how  it  flows  over  the  top  of  the 
glass!  It  is  pushed  out  of  jilace  by  your 
solid  finger,  and  although  when  you  re- 
nio\'e  your  finger  the  whole  is  quickly 
tilled  up  by  the  atoms  of  w.ater  sliding 
easily  into  the  place,  yet  you  nniy  believe 
that  the  water  has  lowered  in  the  glass 
just  the  size  of  your  finger. 

Now,  children,  v:e  will  try  a  little  ex- 
periment. We  will  fill  this  glass  even 
full  of  water,  and  set  it  on  a  dry  plate  so 
that  we  may  see  every  drop  that  runs 
over.  We  will  take  this  lump  of 
fine  salt,  (it  is  nearly  as  large  round  as 
your  finger,  Lucy,  and  dropped  into  the- 
water  in  a  lump  would  cause  it  to  over- 
flow) mash  it  very  fine,  and  then  sprin- 
kle it  slow  ly  on  top  of  the  water,  allow- 
ing the  bubbles  of  air  to  escape.  There! 
■we  have  piit  it  all  in  and  the  water  won't 
hold  any  moi'e,  I  think.  Well,  now  we 
will  take  a  teaspoonful  of  this  powdered 
suaar  and  sprinkle  that  in  slowly,  the 
same  way  th:it  we  did  the  salt,  and  yet 
now  the  glass  seems  no  nearer  to  over- 
flowing than  at  first. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


\ 


What  do  you  think  of  that,  children? 
Have  we  really  got  three  different  things 
in  the  very  same  place  at  the  same  time? 
It  does  seem  so,  but  the  truth  is  that 
natm-al  philosophers  have  found  out  that 
the  atoms  of  sugar  are  smaller  than  those 
of  salt,  while  the  atoms  of  salt  are  small- 
er than  water  atoms.  So  that  the  atoms 
of  water,  being  larger  than  either  salt  or 
sugar,  rest  in  the  tumbler  something  as 
these  oranges  do  in  this  glass  dish.  See, 
we  can  drop  these  nuts  very  easily  into 
the  spaces  between  the  oranges,  as  we 
drop  the  atoms  of  salt  which  partly  till 
the  spaces  between  the  atoms  of  water. 
Now  we  can  nearly  fill  up  the  spaces  be- 
tween the  nuts  and  oranges  with  sand, 
as  the  atoms  of  sugar  dropped  into  the 
spaces  left  between  the  atoms  of  salt. 
Onl}'  our  eyes  are  not  fine  enough  to  see 
all  the  atoms  in  nature. 

Even  air  and  gases  are  impenetrable. 
They  occupy  their  own  appropriate  space. 
I  will  take  this  small  vial,  which  con- 
tains only  air,  and  try  to  pour  water  from 
the  pitcher  into.  "VVhy  does  it  not  fill 
up?  Because  the  neck  of  the  vial  is  too 
small  to  allow  the  air  inside  to  escape 
and  at  the  same  time  so  largo  a  stream 
of  water  to  enter.  In  order  to  fill  it,  I 
must  insert,  very  loosely,  this  little  fun- 
nel, and  pour  the  water  through  it,  al- 
lowing the  air  in  the  vial  to  escape  out- 
side the  neck  of  the  funnel.  You  per- 
ceive, the  air  and  water  must  politely 
give  way  to  each  other  in  going  through 
such  a  narrow  passage. 

Here  is  another  experiment  to  show 
you  how  real  a  thing  air  is.  Let  us 
nearly  fill  this  large  glass  dish  with  water, 
On  top  o,  it  we  will  float  this  Uttle  jsaper 
boat.  "We  will  now  turn  this  tumbler, 
containing  only  air,  up-side-dowu  direct- 
ly over  the  little  boat,  pressing  the  glass 
as  far  down  into  the  water  as  we"can. 
Look  through  the  sides  of  the  glass  dish. 
The  boat  seems  to  be  going  down,  down 
under  the  water,  floating  now  on  the 
very  bottom  of  the  dish,  and  not  getting 
wet,  either.  You  understand  that  the 
air  cannot  get  out  of  the  tumbler,  and 
will  not  allow  the  water  to  raise  in  it,  so 
the  little  boat  is  really  on  top  of  the 
water  yet,  although  at  the  bottom  of  the 
dish  with  water  on  all  side  of  the  tum- 
bler. 
Do  you  remember,  children,  what  pro- 
■  perty  of  matter  we  talked  about  the  last 
time?  Oh,  yes;  .Johnny  has  brought  us 
a  text  which  he  heard  read  in  Sabbath- 
school,  where  Solomon,  the  wise  king, 
teaches  the  indestructibility  of  matter. 
You  -ndll  find  it  in  Ecclesiastes  chapter  1, 
verses  7  and  9.  When  you  read  it,  re- 
member that  the  water  in  the  rivers  Sol- 
omon wrote  about  in  that  day  runs  in 
our  rivers  and  oceans  to-day,  and  that 
there  is  no  new  thing  yet  under  the  sun. 
To-day  we  have  been  learning  somethiag 
of  another  property  belonging  to  all 
matter.  It  is  called  ImpenetmhU'dy .  One 
body  cannot  penetrate  another  body  so 
that  both  will  occupy  the  same  place  at 
the  same  time. 


li?0m<^«. 


A.  Fashionable  Lady's  Lament. 

BY    MRS.   M.  E.    WOODFono. 

(.Wter  Hood.) 
Work,  work,  work. 

But  not  iu  hunj^'erand  dirt 
For  I'm  not  the  "woman  of  long  ago, 

Who  sang  the  Fong  of  the  Ehirt. 
But  I  am  young  and  fair, 

And  I  do  not  work  for  pelf, 
But  I'm  wearing  myself  out  inch  by  inch. 

Making  clothes  for  myself. 
For  ife  t  and  and  ruffle  and  puff. 

And  tuck,  and  ruttic.  and  baud. 
Till  I  know  I  am  the  veriest  sla%'e 

There  is  in  all  the  land. 

I've  no  time  to  read  the  news. 

No  time  to  improve  my  mind. 
No  time  for  those  old  household  ways 

To  which  our  mothers  inclined. 
Click,  click,  click. 

My  machine  ever  ready  and  true. 
Though  every  day  working  faithfully. 

The  end  comes  never  in  view. 
For  it's  tuck,  and  ruiHe  and  puff. 

Shirring,  knife  plaiting  and  band; 
Why  should  I  be  the  greatest  slave 

There  is  iu  all  the  land? 

Oh  why  ara  I  a  slave 

To  fashion's  foolish  whimT 
Why  labor  so  hard  for  outward  show. 

And  neglect  the  pearl  within  ? 
"Consider  the  lilies"  fair, 

"They  neither  toil  nor  spin;" 
Oh,  who  would  not  be  a  lily. 

And  have  no  nitlles  to  hem '? 
For  it's  tuck,  anu  ruffle  and  band, 

And  band,  and  rurtle  and  puff. 
Of  all  this  foolish  liuuinicry. 

Oh,  when  shall  we  have  enough? 

Oh.  men  with  sisters  dear. 

Men  With  mothers  and  wives. 
How  can  you  stand  by  so  quietly. 

While  we're  working  away  our  lives? 
Ye  men  with  vigorous  nerves. 

Ye  men  with  fertile  brains. 
Can  you  not  invent  a  new  machine 

To  make  our  dresses  by  steam  V 
Then  with  bauds,  and  ruffles,  and  puffs. 

All  finished  and  without  Haws, 
Then,  having  nothing  else  to  do. 

We'll  heli>  you  make  the  laws. 

— [Prairie  Farmer. 


WHO    DARE    BE   FREE? 


BY  NELL  VAN. 


a- 


The  prime  business  of  agriculture  is  to 
produce  desirable  plants  in  a  sufficient 
abundance,  of  the  best  quality  and  with 
the  greatest  economy.  To  do  this  with 
the  highest  success,  and  with  that  ra- 
tional intelligence  which  is  generally  sup- 
posed to  be  a  distinguishing  character- 
istic of  the  lords  of  creation,  demands  a 
knowledge  of  vegetable  anatomy  and 
physiology,  far  more  intimate  and  tho- 
rough than  has  ever  been  attained. 


Eminence  is  not  to  be  reached  by  a 
frantic  struggle.  The  road  to  it  is  much 
iiiore  commonplace.  He  th.at  would  daz- 
zle must  first  dig. 


OU  are  going  to  cut  of  your  hair, 

Susie,  did  you  say?     Well,  did  I 

ever  hear  of  such  a  foolish  caper? 

"And  why  not,   Kate?"    asked 

_     the  wondering  girl,     "ll.aynoti 

do  as  I  like  with  my  own?" 

"  Certainly,  child,  if  your  mother  does 
not  object,  but  I  should  think  she  would 
know  better  than  to  aOowyou  to  do  such 
an  outrageofis  thing  just  as  you  have 
grown  into  young-hidy-hood,  and  ready 
to  go  into  society." 

"Stop,  Kate,  I  do  not  wish  to  go  into 
society,  except  of  my  own  choosing,  and 
as  to  gTowing  into  young-lady-hood,  a 
few  years  more  or  less  makes  no  differ- 
ence if  we  retain  the  follies  of  childhood. 
I  have  good  reasons  for  what  I  am  about 
to  do,  and  if  .you  or  any  of  my  friends 
love  me  less  for  mere  external  appear- 
ance, I  do  not  value  such  friendship." 

"Stay,  Sue;  don't  'get  your  back  up' 
so  readily.  Give  me  one  good,  substan- 
tial reason  for  cutting  off  such  a  luxuri- 
ant growth  of  beautiful  golden  hair,  with 
just  enough  wave  in  it  to  render  the  Hght 
and  shade  so  bewitching  that  it  enhances 
even  a  moderate  share  of  beauty  in  your 
form  and  features." 

"Well  done,  Kate,"  said  the  amused 
Sue.  "I  never  once  thought  that  you 
admired  my  foxy,  shaggy  mane.  I  shall 
soon  find  out  how  many  silent  admirers 
these  same  locks  have  had  all  these 
years.  Fact  is,  I'm  not  going  to  bury 
the  'luxuriant  growth,  etc.,'  out  of  your 
sight  forever,  as  I  greatly  fear  its  owner 
may  be  laid  away  some  of  these  days, 
unless  something  is  done   now.     No,  it 


shall  be  placed  in  a  frame  in  a  conspicu- 
ous place,  suitably  labeled,  if  need  be, 
for  people  to  admire.  Y'ou  ask  me  for  a 
good  reason  for  the  clip,  and  can  I  give 
you  a  better  one  than  that  my  health 
suft'ers  daily  by  the  weight  and  heat  of 
that  same  'luxuriant  growth?'  When  I 
allow  it  to  How  over  my  shoulders  my 
head  is  somewhat  relieved,  but  my  neck 
and  the  upper  part  of  my  spine  is  then 
unnecessarily  heated.  Then  the  snarls 
to  be  combed  out  two  or  three  times  a 
day  demand  the  i)attence  of  a  Job. 
Braiding  it  nown  one's  back  is  so  unsuit- 
able in  one  of  my  years,  and  besides  the 
weight  remains  the  same.  I  go  for  health 
and  comfort  every  time,  Kate,  and  if  I 
could  lay  my  head  in  cold  water  several 
times  a  day  there  would  be  less  burning 
pain  in  it,  and  I  should  feel  better  all 
over." 

"But,  Sue,"  said  the  per.sistent  Kate, 
"you  are  not  in  such  ill  health  as  to  war- 
rant such  a  sacrifice.  What  if  you  do 
sutt'er  a  little  with  your  head?  Don't  we 
all  suffer  somewhat  for  appearances'  sake? 
Do  you  think  I  could  have  so  trim  a  fig- 
ure without  wearing  my  stays  a  trifle 
tighter  than  is  comfortable?  My  French 
boots,  too,  would  never  fit  my  feet  if 
those  same  feet  were  not  forced  into  them 
and  obliged  to  endure  a  little  pinching. 
Come  now,  bo  sensible  for  once,  and 
don't  disfigure  yourself  for  life  by  cut- 
ting off  what  you  can  never  replace." 

"I  will  be  sensible  for  once,  Kate,  and 
resist  your  i)leadiugs,  since   vanity  mtist 
be  held  iu  the  balance   with   comfort,  or 
rather,    duty    to    myself     and    friends. 
Never  will  I   admit  that    mere   jw'rsonal 
appearance  prevented    me  from  obeying 
the  laws  of  health.     Y'ou,  Kate,  may  lace 
in  your   form,  and   pinch   your  feet,   all 
the  while  imagining  that  you  are  improv- 
ing upon  nature,  at  the  same  time  claim- 
ing to  be  a  sensible   young  lady ;  I,  vrith 
no  such  claim,  simply  desire  to  conform 
to    nature's    laws.       From    principle,  I 
neither   wear  stays   nor  tight    clothing; 
while    shoes    that    pinch    are  my  utter 
aversion.     Life    is  for   something  better 
than  setting  traps.     JIattie  Wheeler  told 
me  the  other  day  she  could  not  spoil  her 
market  by  cutting  off  her  hair,  and  she, 
poor  girl,  fast    going   into   a  decline  be- 
cause of  her  habits  of  life  I     That's  what 
I  call  unreasonableness.       If   my  hair  is 
the  only  charm  I  possess,  I'll  sell  out  to 
the  highest  bidder  and  take  a  lower  seat. 
Y'es,  my  mother  ajiproves  of  the  step,  for' 
she  looks  up  at  the  noble  tree  at  our  side 
door  and  says  to  us:  'Y'ou  see,  my  child- 
ren, how  much  improved  it   is   by  trim- 
ming ofl"  the  superfluous   branches.     At 
first  we    could  not  be    reconciled  to  the 
rough    handling    it    received   from    the 
gardener,    but  now  at    every  cut  fresh 
shoots  appear,  and  the   young  foliage  so 
far  surpasses  the    old  that  we  should  no 
longer    murmur.      In  like   manner  the 
inner  life  is   also   impaired  by  need  of 
outer  pruning.      The    vegetable  growth  ^ 
upon  the  head  often  debilitates  and  hin- 
ders the  vigorous,    healthy   condition  of 
body  so  essential  to  the  proper  develop- 
ment of  brain  force."     She  tells  us  to  live  , 
healthfully   and  we   will   bo  spared  the 
suffering  caused  by  broken  laws." 
■  "Well,  Susie,  I'm  half  inclined  to  be- 
lieve there's  some  truth  in  what  you  say, 
but  really  the  case  is  different  with  me. 
I'm  well  and    hearty.      Nothing   makes 
me  sick.     I   can   stand    any   amount  of 
heat  or  cold,    fatigue,    late  hours,    late 
suppers — nothing,  in  fact,  seems  to  dis- 
agree  with    me;    while    you   whimsical 
folks,  who  study  out  a   system  of  living, 
are  always   half  sick,  and  don't  live  ont 
half   your  days.       Y"ou    see,  I'm  always 
well,  have  no  cough  like  Mattie  Wheeler, 
and,   besides,  being  in    society,    one  is 
obliged  to  conform   somewhat  to  its  de- 


mands.   My  mother  ■would  never  eon-  j 
sent  to  my  cutting  off  my  hair,  if  I  want-  ' 
to  ever  so   much.     Short-haired  women 
and  long-haired  men  are  her  utter  abom- 
ination, and  she  would  think  I  was  grow- 
ing strong-minded  at  once." 

"There,  Kate,  is  just  where  we  difl'er. 
I  am  not  afraid  of  being  strong  in  cither 
mind  or  body,  and,  in  fact,  slightly  pre- 
fer to  be  both,  rather  than  the  weak- 
minded,  delicate-bodied,  doll-like  women 
I  see  everywhere,  both  iu  and  out  of  so- 
ciety." 


"Who  was  that  sweet-looking  girl  we 
just  met,  Kate?"  asked  a  young  South- 
erner of  his  friend,  as  they  were  prome- 
nading Broad  street  together,  a  few  weeks 
after  the  above  conversation.  Kate  "was 
in  a  most  amiable  mood,  decked  out  in 
the  latest  spring  style. 

"Do  you  mean  Susie  Stanton,  with  the 
short  hair  and  loose  sack,  who  bowed  as 
she  passed?" 

"Is  that  Miss  Susie  Stanton,  the  pet  of 
our  Professor?  I've  heard  more  remarks 
made  about  her  than  any  other  j'onng 
lady  since  I  came  here.  The  young  fel- 
lows all  seem  half  cracked  about  her,and 
would  give  more  for  a  smile  from  her 
than  any  amount  of  attention  from  other 
girls.  "Tell  me  more  about  her,  do.  How 
becomingly  she  wears  her  hair,  and  how 
modest  and  finaffected  she  appears.  How 
is  it  we  never  meet  her  anywhere  in  so- 
ciety so  that  a  body  might  make  her  ae- 
quaintance,  I  wonder." 

"If  he  wiU  ever  give  me  a  chance  to 
reply,  I  will  trv-  to  enlighted  my  enthusi- 
astic friend,"  said  Kate,  ironically. 

"In  the  first  place,  she  is  not  a  girl 
you  would  fancy  upon  acquaintance. 
She  is  admired  by  the  Professor,  I  am 
told,  on  account  of  her  natural  figure, 
unrestrained  by  the  dress-maker's  art. 
Besides,  she  is  extremely  shy  and  reti- 
cent; will  not  go  into  society  because  she 
calls  it  a  waste  of  time,  imagining  her 
health  will  sufl'er  by  late  hours,  etc.  ;I 
wears  dresses  much  too  short  for  the' 
style,  and  shoes  too  large  and  clumsy,  i 
She  even  cut  off  the  most  beautiful  head; 
of  golden  hair  you  ever  laid  eyes  upon, 
in  order  to  cool  her  aching  brain  with 
cold  water  whenever  she  liked." 

"Cut  off  her  head,  did  you  say.  Miss 
Kate?  or  only  her  hair?  I  am  sure  I  saw 
a  most  comely  face,  fringed  with  golden 
hair,  like  the  halo  we  see  about  thei 
heads  of  the  Madonna.  A  peaceful  ex-: 
pressiou  she  wore,  too,  as  if  happy  and' 
contented  to  take  life  as  it  comes  \vith-; 
out  the  continual  anxiety  to  outshine  the 
next  one  which  is  everywhere  so  marked 
a  peculiarity  of  the  northern  girls. "  _ 

".\h,  you  are  only  teasing  me,  Balpb 
We  Northern  girls  are  no  dift'erent  from 
any  others,  but  Sue  is  a  little  tinctured 
with  strong-mindedness,  I  do  believe, 
apart  from  her  short  hair.  But  she  is  a 
simple  little  thing,  and  has  never  come 
out  iu  society.  The  young  men  don't 
know  how  she  censures  their  small  vices, 
or  they  would  not  be  so  'cracked  after 
her'  as  you  call  it.  If  all  girls  were  to 
keep  aloof  from  young  men  whom  they' 
know  to  be  adicted  to  habits  not  consid-! 
ered  elegant  in  those  of  their  own  sex,  I 
we  should  have  a  pretty  state  of  society, ' 
tnily.  For  my  own  part,  I  like  these' 
easy-going,  roguish  sort  of  men  better  | 
than  the  pious,  Sunday-school  sort,  who ' 
make  such  minnies  of  themselves  in  so- 
ciety, falling  head-over-ears  in  love  with  a 
girl  before  discovering  whether  they  have 
made  even  a  favorable  impression." 

"To  which  class,  pray.  Hiss  Kate, 
would  you  consign  me?  Will  you  never 
have  done  railing  about  men  and  theii' 
peculiarities?  A  wiser  way,  it  seems  to 
me  would  be  to  discontinue  their  atten- 
tions altogether,    as  your  friend   Susie 


80 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


does,  and  obtain  their  homage  from  a 
distance,  thus  unwittingly  lifting  them 
up  to  a  higher  standard  of  perfection  in 
order  to  become  worthy  of  her  smile." 

Alas !  How  many  of  us  live  for  the 
true  and  noble  object  of  hfc,  to  improve 
humauity  by  au  excellent  example.  Pre- 
cept is  well,  but  silent  jiraotice  is  better. 
The  maiden  shorn  of  her  sunny  locks, 
not  only  saved  her  own  health  and  grew 
rosier  every  day,  but  through  her  exam- 
ple and  influence  her  delicate  friend, 
Mattie  Wheeler,  had  her  own  hair  cut, 
and  by  observing  other  health  rules  be- 
came stronger  and  better  than  she  had 
been  for  years.  Three  more  of  her 
young  friends  saw  the  error  of  their  ways. 
They  overcame  their  parents'  scruples, 
cut  off  their  tresses,  and  lightened  their 
skirts  of  superfluous  trimmings.  Ke- 
solving  to  live  for  comfort  rather  than 
only  for  outward  appearance,  they  be- 
came strong  enough  to  dare  to  be  free. 
They  dressed  as  they  liked,  took  exercise 
when  and  as  they  liked,  and  finally  de- 
termined to  find  employment  for  them- 
selves according  to  each  one's  peculiar 
talents.  One  became  an  artist,  and  put 
her  whole  soul  into  her  work;  another 
learned  type-setting,  and  became  an  ex- 
pert, regardless  of  the  sneers  of  unprin- 
cipled persons.  Each  choosing  to  become 
independent  of  others  for  support,  and 
free  to  select  for  a  life  companion  only 
such  an  one  as  seemed  truly  worthy, 
mentally,  morally  and  physically. 

Who  can  say  such  lives  are  failures? 
Young  women,  everywhere,  be  strong 
enough  to  dare  to  be  free!  Let  no  flat- 
tery prevent  you  from  studying  your  own 
comfort  and  well-being.  Health  first, 
alieayn.  The  healthy  body  is  a  fit  abid- 
ing place  for  a  healthy  soul,  and  should 
seek  in  a  mate  one  as  pure-lived  as  itself, 
that  perfection  of  species  may,  in  coming 
generations,  become  possible. 


TWO  IMPORTANT   QUESTIONS 
WITH  BUT  ONE  ANSWER. 


Among  all  classes  of  people  the  de- 
mand for  knowledge,  sound,  practical 
information,  is  increasingly  urgent. 
None  are  so  rich  as  to  be  above  the  need 
of  it,  and  no  one  is  so  i)oor  as  to  not 
desire  it. 

But,  want  of  time  prevents  the  busi- 
ness man  from  using  the  library  he  may 
possess,  and  want  of  means  prevents  the 
laboring  man  from  buying  the  books  he 
and  his  family  might  use. 

Amoug  the  questions  bearing  upon  the 
social  and  business  interests  of  all 
classes,  few  are  more  important  than 
those  relating  to  the  means  of  popular 
education.  'Two  of  these  questions  are, 
"How  shall  the  over-worked  business 
man  secure  an  acquaintance  with  the 
thousands  of  subjects  of  general  interest 
which  force  themselves  upon  his  atten- 
tiouV"  and  ''How  shall  the  poor  man 
supply  himself  and  family  with  the 
means  of  general  information?" 

Fortunately,  these  questions  have  al- 
ready engaged  the  earnest  thought  of 
able  minds,  and  during  the  past  five 
years  a  grand  work  has  been  inaugurated 
and  carried  f(u-ward  nearly  to  completion 
which  is  destined  to  give  a  practical  an- 
swer to  these  questions  and  prove  a  mine 
of  intellectual  wealth  to  the  peuljlo.  It 
is  an  epitome  of  universal  knowledge, 
embracing  all  times,  all  nations  and  all 
matters  in  science,  art  and  literature  of 
general  interest  to  those  who  would  bo 
well  informed.  From  it  the  busiest  can 
get  accurate  information  ujion  tojjics 
which,  in  the  ordinary  library,  are  be- 
yond  their   reach,  and,   with  "it  in   his 


hand,  the  poor  man  has  a  library  of  the 
largest  practical  value,  such  as,  in  other 
form,  he  could  never  own. 

The  leading  educators  and  scholars  of 
the  land  have  placed  this  work  above 
every  kindred  work  for  the  use  of  pro- 
fessional and  business  men  and  as  an 
invaluable  source  of  instruction  for  the 
homes  of  the  people,  and  the  following 
extracts  from  notices  of  the  work  by 
those  who  are  well  known  in  San  Jose, 
will  serve  as  a  sample  of  the  testimony 
received  from  critical  sources  every- 
where: 

The  second  volume  of  Johnson's  Universal 
CyolopiEdla  has  come  to  hand.  Itaflordsme 
threat  pleasure  to  call  the  attention  of  my  friends 
to  the  remarkable  value  of  its  scientific  articles. 
The  progress  of  modern  science  is  so  rapid,  and 
implements  and  processes  are  so  multiplied,  that 
the  scientific  student  is  tiften  at  a  loss  to  obtain 
accurate  inlormation  upon  such  subjects.  To 
such,  Johnson  is  a  perfect  treasure-trove.  Ev- 
ery scientific  article  is  the  work  of  a  master  in 
the  special  field  treated  of.  I  have  found  there 
very  elaborate  and  beaiitifully  illustrated  articles 
upi>n  many  subjects  concerning  which  I  had 
vainly  sought  in  all  other  accessible  works.  I 
Hhould  now  be  very  much  at  a  loss  if  compalled 
to  do  the  work  of  my  department  without  the 
opportunity  of  reference  to  Johnson. 

H.  B.NORTON, 
Prof,  of  Natural  Sciences,  Normal  School. 

I  have  carefully  examined  the  first  two  vol- 
umes of  Johnson's  Universal  Cyclopfedia  and 
find  the  articles  ably  and  concisely  written.  The 
information  to  be  derived  therefrom  is  fully  up 
to  the  present  state  of  scientific  knowledge. 

The  authors  have  wisely  ignored  the  long- 
winded  and  unprofitable  theories  of  the  past, 
and,  like  sensible  and  practical  men,  have  con- 
fined themselves  mainly  to  facts.  Life  is  too 
shtirt  to  be  wasted,  in  this  utilitarian  age,  upon 
anything  else. 

I  feel  s.atisfied  that  anyone  who  pm'chases  the 
work  will  never  regret  the  outlay. 

JOHN  D.  SCOTT,  M.  D. 

The  superiority  of  Johnson's  over 
other  cyclopjedias  is  such  that  most  of 
those  owning  either  of  the  others  are 
purchasing  the  former.  As  a  matter  of 
safety  and  economy,  we  suggest  to  the 
people  to  see  and  examine  Johnson's 
before  ordering,  and  thus  avoid  the  dis- 
appointment and  extra  expense  many 
have  incurred. 

I  will  gladly  jurnish  latest  editions  of 
the  others  for  comparison  with  John- 
sons, as  I  keep  them  on  hand  for  that 
purpose. 

JAY  FKANCIS,  Agent. 

P.  O.  Box  48,  San  Jose,  Gal. 


Vinsonhaler's 

Business  College! 


SAN   JOSE,    CAL.. 


Thorough  instruction  in  all  branches 
pertaining  to  a  business  education. 

No  scholar  graduated  who  fidls  below 
98  per  cent,  in  Studies  and  Deportment. 

School  in  session  during  the  entire 
year. 

Pupils  can  enter  at  any  time. 

Those  desiring  Board  can  find  a  com- 
fortable Home  in  the  Institute. 

All  Graduates  will  bo  awarded  a  hand- 
some Dijiloma. 

Pupils  attending  this  College  can  also 
have  access  to  any  of  the  English  bran- 
ches taught  in  the  SAN  JOSE  INSTI- 
TUTE/(W  of  rharqr. 

JAMES    VINSONHALER, 

San  Jose,  Cal. 


JOCK'S  NUI\SERIES, 

SAN  JOSE,  CAL. 

THE   ATTENTION    OF   NURSERYMEN  AND 
planters  is  invited  to  my  large  stock  of 

FRUIT    TREES! 

Of  the  very  best  Varieties  for  Market,  Shipping 

and  Drying;    Also, 
GR.\PBVrNES,     CURRANTS,    GOOSE- 
BERRIES,       BL,ACKBERKIES 
AND   RASPBERRIES. 
SHADE  TREES, 

EVEKGBBENS, 

BL,VE  GUMS 

AND   SHRUBS. 
GREENHOUSE      PL,.\NTS,       BEDDING 
PI.ANT.S,     ETC . 
Send  for  a  Catalogue. 

JOHN  ROCK,  San  Jose. 


A  SAMPLE    FREE. 

At  our  request,  Cragin  h  Co.,  of  rhilad(;ll)hia. 
Pa.,  have  lU'oniiscd  to  send  any  of  our  readers, 
gratis  (un  receipt  of  15  cents  to  pay  postage),  n 
s-iuiiilo  of  Dobbins'  Electric  Soap,  to  try.  .Send 
at  once.  ap'.!t 


Th.e    Goodexxouarh. 

COMMON-SENSE  SYSTEM 

HOESESHOEIITG    SHOP! 

Col".      Santa    Clara     and     San     Pedro 
Streets  (opposite  Post  Office). 


The  only  Natural  Method  of  Shoeiug  the  Horso 
to  prevent 

Corns,  Quarters  Cracks,  Contrac- 
tion of  the  Hoof,  and  all 
Lameness  Eesultin^ 
from  Unsound 
Feet. 
T.  K.  I.AB.C01MI:, 

Proprietor. 


EMPEY  &  LEUHAIID, 

Manufacturers  and  Dealers  in 


COL- 
g^^LARS, 


rAHMERS  mmii  m  bm 


SAN    JOSE. 

Paid  iipCapit.->l  (gold  coin)  ... .   S-jOO.OOO 
AutUoiized  CapUal SI, 000, 000 

.John  W.  Hinds.  President;  E.  C.  Singletary, 
Vice-President;  W.  D.  Tisdale,  Cashier  and  Sec- 
retary; L.  G.  Nesmith,  Assistant  Cashier. 

Directors:— C.  Burrel,  Wm.  D.  Tisdale.  E. 
L.  Bradley.  C.  G. Harrison,  E.  C.  Singletary,  Wm. 
L.  Tisdale,  John  W.  Hinds,  W.  H.  Wing,  T.  B, 
Edwards. 

Correspondents :-  Anglo-Califomian  Bank 
(limited).  San  Francisco;  First  National  Gold 
Bank,  S.  F.;  First  National  Bank,  New  York; 
Auglo-Californian  Bonk  (limited)  London. 

WILL  ALLOW  INTEREST  ON  DEPOSITS, 
buy  and  sell  Exchange,  make  collections, 
loan  money,  and  transact  a  General  Banking 
Business.  Special  inducements  offered  to  mer. 
chants,  mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  commer- 
cial  accounts. 
S.  W.  Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 

%AJS  JOSE. 


HAR- 
NESS, 

SADDLERY, 

Carriage    Trimmings.    Etc. 

No.  202  .S'ortfa  Clara  Street. 
SAN  JOSS. 

SMALL  FARM 
FOR      SALE! 


AGREEABLY  SITUATED  ON  THE  FOOT- 
hills  in  the  WARM  BELT,  nine  miles  from 
San  Jose,  near  Los  Gates.  2.5  acres  in  Cultiva- 
tion, 65  acres  of  Pasture  and  Live-Oak  Grove, 
80  acres  of  Chaparral  and  Woodland;  two  Springs 
on  the  place. 


Dwelling;  House,  Iturn,  Orchard,  Gar- 
den, Well,  3  Good  Hoises,  One  Colt, 
4  years  old.  One  Farm  ^a-ron.  One 
Spring  Wagon,  la  Tons  of  Iluy,  5 
Head  of  Dairy  Stock,  50  Cliickens, 
Good  Farming  Implements.  House 
Purniture,  Lot  of  Tools,  «S;e  . 

Title,  U.  S.  Patent. 

Price,  ifa,  .">00— Part  Cash,  easy  terms  for  the 
Remainder. 
.\.ldrc.ss,  LOS  GATOS  P.  O.,  or  apply  on  the 

Premises  to  the  Proprietor, 

G.  GCEKIIN'OT. 


s^^isr  JOSE 
SAVINGS  BANK,' 

28C  Santa  Clara  Street. 

CAPIT.U.  STOCK  -        -        S600,000 

Paid  in  CapitaKGold  Coin)    -    $300,000 

Officers:— President,  -lohn  H.  Moore;  Vice- 
President.  Cary  Peebles;  Cashier,  H.  H.  Reynolds. 

Directors;— John  H.  Moore,  Dr.  B.  Bryant,  S. 
A.  Bishop.  Dr.  W.  H.  Stone,  Cary  Peebles,  S.  A. 
ciark,  H.  Messing. 

SEW   FEATURE : 

This  Bank  issues—  Deposit  Receipts."  bearing 
luterestat  0,  Sand  10  percent  per  annum;  inter- 
est payable  promptly  at  the  end  of  six  mouths 
from  date  of  deposit.  The  •■  Receipt"  may  be 
transferred  by  indorsement  and  the  principle 
with  interest  paid  to  holder.  Interest  also  al- 
lowed on  Book  Accouuts,  beginning  at  date  of 
deposit.  Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any 
in  the  State,  and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe  . 
keeping  of  Bonds.  Stocks,  Papers,  Jewelry, 
Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,  at  trifling  cost. 
Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York, 
in  Gold  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates.  Buy 
and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


SANTA  CLARA  IMlll 

JACOB  EBERIIARDT  -  -  Proper. 

A  I.L  KINDS  OF  I.KATHEK.    SHEEP- 

l\  skins    and   wool.     Highest    price    paid    for 
Sheep  Skins,  Tallow,  Wool,  etc. 


FARMERS'     UNION. 

(Successors  to  A.  Phisteb  4:  Co.) 
Cor.     Second    and    Santii    Clara    Sts., 

,^  S.VN  JOSE. 

CAPITAL       -      - 


WILLIAM  ERKSON 
H.  E.  HILLS 


$100,000. 

President. 
Manager. 


DIRECTORS : 


Wm.  Erkson. 
L.  F,  Chipman, 
Horace  Little, 
C.  T.  Settle. 


J.  P.  Dudley, 
David  Campbell, 
James  Singleton, 
E.  .\.  Braley, 


Thomas  E.  Suell. 

8^  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  Business. 
.\lso,  receive  deposits,  on  which  such  interest 
will  be  allowed  as  may  he  agreed  upon,  and 
make  loans  on  approved  security. 


II 


YOli   sall:. 


^r;l.\TY  ONE  AND  TWO  VKARS  OL.D 

O  —Thoroughbred  Spanisli  Merino  K.ams,  Cali- 
fomia  bred,  from  Ewes  imported  from  Vermont, 
and  sired  by  Severance  k  Pelt's  celebrated  ram 
FI;e:MI)NT.  and  by  tlieir  ram  tiUF.EN  MOl'N- 
TAIN.  which  took  the  first  pi-emiums  at  the  Bay 
District  and  State  Fairs.  Last  shearing,  35  )< 
lbs.  year's  growtli.  Also,  about  in«  Ewes  and 
Lambs,  allof  GREEN  MO  UN'L'.UN  stock,  bred 
last  year.  i 
B.   F.  WATKINS,S;nita  Clara.  Cal. 

INVENTORS! 

IF  Vt)l'  «ANT  .V  P.VTKNT,  SEM) 
UK  a  model  or  skitcli  and  ii  full  description  of 
voiu-  iiivt^ntlon.  We  will  make  an  examination  A 
at  the  Patent  Olllcc,  and  if  we  think  it  patent-  <( 
able,  will  send  you  i)aper8  and  advice  and  prose- 
cute your  case.  Our  fee  will  be,  in  ordinary 
cases.  !S'4."..  Advice  kbee.  Adilress  LOUIS 
BAOGUR  .<J  CO.,  Washington.  D.  C.  K?"Send 
Postal  Card  for  our  "  Guide  kob  Oiiiainlno 
Patents  "—a  book  of  50  pages. 


:e^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


BREEDESS'    DIEECTOEY. 

Parties  desiring  to  purchase  Live  Stock  -will 
fiud  in  this  Directory  the  namee  of  eome  of  the 
most  reliable  Breedtjrs. 

Ofr  Rates.— Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  wlil  be 
iDserted  in  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50 
cents  per  month,  payable  annually. 

A  line  will  averat^eabrmt  seven  words.  Connt 
five  words  for  the  hret  line. 

CATTLE. 

SB.  EMERSON,  Jlountain  View,  Santa 
•  Clara  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
and  HolBtein  Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

C TBI'S  JONES  •&  CO.,    San  Jose.  Santa     rp: 
Clara  County,  Cal,— Breeders  of  Short-Horn       X 
Cattle,     "  Youn;,'  Bulls  for  sale," 


SAN  JOSE 

INSTITUTE 

AND 

BUSI1TESS_C0LLEGE ! 

A  Day  and  Boarding  School  for 
Both  Sexes. 

HE  SECOND  SESSION  OF  THE  CURRENT 


CHARLES  CI.ARK,  Milpitas.  Santa  Clar* 
County,  Cal,— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattl^ 
and  Swine. 

(COLEMAN  YOUNGER,    San  Jose,  Santa 
_/  Clara  County,  Cal,— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle, 


c 

tie. 


B.    POLHEMUS,  Sau  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
County,  Cal,— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cat- 


CARR  <Ss  CHAPMAN,   Gabilan,  Monterey 
County,   Cal ,— Breeders  of  Trotting  Horses, 
Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

Wli.  OVERHISER,  Stockton,  San  Joa- 
.  quiu  County,  Cal,— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle  and  Swine, 


M 


OSES    WICK,    Oroville,   Butte  County, 
Cal,— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND   GOATS. 


CP.  BAII^EY,  San  Jose  Cal.— Importer' 
.  breeder,  and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  An- 
gora Goats.  Fine  Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for 
Bale. 

LENDRUM  &  ROGERS,  Watsonville.Cal. 
.-Importers  and  breeders  of  the  finest  Cots- 
wold Sheep  and  Angora  Goats. 

MCCRACKEN  &I-EWIS,  San  Jose,  Cal.— 
Importers  and  breeders  of  fliw  Angora  Goats; 
also,  fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale, 

MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOW,  Centerville, 
near  Niles  Station,  Alameda  County,  Cal,— 
Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Rams  and  Ewes 
lor  sale. 


LENDRUM     &     ROGERS,     Watsonville, 
Cal,— Importers  and  breeders  of  Pure  .\ngora 
Goats, 


SWINE. 


CHARL.ES  CI.ARK,  Milpitas.  Santa  Clara 
County,  Cal,— Breeder  of   Pure-bred  Berk- 
shire Swine, 


POULTRY. 


MRS.  "L.  J.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara- 
Premium  FowIb.  White  and  Brown  Leg- 
horn, S.S.  Hamburg,L.BrahmaB,  B.  B.Red  Game, 
Game  Bantams,  and    Aylesbury    Ducks.    Also, 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

S  HARRIS  HBRRIi\G,  San  Jose,  Cal.— 
,  Agent  for  several  breeders  of  Best  Pure-bred 
animals  and  poultry.  We  bring  the  breeder  and 
piu'chaser  together  direct,  and  do  not  stand  be- 
tween them,  while  we  aid  eacli  free  of  charge. 

SPLENDID  CARD  PHOTOGRAPHS, 
only  SJi  a  dozen,  and  Cabinets  S4:  a  dozen, 
at  HOWLAND'S  Gallery  (Heering's  old  stand) 
No.  3.59  First  street,  Sau  Jose. 

WALLACE  &  COCHRAN,  386  First 
street — Handsome  turnouts  always  on  hand 
at  fair  prices.  Fine  Hearse  for  Funerals.  Car- 
riages for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 

H.   S.    LAMKIX, 

ATTORNEY-AT-LAW-ROOMS    3   AND    4, 
Stone's  Building  {opposite  Aiizerais  House), 
Santa  Clara  street,  San  Jose. 

DR.   J.    RRADFORD  COX,  1 

FFICE     OVER     T.    W.  SPRING'S   STORE, 


Mkl  l\%  \\k\\ 


Just  What  You  Want  for  Your- 
self and  Children. 


School  Year  will  commence  January  3d,  1870. 

In  ackuowledging  the  kindness  of  the  patrons 
of  this  School,  the  Proprietors  desire  to  assure 
them  that  with  the  increased  patronage  will  be 
added  increased  facilities  for  imparting  instruc- 
tion.  They  iuteud  that  the  School  shall  offer 
the  vei7  best  opportunities  for  acquiring  thor- 
ough education,  botli  theoretical  and  practical. 

The  course  of  study  in  the  Academic  grade  is 
extensive  and  thorough. 

The  Business  College  has  no  vactions. 

Students  from  a  distance  will  find  pleasant 
rooms  and  board  at  reasonable  prices  at  the 
boarding-house. 

The  Faculty  accept  to  its  fullest  extent  the 
growing  demand  of  the  industrial  classes  for 
recognition  iu  the  public  educational  system 
hailing  it  as  the  harbinger  of  a  higher  and  better 
civilization. 

ISAAC  KINLEY, 

Superinteiicleiit  of  tlie  Institute. 
.TAMES  VIXSONHALER. 
Pi-inctiial  of  the  Business  Collejfe. 


o 


opposite  the  Post  Office,  San  Jose. 


8iy  The  National  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to 
Bradely  &  Bulofson  for  the  best  Photographs  in 
the  I'nited  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  for  the 
best  iu  the  world. 

429  Mantgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 


1776       CENTEXViriAXi       1876 

P  R  O  C  L  AM  A  T  I  O  N. 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway. 

Is  the  popular  route   overland  to  the  East, 
Passengers  for  OhicaKO,  Niagara  Falls,  Pitts- 
burg, Philadelphia,  Montreal,  Quebec,  New  York 
Boston,    or  any    point  East,    should  buy    their 
trans-coutiueutal  tickets  via  the  pioneer  route, 

THE  CHICAGO  &NOIITHWESTERN  E.E. 

This  ih  tin-  Best  route  East.  Its  Track  is  of 
Steel  Rails,  and  on  it  has  been  made  the  Fastest 
time  that  has  ever  been  made  in  this  country.  By 
this  route  passengers  for  points  east  of  Chicago 
have  choice  of  the  following  lines  from  Chicago: 
PiKabiii'g,      FortH-nyiie    and    Cliicajfo 

and    Pennsylvania  Railways, 
•>  Through  trains  daily,  with   Pidman  Palace 

0  Cars  through  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
on  each  train, 

1  THROUGH  TRAIN,  WITH  PULL5I,\j;  PAl- 
1  ace  Cars  to  Baltimi're  and  Washington. 

By  the  LaSe  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  Eallway  ani 
'  Connection:  (New  Tori  Central  and  Eric  Eailways): 
O  THRUUGH  TR.MNS  D.\ILY,  WITH  P.\LA.CE 
O  Drawing   Room  and   silver  Palace  Sleeping 
(':irB  through  to  New  Vork. 
By  the  Michigan  Central,  Grand  Truni,  Great  Western  and 

Erie  and  New  Yori  Central  Railways: 
Q  Through  trains,  with  Pullman  Palace  Draw- 
•J  ing  Room  and  Sleeping  Cars  through  to  New 
York  to  Niagara  Falls,   Buffalo,  Rochester,  or 
New  York  city . 
By  the  Baltiniorp   and   Ohio  Railroad; 

9  Through  trains  daily,  with  Pullman  Palace 
,_  Cars  for  Newark,  Zanesville,  Wheeling, 
Washington   and  Baltimore  without  change. 

This  is  the  Shortest,  Best,  and  only  line  run- 
ning Pullman  celebrated  Palace  sleeping  cars  and 
coaches,  connecting  with  Union  Pacific  Railroad 
at  Omaha  and  from  the  West,  via  Graml  Juno- 
tion,  Marshall,  Cedar  Rapids,  Clinton,  Sterling 
and  Dixon,  for  Chicago  and  the  East, 

This  popular  route  is  unsurpassed  for  Speed, 
Comfort  and  Safety,  The  smooth,  well-ballasted 
and  perfect  track  of  steel  rails,  the  celebrated 
Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars,  the  perfect  Tele- 
graph System  of  moving  trains,  the  regiilarity 
with  which  thevrim,the  admirable  arrangement 
for  running  through  cars  to  Chicago  from  all 
points  West,  secure  to  passengers  all  the  comforts 
in  modern  Railway  Traveling,  No  changes  of 
Cars  and  no  tedious  delays  at  Ferries, 

Passengers  will  find  Tickets  via  this  Favorite 
Route  at  the  General  Ticket  Office  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Rrailroad,  Sacramento,   and    in    all   the 
Tic  bet  Offices  of  the  Central  Paciffc  Railroad, 
Marvin  Hughitt,  W,  H,  Stennett, 

Gen,  Supt.,  Chicago.  Gen,  Pass,  Agent, 

H.  P,  STANWOOD,  General  Agency,  121  Mont- 

gomery  street,  Sau  Francisco. 

A,  O.  HOOKEB,  L-   FlNlGAN, 

Late  Gunckel  it  Hooker,      (late   of  Jl.irysville.) 

mm  I  mui 

DENTISTS. 

-359  First  street,  San  Jose, 


IMPEOVED  FEUIT  PACKAGES 


DON'T  FAIL  to  OB  FOkFATm 


OSLV  2.J  (JESTS. 


Comfortable  Combination 

Clothing^. 

THIS  STYLE  OF  I  NDERCLOTHIXG  FOR 
Ladies  has  been  found  by  all  who  have 
used  it,  the  most  convenient  and  comfortable, 
as  well  as  erunoinical  of  any  now  in  use.  Models 
were  exhibited  and  attracted  mnch  commenda- 
tion at  the  late  Fair. 

Patterns  can  be  had  by  applying  to  >Irg. 
Herrinj;,  cast  hide  of  Ninth  street,  between  St. 
John  and  St.  James  streets.  San  Jose,  (where 
samples  can  be  seen.)  or  by  addressing' 

C.  C.  C.  Company, 

Box  686  San  Francisco.  * 


This  reform  underclothing  has  been  worn  by 
the  Editor's  wife  and  children  fur  the  past  two 
seasons,  and  is  certainly  superitir  in  points  oi 
comfort,  healthfulnesK,  and  economy  of  wear 
and  material  of  any  ever  invented.  It  is  the  in- 
vention of  a  California  lady  who  makes  every 
pattern  her^^elf  and  writes  full  directions  upon 
each.  No  family  that  once  tries  this  style  of 
clothing  will  ever  go  back  to  the  others. 


ZiOcke  c&  Moxxtague, 

IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  &c. 

112  and  114  Battery  St., 

SA!V   FRANCl-itlQ. 

LOS  GATOS  ITUESERIES, 

S,  NEWH.VLIi,  Prop'r SanJo.se. 


AL.IRGE  AND  GENERAL  ASSORTMENT 
of  Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees,  Evergreens, 
Flowering  Shrubs,  Roses,  Greenhouse  Plants, 
Grapevines,  Small  Fruits,  etc,  I  ofiVr  for  sale  a 
well  assorted,  well  grown  and  healthy  stock. 
Low-topped  stalky  fruit  trees  a  specialty.  Ad- 
dress S.  NEWHALL.  San  Jose. 


The  Santa  Clara  Valley  Frnit  Package  \ 
Manufacturing  Company  are  now  making  ' 
berry  boxes  by  the  wholesale.  With 
their  new  machinery  for  slicing  off  ma- 
terial,  they  can  make  packages  that,  for  ' 
lightness,  strength  and  cheapness  com- 
bined, cannot  be  excelled  in  the  world. 
Their  light  strawberry  boxers  are  thin 
strips — 24  to  the  inch — and  are  bent  into 
shape  by  grooving.  The  bottoms  are 
raised  above  the  lower  sides  so  as  to  al- 
low ventilation.  The  crates,  or  cases, 
are  made  to  hold  n,  12,  10  and  24  pounds 
of  fruit  in  boxes.  These  are  also  made 
of  thin,  light,  strong  pieces.  The  whole 
complete — crate  with  cover  and  24  one- 
pound  boxes — only  weighs  iy^  pounds, 
and  costs  but  35  cents.  The  crate  com- 
plete, with  IG  boxes,  weighs  but  3% 
pounds,  and  costs  only  25  cents.  The 
packages  for  lOU  pounds  of  fruit  weigh 
but  20  pounds,  or  less.  Contrast  the 
old  cumbersome  chests,  weighing  80 
pounds  and  costing  $8  each,  with  these 
new,  cheap,  free  packages.  There  is  no 
trouble  of  buck  freight;  no  heavy  extra 
freight  on  packages;  the  person  who  buys 
the  fruit  has  no  bother,  but  takes  the 
box  home.  The  most  important  thing, 
however,  is  the  perfect  condition  in 
which  the  fruit  carries,  whether  long  or 
short  distance.  I'ersons  once  using 
these  packages  will  use  no  other.  All 
sorts  of  berry  and  fruit  boxes  will  be 
made  in  their  season,  or  to  order,  in  a 
manner  and  at  prices  that  will  suit  all. 
Also  fruit  and  market  baskets  of  superi- 
or qU'ility.      .Vddress, 

Santa   Clarn    Valley    Fruit    Package 

Manufactory,  S^t,  .John  Street,  between 
Market  and  First  Streets,  San  Jose, 
California. 

The     American    Bee    Journal, 

EstabUslu<l  in  IKiU  by  the  late  Samuel  WaKner, 

at  Washintjton,  D,  C.  is  now  published 

Monthly  at  CHICAGO,  HI, 

Every  Beekeepershould  Subscribe 
for    It. 

IT  IS  THE  BEST  SCIENTIFIf  AND  PR.VCTI- 
cal  .Journal  of  .\pieult':re  in  the  world.  The 
most  Bueeessfnl  and  experienced  .VpiariauB  in 
Europe,  as  well  as  Ameri.  a.  eontributc  to  its 
paKcs,  In  fael,  it  is  the  olilvsl,  lursresl.  and 
one  of  the  most  reliiibln  Brr  Papers  in  the 
English  lancuaue.  Tkhu,s;  $.' persnnura.  Send 
a  stamp  for  a  Sample  Copy,    Addr«fifi, 

THO.n.\S  G.   XEWM.4N, 
1!)G  <Si  mHi  Sonlh  CIni'k  SI.,  ChleiiKo. 

T.W.  Mitchell, 

I        Porter's    Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SAN   Josi;. 


Dr.  N.  KLEIN,      Surgeon  Dentist-        SEEDSMAN  and  FLORIST 


DR.  C.  R.  SPAW, 

Resident  Dentist, 
Ct>mer  of  First    and 

Santa  Clara  streets. 

In  lIcLaughlin  &  Ry- 

land's  building, 

San  Jose,  Cal. 


.Villi  l>ealHriii  Flowerill^r Pllnts 

Oriiiiliieiilal    SUriilis     KulbM 

and    FloweriiiU'    Hoots    in 

A'ariety.  Han;; iiit;  Ba,.- 

kct,..    Hrieil  Grasses, 

Frencll  Immortelles  of  .-Vssorted 

Colors,   K«-.,  Etc, 

«^"  Seeds,  Fresh  and  Reliable. 

The  Bee-Keepers'  llagazine. 


Office: 


tgy-  For  ■:.>  snbscriplions  to  the  Califor- 
nia Agricultmist,  Live  !«tocfc  and 
Household  Jotiriinl  at  SI. -jO  each,  the 
publishers  will  give  a  870  Xew  Davis 
Sen-ing  Macliine.  Here  is  an  opportunity 
for  some  energetic  lady  to  get  the  best  Sewing 
JIaehine  for  a  little  time  well  employed.  The 
DAVIS  took  the  first  premium  at  the  Santa 
Clara  Valley  .Agricultural  Society's  Exhibition 
last  Fall, 


50 


An  ILLVSTSATED  Monthly  Jour- 
nal of  :*'.;  octavo  pages  devoted 
exclusively  to  Bke  -  Ccltuke. 
Eilited  by  Albert  J.  King,  con- 
taining monthly  contributions 
from  Mrs.  E.  S,  TtjppEB,  and 
other  eminent  Bee-Keepers  in 
both  ErnopE  and  -America.  A 
large  space  is  devoted  to  beoissers  giving  use- 
ful information  just  when  it  Is  needed  through- 
out the  year.  Tebsis:  SI.  50  per  year.  We 
will  send  the  Magazise  4  months  os  trial  and 
iscLtDE  a  6-1-page  pamphlet  (price  50  cts. ) ,  con- 
taining a  beaiitiful  life-like  Chromo  of  Honet- 
PL.o,Ts  and  Italian  Bees  In  their  natural  colors. 
Prize  EssaT  by  Mrs.  TtrpPEE,  Queen  Rearing  by 
M.  Quisby'.  Instructions  for  Beginners,  etc,,  all 
for  50  cts.     Address, 

KING  Si  SI.OCTI9I, 
61  Hudson  Stieet,  New  Tork. 


w.  k 


lii'i  Patent  FortaUe  WooH  and  Straw  hmi  li^m 


Patented  July  20th  and    XVovember  2d,  1875. 

Burns  wood  or  Straw  without  change,  and  Coal  by  chang- 
ing two  plates.  Took  the  Premium  at  the  California  State 
Fair,  1875,  as  the  Best  Straw-Bumer. 

t  yT    Send  for  Testimonials  and  Price  tu 

JOSEPH    ErrKIGHT,   San  Jose,   Cal., 


GARDEN  CITV 

DRUG  STORE 


Bet.    1st    aud  id 


H.  PIESSITECKEE, 


Proprietor, 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St. 


J.    C.    VE1TITX7M. 

DEALKU    IN 

CARRIAGES,     BITGf-ilES,     PHAETONS 
and  SPRING  WAGONS. 


B=?-  AhL      WORK      WARRANTED  -m 


C.  E.  CAMPBELL,-, 


Manufacturer  of 


itOTcs,       Easg9s, 
Pumps, 

Well  Pipe  and  Galvanized  Iron  Hydraulic  Earns, 
Pumps  with  Improved  Valves.  L^ii  aai  Iron  P  ipe. 
Tin,  Copper,  Zinc   and    SUeel-  Brass  Goods, 

Iron     Wares,      Galvanised    Iron  Hose  Wire, 

Chimneys,  Tin  Rooflng,  Plumb-     Farmers'  Esilcrs, 
iiig,  etc.  House  Furnisliiiig 

No. rw9  Firs'  Stree'.  tpposite  Fl  Do-  ''""■ 

ladoSt. 


NO.  447    FIBST   STREET,    San  Jose. 

E^JCELSE   mill    COMPANY 

M  VM-FA'TrKKIi.-.  OI' 

Monuments,  Head    Stones,  Tablets, 
Cenotaphs,  Tombs, 

aiKl  all  liluilKof  Cemetery  work  in  Marble  auri  Granite 

Marble,     Slale    and    Iron    Mantles.     Table 
Tops,  Tile,  Grates,   Fountains,  Etc, 

Hasts  eut  from   PkotograpljK.      Statuary  ami  BubIb  in 

PlaBter  or  Marble.     Moulding  and  Designing 

done  on  slicrt  potic-e.     PRICES  LOW. 

FIEI.S,  COMBS  &  KESTDAIiIi, 

NO.  '^77   SECOND  STREET. 
Between  Santa  Clara  aud   St.  .John  streetB,  San  Jose. 

SAN  JOSE. 

Drug  Store, 

In  M.Langhlin  .V   Ryland's 
Bank  Building, 

309   FIRST    STREET, 

S.\N  ,IOSK,   (J,\L. 

J.  A.    Chittenden. 


Keiid  the  advertisement,  on  second  page  of 
cover,  of  the  sale  of  Pclton  Horse-powers  by 
the  Sheriff,  on    May   13th,  at   the  San   Jose 

Fouudrv. 


The  Cal.  AoiticuLTUniHr  I'lut  Vo.  b  ive  tnuKtitutett 
thcmeelves  a  Purchasinjj  A^fency,  to  aifoinmodate 
Agricultukist  KubBcriberh.  Anylhiiit;  waiitc<l  in  Smi.It)8o 
ori^itn  Francisro  pnrchas(ii  at  h»w('st  ratt-R  for  caeh,  and 
forwarded  to  order  Free  of  C'oiiiinissioiiei, 


E.    J.    WlLCOX:, 

Wilcox  Bloi-k.No.lM  First  St,, 
SAN    JOSE,    CAI.. 

California  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AITD  SHOES. 

X  Large  and  Superior  Assortment. 

XVo.    394     First    Street, 

Wil.-ox  Block.  San  .lose. 

BEAR  CREEK 
LUMCER  CO., 

Wholesale  and  K.-tail  Dealers  in 
ALL  KINDS  mF  LUMBER, 

Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 
California  and  Oregon  Luml3e|^ 

Constantly  on  hand. 

All  O-dars  P/j-n.otly  FillaJ 

These  Valves  are  the  sim- 
plest and  nioBt  pert'ett  in  tunstruc- 
tion  of  any  Valve  ever  invented.  For 
eheapness,  durability  and  capa^-ity  of 
dischar^ng  wat<'r.  tbey  are  not  equaled 
by  any  otber  Valve.  We  manufacture 
sizes  from  3  to  7  inches  diameter,  and 
for  Hand,  Windmill  and  Horse-power 
or  8team  Pumps. 

We  also  keep   on  hand  and   manufac- 
ture the  best  and  cheapest  Well  Pipes. 

FRED.  KLEIN, 

Dealer  in  Stoves,  etc.  No.  '227  Santa 
Clara  sti'eet,  a  few  doors  west  of  the 
PoBtoffice,  San  Jose, 


07FICE: 

THIRL  Street, 

Xe.ir 

Moody's   Mills, 

SAN  TOSE. 
P.  .O.    Box  SOU. 


Patent 
Pump 
Valve. 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN      DEALER,  Grain 

a-ir   First  street. 

THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE 

PAID  FOE 

7/heat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains, 


FRED.   KLEIN, 

B     T     O     ^^    E     S 
shei<:t-iron. 

Copper,     Tinware,     Iron    Pumps, 
Kitchen  ITlensxU, 

Celebrated  Peerless  Stoves. 

•Z-it  Santa   (  lara  St., 
Near  PoBtoffice.  S.\nJose. 

JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  Blat^ksmith    aud  Carriage  Shop. 
Bnlbaeh^H  New   Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond St.  and  Fouiituiii   Alley, 
SAN   JOSE. 
Agent  for   Fish    Bro,  '8  Wag-ons . 

New  Work  and  repairiug  of  A^'ricultural 
Implements,  etc. 

West*s      American    Tire-Setter. 
RHODES  &,  LEWIS, 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.   a55   Plrst    Street, 

SAN  -JOSE 


^oRf? 


fin 


Table  of  Contents. 

.  . 

PAGE'  rt-QK 

Boys  ind  Girls.— 'I'riist.  Dot  Lambs        iHygionic— *Pra<:''l  HeiiUh  Topics 

Mary  Haf  liotlPoetry).     •Our  »Improved  Underwear 90 

Corner.       *Grandiua's    Talks.         ) 

*A  Mischievous  Pet.    *For  the  tj.,„^..    -M.iQin™ 

Corner,     Etc 9t-95  Pootiy  -  John   Beed  8   Musings. 

I     Go    Work   Upon  a  Farm.     A 
Corresponleneo.— 'Deep    vs.   Shal-        |     Farmer's  Song.  Harvest  Song.    82 

low  Culture 92 

Piseimltore.  —How  to  Take  Salm- 

°'sefs™™.!'.r'*!^.'.''.'!.'?^.'.'!°    82'     on  Trout.    Essay  on  Fish.      A 

I     Large  liObster  Poud 87-88 

Domestic. — The  Eater  Eaten  (Poe- 
try).   *ramiliar  Talks.    *Con-        |  Stock   Brscier.  — A  Fair  Diacrimi- 

tributed  Kecipes 93      nation.    tThc  Auction  Sale  of 

Fine  Stock 

Editoriil  Notss 82 

-    .    .  *T  1  '   ^  SheoD  ind  Goats — IThe  Sheep  and 

H5rticalt»P6,  -Notes    on    Orange         si^^epMauoKS  ^^^^^^^/c^^, 

Culture  m  Southern  Europe. 88-89|     ^^ered.    'i he  Angora  Goat.  .8*-9C 

oasehciaEsaling:.— *Graudfather'8  '  ,  „  , 
Letters.  'Mother.  'Musings.  Vineyird.— Theory  of  Causes  of 
Up-Country  Letters.  *Have  a  ,  Death  of  Grape  Vines.  New 
Home.  'Governing  Children.  I  Phylloxera  Remedy.  Phyllox- 
"How  to  Make  Mischief .  Etc.'Jl-92      era * 

PAGE 

UisceUaneous . — t  Matlick's  Derrick 
(illustrated)  .  tTaber's  Hay 
Fork  (illust'd).      tl-'ine  Stock 

and  Agricultural  Fairs 81 

tProspectus  of  Principles 85 

^>i  •  Contributed.     1  Editorial. 


l|:  Wjl  hfouSEhfom  MmAT/j^E 


r^     ^=r|=\^-=.'^^0^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal 


MiTim  mum  ns  mcEEH ! 


m  m\m  fiu 


,..,AKE  .. 


MATCHLESS  IN  dUNDEUF., 

Beauty  of  Tone, 


Ferfecii  of  Me:liaiii:ia 


IN  EVERY  DETAIL. 


All  Our  Pianos  are  Double  Veneer- 
ed with  Sawed  Veneering. 


AntiseH's  Celebrated  Iron  Frame  is  the  ONLY 
Unfailing  Safe^niard  yet  disrovered  a;,'ainst  the 
Harsh  ML*talii'  Tone  invarialdy  nut  with  after  a 
while  in  all  IiiKtniineiits  othcrwibf   i.-tiubtructed. 


INSTALLMENTS. 

S50  or  $IOU   Dowu;    Bakiuee  in    lustall- 
ments  of  $10  and  Upwards. 

AGENT  AND  SALESROOMS: 

315    SANTA    CIiAKA  ST., 

SAN    .TOSE. 

FAR  MS!    FARMS! 

FOE   SALE. 


1  C^A    Acres,  Se\'en  31iles  West  of  City 

XO^    of   Sau  Jiise,  mostly  valley,  very  cheap, 
Fair   House,  at  $«,  500  . 


40 


Acres,  T^vo  and  a  Half  Miles  West, 

rich  valley  land,  at  $80  per  acrv. 


^A  Acres,  on  tlie  Alinaden   Road,  Six 

wU  miles  out,  House.  Barn,  etc.;  a  pretty  place 
for$.>,000. 


(^^O  Acres,  IVear  Cinnabar   Hotel,    on 

WtalO  Almaden  Ruad,  six  and  a  half  miles  out; 
a  BiK  Bargain  for  $1*^,000;  has  a  Fine  Grove 
of  Timber.  House,  Barn,  Wind-mill.  Vineyard, 
etc.;  all  valley  land  but  liO  acres.  Terms— One- 
half  cash;  balance  in  thrt-e  years  at  H  per  cent, 
per  anniun. 


01  3  Acres,  Near  Jtloiintniii  Vie^v,  very 
wX-1:  well  improved,  with  House  and  Out- 
buildings; a  Good  Home  for  $3,UUU. 


0Q1  1    Acres,    Near    WasUin|s^ton  Cor- 

M^^'H  ners.  Alameda  county,  I'l  miles  from 
San  Jose,  one  mile  from  Depot;  all  valley  land; 
House,  two  liarns.  htrj^e  Dairy  House,  Granary. 
Wind-mill.  Tank,  three  acres  of  Excellent  Orch- 
ard, is  a  hi-st-rhiiss  plan-,  at   $90    per   am-,  [lart 

JAMES    A.  CLAVOrr, 

je  Kr;.l  Kht-A'-  A^'fiit.  2'.in  Snnta  Cl.-nvi  St. 


The  iempehance  champioJI 

Vlllilish.'.l    inulillily,  ;it   S:,l.  .I..y.-,  (■.,].. 

By   ALEX.    P.     MUE&OTTEIT. 
Iliinif  llir  llrsi  l-'aiiiily  Papm  (in  Ilii-Coiist 

PRICE   <>M,V    SI    AYKAR. 

Tin;  Teiniicnim-c  I'lciiU;  shoiilil   all  luivp  it. 

JOB   prTn  T  I  n  c 

OF  KVEKY     KTYLE 

DoiH-  at  tlie  ■•  CHAMPION"  Offii  o. 


FOR  THE   Pl'HPOSE  OF 


Mm  SPANISH  UE« 

FOR     SALE. 


Handling  Grain  in  the  Straw, 

Stacking  Hay  or  Straw, 
Handling  Hay  Bales  or  Other  Weights. 

This  Machine  has  been  extensively  introduced  in  the  East,  and  stands  pre-eminently  the  Stacker 
for  the  people.  It  defies  all  coiiipelition.  and  has  *aken  tUe  First  Preininin  wher- 
ever entered.  Some  of  ihe  advnnt;ii;<  s  >  laiiued  are:  It  is  simide  in  construction,  easily  moved 
from  place  to  place. and  couvenieully  ninrdtrd,  raising  the  grain,  hay  nr  other  weitj;hts.  and  at  the 
same  time,  and  by  tlie  same  operation,  swinging  it  into  the  position  in  which  it  is  to  be  placed: 
thence  returning  iiromptly  to  the  former  position. 

It     is    the     Only      Folding      Derrick      Used.  jjQi^gj^pQ^gj^j  i    HQJ^SJ.pQTO  ! 


SIXTY  ONE  ANOTWO  TEARS  OL.D 
^  Th()roughbred  Spanish  Merino  Rams,  for 
sale.  Also,  about  ItX)  Ewes  and  Lambs,  all 
California  bred,  from  stock  imported  from 
Vermont,  and  as  good  as  there  is  on  this  Coast. 
Prices  to  suit  the  times.  je 

B.   F.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 


It  lias  Tavo  Movements— Vertical  and  Lateral 


CERTIFICATES. 


The  following  are  only  a  few  of  the  letters  of 
Stacker  on  the  Pacilio  Coast  last  year; 

MR.  I.  N.  MATLICK:  Dear  Sir— AUow  us  to 
say  that  we  have  used  one  of  your  Stackers,  and 
unhesitatingly  pronounce  it  the  best  machine  we 
have  seen  for  stacking  hay  or  straw,  handling 
haybales,  wool  bales,  etc. 
Visalia,  Cal..  Dec.  1,  187i.        W.  J.  White  .t  Co. 

Mr.  I.  N.  Matlice:  —  We  used  one  of  your 
Stackers  last  year,  and  are  fully  convinced  that 
it  is  Thk  Stacker.  G.  W.  SMirH  &  Bro. 

Visalia,  .\pril  !>,  1876. 

Mr.  I.  N.  Matlick,  Visalia,  Oal.;— Your  Stack- 
er  is  superior  to  any  machine  I  have  seen  for 
stacking,  of  which  I  am  convinced  in  putting  up 
'2.000  tons  of  hay  last  year.  S.  Jewett. 

Bakersfield.  Kern  Co.,  Cal.,  March  10,  1876. 

Mb.    I.    N.    Matlick,  Visalia:— Having    tried 


endorsement  received   from  those  who  used  the 

lyour  Stacker  to  my  satisfaction,  I  find  It  just 
what  I  want,  and  far  superior  to  any  other  ma- 
!  chine  for  the  iiurjinse.  I  have  therefore  pur- 
] chased  the  right  to  build  three  upon  our  own 
farm.  G.  F.  Thornton. 

Manager  for  Carr  k  Haggen. 
Bakersfield,  April  21,  1876. 
Mr.  I.N.  Matlick,  Visalia.  Cal.:~I  used  your 
Stacker  last    harvest,  and   am  fully   conviiiced 
that  it  has  u»  equal.  Philo  D.  Jewett. 

Bakersfield.  Kern  Co.,  April  '12.  1876. 
Mr.  I.  N.  Matlick.  Visalia;— Having  xised  dif- 
ferent stackers,  and  knowing  the  value  of  your 
machine  by  its  jiractical  work,  deem  it  superior 
to  any  other.  I  have  therefore  purchased  the 
light  to  build  four  Stackers  upon  my  farm. 
1     Bakersfield.  April  '22,  1S76.      Wm.  H.  Souther. 


THE  WOULD  IS  CHALLENGED  FOE  AN  EaUAL. 


ADDRESS; 


Or. 


I.  N.  ZtHATLXCK,  Visalia,  Cal. 

•T.    M.    GltEGOliY,    Asent.  Sau  Jose,  Cal. 


ATTENTION,     HARVESTERS ! 

FIVE  of  I'ELTON'S  Celebrated 

Six-Fold -Geared      Horse-Powers, 

For  Sale  at  the 

SAXV      JOSE      FOUNDRV, 

C(>r.  San  Antonio  and  First  sts..San  Jose 


Ho !  For  the   Coming  Harvest ! ! 

Where  to    get    the  BEST 

MOWERS   &  REAPERS 

Is  now  the  important  question. 


SAN  JOSE  CLOTHING  STORE, 

266    SANTA  CLARA  STREET,  SAX  JOSE, 

O'BANION     &     KENT, 

Merchant  Tailors,  Clothiers,  aud  dealers  in  all  kinds  of 

QENTS'    FURTnTISHING     GOODS. 


Examine    those  introduced  by    the 

FARMERS'     UNION. 

THE  LATEST    IMPROVED 

Two-Wheeled  McCormick 

AHEAD  OF    ANYTHING. 

The  cutter-har  of  the  Mower  has  the  action  of 
the  Champion  and  the  Buckeye,  with  Elasticit> , 
Strength  and  Easy  Control  Buperiorto  all  otbert-. 
It  is  Powerful,  IHirable,  Reliable;  costs  LESS 
than  other  first-class  machines,  lasts  longer,  anii 
needs  no  repairing  for  years. 


A    Superior    Stock    of  VTew    G-oods  for  the    Summer    Trade. 


^^  LOW  PRICES,  and  N       SECOND  PRICE.  ^^ 


THE  IMPROVED  ADVANCE] 
COMBINED  ■■ 

Self-Raking  Reaper  and  Mower 

Has  SEPAliATF.  I>.\RS  for  reaping  and  mowing 
— a  truly    Combined  machine. 

THE     FAD/IZSRS'     UnriOIT 

Has  the  agem  y  f<^r  these  machines  in  Santa 
Clara.  San  Beuito,  Santa  Cruz,  and  Monterey 
Counties.  Depots  ot  Sale  will  be  established  in 
the  towns  of  Gilroy,  Hollister,  Salinas,  Watson- 
ville.  and  Santa  Cruz.  Farmers  will  find  it 
economy  to  see  and  examine  these  machines  be- 
fore buying  others. 


Lightstone  Block,  uearly  opposite  the  Anzerais  House 


je 


MRS.  H.  E.  ELLIOTT  FEIST  BROS.   &  CO. 

Will  Mnlillf.'lrlurr    the 


FREUCH  YOKE   SHIRT 

Frnm  .\itn.-il  MiiiBurein.iit. 

A     Perfect     Fit     Guaranteed. 


FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC 

CARPETS. 


T^IIE  I.AIUIEST  ASSORTMENT  IN  THIS 
City.  New  and  Beautiful  Styles,  carefully 
sclcrtcii.  and  selling  at  pries  Lo  .  er  than  ever 
lu'forc.  ,\o\v  is  Your  Opportunity. 
UonM  Koiyi'l  II. 

Wr  uiT  olTciiiig   full  lines   of 
English  Axminster  and  French  Moquette. 
English  Koyal  Wiltons.    Velvet^  and  Brussels. 
En^ilish  and  .Vmerican  Tapestry  Brussels. 
lii-i-lnw  anil  Cnuniiton  Wiltons  and  Brussels. 
llartfi>nl  arnl  Luwidl   lioily  Brussels. 
Hartfiird  Threr.ply  Extra  Super  aud  Medium 
All  Wool  Supirlhulugn.ins.  [Super. 

Uoublr  and  Siiigl*'  t'olton  Chain.  [Matting. 

M(ii|uettit  Vilvit  Tapestry  Hugs,  and  Mats  and 
A  large  line  of  Smyrna  Kugs,  direct  importation. 
White,  ('lu'ck  and  Fancy    English   and  American 
Oihdoths.  etc. 

flf^  Call  and  convince  vours-lf  tli;it  \v.   >  ;in  do 
as  advertised.  FEIST   BROS- 


NEW  YORK 

REAPERS  AND  MOWERS 

F<m  sAT.r  nv 
THE       FARMERS'       UNION, 

SAN    JOSK, 

PRICE,  NINETY   DOLLARS. 


imi  COMBINATION  SPECTACLES 

liMl'UOVE,  ^-^;3gfMS^  S'l'lvKNlMllKN. 

nn.l  I'roserve  %.-::T^^^      th.-  Si^lil. 
e.?^  .>00    Pairs  ill    I'm*'    in  Sjiii.Iiise.     .V 

I'l  rlVc  t  Fit  (iuai-.iliteiil.      F.ir  m1.    by 

SMITH  &  RYDER,  Jewelers, 

:J07  Fllisr  htrci't.  I'Hiiiim'iiiiil    Haiilc   Uiul.liii},'. 


J^"  Yovi  cull  yot  a  liocid,  Substantial 
Business  or  Dress  Sviit  at  Spring's  for 
less  money,  by  ono-fourth,  than  at  any 
other  store. 


brnia  Agriculturis 


^Xd^O 


EM^wm. 


TOOK    ^o-tirmitAEa 


\, 


Vol.  7~No.  6.) 


.     SAN  JOSE,  CAL.,   JUNE,  1876. 


(Subscription  Pbice,  $1.50  a  Year. 
I  Siuyle  Copies,  15  Cents, 


MATLICKS    HAY  DERRICK. 

A  good  derrick  to  use  iu  the  hay  field, 
and  at  the  stack;  one  that  iseasily  moved 
from  place  to  place;  always  iu  readiness 
for  work;  that  will  lift  light  or  heavy 
weight  perpendicularly  and  swing  it  at 
once  to  its  place  without  trouble, 
and  return  to  its  former  position;  that 
can  be  managed  with  the  least  number 
of  hands — such  a  derrick  has  long  been 
desired  by  our  farmers,  and  is  shown  iu 
our  illustration.  It  is  constructed  upou 
an  entirely  different  principle  from  the 
old  arm-derrick  that  is  held  up  with  guy- 
ropes.  It  is  the  embodiment  of  an  orig- 
inal idea,  wonderful  at  once  for  its  sim- 
plicity and  adaptability.  The  upright 
post  upon  which  the  horizontal  beam  is 
pivoted,  is  thoroughly  braced  to  a  frame, 
which,  as  will  be  seen  iu  the  illustra- 
tion, IS  a  sled  that  can  be  drawn  and 
placed  where  wanted  bj-  the  same  team 
that  is  used  to  raise  the  weight.  This 
same  frame  can  beset  upou  wheels  if  de- 
sired, but  for  ordinary  use  it  is  not 
necessary.  The  horizontal  beam  is  sup- 
ported at  two  points,  first  upon  the  cen- 
ter post,  and  second  upon  the  long  brace 
that  the  cut  shows  to  be  .ittailnd  to  one 
corner  of  the  sled 
frame  and  reach- 
ing up  to  uear  the 
end  of  the  beam. 
This  brace  is  the 
real  genius  of  the 
derrick.  The  only 
rope  used  is  the 
one  to  which  the 
fork  is  attached. 
This  runs  through 
blocks  over  the 
beam  and  iow  n 
through  a  block  ^- 
attached  to  thi  "^ 
corner  fartli  1 
from     the    bi  i  ~ 

The  horse  puUin^,  -=s 
from  this  block  raises  the  fork  directly 
from  the  ground  or  load,  the  derrick 
beam  remaining  motionless,  until  at  a 
given  bight  a  stop  in  the  rope  causes  the 
motion  of  the  team  to  swing  the  beam 
around  with  a  slight  upward  motion  to 
where  it  is  desired  to  drop  the  weight, 
after  which  the  beam  at  once  returns  to 
its  place  without  any  assistance.  This 
voluntary  motion  is  induced  by  the  grav- 
ity of  the  swinging  bi-aco,  which  presses 
iu  that  direction  from  the  position  of  its 
foot.  Wo  have  thus  particularly  ex- 
plained the  working  of  this  derrick  be- 
cause it  is  constructed  upon  a  new  prin- 
ciple, and  is  deserving  of  the  attention  of 
evei"yone  wanting  an  apparatus  for  the 
purposes  for  which  this  is  designed. 

Mr.  Matliek,  the  inventor,  has  been 
introducing  his  derricks  in  our  county 
lately,  and  we  hear  but  one  expression, 
and  that  a  verj'  favorable  one. 


forward,  and  propose  to  take  hack  seats 
no  longer.  Year  after  year  they  have 
been  content  to  be  run  over  and  thrown 
dust  upou  by  the  fast  men  and  horses, 
who  have  monopolized  agricultural  fairs 
for  purposes  of  gambling  and  grand  ca- 
rousal. Not  exactly  content,  perhaps, 
for  they  have  kept  up  an  incessant 
grumbling,  but  nevertheless  have  sub- 
mitted in  a  manner  that  showed  a  sub- 
jection anything  but  sublime.  Our  local 
Santa  Clara  Valley  Agricultural  Society 
has  really  treated  them  better  than  any 
other,  and  has,  in  consequence,  been 
favored  by  better  exhibits  of  stock.  Sev- 
eral stock  breeders,  for  a  year  or  two 
back,  have  declined  to  exhibit  at  all  at 
the  State  fair  until  a  dift'erent  order  of 
things  prevails. 

Finally,  the  matter  seems  to  have 
come  near  enough  to  a  tangible  focus  to 
show  some  force.  All  that  is  now  needed 
is  a  very  general  unity,  not  only  of  all 
stock  breeders,  but  of  all  legitimate  in- 
dustrial interests,  upou  the  ground  that 
the  horse-race  gambling  and  liquor- 
drinking  have  got  to  be  separated  from 
the  respectable  exhibits  of  worthy  pro- 
ductions. This  will  be  radical  because 
emphatically  right,  but  it  will  effectually 


STOCK    AND     AGRICUL- 
TURAL FAIRS. 


It  is  a  cheery  sign  for  the  early  inaug- 
uration of  something  better  than  horse- 
race gamVjling  at  our  county  and  state 
fairs,  when  our  stock   men  come   boldly 


cure  the  uow  disorganized  condition  of 
fairs  generally.  As  there  can  be  no  har- 
mony between  right  and  wrong,  the 
question  of  policj'  as  to  which  should 
rule  is  the  all-important  one.  Will  it 
not  be  best  to  make  short  work  of  the 
thing,  and  end  the  trouble  at  once,  by 
ruling  out  the  pool-race  and  ruling  in  the 
worthy  and  the  beneficial  productions? 
If  you  cannot  draw  as  big  a  crowd,  you 
can  get  a  better  one;  and  it  you  don't 
take  in  as  much  money  at  the  gate,  you 
can  make  the  fairs  a  moral  and  material 
success,  jiro  bono  publico,  which  is  some- 
thing which  has  not  been  accomplished 
heretofore  to  any  gi-eat  extent,  surely. 

Col.  Younger's  address  before  the 
Cattle-Breeders'  Association,  shows  the 
true  spirit  of  the  stock  breeders  upon 
this  important  question.  And  as  a  proof 
that  they  are  in  earnest,  we  now  append 
a  series  of  resolutions  reported  by  a  com- 
mittee of  the  Association.  Owing  to  the 
reluctance  of  other  papers  to  publish 
them  in  full,  wo  are  the  first  to  spread 
them  before  the  jiublic.  We  only  regret 
that  the  resolutions  are  not  more  radical: 

Mr.  President,  and    Gentlemen  of  the  TJio- 

roitijhbred  Cattle-Breeder's  Association: 

Y"our  Committee,  appointed    for    the 


purpose  of  drafting  resolutions  relative 
to  the  exhibition  of  cattle  at  the  State 
Fair,  would  most  respectfully  report  as 
follows: 

That  after  duly  considering  the  whole 
matter,  and  believing  that  the  cattle  in- 
terests of  this  State,  as  well  as  all  the 
Western  States  of  the  Union,  is  second 
to  no  other  interest,  as  is  plainly  shown 
by  the  cattle    receiving  the  gold   medal 


over  all  other  stock  for  several  years  past 
at  the  annual  exhibition  of  the  State 
Society;  and,  whereas,  under  an  act  to 
incorporate  a  State  Agricultural  Society, 
etc.,  the  latter  part  of  section  '2d  of  said 
act  reads  as  follows,  viz:  "and  for  an  ex- 
hibition of  the  various  breeds  of  horses, 
cattle,    mules    and    other   stock,   and  of 


agricultural,  mechanical,  and  domestic 
manufactures  and  productions,  and  for 
no  other  purposes;"  and,  whereas,  it  is 
very  plain,  from  the  above  quotation  of 
said  act,  that  there  was  no  provision  for 
a  speed  programme  Cin  our  opinion), 
and  as  the  report  of  the  State  Board 
shows  that  they  spend  more  money  on 
the  race-horse  thau  on  all  other  stock, 
and  more  time  is  devoted  to  the  inter- 
ests of  the  race-track  than  all  other  in- 
terests combined;  therefore,  be  it 

Besolved,  That  we   hereby  request  the 


State  Board  of  Bgriculfure  to  give  more 
attention  to  the  cattle  interests  of  this 
State,  and  do  away  with  the  daily  parade 
of  cattle,  as  we  believe  that  it  is  very  in- 
jurious as  well  as  expensive,  and  no 
good  derived  from  it;  we  also  ask  that 
the  ton  per  cent,  entrance  fee,  wherever 
it  applies  to  cattle  iu  the  premium  list, 
be  stricken  out,  as  we  think  and  believe 
it  unjust  to  make  an  exhibition  and  pay 
for  it;  we  further  request  and  ask  that 
our  cattle  may  be  exhibited  and  passed 
upon  in  front  of  the  grand  stand,  the 
ribbons  tied  on  the  successful  animals, 
and  the  award  declared  at  the  time  by 
the  Marshal,  as  is  done  iu   other  States. 

Hesolved,  That  we  make  the  above  rea- 
sonable requests,  and  that  unless  they 
are  complied  with,  this  Association  will 
make  no  exhibition  of  cattle  at  the  State 
Fair. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolu- 
tions be  sent  to  the  secretary  of  State 
Board  of  Agriculture,  to  bo  by  him  laid 
before  said  Board;  and  that  the  said  sec-  i 
retary  is  hereby  requested  to  nctify  the  , 
secretary  of  this  Association  what  action  ; 
they  may  take  on  the  above  resolutions.  , 

(Signed)       Robt.  .\sHEt:r.NEi!, ) 

CvKCs  Jones,  /-  Com.  I 

J.  D.  Garb,  )         .   ' 

Sacramento,  April  19,  1876. 

TABOR    DERRICK    HAY-FORK. 

Next  in  importance  to  a  good  derrick 
is  a  good  hay-fork — one  that  will  gather 
up,  hold  onto,  and  carri'  into  place  a 
large  or  small  grab  with  equal  facility, 
and  that  is  under  perfect  control  in  all ' 
positions.  Such  an  oneis  the  Taber,  the 
late  invention  of  Orriu  Taber,  of  San  . 
Jose,  and  manufactured  in  San  Jose. 

This  is  certainly  a  meritorious 
invention.  Our  illustration  will 
give  au  idea  of  the  way  it  works, 
but  to  be  appreciated  it  must 
be  seen.  It  grapples  onto  the 
hay  with  a  leverage  power,  in- 
creased with  the  weight  of  the 
load.  The  grapple  forks  are  sep- 
arately axled  into  a  huge  bail,  as 
shown.  Each  jaw  of  the  fork  has 
two  arms  at  right  angles  with  , 
its  axle,  one  of  which  the  weight 
of  the  fork  draws  upon  to  open 
the  jaws;  the  other  and  opposite 
lever  arm  the  whole  weight  draws 
upon  to  close  the  jaws  when 
gathering  and  lifting.  An  admir- 
able arrangement  for  dropping 
the  load  completes  this  almost 
perfect  thing.  Besides  hand- 
ling long  hay  and  straw  with 
perfect  ease  and  certainty,  it  will  also 
gather  in  its  huge  grasp  chaff  or  grain 
heads.  With  this  fork  a  header  wagon 
can  be  unloaded  speedily. 

Mr.  Taber  has  already  more  orders  for 
these  forks  thau  he  can  fill  this  season, 
but  will  probably  be  able  before  another 
year  to  supply  the  demand.  Meanwhile, 
snch  of  our  readers  as  are  interested  will 
do  well  to  remember  this  and  examine 
into  its  work  and  merits. 


Born.— San  Jose,  JlajrUth,  1876,  to  tlie  wife 
f  S.  Harris  Ht-niug,  a  sou. 


-==s--:^E 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


$1.50   Per  Ar(r\urr\. 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY   BY   THE 

CAL.     AGRICULTURIST      PUB.      CO. 

S.  HARRIS  HERRING,  Editor. 


OFFICE:— Over  llie  San  Jose  Savinrjg 
Bank,  Balbacli^s  Buildiny^,  Santa 
Clara  Street,  near  First,  San  Jose. 


SPECIAL   TEHHS  TO  AGEITTG. 
RATES    OF    ADVERTISING: 

Per  one  Column 512  00  Per  Mouth 

"    half  Column 6  00    ** 

"    loiirth  Column 3  00    '*        " 

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"    sixteenth  Column 100    •'        ** 

iS^  We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  our  resolu- 
tioD  to  admit  none  but  worthy  basinesfi  advertis- 
ing in  our  columns,  and  to  keep  cli-ar  of  patent 
medicine,  liquor,  and  other  advertisements  of 
doubtful  influence. 

The  large  circulation,  the  desirable  class  of 
readers,  and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rend- 
ers this  Journa[  a  choice  medium  for  reaching 
the  attention  of  the  masses. 

Notice  to  Eastern  Advertisers  and 
Advertising  Agencies. 

ft^  Hereafter  no  proposition  for  advertisins 
in  this  journal  will  be  entertained  without  p;iy 
in  advance.  Our  published  rates  are  the  stand- 
iird  for  all. 


EDITORIAL     NOTES. 


Messrs.  Field,  Combs  &  Kendall, 

of  San  Jiise,  iii-o  cerliiiu)y  ilcaei  vin^'  of  s])ccuil 
mention  for  doing  fine  marble  worjj,  as  every 
one  wlio  examines  will  attest.  Tliey  en]i)loy 
a  Lufje  force  ol  men,  and  display  work  tliat 
for  ele-rance  and  finish  cannot  be  surpassed 
in  til  is  filale. 


One  number  of  a  journal  like  this  can 
not  conuiin  aiticjea  npon  every  snbjectof  gen- 
eral interest.  Next  month  sevei-al  depart- 
nients  not  found  in  this  issue  will  be  given. 
Now  is  a  very  busy  season  with  the  most  of 
our  ri-aders  and  correspondents.  If  you  can- 
not write  long  articles,  send  ns  something 
slioit  and  spicy,  but  don't  negleit  us. 

Another  New  Fruit-Dryer.— Our 

f.llow  tuwiiKiuan,  Mr.  Win.  Aiam,  has  Be 
cun-d  a  patent  for  a  new  fruit-dryer.  His  in- 
vention consists,  first,  of  a  basement  where 
beat  is  generated  in  a  furnace;  second,  a  large 
room  above  divided  into  apartments  by  mov- 
able parlitionsi  third,  the  manner  of  letting 
the  beat  into  either  or  all  of  these  at  will; 
fourth,  the  movable  racks  for  the  screens 
which  licdd  the  fruit  to  he  dried,  and  fifth,  the 
manner  of  introducing  and  remeving  the  raclis 
containing  the  fruit.  Mr.  A.  says  that  he  can 
buihl  one  of  a  ca]iaiuly  to  .by  aoi)  boxes  of 
apples  or  pears  per  day  for  IS  100.  We  have 
examined  the  drawings,  and  can  see  many 
piactical  points  about  the  apparatus  which  we 
lliink  must  bring  it  into  strong  competition 
Willi  11,0  Alden  and  otlicrs.  Mr.  Bird,  of  San 
•Josu,  will  run  one  this  season,  and  thinks  it 
isjust  about  as  near  the  thing  as   any  yet  in- 


Artificial  Stone.  —  The  AsbesHan 
Stone  Company,  of  San  Jose,  is  now  actively 
engaged  in  making  many  beautiful  designs  of 
work.  They  are  laying  down  pavements  for 
garden  walks,  making  steps,  cemetery  work, 
vases,  and  a  variety  of  solid  and  ornamental 
work.  This  stone  is  worked  in  a  jilastic  con- 
dition, and  it  is  claimed  that  it  can  be  cheaply 
wrought  into  beau'iful  forms,  and  on  harden- 
ing will  endure  a  long  time.  J.  W.  Combs, 
the  noted  marble  cutter,  is  president,  and 
Alex.  Murgotten  secretary,  and  Wm.  Elm 
Superintendent. 


A   Matter   of  Policy.— Cal.  Agm- 

I'ULTUuiisT  Pun.  Co.:  "Six  Months  Among 
the  Bees,"  in  May  number,  Is  a  libel  on  the 
country,  undoubtedly,  and  was  written,  I 
presume,  by  some  one  when  be  bad  the  blues. 
It  is  a  bad  policy  to  republish  anything  ol 
the  kind  with  resard  to  any  portion  of  the 
State.  Suppose  all  the  papers  in  the  different 
localities  should  republish  the  growling  arti- 
cles with  regard  to  all  other  localities, — you 
see  it  would  tend  to  prevent  immigration 
from  the  East,  and  lengthen  the  time  of  our 
enforced  employment  of  the  heathen. 

Yours,  truly,  O.  L.  Abbott. 

.Santa  Barbara,  May  17th,  1867. 

To  publish  either  the  glowing  or  the  "blue" 
side  only,  would  be  unfair.  AVithin  the  past 
two  years,  we  have  given  a  great  deal  of 
matter  flattering  to  the  bee  interests  in  San 
Diego.  We  desire  our  readers  to  see  every 
side  of  the  question,  that  they  may  be  better 
able  to  form  an  impartial  opinion.  (_)n  gen- 
eral principles,  our  newspapers,  by  ]aiblish 
ing  only  the  glowing  side  of  the  country,  flat- 
tering to  each  locality,  deceive  the  people 
East,  and  they  come  here  to  be  disappointed, 
and  curse  the  country  and  people  they  find  so 
very  dirterent  from  what  they  were  misled  to 
believe.  Much  might,  with  justice,  be  said 
upon  this  question.  We  have  often  felt  like 
denouncing  the  over-drawn  and  one-sided 
representations  sent  abroad.  We  want  immi- 
gration, but  not  such  as  is  induced  by  false 
advice.  To  do  as  we  would  be  done  by  in 
this  as  other  things,  must  he  about  right. 


A  look  about  our  immediate  locality 
and  surroundings  shows  a  season  of  business 
that  promises  liberal  returns. 

Enright  is  running  a  lat-ge  force  oti  his  tJO 
new  thresher  engines  and  repairing  of  several 
others.  His  place  looks  like  a  large  locomo 
five  depot  at  first  glance. 

McKenzie's  foundry  has  just  turned  out  the 
largest  iron  quicksilver  furnace  ever  made 
for  the  New  Almaden  mines,  and  will  soon 
commence  another  ono. 

At  the  Alameda  Foundry,  Watkius  »Sc  Co. 
are  turning  out  several  new  engines,  .a  now 
thresher,  and  doing  a  variety  of  othei  work. 

In  Ibis  connection  we  will  mention  the  new 
patent  mamnioth  horse-rako  manufactured 
by  Mr.  Balbach,  at  Ins  .sho])  on  Fountain  and 
Second  streets.  It  is  constructed  something 
on  the  principle  of  the  spring  wire-tooth  rake, 
but  the  teeth  of  this  are  very  heavy  and 
strong,  and  two  horses  and  two  men  are  re- 
quired to  handle  it.  It  is  mounted  on  wheels 
and  worked  with  levers,  the  men  riding. 
Several  have  already  been  made,  all  to  order, 
and  give  splendid  satisfaction.  It  is  no  toy 
arrangement,  but  is  made  to  do  work  "and 
no  fooUshuess." 

Our  wagon  shops  are  running  full  hands. 
Probably  the  best  wagons,  as  well  as  the 
handsomest  made  on  this  Coast,  are  now 
turned  out  in  San  Jose. 

All  classes  of  industrial  business  seem  to  be 
rushing  at  ju-esent,  in  harmony  with  the  pros- 
jiects  of  big  crops  and  productive  success  gen- 
erally. New  houses  are.  going  up  all  over 
town.    New  orchards  have  been  planted, and 


our  nurserymen  are  all  enlarging  their 
grounds  and  business. 

Another  new  canning  factory  has  been 
erected,  and  the  old  firm  of  Dawson  &  Co. 
have  greatly  enlarged  their  factory  and  ca- 
pacity for  putting  up  fruit  and  vegetables. 
Their  reputation  is  deserved,  for  they  put  up 
the  best  fruit  in  the  best  manner,  and  no  trick- 
ery or  deceit. 

Farmers  are  cutting  one  of  the  best  crops  of 
hay  ever  gathered. 

The  late  frosts  have  damaged  early-planted 
tomatoes  and  squashes,  but  the  damage  is  not 
irreparable,  as  it  is  not  too  late  to  replant. 
Mr.  Chas.  Carue's  twenty  acres  of  early  to- 
matoes are  not  injured,  but  are  branching  out 
beautifully.  He  expehts  to  get  2.j  tons  to 
the  acre. 

Fruit  prospects  are  good,  although  str.aw- 
berries  are  a  partial  failure  in  some  spots, 
from  the  effect  of  worms  at  the  roots  of  the 
l)lant8.  Twenty  bushels  or  so  of  salt  to  the 
acre,  at  one  dose,  would  probably  straighten 
them  out  and  convert  them  into  fertilizers. 

The  Mount  Hamilton  observatory  road  will 
be  finished  within  a  month.  New  enterprises 
are  seen  on  every  hand.  If  energy  will  in- 
sure success  in  town  and  country,  surely  our 
people  should  prosper.  Our  exchanges  over 
the  State  all  speak  of  full  crops  and  fine  busi- 
ness prospects  generally.  If  we  deserve  the 
blessing.s  we  receive,  our  happiness  may  be 
real.  

Medical  Inquisition.— The  doctors 

who  live  upon  the  medicines  others  eat  are 
successful— if  not  in  saving  lives,  at  least  in 
making  a  law  that  gives  them  a  monopoly. 
They  were  not  satisfied  vrith  keeping  their 
patients  in  the  dark  with  Latin  prescriptions 
that  put  25  per  cent,  of  all  drug  money  paid 
to  druggists  into  their  own  pockets,  besides 
exorbitant  fees  for  services  pretended;  not 
satisfied  with  a  tair  showing  of  their  "science" 
against  so-called  "quackery"  and  common 
sense,  but  they  must  be  "protected,"  that  is, 
must  condemn  as  criminals,  whoever  differs 
from  their  schools  of  practice.  Whoever 
practices  now  must  hold  diplomas  from  their 
school  of  colleges— must  pass  examinations  at 
their  board  of  inquisition.  What  does  this 
mean  ?  That  the  women  practitioners  who 
have  been  debarred  from  the  benefits  of  a 
class  of  medical  schools  and  have  been  gradu- 
ated from  others,  must  not  attend  to  their  own 
sex  in  times  of  need.  These  monopoly-diplo- 
mad  men  doctors  must  have  all  such  delicate 
cases.  There  is  profit  and  prestige  in  it  that 
they  cannot  all'ord  to  lose.  It  means  that 
liberal  ideas  upon  heatih  subjects  must  be 
crushed  out  and  made  dishonorable.  The 
medical  priest  cratt  must  be  honored  and  pat- 
ronized. It  means  that  this  same  class  of 
privileged  dictators  want  a  clear  field,  so  that 
they  can,  with  even  greater  impunity,  destroy 
the  sensitiveness  and  modesty  of  daughters, 
the  purity  of  wives,  and  the  honor  of  hus- 
bands and  iatherB.  They  have  in  this  act 
thrown  down  the  gauntlet  which  they  will 
find  some  not  too  cowardly  to  pick  up.  We 
expect,  law  or  no  law,  to  employ  wliocver 
we  please,  if  we  need  medical  aiil  in  our  fam- 
ily, but  it  will  never  be  one  who  is  inside  of 
this  iniiiuitoHs  inquisition  ring. 

The  Mechanics'  Institute  will  hold 

the  clcM;lith  Industrial  K.vhilullon  ill  San 
Francisco  this  season.  Application  for  space 
is  now  in  order.  Goods  will  be  re- 
ceived July  25tli.  Exhibition  opens  .Vugust 
Stii.  This  fair  will  lie  called  the  California 
Centennial  Exhibition,  and  every  arrange- 
uieiit  is  making  for  a  grand  fair. 


tfitn  (6avdcuiui). 


HINTS  FOR  THE  MONTH. 

■A-Ull  illustratiou  for  this  deiiartment 
1~\  this  month  is  a  beautiful  aquarium 
IW'  and  fountain  suitable  for  iu-doors, 
'rjJ  a  hall  or  conservatory,  or  for  a 
■;5?  small  yard,  or  a  retreat  in  a  large 
one.  Our  city  florist,  Mr.  Mitchell,  can 
fill  orders  for  such. 

The  care    of    an    aquarium   properly 
comes  under  the  head  of  City  Gardening 
as  the  plants   it  contains    should  not  be 
the  least  attractive  portion,  and  are  quite 
essential  to  the  health   of   the  fishes,  by 
absorbing  the  efiete  matter  and  supplying 
fresh  oxygen  to  the   water.     Many  beau- 
tiful plants  will  grow  quite  as  well  rooted 
in  the    sand   at    the    bottom  and   rising  , 
above   the    water.       Besides,    "there  is 
scarcely  a  weed  to  be  found  in  any  brook 
but  may  be  safely  transplanted  to  it — a  i 
little  washing  and  trimming  being  neces-   ! 
sary  to  remove  decaying  matter,"     Want 
of  space   this  month,  only,    prevents  us 
from  giving  quite  full   directions  how  to 
proceed.      X    well-stocked    aquarium  is 
certainly  a  most  beautiful  and  compan-  I 
iouable  object. 

In  her  "Familiar  Talks,"  this  month, 
our  practical  correspondent,  "Snip," 
wants  to  know  how  to  have  good  success 
in  growing  moss  .and  ferns  in  open  air.  ' 
The  conditions  most  favorable  will  com- 
prise these  essentials:  X  composted  soil 
rich  with  vegetable  mould;  shade  from 
the  direct  sun  during  the  greater  part  of 
the  daj';  a  quiet  atmosphere — wind  is 
injurious  to  them;  plenty  of  moisture — 
in  fact,  they  should  be  completely  satu- 
rated once  a  day,  cither  by  plunging  into 
water  or  by  other  means;  the  evener  the 
temperature  the  better.  In-doors,  near 
a  closed  window,  where  the  morning  sun 
strikes  them  an  hour  or  two,  is  the  most 
favorable  place.  Our  moss  kept  fresh 
as  long  us  the  bath  was  attended  to  reg- 
ularly, nearly  two  years,  and  the  ferns 
did  not  grow  stunted  unti'  the  third  year 
— and  then  we  think  only  through  ne- 
glect, while  our  family  was  away.  A 
a  little  ammonia  occasionally  with  the 
water,  or  the  leeching  of  stable  manure, 
should  bo  given  to  keep  up  the  fertility  , 
of  the  soil — or  a  portion  of  the  soil  may 
be  removed  from  the  stand  or  basket  and 
fresh  compost  put  in  its  place. 

A  large  warden  case,  where  the  moss  , 
and  ferns  grow  secluded  from  the  change  i 
of  air,  and  are  uniformly  moist  under  tlic 
glass,  of  course,  is  still  a  better  place  for 
this  class  of  plants.  But  the  rules  given 
above  will  prove  quite  successful  with 
our  ordinary  hardy  mosses  and  ferns, 
and  nearly  as  satisfactory. 

As  to  the  white  mold  upon  rose  buds 
and  bushes,  it  is  a  cryptogamic  growth, 
a  sort  of  }ilaut-infusoria  that  is  very  bad 
in  moist  situations.  We  notice  that  rosi  s 
growing  in  the  full  sunlight  during  tlu' 
entire  day  are  less  troubled  than  tin 
same  varieties  which  grow  where  parti.'il 
ly  shaded.  We  ki;it>w  of  no  absoliitr 
remedy  against  this  white  mould.  Jack- 
son Lewis,  of  San  Juse,  who  has  Ihr 
finest  collection  of  flowers  in  the  State, 
has  paid  a  good  deal  of  attention  to  this 
blight,  and  tried  numerous  experiments, 
but  finds  that  dusting  often  with  the  . 
flour  of  suljihur  is  as  good  as  anything 
ho  can  do.  The  Giant  of  Battles  seems 
to  be  worse  infested  than  any  other  vari- 
ety. 

The  green  aphis  is  a  very  annoying 
pest  in  a  flower  garden.  A  thorough 
dusting  of  the  trees  or  ))lants  infested 
with  dry  slacked  lime,  as  often  as  the 
aphides  make  their  aijpearunce,  seems  to 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


be  about  as  effective  as  anything,  where 
UflBe  has  not  the  time  to  make  clean  work 
^th  snuff  or  tobacco  smoke  or  sulphur 
"fumes.  The  same  treatment  for  slugs  is 
also  good;  but,  of  course,  a  thorough 
hunt  evening  ami  morning,  with  a  dish 
to  put  them  in  for  final  scalding,  is  still 
better. 

The  woolly  nphis,  which  infests  apple 
trees  and  some  others,  can  be  best  exter- 
minated by  a  strong  soap-suds  of  whale- 
oil  soap,  or  of  strong  common  suds  -n-ith 
some  kerosene  or  carbolic  acid  mixed  in. 
Tie  a  swap  on  a  pole  or  broom-handle, 
and  make  clean  work  if  you  can.  The 
roots  of  infested  trees  can  be  helped  by 
the  application  of  a  bushel  of  gas-house 
hme  spaded  all  about  the  roots. 

The  scale  bark-louse  is  temble  on  or- 
ange trees,  the  oleander  and  several  other 
trees  and  plants.  The  same  wash,  with 
the  addition  of  a  little  blue  stone,  will, 
after  a  few  applications,  get  the  best  of 
them.  If  one  has  but  a  few  trees  it  will 
pay  to  handle  them  for  such  insects  and 
gn'ibs  as  are  enemies  to  the  garden. 


I've  thonght  when  a  neighbor's  wife  or  child  wss 

carried  away, 
That  to  have  no  luHS  was   gain;  but  now,  I  can 

hardly  say; 
He  seems  to  possess  them  still,  under  the  ridges 

of  clay. 

And   share  and  share  in  a  life  is,  somehow,  a 

diflerent  thing 
From   a  property  held  by  deed,  and  the  riches 

that  oft  take  wing; 
I  feel  80  close  in  the  breast!— I  think   it  must  be 

the  sirring. 

I'm  drying  np  like  a  brook  when  the  woods  have 

been  ck-ared  around; 
You're  sure  it  must  always  run,  you  are  used  to 

the  sight  and  sound. 
But  it  shrinkH  till  there's  only  left  a  stony  rut  in 

the  ground. 

There's  nothing  to  do  but  take  the  days  as  they 

come  and  go. 
And    not   to  worry  with  thoughts  that  nobody 

likes  to  show, 


Harvest    Song. 

O  thanks  for  the  bountiful  harvest. 
And  thanks  far  the  joy  that  It  bring; 

The  harvest  of  hay  fron:  the  meadows, 
Where  the  bobolink  cheerily  sings. 

O  thanks  for  the  com,  bright  and  golden. 
And  thanks  for  the  wheat  and  the  grain, 

For  the  bountiful,  bountiful  harvests. 
That  add  to  the  harvester's  gain. 

We  rejoice  in  the  fruits  of  the  spason. 
For  the  apple,  the  peach  an<l  thi-  pear; 

And  the  hosts  of  wild  plums  and  berries 
That  grow  without  culture  or  core. 

We've  a  love  for  the  ripe,  rich  pumpkin; 

And  'tis  a  love  that  seldom  dies; 
But  the  love  is  many  times  stronger 

For  our  mother's  good  pumpkin  pies. 

We  delight  in  large  fields  of  i-a>)bngo, 
(We've  an  Irishman's  "tooth"  just  now) 


John  Reed's    IMEusings. 


BY   BAYARD  TAYLOR. 

SEE,  as  I  lean  on  the    fence,   how  wearily 
11-  trudges  Dan, 

11^  With  the  feel  of  spring  in  his  bones,  like  a 
.  weak  and  elderly  man; 

I've  had  it  many  a  time,  but  we  must  work 
when  we  can. 

But  day  after  day  to  toil,  and  ever  from  sua  to 
sun,  .        ,       ,i         1 

Though  up  to  the  season's  front  and  nothing  be 
left  undone,  ,   ,      .      . 

Is  ending  at  twelve  like  a  clock,  and  oegmmng 
again  at  one. 

The  frngs  make  a  sorrowful  noise,  and  yet  it's 

the  time  they  mate; 
There's    something    comes   with  the  spring,  a 

lightness  or  else  a  weight; 
There's  something  comes  with  the  spring,  and  it 

seems  to  me  it's  fate. 

It's  the    hankering  after  a  life    yon  have  never 

learned  to  know; 
Ifs  the  discontent  with  a  life  that  is  alwaysthus 

and  so;  ,      . 

Ifs  the  wondering  what    we  are.  and  where  we 

are  ecing  to  go. 

My  life  is  Incky  enough,  I  fancy,  to  most  mens 

For  thTmore  a  family  grows,  the  oftener  some 
one  dies,  , ,   ..  ,       ., 

And  it's  now  run  on  so  long,  it  couldn  t  be  other- 
wise. 

And  sister  Jane  and  myself,  we  have  learned  to 

claim  and  yield; 
She  rules  in  the  house  at  will,  and  I  in  the  barn 

and  field,  „       .^^  , 

So,  nigh    upnn  thirty  years!-asjf  written  and 

signed  and  sealed, 

I  couldn't  change  if  I  would;  I've  lost  the  how 
and  the  when;  u     .i,. 

One  day  my  time  will  be  up,  and  Jane  be  the 
mistress  then. 

For  single  women  are  tough  and  live  down  the 
Bingle  men. 

She  kept  jne  so  to  herself,  she  was  always  the 
stronger  hand.  r  .     i    j 

And  my  lot  showed  well  enough,  when  I  looked 
around  in  the  land;  ,  .  ,      ..       ■♦ 

But  I'm  tired  and  sore  at  heart,  and  I  don  t  quite 
understand. 

I  wonder  how  it    had  been  if  I'd  taken    what 

others  need. 
The  plague,  they  say,  of    a  wife,   the  care  ot  a 

younger  brood?  TTj-t-u 

If  Edith  Pleasanton  new  were  with  me  as  t-tutn 

Eeed  ? 

Suppose  that  a  son  well  grown  were  there  in  the 

place  of  Dan, 
And  I  felt  myself  in  bira,  as  I  was    when  my 

work  began! 
I  should  feel  no  older,  sure,  and  certainly  more 

a  man. 

A  daughter,  besides,  in  the  house;  nay,  let  there 
|.  be  two  or  three  I 

J]   We  never  can  overdo   '.he  luck  that  can  never 
be,— 
And  what  has  come  to  the  most  might  also  have 
come  to  me. 


For  people  so  seldom  talk  of  tnings  they  want  lo 
know. 

There's  times  when  the  way  is  plain,  and  every- 
thing nearly  right. 

And  then,  of  a  sudden,  you  stand  like  a  man  with 
a  cloudea  sight; 

A  bush  seems  often  a  beast,  in  the  dusK  of  the 
falling  night. 

I  must  move;  my  joints  are  stiff;  the  weather  is 

breeding  rain; 
And  Dan  ia  huraying  on  with  his  plow-team  up 

the  lane. 
I'll  go  to  the  village  store;  I'd  rather  not  talk  to 

Jane. 


And  what  we  don't  want  for  the  table 
Will  be  food  for  the  nag  and  the  cow. 

We've  a  relish  for  the  sweet  potato, 

As  well  as  for  the  Irish  kind; 
And  to  eating  of  the  "Grant"  tomato 

Our  habits  and  tastes  are  inclined. 

'Tis  a  fact— and  none  will  deny  it— 
That  much  of  our  living  is  bread; 

Were  it  not  for  the  habit  of  eating. 
The  life  that  now  is  would  be  dead. 

O  thankp  for  the  bountiful  harvest! 

And  thanks  for  the  joy  that  it  brings! 
We  rejoice  in  the  gifts  of  Katnre, 

Whence  much  of  our  happiness  springs. 


G-o  IXTork  Upon  a  Farm. 

Will  8.  Hays,  the  eminent  Southern  song 
writer  and  compober,  has  published  a  song  en- 
titled "Go  and  Learn  a  Trade."  Justatthis  time, 
with  factories  and  shops  closing  up,  and  mechan- 
ics begging  for  bread  in  Bomc  sections  of  the 
country,  it  seems  to  me  that  wuch  asong  is  quite 
out  of  place.  In  view  of  this  fact,  I  beg  to  offer 
your  readers  the  following  agricultural  song: 

The  song  I  sing  to  you  to-day 

1b  nut  to  learu  a  trade; 
For  I  am  sad  the  truth  to  say — 

That  song  aside  is  laid. 
The  milts  are  running  on  half-time, 

The  shops  give  forth  no  noise, 
And  it  is  hard  to  (Ind  a  dime 

Among  the  'preutice  boys. 

Chorus— 

'I  he  song  that  I  shall  sing  to  you 

Your  troubled  hearts  will  caliu; 
If  you  have  nothing  else  to  do, 

"Go  work  upon  a  farm." 

The  stores  arc  filled  with  idle  clerks. 

Because  the  times  are  dull; 
And  he  his  duty  plainly  shirks— 

When  shops  and  mills  are  full— 
Who  seeks  tu  learn  a  trade,  or  t«Dd 

The  counter  of  a  store. 
In  hopes  tho  future  yet  will  scad 

A  fortune  to  his  door. 

Chorns — 

Ah,  vain  are  all  such  hopes  as  tbcBC, 

That  surely  end  Id  harml 
Don't  seek  to  i^it  'ncath  shady  trees — 

••Go  work  upon  a  farm.'* 

Oh!  why  should  men  in  cities  pine, 

Or  idly  stay  iu  town? 
Why  loaf  aoout,  and  rroHsly  whine 

That  ••things  are  upside  down;" 
Can  this  briug  bread  to  wile  and  child. 

And  make  the  futun.-  bright? 
Can  this  turn  the  weather  mild. 

Or  furnish  heat  and  light'/ 

Chorus— 

feueh  men  shouM  listen  to  my  .  ong. 
And  in  it  hud  a  charm; 

It  tells  them  how  to  t'et  "long— 

"Go  work  upon  a  farm." 

Let  no  man  starve  for  want  of  bread — 

The  product  of  the  soil — 
Fur  all  can  stiU  he  amply  fed. 

Who  will  but  shaft-  the  toil— 
The  honest,  nianlv  t-iil  tha»  br  ngs 

The  harvest  season  round, 
When  the  glad  larmer  K»>»i  s  ngs, 

Because  of  inhtful  grouud. 

Chorus— 

This,  then,  shall  be  the  song  we  sing. 
The  whole  world  to  alarm. 

And  loudly  let  the  choius  ring— 
"Go  work  upon  a  farm." 
—[Sidney  Herbert,  in  Semi-Tropical. 


A  Farmer's  Song. 

We  envy  not  the  princely  man, 

In  city  or  iu  town. 
Who  wonders  whetht-r  pumpkin  vines 

Run  up  the  hill  or  down; 
We  care  net  fi  r  his  marble  halls. 

Nor  yet  his  heaps  of  gold — 
We  would  not  own  his  honlid  heart 

For  all  his  wealth  thrice  told. 

We  are  the  favored  ones  of  earth, 

We  breathe  p\ire  air  each  morn; 
We  sow;  we  reap  the  golden  grain; 

We  gather  in  the  com; 
We  toil:  we  live  on  what  we  earn. 

And  more  than  this  we  do — 
We  hear  of  st.irving  millionH  rouud, 

And  gladly  feed  them  too. 

The  lawyer  lives  on  princely  fees. 

Yet  drags  a  weary  life; 
He  never  knows  a  peaceful  hour — 

His  atmosphere  is  strife. 
The  merchant  thumbs  his  ynrd-stick  o'er. 

Grows  ragged  at  his  toil; 
He's  n-it  the  man  God  meant  him  for — 

Why  don't  you  till  the  soil? 

The  doctor  plods  through  storm  and  cold. 

Plods  at  his  patient's  will; 
Wben  dead  and  gone  he  plods  again 

To  get  his  lengthy  bill. 
The  printer  (bless  his  noble  soul!) 

He  grasps  the  mighty  earth. 
And  stamps  it  on  our  daily  sheet, 

To  cheer  the  farmer's  hearth. 

We  sing  the  honor  of  the  plow. 

And  honor  to  the  press — 
Two  noble  instruments  of  toil. 

With  each  a  power  to  bless. 
The  bone,  the  nerve,  of  this  fast  age. 

True  wealth  of  human  kind — 
One  tills  the  ever  generous  earth. 

The  other  tills  the  mind. 

-[Boston  Investigator. 


Treat  laboring  man  and  beast  well. 


84 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


^\m\^  Mil  ^ub. 


SHEEP  AND  GOAT  BUSINESS 
KELATIVELY  CONSIDERED. 


(ftj  T  may  ! 

11   tbis  at 


as  taught  iron,  experience  in  this.State,  j  is  at  tUi^day.  _But  few  of  <^e  imported  |  the^eeks^e^asal^ju^^ 


are  in  favor  of  lest  breeds  and  cu/Hrated  goats  have  proven  to  be  of  much  value 
farnis.  Under  proper  cultivation,  laud  to  breeders  who  understand  their  busi- 
■will  support  from  four  to  ten  head  more 


just 


•ca  — 

Sv'T  may  not  seem  exactly  fair  to  draw 
contrast  that  is  so  one-sided  as  is 
at  the  present  time.  But  in 
v,^  uu,.sideration  of  the  fact  that  within 
£2  three  years  some  of  the  principal 
papers  of  the  State  decried  the  raising  of 
Angora  goats  as  something  impractical, 
antf  also  how  the  sheep  breeders  would 
generally  sneer  at  the  business,  we  feel 
that  the  goat  men  have  a  right  to  crow, 
t  a  little,  if  they  feel  like  it. 
There  is  now  a  general  depressif  n  in 
the  wool  market  all  over  the  civilized 
world  that  is  most  discouraging,  and 
that  has  a  tendency  to  make  the  business 
of  sheep  breeding  on  a  large  sca'.e  rather 
precarious.  The  price  of  sheep  is  cor- 
respondingly low,  and  the  business  does 
not  pay  at  .-ill  at  present -in  fact,  many 
herds  are  sinking  money. 

Returns  from  the  manufactories  East 
of  prices  ;  aid  for  mohair  of  this  year's 
clip,  will  equal  that  paid  last  year.  Mr. 
Bailey  has  returns  from  the  first  lot  of 
800  pounds,  sent  early,  which  prove  this. 
Probably  next  month  we  will  be  able  to 
present  "full  returns.  The  prices  of,  and 
demaud  for  goats  have  never  been  more 
encouraging  to  breeders.  The  Robe  and 
Glove  Company,  in  San  Jose,  have  press- 
ing orders  that  they  can  hardly  fill— sev- 
eral from  the  Eastern  States.  An  ad- 
vancing civilization  must  increase  the  de- 
maud for  such  goods  as  are  produced 
from  the  skins  and  fleece  faster  than  the 
supply  can  possibly  increase  for  many 
years,  even  upon  this  coast,  where  they 
can  beat  the  world. 

We  have  always  favored  this  industry; 
indeed,  the  Angora  goat  has  been  the 
special  pet  of  the  Califoenia  Agricul- 
TunisT,  and  we  are  more  than  ever  enthu- 
siastic upon  the  subject,  not  from  any 
pecuniary  point,  for  we  do  not  own  nor 
have  we  an  interest  in  a  single  goat,  but 
on  general  principles. 

Wo  would  not  condemn  the  sheep  busi- 
ness by  any  means,  and  we  advocate  the 
hcst  breeds,  and  the  keeping  of  them 
where  they  can  get  plenty  to  eat  daring  the 
entire  .sca.son.  Tlie  old  way  of  keeping 
10,000  sheep  upon  as  many  acres  of  un- 
cultivated lands,  allowing  them  to  fatten 
half  the  year  and  starve  the  other  half, 
w-e  never  could  see  anything  in  to  re- 
commend. 

A  civilized  sheep  farm  should  consist 
of  not  only  a  hill  or  upland  range,  but  of 
cultivated  fields  where  alfalfa,  and  grain, 
and  hay  can  be  produced  to  supply  good 
and  (Miual  feeding  during  the  entire  year. 
One  hundred  acres  rightly  managed  will 
keep  as  many  sheep  as  one  thousand  on 
the  old  plan,  and  produce  twice  as  much 
wool  to  the  animal,  worth  twice  as  much 
per  pound  as  the  ordinary  clip.  The 
sooner  the  wild,  uncivilized,  slip-shod 
slieeji-raising  is  exploded  the  better  for 
the  country. 

If  sheep  are  well  fed  during  the  entire 
year,  one  long  clip  will  pay  better  than 
the  two-clip  system  now  in  vogue.  The 
reason  why  sheep  are  sheared  twice  each 
year  is  not  that  an  extra  growth  in  this 
climate  justities  it,  but  because  the  starv- 
ing process  during  a  portion  of  the  year 
<auses  a  week  place  in  the  fibre  which 
brt'aks  in  manufacturing.  Proper  feed- 
ing would  remedy  this.  These  remarks 
will  as  well  ajiply  to  goats  as  sheep.  The 
goat  men  liud  it  to  their  advantage  to 
feed  ecju.dly  during  the  year,  as  Stockton 
auil  Huffuni's  experience  lust  year  proves. 
The  lessons  of  stock  raising  generally. 


■-■.3^ 


of  stocii'to  the  acre,  besides  supporting 
and  enriching  a  large  population  of  en- 
terprising inhabitants.  Of  course,  there 
are  some  lauds  tit  only  for  pasture.  But 
these  should  be  used  in  connection  with 
better  lands  a  portion  of  the  season.. 
While  the  animals  are  feedii;g  upon  the 
light  pastures,  the  cultivated  lands  are 
producing  hay  and  grain  for  winter,  and 
will  also  make  late  pastures  on  the  stub- 
ble. It  is  time  for  sheep  men  and  cattle 
men  to  awaken  to  the  fact  that  there  is 
more  money  in  a  flock  or  herd  of  good 
stock,  kept  in  a  civdized  way,  than  in 
the  common  "plug"  stock  running  half 
wild  upon  wild  lands  in  a  manner  that 
none  but  savages  should  ever  think  of 
imitating.  We  have  little  patience  with, 
and  precious  little  sympathy  for  the 
class  of  stock  men  who  pursue  a  system 
so  antagonistic  to  civilization  and  ad- 
verse to  their  own  best  interests. 


The  Angoea  Goat.— Colonel  R.  W. 
Scott,  who  is  counted  authority 
upon  the  subject  of  Angora  goats, 
has  lately  written  an  interesting  article 
touching  upon  the  history  and  value  of 
the  Angora  goat  in  this  country  to  a 
Southern  paper,  the  Sanford  Journal. 
We  take  pleasure  in  transferring  the 
same  to  our  columns: 

Dr.  J.  B.  Davis,  of  South  Carolina, 
was  sent  to  Turkey  as  a  Commissioner 
of  the  Uuiteu  States,  upon  the  applica- 
tion of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey,  for  the 
purpose  of  teaching  his  subjects  cotton- 
raising,  in  the  year  1816.  After  a  resi- 
dence of  some  three  years,  finding  the 
climate  nnsuited  for  cotton  raising,  he 
returned  home,  bringing  with  him  the 
Angora  goat  from  Asia  Minor.  In  1849, 
he  landed  in  Charleston  with  seved  ewes 
and  two  Ijucks  of  the  pure  Angora,  which 
he  at  the  time,  under  a  misapprehension, 
probably,  called  the  Cashmere  goat. 
These    were,    unquestionably,    the  first 


ness.  Very  few  are  superior  to  a  third 
or  fourth  cross  of  a  pure  Angora  on  a 
common  goat.  In  a  letter  written  by 
Mr.  Peters,  he  says: 

"In    185G,  I    found    that    the   fourth 
cross,  passed  on   the  native  short-haired 
ewes,  with  selected  purebred  bucks,  when 
bred  by  careful    selections,   produced  an 
animal  superior  in   every   respect  to  the 
imported,  for  breeding   purposes  except- 
ed.    I  owned  a  flock  of   5U0  grade  ewes 
in  18.59,  bred  with  great    care,  each  ani- 
mal marked  to  designate  its  grade.  These 
I  distributed,  by  sales  of  flocks  from  ten 
to  twenty  ewes  with  a  pure-bred  buck  at 
the  head",  to    all    parts   of   the  West  and 
Southwest    during   the   years  18G0    and 
1861,  and  made  a  very  handsome  profit. 
The  forehead  has  soft  hairs  of  less  length, 
less  applied  to  the  skin,  in  parts,  curled. 
The  hair  of   the  beard,  which  is  pointed  | 
and    moderate    dimensions,    being     six 
inches  in  length,  (German  measurement) 
is  stiffer  than  the  hair  of   the  rest  of  the 
body,  but  less  so  than  the  beard  of  ordi- 
nary goats.     I  ascertained,  however, that 
when  resold,  in  every  instance,  the  word 
rjrade  was   expunaged,  and  they    sold  as 
'Peters'  Cashmere  goats  of   the  Davis  im- 
portation.' 

"I  sent  a  small  flock  of  grades  to 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  year  1859,  and  by 
18C6  they  were  advertised  and  sold  as  if 
of  pure  breed. 

"In  the  year  186C,  I  sent  a  flock  of 
over  100  head  to  Ohio,  all  grades,  but  a 
half  dozen  bucks.  They  were  sold,  by 
me  as  grades,  and  the  next  year  sent 
West  as  Cashmere." 

These  statements  show  the  /  '  'dark 
ways"  formerly  resorted  to  by  unscrup- 
ulous dealers,  in  the  sale  of  goats— prac- 
tices which  have  injured  this  new  branch 
of  wool  production  in  America  beyond 
computation.     Mr.  Peters  continues: 

"'The  owners  of  goats  in  Asia  allow 
them  to  run  at  large  in  very  extensive 
flocks,  and  make   no  selection  in  breed 


oats  brought    into   this   country.     The    ing;  and,  although  fine  animals  might  be 


Earl  of  Derby  obtained  a  pair  from  him, 
who  stated  that  they  were  the  first  of 
them  seen  in  England.  A  small  flock 
had,  prior  to  this  time,  been  imported 
into  Prance,  and  located  on  the  Pyren- 
ncs. 

Ever    since   the  first    introduction    of 
these  goats  into  the  United  States,  there 
has  existed  in    the  popular    mind   much 
error  in  regard   to   their   species— errors 
due,  principally,  to  the  action  of  import- 
ers and  breeders  themselves,  mis-naming 
this  animi  Is,  either  through  ignorance  or 
iutercst.     Dr.    Davis   is  responsible  for 
the  name  of  "Cashmere"    being  applied 
to  these  goats.     The  Thibetian  or  Cash- 
mere goat  comes  from  the  famed  Vale  of 
Cashmere,  in  India,  which  is  a  great  dis- 
tance— some  three  or  four  thousand  miles 
— from  Angora,  in  Asia  Minor.     It  is  an 
entirely  distinct  animal  from  the  Angora 
goat,  though  some  European  naturalists 
have  claimed  that  the  two  races  have  af- 
finities  in    common.     This    goat   bears 
wool  only  "by   ounces,"    while   the  An- 
gora produces  mohair    "by    the   pound" 
— the  best   ewes   yielding    from  three  to 
seven  pounds  each,  and  best  bucks  from 
seven  to  ten  pounds  each. 

In  the  year  185'2,  Mr.  Peters  purchased 
of  Dr.  Davis  his  entire  flock  of  pure 
breeds,  consisting  of  eight  ewes  and 
three  bucks,  for  which  he  paid  the  sum 
of  sixty  thousand  dollars,  (a  sum  which, 
by  some,  may  be  considered  a  very  enor- 
mous price).  He  has  kept  a  perfect 
record  of  these  goats  since  they  came 
into  his  possession  and  obtained  their 
prior  record  from  Dr.  Davis,  so  that  he 
can,  at  any  moment,  tell  where  the  stock 


had  high  up  in  the  hills,  by  a  person 
who  could  go  there  and  remain  a  year, 
yet  all,  or  nearly  all,  sent  to  this  coun- 
try come  from  localities  easy  of  access, 
and  not  one  male  in  a  hundred  is  fit  to 
breed  from  to  improve  a  flock. 

"The  Vicuna  and  Llama  cannot  be 
bred  to  any  advantage,  and  cannot  be 
acclimated  to  live  on  an  elevation  of  less 
than  5,000  feet  above  the  sea.  The  An- 
gora ought  to  be  3,000  feet,  but  will 
thrive  near  the  sea  level,  if  allowed  a 
wide  range  in  woods  or  old  fields.  'They 
are  not  a  grass-eating  animal,  and  when 
kept  on  such,  in  small  inclosure,  soon 
become  unhealthy.  They  are  a  browsing 
animal  and  cannot  stand  being  high  fed 
with  grain  and  grass." 

The  description  of  the  physical  char- 
acteeistics  of  the  two  races,  when  com- 
pared, show  how  dift'erent  they  are. 

The  description  of  the  Angora,  given 
by  M.  Brandt,  an  European  naturalist 
of  high  repute,  and  director  of  the  Mu- 
seum at  St.  Petersburg,  in  1855,  is 
minutely  as  follows: 

"The  magnirtcent  example  of  the  An- 
gora goat,  which  the  Museum  of  the 
Imperial  Academy  owes  to  M.  Tchihat- 
chess,  (the  learned  Russian  traveler) 
produces,  at  first  sight,  the  general  im- 
pression of  a  domestic  goat,  when  atten- 
tion is  directed  to  its  thick  and  silky 
fleece,  to  its  ears  turned  downward,  and 
its  inconsiderable  size.  But  it  is  pre- 
cisely these  traits  which  impress  upon 
this  "animal  a  distinct  si'al,  which  gives  it 
the  ohar.acter  of  a  peculiar  race  whose 
origin  is  not  the  same  as  that  of  the  do- 
mestic goat.    The  extremity  of  the  snout, 


legs  below   the    tarsal    articulation,    are 
covered  with  i7rf;/i.s/i  vhile  tint,  are  longer 
than  the  head;  at  the   lower  part,  the  in- 
terior  marginal    bone  turns   inward   in 
such  a   manner,  that,  in    this  part,  they 
appear  broad    seen    from  the   front,  and     •" 
narrow  when  seen  from  the  side;  at  half 
their  extension,   they   direct   themselves 
moderately   backward,  and    turn   spirally 
outward,  so  that  their  extremities,  direct- 
ed upward,  are  very  much  separated  one 
from  the  other,  and  circumscribe  a  space 
gradually  contracting  itself.      The  whole 
of  the  neck  as  well  as  the  tiunk,  covered 
with  long   hairs,  which,  particularly  on 
the  neck  and  lateral   parts  of   the   body, 
are  twisted  in  spiral  curls,  having  the  ap- 
pearance  of  loosened    ringlets,  it   being 
observed,  at  the  same  time,  that  they  re- 
unite themselves  into   rolled  tufts,  a  dis- 
position   which   is  less    marked   in  the 
anterial  portion  of   the  neck.     The  hairs 
that  exhibit  the  greatest  length   are  situ- 
ated above  the  foreleg,  and  are  nine  and 
one  half  inches  long.     Those  of  the  neck 
are  a  little  shorter,  and  are   nine  inches 
long,  and  those  of  the  belly,  eight  and  a 
quarter  inches.     The  length  of   the   hair 
with  which  the  later.al  parts  of  the  body, 
as  well  as    the  back,  as  covered,  is  only 
seven    and    one-half  inches,  and  that  of 
the  hind  legs  six  to    seven    inches   long. 
Finally,  the  slight,  stift  hair  of  the  tail  is 
about  four  inches  long. 

"  The  color  of  the  robe  of  the  animal 
is  a  pure  white,  here  and  there  shghtly 
inclined  to  yellow.  The  hoofs,  some- 
what small  in  proportion,  are,  like  the 
horns,  of  a  greyish  white  tint.  The  hair 
is,  without  exceptiou,loug,  soft  and  fine; 
it  is  at  once  silky  and  greasy  to  the 
touch,  and  shows  distinctly  the  brilliancy 
of  silk." 

Prof.  Lowe,  of  England,  iu  his  work 
on  sheep  and  goats,  describes  this  goat, 
which  is  known  as  the  primitive  goat  of 
Angora  district  in  the  central  portion  of 
Asia  Minor,  as  having  "no  undercoatiug 
at  all,  but  long,  white,  silky  fleece."  In 
Asia  there  are  nearly  twenty  varieties  of 
fleece-bearing  goats,  of  which  the  Angora 
is  the  most  profitable.  It  is  described  as 
having  "long,  pendant  ears,  short  legs, 
and  heavy  body.  The  fleece  hangs  in 
Ion",  spiral,  silky  curls.  The  horns  are 
heavy  and  spiral."  Mr.  Lendrum  in  his 
exceedingly  practical  and  valuable  treat- 
ise on  the  Angora  goat,  says  there  are,in 
California,  "goats  answering  exactly  that 
description."  He  owns  pure  breeds 
whose  fleeces  have  been  repeatedly 
searched  without  success,  by  diflferent 
persons,  to  find  kemp,  or  rough,  coarse 
hair,  which  is  so  injurious  to  wool,  be- 
cause of  its  inferiority  and  harshness, 
preventing  it  from  taking  the  dyes 
readily. 

Now  compare  the    above   description 
with    that   of    the  Thibet,  or  Cashmere 


goat  proper, 


and   the  dilTereuce  between 


the  two  breeds  will  strikingly  appear. 

Mr.  John  L.  Hayes,  secretary  of  the 
National  Association  of  Wool  Manufac- 
turers, wad  a  valuable  treatise  on  the 
Angora  goat  before  the  Boston  Society 
of  National  History,  iu  18G7,  exhibiting 
much  intelligent  research.  In  this  treat- 
ise, Mr.  Hayes,  quoting  Mr.  Saac,  the 
distinguished  European  naturalist,  says 
the  Cashmere,  or  Thibetian  goat, 
".abounds  in  Central  Asia,  many  thous- 
Hud  miles  from  Angora,  in  Asia  Minor, 
but  whose  origin  is  still  obscure.  The 
size  of  the  Cashmere  goat  is  quite  large; 
the  horns  are  tlattaied,  siraiahl  and  lilarl., 
and  slightlv  divergent  at  the  extremities. 
The  cars  are  large,  flat  and  pendant. 
The  primary  hair,  which  is  long,  sdky 
and  lustrous",  is  divided  on  the  back,  and 
falls   upon   the  flanks    in  wavy  masses. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


A  PROSPECTUS  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

To  such  of  our  readers  as  are  already 
well  acquainted  with  tho  stand  we  have 
taken,  and  the  principles  we  have  sup- 
ported in  conducting  this  jourual,  we 
need  saj'  nothing.  But  to  our  many  new 
readers,  and  others  who  enquire  about 
the  character  of  the  AuRicnLTumsT,  we 
feel  warranted  in  offering  an  inkling  of 
some  of  the  ideas  we  have  always  advo- 
cated, now  believe,  and  propose  to  ad- 
here to  until  we  are  properly  convinced 
to  the  contrary. 

To  begin  with,  the  Aukicultueist  is 
not  a  policy  paper.  Its  motives  are 
grounded  in  principle.  If  a  thing  is 
thought  to  be  right,  it  hesitates  not  to 
support  it;  if  wrong,  that  is  sufficient 
reason  why  it  should  be  opposed.  It 
depends,  for  its  patronage,  upon  being 
true  to  the  best  interests  of  humanity, 
irrespective  of  personal  considerations.  If 
it  cannot  stand  upon  such  ground  it  will 
fall  upon  it.  While  it  aims  to  be  chai-it- 
able  to  all,  and  will  allow  the  fullest  ex- 
pression to  oijiuious  adverse  to  what  it 
m.aintains,  it  is  a  jourual  of  decided 
opinions.  No  blowing  hot  to-day  and 
cold  to-morrow — changing  like  a  weather 
cock  to  suit  the  wind  of  vacilatiug  public 
opinion  or  party  interest.  Nor  is  it  a 
"milk-and-water"  concern  that  reserves 
expression,  fearful  of  offending  those 
high  in  authority  or  influential  in  some 
circle.  It  aims,  like  the  needle  of  a  com- 
pass, to  be  true  to  common  interests. 

It  is  not  political  in  any  partizan  sense 
— takes  sides  with  no  party — advocates 
the  claims  of  no  candidate  for  office — 
but,  on  general  principles,  supports  re- 
form measures  of  every  kind  that  appear 
to  be  demanded  for  the  general  good.  It 
deprecates  official  corruption,  and,  to  se- 
cure honest  and  efficient  legislation  and 
reduce  taxation,  would  reduce  salaries  of 
public  servants  to  the  standard  of  wages 
earned  by  the  hard-working,  honest  and 
intelligent  producer.  It  would  see  a 
broad  patriotism  displace  the  narrow  ex- 
travagance shown  in  public  affairs. 

It  would  see  a  financial  system  founded 
in  the  honor  and  industrial  responsibil- 
ity of  the  people,  and  gauged  to  the  ne- 
cessities of  business  intercourse.  The 
Government  should  not  pay  interest  on 
money  issued  to  banks,  nor  allow  its  is- 
sues fluctuated  in  value;  and  the  specu- 
lator who  would  discount  its  value  should 
be  held  guilty  of  treason  and  punished 
accordingly. 

Monopoly  of  every  description  it  op- 
poses as  wrong  and  pernicious.  Our 
public  lands  should  be  held  sacred  to  the 
actual  settler.  No  individual  nor  corpo- 
ration should  be  allowed  to  claim  but  a 
limited  number  of  acres  under  any  pre- 
tense. He  who  would  hold  more  land 
than  he  can  use,  to  the  exclusion  of  an- 
other, should  be  held  an  enemy  to  his 
ountrj'. 

Railroad  corporations,  now  so  power- 
ful to  extort  imjust  and  unequal  rates  of 
fare  and  freight,  and  to  control  public 
affairs,  should  be  shorn  of  such  power. 
All  lines  of  public  travel,  telegraphs  and 
postal  routes  should  become  common 
property,  and  be  strictly  under  Govern- 
ment control. 

Co-operation    is   advocated   for  every 
department  of  business  as  a  fundamental 
principle  of  advancing   civilization,  as  a 
protective    measure  for  the  working  and 
producing  people,  and  as  a  measure  cal- 
culated to  properly  secure  the   comforts 
of  life  to  every    deserving    creature    and 
equalize  wealth  to  the   advantage  of   all 
A    and  injury  to  none. 
It.       Education  it  would  see  made  public  for 
Jl   nil,  and  no  child  upon  our  soil  should  be 
,<    allowed  to  be  deprived  of  its  advantages. 
It  advocates  higher   principles  of  educa- 


tion. Our  common  schools  and  colleges 
should  include  in  their  tuition  instruc- 
tion in  the  use  of  such  tools,  principles 
and  trades  as  are  applicable  to  tho  wants 
of  everyday  life,  and,  by  combining  prac- 
tical work  with  theoretical  propositions 
and  positive  science,  turn  out  men  and 
women  competent  to  grapple  with  life's 
realities. 

With  so-called  "social"  and  religious 
questions,  this  jounal  is  conservative. 
Discussions  inimical  to  virtue,  constancy 
and  established  marriage  will  not  be  ad- 
mitted. It  can  never  bo  the  vehicle  of 
immorality  or  vileness.  While  tolerant, 
it  will  not  be  the  tool  of  any  sect  or 
creed,  either  of  free-thought  or  religious 
denomination.  It  occupies  a  broader 
field  of  usefulness,  interfering  with  no 
one's  religious  opinions,  but  holding  fast 
to  morality  in  the  interest  of  all  good 
people  alike. 

Woman  is  held  to  be  of  equal  import- 
ance with  man,  and  naturally  entitled  to 
all  the  rights,  immunities  and  privileges 
of  man,  politically,  religiously  and  so- 
cially, as  a  human  being  of  equal  en- 
dowments and  rrsponsibilities.  There  is 
a  Woman's  DErAKTsiENT  open  for  such 
questions  as  properly  come  under  it. 

Temperance  is  advocated  as  of  great 
moral  and  material  importance.  It  is  a 
fundamental  virtue  without  which  there 
can  be  no  advancement  in  other  direc- 
tions. Intemperance  is  a  blight  that  de- 
stroys the  gei-m  of  development,  and 
soon  sinks  man  into  hopeless  degrada- 
tion. The  Agkicultdbist  has  never  ad- 
vocated the  making  of  wine,  brandy  or 
other  liquors  as  legitimate  agricultural 
industries.  It  has  constantly  advocated 
the  making  of  the  best  use  of  the  grape, 
which  is  a  noble  fruit,  highly  nutritious 
and  capable  of  being  utilized  as  food  in 
many  ways  and  of  becoming  a  blessing 
instead  of  a  curse  to  mankind.  It  has 
often  been  shown,  and  can  be  proven  to 
any  reasonable  man,  that,  aside  from  the 
moral  part  of  the  question,  it  is  much 
more  profitable,  in  Cidifornia,  to  grow 
grapes  for  table,  raisins,  canning  and 
shipping  than  for  wine.  We  have  made 
many  enemies  by  the  course  we  have 
taken,  and  lost  much  patronage  also,  but 
we  must  insist  that  wo  are  right  until 
we  are  otherwise  convinced. 

Its  columns  are  open  to  discussions 
of  all  imjiortant  subjects  within  the 
scope  of  its  field,  and  all  persons  of  op- 
posite opinions,  as  well  as  others  inter- 
ested in  any  topic,  are  invited  to  com- 
municate their  ideas  for  the  public 
benefit. 

Horse-race  gambling  is  another  evil 
barnacled  upon  agriculture  for  respecta- 
ble support  that  this  jourual  has  always 
vigorously  combatted.  This  course  has 
also  brought  it  much  abuse,  and  weak- 
ened its  patronage;  but  it  will  never 
cease  its  work  while  gambling  is  a  con- 
troling  interest  at  agricultural  fairs. 

Advocating  the  best  use  of  the  soil 
and  of  all  products  of  the  labor  of  man, 
no  article  commending  tobacco-growing 
nor  hop-growing  has  ever  appeared  in  its 
columns.  It  is  not  conceded  to  be  in 
accordance  with  duty  to  advocate  any 
thing  destructive  of  health,  or  calculated 
to  injure  individuals,  or  the  public  weal. 

The  Acraci'LTURisT  claims  to  be  clear 
of  any  and  all  pecuniary  considerations 
for  any  opinion  appearing  in  its  reading 
columns,  editorial,  selected  or  communi- 
cated from  any  person  or  party.  Not 
one  cent,  directly  or  indirectly,  has  ever 
been  received  for  "puffing,"  or  for  pub- 
lishing any  article  as  reading  matter. 
Its  voice  is  used  purely  in  the  best  in- 
terests of  its  readers.  While  under  its 
preseni  management,  the  AGKictjLTCKisT 
can  never  be  bought  to  advocate  any- 
thing, good,  bad  or  indifl'erent.     It  shall 


never  fall  to  that  detestable  position,  so 
common  with  many  papers  to-day,  of 
advocating  a  thing  for  pay,  of  claiming 
to  be  working  for  the  good  of  the  people 
while  it  is  the  hirling  of  some  designing 
man,  clique  or  party.  It  detests  such 
perfidy,  and  as  loudly  condemns  it  as  it 
does  any  other  species  of  venal  corrup- 
tion. 

The  AoRicnLTCRtsT  is  not  the  organ  of 
any  order,  clique  or  party  whatever. 
While  it  is  in  full  sympathy  with  Grange 
principles  and  good  work  for  human  ad- 
vancement, it  chooses  to  remain  a  free 
agent,  advocating  the  good  for  the  sake 
of  the  right,  in  the  broad  interests  of  all. 

It  admits  none  but  respectable  adver- 
tising to  its  columns.  It  allows  business 
men  to  put  their  business  before  the 
people  in  a  business  manner,  as  a  busi- 
ness proposition.  No  clap-trap,  eye- 
catching, imposition  advervising  solicited 
or  allowed,  if  we  can  help  it.  Any  busi- 
ness that  is  not  able  to  stand  on  its  own 
merits,  in  a  fair,  decent  advertisement, 
we  would  sooner  not  see  represented  in 
cur  columns. 

Our  departments  for  reading  matter 
are  numerous,  and  largely  filled  with 
original  articles  from  subscribers,  prac- 
tical, common-sense  articles  for  every- 
day reading,  applicable  to  every  depart- 
ment of  the  farm  and  home.  Among 
these  we  mention  the  Stock  Breeder's 
department.  There  is  enough  solid  read- 
ing, of  practical  use,  in  this  department 
ment  alone,  during  the  year,  to  give  the 
paper  a  great  value.  The  Dairy,  Sheep 
AND  Goats,  Porcine,  The  Horse,  Plsci- 
cnLTUKE,  Apiakt,  Poultry  Yard,  The 
Okchaed,  The  Vineyard,  Vegetable 
Gakden,  The  Grain-Gbcwek,  and  out- 
of-doors  farming  generally,  are  always 
treated  upon  from  a  practical  standpoint. 
All  articles  are  prepared  or  selected  with 
special  reference  to  their  applicability  to 
the  Pacific  Coast.  The  subjects  of  Irri- 
gation, Alkaline  Soils,  Land  Monopoly, 
Timber-growing,  Capital  and  Labor,  the 
proper  cultivation  of  the  soil  for  our  cli- 
mate, and,  in  fact,  all  topics  of  inter- 
est and  information,  such  as  are  needed 
by  the  practical  farmer,  are  given  in  suc- 
cessive issues. 

The  Editor  was  educated  to  hard  work 
on  the  farm,  and  in  the  nursery,  orchard 
and  garden,  and  has  been  twenty  years 
upon  the  Pacific  Coast. 

The  best  part  of  the  farm— the  House- 
hold— is  not  neglected.  In  fact,  this 
journal  is  so  largely  household  in  its 
get-up  as  to  be  a  special  favorite  with 
farmers'  wives,  and  with  all  families 
where  it  is  known.  Among  the  writers 
for  these  departments  are  many  of  the 
best  upon  the  Pacific  Coast,  We  might 
say  a  good  deal  in  praise  of  its  contribu- 
tors without  undue  flattery.  Everj-  lady 
should  specially  examine  the  columns  of 

the  AORICULTURIST. 

The  departments  Hosuehold,  Domes- 
tic, Hygienic,  Educational,  Boys  and 
Girls,  City  Gardening,  and  Woman, 
are  almost  entirely  filled  with  original 
articles  each  month,  and  of  a  most  in- 
teresting character.  The  beautiful  and 
useful  are  together  combined  in  its  con- 
tents and  make-up.  Man's  nature  not 
only  demands  to  be  supplied  with  mate- 
rial comforts,  but  the  things  that  feed 
intellectual  and  moral  life  and  induce  to 
progress  of  soul.  The  a'sthetic  nature 
needs  its  food  of  subtler  things,  and 
grows  upon  beauty  in  everything.  Such 
tastes  as  are  allied  to  the  finer  sensibili- 
ties and  really  give  us  the  purest  joys  of 
life  are  by  no  means  overlooked  in  the 
spirit  and  design  of  the  Agbiculturist. 
Its  beautiful  frontispiece,  on  cover,  de- 
signed, fashioned  .and  engraved  by 
woman's  head,  heart  and  hand,  is  in 
strict  harmony  with  its   purposes — even 


as  much  so  as  the  sterner  .subjects  that 
relate  to  the  practical  parts  of  life. 

Ever}'  general  reader  of  this  journal 
will  bear  the  publishers  out  in  the  above 
statements.  It  is  from  such  as  have  not 
become  acquainted  with  the  California 
Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 
A  Household  Magazine  and  Kubal 
Monthly  for  In-doors  and  Out,  that  the 
publishers  respectfully  ask  an  examina- 
tion of  its  merits.  And  if  the  price  and 
character  of  the  paper  suits,  your  sub- 
scription is  solicited,  and  your  influence 
in  further  extending  it  will  be  gratefully 
acknowledged. 

BRUTE      ANIMALS       COMPARED 
WITH  MAN. 

IIo%v  Do  They  Differ  from   Usi      Hare 
The}-  .MlntU  !     Will  They  I.lve  .Asnin! 

BY   J.    A.    CHITTENTEN. 

In  what  respects  the  tho  dumb  ani- 
mals resemble  man,  and  what  are  the 
limits  of  the  resemblance,  it  may  be  well 
sometimes  to  consider.  One  difl'erence 
that  would  first  occur  to  most  minds  is 
that  the  brute  animals  have  not  the  pow- 
er of  speech ;  next,  that  they  have  not 
thinking  minds — that  they  do  not  reason; 
and,  finally,  that  they  do  not  possess 
immortal  spirits. 

Let  us  see  how  much  they  resemble 
us.  In  the  matter  of  bodies  containing 
the  bony  framework,  the  muscular  cov- 
ering, the  arterial,  venous,  nervous  sys- 
tems, etc.,  they  are  like  ourselves.  They 
have  sight,  hearing — indeed,  all  the 
senses.     Have  they  minds  also? 

The  mind  is  that  part  which  thinks, 
wills,  remembers  and  reasons.  Has  the 
brute  all  these  evidences  of  mind? 

Some  seem  to  regard  the  brute  as  a 
mere  mass  of  organized  matter  endowed 
by  its  Creator  with  what  they  call  in- 
stinct. That  is,  it  has  an  inward 
prompting  to  eat  without  knowing  why 
it  eats;  it  runs  away  from  danger,  but 
don't  know  why;  it  may  run  so  long  as 
possible,  and  when  running  will  no 
longer  answer,  it  will  hide  in  the  best 
place  at  hand  or  turn  upon  its  pursuer 
in  self  defence,  but  never  reasons  about 
it.     Men  say  it  is  instinct. 

The  bird  looks  about  for  the  best  place 
where  it  may  build  its  nest.  It  examines 
this  place,  and  that,  and  the  other,  and 
after  a  good  deal  of  investigation  makes 
a  selection,  and  you  are  obliged  to  con- 
fess that  it  chose  well  with  reference  to 
convenience  of  construction  and  security 
from  its  foes.  But  men  say  it  did  not 
reason:  it  did  not  know  why  it  made  all 
that  examination  and  finally  decided  or 
chose  so  well.  This  would  be  according 
to  our  ideas  of  instinct.  Men  have  long 
so  decided  in  regard  to  the  dumb  ani- 
mals. They  have  set  up  a  pillar,  in- 
scribed upon  it  ' '  miima  Thnle, ' '  and  have 
rested.  No,  not  quite.  Here  and  there 
the  conviction  has  existed  that  there  may 
be  something  more,  and  some  have  ven- 
tured to  beUeve  that  the  dumb  animals 
have  spirits  that  will  live  again. 

Let  us  go  back  again  to  the  place  of 
beginning.  It  is  said  that  animals  have 
no  language.  But  are  we  quite  sure  of 
that?  They  do  call  for  each  other, — the 
parent  for  the  young,  and  the  young  for 
the  parent — and  they  recognize  each 
other's  voice  among  many  others.  They 
They  make  plaintive  sounds,  and  sounds 
for  distress  and  rejoicing.  What  at  least 
answers  the  purpose  of  language  so  far 
may  go  farther. 

Animals  remember.  They  do  not  for- 
get their  homes;  and  some  animals  do 
not  forget  that  a  neighbor  has  good  pro 
visions  or   good  feed   beyond  the    fence. 


8C 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Thej'  remember  their  masters  with  good 
or  ill  feelings  as  the  case  may  be.  Having 
been  trained  to  work,  they  remember  how- 
to  do  it,  and  do  not  need  the  same  train- 
incf  every  day.  They  sometimes  have  a 
grudge  against  a  person,  and  manifest  it 
on  various  occasions. 
The  mind  remembers,  wills  and  reasons. 
It  determines  to  do  a  thing  for  a  reason. 
Do  brute  animals  will  to  do  or  not  to  do 
anything?  I  have  seen  a  balky  horse  that 
evidently  willed  not  to  draw  an  empty 
wagon,  and  a  few  mornings  ago  I  saw 
the  siiich  of  a  saddle  tightly  drawn  on  a 
mustan"  when  I  was  satisfied,  from  bis 
uneasy  appearance,  that  he  was  meditat- 
ing something,  so  I  stopped  to  witness  a 
scene.  The  man  who  was  about  to  ride, 
or  thought  he  was,  led  him  around  and 
finally  leaped  into  the  saddle.  That  which 
the  horse  had  evidently  meditated  before 
he  soon  put  into  execution,  and  began  to 
take  positions  and  to  change  them  so  rap- 
idly that  the  rider  was  compelled  to  take 
one  in  a  ditch. 

I  once  saw  a  cow,  which  had  been  loft 
in  the  coral  by  the  others,  go  out,  walk 
down  to  the  main  road,  go  up  in  one  di- 
rection a  little  way,  stop  and  stand  still  a 
few  moments,  as  if  deliberating,  then  turn 
and  go  in  the  opposite  direction.  The 
acts  had  all  the  appearance  of  willing  and 
reasoning.  We  cannot  certainly  say  that 
dumb  animals  do  or  do  not  reason,  but 
it  is  admitted  by  all  that  the  workings  of 
instinct  resemble  reason,  and  many  who 
examine  this  matter  cautiously  ask,  Do 
not  the  brutes  give  evidence  of  something 
more  than  reason? 

I  had  a  shepherd  dog  that,  when  I 
would  say  to  him  "  The  cattle  are 
arormd,"  would  immediately  look  in  all 
directions  for  them.  I  sent  him  one  day 
to  drive  the  cattle  up  the  hill-side.  He 
did  it  well,  then  stopped  and  looked  at 
me  for  further  orders.  He  was  too  far 
off  to  speak  to,  so  I  motioned  him  fur- 
ther on.  He  instantly  obeyed, drove  them 
further,  then  looked  to  me,  as  much 
as  to  say  "Will  that  do?"  I 
beckoned  him  to  me,  when  he  came  at 
his  utmost  speed,  and  on  reaching  me 
seemed  much  delighted  that  he  had  been 
able  to  serve  me.  A  child  could  not  have 
done  better. 

Many  things  that  that  dog  did  savored 
of  reason.  I  never  allowed  him  to  go 
away  from  home  with  me,  though  he  ac- 
companied me  as  much  as  he  pleased 
about  the  farm.  I  used  to  go  about  the 
place  very  much  in  hot  weather  without 
a  coat,  but  always  put  it  on  when  going 
to  a  neighbor's,  or  any  distance.  I  finally 
noticed  that  my  dog  never  presumed  to 
follow  me  toward  the  road  when  I  had 
my  coat  on,  though  he  would  look  very 
wistfully.  Must  we  set  all  this  down  to 
instinct,  and  say  that  there  was  no  rea- 
soning abt)ut  it? 

I  had  a  horse  that  used  to  untie  his 
halter  when  he  pleased.  I  have  tied 
three  nots,  sat  down  at  his  side,  and  seen 
him  go  right  to  work  and  untie  it  in  as 
many  minutes.  It  was  only  by  taking  a 
deal  of  pains  every  time  I  tied,  that  he 
seemingly  conr/wdet/ to  give  up  the  trial. 
Very  many  facts  may  be  given  concern- 
ing animals  that  indicate  thinking  and 
reasoning. 

It  is  urged  as  another  dill'crence  bet- 
ween animals  and  men  that  animals  make 
no  improvement;  that  birds,  for  instance, 
build  no  better  nests  now  than  when  they 
begun  to  build  them.  To  this  it  may  bo 
replied  that  eaeli  kind  of  bird  knew  how 
to  make  a  tirst-class  nest  at  thebegiuniug. 
To  d<^iiy  this  is  an  imputation  against  its 
Creator  who  taught  them.  If  the  nest 
was  just  the  thing  at  first,  then  there 
was  no  need  of  improvement,  and  so  of 
either  animals.  K  the  ostrich  could 
cover  up  its   eggs  in  the   sand  and    have 


them  hatched,  there  has  been  no  need  of 
its  inventing  an  elaborate  nest  and  then 
sitting  upon  them  like  a  hen. 

The  animals  resort  to  many  contriv- 
ances to  obtain  food  when  they  must. 
Hogs  that  once  learned  that  a  neighbor 
had  a  delectable  field,  used  all  sorts  of 
strategy  to  get  iuto  it. 

One  reason  given  for  the  supposition 
that  animals  live  again  is,  that  they  ap- 
pear to  have  spirits,  and  that  it  seems 
reasonable  that  they  should  be  immortal. 
Another  reason  given  why  animals 
should  be  immortal,  .and  particularly  the 
domestic  animals,  is  on  the  score  of  com- 
pensation. It  is  thought  that  those  an- 
imals that  are  over-worked,  ill-fed,  or 
abused  in  any  way  during  their  short 
lives,  should  have  another  life  which 
might  be  a  happy  one.  They  suppose 
that  a  benevolent  Creator  would  give  the 
abused  animal  an  opportunity  for  a  better 
Ufe. 

Finally,  it  would  seem  that  no  valid 
reason  can  be  given  why  they  should  not 
live  again. 

If  they  are  to  live  again,  would  not 
many  men  dread  to  meet  the  animals 
they  have  over-worked  or  abused  in  any 
way,  when  each  may  be  supposed  to  re- 
member all  these  things?  I  think  that 
very  many  might  wish  that  animals  were 
not  immortal,  but  there  is  doubtless  a 
far  greater  number  who  would  like  to  be- 
lieve that  the  faithful  animal  that  has 
served  them  might  be  happy  in  another 
life.  One  thing  is  certain,  animals  know 
the  difference  between  kindness  and 
cruelty,  and,  should  they  exist  hereafter, 
will  our  memory  and  theirs  reproach  or 
applaud  us? 


The  use  of  sulphur  is  believed  to  be 
injurious  to  grape  vines.  Itissaid  to  be 
sure  death  to  gooseberries,  and  the  in- 
ference is  natural  that  it  may  bo  bad  for 
grapevines.  It  is  put  upon  the  vines 
once  or  twice  a  year  to  prevent  mildew, 
and  falling  upon  the  groixnd  year  after 
a  large  quantity  of  sulphur  becomes  in- 
corporated with  the  soil  and  has  a 
blighting  influence  upon  the  vine.  Some 
other  means  of  destroying  the  mildew  is 
believed  to  be  necessary,  in  order  to  save 
the  vines.  These  suggestions  come  from 
a  man  of  considerable  experience  in  the 
grape  business,  and  are  worthy  of  the 
investigation  of  others  who  have  vine- 
yards. 


ihc  ^Hucnavd. 


Theory  of   Causes  of    Death    of 
Crape  Vines. 

f«#HE  Napa  Register  offers  the  follow- 

\r!  A  grape-grower  with  whom  we 
^i  conversed  the  other  day  advanced  a 
j^ry  theory  and  made  some  suggestions 
in  regard  to  the  decay  and  death  of  vine- 
yards which  are  worthy  of  notice,  and 
which  may  be  of  value  to  those  interested 
in  grape-growing.  It  is  his  belief  that 
the  damage  done  to  vines  by  the  phyl- 
loxera is  not  so  great  as  is  generally  sup- 
posed, and  that  the  chief  cause  of  the 
death  of  gi'ape  vines  is  the  severe  prun- 
ing to  which  they  are  subjected  annually, 
and  to  the  profuse  use  of  sulphur,  which 
is  used  to  destroy  the  mildew.  As  re- 
gards the  pruning,  he  thinks  that  instead 
of  setting  the  vines  only  eight  feet  apart 
and  keeping  them  pruned  down  almost 
to  a  mere  stump,  it  would  be  better  to 
set  them  sixteen  feet  apart  and  let  them 
run  up  to  a  hight  of  several  feet  (so  high 
in  fact  that  a  man  or  a  horse  might  walk 
under  the  branches),  and  to  make  the 
"head"  of  the  vine  at  this  hight,  the 
same  as  it  is  now  made  near  the  ground. 
Cutting  off'  the  large  branches  and  keep- 
ing the  main  vine  stunted,  makes  it  less 
healthy  and  vigorous  and  more  liable  to 
fall  a  prey  to  insects  and  decay.  This 
theory  is  plausible  and  seems  to  be 
founded  in  reason.  If  the  vines  were 
allowed  to  grow  larger,  they  would  natu- 
rally be  healthier,  more  productive,  and 
longer-lived  than  at  present.  If  only 
hall  as  many  vines  were  planted  to  the 
acre,  it  would  be  easier  to  care  for  them 
and  to  gather  the  fruit.  If  t)ie  vines 
were  set  out  and  pruned  according  to  this 
plan,  the  gentlemaii  who  makes  the  sug- 
gestion thinks  that  wo  might  as  well 
have  mamnuith  vineyards  as  an  occa- 
sional mammoth  vine. 


The   New   Phylloxeka  Remedy.— ia 
Kature.  in  a  late  review  of  the  researches 
of  M.  Dumas  relative  to  the  practical  ef- 
ficiency of  the  alkaline  sulpho-earbonates 
as  destroyers    of  the  phylloxera,  affords 
us  the    following  information    upon  the 
philosophy      of      the       operation        of 
this    class    of   salts:       The    sulpho-ear- 
bonates of  the  alkalies   are  produced  by 
calcining  their  respective  sulphates  with 
caabon,  by  which  the  mono-sulphide  is 
produced,  and  agitating   a   concentrated 
aqueous  solution   of   this  carbon  di-sul- 
phide.     The  sulpho-earbonates  obtained 
as  here  described,  are  free  from  disagi-ee- 
able  odor,  are  not   dangerous  to  handle, 
are  non-inflammable   and  comparatively 
stable.     In  the  presence  of   acids,  how- 
ever, even  of   the  weakest,  and   notably 
when  acted  upon  by  the  carbonic  acid,  of 
which  a  moist,  arable  soil  invariable  con- 
tains a  certain  quantity,  the   sulpho-car- 
bonate  are  decomposed  into    carbonates, 
with  the  liberation  of  carbon  di-sulphide 
and    sulphuretted    hydrogen,    both     of 
which,  and  especially  the  first,  are  known 
to  be  highly  efficient  insecticides.     It  has 
been  found"  that  it  is  not  only  necessary 
to  destroy  the  insects  upon  the  vines  and 
roots,  but  likewise  to  poison  the  earth  in 
the  vicinity   of   the  same,  and  render  it 
uninhabitable  by  them.     For  this  pur- 
pose the  sulpho-carbonate  seem  to  be  ad- 
mirably adapted,  inasmuch    as,  by  their 
tardy  decomposition,  they  furnish  a  slow 
but  constant   supply  of    the   poisonous 
gasses    for    some    days.      Experiments 
have  shown  that  1,-142  grains  of  the  sul- 
pho-carbonate of  potassa  will  extermiate 
the  insects  from  l'J8  to  284  cubic  feet  of 
earth,  killing   not  only    the    phylloxera, 
but,  likewise,  the  larva;  of  larger  insects. 
To  apply  the  remedy,  it  is  recommended 
to  remove  the  earth  from  the  foot  of  the 
vine  about  a  foot  deep  and  sixteen  inches 
broad,  into  which  is  to  be  poured  five  or 
six    quarts   of  water  mixed  with   six  or 
eight  quarts  of   the  sulpho-carbonate  so- 
lution at  40"  B.     When  the  liquid  is  well 
absorbed  the  hole  is  closed,  and  the  same 
process  gone    through    on  another  vine. 
By  following  this  method  the  penetration 
of  the  solution  to  the  deepest  roots  is  in- 
sured.    Another  method  of   application 
proposed    by  M.  Dumas   is   to  mix   the 
sulpho-carbonate  with  twice  its  weight  of 
slacked   lime,   and  to    strew  the  powder 
thus  obtained  upon  the  soil  wherever  re- 
quired. 

Phylloxera.— August  Mann,  an  ex- 
perienced viniculturist  at  Big  Oak  Flat, 
Tuolumne  county,  sends  to  the  Vhronicle 
the  foUowina  remedy  for  vines  affected 
by  the  phylloxera,  we  give  it  for  what  it 
is"  worth:  The  phylloxera  di'posits  its 
eggs  on  the  bark  next  to  the  trunk  of  the 
\^ne.  Hub  off  all  the  loose  outside  bark, 
gather  and  burn  it,  then  take  hard  wood 
ashes,  20  pounds;  strong  salt,  1  pound; 
common  soap  dissolved  in  water,  1 
pound.  Put  all  in  a  boiler,  and  five  gal- 
lons of  water,  and  boil  ten  minutes;  stir 
in  the  meantime;  when  cold  apply  it  with 
a  brush  all  over  the  vines,  eueept  on  tho 


wood  of  last  year's  growth,  in  the  same 
manner  as  trees  are  whitewashed.  This 
must  be  done  before  the  buds  open,  so  as 
to  destroy  the  eggs  before  they  hatch. 
My  vines  have  been  affected  for  years  by 
the  phylloxera,  particularly  the  foreign 
vines.  I  have  tried  many  different 
things  to  destroy  them  without  success. 
In  the  Spring" of  1873  my  vines  showed 
all  the  signs  of  dying  out.  The  grapes, 
immediately  after  the  blossom,  dried  up, 
and  the  leal  had  a  lifeless  appearance.  I 
then  tried  my  remedy  on  a  patch  of  ^.J- 
fenthaler  vines  which  were  the  most  af- 
fected, and  to  my  gieat  joy  little  leav-es 
came  out  again.  Satisfied  then  that  1 
had  discovered  the  right  cure,  I  next 
spring  applied  it  on  all  my  vines  before 
the  buds  opened,  and  as  I  expected  the 
vines  came  out  full  of  life  and  vigor, with 
large  dark  green  leaves.  I  succeeded  m 
destroying  the  leaf  louse,  and  conse- 
quently the  root  louse,  too,  as  the  former 
is  the  producer  of  the  latter.  Those  who 
try  my  remedy  will  in  a  short  time  from 
now,  fiud  out  the  truth  of  this  statement. 


Stated    Displays    at  the  Interna- 
tional Exhibition. 

The  following  stated  displays,  under 
their  respective  dates,  will  be  held  dur- 
ing the  International  Exhibition.  Ap- 
plications for  entry  may  be  now  made, 
on  forms  which  will  be  supplied  by  the 
Chief  of  Bureau; 

AGEICDXTUEAL    PRODUCTS. 

Pomological  products  and  vegetables, 
May  ICth  to  24th. 

Strawberries,  June  7th  to  15th. 
Early  grass  butter  and  cheese,  June  13th 
to  17th. 

Early  summer  vegetables,  June  20th 
to  24th. 

Honey,  June  20th  to  24th. 

Kaspbtrries  and  blackberries,  July  3d 
to  8th. 

Southern  pomological  products,  July 
18th  to  2-2d. 

Melons,  August  22d  to  2fith. 

Peaches,  September  4th  to  !Hh. 

Northern  pomological  products,  Sep- 
tember nth  to  KHh. 

Autumn  vegetables,  September  19th  to 
23d. 

Cereals,  September  25th  to  30th. 

Potatoes  and  feeding  roots,  October 
2d  to  7th. 

Autumn  butter  and  cheese,  October 
17th  to  21st. 

Nuts,  October  23d  to  November  1st. 

Autumn  honey  and  wax,  October  23d 
to  November  1st. 

FIELD    TRIALS. 

Jlowing  machines,  tedders,  and  hay 
rakes,  June  15th  to  30th. 

Heaping    machines,  July   5th  to  15th. 

LIVE    STOCK. 

Horses.  September  1st  to  14th. 
Dogs,  September  1st  to  8th. 
Neat  cattle,  September  21st  to  October 
4th. 

Sheep,  October  10th  to  18th. 
Swine,  October  10th  to  18th. 
Poultry,    October    27th   to  November 
Cth. 

Tho  above  dates  may  be  favorable  for 
the  assembling  in  Philadelphia  of  So- 
cieties and  associations  interested  in  the 
specialties  above  enumerated. 

The  right  to  amend  or  annul  this  cir- 
cular is  reserved. 

A.  T.  GosiioKN, 
Director-CTcneral . 
Burnet  Landreth, 
Chief  of  Bureau  of  Agriculture. 
Philadelphia,    187G. 


Read  our  statement  of 
page '85. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


87 


^im\\  ^xmltL 


A  FAIR   DSSCRIMINATGON. 

Fine   Stuck   vs.  the   Pool-Selliii;;^  Kiii^ 
at     Fairs. 

',y-OL.  COLEMAN  YOUNGEE,  of  San 
jjj  Jose,  a  geutleman  who  has  had  a 
y/ll  great  deal  to  do  with  State  and 
yii)  county  fairs,  and  who  knows  the 
-^  feeling  of  the  people  upon  this  sub- 
ject, and  understands  the  various  games 
and  mauiijulatious  of  the  horse-racers 
themselves  as  well  as  any  other  man, 
thus  talks  before  the  Short-horu  Breed- 
ers' Association,  and  his  sentiments  are 
ajtproved ; 

The  cattle  interest  of  this  State  needs 
fostering,  and  no  one  can  do  it  to  better 
advantage  than  the  Stock  Breeders'  As- 
sociation. The  State  Fair  is  intended  to 
foster  all  our  industries,  and  the  Dis- 
trict and  County  Fairs  are  expected  to 
do  the  same  in  a  local  point  of  view, 
equally  iu  proportion  to  thtir  true  worth. 
We  ask  the  question,  do  the  managers  of 
fairs  carry  out  this  idea?  In  some  oases 
we  think  they  come  far  short  of  it,  and 
there  should  be  a  full  and  frre  discussion 
by  this  convention  on  that  subject,  and 
to  give  an  expression  to  your  views  as  to 
how  fairs  should  be  conducted,  and  es- 
pecially so  in  reference  to  cattle.  When 
any  one  industry  has  more  than  its  due 
proportion  of  interest  given  to  it,  in 
money  or  time,  oil  others  suffer  in  pro- 
portion. If,  for  instance,  cattle  were  to 
receive  two-thirds  of  aU  moneys  appro- 
priated for  premiums,  it  would  be  mani- 
festly unjust  to  all  other  interests.  Now, 
it  is  a  fact  that  the  managers  of  fairs  us- 
ually give  at  least  two-thirds  of  all  mon- 
eys appropriated  for  premiums  to  the 
speed  programme.  Is  this  just  or  neces- 
sary  to  foster  the  industries  of  the  State? 
And  this  is  especially  true  of  the  State 
Fair.  There  were  over  $20,000  offered 
for  premiums  by  the  Board  of  Managers 
of  the  State  Fair  for  the  year  1875;  and 
for  the  year  \H7i  there  were  given  for 
speed  purposes  over  $10,000  less  tha  10 
percent,  entrance  fee;  the  cattle  premium 
was  under  $2,000.  Is  there  any  good 
reason  why  this  difference  should  be 
made?  Is  the  speed  of  the  horse  of  so 
much  more  value  than  all  other  stock? 
Well,  if  BO,  give  us  the  evidence.  What 
is  it  in?  Does  that  quality  of  the  horse 
feed  or  clothe  or  furnish  more  of  the  ne- 
cessaries or  comforts  of  life  to  the  people 
than  all  other  stock?  Our  boys  would 
scout  such  an  idea.  Then  where  does 
this  superior  value  come  iu?  Compare 
the  value  of  the  siieed  of  the  horse  with 
the  beef  and  dairy  interest,  the  mutton 
and  wool  interest,  the  farming  and  man- 
ufacturing interest.  Well,  there  is  really 
not  enough  value  iu  it  to  make  the  com- 
parison. Separate  the  thoroughbred 
horse,  either  for  running  or  trotting,  and 
they  would  not  be  missed  iu  counting 
the  balance.  But  it  is  contended  that 
the  thoroughbred  horse  stands  at  the 
head  of  the  list  for  speed.  Grant  it;  but 
does  he  till  any  other  station  to  much 
advantage?  I  think  not.  Then  what  is 
there  in  him  that  $10,000  can  be  set 
apart  for  him  during  a  single  fair?  There 
must  be  some  good  reason  tor  this  course. 
Does  it  arise  from  the  vast  fortunes  that 
are  made  by  farmers  breeding  them  for 
speed?  If"  so,  who  are  they?  Where 
one  man  has  done  well,  thousands  have 
been  wrecked.  I  ask  the  question,  what 
has  given  the  race  horse  the  great  value 
that  some  place  upon  him?  There  is 
j  but  one  answer  to  the  question :  that  his 
value  is  estimated  iu  piroiiortion  to  the 
amount  of  money  that  can  be  made  out 


of  him  on  the  course.  Then,  if  fortunes 
arc  made  by  his  speed,  is  it  the  farming 
portion  that  do  it?  I  think  not.  He 
has  not  the  time,  and  but  few  have  the 
disposition  to  embark  in  this  mode  of 
making  fortunes.  Then  it  is  left  at  last 
to  a  few  breeders  and  that  other  class  of 
gentlemen  who  are  fond  of  turf  sports  to 
make  it  popular.  But  we  are  told  that 
the  speed  of  the  horse  is  grand  and  ex- 
citing, and  commands  the  admiration  of 
the  world.  Well,  admit  it.  But,  we 
ask,  is  it  the  speed  alone  we  admire,  or 
is  it  the  vast  sums  of  money  that  are 
staked  on  them  that  gives  this  morbid 
interest?  To  illustrate  this  idea:  Was  it 
the  $30,000  put  up  by  the  San  Francisco 
club  that  created  the  excitement,  or  the 
noted  horses  entered  for  the  contest,  that 
gave  such  state  and  national  interest  as 
to  cause  30,000  persons  to  visit  the 
course  to  see  the  contest  at  such  enor- 
mous cost?  Suppose  these  same  horses 
had  contended  for  a  purse  of  $100, would 
5,000  persons  have  visited  the  course  to 
see  it  at  the  same  rate  of  expense?  I 
think  not.  If  this  is  true,  then  the  vast 
amount  of  money  staked  upon  the  re- 
sult had  more  to  do  in  producing  the  ex- 
citement than  the  horses  did.  The  high 
estimate  of  speed  is  purely  speculative, 
and  that  speculative  interest  is  enhanced 
by  the  new  and  ingenious  mode  of  invest- 
ing on  the  result  of  all  contests  of  speed, 
either  of  running  or  trotting.  The  man- 
agers of  this  new  mode  know  from  the 
percentage  they  charge  that  in  time  they 
have  the  lion's  share,  and  it  is  to  their 
interest  to  multiply  these  contests,  which 
they  take  great  interest  in  doing.  Their 
percentage  being  enormous,  tney  can  af- 
ford to  pay  large  sums  for  the  privilege 
of  furnishing  a  box  for  the  people  to  de- 
posit their  money  in.  This  new  mode 
of  investing  on  the  result  of  speed  has 
done  much  to  bring  these  noble  contests 
into  disrepute  and  to  lower  it  to  a  species 
of  exciting  and  fascinating  gambling.  It 
is  said  men  will  gamble,  and  this  is  the 
most  decent  mode  of  doing  it.  Well, 
suppose  it  is;  is  that  any  reason  for  al- 
lowing them  to  introduce  it  at  our  fairs? 
Is  it  commendable  to  make  our  fairs 
accessory  to  the  carrying  on  of  this  dan- 
gerous and  seductive  vice?  But  the 
question  arises,  can  managers  oi  fairs 
afford,  for  the  sake  of  money,  to  mold 
public  sentiment  against  good  morals  to 
such  an  extent  that  fairs,  as  now  man- 
aged, are  made  the  most  fascinating 
gambling  places?  Is  this  the  result  of 
fairs?  Was  it  ever  contemplated  that 
this  should  be  a  prominent  feature  of 
fairs?  Is  this  new  mode  of  gambling 
any  part  of  the  industries  of  the  State? 
Does  it  add  any  wealth  to  the  State?  If 
not,  then  why  give  it  the  fostering  hand 
of  an  agricultural  society?  To  say  we 
cannot  hold  fairs  without  the  aid  of  pool 
selling,  is  an  insult  to  the  intelligence  of 
the  people.  It  has  been  tolerated  like 
Chinese  immigration;  but  from  indica- 
tions the  days  of  both  institutions  are 
numbered.  We  do  not  expect  to  con- 
trol this  institution  for  the  present,  for 
we  know  the  powerful  and  active  influ- 
ences that  are  brought  to  bear  to  force  it 
upon  the  public.  If  it  is  to  be  a  state 
institution  we  propose  to  limit  it  to  the 
course.  We  enter  our  jirotest  against 
its  being  permitted  at  fairs.  It  is  not 
one  of  the  industries,  and  has  no  claim 
for  public  patronage.  To  allow  it  is  in 
violation  of  the  plain  provisions  of  the 
law  creating  the  State  Fair.  We  have  no 
desire  to  detract  one  jot  or  tittle  from 
that  noble  animal,  the  horse ;  but  we  do 
object  to  the  enormous  appropriations 
that  are  given  'for  speed,  and  the  time 
that  is  set  apart  for  it.  There  is  no  jus- 
tice nor  justification  iu  the  distribution 
of  the  money  as  now  practiced,  and  we 


propose   to  insist  on    the   managers  of 
fairs  making  a  more  liberal   adjustment 
among  the    great  industries  of  the  State 
that  need  and  should  be  fostered  by  the 
State,  and  also  by  the  institutions  chart- 
ered by  her  for  that  purpose.      We  think 
our  demands  are  just  and  should  be  con- 
sidered.       We     know      that     millions 
are  fed   from  day  to  day  with  our  beef, 
mutton,    pork   and  dairy   produce,    and 
that  nothing  can  be  adopted  to  take  their 
place.      The  produce  of  the  cow   eiiters 
more  largely   into   the    consumption   as 
well  as  the  luxuries  of  the  human  family 
than  perha])s  any  other   article  of   food, 
and  this  is  especiallj'  true  of  the  farming 
community.     This  is   only  a  part  of  the 
benefits.     Take  the  wool,  hides   and  off- 
al, and  the  comforts  and  luxuries  are  con- 
tinued until  it  ramifies  every  relation  and 
condition  of  life.     Now,  taking  this  view 
of  the  subject,  are  we  not  justified  in  ask- 
ing of  the  managers  of  fairs  to  give  more 
consideration  to   the   exhibition  in  these 
departments,  as  they   have  a   value   at- 
tached to  them  that  cannot  be  computed? 
They  should   relieve  us   of  many  of  the 
burdens  and  lessen  our  expenses   as  far 
as  consistent. 


THE  AUCTION    SALE  OF  FINE 
STOCK. 

As  this  journal,  for  last  month,  went 
to  press  too  early  to  allow  of  an  account 
of  the  late  cattle  sales  held  at  Sacramento 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Short-horn 
Breeders'  Association  of  California,  we 
now  give  a  review  of  the  matter  as  made 
by  the  agricultural  editor  of  the  Becord- 
Union,  approved  bj'  parties  we  have  seen 
who  attended  the  sales.  Probably  yearly 
sales  held  in  some  stated  place,  the  stock 
to  be  sold  at  private  bargains,  would  re- 
sult best  for  both  buyers  and  sellers. 

The  sale  of  Short-horns  that  took  place 
in  this  city  on  Thursday  last  fell  far 
short  of  that  success  which  its  promot- 
ers anticipated  for  it.  Breeders  of  these 
cattle  have  been  meeting  with  very  satis- 
factory success  in  the  disposal  of  their 
surplus  stock  at  private  sale  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  past,  and  they  had  reason  to 
believe  that  sufllcient  interest  had  been 
created  in  the  public  to  sustain  a  good 
public  sale.  The  experience  of  Thurs- 
day, however,  demonstrates  the  contrary 
of  "this  supposition.  There  is  a  growing 
disposition  on  the  part  of  stock  raisers  to 
cross  up  their  cattle  with  thoroughbred 
Short-horns.  The  dairymen  of  the  State, 
at  the  present  time  more  than  at  any 
other  period  in  the  nistory  of  the  State, 
are  buying  thoroughbred  bulls  to  grade 
up  their  cows,  and  there  are  more  men  of 
means  and  of  lands  stocking  their  farms 
with  good  thoroughbred  cattle  at  the 
present  time  than  ever  before.  Farmers 
generally  are  acting  upon  the  axiom  that 
good  stock  pays  better  than  poor,  and 
families  in  towns  and  cities  who  keep 
but  one  cow  to  supply  them  with  milk, 
are  more  than  ever  inclined  to  buy  high- 
er bred  and  higher  priced  cows.  These 
statements  are  all  true,  and  yet  the  sale 
on  Thursday  under  the  Stock  Breeders' 
Association,  which  was  inteftded  to  give 
all  these  different  classes  of  people  an  op- 
portunity of  supplying  their  wants,  was 
poorly  attended,  and  more  poorly  sus- 
tained by  bidding.  In  the  number  of 
cattle  sold  and  prices  obtained,  the  sale 
was  a  failure.  As  an  effort  of  the  Asso- 
ciation to  wake  up  a  greater  interest  in 
the  breeding  of  fine  stock,  it  was  a 
greater  failure  probably  than  in  any 
other  respect.  This  was  the  second  sale 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Association, 
and  both  fell  far  short  of  anticipations, 
and  far  short  of  what  they  ought  to  have 
been.     The  causes  of  these  failures  con- 


stituie  a  puzzle  to  many  of  the  breeders, 
and  they  are  disposed  to  feel   disheart- 
ened or  discouraged  in   their   efforts  in 
this    direction.       On    the    contrary  we 
think  the  trouble  is  easily  explained, and 
that  there  is  no  real  cause  for  discourag- 
ment.     In  the  first  place,  such   sales  are 
a  new  thing  to  this  State,  and  the  people, 
even  those  who  want  to  buy,  feel   a  sort 
of    ditlidence   in    their  own    judgment, 
which  makes   them  shy  bidders.     They 
would  go  the  farm  of  the  breeder  and  pay 
fifty  per  cent,  more  for   an  animal  than 
they  could  bo  induced  to  bid  for  such  an 
animal  as  such  a  public   sale.     To  over- 
come   this   feeling,  the  Association  have 
but  to  keep  up  the  annual  sales,  and  in  a 
few  years  all  will   bo  changed  in  this  re- 
spect.    The  i)ublie  sales  will  become  the 
popular    resort   of  buyers,   just  as  they 
have  become  iu  England  and  the  Atlantic 
States,  and   the  best  prices  will    be  ob- 
tained at  them   and  the  sales  will  have 
their  intended  effect  in   waking  up  and 
sustaining  the  public    interest  in  good 
stock.      Another  special  reason   for  the 
shyness   of   bidders  is  found  in  the  fact 
that  there  had  gone  abroad  the  impres- 
sion that  the  breeders  had  hit  upon  the 
pubUc  sales  as  a  means  of  getting  rid  of 
their  poorer  class   of  animals,   such    as 
they  could  not  dispose  of  at  private  sale. 
This  suspicion  was  confirmed  by  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  animals  offered.     It  is  in 
the  spring  of   the  year,  and  the  stock, 
however  well  kept,  does  not  look  as  well 
as  in  the  fall,  when  the  public  have  been 
in  the  habit  of  seeing  it  at  our  State  and 
county  fairs.     They  were  then  prepared 
specially    to  show,   while   now  they  are 
jusi  shedding,  or  have  not  yet  begun  to 
shed  their  old  coats.     They  are  compar- 
tively  thin  in   flesh  and  rough  and  lan- 
guid.    Buyers    did  not  take  these  facts 
sufficiently  into  account.     Time  and  con- 
tinued sales   conducted  with  honor  will 
correct  all  these  things.      The  sale  on 
Thursday   was   conducted    in    the  most 
honorable  and  opeu-handed  manner,aud 
all  who  attended  became  fully  convinced 
of  this  fact,  and  this  conviction  will  have 
a  decided  effect  in  favor  of  future  succes. 
The  sales  made  at  private  bargains  were 
much  more  favorable  as   to   prices  than 
those   made    bj-   public    auction,  and   a 
number  of   the    auimals    placed  iu   the 
catalogue  did  not  make  their  appearance 
on  the  ground    because  they    had   been 
disposed  of  before  the  day  o(  sale  at  more 
than  fifty  per  cent,  more  than  they  woald 
have  brought  under  the  hammer. 


giocicuUuvf. 


How  to  Take  Salmon  Trout. 

3^  

f^-^VERY  year  since  1872  we  have  been 

]/f  distributing  salmon  trout  fry  in 
T  £  many  of  our  inland  lakes.  Those 
{yS  deposited  in  1872-3  will  be  large 
O^  enough  to  catch  the  next  coming 
season,  and  there  are  but  few  people  who 
know  how  to  take  them.  I  will  give 
some  hints  on  the  different  ways  they 
are  taken.  They  are  taken  with  silver 
and  brass  spoon  hooks,  by  leading  the 
line  so  that  the  spoon  runs  near  the  bot- 
tom. But  they  are  taken  sometimes  at 
the  top  of  the  water,  and  sometimes  half 
way  down  from  the  surface,  and  by  trol- 
ling with  three  lines  at  one  time — one  at 
the  surface,  one  half-way  down,  and  one 
near  the  bottom. 

Another  way  is  to  anchor  a  buoy  out 
in  deep  water  and  cut  fish  in  pieces,  va- 
rying in  size  from  a  hickory  nut  to  a 
butter  nut,  and  scattering  the  pieces 
around  the  buoy  for  some  days;  then 
anchor  your  boat  to  the  buoy,  using  a 
piece  of  the  same  kind  of  bait  on   your 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^  hook  that  you  had  been  in   the  habit  of    be  mentioned  in   this  connection.      The 


scattering  around  your  buoy;  fish  near 
the  bottom,  aud  give  it  a  little  motion  by 
giving  your  line  short  jerks.  The  buoy 
should  not  be  baited  the  day  you  go  fish- 
ing. 

Another  way  is  to  have  a  rod  and  reel 
aud  four  or    five  hundred  feet  of  fine, 
strong  line,  and  if  the  water  is   deep  put 
a  lead  sinker  weighing  three  quarters  of 
a  pound  on  the  end  of  your  line,  and  tie 
a  single  gut  leader  twelve  feet  long  on  the 
main  line,  twelve  feet   above  the  sinker. 
For  hooks,  you   should  use   nine  No.  G 
Limerick  hooks,  tied  three  together, back 
to  back,  so  that  they   look   like  a  three- 
prongeJ  grapple.     Tie  them  on   a  single 
gut  leader,  about   two  and  a  half  inches 
apart,  and  you  have  a  gang  of  liooks  five 
inches  long.     Put  two   very    small  brass 
BViivels  on  your  leader.     Use  the  kind  of 
small  fish  for  bait  that  the  trout  are  used 
to  eating  in  your  lake.    Hook  one  of  the 
upper  hooks  through    the  under  aud  up- 
per jaw  so  that  his  mouth  will  be  closed. 
Then    hook    one    of    the    lower    hooks 
through  the  back  near  the  tail  in   such  a 
manner  that  it  will   give  the  fish  a  curve 
and  will  turn  around  like  a  troUing-spoon 
when    it    is  drawn    through    the  water. 
The  most  successful  fishermen  use  three 
of  this  same   kind  of   rigs   in  one    boat. 
They    fish  one  rig   near   the  top   with  a 
light   sinker,  say    four   ounces,  and  one 
about  half-way  down  with  an  eight-ounce 
sinker,  and  the  twelve-ounce  sinker  near 
the  bottom.     This  is  the  most  successful 
rig  I  have  ever  used.     The  boat   should 
be   rowed  very  slowly,  so  that  you   can 
feel  the   bottom   with  the    heavy  sinker 
nearly  every  time  you  raise  it  up  and  let 
it  down.     The  bait  should  be   raised  up 
and  down  by  a  gentle   motion;    set   the 
other  lines  one  on  each  side  of  the  boat, 
and  they  will  take   care   of    themselves. 
Live  fish  should  be  used  for  bait.     Some 
use  but  eight   hooks,  one   hook    for  the 
upper  to   hook  through    the   minnow's 
mouth,  and    one   to    hook   through   the 
back  near  the  tail,  and  two  sets  of   three 
each  between  the  two   single  hooks,  tied 
about  one  and  a  half  inches  apart.     Be 
careful  and  keep  your   minnow  looking 
as  natural   as  possible.     Don't   rub  any 
more  scales  off  than  you  can  help.  When 
you  let  your  line  out,  your   boat   should 
be  in  motion    to    keep    your   bait  from 
twisting    around    the  main    line. — HeVt 
Green. 


An  Essay  ox  Fish. — Fish  may  be  di- 
vided into  classes — codfish  and  fresh  fish. 
The  propriety  of  dividing  them  into 
classes  will  be  at  once  apparent  when  we 
reflect  that  they  are  usually  found  in 
schools. 

The  mackerel  is  not  exactly  a  codfish ; 
but  he  comes  so  much  nearer  being  a 
codfish  than  a  fresh  fish  that  he  is  for 
the  present  classed  with  the  former. 

Fish  exist  in  sizes  to  suit  the  iiurchas- 
er,  from  minnows  to  whales — which  are 
not  fish,  strictly  speaking.  Neither  is 
the  alligator  a  fish;  but  it  we  attempt  to 
tell  what  are  not  fish,  this  article  will 
far  exceed  its  intended  limits. 

The  herring  is  not  absolutely  a  fish; 
he  is  a  suggestion  of  depaited  fish.  But 
the  strongest  suggestions  of  departed 
fish  are  smelt.  The  herring  sustains  the 
,  same  relation  to  the  finny  tribe  as  the 
Egyptian  mnmniy  to  the  human  race. 

Fish  are  caught  by  measure  and  sold 
by  weight — that  is  they  are  caught  by 
the  gill  and  sold  by  the  pound.  But 
they  are  sometimes  caught  by  weight — 
till  you  get  a  bite. 

Contentment  is  the  chief  respite  to  the 
successful  fisherman. 

Surveyors  are  apt  to  be  good  fisher- 
men, because  their  lines  and  angles  are 
apt  to  bo  all  right. 

The  mermaid  aud  fishwomau  may  also 


former  is  a  good  illustration  of  what  is 
meant  by  the  ideal,  and  the  latter  as  fitly 
represents  the  real. 

Many  land  animals  are  reproduced  in 
the  sea.  Thus  we  have  the  dog-fish,  the 
cat-fish,  sea-lions  and  sea-horses,  but  no 
sea-mules.  None  of  the  above  have 
hind  legs,  and  any  manner  of  mule  with- 
out hind  legs  would  be  a  consiiicuous 
failure. 

It  may  not  be  out  of  jjlace  to  mention 
Jonah  in  this  connection.  He  was  not 
a  fish,  but  was  once  included  among  the 
inhabitants  of  the  deep.  There  has  been 
considerable  dispute  as  to  the  name 
of  the  fish  that  swallowed  the 
gentleman  above-mentioned,  some  per- 
sons arguing  that  the  throat  of  a  whale 
is  not  large  enough  to  swallow  a  man. 
This  objection  seems  to  be  inconsequen- 
tial. 

Jonah  might  have  ^been  made  in  a 
smaller  mould  than  other  men.  More- 
over, it  is  certain  that  he  was  cast  over 
before  being  swallowed — cast  over  the 
rail  of  the  vessel. 

There  has  been  much  speculation  also 
as  to  the  cause  of  Jonah's  exj^ulsion 
from  the  whale's  interior,  but  the  theory 
most  generally  accepted  is  that  he  soured 
on  the  whale's  stomach. 

He  was  very  fortunate  in  reaching  the 
land,  since  he  had  no  pilot.  If  he  had 
taken  a  pilot  with  him  into  the  stomach 
of  the  whale  he  would  doubtless  have 
selected  Pauncheous  Pilate  as  the  proper 
man. 

Jonah  was  the  first  man  who  retired 
from  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  and 
Delano  was  the  last  one. 

But  we  digress.  Let  us  return  to  our 
fish. 

The  codfish  is  the  great  source  of  all 
salt.  In  this  respect  Lot's  wife  was  no- 
where; however  it  would  be  well  to  "  re- 
member Lot's  wife." 

The  saline  qualities  of  the  codfish  per- 
meate and  percolate  the  vasty  deep,  and 
make  the  ocean  as  salt  as  himself. 
Weighed  in  his  own  scales,  he  is  found 
wanting — wanting  considerable  freshen- 
ing. He  is  by  nature  quite  social,  his 
principal  recreation  being  balls — codfish 
balls. 

The  codfish  was  worshipped  by  the 
Greeks;  but  he  is  only  half  as  well  treat- 
ed by  the  inhabitants  of  Cape  Cod — ne 
is  simply  shipped.  Hence  the  difference 
between  the  Greeks  and  the  inhabitants 
of  Cape  Cod. 

Small  fish  are  usually  harmless,  but 
parents  can't  be  two  careful  about  per- 
mitting their  children  to  play  where  large 
fish  abound,  as  it  is  an  established  fact 
that  the  big  fish  frequently  eat  up  the 
little  ones. 

The  jelly  fish  is,  perhaps,  the  best  un- 
derstood of  all  the  finny  tribe,  because, 
being  translucent,  it  is  easy  to  see 
through  him. 

The  greatest  number  of  fish  is  eaten 
on  Friday,  and  the  next  greatest  number 
on  Saturday,  because  those  that  are  left 
over  are  warmed  up  for  Saturday's  break- 
fast. 

Argumentative  persons  are  fond  of 
stating  that  it  is  grammatical  to  say  that 
the  five  loaves  and  three  fishes  were  ate, 
since  five  and  three  were  always  eight. 
They  should  be  treated  with  silent  con- 
tempt. 

Fish  are  provided  with  air  bladders, 
so  that  they  can  I'ise  from  the  depths  of 
the  sea  by  simply  filling  these  bladders 
with  air.  If  any  one  is  disposed  to  ask 
where  they  get  the  air  for  such  inflati<m, 
let  him  understand  in  advance  that  this 
article  is  not  intended  for  the  solution  of 
petty  conundrums. 

There  are  many  interesting  rumors 
about  fish    which  might   be   mentioned. 


but  the  foregoing  facts  may  be  consid- 
ered asof-fish-al.— Dc(foi(  Free  Press. 

A  Large  Lobster  Pond.— Among  the 
accessories  of  the  market  of  Paris  is  one 
of    the  most  curious  establishments  in 
the  world— the  great  fish  pond  or  reser- 
voir of  Roscoff,  in  the  department  of  Fin- 
isterre,  on  the  coast  of   Brittany.     It  is 
designed  especially  for   lobsters,  and  for 
the  supply  of  the  Paris  market  with  that 
crustaceous  luxury.     It    has   proved  so 
plentiful   in   its   results,  however,  as   to 
afford  occasional  supplies  to  the  markets 
of  Belgium,  Russia  and  Germany.     It  is 
an  immense  basin,  some    1,000,  or  1,800 
feet  in  circumference,  formed   by   solid 
walls  of    masonry,  in  which  the   waters 
of  the  sea  are    maintained  at  a   uniform 
bight,    with  iron   gates    so   constructed 
that  the  imprisoned  lobsters  cannot  make 
their    escape.      Operations    were    com- 
menced on  the   4th  of    July   last,  when 
about  1,500  lobsters  were    consigned  to 
hopeless  captivity  in  the   basin,  and  the 
stock  is  reinforced  with  about  the  same 
number  every  week  by  fishing  boats  en- 
gaged  exclusively    in   the   trade,  which 
bring  their  captives,  alive   and  amid   all 
the  horrors  of  the  middle  passage,  to  re- 
plenish  the  great    slave   bond.     This  is 
now  estimated   to  contain    about  30,000 
lobsters,    besides    an   equal    number  of 
mullets  and  fish  of  other    species,  which 
are  enticed  into  the    trap  by  the  flowing 
tide,  but,   after  having   attained   certain 
dimensions,    cannot    escape.       Such    a 
maride   animal   population   necessitates, 
of  course,  a  large  alimentation,  which  is 
supplied  by  conger  eels  and   dogfish,   for 
which  lobsters  have  a  decidedly  epicurean 
taste.     The  lobster    is  voracious    at   all 
times,  but  in  regard  to  these  luxuries  his 
instinctive  ravenous  appetite  carries  him 
beyond  the  bounds  of  reason  and   leads 
to  intestine  feuds  and   desperate  wars  of 
conquest.     So    frequent  is   this  carnage 
that  lobsters  in  a  wounded  and  disabled 
state  are  often  found    on  the   surface  of 
the  water.     These  are  taken  and   sold  in 
the    immediate    neighborhood,    as   they 
could  not  endure    a   long    journey  in  a 
healthy  condition.        So    successful  has 
this    experiment    proved  that   measures 
are  in   progress  for  extending  the  idea  to 
other  desirable  fish  with  which  the  shores 
of  Brittany  abound. 

The  clam  is  an  intelligent  insect.  The 
legislature  of  one  of  the  Western  States 
once  debated  the  question:  "Which  has 
the  most  intelligence,  the  clam  or  the 
codfish?"  The  weight  of  the  argument 
was  in  favor  of  the  clam,  because  it  was 
proved  that  it  had  sense  enough  to  keep 
its  mouth  shut  when  other  people  vyere 
talking,  which  was  more  than  most  civil- 
ized people  ever  do. 


liavticuUuvc, 


vi3 


Notes    on     Orange    Culture     in 
Southern    Europe. 

ff)-  

'^"MPllESSED  by  the  growing  impor- 
tance of  the  culture  of  the  orange 
[  to  this  county  and  State,  and  es- 
[  pecially  desiring  in  my  own  interest 
'"  to  study  its  practical  workings 
abroad,  I  made  in  October  and  November 
last  a  short  visit  to  those  portions  of 
Italy,  Sicily  and  Southern  France  most 
noted  for  its  culture,  and  propose  giving 
here,  briefly,  a  general  summary  of  the 
observations  made  and  information 
gained  from  all  accessible  sources  during 
my  visit,  hoping  that  my  friends  of  this 
State  may  derive  some  benefits  from  the 
result  of  my  investigations. 

WHEItK    CULTIVATED. 

The  shores  of  the  Mediterranean, from 


about  Nice  to  Genoa,  properly  known  as 
the  "Riviera,"  sheltered  from  the  North 
by  the  Appenine  Range,  and  with  a  sun- 
ny exposure  on  the  Mediterranean,  are 
rapidly  increasing  the  culture  of  the  or- 
ange and  lemon,  particularly  the  latter, 
the  product  of  which  has  doubled  within 
the  last  twenty  years,  and  has  gained  one 
third  in  the  pas't  six  years;  its  product 
being  equal  to  the  estimated  crop  of  Flo- 
rida—'20,000,000. 

To  the  north  of  Genoa  there  is  at  Lake 
de  la  Garde,  in  Northern  Italy,  under  the 
shelter  of  the  Alps,  a  sort  of  hot  house 
culture  of  the  orange,  deserving  mention 
here  as  a  curiosity  in  its  production  for 
commercial  purposes.  In  a  space  but 
little  over  twelve  acres  some  30,000  trees 
are  cultivated  in  what  is  called  compote, 
being  thickly  planted  in  terraces,  rising 
closely  one  above  the  other  in  what  might 
be  called  an  amphitheatre,  protected  by 
boards  and  glass  in  winter,  and  this  is  at 
a  cost  of  about  $1,000,000  and  yielding 
$77,000  per  annum.  I  found  also  at 
Isola  Bella  on  Lake  Maggiore  a  fine  or- 
ange grove  growing  on  soil,  bought  to 
cover  its  rocks,  from  the  main  land,  also 
sheltered  in  winter;  but  neither  deserves 
serious  mention  as  indicating  the  coun- 
try of  the  orange. 

Proceeding  down  the  coast  from  Genoa, 
after  leaving  the  protection  of  the  moun- 
tains, no  oranges  are  raised  for  cammerce 
until  Naples  is  reached,  and  here,  and 
under  the  Vesuvian  range  at  Sorrento, 
with  its  vast  groves,  and  stretching  along 
to  Reggio,  famous  for  the  cultivation  of 
bergamct,  the  production  is  on  a  large 
scale. 

But  in  Sicily  the  production  of  oranges 
and  lemons  is  carried  on  on  the  most  ex- 
tensive and  elaborate  scale;  the  regions 
of  which  Palermo  and  Messina  are  the 
ports,  taking  the  lead  with  rapidly  in- 
creasing volume.  The  province  of  Pal- 
ermo, in  1S54,  had  11,165  acres  of  orange 
and  lemon  groves,  producing  $3,250,000; 
in  1874  there  were  55,800  acres,  produc- 
ing$16,000,000! 

The  report  from  Sicily,  in  1875, 'of  or- 
anges and  lemons  was  75,000  tons.  In 
1776  Messina  exported  30,000  cases  of 
lemons  and  3,000  cases  oranges,  valued 
at  $53,000;  in  1871  Messina  exported  80,- 
000  cases  of  oranges  and  300,000  cases  of 
lemons,  valued  at  $2,500,000.  Its  ex- 
ports to  America  from  1862  to  1872  were 
3,374,500  cases  of  oranges  aud  1,102,100 
cases  of  lemons.  In  1871-2  the  exports 
were  521,000  boxes  of  oranges  aud  187,- 
000  boxes  of  lemons  to  this  country.  The 
annual  export  of  St.  Michaels  (Azores) 
to  England  exceeds  000,000  cases. 

The  lemon  is  also  exported  in  other 
forms  from  Sicily.  In  essential  oil,  Mes- 
sina alone  exported,  in  1872,  303  tons, 
value,  $1,500,000.  The  annual  exporta- 
tion of  lemon  juice  from  Palermo  aud 
Messina  is  451)  terns;  of  concentrated 
lemon  juice  (OO'^)  1,500  tons;  of  cream 
of  tartar  240  tons;  citric  acid  and  other 
products  of  lemon  juice  are  for  the  most 
part  manufactured  in  France  and  Eng- 
land. 

CLIMATE. 


% 


The  temperature  in  Southern  France 
and  Italy  is  as  low  in  winter  as  in  Orange 
county,  "in  fact  frequently  lower.  These 
countries  suffer  by  periodical  severe 
"cold  spells"  and  traditionally  every  ten 
years  have  severe  frost,  and  every  fifty 
years  a  disastrous  "great  freeze."  Thus 
in  1781),  1704,  1811,  1820,  1820,  1837, 
1854  were  very  coUl  winters;  while  1780 
and  1820  are  marked  by  the  destruction 
of  their  orange  groves,  which,  however, 
rapidly  grew  up  from  the  roots  into 
bearing  again  in  a  few  years. 

In  Sicily  there  is  no  frost,  though  oc- 
casionally storms  of  hail  or  sleet  which 
do  great  damage.       But 


these  conn- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


tries  labor  under  a  disadvautage  common 
to  all  semi-tropical  regions  -except  our 
favored  peninsula,  viz :  A  summer  devoid 
of  rain.  For  five  months  irrigation  is 
necessary  in  the  vast  majority  of  their 
plantations,  and  whether  by  steam  or 
horse  power  or  hydraulic  works,  is  very 
expensive. 

SOIL. 

The  soil  most  preferred  is  calcarious 
clay,  and  those  abounding  in  alkali  are 
I  specially  pirized,  but  the  richest  soil  does 
not  produce  the  esteemed  fruits.  Thus, 
iu  the  vast  and  fertile  valley  of  the  Con- 
cha, back  of  Palerme,  covered  with  or- 
anges of  the  most  luxuriant  growth,  its 
products  sell  for  one-third  less  than  those 
of  the  same  trees  planted  on  Monto 
Keile,  and  other  hills  in  sight,  of  poor 
calcarious  soil,  and  whose  fruits,  prized 
especially  for  export,  by  reason  of  their 
quality  of  long-keeping,  are  known  by 
the  mark  M  (mountain). 

The  effect  of  the  soil  on  the  quality  of 
the  orange  is  a  well  recognized  fact,  and 
at  Nice,  which  abounds  in  beautiful  or- 
ange groves,  it  is  freely  admitted  that 
oranges  deteriorate  in  quality  in  its  infe- 
rior, soil.  The  peculiarly  delicious 
fruit  of  Florida  I  ascribe  mainly  to  the 
character  of  its  soil,  abounding  iu  that 
prized  substance,  alkali,  the  i^roducts  of 
tires  which  have  annually  overrun  its 
surface,  and  iu  vegetable  delrUus  and 
lime,  the  product  of   decomposed  shells. 


PEOPAGATION. 

The  system  universally  adopted  is  to 
bud  the  sweet  orange  upon  "sour  stock," 
as  we  call  it.  This  is  obtained  by  plant- 
ing the  seed  of  the  bitter  sweet  orange, 
which  is  but  one  of  thirty-one  varieties 
cultivated  of  the  Sylvestric,  or  so-called 
"wild  orange."  The  reason  for  prefer- 
ring the  sour,  or  bitter-sweet  orange 
stock  to  the  sweet  one,  is  that  it  is  har- 
dier, less  subject  to  malady  than  the  ex- 
otics, more  lu-eeocious  and  grows  faster. 
According  to  very  exact  observations  by 
the  Royal  Agricultural  College  of  Sicily, 
in  ten  years  it  gained  50  per  cent,  in  di- 
ameter over  the  latter. 

The  orange  is  picked   when  fully  ripe, 
in  51arch,  of   the  largest   size,  rotted  in 
the   sun,    the  seeds    washed    out,  those 
that  float  in  the  water   being  rejected,  as 
well  as  all  imperfect  ones  or  those  want- 
ing in  iilumpness.     They  are  sowed  soon 
after   separation    from    the  orange    (the 
wild  orange  seed  loses   quickly  the  pow- 
er of  germinating;  the  sweet  seed  can  be 
kept  for  years;  both  can  best  be  preserved 
iifsand;  soaking  in  water  is  expedient  for 
dry  seeds  which  otherwise  would  not  ger- 
minate;) in  rich,  deep  beds,  with  a  warm, 
sunny  exposure  about  one  inch  from  the 
surface  and  are  abundantly  watered  and 
manured— observing   constantly  the  ax- 
iom that  warmth  and    humidity   are  the 
essentials    of    germination— when    they 
are  removed    to    the  nursery,  great   care 
being  taken  to  Dreserve   the  tap  as  well 
as    the    lateral'  roots.     Here    again  the 
greatest  carS  is  taken  to  have   rich,  deep 
and  thoroughly  cultivated   soil  in  a  shel- 
tered location ;"  they  are  planted  about  ten 
inches    ajjart;    watered  by   irrigation    at 
regular  periods,  manure   and  cultivation 
being  frequently  applied.     In  three  years 
from  the  seed  they  should  attain  the  ne- 
cessary growth  for  budding.  This  is  prac- 
tical \vhen  the   tree  has  reached  the  size 
of  an  inch  in  diameter   about  six  inches 
from  the  ground.     All  the  old  groves  are 
budded  close  to  the  ground,  but  experi- 
ence has  proved  that  protection  from  the 
scourge     of    a     wide-spreading    disease 
called  the    gamma,  is   better  secured  by 
making  the   trunk   of   the    tree   hardier 
stock,  consequently   the  bud   is  inserted 
six  feet  from  the  ground. 
The  bud  is  taken  from  a  bearing  tree, 


and  iu  its  year  of  full  bearing,  not  its  off 
year.  In  the  spring  months  trees  are 
budded  as  well  as  in  the  autumn,  from 
August  to  November.  In  the  first  case 
the  trees  are  topped;  in  the  latter  (called 
dormant  bud)  no  branch  is  removed  till 
after  it  has  started  the  following  spring. 
Trees  are  also  propagated  by  slips  made 
from  the  suckers  or  green  growth,  called 
plumet,  which  is  generally  carefully 
pruned  from  the  tree  whenever  it  ap- 
pears. Such  trees,  however,  have  no 
tap  roots,  are  short  lived,  and  are  not 
esteemed,  though  they  develop  quickly. 
Another  form  of  propagation  practiced 
in  pleasure  gardens  is  by  what  is  called 
"Marcotte,"  which  is  surrounding  a  limb 
previously  scarified  with  a  sort  of  wicker 
basket  fiUed  with  earth.  After  a  year 
the  branch  is  cut  off  and  planted  and 
gives  speedy  fruit.  It  also  is  short 
lived. 

Sweet  seedlings  are  almost  invariably 
denounced  by  those  who  cultivate  fruit 
for  commerce,  as  of  slower  development, 
(four  years  longer  than  budded  trees)  of 
uncertain  and  inferior  character  of  fruit, 
and  by  reason  of  the  thorns,  which  in- 
jure it  when  shaken  by  the  wind.  Its 
size,  too,  is  considered  a  disadvantage 
for  gathering,  and  its  superior  quantity 
is  not  regarded  as  compensating  for  its 
inferior  quality.  AVhere  lUO  seedlings 
fill  an  acre,  200  budded  trees  have  ample 
room.  Budding,  besides,  jjromotes 
sweetness  in  the  fruit.  I  have  thus  seen 
trees  budded  on  successive  buds  two  or 
three  times  to  secure  a  high  quality. 


PLANTING. 

The  trees,  which  generally  are  from 
three  to  six  years  old,  sometimes  just 
ready  to  bear  are  planted  when  vegeta- 
tion commences — in  Italy  generally  iu 
April.  The  holes — three  feet  by  three 
feet  iu  rich  soil,  from  four  feet  to  four 
and  a  half  feet  in  depth  by  the  same 
width,  in  poorer  soil — are  generally  dug 
in  summer  iu  order  to  expose  the  earth 
to  the  action  of  the  air.  When  planted 
the  tree  top  is  cut  back  to  correspond 
with  the  dimensions  of  the  roots;  the 
hole  is  one-third  filled  with  rich,  decom- 
posed manure,  mixed  with  the  top  soil, 
heaped  up  in  the  center,  upon  which  the 
tree  is  planted  so  as  to  be  no  deeper  in 
the  ground  than  before.  The  earth  is 
filled  in  and  left  in  a  saucer  shape— de- 
pressed around  the  tree — and  plentifully 
watered.  There  are  vi.rious  practices  as 
to  the  tap  root.  Some  cut,  some  bend, 
others  leave  it  entire.  In  a  large  grove, 
just  planting,  which  I  visited  in  Sicily, 
its  proprietor  an  intelligent  Englishman, 
bent  the  tap  root  and  said  that  he  thus 
forced  the  surface  roots  down — a  great 
object  with  all  cultivators  as  a  security 
against  drought  and  leaving  the  top  soil 
free  for  cultivation. 

The  base  line  for  planting  is  generally 
laid  due  north  and  south,  in  order 
to  give  all  the  trees  equally  the 
(  benefit  of  the  sun.  The  present  gener- 
ally-received distance  between  the  trees 
is  fifteen  feet  on  the  level,  twelve  feet  on 
the  hill  sides  (although  most  of  the 
nroves  I  have  seen  are  under  twelve,  and 
in  some  the  trees  are  six  feet  apart).  The 
modern  system  of  planting,  too,  is  in 
diamond  quincunx,  instead  of  squares, 
by  which  plan,  with  the  same  space  to 
each  tree,  eleven  per  cent,  of  trees  is 
gained  to  the  acre. 

The  latter  system,  too,  is  to  bud  the 
tree  only  after  having  been  transferred 
to  its  place  in  the  grove.  The  cultivator 
is  generally  employed  to  stir  the  earth 
around  the  trees  to  the  depth  of  six 
inches  three  times  a  year,  and  as  before 
said,  great  importance  is  attached  to 
keeping  down  the  surface  roots,    j 


MANCKE. 

Until  the  tree  bears,  the  growth  of  its 
wood  is  promoted  by  abundant  supplies 
of  manure  of  strong,  active  character  two 
or  three  times  a  year,  according  to  age 
and  soil.  When  in  bearing,  manures  of 
slower  decomposition  are  applied  from 
once  a  year  to  once  in  five  years  accord- 
ing to  soil.  It  is  applied  to  the  surface 
over  the  roots  and  especially  at  their  ex- 
tremities, supposed  to  be  bounded  by  the 
extent  of  the  branches.  This  is  turned 
in  the  autumn  tenor  twelve  inches  deep; 
liquid  manures  are  applied  in  the  sum- 
mer when  vegetation  is  most  active. 
Water  applied  to  the  roots  or  over  the 
trees  at  regular  periods  of  six  or  eight 
days,  is  a  great  fertilizer  by  reason  of 
the  various  salts  held  in  solution,  as  well 
as  a  remedy  against  drought.  Plaster 
of  Paris  is  sometimes  sprinkled  over  the 
tops  of  the  trees  and  is  absorbed  by  the 
leaves  to  their  benefit. 

REMEDIES  AGAINST    DROCGUT. 

With  five  summer  months  devoid  of 
rain,  the  means  of  obviating  the  effects 
of  drought  are  all  important  to  the  culti- 
vator. Irrigation  is  generally  practiced 
and  is  called  wet  culture,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  dry  culture  in  vogue  at  Na- 
ples, Sorrento,  etc.  This  most  expensive 
method  consists  in  deep  trenching.  I 
have  seen  groves  trenched  eight  and  a 
half  feep  deep.  Constant  culture  of  the 
soil  and  sometimes  mulching  are  em- 
ployed to  retain  the  moisture  below  the 
surface.  In  irrigation,  which  is  univer- 
sal in  Sicily  and  the  Ligurian  coust,steam 
and  horse  power,  and  sometimes  exten- 
sive dydraulic  works  in  sinking  and  con- 
ducting springs  from  the  mountains' 
depths  are  emploj  ed.  Care  is  taken  that 
the  water  be  of  the  temperature  of  the 
air;  it  is  applied  weekly  during  the  dry 
season,  from  May  in  Sicily  and  June  in 
Northern  Italy  and  France,  till  Septem- 
ber, and  at  night;  in  autumn,  however, 
in  the  morning,  the  cultivator  following 
a  few  days  after.  Conducts  of  brick  or 
stone  are  led  across  the  groves  (and 
crossing  at  right  angles)  from  the  reser- 
voirs, and  supply  the  numerous  trenches 
which  cover  the  soil  around  the  trees,  in 
scientific  order. 

PROTECTION. 

The  wind  is  a  greater  enemy  of  the 
orange  trees  that  the  frost,  in  Italy  and 
Sicily,  either  by  their  violence  or  by  rea- 
son of  prejudicial  character  iu  itself;  and 
in  the  location  of  groves  great  attention 
is  paid  to  protecting  them,  whether  by 
mountains,  woods  or  artificial  screening, 
(walls,  plantations,  or  woodan  struc- 
tures) on  those  sides  whence  the  most 
pernicious  winds  come;  (in  Italy  north 
and  northwest,  in  Sicily  southwest  and 
south-southwest,  which  is  sometimes 
most  destructive  with  its  hot  blasts  from 
the  African  coast. )  Trees,  for  this  rea- 
son, are  frequently  kept  low  by  early 
pruning. 

The  sea-winds,  brina,  are  in  themselves 
noxious  to  the  plant,  as  are  the  African 
winds  or  siroccos,  by  reason  of  their 
heat.  The  strong  brimate  of  1873  de- 
cimated the  oranges  around  Palermo, 
while  the  mandarin,  which  is  a  hardier 
fruit,  did  not  sutler.  The  eucalyptus  is 
now  frequently  planted  on  exposed  sides 
of  groves  as  a  protection.  I  am  inclined 
to  think,  however,  that  the  influence 
upon  the  orange  tree  will  prove  preju- 
dicial, as,  hke  the  ailanthus,  it  is  nox- 
ious to  many  plants.  I  have  seen  rows 
of  wild  cane  planted  thickly  not  only  on 
exposed  sides  but  between  every  fourth 
and  fifth  row  of  trees.  Again,  I  have 
seen  high  frame  works  of  cane  erected  to 
break  the  force  of  the  wind.  High  walls 
are  sometimes  used  and  the  sheltered 
hillsides  are   terraced,  with  immense  la- 


bor and  cost,  to  their  summits    to  avail 
of  every  foot  of  shelter. 

In  the  Azores,  at  St.  Michaels,  I  re- 
member to  have  seen  in  their  quinkis 
(orange  groves)  walls  of  huge  stones, 
eighteen  or  twenty  feet  high,  erected  for 
protection  from  the  winds,  and  planted  ^ 
against  these,  thickly,  the  tall  and  quick- 
growing /«^a  tree,  which  added  thirty  or 
forty  feet  more  elevation  for  resistance 
to  the  strong  winds  which  sweep  over  the 
island. 

NIXED  CULTCEE. 

The  practice  is  almost  universal  of  oc- 
cupying the  ground  between  the  trees, 
until  the  second  or  third  year  of  bearing, 
with  other  cultures;  with  vegetables, 
which  is  preferable  when  near  towns  that 
ofi'er  a  market;  with  vines  or  fruit  trees 
under  other  circumstances.  The  peach 
tree,  which  lives  ten  years  in  Italy,  does 
well  planted  with  the  orange,  and  disap- 
pears at  the  right  moment.  I  have  seen 
accounts  of  groves  to  which  mixed  cul- 
ture had  been  applied,  when,  by  the  time 
the  trees  were  in  bearing,  nil  the  ex- 
penses, including  the  cost  of  the  trees 
themselves,  had  been  paid  by  these 
crops. 

PBODCCTS. 

A  gieat  business  is  done  at  Nice  and 
in  the  neighborhood  in  orange  flowers. 
The  wild  trees  are  cultivated  for  that 
purpose,  and  are  superior  to  the  sweet — 
those  of  the  highland  being  superior  to 
those  of  the  low.  The  leaves,  too,  are 
an  article  of  commerce.  The  flowers  are 
gathered  all  summer,  shaken  on  sheets 
when  dry,  and  distilled  with  equal  quan- 
tities, by  measure,  of  water.  The  wild 
orange  averrges  80  pounds,  the  sweet  40 
pounds  per  year  per  tree.  I  remember 
one  wild  tree  in  Nice  yielding  410  pounds 
of  flowers  and  4,000  oranges  in  one  year. 
Two  hundred  pounds  of  fresh  flowers 
yield  80  pounds  of  double  and  20  pounds 
of  single  orange  flower-water,  and  half  a 
grain  of  essential  oil — reroli. 

PEUIT. 

There  are  three  gatherings:  the  first 
in  November,  when  yellowish,  and  solely 
for  export,  and  is  the  dearest;  the  second 
in  Becember  and  January,  when  half 
ripe  and  full  yellow  color — the  cheapest 
priced;  the  third  iu  March,  when  quite 
ripe  and  unfit  for  export— these  bring  a 
high  price.  The  sales  are  made  on  the 
trees,  to  merchants,  as  they  stand,  or  per 
thousand  (merchantable),  1,040  being 
reckoned  as  a  thousand,  and  in  some 
districts  360  pounds,  or  again,  the  grove 
is  rented  for  a  term  of  years. 


PICKING. 

They  are  picked  by  breaking  the  stem, 
deposited  in  baskets  lined  with  cloth, 
then  piled  upon  straw,  after  the  stem 
has  been  cut  down  close  to  the  fruit,  and 
sweated  for  three  days  in  darkness  under 
cover.     They  are  then  culled  for  market. 

MARKET. 

The  merchant  sends  his  own  sorters, 
and  thirty-three  per  cent,  of  oranges, 
sixty-six  per  cent,  of  lemons,  is  the  aver- 
age "number  of  merchantable  fruit.  All 
the  least  imperfections,  the  abrasion  of 
the  skin  or  loss  of  stem  insure  rejection. 
The  oranges  are  then  papered  and  packed 
in  boxes  for  transportation  to  the  mer- 
chant's warehouse  and  never  sent  in 
bulk.  Here  they  remain  a  week  or  two 
to  permit  them  to  develop  any  latent  de- 
fects, when  they  are  again  inspected  and 
twelve  to  fifteen  per  cent,  thrown  out. 
They  are  then  assorted  according  to  size, 
repapered  and  carefully  packed.  The 
baskets,  the  bins,  sorting  and  papering 
tables  being  carefully  padded  to  prevent 
abrasion  of  the  epidermis.  The  fruit  for 
export  is  of  three  sizes,  numbered  re- 
spectively 25,  30,  42,    which   represents 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


7( 


I  the  numbei'  per  layer  iu  each  compart- 
iiicnt,  contaiuiug  200,  300,  4'20  respec- 
tively. Lemons  are  marked  23,  30,  30, 
i'J.     Number  36  being  the  best. 

The  element  of  durability  enters 
largely  iuto  the  price:  the  robafide  (hard 
skinned)  sells  for  double  the  7'(jha  flacxa 
(.soft  skinned).  The  average  prices  of 
oranges  in  Palermo,  in  1873,  were  from 
$3  50  to  $5  per  thousand. 

The  paper  used  in  ^Tapping  is  a  thin 
tissue  manufactured  mostly  in  France. 
Boxes  of  beach  wood  are  in  great  part 
furnished  from  Maine,  sent  out  in 
shocks,  with  hooj^  poles  to  match,  by 
the  cargo ;  the  sides  and  tojj  are  each  of 
two  pieces.  The  oranges  not  fit  for  ex- 
port are  sold  iu  the  local  markets,  and 
are  packed  iu  puncheons  pierced  with 
holes,  containing  about  1,000,  having  at 
the  ends  and  middle  abundant  layers  of 
paper  or  straw,  and  shipped  (as  our  bar- 
rels of  fruit  should  be)  ou  their  sides. 

LKMONS. 

The  culture  of  this  fruit  is  assuming 
enormous  proportions  in  Sicily,  being 
much  more  profitable  than  the  orange, 
and  supplanting  it  for  that  reason.  I 
have  seen  bearing  orange  groves  topped 
to  receive  lemon  buds.  It  yields  Jour 
crops,  comes  into  quicker  and  heavier 
bearing  and  its  uses  in  arts  and  medicines 
— for  citric  and  tartaric  acid  and  essential 
oil — make  it  necessarily  of  greater  per- 
manent commercial  value  than  the  or- 
ange. It  IS  exjjorted  every  month  in  the 
year.  Its  average  yield  in  Sicily  is  1,000 
to  1,100— that  of  the  orange  f.OO  to  800. 
It  is  relatively  higher  priced  than  the 
latter  by  reason  of  the  greater  durability 
and  medicinal  and  commercial  uses. 

A  careful  estimate,  made  lately,  taking 
a  large  number  of  groves  in  Sicily  nnder 
similar  conditions  of  soil,  etc.,  shows 
that  in  culture  on  a  large  scale  the  aver. 
age  annual  yield  of  the  lemon  is  $300 
per  acre,  and  on  a  small  scale  $150; 
while  the  orange  gives  $175  and  $90,  re- 
spectively, from  the  same  area  of  land, 
and  with  the  same  outlay. 

A  disease  of  modern  origin,  the  ijamma 
— already  adverted  to,  is  causing  exten- 
sive ravages  in  Sicily  and  wide-spread 
loss  and  alarm.  The  disease  which  first 
appeared  iu  the  Azores  in  1832,  and 
which  destroj'ed  one-third  of  the  orange 
groves  of  St.  Michaels,  was  introduced 
thence  into  Portugal  in  1875,  and  has 
since  spread  over  the  orange  lands  of 
Europe,  making  its  first  appearance  in 
Sicily  in  1803,  where  it  has  been  particu- 
larly destructive  to  the  lemon,  while  the 
oranges  are  little  affected  by  it.  The 
characteristic  of  this  dreaded  maladj'  is 
a  cracking  of  the  bark  near  the  root  from 
which  exudes  gum;  these  cracks  extend 
upwards;  the  gum-tears  {Iwjrmia,  the 
Italians  call  it)  trickle  down  in  large 
quantities,  the  leaves  turn  yellow,  the 
bark  peels  oft'  around  the  cracks,  and  the 
root,  too,  is  finally  attacked,  and  the 
tree  soon  succumbs.  The  production  of 
the  tree  would  appear  to  be  at  first  stim- 
ulated by  its  presence,  an  unusually 
large  crop  being  often  an  indication  of  it. 
A  tree  once  attacked  rarely  survives.  I 
have  seen  some  where  deep  incisions, the 
application  of  hot  iron,  etc.,  at  the  out- 
set had  checked  the  further  development 
of  the  disease.  In  a  recent  report  by  the 
French  Consul  at  Messina  to  the  "Soci- 
ety of  Acclimation,"  of  France,  of  which 
I  am  a  member,  this  devastating  scourge 
of  the  lemon  is  ascribed  to  over-stimu- 
lation, causing  excessive  production  of 
the  tree.  Space  will  not  admit  to  refer 
h(!re  to  other  diseases  of  the  cifrus  family 
and  which  deserve  mention  in  a  special 
\  treatise. 

'i  In  Sicily  I  was  told  that  the  orange 
^  and  lemon  could  be  raised  with  a  profit 
I  at  one  dollar  per  thousand,  although  the 


present  return  to  the  cultivator  is  about 
$3;  and  yet  Florida  is  far  superior  to 
Sicily  in  climate  and  productiveness  of 
soil,  in  cheapness  of  land  and  vicinity  to 
market.  A  grove  just  planted  near  Pal- 
ermo, consisting  of  twenty  acres,  which 
I  visited,  cost  its  projirietor  $20,0C0,  iu 
gold,  when  ready  for  iilauting.  His  ir- 
rigation is  by  steam  power — an  English 
engine,  supplied  by  English  coal,  wat- 
ered the  ground  for  five  months  in  the 
year.  Of  the  products  of  the  grove — the 
average  in  fact  for  the  island — but  twen- 
ty-eight in  a  hundred  were  exported,  and 
these  enveloped  iu  French  paper,  and 
packed  in  American  boxes,  shipped  in 
English  steamers  with  thirty-five  days' 
voyage  to  New  York  and  twenty-five  per 
cent,  loss  on  the  voyage;  compelled  to 
pay  on  arrival  a  duty  of  twenty  per  cent, 
(which  the  State  of  Florida  is  indebted 
to  me  for)  this  sour,  half-ripe  fruit  can- 
not, I  think,  long  venture  to  compete 
with  the  luscious  orange  of  our  own  fav- 
ored land. 

I  say,  therefore,  to  the  Florida  orange 
grower  that  he  is  not  only  certain  to  sup- 
ply, to  the  exclusion  of  all  others,  this 
great  market  of  America,  but  his  superi- 
or fruit  is  destined  to  supply  the  tables 
of  the  wealthy  in  Europe,  who  will  pay 
dearly  to  obtain  this  luxury  which  Eu- 
rope cannot  furnish. — //.  6'.  Sanford,  in 
tSeiid-  Tropical  (Florida) . 


%, 


c» 


PRACTICAL    HEALTH     TOPICS- 
NO.    4. 


Rest    and    Recreafion. 


§^ 


I 


AM  sometimes  led  to  believe  that 
I  really  we  Americans  don't  know  the 
meaning  of  the  word  red,  we  gen- 
erally take  so  little  of  it.  Our  men 
iS2  i*''^  so  full  of  "if'  eternal  money  mak- 
ing, that  they  bring  the  same  spirit  of 
intensitj'  into  both  their  rest  and  enjoy- 
ments. iLven  the  women  and  children 
of  our  land  are  imbued  with  the  same 
desire  of  doing  or  being  something  for 
money.  Half  of  our  girls,  and  all  our 
boys,  are  studying  to-daj'  at  school,  col- 
lege or  workshop  that  they  may  some 
day  ;/e(  rich.  Perhaps  they  wish  to  ex- 
cel; but  why?  Only  to  get  a  higher  start 
in  life  and  gain  the  highest  places  and 
be  richest.  So  they  are  urged  forward, 
by  teachers  and  parents,  until  their 
brains  are  overtaxed,  and  they  cannot 
rest,  and  hardly  play  as  they  should,  so 
the  body  fails,  and  before  they  are  men 
and  women  they  are  old,  with  little  ap- 
jiarent  desire  for  rest  and  recreation,  be- 
cause it  is  too  irksome. 

Our  pleasures  are  becoming  intensely 
laborious.  We  need  a  greater  diversity 
of  work  and  recreation.  At  picnics  I 
have  watched  the  youths  of  both  sexes 
engaged  in  dancing,  and  verily  believe 
that  even  the  hay-field  or  wash-tub  did 
not  cause  the  same  amount  of  hard  work 
and  perspiration  that  the  mazy  d;ince  did. 
Another  thing  I  noticed,  that  the  very 
yonng  men  and  girls  that  were  strong 
and  hearty  danced  the  hardest,  and  the 
slim,  pale  girl  was  better  content  to  walk 
and  chat  with  a  companion  than  to  exer- 
cise the  unused  muscles  as  she  needed  to 
do.  But  was  the  pale  girl  resting'?  Not 
a  bit  of  it.  She  felt  equally  weary  at 
night,  because  she  was  using  the  brain 
when  she  ought  to  hav(^  been  using  the 
niusck'S  and  getting  blood  iuto  them. 

The  school  teacher,  editor  and  minis- 
ter who  use  the  brain  all  day  cannot  rest 
by  reading  and   studying  out  of  hours. 


They  need  quiet  to  aid  digestion,  and 
active  exercise  to  bring  the  blood  from 
the  brain  into  the  eitremities  and  mus- 
cles of  the  body,  in  order  to  equalize  the 
blood  and  give  growth  to  the  entire  body. 
And  yet  they  are  the  very  ones  who  seek 
quiet  enjoyments  without  regard  to 
health ;  while  the  robust  farmer's  boy  and 
girl,  who  cultivate  the  muscles  continu- 
allj',  and  might  really  rest  by  quiet  con- 
versation and  reading,  or  attending  a 
lecture,  thus  cultivating  head  and  body 
alike,  are  usually  better  pleased  with 
merry-making  and  muscular  games  and 
break-down  dance — perhaps  riding  miles, 
after  a  tedious  day's  work,  to  enjoy  such 
a  frolic. 

Another  evil  in  our  way  of  resting  is, 
that  we  rob  the  hours  of  sleep  for  most 
of  our  recreations.  Lectures,  concerts, 
dances,  and  all  but  picnics  (the  latter,  by 
the  way,  I  am  glad  to  see  gaining  ground 
in  our  society  ways  of  late)  are  in  the 
evening,  often  continuing  until  dawn. 
And  even  onr  chnrch  revivals  have  taken 
up  the  fashion  of  late  hours,  and  fre- 
quently keep  running  until  near  mid- 
night. Surely  the  reign  of  muscular 
Christianity  will  not  long  last  at  this  rate. 

Inactivity  is  not  always  rest,  and  a 
large  majority  of  ourwomen  to-day  need 
the  exercise  of  muscle  out  of  doors  in 
pure  air  to  ba  strong  and  healthy. 
Physicians  are  beginning  to  prescribe  the 
"lift  cure"  and  "movement  cure"  in 
certain  forms  of  disease,  with  excellent 
success.  But  if  our  habits  of  life  were 
more  in  conformity  with  nature's  laws, 
so  that  the  brain  and  muscles  were  har- 
moniously developed,  and  common  work 
was  not  considered  degrading  to  the 
well-to-do,  all  would  be  healthier  and 
happier.  Civilization  is  a  failue  when 
one  half  of  the  people  are  over-worked, 
with  no  time  for  pleasure  and  rest,  and 
the  other  half  have  not  enough  to  do  to 
keep  them  in  health  so  as  to  enjoy  life, 
and  all  are  on  a  mental  strain  to  get  or 
to  keep  wealth. 


The    Improved    Underwear. 

Ed.  AGHicuLTtrEisT :  In  the  March 
number  of  the  AoRicnLTnuisT  I  saw  an 
advertisement  of  the  combination  under- 
wear for  ladies  and  children.  Having 
long  hoped  and  looked  for  something  of 
the  sort,  I  at  once  got  iiatterns  and  made 
the  garments.  I  therefore  feel  doubly 
like  recommending  them  to  the  ladies 
everywhere.  The  patterns  seem  perfect 
in  ever}'  point  of  view,  viz. :  cheapness 
and  simplicity  of  make,  and  fitting  the 
body  easily,  at  the  same  time  covering  it 
entirely,  thus  insuring  an  equal  distri- 
bution of  clothing  over  the  entire  surface. 
I  would  like  to  suggest  to  the  patentee 
that  engravings  of  the  garments  would 
greatly  add  to  their  sale  and  attractive- 
ness. The  women  want  to  see  what  style 
of  clothing  we  are  going  to 
make  in  these  days  of  cheap  patterns, 
and  hope  the  "  C.  C.  C.  Company"  will 
not  only  have  cuts  of  both  under-suit 
and  outside  waist,  but  will  advertise 
tbcm  largely  with  illustrations  to  lot  the 
ladies  of  California  know  what  they  are 
like,  as  well  as  where  they  may  bo  ob- 
tained, both  patterns  and  made  suits. 

A     MoTHKR. 


The  Cho-cho. 

This  is  a  vegetable  commonly  cultivat- 
ed in  the  island  of  Jamaica,  and  is  evi- 
dently the  one  referr<'d  to  in  the  Tampa 
Gum-dian  under  the  Spanish  name  of 
Cliai/dle.  There  are  tuo  varieties-  the 
white  and  the  green.  The  latter  is  the 
better  of  the  two,  being  more  delicate. 
They  are  about  the  size  of  a  Cluster  cu- 
cumber— larger  at  one  cud,  and  slightly 


tapering  off.  In  the  West  Indies  thi 
are  sometimes  grown  on  arbors,  but  mor 
frequently  are  planted  at  the  root  of  a 
tree.  They  grow  very  fast  (several  feet 
in  a  night),  and  will  cover  the  top  of  the 
tree  with  vines,  hanging  down  all  around. 
The  vines  bear  profusely.  One  will  fur- 
nish a  peck  a  day.  So  common  are  they 
in  Jamaica  that  they  sell  iu  the  country 
at  about  10  cents  per  peck.  They  will 
thrive  in  any  part  of  the  Southern  States, 
for  when  the  vines  are  killed  by  frost, 
they  only  require  to  be  cut  off,  and  the 
roots  covered  with  straw,  and  in  the 
spring  they  will  grow  again. 

To  cook  them,  first  split  in  half, 
lengthwise,  and  boil  until  quite  tender; 
butter,  and  sprinkle  with  black  pepper; 
or  mash  up  like  squash  and  treat  iu  the 
same  way.  They  are  more  delicate  than 
squash.  Apple-sass  can  be  made  from 
them  by  the  addition  of  lemon  juice  and 
sugar,  so  that  we  defy  the  greatest  con- 
noisseur to  tell  the  dift'erence.  They 
should  not  be  planted  until  they  sprout, 
and  then  plant  with  the  sprout  end  slant- 
ing downwards,  and  cover  very  light;  in 
fact,  they  hardly  require  to  be  covered  at 
all,  only  jjlaced  below  the  surface,  for,  if 
covered,  they  rot.  The  vine  will  last  for 
3'ears,  bearing  all  summer.  Those  who 
grow  them  can  have  apple  pies  without 
apple  trees,  and  no  doubt  they  could  be 
cut  up  and  dried  for  winter  use  the  same 
as  apples.  The  cho-cho  should  not  be 
too  old  before  used.  If  the  finger  nail 
cannot  penetrate  they  are  unfit  for  food, 
being  too  tough. — Florida   Agricullurist . 


The  Moon's  Influence. 

The  notion  that  the  moon  exerts  an  in- 
fluence on  weather  is  so  deeply  rooted 
that,  notwithstaiuling  all  the  attacks 
which  have  been  made  against  it  since 
meteorology  has  been  seriously  studied, 
it  continues  to  retain  its  hold  upon  us. 
And  yet  there  never  was  a  popular  super- 
stition more  utterly  \rithout  a  basis  than 
this  one.  If  the  moon  did  really  possess 
any  power  over  weather,  that  power  could 
onl}-  be  exercised  in  one  of  three  ways — 
by  reflection  of  the  sun's  rays,  by  attrac- 
tion, or  by  emanation.  No  other  form  of 
action  is  conceivable.  Now,  as  the  bright- 
est light  of  a  full  moon  is  never  equal  in 
intensity  or  quantity  to  that  which  is  re- 
flected toward  us  by  a  white  cloud  on  a 
summer  day,  it  can  scarcely  be  pretended 
that  weather  is  affected  by  such  a  cause. 
That  the  moon  does  exert  attraction  on 
us  is  manifest — we  see  its  working  in  the 
tides;  but,  though  it  can  move  water,  it 
is  most  unlikely  that  it  can  do  the  sa\jie 
to  air,  for  the  specific  gravity  of  the  at- 
mosphere is  so  small  that  there  is  noth- 
ing to  be  attracted.  Laplace,  calculated, 
indeed,  that  the  joint  attraction  of  the 
sun  and  moon  could  not  stir  the  at- 
mosphere at  a  quicker  rate  than  five  miles 
a  day.  As  for  lunar  emanations,  not  a 
sign  of  them  has  ever  been  discovered. 
The  idea  of  an  influence  produced  by 
the  phases  of  the  moon  is  therefore  based 
on  no  recognizable  causa  whatever. 
Furthermore,  it  is  now  distinctly  shown 
that  no  variations  at  all  really  occur  in 
weather  at  the  moment  of  the  changes  of 
quarter,  any  more  than  at  other  ordinary 
times.  Since  the  establishment  of  mete, 
orological  stations  all  over  the  earth,  it 
has  been  proved  by  millions  of  observa- 
tions that  there  is  no  simultancousness 
whatever  between  the  supposed  cause 
and  the  su)i))oscd  efl'ect.  The  whole  story 
is  a  fancy  and  a  superstition,  which  has 
been  handed  down  to  us  uncontrolled, 
aud  which  we  have  accepted  as  it  came 
from  our  forefathers  without  questioning 
for  a  reason. — E-r. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


gauscbcrldiicaflittg. 


MOTHER. 


A  COMPOSITION    BY  WM.  PEABCE. 

^^HE  name  of  mother  should  be  held 
Tfjfc  sacrej  in  the  memory  of  everyone. 
^fJt)  In  the  name  of  mother  is  embodied 
5<X  something  that  mortal  lips  cannot 
J^iy  interpret.  In  the  true  sense  of 
mother  there  is  found  something  that 
gives  joy  and  peace  of  mind  (when  tried 
with  the  battles  of  life)  that  nothing  else 
can  give.  Show  me  a  man  who  does  not 
cherish  the  love  and  attention  paid  him 
by  his  mother  in  his  childhood  days,  and 

I  will  show  you  a  man  who  has  not  a 
spark  of  that  affection  and  love  that  he 
shoxild  have  for  himself  and  his  fellow- 
man.  A  maa  cannot  be  a  friend  to  him- 
self and  disregard  the  love  and  affection 
shown  him  by  a  mother.  Ah !  I  fancy  I 
see  a  man,  who  has  drank  deep  of  dis- 
sipation, and  who  has  defied  the  laws  of 
the  land  to  effect  a  reformation,  dragged 
from  the  haunts  of  vice  and  sin,  and 
even  farther — yea,  I  may  say  from  the 
gallows  and  the  drunkard's  grave,  by  the 
sweet  recollections  of  a  mother's  love. 
Her  influence  has  taken  hold  of  the  ten- 
der cords  of  the  heart  when  all  else  had 
failed.  Many  there  are  who  do  not  fully 
appreciate  the  present  love  shown  them 
by  their  mothers — because  that  love,  to 
them,  now  seems  small — until  separation 
takes  place,  either  by  the  solemn  mes- 
senger of  death  or  by  being  called  to 
other  climes — not  till  then  do  they  know 
how  to  appreciate  and  value  a  mother's 
love.  If  by  death  our  mother  has  been 
taken  from  us,  we  should  cherish  her 
memory  in  love,  which  we  do  in  the  fol- 
lowing 

TO  MI  MOTHER. 

Mother!  Sweet  Mother!  O  where  canst  thou  have 
gone? 

Since  long  have  thy  children  been  wandering 
alone: 

Though  far  we  have  roamed  from  our  own  na- 
tive shore. 

No  home  have  we  found  like  the  dear  home  of 
yore. 

Mother!  Sweet  Mother,  why  speakest  thou  not 
To  those  of  thy  bosom  who  forgetst  thee  not, 
Nor  how,  when  in  childhood  we  shared  thy  dear 

love. 
With  blessings  invoked  from  heaven  above . 

Motherl  Sweet  Mother!  must  we  plead  in  vain 
To  hear  but  a  word  from  thy  lovt-d  voice  again? 
Thou  often  didst  speak  of  a  world  bright  and 

fair 
Where  dread  death  and  sorrow  can  not  enter 

there. 

^[titherl  Sweet  Motherl  thy  cheeks  were  all  cold, 
Tliy  eyes  are  closed,  which  shone  with  pure  love 

untold. 
Thy  true  longing  spirit  hast  taken  its  flight 
To  dwell  in  the  regions  of  heavenly  light. 

Mother!  Sweet  Mother!  thou  art  freed  from  all 

strife, 
From  the  cankering  cares  and  burdens  of  life. 
Xn  harsh   sound   of  discord  shall  e'er  grate  thy 

ear — 
The  sounds  of  •sweet  music  are  now  with  tliee 

there. 

Mutherl  Sweet  Motherl  thy^  lone  grave  shall  be 

strew 'd 
With  flowers  that  emblem  thy  happy  abode; 
I'-rightly  will  they  bloom  o'er  thy   grave  and 

around, 
.\iid  hold  sacred  to  trust  thy  dust  in  the  ground. 

Miither!  Sweet  Mother!  we  may  not  live  in  vain 

I I  'tis  ill  the  hope  of  our  meeting  again 

III  the  land  of  the  blest,  where  only  is  bliss 
And  unknown  are  the  cares  and  sorrows  of  this. 

Motherl  Sweet  Motherl  our  abode  shall  be  bright 
With  radiance  shining  of  heaven's  own  light; 
Our  breftthings  shall  be  of  the  heavenly  air. 
And  sweetest  bliss  shall  be  ours  lorever  there. 
Sas  Jose  Institute,  May,  187C, 


Health  first,  then  comfort  and  compe- 
tence. 


MUSINGS. 

BY    MHS.    D.  C.  O0NN. 

In  the  hurry  and  bustle  of  life  do  we 
ever  pause  to  realize  the  beauty,  the 
wonder,  and  the  use  of  the  world  we  live 
in?  Amid  all  the  worry  and  trouble  of 
this  existence,  do  we  ever  tako  breath 
long  enough  to  account  some  of  the 
many  ■wonderful  results  that  man  has  ac- 
complished? Listen!  "In  the  begin- 
ning God  created  the  heaven  and  the 
earth,"  and  man  finds  himself  upon  a 
globe  with  its  mighty  oceans,  vast  plains, 
lofty  mountains  peering  into  the  sky, and 
dense  forests,  while  above  all  is  the  blue 
vault  of  heaven  with  its  sun,  moon,  and 
starry  hosts.  For  what  purpose  was  this 
glorious  world  created?  For  whom  exist 
the  legions  that  till  the  animal  kingdom? 
Beneath  the  dark  water  live  countless 
numbers  of  the  finny  tribes;  over  the 
mountains  and  plains  wander  ever  vari- 
ety of  animal  life,  from  the  animalcule 
too  small  to  be  seen  by  the  unassisted 
eye  to  the  giant  monsters  that  prowl  in 
dark  and  tangled  glens;  everywhere  the 
woods  and  groves  are  melodious  with  the 
music  of  nature's  sweetest  songsters,  the 
beautiful  birds.  For  a  noble  purpose, 
and  for  man  who  was  formed  "a  little 
lower  than  the  angels, ' '  this  'n'orld  exists. 
Placed  upon  this  earth,  ignorant  of  its 
resources,  heljiless  in  the  extreme,  how 
great  have  been  the  deeds  wrought  by 
the  human  race!  By  m.tn's  inventions 
and  skill  he  has  traversed  the  pathless 
ocean,  dividing  the  world  into  its  great 
divisions,  establishing  vast  empires; 
mighty  nations,  who  have  builded  mag- 
nificent cities,  and  whose  power  and  im- 
portance were  once  the  wonder  of  the 
world.  Though  many  of  these  are  now 
in  ruins,  there  comes  down  through  the 
long  vista  of  ages  past  an  influence  upon 
civilization  which  is  still  perceived.  Man 
has  linked  the  past  to  the  present  by  a 
long  chain  of  discoveries  and  inventions 
that  gives  to  the  nineteenth  century  not 
only  the  glory  of  the  past,  but  a  history 
of  its  own  that  will  be  felt  until  the  end 
of  time. 

By  the  care  and  industry  of  man, earth 
is  made  to  yield  her  richest  productions 
of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  He  has  pen- 
etrated the  deep  recesses  of  the  earth, 
bringing  forth  rare  and  beautiful  gems. 
By  his  genius  he  fills  the  world  with  the 
choicest  treasures  of  poetry,  painting, 
sculpture  and  music. 

"In  fields  of  air  he  writes  his  name. 
And  treads  the  chambers  of  the  sky." 

With  all  these  achievements  he  is  not 
satisfied,  but  is  still  marching  upward 
and  onward.  In  estimating  the  greatness 
of  human  nature,  we  must  remember 
there  are  several  kinds  or  orders  of  great- 
ness, and  among  them  I  would  place  first 
moral  superiority,  or  magnanimity,  then 
inlellectual,  and  lastly  greatness  of  action, 
or  the  accomplishment  of  some  vast  per- 
cejitible  effects.  In  each  of  these  orders 
there  are  manj-  examples  of  indi'\-idual 
greatness,  but  volumes  would  not  be 
sufficient  to  tell  of  the  exploits  of  the 
heroes  of  the  world.  Every  civilized 
people  has  contributed  to  the  honor  and 
glory  of  the  past  its  many  glorious  ex- 
amples. 

By  the  side  of  the  bright  and  glowing 
record  of  man's  greatness  is  another  one 
of  darker  import,  blotted  with  tears  of 
the  suffering,  with  cruel  oppressions, 
bloody  wars,  and  with  all  the  crimes  that 
have  blackened  the  history  of  the  world 
since  its  creation.  But  upon  this  I  will 
not  dwell.  It  is  all  sufficient  for  us  to 
know  that  from  this  chaos  of  human 
misery  Divine  AVisdom  will  bring 
forth  a  glorious  ending,  when  all  shall  be 
governed  by  the  principles  of  truth  and 


justice,  when  charity  and  lovo  shall  go 
hand-in-haud  with  strength  and  power. 
Goethe  says  "on  every  hight  there  lies 
repose."  When  that  highest  of  all  hights, 
goodness,  perfect  knowledge,  and  love, 
is  reached,  may  'we  not  hope  that  there 
will  be  sweet  rest  and  peace  for  those 
who  have  acted  well  their  part  in  this  fit- 
ful  dream  that  is  called  life':' 


GRANDFATHER'S 
NO.  9. 


LETTERS- 


MA  AXD  ASOIE  WKITP:     TO  ISGLEWOOD. 

Dear  Inijkwood:  Although  we  all  know 
by  this  time  who  Inglewood  is,  and  in 
your  visits  we  shall  know  you  by  your 
real  name,  for  your  present  purpose  you 
can  retain  that  of  your  choice,  the  nam 
de  plume.  Aunt  Mary  insists  on  turning 
over  the  correspondence  to  other  hands. 
She  says  she  has  found  out  enough  of 
Inglewood  to  recommend  and  invite  him 
as  a  visitor  to  the  Hill-side  Farm.  Such 
is  the  confidence  we  always  place  in  Aunt 
Mary,  I  cannot  but  heartily  coincide.  If 
your  sentiments  and  principles,  on  fur- 
ther acquaintance,  prove  as  good  as  those 
expressed  to  Aunt  Mary,  I  shall  feel 
honored  by  a  more  intimate  acquaint- 
ance? and  that  may  lead  to  a  membership 
of  the  family — this,  however,  is  a  matter 
for  you  and  my  daughter  Angle  to  look 
to.  Friends'  and  even  parent's  wishes 
are  not  always  attended  to  in  these  mat- 
ters. You  have  seen  enough  of  the 
world  (for  you  are  not  like  a  man  in  or 
just  out  of  his  teens)  to  know  there  is 
an  individuality  peculiar  to  everyone,and 
it  is  best  to  see  that  individuality  under 
different  phases  and  circumstances  to 
form  anything  hke  a  correct  judgment  of 
it.  So  I  do  not  extend  an  invitation  to 
you  for  a  set  time,  but  just  drop  in  as 
you  feel  disposed  to,  and  there  will  be 
no  lack  of  opportunity  ,to  learn  some- 
thing more  of  Angle,  and  for  a  display 
of  your  own  sentiments  and  principles. 
This  sudden  attachment,  falling  in  love 
at  first  sight,  as  it  is  called,  I  am  not 
much  in  favor  of.  I  know  there  is  such 
a  thing,  and  occasionally  it  turns  out 
well,  but  often  the  reverse.  On  the 
other  hand,  we  sometimes  come  in  con- 
tact with  those  towards  whom,  at  first, 
we  feel  quite  indifl'erent,  but  who,  by  a 
continual  display  of  qualities  which  ex- 
cite and  draw  our  attention,  love,  kind- 
ness and  sympathy-,  change  our  indiffer- 
ence to  feelings  of  love  and  admiration. 
This  is  the  kind  of  love  and  admiration 
I  am  in  favor  of,  and  which  I  endeavor 
to  inculcate  in  others.  It  grows  with 
our  growth  and  increases  with  our  years, 
till  it  may  reach  that  climax  that  we  may 
anticipate  even  death  itself  will  not  blot 
out  those  soul  faculties  from  existence. 
Such,  Mr.  Inglewood,  may  be  your  fac- 
ulties and  mine,  and  continued  into  the 
next  sphere. 

Yours,  respectfully, 

Mrs.  Saeah  Moefatt. 

P.  S. — J/r.  Inqleicnod:  In  accordance 
with  Aunt  Mary's  and  dear  Ma's  insist- 
ing wishes,  I  break  silence  in  reference 
to  your  note,  but  only  as  a  postscript 
to  Ma's  letter, — you  must  remember  that 
will  be  quite  enough  to  begin  with— and 
express  my  wonder  at  what  you  could 
have  seen  in  me  to  attract  your  fancy. 
^^'hen  Ma  told  me  your  object,  I  ex. 
claimed,  "Why,  he  is  old  enough  to  be 
my  father!"  so"  it  was  an  object  with  Ma 
to'soften  down  this  disparity  of  years. 
What  does  Mr.  Inglewood  say  to  this 
disparity?  I  cannot  bnt  think  it  objec- 
tionable", though  Ma  does  say  there  are 
some  decided  advantages  in  it — that  re- 
mains for  you  to  show  in  one  of  your 
visits. 

Since  I,  also,  am  out  of  my   teens,  I 


expect  not  to  be  treated  as  a  child,  but 
as  a  woman,  and  as  one  who  has  had  the 
benefit  of  those  who  have  preceded  me 
in  the  same  line,  and  who,  on  this  and 
all  other  matters,  counsels  her  mother— 
her  dearest  friend  un  earth. 

This  trio,  Aunt  Mary,  Ma  and  I,  have 
many  a  serious  conclave  in  reference  to 
me  and  my  future,  I  do  assure  you.  On 
the  one  hand,  warning  me  how  I  listen 
to  your  fascinating,  endearing  phraseol- 
ogy; and  on  the  other,  how  I  place  my- 
self in  a  repellant  mood.  Keally,  they 
treat  the  matter  with  such  serious  gravity 
as  sometimes  to  have  a  depressing  influ- 
ence on  my  spirits. 

In  this  commencement  of  our  epistol- 
ary correspondence,  I  have  been  thus 
frank,  plain  and  sincere  with  you,  and 
intend  to  continue  ao  to  the  end,  with  a 
request  that  it  may  bo  so  on  your  part. 
If  in  our  personal  communications  there 
are  excuses  for  our  omissions  and  com- 
missions of  an  indiscreet  nature,  there 
can  be  none  in  our  epistolary,  for  here 
we  can  renew  our  thoughts  before  speed- 
ing them  off.  So,  till  we  hear  from  you 
again,  wo  three.  Ma,  Angle  and  Aunt 
Mary,  a  trio,  remain  your  friends  in  sin- 
cerity. •  AxuiE  M. 

UP-COUNTRY     LETTERS—NO.    5. 

BY  ItACHEL  A,  ELY. 

Spring  is  upon  us— charming,  joyful 
spring— with  its  singing  birds,  noisy 
crickets,  bursting  buds,  smiling  butter- 
cups, and  soft,  emerald  grass,  over  which 
my  frail  foot  steps  love  to  linger,  and 
daily  I  take  my  quiet  walk  to  the  big, 
old  trees,  and  stretch  my  poor  limbs 
upon  its  soft,  velvet  bed,  in  the  warm 
sunshine,  and  doze,  and  read,  and  think, 
and  sleep.  Yes,  actually,  sleep  over- 
takes my  brain,  and  I  awake  so  refreshed 
that  I  wish  every  poor  invalid  in  the 
universe  might  feel  as  I  feel,  ond  grow 
strong  as  I  do,  in  body  and  spirit  too, 
for  my  kind,  good  hostess  is  giving  me 
mental  health  as  well  as  bodily  strength. 
It  seems  as  if  a  new  revelation  were  un- 
folding to  my  eyes,  and  that  God's  laws 
were  but  just  being  understood  by  me. 
I  wonder  as  I  remember,  years  ago, 
while  I  was  heedlessly,  ignorantly,  en- 
tering the  downward  path  of  disobedi- 
ence to  His  laws,  from  which  I  suffer  to- 
day, and  have  suffered  untold  agonies, 
how  I  could  have  so  blindly  fallen,  all 
the  time  attending  divine  service  each 
Sabbath,  until  my  health  failed  entirely 
and  I  could  not  leave  the  room,  when 
the  good  pastor  came  to  me,  and  read 
and  prayed  for  the  soul's  health,  but  not 
a  word  for  the  body's  sake,  that  "living 
temple"  that  holds  the  soul  and  its  aspi- 
rations. I  begin  to  see  hght  ahead  now, 
and  wonder  why  our  ministers  don't 
take  up  the  good  tidings  of  obedience  to 
God's  physical  laws  with  the  moral  and 
spiritual  law  combined.  Ah!  if  they 
could  but  listen  to  my  brave,  kind,  little 
teacher,  living  such  a  quiet,  domestic 
life  among  these  mountains,  surrounded 
by  her  little  children  and  home  duties, 
but  doing  her  duty  so  bravely  and  earn- 
estly, surely  they  would  feel  as  I  do  that 
His  servants  are  many,  and  much  scat- 
tered among  His  children,  and  not  al- 
ways wearing  the  badge  of  honor  among 
men  because  of  their  fine  oratory  and 
briUiant  churches.  Blessed  simplicity 
of  truth  and  nature!  Let  me  with  open 
eyes  behold  thy  wondrous  teachings,  and 
try  to  obey  thy  laws,  believing  as  I  do 
that  it  is  only  through  them  that  our 
bodies  can  be  strong  to  do  the  moral  and 
spiritual  work  for  ourselves  and  others. 
The  sick  woman  at  whose  house  I  first 
made  my  home  is  no  better;  indeed,  her 
doctor  has  given  up   the   case,  and  calls 


California    Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


in  a  friendly  way  every  few  days,  biit 
after  exerting  his  utmost  skill  iu  drugs 
says  nothing  more  can  be  done,  and 
ieii-ves  her  to  die!  Poor  woman!  and 
wise  doctor!  My  hostess  has  been  to 
ofler  any  aid,  iiud  says  there  is  hope 
while  there  is  life,  and  cooled  hor  head 
and  gave  her  a  rubbing  bath,  which  was 
followed  by  a  sleep  of  an  hour.  How  I 
do  hope  that  she  may  recover  under  my 
friend's  advice  and  treatment! 


HAVE    A    HOME. 

BY  ISAAC    KINLEY. 

Dependence  debases.  Few  minds  are 
able  to  resist  its  depressing  influence. 
The  tendency  of  subordination  to 
the  will  of  another  is  to  destroy 
the  sense  of  self-respect.  Personal 
independence  is  a  tree  of  rare  growth, 
and  even  under  the  most  favorable  cir- 
cumstances for  its  development,  is  by  no 
means  too  deeply  rooted.  Where  one 
stands  straight  up  and  looks  the  world 
honestly  in  the  face,  a  thousand 

"Bend  the  supple  hinges  of  the  knee 
That  thrift  maj  folluw  fawning." 

To  have  no  home — to  live  by  coui'tesy, 
with  the  constant  feeling  that  pleasing, 
not  one's  own  conscience,  but  the  will, 
and  often  thecorruit  will,  of  another, 
is  the  condition  by  which  one's  place  is 
held,  not  only  destroys  manliness,  but 
strongly  tends  to  sap  the  foundation  of 
every  other  virtue. 

Personal  independence,  if  not  in  itself 
a  virtue  of  the  highest  order,  is  a  con- 
dition without  which  other  virtues  can- 
not flourish.  The  meanest  thing  that 
crawls  is  the  slave  of  caste  who  dares  only 
to  think  and  speak  as  he  is  permitted.  I 
would  rather  burrow  in  the  caves  of  the 
earth  than  subordinate  my  convictions  of 
duty  to  those  whom  accident  has  placed 
iu  superior  physical  circumstances.  Ac- 
countable to  God,  and  to  Him  only,  the 
■will  of  no  man  should  be  thrust  between 
ourselves  and  duty.  If  this  manliness 
of  character  can  be  asserted  only  at  a 
sacrifice,  the  cost  should  teach  us  to 
prize  it  the  more  highly. 

He  who  holds  the  title  deeds  to  the 
land  you  cultivate,  or  for  the  house  that 
shelters  you,  has  no  more  rightful  au- 
thority over  your  conscience  than  you 
have  over  his — has  no  rights,  moral, 
social  or  political,  which  you  do  not 
possess.  'When  he  attempts  to  silence 
your  voice  or  control  your  vote  by  other 
means  than  an  apjieal  to  your  reason, 
treat  him  as  an  object  beneath  you  — 
spurn  him  from  your  presence. 

Our  faculties  are  God-given,  and  it  is 
better  to  go  to  bed  with  a  hungry  belly 
than  with  a  dwarfed  soul.  Freedom  of 
action  is  at  once  a  duty  and  a  privilege, 
and  we  have  no  right,  if  we  would,  to 
surrender  it. 

But  dependence  is  not  a  necessity. 
■With  a  home  of  only  a  few  acres,  one 
may  be  free;  and  with  health  and  frugal- 
ity an  industrious  family  may,  within  a 
few  years,  buy  themselves  such  a  home. 
Not  many  acres,  indeed,  and  a  costly 
mansion,  but  yet  a  few  acres  and  a  hum- 
ble cottage;  and  this  their  industry  and 
taste  may  soon  make  a  "sweet home." 

To  the  family  without  a  home,  I 
would  say,  Defer  not  the  day  of  your 
dcliverauce.  The  children  are  growing 
uj)  without  the  endearments  of  home. 
They  are  forming  habits  in  a  state  of  de- 
pendence. You  arc  depriving  yourselves 
of  the  benefits  of  "a  local  habitation  and 
a  name." 

If  you  are  poor,  be  not  ashamed  of 
your  poverty.  Do  not  for  a  moment 
feel  that  you  are  of  any  the  less  conse- 
quence on  this  account,  or  that  you  are 
accountable  to  other  than   God  for  your 


actions.  But  save  your  earnings,  cur- 
tail your  expenses,  and  buy  yourself  a 
home,  or  the  first  spot  of  ground 
which  iswithin  your  ability  to  purchase. 

Then  you  may  V)o  free,  and  enjoy  the 
rich  moral  blessings  which  a  sense  of 
personal  independence  brings.  Plant 
the  fruit-bearing  tree  and  the  vine;  teach 
the  flowers  to  cluster  around  your  cot- 
tage, and  make  your  few  acres  smile  as  a 
garden.  Mingle  your  voices  in  songs 
and  in  hymns  of  praise  to  God.  Long 
in  the  hearts  of  the  children  grown  to 
manhood  and  womanhood  be  repeated 
the  pleasant  memories,  and  the  old 
homestead  be  recurred  to  as  "a  thing  of 
beauty,  and  a  joy  forever." 

And  the  library — I  conjure  you  not  to 
forget  the  library.  If  not  familiar  with 
books,  go  to  some  reliable  friend  who  is. 
The  honest  man  whose  home  is  the 
dwelling  of  industry,  intelligence  and 
virtue  may  look  down  on  him  whose 
acres  are  counted  by  the  thousands. 


GOVERNING    CHILDREN. 

BY  BUSY  BEE. 

How  hard  it  is  to  govern  children — 
and,  no  doubt,  much  harder  for  some 
than  others.  It  requires  a  great  deal  of 
thought  and  discii^line  upon  my  pflrt  to 
enable  me  to  govern  my  children  proper- 
ly, and  with  all,  I  dare  say,  I  often  com- 
mit grievous  blunders  in  regard  to  their 
management. 

I  think  we  should  try  to  make  our 
children  love  us.  Of  course,  they  natu- 
rally do;  yet  there  are  many  little  ways 
of  endearing  ourselves  to  them — of  mak- 
ing their  little  lives  happy,  and  the  re- 
membrance of  their  childhood  a  well- 
spring  of  joy  all  through  life.  Not,  of 
course,  by  undue  indulgence.  That  is, 
perhaps,  as  bad  as  undue  severity.  Nor 
by  simply  providing  for  their  physical 
wants.  This,  truly,  is  much,  but  not  all. 
The  little  things  need  more.  Thej'  have 
their  childish  sorrows,  which  are  as  poig- 
nant to  them  as  a  grief  to  us.  A  loving 
word  and  caress  should  always  be  ready 
to  soothe  their  little  troubles  and  cure 
their  little  hurts.  After  they  grow  older 
and  le.ave  their  home  to  make  their  way 
in  the  world,  if  the  thought  of  home  is 
one  of  fond  remembrance,  and  the  love 
of  parents  deep  and  true,  it  must  be  im- 
possible for  them  to  go  far  astray. 

Every  evening,  in  order  to  get  the 
children  to  go  to  bed  in  a  hapi^y,  con- 
tented frame  of  mind — and,  in  fact,  to 
get  them  to  go  willingly  when  their  bed- 
time comes — I  devote  a  half  hour  or  so 
to  reading  to  them,  which  they  enjoy 
very  much,  looking  forward  during  the 
day  to  the  evening's  reading.  It  is  very 
gratifying  to  give  the  good-night  caress 
amid  hajipy,  contented  feelings.  We 
read  and  talk  al)Out  the  little  stories  and 
poems,  and  really  I  think  I  enjoy  it  as 
much  as  they.  The  AaracuLTURisT  fur- 
nishes us  many  an  evening's  entertain- 
ment. 


take  care  of  itself.  If  a  man  looks  over 
the  fence,  be  suspicious  of  him.  Per- 
haps he  contemplates  stealing,  one  of 
these  dark  nights.  There  is  no  knowing 
what  queer  fancies  may  have  got  into  his 
head.  If  you  find  symptoms  of  anyone 
passing  out  of  the  paths  of  duty,  be  par- 
ticular to  tell  every  one  else  what  you 
see.  Circulate  such  tidings,  though  it 
may  not  benefit  yourself  or  anyone  par- 
ticularly. Do  keep  something  a-going. 
Silence  is  a  dreadful  thing.  It  is  said 
"there  was  silence  in  heaven  for  the 
space  of  half  an  hour."  Don't  let  such 
a  thing  occur  on  earth.  It  would  be  too 
much  for  this  mundane   sphere. 

If  you  wish  to  cultivate  a  gossiping, 
meddling,  censorious  spirit  in  your  chil- 
dren, be  sure  when  they  come  home 
home  from  church,  from  a  visit,  or  any 
other  place  where  you' do  not  accompany 
them,  to  ply  them  with  questions  con- 
cerning what  everybody  wore,  and  how 
everybody  looked,  and  what  everybody 
said  or  did;  and  if  you  find  out  anything 
that  you  can  censure,  always  do  it  in 
their  hearing.  Yoxi  may  rest  assured,  if 
ycii  pursue  a  course  of  this  kind,  your 
dear  children  will  not  return  to  you  un- 
laden with  intelligence.  And  rather  than 
what  they  communicate  to  you  should 
be  uninteresting,  they  will,  by  degrees, 
learn  to  embellish  in  such  a  manner  as 
shall  not  fail  to  call  forth  remarks  and 
expressions  of  wonder  from  you.  You 
will,  by  this  course,  render  the  spirit  of 
curiosity,  which  is  so  early  visible  in 
children,  and  which,  if  rightly  directed, 
may  be  an  instrument  of  enriching  and 
enlarging  their  minds,  a  vehicle  of  mis- 
chief which  shall  serve  to  narrow  and 
vitiate  them. 


HOW  TO   MAKE    MISCHIEF. 

BY    MRS.    L.  W. 

Keep  your  eye  on  your  neighbors. 
Watch  like  a  spider  in  its  den  for  an  op- 
portunity to  pounce  upon  them.  Do  not 
let  them  stir  without  watching,  or  they 
may  do  something  wrong.  To  bo  sure, 
yen  may  have  never  known  them  to  do 
anything  bad,  but  it  maybe  on  your  own 
account  they  have  not.  Perhaps,  it  it 
had  not  been  for  your  kind  care,  they 
would  have  disgraced  themselves  long 
ago.  Therefore,  do  not  relax  any  eflort 
to  keep  them  where  they  ought  to  be. 
Never  mind  your  own  business;  that  can 


Home  Power. — It  is  a  common  saying 
that  "manners  make  the  man;"  and 
there  is  a  second,  that  "mind  makes  the 
man;"  but  truer  than  eitheir  is  a  third, 
that  "home  makes  the  man" — for  the 
home  trainiag  includes  not  only  manner 
and  mind,  but  character.  It  is  mainly 
in  the  home  that  the  heart  is  opened,  the 
habits  are  formed,  the  intellect  is  awak- 
ened, and  character  moulded  for  good  or 
for  evil. 

For  that  source,  be  it  pure  or  impure, 
issue  the  principles  and  maxims  that 
govern  society.  Law  itself  is  but  the  re- 
flex of  the  homes.  The  tiniest  bits  of 
opinion  sown  in  the  minds  of  children 
in  private  life  afterwards  issue  forth  to 
the  world  and  become  its  public  opinion, 
for  nations  are  gathered  out  of  nurseries, 
and  they  who  hold  the  leatling  strings  of 
children  may  even  exercise  a  greater 
I^ower  than  those  who  yield  the  reins  of 
government. 

Growing  Old. — How  strange  our  ideas 
of  growing  old  change  as  we  get  on  in 
life!  To  the  girl  iu  her  teens  the  riper 
maiden  of  tweuty-iive  seems  quite  aged. 
Twenty-two  thinks  thirty-five  an  "old 
thing."  Thirty-five  dreads  forty,  but 
congratulates  herself  that  there  may  still 
remain  some  ground  to  be  possessed  in 
the  fifteen  years  before  the  half  century 
shall  be  attained. 

But  fifty  does  not  by  any  means  give 
up  the  battle  of  life.  It  feels  middle- 
aged  and  vigorous,  and  thinks  old  age  is 
a  long  way  in  the  future.  Sixty  remem- 
•bers  those  who  have  done  great  things  at 
three  score,  and  one  doubts  if  Parr, 
when  he  was  married  at  one  hundred, 
had  at  all  begun  to  feel  himself  an  old 
man.  It  is  the  desire  of  life  in  us  which 
makes  us  live  so  long. 


One  of  the  most  attractive  and  valua- 
ble pulilications  which  reach  our  tidjle  is 
the  CAi.ii?oRNiA  Aqricui.turist, published 
monthly  at  San  Jose,  at  $1  50  per  an- 
num.—Ca.s/roriWe  Argu^. 


(£mt$im\iU\m. 


DEEP 


<^\^, 


VS.     SHALLOW     CULTURE 
OF  THE  SOIL. 

BY     MECHANIC. 


K.  Editor:  In  your  April  number 
I  noticed  a  letter  from  Castroville 
that  is  quite  interesting,  yet  I  re- 
spectfully difi'er  with  the  writer  in 
5f(i'^  some  of  his  views,  but  most 
heartily  endorse  his  notions  of  rotation 
of  crops,  thorough  pulverization  of  the 
soil,  and,  as  a  general  rule,  early  seed- 
ing, especially  in  dry  seasons.  However, 
I  would  pulverize  the  soil  very  deep,  and 
if  it  was  not  fertile,  raise  crops  that 
would  warrant  manure  to  fertilize  it.  In 
shallow  soils,  with  poor  subsoils,  the 
deepening  should  be  gradual,  and 
proceed  only  as  fast  as  you  are  able  to 
fertilize  it.  Some  kind  of  well-fed  stock 
— either  hogs  or  cattle- -to  convert  your 
corn,  barley,  peas  and  straw  into  man- 
ure, is  essential  to  improve  poor  land. 
Lime  added  occasionally,  as  the  manure 
enables  the  soil  to  bear  it,  will  work  as- 
tonishing results. 

The  manure,  in  your  dry  climate, 
should  be  compost,  and  thoroughly  rot- 
ted; but  manure  from  j^oor  stock  is  next 
to  worthless,  and  will  not  pay  for  haul- 
ing out,  unless  it  is  thoroughly  decom- 
posed, as  it  is  liable  (iu  a  coarse  state)  to 
make  the  crop  suffer  with  drouth. 

"Subscriber"  says  he  is  convinced  that 
thorough  surface  cultivation  is  best.  So 
am  I.  But  the  deeper  the  Better,  if 
thoroughly  and  correctly  done.  It  is 
better  to  cultivate  shallow  than  to  turn 
it  up  deep  and  late,  and  then  seed  upon 
the  coarse  clods.  His  unsatisfactory  ex- 
periment of  1S70-1  might  have  been  of 
the  latter  class.  Had  the  deep-plowed 
soil  he  mentions  been  thoroughly  pul- 
verized by  summer-fallowing,  with  two 
or  three  plowings  and  harrowings,  and 
seeded  early,  the  result  would  probably 
have  been  reversed. 

The  most  advanced  farmers  of  England 
plow  deep,  and  trench  plow,  and  follow 
the  second  plow  with  the  subsoil,  which 
gives  them  the  most  satisfactory  results. 
Of  late  years,  some  have  used  a  heavy 
stationary  steam  engine,  with  wire  ropes 
and  pulleys  arranged  to  draw  the  plows 
across  the  field.  This  mode  enables 
them  to  till  the  ground  still  deeper  than 
before,  with  better  results. 

"Subscriber"  speaks  of  the  success  of 
farmers  in  Europe  without  very  deep 
plowing,  yet  admits,  in  the  same  sen- 
tence, that  it  has  paid  them  to  deepen 
their  shallow  soil  artificially,  manure  it, 
etc. ;  but  he  must  also  admit  that  such 
farmers  are  not  up  to  the  high  standard 
of  the  most  advanced,  scientific  and  prac- 
tical farming  practiced  iu  England.  He 
thinks  me  in  error  about  my  ll-inch 
plowing — or  the  amount  of  the  crop,  I 
know  not  which— but  I  can  assure  him 
there  is  no  error.  The  f>ld  farm  was 
thought  to  be  worn  out,  but  it  really  was 
only  packed  so  tight  for  ten  (u-  twelve 
inches  deep  that  the  water  and  corn  roots 
could  not  enter  it,  and  in  dry  weather  it 
cracked  as  deep,  or  decjier,  than  your 
adobe  soils.  My  friends  thought  me 
foolish  when  I  obtained  the  place,  and 
were  still  more  worried  when  I  kept  a 
man.  with  a  good  ti'am,  at  work  nearly 
all  summer  preparing  sixteen  acres  for 
corn  the  next  season:  yet  they  changed 
their  minds  when  Ihcy  saw  the  biggest 
crop  of  corn,  by  nearly  31)  bushels,  that 
the  Boise  Brule  bottom  had  ever  pru- 
dueed.  The  driver's  work,  board  and 
horse  feed,  to  summer-fallow  the  land, 
cost  me  a  trifle  over  $1)    JJer  acre.     The 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


crop  netted  me,  at  my  storehouse  on  the 
river  bank,  nfter  paying  freight  to  New 
Orleans  and  commission,  $139  25  per 
acre,  and  the  result  couiirms  me  in  my 
old  notion  that  "whatever  is  worth  do- 
ing, is  worth  doing  well." 

I  am  aware  that  California,  as  well  as 
our  Oregon  farmers,  think  that,  owing 
to  the  high  price  of  farm  labor,  they 
must  exj^end  as  little  work  as  possible, 
and  "Subscriber"  sounded  the  key-note 
to  his  argument  when  he  spoke  of  the 
extra  power  required  to  plow  deep;  yet 
I  still  think  that  thorough  farming  will 
pay  in  either  State.  I  would  not  advise 
rash  or  reckless  experiment,  but  would 
say.  Go  slow  until,  by  a  series  of  small 
and  careful  experiments,  you  are  sure 
you  are  right,  and  then  go  ahead. 

I  like  the  vim  in  "Subscriber's"  letter, 
and  would  not  give  a  fig  for  the  content- 
ed individual,  whether  farmer  or  me- 
chanic,— yet  contentment  is  said  to  be 
the  main  source  of  happiness,  and  is 
supposed  bj'  many  to  be  a  rare  Cbristiim 
virtue.  But  give  me  the  man  who  is  al- 
ways trying,  judiciously,  to  soar  to  some- 
thing better — the  discontented,  restless 
mind  that  is  trying  to  make  two  spears 
of  grass  grow  where  but  one  grew  before, 
and  when  he  has  made  the  discovery  is 
willing  to  impart  it  to  others — that's  the 
man  for  me.  He  is  worth}'  the  honor 
due  to  a  public  benefactor.  Yet  we  all 
should  be  cautious  about  too  hasty  eon- 
elusions  from  imperfect  experiments. 

I  heard  of  a  new  importation  from  Ire- 
land trying  a  feather  bed  bj'  placing  a 
feather  upon  a  rock  and  reposing  there- 
on. In  the  morning  he  condemned 
feather  beds  as  very  hard  institutions. 

I  know  of  a  professor  in  a  medical 
college  who  had  heard  of  using  medicine 
hypodermically  soon  after  the  discovery 
was  made,  but  knew  not  how  to  use 
it.  Meeting  with  a  case  where  an  ano- 
dyne was  indicated,  the  professor  poured 
a  quantity  of  sulphate  of  morphia  into 
his  hand,  made  a  strong  solution,  and 
then,  with  his  syringe,  administered  the 
dose.  The  patieut  went  to  sleep  in  spite 
of  all  efforts  to  keep  him  walking,  and 
never  awoke.  The  professor  was  loud 
in  condemnation  of  this  valuable  discov- 
ery; but  had  he  known  that  a  quarter  of 
a  grain  was  a  dose,  and  governed  him- 
self accordingly,  the  result  would  have 
beendifferent. 

I  do  not  give  the  latter  illustrations  to 
•   ridicule  "Subscriber,  but    only  as  a  cau- 
tion against  imperfect   experiments  and 
hasty  conclusions. 

Business  is  too  pressing  to  allow  me  to 
write  a  lengthy  argument,  or  the  hund- 
redth part  of  my  observations  on  the 
universal  success  of  deep  and  thorough 
culture,  with  rotation  of  crops,  in  the 
different  States. 

If  "Subscriber"  will  continue  his  ex- 
periments nine,  or  eighteen  years  longer, 
he  will  have  more  experience  from  which 
to  form  mature  conclusions,  and  may 
possibly  change  his  mind. 

Salem,  Oregon,  May,  1876. 


Califoksia  Aoricultukist. — We  are 
in  receipt  of  the  4th  and  5th  numbers  of 
the  Cal.  AcnifCLTURisT  and  Live  Stock 
.TOUKNAL.  published  at  San  Jose,  Califor- 
nia. The  contents  are  of  the  ablest  and 
most  interesting  character,  and  the  typo- 
graphical appearance  is  of  the  first  order. 
The  publication  is  an  honor  to  San  Jose, 
a  credit  to  the  State,  and  is  excelled  by 
but  few  in  the  country.  The  proprietors 
deserve  a  liberal  patronage  from  the 
people  of  the  coast,  and  we  doubt  not 
will  receive  it.  We  advise  our  agricul- 
tural readers  to  subscribe  for  the  Agki- 
cuLTUKisT. — Xevada    Transcripi,    May  9. 


The  Xiatcr  Saten. 


AN  ORIENTAL  COMIC     KJTCHEH     80N0. 

Onco  on  a  time,  in  Ispahan 
There  reigned  a  very  remarkable  man. 
Who  crammed  every  day  in  hi8  gaping  maw 
A  wliole  stuflFed  lamb,  ijesides  a  pillau 
CuriouBly  made  of  peacoeks'  gizzards, 
Sourpions,  suailu,  and  tails  of  iizardB; 
Oil!  wasn't  this  a  deal  too  bad 
Of  Kama  lirama  Amerazad  ? 

He  fried  an  elephant  cut  in  steaks; 
He  potted  two  liuudred  black-ringed  snakes; 
He  stewed  a  zebra,  boiled  a  boar- 
Liked  the  last,  and  polished  off  four; 
Scalloped  a  sea-cow,  fried  a  whale. 
Framed  a  dish  from  a  tiger's  tail. 
Oh!  wasn't  this  a  deal  too  bad 
Of  Kama  Brama  Amerazad  ? 

A  regular  shark  at  calves  and  cows. 

He  cleared  the  meadow  and  gutted  the  house; 

All  the  week  ate  fowls  in  flocks, 

'1  ill  the  farmers  tore  their  hair  in  shocks. 

Ispahan  was  filled  with  sheep 

Night  and  day,  till  never  a  sleep 

The  people  got — a  deal  too  bad 

Of  Rama  BlTma  Amerazad. 

It  was  getting  serious.    Kama  now 

Looked  on  men  with  a  thoughtful  brow. 

If  a  fat  pasha  came  to  dine. 

He  eyed  him  gloomily  over  his  wine. 

He  pinched  fat  children.    Worse  and  worse. 

He  even  pinched  the  family  nurse! 

He'd  soon  turn  cannibal — oh!  the  bad. 

Naughty  Rama  Amerazad ! 

At  last  the  raljble  grew  red-hot  mad, 

So  rapidly  Rama  went  to  the  bad; 

They  sturmed  the  palace  and  killed  the  k  ng- 

lu  a  pot  he  soon  was  simmering; 

They  baked  him  then  in  a  mighty  pie: 

And  didn't  they  gobble  him—oh,  my  eye! 

A  very  good  end  for  one  so  bad 

As  Rama  Brama  Amerazad. 


FAMILIAR  TALKS— No.  I  I. 

BY      SNIP  . 

igl  CONGRATULATE  you,  friend 
n  [  Herring,  upon  your  success  with 
J  (.  moss  and  ferns.  My  experience 
Ss\  has  been  just  the  opposite.  The 
Sj  moss  won't  stay  green,  and  the  ferns 
do  anything  but  grow  and  keep  fresh.  A 
poor  little  insignificant-looking  leaf 
comes  up,  and  when  it  is  about  an  inch 
high  it  dies  and  .another  comes.  What 
do  you  suppose  is  the  reason':'* 

BLIGHT  ON    KOSE  BUSHES. 

What  shall  I  do  with  my  rose  bushes? 
They  grow  well,  but  the  leaves  are  cov- 
ered with  what  seems  to  be  a  white 
mould.  Many  of  the  buds  do  not  come 
to  maturity,  and  there  has  not  been  a 
perfect  flower  on  them  since  they  were 
set  out,  more  than  three  years  ago. 
Other  roses  are  growing  here  that  are 
perfectly  healthy. 

"a  FASHIONABLE    WOMAN'S  LAMENT" 

awoke — well,  hardly  a  sympathetic 
chord,  for  I  spent  to-dny  three  hours 
ironing  a  dress  (I  dare  not  tell  how  long 
I  was  making  it),  and  when  I  finished, 
aching  hands,  throbbing  head  and  tired 
feet  forced  me  to  resolve  that  never  again 
■would  I  make  a  dress  "  in  the  fashion," 
and  spend  so  much  time  and  energy  all 
for — what?  I  do  not  know  how  some 
women  can  do  so  much  of  such  work  and 
do  necessary  work  too.  To  the  majori- 
ty of  women  the  sewing  machine  is  no 
help  whatever. 

CLEANING   TIN. 

"How  bright  your  boiler  looks,"  said 
some  one  to  me  not  long  ago,  referring 
to  the  water  boiler  that  I  use  instead  of 
a  tea-kettle.  I  had  forgotten  to  wash  it 
in  the  morning,  and  just  rubbed  it  off 
with  a  dry  cloth.  I  was  surprised  my- 
self, but  since  then  I  have  done  no  scour- 


•See  remarks  under  City  Gardening  Depart- 
ment. 


ing  on  tinware,  unless  it  is  burned.  I 
use  a  cotton  cloth,  but  am  not  sure  but 
woolen  would  be  better. 

DOCGHNCTS. 

I  have  been  looking  in  vain  for  the 
receipt  for  those  doughnuts  that  "Mary 
Mountain"  praised  so  highly.  Why  did 
she  not  send  it  for  the  benefit  of  the 
readers  of  the  Aoeicltdubist?  Here  are 
two  that  I  think  are  good.  First:  one 
half  cup  of  buttermilk  or  sour  milk,  the 
same  of  cream  and  sugar,  two  eggs,  cue 
teaspoonful  of  soda,  salt  and  spice.  Sec- 
ond; one  and  a  half  cups  of  sugar,  two 
tablespooufuUs  of  butter,  too  eggs,  one 
quart  of  flour,  three  teaspoonfuls  of 
yeast  powder,  milk  enough  to  roll  oiit 
■without  any  more  flour. 

COOEIES. 

One  cnp  of  sour  cream,  one  cup  of 
sugar,  half  a  teaspoonful  of  soda,  flavor 
to  suit. 

CONTRIBUTED  RECIPES. 

Oriifinal,     or     Such     ax     Have     Been 
Piovecl  Good  Iiy  Trial. 

APPLE  CAKE. 
Chop  rather  fine  three  cups  of  dried 
apples  and  soak  over  night  in  two  cups 
of  molasses;  stew  for  half  an  hour;  when 
cold  add  one  cup  brown  sugar,  one  cup 
butter,  three  eggs,  three  cups  flour,  one 
cup  raisins,  two  teaspoonfuls  allspice, 
two  teaspoonfuls  cinnamon,  one  and  ft 
half  teaspoonfuls  cloves,  one  nutmeg, 
one  teaspoonful  of  soda,  and  two  of 
cream  of  tartar.  Citron  and  currants 
may  be  added. 

COCOANUT    CAKES. 

Kemove  the  rind  from  a  cocoanut  and 
grate  it;  add  one  pound  of  white  sugar 
and  the  white  of  one  egg  whipped  to  a 
stiff  froth ;  mix  with  the  hands  as  quickly 
as  possible,  and  make  into  siUiiU  cakes 
the  size  of  a  large  walnut  and  bake  on 
buttered  paper  placed  upon  a  buttered 
tin. 

COCOANUT     CRACKERS. 

To  one  pint  of  oatmeal  add  one  gill  of 
fresh  cocoanut  or  two-thirds  of  a  gill  of 
dessicated  cocoanut,  and  one  gill  and 
two  tablespoonfulsof  water;  roll  into  one 
eighth  of  an  inch  thick;  cut  into  fancy 
shapes  with  cake-cutters,  and  bake  in  a 
very  slow  oven,  so  that  the  will  dry  out 
rather  than  bake. 

TAIOCA  AND  PEACH  PUDDING. 

To  one  cup  of  tapioca  add  three  and  a 
half  cups   of   boiling    water,    and  let   it 
stand  half  an  hour.     Mix  with  it  one  and 
a   half  pints   of    sliced  canned   peaches 
sweetened  to    taste;   ornament    the   top 
with  fanciful  designs  in  blanched  almonds 
and    raisins;   bake  three-quarters  of   an  i 
hour  in  a  white  nappy,  covering  the  top  ; 
with  paper  to  prevent  scorching.     Serve  ' 
cold  in  the  same  dish.  j 

JELLIED     GRATE.  I 

Cook  one  half  pint  of  rice  half  an  hour  , 
in  three  half  pints  of  water;  strain  three  ] 
pints  of  cooked  Isabella  or  Concord  I 
grapes;  add  them  to  the  rice;  cook  an-  ; 
other  half  hour;  sweeten  to  taste,  and 
serve  cold  in  a  glass  dish. 

COCOANUT    BREAD.  1 

To  three  halt  pints  of  Graham  flour 
and  three  tablespooufuls  of  cocoanut, 
add  half  a  pint  of  cold  water:  when  well 
mixed,  knead  on  a  board  untd  little  flour 
is  left  on  .iie  board,  say  fifteen  minutes; 
make  into  rolls  two  inches  thick  and 
eight  long;  b.ake  from  thirty  to  forty 
minutes  in  a  moder.ate  oven;  when  quit* 
cold,  cut  and  serve  in  thin  slices.  i 

FRrrr  bread. 

Make  as  above ;  roll  out  to  the  size  of 


a  dinner  plate  and  half  an  inch  thick, 
cover  with  stoned-dates,  blanched  raisins 
and  chopped  figs,  then  roll  upon  itself, 
fasten  the  ends,  bake  one  hour,  cut  into 
slices  when  cold. 

TO  CLEAN  GABMENTS. 

Wet  a  sponge  in  warm  water,  and 
squeeze  it  out  till  dry;  then  sponge  one 
place  after  another  until  all  the  garment 
has  been  cleansed.  All  the  dust  and  soil 
will  be  absorbed  by  the  sponge.  But  if 
the  garment  is  very  much  soiled,  wash 
the  sponge  in  clean  water  several  times, 
squeezsng  it  as  dry  as  possible  by  wrap- 
ping it  in  a  piece  of  black  alpaca.  Tnis 
method  of  cleansing  is  more  effectual 
than  a  hand-brush,  and  many  spots  will 
disappear  by  the  use  of  pure  water. 

nSH      OHOWDEB. 

Slice  ten  potatoes  and  three  onions, 
the  latter  very  thin ;  cut  four  thin  slices 
of  pork  and  fry  brown,  then  lay  them  in 
the  bottom  of  the  kettle,  covering  them 
with  a  layer  of  any  fresh  fish  cut  in  slices: 
pepper  and  salt;  add  a  layer  of  the  pota- 
toes and  onions,  which  should  be  previ- 
ously well  soaked  in  cold  water;  now  add 
another  layer  of  the  fish,  salt  and  pepper 
as  before,  covering  this  time  with  a  layer 
of  pounded  or  broken  soda-crackers;  add 
another  layer  of  the  vegetables,  cover 
with  crackers,  let  it  boil  briskly  a  half- 
hour;  add  a  cup  of  rich  milk  and  dish. 

EHITIABB  PIE. 

Take  off  the  thin  skin,  cut  the  stalks  in 
small  pieces,  add  a  little  flour,  and  place 
it  between  two  covers.  When  the  paste 
is  done  remove  the  top  crust  and  add 
sugar  and  butter,  mixing  them  thorough- 
ly with  the  rhubarb.  I'ut  the  top  crust 
on  again  and  serve  warm.  Other  season- 
ing may  be  added  if  desired.  Khubarb 
pies  made  in  this  way  do  not  run  over 
and  waste  their  sweetness  in  the  oven, 

BOB  AX  FOE     W.1SHING. 

The  use  of  borax  in  Europe  for  ■wash- 
ing is  well  known,  the  addition  of  a  large 
handful  of  borax,  instead  of  soda,  to  ten 
gallons  of  water  being  sufficient  to  save 
half  the  quantity  of  soap  ordinarily  re- 
quired. For  light  fabrics  and  cambrics  a 
moderate  quantity  is  to  be  used;  but  for 
articles  which  require  to  be  mode  stiff  a 
strengthened  solution  is  necessary. 
Being  a  neutral  salt,  it  docs  not  affect  th.3 
texture  of  linen  in  the  slightest  degree ; 
and  as  it  softens  the  hardest  water,  it  is 
much  used  in  washing  generally. 

GINGER  PUDDIKO. 

Two  eggs,  one-half  cup  of  sugar,  one- 
half  cup  water,  one-half  cup  milk,  three 
teaspoons  yeast  powder  in  two  cups  flour, 
butt«r  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  two  tea- 
spoons of  ginger.  Steam  in  a  covereil 
pudding-dish  two  hours,  to  be  eaten  hot 
with  sauce. 

CLAM    CHOWDEB. 

One  quart-can  of  clams,  one  qnart- 
bowl  of  raw  potjitoes  pared  and  cat  in 
slices,  one  quart-bowl  filled  with  sliced 
onions,  a  slice  of  sweet  salt  pork  as  large 
as  your  hand  cut  in  strips  and  fried  to  a 
crisp,  butter  the  size  of  an  egg,  salt  and 
pepper  to  taste,  three  pints  of  boiling 
water.  Draw  off  the  liquor  from  the 
clams  and  mix  it  with  the  above,  and  in 
fifteen  or  twenty  minutes  add  the  clams, 
some  crackers  or  toasted  bread,  and  boil 
up  once  and  serve. 


"Press  On." 

Press  onl    Ton're  rusting  while  you  stand; 

Inaction  will  not  do: 
Take  life'f  email  bundle  in  yonr  band. 

And  budge  it  briskly  through. 

Jump  over  all  the  "ifs"  and  "bats;" 
There's  always  some  kind  hand 

To  lift  life's  wagon  o'er  the  ruts. 
And  poke  away  the  sand. 


94 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


101)0  and  (Sivljsi, 


Trust. 

Searching  for  strawberrieB  ready  to  eat, 
FindiBg  tbem  fragrant  and  liirge  and  bweet, 
What  do  yon  think  I  found  at  my  feet, 

Deep  in  the  ^reen  hill  side  ? 
Four  young  sparrows,  the  cunning  things. 
Feathered  on  back  and  breast  aud  wings. 

Opening  their  four  mouths  wide. 

Slooping  lower  to  watch  my  prize. 
Watching  tlieir  motious  with  eager  eyes, 
Dropping  my  berries  with  glad  surprise, 

A  plaintive  snund  I  heard; 
And  looking  up  at  the  mournful  call, 
I  spied  OD  a  branch,  near  the  old  stone  wall, 

Tne  poor  little  mother  bird. 

With  g:*ief  and  terror  her  heart  was  wrung, 
And  while  to  the  slender  boughs  she  hung, 
She  felt  that  the  lives  of  her  birdlings  hung, 

On  a  still  more  slender  thread. 
"Ah,  birdie,"  I  said,  "if  you  only  knew 
That  my  heart  was  tender  aud  warm  and  true!" 
But  the  thought  that  I  loved  her  birdlings  too 

Never  entered  her  small  round  head. 

And  so  through  this  world  of  ours  we  go, 
Bearing  our  burdens  of  needless  wue. 
Many  a  heart  beating  heavy  and  slow 

Under  its  load  of  care; 
But  oh!  if  we  only,  only  knew 
I'hat  God  was  tender  and  warm  and  true, 
Aud  that  He  loved  us  through  and  through, 

Our  hearts  would  be  lighter  than  air. 


Dot  Xiambs  Sffary  Kaf  Got. 

Mary  liaf  got  a  leetle  Iambs  already; 
Dose  vool  vos  vite  like  Hbnow; 
Und  efery  times  dot  Mary  did  Tend  oiid 
Dot  lambs  veut  also  oud,  mit  Mary. 

Dot  lambs  dit  follow  Mary  von  day   of  der 

(sbsohool  hoiipe, 
Vich  vos  obbosition  to  der  rules  of  der  shscliool 

master. 
Also,  vich  it  dit  caused  dose  sohillen  to  sclimile 

oud  loud , 
Ven  dey  dit  saw  dose  lambs  on  der  inside  of  der 

shschool  house. 

Und  zo  dot  shchoojmaster  dit  kick    der  lambs 

gwick  oud; 
Likewise  dot  lambs  dit  loaf   around  on  der  out- 

outsides, 
Und  dit  shoo  der  flies  mit  his  tail  off  patiently 

aboud — 
Undil  Mary    dit    come   also  from  dot  shchool 

house  oud. 

I'n  den  dot  lambs  din   run  right  avay  gwick  to 

Mary, 
fnd  dit  make  his  bet  on  Mary's  arms, 
Like  he  would  f^aid,  "I  doud  was  scared, 
Mary  would    kept  me  from  all  dhroubles  ena- 

how." 

**Vot  vos  der  reason  aboud  it,  of  dot  lambs  und 

Mary?" 
Dose  scliillen  dit  ask  it,  of  dot  shchoolmapter; 
"Veil,  dond    you    know  it,  dot   Mary  lofe  dose 

lambs  already  ?" 
Dot  shchoolmaster  dit  said. 


"OUR  CORNER.' 


£  UNT  POLLY  is  happy  to  greet  her 
%  dear  nieces  and  nephews  again. 
L  Isn't  June  a  real  sweet  month? 
.  ,'(rf  May  was  ushered  in  with  blooming 
Yi^  roses  and  has  gone  out  in  fragrance. 
June,  with  a  brighter  sun,  and  just  as 
many  sweet  and  beautiful  flowers,  shows 
also  the  promise  of  fruits.  Look  at  the 
little  baby  apples  and  pears  hanging 
among  the  leaves  that  almost  hide  them. 
The  peaches,  too,  are  the  color  of  the 
leaves,  but  in  another  month  or  two 
they  will  begin  to  show  some  signs  of 
ripeness.  Tlio  cherries!  Oh,  the  lus- 
cious cherries  that  little  children  and 
birds  love  so  much,  are  now  full  ripe, 
and  Oh!  so  refreshing  to  eat,  and  so 
pretty  to  look  at  as  they  hang  down  on 
their  long  stems.  Out  in  the  fields  the 
gr.iss  has  grown  to  its  full  size,  and  the 
men  are  mowing  and  making  the  fra- 
grant hay.  See  the  wheat  and  barley 
and  oats,  with  full-grown  heads,  waving 
in  the  wind  and  reflecting  the  sun  so 
prettily!  The  hills  are  turning  brown 
with  many  colored  flowers,  and  soon  will 
fade  to  a  dry  look  for  the  want  of  rains. 
So  with  suiiiiner   comes   bciiutv:  and  as 


ripeness  grows  the  color  of  wild  flowers 

and  gi'een  grass  fades  to  a  russet  brown. 
Then  the  fruits  of  the  earth  and  the 
grains  that  feed  us  all  mature,  aud  man 
and  beast  and  bird  eat  of  the  good  things 
and  praise  the  Giver  of  all  good  for  the 
blessings  that  are  provided  for  all  of 
God's  creatures. 

And  now  Aunt  Polly  wants  you  to  read 
this  nice  little  story  that  she  has  selected 
for  you  all; 

A     TALK    WITH     BFETIE    ABOUT    THE    DRAIN. 

"I  guess  crackers  don't  grow,  do  they, 
auntie?"  said  Bertie,  as  he  took  one  in 
his  little  chubby  hand  for  his  lunch. 

"No;  the  man  makes  them  and  puts 
them  in  the  oven  and  bakes  them  as 
Mary  Ann  bakes  her  bread." 

"What  does  the  man  make  them  of  ?" 

"He  makes  them  of  wheat.  Here  is 
some  wheat.  This  grows  in  a  field  on  a 
stalk  as  high  as  your  head,  all  wrajjped 
in  little  husks  at  the  top  of  the  stalk. 
When  it  is  ripe  the  man  cuts  down  the 
stalks  aud  shells  out  the  v.heat  with  a 
big  threshing  machine,  .and  theu  it  looks 
like  this.  After  that  it  is  taken  to  the 
mill  and  ground  very  fine.  Wait,  ;ind 
I  will  grind  some  for  you  in  the  coftee- 
mill;  there  it  is  ground  up  finer  than 
that,  and  theu  the  baker  makes  it  into 
crackers  and  bakes  them." 

"Well,  the  stufl' they  make  the  crack- 
ers of  grows,  then,  doesn't  it?" 

"0,  yes.  I  told  you  the  other  day 
that  all  our  food  grows  out  of  the  ground 
in  some  way.  There  is  a  great  deal  of 
this  wheat  grown,  and  when  it  is  ground 
into  flour  it  is  made  into  bread  and  cake 
and  puddings,  and  many  other  things 
that  we  eat.  There  are  also  other  kinds 
of  grain  that  we  raise  aud  use  in  the  same 
way." 

Bertie  ate  a  little  while  in  silence, look- 
ing now  at  the  crackers,  and  now  at  the 
wheat.  At  last  he  said:  "Well,  auntie, 
they  can't  make  any  bad  drink  out  of 
this,  can  they?  Because,  you  see,  it  is 
all  hard  and  dr}'." 

"Yes,  Bertie,  it  is  hard  and  dry,  but 
they  wet  it  and  soak  it  up,  and  I  am 
sorry  to  say  they  do  make  a  great  deal 
of  bad  drink  out  of  some  kinds  of  grain." 

"What  kinds  of  grain?" 

"Rye,  for  one,  and  corn  and  barley 
and  even  of  wheat." 

"What  is  rye,  auntie?" 

"Well,  it  looks  a  good  deal  like  wheat, 
only  it  is  not  so  large." 

"Is  it  good  to  eat?" 

"Yes;  we  make  it  up  with  cornmeal 
into  rye  and  Indian  bread,  and  some 
people  make  it  into  bread  by  itself.  Then 
it  is  good  for  food;  but  when  it  is 
fermented  and  spoiled  for  food,  it 
makes  a  very  bad  drink." 

"Oh,  yes;  now  I  remember;  that  was 
in  the  little  verse  you  taught  me  a  long 
while  ago, 

"I  was  made  to  he  eaten. 

And  not  to  be  drank; 
To  be  ground  in  a  mill. 

And  not  soaked  in  tank." 

"I  am  glad  you  remember  it.  Y'ou 
may  say  it  all  if  you  can." 

So  he  repeated  it  all  very  prettily,  and 
then  he  went  ofi'  to  plaj'  in  his  little  gar- 
den. 

After  a  while  he  came  back  to  me  with 
a  very  serious  face  and  said:  "Auntie, 
what  would  it  do  to  me  if  I  should  drink 
the  cracker?" 

"What  do  you  mean,  Birtic?" 

"Why,  when  I  was  sick  mamma  put  a 
cracker  into  a  cup  with  some  hot  water 
and  sugar  and  milk,  aud  when  it  was 
soft  I  ate  it,  and  then  I  driiuk  up  the 
water,  and  some  of  the  cracker,  too." 

"Well,  it  didn't  hurt  you,  did  it?" 

"No,  I  guess  not;  but  why  didn't  it  if 
I  drank  it  instead  of  eating  it?" 

"Boc;iuso  you  did   not  let  it  stand  and 


rot;  that's  what  makes  the  difference. 
When  they  make  it  into  a  bad  drink, 
they  let  it  sprout,  and  that  makes  it 
sweetish ;  and  then  they  grind  it  or  mash 
it.  and  soak  the  sweetness  all  out  into 
the  water;  and  theu  they  let  it  stand  aud 
rot,  aud  that  is  what  spoils  it.  Y^ou 
wouldn't  eat  your  soaked  cracker  if  it 
should  stand  till  it  was  sour  and  spoiled, 
would  you?  Don't  you  know  how 
quickly  mamma  sent  away  from  the  table 
the  stewed  berries  that  were  sour?" 

"Oh,  yes;  audi  remember  the  old  lady 
at  the  hotel  last  summer  who  went  away 
from  the  house  because  the  cold  beans 
that  she  sent  for  were  sour." 

"So  you  see  people  do  not  think  of 
eacing  rotten  things,  aud  why  should 
they  drink  them?  It  is  the  rotting  that 
makes  them  poisonous.  That  is  the  waj' 
in  which  the  poison  alcohol  gets  into 
them." 

"And  is  there  alcohol  in  everything 
that  is  rotten?" 

"No;  only  those  things  that  have 
sugar  in  them.  It  is  the  rotting  of  the 
sugar  that  makes  the  alcohol.  Rye 
whisky  has  a  great  deal  of  alcohol  in  it." 

"Whisky!  Oh,  yes,  that  is  what  papa 
called  it.  We  saw  a  man  on  the  street 
one  day  who  acted  very  bad,  and  papa 
said  that  he  had  been  drinking  whisky. 
I  wonder  what  made  him  drink  it?" — 
Aunt  JiiUa,  in  Touths'  Temperance  Ban- 
ner. 

OUR  BUDGET    OF    LETTERS. 

Here  are  three  nice  little  letters  that  I 
regret  came  to  me  too  late  to  appear  in 
Ma}'.  Never  mind,  dears,  if  j'ou  did  not 
beat  on  the  word  "carpets."  We  have 
got  some  more  chromos  left  and  will 
give  you  a  chance  every  month.  I  want 
you  to  write  often  as  you  can.  You  have 
done  well  any  way,  which  is  a  credit 
mark  to  you.  We  will  let  Mary  speak 
first : 

LivERMOBE,  April,  1876. 

Dear  Aunt  Polly:  I  have  tried  again  to 
see  how  many  more  words  I  could  make 
out  of  "carpets."  I  succeeded  in  get- 
ing  1G9,  which  I  send  yoti.  The  answer 
to  .Jennie's  rebus  is  the  letter  M.  It  is 
splendid  fun,  I  thiuk,  to  make  out  words. 
I  hope  you  will  give  ns  something  to 
puzzle  our  minds  every  month. 

Y'our  little  niece.  Mart  C. 

That  is  just  what  Aunt  Polly  intends 
to  do,  Mary,  and  she  hopes  you  will  get 
the  chromos  yet.  The  first  list  was  mis- 
laid, so  that  Aunt  Polly  doesn't  know 
whether  this  new  list  contains  the  same 
words  as  the  first  one.  If  you  have  sent 
334  Jilferent  words,  send  you  full  name 
for  the  chromos. 

Now  hear  what  our  little  Tillie  says: 
Milpitas,  April,  1876. 

Dear  Aunt  Polly:  I  look  for  the  Agri- 
culturist every  mouth  with  as  much  in- 
terest as  the  best  farmer  in  the  State,  not 
that  I  read  all  about  horses  and  cows, 
but  I  do  love  to  read  the  letters  your 
nieces  and  nephews  write  to  you.  I 
have  tried  how  many  words  I  could  make 
Ijy  using  the  letters  in  "carpets,"  and 
how  well  I  have  succeeded — 174  words — 
you  must  judge  for  yourself.  I  will 
write  to  you  often  if  you  will  let  me,  and 
sometimes  I  might  have  a  puzzle  to  send. 

Tillie. 

We  are  looking  for  your  puzzle,  Tillie. 
Send  it  along. 

And  now  who  that  reads  Jennie's  let- 
ter will  say  she  is  not  smart?  She  came 
within  one  of  earning  the  pair  of  chro- 
mos, and  considering  that  a  boy  got 
them,  and  Jennie  sent  the  largest  list  of 
any  girl,  I  shall  send  her  a  pair  of  chro- 
mos, too.  Isn't  that  right?  Aunt  Polly 
thinks  so. 

Liveumohe,  April,  187(>. 

Annl  Polly:  I  !UU  sorry  1  did  not  get  to 


write  sooner  and  send  the  answers  to  the  | 
puzzles,  but  I  have  been  aTay  from  home 
and  could  not.  I  hope  I  am  not  too  late 
for  a  chance  to  get  the  pictures;  but  I 
have  not  the  least  hopes  of  getting  them, 
for  there  are  so  many  words  can  be 
formed  from  the  letters  in  the  word  "car- 
pets." I  thiuk  the  answer  to  Willie's 
enigma  is  Washington  Irving,  and  to 
Tommy's,  California  Agriculturist 
.AND  Live  Stock  Journal.     [Right.] 

Hoping  I  have  not  sent  these  in  too 
late,  I  will  close,  and  remain, 

Y'our  niece,  Jennie  D. 

P.  S. — I  have  succeeded  iu  getting  313 
words  from  "carpets.'  J.  D. 

Send  your  full  name,  Jennie,  and  get 
the  chromos. 

Here  comes  a  letter  from  little  Georgie 
Jewell,  who  is  only  7  years  old,  written 
by  herself  without  any  help  from  any- 
body : 

San  Jose,  May,  1876. 

Aunt  Polly:  I  have  anew  little  brother. 
He  is  so  cunning.  He  was  born  the  day 
after  the  opening  of  the  Centennial  Ex- 
hibition. We  have  moved  on  Ninth 
street.  We  had  a  little  dog  at  first,  and 
then  we  had  a  little  kitten.  We  made  a 
garden  and  thought  the  dog  would  dig 
the  garden  up  and  break  the  flowers  o2', 
and  so  we  gave  him  away.  The  kitten 
was  given  to  us  just  when  we  gave  the 
dog  away.  The  kitten  would  cry  all  the 
time,  and  so  we  gave  it  away  as  we  did 
the  dog;  and  when  we  gave  the  kitten 
away  we  had  a  babj'.  We  have  got  some 
little  chickens,  too.  And  that  is  the  way 
we  go  along  now.  So  good-by.  I  can't 
stop  to  write  any  more  to-day;  I  must  go 
and  change  my  dress  now  to  go  out. 

Y'ours,  truly,  Georgie  Jewell. 

Aunt  Polly  hopes,  Georgie,  that  you 
will  help  mamma  with  the  baby  all  you 
can,  and  tell  us  next  time  all  what  you 
do  every  day  to  help  her. 

Here  is  the  letter  that  Walter  Rose 
promised  a  long  time  ago.  Better  late 
than  never,  Walter;  but   best  never  late: 

Spring  L.\ke,  May,  1876. 

Dear  Aunt  J'oHy:  My  sister,  Willa, 
thinkp  I  am  too  little  a  boy  to  write  you, 
but  I  know  I  can  if  she  can.  If  she  is 
bigger  and  older  than  I  am,  she  needn't 
think  that,  bec:iuse  she  is  a  girl,  she  can 
do  what  a  boy  can't.  I'll  just  show  her, 
if  I  do  make  mistakes,  and  don't  write 
the  best  of  letters  now.  That  is  nothing. 
I  am  not  always  going  to  be  a  little  boy, 
I  reckon. 

She  did  not  tell  you  that  we  used  to 
live  away  oft'  in  Southern  Arkansas, right 
close  to  where  lots  of  wild  Indians  lived. 
We  used  to  be  dreadfully  afraid  of  them 
sometimes. 

Sometime,  Aunt  Polly,  I  will  tell  you 
about  my  big  Newfouudland  dog,  Dick, 
a  splendid  great  fellow  of  a  dog,  who 
loved  Willa  and  me  so  much;  how  two 
big  Kansas  rattlesnakes  bit  him  once; 
how  somebody  at  Wichita,  Kansas,  stole 
him ;  then  how  papa  lost  him  at  last. 
Then  about  our  little  Kansas  kitten  that 
Auntie  Lottie  killed  aud  then  brought  to 
life  with  mamma's  machine  oil  can, 
sweet  oil  and  cream,  and  about  mine  and 
Willa's  two  little  bossy  cows,  and  little 
pig  that  auntie  gave  us;  and — oh!  ever  so 
many  things  more,  .\unt  Polly,  if  you 
think  you  can  spend  time  to  read  the 
letters  of  a  little  boy  like  me.  Don't  ex- 
pect the  editor  of  that  paper  (I  forget 
what  its  name  is)  will  print  them,  but  I 
don't  care;  maybe  some  day,  when  I  am 
bigger  and  have  gone  to  school  lots,  he 
will  like  my  letters  for  his  paper. 

Oh!  I  forgot.  Santa  Glaus  didn't 
have  very  much  for  sister  and  mo  this 
year,  because,  you  see.  Aunt  Polly,  there 
were  ever  so  many  very  poor  little  boys 
and  girls  iu    this     place,  and    he    hadn't 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


95 


money  enough  to  get  all  ef  us  as  much 
as  Vie  would  like  to  have.  But  papa 
and  mamma  sa3'3  times  will  be  better 
after  a  while,  and  then  the  children  will 
all  fare  better.  But  we  had  lots  of  fun 
anyhow  with  our  presents,  and  ever  so 
many  nice  things  mamma  cooked  for  ns 
to  eat.  I  expect  there  is  lots  of  terribly 
poor  children  everywhere  who  had  no 
good  things  to  eat  or  nice  things  at  all. 
I  am  real  sorry,  Aunt  Polly,  aren't  you? 
Jly  name  name  is  Walter  Eosk. 

Aunt    Polly   thinks  that  the  girl    who 
writes   the    following   letter  is  a   pretty 
large  one,  but  she  is   just  as  welcome  as 
long  as  she  has   a  good   word   for    all  of 
us  and  thinks  so   much  of   the  Agricul- 
TUEisT.     The  editor  never  objects  to  hav- 
ing a  good   word  spoken  for   the  paper. 
Editors  are    so  much   like  proud  girls — 
thej'  like  flattery.     I  wonder  if  our  editor 
ever  reads  his  own   paper,  and  if  he  will 
see  that  Aunt  Polly  has  dared    to  talk  so 
about  him.     But  listen  to  Kitty  Hart: 
Salinas,  May,  187G. 
Dear  Aunt  Polly:  There  are  lots  of  peo- 
ple here   who  take   the   AgeicultuiiIst, 
and  I  hear  what  some  of  them  say  about 
it  which  you  might   like  to   know.     My 
aunt  Jane    says   she   wants  me  to  bring 
her  the    February   number  of  the  Agki- 
COLTUKIST,  for  there   she    saw  a   receipt 
for   making  cream    cake    which  Mattie 
Sargi  nt  tried  one  day  and  gave  her  some 
to  taste.     She  wishes  her  folks  took  the 
paper,    and    she    hopes   they  will  some 
time,  for  Mattie   says  sho's  tried  a  good 
many  receipts    from    it   and  finds   them 
good.     A  boy  I   know    says    he    always 
reads  the  funny  things  in   Aunt  Polly's 
'■Corner,"  and  wishes  there  were  more. 
He  would  write  to  her  himself  if  he  knew 
anything  good  enough.     Our   hired  man 
says  to  me,  "Kitty,  fetch  the  agricultur- 
al paper  and  see  what  it  says  about  feed- 
ing calves.  We've  got  one  whose  mother 
died  afore  it  was  big  enough  to  drink." 
Mother  says   she  could   not  keep  house 
without    the    Ageicultueist     no    how; 
'cause    why,  she   finds   so   many  useful 
things  there ;    and  then  it   rests   her  to 
read    about    what    • 'Jewell"    writes   on 
health,  and  the  rest  of   the  ladies  about 
other  things.     Jim  likes  the  poetry  best, 
and  learns  pieces  to   speak  at  school.     I 
learned   one   once,  and  I    heard   a  lady 
read  one  poem  from  it  at  a  church  sociid. 
Sister   Annie    likes   the  gardening  part, 
and  says  she  is  so    glad  she  knows   how 
to  fix  hanging  baskets,  she  wants  one  in 
our  best  parlor.      Farmer  Brown,  who 
lives  near  us,  was  talking  to  store-keeper 
Brown  on  the  church  steps,  last  Sunday, 
and  he  say,    "Did    you   see   Dr.  Scott's 
article  in  the   May  number  of   the  Agei- 
cultueist?    It  is  worth    reading.     Fact 
is,  that  paper,  every  month,  contains  ar- 
ticles worth  more  than   the  whole  year's 
subscription."       My    aunt   Hatty  came 
along  just  then,  and  says  she,   "Yes, and 
the  cutest  part  on't  is,  that  it  is   temper- 
ance clear  through.     If   you   know  any- 
body around  here  who    don't  take  it,  for 
goodness'  sakes  lend  'em  a  copy."    Now 
I've  told  j'ou  enough;    I  was  only  going 
to  write  a   few  words    to    send  with  two 
subscriptions  I    collected   for   you.  .  In- 
closed you  will  find    the  names,  and  the 
money   I'll    send  next   time,  when  I  get 
more.     Yours,  truly,  Kitty  Haet. 

Aunt  Polly  thanks  the  Lompoc  Record 
for  noticing  one  of  her  nephews.  Char- 
ley Tucker  must  be  a  good  boy  to  merit 
such. words.  This  is  what  the  paper 
says : 

"Among  the  correspondents  of  the 
Agriculturist,  we  notice  the  name  of 
Cbarlej'  Tucker,  who  is  also  the  author 
of  a  word  puzzle.  Good  for  Charley! 
Reading,  writing  and  thinking  make  a 
useful  and  well-posted  man." 


A  MISCHIEVOUS  PET. 

Thinking  an  item  from  this  locality 
would  bo  of  interest,  I  add  a  few  lines. 
This  part  of  Shasta  county  is  a  very  poor 
tract  of  country — no  orchards,  flowers, 
or  anything  calculated  to  make  life  en- 
durable. 

Mr.  Lendrum,  on  his  way  to  Oregon 
with  Angora  goats,  iiassed  through  here, 
and  left  a  Kid  of  that  breed  with  Mr. 
Warner,  ou  Pit  river.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  mischievous  animals  I  ever  saw. 
An  out-door  cuiiboard  is  a  favorable 
climbing  place  for  him,  overturning  jars 
of  yeast,  scattering  seeds,  and  other  potty 
mischief.  One  day,  while  Mrs.  W.  went 
out  of  the  house  for  a  short  time,  leaving 
the  door  open.  Captain  Kid  must  needs 
walk  in  and  pull  out  a  pan  of  bread  from 
the  oven,  and  devour  half  of  it  before 
she  returned.  Ho  was  fully  impressed 
with  the  idea  that  he  had  a  right  to  all 
the  edibles  he  could  get  hold  of.  He 
helped  himself  liberally  to  strawberry 
vines,  the  best  potatoes,  and,  I  firmly 
believe,  made  away  with  some  horserad- 
ish that  we  were  trying  to  stiirt.  He 
seemed  to  have  a  discriminating  taste, 
for  he  ate  holes  into  the  mellowest 
squashes,  and  corn  fodder  laid  away  for 
the  cow  had  special  attractions,  together 
with  the  grain  and  hay,  to  and  from 
which  he  had  more  exits  and  entrances 
than  the  squirrels.  Seeing  the  board 
fence  did  not  prevent  him  from  going 
over,  we  laid  boards  on  top,  but  he  had 
three  or  four  passages  soon  made  under- 
neath. He  thought  more  of  taking  his 
naps  on  the  nice,  clean  beds  than  on  the 
cold,  cold  ground,  at  least  when  no  one 
was  around  to  tend  to  him.  He  kept 
Mrs.  W.  in  a  lively  state  of  terror  walking 
all  over  the  braces  on  the  bridge,  for  fear 
he  would  tumble  in  and  got  drowned. 
Taking  it  altogether,  we  want  to  know  if 
there  is  anything  (a  mule  excepted)  with 
a  subUmer  cheek  than  an  Angora  goat. 

Y'our  journal  is  a  most  excellent  one, 
and  we  would  not  do  without  it.  Your 
outside  cover  cannot  be  beat  for  beauty, 
and  as  an  example  of  woman's  work  is  a 
powerful  argument.     Youi-a,  truly, 

T.  J.  Pilkixgton. 

Burgottville,  May,  187U. 


GRANDMA'S   TALKS- 
Easy  Lessons  from  Nature— No.  5. 

Good  morning,  children!  So  you 
have  been  having  a  gay  time  in  the  gar- 
den and  woods  this  morning.  How  do  I 
know  it?  Why,  you  have  brought  both 
into  the  room  with  you.  Don't  you  be- 
lieve me,  Johnny?  How  else  should  I 
know  where  you  have  been?  Y'es,  in- 
deed, you  bring  with  j'ou  the  perfume  of 
violets  from  the  garden,  bay  leaves  from 
the  woods,  and  mint  from  the  brook-side. 
iSee,  then,  how  many  outside  "atoms" 
you  have  unconsciously  brought  to  me. 

Y'ou  want  me  to  show  you  one  single 
atom  all  by  itself,  do  you,  Lucy?  Well, 
let  us  try  to  do  that. 

Here  I  have  a  microscope  to  help  our 
eyes  to  see  smaller  things  than  we  can 
with  the  "naked  eye"  (as  we  call  using 
the  eye  without  the  help  of  magnifying 
glasses). 

Here  are  two  things  which  look  very 
much  alike :  this  finest  of  cambric  needles 
and  the  sting  of  a  bee.  But  compare 
them  under  the  microscope.  The  needle 
looks  rough  aud  coarse,  almost  like  a 
crowbar,  and  it  seems  to  have  lost  its 
point;  but  the  sting  of  the  bee  is  as 
smooth  and  perfect  to  its  shai-p  tip  al- 
though magnified  as  much  as  the  needle. 
Do  you  think  you  can  see  the  tinj'  atom 
ou  the  very  end  of  that  point,  Lucy? 

Here  is  a  lump   of  sugar.     You  may 


pound  it  to  powder  in  this  little  mortar, 
Johnny.  Now  we  will  place  a  few  grains 
of  this  powder  under  the  microscope. 
How  coarse  it  looks!  Don't  you  think, 
if  we  had  the  means,  we  could  grind  it 
up  finer  than  that?  Those  are  not  atoms 
j'et,  because  atoms  are  such  very,  very 
small  particles  of  matter  that  they  can- 
not possibly  be  divided  into  two  parts, 
and  the  smallest  particle  of  sugar  must 
contain  an  atom  of  each  of  the  several 
substances  which  combine  to  make 
sugar. 

Now  I  will  dip  this  needle  into  this 
glass  of  liquid  which  looks  like  water. 
'Touch  your  tongue  to  the  needle,  John- 
ny, and  tell  mo  what  it  is.  How  do  you 
know  it  is  lemonade?  Oh!  you  can  taste 
the  lemon  and  sugar,  can  you?  Then 
imagine,  if  you  can,  how  small  the 
atoms  are  in  that  tiny  drop  of  lemonade 
to  give  enough  of  the  water,  lemon  and 
sugar  (each  composed  of  various  sub- 
stances) for  you  to  taste  distinctly. 

I  will  now  rub  some  of  this  bright  red 
paint,  which  we  call  carmine,  upon  this 
saucer.  Now  I  will  mix  it  with  the  water 
in  this  large  pitcher.  Do  you  see  what 
a  pretty  color  it  has  all  become?  The 
particles  of  carmine  have  separated  and 
mingled  with  the  water,  and  see  how  mi- 
nute they  must  be  to  color  nearly  a  gal- 
lon of  water. 

If  you  keep  only  one  violet  in  a  room, 
it  will  throw  ofl'  particles  of  perfume  for 
days,  and  yet  not  grow  smaller  in  size. 
So  it  is  with  musk,  which  has  a  strong 
perfume.  I  have  read  that  one  grain  of 
musk  will  sent  a  room  ten  years  and 
weigh  as  much  as  at  first.  Of  course, 
particles  of  the  musk  are  constsntly  leav- 
ing the  grain,  but  we  cannot  measure  the 
loss. 

Thus  you  perceive  that  the  very  small- 
est particle  of  matter  that  you  can  see 
or  taste  or  smell  is  made  up  of  millions 
of  smaUer  ones  which  are  composed  of 
atoms  of  simple  substances  (these  are 
substances  which  contain  only  one  kind 
of  matter) .  Do  you  think,  Lucy,  that 
your  ej-es  have  the  power  to  see  one 
single  atom  all  by  itself  ?  No,  indeed, 
we  cannot  even  imagine  the  smallness  of 
an  atom,  neither  can  we  really  know  the 
capacity  of  matter  for  being  divided  and 
sub-divided.  This  property,  belonging 
to  all  matter,  is  called  Diuisiliilily.  You 
can  remember  that  word  easily,  children, 
because  every  alternate  letter  in  it,  ex- 
cept the  last  ene,  is  an  i. 

Y'ou  are  very  much  interested  in  that 
microscope,  children,  and  well  j'ou  may 
be.  There  is  really  no  end  to  the  won- 
derful facts  to  be  learned  by  the  use  of  a 
microscope.  When  I  was  a  little  girl,  I 
remember  seeing  a  drop  of  water  magni- 
fied by  means  of  a  solar  microscope. 
The  drop  of  water  looked  as  large  around 
as  that  centre  table,  and  it  was  alive  with 
creatures,  some  very  small  and  some  like 
monsters  gobbling  up  everj-thing  that 
came  in  their  way.  Now  in  that  drop  of 
water  the  naked  eye  could  see  no  living 
thing,  but  by  the  aid  of  the  microscope 
what  curious  and  astonishing  creatures 
appeared,  swimming  as  freely  in  that  one 
drop  as  fishes  do  in  the  ocean. 

You  a.sk,  Johnny,  if  all  the  water  we 
drink  is  just  like  that,  full  of  such  fight- 
ing and  gobbling  creatures.  It  is  proba- 
ble that  all  water  contains  living  creat- 
ures, though  I  have  been  told  that  the 
microscope  does  not  detect  such  quanti- 
ties in  fresh  water  lit  for  drinking:  stag- 
nant water,  which  is  poisonous  to  us, 
contains  the  kind  of  creatures  that  I  saw. 
But  only  think,  chUdren,  how  small 
the  atoms  must  be  in  those  lively  little 
bodies!  Think,  too,  of  the  infinite  Wis- 
dom which  can  plan  and  perfect  such 
wonders ! 


FOR  THE   "CORNER." 

FROM    JI.    K.  T. 

I  am  going  to  tell  you  a  story  about 
the  same  little  Willie  with  whom  I  made 
i  that  contract.  You  may  not  see  anything 
very  funny  in  it,  but  I  am  sure  you  papa 
and  mamma  will  laugh  when  they  hear 
you  read  it. 

Willie  was  very  fond  of  reading,  and 
would  stay  in  doors  for  hours  quietly 
reading  his  favorite  book,  the  New  Tes- 
meut.  Now,  Willie  was  a  poor  reader, 
and  a  poor  speller,  too,  for  a  boy  eight 
years  old.  It  happened  about  this 
time  that  a  great  political  contention  was 
going  on,  and  the  words  "Democrat" 
and  "Republican"  were  heard  almost 
every  day;  besides  Willie's  infant  mind 
had  been  fed  on  troubles  arising  from  the 
spirit  of  partyism,  and  which  had  had 
the  efi'ect  of  stamping  upon  his  memory 
the  importance  of  a  party  name.  One 
day,  after  reading,  ho  sat  apparently 
meditating  upon  the  sacred  pages  before 
him,  when  suddenly  a  sober  lace  was 
raised  and  a  solemn  voice  said,  "Mam- 
ma, was  Jesus  a  Democrat?"  Mamma 
was  both  amused  and  astonished  at  so 
odd  a  question,  but  when  she  saw  the 
earnest  look  upon  his  face  she  said, 
"Why  do  you  ask?"  "Because  I  have 
read  where  Jesus  ate  with  Republicans 
and  sinners,  and  I  thought  perhaps  he 
might  have  been  a  Democrat." 

THE  PUZZLE   CORNER. 

The  boy  or  girl  that  will  send  Aunt 
Polly  the  best  original  puzzle  shall  have 
three  chromos;  the  one  who  will  send 
the  second  best  puzzle  shaU  have  a  pair 
of  chromos,  and  the  one  who  will  send 
the  third  best  shall  have  one  chromo. 
Now,  nephews  and  nieces,  we  want  some 
original  puzzles  that  it  will  be  worth 
chromos  to  find  out,  and  we  want  you  all 
to  see  what  nice  puzzles  yon  can  make 
to  trj-e.ach  other's  skill. 


Typical  Trees. 

For  gouty  people — the  ache  com. 
For  antiquarians — the  date. 
For  school  boys — the  birch. 
For  Irishmen — the  och! 
For  conjurers —the  palm. 
For  negroes — See  dah ! 
For  young  ladies—the  man  go. 
For  farmers — the  plautiu'. 
For  dandies — the  spruce. 
For  actors — the  pop'lar. 
For  physicians — syc  a  more. 
For  J'OU  wife — her  will  oh. 
For  lovers — the  sigh  press. 
For  the  disconsolate — the  pine. 
For  sewing  machine  people — the  hem- 
lock. 
For  boarding  house  keepers— -'ash. 
Always  on  hand — the  pawpaw. 
Who  is  this  written  for — vew. 


A  Very  Singular  Sentence. 

"Satorarepo  tenet  opera  rotas." 

1.  This  spells  bakward  and  forward  all 
the  same. 

2.  Then  taking  all   the   first  letters  of 
each  word  spells  the  first  word. 

3.  Then  all  the  second  letters  of   each 
word  spells  the  second  word. 

4.  Then  all  the  third,  and   so  through 
the  fourth  and  fifth. 

5.  Then  commencing  with  the  last  let- 
ter of  each  word  spells  the  last  word. 

6.  Then  the  next   to   the  last  of   each 
word,  and  so  on  through. 


Read  the  new  advertisements  on  sec- 
ond page  of  cover. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Beneath  the  hair,  there  is  developed,  in 
the  autumu,  a  short  and  exceedingly  fine 
leool,  from  which  the  famous  Cashmere 
shawls  are  fabricated." 

These  descriptions  prove  conclusively 
(as  I  have  elsewhere  publicly  claimed, 
without  being  disputed)  that  the  Angora 
and  the  Cashmere  are  distinct  and  very 
diSereut  breeds  of  goats,  especially  in 
the  important  particular  of  their  fleece. 
The  major  portion  of  the  world's  pro- 
duction of  mohair  or  Augora  goat's  fleece 
comes  from  Asia  Minor.  The  imports 
into  England  alone  now  reach  nearly 
seven  million  pounds  annually.  Consid- 
erable quantities  are  also  produced  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  in  Australia, 
while  in  our  own  country,  California  is 
beginning  to  compete  with  foreign  pro- 
ducers. The  Augora  goat  was  first  in- 
troduced to  the  Pacific  Coast,  in  18G1, 
by  W,  M.  Landrum,  who  took  across  the 
plains  some  bucks  of  the  Davis-Peters 
stock. 

The  value  of  mohair,  of  a  fair  merch- 
antable quality,  —  discarding  fictitious, 
inflated  prices  and  coming  down  to 
"hard  pan" — is  now  from  GOc.  to  $1  20 
per  pound  in  England  and  the  United 
States.  Quotations  in  Liverpool,  77  to 
78c.,  and  1)3  to  Olc,  gold,  the  last  sum 
equivalent  to  SI  20  gold,  it  this  country, 
after  adding  duties  and  expenses. 

Angora  goats,  mixed  and  pure,  bring 
about  the  following  prices  in  California: 
Ewes  —  half-breed,  $1;  three-quarter 
breed,  $G;  seven-eighth,  $9;  finer  grades, 
$30;  thoroughbreds,  from  $120  to  $175 
per  head.  Bucks — ^^mixed,  about  $30; 
first-class  thoroughbreds,  from  $150  to 
$200  each. 

From  these  facts,  it  will  be  seen  that 
this  pursuit,  though  still  in  its  infancy, 
has  profit  enough  in  it  to  give  it  a  great 
outcome.  The  place  to  raise  these  goats, 
however,  is  not  on  the  small  farms  of  the 
Eastern  and  Middle  States,  nor  in  gen- 
tlemen's parks,  gardens  or  lawns — for 
they  will  go  "through  such" — but  on  the 
waste  lands  and  the  wide  ranges  of  the 
Pacific  States  and  Territories,  where  the 
climate,  herbage  and  other  conditions  are 
most  favorable. 

One  point  particularly  to  be  noticed  in 
these  animals,  is  that  they  feed  on  herb- 
age that  sheep  will  not  eat,  and  clean  up 
the  land  for  sheep.  This  makes  them 
especially  desirable  as  adjuncts  to  the 
sheep-raiser.  In  California,  they  say,  in 
a  flock  of  1,000  sheep,  kept  by  the  same 
shipper,  500  goats  additional  can  be  easi- 
ly managed  without  taking  from  the  food 
of  the  sheep,  the  goat  eating  the  weeds 
and  briars,  and  leaving  the  grass  for  the 
sheep. 


Sloves 


EHEAF,SSI!rilE7ASLE,SE!lVI5SASLE 


THE   ANGORA 


0. 


OF  SAN  JOSE,  CAL., 
Are  making  a  Specialty  of  Manufactur- 
ing ail  styles  of  Gloves  from  the  Angora 
Goat  Skin,  and  claim  for  them: 
Ist.— They  are  cheaper  "■     j  buckskin  yluves. 

2(1.— The  Bbins  are  tanned  ■with  the  grain  on. 
ami  are  very  nearly  water-proof,  and  when,  by 
long  exposure,  they  are  wet,  thoy  dry  out  per- 
fectly Boft — as  good  as  new. 

3d. --They  will  out-wear  the  best  buckskin 
gloves. 

4th.— For  a  HARVF3T  GLOVE,  they  have  no 
equal. 

These  articles  are  manufactured  in  all  styles, 
from  the  cheapest  Laboring  Glove  to  the  Finest 
Fur  Gauntlet.     Also,  all  descriptions  uf 

PUES,  EOBES,  MATS,  EUGS,Etc 

Which,  for  Beauty,  Durability,  and  Cheapness, 
are  inferior  to  none. 

Buckskin  G-loves,  Mittens,   Etc., 

Ill  all   veri<ties.  and  as  f;o(id  an  the  bcRt. 


....OF   ... 

SAX7    JrOS3B. 

Paid  np  Capital  (gold  coin) ... .  $.'.00,000 
Anthorlzed  Capital 81, 000,  000 

John  W.  Hinds.  President;  E.  C.  Singlctary. 
Vice-PreBidcnt;  W.  D.  Tisdale,  Cashier  and  Sec- 
rotary:  L.  <i.  Nesmith,  Assistant  Cashier. 

Directors!— C.  Burrel,  W'm.  D.  Tisdalc,  E. 
L.  Bradley.  C.  G. Harrison,  E.  C.  Singletary.Wm. 
L.  Tlsdale,  John  W.  Hinds,  W.  H.  Wing,  T.  B. 
Edwards. 

Carregpond<-nta :—  AnRlo-Californian  Bank 
(limited),  San  Francisro;  First  National  Gold 
Ban)!,  S.  F.;  First  National  Bank,  NeW  lork; 
Anylo-Califomlan  Bank  (limited)  London. 

WILL  ALLOW  INTEKKST  ON  DEPOSITS, 
buy  and  sell  Exchange,  make  c-oUcctions, 
loan  money,  and  transact  a  (Icnrral  Banking 
Business.  Special  indncemonts  offered  to  mer- 
chants, mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  commer- 
cial accounts. 
S.  W.  Cor.  PIrsf  anil  Sniita  Clara  Sts., 

SAser  JOSS. 


SA.:^  JOSE 


28G  Sitnta  Clara  Street. 


CAPITAI.  STOCK 
Paid  iu  Capital  (G 


lid  Coin) 


8000,000 
SUOO,  000 


The  Califoenia  Agkicultubist,  a 
magazine  devoted  to  the  interests  of  the 
farmer,  published  at  San  Jose,  is  upon 
our  table.  It  is  replete  with  valuable 
information  for  the  class  of  readers  for 
which  it  is  intended,  and  serves  its  pur- 
pose better  than  any  periodical  ever  jnib- 
lished  on  this  coast.  It  has  long  since 
become  an  exploded  idea  that  book  farm- 
ing is  not  successful,  and  agricultural 
papers  are  rapidly  coming  into  promin- 
ence. Indeed,  why  not?  Agriculture  is 
essentially  the  leading  industry  of  the 
land,  and  there  can  certainly  be  nothing 
more  important  iu  developing  these  in- 
terests than  an  able  exponent.  As  such 
we  recommend  the  Califoknia  Agricul- 
turist, published  at  San  Jose. — Solano 
Iie.puhlicun.Maij  11. 


Fine  Fsdtry. 


Black-Breasted  Red  Carries,  from 

imiiurted  stuck,  %varrauted  to  stant  steel,  abso- 
lute purity  of  strain  guaranted.  Eggs  $G  per 
dozen.    Trios,  after  Augtst  1st,  |20. 

Dark  BrahmaS,  from  imported  stock, 
Eggs  $5  per  doz.    Trios,  after  August  1st,  %10. 

Brown  Leghorns,  Superior  variety. 
Eggs  $»  pur  dciz.      Trios,  after  August  Ist,  $15. 

My  Games  are  from  stock  imported  liy  mo 
from  the  most  celebrated  breeders  in  the  United 
States  and  England. 

Under  no  circumstances  will  an  inferior  bird 
be  sold.  Purchasers  can  rely  in  all  cases  upon 
receiving  the  best. 

Orders  received  will  bo  filled  in  rotation. 

Refer  to  the  Editor  of  this  paper. 

FRED.   E.   COLLIXS, 

P.  O.  Box  171,  San  Jose.  my 


OHicers:~PreEident,  John  H.  Moore;  Vice- 
President,  Cary  Peebles;  Cashier,  H.  H.  Reynolds; 
H.  L.  Cutter,  Secretary.  --  ' 

Directors:— John  H.  Moore,  Dr.  B.  Bi-yant,  S. 
\.  Bishop,  Dr.  W.  U.  Stone,  Cary  Peebles,  S.  A. 
Clark,  H.  Messing. 

NEW   FEATlTREi 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts,"  bearing 
Interest  at  0,  Sand  10  percent  per  annum;  inter- 
est  payable  promptly  at  the  end  of  six  months 
from  date  of  deposit.  The  "Receipt"  maybe 
transferred  by  indorsement  and  the  principle 
with  interest  paid  to  holder.  Interest  also  al- 
lowed on  Book  Accounts,  beginning  at  date  of 
deposit.  Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any 
in  the  State,  and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe 
keeping  of  Bonds,  Stocks,  Papers,  Jewelry, 
Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,  at  trifling  cost. 
Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York, 
in  Gold  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates.  Buy 
and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


SAN  JOSE 

INSTITUTE 

.\ND 

BUSINESS_COLLEGE ! 

A  Day  and  Boarding  School  for 
Both  Sexes. 


rpHE  SECOND  SESSION  OF  THE  CUKEENT 

School  Tear  will  commence  January  3d,  187G. 

In  acknowledging  the  kindness  of  the  patrons 
of  this  School,  the  Proprietors  desire  to  assure 
them  that  with  the  increased  patronage  will  be 
added  increased  facilities  for  imparting  instruc- 
tion. They  intend  that  the  School  shall  offer 
the  very  best  opportunities  for  acquiring  thor- 
ough education,  both  theoretical  and  practical. 

The  course  of  study  in  the  Academic  grade  is 
extensive  and  thorough. 

The  Business  College  has  no  vactions. 

Students  from  a  distance  will  find  pleasant 
rooms  and  board  at  reasonable  prices  at  the 
boarding-house. 

The  Faculty  accept  to  its  fullest  extent  the 
growing  demand  of  the  industrial  classes  for 
recognition  iu  the  public  educational  system 
hailing  it  as  the  harbinger  of  a  higher  and  better 

civilization.  , 

ISAAC  KlNIiEY, 

Saperintendent  of  the  Institute 
JAMES  VINSOlVHAIiER. 

Priiiclpnl  of  llie  Easiness  Collese. 

FOE,  THE  HARVEST  OP  1S76. 


SMALL  FARM 


>kor.      (Into 


L.    FlNIOAN, 

i.f   MiiryHVille.) 


F  O 


FARMERS'     UNION. 

{Successors  to  A.  Phisiee  ,t   Co.) 
Cor.     Second    and    Santa    Clara    Sts., 

SAN  JOSE. 
CAPITAL       -      -      •       $100,000. 


WILLIAM  ERKSON 
H.  E.  HILLS 


President. 
Manager. 


Wm.  Erkson, 
L.  F.  Chipman, 
Horace  Little, 
C.  T.  Settle, 


DIRECTORS I 


J.  P.  Dudley, 
David  Campbell, 
James  Singleton, 
E.  A.  Braley. 


and 


AGREEABLY  SITUATED  ON  THE  FOOT- 
hills  in  the  WARM  BELT,  nine  miles  from 
San  Jose,  near  Los  (iatos.  2.-i  acres  in  Cultiva- 
tion, fjS  acres  of  Pasture  and  Live-Oak  Ornve, 
SI)  acresof  Chaparral  aiulWoodland;  twoSpiings 
on  the  place. 


Thomas  E.  Snell. 

%^  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  Business. 
.\lso,  receive  deposits,  on  which  such  interest 
will  be  allowed  as  may  be  agreed  upon,  and 
make  loans  on  approved  security. 

J  .  M.  MOOREHEAD 

Is  now  receiving  the  finest  and  most  ele- 
gant   line  of 

MILLINEEY,    FANCY    GOODS, 


DENTISTS. 
Ollice:— 339  First  street,  San  Jose. 


Dwelling  House,  Barn,  Orchard,  Gar- 
den, Well,  '4  tJood  Horses,  One  (OK, 
4  years  old.  One  Farm  \Vat;on.  tine 
Spring;  Wjijjon.  Vi  TonB  of  Hay,  5 
Head  of  Dairy  Stock.  .10  CllirkenB, 
Good  Fnrinintr  Iinplenienls.  House 
Furniture,  Lot  of  Tools,  .Sic. 

Title,  U.  S.  Patent. 

Price,  «:»,  500— Part  Cash,  easy  terms  fur  the 
Itemniiidir. 
Address,  LOS  OATOS  P.  O.,  or  apply  on  the 
Premises  to  the  Proprietor, 


G.  OUKUINOT. 


L.\nTES' 


— AND — 

FURNISHING 


At  Cost  of  Importation. 

BEHEY  &  PLACE,  San  Francisco, 

Agents  for  J.  I.  CASE, 

ARE  PREPARED  FOR  THE  COMING  HAR-" 
vest  with  the  largest  stock  of  Improved  Ma- 
chines and  Implements,  ever  olferedtothc  farm- 
ers of  California.  These  machines  are  all  new, 
mostly  built  this  season,  and  now  just  being  re- 
ceived from  the  factory.  The  list  embraces  such 
machines  as, 

^UTN.V  MOWERS. 
Price  $100.    Extras  for  which  we  guarantee  to 
keep  always  on  hand.     Weight,  B50  lbs.;   cuts* 
feet  4  inches.    Has  Double  Speed  to  knife, 
is  the  best  machine  ever  sold  in  California. 

^ETNA  AND    KIRBY  REAPERS, 
At  from  $1''0  to  $-200.     We  have  a  large   slock  >  n 
baud,  and  are  determined  to  sell,  them,  regnr^- 
lese  of  cost. 

Patent 
TREADWELlr'S    Single-     HEADERS, 

gear 
Made  by  J.  I.  Case  &  Co.    The  best  ever  sold  in 
California.    Ask  any  man  who  has  tried  oim. 
"What  he  thinks  of  it." 

HOADLEY  ENGINES. 
The  new  style  Hoadley  Straw  Burner  is  the 
finest  threshing  engine  in  the  world.  Price, 
$17110.  The  standard  IS-horse  power  Hoadley, 
$lli5U;  1'2-horse  powcr,$1450:  9-horse  power,  $1'.!00 
All  with  heavy  running  gear,  and  all  improve- 

"    "the  END-SHAKE  THRESHER. 

Tlicso  Threshers  are  the  finest  in  the  world. 
Seliil  for  RK.DUCKD  PlilUES. 

THE  WHITEWATER   WAGON. 

This  is  the  STANDARD  WAGON  on  the  Paciflo 
Coast.     Send  for  reduccil  prices. 

tfir  Wo  Imve  a  few  Pacific  Wagons  on  hand, 
which  wo  offer  below  cost.    Send  for  prices. 


GOODS 


Ever  offered  in  this   City- 
All   of   Our   Own   Direct  Iniportulions, 
At  arc  SANTA  CI.AU.V  STREET, 

Opposite  the  Auzoraia  House San  Jose. 


grkvy  farmer  buying  $.!00  worth  of  machines 
or  imrlemenls  of  us,  will  be  paid  his  fare  to  San 
Francisco  and  back,  if  not  over  20(1  miles.  He 
can  thus  come  and  Bi  e  for  himself  without  any 
expense.  _,   .  _._ 

BERRY  &  PLACE, 

Old  Stand. 
Market,  head  of  Front  st.  San  Francisco. 


Ladies*    Hats  and  Bonni  ts 

BLEECHED,  PEESSED,  and  DONE  OVES. 

In  all   the  New  Shapes. 

STAMPING      DONE     TO      ORDER 

In  the  Best  Manner. 


JACOB   EBERHARBT  -  -  Prop 

t   I.r.  KINDS  OV  LEATHER.    SHEIi 

A  skins    aii.l   w.iol.    Highest   price   paid 
Sliccp  Skins,  Tallow.  Wool,  etc. 


P- 

for 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


EBEEDEBS'    DIRECTORY. 

Parties  desiring  to  purchase  Live  Stock  will 
liud  in  this  Directory  the  uames  of  some  of  the 
must  reliable  Breeders. 

Our  Rates. — Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  wlil  be 
inserted  iu  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50 
cents  per  month,  payable  annually. 

X  line  will  average  about  seven  words.  Cownt 
tive  words  for  the  first  line. 

CATTLE. 

SB.  EMERSON,   Mountain  View,  Santa 
.  Clara  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
and  Holstein  Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

CYRUS  JOMES  &  CO.,    San  .Jose,  Santa 
Clara  County.  Cal.— Breeders  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle.     "  Young  Bulls  for  sale." 

CHARL.es  CLARK,  Milpltas,  Santa  Clar" 
County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine. 

C COLEMAN  YOUNGER,    San  Jose.  Santa 
J  Clara  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle. 


B.    POI.HEMUS,  Sau  .lose,  Santa  Clara 
I  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cat- 


F.   W.   WOLLF, 

Til'   only  a^'iiit  in  San  Joee  for  the 
LI(;i!T    lU'NNING 

II)l()|MU:|8|T|I|Ci 

NJ'AV    WILSON, 
REMINGTON, 

AND    VICTOR 
SEtirilVe         IMACHIIVES. 


c, 

tie. 


CARR  &  CHAPMAN,   Gabilan,  Monterey 
County.   Cal.— Breeders  of  Trotting  Horses, 
Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

WIj.  OVERHISER,  Stockton,  San  Joa- 
.  quin  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle  and  Swine. 


M 


OSES    WICK,    OroviUe,  Butte  County 
Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND  GOATS. 


CP.  BAIX.EY,  San  Jose  Cal.— Importer, 
.  breeder,  and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  An- 
gora Goats.  Fiue  Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for 
sale, 

MCCRACKEN  &  I.EWIS,  San  Jose,  Cal,— 
Importers  and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goats; 
also,  fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 

MRS.  ROBKRT  BI.ACOVV,  Centerville, 
near  Nil.s  Station.  .Ilanicda  County,  Cal.— 
Pure-blooded  French  Menuo  Rams  and  Ewes 
lor  sale.  , 


SWINE. 


CHARL.es  CI.ABK,  Mllpitas,  Santa  Clara 
County,  Cal.— Breeder  of   P\ire-bred  Berk- 
shire Swine, 


POULTRY. 


MRS.  t,.  J.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara- 
Premium  Fowls.  White  and  Brown  Leg- 
horn, S.  S.  Hamburg.L.  Brahmas,  B.  B .  Red  Game, 
Game  Bantams,  and  Aylesbury  Ducks.  Also, 
Eggs. 


MISCELLANEO  US. 


A  full  asKortmeut  of  SILK.  TIIRE.VD,  OIL, 
ATTACHMENTS,  the  Best  Needles  for  all  Sew- 
ing Machines  constantly  on  hand. 

319  Second    Street, 

Opp.  Fountain   street,  San  Juso.  my 

Th.e    Goodenouerh. 

COMMON-SENSE  SYSTEM 

HORSESHOEmG    SHOP! 

Cor.       Santa    Clara     and     San      Pedro 
Streets  (opposite  Post  Oflice) . 

The  only  Nfttural  Mfth'ul  of  Slioeiii-.'  the  Horse 
to  iiri.-vi.nt 

Corns,  Quarters  Cracks,  Contrac- 
tion of  the  Hoof,  and  all 
Lameness  Resulting 
from  Unsound 
Feet. 
JOKIV  FADDLV,  Froprietor. 

JAS.   LAWIB,    lTa.tic.-il  Shoer. 


0 


Just  What  You  Want  for  Your- 
self and  Children. 


1776       CEirTXSirDriAL       1876  I 

P  R  O  C  L  AM  A  T  I  O  N.  I 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway. 

Is  the  pnpul.-ir  r.'Htc    "V.  rland  Ii>  tlie  Erit.t. 
Passengers   tor   (;liicago,  Niiigara   Falls,  Pitts- 
burg, Philadelphia,  Montreal,  Quebec,  New  York 
Boston,    or  any    point  East,    stmuld  buy    their 
trans-continental   tickets  vi.-i  the    pii>iic(  r  rout., 

THE  CHICAGO  &N0RTHWE3T3RN  E.E. 

This  is  the  Ucst  route  East.  Its  Track  is  of 
Steel  Hails,  and  on  it  has  been  nuidi:  the  Fastest  , 
time  that  has  ever  been  made  in  this  country.  By  ' 
this  route  passengers  for  points  east  .-f  (^hicago 
havechoiceof  the  following  lines  from  Chicago: 
Piltiiljur^.  Forlivnyiie  anil  Chica^ti 
and    Pennsylvania  Kailwayit. 

•  >  Througli  trains  daily,  witii  I'uhiiim  Palace 
ij  Cars  througli  to  I'hiiadrlpliia  ami  New  York 
on  each  train. 

I   I  THHOUGH  TRAIN,  WITII   PULLMAN  PAL-  I 
I    I  ace  Cars  to  IiaUim<'re  and  Washington.  [ 

Ev  tho  Lil'.o  Shore  and  Michigin  Couthcm  SiUway  and 
Connoif.on:  i  ITcv;  Vori  Ccotnl  lad  Erio  itiilTiyE ) : 

■  1  TIIRoriill  TRAINS  IiAlI.Y,  WITH  PALACE 

•  )  Drawing    l; n   and    Silver   Palace  Sleeping 

Cars  througli  t..  New  York. 

By  tne  Uichigin  Ccntril,  Orind  Irani,  Brcat  Western  and 
'  Eric  and  New  Yori  Central  Eailways:  i 

O  Througli  trains,  witli    Pullman  Palace  Draw-   ' 
O  ing  Room  and  Sleciiing  Cars  tlimugh  to  New 
York  to  Niagara  F'alls,   Iliinalo,   lictilu  ster,  or 
New  York  city . 

By  the  Baltimore  nn<I   Oliif>  Railroad:  | 
rt  Through  trains  daily,  with    Pullman  Palace 
J!i  Cars    for     Newark,    Zanesville.      Wheeling,  | 
\Va6hington   and    Ballimore  without  change.        , 

This  is  the  Shortest.  Best,  and  only  line  run- 
ning Pull  man  celebrated  Palace  sleeping  cars  and 
cohclies.  connecting  with  irnioii  Pacific  Railroad 
at  Omaha  and  from  the  West,  via  Grand  .lun.;- 
tion,  Marshall.  Cedar  Rapids,  Clinton,  Sterling  i 
and  Dixon,  for  Chicago  and  the  East.  | 

This  popular  route  is  unsurpassed  for  Speed,  \ 
Comfort  and  Safety.  The  smooth,  well-ballasted 
and  perfect  track  of  steel  rails,  the  lolcbrated 
Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars,  the  perfect  Tele- 
graph System  of  moving  trains,  the  regularity 
with  which  they  run,  the  admirable  arrangement 
for  running  thrniigh  trains  to  Chicago  from  all 
points  West. secure  to  passengers  all  the  comforts 
in  modern  Railway  Traveling.  No  changes  of 
Cars  and  no  tedious  delays  at  Ferries. 

Passengers  will  find  Tickets  via  this  Favorite 
Route  at  the  General  Ticket  Oflice  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Rrailroad,  Sacramento,  and  in  all  the 
Tichctorticesot  theCenlral  Pacific  Railroad. 

MaKVIS  HUOHlTT,  W.  H.  StENNKTT. 

Gen.  Supt..  Chicago.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent. 

H.  P.  STaNWOOI).  General  Agency.  121  Mont- 
gomery street,  San  P'rancisco. 


S  HARRIS  Hi;l{l{l\G,  San  .Jose,  Cal.— 
_  ,  Agent  for  several  lue.-.leisof  Best  Pure-bred 
animals  and  poultry.  We  bring  the  breeder  and 
purchaser  together  direct,  and  do  not  stand  be- 
tween them,  while  we  aid  each  free  of  charge. 

CPLENDID   CARD    PHOTOGRAPHS, 

io  only  S!J  a  dozen,  and  Cabinets  $4  a  dozen, 
at  HOWLANO'S  Gallery  (Heering'Biold  stand) 
No.  359  First  street,  San  Jose. 

WALLACE  «k  CO.,  No.  386  First 
street— Handsome  turnouts  always  on  hand 
at  fair  prices.  Fine  Hearse  for  Funerals.  Car- 
riages for  Bale.    Give  us  a  trial. 

H.    S.    LAMKIIV, 

ATTORNEY-AT-LAW— ROOMS    3   AND    4, 
Stone's  Building  (opposite  Auzerais  House) , 
Santa  Clara  street,  San  -Jose. 

DR.   J.    BRADFORD  COX. 

FFICE     OVER     T.    W.  SPRING'S    STORE, 
opposite  the  Post  Office,  San  Jose. 


DON'TrAlLtomrOEaPAIOT 

ONLY  25  CENTS. 


Locke  <&  Montague, 


Comfortable  Combination 

Clothing. 

THIS  STYLE  OF  UNDERCLOTHING  FOR 
Ladies  has  been  found  by  all  who  have 
used  it,  the  most  convenient  and  comfortable, 
as  well  as  economical  of  any  now  in  use.  Models 
were  exhibited  and  attracted  mnch  commenda- 
tion at  the  late  Fair. 

Patterns  can  be  had  by  applying  to  Mrs . 
Herrinj;^,  cast  side  of  Ninth  street,  between  St. 
.John  and  St.  James  streets,  San  Jose,  (where 
Ejunplcs  can  be  seen.)  or  by  addressing 


IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 


C.  C.  C.  Company, 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

C1ARRIAGB      MAKER.        PIONEER 
J  Carriage  Shop. 

3U  SECOND  STREET, 

Between    Santa     Clara     street     and    Fountain 

Alley,  San  Jose, 

Acent  for  Fish  Bro. '8  Wagons. 


Box  686  San  Francisco 

This  reform  underclothing  has  been  -worn  by 
the  Editor's  wife  and  children  for  the  past  two 
seasons,  and  is  certainly  superior  in  points  oi 
comfort,  healthfulness,  and  economy  of  wear 
and  material  of  anv  ever  invented.  It  is  the  in- 
vention of  a  California  lady  who  makes  every 
pattern  her-elf  and  writes  full  directions  upon 
each.  No  family  that  once  tries  this  style  of 
clothing  will  ever  go  back  to  the  others. 

Dr.  N,  KLEIN,       Surgeon  Dentist- 


tiJ-  The  National  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to 
Bradely  &  Bulofson  for  the  best  Photographs  in 
the  United  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  for  the 
best  in  the  world. 

429  Mantgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 


Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  «c. 

112  and  114  Battery  St., 

SA\    FR.VXt  I'^l  O. 

Closing  Out  Stock 


THE  SUBSCRIBERS.  INTENDING  TOCLO^E 
up  tbeir  busineps  with  as  little  delay  as  pos- 
sible, mnv  offer  their  stofk  of 

Jackson      Wagons ! 

As  a  WHOLE,  or  at  RETAIL,  ou  the  most  favor- 
'  able  tei-ms  and  at  very  low  prices. 

J.    D.  ARTHIR   &  SON, 

mh  Cor.  California  and  Davis  St.,  S.F. 

Me  lie  fee  &  Gaston 


DENTISTS, 

S.W.Cor.Smitii  Clara  and  First  Sts 

Over  Farmers*  National  Gold  Bant, 
SAN  JOSE. 

t^  Special  attention  given  to  Fine 
Gold  Fillings.  Laughing  Gas  AdminiB- 
tered. 


EMPEY  L  LEHHAUD, 

Manufacturers  and  Dealers  iu 

HAR-Aj;^^    COL- 
NESS,g^^L  ARS, 

SADDLERY, 

Jarriage    Trimmings.     Etc. 

,Yo.  ^lly^   Sii'.lii  Clara  Stred. 

SAN  JOSZi. 


T.W.MitcheU, 

Porter's   Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SAN     JCISI.. 

SEEDSMAN  and  FLOHIST 

All.!  D.iil.Tlii  Kl..»»erlli(;Plaiit«, 

Oriiiiiiieiital    SlirutiH,     ijulbi* 

uikI    Kloiverliii.'    U«iii«K   in 

Vuliely,  liiiii;.'lM|;  Bus- 

kvt«,    Urieil  tira««f«, 

French  IninirirK-llea  of  A»iiorted 

CcilorH,   Ktr  ,  Etc. 

8^  Seeds.  Fresh  and  Keliable. 


I    I-  /.  tI  1 1-1^' 

R.    C      KIIUIV     ^-    CO., 

TANNERS ! 

SANTA  CRUZ  OAK-TANNED  SOLE 

LEA'lHER. 

WHOLESALE     DEALERS. 


OUlce~402    and    404    Battery    Street, 

.S.l.V    FU.iXCISCO. 


The  Bee-Keepers"  Magazine. 

An  n-n'sTBATED  Mi'uthly  Jour- 
^es  devoted 

CtJLTTiaE. 

Kino,  eon- 

itributionB 

UPPER,  and 

„,„. „.c:-Keeper«  in 

both  EfRopE  and  AMERICA.  A' 
larMC  space  is  devoted  to  begissecs  Riving  use- 
ful information  just  when  it  is  needed  through- 
out the  year.  Terms:  SL.'iO  per  year.  We 
will  send' the  JI.^gazine  4  months  ox  trial  and 
IXCLCDE  a  r>4-pai!e  paulphlct  (price  "lO  cts  I,  con- 
taiuini;  a  beautiful  life-like  Chromo  of  Honey- 
PUSTS  and  iTAi.TAS  Bees  In  their  natural  colors, 
Prize  Essav  bv  Mrs.  TuppER,  Queen  Rearing  by 
:\r  ynsBV.  instructions  for  Befiuuers,  etc.,  aU 
for  .50  cts.     Address. 

KIXe  iS:  SLOCCM, 
r.l  HiiiNoii  s«;eet.  New  Tfork. 


PRINTING.; 


Posters,  Dodgers, 
Handbills,  Books, 
(atalogue-,  Circu- 

_  _  I  lars, Programmes, 

Bills  of  Fare,  Invit-.tions,  Keoeipte,  Labels, 
Blanks,  Billheads,  Slatementu,  Cards,  Tags,  eto., 
together  with  every  description  of  -Job  Printing 
executed  promptly  and  in  a  workmanlike  man- 
ner by  COTTLE  S:  WKIGH  1',  No.  ;iU  Market  St, 
over  Bland  A:  Ke^^nart's  auction  store,  San  Joee. 


OR.  C.  R.  SPAW, 

Resident  Dentist, 
Comer  of   First   and 

Santa  Clara  streets. 

In  McLaughlin  &  Ry- 

land's  building, 

San  -Jose.  Cal. 


XI^W  For  ?.>  subscriptions  to  the  Califor- 
nia   Agriculturist,  at    SI. .50     each,    the    ( 
publisheiTi    will    give    a   S70    New    Davis    ' 
>fe^vini;  Machine.     Here  is  an  opportunity 
for  some  energetic  lady  to  get  the  best  Sewing 
Machine  for  a  little  time  well  employed.      The   , 
DAA''IS   took  the  first  premium  at  the  Santa  V 
Clara  Vallev  Agricultural  Society's  Exhibition 
last  Fall.      ■  , 


Enri^lil's  hid  hMi  M  d  Straw  hmi  Engines 

Patented  July  SOth  and    November  Sid,  1875. 


Biivus  wood  or  Straw  without  change,  and  Coal  by  chnng- 
iug  two  jjlates.     Took  the  Preiiiiniii  at   the  California  State 

Fair,  l«75,  as  the  Best  Straw-Burner. 

1-3^   Send  for  Testimiiuials  and  Priee  to 

JOSEFK    ISnrRIGKT,  San  Jose,  Cal., 


BOOTS  AlTD  SHOES. 

A  Large  and  Superior  Assurtiiient. 

ITo.    394     First    Street, 

Wiliox  Blofk.  San  Ji'se. 

BEAR  CREEK  „„.,, 

LUMBER  CO..  „,^^  ,,    , 

who„.s.i,Muu.R.taii„.»i,.™in       THIRD  Street, 
ALL  KINDS  OF  LUMBER,  Near 

Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc  Moody's  Mills, 
California  and  Oregon  Lumljel^       s.^^;  jose. 

Constantly  on  hautl. 

All  Orders  Promptly   Fill  ed  p.  o.  Box  509. 


SIMCOKIXITG  CHZMNEVS  CURED  J.     Q.      V  E  IT  IT  T7'M. 


The  GOTHIC  VENTILATOR  and  CHIMNE?  TCP 


HAS  PROVED  A  COMPLETE 
SufcesK  ill  curing  the  most  ob- 
hUuate.  Blu'-gish  and  smoky  cbiiii- 
neys.  It  Ktands  on  the  top  of  the 
chimney,  and  does  not  require  a 
BuiokeHtackto  carry  it  above  the  sur- 
rouudiuM  buildings. 

It  is  the  only  (!himut-y  top  that  will 
work  s(itisf;utorily  when  surrounded 
b\  hi^li  l>uil(liu;is.  For  ventilating 
Elevators,  Ma.hine  Shops,  R.  U.  Di'- 
pots,  Car  Shops,  etr.,  it  is  iinrivaled. 

N.  B. — Send  inside  measurement  of 
topof  rhimuey  or  ventilating  shaft. 

All  Chiranev  Tops  guaranteed  to 
give  entire  satisfaction,  and  if  any 
f>hould  liiil  lifter  a  trial  uf  twu  nionths 
T\e  will  rlie'.Tfiillv  refund  the  money. 

r.      KLEIN', 

-JJ7   SANTA   CLARA  STREET, 

S,\N'    TilSK 


ItK  \lj.l;  IN 

CARRIAGES,     BIGGIES,     PHAETONS 

and  SPRING  WAGONS. 

It?"  ALL      WORK      WARRANTED  "Vil 

jVO.  447   FIBST   STBEET,   San  Jose. 

"^mm  mu  company 

MANUFALTLHEltS  C>F 

Monuments,  Head    Stones,  Tablets, 
Cenotaphs,  Tombs, 

and  all  kinds  of  Cemetery  wurk  in  ^Marbleand  Granite 

Miirhle,,      Slate    and     Iron    Mantles.     Table 
Tops,  Tile,  Grates,  Fountains,  Kic. 

Busts  cut  from  Photographs.      Statuary  and  Busts  iu 

Plaster  or  Marble.     Moulding  and  Designing 

done  on  shrrt  nntier,     PRICES  LoW. 

FIELD,  COMBS  ^  KEVrDALIi, 

NO.  it-i   SECOND  STREET, 
Between  Santa  Clara  and  St.  John  streets,  San  Jose. 

Z''     SAN  JOSE. 

Drug-  Store, 

In  ."^IcLaughliu  ^t  Ryhmd's 
Bank  Building, 

309    FIRST    STREET, 

SAN  JOSE,  CAL. 

J,   A.    Chittenden. 


GARDEN  CITV 

DRUG  STORE'''    '  ""'^' 

|ic«tochc 

H.  PIES"S"1TECKER, 

Proprietor,  San    Jose. 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St.      

C.E.  CAMPBELL,  ,,,,^     ,„^,,, 

Manufacturer  of  Pumps, 

Well  Pipe  anil  Galvanized  Iron      Hydraulic  Sams, 

Pumps  with  Improved  Valves,    ^sal  ani  Iron  Pipe, 

Tin,  Copper,  Zinc  anil    Slieet-         Brass  Goods, 

Iron    AVares,      Galvanized    Iron  Hos6  Wire, 

Cliimneys,  Tin  Roofing,  Plumb-     Farmers'  Boilers, 


iiig^  etc. 

House  Furiisbing 

No.  339  First  Street,  opposite  El  Do- 
rado  St. 

Wirss. 

%jtr  O'Bauion  &  Kent  sell  Clothing  at  such 
bargains  that  no  "jewing"  is  necessar.v. 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

327  First  Street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE 

TAIL'  Fiilt 


Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains, 


Grain 


Dealer. 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  Blncksuiith    and  Carriage  Shop. 
Balbncli^s  Neiv   Briek,  cor.    Sec- 
ond St,  and  Fountain   Alley, 
SAX    JOSE. 
Ag^ent  for   Fisli    Bro. *8  Wagons. 

New  Work  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
Implements,  etc. 

West's     American    Tire-Setter. 


RHODES  &  LEWIS. 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.   nTt5  First   .Street, 

I  SAN   .JOSE 


Bladvsmith. 


The  Cal.  AGnicoLTumsr  Pud  Co.  have  cnnttitute  1 
tliemBolvcBa  Purcliiiiili'tt  Agency,  to  ai-couiniuilato 
AGmcui.TuiiiKT  KubBirilicrs.  AnytliiuK  wanted  in  ShilJiW! 
or  San  Francisco  inuchnsrd  at  lowest  rates  tor  ciisli,  and 
orwardod  to  order  Free  of  foinniissioiis. 


o>^MyUC>v^ 


■     -^T 


^^> 


Table  of  Contents. 


^ 


mi 


PAGE 

B 07a  and  Qlrla.— l^audtHiou  Clock 
(Poetry).  '♦Oar Corner.  *8ome- 
iluut;  About  the  Geutennial.  lO'J-10 

Correapondencs.  —  From  Keru  la- 
land.  Watering  Places.  Cool 
Water lUl 

City  Oariening.  — tTimely  Hints. 
Mistakes  inFloricuUuro lOU 

«mC3tic.—*Familiar  Talks  No.l2.        I 
tlieat  Food.    Recipes.    Ktc. . .  107: 

Dairy. —A    Good    Cow    (Poetry). 
Dairying   in   California.     But- 
ter and  Beef.    Pure  Water  for        | 
Cuttle 104-51 

Editorial  Notes i*9.' 

Educatioaal.— A  Country  School  I 
(Poetry).  1The  Subjectof  Kd-  I 
luutiou.  Cbild'n  on  the  Farm.  , 
Root  Up  the  Weeds.  Agricul- 
tural Reading.  Smoking  and  | 
Boys.  The  Farmers  Wanted. 
Boys,  Note  Th  is.    Vulgarity,  105-G 

Housohold  Roiling.— A  Deed  and  a        1 
Word  (Pi»et'y).  *Fashion.  *Up- 
Couutry  Letters.    '♦Popularity. 
•^More  than  One  Woman  in  the 


I  PAfiK 

Hou&e.    *Streain  of  Life.  Hus- 

I  bands  and  WIvch.  Household 
Help.  *An  Iuij;lewood  Senti- 
ment.   *A  (Do)nut  to  Cr»ck  .107    ■ 

UisceUaaaons.  —  tThinning  Out 
Fruits,  t Over-production  and 
Finance,  t  Destructive  Cater- 
pillars.     t£^uropean    Qardeu. 

tCiraftiug    LargeVines 'J7 

♦Three    i^uestions.      Summer 
KoBort.  Oranaries  of  the  Nile. 

Reapers,    Does  it  Pay? Ill 

♦Inherited  Tendencies 102 

Poetry  — Lixingtoo.  Our  Patriot 
Flag.  Centennial  Song.  Uncle 
Sam's  a  Hundred.  Ode  to  Jon- 
athan.   Centennial  Hymn  ...    'J'.' 

Poultry  Yard. --^Hatching  Chickens 
in  Summer.  tFine  Poultrj- 
BusincHK  in  California.  Gapes. 
*Game  Fowls.  Keep  Chickens 
Scratching.  Egg-preserving 
Pickle.  Feeding  Peppers.  Pro- 
nta.     Eggrt  by  Weight 103-1 

Sheep  and  3oats.— 1Call5ornia-bred 
Merinos.    Late  Importation..  li>' 


PAOK 

Stools  Breodor.  — tstock  Farming 
vs.  Ranchiug.  Close  Breeding. 
Over-feediug  Stock  for  Shows. 
Proatablo  Grades.  Educating 
Bulls 101--' 

Woman.— STicntirtc  Courtship  (po- 
etry).   AsSixteen  to  Twenty- 
Six.    Things  I  Like  to  See.  ..lOtJ-7 


tributed.     t  Editorial. 


^^ 


.^^ 


m  Mtfousa-fom  Mm/aiH'E.  m 


X 


-/^^ 


k'v] 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


THE  CHAMPION  ASanJose    invention  I^^RS.  H.  E.  ell iott 

FRUrT     DRYER  ! 


Will  Mnliulii.  tur.'    tin 


THETUTTLE  PUMP  FUEKH  YOKE    SHIUTi 


TBI!     FAIMIXSKS'      UNION 


Has  tnktr'ii  tin-  A^'nty  of  this  Drj'er.  beliiviny  it 
tt>  be  the 

Best,  Cheapest,  and  BAost  Eco- 
nomical Dryer  I^ade. 

Kxpevieiicecl    Persons    in    Fruit-Drying 
Recommend   It. 


Dryiuj;  Fruit  and  Vegetables;  has  be  lome  one 
of  the  departments  of  labor  and  prolit  among 
the  iudustrieeof  California,  and  we  invite  Fruit 
Growers  to  come  and  see  our  Champion  Fruit 
Dryer,  and  test  it  with  any  kind  of  fruit  or  veg- 
etables before  purchasing. 

This  Dryer  consists  ol  a  sheet  iron  furnace, 
from  five  to  eight  feet  long,  and  two  feet  high, 
with  a  partition  nmning  horizontally  six  inches 
below  tlie  top,  on  the  inside,  the  full  length  and 
breadth  of  tbe  furnace,  except  a  space  uf  live 
inches  at  the  back  eml.  Beneath  this  pax'titiou 
the  fire  is  hept,  the  heat  of  which  jiasses  to  the 
back,  and  there  turns  in  a  range  upward  through 
the  five  inch  space,  and  passi's  between  the  par- 
tition and  top,  back  to  the  front  end  of  the  fur- 
nace and  out  of  a  chimney  above  the  chest  of 
drawers. 

This  arrangement  completely  equalizes  the 
heat  at  eaih  end  imd  all  alaug  the  top  of  the 
fm'nace.  so  that  no  one  drawer  is,  at  any  time, 
hotter  than  the  others. 

The  attachment  to  hold  the  fruit  for  di-ying 
consists  of  a  hex  or  chest  of  drawers  made  wide 
enough  to  set  out  on  eoch  side  and  end  about  15 
inches  from  the  furnace,  and  it  is  inclosed  with 
tougued  and  grooved  lumber,  except  space  in 
front  for  the  furuiice  and  on  each  side  for  the 
drawers  to  pass  in  above  the  furnace.  This 
chest  is  lined  two  feet  high  on  the  inside  with 
sheet  iron,  and  twotiersof  drawerecome  in  from 
t^ach  side,  supported  by  pieces  passing  from  one 
side  across  the  top  of,  and  one  foot  above  the 
furnace  to  uprights  on  the  other,  and  meet  in 
the  center  over  the  furnace.  Tlic  bottoms  of 
these  drawers  are  made  of  wire  cloth,  on  which 
the  fruit  is  laid  for  drying.  Over  the  center  of 
each  tier  of  drawers  is  a  htde  four  inches  square 
in  the  top,  with  a  slide  to  keep  it  open  or  closed 
as  the  case  may  require, and  through  these  open- 
ings the  hot  air  passes  in  a  continuous  current 
from  the  furnace  below.  The  space  in  front.not 
filled  by  the  furnace,  is  closed  by  apiece  of  sheet 
iron  fitted  over  and  down  on  each  side,  and  to 
this  piece  there  are  two  veutilaijorsat  the  side  of 
the  furnace  where  the  tire  in  hottest,  to  admit 
air.  These  two  are  the  only  places  where  air  en- 
ters, and  it  is  made  very  hot  by  the  heat  of  tlie 
furnace,  as  it  enters  and  passes  rapidly  up  thro' 
thf  fruit  in  the  drawers,  and  out  at  the  ventilat- 
ors at  the  top.  This  arranyement  kcetjs  a  con- 
stant current  of  hot  air  passing  through  each 
drawer,  which  keeps  it  in  the  most  rapidly  dry- 
ing process. 

The  chest  of  drawers  is  fi'om  four  feet  higli  to 
as  high  as  desired.  The  drawers  occupy  about  4 
inches  space  in  tlie  hight  of  the  chest,  and  are 
about  two  feet  deep,  and  34  inches  wide,  and 
hold  25  pounds  of  fruit.  But  fruit  will  dry  fast- 
er by  putting  in  12  pounds,  and  as  it  dries  out  a 
little,  double  it  up.  The  machice  can  be  built 
to  have  from  12  to  108  drawers, and  will  dry  from 
l(H)i)  pounds  to  five  tons  per  day,  of  green  fruit. 
Will  dry  iii'y  kind  of  fruit  or  vegetables  in  from 
one  and  a  half  to  eight  hours. 


THE      SINGER 

SEWING  MACHINE  ROOMS. 

Over  H(>,(Hll)  more  Singer  Sowing  Miiilnnis  kuIiI 
in  1S75  than    Ijy  ;iuy  utlii-r  roniiuiny. 

334  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 

A.  C,  PKHKIXS,  An't  f.irSauta  Cliira  0.>. 


Iiivrnlors     have    often    racked    their 

hrainh  to  gift  ni>  a  liraitical  Pump  that  will  raisi' 
a  column  of  water  in  a  fontiuuous  stream  with, 
out  jerk  or  jar.  causing  sjreat  strain  uiion  the 
machinery  and  also  unnecessary  loss  of  frictit.n. 
This  (lifHculty  has  tiually  been  overcome  by  Mr. 
H.  H.  TUTTLE,  of  San  .Jose,  in  a* very  simple 
and  efficacious  manner.  His  invention  consists 
of  aV-ombination  of  Three  Plungers  (instead  of 
one),  working  from  a  crank  shaft  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  one  of  them  i.s  always  lifting  or  lorcing 
the  column  of  water.  On  trial  it  is  found  to 
work  admirably,  and  will  do  more  work  with 
the  same  power  than  any  other  Pump,  and  the 
motion  is  always  steady  and  smooth. 

Watters  &  Biggs,  of  San  Jose,  are  manufactur- 
ing these  Puuips,  and  they  are  for  sale  at  the 
Excelsior  Marble  Works.  The  pump-box  is  of 
'galvanized  iron,  incused  in  wood.  The  valves 
are  so  constructed  as  to  work  with  best  ettV-<t. 
These  Pumps  can  be  constructed  of  any  capacity 
to  order,  are  suited  to  hand  use,  wind-uiill,  horse 
power  or  steam  power;  are  cheap,  strong,  and 
must  be  diu'able.  The  model  of  2  >4-iuch  stroke 
only,  the  size  of  a  water  pail,  raised  60  gallons 
of  water  per  minute. 

Capt.  Joseph  Aram,  of  San  Jose,  has  one.  and 
pronounces  it  perfect.  Persons  interested  are 
invited  to  call  at  the  Excelsior  Marble  Works. 
Second  street,  and  e\;nnine  these  Pumps,  or  ad- 
dress. H.  H.  TUTTLE,  San  Jose. 


From  Actual  Mr 


A      Perfect     Fit     G-uaranteed. 


CHARLEY     SIKES' 

STAGE    LINE. 


FAR  MS!    FARMS! 

FOE   SALE. 


1  ^A    Acres,  Seven  Miles  West  of  City 

XO*^    of   San  Jose,  mostly  valley,  very  cheap. 
Fair  House,  at  $6,500. 


40 


Acres,  Two  and  a  Hulf  3Iiles\Vest, 

rich  valley  land,  at  $80  per  acn. 


f"A  Acres,  on    the  Alntaden    Road,  Six 

wW  miles  out,  HouNe.  Barn,  etc.:  a  pretty  place 
for)Rl.-»,O00. 


rtftQ  Acres,  Near  Cinnabar   Hotel,    on 

MuO  Almadeu  Road,  six  and  a  half  miles  out; 
a  Big  Bargain  for  $1^,000;  has  a  Fine  Grove 
of  Timber,  House,  Barn.  Wind-mill,  Vineyard, 
etc.;  all  valley  land  but  Gu  acres.  Terms— One- 
half  cash;  balance  in  tliree  years  at  8  per  cent, 
per  annum. 


San  Jose  to  Santa  .Cruz, 

—  vn— 

Santa  Clara,  Saratoga  and  Felton. 

Leaves  San  Jose  Mondays,     Wednesdays 

and  Fridays  for  Santa  Cruz;  and  leaves  Santa 
Cruz  Tuesdays,  Thursdays  and  Satur- 
days for  San  Jose. 

Passenger  Rates,  each    way,  through,   S3. .50. 

Parcels,  etc.,  carried,  and  Errands  done  at 
reasonable  rates.  The  route  traveleil  over  the 
mountains  is  gi'aud  in  Scenery,  and  the  trip  is 
most  invigr»rating. 

Office  in  San  Jose,  the  HENSLEY  HorSE. 


001  '    -^cres.     Near    Washington   Cor- 

^^X'-i  ners.  Alameda  (county,  1-')  miles  from 
San  Jose,  one  mile  from  Depot;  all  valley  land; 
House,  two  Barns,  large  Dairy  Hguse,  Granary, 
Wind-mill.  Tank,  three  acres  of  Excellent  Orch- 
ard, is  a  first-class  place,  at  S1>0  per  acre,  part 
cash.  

JADHES    A.  CIiAVTOSr, 

le  Real  Estate  Agent.  2'.lll  Santa  Clara  St. 


i  Fins  hili:]. 


Black-Breasted  Red  Games,  from 

luipcittrd  stmk,  warrantffl  to  stant  steel,  abso- 
lute purity  iif  btrain  ^^uaranted.  Eggs  jrJ  per 
dozen.     Trins.  niter  Augtst  1st,  $20. 

Dark  BrahmaS,  from  imported  stock. 
E^'t^s  :?ri  ]»  r  >h-/..     Trios,  after  August  Ist,  $20. 

Brown  Leghorns,  Superior  variety. 
Eggs  $1  per  do/,.      Trios,  after  August  Ist,  $15. 

My  Games  are  from  stock  imported  by  me 
from  the  most  celebrated  breeders  in  the  United 
States  and  England. 

Under  no  circumstances  will  an  inferior  bird 
be  sold.  Purchasers  can  rely  in  all  cases  upon 
receiving  the  best. 

Orders  received  will  be  filled  in  rotation. 

Refer  lo  the  Editor  of  this  paper. 

FRED.   E.    COLIilNS, 

P.  O.  Box  171.  San  Jose.  my 

SMALL  FARM 
FOR      SALE! 


AGREEABLY  SITUATED  ON  THE  FOOT- 
hills  in  tbe  WARM  BELT,  nine  miles  from 
San  Jose,  near  Los  Gatos.  25  acres  in  Cultiva- 
tion, i>5  acres  of  Pasture  and  Live-Oak  Grove. 
80  acres  of  Chaparral  and  Woodland;  two  Springs 
on  the  place. 


HKAOttrARTKRS  FOR 

Ladies'  ^  Children's  Suits, 

Ready  Ma.lc  and  JIade    tuClnler, 

Sail  Jose  Suit  Maiiiifaclnrii  Comii'y, 

Seconds*.,   eoriK'iof   Foiiiif :iiii. 

lIY(iIENIC   BATHS. 

Steam' 


<)nl.v  .-,(1  <en(.s   Eac, 
I>ll.  ICAI.I.,    i-'ountain  St..  San  Jose. 


Green  Hoof  and  Healing 

OINTMENT, 

—  FOR—  i 

Colin  1'    Oalls,      IIiirne.ss    Galls,    Saddle  I 

Gnlls,  Burns,    Scalds  Bruisfw,  Olfl 

and   Reieiil   Wounds.  BriKle 

Hoofs,       Fe\'ev    in     Feel, 

Founder,  Sand  Craekw,  <^uar*»T  Craiks 

Scrad'lies,       Sprains^      Swt'llin^^i, 

Contracted  Hoofs,  Mud  Fever. 

('orns,     Thriisli,     Etc. 

For  Kalf    by  all    Storekeepers,    I)ruggists    and 
Harness-makers,  at  Wlndesale  by 

MAIN  6l  -WZ   ICHSSTJiH., 

.Maiiiifa<tui'ei>  ami   Iniporters  'il 

Harness,  Saddles,  Bridles,  Whips,  Etc., 

Nos.  '414  and  31<;  Buttery  St.. 

S.\N  KH.\NCIS('0.  ly 

srANUINAVI.VX 

Employment    Office. 

lIKLf    I'l'itNmllKU 
llniulH 
luniishort  who  Mv  .just  from  EunipiMneii 
who  iiro  imxiouK  imil  wilHn«  io  work.     The  of- 
fice will  thereforti  be  iibh-  to  turni«h  farm  lutncie 
at  hhurt  iiotii^e  iu  uvimlii  tb  to  suit  cmiiloycrB. 

OllirM,  :il8San<ii  rlarii  »>tr<-<-t,  between 
FivKt  mill  Seeonii  stn  ets,  Sun  .Jose.  .iy 


FOURTH  OF  JULY,  1876! 

Patriotic   Pec'l'le  ean    yet  Suiteil  nt 

T.    W.    SPR  I  N  C'S, 

for  CASH,  at  prires  that  will  make  them 

Hurrah !    For    Our    Country  ! ! ! 


■Vapor  and  Hot  Air  Baths.   >I''f;!v,firocourauonKnnd  caiiin«». 


I  bi 


Closing  Out  Stock 


I'^HLSUBSOKlBEItS,  INTENDING  TUCLO>K 
up  their  business  with  as  little  delay  as  pos-  | 
silde.  now  ofier  their  st>'ik  of  | 

Jackson      Wagons ! 

As  a  WHOLE,  or  at  RETAIL,  on  the  un'st  favor- 
able terniP  uiul  at  very  low  prices. 

.1.    D.  ARTUIIR   &  SON, 

mh  ('or-  California  anti  Davis  St.,  S.F. 


ZiOcke  (&  Montague,  \ 

IMI'OKTKHS  AND  DEALEKS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  S:c. 

112  and  114  Battery  St., 

S.W    FU/\\CI««itO. 


Dwelling  House,  Barn,  Orcbard,  Gar- 
den, Well,  ii  Good  Horses,  One  Colt^ 
4  years  old.  One  Farm  Wagon,  One 
Spring  Wag-on,  1^  Tons  of  Hay,  5 
Head  of  Dairy  Stock,  50  Ctiickens, 
Good  Farming-  Implements,  House 
Purniture,  Lot  of  Tools,  «&c. 

Title,  v.  S.  Patent. 

Price,   S3,  500 — Part  Cash,  easy  terms  for  the 
Remainder. 
Address,  LOS  GATOS  P.  O.,  or  apply  on  the 
Premises  to  the  Proprietor, 

G.    GUERIXOT. 

Th.e    Coodenoush. 

COMMOX-SEXSE  SYSTEM 

HORSESHOEING    SHOP! 

Cor.       Saikta     Clara      and     San      Pedro 
Streets  (opposi'^e  Post  Office). 

The  unly  Natural  Method  of  Shoeint^  the  Horse 
ti)  i)Rvent 

Corns,  Quarters  Cracks,  Contrac- 
tion of  the  Hoof,  and  a-U 
Lameness  Eesultin? 
from  Unsound 
Feet. 
Hoi-sc-Slioeing  2^. 
JOHN  FADIiBV,  Froprietor 
JAS.  LAMB,  Practical  Sheer. 

"Jhe  mmmi  m^ 

Published  monthly,  iit  San  Jose,  Cal., 

By   ALEX.     P.     MUEGOTTEN. 
Onf  of  thi^  Iti'sl  Funiily  Piiprrs  on  tlii'  Const 

PRir       ONLY    SI    A  YEAR. 

Tbe  Tenilterance  I'eople  sliolilil    nil   liiiveit. 

JOB  prTn  ting 

OF  EVEllY     STYI.K 
Dull.   Ill  the  *■  CH.VMPION"  Offiec. 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

C-iAIlIlIAGlO      AI.VKKK.        PIONEER 
J   Clirrint^e  Shop. 

314  SECOND  STREET, 

Between    Santa     Clain     street     und    FoUTitain 

Alley,  San  Ji>se, 

Aireiil   for  Kisll  Bro. '8  Wllgons. 


California  Agriculturist 


^X70 


"wm.   s^ 


J'  O  'O'  ]Ei  21'  JL  E« 


Vol.  7— No.  7.} 


SAN  JOSE,  CAL.,   JULY,  1876- 


J  SCBscRrPTiON  PliiCE,  $1.50  a  Year. 
\  Siuglo  Copies,  15  CenU, 


THINNING    OUT    GROWING 
FRUITS. 

Our  best  orchardists  pay  a  great  deal 
of  attention  to  thinning  out  where  too 
milch  fruit  sets  upon  the  trees  to  all 
grow  to  perfect  size.  On  an  average,  at 
least  one  half  of  the  fruit  is  taken  from 
the  trees  when  about  the  size  of  hickory 
nuts,  and  frequently  two-thirds  to  three- 
fourths  of  it  is  picked  off  where  the  tree 
is  crowded  with  fruit.  There  are  two 
good  reasons  for  this :  one  to  prevent  the 
limbs  from  breaking  under  the  load  of 
ripening  fruit,  and  another  to  insure  the 
large  size  of  the  fruit  that  is  left  upon 
the  tree,  together  with  superior  eating 
qualities.  The  size  and  beauty  of  fruit 
has  a  good  deal  to  do  with  its  marketable 
value.  Pruing  the  trees  severely,  re- 
moving the  fruit-bearing  twigs,  will  pre- 
vent over-bearing,  but  at  the  injury  of 
the  tree.  Better  encourage  as  many 
fruit  spurs  to  grow  as  possible,  aud 
make  a  practice  of  thinning  out  the  fruit. 
It  will  pay  to  do  so.  It  will  look  like  a 
waste  to  one  not  accustomed  to  it  to  pull 
ofif  a  large  quantity  of  growing  fruit,  as 
is  often  expedient,  but  the  superior 
weight  and  excellence,  when  grown,  of 
what  is  left,  will  surely  satisfy  anyone 
that  i,  is  good  policy. 


THOUGHTS   ON   OVER-PRODUC- 
TION AND  FINANCE. 

We  read  a  good  deal  about  over-pi'oduc- 
iio7i,  and  consequent  idleness  of  manu- 
factories and  many  poor  people  thrown 
out  of  employment.  Now,  when  we  see 
BO  many  people  wanting  and  needing  the 
very  articles  which  it  is  claimed  are  over- 
abundant— so  many  people  who  have  not 
the  wherewith  to  procure  these  produc- 
tions which  they  desire,  we  are  inclined 
to  attribute  all  such  hard  times  to  some 
other  cause.  If  we.alth  consists  of  the 
produce  of  industry,  the  more  produced 
the  more  wealth,  would  seem  a  fair  pro- 
position; and  the  less  labor  performed 
the  less  wealfh,  as  a  natural  consequence. 
Now  it  will  not  take  many  words  for 
us  to  express  our  convictions  upon  this 
point.  What  is  most  needed  is  the  abil- 
ity to  consume.  We  are  personally  ac- 
quainted with  lots  of  jjeople  who  would 
have  better  houses,  better  clothes,  a 
great  variety  of  food,  better  furniture, 
and  a  thousand  and  one  comforts  and 
conveniences  if  they  could  afford  it. 
They  are  willing  to  work  for  fair  pay, and 
would  be  glad  to  be  so  situated  financial- 
ly that  they  could  consume  and  appro- 
priate the  good  things  of  life  without 
neglecting  business.  Now  if  everybody 
should  work,  see  how  abundant  woulil 
become  all  the  necessaries,  and  thous- 
ands of  the  luxuries  of  an  advancing 
civilization.  There  would  be  enough 
for  all,  at  least  of  the  essentials.  There 
never  was  so  big  a  humbug  as  this  cry  of 
"over-production." 
J  What  we  want  is  a  financial  system 
^  which  will  make  money  so  plenty  and 
cheap — so  far  as  relates  to  interests — 
^  that  every  one  who  produces  a  thing  can 
find  purchasers.     Then  industry   will  be 


encouraged,  instead  of  shackled  as  is 
now  the  case.  There  will  be  no  mono- 
poly of  money  by  the  few  banks,  no  us- 
ury to  consume  tire  earnings,  but  every 
one  will  stand  upon  a  nearly  equal  plain, 
where  industry  will  reign  supreme. 

Now,  how  can  this  thing  be  brought 
about?  By  the  Government.  Currency 
should  be  issued  and  loaned  to  the  peo- 
ple at  very  light  rates  to  cover  the  ex- 
pense of  doing  the  business  and  to  assist 
in  raising  revenue  to  support  the  Gov- 
ernment, which  would  lessen  the  taxes. 
The  Government  might  deal  with  the 
people  through  States,  counties,  towns, 
etc.,  receiving  security  in  all  property  for 
the  return  of  the  money  and  interest.  In 
some  such  way  as  this,  money  might  be- 
come as  plenty  as  desirable,  under  pro- 
per restrictions.  Instead  of  being  king, 
money  would  simply  be  a  servant— a 
convenience.  Instead  of  being  itself  a 
value,  it  would  simply  be  a  representa- 
tive of  values — and  in  reality  it  can  be 
of  itself  no  more.  Weattk  would  then 
consist,  as  it  ought  to,  of  the  productions 
of  indtistrt/. 

Although  a  perfect  financial  system 
might  not  correct  all  the  abuses  existing 
among  selfish  and  dishonest  men,  it 
would  at  least  deprive  money  speculat- 
ors of  the  jjower  of  dictating  to  industry; 
it  would  foster  industrial  enterprises  by 
paying  labor  according  to  its  deserts, 
thus  rendering  it  not  only  possible,  but 
easy  for  an  honest  man  to  make  an  hon- 
est living. 


DESTEUCTIVE   CATERPILLARS. 

Last  year  we  noticed  the  caterpillars 
in  Mr.  Watkins'  and  Mr.  Gould's  orch- 
ards in  Santa  Clara  as  follows:  "In  our 
valley  the  caterpillars  are  destroying  the 
fruit  crop  in  some  orchards,  others  they 
have  not  troubled.  We  saw  hundreds 
of  trees  in  Gould's  and  Watkins'  orch- 
ards with  the  foliage  stripped  from  them. 
They  are  not  the  tent  caterpillars,  but 
when  not  eating  the  leaves  cluster  to- 
gether on  the  large  limbs  and  trunks  of 
the  trees.  When  in  this  position  it 
would  not  be  a  difiicult  matter  to  destroy 
great  numbers  of  them,  but  we  saw  no 
disposition  to  attempt  their  destruction, 
and  were  told  that  there  was  so  little 
profit  in  fruit  culture  that  it  would  not 
pay  to  spend  the  time  necessary  to  kill 
them." 

This  season  there  were  literally  mil- 
lions where  there  were  thousands  of 
these  pests  last  year.  Mr.  Watkins' 
orchard  has  been  stripped  as  bare  as  bean 
poles  or  last  year's  mustard  stalks.  This 
was  done  about  the  middle  to  the  last  of 
May.  The  consequence  is,  the  bare 
trees,  exposed  to  the  hot  sun  with  stag- 
nated sap,  become  parboiled  under  the 
bark,  the  bark  splits  open  on  the  sunny 
side,  borers  are  invited,  and  the  fruit 
crop  is  not  only  destroped  this  season, 
but  the  trees  are  ruined  forever.  Think 
of  fifty  acres  of  orchard  ruined  by  these 
caterpillars  in  this  way. 

Mr.  \V.  has  closely  examined  the  hab- 
its of  this  caterpillar  this  season.  He 
finds  that  the  butterfly  lays  the  eggs  onh- 
upon  twigs  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch 


in  diameter,  mostly  on  new  growth,  and 
that  close  shorteuiug-inpruniug'will  take 
the  eggs  off  without  injuring  the  trees. 
Each  insect  laj's  about  1.50  eggs  in  a 
glutinous  band  about  the  twig.  These 
are  easily  discerned  by  a  practiced  eye, 
aud  may  nearly  all  be  removed  from  the 
tree  during  the  fall  and  winter  by  prun- 
ing. What  are  accidentally  left  may  bo 
noticed  about  as  soon  as  hatched,  as 
they  at  once  commence  work  on  tho' 
nearest  foliage  in  a  body  and  may  be  de- 
stroyed. What  few  are  left,  if  any,  may 
be  killed  as  they  collect  on  the  large 
branches  and  body  of  tho  trees  to  rest, 
when  about  half  grown.  One  thing  we 
think  is  clearly  proved,  it  will  not  pay 
to  let  such  pesls  destroy  orchards  with- 
out at  least  a  fair  contest  of  industry  and 
skill  against  them. 

In  a  conversation  with  Mr.  J.  W. 
Briggs,  orchardist,  we  learn  that  his 
large  orchard  near  Marysville  was,  a  few 
years  since,  filled  with  these  caterpillars. 
He  thinks  they  were  first  discovered  on 
the  willows.  He  made  short  work  of 
them  in  precisely  the  same  manner  as 
Mr.  Watkins  suggests  as  being  the  best. 
We  must  warn  our  orchardists  to  watch 
out  for  these  pests,  and  be  sure  to  get 
the  start  of  them  before  they  do  other 
serious  damage. 


A  GRAND  EUROPEAN  GARDEN. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Schmidt,  of  Erfurt,  Prussia, 
writes  to  us  an  account  of  his  splendid 
nurseries  and  garden  and  conservatories, 
which  we  take  pleasure  in  laying  before 
our  readers.  He  accompanies  the  letter 
with  beautiful  illustrations  of  his  places, 
etc.     He  says: 

During  the  season  I  publish  eight  cat- 
alogues: one  wholesale  list  for  Germany; 
one  wholesale  list  for  England  aud  Ame- 
rica; one  wholesale  list  for  France;  one 
catalogue  for  private  persons  in  Ger- 
many, and  one  for  private  persons  in 
Austria;  one  wholesale  list  for  seeds;  one 
catalogue  for  decorative  plants,  etc.,  and 
one  for  bulbs. 

Under  my  own  cultivation  I  have  300 
acres,  with  flowers  and  grasses  for  drying 
purposes,  but  I  only  cultivate  the  better 
species,  about  one-third  of  the  J'early 
want,  the  other  two-thirds  I  have  con- 
tracted with  gardeners. 

I  have  a  large  steam  dye  for  flowers, 
grasses  and  moss,  in  which  about  fifty 
persons  are  engaged;  also,  a  steam  en- 
gine for  a  drying  machine,  and  steam 
dye  halls  and  large  rooms  for  drying 
flowers. 

In  the  horticultural  establishment  and 
nurseries,  75  to  100  men  and  100  to  150 
female  persons  are  working.  For  bind- 
ing boqnets  about  150  girls  are  engaged. 
Working  people  in  aU,  400  to  500  per- 
sons. 

The  department  for  export  contains 
chiefly  fabricates  of  dyed  flowers, grasses, 
etc.,  of  not  surpassed  color  and  arrange- 
ment. Further,  I  export  all  the  raw 
stuft"  for  florists,  viz. :  flowers,  grasses, 
mosses,  bouquet  papers,  pot  covers,  bas- 
ketware,  elegant  straw  baskets,  fabricates 
of  wire,  all  sorts  of  home  adornment, 
plants-stands,  vases,  flower  tables,  reser- 


voirs for  gold  fish,  etc. 

Tho  most  important  part  of  my  estab- 
lishment are  the  hot  and  cold  houses, 
covering  more  than  three  acres  of  space, 
one  of  which  is  about  180  feet  long  aud 
contains  only  palms,  the  others  are  for 
cultivation  of  .•\zales,  Camellias,  and  all 
sorts  of  plants  for  cut  flowers. 
Your  obedient  servant, 

J.  C.  Schmidt. 


GRAFTING    LARGE    GRAPE 
VINES. 

Mr.  T.  H.  Payne,  of  Santa  Cruz, wrote 
to  the  editor,  last  spring,  to  know  the 
best  way  to  graft  large  grape  vines,  five 
or  six  inches  in  diameter.  Through 
somebody's  carelesisness,  the  letter  has 
just  reached  us.  Although  out  of  sea- 
son, we  will  answer  now,  and  let  those 
who  want  the  information  remember  for 
another  season. 

The  time  we  wou'd  choose  for  grafting 
would  be  just  as  the  leaves  commence  to 
form  on  the  old  vine.  The  scions  should 
be  previously  taken  from  the  last  sea- 
son's growth  of  such  variety  of  grape  as 
is  most  desirable  to  propagate.  Choose 
the  strongest  cuttings  for  scions.  Ke- 
move  the  earth  from  about  the  stalk  of 
the  old  vine  eight  inches  deep,  and  at 
least  seven  inches  below  the  surface 
make  an  incision  with  a  chisel  into  the 
stalk  deep  enough  to  firmly  insert  the 
scion,  which  should  be  cut  wedge-shaped 
as  usual  for  grafting.  One  or  more  of 
these  scions  may  be  inserted.  Trim  the 
old  vine  b.ack  pretty  closely,  but  allow  it 
to  grow  tho  first  year.  The  reason  for 
this  way  of  grafting,  instead  of  cutting 
the  old  "stalk  off  before  grafting,  is  that 
the  circulation  of  the  sap  of  the  vine  will 
not  be  retarded,  and  no  suckers  will  be 
developed  and  thrown  out  from  the  root, 
as  there  would  be  if  the  old  stalk  was 
cut  off  at  once.  The  next  fall  or  spring, 
when  the  new  graft  is  well  grown  in,  the 
old  stalk  can  be  removed  with  little  dan- 
ger of  suckers.  When  suckers  once  start 
below  the  scion  they  are  very  difficult  to 
contend  with,  as  they  are  likely  to  come 
up  year  after  year.  By  gralting  deep 
enough  below  the  surface,  and  allowing 
the  scion  to  get  one  year's  growth  before 
the  old  stalk  is  removed,  the  probability 
is  that  no  suckers  will  trouble. 


A  New  enemy  to  the  farmers,  more 
troublesome  than  the  squirrel,  has  put 
in  an  appearance  in  Kern  county.  The 
tule  rats  are  destroying  wheat  fields  by 
the  hundreds  of  acres.  They  harbor  in 
the  tulcs  and  live  en  the  roots,  but  the 
high  waters  this  year  have  driven  them 
up  into  the  wheat  fields,  and  as  they 
equal  in  numbers  the  locusts  of  Egj-pt, 
they  devour  a  field  of  grain  about  as  fast 
as  it  could  be  cut  with  a  machine,  and 
having  tasted  the  soft  and  succulent 
grain  they  will  not  be  content  to  live  on 
the  tule  roots  while  the  grain  lasts.  As 
soon  as  the  farmer  discovers  that  the  rats 
have  commenced  on  a  field,  he  starts  in 
wiih  his  machine  to  cut  his  field  for  hay, 
aud  if  he  perseveres  he  may  save  about 
one  half  of  the  crop. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


$1.50  Per  AAriuir(. 


CAL. 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY  THE 

AGRICULTURIST      PUB.      CO. 

S.  HARRIS  HERRING,  Editor. 


OFFICE:— Over  tUe  San  .lose  Savings 
Bank,  Balbac)i''s  Building,  Santa 
Clara  Street,  near  First,  Saik  Jose. 


RATES    OF    ADVERTBSBNG: 


Per  OOP  Coliimu 512  00  Per  Month 

"    half  Column 6  00    '* 

"    fourth  CoUiinn 3  00    "        '* 

"    eighth  Culutun 2  UU     "         " 

**    sixteenth  Column 1  00    "        '* 


0^  "We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  our  resolu- 
tion to  admi''  none  but  worthy  business  advertis- 
iug  in  our  columns,  and  to  keep  clear  of  patent 
medicine,  liquor,  and  other  advertisements  of 
doubtful  influence. 

The  large  circulation,  the  desirable  class  of 
readers,  and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rend- 
ers this  Jouma[  a  choice  medium  for  reaching 
the  attention  of  the  maBscs. 


Notice  to  Eastern  Advertisers  and 
Advertising  Agencies. 

t\~^  Hereafter  no  propusltiou  for  advertising 
in  this  journal  will  be  entertained  without  pay 
in  advance.  Our  published  rates  are  the  stand- 
ard for  all.) 


EDITORIAL     NOTES. 


Wheat.— It  is  estimated  that  there 
will  be  l,(IUO,nOO  tons  of  wheat  produced  iu 
Ciiliforiiin  tliis  Bcasou,  and  that  750,000  tons 
tan  l;e  spared'  for  export.  Tbia,  al  only  S30 
per  ton,  will  amount  to  $22,.500,000. 

Wanted.— A  Pet  Stock  and  Poultry 
Ansociatiuu  on  the  P.icific  Coast.  This  is 
soniething  that  every  breeder  of  line  poultry 
here  desires.  Poultry  breeders  will  please 
communicate  with  the  Editor  of  the  Cal. 
AiiHicui.TURiST  their  ideas  on  this  question, 
and  decide  at  what  rime  and  place  they  will 
hold  a  meeting  for  organizing. 


We  have  been  reijuested  to  examine 

a  iiiecc  of  luacliinery,  report  upon  it,  and  send 
111  our  bill— this  by  a  prominent  bufiness 
house.  It  means,  give  it  a  favorable  notice 
for  coin.  We  shan't  do  it.  It  may  be  a  very 
good  thing,  but  our  poor  opinion  is  not  for 
sale.  If  you  want  it  advertised,  do  it  in  a 
square  manner  in  our  advcrtixing  columns. 
No  humbug  bribery  here. 

Is  Our  Civilization  a  F.iilure?— We 

leuru  that  there  are  women— while  women 
au.l  grown  girhs—in  San  Francisco  actually 
working  for  twenty  cents  a  day  and  boarding 
themselves.  This  13  the  result  of  scarcity  of 
money  and  abundance  of  Chinese  labor.  'On 
the  other  hand,  there  is  more  aristocia'ic  ex- 
travagance among  the  rich  women  there  than 
under  any  monarchy.  We  ai'e  fast  gelling  to 
be  a  nation  of  lords  and  surfs,  masters  and 
slaves.  What  wonder  that  thousands  arc 
yearly  driven  to  desperation,  to  crime,  despair 
ami  suicide  ? 


The  ''  Temperance  Champion"  is 

now  owned  by  a  Sun  Jo.se  jirinter,  Mr.  Alex. 
Miirgotten,  who  is  malsing  a  good  paper  of  it. 
Send  to  him  for  a  sample  copy  and  you  will 
say  so,  too. 

Patriotic. — We  have  devoted  our  poe- 
try page  to  patriotic  rhymes  this  July,  187G, 
for  "  Uncle  Sam's  a  hundred,"  and,  like  every 
American,  we  feel  like  rejoicing  for  every 
step  that  has  been  taken  toward  a  better  con- 
dition of  things.  The  Editor  "sacrificed  a 
grandfather"  in  the  revolution  for  indepen- 
dence, and  straddled  a  horse  three  years  iu 
the  Union  army  during  the  rebellion,  and  feels 
brave  for  his  country,  so  must  cheer  the  old 
fiiig  in  American  fashion. 


Hot  Days  in  June. — Our  hot  weather 
in  June  commenced  a  week  earlier  than  usual 
and  was  a  scorcher.  It  ripened  off  the  grain 
and  prevented  the  rust  from  doing  serious 
damage.  Late  sown  grain,  on  heavy  lands 
near  the  bay,  which  had  not  filled,  was 
blighted  some.  Late  sown  grain  will  grow 
as  well  as  early  sown,  but  two  years  in  three 
it  gets  caught  in  the  hot  days  of  June  and  is 
blighted.  Early  sowing,  as  a  rule,  is  the  best 
for'grain,  as  has  been  proved  over  and  over 
again,  whether  in  dry  or  wet  seasons.  In  our 
office  the  therm  ometer  indicated  90^  five  days 
in  succession. 


Our  Immigrants. — When  the  Chi- 
nese arrive  in  California  the  organized  Com- 
panies take  them  in  charge  and  provide  them 
with  employment.  When  American  and  Eu- 
ropean immigrants  arrive  overland,  they  find 
themselves  at  the  mercy  of  wharf-rats,  hotel- 
runners  and  "employment"  agents.  No  way 
is  provided  by  which  they  can  he  sure  of  good 
treatment  or  work.  They  find  themselves  at 
midnight  on  the  wharf  of  a  great  city,  with- 
out friends  or  advisers,  and  at  the  mercy  of 
thieves  and  tricksters.  Why  cannot  the  citi- 
zens of  San  Francisco  and  California  provide 
a  proper  reception  for  immigrants,  and  estab- 
lish a  bureau  of  informatiou  for  theii  benefit? 
Are  we  less  civilized  than  the  Chinese  whom 
we  wish  to  discourage  ?  And  must  we  dis- 
gust the  very  immigrants  we  should  encour- 
age, and  see  them  return  to  escape  from 
"Californians"?  What  are  our  Anti  Coolie 
clubs  doing  iu  this  matter  ?  What  are  our 
humanitarian  societies  and  our  Granges  doing 
to  encourage  the  employment  and  settlement 
of  immigrants  from  the  Eastern  States?  These 
are  serious  questions  and  should   be  heeded. 

What  About  the  Wheat  Market? 

That  there  will  be  a  great  wheat  harvest  is 
certain.  The  very  uncertain  thing  is  about 
the  market.  Without  doubt  there  will  be 
plenty  of  consumers,  as  the  European  crops 
cannot  supply  the  demand,  and  the  prospects 
appear  favorable  for  fair  prices  in  Europe. 
Hut,  as  to  the  prices,  it  will  make  $0,000,000 
difference  to  the  farmers  of  this  State  whether 
the  get  one  and  a  half  or  two  cents  for  their 
wheat.  The  wheat  speculators  are  all  inter- 
ested iu  getting  as  much  of  this  immense  pro- 
fit as  possible.  This  we  can  set  down  as  cer- 
tain. And  they  are  so  combined  as  to  prettv 
nearly  dictate  terms,  if  not  quite.  The 
Grangers  seem  to  have  made  no  combination 
for  ahipping  since  Morgan  &  Sons  failed,  and 
the  buyers  are  bound  to  make  a  good  thing 
this  season  sure.  The  terrible  scarcity  of  coin 
is  going  to  give  still  greater  power  to  buyers 
iu  hearing  the  markets.  Tiiey  will  not  only 
control  market  reports  and  prices,  but  almost 
compel  farmers  to  sell  at  such  figures  as  they 
please  to  give.  This  is  the  way  the  lay  of 
the  land  luoks'to  us  at  any  rate. 


Honey  Prospects  for  1876.— Mr.  J. 

p.  Gowr,  of  San  Diego,  writes  as  follows: 

Bee  men  in  this  section  are  much  disheart- 
ened. The  bees  swarmed  but  poorly,  and 
now  the  sage  is  drying  up  ;  all  the  vitality 
seems  gone  out  of  it,  and  but  liitle  of  it  will 
bloom.  As  a  consequence  we  shall  have  but 
little  pure  white  honey,  and  the  niarket_  is  al- 
leady  flooded  with  the  dark  and  inferior  ar- 
ticle.   

In  harmony  with  other  land  transac- 
tions are  the  Mexican  fraudulent  laud  grants 
tolerated  by  our  Government.  Money  influ- 
ence at  Washington  will  carry  through  al- 
most anything.  A  dirty  greaser's  name,  an 
oath,  a  soiled  bribery  record  from  Mexican 
archives,  gotten  up  for  the  purposes,  and  a 
few  lawyers  who  manage  to  get  the  settlers' 
money  while  the  grant  is  being  launched  on 
greased  ways  by  some  American  gentlemen 
of  high-sounding  name,  and  the  thing  is  ac- 
complished. Money  does  it,  and  rascals  take 
the  laud.  Settlers  who  have  held  lands  be- 
lieving them  clear,  find  this  grant  flo.ated 
upon  them,  aud  must  submit  to  be  despoiled. 
Individual  rights  are  laughed  at,  aud  honest 
men  are  treated  as  though  they  were  villians. 
Another  grant  has  been  confirmed  in  our 
county.  The  people  know  it  is  a  swindle, 
but  have  no  power  to  protect  themselves. 
How  can  they  when  money  rules  ?  It  mat- 
ters not  whether  that  money  come  from  the 
grave  of  the  old  Adams  Express  Co.  or  not, 
nor  how  many  men  were  robbed  to  get  it.  Of 
course  it  must  be  all  right,  or  how  could  such 
a  thing  occur  in  our  enlightened  community 
and  under  a  people's  government !  It  is  about 
time  to  celebrate  the  Fourth  of  July  with 
something  else  than  blank  cartridges,  or  to 
emigrate  to  some  heathen  country,  where 
laws  are  made  to  protect  honest  men  and 
punish  rascality. 

Have  pre-emptors    of  lands  any 

rights  that  Government  is  hound  to  respect  ? 
According  to  several  rulings  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  of 
Congress,  they  have  not.  We  used  to  think, 
in  our  innocent,  youthful  ignorance,  that 
when  a  man  squatted  on  unoccupied  public 
land,  and  declared  his  intention  of  purchasing 
when  it  came  into  market,  and  occupied  the 
same,  fulfilling  all  requirements  of  law,  his 
claim  was  good  against  any  party  who  might 
attempt  to  purchase  from  the  Government. 
But  it  has  been  ruled  otherwise  in  6ever.al 
cases.  In  fact,  the  poor  settler  has  no  rights 
that  Government  is  bound  to  respect.  Lands 
are  surveyed  and  thrown  intn  market  at  the 
convenience  of  speculators  aud  monopolists, 
script  holders,  etc..  who  are  apparently  in 
collusion  with  land  offices  to  gobble  it  up.  For 
some  years  past  it  has  looked  as  though  the 
Government  was  anxious  to  dispose  of  the 
public  lands  in  large  bodies  at  any  price. 
Large  gifts  of  lands  to  railroads,  and  any 
iinmher  of  grants  to  institutions  of  pretended 
use  to  the  people,  scripts,  etc.,  e'c. — any  way 
to  prevent  settlers  from  getting  lands  except- 
ing from  land  sharks,  at  land-sharks' prices. 
It  is  high  time  for  the  people  to  demand  a  dif- 
feient  condition  of  things.  Every  foot  of 
public  lands  should  be  held  sacred  to  the  set- 
tler, iu  limited  quantities,  and  obtiiinable  in 
no  other  way  than  by  actual  settlement,  un- 
der certain  restrictions  and  requirements  that 
will  prevent  tiickery.  The  Government  can 
raise  revenue  withiuit  forcing  sales  of  large 
tracts  of  lands  to  speculators.  We  desire  to 
see  this  (Jovernment  become  what  its  found- 
ers proposed — a  gtivernment  of  the  people,  by 
the  people,  aud  for  the  people— instead  of 
seeing  it  run  by  and  for  a  cla.-is  of  swindling 
thieves  aud  monoiudists.  It  is  a  proper  time 
to    comprehend    this    matter  and  declare  for 


Ho&e  Manufactured.— Mr.  Joseph 

Enright  has  sold  the  twenty  straw-burner  en- 
gines that  he  has  made,  and  is  turning  off  two 
more  to  order,  which  is  all  he  can  supply  this 
season.  These  thresher  engines  are  all  made 
entirely  at  his  foundry  and  machine  shop,  in 
San  Jose.  He  regrets  that  he  is  unable  to 
make  several  more  that  he  has  calls  for,  and 
so  do  we,  for  we  verily  believe  that  no  bet 
ter  engiues — in  fact,  noce  so  good — are  made 
elsewhere  Mr.  E.  is  a  thorough  mechanic  of 
many  years'  experience,  and  knows  what  is 
wanted,  and  does  his  level  best,  which  is  not 
second  to  anybody. 


Money  Scarce.  —  There  is  a  great 
scarcity  of  money  throughout  the  Pacific 
Coast  country  just  now.  Nearly  every  sub- 
scription we  receive  is  on  time,  with  promise 
to  pay  in  a  few  months.  We  do  not  complain 
of  our  friends,  only  mention  this  fact  to  show 
the  general  drouth  of  coin.  The  question  is, 
will  money  be  plenty  after  harvest  ?  The 
masses  of  the  people  seem  to  think  it  will, 
but  we  believe  that  it  will  not  be.  Money  is 
one  thing,  and  property  is  another.  There  is 
plenty  of  property,  aud  while  bankers  are 
studying  how  to  lake  advantage  of  big  crops 
aud  get  big  rates  of  interest,  we  cannot  un- 
derstand how,  under  our  present  financial 
management,  money  can  be  very  plenty,  un- 
less the  people  bleed  liber,illy  for  it.  That  is 
how  the  matter  looks  to  us. 


Vested  Eights.— When  monopolists, 
of  whatever  description,  who,  by  intrigue, 
have  obtained  power  through  the  generosity 
of  the  people,  come  to  use  that  power  against 
the  interests  of  individuals  and  the  people, 
said  monopolists  invariably  make  a  strong 
point  of  "vested  rights."  There  are  inherent 
personal  rights  inferior  to  none  granted  by 
men,  among  which  are  "life  and  liberty,"  the 
right  to  "religious  conviction  according  to  the 
dictates  of  one's  own  conscience,"  and  "to 
pursue  happiness"  without  injury  to  another. 
But  when  it  comes  to  granting  perpetuity  to 
a  wrong,  that  is  contrary  to  the  principles  of 
a  free  and  enlightened  government.  All 
rights.  In  a  public  sense,  rest  with  the  people, 
or  else  this  Government  of  ours  is  a  stupeud 
ous  failure.  And  the  people  are  vested  with 
power  to  undo  that  which  they  have  done 
when  they  discover  that  a  wrong  is  resulting 
from  such  creation.  We  concur  with  the  fol- 
lowing ideas  of  the  Memphis  (Tenn.)  "South- 
ern Farmer"  to  this  point: 

Those  corporations  aud  their  champions 
who  prate  of  "vested  rights,"  alul  all  that,  iu 
opposition  to  the  best  interests  of  the  great 
mass  of  the  people,  should  remember  that  the 
po'vrer  which  has  given  can  lake  away,  aud 
therefore  it  uuiy  not  ju-ove  wise  to  claim  too 
many  privileges.  All  jnivileges  covered  by 
charters  were  given  for  the  public  benefit. 
That  was  the  ground  on  which  they  were 
granted.  If  it  were  otherwise,  then  they  were 
frauds  perpetrated  on  sociely  by  the  faithless- 
ness of  the  peo|de's  agiMits.  The  natunil 
rights  of  the  many  are  greater  than  the  "vest- 
ed rights"  of  thoVew,  especially  when  these 
last  are  employed  against  public  policy  and 
to  the  injury  of  those  who  only  could  grant 
them  legally.  Let  every  human  being  have 
his  just  rights,  and  let  "vested  right*"  so 
called,  be  enjoyed  in  sub,irdinatioii  to  those 
rights,  and  the  best  inleresle  of  all  classes 
may  be  promoted.  But  "vested  rights,"  so 
called,  will  h;ivc  a  hard  road  to  ti'avel  w-ben 
they  are  sought  to  be  enforced  in  opposition 
to  tile  greatest  good  to  the  largest  nuuiher. 

TnE  Califoknh  Aoricitltcrist  and 
Live  Stock  Jouknal  for  June  is  on  our 
table,  replete  with  interesting  matter  to 
the  farmer  and  stock  raiser.  Subscribe 
for  it  aud  you  will  perform  an  act  which 
will  greatly  enhance  your  interests. — 
tSolano  Republican,  June  15. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


]nU^* 


Iiexington. 


BY    JOHN  G.    WHITTIEn. 


??5?  

-^ '^O  maddening  thirst  for  blood  bad  thoy, 

'.        No  battle-joys  were  theirs  who  set 
--  V       Against  the  alien  bayonet 
^^  Their  homespun  breasts  in  that  old  day. 

Their  feet  had  trodden  peaceful  -ways, 
They  loved  not  strife,  taey  dreaded  pain, 
They  saw  not,  what  to  us  is  plain, 

That  God  would  make  msm's  wrath  His  praise. 


No  seers  were  they,  but  simple  men; 

Its  vast  results  the  future  hid; 

The  meaning  of  tlie  work  they  did 
Was  strange  and  and  dark  doubtful  then. 

Swift  as  the  summons  came  they  left 
The  plow,  mid-furrow  standing  still. 
The  half-gi'ound  coru-grist  in  ttie  mill, 

The  spade    in  earth,  the  axe  in  cleft. 

They  went  where  duty  seemed  to  call; 

They  scarcely  asked  the  reason  why; 

They  only  knew  they  could  but  die. 
And  death  was  not  the  worst  of  all. 

Of  man  for  man  the  sacrifice, 

UuBtaiued  by  blood,  save  theirs,  they  gave. 

The  flowers  '.hat  blossomed  from  their  grave 
Have  sown  themselves  beneath  all  skies. 

Their  death-shot  shook  the  feudal  tower. 
And  shattered  slavery's  chain  as  well; 
On  the  sky's  dome,  as  on  a  bell. 

Its  echo  struck  the  world's  great  hour. 

The  fatal  echo  is  not  dumb; 
The  nations  listening  to  its  sound. 
Wait,  from  a  century's  vantage  ground. 

The  holier  triumphs  yet  to  come, — 

The  bridal  time  of  law  and  love, 
The  gladness  of  the  world's  release, 
When,  war-sick  at  the  feet  of  Pence 

The  hawk  shall  nestle  with  the  dove,— 

The  golden  age  of  brotherhood. 

Unknown  to  other  rivalries 

Than  of  the  kind  humanities, 
And  gracious  interchange  of  good. 

When  closer  strand  shall  lean  to  strand, 

Till  meet  beneath  saluting  flags. 

The  eagle  of  our  mountain  crags. 
The  lion  of  our  mother-land. 


"Our  Patriot  Flag." 

BY   GEO.  COOPER. 

Hark  to  the  tramp  that  echoes  down  the  ages. 

What  flag  is  that  now  streaming  o'er  the  air? 
The  soldier's  pride,  the  glory  of  the  sages- 
All  honor  be  to  thee.  Columbia  fair! 
The  standard  of  Columbia  now  unfurl, 
While  here  we  meet  beneath  each  hallow'd 
fold; 
To  tyrants  foul  our  hate  and  scorn  we  hurl. 
Welcomes  extending  as  our  sires  of  old ! 

Thy  natal  day  our  patriot  flag  we  hail, 

Undimm'd  in  lustre  now  each  star  appears 
In  faith  to  thee  our  hearts  cannot  fail, 

While    Freedom   marshals  on  the  golden 
years! 
The  standard  of  Columbia  now  unfurl. 

While  hero  we  meet  beneath  each  patriot 
fold. 
Thy  natal  day  oTir  flag  we  hail. 

In  faith  to  thee  our  hearts  cannot  fail!         ! 

The  mandates  of  our  fsthers  we  should  heed; 
One  hope  be  ours,  united  hearts  and  hands! 
O  still  shall  live  each  grand  and  noble  deed, 
Deathlees  the  mem'ries  of  our  glorious  land! 
Thy  refuge  keep  for  all  the  world's  oppres't 
Beneath  thy  folds  we  march  at  duty's  call, 
While    Freedom's    fire    shall    kindle    ev'ry 
beeast, 
With  thee  we'll  conquer,  or  with  thee  we'll 
fall  I 
The  standard  of  Columbia  now  unfurl, 
While  heje  we  meet  beneath  each  patriot 
fold; 
Beneath  thy  folds  we  march  at  duty's  call, 
With  thee  we'll  conquer,  or  with  thee  we'll 
fall! 


Sale  of  Jersey  Cattle.— The  auction 
sale  of  Jersey  cattle  by  A.  Mailliard,  at 
his  ranch  in  Nicasio,  last  month,  resulted 
in  the  disposal  of  forty-five  head.  The 
prices  ranged  from  $75  to  $250,  which, 
considering  that  Mr.  Mailliard's  is  prob- 
ably the  best  herd  of  Jersey  cattle  in  the 
United  States,  was  very  low. 


CeBtennial  Song*. 

BY  CAUL  BRENT. 

Twine  me  a  wreath  for  the  centuries! 

Forge  me  a  chain  for  the  agesi 
Sing  me  a  song  that  shall  echo 

Furthest  down  history's  pages! 
Bright  wreath  and  stout  chain   and  great  Bong 

Tassing  the  wisdom  of  ages. 

Wreath  that  through  summers  and  winters 
Ever  shall  blossom  and  brighten; 

Chain  that  though  broken  or  loosened, 
Ever  shall  strengthen  and  tignten; 

Song  that  in  days  that  are  darkest 
Hearts  of  the  people  shall  lighten. 

Here  is  tbe  wreath;  the  world'H  wander; 

States  in  their  sovereignty  twined. 
Here  is  the  chain;  it  is  Union; 

States  in  one  nation  combined. 
Here  is  the  song;  it  is  Libi-rty's, 

Best  of  the  births  of  the  mind. 

Years  that  have  passed  are  a  hundred; 

Never  bloomed  blossoms  so  long. 
Cunktr  and  rust  on  tbe  iron, 

Yet  it  is  solid  and  strong. 
Discords  have  come;  but  tbe  music 

Clings  to  the  wonderful  soui/- 


"Uncle  Sam's  a  Hundred," 

Oh,  ye  Powers!  what  a  roar, 
Such  was  never  heard  before — 
Thundering  from  shore  to  shore, 
"Uuclo  Sam's  a  hxmdred!" 

Cannon  boom  and  tnimpets  bray. 
Fiddles  squeak  and  fountains  play— 
'Tis  his  great  Centennial  day— 
"Undo  Sam'B  a  hvmdred!" 

Stalwart  men  and  puny  boys. 
Maids  and  matrons  swell  the  noise, 
Every  baby  lifts  its  voice, 

"Uncle  Sam's  ft  hundredl" 

Nervous  folks,  who  dote  on  quiet. 
Though  they're  half  distracted  by  it. 
Can't  help  mixing  in  the  riot, 
"Uncle  Sam's  a  hundred!" 

Brutes  that  walk  and  birds  that  fly, 
On  thf  earth  or  in  the  sky, 
Join  the  universal  cry, 

"Uncle  Sam's  a  hundred!" 

Well,  BuppoBO  he  ia— what  then? 
Don't  let  us  act  like  crazy  men; 
Must  we  take  to  fooling  when 
"Uncle  Sum's  a  hundred!" 


FERNERY  AND  FLOWER  STAND. 


Once  the  star-blossoms,  in  fury. 

Scattered,  flew  out  of  their  course; 
Oiue  were  the  stout  links  severed, 

Burst  by  a  terrible  force; 
Once  was  the  harmony  driven 

Back  to  its  heavenly  source. 

Past  tbe  convulsion,  the  blosBoms 

Multiplied,  brightened  again; 
Quickly  the  links  reunited. 

Sundered  and  broken  in  vain; 
Sweetly  the  bars  of  the  music 

Joined  in  the  wonderfug  strain. 

Fragrance  goes  forth  to  all  countries, 

Fatal  to  Kaiser  and  King; 
Still  to  tbe  chain  do  tbe  peoples 

Lovingly,  trustingly  cling;  ; 

Still  the  oppressed  of  all  nations  i 

Liberty's  sj-mphony  sing.  i 

Thus  hath  it  been  through  the  century;  j 

Thus  shall  it  be  through  the  ages; 

Thus  shall  the  future  behold  it, 
Fairest  of  history's  pages; 

Bright  wreath  and  atout  chain  and  great  song 
Passing  the  wisdom  of  ages. 


There  he  stands— our  modem  Saul- 
Head  and  shoulders  above  all: 
Yet  "Pride  goes  before  a  fall." 
E'en  though  one's  a  hundred. 

"What's  a  hundred  in  onr  day  ?'* 
Foreign  Uncle  Sams  will  say; 
"Let  us  sit  and  watch  the  play- 
He  is  but  a  hundred. 

"Granted  he's  a  shapely  youth- 
Fair  and  ruddy— yet,  forsooth! 
He's  too  young— and  that's  the  truth- 
Only  just  a  hundred. 

'•"When  he's  twice  as  old.  paxdie! 
'Twill  be  easier  to  foresee 
What  will  be  his  destiny. 
Now  he's  but  a  hundred. 

'•When  he  plays  his  bovish  pranks. 
Should  he  seek  to  join  our  ranks. 
We  11  reflect.    But  now— no,  thanks! 
Why,  he's  but  a  hundred." 

Yes,  our  Uncle's  years  are  few; 
He  is  young— the  charge  is  true; 
Let  us  keep  that  fact  in  view. 

Though  he  counts  a  hundred. 


Don't  let's  tempt  him  to  ignore 
Warnings  that  have  gone  before; 
Perils  both  by  sea  and  shore. 
Now  that  he's  a  himdred. 

Let  UB  strive  with  earnest  heart. 
Each  of  us  to  do  his  part, 
So  that  he  may  scape  the  smart. 
Seeing  he's  a  hundred. 

And  with  solemn,  graceful  thought 

Of  the  deeds  that  he  has  wrought. 

Guided,  cherished,  favored,  taught, 

Till  he  reached  a  hundred. 

Let  «8,  as  we  vaunt  hla  worth, 
Mingle  bubernesB  with  mirth. 
While  we  shout  to  all  the  earth, 
"Uncle  Sam's  a  hundred!' 


Ode  to  Jonathan. 


BX    JOHN  BDXX. 

I  sing  a  Yankee,  latest  human  growth; 

A  hero  seldom  stupid,  slow,  or  flat, 
But  often  ever  sharp,  or  fast,  or  both  — 

A  self-willed,  mauy-titled  Democrat, 
Squire  in  New  York,  and  Captain  in  the  West; 

A  Judge  on  California's  golden  strand; 
In  the  Sunny  South  a  Colonel,  at  the  least; 

But  Deacon  in  the  true  old  Yankee  land. 
A  rapid  traveler  to  walk  with. 

Alike  through  flowers  and  thomB  buund  to  get 
Easy  to  trade.  CT  ilrink  or  talk  with,  [on; 

But  very  hard  for  any  one  to  sit  on. 
Who  storms  a  battery  like  an  old  crusader; 

Gives  freedom  to  a  race  tome  carele»s  minute; 
But  would  buy  Satan's  homestead  as  a   trader. 

And  ardently  aver  "  There's  millions  in  it." 
To  whom  e<iuality'B  a  precious  gem; 

Though  sometimes  he  may  kick  Chinese  or 
darkies. 
And  in  his  secret  bosom  doth  contemn 

All  foreigners— below  the  rank  of  marquis. 
In  Elaine,  who  ranks  in  Calvin's  flre*proof  class; 

In  Kansas  worships  God  with  straxipcd  revol- 
ver; 
By  the  dunces,  in  New  Orleans,  after  mass; 

In  Brooklyn  sobs  a  tear-o'erflowed  dif-solver. 
Who  thinks  a  schoolhouse  is  a  sacred  place. 

And  education  cures  all  mortal  phthtsics. 
But  looks  askance  at  high  scholastic  grace. 

In  Greek  and  Latin,  French  and   metaphysics. 
HtedlesB  what  charm  on   painted  canvas   glows; 

Indirterent,  oft  to  strophe  and  to  stanza, 
Hut  listuing  with  loving  ears  when  blows 

Tbe  western  wind  trom  newly-found  bonanza. 
Yet  who,  though  willing  after  gold  to  dash 

Through  sea  and    fire,  and  gloomy  ore-lined 
cavern. 
Not  often  hoards  his  hardly-gathered  cash- 
But  noDly  builds  a.  fourteen -story  tavern. 
Such  is  the  subject  of  tht-se  brief  remarks: 
A  lawless,  pious  free-souled  money-maker; 
Who  his  cigar  would  light  at  Pluto's  sparkJa, 
And  then  try  buying  heaven  by  the  acre. 


The  Centennial  Hymn. 


BV  JOHN  G.  wurmzB. 

Our  fathers'  God!  f rum  out  whose  hand 
The  centuries  fall,  like  grains  of  sand. 
We  meet  to-*lay.  united,  free, 
,^,nd  loval  to  our  land  and  Thee. 
To  thank  Thee  for  the  era  done. 
And  trust  Thee  for  the  opening  one. 

Here,  where  of  old,  by  Thy  design. 
The  lathers  spoke  that  word  of  Thine 
Whose  echo  is  the  glad  refrain 
Of  Tended  bolt  and  falling  chain. 
To  grace  our  festal  time  from  all 
The  zones  of  earth  our  guestfi  we  call. 

Be  with  us  while  the  New  World  greets 
The  Old  World,  thronging  all  its  streets, 
Unveiling  all  the  triumphs  won 
By  art  or  toil  beneath  the  sun; 
And  unto  common  good  ordain 
The  rivalship  of  hand  or  brain. 

Thou  who  hast  here  in  concord  furled 
The  war  fl.*igs  of  a  gathered  world. 
Beneath  onr  Western  skies  fulfill 
The  Orient's  mission  of  good  will, 
And.  freighted  with  love's  golden  fleece. 
Send  back  the  Argonauts  of  peace. 

For  art  and  labor  met  in  tmce, 
For  beauty  made  the  bride  of  use, 
We  thank  Thee,  while  withal  we  crave 
The  austere  virtues,  strong  to  save, 
The  honor  proof  to  place  our  gold. 
The  manhood  never  bought  or  sold! 

O!  make  Thou  us  through  centuries  long. 
In  peace  secure,  in  justice  strong; 
Around  our  gifts  of  freedom  draw 
The  safeguards  of  thy  righteous  law, 
And,  cast  in  some  deviner  mould. 
Let  the  new  cycle  shame  the  old. 


A  simple  and  effectual  remedy  for  the 
prevention  of  milk  tixrning  sour  in  sum- 
mer consists  in  adding  to  each  quart  15 
grains  of  bi-carbonate  of  soda. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


TIMELY  HINTS. 


-V-'VOW  that  your  plants  are  all  growing 
A'l  ■ — "'^^^'^  '^^  season  of  planting,  etc. 
'fV'  ■ — a  few  timely  hints  as  to  summer 
(J^j  care  will  suffice  for  this  month. 
(t/g  Ste  that  your  heavy  plants  are 
properly  supported  with  stakes  and 
strings,  and  provide  trellaces  for  climb- 
ing plants,  if  not  already  attended  to. 
The  skeleton  of  an  umbrella,  a  clump  of 
brush,  and  many  other  things,  when  cov- 
ered with  climbers  of  various  kinds  will 
look  pretty. 

"Water,  and  plenty  of  it,  is  ;he  great 
esiential  to  success  in  the  garden  during 
the  hot  mouths,  particularly  out  of  doors. 
The  growth  of  plants,  during  hot  weath- 
er, requires  a  constant  supply  of  moist- 
ure. They  might  be  able  to  live  with 
little,  but  the  growth  would  nearly  cease, 
the  foliage  on  the  lower  stems  of  plants 
would  turn  yellow,  and  very  few  blos- 
soms, and  poors  ones  would  result.  With 
all  the  water  they  want,  the  growth  will 
be  vigorous,  the  foliage  heavy  and  green 
imd  the  flowers  profuse  and  beautiful. 
Generally  too  little  attention  is  given  to 
this  subject  of  supplying  water  in  proper 
quantities.  In  cool  spring  weather  but 
little  watering  is  necessary  for  plants.  It 
is  then  easy  to  give  too  much.  The 
plants  are  usually  small,  and  the  loss 
by  evaporation  from  the  leaves  slight. 
Now  with  full  foliage,  and  a  very  drying 
atmosphere,  the  case  is  very  different. 
It  is  a  good  thing  to  mulch  the  surface  of 
the  soil  with  saw  dust,  tan  bark,  or  sand, 
to  prevent  it  from  drying  out  quickly, 
and  to  keep  it  cool.  Keep  an  eye  on  the 
weeds  that  they  do  not  absorb  the  moist- 
ure and  richness  of  the  soil  and  crowd 
the  plants.  Wash  the  dust  from  the 
leaves  with  a  sprinkler,  or  a  brush  dip- 
ped in  a  bucket  of  water.  And  again  we 
say,  give  the  plants  plenty  of  water. 
Don't  neglect  them  a  single  day. 

House  and  pot  plants  need  an  abund- 
ant supply  of  water  also,  but  remember 
that  it  is  not  a  good  plan  to  keep  water 
standing  in  the  pans  which  the  pots  set 
in.  It  is  likely  to  get  stagnant  and  do 
injury  to  the  plants.  Water  your  pot 
plants  in  the  top  of  the  pots,  and  allow 
them  to  drain.  Hanging  baskets  need  a 
daily  bath,  morning  or  evening,  in  a 
tub,  besides  a  cup  of  water  at  mid  day. 
A  spoonful  of  ammonia  in  a  quart  of 
water  once  a  week  is  a  good  excitant  of 
growth. 

Mistakes  in  Flokicultube. — It  is  fif- 
teen years  since  I  commenced  gathering 
material  for  flower  a  garden,  and  the  loss 
of  time  and  money  suffered  in  the  effort 
to  make  my  garden  what  it  is,  prompts 
me  to  publish  something  of  my  experi- 
ence for  the  benefit  of  others.  Of  my 
failures  I  am  not  ashamed,  for  they  were 
only  incidents  in  honest  endeavors  for 
success. 

lly  first  mistake  was  in  getting  too 
many  kinds  of  flowers — a  very  common 
fault  with  beginners.  The  catalogues 
were  faulty  in  not  noting  the  periods  at 
which  the  difTerent  varieties  would 
lilooin.  Consequently  I  had  the  same 
shade  of  colors  and  form,  in  Asters, 
Dahlias,  and  Zinnias  at  about  the  same 
time — and  so  with  many  earlier  flowers. 
I  have  learned  that  one  of  a  class  of  flow- 
ers, with  a  full  variety  of  its  colors,  is 
enough  to  bloom  at  once;  and  that  from 
three  to  live  classes  may  be  represented 
at  the  same  time. 

^  My  second  was  a  mistske  of  propor- 
tion. I  obtained  too  many  annuals  and 
bedding  plants,     .^t  the  end  of   the  sea- 


son I  found  that,  with  the  annuals,  I  was 
left  just  where  I  commenced — with  no- 
thing but  seeds,  and  not  even  those 
should  they  fail  to  ripen.  Bedding 
plants  proved  expensive,  both  to  procure 
and  to  care  for.  Three  of  the  best 
double  Geraniums  and  two  double  Pe- 
tunias are  enough,  and  if  they  did  not 
bloom  all  summer  would  most  certainly 
be  too  many. 

My  third  mistake  was  in  getting  too 
many  small  flowers — in  the  style  of  the 
low  Lobelias.  It  is  a  very  difficult  mat- 
ter so  to  arrange  a  garden  as  to  have  low 
small  flowers  appear  to  advantage.  A 
flower  garden  should  be  showy,  and  to 
make  it  so,  showy  flowers  must  be  em- 
ployed. 

My  fourth  mistake  was  a  big  one.  I 
mixed  things;  and  here  the  laugh  come 
in — though  it  has  been  a  great  while 
coming.  I  mixed  annuals,  biennials, 
perennials,  and  bedding  plants.  All 
sorts,  low  and  tall,  were  put  just  where 
there  might  be  convenient  room  for  them 
— and  the  effect  was  perfectly  stunning. 
It  was  as  if  I  had  mixed  the  different 
kinds  of  seed  in  a  bag  and  sown  them 
broadcast.  It  did  not  take  me  long  to 
decide  that  something  ailed  that  garden. 
I  could  see  the  Portulaccas  by  going  be- 
hind the  Dahlias;  while  a  strong  hedge 
of  Balsams  and  Zinnias  stood  on  guard 
before  the  Verbenas.  Could  I  have 
changed  the  ends  of  that  spot  of  ground 
I  would  have  done  it.  This  being  im- 
possible, I  concluded  to  wait  another 
year  and  change  the  arrangement.  I  did 
this,  but  it  proved  no  better.  The  per- 
ennials got  in  the  way — and  as  I  was 
adding  every  new  thing  that  I  could  get, 
chaos  might  have  been  deemed  order  as 
compared  to  my  garden.  Some  of  my 
friends  said  it  was  nice,  and  perhaps  they 
thought  so.  But  others  thought  I  had 
reached  the  extreme  of  insanity — and 
well  they  might;  for  the  whole  thing  was 
so  exactly  arranged  that  I  never  could 
tell  where  anything  was  till  it  presented 
itself,  and  sometimes  was  well  grown. 

At  this  point  I  might  write  another 
chapter.  The  points  I  wish  to  make 
would  render  this  one  too  lengthy.  Per- 
haps I  ought  to  say  that  during  all  these 
years  I  made  the  natures  and  periods  of 
blooming  of  the  dili'ereut  kinds  of  per- 
ennial plants  a  special  study — and  I  now 
know  that  no  class  of  flowers  will  give 
such  thorough  satisfaction  as  a  really 
good  selection  of  them.  They  are  always 
ready,  and,  whether  the  season  be  early 
or  late,  they  come  along  and  bloom  about 
the  same  time  every  year.  Thus  you 
can  calculate  with  certainty  what  flowers 
you  will  have  in  each  week  of  each 
month.  This  cannot  be  said  of  annuals 
and  bedding  plants,  for  seed  is  uncertain 
and  our  climate  variable.  But  peren- 
nials are  sure,  and  need  little  care.  We 
have,  withal,  so  many  kinds  that  the 
garden  can  be  made  gay  with  them  from 
winter  to  winter. 

For  beginners  I  would  suggest  the  fol- 
lowing short  negative  rules  as  ensuring 
success : 

Do  not  get  too  many  kinds;  some  will 
be  neglected. 

Do  not  get  too  many  of  a  kind;  they 
will  weary  the  eye. 

Do  not  get  too  many  bedding  plants ; 
you  can  buy  perennials  for  the  same 
money,  and  they  will  last. 

Do  not  get  too  much  small  trash;  it 
will  not  show. 

Do  not  mix  low  and  tall;  it  destroys 
the  effect  of  both. 

Do  not  plant  too  much  ground;  there 
•will  be  sameness. 

Do  not  neglect  to  care  for  them;  flow- 
ers like  company. 

Follow  carefully  these  negatives,  and, 
as  surely  as   the  rain   falls   and  the  sun 


shines,  you  will  succeed. — E.  ITuftelen, 
Le  Boy,  Genesee  Co.,  N.  T.,  in  American 
Oarden. 


^\\n\)  and  aioat-s. 


CALIFORNIA     BRED     MERINO 
SHEEP. 

(fjifalSTOEY  shows  that  centuries  ago 
njiY  fine  wool  was  in  demand  for  manu- 
jNl  f acturing  fine  fabrics.  The  Merino 
Q}  of  to-day  is  the  result  of  ages  of 
Sfv,"  pure  breeding — that  is,  selecting 
the  best  fine-wool  sheep  to  breed  from 
constantly.  Within  the  last  hundred 
years,  however,  more  care  has  been  taken 
in  the  direction  of  improvement  than 
ever  before.  And  in  America  the  Span- 
ish Merino  has  reachedijits  greatest  ex- 
cellence. Vermont  has  sent  to  California 
finer  Merino  sheep  than  Spain  ever  sent 
to  America.  Our  berdsmen  can,  some 
of  them,  show,  when  it  comes  to  superi- 
or growth  of  carcass,  finer  sheep  than 
ever  grew  in  Vermont.  Some  have  de- 
clared that  the  wool  deteriorates  in  fine- 
ness in  our  climate,  but  where  care  in 
breeding  is  used,  such  cannot  be  the 
case.  The  impression  seems  to  have 
gained  ground  from  the  fact  that  the 
common  sheep  of  this  coast,  brought 
from  Mexico,  were  coarse-wool  sheep, 
and  although  they  have  been  bred  with 
Merino  rams  for  some  years  past,  there 
are  many  coarse-wool  sheep  among  them 
yet.  Pure-bred  Merinos  in  our  climate 
are  as  fine  as  any  produced  anywhere  in 
the  world.  In  this  connection,  we  ask 
anyone  doubting  it  to  examine  the  wool 
upon  the  backs  of  Merinos  belonging  to 
B.  F.  Watkins,  of  Santa  Clara.  His 
stock  is  from  the  best  imported  Vermont 
stock,  bred  with  reference  to  superior 
fineness,  and  is  certainly  equal  to  any- 
thing that  can  be  seen  in  any  colder  cli- 
mate. 


The  Late  Importation. — Harrison  G. 
Otis,  editoi  of  the  Santa  Barbara  Press, 
a  gentleman  who  has  taken  a  good  deal 
of  interest  and  who's  well  posted  upon 
.\ngora  Goat  matters,  publishes  the  fol- 
lowing in  relation  to  the  recent  Harris 
importation,  which  is  sound  and  to  the 
point: 

A  press  telegram  says  that  "John  S. 
Harris,  of  California,  arrived  at  Baltimore 
a  few  days  ago  with  twelve  Angora  goats 
which  he  brought  from  Asia  Minor  after 
a  difficult  journey  lasting  a  year.  They 
have  already  cost  him  $525  apiece.  Har- 
ris hopes  to  make  them  profitable  in  the 
Sierras  of  California."  This  is  an  illus- 
tratisn  of  how  difficult  and  expensive  it 
is  to  import  this  valuable  stock  from  the 
distant  home  of  the  race,  nine  or  ten 
thousand  miles  away.  The  telegram  cur- 
iously adds;  '-This  is  the  first  importa- 
tion of  the  kind" — which  it  is  not,  by 
any  means,  as  is  well  known.  (That 
information  is  exclusively  original  with 
the  Intelligent  News  Agent.) 

With  a  fair  field  for  this  promising 
pursuit,  and  a  moderately  numerous 
stock  of  pure-blood  and  thoroughbred 
animals  to  work  with,  which  California 
breeders  now  have,  they  can  breed  Ango- 
ra goats  cheaper  and  better  than  they 
can  be  imported.  It  has  been  demonstra- 
ted by  practical  test  that  the  thorough- 
bred California  Angora  is  even  superior 
to  his  Turkish  ancestor  in  all  the  essen- 
tial points  of  excellence.  Careful  com- 
parisons made  by  us  of  this  fiber  from 
the  two  countries  leads  to  the  deliberate 
conclusion  that  the  California-grown  mo- 
hair is  superior  to  the  Turkish  product 
in    the    three    essential    particulars    of 


length,  fineness,  and  luster;  and  we  be- 
lieve the  average  weight  of  the  clip  from 
animals  of  the  same  grade  and  quality  is 
greater  here  than  in  Asia  Minor. 

It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  there 
are  no  grade  Angoras  in  Asia  Minor,  the 
same  as  in  America.  Investigation 
shows  that  the  different  breeds  of  fleece- 
bearing  goats  in  that  country  number 
some  twenty.  Of  these  the  Angora  and 
one  or  two  others  are  confessedly 
the  finest.  These  different  breeds  are 
more  or  less  intermingled  in  some  dis- 
tricts. The  result  is,  grade  fleeces  and  a 
marked  difference  in  the  quahty  of  the 
mohair  produced.  This  is  shown  in  the 
wide  range  of  prices  exhibited  by  the 
quotations  at  Constantinople,  the  market 
for  Angora,  and  also  at  Bradford,  the 
principal  English  market. 

Notwithstanding  what  has  been  said 
in  favor  of  home  breeding,  importations 
.are  to  be  encouraged  by  all  means.  The 
great  point  is  to  get  the  best  blood  and 
to  increase  the  numbers  of  our  flocks,  so 
that  the  annual  yield  from  them  of  good, 
merchantable  combing  mohair  will  be 
suflicient  in  a  few  years  more  to  make  ft 
decided  impression  upon  the  productive 
results  of  the  State  and  country. 

The  Angora  t.akes  most  kindly  to  the 
climate  and  herbage  of  Calfornia,  and  is 
steadily  winning  his  way. 

[In  regard  to  this  importation,  the 
goats  arrived  in  San  Jose  in  good  shape. 
They  are  a  little  smaller  than  California 
grown  Angoras,  but  are  fine  animals.  We 
have  endeavored  to  gain  the  audience  of 
the  proprietor,  Mr.  Hall,  and  learn  full 
particulars  of  this  importation,  etc.,  but 
for  reasons  best  known  to  himself  he  is 
reticent,  so  we  rest  the  matter  for  the 
present. — En.] 

iMroKTANCE  OF  Puee-Bked  Eams. — 
The  introduction  of  pure  bred  rams 
will  annually  increase  the  fleece  of  flocks 
one-half  pound  per  fleece.  Could  farm- 
ers be  induced  to  reflect  on  the  impor- 
tance of  this  increase,  then  I  have  not 
written  in  vain.  I  care  not  where  they 
purchase  their  rams,  so  they  get  them 
from  a  good  flock.  ,  One  to  three  rams 
annually  do  not  cost  much  money,  and 
yet  an  increase  annually  of  oue-half 
pound  becomes  an  important  item. — Fx. 


A  General  Complaint.— Here  is  one 

of  at  leafl  lifty  letter.^  tVoai  all  over  tliis  .Stale 
received  within  the  past  nioutU  by  the  pub- 
lishers. We  tiive  it  merely  to  show  how 
hard  money  matters  are  everywhere.  WIku 
is  ilie  remedy  ? 

PDHLISHERS     AliRlCUl.TlIKI.ST  :— It      is      a 

shame  that  the  owner  of  nearly  three  hund- 
red acres  of  land  in  so  fertile  a  valley  as  this 
slionid  he  so  cramped  for  ready  cash  as  not  to 
be  able  to  send  the  pay  for  the  AcRICCI-TUU- 
IST,  so  small  an  amount ;  and  thouj^h  my  at- 
tention ban  Iieen  twice  before  called  to  tins 
multer,  each  time  I  have  said  to  myself  "hold 
on  a  (lay  or  two  .ind  money  to  send  will  be 
easier  with  me."  lint  times  have  not  grown 
any  better  in  this  respect.  Please  conliuue 
to  send  the  paper,  and  I  will  try  to  j:et  the 
money  for  you  before  the  end  of  ibis  year. 
■  Youi's,  truly,  *>.  B.  O. 

Punfy   the   Press.  —  A    subscriber 

writes  as  follows  ; 

I  like  the  Cai..  .-iGRicri.Triu.sT  very  much 
indeed.  It  we  could  only  purify  the  sem-ccs 
of  information,  the  newspaper  press  peneral- 
Iv,  so  that  the  masses  of  the  people  learned 
o'niv  the  truth;  if  the  conductors  of  the  press 
could  bo  prevailed  upon  to  (|uit  coloring; 
things  to  sustain  their  own  side  of  public 
questions,  to  quit  publishing  with  favorable 
comments  quacks  and  quackery,  buniliuf.'» 
and  humbugry,  and  give  us  onlv  that  tliat  is 
solid  and  reliable,  society  would  make  a  bit;' 
bound  forward  and  upward;  crime  of  every 
character  would  bo  lessened  lifty  per  cent,  in 
the  next  decade.  >.  Junks. 


iisSkS^?/ 


^-:~7y« 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


ittixmpn&tntt. 


UETTER  FROM  KERN  ISLAND. 

fD.  AGBioDLTnnisT:  Reading  the  ar- 
ticles of  your  San  Jose  correspond- 
,  ents  in  reply  to  Mr.  Burrel's  cri- 
j  tique,  reminds  me  of  the  word-war 
,  some  years  ago  on  pruning.  Both 
parlies  are  right,  or  very  nearly  so. 
Twenty  years  ago  I  was  a  strong  advocate 
of  the  subsoil  plow,  and  on  lands  in  Ala- 
meda county  produced  the  most  satisfac- 
tory results  by  deep  culture,  causing  the 
land  to  retain  so  much  moisture  that  a 
crop  of  potatoes,  planted  the  first  of 
June,  did  well  and  made  a  fine  yield 
without  rain  or  irrigation,  and  a  wonder- 
ful growth  of  vegetables  was  thus  pro- 
duced. 

I  took  that  "hobby"  to  Pennsylvania, 
and  there  subsoiled  a  large  field  of  yel- 
low clay  soil  eighteen  or  twenty  inches 
deep,  using  three  and  four  yokes  of  oxen 
— expense,  twenty  dollars  per  acre  more 
than  ordinary  plowed  land  beside  it.  I 
next  took  the  subsoil  plow — an  invention 
of  my  brother's  superior  to  anything  of 
the  kind  I  have  seen  (no  i^atent  on  it) — 
to  the  rich  land  on  the  plains  of  Tulare 
county,  expecting  to  put  the  soil  in  such 
condition  that  irrigation  would  not  be 
needed;  but  there  it  failed  me,  and  after 
repeated  trials  I  laid  the  subsoiler  one 
side,  and  found  six  inches  as  good,  or 
better  than  a  foot.  So  I  think,  perhaps, 
both  your  correspondents  are  right. 

I  believe  in  will  be  of  use  on  this  Keru 
Island  land,  and  hope  to  try  it  another 
year,  then  look  for  accounts  of  growth. 
Some  of  the  laud  may  not  need  it,  for 
to-day  I  saw  a  peach  tree  that  was  plant- 
ed last  year,  when  it  was  less  than  an 
inch  in  diameter,  that  is  now  about  as 
large  as  a  New  Jersey  peach  tree  at  five 
years.  I  wish  I  had  measured  it  for  you. 
I  think  this  Island  about  the  best  place 
for  a  man  to  get  a  start,  if  the  chills  will 
let  him  alone,  and  though  we  came  here 
at  the  worst  time  of  the  year  for  that 
disease,  it  was  not  so  bad  as  represented 
— bad  enough,  but  with  the  help  of  the 
"specific  practice"  of  medicine  intro- 
duced by  Dr.  Scudder,  of  Cincinnati,  we 
can  manage.  Aided  thus,  we  hope  to 
keep  moving  until  the  health  of  the 
country  is  improved  by  clearing  the  land, 
planting  gum  trees,  etc. 

I  will  introduce  your  journal  to  all  my 
friends.  Farmers  do  not  read  such  pa- 
pers enough.     Yours, 

Isaac  B.  Eumfokd. 


'\ 


WORKING      FOR     TEMPERANCE. 
Way-Side    Watering  Places. 

Dear  Editok  :  Have  you  room  for  an 
idea  about  temperance  work?  If  the  best 
of  lectures  and  noblest  of  .tracts  could 
make  this  world  virtuous  and  temperate, 
the  work  would  be  nearly  done.  But 
lectures  and  tracts  contain  the  theory 
that  needs  to  be  followed  up  by  earnest, 
self-denying  hard  work  and  cash  outlay. 

I  once  heard  of  a  noble  woman  who 
was  devoting  time  and  money  to  the  dis- 
tribution of  tracts  among  the  outcasts  of 
a  great  city.  She  met  a  poor  child  still 
following  the  road  to  destruction  and  re- 
proachfully said  to  her,  "Did  yovi  not 
read  the  warning  tract  I  gave  you?" 
"Yes,"  retorted  the  girl;  "but  I  could'ut 
eat  it,  and  I  was  hungry." 

In  the  race  for  souls,  since  the  world 
b.igau,  the  devil  seems  literally  to  have 
had  possession  of  the  inside  track.  Good 
advice  comes  plentifully  and  earnestly 
from  the  elect,  but   the  square  meals  are 


too  often  furnished  by  the  devil.  I  am 
aware  that  "the  Lord's  people,"  in  many 
of  the  large  cities,  are  fast  waking  up  to 
the  necessity  of  taking  this  inside  track 
out  of  the  hands  of  the  devil  and  using 
it  for  God's  glory. 

I  wi.sh  to  suggest  an  investment  of 
some  of  our  missionary  zeal  and  money 
that  would  relieve  the  tired,  dust-choked, 
and  in  many  cases  sin-st. lined  traveler 
from  the  necessity  of  calling  at  the  cor- 
ner grocery  for  a  drink,  where  often  if 
he  takes  water  it  is  so  warm  antl  un- 
wholesome that  if  he  has  a  "bit"  he  is 
tempted  to  take  a  glass  of  more  loath- 
some drink  to  wash  the  water  from  his 
mouth.  Even  if  he  finds  a  wholesome 
drink  of  cool  water,  a  few  meaning 
glances  of  "Bar-keep"  will  make  him 
feel  mean  if  he  enjoys  a  few  moments' 
rest  and  leaves   no  cash  as  he  walks  on. 

I  believe  twenty-five  earnest,  patient, 
temperance  men,  owning  water  tanks 
near  the  public  roads  in  different  parts 
of  the  county,  could  head  off  two  hund- 
red drinks  of  liquor  per  day  during  hay- 
ing and  harvest. 

A  piece  of  ground  ten  or  fifteen  feet 
square,  thickly  shaded  by  trees,  vines  or 
other  shade,  provided  with  some  sort  of 
stationary  seats,  a  barrel  or  small  tank 
filled  with  water  cooled  by  slowly  run- 
running  during  the  night  from  the  irri- 
gating tank,  and  a  bright,  new  tin  cup 
secured  to  the  tank.by  a  chain,  would  be 
the  first,  and  perhaps  least  part  of  the 
investment  in  behalf  of  those  needing 
the  '  'cup  of  cold  water, ' '  for  tramps  and 
hoodlums  would  sometimes  steal  the  cup, 
let  out  the  water  and  foul  the  place  made 
for  their  comfort.  Gratitude  is  not  the 
heathen's  first  sentiment.  If  he  lives  in 
the  south  sea  islands  ho  may  eat  his 
woiild-be  benefactor;  in  California  he  is 
very  apt  to  insult  and  plunder  his  best 
friends. 

Could  these  cool  water  resting  places 
become  one  of  the  institutions  of  the 
country,  and  be  furnished  with  enough 
water  for  the  use  of  horses,  they  would 
do  much  towards  regulating  the  water 
supply  that  is  placed  by  the  roadside, 
not  for  the  sake  of  the  weary,  thirsty 
animals,  but  for  the  chance  to  sell  their 
drivers  a  drink. 

That  part  of  a  jjleasure  ride  endured 
by  the  lady  sitting  in  the  buggy  subject 
to  the  stare  of  from  one  to  a  dozen  pairs 
of  red  eyes  whoso  owners  are  smoking 
and  swearing  on  the  porch  whilst  her 
gallant  is  watering  the  horse  and  making 
his  acknowledgments  to  the  "bar-keep," 
is  not  the  pleasantest  part  of  the  ride. 

A  "well-to-do  Mr.  Hayseed"  might  get 
into  the  habit  of  leaving  his  daily  paper, 
after  reading  it,  alongside  the  cool  water, 
for  even  time  enough  to  rest  and  look 
over  a  paper  would  be  no  loss  to  a  home- 
less man  looking  for  work. 

It  would  be  a  proper  place  to  post  a 
notice  of  where  wrrk  could  ba  had. 

It  might  be  a  good  business  invest- 
ment where  fruit  is  sold  from  the  orch- 
ard, as  a  locked  door  could  be  controlled 
by  the  orchardist,  .and  an  order  box  like 
a  drop-letter  box  be  made  to  receive  a 
customer's  order  as  he  drove  into  town, 
and  his  fruit  be  ready  for  delivery  on 
short  notice  as  he  came  back. 

There  are  other  benevolent,  sanitary, 
and  Christian  items  easily  connected 
with  this  matter,  but  this  article  is  al- 
ready too  long. 

In  the  above  I  aim  no  shaft  at  the  le- 
gitimate country  store  or  wayside  inn.  I 
would  h*lp  a  traveler  to  avoid  the  water- 
ing place  eslnbthhed  for  the  purpose  of  sell- 
ing liquor.  C.  A.  AV. 

Cozy  Nook,  June,  1876. 


COOL    WATER. 

Ed.  Agkil i;ltl'1!Lst :  Have  you  room 
for  a  few  lines  about  cool  wat^'r,  and  a 
few  hints  about  how  it  can  be  easily  sup- 
plied on  every  farm? 

Our  nights  are  so  cool  that  a  small 
stream  of  water  running  slowly  a  few 
rods  will  become  cold  enough  to  be  very 
refreshing  all  through  the  diiy. 

The  arrangement  may  be  very  simple 
and  cheap.  'Two  syrup  barrels  and  forty 
feet  of  trough  will  do  it.  The  barrels 
will  cost  about  two  dollars,  and  should 
be  thoroughly  scalded  and  washed  to 
take  out  the  syrup  tasle.  Set  one  near 
the  water  supply,  and  fill  it.  Set  the 
other  in  the  best  cool  place  within  reach. 
Hop  vines  will  grow  and  cover  an  arbor 
for  the  barrel  very  quickly.  Leave  the 
shelter  open  on  the  north  side.  Before 
going  to  bed  at  night  turn  the  faucet  at 
baiTcl  No.  1,  so  a  small  stream  will  run 
to  No.  2,  at  the  same  time  draw  oft"  the 
water  left  over  in  No.  2  to  moisten  the 
surrounding  shelter. 

The  plan  can  be  modified  to  suit  cir- 
cumstances. The  water  may  bo  located 
in  the  milk  house,  but  should  be  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  leave  no  permanent  damp- 
ness about  the  floor.  Where  there  is  a 
tank  raised  from  the  ground  a  small  pipe 
can  be  inserted  and  the  water  run  any 
desired  distance,  and  the  larger  the  body 
of  water  thoroughly  cooled  by  the  night 
air  the  cooler  it  will  keep  through  the 
day. 

I  have  practiced  for  years  drawing  a 
barrelof  water  out  of  my  irrigating  ditch, 
taking  care  to  fill  the  barrel  in  the  morn- 
ing before  the  sun  shines  on  the  ditch. 
If  wo  ever  doubt  its  paying  for  the  bother 
we  haue  only  to  neglect  to  fill  the  barrel 
one  day  and  we  have  no  doubt  aliout  it 
rfterwards. 

In  the  cities  where  ice  is  plenty  per- 
haps a  tank  of  cool  water  is  not  so 
necessary,  yet  I  think  there  are  many 
places  where  its  cool  waters  and  sur- 
roundings would  be  welcome.  Where 
the  city  water  comes  into  the  chambers 
it  would  ho  easy  to  pass  a  small  pipe 
through  the  wall  and  around  the  house 
into  a  lower  room  provided  with  a  tank 
that  would  have  a  cooling  influence  on 
the  whole  house,  and  by  passing  the 
water  through  a  filter  before  ft  entered 
the  tank  it  would  be  improved  in  every 
respect.  C.  A.  W. 

CczY  Nook,  June,  187G. 


^M\  |5vccdcc* 


FINE  STOCK  and  INTELLIGENT 
FARMING  vs.  RANCHING. 

ANY  persons  here  and  in  the  East 
who  read    about   stock  raising  in 

,  ...  California  seem  to  have  an  idea 
Co.*  that  it   must  be  very   nice  to  get 

Yi>§^l^ol'l  of  "  f^"'  thousand  acres  of 
wild  hill  lands  and  cover  the  same  with 
stock  a  Id  Mexicanci.  But  we  who  have 
resided  on  this  Coast  for  years  have  seen 
reasons  for  harboring  a  different  opinion. 
There  was  at  one  time  an  excuse  for  this 
loose  method  of  ranching,  when  the 
lauds  were  open  and  without  settlers.and 
not  in  demand  for  settlement.  The  old 
vaqueros  could  better  ati'ord  to  take  their 
chances  of  losing  by  drouth  the  increase 
of  years  of  plenty.  And  if  the  cattle 
could  live  through  short  feed  the  hides 
and  tallow  when  it  was  flush  would  pay 
well  enough  to  satisfy  an  indolent  ambi- 
tion. Such  stock  raising  has  about 
ceased  to  be  desirable  in  this  State.  Only 
a  few  half-civilized  adherents  to  it  are  to 
be  found.     Slowly  and   reluctantly  they 


have  fled  before  settlers  and  the  no-fence 
law,  which  forced  stock-owners  to  take 
care  of  their  stock  and  not  allow  them  to 
eat  up  the  farmers'  crops  with  impunity. 

These  old  stock  ranchers  have  been 
the  worst  enemies  the  real  settler  has 
had  to  contend  with.  Any  advance  that 
has  been  made  upon  public  lands  that 
they  have  ranged  over,  has  been  stoutly 
resisted  in  every  way  they  could  contrive 
by  trickery  and  persecution.  Within  a 
few  years — just  prior  to  the  no-fence  law, 
which  we  made  enemies  as  well  as  friends 
by  advocating — it  was  as  much  as  a 
man's  life  was  worth  to  pre-empt  and 
occupy  such  lauds.  The  settlers'  crops 
were  destroyed,  and  armed  men  would 
threaten,  and  often  execute  threats,  with 
pillage,  rapine  and  murder.  Nothing 
less  than  a  colony,  or  strong  combina- 
tion of  armed  settlers,  backed  up  by  law, 
could  protect  them  from  all  sorts  of 
abuse  and  damage  from  these  cattle  and 
sheep  herding  laud  monopolizers.  They 
made  no  improvements  upon  the  lauds, 
and  little  or  none  in  their  own  herds,  but 
generally  were  content  to,  Arab-like, 
prowl  over  the  plains  a  wild,  pastoral 
people.  They  combined,  as  much  as 
long  distances  would  admit,  to  hold  their 
"vested"  rights.  But  thanks  to  the 
pluck  of  a  few  daring  spirits,  and  to  ad- 
vancing civilization,  they  are  fast  suc- 
cumbing. 

As  they  retreat  before  cultivation  the 
real  stock  interests  of  the  country  ad- 
vance. With  cultivation  comes  a  higher 
branch  of  stock  farming— better  breeds 
of  stock,  lietter  pastures,  and  something 
to  eat  when  pastures  are  short.  A  di- 
versified system  of  intelligent  fanning  is 
always  favorable  to  stock  raising  and 
stock  gromng,  and  to  improvement  in 
the  breeds  of  stock. 

Until  very  lately  our  breeders  of  fine 
stock  as  a  specialty  could  find  no  enconr- 
agement  in  their  business.  Several  per- 
sons from  the  East  who  have  come  here 
with  best  breeds  have  met  with  nothing 
but  disappointment.  They  supposed 
that  this  State,  being  a  stock  country, 
would  furnish  a  market  for  their  fine 
breeds.  But  they  have  found  that  it 
requires  civilized  men  to  appreciate  and 
patronize  the  best  stock.  As  the  cattle 
men  are  obliged  to  contract  their  herds 
before  the  eucroachments  of  settlers, 
some  of  the  most  enterprising  have  pur- 
chased fine  stock  to  breed  up  their  scrubs 
a  little.  But,  as  a  general  rule,  the  far- 
mers who  till  the  soil  are  the  ones  who 
demand  better  breeds  and  make  it  pay  to 
improve.  Every  alfalfa  field  creates  a 
demand  for  better  stock.  Every  well- 
conducted  farm  needs  better  stock,  and 
the  better  the  system  of  farming  the 
greater  the  need,  and  the  demand  also. 

During  a  portion  of  the  year  only  the 
uncultivated  lands  aflford  valuable  pas- 
turing. We  know  of  several,  valley  far- 
mers who  also  own  hill  farms  where  they 
turn  a  portion  of  their  stock  during  good 
pasture,  and  provide  feed  on  the  valley 
farm  for  them  to  eat  during  the  balance 
of  the  year.  They  find  it  a  money-mak- 
ing business. 

Another  element  against  stock  im- 
provement is  the  aW-ic/ieuf  rancher.  There 
is  no  improvement  of  any  kind  about 
such  an  one,  only  to  get  the  best  machin- 
ery to  run  things  on  a  grand  scale.  He 
may  make  money,  or  lose  it.  He  is  a 
chance-taking  farmer,  and  regards  his 
undertakings  as  a  speculator  in  mining 
stocks  does,  as  either  a  winning  or  a 
losing  game.  He  is  just  one  step,  and 
only  one,  in  advance  of  the  wild  stock 
raisers,  and  must  eventually  give  way  to 
a  better  system.  He  stands  in  the  way 
of  settlement,  and  as  long  as  the  big 
land  Bionopolists  control  things  and  ob- 
tain high  rents   for  lands   for  such  pur- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


poses,  settlers  must  stand  back.  When 
civilization  surrounds  them  and  advances 
the  price  of  these  large  tracks,  and  the 
degenerated  monopolists  die,  and  in  the 
course  of  time  titles  split  up  and  natur- 
ally fall  to  pieces,  then  will  these  lands 
become  jjeopled  and  improved. 

At  the  present  time  the  out-look  for 
fine  stock  interests  of  all  kinds  in  this 
State  is  encouraging,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  the  late  annual  sale  was  a 
failure.  There  were  several  reasons 
why  besides  those  we  have  already  given. 
The  interests  of  the  fine  stock  "breeder 
^yith  those  of  the  good  farmer  are  iden- 
tical. Both  are  aiming  to  improve.  The 
intelligent  farmer  must  have  the  fine 
stock,  and  will  eventually.  There  is  no 
question  about  that.  Let  the  breeder  of 
fine  stock  lend  his  encouragement  to- 
wards a  better  system  of  farming,  and 
let  the  enterprising  farmer  patronize  the 
intelligent  and  scientific  stock  breeder, 
and  let  both  take  and  read  the  Califor- 
nia Agkicfltukist,  and  we  may  all  be 
happy  yet. 


Close  Beeeding.— -Here  is  what  we  re- 
gard as  sensible  talk.  Breed  good  qual- 
ities regardless  of  relationship.  A  writer 
in  the  Weslern  Farm  Journal,  after  allud- 
ing to  a  discussion  on  the  subject  by  the 
Stock  Breeders'  Association,  says:  It 
has  been  supposed    destructive   to  good 


tion  of  blood  to  that   extent  necessary  to 
perpetuate  merit. 

In  breeding  it  is  a  correct  principle  to 
avoid  the  same  defects  on  both  sides; 
care  should  be  taken  to  balance  defects 
on  either  side,  with  perfection  on  the 
other. 

Ovee-Feeding  Fine  Stock  for  Shows. 
It  is  astonishing  that  breeders  wiU  be  so 
foolish  as  to  still  continue  the  practice  of 
stuffing,  to  their  ruin,  valuable  animals 
from  their  flocks  and  herds,  simply  for 
the  purpose  of  outshowing  each  other  in 
monstrous  fat  at  the  agricultural  fairs. 
See,  for  example  what  dsstruction  has 
resulted  for  years  past  from  this  cause  in 
the  noble  tribes  of  Bate's  and  Booth's 
Short-horn  cattle.  It  is  not  surprising 
that  many  have  died  under  this  practice; 
the  only  wonder  is  that  a  single  animal 
of  them  has  survived  it,  and  is  still  left 
with  sufficient  stamina  to  propagate  its 
species.  In  a  late  issue,  the  London 
Agnciiltiiral  Gazelle  observes  that  this  la- 
mentable destructionis  going  on  in  other 
superior  families  of  Short-horns,  and 
also  in  other  breeds  of  cattle,  for  it  says: 
"Mr.  (Juthwaite  has  lost  his  celebrated 
cow  Vivandiere.  She  and  her  calf  have 
both  died  during  protracted  labor.  The 
North  British  A(j7'iculturist  of  last  week 
enumerates  the  disasters  which  have  of 
late    befallen    prize    animals.       Among 


^^^    .^^~,^     ^^^.^,^j^^i       ^icotji  Illative      tU    t?OOU       H  ^T         T  1,       .  ° 

breeding  to  go  into  any  of  the  forbidden    ,    """i'  M^- J^ennard  s  Queen  Mary,  which 


degrees  of  relationship.  If  a  neighbor 
hood  was  enterprising  enough  to  buy  a 
fine  bull,  or  horse,  at  great  expense,  after 
a  certain  time  the  animal  and  all  his 
progeny  must  be  discarded  for  fresh 
blood,  which  must  be  imported  at  a  fur- 
ther increased  expense,  or  the  original 
improvement  went  for  nothing  and  was 
lost.  In  this  way,  many  good  breeds 
have  been  frittered  away  and  wasted,  be- 
cause the  importation  could  not  be  kept 
up  and  maintained  indefinitely.  This 
position  is  nonsensical  in  the  extreme, 
as  every  intelligent  breeder  ought  to 
know. 

How  was  it  possible  for  Bates,  or 
Webb,  or  Bakewell,  or  any  of  the  origin- 
al improvers  of  stock,  to  maintain  the 
superiority  of  their  breeds?  They  had 
no  other  choice  strains  to  run  to,  if  they 
had  desired  to  do  so  ever  so  much,  for 
there  were  none  in  existence.  It  is  more 
than  probable  that,  if  there  had  been, 
they  would  have  kept  on  as  they  did,  for 
when  they  once  got  a  good  animal,  they 
carefully  preserved  all  his  good  qualities 
by  breeding  to  others  possessing,  as  near 
as  possible,  other  good  points.  They 
were  compelled  to  do  this  regardless  of 
relationship  for  the  reasons  above  stated. 

It  is  now  quite  certain  that  the  only 
way  to  maintain  a  choice  breed  of  stock 
is' to  keep  up  the  intercourse  between 
them,  regardless  of  relationship,  so  long 
as  there  are  any  good  qualities  worthy  o1 
preservation.  Any  system  of  breeding 
which  is  based  on  any  other  principle  is 
founded  on  error,  and  is  sure  to  fail,  as 
so  many  of  our  previous  attempts  at  im- 
proving Western  herds  have  failed. 

The  true  principles  of  breeding  neces- 
sitate pruning  the  herd,  therefore  all  fe- 
male animals  are  endowed  with  a  time  of 
heat,  which  faculty  attracts  the  males  of 
their  kind,  and  inaugurates  nature's 
requisites  to  the  nerpetuation  without 
deterioration.  Of  wild  animals  the  prun- 
ing of  the  herd  is  successfully  accomp- 
lished by  the  fighting  of  the  males  unto 
death  or  banishment  from  the  herd, 
leaving  the  most  vigorous  males  to  pro- 
pagate their  kind;  the  buffalo,  elk  and 
deer  are  instanced,  showing  no  deterior- 
ation either  in  form  or  vigor,  and  fairly 
represent  nature's  standard,  which  is 
perfection,  matured  by  the  true  princi- 
ples of  breeding  in  line,  and   concentra- 


has  lost  her  calf;  Mr.  A.  H.  Browne's 
Duke  of  Aosta,  winner  of  many  prizes, 
including  the  first  at  each  of  the  three 
national  meetings  in  England,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland,  last  season;  Lady  Pigot's 
Victoria  Victrix,  Rose  of  Wytham,  and 
Moorish  Captive,  all  of  them  royal  win- 
ners; the  Duke  of  Buccleuch's  prize  win- 
ning Ayrshire  cow,  and  Mr.  Scott's  fine 
polled  Angus  bull  Bluebeard.  We  rather 
suspect,"  says  the  Gazette,  "that  the  un- 
natural state  of  feeding  in  which  show- 
yard  animals  now-a-days  appear  has  had 
not  a  little  to  do  with  the  death  of  some, 
if  not  all  the  animals  particularized." 

Yes,  indeed,  you  may  "rather"  more 
than  "suspect"  this,  for  it  is  a  terrible 
fact,  and  no  mistake  about  it.  I  well 
recollect  when  present  at  one  of  the  royal 
agricultural  shows  in  England  of  express- 
ing astonishment  to  a  celebrated  breeder 
there  that  he  should  sell  a  lot  of  his  prize 
animals  to  a  competitor.  "Why,"  I 
exclaimed,  "in  a  few  years  he  will  be  ex- 
hibiting here  against  you,  and  beat  you 
with  the  produce  of  your  own  weapons." 
He  gave  me  a  nudge  with  his  hand  and 
a  sly  wink  with  his  eye,  and  at  the  same 
time  dryly  remarked:  "Never  fear  that. 
These  animals  have  been  fed  too  high  to 
make  good  breeders;  the  purchaser  of 
them  can  never  beat  me  at  a  cattle  show 
with  their  ofi'spring. " 

And  still,  with  such  a  lesson  before  us, 
we  Americans  ai-e  so  foolish  as  to  con- 
tinue importing  prize  stock  from  abroad, 
and  boast  of  it  to  the  public,  thinking 
thereby  to  be  able  to  sell  their  produce 
at  a  much  higher  price  than  such  as 
come  from  animals  that  have  not  gone 
through  the  injurious  process  of  over- 
feeding, in  order  to  make  a  foolish  show 
of  their  fine  points.—^.  Ji.  Allen,  in  the 
American  Agriculturist. 

[Here  is  a  subject  for  the  California 
Stock  Breeders'  Association  to  discuss. 
Several  head  of  fine  stock  have  been  lost 
in  California  from  this  cause.  It  would 
not  be  a  bad  plan  to  rule  out  all  animals 
that  are  too  fat  from  competition  in  the 
ring  altogether. — Ed. 

Management  of  Large  Bulls.— .\11 
stock  breeders  know  that  large  bulls 
have  a  perfect  disregard  for  fences,  and 
therefore  have  to  be  kept  in  the  stable, 
sometimes  for  years.  Experience  has 
shown  in  most  cases  where  bulls  are  kept 


so  confined,  without  air  or  exercise,  that 
they  become  either  impotent,  or  very 
precarious  stock  getters,  also  headstrong 
and  dangerous  to  handle.  I  kept  a 
Short-horn  bull  six  years.  When  he  was 
a  year  old,  I  began  handling  him  with  a 
rope  similar  to  one  ordinarily  used  to 
cast  a  horse.  He  would  make  great  re- 
sistance, and  after  a  struggle  would  have 
to  come  down.  I  repeated  this  every  six 
months  that  I  had  him,  and  he  never 
knew  that  he  had  any  strength.  His 
lofty  head  was  leveled  to  the  ground  in 
a  manner  very  humiliating  to  him;  he 
was  alwaj's  as  kind  as  an  ox,  and  any 
child  could  lead  him  to  water.  Throw- 
ing him  took  the  conceit  entirely  out  of 
him. 

I  then  invented  a  plan  to  exercise  him. 
I  set  a  post  in  the  ground  about  three 
feet  high,  with  a  cart  wheel  on  top,  then 
lashed  a  sixteen-foot  ash  pole  across  it, 
made  a  frame  for  his  neck  at  the  end,  so 
that  the  pole  would  lie  against  his  breast 
with  a  rod  running  out  in  front  to  tie  his 
strap  to.  He  verj-  soon  learned  to  go 
round,  describing  a  circle  thirty-two  feet 
in  diameter,  with  a  good  track.  He  was 
put  in  this  every  day,  and  would  walk 
two  hours.  After  a  few  days  he  needed 
no  attention,  as  he  seemed  to  enjoy  it, 
and  was  so  impatient  to  start  that  we 
could  hardly  hold  him  still  long  enough 
to  tie  him. 

The  result  of  this  was  that  he  was  the 
most  active  bull  I  ever  saw;  and  out  of 
eighty-seven  cows  served  the  summer  he 
was  four  years  old,  only  four  missed. 
Some  of  my  stock  breeding  friends  have 
tried  these  experiments,  and  say  that 
they  have  been  the  means  of  prolonging 
the  usefulness  of  their  valuable  bulls  for 
years.  We  all  know  that  far  too  many 
of  our  high-priced  and  choice  bulls  go 
prematurely  to  the  shambles  in  couse- 
of  the  above  troubles. — Cor.  Country  Gen- 
tleman. 

Advantages  of  Raising  Stock.— Farms 
which  are  devoted  to  raising  stock  that 
consume  the  crops  grown  ujjon  them  are 
less  rapidly  exhausted  than  those  from 
which  the  crops  of  grain  or  hay  are  sold. 
Upon  farms  where  the  grain,  hay  and 
straw  are  fed  to  stock,  the  farmer  may 
realize  a  double  profit.  First,  by  the 
profit  arising  from  the  sale  of  his  stock; 
and  second,  from  the  larger  quantity  of 
manure  he  makes  and  applies  to  the  im- 
provement of  his  fields  and  thereby  in- 
creasing the  quantity  of  grain,  and  thus 
he  is  enabled  to  add  to  the  number  of 
his  stock. 


breed  pure,  and  keep  it  improving,  too, 
if  he  uses  care  in  his  selection  of  breed- 
ing animals.  Then,  if  he  has  male  or 
female  animals  to  sell,  he  can  get  as 
good  prices  as  he  has  had  to  pay.  He 
can  sell  his  stock  for  three  or  four  times 
what  it  is  worth  for  meat.  It  costs  him 
no  more  to  raise  it,  and  any  surplus 
stock  he  has,  he  can  convert  into  meat 
just  as  well  as  the  mixed  breeds:" 

How  TO  Educate  a  Bull. — The  Coan- 
trij  Gentleman  says:  A  bull  should  always 
be  SO  fastened  that  he  cannot  strike  his 
attendant  with  his  horns.  He  should 
always  be  handled  with  a  staff  fastened 
in  his  ring,  and  be  taught  to  obey  when 
led,  just  as  a  horse  is  taught.  If  he 
shows  the  least  disposition  to  use  his 
horns  when  being  led,  a  twist  of  the 
staff  will  teach  him  better.  He  should 
be  handled  in  the  stable  as  a  horse  is 
taught  to  be,  and  should,  for  the  sake  of 
his  health,  be  carded  and  groomed  to  his 
feet,  as  is  a  fine  colt.  When  currying 
his  head  and  neck,  always  have  a  firm 
hold  of  his  ring,  and  never  allow  him  to 
think  he  can  push,  hook  or  even  frighten 
the  attendant.  Always  keep  him  well 
groomed. 


ARE 


TENDENCIES   CF    CHARAC- 
TER   INHERITED? 


Peofitabe  Grades. — One  of  the  great 
causes  of  disappointment,  saj's  a  corres- 
pondent of  Coleman's  Rural,  to  those 
farmers  who  attempt  to  improve  their 
stock,  and  then  are  dissatisfied  with  their 
success,  is  because  they  work  on  the  cost- 
nothing  plan,  and  get  the  cheap  kind. 
That  is,  they  start  their  im;  rovement  by 
getting  a  grade  of  its  kind,  ignoring  the 
fact  that  the  pure-bred  animal,  when 
coupled  with  the  grade,  or  cold  blood, 
produces  an  offspring  that  cannot,  with 
any  certaintj',  reproduce  its  like  in  form 
or  fattening  properties.  Many  men  will 
ask,  Why  is  it  so?  It  is  because  the 
pure-bred  has  been  the  result  of  scientific 
breeding  and  feeding  for  a  limited  time, 
while  the  scrub  has  been  an  amalgama- 
tion of  races  from  generation  to  genera- 
tion, without  an  eflbrt  to  imiu'ove  those 
essentials  that  make  them  profitable  to 
the  farmer.  A  pure  breed  can  be  raised 
just  as  cheap  as  a  mixed  breed.  Each 
breed  has  its  peculiar  characteristics;  and 
the  farmer  must  first  ask  what  hc*%ants 
in  an  animal,  or  of  an  animal,  and  then 
get  the  breed  that  most  nearly  meets  his 
wants.  Then  ho  wants  to  keep  it  pure. 
By  buying  pure  males  occasionally,  if  he 
is  not  able  to   do  more,  he   can  keep  the 


ET    NELL    VAN. 

>  E  do  not  live  for  ourselves 
//  alone,"  said  a  mother  whose 
1?    pathway  through    life  was  not 


entirely  strewn  with  roses. 
-2*  The  words  sank  deeply  into 
my  heart,  and  I  love  to  feel  that  they  are 
echoing  and  re-echoing  throughout  space 
for  an  eternity.  If  we  fully  realized  that 
those  who  come  to  fill  our  places  upon 
earth,  bearing  our  blood  in  their  veins, 
and  with  it  the  transmitted  traits  of  char- 
acter and  peculiarities  of  temper  we  pos- 
sess, would  we  not  be  more  constantly 
on  our  guard,  and  strive  more  heartily 
for  perfection?  The  atmosphere  be- 
comes tinctured  with  the  prevailing  sen- 
timent of  our  lives,  and  the  harmonious 
blending  of  contentment,  forgiveness 
and  sympathy,  with  no  nervous  anxiety 
about  the  future,  produces  a  condition  of 
peacefulness  that  all  might  envy. 

Such  thoughts  as  these  were  passing 
through  my  mind  as  I  sat  in  a  friend's 
house,  whither  I  had  gone  to  pay  a  brief 
visit,  when  I  heard  a  child's  plaintive 
voice  in  the  entry  saying:  "  Do,  ma'am 
— please  do  let  us  come  in;  we  are  afraid 
to  go  home  now,  and  if  ,s7ie  see  us  we'll 
have  to,  and  oh — "  A  flood  of  tears 
here  relieved  the  grief-stricken  little 
heart,  while,  with  kind,  soothing  words 
from  my  friend,  two  little  forlorn  speci- 
mens of  humanity  were  led  into  the  sit- 
ting-room. 

A  bright,  cheerful  fire  burned  in  the 
grate,  and  Aunt  Liddy  sat  in  the  soft 
twilight  knitting.  Seats  were  placed 
where  two  pairs  of  chubby  hands  might 
feel  the  warmth  of  the  fire,  while  little 
by  little  we  ventured  to  draw  from  their 
owners  the  tale  of  sorrow  which  led  them 
to  seek  shelter  under  my  friend's  hospit- 
able roof. 

"There  she  goes  now!"  said  one  of 
them,  pointing  through  the  window. 
"She's  looking  for  us.  OhI  ma'am, 
don't  let  her  in  hero." 

"No,"  said  my  friend,  "you  are  per- 
fectly safe  here.  But  is  she  your  own 
mother,  child?" 

"Yes,  indeed,  and  a  kinder  one  you 
never  saw  when  she's  in  her  senses. 
The  man  in  the  shop  there  always  gives 
her  a  drop  too  much,  she  says,  and  then 
she  never  knows  what  she's  about  after 
that." 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


10c 


Then  the  younger  one  spoke  up,  "And 
she  sings,  and  boj's  follers  her  and  chuck 
rocks  at  her,  and  she  fall  down,  and  the 
mans  come  out  of  their  stores  and  tells 
her  to  stop  her  noise  and  go  along.  And 
she  gets  up  and  sings  louder.  See,  lady, 
she  is  going  through  the  park  awayin' 
her  handkcrcher.  Oh!  won't  we  catch 
it,  P0II3'  whea  we  get  home,  unless  we 
wait  till  her  is  asleep?" 

My  heart  ached  for  the  little  souls 
thus  dwelling  upon  their  early  grief,  and 
my  eyes  followed  the  clumsy  movements 
of  the  woman  they  dreaded,  who,  lost  to 
all  sense  of  shame,  was  attracting  the  at- 
tention of  passers-by  with  her  loud, 
coarse  laughter  and  wild  singing.  What 
more  repulsive  sight  than  a  woman  thus 
degraded ! 

Aunt  Liddy  had  risen  and  gone  to  the 
window,  where,  shading  her  eyes  with 
one  hand,  she  sadly  gazed  and  sighed, 
then  muttered,  half  aloud,  "Poor,  for- 
lord  creatur!  Nobodj'  to  save  her  from 
herself.  Lor'  sakes  alive!  Marian,  if 
she  don't  look  like  Mirandy  Jones  as 
lived  at  Newton  Corners.  Don't  you 
mind  the  Joneses  as  had  such  a  heap  o' 
trouble  with  your  uncle  Hi  about  laud? 
Well,  Seth  Jones  he  married  an  old 
schoolmate  of  mine,  and  Mirandy  was 
one  of  their  first  children.  The  oldest 
was  a  boy,  and  he  sickened  and  died. 
Mirandy  she" — 

"Yes,  that's  what  Gran'pa  calls  her 
now,  Mirandy,  and  he  lives  down  at  the 
Corners,  and  we  was  there  oncet,  but 
they  wouldn't  keep  us  no  longer,  'cause 
father  fit  with  their  hired  man,  and  so — 
well,  we  come  away  arter  that,"  inter- 
rupted the  little  one. 

My  friend  here  stooped  down  to  soothe 
the  children  by  coaxing  words.  She  en- 
quired their  father's  name,  and  what  he 
was  doing. 

"Oh,  he  works  on  the  railroad,  and 
sometimes  he  comes  home,  and  more 
times  he  doesn't.  Then  he  stops  at  the 
shop,  too,  and  gets  a  drop,  but  then  he 
goes  to  sleep  there,  and  maybe  don't 
come  home  till  moruin' — leastways  we 
are  mostly  gone  to  bed  afore  he  comes,so 
we  gets  no  tloggin'  But  she  beats  us, 
you'd  better  believe.  Duct  she  hurted 
Polly's  nose  till  it  bled,  and  I  runued 
away.  Oh !  dearie  me !  I  wish — I  wish 
my  mother  was  like  you,  and  never 
drinked  a  bit  nor  beat  us!" 

"Here,  darlints, "  said  kind-hearted 
Biddy,  comiug  into  the  room  with  two 
saucers  of  strawberries,  with  a  piece  of 
sponge  cake  and  a  spoon  in  each  saucer. 
"Dry  your  tears  now,  for  the  lady  here 
told  me  to  bring  this  to  yees,  the  purty 
childers." 

The  sight  of  the  fruit  brought  smiles 
to  the  lips  and  tears  of  gratitude  to  the 
fringed  eye-lids.  Polly  shook  back  her 
tangled  curls,  and  said  "Thank  you — 
thank  you.  Aint  theyuice  ladies,  Betty? 
Why  don't  you  tell  'em  'thank  you, '  as 
I  do?" 

Slowly  rose  the  silent  Betty,  and  lay- 
ing her  hand  in  my  friend's  she  whis- 
pered, "You  are  so  good  to  us  lady,  we 
cannot  thank  you  enough." 

Then  they  fell  to  eating,  and  right 
hungry  they  seemed  to  be,  so  Biddy  was 
told  to  bring  them  some  biscuits  and 
butter,  which  she  did,  and  they  were 
also  eaten  with  a  keen  relish. 

All  this  time  Aunt  Lidd)' sat  busy  viith 
her  knitting,  her  thoughts,  doubtless, 
wandering  to  her  youthful  days,  for  she 
nodded  her  head  and  muttered,  "Yes, 
Mirauny  Jones  married  Joe  Hodgkius, 
and  they  settled — I  don't  mind  the  name 
of  the  place.  Well,  well;  poor  dears! 
Their  lives  begun  under  a  cloud,  sure 
enough." 

It  was  getting  dark,  and  the  children 
began  to  feel  uneasy  to  get  home.  Deep- 


ly interested  in  the  little  ones,  I  offered 
to  take  them  home  and  see  the  condition 
of  things  there  before  leaving  them  to  the 
tender  mercies  of  anybody.  So,  slipping 
on  hat  and  shawl  and  giving  a  hand  to 
each,  we  hastened  through  the  park  and 
down  a  quiet  street  till  I  was  shown  into 
a  back  room  of  a  respectable-looking 
house.  Here  a  scene  met  my  gaze  that 
never  can  be  forgotten.  A  woman  about 
thirty  years  of  age  lay  sprawling  at  full 
length  upon  the  floor,  with  her  bonnet 
crushed,  her  shawl  torn,  and  her  features 
distorted.  Can  this  be  a  home?  thought 
I.  The  disorderly  condition  of  the  room; 
the  table  standing  filled  with  unwashed 
dishes;  the  stove  filthy;  a  lounge  piled 
up  with  soiled  clothes  on  top  of  which 
a  cat  lay  asleep. 

As  we  stood  in  the  doorway  consider- 
ing what  was  best  to  do,  we  heard  steps 
approaching,  and  some  one  whistling 
came  in  upon  the  scene. 

"Hello!  Hello  here!  What's  up  here! 
That  you,  Mirandy?  Been  at  it  again, 
old  gal?  Haven't  I  told  you— "  Then, 
perceiving  a  stranger,  he  began  bowing 
and  scraping,  saying,  "Take  aseat.Miss. 
Sorry  times  these!  'That  there  woman 
(would  you  believe  it?)  goes  at  it  regu- 
lar. The  children  here  can  tell  you  what 
a  hard  time  I  have  of  it,  comiug  home 
tired  from  my  work  to  supper,  no  fire, 
and  she  like  that.  'Tis  enough  to  drive 
a  man  mad,  it  is.  As  true  as  my  name's 
Joe  Hodgkins,  I'll  not  stand  it  much 
longer!" 

Stepping  forward,  I  said,  "Are  you 
the  husband  of  that  woman,  and  the 
father  of  these  children?  And  do  you 
pretend  to  say  that  you  never  take  a  drop 
yourself?  Have  you  not,  by  your  ex- 
ample, taught  that  woman  this  dreadful 
habit?" 

In  my  indignation,  I  said  much  more, 
and  never  an  answer  did  the  man  offer  in 
explanation.  Thoroughly  ashamed  and 
crushed,  he  helped  me  lay  the  uncon- 
scious sleeper  on  the  lounge,  where  I  left 
them,  with  the  promise  of  returning  on 
the  morrow  to  have  a  talk  with  the 
woman. 

Hastening  back  through  the  darkness, 
I  related  to  my  fi'iend  the  result  of  my 
visit,  and  then  it  was  that  Aunt  Liddy 
told  us  an  incident  in  the  early  life  of 
Miranda  Jones  which  teaches  the  truth 
of  the  scripture,  "The  fathers  have  eat- 
en sour  grapes,  and  the  children's  teeth 
are  set  on  edge." 

"Mirandy  Jones,"  said  Aunt  Liddy, 
smoothing  her  apron,  "was  the  oldest 
gal  of  Betsey  Snell,  as  was.  We  were 
gals  together,  and  she  married  a  Jones, 
as  I  said  afore,  and  set  up  house-keepin' 
at  Newton  Corners.  Now  Seth  Jones 
( Mirandy 's  father)  was  a  drinkin'  man, 
and  they  allers  had  sperrets  in  the  house, 
and  many's  the  time  I've  seen,  with  sor- 
row, the  children  fed  with  the  leavin's 
of  sugar  in  the  brandy  glass.  Not  bran- 
dy, p'r'aps,  but  'toddy'  they  called  it  in 
them  days.  But  I'm  ahead  of  my  story. 
Where  was  I?  Oh!  When  Mirandy 
wasn't  more'n  a  month  old,  I  used  to 
visit  there  proper  often,  and  time  an' 
ag'in  I've  seen  Betsey  feedin'  o'  that 
babe  gin  and  hot  water,  sweetened,  to 
cure  collicky  pains.  Says  I  to  her,  'Why, 
Betsey,  you'l  surely  give  the  child  a  taste 
for  strong  drink;'  and  then  she'd  laugh 
and  say,  'Why,  Liddy,  everybody  gives 
babies  drops  to  start  the  wind;  in  course 
they  do,'  says  she.  But  I  thought  not, 
and  cried  against  it  every  time.  'Father 
drinks  toddy,  and  gin-toddy  is  good  for 
the  baby, '  she  would  say.  So  that  was 
the  beginning  of  poor    Mirandy's  fate. 

"When  the  other  children  came  along, 
they  were  fed  the  same  way,  and  all 
turned  out  drunkards,  as  I  knew  they 
would.     They  was  all  boys,  and  'twa'ut 


thought  nothiu'  strange.  But  I  never 
heard  how  Joe  Hodgkins  and  his  wife 
got  along,  but  the  minute  I  clap'd  eyes 
on  that  woman  I  felt  sure  it  was  Betsey's 
child.  Dearie  me!  How  shocking!  And 
will  those  pretty  dears  have  the  same  in- 
heritance, I  wonder?  Marion,  come, 
let's  have  a  light,  and  let's  think  of 
something  else  to  try  to  forget  what  can't 
be  helped." 


Another  instance  of  hereditary  trans- 
mission, thought  I.  In  whatever  direc- 
tion wo  turn,  we  find  humanity  subject 
to  the  same  law.  Notonlj-  the  perverted 
tastes  of  parents  arc  visited  upon  the 
children  unto  the  third  and  fourth  gene- 
ration, but  talent  is  likewise  handed 
down  —  sometimes  lost  sight  of  in 
the  first,  but  re-appearing  in  the  next 
generation.  We  find  families  of  doctors, 
where  father,  son  and  grandson  are  nat- 
ural surgeons.  We  hear  of  artists  whose 
immediate  descendants  show  no  remark- 
able talents;  but  among  the  children's 
children  will  bo  found  traces  of  their 
grandfather's  art.  It  is  the  same  with 
music.  Even  in  home  matters  the 
same  law  of  inheritance  prevails,  The 
thorough  housekeeper  leaves  a  taste  for 
such  pursuits,  though  early  habits  com- 
bined with  the  talent  produce  the  perfect 
manager. 

Oh!  ye  mothers!  Since  three-fourths 
of  our  happiness  in  this  life  depends  on 
the  comforts  derived  from  a  well-appoint- 
ed home,  see  to  it  that  you  leave  such  an 
inheritance  as  will  cause  future  genera- 
tions to  bless  your  name  for  ever. 


}m\ix\f 


HATCHING    CHICKENS     IN     HOT 
WEATHER. 


<^^HEEE  is  one  very  good  reason  why 
4\L  chickens  should  not  be  hatched 
Mjl  during  the  warm  months  of  sum- 
jjre  mer:  It  produces  a  hot-bed  for  that 
Xy  terribly  troublesome  little  insect, 
the  flea,  which  becomes  such  a  source  of 
annoyance  about  some  farm  houses  that 
sensitive  people  are  glad  to  quit  the 
premises. 

If  any  one  wishes  to  test  the  matter, 
let  them  sit  hens  in  the  mouth  of  August. 
Unless  much  time  and  care  have  previ- 
ously been  spent  upon  the  hennery,  be- 
fore three  weeks  have  passed,  the  nest 
will  be  covered  with  very  small  insects 
of  a  grayish  color.  If  allowed  to  remain, 
in  a  day  or  two  more  these  will  have 
grown  a  little  larger,  become  of  a  blood- 
red  color,  but  retain  the  same  shape  as 
before.  Visit  the  nest  again  in  one  or 
two  days,  and  you  will  find  these  animals 
changed  to  the  form  of  a  flea,  and  of  a 
brown  or  black  color.  Allow  them  to  re- 
main longer,  and  when  you  return  you 
will  find  these  back-biters  in  the  condi- 
tion of  "Paddy's  bug" — not  there,  but 
migrating  in  every  direction  to  stock  the 
farm  and  its  buildings. 

For  this  reason  houses  and  yards 
should  be  prepared  purposely  for  poul- 
try. If  fowls  are  allowed  to  roost  on 
trees  anTl  in  bams,  the  result  will,  in 
time,  be  serious. 


A  Newhampshire  dealer  in  fancy  fowls 
sings  the  praise  of  his  favorite  breed  in 
the  following  unique  hymn; 

If  you  want  some  feathered  et     ] 
That  will  not  your  wishes  m         | 
When  at  their  nests  you  daily  kn  }■  ock 
Buy  some  eggs  or  get  a  fl  I 

Of  the  famous  Plymouth  R  J 


FINE   POULTRY   BUSINESS    IN 
CALirORNIA. 

A  gentleman  writes  us  from  the  East 
inquiring  whether  the  business  of  raising 
fine  poultry  in  this  State  will  pay,  stat- 
ing that  he  has  a  lot  of  fine  pure-breds 
that  he  cau  bring  out  here  with  him  if 
there  is  sufiicieut  inducement.  Now, 
when  it  comes  to  advice,  we  shall  neither 
advise  one  to  come,  nor  to  stay  away. 
But  we  will  make  a  few  statements  in 
regard  to  the  business  of  jioultry  raising 
here,  and  leave  it  to  the  judgment  of 
whom  it  may  concern.  First,  it  will  pay 
to  make  a  business  of  raising  tine  jioul- 
try,  if  the  business  is  rightly  conducted. 
The  demand  for  fancy  lireeds  at  fancy 
prices  is  very  limited,  but  there  is  a  good 
general  demand  for  good  breeds  at  fair 
prices.  The  market  for  eggs  for  con- 
sumption is  always  good.  Eggs  are 
never  lower  here  than  25  cents  per  doz- 
en. Common  hens  are  worth  SG  to  $8 
per  dozen.  In  a  good  locality  where 
there  is  pure  water  and  good  range  and 
plenty  of  shade,  and  the  poultry  are 
supplied  with  a  variety  of  feed,  and  can 
get  green  feed  all  the  year  round,  poul- 
try are  as  healthy  and  as  easily  raised 
and  cheaply  kept  as  in  any  other  coun- 
trj'.  Probably  there  is  no  country  where 
they  can  be  kept  at  a  better  profit,  when 
produced  for  market,  both  poultry  and 
eggs.  We  think  that  the  business  of 
fancy  fowls  exclusively  could  be  cai-ried 
on  with  gieater  returns  East  than  in 
California.  But  for  one  who  designs  to 
keep  best  breeds  for  profit,  and  to  breed 
fine  fowls,  also  eggs  to  be  sold  at  reason- 
able prices  to  such  as  wish  to  improve 
their  stock,  we  are  certainly  setisfied  that 
there  is  no  better  place  than  California, 
and  iu  California  no  better  place  than  in 
the  vicinity  of  San  Jose. 

Lands  within  ten  milts  of  San  Jose 
can  be  obtained  from  §60  to  $600  per 
acre.  One  hundred  dollars  per  acre  will 
get  as  good  land  and  locality  as  desirable. 

The  worst  thing  to  contend  with  here 
iu  the  poultrj'  business  is  vermin,  which 
breed  in  our  climate  wonderfully  fast. 
And  an  important  injunction  is,  in  our 
dry  season,  to  supply  plenty  o£  green, 
feed,  as  poultry  will  not  keep  healthy 
without  it. 

While  caring  for  the  poultry,  an  orch- 
ard can  be  started  and  kept  growing  in 
the  range  as  well  as  not.  Indeed,  there 
are  no  two  branches  of  farming  that  pay 
better  together  than  orcharding  and 
poulti-y  raising. 


CAME    FOWLS. 

Mr.  L.  E.  Matteson,  of  Stockton,  whose 
card  can  be  found  in  our  Directory,  writes 
as  follows. 

Mr.  Editoe:  With  the  additions  I  have 
made  to  my  breeding  stock  the  past  year, 
from  the  Eastern  States  and  Europe,  I 
have  now  the  finest  collection  of  Game 
fowls  on  any  one  breeder's  yards  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  My  stock  consists  of  the 
following  varieties:  English  Black-breast- 
ed Reds,  willow  legs;  English  Black- 
breasted  Reds,  white  legs,  of  the  Sir 
Heathcoate  strains;  and  Fish  Blue  Grey; 
all  imported  by  myself.  Also,  the  fol- 
lowing American  varieties:  Tartars,  Bat- 
tlers, Eslins,  Jack  McClellans,  and  a  fine 
strain  of  pit  fowls.  Should  I  receive 
any  orders  through  your  agency,  I  will 
guarantee  satisfaction  to  first  hands.  All 
birds  are  warranted  thoroughbred  and 
true  to  name.  References  from  former 
customers  given  if  necessary. 

Respectfully,  L.  E.  Mattesox. 


Keep  Chickkks  Sckatching. — The  fol- 
lowing, from  the  Journal  of  Horiwulture, 
is    very  sensible:    "Shelter  afforded  by 


104 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


doors  and  posts  is  almost  useless.  We 
want  the  shade  of  living  uudergroth,  l>e- 
ueatli  which  the  chickens  can  creep  and 
rest.  Chickens,  again,  mnstbe  occulted. 
Those  runs  which  are  only  a  few  yards 
square,  and  which  are  daintily  swept 
over  every  daj'  to  make  them  look  tidy 
for  visitors,  are  useless  for  chickens. 
Nothing  can  grow  or  keep  healthy  in 
those  smooth  billiard-table-like  runs. 
Chickens  want  to  be  occupied  and  must 
be  kept  busy.  The  runs  must  be  dug 
up  and  piles  of  the  loose  dirt  thrown  up 
one  day  on  another,  and  the  chickens 
will  delight  in  leveling  these.  A  capital 
way  to  keep  chickens  on  the  scratch  is 
to  throw  their  whole  corn  always  down 
among  loose  dirt  or  a  lump  of  straw. 
The  sexes,  too,  must  be  separated  in 
good  time.  Some  breeds  are  more  pre. 
eocious  than  others,  and  so  we  can  fix  no 
reliable  date  for  their  separation;  it  must 
depend  on  the  breed  and  breeder's  expe- 
rience. There  is,  however,  another 
point  which  we  think  quite  as  important 
— namely,  moving  every  little  while  the 
pullets  of  the  larger  breeds,  where  size  is 
a  desieratum,  from  yard  to  yard,  for  we 
are  convinced  it  retards  maturity  and 
laj'ing  at  an  early  age,  and  so  greater  size 
is  produced." 

Cuke  or  GjIpes.  The  Lancaster  Var- 
mer  saj's:  "In  a  recent  conversation  with 
an  experienced  chicken  raiser,  he  inform- 
ed us  that  he  had  been  very  successful 
in  conquering  the  gapes  in  young  fowls 
by  the  application  of  air  slaked  lime. 
As  soon  as  a  manifestation  of  the  gapes 
appears,  he  confines  his  chickens  in  a 
box  one  at  a  time,  and  jilaces  a  coarse 
piece  of  cotton  or  linen  over  the  top. 
Upon  this  he  places  the  pulverized  lime, 
and  taps  the  screen  sufficiently  to  cause 
the  lime  to  fall  through.  This  lime  dust 
the  fowl  inhales  and  it  makes  it  sneeze, 
and  in  a  short  time  the  cause  of  the  gap- 
es is  thrown  out  in  the  form  of  a  slimy 
mass  of  worms,  which  had  accumulated 
in  the  windpipe  and  smaller  air  vessels. 
This  remedy  he  considei's  superior  to  any 
he  has  ever  tried,  and  he  seldom  fails  to 
effect  a  perfect  cure.  He  has  abjured  all 
those  mechanical  means  by  which  it  is 
attempted  to  dislodge  tfie  worms  with  in- 
struments made  of  whalebone,  hog  bris- 
tols  or  tine  wire,  alleging  that  people  are 
quite  as  apt  to  push  the  creatures  further 
down  the  throat  of  the  fowls  as  to  draw 
them   up. 

An  Eog-Pkeseeving  Pickle  Recipe. 
Throe  quarts  lime,  tablespooeful  cream 
tartar,  one  cupful  salt,  and  water  enough 
to  fill  a  five  gallon  tin  can,  after  seven- 
teen dozen  eggs  have  been  carefully  put 
within  the  can.  To  the  water  add  the 
other  ingredients,  stir  up  well  and  pour 
it  on  the  eggs  and  keep  them  in  a  cool 
place  entirely  covered  by  the  pickle. 

The  lady  subscriber  who  furnished  the 
above  keeps  her  eggs  perfectly  sweet 
with  the  above  treatment,  and  by  special 
request,  after  writing  the  above  recipe, 
she  boiled  me  an  egg  that  had  been  in 
pickle  four  months,  and  I  found  it  per- 
fectly sweet  and  free  from  all  shadow  of 
taint  or  any  objection  of  any  kind,  and 
would  trust  them  fully  as  soon  as  the 
freshest  eggs  in  any  of  cur  markets. 
She  usually  gets  the  highest  price  ol 
fresh  eggs,  and  does  not  sell  till  they  are 
about  fifty  cents  a  dozen. 

Feeding  Fowls  pei'per.^I  witnessed 
for  the  first  time,  at  the  late  Crystal 
I'alaco  bird  show,  the  results  of  [lepper 
feeding,  and  was  greatly  pleased,  as  well 
as  surprised,  at  the  wonderful  improve- 
ment in  color  of  the  numerous  specimens 
so  treated.  I  look  upon  the  treatment 
as  fair  and  legitimate,  and  in  no  way 
deserving    the  name   "triek."     which,  I 


am  sorry  to  say,  has  been  applied  to  it; 
such  a  term  of  rej^roach  should  be  re- 
served for  all  dishonest  interference  with 
the  outside  of  competing  birds,  such  as 
drawing,  trimming,  or  staining  feathers. 
Whatever  can  be  effected  through  the 
medium  of  the  secreting  organs  of  any 
bird  cannot  fairly  be  termed  artificial  or 
unnatural,  unless  everything  be  so  nam- 
ed which  difi'ers  from  the  mode  of  life 
and  food  of  the  bird  in  its  original  state. 

The  object  aimed  at  in  the  treatment 
of  all  domestic  animals  is  an  improve- 
ment upon  their  natural  or  wild  state; 
and  in  the  case  of  the  canary  bird  bred 
in  confinement,  cayenne  pepper,  volun- 
tarily eaten,  is  no  more  unnatural  to  it 
than  the  egg  and  cake  with  w'hich  show 
birds  have  been  regularly  fed  for  years. 
The  system  of  maulting  birds  in  close, 
warm  cages,  feeding  them  at  the  same 
time  on  more  stimulating  food  than  sim- 
ple seed,  has  long  been  recognized  as  a 
necessity,  where  depth  and  richness  of 
color  are  desired. 

The  new  mode  of  feeding  on  cayenne 
pepper  is  simply  an  extension  of  this 
rule,  and  whether  discovered  accideutly 
or  as  the  result  of  an  experiment,  is,  in  I 
my  humble  opinion,  the  great  improve- 
ment in  the  treatment  of  our  favorites 
that  I  have  witnessed.  If  it  could  be 
shown  that  the  health  of  the  birds  was 
injured  by  such  food,  there  would  be 
some  ground  for  objection  on  the  score 
of  cruelty;  but,  as  from  all  I  can  learn, 
such  is  not  the  case,  but  rather  the  con- 
trary. I,  for  one,  hail  the  discovery  with 
great  satisfaption.  Depth  of  color  has 
been  the  point  chiefly  aimed  at  in  many 
varieties  of  canary,  and  here  it  is  beyond 
the  expectation  of  the  oldest  fanciers, 
and  permanent  or  not,  according  to  the 
continued  treatment  of  the  bird.  I  would, 
in  conclusion,  lay  down  one  simple  rule 
for  all,  viz:  Put  whatever  you  like  in- 
side the  bird,  that  it  willingly  takes  with- 
out injury;  but  forbid,  under  the  strict- 
est penalties  any  interference  with  the 
outside. — Cor.  Poultry  Eei'kv  (Enqlaiid). 

Poultry  Profits. — Every  year  poul- 
try keeping  grows  more  profitable.  We 
do  not  refer  now  to  the  rage  for  fancy 
fowds,  but  are  speaking  of  the  profit  in 
raising  fowls  and  eggs  for  the  city  market. 

As  the  progress  of  civilization  creates 
great  cities,  and  sets  apart  extensive 
classes  of  dwellers  indoors  with  appetites 
for  articles  of  food  less  hearty  and  gross 
than  the  pork  and  beans,  and  cornbeef , 
and  rye  and  Indian  bread  of  our  ances- 
tors, the  demand  for  the  products  of  the 
poultry  yard  increase. 

Farmers  who  have  been  heretofore  in 
the  habit  of  despising  poultry-keeping 
as  "small  jiotatoes, "  are  waking  up  to 
the  fact  that  there  is  sometimes  greater 
profit  in  it  than  in  more  pretentious  op- 
erations of  the  farm. 

The  valuable  importations  of  fowls 
made  in  late  years  are  encouraging  to 
the  pursuet,  and  the  study  given  to  im- 
prove management  augments  the  profits. 

Eggs  by  Weight.— We  have  advocated 
the  plan  of  selling  eggs  by  the  pound 
for  years,  and  now  we  see  an  opening  to 
Viriug  the  thing  about.  We  think  it  as 
unfair  to  sell  eggs  by  count  as  it  is  to 
have  short  weight  in  raisins:  On  testing 
the  difierence  we  find  about  this  result: 
Small  eggs  will  weigh  say  one  pound  per 
dozen,  medium  one  three-fourth  pininds, 
while  large  will  weigh  two  ono-fourth 
pounds.  We  think  that  one  three-fourth 
pouuds  is  about  a  fair  average.  We  buy 
about  fifteen  hundred  dozen  \WY  month 
from  producers,  and  wo  find  all  the  above 
ditt'erence  in  the  weight.  I'arties  claim 
that  the  hens  that  lay  the  snndl  eggs  will 
lay  the  greatest  number.  Now  just  see 
wluit  a   premium   we  are   paying  for  the 


pi'oduction  of  an  inferior  article.  We 
still  notice,  and  this  by  experiment,  too, 
that  the  shells  of  two  pounds  of  meat 
from  the  small  eggs  weigh  nearly  double 
that  of  the  large  eggs.  We  will  try  to 
explain  our  idea:  For  instance  one  wo- 
man brings  us  four  dozen  eggs  that  weigh 
four  pounds;  we  pay  her  eighty  cents  for 
them;  she  says  nothing;  it  is  her  due, 
twenty  cents  per  dozen  for  her  eggs;  an- 
other comes,  has  two  dozen  eggs,  we  pay 
her  forty  cents,  weigh  her  eggs,  and  find 
she  has  four  pounds,  and  she  does  not 
complain — twenty  cents  per  dozen  for 
eggs.  Now,  we  say  justice  demands  that 
we  Jjay  at  least  as  much  for  the  two 
dozen  that  weigh  four  pounds  as  we  do 
for  the  four  dozen  that  weigh  four 
pounds,  while  the  shells  of  the  four  doz- 
en weigh  much  more  than  the  shells  of 
the  two  dozen.  Difference  in  these  fig- 
ures are  intended  for  extremes,  yet  it  is 
of  every-day  occurrence  that  we  find 
them  both.  Our  opinion  is  that  the 
price  should  be  based  on  the  rate  of  ten 
pounds  to  the  lOU  eggs. — Cor.  Ameri- 
can Grocer. 

r 

Poultry  DouciH.--We  disagree  with 
those  who  recommend  a  thin  batter  of 
oat,  or  corn-meal  for  fattening  fowls. 
Better  moisten  the  meal  just  enough 
to  keep  it  together  and  then  give  the 
drink  by  itself.  It  is  well  known-  that 
dyspepsia  may  be  induced  in  the  human 
subject  by  an  exclusive  diet  of  thin  soups. 
The  philosophy  of  the  matter  is,  that  the 
gastric  secretions  are  so  diluted,  that 
they  are  not  strong  enough  to  properly 
dissolve  the  nutritious  portions  of  the 
food.  This  reasoning  will  apjily,  at  least 
with  partial  force,  to  poultry.  Their 
digestive  powers  are  very  strong,  but 
this  is  no  reason  why  they  should  be  em- 
ployed at  a  disadvantage. — roultry  Jour- 
nal. 


(Khc  fliiitn. 


fs 


A  Ct-ood  Cow. 

Long  in  the  face,  she's  flue  in  the  horn, 
Quickly  gets  fat  without  cake  or  corn; 
Clean  in  the  jaws  and  full  in  the  chine. 
Heavy  iu  Hunk  and  wide  in  loin. 

Broad  iu  the  ribs  and  long  in  the  rump. 
Straight  and  flat-backed,  without  e'en  a  bump; 
Wide  in  the  liips  and  calm  in  the  eyes, 
Fine  in  the  shoulders  and  thin  in  the  thighs. 

Light  in  the  neck  and  small  in  the  tail. 
Wide  in  the  breist  and  will  fill  the  milk-pail; 
Fine  of  the  boue  and  silky  of  skiu. 
Airy  without,  a  meat  market  withm. 


cheese  are  made.  Better-conducted  but- 
ter dairies  than  some  of  them  it  would  be 
difficult  to  find  in  California,  or  any- 
where else.  The  land  is  rolling  and 
hilly,  rising  to  mountains  in  places.  The 
herbage  seems  well  adapted  to  produce 
good  milk,  while  the  ocean  breezes  that 
blow  almost  every  day  give  a  temperature 
admirable  adapted  for  butter  making. 
Gradually  the  land  is  being  seeded  to  the 
best  grasses  adapted  to  that  locality,  and 
I  was  shown  several  enormous  iron  cases 
filled  with  Australian  rye  grass  seed,  im- 
ported by  Mr.  Howard.  Mr.  Evans  has 
been  watching  the  experiment  of  intro- 
ducing this  grass  for  two  or  three  years, 
and  is  very  enthusiastic  in  its  praise. 

The  gener:rl  arrangement  of  the  dairy 
houses  and  the  apparatus  used  in  the 
same  in  all  but  one  of  the  dairies,  and 
the  form  of  molding  the  butter  into  two- 
pound  rolls,  is  alike  in  all.  The  butter- 
worked  used  is  the  best  one  I  have  ever 
seen.  It  consists  of  a  circular  board, 
about  four  feet  in  diameter,  raised  about 
two  feet  from  the  floor,  and  having  a 
deep  groove  cut  near  its  edge,  with  an 
outlet  at  a  point  on  the  board  slightly 
lower  than  any  other  point.  About  four 
inches  above  is  another  circular  board, 
some  six  inches  less  in  diameter  than  the 
lower  one.  This  upper  boai-d  revolves, 
and  upon  it  the  butter  is  worked,  the 
butter  milk  and  brine  dropping  to  the 
lower  board,  and  thence  away.  The 
lever  of  paddle  used  is  flat  and  not  heavy. 
Milk  is  set  in  pans;  the  various  milk 
rooms  having  a  capacity  of  900  to  1,300 
pans.  In  slumming,  the  edge  of  the 
cream  is  loosened  with  a  blade  of  horn  or 
wood,  the  pan  tilted  a  little  and  the 
cream  poured  olf.  In  most  dairies  the 
cream  is  kept  one  day  before  churning, 
and  is  worked,  salted  and  molded  the 
same  day  it  is  churned;  the  bleached  cot- 
ton wrapping  for  each  roll  of  butter  be- 
ing put  on  one  day  later.  No  coloring 
is  used,  though  it  would  at  times  be  an 
advantage  to  use  a  little,  in  my  judgment. 
When  market  prices  are  satisfactory,  the 
butter  is  shipped  twice  a  week  by  rail  or 
by  schooner,  being  packed  in  flat  boxes 
holding  about  sixty  rolls.  The  Point 
Keyes  dairymen  are  now  packing  their 
butter  to  hold  until  autumn.  The  rolls 
are  placed  perpendicularly  in  barrels,  and 
a  clear  brine  poured  in  until  the  cask  is 
full. 

I  question  the  wisdom  of  all  the  dairy- 
men in  California  running  in  one  rut  as 
to  style  and  form  of  putting  up  their  but- 
ter, simply  because  their  commission  meu 
tell  them  "that  the  market  will  take  noth- 
ing but  two-pound  rolls.  I  hear  of  no 
gilt-edge  dairies — of  none  who  are  able 
to  command  a  fancy  price — and  until 
some  of  them  get  out  of  this  rut  of  uni- 
versal uniformity  of  form  and  package,  I 
sh.all  not  expect  to  hear  of  any.  Most  of 
the  butter  which  I  saw  at  Point  Keyes 
was  very  good  indeed;  some  of  it  was  of 
superb  quality,  having  solidity,  perfec- 
tion of  grain,  and  a  fragrance  and  aroma 
that  left  nothing  to  be  desired. 

Among  the  very  choicest  dairies  was 
that  of  Mr.  T.  B.  Crandell,  who  milks 
250  cows,  and  gives  his  own  personal  at- 
tention to  the  management  of  the  affairs 
of  his  ranch.  He  has  been  a  long  time 
resident  on  Point  Reyes,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  intelligent  agriculturists  whom 
I  have  met  in  this  State.  Mr.  Henry 
Claussen,  a  Swedish  gentleman,  rents 
two  of  Mr.  Howard's  ranches  and  dairies, 
keeping  on  one  200  cows,  and  on  the 
other  about  180.  Atone  of  these  dairies 
Mr.  C.  has  tidion  a  "new  departure,"  for 
the  Pacific  Coast.  He  discards  the  use 
of  pans,  and  although  he  has  a  very  in- 
adequate supply  of  water,  yet  he  puts 
the  milk  into  large  and  deep  cans,  which 


DAiRYINC  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

Anionj;   the     Oiiiries    Jit   Point    Reyes. 

1    of  the  butter   dairies  at   Point 

Reyes  that  I  iutend  to  write,  and  as 

750,000  pounds  of   butter   are  every 

year  shipped  to   market  from  there, 

it  is  surely  a  point  worthy  of  notice. 

hour's  ride  by  steamer  from  San 
Francisco  to  San  Queutin,  and  thence 
two  hours  in  the  narrow  gauge  cars  of 
the  North  Pacific  Coast  R.  R.  brings  one 
to  Olema.  Here  I  met  Mr.  Wm.  Evans, 
the  gentlemanly  superintendent  in  charge 
of  the  enormous  ranches  belonging  to 
Charles  Webb  Howard,  Esq.,  and  the 
estate  of  Judge  Shiifter.  These  ranches 
aggregate  nearly  70,000  acres,  and  there 
are  at  present  nearly  3,000  cows  upon 
them.  I  rode  with  Mr.  Evans  two  full 
days,  spending  the  time  iu  visiting  the 
dairies  on  one  jjart  of  Mr.  Howard's 
place.  Of  these  there  are  nine,  with 
from  150  to  250  cows  on  each.  Butter  is 
made  exclusively  at  all  these  dairies,  ex- 
cepting one,  where  butter  and  skimmed  |  are  placed  at  once  in  the  tank  of   water 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


'  These  cans  are  20  inches  in  diameter  by 
22  inches  deep,  the  bottom  being  raised 
about  three  inches  above  the  lower  edge 
of  the  sides,  with  several  large  holes 
through  this  lower  projecting  edge,  to 
admit  of  the  passage  of  air  or  water  un- 
derneath. 

As  in  all  the  other  dairies  where  the 
common  pans  are  used,  Mr.  C.  skims 
these  pans  after  3C  hours,  and  he  is  con- 
vinced that  he  gets  fully  as  much  butter 
as  he  does  at  the  other  dairy  which  he 
controls.  I  regret  that  he  has  not  made 
some  exact  and  careful  experiments  by 
way  of  arriving  at  more  exact  data.  As 
soon  as  skimmed,  this  milk,  now  36 
hours'  old,  is  at  once  put  into  the  cheese 
vat,  and  the  temperature  raised  to  82° 
or  84",  when  the  coloring,  rennet  and 
the  buttermilk,  are  added,  and  the  milk 
covered  for  forty  minutes.  The  curd  is 
then  cut  pretty  fine,  but  no  farther  heat 
is  added.  While  the  curd  is  still  in  a 
soft  state,  the  vat  is  tilted  and  the 
whey  slowly  drawn  off'.  As  the  curd 
hardens  a  little,  it  is  (lipped  out,  salted 
at  the  rate  of  two  pounds  per  hundred 
pounds  of  cheese,  ground  and  put  to 
press.  For  such  cheese,  (and  one  that  I 
tasted,  which  was  three  weeks  old,  was 
really  a  good  skimmed  cheese,)  when 
only  ten  days  old,  Mr.  Clausseu  readily 
gets  nine  cents  per  pound  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

When  Mr.  Claussen  ventured  to  try 
this  system  of  dairying,  he  was  laught  at 
by  many  of  his  Point  Reyes  neighbors, 
but  with  such  results  following  the  effort 
it  is  my  opinion  that  he  can  stand  it. 
The  cheeses  are  14  inches  in  diameter, 
flat,  and  weigh  about  25  pounds  each. 
In  February  last  Mr.  Claussen  made  the 
following  test:  From  milk  by  deep-set- 
ting, with  water  at  55"  Fah.,'2(;  pounds 
of  such  milk  gave  one  pound  of  butter 
and  one  and  eight-tenths  pounds  of  skim 
cheese. 

The  same  day  and  date,  25  J^  pounds 
of  milk,  shallow-setting,  gave  one  pound 
of  butter.  The  milk  was  sour  at  skim- 
ming and  fit  only  for  hogs. 

Of  course,  as  the  season  advances  and 
the  grassts  mature,  the  yield  of  butter 
to  the  given  quantity  of  milk  will  be 
greater,  and  there  will  also  be  a  greater 
amount  of  cheese. 

On  his  ranch  of  200  cows,  where  but- 
ter alone  is  made,  Mr.  C.  made  and  sold 
last  year  33,000  pounds  of  butter.  After 
making  a  fair  allowance  for  poor  and  dry 
cows,  and  the  milk,  cream  and  butter 
consumed  by  a  family  of  fifteen  persons 
or  more,  we  have  an  average  of  at  least 
175  pounds  of  butter  per  year  for  each 
cow.  From  his  other  ranch,  of  less  than 
200  cows,  Mr.  C.  last  year  sold  31,000 
pounds  of  butter,  and  45,000  pounds  of 
cheese,  while  the  sales  of  pork  from  both 
places  amounted  to  $2,300,  which  sum 
he  expects  to  exceed  considerably  this 
year. 

Mr.  CrandelUast  yearm.irketed  42,000 
pounds  of  butter  from  250  cows,  and  was 
making   200  pounds    daily   when   I  was  ' 
there,  from  217  cows,  all  told. 

Mr.  Evans  marketed,  in  1875,  31,000 
pounds  of  butter  from  161  cows. 

In  some  tests  recently  made,  22 
pounds  of  milk  produced  a  pound  of 
butter.  The  cows  are  mostly  Short- 
horn crossed  with  Ayrshire,  with  some 
Devons.  In  some  of  the  dairies  selected 
cows  in  flush  of  feed  have  yielded  daily 
54  pounds  of  milk. 

On  the  whole,  this  is  doubtless  one  of 
the  finest  and  best  systematized  of  the 
Large  ranches  or  farms  in  our  country. 
Mr.  Howard  owns  the  _  land  and  build- 
ings, with  their  fixtures'  and  the  cows, 
receiving  a  yearly  ren  of  $27  50  per  cow 
for  the  use  of  the  ranches. — Gardner  B. 
Weeks,  in  Country  Gentleman. 


Relative  Cost  op  Butter  and  Beef. 
Did  it  ever  occur  to  any  of  your  readers 
that  it  takes  more  feed  to  make  a  pound 
of  beef  than  a  pound  of  butter?  A  good 
cow,  well  cared  for,  will  make  200 
pounds  of  butter  in  a  season,  worth  from 
$G0  to  $70;  but  a  di-y  cow  with  the  same 
feed  will  not  gain  as  much  in  weight  in 
the  same  time,  nor  will  she  be  worth  as 
much  as  the  butter  from  the  dairy  cow, 
and  the  milch  cow  is  left.  An  acquaint- 
ance of  mine  is  fattening  an  ox,  and  in 
sixty  days  he  had  fed  him  fiOO  pounds  of 
meal,  at  a  cost  of  $15,  with  only  100 
pounds  gain  in  weight. — Kx. 

Poke  W.iter  fob  Cattle.— Mr.  X.  A. 
Willard,  iu  a  late  paper  before  the  Con- 
necticut Farmers'  Convention,  spoke  as 
follows :  Many  cases  of  fever  have  been 
traced  to  the  milk  drawn  from  cows  by 
the  attendants  of  sick  persons;  also  the 
impure  water  with  which  milk  pans  were 
washed.  Cows  that  drink  impure  water 
give  unwholesome  milk. 


#ilttati0ttal 


A  Country  School. 

Pretty  and  pale  and  tirod 

She  Bits  in  her  stiflf-bftck  chair, 
VThile  the  blazing  bumnier  sun 

Shines  in  on  her  soft  brown  hair; 
And  the  tiny  brook  without. 

That  6he  hears  through  the  open  door. 
Mocks  with  its  murmur  cool 

Hard  bench  and  duety  floor. 

It  seems  B\ich  an  endless  round — 

Clrammar  and  A,  B,  G; 
The  blackboard  and  the  sums; 

The  stupid  geography; 
When  from  teacher  to  little  Jem 

Not  one  of  them  cares  a  straw. 
Whether  ''John"  is  in  any  "case," 

Or  Kansas  in  Omaha. 

But  Jemmy's  bare  brown  feet 

Are  aching  to  wade  in  the  stream. 
Where  the  trout  to  his  luring  bait 

Shall  leap  with  a  quick,  bright  gleam: 
And  his  teacher's  blue  eyes  stray 

To  the  flowers  on  the  desk  hard  by, 
Till  her  thoughts  have  followed  her  eyes 

With  a  half-unconscious  sigh. 

Her  heart  outruns  tlie  clock 

As  she  smells  their  laint  sweet  scent; 
But  when  have  time  and  heart 

Their  measure  in  unison  blent  ? 
For  time  will  haste  or  lag. 

Like  your  shadow  on  the  grass. 
That  lingers  far  behind. 

Or  flies  when  you  fain  would  pass. 

Have  patience,  restless  Jem. 

The  stream  and  the  fish  will  wait; 

And  patience,  tired  blue  eyes- 
Down  the  winding  road  by  the  gate. 

Under  the  willow  shade, 
Stands  some  one  with  fresher  flowers: 

So  turn  to  your  books  again, 

And  keep  love  for  the  after  hours. 


THE  SUBJECT  .OF  EDUCATION. 

/.SHE  subject  of  education  is  a  pretty 
T<JT  broad  one.  AVebster  says  "  Eduea- 
"VV  tion  is  properly  to  draw  forth,  and 
V(j)  implies  not  so  much  the   communi- 

"5j^  cation  of  knowledge  as  the  disci- 
pline of  the  intellect,  the  establishment 
of  pi-incipleS,  and  the  regulation  of  the 
heart. "  The  acquiring  of  Icnoicledye  with 
the  requisite  skill  to  make  the  best  use 
of  it,  would  be  our  definition  of  educa- 
tion. The  one  is  quite  as  essential  as 
the  other,  and  either  alone  is  incomplete, 
while  both  together  make  a  real  educa- 
tion of  practical  utility. 

A  practical  education  must  train  as 
well  as  develop  the  powers.  The  mind 
must  be  enlightened,  and  the  hands  be 
able  to  do  its  bidding.  It  is  more  essen- 
tial, in  dealing  with  the  materials  of 
earth  with  which  we  are  brought  into 
contact,  and  from  which  everything  that 
supports  life  and  makes  it  endurable  is 
obtained  with  labor — it  is  more  essential 


that  the  ability  to  labor  dexterously  is 
acquired  than  that  wo  gain  theoretical 
instruction  without  the  power  to  use 
what  wo  know.  He  is  educated  the  best 
who  can,  other  things  being  equal,  ac- 
complish the  most  with  a  given  amount 
of  strength,  in  a  given  amount  of  time, 
in  whatever  direction  he  devotes  his  en- 
ergies. This  is  as  true  from  an  intellec- 
tual and  moral  as  from  a  material  stand- 
point. 

As  our  civilization  advances,  science 
and  inventions  increase,  and  as  moral 
refinement  progress  the  utility  of  things 
will  be  more  and  more  regarded,  and  the 
necessity  for  being  practical  will  become 
more  and  more  apparent. 

Practicality  neither  smothers  nor 
blunts  the  finer  sentiments  and  feelings. 
It  is  the  true  foundation,  without  which 
a  proper  realization  of  noblest  enjoy- 
ments is  impossible.  And  when  it  comes 
to  gaining  a  living  in  competition  with 
the  greed  of  the  world  as  it  is  in  this,  its 
infancy  of  civilization,  to  be  well  in- 
formed and  capable  is  certainly  quite 
essential  to  one  cot  made  independent 
by  the  material  acquirement  of  others. 

In  contrast  with  an  education  for  use- 
fulness— the  education  of  body  and  mind 
and  heart  to  such  labor  as  will  bring 
comjietence  while  doing  good—  is  another 
species  now  quite  popular.  It  is  the 
idea  of  an  education  that  will  get  a  living 
without  working  for  it,  or  making  fair 
returns  in  usefulness  to  the  community 
for  what  is  gained  from  it.  This  is  what 
some  call  "being  smart,"  which  means 
living  off  what  others  produce.  Our 
common  school  teachers  are,  too  often, 
imbued  with  the  idea,  and  instill  it  into 
the  heads  of  their  pupils,  that  to  get  an 
education  so  as  to  live  without  work  is 
smart.  While  nearly  every  institute  of  a 
private  character  impresses  the  pupils 
with  the  importance  of  education  as  a 
means  of  acquiring  wealth  without  labor. 

Our  large  cities  are  filled  with  young 
men  of  this  class,  who  think  it  not  hon- 
orable to  do  manual  labor,  and  who  are 
incompetent,  even  if  they  desired  to 
work  with  their  hands.  They  are  wait- 
ing for  some  position  as  clerk  in  store  or 
office.  And  when  it  comes  to  offices, 
what  kind  of  men  do  we  find  there?  and 
what  are  they  doing?  Nine-tenths  of 
them  are  engaged  in  some  schemes  or 
speculations  which  could  be  dispensed 
with  with  benefit  to  the  community. 
Their  inventive  talents  are  used  to  con- 
trive new  ways  for  acquiring  the  produc- 
tiens  of  others;  any  way  to  get  money. 
Without  adding  any  real  value  to  any- 
thing, they  manage  to  manipulate  busi- 
ness between  man  and  man,  and  pass  it 
through  their  hands,  taking  liberal  toll 
for  their  "service."  Their  constant 
study  is  now  to  take  advantage  of 
others'  necessities,  and  to  absorb 
their  substance.  Look  at  insurance 
agents,  real  estate  agents,  stock  brokers 
of  every  class,  sewing  machine  agents, 
lawyers  who  make  laws  to  feather  their 
own  nests  from  others'  chickens,  and,  in 
fact,  the  whole  class  of  manipulators  of 
so-called  "business"  wherein  men  who 
lalior  have  to  hold  intercourse  with  each 
other.  On  this  Coast,  the  mining  busi- 
ness has  given  a  great  opportunity  for 
getting  money  out  of  the  people.  The 
sUare  business  takes  more  money  on  the 
outside  than  the  mines  pay  on  the  inside, 
the  most  of  which  goes  to  enrich  a  set  of 
sharpers  who  are  educated  to  get  a  living 
without  working  for  it. 

Horace  Greeley  once  said  that  he  who 
gets  money  without  squarely  earning  it 
steals  it.  How  many  thieves  are  being 
prepared  in  all  of  our  schools  at  this 
rate? 

The  remedy  for  this  condition  of  things 
lies  largely  in  the  direction  of  industrial 


schools — schools  Where  a  technical  edu- 
cation can  be  acquired-r-w here  pupils 
are  educated  for  usefulness,  instead  of 
uselessness — where  the  use  of  tools  and 
Itoin  to  do  honest  icork  and  excel  in  the 
accomplishment  of  skillful  labor  is  made 
a  specialty.  And  at  home  parents  should 
aim  to  instill  into  the  minds  of  their 
children,  upon  the  platform  of  honesty 
and  mora!  and  religious  principle,  the 
ennobhng  idea  that  labor  is  honorable; 
that  to  be  useful  to  the  world  is  of 
more  importance  than  being  rich,  and 
that  honorable  riches  can  be  gained 
through  superior  understanding  of  how 
to  take  advantage  of  material  resources 
in  an  honest  manner,  while  pursuing  an 
honorable  avocation  and  living  a  happy 
and  useful  life. 


Childken  OS  the  Farm. — Children  on 
the  farm  are  better  off  than  children  in 
tuwus  and  cities.  It  is  almost  impossi- 
ble to  raise  good  children  in  town.  They 
will  fall  in  with  bad  associates  and  be- 
come more  or  less  contaminated.  They 
never  make  the  distinguished  men  that 
country  boys  do.  There  are  too  many 
attractions  and  pleasures  to  become  fas- 
cinated with,  and  they  think  of  these 
instead  of  good  books  and  of  growth  in 
knowledge  and  virtue.  Wo  grew  up  on 
a  farm  and  are  glad  that  that  was  our 
fate.  We  had  to  work  hard,  and  thought 
our  lot  was  a  hard  one,  but  now  know  it 
was  the  best  thing  that  could  have  be- 
fallen us — better  than  an  inheritance  of 
riches.  The  only  pleasures  within  reach, 
good  books  afforded;  and  we  read  and  re- 
read every  book  in  our  district  school  li- 
brary, and  the  knowledge  gained  has 
clung  to  us  ever  since.  Then,  farm  life 
has  good  influences  on  children.  AVe 
recollect  vividly  the  pleasures  afforded  in 
our  youthful  days,  by  the  announcement 
of  a  colt,  or  a  calf,  or  a  lamb,  or-of  a 
brood  of  pigs.  Farmers'  children  can 
appreciate  the  pleasures  such  announce- 
ment make  in  one's  younger  days.  And 
the  the  influence  of  petting  and  kindly 
treating  all  kinds  of  stock,  is  a  good  in- 
fluence. But  this  is  not  confined  to 
kindly  treating  stock  alone.  It  extends 
to  the  care  of  trees — planting  and  nurs- 
ing them  kindly — and  flowers,  and  gar- 
den vegetables,  and  everything  of  the 
kind.  We  have  noticed,  too,  that  when 
farmers'  boys  go  off  to  school,  to  the 
academy,  or  college,  they  are  more  la- 
borious, and  thorough,  and  practical 
than  town  boys;  but  when  they  enter  into 
business  pursuits,  the  difference  is  still 
more  observable. 

Root  Up  the  Weeds. — Two  boys,  Jim 
and  Will,  were  employed  by  a  gentleman 
to  keep  the  paths  of  his  garden  weeded. 
Jim  contented  himself  with  taking  off 
the  tops  of  the  weeds.  He  soon  cried 
out,  "I've  cleared  my  path,"  and  hav- 
.swept  away  the  leaves  he  went  off  to 
play. 

Will  was  much  longer  at  work,  for  he 
stopped  to  take  up  all  the  weeds  by  the 
roots,  and  he  was  well  tired  when  he 
went  home. 

But  the  rain  came  down  in  the  night 
and  all  the  next  d.iy,  and  when  the  boys' 
father  went,  a  few  days  after,  to  look  at 
the  two  paths,  Jim's  wanted  weeding  as 
much  as  at  first,  while  Will's  was  clear 
and  only  needed  a  few  turns  of  the  roller 
to  make  it  quite  neat.  So  Jim  was  sent 
back  to  do  his  work  properly :  and  very 
tired  he  would  have  been  had  not  Will 
good-naturedly  helped  him  to  finish  his 
task. 

Only  thorough  work  is  worth  doing. 
Faults  only  half  uprooted  will  appear 
again  and  again,  and  we  shall  almost  de- 
spair of  curing  them.  WiU  you  remem- 
ber this? — Bright  Side. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Agbicultueal  Keadino. — We  ought  to 
encourage  practical  agricultural  reading. 
It  is  not  claimed  that  these  helps  can,  of 
themselves,  make  skillful  agriculturists, 
but  to  a  working  man,  readey  to  learn, 
they  are  suggestive.  To  an  enquiring 
mind,  at  an  imijressive  moment,  they 
may  do  great  good.  I  do  not  remember 
ever  to  have  seen  the  subject  put  in  a 
stronger  light  than  in  the  following  con- 
versation, read  in  an  agricultural  paper 
some  time  ago: 

A  practical,  hard-working,  thriving 
farmer,  relating  his  experience  and  trials, 
entered  into  the  minute  details  of  his 
careful  and  original  experiments—  his 
unwearied  patience,  and  sometimes  grow- 
ing eloquent  over  his  final  brilliant  vic- 
tories. His  knowledge  could  not  be 
written  by  men  who  know  nothing  about 
farming.  Said  a  quiet  friend,  "Well, 
neighbor,  if  all  this  valuable  informa- 
tion, the  result  of  j-ears  of  observation 
and  labor,  were  written  out  in  full  and 
published,  which  would  you  have  a 
young  man,  in  whom  you  felt  sincere 
interest,  do — take  this  as  he  finds  it  from 
your  pen,  or  go  through  the  same  vexa- 
tion, labor  and  losses  that  you  had  to 
get  it?"  The  question  puzzled  him,  and 
after  a  moment's  silence,  he  yielded 
gracefully  that  real  practical  writing 
could  do  great  good. — Ex. 

Wh.vt  Smoking  Does  fok  the  Boys. 
a  certain  doctor,  struck  with  the  large 
number  of  boys  under  fifteen  years  of 
age  whom  he  observed  smoking,  was  led 
to  inquire  into  the  eft'ect  the  habit  had 
upon  the  general  health.  He  took  for 
his  purpose  thirty-eight  boys,  aged  from 
nine  to  fifteen,  and  carefully  examined 
them.  In  twenty-seven  of  them  he  dis- 
covered injurious  traces  of  the  habit.  In 
twenty-two  there  were  various  disorders 
of  the  circulation  and  digestion,  palpita- 
tion of  the  heart,  and  a  more  or  less 
marked  taste  for  strong  drink.  In  twelve 
there  was  frequent  bleeding  of  the  nose, 
ten  had  disturbed  sleep,  twelve  had 
slight  ulceration  of  the  mucus  membrane 
of  the  mouth,  which  disappeared  on 
ceasing  from  the  use  of  tobacco  for  some 
days.  The  doctor  treated  them  all  for 
weakness,  but  with  little  efl'ect  until  the 
smoking  was  discontinued,  when  health 
and  strength  were  soon  restored.  These 
facts  are  given  on  the  authority  of  the 
Brilixh  Medical  Jownal. 

For  fakmeks,  the  country  wants  the 
most  energetic,  thorough-going  and  wide- 
awake boys  and  young  men  that  can  be 
found.  Hence,  if  a  boy  is  blessed  with 
that  crowning  concomitant  which  moves 
the  world — brains — let  him  become  a  far- 
mer. Brains  constitute  the  great  desid- 
eratum in  agricultural  science  at  the  pres- 
ent day.  Fifty  years  ago  muscle  was  the 
essential  requisite.  Fifty  years  ago  a 
farmer  was  expected  to  perform  every 
manual  labor  of  the  farm  by  the  exercise 
of  muscular  force,  while  at  the  present 
day  he  needs  more  than  muscle  to  enable 
him  to  manage  labor-saving  tools  with 
skill  and  efiieiency.  When  the  labors  of 
the  farm  were  nearly  all  performed  by  the 
laborious  and  fatiguing  application  of 
human  force,  farming  was  irksome  drud- 
gery. But  now,  when  teams  and  steam 
power  respond  to  the  bidding  of  the  till- 
er of  the  soil,  agriculture  is  the  most 
agreeable  livelihood  that  one  can  desire. 


The  isasis  of  ouk  civilization  is  labor 
fairly  rewarded.       By  this   I    mean  that 
the  great  body   of    our   people  are  com- 
pelled to  toil  with  their  hands,  and  rates 
of  wages   prevail    under  which  they  can 
1  rear  families.     The  day   laborer   as  well 
j  as  the  skilled  artisan  can  generally  send 
'  his  children  to  the  common  school  a  few 
years,    and   the    elements   of   education 


there  received  cultivate  self-respect  in  pa- 
rents and  children.  These  schools  are 
the  nurseries  in  which  citizens  are  grown. 
The  immigi'ants  from  European  coun- 
tries generally  avail  themselves  of  their 
privileges.  The  native-born  children  of 
our  adopted  citizens  are  genuine  Ameri- 
cans. Shall  we  encourage  the  immigra- 
tion, nay,  the  importation  of  Chinese, 
who  rear  no  families,  have  not  half  the 
wants  of  others,  and  can  therefore  work 
for  half  the  prevailing  wages?  Every 
Chinaman  who  comes  displaces  one  of 
our  own  laborers.  Is  it  a  good  exchange? 
If  the  sole  object  of  civilization  were  to 
enable  the  wealthy  to  accumulate  more 
wealth,  regardless  of  the  comfort  and 
cultivation  of  the  common  people,  I 
should  still  doubt  that  wealth  itself  could 
afiord  to  destroy  the  character  of  the  na- 
tion in  its  greed  for  increase.  If  capital 
could  avail  itself  of  Chinese  labor  exclu- 
sively at  half  price,  the  impoverishment 
and  final  extinction  of  the  great  middle 
class  of  our  country  would  leave  a  na- 
tion of  lords  and  serfs,  in  which  property 
itself  would  be -a  sort  of  adver.sity. 

Ill  fares  the  land  to  haat'ning  ills  a  prey, 
Where  wealth  :  C:uiuulates,  aud  meu  decay. 

The  nation  can  only  prosper  through 
the  general  comfort  and  welfare  and  grad- 
ual improvement  and  elevation  of  all. 
Worth  aud  not  wealth  is  a  nation's  safe- 
ty.— Extract  from  Senator  ,Sargent's  Chi- 
nese  Speech. 

Good  Advice. — Think  for  yourself 
and  think  much  more  than  you  talk. 

Be  proud  of  your  calling;  if  a  shoe- 
maker, strive  to  make  a  better  shoe  than 
anybody. 

Look  well  to  the  ways  of  your  foot- 
steps; never  let  one  be  inside  a  bar-room 
or  gaming  saloon. 

With  a  clear  eye  and  an  upright  heart 
resist  every  wrong. 

"If  thou  hast  a  truth  to  utter,  speak 
and  leave  the  rest  to  God." 

Touch  not,  tastenot  that  which  will 
corrupt. 

Go  not  to  your  grave  one-third  whis- 
key, one-third  tobacco,  and  the  other 
third  a  composition  of  corruption  so 
filthy  that  grave  worms  will  shun  the 
place  where  you  sleep. 

Be  something — be  somebody.  Set 
your  mark  high  in  the  world  and  then 
move  towards  it. 

Don't  wait  for  somebody  to  lift  you 
up  to  the  place  you  aspire — lift  yourself. 

"Act;  act  in  the  living  present,  heart 
within  and  God  o'erhead. 

How  TO  Make  a  Nice  Giel.— First  get 
your  girl.  (N.  B. — She  musn't  be  an 
old  girl,  but  a  young  one,  nice  and  ten- 
der,) Bring  her  up  from  early  infancy 
on  a  strict  diet  of  hot  pickles,  cold  bran- 
dj'-and-water,  and  Ouida's  novels.  Send 
her  to  a  fashionable  boarding  school  "to 
be  "finished  off;"  and,  when  she  comes 
home  for  the  holidays,  carefully  develop 
her  latent  love  for  dress,  extravagant 
habits  and  fondness  for  flirtations.  Buy 
her  the  Slang  Dictionary,  and  let  her  go 
anywhere  and  do  everything  she  likes. 
By  the  time  she  is  twenty-one  she  will 
be  quite  a  nice  girl. — Piinoli. 

Boys,  Note  This. — Don't  forget  to  take 
oil'  your  hat  when  you  enter  the  house. 
Gentlemen  never  keep  their  hats  on  in 
the  presence  of  ladies,  and  if  you  always 
take  yours  off  when  mamma  and  the 
girls  are  by,  you  will  not  forget  yourself 
or  be  mortified  when  a  giii'st  or  a  strang- 
er happen  to  be  in  the  parlor.  Habit  is 
stronger  than  anything  else,  and  you 
will  always  find  that  the  easiest  way  to 
make  sure  of  doing  right  on  all  occasions 
is  to  get  into  the  habit  of  doing  right. 
Good  manners  cannot  be  put  on  at  a 
moment's  warning. 


Vulgarity.— We  have  a  friend  that 
never  speaks  a  "vulgar  word."  He  is  a 
minister  and  a  writer  of  ability.  "I  re- 
solved when  I  was  a  child,"  said  he, 
"never  to  use  a  word  which  I  could  not 
pronounce  before  my  mother  without 
offending  her."  He  kept  his  promise. 
He  is  a  pure-minded,  noble,  honored 
man  to-day.  His  rule  and  examble  are 
worthy  of  immitation. 

Boys  readily  learn  a  class  of  low,  vul- 
gar words  and  expressions  which  are 
never  heard  in  respectable  circles.  The 
utmost  care  on  the  part  of  parents  will 
scarcely  prevent  it.  Of  course,  we  can- 
not think  of  girls  as  being  so  much  ex- 
posed to  this  peril.  We  cannot  imagine 
a  decent  girl  using  words  which  she 
would  not  give  utterance  to  before  her 
father  and  mother. 

Such  vulgarity  is  thought  by  some 
boys  to  be  "smart,"  "the  next  thing  to 
swearing,"  and  yet  not  so  wicked.  It 
becomes  a  habit;  it  leads  to  profanity;  it 
fills  the  mind  with  evil  thoughts;  it  vul- 
garizes aud  degrades  the  soul;  it  prepares 
the  way  for  many  of  the  gross  and  fear- 
ful sins  which  now  corrupt  society. 

Dear  young  reader,  set  a  watch  upon 
the  door  of  your  lips;  keep  your  mouth 
free  from  all  impurity. 


Wom^iu 


Scientific  Courtship. 

Young  WoUy  met  Christopher  down  by  the  farm 
With  his  analysis 
And  his  catalysis 
And  his  dialysis 
What  would  he  do  there  / 
He  came  down  to  woo  there, 
He  came  pown  to  sue  there, 
To  hill  and  to  coo  there, 
Not  to  flU  her  soul  with  alarm. 

Oh  I  Science,  'tis  thus  that  fair  made  you  win. 
With  partheuogensis 
And  alterogenesis 
And  heterogensis 
And  other  such  things: 
For  Love  he  has  wings 
And  with  him  he  brings 
Full  many  such  things 
In  the  ears  of  fair  maidens  to  din. 

Young  Christopher  came  with  his  linest  bro- 
chures 

On  trilobstea 
And  troglodytes 
And  such  delights, 
And  he  said,  My  dear,  these  are  yours. 

Yes.  they're  yours. 
Love  may  come  and  love  may  go, 
Science  endures. 

The  heart  Is  a  stubborn  thing, 

Ane  conical  in  shape; 
A  remnant  which  with  us  we  bring 

From  our  ancestral  ape. 
It  drives  the  blood  to  Molly's  cheeks. 
She  opens  her  ruby  lips  and  speaks: 

Her  mitral  valve  plays 

In  the  wildest  of  ways. 

Her  columua  arena 

Gives  her  an  idea 

By  the  way  that  it  acts; 

And  accepting  the  facts, 
She  then  and  there  agrees  to  become 
The  partner  of  his  scientific  home, 

—(Journal  of  Applied  Chemistry, 


"As  Sixteen  to  Twenty-six." 

THANK  you,    Dr.  Draper,  for  fur- 
nishing me  a  text.     Dr.    John  Wm. 
L  Draper  says,  "The   strength    of   the 
ir(  female  is  to  that  of  the  male  as  16  to 
'"    20." 

About  three-fifths,  then,  is  the  frac- 
tion.    Who  would  guess  it? 

Last  summer  I  wandered  out  to  a 
Ligonier  farm-house  for  a  brief  visit. 
Remaining  over  night,  1  wixs  aroused  in 
the  morning  at  a  dreadful  hour — four 
o'clock,  I  think— by  the  busy  rattle, 
clatter  and  hum  of  a  new  day  dawning 
in  the  kitchen. 

I  thought  unutterable  things,  and  went 
to  sleep.  At  seven  I  was  awakened  "for 
idl  day"  by  the  rising  bell.     In  due  time 


I  found  myself  sitting  at  table.  In  a  few  , 
minutes  in  sauntered  the  nominal  head 
of  the  house,  a  great,  stalwart  man,  the 
picture  of  health.  "Wife,  have  you  any 
breakfast  for  me?"  he  asked  in  a  good- 
natured  way,  so  very  good-natured  that 
I  instantly  surmised  that  he  had  already 
been  well  fed,  and  only  came  now  for  a 
cup  of  coffee  and  a  chat. 

"Oh,  yes,  dear,"  the  little  wife  said; 
and  she  hurried  to  set  a  chair  for  him, 
and  to  put  cup,  plate,  etc.,  on  the  table. 

"Why,  how's  this?"  I  asked;  "I  had 
thought  the  family  day  commenced  a 
little  after  midnight!' ' 

"Yes,"  said  the  wife,  "he  has  had 
one  breakfast;  he  can't  work  before 
breakfast." 

"No,  I  can't  work  before  breakfast  no. 
how!  Have  to  have  my  breakfast  before 
I  can  do  anything,"  the  husband  assert- 
ed, with  great  apparent  self-respect  for 
that  very  circumstance. 

I  said,  with  a  somewhat  nettled  feel- 
ing, which,  of  course,  I  could  not  exhib- 
it, "And  can  j/ou  work  before  breakfast, 
Mrs.  Clark?" 

"Oh,  my!  I  have  to  be  up  and  over 
the  stove,  cooking  meat  and  potatoes  by 
four,  every  morning." 

The  little  woman  hadagreat  "stirrin" 
baby — as  they  call  them  out  here — and 
to  my  certain  knowledge  he  had  sung 
several  "Songs  in  the  Night"  just  past; 
I  knew  the  mother's  sleep  had  been  frag- 
mentary, at  best;  I  know  she  was  never 
thoroughly  rested  from  one  day  to  an- 
other; but  fhe  could,  all  the  Summer 
long,  get  up  before  the  light  and  "work 
before  breakfast"  to  prepare  a  hearty 
meal  for  that  weaker  vessel  who  "couldn't 
work  before  breakfast. "  Neither  hus- 
band nor  wife  seemed  to  think  the  eter- 
nal fitness  of  things  was  disturbed  in  the 
least  by  this  little  arrangement. 

Item,  Since  then  I  have  been  trying 
to  mature  a  plan  by  which  everj'body 
can  have  rolls  aud  coffee  before  rising. 
Can't  make  it  out  except  by  au  alcohol 
boiler,  and  probably  nine  out  of  ten  will 
blow  themselves  up  with  that,  to  say 
nothing  of  setting  the  bed-clothes  on  fire. 

Sudden  second  thought — marvelous  it 
didn't  occur  before! — servant,  or  wife, 
whichever  you  happen  to  have,  can  get 
along  somehow  without  the  coffee,  and 
take  her  "roll"  out  of  bed — to  get  yours 
ready!     (Patent.) 

Because,  "the  strength  of  the  woman, ' ' 
etc. 

But  there  be  men  and  men. 

Once  I  went  to  visit  a  former  school- 
mate who  had  been  many  years  married 
to  a  good  man,  who  owed  his  superior 
wit,  moral  worth,  right  ideas  to  his  mo- 
ther. He  was  an  Amherst  graduate,  a 
cultured  gentleman,  a  Congregational 
minister,  the  preceptor  of  an  acadamy, 
and,  last  and  least,  but  not  little,  an  ex- 
ceedingly handsome  man.  Just  think  of 
it,  he  was  not  spoiled  a  particle!  They 
lived  in  their  own  commodious  house, 
this  childless  couple,  keeping  a  servant, 
when  a  good  one  was  to  be  had;  going 
without  at  other  times. 

I  happened  to  be  there  at  one  of  the 
other  times — and  was  glad  of  it — for  it 
developed  this  astounding  fact  that 
George  really  believed  he  was  stronger 
than  Lizzie;  practically  believed  it  to  the 
extent  of  getting  up  and  making  the  fire, 
and  assisting  about  breakfast  with  all  the 
vigor  aud  energy  expected  from  a  hired 
girl  at  a  dollar  and  fifty  cents  a  week ! 

It  was  jileasant  to  see  and  to  remember 
how  this    lively,   cheerful,     efficient  and 
versatile    professor    "snapped   around," 
setting  the    table,  going    down  cellar  for  < 
bread,  running  out  with  white  pitcher  to    , 
the  milkman's    cart,   aud  after    meals—  j 
that's  the  tug  of  war— actually  drying  the  \ 
dishes,  in  a  handy  "20"   manner,  to  the  . 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


tune  of    "16's"    washing, 
things  to  match. 

At  nine  o'clock  George  was  off  to  his 
school;  at  eleven  Mrs.  George  went  down 
and  conducted  several  English  recita- 
tions, and  could  have  dropped  into  Lat- 
in without  a  struggle  or  a  groan. 

"Well,  what  of  it?"  mutters  some  dis- 
affected interrogation  i)oint. 

Oh,  nothing.  Only  I  thought  I'd  tell 
you;  for  "woman's  stength  is  to  man's 
as  16  to  26;"  and  a  good  man  in  a  house 
is  a  well-spring  of  pleasure. 

I  used  to  know  another  man,  a  shoe- 
maker. He  was  six  feet  high,  broad- 
shouldered,  and  apijareutly  robust. 

But  he  had  an  "inward  weakness," 
located  mostly  in  his  will;  it  was  one  of 
the  queerest  ills  that  flesh  is  heir  to.  It 
would  sometimes  seize  him  as  he  sat 
working  at  a  child's  shoe,  and  so  feeble 
did  he  become  that  he  just  had  strength 
to  grasp  his  rifle  in  a  convulsive  sort  of 
way,  rush  from  the  shop,  tramp  over  the 
mountain  till  sundown,  and  then  toil 
home  with  two  grey  squirrels  and  a  robin 
red-breast — for  man's  strength  is  as  26, 
you  know. 

His  wife,  meanwhile,  did  all  her  own 
housework,  reared  two  great  strapping 
boys,  took  in  sewing,  stitched  boots,  and 
amused  herself  in  the  intervals  of  these 
hght,  graceful  employments  by  quietly 
enduring  a  tyrant  rheumatism  which, 
for  weeks  at  a  time,  obliged  her  to  go  a- 
round  her  house  "on  all  fours, "  to  at- 
tend to  her  duties;  and  woman's  strength 
is  but  16!     Eh,  Dr.  Draper? 

A  word,  in  closing,  to  John  'William 
Draper,  il.  D.,  LL.D.  In  his  "Text 
Book  on  Physiology  for  the  Use  of 
Schools  and  Colleges,"  p.  363,  he  enu- 
merates several  mental  and  moral  differ- 
ences between  the  sexes,  and  then  says, 
"The  physiologist  who  is  thus  obliged 
to  speak  of  the  constitutional  and  mental 
imperfections  of  the  female,"  etc. 

Who  "obliged"  him?  What's  the  use 
of  being  an  "M.D.,  LL.D."  if  a  man 
may  not  do  as  he  likes?  And  why  did 
not  this  nebulous,  or  fabulous,  compel- 
ling influence  "oblige"  him  to  speak  of 
certain  "constitutional"  and  moral  "im- 
perfections" of  the  male?  If  woman's 
"less  vigorous  reasoning  powers"  are 
an  imperfection,  what  shall  we  call  man's 
proverbially  feeble  endurance  of  extreme 
pain?  If  woman's  unbalanced  judgment 
is  an  imperfection,  what  about  man's  in- 
ferior delicacy  and  chastity  of  thought 
and  feeling?  Where  was  the  justice  of 
thus  branding  the  sex  with  "imperfec- 
tion?" 

Was  it  a  necessary  thing,  or  a  good 
thing  in  any  event,  to  record  such  words 
upon  the  closing  pages  of  a  text  book 
"for  the  use  of  schools  and  colleges?" — 
J.  A.  W.,  in  Science  of  Health. 


Things  I  Like  To  See. — A  working 
man  reading  the  newspaper;  a  real  lady 
who  can  carry  a  parcel ;  a  father  at  a  place 
of  amusement  with  his  children;  a  young 
man  with  a  clear  eye,  and  a  fresh,  virtu- 
ous, unhackneyed  face;  a  shop-girl  neat- 
ly dressed,  and  withoutsham  ornaments; 
a  man  of  business  going  home  at  night 
with  a  bouquet  for  his  wife;  a  shopkeeper 
civil  to  and  patient  with  a  poor  woman, 
w'ho,  with  a  baby  across  her  arm,  ven- 
tures to  buy  a  one  shilling  article ;  a  dress- 
maker who  is  scientific  enough  to  perfect 
a  "fit,"  and  yet  leave  your  breathing 
apparatus  in  Christian-working  condi- 
tion: a  shop  that  is  not  an  emporium;  a 
a  milliner  who  don't  come  from  Paris;  a 
jolly  domestic  who  likes  "the  family;"  a 
bride  with  her  pet  small  house;  a  young 
father  with  his  first  boy. — Fanny  Fern. 


FAMILIAR  TALKS— No.  12. 

BY      SNIP. 

YEAR  ago  I  sent  my  first  letter  to 
the  AGEicLTtrnmsT,  and  having 
been  encouraged  by  seeing  every 
article,  good,  bad  or  indifferent,  in 
the  paper,  feel  like  trying  to  in- 
duce others  to  write  occasionally. 
There  is  not  a  housekeeper  but  could 
write  something.  A  receipt,  a  sugges- 
tion for  the  house,  the  dairy  or  the  gar- 
den, an  experiment  tried — it  may  be  just 
what  some  one  is  looking  for.  Come, 
my  dear  sister  housekeepers,  write  and 
make  our  paper  the  most  welcome  visitor 
■ — one  that  cannot  come  too  often. 

TICKLED  MEAT. 

Here  is  a  receipt  for  making  a  jialata- 
ble  dish  of  cold  meat.  After  taking  all 
the  meat  that  can  be  nicely  sliced  from  a 
boiled  ham,  chop  the  remainder  fine  as 
possible,  season  with  pepper  and  cloves, 
put  in  a  jar  or  bowl  and  cover  an  inch 
deep  with  vinegar.  I  use  other  meat  in 
this  way,  but  found  the  proportion  of 
vinegar  was  too  much  to  suit  my  taste. 
Let  it  stand  a  day  or  two. 

APPLES  AND  CREAM. 

Here  is  another  which  I  am  sure  is 
good,  though  I  have  not  tried  it.  Take 
good  cooking  apples,  cut  in  halves,  and 
bake  till  well  done.  (Remove  the  cores 
before  baking. )  Then  put  them  in  a 
deep  dish,  large  enough  to  allow  them  to 
lie  only  one  deep.  Sprinkle  sugar  over 
them,  pour  on  thick  cream  till  it  comes 
up  on  the  sides  of  the  apples,  and  eat 
when  about  half  cold.  The  old  rule  was 
to  bake  only  sweet  apples,  but  I  discard- 
ed that  plan  several  years  ago,  and  use 
those  that  are  good  for  sauce.  One  mem- 
ber of  our  family  wants  the  core  cut  out, 
the  cavity  filled  with  butter  and  sugar, 
and  then  bake  the  apples.  He  says  they 
are  excellent  but  my  opinion  is  just  the 
opposite. 

HANDY    PIECE    BAG. 

Here  is  something  for  the  fancy-work 
corner  that  "Busy  Bee"  spoke  of  a 
month  or  two  ago.  Hardly  that  either, 
for  it  is  useful  rather  than  ornamental. 
Take  a  piece  of  cloth  about  three-fourths 
of  a  yard  long,  and  about  half  a  yard 
wide.  Another  piece  as  long  but  only 
half  as  wide.  Hem  one  edge  of  each  the 
longest  way.  Then  lay  the  narrow  piece 
on  the  wide  one,  keeping  the  right  sides 
toward  you.  Baste  the  raw  edges  to- 
gether, and  sew  the  narrow  piece  to  the 
other  in  three  places  so  there  will  be  four 
equal  divisions  when  the  ends  are  sewed 
together.     When  this  is  done,  gather  the 


whom  I  ask  has  recently  lost,  in  a  dearly 
loved  husband,  the  only  friend  on  earth 
who  can  thoroughly  understand  and  ap- 
preciate her.  She  desires  to  fulfill  her 
mission  upon  earth,  and  to  live  health- 
fully; has  no  little  ones  to  absorb  her 
time  and  thoughts,  and  resolves  to  de- 
vote her  life  henceforth  to  humanity. 
The  whole  world  is  her  family,  and  for 
its  welfare  she  is  willing  to  make  per- 
sonal sacrifices." 

.\s  there  is  but  one  editor  to  this  pa- 
l)er  at  present,  we  suppose  it  must  mean 
K.s'.  Now,  we  do  not  claim  to  know  quite 
everything,  and  have  no  particular  hob- 
by to  ventilate  on  this  subject.  In  feed- 
ing animals  we  sliould  very  largely  con- 
sult the  appetite  of  the  beast,  believing 
that  in  a  healthy  condition  it  would  be 
an  infallible  guide.  Even  in  disease,  we 
believe  the  appetite  often  craves  that 
food  which  is  best.  With  everything 
good  before  it,  the  animal  will  eat  that 
which  its  i)hysical  needs  require.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  jilauls.  Placed  in 
a  rich  soil,  the  plant  will  absorb  the  ele- 
ments necessary  to  its  growth,  and  the 
bettor  it  is  fed  the  better  it  will  grow 
and  develoi). 

This  is  getting  right  down  to  the  root 
of  the  matter.  There  is  within  every 
being,  whether  jjlant,  animal,  or  the 
higher  man,  an  instinct  superior  to  any 
amount  of  reason,  which,  if  not  abu.sed, 
will  never  lead  us  far  out  of  the  way  in 
matters  of  diet.  Our  civilization  has  in- 
vented a  thousand  devices  and  com- 
pounds for  depraving  the  appetites  of 
men  and  animals,  especially  of  men. 
And  to  know  tcluit  to  avoid  requires  a 
good  deal  of  practical  experience,  obser- 
vation, scientific  knowledge  and  reason. 
On  general  principles,  that  food  which 
the  appetite  desires,  which  is  easily  di- 
gested and  assimilated,  is  that  which  the 
system  needs,  and  is  the  best,  whether 
it  bo  meat,  fish,  fowl,  vegetables,  gi-ains, 
or  fruits,  so  that  it  is  simply  prepared 
without  stimulating  condiments.  Each 
person  should  keep  his  or  her  stomach 
in  such  condition  that  it  is  a  superior 
law  unto  itself.  By  never  deceiving  or 
abusing  it,  it  will  never  deceive  or  abuse 
the  body  or  the  mind,  hut  will  call  for 
that  which  is  good  and  wholesome,  and 
do  its  work  faithfully  and  cheerfully.  Be 
true  to  your  stomach,  and  it  will  be  true 
to  you.  Keep  it  well,  and  it  will  keep 
you  well,  and  allow  you  to  develop;  in 
fact,  will  promote  and  sustain  develop- 
ment. 


QUESTION    AND    RECIPES. 


ISV    MRS.  L.   W. 


Lady  friends  of  the  Agricultumst,  I 
am  going  to  ask  a  question.  Some  may 
think  it  a  simple  one,  but  it  don't  seem 
so  to  me.  Will  some  one  tell  me  how  to 
two  edges  that  are  basted  together,  and  !  bake  jelly  cake  to  keep  it  from  sticking 
sew  on  to  a  circular  piece  of  cloth.  Run  |  to  the  tins?  I  think  evei-j'  jelly  cake  I 
a  tape  through  the  hem  of  the  wide  piece  I  make  will  be    the  last   one,  for  I  cannot 


A  good  wife  is  a  good  thing,  but  a  bad 
husband  beats  her. 


and  you  will  have  what  was  originally 
intended  for  a  shoe  and  stocking  bag.  I 
use  mine  for  patches,  braids,  worsteds 
and  such  stuff,  and  keep  patterns  in  the 
central  part. 

Perhaps  a  hint  in  regard  to  these  pat- 
terns will  not  be  amiss.  I  write  the 
name  on  a  strip  of  white  muslin,  roll  the 
pattern  up  snugly,  and  tie  the  strip 
around  it  so  that  the  name  can  be  seen 
at  a  glance. 

BEST   FOOD. 

.^.  correspondent  asks  this  question  of 
the  "Editor  of  the  Health  Department:" 

"Please  give  us  your  idea  of  the  pro- 
per food  necessary  to  obtain  the  highest 
mental    achievements.     The    friend  for 


get  them  ofl',  only  in  pieces.  In  return 
I  will  give  "Snip'  a  recipe  for  making 
piceles,  and  tell  "Enquirer"  how  to 
make  mushroom  catsup. 

CCCUMBER  PICKLES. 

Pick  your  cucumbers  when  from  three 
to  four  inches  long;  wipe  them  with  a 
coarse  towel  (don't  wet  them);  after 
TNnping  put  them  into  weak  salt  water  for 
twelve  hours:  take  them  out  and  drain 
until  perfectly  dry,  then  press  them  into 
glass  fruit  jars.  To  each  quart  of  vine- 
gar add  one  pound  of  brown  sugar  with 
mustard  seed,  grain  pepper,  cinnamon 
and  cloves  to  suit  the  taste;  boil  and 
skim  well,  then  pour  it  over  the  pickles 
boiUng  hot,  being  very  careful  to  leave 
the  cucumbers  covered  with  the  vinegar; 
seal  them  up  same  as  canned  fruit. 


MUSHBOOM  CATStTI'. 

I  Break  the  mushrooms  up  into  small 
pieces;    but  a   layer  of    them  in    a  jar, 

I  sprinkling  salt  over  them  alternately, 
until  you  have  salted  all  you  mushrooms; 
let  them  stand  three  or  four  days;  then 
boil  and  strain,  squeezing  them  well; 
then  boil  the  liquor  up  with  cloves, mace 
or  any  spices  you  prefer;  when  cold  and 
clear  bottle,  putting  in  a  clove  of  garlic 
or  small  onion  and  some  horse-radish. 

LEMON     PIE. 

The  juce  and  rind  of  one  lemon,  one 
cup  of  water,  one  tablespoonful  of  corn- 
starch, one  cu))  of  sugar,  one  egg,  and  a 
piece  of  butter  the  size  of  a  small  egg  for 
one  pie.  Boil  the  water;  wet  the  corn- 
starch in  a  little  cold  water;  put  into  the 
boiling  water  and  stir  until  it  boils  up, 
then  pour  it  upon  the  butter  and  sugar; 
after  it  cools  add  the  egg  and  lemon; 
bake  with  an  upper  and  lower  crust. 

RECIPES. 

BX  NKLL  VAN. 

TO  CLEAN  ZINC  SINKS 

there  is  nothing  superior  to  coal  oil  used 
by  saturating  a  woolen  cloth,  with  which 
rub  the  sink  thoroughly  until  all  stains 
and  roughness  are  removed,  after  which 
remove  the  odor  of  coal  oil  by  the  use  of 
hot  water  and  soap. 

[Lime  makes  an  excellent  polish  for 
zinc. — Ed.] 

TO  PRESERVE  SAfSAGE. 

When  the  meat  has  been  nicely  ground 
and  seasoned,  make  it  into  small,  flat 
cakes;  place  them  in  a  frying  pan  and 
cook  until  about  half  done,  (this  is  for 
the  purpose  of  making  them  hold  to- 
gether, )  then  pack  them  closely  in  five- 
pound  tin  cans,  and  pour  over  fresh  lard 
until  filled.  Sausage  put  up  in  this  way 
will  keep  perfectly  sweet  and  fresh  for 
three  or  four  months. 


gauorhold^^cartiujj. 


A  Beed  and  a  Vlord, 

A  little  spring  bath  lost  its  way 

Amid  the  grass  ond  fern; 
A  pabsing  stmuger  scooped  a  well, 

Whtre  wt-arj*  iiieu  might  tnm. 
He  walled  it  id,  and  bang  with  care 

A  laUlo  at  the  brink; 
He  thought  not  of  the  dtred  hedid. 

But  judged  that  toil  might  drink. 
He  passed  ajiain,  and  lo!  the  well. 

By  summer  never  dried, 
Has  I'ooled  ten  thousand  parched  tongues, 

And  saved  a  llTc  beside. 

A  namclefis  man.  amid  a  crowd 

That  thronged  the  daily  mart. 
Let  fall  a  word  of  hope  and  love, 

Unstudied  from  the  heart; 
A  whisper  on  the  tumult  thrown, 

A  transitory  breath; 
It  raised  a  brother  from  the  dust. 

It  saved  a  soul  from  death. 
O  germ!    O  fouut!    O  word  of  love! 

O  thought  at  random  cast  I 
Ye  were  but  little  at  the  first. 

But  mighty  at  the  last! 


FASHION. 


BY     BEPOBTEB. 


•yHILE  walking  the  street  a  few  days 
^j  since,  my  attention  was  attracted 
to  a  young  lady  on  the  other  side, 
who,  ha\ing  her  hands  encum- 
bered with  books,  basket  and  um- 
brella, was  apparently  hesitating  whether 
to  cross  or  not.  She  locked  behind  her, 
then  at  the  mud.  Her  features  wore  a 
look  of  utter  despair;  yet  she  hesitated 
but  for  a  moment,  then  stepped  boldly 
out  into  the  slush  and  mud;  and— 0,  my! 
Training?       Yes,  trailing    after    her  an 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


cQormons  amount  of  dress-goods.  Again 
ulie  hesitated  a  moment  at  a  little  jiuddle, 
then  stepped  into,  instead  or  over  it. 

I  thought,  "Why  does  she  this?"  An- 
other glance,  and  the  question  was  an- 
swered. She  was  dressed  in  accordance 
with  the  edicts  of  Fashion. 

As  she  passed  me,  I  stole  another 
glance,  with  this  result:  I  saw  a  large, 
well-formed  head,  a  full,  round  forehead, 
showing  a  large  and  active  brain, 
smooth,  even  features,  and  the  general 
appearance  of  a  student.  Yet,  with 
these  natural  gifts  and  educational  ad- 
vantages, she  was  a  slave!     Why  was  it? 

With  this  question  haunting  my  mind, 
I  saught  an  interview  with  the  Empress 
of  Fashion  herself.  Passing  over  the 
introduction  and  little  preliminary  re- 
marks incidental  to  such  a  call,  I  will 
simply  say,  I  found  her  genial  and  oblig- 
ing, apparently  quite  willing  to  answer 
mv  questions.  I  give  our  conversation 
in"  full. 

Heporler — What  is  the  extent  of  your 
domains? 

Fashion — My  domain  is  the  whole 
earth — the  land  and  the  seas  alike; — or, 
as  you  Americans  say,  "there  is  no  north, 
no  south,  no  east,  no  west."  Wherever 
man  is,  there  are  my  agents. 

R. — What  is  your  power  or  authority? 

F. — My  power  is  absolute.  There  is 
no  higher  authority — no  court  of  appeal. 
Some  one  has  said:  "Better  be  dead  than 
out  cf  fashion," — using  my  name  figur- 
atively. This  is  now  generally  believed, 
for  the  results  of  failing  to  comply  with 
my  commands  are  too  well  understood 
and  dreaded. 

if. — Who  are  your  subjects? 

F. — All  mankind,  without  regard  to 
rank  or  station.  The  savage  Indian 
builds  his  wigwam,  paints  his  body  and 
scalps  his  victims  in  accordance  with  my 
commands,  The  millionaire  erects  his 
mansion,  clothes  his  person  and  gives  to 
the  poor  by  the  same  authority.  The 
heathen  and  the  Christian  alike  look  to 
me  for  models  of  architecture  for  temples 
to  their  gods. 

li. — Does  civilization  detract  from  your 
powers? 

F. — Ob,  no;  it  rather  adds  to  it;  for, 
as  civilization  advances,  wealth  increases: 
and  this  gives  me  the  key  to  these,  the 
civilized  colonies:  they  require  vaiiety, 
and  it  is  through  their  wealth  that  I  am 
enabled  to  give  it  to  them.  It  is  with 
these  colonies  that  I  take  my  greatest 
pleasure.  I  delight  in  varying  their 
dress.  The  styles  of  yesterday  passed 
with  the  day.  The  pull-back  dress  and 
spring-bottom  pants,  the  one-sided  hat 
and  long-toed  boots  I  shall  soon  throw 
away,  and  so  on  throughout  time. 

Alter  the  fair  lady  had  given  me  her 
opinion  of  the  effect  of  her  rule,  I  bade 
her  adieu,  my  miud  filled  with  many 
subjects  for  retlection,  which  I  intended 
to  have  included  in  this  article,  but  it  is 
now  much  beyond  the  desired  length,  so 
I  will  leave  you  to  draw  your  own  con- 
clusions. 


POPULARITY. 


This,  that  and  the  other  matter  are 
often  said  to  be  unpopular.  In  the 
same  sense,  this,  that  and  the  other  in- 
dividual are  often  said  to  be  unpopular. 
.\Dd,  pray,  what  is  popularity?  A  mere 
l)>iblile,  unless  it  is  used  as  an  influence 
for  some  personal  ends. 

It  often  hajipens  that  the  most  unpop- 
ular iiiilividual  leaves  a  valued  record. 
The  world,  though  progressive  on  the 
whole,  does  not  show  its  progress  in  the 
footprints  of  individuals.  Nevertheless, 
individuals  are  the   landmarks,  the  guid- 


ing spirits  through  which  progress  is 
developed. 

Truth,  in  its  march,  has  many  obsta- 
cles to  encounter;  but  it  is  a  kind  of 
positive  element  that  supersedes  and  dis- 
places error,  so  sure  as  truth  is  good  and 
eiTor  is  bad.  It  is  only  a  question  of 
time. 

The  linn  individual,  who  plants  him- 
self on  the  ramparts  to  do  battle  for 
principle,  who  has  no  compromises  to 
make  with  wrong,  is  goaded  and  maimed 
at  every  turn,  till  truth  forces  itself  up- 
permost. 

The  most  popular  class  in  the  world 
are  those  who,  though  they  may  have 
opinions  of  their  own,  are  governed  more 
by  circumstances  than  by  their  opinions 
— more  by  policy  than  by  principle. 
Hence,  the  individual  of  positive  and  af- 
firmative character  has  no  negative  prin- 
ciples. In  God,  or  truth,  or  principle 
he  trusts.     To  him 

An  approviug  smile  from  the  wise  and  uoud 
Is  prelerred  to  the  shout  of  the  multitude. 

He  does  not  seek  the  honors  and  emolu- 
ments of  the  world  at  the  expense  of  his 
own  individuality  and  his  own  manhood. 
Not  being  dependent  on  others  for  his 
thoughts,  he  is  independent  in  his  mode 
of  reasoning.  As  he  reflects  his  own 
thoughts  in  his  own  language,  how  not 
to  say  things  is  one  of  the  fine  arts  to 
which  he  lays  no  claim;  and  he  often 
says  things  too  blunt  for  the  undecided, 
and  too  unpopular  for  the  equivocating 
or  negative  miud.  Therefore,  as  a  reward 
for  the  personal  sacrifices  he  is  always 
making,  he  trusts  to  time  to  vindicate 
him.  His  reward  seldom  comes  to  him- 
self j5ersonally;  but,  like  the  great  Amer- 
ican statesman,  Henry  Clay,  he  feels  that 
"he  would  rather  be  right  than  to  be 
President."  But  what  kind  of  jihreno- 
logical  organization  does  it  take  to  make 
the  popular  man  of  the  world?  The 
question  needs  no  answer. 

IViORE     THAN    ONE     WOMAN     IN 
THE  HOUSE. 

(lEANDMOTHEIi's  ADVCE. 

There  should  be  two  women  in  every 
house,  especially  the  farm  house.  AVe 
do  not  mean  by  this,  gentlemen,  that 
every  man  should  have  two  wives.  Oh, 
no!  But  we  do  mean  that  friend,  moth- 
er, sister,  aunt,  grandmother — somebody 
— should  be  companionship  for  the  main 
housekeeper. 

We  will  take  the  case  of  a  family  con- 
sisting of  six  members — father,  mother, 
and  four  children  ranging  from  one  to 
ten  years.  They  live  on  a  grain  frarm. 
The  children  are  not  old  enough  to  do 
farm  labor,  therefore  help  must  be  em- 
ployed— from  one  to  three  men — making 
from  seven  to  nine  in  family. 

How  much  of  sunshine  and  free  air 
may  we  conclude  this  housekeeper  en- 
joys? How  much  time  among  the  flow- 
ers? How  much  time  to  read  and  keep 
posted,  so  that  when  company  calls  she 
can  converse  with  her  husband  and  them 
on  the  various  topics  of  the  day?  How 
much  time  to  call  out  the  minds  of  her 
children,  and  instruct  them  as  only  a 
mother  can?  Perhaps  an  hour  or  two  on 
Sunday,  provided  that  then  there  are 
only  two  meals. 

How  diU'erent  would  it  be  it  only  some 
one  were  with  her,  to  change  work  with 
her  and  allow  her  to  work  among  the 
flowers  now  and  then  by  way  of  change, 
or  spend  a  half  hour  in  the  poultry  yard 
among  the  young  broods,  or  in  company 
with  the  children  to  go  and  gather  bo- 
quets  of  wild  flowers  by  way  of  diversion 
— anything  to  permit  the  mother  now 
and  then  to  relax  her  nerves,  to  throw  ofl' 
restraint,  and  yet  feel  that  the  wheels  of 


the  household  ai'e  not  clogged  the  mo- 
ment her  hands  cease  to  labor.  Oh!  if 
men  only  knew  how  much  of  sunshine 
they  shut  out  of  their  own  presence,  out 
of  their  own  domain,  by  having  a  weary, 
tired  companion  about  them,  instead  of 
one  able  to  give  off  vitality  to  husband 
and  children! 

But  vitality  cannot  be  manufactured 
and  cheerfully  maintained  without  the 
presence  of  certain  elements.  Fresh  air, 
sunshine,  cheerfulness  and  rest  from  care 
are  Nature's  greatrestorers.  While  nine- 
tentbs  of  the  farmers'  wives  have  been, 
and  are  to-day,  using  up  not  only  all 
their  natural  strength,  but  using  addi- 
tional stimulus  to  carry  on  their  work 
— instead  of  enjoying  the  situation,the 
lovely  scenery  of  the  country,  the  free 
air,  the  groves  and  flowers — they  find 
country  life  a  constant  wear  and  tear  of 
nerve  force. 

I  could  write  a  book  on  this  subject 
and  minor  ones  connected  with  it,  but 
will  conclude  by  saying,  See  to  it,  O, 
man  of  the  farm,  that  there  are  two 
women  in  your  household,  even  if  one 
should  be  only  a  Chinaman.  Anything 
to  give  relief  to  the  tired  wife  and  mother 
is  better  than  to  let  her  wear  out  with 
hard  work,  anxiety  and  suft'eriug.  But 
better  than  a  mere  servant  is  a  compan- 
ionable person,  a  relative  or  friend, whose 
service  is  not  only  paid  for  but  is  sought 
after  and  reciprocated  in  kindness  and 
mutual  sympathy    and  human    equality. 


DRIFTING    DOWN     THE    STREAM 
OF  LIFE. 

BY    BLANCHE. 

Down  the  stream  of  life  we  are  drift- 
ing. Our  boat  at  first  glides  smoothly 
along  over  the  rijiling brooklet;  the  shin- 
ing pebbles  glitter  in  its  bed;  the  trees 
and  shrubs,  in  their  robes  of  green, 
stretch  forth  their  moss-covered,  ivy- 
mantled  arms  to  shelter  and  protect:  the 
merry  birds  twitter  among  the  boughs, 
while  the  rising  sun  drapes  the  landscape 
and  the  stream  in  beauty's  most  adorn- 
ing robes;  the  over-hanging  branches, 
softly  swayed  by  gentle  zephj'rs,  drop 
their  brightly-tinted  blossoms,  which 
dance  and  wrestle  with  the  waves,  then 
quickly  disappear;  here  and  there  a 
modest  lily  peeps  above  the  water's  edge: 
all  is  gaiety,  hope  and  happiness.  Pure 
and  uudeiiled  as  the  flowers  on  the 
brink,  we  thoughtlessly  sail  down  the 
stream. 

The  winding,  ripi^ling  brooklet  is 
changing;  gliding  away  are  childhood's 
happy  hours.  In  youth  and  manhood 
we  iind  ourselves  in  a  wider,  deejier 
stream,  surrounded  by  objects  more 
striking  and  magnificent — by  dashing 
waves,  whistling  winds,  tumult  and  con- 
fusion. One  moment  we  are  in  fancied 
security,  the  next,  in  the  greatest  dan- 
ger; for  a  while  elated  by  success,  then 
depressed  and  miserable  with  disappoint- 
ment. When  shipwrecked,  we  strive  in 
vain  to  anchor; — our  voyage  may  be 
hastened — it.  cannot  be  delayed.  Time, 
the  stern  boatman,  has  unfurled  the  sail, 
and  on  we  are  borne,  our  joys  and  our 
griefs  alike  left  behind.  Too  soon  we 
feel  the  chill  of  winter,  and  snow-flakes 
may  be  seen  falling  on  the  golden  hair. 
Wave-tossed,  weary  and  worn,  our  frail 
bark  bears  us  on  until  we  hear  the  rush- 
ing tide,  are  launched  into  the  ocean, 
and  wafted  over  the  crested  waves  to  the 
"better  shore  of  the  spirit  land,"  just  ns 
the  setting  sun  of  our  life-day  sinks  to 
rest  beneath  the  waves,  painting  with  its 
gorgeous  tints  landscape,  sky  and  sea. 

What    Mkn   Need   Wives  rou. — It  is 


not  to  sweep  the  house,  make  the  bed, 
darn  the  socks  and  cook  the  meals, 
chiefl}',  that  a  man  wants  a  wife.  If  this 
is  all  he  needs,  hired  help  can  do  it 
cheaper  than  a  wife.  If  this  is  all,  when 
a  young  man  calls  to  see  a  lady,  send 
him  into  the  pantry  to  taste  the  bread 
and  cake  she  has  made;  then  send  him 
in  to  insi^eet  the  needlework  and  bed- 
making,  or  put  a  broom  in  the  young 
lady's  hand  and  send  him  to  witness  its 
use.  Such  things  are  important,  and 
the  wise  young  man  will  quickly  look 
after  them ;  but  what  the  true  man  wants 
with  a  wife  is  her  companionship,  sym- 
pathy and  love.  The  way  of  life  has 
manj'  dreary  places  in  it,  and  man  needs 
a  companion  to  go  with  him.  A  man  is 
sometimes  overtaken  by  misfortunes;  he 
meets  with  failure  and  defeat;  trials  and 
templations  beset  him,  and  he  needs  one 
to  stand  by  and  sympathize.  He  has 
some  hard  battles  to  fight  with  poverty, 
enemies  and  .sin,  and  he  needs  a  woman 
that,  when  he  puts  his  arm  around  her, 
he  feels  he  has  something  to  fight  for, 
and  that  she,  being  a  true  woman,  will 
help  him  to  fight;  that  she  will  put  her 
lips  to  his  ear  and  whisper  words  of 
counsel,  and  her  hand  to  his  heart  and 
impart  inspiration.  All  through  life, 
through  storms  and  sunshine,  through 
conflict  and  victory,  through  adverse  and 
through  favoring  winds,  man  needs  a 
woman's  love.  His  heart  yearns  for  it. 
A  sister's  or  a  mother's  love  ^will  hardly 
supply  the  need.  Yet  many  seek  for 
nothing  further  than  success  in  house- 
work. Justly  enough,  half  of  these  get 
nothing  more;  the  other  half,  surprised 
beyond  measure,  have  gotten  more  than 
they  sought.  Their  wives  surprise  them 
by  bringing  out  a  noble  idea  in  marriage 
and  disclosing  a  treasury  of  courage, 
sympathy  and  love. 

Husbands  and  Wives. 

HUSBANDS. 

Applclon's  Journal  says:  Ingratitude 
and  indifference  sometimes  mar  the  char- 
acter of  men.  A  husband  returns  from 
his  business  at  evening.  During  his  ab- 
sence, and  throughout  the  live-long  day, 
the  wife  has  some  little  surprise,  some 
unexpected  pleasure,  to  make  his  home 
more  attractive  than  ever.  He  enters, 
seemingly  sees  no  more  of  what  has  been 
done  to  please  him  than  if  he  were  a 
blind  man,  and  has  nothing  more  to  say 
about  it  than  if  he  were  dumb.  Many  a 
loving  wife  has  borne  in  her  heart  an  a- 
biding  sorrow,  day  after  day,  from  causes 
like  this,  until,  in  process  of  time,  the 
fire  and  enshusiasm  of  her  original  na- 
ture have  burned  out,  and  mutual  indif- 
ferences spreads  its  pall  over  the  house- 
hold. 

wives. 

Many  women  have  little  idea  of  how 
greatly  they  shock  the  tastes  and  really 
endanger  the  att'ections  of  their  husbands 
by  their  unseemly  domestic  apparel. 
There  is  not  a  man  of  sense  and  refined 
feeling  anywhere  who  would  not  prefer 
some  simple  and  chaste  adornment  for 
the  wife  in  the  morning  to  anj-  extreme 
of  splendor  at  the  evening  ball.  Let  a 
woman  by  all  means  dress  brilliantly  on 
those  occasions  that  render  it  proper. 
We  have  no  desire  to  abrige  her  privileges 
nor  baffle  her  instincts  in  this  particular; 
but  we  claim  that  it  is  important  for  her, 
if  she  value  her  household  serenity,  that 
she  should  give  equal  heed  to  her  custom- 
ary domestic  attire.  The  female  who 
goes  about  the  house  untidily  dressed 
has  no  right  to  the  title  of  woman.  She 
is  without  thosee  marks  and  indications 
by  which  she  can  be  so  classified. 

-HousEUOLU  Help. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


'  fail  to  consider  how  great  is  the  need  of 
lielp  for  those  in  charge  of  the  house- 
h^'ki.  The  wearied,  worn  wife  and  moth- 
•  would  be  glad  to  have  some  one  help 
! .  if  but  to  do  some  of  the  lighter 
V-  rkjbutshe  too  often  finds  the  help 
hired  more  annoying  and  troublesome 
than  would  be  the  doing  the  work  her- 
self. The  cry  comes  up  continually  for 
help,  good,  reliable,  willing  workers,  who 
are  ready  and  willing  to  take  hold  and 
work,  and  to  learn  to  do  what  they  do 
not  now  understand  how  to  do.  This 
cry  comes  from  the  country  as  well  as 
from  the  towns  and  cities.  It  is  not  the 
cry  of  distress,  coming  from  those  sink- 
ing amid  the  waves  of  the  surging  sea; 
but  it  is  the  cry  for  help  from  those  who 
are  worn  down  with  labor,  weariea  with 
engrossing  cares  and  anxious  waiting  for 
a  change  in  troublous  times.  It  is  a 
constant  working,  watching,  waiting 
strain  between  no  help  and  poor  help, 
that  is  killing  many  a  fond  mother  work- 
ing to  keep  the  family  agoing.  Will  not 
the  boys  and  girls,  and  the  father  too, 
open  they  eyes  to  these  things,  and  turn 
a  helping  hand  to  lift  the  weight  that  is 
slowly,  but  all  too  surely,  wearing  away 
the  life  of  her  whose  only  object  now  is 
to  sustain  her  husband  and  children? 


UP-COUNTRY    LETTERS— NO.    6 

BY  EACH  EL  A,  ELY. 

Imagine  me — yes,  it  is  myself,  truly — 
able  to  be  nurse  to  one  more  unfortunate 
and  ailing  than  I  am.  Even  so.  My 
hostess,  out  of  Christian  kindness 
(though  she  smilingly  disavows  being  a 
Christian,  but  I'd  like  to  know  what  it  is 
then)  undertook  to  help  the  sick  woman, 
and  finding  her  no  worse  the  day  follow- 
ing her  first  treatment,  she  again  went 
to  work,  giving  head  and  sits  baths,  hot 
packs,  tepid  injections  to  the  bowels,  co- 
pious water  drinking,  and,  best  of  all, 
hope  and  rest.  (You  see  I  talk  quite 
learned  already,  and  I  intend  to  be  more 
learned  some  day.)  But  as  it  is  impos- 
sible for  her  to  be  here  and  see  that  her 
orders  are  obeyed,  and  there  is  no  other 
woman  to  be  had  for  miles  around,  I 
have  offered  to  give  my  little  mite  to- 
wards Christian  aid.  So  my  good  friend 
comes  over  after  her  own  work  is  done, 
and  baby  asleep  for  the  children  to 
watch,  and  gives  what  treatment  is  need- 
ed and  leaves  orders  for  what  is  to  be 
done,  and  I  can  see  they  are  executed  by 
her  oldest  girl,  who  is  a  very  capable 
child,  and,  like  her  mother,  a  worker. 
The  husband,  too,  gives  as  much  of  his 
time  as  he  can  from  the  harvest  field, 
doing  most  of  the  cooking  (I  wonder 
how  he  likes  "three  meals  a  day"). 

So  here  I  sit,  watching  the  half-uncon- 
scious life  on  the  bed,  and  think  and 
wonder  if  it  indeed  is  I,  who  only  six 
short  months  ago  was  "waiting,  only 
waiting"  for  death  to  relieve  me  of  all 
aches  and  pains  and  set  my  spirit  free. 
How  long  the  time  seemed  then,  while 
now  how  swift  the  days  go  by,  when 
looking  ahead  to  coming  strength  and 
health.  You  of  robust  body  and  sound 
head  cannot  understand  nor  sympathize 
with  us  invalids  who  have  almost  felt 
the  icy  breath  and  unloosed  so  many 
earth  ties  that  life  itself  had  lost  all  but 
the  dim  and  far  off  hope  that  to  live 
meant  to  help  to  make  the  world  and  its 
people  better,  if  possible.  Right,  for 
right's  sake,  not  from  fear  of  doing 
wrong.  And  above  all,  have  I  felt  how 
untruthful  and  faithless  are  the  lives  of 
the  masses.  Welladay!  Let  me  endeav- 
or, Oh!  Wise,  All  Father,  to  be  true  to 
others  and  myself,  if  indeed  my  life  is  to 
'  blossom  into  flower  on  this  earth.  May 
the  fruit  thereof  be  worthy  the  deep  soul 


pruning  and  heart   culture   received  and 
endured. 

If  this  sick  woman  gets  well — and  it 
may  be  so — I  wonder  what  the  doctor 
will  saj--  and  also  whether  the  husband 
will  be  quite  as  generous  as  he  thinks  he 
will  be.  Half  his  farm  is  the  price  he 
declares  he  will  give  to  save  her.  I  do 
hope  he  will  have  the  opportunity  of 
helping  these  poorer  neighbors,  or  at 
least  speak  in  kindness  of  them  and 
their  odd  ways.     We  will  watch  and  wait. 

AN   "INCLEWOOD"  SENTIMENT. 

Mr.  Editor:  As  "Aunt  Mary"  and 
friend  "Inglewood"  have  been  publish- 
ing their  love  letters  in  your  interesting 
journal,  as  I  suppose,  for  the  benefit  of 
your  readers,  I  will  ask  permission  to 
suggest  a  few  friendly  criticisms. 

In  "Grandfather's Letters,  No.  9,"  the 
"trio"  seem  to  be  sufficiently  satisfied 
with  friend  Inglewood's  sentiments,  as 
expressed  in  his  letters,  to  invite  him  to 
call  aud  make  a  closer  acquaintance,  and 
if,  on  further  acquaintance,  they  find 
nothing  more  objectionable  than  what 
has  already  been  shown,  his  prospects 
will  be  encouraging^  Now,  I  wish  to 
suggest  to  "Angio"  that  I  am  afraid  she 
has  overlooked  one  sentiment  expressed 
in  Inglewood's  letter  No.  8,  where  he 
explains  himself  on  the  "masculine  su- 
premacy" that  he  has  been  asked  about. 
He  says,  "it  is  to  the  husband's  home 
and  business,  style  and  mode  of  life  the 
wife  always  comes,  hence  he  only  is  com- 
petent to  judge  how  far  he  may  deviate 
from  that  course."  Now,  my  dear  sister, 
what  are  to  infer  from  this  sentiment? 
So  far  as  I  understand  it,  he  will  expect 
you  to  look  upon  the  home,  with  all  its 
appurtenances,  as  belonging  to  him,  and 
that  you  will  accept  the  situation  in  that 
home  as  his  wife  and  governess  to  con- 
duct the  institution  according  to  his  will 
and  pleasure,  whether  it  suits  you  or  not; 
for,  mark  you,  he  says  "to  the  husband's 
home,"  etc.,  and  "he  only  is  competent 
to  judge"  if  there   shall   be  any  change. 

Now,  lest  I  seem  wearisome,  I  will 
close  for  the  present  by  asking  to  be  ex- 
cused for  medding.with  other  people's 
love  letters.  Girls'  Eights. 

Soquel,  June,  1876. 


A    (DO)-NUT  TO   CRACK. 

Mr.  Editor:  I  wish  to  ask,  through 
your  columns,  a  little  more  information 
from  "Snip."  In  the  last  (June)  Agri- 
rULTUhisT  she  gave  some  receipts  for 
cake  that  would  lead  anyone  to  think 
that  she  had  reached  the  hight  aud  depth 
of  economical  art.  In  my  housekeeping 
I  wish,  and  try  to  be  as  economical  as 
possible;  but  I  must  confess  that  I  don't 
see  how  anyone  can  make  doughnuts 
without  flour,  and  have  them  good 
enough  for  the  fastidious  "Mary  Moun- 
tain" to  praise.  My  eft'ort  to  make  any 
eatable  of  them  was  a  decided  failure, but 
did  not  discourage  me  from  trying  the 
receipt  for  cookies,  but  with  no  better 
success.  My  experiment  led  me  to  con- 
clude that  she  must  understand  a  trick 
of  the  black  art  that  none  of  the  most 
learned  professors  has  yet  conquered.  I 
hope  the  art  is  no  great  secret,  because  a 
knowledge  of  it  will  be  hailed  with  joy, 
and  she  who  can  tell  how  to  cook  with- 
eggs  and  flour  will  confer  a  lasting  bene- 
fit on  impecunious  humanit}'. 

San  Jose,  June,  187G.  Axsie. 


What  can  bo  more  disastrous  to  the 
farmer,  than  to  invest  all  his  money  and 
strength  in  one  crop,  which,  may  fail  in 
a  bad  season,  or  if  the  price  is  low  it  \\'ill 
scarcely  pay  for  the  cultivation. 


Dandelion  Clock. 

clock,  white  clock,  that  prowg  on  the  lea, 
Tell  the  hoar  of  the  day  to  tue; 
Puff,  puff,  puff— onel  two!  three! 
Dear,  how  lato  for  school  I  shall  be! 
Clock,  you've  lu&de  a  mutakc  you  know; 
Vou  did  not  strike  an  hour  ag'i! 
Time  flies  fust  on  a  morn  in  May; 
Faster  even  than  holiday. 
But  puff,  puff,  puff — one.  two,  three — 
Surely  so  late  it  cannot  be. 

Clock,  white  clock,  that  grows  ou  the  lea, 

When  comes  one  to  marry  me? 

A  fairy  prince  with  a  crown  of  gold, 

As  he  came  to  Cinderella  of  old; 

Hie  cloak  of  the  violet's  purple  bloom 

And  in  his  hat  a  fair  white  plume? 

Puff,  puff,  puff;  puff  and  blow; 

Silly  clock  will  you  never  go? 

Such  a  long  weary  time  will  it  be 

Ere  my  fairy  prince  shall  come  for  me? 

Clock,  white  clock,  that  grows  on  the  lea, 

Tell  me  what  shall  my  dr>wer  be? 

How  many  guineas  of  shiuing  gold 

Shall  I  couut  in  my  lap  to  have  and  to  hold? 

Enough  to  bay  castles  and  acres  fair. 

And  costly  silks  aud  jewels  to  wear? 

Piiff  I  What,  all  gone  in  one  breath!    Ah!  mo 

For  my  jewels  and  castles  aud  ships  at  sea! 

Clock,  white  clock  t!i;it  grows  on  the  lea, 

You've  no  pleasant  tididgs  to-day  for  me. 

—  [Mrs.  Broderik. 


"OUR  CORNER." 

f:^        RIVER  AND  MOUNTAIN    LES,S0N. 

*  E'V'EN  little  boys  and  girls  have  sent 
in  lists  of  rivers  and  mountains, 
competing  for  the  premiums.  First 
comes  our  little  niece  Olive  Boulino 
of  Saratoga,  Cul.,  with  2G  mount- 
ains and  79  rivers.  Olive,  you  did  not 
give  your  age,  but  you  deserve  credit  for 
making  out  your  list  very  neatly.  This 
is  what  Olive  writes; 

Aunl  Polbj:  I  like  the  little  folk's  cor- 
ner so  well  that  I  thought  I  would  write 
you  a  few  lines,  though  I  am  afraid  my 
letter  \\nll  not  bo  very  interesting.  I 
found  26  mountains  and  79  rivers  west 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains.     Good  by. 

Olive. 
Well,  Olive,  the   only  way    to  WTite  is 
to  try,  and  you  have  done  pretty  well. 

Next  comes  our  little  Laura,  and  this 
is  how  she  writes : 

Dear  Aunt  Polly:  I  am  11  years  old, 
and  I  have  made  a  list  of  the  rivers  and 
mountains  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
I  have  found  54  mountains  and  146  riv- 
ers.    Y"ours,  truly,     Lacka  Eubdeck. 

Pomona,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Cal. 

Your  list  is  very  well  gotten  up,  Lau- 
ra. You  write  a  very  plain  hand,  and 
have  numbered  each  one  in  rotation  very 
nicely. 

And  next  comes  Master  Alther,  right 
into  the  Aghicclturist  office  with  his 
list.  The  printer  told  him  he  should 
write  a  letter  to  Aunt  Polly,  and  with  a 
pencil  at  the  table  he  wrote  the  following 
in  less  than  five  minutes,  without  a  sin- 
gle mistake: 

Dear  Aunt  Polly:  I  saw  the  puzzles  and 
geography  lesson,  but  as  I  am  not  a  good 
hand  in  guessing  puzzles,  I  tried  to  see 
how  many  rivers  and  mountains  west  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  I  could  get.     I  got 


177  rivers  and  71  mountains.     Next  time 
I  hope  I  will  do  better,  if  there  is  any- 
thing like  this.     Y'ours,  respectfully, 
Alther  Fkldman,  San  Jose. 

Thank  you,  Alther.  It  is  a  very  good 
ambition  to  have,  to  want  to  do  better. 
That  is  why  you  have  done  so  well  now. 

Now  comes  a  little  niece  from  as  far 
away  as  Michigan.     Hear  what  she  says: 

Dear  Aunt  Polly:  My  uncle  takes  the 
Agbiccltcrist.  He  got  home  from  Cal- 
ifornia the  2l8t  of  April.  I  read  the 
Agbicultcbist,  so  I  thought  I  would  try 
and  see  how  many  rivers  and  mountains 

I  could  find  west  of  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains. Here  is  my  list  of  78  mountains 
and  132  rivers.  I  was  10  years  old  last 
February.  My  uncle  likes  California 
real  well,  and  when  we  sell  our  place 
here  we  are  going  out  there  to  live. 

Good  by.  Lucy  Ford. 

Strickland,  Isabella  Co.,  Mich. 

Very  good,  Lucy,  for  a  girl  of  10.  Yon 
are  the  only  one  who  classified  your  riv- 
ers and  mountains  by  Territoriea  and 
States,  but  you  mixed  the  names  together 
too  much  on  the  page.  Aunt  Polly 
thinks  yon  are  ahead  of  any  of  your  age 
in  the  class. 

Out  little  niece  in  Salinas  comes  next. 
Hear  her. 

Aunl  Polly:  I  tried  to  see  how  many 
rivers  and  mountains  I  could  get.  I 
found  100  mountains  and  149  rivers.  I 
am  12  years  old.     I  shall  have  to  stop. 

Yours,  truly,  Gertie  Smith. 

SaUnas  City,  May,  1876. 

Now,  Gertie,  if  you  had  not  said  "I 
shall  have  to  stop,"  your  letter  would 
have  been  just  us  good.  Your  list  is 
very  neatly  gotten  up,  not  mixed  at  all, 
but  every  one  plain.  You  deserve  a 
credit  anyway. 

From  Plymouth,  Amador  Co.,  comes 
our  little  niece  with  more  mountains 
than  anybody.     Here  what  she  says: 

Dear  Aunt  Polly:  I  was  fourteen  years 
old  last  January.  I  have  got  309  rivers 
and  mountains  and  peaks.  I  did  not 
know  whether  you  would  count  peaks  or 
not.     Good  by.     Your  niece, 

SARAh  Sat.t.e. 

Aunt  Polly  finds  that  Sarah  has  118 
mountains  and  191  rivers,  which  is  a 
very  good  list  indeed.  If  you  had  taken 
a  little  more  pains  in  arranging  your 
lists,  it  would  be  much  easier  for  your 
.•luntie  to  examine  them  and  for  the 
printer  to  set  them  in  type.  Your  list  of 
mountains  will  be  found  below.  But, 
first,  we  will  introduce  you  to  Walter 
King,  of  Mountain  View,  who  brings  in 
the  largest  list  of  rivers,  274,  and  101 
mountains.  Well  done,  Walter.  Walter 
writes  a  very  short  letter: 

Aunl  Folly:  1  have  done  the  best  I  can 
for  mountains  and  rivers.  I  am  13  years 
old.  Walter  Kisg. 

We  shall  give  Walter's  list  of  rivers: 
but,  first,  one  word.  Aunt  Polly  offered 
the  one  under  10  years  old  who  sent  the 
most  names  of  rivers  and  mountains  a 
pair  of  chromos,  also  to  the  one  under 
12,  and  to  the  one  under  15  years,  who 
would  send  the  most  names  of  mount- 
ains and  river  a  pair  of  chromos.  Olive 
Bouline  and  Laura  Burdeck  have  not 
told  how  old  they  are.  So  Aunt  Polly 
will  have  to  do  this :  send  a  pair  of  chro- 
mos to  Lucy  Ford,  10  years  old,  for  riv- 
ers and  mountains;  one  chromo  to  Sarah 
Salle,  for  most  mountains;  one  to  Walter 
King,  for  most  rivers;  Alther  Feldman, 

II  years,  one  chromo,  for  rivers,  and 
Gertie  Smith,  12  years,  for  mountains, 
one.  This  makes  the  three  pairs  of 
chromos,  and  distributes  them  as  evenly, 
according  to  merit,  as  .\unt  Polly  knows 
how. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


The    lists    of    mountains  and  rivers 

which  follow  fire  the  largest  sent  in,  but 
do  not  include  all  withiug  United  States 
territory  on  the  Pacific  Slope.  So  now 
listen  to  this 

PEEMIOM  OFFER. 
The  one  who  will  add  to  these  lists  the 
most  uiiiucs  of  rivers  and  mountains  (to 
be  found  in  United  States  and  Territo- 
ries west  of  the  Kocky  Mountains)  a  fine 
chromo  of  "Komeo  and  Juliet"  or  of 
"The  Meeting  at  the  Well"  willbegiven. 
Now  make  this  list  as  complete  as  possi- 
ble. You  have  to  the  10th  of  August  to 
try  in.  The  premiums  for  best  jiuzzles 
will  be  continued  from  month  to  month. 
Now  Auut  I'olly  wants  you  all  to  do 
your  best,  and  you  will  try,  woutyouV 

RIVERS  (Walter's  list). 
Turtle,  Colorado,  Bill  William,  Big 
Sandy,  Canon,  Kio  St.  Maria,  Kio  St. 
Francisco,  Colorado  Chiquito,  Bouche 
Fork,  Chevlons,  Cottonwood,  Salinas, 
Puerco  of  the  West,  Mineral,  William 
Fork,  San  Carlos,  AyisI,  Pricto,  Domin- 
go, Santa  Cruz,  San  Pedro,  Vermillion, 
Flk  Heak,  Yampah,  White,  Oconagan, 
( )alesteo,  Kio  Puerico,  Virgion,  Skagit, 
('onejos,  Dd  Chaco,  Kio  Chilo,  Swa.m- 
ish,  Chekalis,  Taxpam,  Green  White, 
I'isqualla,  Cowlity,  Coweema,  Touchet, 
Calalum,  Cathlapootle,  Y'ahkeet,  Colum- 
bia, M'alhnvalla,  Snake,  Peloose,  Piscoe, 
Yakima.  Athnam,  Nachees,  Wenas.  Pis- 
chous,  Y'akmsee,  Spokane,  Snaqualmie, 
Slalukahamish,  Kicketat,  Clarke  Fork, 
Feather,  North  Fork,  South  Fork,Tnnis, 
Butte,  Chico,  Deer,  Antelope,  Beaver, 
Battle,  Cottonwood,  San  Mateo,  Canoe, 
Pitt,  South  Fork,  Susan  Pasa,  Pahute, 
Beaver,  News  Fork,  (Ireen,  Port  Neuf, 
Tullick  Fork,  Smith's,  Godin's,Hellgate, 
Flint,  Black  Foot  Fork,  Kio  de  San  Jose, 
Rio  de  Chaca,  Zuni,  Gila,  Umbres,  Bear, 
Bonito,  Y'uba,  St.  Geraldie,  San  Inez, 
Santa  Clara,  San  Gabriel,  Santa  Anna, 
San  Jose,  St.  Luis,  Pahute,  Mohave, 
Ivern,  Pasa,  White,  Tule,  Owen's,  San 
Joaquin,  Kings,  Fresno,  Chowchilla, 
Mariposa,  Merced,  Piedras,  Tuolumne, 
Vierengs,  Stanislaus,  Calaveras,  Grand, 
Mokelumne,  Casumnes,  Sacramento, 
American,  North  F'k,  Middle  F'k,  South 
F'k,  Humboldt,  Granite,  Truckee,  Black 
Kiver,  Carson,  Walker,  West  F'k,  Bees, 
Putman,  South  Humboldt,  North  F'k, 
Rio  Vegas,  Virgin,  Little  Humboldt, 
White,  Quns,  American,  lied  F'k,  F'ish, 
Lake  F'k,  Spanish  F'k,  Weber,  Jordan, 
White  F'k,  Black's  F'k,  Muddy,  Ham's 
F'k,  Jewett,  Green's,  Sevier,  Canon  de 
Chelly,  Clara,  San  Jann,  Bitter  Root, 
Lo-Lo,  Flathead,  Rock,  Salmon,  West 
F'k  do.,  Goodins,  Lemki,  Big  Wood, 
McArthur's,  Kootenai,  Clark's  F'k  Col- 
umbia, Big  Snake,  South  F"k,  Nortn  F'k 
St.  Joseph,  South  F'k  do.,  Clear-vater, 
Upper  Palouse,  Wisser,  Payette,  Boice, 
Owyhee,  Catharine,  Bruneau,  Malade, 
Middle  Boice,  South  do..  Bear,  Pannoc, 
Lewis  F'k,  Cedar  Springs  F'k,  Goose 
F'k,  Salt,  John  Gray's,  Henry's  Fork, 
Nehalem,  Alseva,  Yaqunua,  Siuslan, 
Hood  River,  Willow,  McCready,  Rogue, 
North  Umpqua,  South  do.,  Willamette, 
Coquill,  Nolallc,  Clackmas,  Calapooya, 
North  Sautiam,  South  do.,  Lonk  Tom 
F'k,  McKenzie's,  Sandy,  John  Davs, 
Butter,  McCready,  Owyhee,  Malkuer, 
Burnt,  Powder,  Fall,  Cherry,  Crooked, 
Sylvees,  Grande  Ronde,  Umtatilla,  Elk, 
Lost,  Jordan,  Granite,  Guamas,  Salinas, 
Smiths,  Klk,  Pelican,  Klamath,  Shasta^ 
Redwood,  Scott  Mountain,  Salmon,  Eel, 
North  F'k  do..  South  F'k  do.,  Trcnitz, 
South  F'k,  Johns,  New,  North  F'k,  Big. 
I  Youga,  Vandusens,  Bear,  Mad,  Napa, 
;  Marion's,  Bootdam,  Gassier,  Wohalla, 
I  Russian,  West  F'k,  Pajaro,  San  Benito, 
Nacismento,  Rio  Secco,  St.  Maria. 


MOtrUTAINS    (SAEAH's    LIST). 

Pinos,  Arrington,  Bakoit,  Olympus, 
Constance,  Cascade  Range,  Runier.  St. 
Helena,  Adams,  Coast  Range,  Gavilan, 
Blue,  Sierra  Nevada,  Siskiyou,  White, 
Pitt  River,  Humboldt,  Hamilton,  Lewis, 
Brewer,  Day,  Whitney,  Tamalpais,  Oso, 
Pierce,  Baker,  Shuksan,  Granite,  Dana, 
Cedar,  Diablo,  Mayacans,  Balldy,  Lycl, 
Tyndal,  Toyabl,  Granite,  Kawlah,  Santa 
Cruz,  St.  Luisa,  San  Bernardino,  Rogue 
River,  Bishop,  Hornet,  Sweetwater,  Elk, 
Uintah,  Wasatch,  JefTersou,  Y'allo  Balla, 
Hood,  Spring  Range,  Callapooya,  White 
Pine,  Salmon  River,  Graham, Northside, 
Dome  Rock,  Davis,  Spring,  Glacier, 
Soledad,  Sierra  Lasal,  Sierra  Abajo, 
Wind  River,  Hornet,  Hope,  Pelon,  Caso, 
Uarezo,  Monument,  Santa  Inez,  Eden, 
MongoUon,  Coeur  de  Areme,  St.  Helena, 
Cedar,  St.  Johns,  Saddle,  Scott,  Lynn, 
Umpqua,  Ripley,  Shasta,  Inner  Coast 
Range,  Half-way,  White,  Zaremba,  Iron, 
Piztos,  Sierra  De  Platta,  Diablo,  Black, 
Campbell,  Sierra  Madre,  Bielawski,  St. 
Elias,  Carczo,  Uminham,  Mary's  Peak, 
Castle  P'k,  Jeff.  Davis  P'k,  Cannon  P'k, 
Carrey's  P'k, , Spanish  P'k,  HumbukP',k 
Seven  P'ks,  Conie  P'k,  Pilot  P'k,  Las- 
sen P'k,  Pj'ramid  P'k,  Diamond  P'k, 
Bartram's  P'k,  Mud  Lake  P"k,  Nova- 
cam  P'k,  Pilot   P'k,  Umunhom,    Snow. 

Now,  geography  class,  how  many  mis- 
takes do  you  find  in  these  lists? 

PUZZLES. 

A  kiss  for  Daisy!  for  she  is  our  young- 
est contributor.  See  what  a  nice  letter 
and  puzzle  written  by  her  own  tiny  fin- 
gers : 

St.  Helena-  June,  1870. 

Dear   Aunt   Polly:    My  papa  takes  the 
Agkiculturist  and  I  like  it  very  much. 
I  love  to  make  out  the  puzzles.     I  hope 
you  will  have   one  every  month.     I  am 
eight  years  and    a  half   old.     I  have  no 
brothers  or  sisters.     I  send  a  puzzle. 
My  first  is  in  wall,  but  not  in  floor; 
My  second  is  in   bonnet,  but  not  in  hat; 
My  third  is  in  girl,  but  not  in  boy; 
Mp  fourth  is   in  lamp,    but  not  in  light; 
My  fifth  is  In  orange,  but  not  in  lime; 
My  sixth  is  in  leaf,  but  not  in  tree; 
My  whole  is  the  kingdom  we  belong  to. 

Good  by.     From  Daisy  Glock. 

Livermoee,  June,  1876. 
Dear  Aunt  Polly:  I  received  my  pic- 
tures. I  think  they  are  little  beauties. 
Mother  said  for  me  not  to  make  up  a  puz- 
zle, but  I  have  made  up  a  small  one, 
which  I  will  send  you.  I  think  it  splen- 
did fun  making  up  puzzles,  and  hope 
you  will  send  us  something  that  way 
every  month.     Here  is  my  puzzle: 

I  am  composed  of  51  letters. 
My  1,  3,  4  is  a  small  insect. 
My  1,  li,  20,  30,  2.5,  3,  46  is  one  of   the 

Territories  of  the  United  States. 
My  28,  46,  26,  29  is  a  small  animal. 
My  30,  38,  44,  31  is  a  color. 
My  28,  6,  50,  40,   39  is    a   domestic  ani- 
mal. 
My  5,  6,  21,  23  is  what  some  children  do 

when  they  get  angry. 
My  10,  3,  20,  2i5,  3  is  a  vegetable. 
My  34,  35,  14,  16,  8,  13  is  a  color. 
My  19,  20,  32,  15,  20,  45,  23,  20,  16,  34, 

20  is  one  of  the  United  States. 
My  11,  47,  6,  35,  17  is    something   veiy 

necessary  to  life. 
My  22,  20,  48,  49,  25,  3  is  a  poet. 
My  5,  10,  27,  40,  49,  6  is  a  vegetable. 
My  18,  24,  12,  20,  13  is  a  girl's  name. 
My  22,  1,  3,  51  is  a   pronominal    adjec- 
tive. 
My  34,  28,  20,  7,  6,  15,    10,  5,  28,  9  is  a 

branch  of  study. 
My  41,  20,  37,  30,  20,  13  is  a  name. 
My  13,  18,  29,  31,  39,  42  end   time   and 

commence  eternity. 
My  whole  is  a  puzzle  for  the  cousins. 
Y'our  niece,  Jennie  D. 


This  is  a  pretty  hard  puzzle  of  the 
kind.     Who  can  unravel  it  for  Jennie? 

MiLPiTAS,  June,  1876. 

Aunt  Polly:  I  felt  very  much  flattered 
to  see  my  letter  published  in  the  Agei- 
CULTHRIST,  and  thought  I  would  try  to 
merit  a  premium  this  time.  Here  are 
my  puzzles: 

1. — My  first  denotes  a  female;  my  sec- 
ond, what  she  wears;  my  whole,  what 
she  eats. 

2. — I  am  composed  of  nine  letters. 
My  4,  6,  3  is  a  weight. 
My  3,  2,  4  is  good  to  eat. 
My  5,  2,  4  is  to  place. 
My  9,  6,  2  is  who  I  am    writing  this  for. 
My  whole  is  one  who  is   much  loved  by 
many  little  childi-en. 

3. — I  am  composed  of  16  letters. 
My  7,  8,  9,  10  is   something  I  don't  like 

to  do. 
My  14,  3,  12  is  a  weight. 
My  8,  9,  10  is  a  tree. 
My  9,  10,  11,  12  is  a  bart  of  the  body. 
My  13,  6,  15,  5,  2  is  a  boy's  name. 
My  10,  6,  10  is  a  fowl. 
My  whole  is  the  name  of   a   great   man 

whom  this  year  brings   forcibly  to  our 

minds. 

4. — I  am  composed  of  15  letters. 
My  1,  13,  14,  4,  5,  2  is  a  girl's  name. 
My  12,  2,  14,  15  is  an  enclosure. 
My  1,  13,  14  is  to  spoil. 
My  1,  9,  10,  11   is    whore    minerals  are 

found. 
My  14,  0,  3,  11  is  uncommon. 
My  whole  was  the  home  of  an  illustrious 

person. 

Yours,  TiLLiE. 

A  pretty  long  list  Tillie.  The  Editor 
thinks  the  first  one  very  good.  Who 
can  guess? 

Liveemoke,  June,  1876. 
Dear  Aunt  Polly:  I  did  make  out  334 
different  words  from  the  word  "carpets." 
I  tried  to  see  if  I  could  make  a  puzzle. 
I  have  no  idea  of  getting  the  chromos  at 
all,  but  I  thought  it  best  to  try.  If  you 
like  it,  I  will  send  you  another.  Did  I 
not  send  the  greatest  number  of  words  of 
any  of  the  girls?  I  will  think  it  splen- 
did if  you  send  me  the  chromos.  I  had 
given  up  all  hope  of  getting  them  until 
the  other  day  my  papa  said,  "May,  Aunt 
Polly  writes  to  you,"  then  I  read  it. 
Well,  Auntie,  I  must  close. 

Y'our  niece,  Mary  D.  Clark. 

Well,  Mary,  Auntie  thought  you  de- 
served them,  and  so  sent  them.  Here  is 
Mary's  funny  rebus,  a  little  changed 
from  the  original : 


W-1  &-V 


iir.i     7'///.V'; 


Ma^^Kli  U  yy. 

A  friend  sends  this   to  "Our  Corner": 
My  first  is  in  bad,  but  not  in  good; 
My  second  is  in  wood,  also  in  could ; 
My  third  is  in  yours,  but  not  in  mine; 
My  whole  is  loved  by  sister  mine. 

L.  W. 
Cakpenteria,  May,  1870. 

Bear  Aunt  Polly:  I  saw  in  the  May 
number  of  the  Agricultueist  that  you 
oft'erod  chromos  to  those  who  would  get 
over  359  word  from  "cai-pets."  I  got 
377  words,  and  I  send  them  to  you.  If 
you  think  they  are  able  to  get  the  chro- 
mos, my  name  and  address  is  Linnio  B. 


Caldwell,    Carpenteria,    Santa 
county,  Cal. 

P.  S. — I  am  13  years  old.  My  sister 
wants  to  know  if  she  can  come  in.  She 
is  15  years  old.  L. 

Y'es,  Linnie,  and  as  you  have  beat 
them  all,  although  late  in  the  day,  you 
shall  have  them.  Tell  your  sister  to 
consider  herself  a  niece,  and  Pollj-  her 
aunt,  and  that  Aunt  Polly  hopes  to  get 
something  good  from  her. 


SOMETHING    ABOUT     THE    CEN- 
TENNIAL. 

BY    AUNT    POLLY. 

"Auntie,  where  is  the  Centennial,  and 
what  makes  folks  talk  so  much  about  it? 
What  is  it  for?"  asked  our  little  Willie 
the  other  day,  and  Aunt  Polly  had  to  ex- 
plain how  one  hundred  years  ago  (one 
hundred  years  is  a  century,  you  know) 
the  English  settlements  in  America — our 
eountrj' — belonged  to  England;  that  is, 
the  English  King  claimed  the  right  of 
governing  the  people  in  this  country,  as 
he  had  done  for  many  years.  Then  she 
had  to  tell  Willie  how  dissatisfied  our 
people  became  with  the  English  King 
through  his  bad  ruling;  how  selfish  and 
mean  the  King  was;  and  how  at  last,  just 
one  hundred  years  ago  this  fourth  day 
of  July,  1870,  (which  was  the  fourth  of 
July,  1776, )  a  meeting  was  held  at  Phil- 
adelphia composed  of  fifty-six  men, 
chosen  by  the  people  of  the  different 
colonies,  to  get  together  and  talk  about 
laws  and  try  to  make  things  better;  how 
these  fifty-six  men  finally  resolved,  in 
the  name  of  all  the  people  of  the  thirteen 
States  then  United,  that  they  would  be 
free  from  King  George,  the  bad  English 
King,  and  that  they  would  make  a  better 
government  of  their  own,  a  government 
of  the  people  of  all  the  States  of  Ameri- 
ca. And  these  fifty-six  good  and  wise 
men,  called  Representatives  because  they 
represented  the  sentiments  and  wishes 
of  the  people,  all  signed  a  paper  called 
the  Declaration  of  Independence.  This 
paper  was  so  called  because  it  contained 
words  declaring  that  the  people  would 
no  longer  be  ruled  by  King  George,  and 
that  they  would  have  a  government  sep- 
arate from,  and  independent  of  the 
King.  Then  the  people  all  rejoiced,  al- 
though they  knew  that  King  George 
would  send  great  armies  of  soldiers  ac- 
cross  the  ocean  in  ships  of  war  to  fight 
them  and  murder  the  people  and  de- 
stroy their  projierty  and  try  to  make 
them  no  better  than  slaves.  But  the 
people  had  been  so  abused  already  that 
they  woidd  sooner  have  war,  with  the 
hope  of  freedom,  than  to  be  the  willing 
servants  of  so  bad  a  king. 

Now  Aunt  Polly  will  not  make  this 
article  any  longer;  but  you  can  ask  your 
papas  or  mammas,  or  some  friends,  to 
tell  you  all  about  the  terrible  war  that 
King  George  made  upon  our  forefathers, 
and  how  at  last  he  was  beaten  and 
obliged  to  call  his  soldiers  and  his  war 
ships  home,  and  leave  this  country  free 
and  independent .'  Perhaps  your  folks 
would  get  you  a  child's  history  of  the 
United  States— our  loved  country — if  you 
will  promise  to  read  it,  and  then  you  can 
know  all  about  it  for  yourself.  This 
year  is  the  Centennial,  because  it  is  the 
hundredth  birthday  of  our  Nation,  and 
the  great  Exhibition  at  Philadelphia  is 
made  in  honor  of  our  great  birthday, 
and  is  really  a  national  birthday  party. 

Dear   children,   Aunt    Polly   intended 
this  month  to  tell  you  all    about  a  child-   ■O 
ren's  school  in  San   Jose,  which   is  kept    ,1 
by  a  very  benevolent  and  kind  lady,  wbn  ill 
acts  at  once  as  mother  and  teacher  to  a 
her  pupils.     This  good  lady  is  herself 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


cripple;  but  through  her  energy  and  love 
of  doing  good  she  has  adopted  several 
children.  These  she  supports,  besides 
teaching  many  others  and  caring  for 
fatherless  and  motherless  ones  for  very 
little  compensation.  This  good  lady's 
name  is  Miss  Otterson,  and  her  school 
i.s  called  the  Children's  Home,  and  as 
she  loves  children  and  is  very  good  to 
them.  Aunt  Polly  promises  to  tell  you 
about  her  school  next  month ;  she  would 
do  so  now,  but  the  room  in, Our  Corner 
is  already  pretty  well  occupied  with 
other  matters. 


THREE  imPOR TANT  QUESTIONS. 

Ed.  Agkicultubist  :  Observing  from 
your  editorial  notes  that  you  are  always 
willing  to  disseminate  information  to  the 
people,  but  more  especially  for  the  bene- 
fit of  you  numerous  subscribers,  allow 
me  to  suggest,  for  your  consideration 
and  approval,  appropriating  a  small 
space  in  your  columns  to  the  promulga- 
tion of  three  laws  passed  by  the  last 
Legislature  of  great  interest  to  the  agri- 
cultural community,  viz. ;  Amendment 
to  the  Fence  Law,  Amendment  to  the 
Road  Law,  and  Lien  on  Stock  for  Pas- 
turage . 

The  No  Fence  Law  was  brought  into 
existence  to  promote  immigration  quite 
regardless  of  tne  interesests  of  the  early 
settlers,  and  which  has  been  fraught 
with  much  annoyance  and  vexation. 
Smith's  fence  was  blown  down  by  the 
winter  blasts.  He  was  protected  from 
going  to  the  expense  of  repairing  it,  and 
his  neighbor,  Jones,  was  compelled  to 
fix  it,  or  sell  his  six  cows  he  kept  for 
family  use,  or  Smith  would  impound 
them. 

The  Road  Law  is  another  vexatious 
question.  Persons  having  laud  back 
from  the  county  road  have  to  purchase 
their  way  through,  after  a  delay  of  six 
months  in  petitions  and  surveying. 

Farmers  who  take  stock  in  on  pasture 
are  at  great  loss  by  dishonorable  men 
who  withdraw  their  stock  surreptitiously 
by  moonlight,  and  they  are  protected  by 
inability  to  attach  that  by  which  he  ob- 
tains a  living. 

Without  further  comment,  I  remain, 
Yours,  repectfuUy,         P.  Hanson, 

Clayton,  Cal.,  June,  187G. 

[We  invite  our  readers  to  discuss  these 
three  questions.  Our  columns  are  open. 
Now  let  everyone  interested  give  his 
ideas. — Ed.  ] 


Fruits  retail  at  higher  rates  in  San 
Jose  than  any  stranger,  knowing  how 
much  fruit  is  produced  here,  would  sup- 
pose. Strawberries  average  higher  than 
in  San  Francisco,  as  our  retail  dealers 
ask  a  higher  profit,  and  have  to  pay  San 
Francisco  wholesale  prices.  Other  small 
fruits  are  governed  by  the  same  rule. 
Every  year  the  fruit  crops,  as  they  are 
growing  in  Uhe  orchards,  are  nearly  all 
bought  up  by  either  local  or  San  Fran- 
cisco dealers,  mostly  Italians,  and  the 
combination  thus  formed  extorts  high 
prices  for  everything  at  retail.  The 
cherry  crop  has  been  very  fine  this  sea- 
son, but  prices  have  ranged  from  12  to 
35  cts.  per  pound,  in  the  midst  of  plenty. 

The  fruit  canning  factories  consume 
large  quantities  of  excellent  fruit,  wjiieh 
they  contract  for  mostly  months  ahead. 
It  seems  the  more  fruit  there  is  produced 
the  greater  the  demand,  and  at  advanc- 
ing prices  year  by  year.  There  is  now 
better  encouragement  for  planting  orch- 
ards and  taking  good  care  of  them  than 
ever  before. 


A  friend  that  you  can  buy  with  a  pres- 
ent can  be  bought  from  you. 


Grand   Summer  Resort — Lake 
Tahoe. 

Our  readers  will  notice  the  advertise- 
ment of  our  friend,  Dr.  Bourne,  a  vener- 
able philanthroijist  and  common-sense 
practical  physician,  who  has  established 
a  cure  at  Lake  Tahoe.  As  a  guide  to 
health  and  pleasure  seekers,  wo  copy 
from  the  Nevada  City  Transcript  of  June 
13th,  some  remarks  by  that  editor,  who 
has  just  visited  Lake  Tahoe.  He  says: 
Lake  Tahoe  ought  to,  and  will  be,  at 
no  distant  day,  the  great  sanitarium  of 
the  Pacific  Coast.  It  possesses  climate, 
scenery,  and  means  of  health-giving 
pleasure  for  the  care-worn  and  debilitat- 
ed, far  ahead  of  any  other  place  of  re- 
sort. Everything  around  it  is  intended 
to  afford  quiet  rest  and  pleasure.  The 
business  man  is  bound  to  forget  his  busi- 
ness while  there.  The  scenery  is  too 
grand,  the  air  too  quieting  and  dreamy 
to  allow  business  cares  to  absorb  the  at- 
tention. Last  week  we  had  the  pleasure 
of  visiting  the  spot  for  the  first  time. 
The  season  for  tourists  has  just  opened 
there,  and  it  is  expected  the  number  of 
visitors  will  be  greater  than  any  previ- 
ous year.  There  are  ample  accommoda- 
tions for  all  who  may  visit  the  place, 
The  best  way  to  reach  the  Lakois  by  way 
of  Truckee. 

There  are  row,  sail,  and  steamboats  on 
the  Lake  for  the  use  of  tourists.  A  per- 
son can  leave  Truckee  in  the  morning, 
go  to  Tahoe  City,  take  a  steamer  and  go 
around  the  Lake,  a  distance  of  over  100 
miles,  have  an  hour  at  the  Grand  Central 
for  dinner,  and  return  to  Truckee  again 
the  same  evening.  There  is  a  new  screw 
propeller  being  built,  to  be  called  the 
"Niagara,"  and  which  will  be  completed 
this  week,  which  is  intended  to  carry 
passengers  and  to  draw  another  large 
boat  called  the  "Floating  Palace."  The 
latter  has  a  ladies'  saloon,  a  dancing  hall, 
and  nicely  furnished  state  rooms,  and 
affords  excursion  parties  the  opportunity 
to  enjoy  themselves  in  any  manner  thej' 
choose.  The  steamers  on  their  round  of 
the  Lake  stop  at  all  points  of  interest. 
The  "Niagara"  and  the  "Floating  Pal- 
ace" will  be  under  the  command  of  Cap- 
tain Powell,  an  experienced  mariner. 
The  "Governor  Sauford,"  "Governor 
Blaisdell"  and  the  "Emerald"  also  run 
on  the  Lake  and  make  regular  trips. 

Lake  Tahoe,  as  is  probably  well  known, 
is  0,216  feet  above  the  sea  level.  Its 
depth  is  1,525  feet.  It  is  33  miles  long, 
15  miles  wide,  and  has  an  area  of  525 
square  miles.  The  water  is  ice  cold  and 
of  crystaline  purity.  It  is  surrounded 
by  mountains  on  whose  summits  snow 
is  visible  most  of  the  year.  It  is  the 
most  beautiful  spot  in  the  State,  and 
should  be  visited  by  everyone  who  has  a 
love  for  the  betiutiful  and  grand  in  na- 
ture . 

Tahoe  City  is  quite  a  little  town.  Be- 
sides the  Grand  Central,  are  the  Tahoe 
Hotel,  the  Custom  House,  a  store,  and 
several  other  houses  of  business  and 
places  of  residence.  The  Hot  Springs 
Hotel  is  on  the  north  side  of  the  Lake. 
Glenbrook  is  on  the  east  side  opposite 
Taho  City,  and  there  are  two  hotels  on 
the  southeast  side  of  the  Lake,  all  of 
which  places  can  be  reached  by  steamer. 
Stages  connect  with  steamers  at  Glen- 
brook for  Carson,  and  one  going  to  Vir- 
ginia City  will  find  the  route  from  Truc- 
kee by  the  way  of  Glenbrook  and  Carson 
preferable  to  the  regular  route  by  rail- 
road. We  advise  anyone  who  desires  a 
pleasure  trip  and  a  season  of  rest  to  hie 
them  to  the  summit. 


The  Granaries  of  the  Nile. 

A  San  Francisco  correspondent  of  the 
Baltimore  Sxm  writes:  Prof.  Davidson 
has  returned  from  a  professional  visit  to 
Egypt.  Having  viewed  the  progress  be- 
ing made  in  opening  cheap  communica- 
tion between  Alexandria  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  the  interior  of  equatorial 
Africa,  he  thinks  it  is  high  time  for  Cali- 
fornia to  study  the  coming  changes  likely 
to  aflect  the  American  interests.  He 
tells  us  that  the  whole  valley  of  the  Nile, 
so  far  as  its  present  navigation  gives  it 
boundary,  does  not  exceed  in  fertile 
area  the  two  continuous  valleys  of  our 
Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers. 
But  there  are  500,000  acres  now  gradu- 
ally being  reclaimed  by  irrigating  canals, 
which  will  add  largely  to  its  agriculture. 
Besides  this,  the  gradual  substitution  of 
steam  for  the  many  thousands  of  hand 
and  ox  watei'-lifters  along  the  banks  of 
the  Nile  will  increase  the  crops  fully  one- 
third.  Three  hundred  and  fifty  thous- 
and acres  have  been  reclaimed  by  the 
present  ruler,  who  has  made  irrigating 
canals  next  to  the  desert  and  back  of  the 
Nile,  where  the  overfiow  of  the  Nile  did 
not  reach.  The  ijopulatiou  is  more 
dense  than  in  Belgium,  Europe's  most 
densely-populated  state.  The  improve- 
ments will  give  employment  to  all  whom 
they  Mill  displace. 

Assuming  the  valley  to  be  COO  miles 
long  and  10  miles  average  width,  ending 
at  the  first  cataract,  the  carriage  of  pro- 
ducts is  very  cheaj)  because  it  h^s  free 
navigation.  The  several  cataracts  are 
being  turned  or  otherwise  made  passable, 
so  that  very  soon  there  will  be  steam 
navigation  for  1,500  miles  from  the  sea- 
IJort  to  the  beginning  of  the  great  Soudan 
country,  and  beyond  this  point  there  are 
now  1,000  miles  of  free  boating,  through 
a  country  of  no  mean  productive  capa- 
city, including  mines  of  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, etc.,  and  forests  of  valuable  woods, 
mostly  new  to  commerce. 

The  country  known  as  the  Soudan, 
though  in  the  tropics,  is  tempered  bj'  its 
altitude.  The  Soudan  is  over  2,000 
miles  long,  by  probably  300  or  400  wide. 
It  includes  Nubia,  Abyssinia,  Darfour, 
Uganda,  etc.  It  has  a  continuous  ex- 
panse of  the  richest  and  best  watered 
lands  in  the  world,  estimated  at  200,- 
000,000  of  acres  of  two-yearly  crop  land, 
producing  wheat,  maize,  barley,  and 
other  grains  unknown  to  us,  cotton,  sug- 
ar, tobacco,  wool,  mohair,  silks,  coiU, 
cabinet  woods,  ivory,  peltries,  ostrich 
feathers,  etc.  With  labor  ten  cents  a 
day,  and  the  cost  of  transit  proportion- 
ably  low,  compared  with  our  rates,  and 
a  year's  clothing  taken  at  less  than  -5 
per  man — women  at  h.alf  price  doing  a 
man's  work — it  is  curtain  that  Alexan- 
dria is  about  to  become  the  greatest  cen- 
ter of  supplies  for  all  Europe.  How  can 
wheat  from  California  or  from  any 
American  port  on  the  Atlantic  enter  into 
competition  in  the  markets  of  Europe? 
There  is  surely  approaching  rapidly  a 
radical  change  in  the  currents  of  com- 
merce, and  Alexandria  is  about  to  regain 
its  former  position  of  chief  granary  to 
the  Mediterranean  nations,  which  will 
now  embrace  all  Europe.  Unless  Ame- 
rica gives  immediate  consideration  to 
these  facts  she  will  be  illy  prepared  to 
meet,  when  it  comes,  the  great  coramer- 
ci.al  revolution. 


The  Reapers. 

The  rcftpers  bend  their  lusty  backs; 

Their  souDdiug  sickles  sway; 
At  every  stroke  the  golden  sea 

Recedes  to  give  them  way: 
The  heavy  ears  fall  bowiny  down, 

And  nestle  at  their  feet. 
Such  will,  such  work  as  theirs,  perforce, 

Must  win— must  Ifomagu  meet. 

So  careless  of  fatigue,  they  go, 

8o  true,  and  steadily. 
The  admiring  traveler  on  the  road 

Leans  o'er  the  gate  to  see; 
With  marvel  of  the  soon-fallen  breath, 

The  lounging  gossii^s  tell; 
But  the  rea2>er8  labor  for  us  all; 

'Tis  need  they  should  work  well. 

]7re  the  great  sun  that  bums  above 

Shall  crimson  in  the  west, 
And  the  children's  poppy  nosegays  fade. 

And  they  lie  down  to  rest, 
Kuch  golden  spear  that  upward  points 

Shall  fall  upon  the  Held, 
And  the  farmer  fans  his  sweating  brow, 

Rejoicing  o'er  the  yield. 

Ply,  bonny  men,  your  sickles  bright. 

And  give  the  people  bread! 
At  every  conquering  stride  you  take. 

On  want  and  woe  you  tread; 
Drop,  heavy  ears,  and  give  the  strength 

You  gathered  from  this  plain, 
That  man  may  rise  refreshed  and  firm, 

And  do  great  things  again. 

God  bless  the  hands,  all  hard  and  bruwu, 

That  guide  the  cleaving  plow, 
That  cast  abroad  the  shining  seed. 

And  build  the  wealthy  mow; 
They  rear  the  bread  our  children  eat; 

'Tis  by  their  toil  wo  live: 
Hurrah!  give  them  the  loudest  cheer 

'that  grateful  hearts  can  give! 

—  [Chambers'  Journal. 


Does  It  Pay? 

Does  it  pay  to  have  fifty  workingmen 
poor  and  ragged,  in  order  to  have  one 
saloon-keeper  dressed  in  broadcloth  and 
flush  of  money? 

Docs  it  pay  to  have  one  citizen  in  the 
county  jail  because  another  sells  him 
liquor? 

Does  it  pay  to  hang  one  man  because 
another  got  him  drunk? 

Does  it  pay  to  have  a  dozen  intelligent 
young  men  turned  into  thieves  and  vaga- 
bonds that  one  man  may  get  a  living  by 
"selling  them  rum?" 

Does  it  pay  to  receive  $15  for  a  rum 
license,  and  then  pay  §20,000  for  trj'ing 
a  man  for  murder,  induced  by  the  rum 
sold  him? 

Does  it  pay  to  have  a  thousand  homes 
blasted,  ruined,  defiled,  turned  into  hells 
of  misery,  strife,  and  want,  that  some 
wholesale  rumseller  may  build  up  a  large 
fortune? 

Does  it  pay  to  have  twenty  mothers 
and  their  children  dress  in  rags,  live  In 
hovels,  daily  famish,  that  one  sumsel- 
ler'swifo  may  live  in  ease  and  affluence? 

Does  it  pay  to  have  hundreds  of  thous- 
ands of  men  and  women  in  almshouses, 
penitentiaries,  and  hospitals,  and  thous- 
ands more  in  the  asylum  for  the  idiotic 
and  insane,  that  a  few  he.avy  capitalists 
of  the  whisky  ring  may  profit  by  such 
atrocity? 

Does  it  pay  to  tolerate  a  traffic  which 
breeds  crime,  poverty,  agony,  idleness, 
shame  and  death  wherever  it  is  allowed? 

NO! 


Butter  will  remove  tar  spots.  Soap 
and  water  will  afterward  take  out  the 
grease  stain. 


We  should  practice  temperance,  if  it 
were  for  nothing  else  but  the  very  pleas- 
ure of  it;  it  is  the  glory  of  a  man  that 
hath  abundance  to  live  as  reason,  nol  ap- 
petite directs. 

Subscribe  for  the  AaBiciTLTtTEisT. 


Tai.l  Gkaik. — Thomas  A.  Shaw,  of 
San  Jose,  writes  this  story  of  fall  grain: 
I  have  harvested  a  bundle  of  rye  from 
William  H.  Hall's  ranch,  two,miles  from 
Santa  Cl.ara,  nine  feet  high,  and  st.arted 
it  for  the  Centennial.  It  beats  anything 
in  grain  that  I  ever  saw  or  heard  tell  of, 
by  a  good  deal.  Measure  off  a  nine-foot 
pole  and  take  a  look  at  it.  Hall  has  100 
acres.  Of  course  the  yield  will  not  aver- 
age as  high,  but  it  is  all  simply  immense. 
Paper  mills  are  oflering  $9  per  ton  for 
the  straw,  after  it  is  threshed,  and  good 
hay  is  only  worth  $10  to  $11.  Hall  will 
thresh  it  and  sell  the  straw. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


OuE  Vailet. — Gardner  E.  Weeks,  in 
his  correspondence  to  the  Country  Oentle- 
vuin,  thus  spealis  of  our  Talley: — Santa 
Clara  valley  was  arrayed  in  all  the  pomp 
of  spring  luagniticeuce  when  I  was  there, 
and  the  prospect  for  the  abundant  fruit 
crop  was  most  flattering.  I  was  told  of 
one  man  at  San  Jose  who  last  year  sold 
5i  tons  of  cherries,  plums,  prunes  and 
apricots,  from  six  acres  of  land;  of  an- 
other who  is  now  getting  $100  an  acre 
yearly  rent  for  land,  which  originally 
cost  him  less  than  that  sum,  but  which 
he  wisely  stocked  with  fruit  trees  only  a 
few  years  ago.  The  daily  shipment  of 
strawberries  from  San  Jose,  in  the  height 
of  the  season,  is  frequently  00  tons.  Al- 
though the  amount  of  fruit  raised  in  that 
is  enormous,  and  is  increasing  yearly, 
yet  there  seems  no  present  jM-ospect  that 
the  business  will  become  uuremunera- 
tive.  A  canning  establishment,  started 
in  a  small  way,  has  been  repeatedly  en- 
larged— a  process  now  being  again  repeat- 
ed. To  men  with  some  capital  and  a 
liking  for  fruit-raising,  it  appears  to  me 
that  Santa  Clara  valley  offers  induce- 
ments beyond  any  other  part  of  this 
State.  San  Jose  is  a  handsome  and  tol- 
erably busy  city,  of  about  10,000  inhabi- 
tants, and  it  has  church,  school,  library 
and  other  facilities  and  advantages,  equal 
to  eastern  cities  of  like  size. 


Sending  Praters  in  a  Cart. — Mr. 
Spurgeon  tells  the  following  story:  "A 
poor  man  who  had  a  large  family  gave 
them  a  very  comfortable  support  while 
he  was  in  health.  He  broke  his  leg,  and 
was  laid  up  for  some  weeks.  As  he 
would  be  for  some  time  destitute  of  the 
means  of  grace,  it  was  proposed  to  hold 
a  prayer  meeting  at  his  house.  The 
meeting  was  led  by  Deacon  Brown.  A 
loud  knock  at  the  door  interrupted  the 
service.  A  tall,  lank,  blue-frocked 
youngster  stood  at  the  door  with  an  ox- 
goad  in  his  hand,  and  asked  to  see  Dea- 
con Brown.  '  Father  could  not  come  to 
this  meeting,'  he  said,  'but  he  sent  his 
prayers,  and  they  are  out  in  the  cart.' 
They  were  brought  in,  in  the  shape  of 
potatoes,  beef,  pork  and  corn.  The 
meeting  broke  up  without  the  benedic- 
tion. Nor  did  the  poor  fellow  suffer 
during  his  whole  confinement.  The 
substantial  prayers  of  the  doner  became 
means  of  grace." 


The  California  Agriculturist  and 
Live  Stock  Journal,  for  May,  is  at  hand. 
As  usual,  it  contains  a  largo  amount  and 
variety  of  matter  of  peculiar  interest  to 
the  farmer,  gardener,  and  stock-raiser, 
and  is  alwajs  worth  twice  the  amount  of 
subscription  price,  which  is  only  $1.50  a 
year.  "California  Agricultural  Publish- 
ing Company,"  San  Jose. — Alameda  En- 
ciiml.  May  13. 


"Whenever  a  person  takes  a  country 
paper  to  got  information  concerning  the 
region  it  advocates,  and  finds  from  ten 
to  twenty  saloons  or  dead-falls  advertized 
and  puffed  in  every  issue,  it  don't  take 
long  for  such,  it  the  welfare  of  the  family 
is  an)-  inducement  to  settlement,  to  con- 
clude that  no  amount  of  good  land  or 
climate  will  compensate  for  these. — Loin- 
poc  liecord. 


The  farmer  who  keeps  everything 
about  the  premises  tidy,  all  the  animals 
in  a  comfortable  condition,  who  has 
plenty  for  his  family's  support,  is  out  of 
debt,  (or  whose  affairs  are  in  a  prosper- 
ous condition),  is  at  pease  with  his 
neighbors,  takes  the  papers,  buys  good 
books,  is  truly  nature's  nobleman,  and 
can  truthfully  say:  "I  am  monarch  of  all 
I  survey;  my  rights  none  dare  dispute." 
Such  a  one  the  king  on  his  throne  may 
well  envy,  and  the  merchant,  or  profess- 
ional man  is  naught  when  compared 
with  this. 

^ahe  Tahoe. 

BY  SAHAH  e.  carmichel. 

Luke  Tahop,  sweetest  lake  of  lakes! 
Tile  vision  of  thy  beauty  breaks 
With  startling  power  upon  the  eyes. 
A  sheen  of  water  gleaming  high 
Above  the  tall,  dark-pointed  pines: 
Apparently  thy  wave  inclines 
Toward  the  sun,  who  paus'-s  there 
To  dress  his  long,  bright  amber  hair; 
And  many  a  loose,  thiek,  shining  tress 
Twines  round  thee  in  a  warm  caress; 
Nor  does  thy  bosom's  picture  slight 
His  uiopt  impassioned  glance  of  light. 
The  day.  whose  smile  thy  mirror  takes. 
Hath  named  thee  sweetest  lake  of  lakes! 

Lake  Tahoe,  sweetest  lake  of  lakes! 
The  crescent  moon  oft  overtakes 
And  tramples  on  the  soft,  white  feet 
Of  day,  unwilling  to  retreat 
From"the  deep  tide  that  charms  its  sense 
By  a  heart- worship  so  intense. 
Oh,  ijale  amethyst  gem  that  shines. 
Clasping  the  leafy  crown  that  twines 
The  proud  Sierra's  cold,  pure  brow. 
Shine  on,  forever,  fair  as  now! 
Glow,  many-tinted  water,  glow! 
There  is  no  brighter  wave  below. 
The  night,  that  mornfully  forsakes. 
Hath  named  thee  sweetest  lake  of  lakes! 

Lake  Tahoe,  sweetest  lake  of  lakes! 
A  tliought  of  awe  intense  awakes 
Within  the  heart  that  lingers  where 
Thy  tranquil  bosom  slumbers  fair. 
Like  a  bright  tear  of  pitying  love 
Wept  warm  from  heavens  that  lean  above, 
When  the  bright  stars  come  out  to  see 
How  lovely  this  hushed  world  can  be. 
And  view,  with  tranced  and  wondering  eyes, 
Thee,  looking  upward  to  the  skies. 
So  beautiful,  they  half  forget 
.That  earth  is  not  an  Eden  yet. 
I,  in  whose  dreams  thy  beauty  wakes. 
Have  named  theo  sweetest  lake  of  lakesl 


THE  ANGORA 


FOE 


A  journal  devoted  to  the  cause  of  wo- 
men, proposes  that  a  Magdalen  asylum 
be  opened  for  depraved  men,  where  they 
would  live  under  ban,  bo  poorly  fed,  and 
after  a  certain  time,  if  signs  of  reforma- 
tion appeared,  jilaced  in  families,  always, 
however,  hearing  about  the  brand  of 
their  degradation,  as  a  wholesome  and 
just  punishment. 


COHSUMPTIVES ! 

And  others  suflcring  from 

chronic  diseases 
i.a:kb  tahoe. 


SUFFERERS  FROM  ASTHMA,  BRONCHITIS. 
Consumption,  all  Lung  DiseiiBeB  aud  all 
('brnnie  Diseases,  are  inforimid  that  DR. 
BOURNE  has  devoted  more  than  Two  Years  to  a 
careful  study  of  the  meteorologicHi  plieuomena 
of  Lake  Taboo,  with  special  reft-Tenco  to  its  cli- 
matic value  for  buflferers  from  lun^  diseases.  His 
experience  satisfies  him  that  it  probably  is,  from 
its  altitude  and  peculiar  surroundings,  unequal- 
led by  any  other  kuown  re^jiou  on  earth  for  its 
climatic  aid  in  such  diseases. 

WitUout  Medicines,  Dr.  Bourne  effects 
cures  in  cases  considered  hopeless  under  other 
modes  of  treatment;  his  method  being  i>eculiar 
to  himself,  and  the  reB\ilt  of  an  experience  as  a 
Wati-r-Cnre  rhysieian  during  more  than  a  third 
of  a  century. 

It  is  IJr.  BoHi-ne's  eflfori  to  mnke 
quirk  curb's  in  wll  rases,  and  ho  ahvays  de- 
sit,'ns  to  bti,  and  is,  eminently  Hueressful;  but 
upon  no  condition  will  he  accept  a  patient  who 
entertains  the  absurd  opinion  that  "sick  people 
must  not  eat." 

ns^  Cures  in  Dyspepsia  Guaranteed  . 

The  best  of  food,  and  plenty  of  it.  will  he  pro- 
vided. 

A  limited  number  of  patients  will  be  received 
who  may  be  willin;^  to  pass  a  few  weeks  iu  re- 
tirement aud  primitive  simplicity. 

Address. 

DR.  CEO.  M.  BOURNE. 

'Juhue.  Phu-erC".,  Cal. 


OF  SAN  JOSE,  C.\L., 
Are  making  a   Specialty  of  Manufactur- 
ing all  styles  of  Gloves  from  the  Angora 
Goat  Skin,  and  claim  for  them: 

iBt.— They  are  cheaper  ' '     j  liuckskin  gloves. 

2d.— The  skins  are  tanned  with  the  grain  on, 
and  are  very  nearly  water-proof,  and  when,  by 
long  exposure,  they  are  wet,  they  dry  out  per- 
fectly soft— as  good  as  new. 

3d.— They  will  out-wear  the  best  buckskin 
gloves. 

4th.— For  a  HARVEST  GLOVE,  they  have  no 
equal. 

These  articles  are  manufactured  in  all  styles, 
from  the  cheapest  Laboring  Glove  to  the  Finest 
Fur  Gauntlet.    Also,  all  descriptions  of 

PUES,  EOBES,  MATS,  EU&S,Etc 

Which,  for  Beauty,  DurablUty,  and  Cheapness, 
are  inferior  to  none. 

Buckskin  Gloves,  Mittens,  Etc., 

In  all  verieties,  aud  as  good  as  the  best. 

Mhi  h,  Idles! 


Just  What  You  Want  for  Your- 
self and  Children. 


Paia  up  Capital  (gold  coin) gr.OO.OOO 

Aiitikorized  Capital 81, 000, 000 

John  'W.  niudB.  President;  E.  C.  Singlctary, 
Vice-President;  'W.  D.  Tisdale,  Cashier  and  Sec- 
retary; L.  G.  Nesmith,  Asgistant  Cashier. 

Directors:— C.  Btirrel,  yfm.  D.  Tisdale,  E. 
L.  Bradley.  C.  G.HarriEOn,E.  C,  Singlctary,  Vrm. 
L.  Tisdale,  John  W.  Hinds,  W.  H.  Wing,  T.  B 
Edwards. 

Correspondents :-  Anglo-Califomian  Bank 
(limited),  San  Francisco;  First  National  Gold 
Bank,  S.  F.;  First  National  Bank,  New  York; 
.'^nglo-Californian  Bank  (limited)  London. 

TT/ILL  ALLOW  INTEREST  OS  DEPOSITS, 
Vt  buy  and  sell  Exchange,  make  collections, 
loan  money,  and  transact  a  General  Banking 
Business.  Special  inducements  olYered  to  mer- 
chants, mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  commer- 
eial  accounts. 

S.  W.  Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 
SJkN   JOSS. 


SA-N  JOSE 
SAVBNCS  B 

286  Sattta  Clara  Street. 


C.^^PITAL  STOCK 

Paid  in  Capital  (Gold  Com) 


S600, 000 
9300,000 


Officers:— President,  John  H.  Moore;  Vice- 
President,  Cary  Peebles;  Cashier,  H.  H.  Reynolds ; 
H.  L.  Cutter,  Secretary. 

Directors :— John  H.  Moore,  Dr.  B.  Bryant,  S. 
A.  Bishop,  Dr.  W.  H.  Stone,  Cary  Peebles,  S.  A. 
ciark,  H.  Messing. 

NEW   FEATURE: 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts,"  bearing 
Interest  at  6.  Sand  10  percent  per  annum;  inter- 
est payable  promptly  at  the  end  of  sil  months 
troni  date  of  deposit.  The  "Receipt"  maybe 
transferred  by  indorsement  and  the  principle 
with  interest  paid  to  holder.  Interest  also  al- 
lowed on  Book  Accounts,  beginning  at  date  of 
deposit.  Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any 
in  the  State,  and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe 
keeping  of  Bonds,  Stocks,  Papers.  Jewelry, 
Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,  at  trifling  cost. 
Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York, 
in  Gold  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates.  Buy 
and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


M'TFAILloSENDrORaPAira 

ONLY  25  VENTS. 


t(W  The  Nallonal  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to 
Bradely  .'i  Bulotson  for  the  best  Photogi-aphs  in 
the  United  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  for  the 
best  in  the  world. 

4'i'J  Mantgoniory  street,  San  Francisco. 


Comfortable  Combiaation 

Clothing-. 

THIS  STYLE  OF  UNDERCLOTHING  FOR 
Ladies  has  been  found  by  all  who  have 
used  it,  the  most  convenient  and  comfortable, 
as  well  as  economical  of  any  now  in  use.  Models 
were  exhibited  and  attracted  much  commenda- 
tion at  the  late  Fair. 

Patterns  can  be  had  by  applying  to  Mrs . 
Herring,  east  side  of  Ninth  street,  between  St. 
John  and  St.  James  streets.  San  Jose,  (where 
sampleacan  bo  seen.)  or  by  addressing 

C.  C.  C.  Company, 

Eox  CSC  San  Frauoisco. 

This  reform  unden-hitbiiit;  has  been  worn  by 
the  Editor's  wifo  and  <  liildieu  for  the  past  two 
seasons,  and  is  eertainly  nuperior  in  puints  ni 
comfort,  healthfulness.  and  economy  of  weiir 
and  material  of  any  ever  invented.  It  is  the  iu- 
veution  of  a  t^alifornia  lady  who  makes  ev.ry 
pattern  her-^elf  and  writes  full  directions  upon 
each.  No  family  tliat  once  tries  this  style  of 
clothing  will  ever  go  back  to  the  others. 


FARMERS'     UNION. 

(Successors  to  A.  Phisteb  &  Co.) 
Cor.     Second    and    Santa    Clara    Sts., 

SAN   JOSE. 

CAPITAL        -    ^ -       $100,000. 

President. 
Manager. 


■WILLIAM  ERKSON 
H.  E.  HILLS 


DIRECTORS! 


"Wm.  Erkeon. 
L.  F.  Chipman, 
Horace  Little, 
C.  T.  Settle, 

Thomas  E, 


J.  P.  Dudley, 
David  Campbell, 
James  Singleton, 
E.  A.  Bralcy, 
Snell. 


fg-  ■Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  Bustnesa. 
Also,  receive  deposits,  on  which  such  interest 
will  be  allowed  as  may  be  agreed  upon,  aud 
make  loans  on  approved  security. 


A.  O.  HOOKEll. 

Late  Gunckel  ,v  II 


L.    FlNIOAN, 

^lal-ysville.) 


Olllcu  I 


DENTISTS. 
-359  First  Btreet,  San  Joae. 


wmiim  SPANISH 

FOK     SALE. 


CIXTY  ONE  AND  TWO  YEARS  OLD 

O  Tlioroughbred  Spanish  Merino  Rams,  for 
sale.  Also,  about  1011  Ewes  and  Lambs,  all 
(California  bred,  from  stock  imported  from 
Vermont,  and  as  good  as  then*  is  on  this  Coast. 
Prices  to  suit  the  times.  je 

B.  F.  WATKINS,  »""'»  Clara,  Cal. 


California   Agriculturist  and  Live  Stdck  Journal. 


SAN  JOSE 

IIITSTITUTE 


BEEEDEHS'    EIRECTOEY. 


BUSI1TESS_C0LLEGE ! 

A  Day  and  Boarding  School  for 
Both  Sexes. 


Parties  desiring  to  purchase  Live  Stock  will 
find  in  this  Directory  the  names  of  some  of  the 
most  reliable  Breeders. 

Our  Rates.— Cards  of-two  lines  or  less  wlil  be 
inserted  in  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50 
cents  per  niouth,  payable  auuually. 

A  line  will  average  nbnut  seven  words.  Count 
five  words  for  the  first  line. 


CATTLE. 


T 


HE  SECOND  SESSION  OF  THE  CURRENT 


School  Year  will  commence  January  3d,  187(5. 

In  acknowledging  tbe  kindness  of  the  patrons 
of  this  School,  the  Proprietors  desire  to  assure 
them  that  with  the  increased  patronage  will  be 
added  increased  facilities  for  imparting  iDstruc- 
tion.  They  intend  that  the  School  shall  offer 
the  very  best  opportunities  for  acquiring  thor- 
ough education,  both  theoretical   and  practical. 

The  course  of  study  in  the  Academic  grade  is 
extensive  and  thorough. 

The  Business  College  has  no  vactions. 

Students  from  a  distance  will  find  pleasant 
rooms  and  board  at  reasonable  prices  at  the 
boarding-house. 

The  Faculty  accept  to  its  fullest  extent  the 
growing  demand  of  the  industrial  classes  for 
recognition  iu  the  public  educational  system 
hailing  it  as  the  harbinger  of  a  higher  and  better 
civilization. 

ISAAC  KIXLEY, 
Siiperintenileiit  of  the  Institute 
JAMES  VIXSONHALER. 
Pi-iniipal  of  the  Business  Colleije. 

177C       CUNTErrNIAL        1N76 
PROCLAMATION. 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway. 

Is  the  jiopuliir  nnite   overland  to  the  Eabt. 

Passengers   for   Chicago,  Niagara   Falls,  Pitts- 

bm-g,  PhilMdelphia,  Montreal,  Quebec,  New  York 

Boston,    or  any    point  East,    should  buy    their 

trans-cnntiiientjil   tickets  via  the   pioneer  route, 

THE  CHICAGO  ^NORTHWESTERN  R.R. 

This  is  the  Bebt  route  East.  Its  Track  is  of 
Steel  Rails,  and  on  it  has  been  made  the  Fastest 
time  that  has  ever  been  made  in  this  country.  By 
tliie  route  p&ssengers  for  points  east  of  Chicago 
have  choice  of  the  foil  -mz  lines  from  Chicago: 
Pittsburg,      Forl^   ^         '    and    Chicag-o 

and    Penngyl^   ^.   "-..    Railways. 
•  >  Through  trains  daT:         ilU  Pulman  Palace 

0  Care  through  to  PL  -■  ■'■  i.uia  and  New  York 
on  each  train. 

-t  THROUGH  TRAIN.  WITH  PULLMAN  PAL-. 

1  ace  Cars  to  Baltimore  and  Washington. 

By  the  La^o  Shore  and  MicMgan  Southern  Railway  and 
Connections  (ITcw  Yorh  Central  and  Erie  Eailways) ; 

O  THROUGH  TRAINS  DAILY.  WITH  PALACE 
O  Dr:iwiiig    R.M.m    and    Silver   Palace  Sleeping 
Cars  through  to  New  York. 
By  the  Michigan  Central.  Grand  Trunk,  Great  Western  and 
Erie  and  New  Torh  Central  Railways: 

3  Through  trains,  with   Pullman  Palace  Draw- 
ing Room  and  Sleeping  Cars  through  to  New- 
York   to   Niagara   Falls.    Buffalo.    Rochester,   or 
New  Y'ork  city. 
By  the  Baltimore  and   Ohio  Railroad; 

2  Through  trains  daily,  with    Pullman  Palace 
Cars    for     Newark,    Zauesville,      Wheeling, 
Washington   and   Baltimore  without  change. 

This  is  the  Shortest.  Best,  and  only  line  run- 
ning Pullman  celebrated  Palace  sleeping  cars  and 
cohches,  ('onnecting  with  Union  Pacific  Railroad 
at  Omaha  and  from  the  West,  via  Grand  Junc- 
tion, Marshall.  Cedar  Rapids.  Clinton,  Sterling 
and  Dixon,  for  Chicago  and  the  East. 

This  popular  route  is  unsurpassed  for  Speed, 
Comfort  and  Safety.  The  Bmooth.  well-ballasted 
and  perfect  track  of  steel  rails,  the  celebrated 
Pullman  Palace  Sleeidng  Cars,  the  perfect  Tele- 
graph System  of  muving  trains,  the  regularity 
with  which  they  nm.  the  admirable  arrangement 
for  nmning  through  trains  to  Chicago  from  all 
points  West. secure  to  passengers  all  the  comforts 
in  modern  Railway  Traveling.  No  changes  of 
Cars  and  no  tedious  delays  at  Ferries. 

PassengHi*g  will  find  Tickets  via  this  Favorite 
Route  at  the  General  Ticket  Office  of  the  Central 
Pacifii-  Rrailroad.  Sacramento,  and  in  all  the 
Ticket*  ilhcesof  theCentral  Pacific  Railroad.  | 

Marvin  Hughitt.  W.  H.  Stennett,  i 

Gen.  Supt..  Chicago.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent.      i 

H.  P.  STANWOOD,  General  Agency.  1'2I  Mont-  ! 

'        gomery  street,  San  Francisco.  | 

Posters,  Dodgers,  ! 
Handbills,  Books, 
Catalogue-;, Circu-  ^ 

I  lars, Programmes, 

BillR  'if  I'.ire.  Invit  itionsr  Receipts.  Labels, 
Blanks,  Billhi-ads,  Statement'^,  Cards,  Tags,  eto., 
tngfther  with  everj'  description  of  Job  Printing 
executed  promptly  snd  iu  a  workmanlike  man- 
ner by  COTTLE  &  WRIGHT,  No.  314  Market  st, 
over  Bland  &  Regnart's  auction  store,  San  Jose. 


.■'..;-^,2^^N/. 


SB.  KAIERSON,  Mountain  View,  Santa 
«  Clara  County,  Cal. — Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
and  Holstein  Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 

CYRUS  .TONES  ^  CO.,    San  Jose.  Santa 
Clara  County.  Cal.— Breeders  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle.     "  Young  Bulls  for  sale." 


R     C      KIRBY     (t-    CO.. 

TANNERS ! 


SANTA  CRUZ  OAK-TANNED  SOLE 

LEATHER. 

WHOLKSALE    DEALEIiS. 


THE  TRUTH    ABOUT 

TH  E    DAVIS 

VERTICAL    FEED 

SHUTTLE  SEWING  MACHINE, 


OUt<'p — 103    nnd     404     BnltPry    Street, 

SA  S    FIIA  XCISCO. 


CHARL.es  CLARK,  MUintas.  Santa  Clar» 
County,  Cal— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine. 

(COLEMAN  YOUNGER,    San  Jose,  Santa 
V  Clai-s  County,  Cal. — Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle. 


c, 


B.    POLHEMUS,  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara  , 
County,  Cal. — Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cat- 


50 


CARR  &  CHAPMAN,   Gabilan,  Monterey 
County,   Cal.— Breeders  of  Trotting  Horses, 
Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

Wli.  OVERHISER.  Stockton,  San  Joa- 
•   quinCounty,Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle  and  Swiue. 


MOSES    WICK,    Oroville.   Butte  County 
Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND   GOATS. 


CP.  BAILEY,  San  Jose  Cal.— Importer" 
•  breeder,  and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  An 
gora  Goats.  Fine  Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for 
sale. 

MCCRACKEN  &  LEWIS,  San  Jose,  Cal.— 
Importers  and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goats; 
also,  fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 


MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOW,  CenterviUe, 
near  Nilcs  Station,  Alameda  County,  Cal.— 
Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Rams  and  Ewes 
lor  sale. 


SWINE. 


CH.\RL.ES  CLARK,  Milpitas,  Santa  Clara 
County,  Cal.— Breeder  of    Pure-bred  Berk- 
shire Swine. 


POULTRY. 


MRS.  L.  J.  WATKINS.  Santa  Clara- 
Premium  Fowls.  White  and  Brown  Leg- 
horn,  S.  S.Hamburg, L.Brahmas,B.  B.Red  Game, 
Game  Bantams,  and  Aylesbury  Ducks.  .\lso, 
Eggs. 

LE,    MATTESON,    Stockton,  Cal.,  Im- 
•    poi-ter,  Breeder  and  Shipper  of  Pure  bred 

Game  Fowls. 


MISCELLANEO  US. 


S  HARRIS  HERRING,  San  Jose.  Cal.— 
-_  ,  Agent  for  several  breeders  of  Best  Pure-bred 
animals  and  poultry.  We  bring  the  breeder  and 
purchaser  together  direct,  and  do  not  stand  be- 
tween them,  while  we  aid  each  free  of  charge. 

SPLENDID  CARD  PHOTOGRAPHS, 
onlv  S^  a  dozen,  ami  Cabinets  S-4  a  dozen, 
at  HOWLANO'S  Gallery  (Het-ring's  old  stand) 
No.  359  Fii-et  street,  San  Jose. 


WALLACE  iSi  CO.,  No.  386  First 
street— Handsome  turnouts  always  on  hand 
at  fair  prices.  Fine  Hearse  for  Funerals.  Car- 
riages for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 

H.    S,    LAAIKIN, 

ATTORNEY-AT-LAW— ROOMS    3   AND    4, 
Stone's  Building  (opposite  Axuerais  House), 
Santa  Clara  street,  San  Jose.  


PRINTING.! 


O 


DR.  J.    BRADFORD  COX, 

FFICE     OVER     T.    W.  SPRING'S    STORE, 
opposite  the  Pnst  Ofli'-e.  San  .Tofie. 

SAm  CLARA  imiii 

JACOB   EBERHARDT  -  -  Proper. 

A  1,1.  KINDS  aV  L.K.VTHER,    SHEEP. 
6kiu6   anil  wool.    Highest   price    paid    for 
Sheep  Skins,  Tallow,  Wool,  etc. 


The  Bee-Keepers'  Magazine. 

An  iLLusrnATFU  M()ntlily  Jour- 
nal «»f  Wl  octavo  pages  devoted 
exclusivtdy  to  Bi:k  -  Culi-uue. 
Edited  by  Albrrt  J.  Kino,  con- 
tiiining  monthly  cniitributions 
from  Mrs.  K.  S.  TuppEn,  and 
oth<-r  cmiDent  Bee-Keepers  in 
both  KunoPK  and  Amerk'a.  A 
large  space  is  devoted  tu  bk(;innki<8  giving  use- 
ful infonnation  just  when  it  is  needed  tlirough- 
out  the  year.  Tkrms:  SL.'SO  per  year.  We 
will  send  the  Magazine  4  months  on  tiiial  and 
INCLUDE  a  (;4-iJag<'  jiamphlet  (priie  '>0  cts  ),  con- 
taining a  beautiful  life-like  Chronio  of  Honey- 
plants  and  Italian  Bees  In  tlu-ir  natural  «-olorfi. 
Prize  Essay  by  Mrs.  TirppEit.  (^ueen  Rearing  by 
M.  QTTisnY.  Inetrurtions  fur  Beginners,  etc.,  hU 
for  ."SO  els.     Addrcf-s. 

KINO  *fc  SLOCI-3I, 
(»1  HiifKnii  Stu-ft,  :\t'«-  Vurk. 

The     American    Bee     Journal, 

Established  in  18(11  by  the  lat<;  Samuel  Wagner, 

at  Washingtou,  D.  C  is  now  published 

Montlily  at  CHIC.\<:0,  111, 

Every  Beekeepershould  Subscribe 
for    It. 

IT  IS  THE  BEST  SCIENTIFIC  AND  PRACTI- 
cal  Journal  of  Apicult>:re  in  the  world.  The 
most  suctessful  aud  experienced  ApiariauB  in 
Europe,  as  well  as  Anierira.  contribute  to  its 
pages.  In  fact,  it  is  the  uldeiit,  larifeHt*  and 
one  of  the  most  relinble  W^v^  Pn|n*rs  in  the 
English  lauguage.  '["f.iimh:  %1  inrimnuni.  Send 
a  stamp  for  a  Saniide  (Nipv.     .\(]ilre-;s. 

THOMAS  G.    XKW.HAN, 
19G  *S;  1«»K  «iioii<li  Clnik  St.,  riiicni^o. 

im\  COMBINATION  \mm\ 

IMPROVE,  ^^^^S^^S^!k^   STRKNGTHEN, 

and  Preserve  ^cCT^  ^^^      tl^*^  Sight. 
l3£^  500   Pa-ivK  ill    I'se   In   Suit<ToHe.     .\ 

Perfect  Fit  Guaranteid.     For  sale  by 

SMITH  &  RYDER,  Jewelers, 

307  FIRST  street.  C<)iimnT.i:iI    I'.ruik   Biiildiug. 


K^"  The  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Rrailway 
has  went  a  full  stock  of  Reduced  Rate.  Round 
Trip  Centennial  Kxcursioii  Tickets  to  their  tlen- 
eral  Agent  at  San  Francisco,  for  the  use  of  the 
citizens  of  this  coast.  The  tickets  nmd  by  all 
conceivable  routes  east  of  Chicago,  and  enable  a 
person  to  go  by  one  line  and  return  by  another. 
Write  Mr.  Stanwood  for  "The  Route  and  R«te 
Book  of  Centennial  Tickets."  ovrr  the  (Chicago 
i<;  Northwestern  Kailway.  and  it  will  he  sent  you 
free  of  cost. 


TT  DOKS  NOT  TAKK  AN  HOL'R  TO 

*-   get  ready  to  do  a  mlnntc'K  wuik.    but    Ik   al 
ways  ready  in  a  niinuti-  to  do  n  day's  woik. 

The  Favorite  of  the  Family  circle.  Huns  mor> 
easily  and  quietly  than  any  other  machine. 

The  DAVIS  prem-uts  these  tdvaiilagf  s  :  It 
prevt  nts  fulling  or  gathering  »if  goodH,  will  sew 
over  thick  seams,  or  from  one  lliicbuess  to  an- 
other, without  cliange  of  stilrh  or  tension,  aud 
make  the  most  Elastic,  Durable  and  Uniform 
Lock  Stitch  of  any  Machine  before  the  public. 

The  only  one  having  an  Automatic  Bobbin 
Winder,  and  the  most  wonderful  attachment  for 
making  the  Knife  Pleating. 

Th<-  peculiar  featui-o  of  the  DAVIS  is  its  VER- 
TICAL FEED,  which  is  essentially  different 
from  any  other  Machine  manufactured,  requir- 
ing no  acquired  Kkill  to  operate  it,  nor  bastiug  of 
the  goods,  and  all  should  give  it  an  examination 
at  leas*  before  purcliasing  any  other. 

After  six  weeks'  trial  at  the  Franklin  Institute 
Exhibition,  held  at  Philadelphia  in  1BT4,  it  was 

A^varded    the    Ciraiicl    Medal    Af^ainst 

Nineteen    Cuiniietltors  1 

And  has  tmiversaliy  been  awarded  the  FIRST 
PREMIUM  at  all  principal  Fairs  where  exhibited. 

We  have  the  Iwist  manufncturiug  machine  iu 
use. 

Energetic  and  responsible  Agents  wanltd  in  all 
unoccupied  territory. 

For  further  information,  circular  and  terms, 
call  on  or  address 

G.  L     BIGELOW, 

Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County. 

ISf  Salesroom,  No.  4.»S  First  Street.  San  Jos 
Foundry  Block,  SAN  JOSE,  <.r  the 

DVVIS  SKWIXG  MACHI.N'K  CO., 

I  I  8  Post  St.,  San  Francisco. 


Xl3r  r<  r  ?.'>  aubfit-riplioiiK  to  the  Cnlifor- 

nin     A^riciilturiKt,   at    Si.  •'lO      each,    the 

publishers    will     give     a    S70     New    Davi« 

I  SeivlnK*  Machine.     Here  is  an  opportunity 

j  for  some  energetic  lady  to  get  the  liest  Sewing 

'  Machine  for  a  little  time  well  employed.     The 

I  DAVIS   took   the  first  premium  at  the  Santa 

I  Clara  Valley  Agricultural  Society's  Exhibition 

last  Fall. 


Dli.  C.  R.  SPAW, 

Resident  Dentist. 
^       rner  of   First    and 
-     Santa  Clara  streets. 
1  Mcl,^ughlin  »t  Ry- 
land's  building, 
San  JoBo,  Cal. 


t 


EMPEY  L  LENNARD, 

Manufacturers  and  Dealers  in 


Dr,  N.  KLEIN,       Surgeon  Dentist- 


gSRonu 
•H  next 


HAR- 
NESSJ 


COL- 
LARS, 


JOSEFK  AVOOLF, 

Manufuftuiei-  nf  Trusses,    Suspenders, 
Artifirial  Limbs,  etv., 

360  FIRST    STREET,  SAN    JOSE. 
.\re  you  Ruptured?    Come  to  me  and 

get  a  Truss  that  will  tit  you. 

Radical  Cures  are    efiected  with 

mv  Trussep. 


SADDT.ERY, 

Carriage    Trimmings.     Etc. 

jVo.  •2G'2  iiaida  Clara  SInd. 

SAW  JOSE. 

ty  You  can  get  a  Good,  Substantial 
Bnsiaess  or  Dress  Suit  at  Spring's  for 
less  money,  by  one-fourth,  than  at  any 
other  store. 


Menefee  &  Gastor\ 

DEITTISTS, 

S.W.  Cor.  SaiitiiCliiraiiiid  First  Sts 

Ov'T  Fariiu  j-r'  Natiouivl  Ciold  Bank, 
SAX  JOSE. 


Special  attention  giveu  to  Fine 
Gold  Fillings.  Laughing  Gas  Adminis- 
terod 

T.  W.  Mitchell, 

Aquaria, 

Flowsr-jtiads, 

Wiadow    Bricietc. 

Fsnienes, 

Bird-Jages  and  Hooi:,  ' 

Ivy     Brackets,        And  D<-iiI<^lin  KloiveringPIaitts, 


J.    C.    VEITITXTM. 

I'EALl.lt    IN 

CARRIAGES,     BUGGIES,     PHAETONS 
iiiirt  SPRING  WAGONS. 

l«i^  ALL      WORK      WARRANTED   "^»1 

A'O.  447   FIIiST   STREET,   San  Jose. 


Shoes 


Porter's    Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SAX    JOSK. 

SEEDSMAN  and  FLOHIST 


Uiro       Flower-pot 
Stands, 

Wall  Brackets, 
:iass    Shade: 


Oriiiini*^iitjil    Sliriihs,     Bulbs 
and    Floweriiiff    Roots   in 
Tariety,  Hiiii<i;'iiig^  Bas- 
kets,   Dried  Grasses, 
*,.    French  Iininortolles  of  Assorted 
^"  Colors,  Etc-  ,  Etf. 

&3^'  Setids.  Vvenh  and  Reliable. 


SAN    JOSE 

£  DRUG  STORE 

lu  MrLaughliu   k  Rylaud's  Bank 
Building, 

309   FIRST    STREET, 

.SAN  JOSK,   CAL. 

J.  A.    Chittenden. 


STaomiNG  CHUVESTEVS  CURED 

Ihe  GOTHIC  VENIlim  and  CHIMNEHOP 

^  1       irAf^      PROVED     A      COMPLETE 

J.X    Suficsts  in  curing    the  moet  ob- 

stiuute.  Kluggisli    and    smoky  chim- 

ncys.    It    stands    on   the  top   of  the 

3       a  chimney,    and  does    not     require    a 

^  Rniokestai-k  to  carry  it  above  the  sur- 

^       ,  rounding  buildiugs. 

It  in  the  only  Chimney  top  that  will 
work  satisfactorily  when  surrounded 
by  high  buildings.  For  ventilating 
Elevators,  Machine  Shops,  R.  K.  De- 
pots, Car  Shoi).s,  etc..  it  is  unrivaled. 
N.  B.— Send  inside  measurement  of 
top  of  chimney  or  ventilating  shaft. 
All  Chimnev  Tops  guaranteed  to 
give  entire  satisfaction,  and  if  any 
should  fail  after  a  trial  of  two  months 
we  will  cheerfullv  refund  the  money, 

r.    KLEivr, 

■i-i'J   SANTA  CLARV  STREET, 

SAN  JOSE. 


SOMETHING     ABOUT      WAGONS 
AND  CAERIAGES. 

"  Where  c:iu  I  get  a  Good  Wagou  or  Car- 
riage, oue  that  is  umde  of  the  Best  Picked 
Material,  and  jmt  up  in  the  most  substantial 
and  honest  maunery"  is  a  question  that  niimy 
a  man  seriously  asks,  either  to  himself  or  of 
some  friend.  It  is  really  an  important  mat- 
ter in  these  days  of  Cheap  John  shoddyisni 
in  everything.  Men  of  intelligence  know 
that  a  wagon  or  carriage  made  of  the  best 
picked  materials,  and  properly  put  up,  will 
run  about  as  long  again  without  repairs  as 
one  made  of  ordin.ary  material  in  the  ordin- 
ary manner,  and  in  the  end  is  three  times  as 
cheap.  Paint  can  cover  up,  and  polish  can 
deceive;  and  the  person  who  buys  a  poor  ar- 
ticle for  use  gets  cheated,  whether  he  knows  it 
or  not.  If  you  want  a  No.  1  Carriage  made 
to  order  to  suit  you,  at  reasonable  figures,  go 
to  the  Fioneer  Blacksmith  andXITag- 

On  Shop,  corner  of  Fountain  and  Second 
streets,  owned   by   IVtr.  John   Balbach, 

and  you  will  not  be  deceived  in  any  particu- 
lar. The  workmen  employed  are  under  the 
supervision  of  these  well-known,  first-class 
mechanics:  Mr.  Balbach,  blacksmith:  Mr. 
Crydenwise,  wood-worker;  Mr.  Clans,  car- 
riage-trimmer; and  Mr.  (ireeniuger,  painter. 
All  work  done  in  a  prompt  and  satisfactory 
manner.  Repairing,  Tire-setting,  Painting, 
etc.,  in  a  thorough  manner,  at  low  figures. 

Kemember  the  i)laee.  Pioneer  Carriage 
Works,  corner  of  Fountain  and  Second  streets, 
San  .Jose,  Cal. 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 
Wilcox  Block,  No.  J94  First  St.,  f  Hj. 

SAN    JOSE,     CAI.. 

lUiVifurina  and  Eaalfrn  Made 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

A  I,;»r^;t"-  ;ind  Supcrii.r  Assuttinent, 

No,    394     First    Street, 

\Vihox  Block,  San  Juse. 

BEARCREEK 
LUMBER  CO., 

Wli.ilif.siili-  and  K.tail  Dtali  is  iu 

ALL  KINDS  OF  LUMBER,  N>  r 

Posts,  Shakes^SJiingles,  Etc  Moody's  m:iis, 

California  and  Oregon  Lum'taeJ^       san  -iose. 

Constiiiitly  oa  hand. 

All  Orders  Promptly   Filled  p.  o.  Box  sou. 


THIRD  Strset, 


CARD  EN  CITY 

DRUG  STORE 


Bet.    1st     and   '2d 


H.  PIESSNECKER, 

Proprietor,  San     -lost . 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St. 

C.E.CAMPBELL,,, 

'  Stoves,       Eaages. 

Manufacturer  of  Pumo'" 

Well  Pipe  and  Galvanized  Iron      Hvdraulic  Earn:. 

Pumps  «  itU  Improved  Valves.     Liid  and  Iron  Pip3 

Till,  Copper,  Zinc  and    Sheet-         Brass  Goods, 

Iron     AVare.s,      Galvanized    Iron  Hose  Wire, 

Chimneys,  Tin  Roofin|^,  PItimb-     Farmers'  Boilers. 

in^,  etc. 


'Emim  mil  company 

FIKLl)    &    KENDALL, 

(SuLioefiRors  to  Field.  C'ombs  A:  Greg(jry) 

^  -^  M.\NUFAOrUl{ERs  UF 

-  -   -^a  Head  Stones, 

-ju    ,  Monuments. 

^i^^  iiii.l  all  kinds  uf 

Cemetery  Work 

in  Marble  and  Granite. 

•«7   SECO.NI)  ST. 

Snn    .toBe. 


{;!£»    O'lianion  A-  Kent  sell  Clothing  at  such 
bargains  that  no  "jotviiig"  is  necessary. 


The  C!ai,.  AriBiciii.TiiiusT  I'liD  Co.  have  constitut  i" 
thoniKelveK  a  PiirchuMiiig  Ajfency,  tct  aeeoniniodate 
AdHicui.TuitiKT  Kubscriijerb.  Anytliiny  wanted  in  SanJctse 
or  San  Kraneisro  inuTliaKi'd  at  ItnveHt  rates  fur  casli,  and 
I  iirwai-ded  (u  i.rder  Pfce  of  C'onlini>i>«iuiiM, 


No.  339  First  Street,   opposite    El   Do- 
rado St. 


J.  S.   CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

'i'i?    First  Sti-eet. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE 

P.Ul)  FOR 

Wheal,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


House  Furnishing 
Wares. 


Grain 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMrill, 

Pioneer  lilacksjuitlj    and  Carriage  Shop. 
Balbitt'li's  i\'e«-  Bi-irk,  cor.    Sec- 
ond SI .  itiifl  F4iiiiit]iiii  .Vllev 
SAN    ,I(ISE. 
Aj;«'ii<  for   Kish   liro. 'h  Wajjoii!.. 

Now  \V..rk  and  repairing  of  Agvicultnral 
Iniplernents.  ete. 

Wests      Ainei'icun    Tiic-Seller. 
RHODTES  &  LEWIS. 

APOTHECARIES, 

\o.    :J5j   Kiiwt    Sii-,.e(, 

SAN   rosK 


Dealer. 


Blacksmith. 


C/  O' 


Z 


^ 


■mf^-^^f^ 


Lli 


*v 


I     IH 


Table  of  Conter^ts. 


page: 


B:v:  and  Oiris. --Child's  Centennial 
■|  I'Dutry) .  •OiirCorner,  *Ml6b 
llltiTson's  School,  nirandma's 

Talks  No.  6 126-7 

Correspjndeacc. — Let'8  Swap.  That 
Mutter  of  Policy  Independent 
Press.  Gal.  Land  Transaction.  118 
Cause  of  Hard  Times.  Bee- 
Keeping  in  San  Diego.  Graft- 
ing Grape  Vines.  Letter  from 
Kern  Co.    A  Word  of  Caution. 

Eastern  Correspond'-nce , I'll 

City  ajrioning.— Flowery  (IVy). 
tTrimmiug  Plants.      tMadeira 
Vines.    Fern  Culture.     Plant 
Arrangements.    Ozone.    Flow- 
er Ornam'ts.  Hanging  Bask'ts.lln-i'i 
Csatecnial.— -^  Look  at    the  Expo- 
sition.   CentT  of  American  Ke-  „.    , 
public     Flowers  at  the  Cenfl    123  Poetrv— Little  Black-Eyed  Kcbcl. 
_'     ,  ,  „  .                                         iTA.      A    Prophecy,       Our   Conntn.- 

Editoriil  Notes l" ,    lj^.^^     Russian  Kable.     Kain 

Ea'oaj'.ogical— Combating ^Insect^^  ^      Drops.    A  Hundred  Vears 11 

Porcins.— Original  Breed  of  Berk- 
shire Swine 


Hsnsehald  Scading.— One  Touch  of 
Nalurc  (Poet'y).  'Dotlingsand 
•lotling*.  "Each  Has  a  Work 
to  Do.  »Keply  to  Girls'  liights. 
*Dp-Country  Letters  No.  7 ..  124 

The  Horse.— Nebuchadnezzer  (P) . 
Treatment  of  Sick  Animals. 
Horse's  Foot.  Horses  for  Far- 
mers. Intestinal  Parasites. 
Breeding  fm  Unsound  Horses. 

^sccUaneoM. —  tFurniture  Manu- 
factory (Illustr'd).     IFarming 

vs.  Plodding 

tDairy  House,  tltetroepection. 

tDiseaged  Orange  Trees UK 

Cent'l  Judges  of  Livestock  .  120 

A  Bit  Of  Common  Sense 128 

*Onr  Poor  Relations ..  117 

The  Press.    Science  of  Money.  121 


121 


11:! 


Foes.'  Birds,  Insects  &  Crops.120-1 
Hjr;icaUM3.  — Gulf   Coast  Fruits.  1'22 


TAGS 

Pisiiculture.  —Fish  and  Fish  Cul- 
ture.    Distribution  of  Fish. ..  11'.' 

Shaep  lad  3oats.— -Angora  Goals  \- 
Mohair— Criticisms  Answered.  1'28 

Woaen.  — Blanche  ami  Nell  (po- 
etry). 'Reformation  and  Dis 
crimination 

*  Contributed,     f  Editoria 


121 


^K 


h 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


A.    Wi  L  DTEUrEL, 


IMPORTER    AND    DEALER    IN 


Books,    Stationery,    Sheet    Music  and  Musical   Instruments, 


SOLE  AGENT  FOR 


OF     EVERY     DESCRIPTION. 


PIAITOS 

MADE    BY 

STEINWAY    a    SOUS, 

New    York. 

Uranicli  c&  Bach., 

Neiv    York. 

J^COB      ZECHC, 

Snii  Francisco. 

C.    ROENISCH, 

I)re!^<1en. 

ERNST     KAPS, 

Uresflcn* 


AtrtKT,  roil    THE 


ORGAITS 


MADE    BY 


Hora:e  Waters  I  Im, 

Ne»v  York. 

BURDETT    ORGAN   CO., 

Erie . 

Wholesale  and  Retail. 


IMty  Stock  is  Complete  in  Every  Particular,  and  the  Instruments  for  which  I  am  Agent  are  the  BEST  IW  THE  WORLD. 

fW  My  Terms  are  IMEost  Liberal.     Orders  per  IMEail  will  be  promptly  attended  to,  and  Best  Discounts  given  to  Colleges,  Schools 

and  Teachers. 

Corner  of  First  and  Fountaiu  Streets,  Sau  Jose.  A ■       Vw  ALDTEUFELi 


M  Eiii%  iiih. 


RUPTURE ! 


Vsf 


Is  the  Only  Machine  that  can  Knit 


ALL  SIZES  OF  WORK, 

—  AND  — 

NAEROW    AND    WIDEN     IT; 

—THAT  CAN-- 

Shape  and   Complete 

Willi. lilt    Iliiiiil-riiiiKhiiiK, 

SeninliiKH  llosh'i  y,  CJIovck  and   niiltrns, 

'T  knit  till  111  111  111]  hi//  h;  „r  Unit  Uibbnd,  Doulile 
iiTHl  Fiiii.-y  BtltrluB  for  UiiiliTwenr.  Jinkfts, 
Slmwln,  i-tc.  It  luiitB  over '25  ilifftrcnt  Kinds  of 
KiiniiintB.  Over  111(1  per  c-oiit.  in  manufai-tm-iuK 
knit  Kiioile.  Send  for  lUiiBlratcd  idrculnr 
AddresB, 

Z.  Z.  PFISTEE  &  CO., 

130  Sutter  Street  (llcom  :(9),  San  Fraiicitiro. 


no    more  Melalic    Triis!i«es  .' 

J\m  mure   Putterins   from   Inm    HoopK   oiJ 

tt^el  Sprin^b!     Our    MAGNEnc  ELAS- 

jTU'  TliUSS  iH  worn  with  ease  and  »om-j 

j/'ort,  Nit,'bt  and  Day.  and  ■will,  and    has 

fperformed  radical  cures  when  all  othersi 

liia-ve  failed.    Reader,  if  you  are  rupturedf 

Jtry  cue  of  our  Comfortable  Elastic   Ap-" 

ppliancee.    You  will  never  regret  it. 

Ee^  Examinations  Free. 

MAGNETIC  ELASTIC  TRUSS  CO  , 

60!)  SaiTttUiento  street.  S.  F. 


SAN    JOSE 

ASBESTIAIT  STONE  WORKS 

THE  ASBESTIAN  IS  AN  AHTIFICIAL  STONE 
superior  to  any  other  for  Cemetery  Work. 
Building  Fronts,  and  substantial  and  line  work 
generally.  Elegant  designs  can  be  moulded  so 
as  to  resemble  the  finest  <Jut  Stone.  It  is  war- 
ranted to  be  Stronger  and  More  Durable  than 
Sandstone  or  Murhlc, 

nSR.    J.   Xff.    CODdBS, 

(Late  of  the  Excelsior  Marble  Works)  has  en- 
gaged in  its  manufacture  in  San  Jose,  and  can 
be  found  in  the  same  building  occupied  by  Al- 
bert Lake's  box  Factory,  near  the  C.  P.  R.  R. 
I>eput.  I^~  Fine  Si-ulpture  Work  in  Marble  a 
Specialty.  .T.  W.  COMBS. 

Z.  M.  PiiUVIIT, 

Teacher  of   Vocal    Music,  State    Normitl  School. 
gives  Privati-    Iiislrncli'in  in 

Vocal    Culture,      Piano,     Organ, 
and  Harmony. 

Room  over  San  Jose  Savings  Bank,  and  Norm- 
al School.  Singing  School  every  FItlDAY  eve- 
ning, in  room  over  San  .loKn  Savings  Itank. 


TRUEMAN&WOODROW 
UNDERTAKERS, 

408  First  Street,        San  Jose. 

EVERYTHING  IN  THE  LINE  FURNISHED 
promptly,  nnd  ou  the  MuBt  Reasonaldt- 
Terms.  We  are  also  prepared  to  fnruisb  two  of 
tue  finest  HEARSES  on  the  CuaBt,  imludiu},' a 
Beautiful,  GLOSS  WHITE  CHILD'S  HEARSE. 
PersoDB  iu  need  of  anythiuf^  in  our  line  will  find 
it  to  their  interest  to  call  uu  us. 

TUREMAX  <fe  WOODROW, 
408  Fii-ftt  street.  San  Jose.  Oal. 


BUSINESS 

COLLEGE, 

No.  24  Post  Street 

&in  Fratuitca,  Cat. 

DESIGNED  TO  IMPART  A  THOROUGH 
English  Education,  a  Complete  Bvisiuess 
Training,  and  practical  instruction  in  Modern 
Languages,  Drawing.  Telegraphy,  etc.  It  gives 
to  Pupils  such  a  Business  Edoeation  as  has 
made  them  in  demand  in  the  mercantile  com- 
munity, during  the  past  thirteen  yeare,  for  com- 
mercial pofiitiouB.  In  addition,  students  receive 
a  TUorougU  General  Trainin;;;,  which 
fits  them  fur  their  duties  as  citizi^us  and  useful 
members  of  society.  Every  young  man  should 
endeavor  to  secure  a  i-ourse  of  training  at  this 
School,  whose  course  of  instruction  is  valuable 
to  all  classes.  If  farmers  would  have  their  sons 
successful  on  tlie  farm,  they  should  send  them 
to  this  Model  College  of  the  Paeilie. 
where  they  may  be  thoroughly  educated  in  busi- 
ni:ss  artairs.  as  well  as  in  the  English  branches. 
The  thuruugh  discipline  of  this  School,  and  its 
careful  training  in  correct  business  habits,  arc 
thf  greatest  aid  to  ftiture  success  in  any  calling. 

'  Pupils  may  enter  at  any  time,  as  each   receives 

!  individual  instruction.   Length  of  time  reipiired 
for    finishing  the  course  is    about  six  months. 

'  Full  particulars  regarding    Course    of    Study. 

'  Tenns,  etc.,  maj"  be  had  by  adtlressing 

"  E.  P.  HEALD. 

j  Prest.  Business  College.  San  Francisco. 


TWO     GOOIJ 

SEGOUD-HAND  PIANOS, 

VKHV  CIIKAP,    lit 

MORTON     &    CO.'S, 

Knox  Block,  Sim  .lose. 


MORTON    HOUSE, 

(Formerly  ORLEANS  HOTEL,) 

Post  St,  above  Kearny,  San  Francisco 

^w^.  a.  aR^vH^visi, 

PROPIIIETOK, 

Formerly  of    the  Big  Trees,  Calaveras  County; 

Paiitif  Congress   Sjirings,  Santa  Clara 

('i)unly:  ami  late  nf  Visalia. 


A.   O.  Hooker, 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

C^akri.\ge:    aiaker.      piOiXekr 
J  Cairiat^o  Shop. 

3U  SECOND  STREET, 

Between    Santo     Clara     street    snd    Fountain 

Alley.  San  Jose. 

A|;ent  for  KisU  l{i-o.  N  Wmroiis, 


DENTIST. 

Olficei— 359   First  street,   over   Rhodes  & 
Lewis'  Drug  Store. 


-.<=>^ 


^i-i?! 


Agriculturist 


ik£9iD 


E^.m'wm   s^^oiPK   oroijri^iirj^ia 


Vol.  7— No.  a} 


SAN  JOSE,  CAL.,    AUGUST,  1876. 


JSuBscaiPTiON  Pbice,  $1.50  a  Year. 
1  Siugle  CopleB,  15  Cents. 


SAN  JOSE   FURNITURE  MANU 
FACTORY. 

Among  the  leading  manufacturing  en- 
terprises on  tliis  Coast,  and  deserving  of 
the  success  with  which  it  has  met,  is  the 
San  Jose  Furniture  Manufactory.  The 
Company,  of  which  Mr.  J.  S.  Ueuuett  is 
the  present  head,  was  organized  in  Aug- 
ust, 1874,  only  two  j'ears  ago  this  mouth. 
Mr.  Bennett,  who  is  a  thorough  mechan- 
ic and  hard-working  business  man,  and 
who  had  been  engaged  in  the  practical 
work  of  furniture  business  for  twenty 
years  in  the   East,  brought  with   him  to 


fatigablo  pluck  and  enterprise  can  but 
win,  even  against  strong  opposition. 

The  factory,  with  still  more  and  newer 
machinery,  is  now  located  on  St.  .John 
street,  between  First  and  Market  streets, 
and  consists  of  two  stories — engine  and 
machinery  below,  and  workshop  aljove. 
All  work  is  done  by  niachiu<'ry  except 
"setting  up."  The  warehouse,  uphols- 
tery department  and  furnishing  rooms 
occupy  a  large  building  erected  for  the 
purpose  and  located  on  First  street,  em- 
bracing Nos.  224  and  22G. 

The  firm  employs  from  20  to  3f)  hands. 
The  amount  of  furniture    turned  out   by 


and  is  now  {owned  by  Dr.  Spencer,  of 
this  city,  for  his  fine  new  residence  on 
Third  street.  Several  kinds  of  wootl, 
including  California  lavirel,  are  used  in 
its  construction. 

By  the  way,  the  experiments  of  Mr. 
Bennett  with  various  kinds  of  California 
timber,  if  written  out,  would  be  valua- 
ble. Ho  finds  that  but  few  kinds  of 
wood  on  this  Coast  are  well  suited  to 
furniture  making.  The  finer  woods 
are  only  fit  as  veneering,  as  they  warp 
and  check  badly  used  singly,  lledwood 
is  not  fit  for  furniture.  It  splits  and 
splinters  easily,  and  shrinks  badly.     The 


Altogether,  this  manufactory  is  a 
credit  to  San  Jose  and  to  California,  and 
has  proved  to  bo  not  only  a  success  as  a 
business,  but  a  convenience  to  old  set- 
tlers and  new-comers  alike  who  desire 
good  articles  of  furuituie  at  reasonable 
figures. 


ELEGANT  FURNITURE  SET- 


this  Coast  the  latest  and  most  improved 
machinery  for  the  manufacture  of  furni- 
ture. The  first  ye.ir  this  was  jjut  up  in 
the  building  occupied  by  the  planing 
mill  on  Fourth  and  San  Fernando 
streets.  The  greatest  ditficultyin  the 
start  was  experienced  in  obtaining  skilled 
and  reliable  workmen,  although  the  com- 
petition combined  to  break  the  enter- 
prise down  was  only  conquered  by  hard 
work  anil  constant  attention  to  the  de- 
tails of  business.  Wo  have  seen  Mr. 
Bennett  with  one  hand  in  a  sling  from 
being  disabled  in  the  machinery,  doing 
the  work  of  two  workmen,  besides  su- 
perintending the  business.      Such  inde- 


Manufactared  by  the  San  Jose  Furnitare  Itlaikufacturin^f  Co. 

Orpcron    cedar  is   a   wood  that 


this  manufactory,  from  the  raw  material, 
is  perfectly  astonishing,  while  the  qual- 
ity of  their  work  will  compare  favorably 
with  the  best  made  in  any  Eastern  man- 
ufactory 


regon    cedar  is   a   wood  that    neither   be  likelv 
"arps  nor  splits,  and  is  used  largely  as  a 
'oundation   in  cheap,  substantial  furni- 
•ure      But  the  black  walnut  is  the  prin- 
all.     ilr.  Bennett 


ure, 
eipal  wood  used,  after 


The  elegant  chamber  set — the  bedstead  j  hopes  to  see  the  time  when    the  Eastern 


and  dressing  case  bureau — here  illus- 
srated  will  give  the  reader  some  idea  of 
the  elegance  of  the  work  turned  out  at 
this  establishment.  This  set  was  de- 
signed and  made  by  the  San  Jose  Furni- 
niture  Manufacturing  Company.  It  was 
on  exhibition  last  fall  at  the  Santa  Clara 
Valley  Agricultural  Fair,  where,  of 
course,  it  took  a  premium  over  every- 
thing else.     It  has  since  been  purchased. 


FARMING  VS.  PLODDING. 

Wo  were  lately  talking  with  a  farmer 
from  Southern  California  abont  the 
prosperity  of  farmers  generally  in  that 
section,  and  particularly  about  the  farm- 
ers in  the  best  corn  gi-owing  districts. 
He  told  us  that  they  were  generally 
"hard-up"  for  money.  Many  of  them 
were  carrying  mortgages  that  were  bound 
to  crush  them  with  increasing  interest. 
Corn  and  barley,  after  freights  and  com- 
missions are  out,  average  about  75  cents 
a  hundred,  and  those  who  work  hard 
and  sell  such  crops  are  not  in  any  sense 
prosperous.  We  inquired  if  there  were 
no  farmers  who  keep  stock  and  feed 
their  crops  instead  of  selling  at  such 
rates.  He  replied  that  there  are  a  few 
who  keep  hogs  and  other  stock,  make 
pork,  and  that,  irithoul  ezceplion,  they 
were  doing  well  and  several  had  already 
got  rich  in  the  business.  Ho  said  that 
the  corn  regions  could  supply  California 
with  pork  if  the  land  was  properly  culti- 
vated and  the  crops  used  in  this  way. 
Alfalfa,  barley  and  com  upon  such  soil 
will  raise  and  feed  an  immense  number 
of  swine  to  the  hundred  acres. 

Now  why  is  it  that  so  many  farmers 
are  too  stupid  to  study  their  own  inter- 
ests and  are  contented  to  slave  away  at 
the  hardest  kind  of  work  year 
after    year    without    making 
anything   but   a  poor  living, 
and  often  less  than  that, when 
by  adopting  the  right  system, 
and   intelligently  working  to 
make  the  best  of  their  oppor- 
^^i  tunities,  they  could   soon   be 
independent   and  have  every- 
thing they  want.     Our  all- 
.  HKAT  farmers  belong  to  this 
-^ame    stupid    class.        They 
^••eni      willing    slaves    to     a 
thoughtless     drudgery     that 
i.cpps  them  poor.     Few  such 
iiou  tjike  or  read  agricultural 
jiapers.       They    "know   too 
much    about  farming  now," 
to  take  their  own  word  for  it. 
The  fact  is,  they  don't  under- 
stand the  first  principles  of 
farming,    not   one    in  fifty  of 
them,  if  they  did,  they  would 
to  practice    something  better 
than  the  one-crop  system.      They  would 
go  to  farming. 


trees  will  be  cultivated  on  this  Coast  ex 
teusively.  As  the  various  kinds  of  trees 
now  cultivated  become  of  size  for  use, 
he  designs  giving  them  a  trial. 

The  sales  department  of  this  establish-  ' 
ment  is  conducted  by  Mr.  A.  G.  Bennett,  i 
brother    of    the   manager,  who  has  had 
many  years'  experience  in    the  furniture 
business  in  New   York  and  the   Eastern 
States. 


What  constitutes  a  State? 
Not  bigh-raised  battlements  or  labor'd  mound. 

Thick  wall  or  moated  gate: 
Not    cities    proud,    with    spires    and    turrets 
crowned ; 

Not  bay.i  and  broad-armed  ports. 
Where,  laughing  at  the  storm,  rich  na^nesride; 

Nut  starr'd  and  spangled  courts, 
Where    low.browen    baseness  waf's  perfume  to 

pride. 
No:  Men!  high-minded  Men! 
Men  who  their  duties  know; 
But  know  their,  higbts,  and,  knowing,  dasb 

ilAISTAISl 

—  [Selected. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


m^^^-^^^ 


s^-.^.S 


w^ 


give  ghcki/aimfiill 
$1.50   Per  Ai^i-(urri. 

PtniLISHED   MONTHLY  BY  THE 

CAL.     AGRICULTUEISr      PUB.      00. 

S.  HAEEIS  HEEEING,  Editor. 


OFFICE:— Over  the  S.tii  ,Tose  Sa^-iiigs 
Bank,  Bnlbacli's  Biiil(1iii<r,  Saiila 
Clara  Street,  near  First,  San  Jose, 


RATES    OF    ADVERTISING: 


Per  one  Column 512  oo  Per  Mniitli 

"    half  Column Coo    '*        •' 

*'    fourth  Column 3  UO    "        " 

"    eighth  Column 2  00    "        " 

"    Bixteenth  Column 100    "        " 


B£7"  "We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  our  resolu- 
tion to  admit  none  but  worthy  business  advertis- 
ing  in  our  columns,  and  to  keep  elear  of  patimt 
medicine,  liquor,  and  other  advertisements  of 
doubtful  influence. 

The  large  circulation,  the  desirable  class  of 
readers,  and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rend- 
ers this  Jouma[  a  choice  medium  for  reaching 
the  attention  of  the  masses. 


Notice  to  Eastern  Advertisers  and 
Advertising  Agencies. 

itT"  Hereafter  no  proposition  for  advertising 
in  this  journal  will  be  entertained  without  pay 
in  advance,  Our  published  rates  are  the  stand- 
ard for  all. I 

EDITORIAL     NOTES. 


The  Santa  Clara  Valley  Agricul- 

tiir.-il  .Society  will  open  its  annunl  fair  the 
first  Jlonday  in  October,  to  continue  during 
the  weeli— fi'om  the  2d  to  tlie  Ttli  inclusive. 


Our    Domestic   Department  is  uot 

lillej  tlii,s  month.  Evidently  our  prfictical 
liouaekeeping  coiiespondents  are  loo  much 
wilted  by  the  hot  term  anil  hnri-y  of  harvest, 
in  the  kitchen,  to  talk  or  write  much  about  it. 
Wc  shall  expect  them  to  make  up  next  time. 


Contesting  License.— The  merchants 

of  San  JoBc  have  commenced  to  agitate  the 
fiuc^ition  of  contesting  the  constitutionality  of 
the  merchandise  license  ta.v.  Why  do  not 
the  fruit  and  vegetable  producers  .about  San 
Jose  test  the  ordinance  that  prohibits  farmers 
from  peddling  their  own  products  without 
first  taking  out  a  license  ?  Has  not  a  man  in 
this  free  country  a  right  to  dispose  of  Iiis  pi-o- 
ductions  wherevei-  he  pleases,  so  long  as  he 
does  not  trespass  upon  private  property  ?  In 
our  opinion,  the  license  upon  retailing  farm 
products  is  not  only  an  outrage  npon  Amen- 
can  freemen,  but  upon  the  conalitulion  of  the 
United  States.  One  that  should  not  be  toler 
ateii  by  sensible  men,  i:or  enduied  by  produc- 
ci-fl.  If  the  city  needs  reveinie  let  them  raise 
it  ni  n  decent  manner,  by  direct  ta.\  upon  per- 
sons and  property.  The  retail  shop  deiilci's 
claim  that  such  a  tax  is  "necessary  for  their 
protection."  They  ought  not  to  be  protected 
I  m  such  e.Ntortion  as  they  constantly  priiclice, 
I  and  ifthcy  cannot  make  a  living  on  an  o,,uai 
I  h.otuig  at  their  business,  let  thein  go  at  some- 
f  tiling  el.se.  Tbis  is,  or  ought  to  be,  a  free 
'     counlrv. 


Every  season  we  find  it  necessary  to 
complain  attout  the  w'asteful  practice  of  burn- 
ing straw  or  allowing  it  to' rot  after  the 
thresher  in  the  field.  No  farmer  has  a  right 
to  thus  destroy  a  valuable  production.  What 
would  you  think  of  a  man  that  would  burn 
his  b.ay  ?  Yet  straw  is  at  least  one-third  as 
v.alualile  for  stock  feed.  There  would  be  none 
too  much  straw  for  tlie  stock  this  State  should 
keep,  if  it  was  all  saved.  If  there  is,  why  do 
so  many  thousand  head  go  hungry,  and  even 
starve,  every  winter? 

Live  stock  breeding',  anJ  the  rais- 
ing and  fattening  of  stock  for  market,  is  iilto- 
gether  the  most  profitable  branch  of  farming. 
No  farm  will  run  down  under  a  proper  sys- 
tem of  stock  raising  in  connection  with  crop- 
ping. The  fanner  who  raises  good  stock, 
utilizes  the  heavy  products  in  feeding  and 
fattening,  and  markets  at  the  proper  age  and 
condition,  is  on  the  up  grade  of  prosperity, 
unless  there  is  something  radically  wrong  in 
some  otlicr  management  to  overbalance  the 
good.  The  perfect  fai-m  is  well  stocked, 
yields  large  annual  crops,  and  grows  richer 
instead  of  poorer  every  year. 

Making   and  Saving.— it  is  easier 

for  many  jiersons  to  make  money,  or  in  other 
words  to  accumulate  property,  tlian  to  keep 
it.  Saving  does  not  always  mean  hoarding. 
The  farmer  s,aves  his  earnings  who  properly 
invests  them  in  farm  improvements — improve- 
ments of  real  utility  as  well  as  real  comfort. 
To  make  every  day's  work  and  every  calcu- 
lation about  work  tell,  is  the  main  object,  so 
far  as  getting  is  concerned.  To  properly  use 
the  means  acquired  so  as  to  receive,  in  mate- 
rial and  progressive  benefits,  the  utmostu.se, 
and  aid  in  further  efforts  to  acquire,  is,  in  our 
opinion,  the  true  way  of  saving.  Never  spend 
a  dollar  foolishly,  nor   to  gratify  a  bad  habit 

Annual  Loss,  $15,000,000  !    This 

may  look  like  a  small  sum  to  lose  every  year 
by  the  wear  and  tear  of  silver  coin  in  hand- 
ling, but  it  is  probably  a  correct  estimate, 
predicated  upon  tbe  actual  loss  in  weight. 
The  loss  in  gold  is  proportionally  as  large,  or 
larger.  The  wear,  or  loss  on  jiaper  is  nothing 
at  all  compared  with  these  figures.  Values 
are  just  as  .surely  .and  reliably  represented  by 
pledges  founded  upon  the  honor  of  the  Nation 
aud  wealth  of  the  people,  as  by  gold,  silver, 
copper,  iron,  tin,  or  any  other  metal.  Tbe 
first  cost  of  paper  is  but  trilling,  and  it  will 
do  equ.al  service  with  greater  convenience 
and  much  less  loss. 


Machinery  and  brains   are  ruling 

the  world  of  industry  to-day.  IVlere  brute 
force  is  at  a  discount.  It  needs  a  guiding 
power,  a  controling  and  .directing  energy  to 
become  valuable.  Labor  is  ennobled  only  by 
brains.  The  laboring  man  who  works  for 
himself,  and  thinks,  plans,  calculates  and 
aims  at  excellence  in  all  he  does,  can  succeed 
as  well  to-day,  single-handed  as  ever  before 
only  when  his  efforts  are  made  in  the  I'Iglit 
direction.  A  laborer  needs  soine'liing  more 
than  a  sickle  to  compete  with  a  harvesting 
machine— something  dilferent  from  a  mattock 
to  compete  with  a  plow.  But  there  are  chan- 
nels of  industry  open  to  all.  While  the  larg- 
er machine  narrows  the  use  of  the  smaller,  it 
does  not  close  any  iivenue  of  industry.  As 
the  world  advances  new  avenues  are  opened. 
Surely  if  .man  stands  supreme,  m.\n  must  lose 
no  value  or  prestige  as  man,  but  rather  be- 
the  gainer,  and  count  all  the  more  in  the  .scale 
of  worth.  Let  inlelligent  co-operation  super- 
sede monopoly,  and  manual  labor  will  seek 
its  true  level  at  the  top  of  society. 


Ask  Questions.— If  you  ilo  not  find 

the  euljjict  tn  aled  upon  in  your  paper  that 
you  are  interested  in  or  would  like  to  gain  in- 
formation upon,  ask  questions.  I'he  Editor 
is  never  moie  pleased  than  to  answer  in- 
quiries, or  submit  them  to  others.  It  niaktjs 
a  journal  interesting  to  all,  to  each  month 
show  an  array  of  questions  and  answers,  such 
as  are  generally  or  specially  interesting  to 
many  readers.  Ask  questions  upon  whatever 
pertains  to  your  calling,  and  sec  whether  the 
AGRicobTURisT  is  priictical  enough  to  give, 
or  elicit,  an  intelligent  answer. 


The  Indian  question  is  again  agitat- 
ing the  public,  as  tin-liriive  Custer's  fate  is 
talked  about.  There  arc  two  sides  to  the 
question.  Undoubtedly  the  trouble  mainly 
arises  from  the  white  man's  breaking  faith 
with  them.  But  there  are  two  kinds  of  Indi- 
ans, viz.:  the  tribes  inclined  to  peace  and  the 
thieving,  murderous  tribes.  The,  former  are 
seldom  troublesome.  Theysoou  take  up  with 
civilized  ways  and  tbe  simple  arts  of  peace. 
The  latter  are  never  at  rest  in  jioace,  aud  in 
war  are  remorseless  in  the  e.xlrenie.  Their 
only  virtues  are  treachery  and  destructive- 
iiess.  The  warring  tribes  have  from  time  im- 
memorial been  the  terror  of  the  peacable 
tribes,  and  can  never  be  tamed  into  decent 
persons.  Their  natuie,  like  the  rattlesnake's, 
is  to  kill.  They  want  to  be  prowling,  steal- 
ing and  committing  depredatims  continually, 
either  upon  good  tribes  of  Indians  or  upon 
white  men.  Two  years'  experience  in  the 
Apache  and  Navajo  coumries,  where  the 
peacealile  Pinios,  Papagos,  Zunis  and  I'uab- 
los  dwell,  and  w^iere  tbe  devilish  Apacbe, 
Navajo  and  Comanche  tribes  were  continual- 
ly at  war  with  them,  anil  with  us,  plainly 
showed  to  us  the  distinction  between  good 
.and  bad  tribes  of  Indians.  While  we  believe 
in  treating  all  Indians  as  well  as  po.ssible,  and 
advocate  allowing  the  good  tribes  lands  and 
even  citizenship,  we  believe  tbe  mean,  mui- 
derons  tribes  are  entitled  to  no  confidence, 
and  the  sooner  they  are  exterminated  the 
better  for  the  rest  of  mankind. 


It  'will  pay  to  read  the  new  advertise- 
ments on  the  second  page  of  cover. 


Ho'w  much  better  than  a  thief  is  a 
man  who  takes  advantage  of  conlidence  to 
defraud  anether  ?  Is  he  not  even  meaner 
than  a  thief?  The  thief  a.sks  no  confidence, 
but  takes  from  you.  moat  likely,  behind  your 
back.  You  may  be  materially  injured  by  the 
thief,  but  not  morally  outraged,  as  by  tbe  con- 
fidence man.  Now,  we  wish  to  make  direct 
application  to  such  persons  as  take  a  paper 
year  after  year  with  the  intention  of  uot  pay- 
ing for  the  same,  aud  who  finally  discontinue 
without  paying  for  what  they  receive.  We 
can  afford  to  say  that  we  think  sucii  persons 
meaner  thau  sneak-thieves.  We  have  been 
defrauded  in  tbis  way  by  many  persons,  too. 
Now,  if  there  are  any  more  such  persons  on 
our  list,  they  may  make  personal  application 
of  this,  get  mad, and  stop  at  once — take  these 
remarks  as  an  excuse  for  stopping  tliiur  paper 
wilhout  paying  before  it  runs  any  longer.  It 
costs  money  to  run  this  journal,  and  we  can- 
not aflord  to  be  imposed  ujion.  Wc  are  pei-- 
fectly  willing  to  send  the  Agkiculturist 
without  pay  in  advance  where  the  subscriber 
is  accomodated  by  our  so  doing.  It  may  not 
always  be  convenient  to  pay  fiu'a  paper  when 
the  year  is  up.  We  arc  willing  to  trust.  Wc 
are  niso  willing  to  send  the  paper  free  for  a 
time,  on  trial,  and  like  to  do  so,  so  as  to  intro- 
duce it  to  new  renders.  What  wo  complain 
of  is,  the  deliberate  meanness  of  the  conli- 
dence class,  who  are  too  contemptibly  mean 
to  pay  what  they  owe  on  a  paper  that  they 
have  for  a  long  time  received. 


There  is  a  prospect  that  Congress 
will  soon  do  sometliing,  one  way  or  the  other, 
with  the  Chinese  question.  A  committee  has 
been  appointed  to  visit  this  Coast  to  inquire 
into  the  matter  .and  report.  We  hope  tbe  im- 
migration of  Chinese  to  this  country  will  be 
eifectually  checked. 


The  Wheat  Question.— As  we  go  to 

))re.ss  the  Grangers,  some  one  hundred  and 
twenty  representatives,  are  in  session  in  San 
Francisco  for  the  purposes  of  discussing  the 
wheat  problem,  and  to  protect  their  own  in- 
tei-ests.  With  what  result  we  do  not  yet 
kuow.  There  seems  a  general  disposition 
among  the  farmers  of  this  State  to  bold  on  a 
while  for  better  prices.  The  fruit-growers 
are  also  in  session. 


Comparative  Value  of  Peas.— The 

following  rejiort  frt'iu  Mr.  H.  Curtner,  of 
Harrisburg,  Alameda  county,  who  cultivates 
over  a  hundred  acres  of  peas  for  market  each 
season,  will  be  of  interest  to  some  readers: 

Ei5.  AGRicuLTnRiST:  Agreeable  to  prom- 
ise, I  now  report  to  you  the  result  of  trial  of 
a  lot  of  peas  obtained  through  you  from  the 
Agricultural  Department,  Wasliington,  D.  C. 
The  Dwarf  Bi'ancbing  variety  is  very  late 
and  useless  as  a  market  pea  in  this  climate. 
■The  Dwarf  Blue  Imperial  grew  well,  but  is 
too  Inte,  and  not  so  sweet  as  the  Champion  of 
England,  which  we  have  found,  from  some 
years'  experience,  te  be  our  best  pea.  The 
Caxton  Alpiia  is  very  early,  but  the  plant  is 
weak.  It  is  a  shv  bearer,  and  consequently 
unprofitable.  '  II.  Curtner. 


Kindness  to  animals  is  a  sentiment 
that  IS  grounded  deeply  in  the  consciencious 
nature  of  mau.  Education  may  develop  this 
sentiment,  and  abuse  may  render  it  obtuse, 
but  the  really  good  person  feels  a  spontane- 
ous affection  and  regard  for  the  animals  that 
are  placed  within  his  power,  especially  for 
such  as  ai-e  subdued  by  kindness  to  man's 
servitude.  The  article  which  appeared  in 
our  June  number,  "Brute  Animals  Compared 
with  Man,"  by  our  friend  Dr.  Chittenden, 
has  been  rea'd  with  profit  by  many.  In  this 
issue,  "Our  Poor  Relations,"  byfriend  Ingra- 
ham,  will  be  found  very  ■  eep  in  thought  and 
instruction.  Aside  from  the  nobility  of  char- 
acter shown  by  kindness  to  animals,  and  the 
conscious  enjoyment  to  both  man  and  beast, 
W'ho  are  inutually  benefitted  by  every  kind 
act,  there  is  profit — pecuniary  profit — in  be- 
ing kind  aitd  considerate  of  the  wants  and 
needs  of  such  stock  as  are  useful  to  labor  and 
as  have  a  marketable  value. 


In  order  to  supply  tlie  increasing 
demand,  owing  to  our  enlarged  list  of  names, 
wo  are  now  publishing  :i,500  co]iies  of  the 
California  Agricui.ti.'rist.  This  is  000 
more  than  we  starteil  the  present  volnnie 
with.  We  expect,  and  intend,  to  increase  it 
.'JOO  more  before  J:iniiary,  1877.  It  circulates 
ill  every  county  in  this  State,  and  in  all  ngri- 
cullural  districts  in  Sevada,  as  well  us  gen- 
erally over  the  Coast.  Tbe  paper  has  uot 
less  than  10,000  readers,  as  the  copies  are  sel- 
dom destroyed,  and  are  very  generally  sent 
abroad  to  friends,  after  families  taking  are 
through  reading  them  Not  only  is  tbe  typo- 
grapliical  appearance  of  the  AdRIcui.ruRiST 
elegant,  but  its  contents  is  largely  original. 
It  contains  no  objedional  iulvertising  or  puf- 
fing, and  it  aims  to  truly  represent  the  honest 
features  of  its  locality,  of  its  State,  and  of  the 
Pacific  Coast.  The  AORicuLTrRisT  is  every 
where  respected,  and  for  apiireciation  we 
leave  it  upon  its  own  merits  alone. 


1^^.     IK?°^- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


The  Little  Black-Syed  Rebel. 

BY  WILL  CARLETON. 

BOY  drove  into  the  city,  liis  wagon  loaded 
ST*)  down 

Ijr   With  food  to  feed  the  people  of  the  Brit- 

iL  itih-yoverned  town; 

U(;f  And  the  little  black-eyed  rebel,60  cunning 
^^-  and  so  ely. 

Was  watcJiing   for  his  coming  from  the 
corner  of  her  eye. 

lliB    face    looked    broad  and  honest,  his  hands 

wiTe  brown  and  tough, 
The  clothes  ho  wore  upon  him  were  homeBi>un, 

coarse  and  rouglx; 
Kut  one  thcru  was  who  watched  him,  who  long 

tiuu!  liugereii  nigh. 
And  cast  at  him  sweet  glances  from  the  corner  of 

her  eye. 

He  drove  up    to  the    market,  he   waited  in  the 

line — 
His  apples  and  potatoes  were  fresh  and  fair  and 

rtne; 
But  long  and  long  he  waited,  and  no  one  came 

to  buy, 
Save  the  little  black-eyed  rebel,  watching  from 

the  corner  of  her  eye. 

•Now  who  will  buy  my  apples?"  he  shouted, 

long  and  loud; 
And  "Who  wants  my  potatoes?"  ho  rei^eated  to 

the  crowd; 
But  from  all  the  people  round  him  came  no  word 

of  a  reply, 
Save  the  blaek-eyed  rebel,  answering  from   the 

corner  of  her  eye. 

For  she  knew  that  neath  the  lining  of  the  euat 
he  wore  that  day 

Were  long  letters  from  the  hxisbaud  and  the  fath- 
ers far  away. 

Who  were  fighting  for  the  freedom  that  they 
meant  to  gain  or  die; 

Aud  a  tear  like  silver  glistened  in  the  corner  of 
her  eye. 

But  the  treasures— how  to  get  them?  crept  the 

question  through  her  mind. 
Since    keen    enemies  were    watching  for  what 

prizes  they  might  tind; 
And  she  paused  a  while  and    pondered,  with  a 

pretty  little  sigh; 
Then  resolve  crept  through  her  features,  aud  a 

shrewdness  fired  her  eye. 

So    she   resolutely  walked  up  to  the  wagon  old 

and  red; 
"May  I  have  a  dozen    apples  for  a  kisR?"  she 

sweetly  said. 
And  then  the  brown  fac6  flushed  to  scarlet,  for 

the  boy  was  somewhat  shy. 
And  he  saw  her  laugniug  at  him  from  the  corner 

of  her  eye. 

"You  niay  have  thera  all  for  nothing,  aud  more, 

if  you  want,"  quoth  ho. 
"I  will  have  them,  my  good  fellow,  but  can  pay 

for  them,"  said  she; 
And  she  clambered  on   the  wagon,  minding  not 

who  all  were  by. 
With  a  laugh  of  reckless  romping  in  the  corner 

of  her  eye. 

Clinging  round  his  brawny  neck,  she  clasped  her 
lingers  white  aud  small, 

And  then  whispered  "Quick,  the  letters!  thrust 
them  underneath  my  shawl. 

Carry  back  again  this  package,  and  be  sure  that 
you  are  spry !" 

And  she  sweetly  smiled  upon  him  from  the  cor- 
ner of  her  eye. 

Ijoud  the    motley    crowd    were  laughing  at  the 

strange,  ungirlish  freak. 
And  the    boy  was    scared    aud   panting,  and  so 

dashed  he  could  not  speak; 
And,  "Miss,   I  have   good  apples,"  a  bolder  lad 

did  cry; 
But  she  answered,  "No,  I  thank  you,"  from  the 

corner  of  her  eye. 

With  the  news  of  loved  ones  absent  to  the  dear 
friends  they  would  greet. 

Searching  them  \\  lio  huugered  for  them,  swift 
she  glided  through  the  street. 

"There  is  nothing  w<trth  the  doing  that  it  does 
not  pay  to  try." 

Thought  the  little  black-eyed  rebel,  with  a  twin- 
kle in  her  eye. 


"^1  Friend  in  Needy'*  etc. — Reliability 
aud  fair  denling  are  virtues  in  business 
which  can  be  appreciated  in  no  case  more 
thau  when  the  services  of  an  undertaker 
:iYv,  needed.  Messrs.  Trueman  &  "Wood- 
row,  of  this  city,  have  earucd  the  repu- 
tiitiuu  for  straight  forwardaud  honorable 
dealing  in  every  detail  that  makes  them 
hosts  of  friends.  They  are  often  charit- 
able, but  never  exhorbitaut. 


Prophecy  of  the  Tuture  Glory 
of  America. 

Tlio  following  prophetice  poem,  by  an  anony- 
mous contriljutor,  was  published  in  some  of  the 
eulonial  journals  prior  to  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence in  ITTfJ: 

To  years  far  distant,  and  to  scenes  more  bright. 
Along  the  vale  of  time  extend  thy  sight, 
Where  the  the  lumrs  and  days  and  years  from 

yon  bright  pole, 
"Wave  following  wave,  in  long  successions  roll; 
There  see  in  pomp,  for  ages  without  end. 
The  glories  of  the  Western  World  ascend! 

See,  this  blest  land  in  her  brightest   morn  ap- 

prars, 
WakM  from  dead  sIumluTS  of  six  thouf^and  years 
While  clouds    of    darkness  vcil'd  each  cheering 

ray. 
To  savage  beasts  and  savage  men  a  prey. 
Fair  Freettom  now  her  ensign  bright  displays. 
And  iK-ace  aud  plenty  bless  the  golden  chiys. 

In  mighty  iinmp  America  shall  riso. 
Her  gloriis  spniuling  to  the  boundless  skies; 
Of  ev'ry  fair,  she  boasts  tli'  assembled  charms, 
The  queen  of  empires  aud  the  uurrie  of  arms. 
See  when;  her  heroes  mark  their  glorious  way, 
Arm'd  for  the  fight  aud  blazing  on  the  day. 

Bloodstains  their  steiis;  aud  o'er  the  conquer- 
ing ijlaiu, 
'Mid    tightmg    thousands,  and  'mid  thousands 

slain. 
Their  eager  sworils  promisnuous  carnage  blend, 
And  ghastly  deaths  their  raging  course  attend. 
Her  mighty  power  thro'  subject  world  shall  see. 
For  laiu'el'd  conquest  waits  her  high  decree. 

See  her  bold  vessels  rushing  to  the  main. 
Catch    the  swift  gales,  and  sweep  the  wat'ry 

])laiu; 
Or  led  bv  commerce,  at  the  merchant's  door, 
Uulade  the  tr(;asureB  of  each  distant  shore; 
t)r  armed  with  thimder,  on  the  guilty  foe 
llush  big  w.th  dcatth  and  aim  tho   imx>endiug 

blow; 
Hid  every  realm  that  bears  tho  trump  of  fame 
Quake  at  the  distant  terror  of  her  namel 


A  Russian  Fable. 


BY  LAXJU.\  SANFORD. 

One  day  a  farmer  in  his  field 

Wits  sowing  oats  for  autumn  yield. 

A  young  horse  watched  him  on  his  way. 
And  gave  at  once  a  scornful  neigh. 

"How  foolish  man  is!"  this  colt  thought; 
"Hero  in  the  very  act  he's  caught 

"Of  throwing  oats  upon  the  ijround; 
Could  auy  rasher  waste  bo  found  ? 

"Give  mc  that  heap,  and  I  would  show 
What  oats  are  good  for— for  I  know. 

"Or  even  give  them  to  tho  crows, 

They  have  more  sense  thau  this  act  shows! 

"Or  hoard  them  carefully  away. 

Man  may  want  oats  some  future  day!'* 

Well,  time  i)nsscd  on.    The  aritumn  grain 
Was  garnered  from  the  field  again. 

The  farmer  gathered  oats  tenfold, 
Aud  gave  tiio  horse  all  he  could  hold. 

Are  wo  not  sometimes  like  this  colt? 
Wo  send  a  criticisiug  bolt 

'Gainst  higher  powers.    We  call  waste 
What  is  but  wisdom,  viewed  in  haste. 

We  mock  the  providence  that  sends 
Its  aim  through  darkness  to  kind  ends. 


The  Rain  Brops. 

A  farmer  had  a  field  of  corn  of  rather  large  ex- 
tent. 

In  tending  which,  with  anxious  wire,  much  anx- 
ious toil  he  spent; 

But  after  working  hard  and  long,  he  saw  with 
grief  aud  pain. 

His  corn  began  to  droop  and  fade  because  it 
wanted  rain. 

So  sad  and    restless  was  his  mind,  at  home  ho 

couls  not  stop. 
But  to  his  fields  repaired  each  day  to  view  Iiis 

withering  crop. 
One  day  ho  looked  up  despairing,  at  the  sky. 
Two  little  rain  dri>pd  in  the  clouds  his  sad  face 

chanced  to  spy. 

"I  feel  so  grieved  and  vexed,"  said«oue,  "to  see 

him  look  so  sad. 
I  wish  I  could  dohimsomegood;lndeedl8hould 

be  so  glad. 
Just  see  the  trouble  he  has  had,  and  if  it  should 

not  rain. 


Why,  all  his  toil,  and  time,  and  care  he  will 
have  spent  iu  vain," 

"What  use  are  you,"  cried  number  two,  "to  wat- 
er so  much  ground? 

Tour  are  nothing  but  a  rain  drop,  and  could  not 
wet  a  mound." 

"What  you  have  said,"  his  friend  replied,  "I 
know  is  very  true. 

But  I'm  resolved  to  do  my  best,  and  more  I  can- 
not do. 

"I'll  try  and  cheer  his  heart  a  bit,  so  now  I'm 
oflT:  here  goes!" 

And  down  the  little  rain  drop  fell  upon  the  far- 
mer's nose. 

"Whatever's  that?"  the  farmer  cried;  "was  it  a 
drop  of  rjiin  ? 

I  do  believe  it's  come  at  last;  I  have  not  watched 
iu  vain!" 

Fow,  when  the  little  rain  crop  saw  his  willing 
friend  depart. 

Said  he,  "I'll  go  as  well  and  try  aud  cheer  the 
farmer's  heart." 

But  many  rain  drops  by  this  time  hod  been  at; 
tracted  out 

To  see  and  hear  what  their  two  friends  were  talk- 
ing so  about. 

"We'll  go  88  well,"  a  number  cried;  "as  our  two 

friends  have  gone, 
We  shall  not  only  cheer   his  heart,  but  water, 

too,  his  corn. 
We're  off.  We're  off!"   they  shout  with  glee,  and 

down  they  felt  so  fast, 
"Oh,  thauk  the  Lord!"   the  farmer  cried;    "the 

rain  has  come  at  last." 


£l  Hundred  ITears. 

DY   F.  J.  WALKER. 

A  hundred  years— it  seeraeth  long 
To  us,  the  children  of  to-day — 

We  tell  the  tale  and  sing  the  song 
Of  olden  time,  so  far  awoy.i 

We  sing  of  those  heroic  ones 

Wlio  spurned  the  shackles  of  a  throne. 
And  grim  behind  the  rolling  guns, 

Proclaimed  that  freedom  was  their  own. 

Speak  out,  ye  cannon,  now  once  more, 
Behold  to-day  tho  whnln  earth  hears 

Thy  voice — speak  louder  than  before 
The  old  truth  of  a  hundred  years. 

The  story  of  that  ancient  bell. 
How  lightly,  joyfully  it  swung; 

Indeed,  it  was  oppression's  knell, 
Aud  birth  of  liberty  it  rung. 

Ring  out*  ye  freedom-bells,  again, 
Your  voice  is  welcome  to  o\ir  ears — 

The  key-note  that  ye  sounded  then 
Has  echoed  through  a  thousand  years. 

Their  battles-flags  are  folded  now. 

The  sword  is  rusting  on  the  wall, 
The  clod  is  on  tiie  soldier's  brow. 

But  this  is  not  the  end  of  all; 

For  yonder  flag  with  crimson  bars  — 
How  glorious  its  joy  ajiin-ars — 

Flaunts  forth  the  triumph  of  your  stars. 
Tho  freedom  of  a  hundred  years. 

The  freedom  of  a  hundred  years 
Tliey  gave — oh,  iiatriots  sublime. 

The  harvest  of  your  toil  and  tears 
Shall  ripeu  to  the  end  of  time. 


Our  Country  Lives. 

DY   SOLOS'    ROBINSON. 

A  hundred  years!  a  century  dead? 
A  hiuidred  years  with  banners  spread. 
Our  country  lived,  lives! 
And  gains  by  what  it  gives; 
Grows  youngthough  growing  old; 

Grows  strong  on  what  it  grows; 
Though  stalwart  now,  still  Rrowing  tall. 

From  its  vast  wealth  which  overflows. 
From  golden    mines  tho  farmer  finds  in  every 
soil. 

A  hundred  years,  while  growing  old; 
A  hundred  states,  may  they  unfold; 
And  bnnners  wave,  wave 
O'er  States  which  Freedom  gave 
To  form  a  Union  strong; 

And  stronger  grown  by  years. 
Until  Centennial  days  shall  be 

Millennial  too,  in  spite  of  fears. 
That  through  some  fates,  in  several  States,  we 
yet  might  bo. 

A  hundred  years  our  flag  has  waved; 
"Our  Country."  now  on  banners  graved, 
Oiu-  County  still,  still 
As  one  in  one  good  will, 
Still  every  part  as  one 

Joins  hearls.  and  hands,  aud  lives; 
Lives  now  as  through  past  years, 

And  every  wrong  of  each  forgives, 
Through  love  of  old  and  not  through  fears; 

And  that   is  why  we  cannot   die— OiU" 
Country  lives! 


^itji  ^ardcttiiig. 


Flowers. 

The  beautiful  flowers,  the  beautiful  flowers. 
They've  a  mission  pure  in  this  world  of  ours: 
They  minister  gently  of  hope  and  love, 
They  teach  our  spirits  to  look  above. 
And  we  gaze  on  them  till  our  thoughts  arise 
To  the  glorious  bowers  of  paradise. 

Our  garden  is  only  a  wee  bit  spot. 

In  front  of  our  humble  snow-white  cot. 

And  tho  haughty  ll-irist  might  pass  it  by 

Ab  imwortliy  a  glanc-e  from  his  practiced  eye; 

But  dearer  to  me  than  regiil  bowers 

To  u  monarch's  heart,  are  our  simple  flowcre. 

We  have  gorgeous  tulips  of  gold  and  jot. 

And  gaudy  searlet,  in  borders  set. 

We  hiive  guy  (.'aruations  of  brilliant  hue. 

And  the  bf-autiful  moss  rose  gemmed  with  dew. 

And  we  look  on  them  with  admiring  pride — 

But  our  love  is  for  those  on  the  other  side. 

There  the  delieate  snow  drop  lifts  its  head. 

And  the  violet  peeps  from  its  lowly  l>ed: 

Aud  the  breath  of  tho  lily,  the  pride  of  the  vale. 

Is  floating  sweet  on  the  balmy  gale; 

While  around  our  duor  the  green  ivy  clioge, 

Aud  the  fragrant  clematis  its  odor  flings. 

Dearly  I  love  the  sweet  fragrant  flowers. 
They've  cheered  and  gladdened  my  lonely  hours, 
.\nd  many  a  lesson  ttiey  bear  to  me 
Of  holiness,  meekness  and  purity. 
Oh.  dreary  and  sa<l  were  this  world  of  ourft 
If  God  had  withheld  the  bright,  beautiful  flow- 
ers* 


TRIMMING     PLANTS      WHILE 

GROWING. 

r^  

(^'17' VERY  one  admires  a  beautiful  form 

l3  in  a  plant,  an  evenness  of  growth 
I'l  of  tho  various  branches  to  give  a 
(ytl  fine  balance  to  it.  There  are  some 
Jp^  plants  whose  habits  are  naturally 
straggly  and  uncouth.  While  they  are 
growing  a  little  nipping  back  of  the  lead- 
ing branches  with  the  fingers,  or  with  a 
pair  of  shears,  will  hold  them  in  check 
while  other  branches  will  be  encouraged 
to  grow  to  the  same  size.  We  will  cite, 
for  instance,  the  Lemon  Verbena.  This 
seldom  mades  a  sightly  shrub  when  left 
to  itself,  although  it  is  a  favorite  owing 
to  its  sweet  scent  and  delicate  green.  By 
pruning  back  the  leading  branches,  it 
will  soon  grow  into  a  well-rounded  and 
closely  formed  shrub.  If  yon  wish  it  to 
grow  tree-shaped,  encourage  it  to  grow 
tall  by  nipping  back  the  ends  of  side 
limbs  till  it  has  acquired  the  right  hight; 
then,  to  prevent  it  growing  one-sided 
and  to  make  it  well-formed,  nip  back  all 
shoots  which  are  out  of  balance.  This 
same  system  can  be  applied  to  roses  ger- 
imiums.  and  in  fact  to  any  plants  that 
are  desired  to  grow  into  better  shape.  It 
is  not  at  all  necessary  to  cut  branches  off 
close  to  the  stalk,  iu  fact  it  is  better  not 
to  do  so.  But  a  little  nipping  back  of 
the  ends  of  growing  shoots  is  all  that  is 
required. 

MADEIRA  VINES  IN-DOORS. 

A  San  Jose  lady  is  cultivating  the  Ma- 
deira vine  in-doors.  She  has  some  grow- 
ing in  pots  upon  the  parlor  mantle.  The 
vines  are  wreathed  over  and  about  the 
frames  of  pictures  upon  the  white  walls, 
and  are  as  delicately  beautiful  as  any- 
thing we  ever  saw.  Out  of  doors,  the 
Sl.idelra  vine  grows  vigorously  and  pro- 
duces a  heavy,  dense  foliage.  In-doors, 
the  vines  are  slender,  the  leaves  fine  in 
texture  and  tender  green,  aud  really  our 
ideal  of  perfection.  We  had  to  ask  what 
it  was,  so  different  different  did  it  look 
from  the  Madeira  vine  which  twined 
over  the  trellises  of  the  piazza  in  front  of 
the  cottage.  We  are  sure  that  any  lady 
who  will  try  it,  will  be  thankful  for  the 
information.  You  can  procure  the  tub- 
ers that  cluster  about  the  base  of  Madei- 
vines  as   they  grow  out  of  doors,   aud 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


plant  Ibcm  in  ]iots  containing  sand,  en- 
riched with  a  little  fine  stable  manure, 
well  mixed  together.  Keep  the  soil  well 
moistened  in  a  warm  place  until  the 
vines  start,  the  put  wherever  you  wish 
the  vines  to  climb,  and  with  jjroper  care 
the  growth  will  soon  delight  and  aston- 
ish you.  The  English  ivy  is  often  seen 
growing  in  bottles  of  water  hung  up  be- 
hind picture  frames.  It  is  very  pretty. 
The  Wandering  Jew  is  also  grown  in  the 
same  manner.  But  while  these  latter 
plants  are  fine  ornaments,  the  Madeira 
vine  is,  for  delicacy  and  beauty,  as  far 
ahead  of  them  as  you   can  well  imagine. 


We  are  assured  that  many  of  our 
lady  readers  are  much  jjleased  with  tlie 
"City  Gardening"  department.  We 
thiulc  they  would  be  much  better  pleased 
if  each  reader  would  contribute  some  lit- 
tle fact  gleaned  from  her  own  exijerience 
in  cultivating  plants,  and  also  ask  for  in- 
formation about  any  particular  plant  or 
manner  of  cultivating  that  she  would 
like  to  know  more  about.  We  want  each 
one  to  feel  enough  interest  to  contribute 
to  this  department. 


Feen  Culturk  in  the  Parlok. — The 
following,  from  the  Coimtry  Gentleman,  is 
splendid  advice  to  follow: 

Ferns  are  plants  the  culture  of  which 
is  very  interesting,  either  in  the  green- 
house or  the  parlor.  Nothing  adorns  a 
sitting-room  more  than  a  case  of  ferns  in 
luxuriant  health.  A  case  for  this  pur- 
pose may  be  made  of  any  size,  and  id- 
most  any  shape.  In  their  construction, 
however,  several  particular  points  have 
to  be  borne  in  'fmind,  for  thej  benefit  of 
the  plants  which  are  to  grow  in  them, 
the  first  of  which  is  a  means  of  obtain- 
ing' a  tharough  draina(je.  More  failures 
occur  in  the  cultivation  of  plants  in 
Wardian  cases,  from  imperfect  drainage, 
than  from  any  other  cause,  nothing  be- 
ing more  injurious  to  the  plants  than 
sour,  stagnant  soil;  and  however  jiorous 
the  soil  itself  may  be,  without  perfect 
drainage  it  cannot  be  long  in  a  condition 
suitable  for  supplying  a  healthy  food  for 
plants;  the  water  retained  in  the  soil  hav- 
ing no  means  of  escape,  sours  it.  To 
secure  good  drainage,  also  dryness  and 
tidiness  in  that  part  of  the  room  where 
the  case  stands,  two  bottoms  are  neces- 
sary ;  one,  the  true  bottom,  which  should 
be  thoroughly  perforated  to  allow  the 
free  escape  of  the  water;  below  this  one, 
another  should  be  placed  to  receive  the 
water  as  it  passes  from  the  soil,  and 
therefore  requires  to  be  water-tight,  and 
so  adjusted  that  it  can  be  emptied  and 
cleaned  without  disturbing  any  other 
part  of  the  case.  On  the  upper  bottom 
place  a  good  thick  layer  of  pot-shreds 
and  charcoal  for  drainage.  Upon  this 
put  a  small  mound  of  suitable  soil  for 
ferns — peat,  loam  and  a  good  mixture  of 
sand — secure  in  this  mound  small  stones 
and  shells,  so  as  to  imitate  a  small  rock 
work,  allowing  sufficient  cavities  for 
planting  ferns  and  mosses. 

Proper  means  of  ventilation  is  also 
necessary,  which  is  best  acquired  by 
having  part  of  the  roof  movable.  When 
so  constructed  that  the  movable  part  can 
slide  over  the  fixed  part,  it  gives  the  least 
trouble,  and  is  the  most  convenient  when 
cleaning,  watering  or  planting  the  ferns. 
Top  ventilation  is  better  for  the  welfare 
of  the  ]ilants  than  when  side  ventilation 
is  adopted,  as  then  there  can  be  no  ill 
effects  arising  from  cold  draughts  pass- 
ing thnmgh  thcni. 

When  planting  the  ferns,  put  some 
erect  growing  kinds  at  the  top,  and  the 
more  dwarf  and  bushy  ones  on  the  sides 
of  the  mound,  using  moss  for  carpeting 
the  whole.  Upon  removing  the  plants 
from  the  pots,  do  not  break  up  the  balls 


any  before  planting;  the  roots  will  soon 
make  a  start  in  the  fresh  soil,  which 
should  be  pressed  rather  firmly  around 
the  roots.  After  the  plants  are  in,  give 
a  good  watering,  and  shut  close  for  a  few 
days. 

In  selecting  plants  for  such  purposes, 
dwarf-grown  jilants,  in  small  pots,  are 
the  best. 

Pretty  Arrangement  of  Plants  in 
Pots. — Among  the  prettiest  things  we 
ever  seen  in  the  London  flower  market, 
says  the  Garden,  are  small  pots  contain- 
ing growing  plants  of  forced  Lilies  of  the 
Valley,  and  a  few  fine  crimson  Tulips, 
growing  out  of  a  healthy  little  tuft  of  the 
common  Maiden-hair  ferns. 

The  same  journal,  of  January  1st,  said 
among  the  most  beautiful  of  all  pot 
plants  now  brought  to  Covent  Garden 
market  is  the  lovely  little  Siberian  Squill 
with  drooping  flowers  of  the  clearest  and 
most  vivid  blue  color  imaginable.  Noth- 
ing could  be  psettier  than  pots  of  Lilies 
of  the  \'alley  and  tender  young  ferns, 
neatly  but  not  too  regularly  margined 
with  this  beautiful  little  Alpiue  bulb. 

Ozone  Generated  by  Plants  and 
Flowers. — One  of  the  most  important 
of  the  late  discoveries  in  chemistry  is 
that  ozone  is  generated  in  immense  quan- 
tities by  all  plants  and  flowers  possess- 
ing green  leaves  and  aromatic  odors  as, 
for  instance.  Hyacinths,  Hehotroj^e, 
Mint,  Lavender  and  the  like.  So  pow- 
erful is  this  great  atmo.spheric  purifier, 
says  the  Hanilary  Itemrd,  that  it  is  the 
belief  of  chemists  that  whole  districts 
can  be  redeemed  from  the  deadly  malaria 
which  infects  them,  liy  simply  covering 
them  with  aromatic  vegetation.  Every 
little  flower  pot,  therefore,  is  merely  a 
thing  of  beauty  while  it  lasts,  but  a  direct 
and  beneficial  influence  upon  the  health 
of  the  neighborhood  in  which  it  is  found. 

Beautiful  Floral  Ornament. — Take 
a  soup-plate  or  a  pickle-dish,  and  fill  it 
with  sand.  Moisten  the  sand  with  water 
and  heap  it  to  a  cone,  and  then  thrust 
into  the  wet  sand  flowers  and  foliage 
enough  to  cover  the  whole  surface,  and 
you  will  have,  if  you  arrauge  it  well,  the 
most  beautiful  floral  ornament  that  can 
be  imagined.  This  is  an  excellent  way 
for  arranging  short-stemed  flowers,  or 
those  the  jjetals  of  which  are  too  soft  to 
be  tied  without  injury  among  stiff'er  ones. 
Or  place  in  the  centre  of  your  soup-plate 
a  tea-cup,  a  child's  mug,  or  a  wine-glass, 
in  which  insert  a  small  bouquet,  and 
then  proceed  as  above.  This  will  make 
a  better  cone  than  the  first  method. 

Cheap  and  beautiful  hanging  baskets 
are  made  of  round  sticks,  about  one  inch 
in  diameter,  eight  inches  in  length  at 
the  bottom,  increasing  to  fourteen  at  the 
top.  In  constructing,  begin  at  the  bot- 
tom and  build  up,  log-cabin  fashitm; 
chink  the  openings  with  green  moss,  and 
line  the  whole  basket  with  the  same. 
They  are  easily  kept  moist,  and  the 
plants  droop  and  twine  over  them  very 
gracefully. — Gardener's  MonilUy. 


Cheap  Land,  or  Dear  Victuals  ?— 

On  the  Overland  train  which  arrived  in 
San  Francisco  at  six  o'clock  July  2C>, 
there  was  rn  old  man  from  the  "  Sucker 
State"  on  whose  brows  rested  the  snows 
of  eighty  winters,  come  to  thaw  them  in 
our  sunny  clime  and  bathe  his  wrinkled 
visage  in  the  gentle  zephers  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. He  seemed  gi-eatly  disgusl<d  with 
the  countiy  between  here  and  Omaha  and 
said  that  it  anyone  would  give  him  a  pa- 
tent title  for  all  the  land  he  had  seen  on 
this  side  the  Missouri  Eiver,  in  exchange 
for  a  meal  of  victuals, he  would  ask  12% 
cents  to  boot! 


A     DAIRY    HOUSE     FOR    HOT 
WEATHER. 

Mr.  Editor:  As  you  are  "suppose  to 
know  everything"  in  regard  to  farming, 
can  you  inform  me  how  to  build  a  cheap 
dairy  house — one  that  will  keep  milk  and 
butter  cool  in  such  weather  as  we  have 
had  for  two  weeks  jjast? 

Yours,  W.  A.  T. 

The  above  was  received  too  late  for 
our  July  number. 

We  can  tell  you  how  to  make  a  good 
dairy  so  as  to  keep  cool  in  hot  weather, 
in  fact,  of  even  temperature  during  the 
year.  This  is  a  building  entirely  above 
gi'ound,  so  as  to  secure  perfect  ventila- 
tion, boarded  uuon  studding  with 
matched  or  battened  boards,  inside  and 
out,  with  roof  also  double,  unless  effect- 
ually shaded  by  trees.  The  floor  should 
be  above  ground,  and  so  arranged  as  to 
allow  of  a  circulation  of  air  between  the 
floor  and  ground,  through  registers  that 
may  be  closed  in  real  hot  days,  or  at  will. 
Then,  in  connection  with  a  wind-mill 
jjump  or  other  convenient  ajiparatus, 
open  troughs  that  can  be  supplied  with 
fresh,  cool  well  or  spring  water,  in  a 
slow,  constant  stream,  at  will,  should  be 
arranged  about  the  room  aud  milk 
shelves.  Some  dairies  set  the  milk  in 
pans  or  deep  cans  which  are  surrounded 
by  this  flowing  water.  A  dairj'  room 
made  upon  this  plan  can  be  well  venti- 
lated even  in  very  hot  days,  and  still  be 
kept  cool  by  the  water.  The  water 
evaporates,  as  it  circulates  through  the 
room,  sufficiently  to  cool  the  .air  admit- 
ted through  screened  windows  necessary 
to  sweetlj'  ventilate  the  room.  The  best 
is  generally  the  cheapest  in  the  end. 

A  very  cheap  dairy  on  a  small  scale 
can  be  made  by  excavating,  and  making 
a  room  half  above  and  half  below  ground, 
with  ground  floor,  and  roof  either  cov- 
ered with  earth  or  shaded  by  trees, 
boards,  brush,  etc.  In  this  sort  of  a 
dairy  but  poor  ventilation  is  generally 
given,  and  cleanliness  seldom  observed. 
Such  a  room  may  be  well  aired  at  night 
and  on  cool  days,  and  by  sanding  the 
floor  and  cleaning  up  once  a  week,  Ije 
kept  in  tolerably  sweet  condition.  So 
long  as  nothing  is  allowed  to  get  musty, 
and  no  rotten  lumber  is  in  walls  or  roof, 
such  a  cheai)  dairy  may  answer  a  very 
good  temporary  purpose,  and  is  soon 
made  by  any  one. 


RETROSPECTION. 

Farmers,  at  this  season,  when  the 
crops  are  harvested,  or  being  harvested, 
should  take  note  of  the  same  with  an 
eye  to  improving  upon  all  mistakes  that 
have  in  any  way  been  made  this  season. 
In  what  way  could  you  have  done  better 
than  you  are  doing  this  season?  Did 
you  plow  just  as  j'ou  should  have  done, 
and  put  in  crops  during  the  right 
months':'  Did  you  procure  the  best  seed 
aud  sow  it  just  thick  enough  to  produce 
the  best  crop'?  Would  not  that  piece  of 
laiul  sown  to  wheat  this  season,  which 
was  very  foul,  have  paid  just  as  well  de- 
voted to  bay  and  pasturage'?  Could  you 
not  have  destroj'ed  a  crop  of  weeds,  and 
prevented  them  from  seeding  the  ground 
in  this  way,  so  as  to  get  a  cleaner  croj) 
of  grain  next  season?  Will  it  not  pay  to 
rutate  from  grain  to  pasturage  and  hay, 
and  back  to  grain  again,  better  than  to 
sow  grain  on  the  same  ground  every  sea- 
son? Have  you  made  us  much,  clear  of 
expenses,  as  you  think  a  good,  prudent 
farmer  should  make,  one  year  with  an- 
other? If  not,  why  not?  Doubtless 
you  will  commence  to  think  that  you 
were  not  able  to  do  any  better,  and  in 
some  way  make  personal  excuses.     But, 


leaving  self  and  all  self-satisfied  pride 
out  of  the  question,  looking  at  your  af- 
fairs as  an  outsider  would,  how 
is  it?  Surely,  if  you  are  not  either 
very  fortunate  or  nearly  perfect,  there  is 
some  slight  chance  for  improvement 
somewhere  in  your  management,  and  it 
is  a  duty  you  owe  yourself  to  ascertain 
ill  what  direction,  and  to  strive  to  do 
better  next  time;  not  to  repeat  the  same 
mistakes,  stupidly,  from  year  to  year. 
There  are  many  branches  of  farming, and 
each  locality,  owing  to  conditions  of 
soil,  moisture,  climate  and  sun-oundiugs, 
ijceds  a  little  dift'erent  management  in 
some  particulars,  from  others.  You 
should  study  to  know  what  system  is 
best  suited  to  your  farm ;  what  crops 
should  prejionderate ;  what  kinds  of 
stock,  and  how  much,  and  in  what  pro- 
portion to  keep,  how  to  feed  and  market 
them  to  the  best  advantage,  etc.  What- 
ever your  natural  advantages  or  disad- 
vantages, you  should  aim  to  make  your 
farm  a  complete  one,  well  balanced  in 
every  respect,  with  an  eye  to  home  com- 
forts, conveniences,  and  farm  profits.  A 
sagacious  man  will  profit  by  his  mistakes 
by  correcting  them.  A  wise  man  will 
strive  to  profit  by  the  success  of  others 
by  adopting  best  methods.  Only  the 
self-conceited  and  ignorant  man  will 
think  he  knows  ^it  all,  and  be  satisfied 
with  hard  work  ill  directed,  when  brains 
combined  with  muscle  would  make  bet- 
.ter  progress  w-ith  greater  ease. 

Farmers,  study  your  own  farms,  your 
own  business,  and  do  not  be  contented 
without  each  year  improving  ujion  form- 
er ones  in  a  manner  to  make  your  farm 
better,  more  profitable,  more  convenient, 
more  fruitful,  and  your  home  in  ever)' 
respect  a  better  and  happier  one. 


DISEASED    ORANGE    TREES  IN 
LOS  ANGELES. 

We  have  frequentty  read  about  a  dis- 
ease that  is  killing  the  orange  and  lemon 
trees  in  Los  Angeles.  Several  newspa- 
pers have  I'eported  the  cause  to  be  an 
insect  or  fungus  which  causes  the  bark 
of  the  stalk  near  the  ground  to  decay, 
with  a  slimy  substance  between  the  bark 
and  the  wood.  We  have  lately  had  a 
talk  with  Mr.  Eldred,  of  Orange,  a  gen- 
tleman who  has  an  orange  orchard  and 
who  has  made  thorough  observations. 
He  declares  that  the  cause  of  this  trouble 
and  loss  of  trees  is  from  stagnant  water 
about  the  roots.  Too  much  irrigation  of 
trees  iilaiited  in  heavj',  ill-drained  soil, 
at  the  season  when  trees  need  little  wat- 
er, is  the  cause  of  the  whole  trouble. 
We  have  read  of  trees  dying  in  Louisi- 
ana from  diseased  roots,  caused  by  too 
much  water  in  the  subsoil.  These  would 
first  show  signs  of  disease  in  the  leaves 
near  the  top  of  the  tree,  and  the  fruit 
would  crack  open  before  rij'e,  finally  the 
whole  tree  would  die  with  slippery  bark. 

Too  much  irrigation  upon  heavy  soil 
would  certainly  be  likely  to  cause  just 
such  a  disease  as  the  Los  Angeles  orch- 
ardists  complain  of.  In  proof  of  his  as- 
sertion, Mr.  Eldred  mentioned  several 
orchards  not  irrigated,  excepting  once  or 
twice  in  summer,  that  are  entirely  free 
from  the  bark  disease.  He  says  that 
there  is  nothing  to  be  dreaded  about  this 
disease,  and  that  it  never  has,  and  nevei- 
will  trouble  trees  that  are  not  in  too  wet 
soil,  or  in  soil  kept  too  wet  by  irrigation. 
We  trust  that  his  premises  are  correct, 
as  they  seem  plausible  enough.  We 
wait  for  further  information.  „'..'-_„. 


To  have  the  natural  ability  to  perform 
an  act  without  the  moral  ability,  is  no 
ability  at  all- -is  an  absurdity.  Without 
the  will,  there  is  no  power. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


OUR  POOR   RELATIONS. 

BY  D.  G.  INOKAHAM. 

T  this  late  day,  in  the  nineteenth 
Vi  ceatury,  we  are  just  beginning  to 
ij^  feel  some  respect  for  the  animal 
!cf  creation.  Darwin  has  told  us  that 
we  sprang  from  animals,  and  with 
Bome  of  us  it  was  not  much  of  a  spring 
after  all.  Huxley  evolves  the  human 
soul  from  a  few  drops  of  ammonia  and 
carbonic  acid,  which,  breathed  upon  by 
winds  of  oxygen,  and  shone  upon  by  the 
electric  rays  of  the  sun,  became  in  time 
a  God-worshiping  and  man-loviug  being. 
The  theologio  school  has  told  us  that  we 
were  made  out  of  the  ground,  and  St. 
George  Mivart  has  even  conceded  that 
the  miraculous  creation  was  simply  the 
in-breathing  of  the  soul  of  man  after  his 
body  had  been  evolved  by  ages  of  devel- 
opment. Perhaps,  after  all,  then,  we 
are  the  children  of  dust  and  water.  Our 
decent  (or  rather,  ascent,)  is  traceable 
from  such  particles  of  dust  as  the  coin 
we  carry  in  our  pockets,  or  the  mud  we 
scrape  from  our  feet. 

Look  at  the  rocks  that  are  one  mo- 
ment washed  by  salt  waves  and  the  next 
ESposed  to  air  and  sunbeams,  and  yon 
will  see  a  little  animal  squatted  on  the 
rock  and  holding  fast  as  if  for  dear  life. 
You  look  him  over  and  you  tiud  no  eyes. 
You  might  look  in  vain  for  ears,  or  any 
of  our  senses.  A  careful  examination 
will  discover  that  of  the  five  senses  that 
we  possess  he  has  but  one — the  sense  of 
feeling,  and  that  rather  blunted.  He's 
a  "poor  relation."  We  are  rich.  Our 
faculties  and  senses  open  to  us  the  uni- 
verse of  knowledge  and  feeling.  He  is 
poor.  Satisfied  if  kindly  Nature  washes 
into  his  mouth  the  food  that  nourishes 
him  and  keeps  him  alive.  We  say, 
"poor  relation,"  sure  enough.  "His 
poverty,  however,  is  more  evident  than 
his  relationship,"  some  one  will  say. 
'Can  it  be  possible  that  that  miserable 
little  jelly-bag  has  any  kin  to  me  who 
walks  the  earth  a  man  ?" 

Yes,  sir;  it  possesses  faculties  in  com- 
mon with  you,  and  thej'  are  stronger 
links  of  evidence  in  the  chain  of  proof 
than  similarity  of  bony  or  muscular 
structure  would  be.  He  possesses  the 
faculty  of  enjoyment.  That,  alone,  would 
show  a  common  parent.  God  never 
made  anything  to  be  miserable.  He, 
doubtless,  made  people  and  beings  to  be 
restless  and  unhappy  at  times  that  they 
might  aspire  to  something  better  that  was 
in  store  for  them.  More  than  that,  our 
poor  relation  possesses  the  means  of 
protecting  himself,  of  showing  his  fears 
or  his  loves,  of  reproducing  his  kind, 
and  last  of  all,  he  lives.  That  stamps 
him  as  the  child  of  God.  Of  the  eternal 
life  which  runs  through  all  we  see  or 
know  or  feel  he  has  a  share.  Though 
but  an  atom  in  the  universe,  "he  counts 
one  with  God,"  Glued  fast  to  the  rock, 
he  hears  the  common  promise,  '  'Be  faith- 
ful over  a  few  things,  and  I  will  make 
thee  ruler  over  many  things." 

Never  mind  if  our  relations  are  poor. 
Let  us  not  be  ashamed  of  them.  It  is 
better  to  be  the  regenerate  son  of  a  chat- 
tering monkey  than  the  degenerate  son 
of  a  noble  man.  Better  the  going  up 
than  the  going  down.  Perhaps  we  shall 
find  our  poor  relations  nearer  perfect  in 
their  kind  than  we  are  in  ours.  It  is 
quite  natural  that  we  should  be  self-sat- 
isfied. No  doubt  the  animal  and  the 
vegetable  have  a  certain  satisfaction  in 
themselves.  The  oak  looks  down  in 
more  senses  than  one  on  the  scrubby 
rosebush ;  and  the  rosebush  looks  down 
on  the  violet.  Just  so  does  the  Cauca- 
sian on  the  Mongolian  and  the  African, 
forgetful  that  the  sun  shines  for  all,  and 


that  the  rain  and  the  dew  are  the  gift  of 
Nature  to  all.  So  our  poor  relations  are 
only  poor  because  we  feel  a  certain  proud 
satisfaction  in  ourselves.  Poverty  and 
riches  are  arbitrary  terms.  What  is 
precious  to  Rothschild  would  be  trash  to 
a  Feejee.  It  would  be  quite  natural  for 
an  animal  to  think  liU<  kind  thk  kind, 
and  wan  the  "poor  relation."  Theo- 
dore Parker  illnstrates  this  in  his  "Con- 
vention of  the  Humble-bees,"  and  Pope 
in  his  "Es.say  on  Man," 

"See  all,"  says  man.  "created  for  my  use;" 
"See  man  fur  mine,"  replies  '-he  pampered  goose. 

But  man  seems  now  the  creature  whose 
turn  it  is  to  grow.  Geologic  ages  have 
seen  grasses  and  insects  run  their  race, 
and  give  place  to  snakes  and  reptiles  of 
gigantic  frame.  Ages  were  required  to 
develop  bone  and  muscle  as  well  as  the 
fruits  and  grains  that  sustain  them.  And 
now  man  comes  in  his  turn  to  build  up 
the  brain.  Examine  the  skeleton  of  a 
megatherium  as  it  stands  in  our  muse- 
ums and  you  exclaim,  "What  bones!" 
If  you  could  call  back  to  those  bones  the 
flesh  that  once  clothed  them  you  would 
exclaim,  "What  muscles!"  Now,  ex- 
amine, if  you  will,  the  skull  of  a  Frank- 
lin or  a  Webster,  and  compare  it  with 
other  skulls,  and  )*ou  cry  out  m  aston- 
ishment, "What  a  brain  in  comparison 
to  the  body!"  This  is  man's  hour,  and 
the  age  of  brain.  In  the  short  era  of 
written  history  man  seems  to  be  the  only 
creature  whose  growth  has  been  percept- 
ible, and  that  growth  has  been  in  brain- 
power. We  find  that  he  has  no  more 
legs  or  arms  or  bones  or  muscles  than  he 
had  ages  ago.  But  way  up  in  the  attic 
of  the  house  he  lives  in  is  a  pulpy  mass 
that  is  working  miracles.  There  is  the 
focus  of  growth.  There  is  the  gem  that 
flashes  out  and  seems  by  contrast  to 
make  other  intelligences  dark.  Man  has 
stepped  onto  the  boards.  He  makes  his 
debut,  and  the  world  of  created  beings 
sits  dumb  with  astonishment  at  his  act- 
ing. He  is  the  one  whom  the  Almighty 
"delighteth  to  honor." 

But  the  Everlasting  Love  says,  "All 
are  my  children,  from  the  least  unto  the 
greatest;  respect  them  as  mine.  My 
common  love  for  you  is  proof  of  your 
common  blood.  Happiness  finds  the 
polyp  on  the  rock;  the  flower  by  the 
roadside;  the  songster  in  the  hedge;  man 
in  his  home." 

We  beat  and  abuse — we  eat  and  digest 
our  poor  relations,  and  think  nothing  of 
it.  The  strong-necked  ox  gives  up  his 
lite  that  the  fibriue  of  his  muscles  may 
strengthen  ours.  We  dig  up  the  clam 
and  pxill  him  out  of  his  shell — poor  little 
roll  of  glutinous  matter! — and  eat  him 
without  remorse.  But  when  the  rela- 
tionship gets  closer,  and  we  find  the 
same  fibrine  clothing  the  bones  of  man, 
we  call  the  eating  it  cannibalism. 

Every  time  we  make  a  feast  a  score  of 
lives  are  taken — lives  just  as  precious  to 
their  owners  as  ours  to  us.  It  isn't  the 
eating  of  the  fibrine  or  the  glutin  that 
hurts  us,  but  it  is  the  smothering  of 
mercy  and  the  crushing  out  of  benevo- 
lence. The  most  intelligent  minds,  the 
most  exalted  spirits,  those  farthest  re- 
moved from  the  animal  plane,  have  al- 
ways had  the  tenderest  regard  for  ani- 
mals. It  is  the  true  poet  of  Nature  who 
sees  sisterhood  in  the  flowers  and  broth- 
erhood in  the  trees.  When  the  plow- 
share of  Burns  turned  down  the  daisy  he 
saw  the  fall  of  a  sister;  and  when  the 
same  share  went  tearing  the  nest  of  a 
field  mouse,  he  pitied  her  as  he  would 
have  pitied  a  human  being. 

So  sacred  has  life  seemed  to  some, 
even  among  the  ancients,  that  they  would 
eat  nothing  which  had  cost  any  creature 
its  life.  'There  was  a  school  of  Greek 
philosophy,   centuries    ago,    which    for- 


bade animal  food.     Among  the  Hindoos, 

at  the  present  time,  there  are  many  who 
never  kill  a  creature  however  insignifi- 
cant, but  count  it  the  hight  of  virtuous 
self-sacrifice  to  become  the  prey  of 
beast.s.  In  Siam  priests  are  forbidden  to 
destroy  any  living  animal  or  vegetable. 
The  Banyans  even  brush  the  ground  be- 
fore them  to  prevent  crushing  an  insect 
in  their  path.  Hospitals  are  built  for 
infirm  and  wounded  animals.  It's  no 
wonder  that  Englishmen  conquered 
India  so  easily.  Englishmen  living  on 
"rare  roast,"  accustomed  to  the  sight 
and  smell  of  blood,  used  to  the  sight  of 
expiring  beasts,  found  but  gentle  foes  in 
the  laud  of  fruit  and  rice.  'The  Hindoo 
respect  for  animal  life  arises  from  a  be- 
lief that  the  souls  of  men,  after  death, 
enter  into  the  body  of  some  animal. 
Other  tribes  of  Southern  Asia  and  I'oly- 
nesia  believe  that  trees  are  sacred — con- 
taining the  souls  of  men.  All  these  are 
acknowledgments  of  relationship,  and 
whatever  the  source  of  their  religion,  it 
cannot  be  a  bad  one  if  it  promote  peace 
among  mankind  and  prevent  cruelty  to 
the  weaker  races. 

The  intelligence  of  animals  and  their 
companionship  with  man  forms  the  basis 
of  Esop  as  well  as  the  philosophy  of 
Greece.  There  is  something  attractive 
to  a  chi'd  in  the  fancy  that  animals  are 
persons — that  they  talk  and  reason  to- 
gether. Watch  children  playing  with 
their  pets,  and  you  see  the  recognition  of 
the  "poor  relation."  While  tee,  grown 
proud  and  warped,  having  lost  the  pure 
instincts  of  nature — see  in  animals  only 
dollars  and  cents,  a  good  pointer,  or  a 
fast  trotter.  It  is  the  instinct  of  child- 
hood to  treat  animals  kindly,  especially 
the  pet  birds,  dogs,  cats  and  horses. 
They  are  fed  and  talked  to  as  if  they 
possessed  souls,  and  when  they  die  are 
mourned  with  tears  and  buried  with  hon- 
ors. How  tender  the  feeling  of  that 
little  heart,  that,  like  he  who  was  great- 
est in  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  see  the 
love  of  God  caring  for  the  lilies  of  the 
field  and  the  birds  of  the  air,  and  giving 
them  foliage  and  plumage  that  exceeds 
the  splendor  of  Solomon. 

But  the  child  that  is  jerked  aroTind  by 
its  parents,  and  boxed    and   culfud,  and 
made  cruel   and  combative   by  example, 
will  treat  domestic    animals   and  fellow- 
playmates  in    the   same  manner.     It  is 
unkindness    to    the    brute  creation  that 
makes  us  brutal.     We  come  to  think  that 
animal  life  is  of   little  consequence,  and 
then  it  soon   follows  that  we   disregard 
human  life.     A  man  insults  you  and  you 
strike  him  down.     Once   it  was  the  fear 
of    a  coward's  brand   that  drove   great- 
hearted   Hamilton    to  meet   the  traitor 
Burr,  and  he    was   shot  down    in  cooler 
blood  than  one  would  shoot  a  wolf.  Who 
killed     Alexander    Hamilton'^       Whose 
bullet  slew  the    great-soukd   Broderick'? 
It  was   public    opinion   created  by  men 
who  cared  little  for  the  life  or   libertj-  of 
their  fellowmen.     And  that  this  inditifer- 
ence  to  our  nearest  kin  comes  along  with 
our  indifl'erence  to    our  poor  relations  is 
a  parent.     The  sight  of  blood  makes  oar 
tender-hearted    school  girls   faint;    but 
the  fish-woman  who  spends  hours  daily 
amid  the  gasps   of  expiring   salmon  has 
no    feelings  of    sorrow    for  the   life  she 
takes.     Let  our  little  boys   and   girls  go 
to  the  butchers'  shambles  and  get    hard- 
ened to  the  sight  and  smell  of  blood  and 
see  the  expiring  throes   of  animals,  and 
soon  they  will  think  bnt  little  of  inflict- 
ing pain  or  taking  animal  life.     And  let 
our  men  and  women  look  on  at  a  judicial 
murder,    where  murderers  die    "game," 
and  the  sacredness  of  human  life  is  gone. 
Frequent  exposure  to  such   scenes  tends 
to  brutalize  us.     When  we  consider  the 
act  of   taking  life,  or  its   surrender,  how 


much  alike  it  is  in  the  man  and  in  the 
beast.  Neither  wants  to  die — both  will 
fight  for  the  precious  boon.  Our  poor 
relations  love  and  cling  to  life  as  tena- 
ciously as  we  do,  and  since  we  give  them 
no  credit  for  immortality,  we^take  away 
all  the  life  they  have. 

But  we  see  a  growing  respect  for  our 
"poor  relations"  in  the  fondness  for  ani- 
mal forms  in  art,  especially  in  painting. 
Ancient  art  embraces  nothing  of  the 
kind.  The  human  face  and  form  was  all 
that  was  thought  divine  enough  for  art. 
To  be  sure,  they  sculptured  great  griflBns 
and  dragons  sometimes,  but  the}'  drew 
on  their  terrified  imaginations  for  them 
—  they  found  no  models  in  nature.  Rosa 
Bouheur,  on  the  contrary,  has  built  her 
reputation  upon  paintings  of  a  horse- 
fair,  in  which  that  noble  animal  is  ex- 
hibited in  every  graceful  attitude.  An- 
other of  her  paintings  is  a  plowing  scene, 
with  the  tired  oxen  lolling  out  their 
tongues,  and  one  stubborn  fellow  pulling 
back  on  his  yoke,  just  as  obstinate  men 
and  women  do  occasionally.  Laudseer's 
painting  of  the  "Dogs  in  Court"  never 
wearies.  Prang's  ehromos  are,  many  of 
them,  animal  likenesses,  and  they  are 
the  most  charming  and  attractive  of  anj'. 

The  likeness  of  men  and  women  to 
animals  is  shown  especially  by  carica- 
ture. The  caricaturist  aims  his  darts  at 
man.  The  "poor  relation"  never  suf- 
fers by  the  comparison.  Its  a  sort  of 
confirmation  of  the  Darwinian  theory. 
If  a  man  acts  like  an  ass,  or  a  monkey, 
or  a  goose,  the  artist  so  portrays  him,  and 
taking  the  hint  he  rises  from  bensthood 
to  manhood.  If  a  woman  talks  a  great 
deal  of  nonsense  or  prides  herself  on  her 
plumage,  he  draws  her  portrait  as  a  par- 
rot or  a  magpie,  and  if  the  representa- 
tion raises  her  from  low  things  to  high, 
it  brings  its  blessing.  No  one  desires  to 
be  thought  to  resemble  our  poor  relations. 

.A.ud  so  we  find  the  claim  to  kinship 
follows  us  alike  in  the  fields  of  physio- 
logical structure  and  mental  faculty. 
Perhaps  it  is,  after  all,  but  a  very  super- 
ficial covering  of  clothes  and  finery  that 
deceives  us  into  the  belief  that  we  are 
men.  The  creatures  we  are  and  associ- 
ate with,  stripped  of  the  covering  of  con- 
ventionalities, would  stock  a  barryard 
or  a  menagerie.  The  wolves  we  hunt 
down  for  entering  our  folds  are  first 
cousins  to  those  who  plunder  our  treas- 
uries and  rob  our  people  under  the  cover 
of  the  law.  The  ass  •;  we  load  with  bur- 
dens for  the  market  have  no  1  -nger  ears 
than  we  who  bear  the  burdens  of  oppres- 
sion and  eat  the  thistles  of  poverty  im- 
posed upon  us  by  giant  monopolies.  We 
dare  not  point  to  everyday  actions — to 
common-place  men— to  average  standards 
of  intelligence  and  morality  to  make  good 
our  claim  to  manhood.  It  is  only  when 
some  stwut,  brave  heart,  sorrowing  for 
the  apathy  and  suffering  of  its  kind, 
strikes  the  keynote  of  reform  that  we 
are  lifted  from  our  beasthood  to  the 
glorious  plane  of  trtie  manhood. 

If  a  person  swallows  any  poison  what- 
ever, or  has  fallen  into  convulsions  from 
having  overloaded  the  stomach,  an  in- 
stantaneous and  very  efficient  remedy 
is  a  heaping  teaspoonful  of  com- 
mon salt,  and  as  much  ground  mustard, 
stirred  rapidly  in  a  teacup  of  water, 
warm  or  cold,  and  swallowed  instantly. 
It  is  scarcely  down  before  it  begins  to 
come  up,  bringing  with  it  the  remaining 
contents  of  the  stomach ;  and  lest  there 
be  any  remnant  of  a  poison  however 
small,"  let  the  white  of  an  egg,  and  sweet 
oil,  or  butter,  or  lard — several  spoonfuls 
— be  swallowed  immediately  after  vomit- 
ing; because  these  very  common  articles 
nullify  a  larger  number  of  virulent  poi- 
sons than  any  medicines  in  the  shops. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


LET'S  SWAP. 

H\  • 

QlWD.  Aghicultobist:  The  oft-returning 
jS^  rp.il  or  fancied  corner  in  coin  that 
Ti^  so  vexes  those  that  are  short  of  the 
Qn  article  suggests  the  question,  Do 
5^  we  not  use  more  coin  than  we  need 
to?  If  one-third  of  the  business  of  the 
country  could  be  done  without  recourse 
to  banks  or  coin,  it  would  relieve  the 
pressure  on  the  other  two-thirds  of  busi- 
ness transactions.  Many  of  our  boss 
mechanics  could  receive  several  tons  of 
wheat  from  their  customers  who  produce 
it,  perhaps  flour  it  at  a  mill  owned  by 
another  customer,  and  deliver  it  to  their 
workmen  at  the  same,  or  less,  price  than 
they  pay  for  flour  at  retail.  A  hundred 
weight  of  nice  salt  pork,  delivered  to  a 
laboring  man  at  the  producer's  price, 
would  be  far  better  for  all  parties  than 
the  same  amount  of  pork  bought  by  the 
"four  bits'  worth,"  at  retail  price. 

Nearly  all  the  productions  of  the  coun- 
try that  are  consumed  in  the  country 
could  be  handled  without  handling  cash. 
Even  the  little  bill  due  the  editor  of  the 
family  paper  might  be  settled  to  his  sat- 
isfaction with  some  of  the  farm  or  the 
shop  productions,  and  an  extra  sack  of 
something  put  in  would  send  the  paper 
to  fathers,  brothers  or  friends  "iu  the 
States."     [That's  so.— Ed.] 

Many  family  men  who  work  in  the 
harvest  field  might  profitable  receive  at 
their  doors,  before  rains  set  in,  a  half 
ton  of  flour  that  would  count  them  even 
better  than  the  coin  that  the  ranchman 
has  with  difficulty  obtained  for  them.  If 
every  ranchman  iu  the  country  could  pay 
one  hundred  dollars  of  harvest  expenses 
without  recourse  to  coin  or  banks  it 
would  make  a  noticeable  relief  of  the  us- 
ual narvest  pressure. 

The  operatives  in  many  Eastern  man- 
ufactories would  be  very  glad  to  get  a 
car-load  of  canned  fruits,  flour,  etc.,  froui 
California  and  return  goods  to  balance 
the  account.  The  sections  with  which 
we  exchange  but  little  are  sections  whose 
xcorkmen  we  had  better  import  rather 
than  their  goods.  Wisconsin  and  Mich- 
igan \vagons  had  better  be  made  in  Cali- 
fornia. Let  us  "trade  most  with  those 
that  trade  most  with  us." 

It  is,  or  ought  to  be,  for  the  interest  of 
bankers  and  mechanics  that  the  people 
flourish.  One  well-fed,  fat,  spirited 
team,  though  harder  to  drive,  is  worth 
luore  to  a  ranch  than  a  dozen  submis- 
sive, half-starved  "crow  baits." 

C.  A.  W. 

Cozy  Nook,  July,   1876. 


THAT    "MATTER    OF    POLICY." 

Ed.  AGRictnLTDKisT:  Mr.  0.  L.  Abbott, 
in  a  letter  published  in  your  June  num- 
ber, calls  you  ta  task  for  republishing  a 
"blue"  account  of  bee-keeping  in  San 
Diego.  I  had  read  the  "blue"  account 
with  much  satisfaction,  feeling  sure  that 
though  "blue"  it  was  also  true. 

We  are  told  by  that  prince  of  physic- 
ists, Tyndall,  that  blue  waves  of  light 
are  far  smaller  than  red  waves;  these  lat- 
ter, consequently,  would  pass  through 
media  impervious  to  the  former. 

Now,  Mr.  Editor,  it  seems  to  me  that 
the  eye  of  your  California  journalist  con- 
tains some  film  that  checks  the  blue 
rays.  Blue  never  disturbs  the  equanim- 
ity of  his  optic  nerve.  The  yellows  and 
greens  of  jealousy  occasionally  tinge  his 
pen,  but  rose  is  the  color  ho  delights  in 
Whatever  tint  is  visible  to  the  ordinary 
eye,  the  journalistic  eye  sees  but  rose 

To  those  who  live  in  California,  and 
understand  this  little  peculiarity  of  lite- 


rature, no  harm,  perhaps,  accrues;  but 
to  outsiders,  who  are  seeking  whither  to 
emigrate,  a  great  wrong'^is  done.  There 
are  annually  hundreds,  i'f  not  thousands, 
who  come  to  this  State  misled  by  over- 
colored  statements  of  facilities  to  be  en- 
joyed here  in  making  homes  and  acquir- 
ing farms.  They  are  families  of  small 
means,  and  are  led  to  expect  that  on  ar- 
rival they  will  be  able  to  obtain  a  quarter 
section  of  Government  land,  fit  for  the 
plow,  at  Government  price.  These  ex- 
pectations are  derived  from  a  perusal  of 
the  aforesaid  literature.  I  do  not  say 
that  any  special  pamphlet  or  journal 
states  it  as  an  express  fact  that  farming 
lands  in  healthy  localities  can  be  had  at 
$1  25  per  acre,  but  the  reader  of  current 
journalism  is  led  to  infer  that  such  is  the 
case.  The  Bidletin  lately  blamed  the 
Chinese  for  keeping  thirty  millions  of 
acres  of  public  land  unoccupied.  Had 
they  blamed  Nature  for  forming  rough 
chapparal  hills  of  dry,  hard  grit,  quite 
uninviting,  as  the  San  Diego  bee-keeper 
found  them,  they  would  have  been  near- 
er the  truth — a  "blue"  truth,  though. 

The  copy-book  still  instills  into  the 
youthful  mind  that  "honesty  is  the  best 
policy,"  and  I  am  prepared  to  back  the 
copy-book  against  Mr.  0.  L.  Abbott.  I 
maintain  that  the  immigrant  who  comes 
to  this  State  induced  by  dishonest  repre- 
sentations is  a  positive  detriment  to  the 
State.  He  is  apt  to  become  a  public 
burden  while  here,  and  to  return  home 
to  disseminate  a  far  "bluer"  opinion  of 
California  than  the  clear  truth  warrants. 

It  would  be  well  if  all  intending  immi- 
grants could  be  advised  that  ordinary 
farming  land  i-anges  in  price  from  $25 
for  unimproved,  to  $300  for  well-located 
and  improved,  per  acre;  that  crops  are 
very  precarious  on  account  of  drought, 
especially  in  inland  counties;  and,  fin- 
ally, that  "all  this  fine  talk  of  our  des- 
tinies is,  half  of  it,  ignorance,  t'  other 
half  rum." 

A  little  less  trumpeting,  gentlemen  of 
the  press.  Let  another  man  praise  thee, 
and  not  thine  own  mouth. 

Edw.  Bekwiok. 

THE  INDEPENDENT   PRESS. 

BY    A.     G.    S. 

Editor  Cal.  Ageicultdkist;  You  will 
please  accept  the  friendly  greeting  of  a 
once  active  typo  brother,  now  for  some 
dreary  years  prostrated  by  calamity  and 
laid  on  the  shelf  of  heljiless  retirement. 
An  editor  is  apt  to  find  a  "hard  road  to 
trabel,"  especially  if  he  ventures  to  run 
a  sharp  and  forcible  reform  journal, 
against  the  raging  tide  of  money  power 
and  popularity,  amidst  the  fogs  of  party 
and  sectism,  ignorance,  prejudice,  anti- 
quated custom,  and  old  Madam  Grundy, 
and  he  naturally  craves  the  sympathy  of 
his  fellow-craftsmen  and  of  all  high- 
thinking  minds.  Who  can  be  independ- 
ent? It  takes  a  hero  in  the  type  wilder- 
ness, as  well  as  with  the  plow  to  break 
the  grubby  field,  and  no  puny  or  timid 
hand  can  ever  accomplish  great  things. 
Realizing  this  fact,  you  have  probably 
counted  the  cost,  and  made  up  your  mind 
for  a  manly  struggle  and  a  valiant  battle. 

The  newspaper  is  a  universal  neces- 
sity, if  Hottentotism  is  not  the  settled 
law  and  gospel;  and  wherever  you  find 
refinement  in  society,  with  mental  devel- 
opment and  moral  rectitude,  and  external 
polish  and  attraction  in  houses  and  lands, 
you  may  be  quite  sure  the  smart  news- 
paper is  scattered  freely  around.  And, 
furthermore,  if  new  departures  are  open- 
ing up,  it  is  pretty  evident  that  the  au- 
dacious and  truth-telling  editor  is  making 
things  hot,  and  shaking  up  the  dry  bones 
of  old  fogyism    and  bloated    upper-ten- 


dom.  So,  all  the  working  class,  who  are 
proud  of  themselves  and  their  country, 
and  ambitious  to  shine  and  excel  in  the 
elements  of  true  civilization,  will  be 
proud  of  your  paper  and  subscribe  liber- 
ally and  write  abundantly.  Come  on, 
then,  come  on!  Your  clean  columns, 
unchoked  with'party  toadyism  and  cow- 
ardice and  selfish  compromise,  will  wel- 
come and  encourage  a  free  and  fearless 
correspondence,  which  should  character- 
ize all  American  journalism  in  the  glori- 
ous Centennial  year. 

I  place  the  newspaper  always  at  the 
very  head  and  front  of  every  public 
enterprise  and  institution;  and,  say  what 
you  will  of  professions  and  professional 
men,  the  newspaper  ranks  far  above 
them  all,  in  whatever  department,  be- 
cause it  includes  and  represents  them  all. 
It  is,  indeed,  the  brains  of  the  world 
condensed — a  real  schoolmaster  and 
mighty  educator  iu  every  family. 

Wonderful  upheavals,  evolutions  and 
revolutions  are  marking  our  time  with 
the  convulsive  throes  of  regeneration  and 
a  new  birth,  social  and  actional.  It  is 
the  era  of  labor,  and  the  toiling  classes, 
everywhere,  are  called  to  dignity,  honor 
and  self-respect.  The  workers  are  in- 
cluded in  the  common  household  and 
brotherhood,  and  will  therefore  not  be 
long  content  to  stay  out  in  the  cold,  or 
in  the  hot  sun,  but  must  claim  each  his 
full  and  just  share  in  the  noble  strife, 
the  victory,  and  the  glory. 

Human  toil  is  no  longer  classed  with 
the  forced  draft  of  the  horse  and  ox,  but 
is  the  voluntary  choice  of  the  highest 
manhood,  which  scorns  the  sneers  of 
haughty  wealth,  pride  and  ignorance, 
and  stands  up  independent  —  making 
labor,  not  money,  the  enduring  corner- 
stone of  all  government  and  society,  and 
the  chief  virtue  of  all  politics  and  re- 
ligion. 

Workingmen  and  women  produce,  and 
should  claim,  all  that  kings  or  Belknaps 
steal,  eat,  wear  and  waste,  and  it  is  about 
time  for  the  i^ennyroyal  blood  of  money 
aristocracy  to  step  down  and  out.  All 
the  world  belongs  to  the  workers,  and 
the  newspaper  is  their  speaking  trumpet, 
with  co-operation  for  the  mighty  pass- 
word! Common  sense  in  everything 
will  lessen  taxes  and  increase  our  well- 
being.  Support  the  voice  and  the  press 
that  speaks  in  your  behalf.  Your  own 
independence  demands  the  independent 
journal.  Support  it,  dear  toiling  broth- 
ers and  sisters,  as  it  labors  for  you. 

Champlin,  Minn.,  July,  1876. 


A    CALIFORNIA    LAND    TRANSAC- 
TION, 

An  Open  Letter  to  tlie  Hon.  Mayor, 
Council,  Voters  and  Tax-Payers  of 
tlie  Paeblo  San  Jose  and  People  of 
California. 

CozY  NooK,  July  1st,  1876. 

I  take  the  liberty  to  address  you  from, 
and  in  behalf  of,  an  afflicted  community. 
I  do  so  with  some  confidence,  as  circum- 
stances have  placed  me  in  a  difl'erent  (I 
cannot  say  at  present  whether  better  or 
worse)  position  from  most  of  my  neigh- 
bors, for  I  never  bought  the  "city  title" 
to  my  place. 

The  situation,  as  I  understand  it,  is 
this:  Some  ten  or  twelve  years  ago,  a 
number  of  industrious,  enterprising  men 
who  had  seen  too  much  of  land  grants 
and  land  renting,  found  what  they  be- 
lieved to  be  a  lot  of  Government  land,  in 
the  mountains  about  eighteen  miles  from 
your  beautiful  city.  The  land  was  diffi- 
cult of  access,  and  as  a  whole  poor  iu 
quality.  Believing  their  title  would  be 
sure,  and  under  the  homestead  law,  very 
cheap,  they  had   the  courage  to  face  the 


difficulties  and  go  to  work  to  make  them 
selves  homes  in  the  mountains.  Tin 
difficulties  were  even  more  than  they  an-: 
ticipated.  The  grizzly  bears  killed  their 
stock,  and  the  smaller  animals  made 
fearful  inroads  on  their  poultry.  The! 
wild  Spanish  cattle  and  horses  tramped 
and  destroyed  their  grain.  The  Stale, 
county  and  district  taxed  them  on  tli- 
full  value  of  their  homes,  and  for  soiii^ 
time  they  received  little  or  no  bemtit 
from  the  school  and  road  funds.  .\u 
amount  of  hard  work  that  nearly  bank- 
rupted many  settlers  was  obliged  to  be 
done  to  get  an  outlet  for  wood,  coal,  etc., 
I  the  case  being  such  that  the  county  could 
do  but  little  on  the  roads. 

About  the  time  the  roads  could  be 
used,  the  city  of  San  Jose  was  supposed 
to  have  obtained  title  to  the  land,  and  a 
man  who  believed  he  had  some  rights  to 
the  land  made  .ipijlication  for  the  whuli- 
tract  of  7,000  or  more  acres.  His  appli- 
cation, although  refused  by  the  council, 
obliged  most  of  the  settlers  to  buy  the 
"city  title" — the  settlers  receiving  f(ir 
their  money  one  of  California's  most 
nauseating  institutions,  a  "quit  claim" 
deed. 

The  settler's  lot  had  been  hard  work 
and  poor  pay,  consequently  there  were 
about  as  manj'  mortgages  to  record  as 
deeds.  To  men  accustomed  to  prosperi- 
ty, the  interest  on  the  mortgages,  added 
to  their  already  heavy  load,  would  have 
seemed  unbeariible,  but  there  ia  a  great 
deal  of  hope  accompanying  large  hearts 
and  strong  hands,  and  the  settlers  were 
getting  much  attached  to  their  healthy 
homes.  The  wild  animals  were  fast  dis- 
appearing in  answer  to  the  crack  of  rifles 
that  wasted  very  little  lead;  the  roads 
and  school  privileges  were  much  im- 
proved, and  better  times  seemed  near  at 
hand,  when,  to  the  consternation  and 
disgust  of  all  the  settlers,  a  U.  S.  Deputy- 
Marshal  appeared  and  served  them  with 
papers  issued  at  the  instigation  of  what 
I  once  heard  called  "The  San  Jose  Land 
Company,"  but  usually  known  by  the 
pungent  term  of  the  F —  T — s.  Prompt 
and  honorable  action  on  the  part  of  the 
Pueblo  authorities  saved  many  Irom  loss 
by  this  annoyance,  as  the  case  was  very 
promptly  thrown  out  of  court;  but  the 
decision  was  not  soon  enough  to  saVe 
many  from  buying  another  "cjuit  claim" 
to  keep  their  title  clear  enough  to  satisfy 
the  owners  of  the  mortgages. 

And  now,  after  ten  or  more  years  of 
struggle,  comes  the  "kill  or  cure"  of  tho 
settlement,  in  the  shape  of  a  Spanish 
grant  called  Los  Huacas,  which  seems  to 
have  permanently  and  wholly  swallowed 
up  Government  land,  city  title,  F.  T. 
claim  and  all.  But  the  owners  of  Los 
Huacas  offer  a  tonic  called  a  warrantee 
deed  instead  of  another  quit  claim,  and 
very  considerately  agree  (in  articles  of 
agreement  given  to  many  of  the  settlers) 
to  take  any  bonds  of  the  Pueblo  San  Jose 
that  may  be  issued  by  the  city  to  recom- 
pense settlers  who  had  paid  the  city 
soniethinr;  for  nothing,  said  bonds  to  ap- 
ply as  credits  on  articles  of  agreement 
given  by  Los  Huacas  owners  to    settlers. 

It  is  these  lands  I  have  in  view  as  I 
write  you,  and  I  have  made  the  state- 
ment much  longer  than  I  would  had  I 
not  known  that  many  just  and  honest 
voters  and  tax-payers  of  San  Jose  were 
not  acquainted  with  the  facts  in  the  case. 

I  am  told  San  Francisco  was  compelled 
by  law  to  refund  in  .a  similar  case. 

The  most  profitable  part  of  "going  to 
law"  is  usuidly  the  part  swallowed  by 
"those  who  manage  the  case"  for  the 
contending  parties,  and  I  believe  there  is 
too  keen  a  sense  of  justice,  too  true  a 
business  economy,  too  much  laying  out 
for  future  prosperitj'  in  the  people  of 
California's  most  beautiful  city  for  them 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


■jj  3  think  for  an  instant  of  avoiding  an 
"i  onest  obligation  by  legal  dodging. 
^'  Please  allow  me  to  state  a  few  reasons 
i.  'hy  I  think  it  is  good  jjolicy  to  issue 
."  nd  show  intention  to  issue  these  bonds 
jiS  promptly  as  possible. 
'j:  It  is  right,  and  right  is  always  No.  1 
[  cod  policy. 

..  A  large  share  of  the  settlers  are  more 
j,  r  less  indebted  to  the  merchants  and 
leehanics  of  San  Jose.  AA'hatever  brings 
elp  to  the  settlers,  brings  pay  and  in- 
reased  custom  to  the  city.  For  the  city 
)  do  justice  to  the  settlers,  is  but  for 
ne  hand  to  put  money  into  the  other. 
S  has  been  observed  that  a  mountain 
sttlement  once  broken  up  is  hard  to  re- 
sttle.  The  old  settlers  are  strongly  at- 
iched  to  their  homes.  They  take  in 
lousands  of  dozens  of  eggs  and  pounds 
f  butter  to  trade  with  San  Jose  for 
Dods,  etc.  Nearly  every  dollar  earned 
Y  this  settlement  goes  directly  to  the 
asiness  men  of  Sau  Jose. 
You  have  all  heard  of  the  goose  that 
lid  golden  eggs  for  her  master.  You 
jubtless  remember  her  tragic  fate  and 
sr  master's  disappointment. 
This  settlement,  once  broken  up,  will 
3  very  likely  to  become  a  sheep  range, 
id  the  profit  on  a  range  is  about  as  apt 
>  be  silent  in  San  Francisco,  New  York, 
•  Germany,  as  iu  San  Jose.  Seven 
lousand  acres  of  sheep  range  will  bring 
at  a  small  part  of  San  Felii^e's  present 
ade  to  San  Jose. 

We  have  now  good  roads,  and  a  No.  1 
rosperous  school;  many  settlers  have 
mquered  from  obstinate  nature  a  small 
)ot  for  an  orchard  and  grrden,  and 
early  every  man,  woman  and  child  not 
fiicted  by  hereditary  disease  or  accident 
in  the  best  of  health. 
The  city's  bonds  for  principal  paid, 
id  a  fair  rate  of  interest,  will  do  much 
iwards  lifting  the,  at  present,  unbear- 
ile  load  of  debt  that  has  been  coiling, 
ke  an  anaconda,  around  our  hard-work- 
ig  community.  There  may  be  obsta- 
es  in  the  way  of  the  immediate  issue 
f  the  bonds,  but  where  as  capable  a 
immunity  as  yours  feels  a  rcill,  they 
ill  certainly  find  a  icay  to  ease  the  pres- 
ire,  if  not  to  remove  a  part  of  this 
."ushing  strain  before  January  1st,  1877, 
nds  many  flying  homeless  through 
pace,  like  pumpkin  seeds  from  between 
giant's  thumb  and  finger.  God  grant 
lat  any  that  may  be  squeezed  out  may 
ght  on,  land  take  root  in  more  genial 
jil  covered  by  peace  titles! 
Most  honorable  Mayor,  City  Fathers, 
ad  influential  citizens,  may  this  settle- 
lent  still  exist  and  pack  eggs  to  your 
vely  city? 
Most  respectfully  and  kindly, 

Y'ours,  Chas.  A.  Wtjjan. 


.ETTER    FROM    KERN    COUNTY. 

Panama,  Kern  Co.,  July  9,  1876, 
Ed.  Ageicultukist  ;  I  have  had  to  al- 
lost  leave  ofl'  all  le'ter-writing,  because 
f  the  press  of  work  consequent  upon 
tarting  a  new  place.  Making  ditches 
nd  breaking  hmd  put  planting  so  far 
ehind  that  now,  when  we  ought  to  be 
ating  green  corn,  mellous,  tomatoes, 
tc,  they  are  only  half  grown.  I  have 
ast  harvested  the  few 

ONIONS 

■lanted  for  home  use.  They  did  finely; 
ome  weighing  from  1%  to  1%  pounds 
Bch,  and  were  grown  on  moist  land  that 
leeds  no  irrigation.  Many  of  those  on 
he  moistest  pait  of  the  laud  sent  up  a 
talk  and  made  sets  again.  Will  they  be 
ood  to  plant?  I  think  they  will  be  more 
aclined  to  go  to  see  again. 

[Such  buttons  as  are  produced  the 
ame  year  the  buttons  are  planted  are  not 
ood  to  plant  for  onions,  as  they  will  be 


likely  to  go  to  seed  again  the  same  way. 
Only  such  buttons  as  are  grown  from  se- 
lected onions — perfect  bulbs  grown  one 
season  and  transplanted  the  next  to  pro- 
duce buttons — should  ever  be  used  for 
planting. — Ed. 

POTATOES. 

Early  Rose  potatoes  produce  well  and 
do  not  incline  to  rot.  Early  Goodrich, 
the  same.  Peerless  produces  fine  tubers 
and  are  keeping  well;  on  hill  weighed 
3-^  pounds;  all  large.  Early  Ohio  has 
proved  a  failure  for  two  years.  New 
York  Late  Hose  has  not  done  well,  and 
rotted  badly.  I  have  Burbanks,  Dun- 
more  and  Excel.sior  yet  to  dig.  Brinnell 
Beauty  has  not  yielded  well. 

Pie-plant  roots,  seedlings,  set  late  last 
spring  have  furnished  some  good  stalks 
for  pies.  It  is  going  to  bo  a  success 
here. 

I  set  one  Houghton's  gooseberry  bush 
last  spring,  and  it  produced  a  full  crop 
of  fine  fruit.  It  seems  as  if  almost 
everything  will  grow  upon  this  Island. 

DAIRYING,     ETC. 

Good  alfalfa  hay  can  be  had  in  the 
field  for  $4  per  ton,  or  $5  in  stack,  or 
give  half  for  cutting  and  putting  in  stack. 
While  butter  is  37  cents  per  pound,  and 
cheese  16  cents,  what  a  chance  for  dairy 
business. 

This  is  the  best  place  I  have  yet  found 
for  a  poor  man  who  is  ^willing  and  able 
to  work,  for  there  is  no  time  of  the  year 
that  he  cannot  be  planting  some  crop . 
Our  worst  trouble  is  the  rabbit;  but  a 
petition  is  being  circulated  now  to  have 
the  county  pay  five  cents  for  each 
pair  of  ears,  and  if  they  decide  to  do 
that,  it  will  thin  them  some,  as  parties 
can  take  off  the  ears,  then  ship  the  rab- 
bits to  San  Francisco,  and  thus  get  60 
cents  per  dozen  over  those  from  other 
places.  Many  have  been  killed  with 
phosphorus,  which  the  farmers  are  put- 
ting out,  mixed  with  shorts  or  corn  meal. 

We  are  still  planting  corn;  have  heard 
of  good  crops  made  as  late  as  July  13. 

We  are  testing  the  banana  here.  We 
received  six  plants  the  other  day,  which 
are  in  the  hands  of  three  dift'ereut  parties 
for  trial. 

I  am  too  tired  to  write  a  letter;  can 
only  jot  down  ideas  for  yon;  may  send 
send  more  such  notes  in  the  future  if 
you  like  them.     Yours,  J.  B,  R. 

[We  would  like  to  get  such  notes  from 
every  district  iu  the  State. — Ed.] 


A  WORD    OF  CAUTION. 

Santa  Claka,  July  12,  1876. 

Ed.  AGEicnLTUEisT:  In  this  hot,  dry 
country,  is  it  not  wisdom  and  economy 
to  supply  ever}'  means  in  our  power  to 
avoid  destruction  and  ruin  by  fire?  Steam 
threshers  are  excellent,  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted, for  threshing  grain;  but  they  are 
also  very  destructive.  Would  it  not  be 
well  for  the  farmers  if  the  manufacturers 
would  attach  a  force-pump  that  could  be 
thrown  in  and  out  of  gear  in  a  moment, 
and  be  driven  by  the  engine,  also  a  piece 
of  hose  to  direct  the  stream?  And,  fur- 
S^er,  I  would  advise  to  have  ready  about 
six  pails  full  of  water,  iu  case  the  pump 
should  fail  to  work  properly.  Farmers 
are  very  apt  to  say  there  is  not  much 
danger;  but  there  is,  nevertheless,  and 
wisdom  says.   Prepare! 

I  have  received  many  valuable  ideas 
from  your  interesting  and  instructive 
little  paper.  Please  accept  this  poor  one 
in  return.     Y'ours,  respectfully, 

Geo.  M.  Beown. 


Stack  your  straw.  Somebody's  stock 
will  want  it  if  yours  does  not.  Its  actu- 
al vahie  is  one-third  that  of  good  hay. 


lisricttlttttt^ 


Concerning  Fish   and  Fish   Cui- 
ture. 

^3  

§HAD  in  the  Hudson  river  had  be- 
come nearly  extinct  until  the  Fish 
Commissioners  of  New  Yrrk  caused 
it  to  be  stocked  with  100,000,000 
per  year  for  several  years;  the  con- 
sequence is  that  they  have  not  been  so 
plentiful  and  cheap  for  forty  years  as 
now.  The  rascally  pot-house  netters, 
however,  take  every  opportunity  to 
stretch  their  nets  surreptitiously  across 
the  third  of  the  stream  reserved  to  lot 
them  come  up  the  river  to  spawn.  Seth 
Green,  that  veteran  pisciculturist,  is  now 
stocking  the  river  with  sturgeon  in  im- 
mense numbers,  that  in  a  few  years  will 
go  through  their  nets  as  if  they  were  a 
piece  of  gauze.  The  Hudson  river  stur- 
geon grow  to  an  immense  size,  attaining 
frequently  to  the  length  of  len  or  twelve 
feet,  and  weighing  from  four  to  five  hun- 
dred pounds. 

Another  gratifying  practical  result  of 
fish  planting  is  that  in  the  Potomac 
where  black  bass  were  entirely  unknown 
until  it  was  planted,  they  are  now  caught 
in  strings  of  from  thirty  to  sixty,  weigh- 
ing from  two  to  four  and  a  half  pounds, 
in  a  day's  fishing. 

This  breeding  of  fish  and  stocking  all 
the  inland  lakes  and  rivers  is  simply  a 
question  of  food  for  the  people,  as  much 
as  raising  grain,  beef,  pork,  etc.  The 
United  States  make  an  annual  appropri- 
ation of  $30,000  to  procure  fish  from 
foreign  waters  which  are  unknown  to  us, 
and  to  change  the  breed  of  such  as  we 
have,  which  is  as  much  required  as  to 
change  the  breed  of  everything  from  the 
human  race  to  potatoes.  Almost  all  of 
the  States  have  now  efficient  fish  laws, 
and  very  many  make  liberal  appropria- 
tions to  stock  all  the  public  lakes  within 
their  borders,  under  the  supervision  of 
their  boards  of  fish  commissioners,  as 
well  as  the  rivers.  Canada  does  the 
same. — Cor.  Chicago  Journal. 

GoLD-FisH. — "  How  beautiful!"  she 
exclaims,  as  she  stands  gazing  at  my 
window,  iu  which  is  hanging  a  globe 
containing  a  couple  of  ruby  gold-fish. 

"  Such  a  lot  of  time  and  trouble  it 
must  take  to  keep  them!"  declares  her 
companion,  at  the  same  time  gazing  with 
admiring  eyes  on  the  brilliant  golden 
beauties  as  they  float,  dive  and  execute 
the  most  indescribable  twists  and  turns 
in  their  crystal  palace. 

"  Yes."  replies  the  first  speaker,  with 
an  audible  sigh,  "if  I  could  spare  the 
money,  but  you  know — "  And  she 
metaphorically  clasps  her  purse,  and 
with  heartless  inconsistency  turns  away 
from  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  God's 
creation,  and  orders  that  "love"  of  a 
bonnet,  which  you  know  to  cost  nothing 
less  than  $25. 

Dear,  oh  dear!  When  will  we  learn  to 
discover  the  true  and  the  beautiful? 
When  will  we  appreciate  the  wonders 
that  He  has  created  and  discard  ihe  hol- 
low mockeries  of  to-day?  But  it  is  not 
for  me  to  moralize,  and  so  to  my  sub- 
ject. 

The  first  thing,  after  decided  to  keep 
fish,  is  to  purchase  a  globe;  mine  held 
about  three  quarts  and  cost  the  enorm- 
ous sum  of  $1.  The  globes  may  be  ob- 
tained of  any  establishment  selling 
chinaware.  Be  snre  and  ask  for  French 
plate  glass;  examine  carefully,  and  refuse 
those  containing  flaws  or  irregularities. 
If  you  cannot  aflFord  a  globe,  or  wish  to 
experiment,  you  can  procure  one  of 
those  old-fashioned  wide-mouthed  candy 
jars. 


The  fish,  costing  twenty-five  cents  each, 
you  can  get  of  any  bird-fancier.  Lift 
your  ej-es  from  the  tantalizing  beauty  of 
the  largo  fellows,  and  select  two  not 
longer  than  three  or  three  and  a  half 
inches.  (I  am  supposed  to  be  stocking 
a  globe  holding  three  quarts  of  water. ) 

Take  a  quantity  of  silver  or  common 
white  scouring  sand,  and  after  thorough- 
ly cleansing  in  several  courses  of  water 
distribute  it  on  the  bottom  of  the  globe 
to  the  depth  ol  an  inch.  Filling  the  ves- 
sel to  within  half  an  inch  of  the  top  with 
fresh  river  water,  sink  in  the  sand  sev- 
eral or  as  many  pieces  of  water  plant  as 
your  fancy  and  good  judgment  dictate, 
tute,  being  careful  not  to  crowd  the  globe 
and  thus  impede  the  free  motions  of  the 
iuiuates. 

Any  pond  or  runniug  stream  contains 
numerous  varieties  of  delicate  water 
plant,  which  is  absolutely  necessary  in 
your  globle.  Slips  or  cuttings,  when 
fastened  in  the  sand,  will  soon  send  out 
their  lovely  little  branches,  adding  great- 
ly to  the  beauiy  and  cleann-  ss  of  your 
globe,  as  well  as  to  the  sasteoance  and 
longevity  of  the  gold-fish. 

Several  tadpoles — these  are  the  best  of 
scavengers,  and  of  course  are  necessary 
— -a  dozen  of  water-snails,  and  one  or 
more  "dace,"  will  make  youroutfit  com- 
plete, and  one  of  which  you  will  never 
tire. 

We  have  now  come  to  the  most  im- 
portant part  of  our  subject,  namely, 
food.  Garden  worms,  not  more  than 
three  at  one  time,  cut  in  fine  bits,  are 
greatly  relished,  and  indeed  are  their 
chief  food.  Fresh  beef  in  winter  is  a 
good  substitute.  Bread  is  not  at  all  del- 
eterious, as  is  a  too  common  supposi- 
tion. As  fresh  water  contains  any  num- 
ber of  animalcules,  never  feed  your  fish 
oftener  than  once  in  two  weeks;  and 
when  you  think  their  appetite  has  been 
appeased,  you  must   change  their  water. 

It  is  a  never  failing  sign  when  the  fish 
will  persist  in  floating  around  the  top  in 
search  of  air  that  the  water  is  impure 
and  the  globe  needs  renewing  with  fresh 
water. 

Never  let  the  fish  hang  for  any  great 
length  of  time  in  the  sun,  and  once  a 
day  if  possible,  let  the  cool  air  upon 
them.  When  it  is  desired  to  change  the 
water,  the  inmates  must  not  be  removed 
with  the  hands,  but  with  a  sinifile  little 
net  made  of  any  thin  material. —  Uurper's 
Bazar. 

The  DisTRiBtTTioN  OF  Fish.' — Statistics 
of  distribution  for  the  years  1874  and 
1875:  Shad,  18,689,550;  Penobscot  sal- 
mon, 2,294,565;  California  salmon,  5,- 
153,740;  total,  26,137,855.  To  this  is  to 
be  added  the  hatching  and  distribution, 
during  the  spring  and  winter  of  1875-6, 
of  California  salmon,  Penobscot  salmon, 
land-locked  salmon,  and  lake  white  fish, 
not  vet  completed,  but  amounting  to  at 
least  14,000,000  fish;  thus  making  a  total 
of  40,000,000  supplied  by  the  United 
States  Fish  Commission  in  three  years. 
This,  at  the  assumed  ratio  of  1  to  200, 
would  represent  the  proceeds  of  8,000,- 
000,000  eggs  laid  in  the  natural  way  and 
subject  to  all  the  especial  perUs  of  natu- 
ral spawning. 

The  little  salmon  will  be  ready  to  go 
into  the  large  rivers  about  the  middle  of 
December,  when  fresh  water  fish  that 
might  otherwise  devour  them,  will  be  in 
a  state  of  torpidity ;  and  when  the  warm 
weather  comes  will  be  acclimated  and 
able  to  take  care  of  themselves. 

3Ib.  Ccd  married  Miss  Fish,  in  a  Con- 
necticut town,  the    other   day.     The  af-     j 
fair  passed  off  swimmingly,  and   termin- 
ated in  a  Cod-Fish  ball. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Seth  Gbken,  the  noted  sportsman  and 
fish  culturist,  in  the  Forest  and  ISireani, 
makes  what  he  considers  a  very  import- 
ant suggestion  to  trout  fishermen.  He 
saj's  that  the  most  efi'ective  hook  in  fly- 
fishing, and  one  which  he  himself  al- 
ways uses,  is  made  from  a  strong  needle, 
annealed,  bent  and  tempered,  and  con- 
sequently without  a  barb.  He  asserts 
that  only  in  this  way  can  a  reallj'  sharp 
hook  be  obtained;  tl-at  the  tension  of  the 
rod  is  amply  sufficient  to  keep  such  a 
hook  in  its  place,  and  that  a  very  gentle 
stroke  will  fix  the  keen  point  in  the 
mouth  of  the  fish. 


xmxL 


The  Original  Breed  of  Berkshire 
Swine. 

>4>RADITI0N,  and  the  earliest  pub- 
-ished  accounts  of  what  has  long 
been  particularly  distinguished  by 
the  name  of  Berkshire  swme,  repre- 
sents them,  down  to  about  a  century 
since,  as  among  the  largest  breeds  of 
England-  -weighing,  full  grown,  fi-om 
700  to  1,000  jjounds,  or  more.  The 
"Complete  Grazier"  describes  one,  in 
1807,  as  weighing  113  stone  (904  lbs). 
This  was  exhibited,  with  others,  by  bir 
William  Curtis,  at  the  cattle  show  of 
Lord  Somerville,  in  that  year.  Johnson, 
in  his  "Farmers'  Encyclopedia,"  Lou- 
don, 1842,  says  that  they  weighed  at  that 
time  from  50  to  100  stone  (400  to  800 
lbs).  The  latter  of  these,  doubtless, 
were  of  the  improved  breed. 

Originally  they  were  represented  as 
being  generally  of  a  buff,  sandy,  or  red- 
dish-brown color,  spotted  with  black,  oc- 
casionally tawny  or  white  spotted  in  the 
same  manner.  They  were  coarse  in  the 
bone;  head  rather  large,  with  heavy  flop 
ears;  broad  on  the  back;  deep  iu  the 
chest;  fiat-sided,  and  long  iu  the  body; 
thick  and  heavy  iu  both  shoulders  and 
hams;  well  let  down  in  the  twist;  bristles 
and  long  curly  hair,  with  rather  short, 
strong  legs.  Their  meat  was  better  mar- 
bbd  than  that  of  any  other  breed  of 
swine  in  Great  Britain — that  is,  had  a 
greater  proportion  of  lean  freely  inter- 
mixed with  fine  streaks  of  fat,  which 
makes  it  much  more  tender  and  juicy 
than  it  would  otherwise  be.  They  were 
consequently,  from  time  immemorial, 
preferred  to  all  other  swine  there  for 
choice  hams,  shoulders  and  bacon.  They 
were  slow  feeders,  and  did  not  ordinarily 
mature  till  two  and  a  halt  or  three  years 
old. 

It  is  thus  that  I  find  the  Berkshire  hog 
figured  and  described  in  the  earliest  Eng- 
lish publications  to  which  I  have  been 
able,  thus  far,  to  obtain  access.  But  in 
the  second  volume  of  the  magniflceut 
folio  edition,  illustrated  with  colored 
plates,  now  lying  before  me,  of  "The 
Breeds  of  the  Domestic  Animals  of  the 
British  Islands,"  by  Professor  David 
Low,  published  in  London,  in  1842,  is  a 
portrait  of  a  Berkshire  as  I  have  de- 
scribed above,  except  being  of  rounder 
body  and  somewhat  finer  iu  all  his 
points,  with  ears  like  most  of  those  of 
modern  breeding,  medium  in  size,  and 
erect  instead  of  flopping.  This  portrait 
is  of  a  saudy  or  rt-ddish-brown  color, 
8p.)tted  with  black;  the  feet  and  legs  for 
ni-arly  their  whole  length,  white,  slightly 
streaked  on  the  sides  .and  behind  witii 
reddish-brown.  It,  of  coarse,  represents 
one  of  the  old  breed  considerably  im- 
proved, and  marked,  as  I  occasionally 
found  them  in  all  my  visits  to  Berkshire, 
down  to  lH7(i.  But  Ih..'  jiigs  which  I  saw 
thus  marked  were  of  the  same  size  and 
shape,  and  as  fine  in  all  their   points,  as 


the   general  run  of  the  black,  slate,  or 
phim  colors  of  the  present  day. 

rOEMATION  OF  THE  IMPEOTED  BEEKSHIKE 
SWINE. 

Tradition  tells  us  that  this  was  made 
by  a  cross  of  the  black  or  deep  plum- 
colored  Siamese  boar  on  the  old  unim- 
proved Berkshire  sows.  Other  traditions 
assert  that  the  black  and  white  spotted, 
and  even  pure  white  Chinese  boar  was 
also  sparingly  used  to  assist  in  the  same 
purpose.  I  can  well  believe  this;  for  I 
often  saw  swine  in  Berkshire  spotted, 
about  half  and  half  black  and  white,  in 
addition  to  the  reddish-brown,  or  dufl' 
and  black,  and  so  on  almost  up  to  a  pure 
plum  color  or  black.  The  produce  of 
the  above  cro.ss  or  crosses  was  next  bred 
together,  and  by  judicious  subsequent 
selections,  the  imjjroved  breed,  as  we 
now  find  it,  became,  in  due  time,  fixed 
and  permanent  in  all  its  desirable  points. 

Another  feature,  aside  from  the  half 
and  half  black  and  white  spots  hitherto 
occasionally  found  to  mark  the  improved 
Berkshire  swine,  which  may  be  adduced 
in  support  of  the  supposition  of  a  spar- 
ing cross  with  the  white  and  light-spot- 
ted Chinese,  is  the  shape  of  the  jowls. 
All  those  which  I  have  bred  in  my  pig- 
gery, or  imported  at  diSerent  times  direct 
from  China,  or  have  seen  elsewhere,  had 
much  fuller  and  fatter  jowls  than  the 
Siamese.  Some  of  the  breeders  in  Eng- 
land preferred  the  fat  jowls,  because 
carrying  the  most  meat;  others  the  leaner 
as  they  said  this  gave  their  stock  a  finer 
and  higher-bred  look  in  the  head. 

THE    SIAMESE    SWINE. 

In  the  same  volume  of  Professor  Low 
which  contains  the  Berkshire  jjortrait  as 
described  above,  is  a  colored  plate  of  a 
Siamese  sow.  She  is  a  dark  slate,  vary- 
ing to  that  of  a  rich  plum  color.  The 
two  hind  feet  are  white;  the  fore  legs  and 
feet  white,  shaded  in  front  with  plum. 
The  face  is  dished;  head  tine,  with  short 
erect  ears;  shoulders  and  hams  extra 
large;  back  broad,  with  a  deep  round 
and  longish  body.  This  sow  is  represent- 
ed with  a  slightly  swayed  or  hollow  back, 
at  which  we  need  not  wonder,  consider- 
ing its  length,  and  that  she  has  a  litter 
of  nine  great,  fat  pigs  tugging  away  at 
her  dugs.  These  Professor  Low  says 
were  got  by  a  half-breed  Chinese  boar, 
which  I  presume,  from  the  color  of  the 
pigs,  was  white;  for  some  of  them  were 
pure  white,  while  others  are  mixed  slate 
or  plum  and  white,  and  one  is  a  buff, 
with  black  spots,  like  the  original  Berk- 
shire. 

I  will  now  describe  the  Siamese  swine, 
such  as  I  possessed  and  bred  for  several 
years  on  my  own  farm.  They  varied  in 
color  from  deep  rich  plum  to  dark  slate 
and  black;  had  two  to  three  white  feet, 
but  no  white  on  the  legs  or  other  parts 
of  the  body.  The  head  was  short  and 
fine,  with  a  dished  face,  and  rather  thin 
jowls;  ears  short,  slender  and  erect; 
shoulders  and  hams  round,  smooth  and 
extra  large;  back  broail  and  somewhat 
arched,  except  in  sows  heavy  with  pig  or 
suckling  pigs,  but  even  then  it  was 
straight  rather  than  swayed;  body  of 
moderate  length,  deep,  well  ribbed  up, 
and  nearly  as  round  as  a  barrel ;  chest 
deep  and  broad;  twist  well  let  down;  legs 
tine  and  short;  tail  very  slender  and  well 
set,  with  a  handsome  curl  in  it  near  the 
rump;  hair  soft,  silky  aud  thin;  no  bris- 
tles even  on  the  boars;  skin  thin  and  of 
a  dark  hue,  yet  when  scalded,  scraped 
white;  flesh  firm,  sweet  and  very  tender, 
with  less  lean  than  in  the  Berkshire.  Al- 
though so  compact,  round  and  smooth 
m  build,  they  had  a  fine,  high-bred,  up- 
headed  style,  especiully  in  their  walk, 
which  instantly  attracted  the  attention  of 
all  who  called  to  see    them.     They  were 


moderately  prolific,  and  hardy  as  any 
other  breed  of  swine  I  ever  kept— the  ex- 
tremes of  heat  and  cold  never  injuring 
them.  They  were  gentle  in  disposition, 
very  quiet,  and  easily  kept,  and  would 
partially  fatten  on  good  pasture,  or  coarse 
raw  vegetables.  They  could  be  made  fit 
for  the  butcher  at  any  age;  matured  at  12 
to  1.5  months  old ;  and  when  fully  fat- 
tened, generally  weighed  from  250  to  300 
pounds,  and  occasionally  going  to  350. or 
even  400  pounds.  They  had  very  fine 
bones  and  light  oft'al. 

It  was,  doubtless,  with  Siamese  boars 
as  perfect  as  I  have  here  described,  that 
the  cross  was  made  on  the  original  Berk- 
shire sows,  which  has  contributed  so 
largely  to  the  formation  of  the  improved 
breed,  held  in  such  high  estimation  for  a 
full  century  or  more  past. 

WHEN  WAS  THE  CBOSS  MADE? 

Several  aged  men  in  different  parts  of 
Berkshire,  of  whom  I  inquired  on  my 
first  visit  to  England,  in  1841,  informed 
me  that  they  had  known  there  improved 
swine  of  the  same  type  as  I  then  found 
them,  from  earliest  childhood.  But  the 
most  particular,  and  apparently  reliable 
account  I  was  able  to  obtain,  was  from 
Mr.  Westbrook,  of  Pinckuey  Green,  By- 
sham,  who  told  me  that  his  father  pos- 
sessed them  as  early  as  the  year  1780,  in 
as  great  perfection  as  the  best  then  ex- 
isting in  the  country.  Thus  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  improvement  is  now  at 
least  a  century  old,  and  more  probably  a 
century  and  a  quarter;  for  it  would  have 
taken  some  years  back  of  1780  to  begin  a 
new  breed  of  swiue,  and  get  it  up  to  a 
fixed  type  at  that  period. 

CHAKACTEEISTICS    OF    THE     BEST    IMPROVED 
EEEKSHIEE    SWINE    AT  THIS  TIME. 

Snout  and  head  fine  and  rather  short, 
but  larger  in  proportion  to  the  body  in 
the  male  than  in  the  female,  and  with  a 
bolder  and  more  determined  expression; 
face  dished  aud  broad  between  the  eyes; 
jowls  full  or  thinner,  according  to  the 
fancy  of  the  breeder;  eyes  bright  and  ex- 
pressive; ears  small,  thin  and  upright,  or 
inclining  their  points  a  little  forward; 
neck  short,  rather  full  iu  the  throat,  and 
harmoniously  swelling  to  the  shoulders; 
chest  broad  and  deep;  back  broad  and 
moderately  arched;  rump  nearly  level 
with  it;  well  let  down  in  the  twist;  body 
of  good  length  and  depth,  round  with 
well  sprung  ribs,  and  straight  along  the 
sides  and  under  the  belly ;  shoulders, 
above  all,  in  the  boar,  extra  thick,  yet 
sloping  smoothly  to  the  body;  hams 
broad,  round,  deep,  and  so  thick  through 
from  side  to  side,  particularly  in  the  sow 
and  barrow,  that,  standing  diredtly  be- 
hind, except  when  pretty  fat,  the  sides 
of  the  body  are  scarcely  seen  between 
them  and  the  shoulders;  legs  fine.strong, 
of  moderate  length,  and  set  rather  wide 
apart;  feet  small,  with  clear,  tough  hoofs; 
tail  slender  and  well  set,  with  handsome 
curl  near  the  rump;  bones  tine  and  of  an 
ivory-like  grain  and  hardness;  oft'al  very 
light  in  comparison  to  weight  of  carcass; 
hair  fine,  soft  and  silky;  no  bristles, even 
on  the  boar;  skin  thin  and  mellow,  with 
elastic  handling  of  the  flesh  beneath; 
quick  and  spirited  in  movement;  stylish 
in  carriage,  and,  in  the  boar  more  espe- 
cially, b(dd  and  imposing  in  presence. — 
From  AUeri's  I'rUe  Fssay. 


^tttamolojial 


The  July  number  of  the  Califoenia 
Agricdltueist  is  on  our  table.  In 
amount,  variety  and  quality  of  matter, 
indicated  by  its  title,  it  has  no  equal  on 
this  coast.  Cal.  AoBictiLTURi.sT  Pub. 
Co,  San  Jose— $1  50  per  annum. — Cas- 
trocille  Argils. 


Don't  burn  your  straw.     Stack  it. 


Combatins  Insect   Foes. 

kP  

f'   EOF.    F.   H.   SNOW,  of  the  State 
>  University  of  Kansas,  tells  us  how 
he  would   make  war   against  nox-  • 
lous  insects;  in  one  one  of   his  late 
educational  lectures.     He  suggests 
that  it  should  commence  with — 

1.  Legislation  to  compel  every  man  to 
keep  his  grounds  free  from  insect  pests. 
No  one  has  a  right  to  foster  noxious 
agencies  for  the  destruction  of  his  neigh- 
bor's crops  and  fruit. 

2.  A  bounty  might  be  offered  in  cer- 
tain cases,  by  the  county.  State  or  Gen- 
eral Government,  for  the  capture  of 
injurious  insects.  A  reward  of  twenty- 
five  cents  a  bushel  for  locusts  during  our 
recent  visitation  by  this  scourge  would 
doubtless  have  prevented  a  large  portion 
of  the  damage  inflicted.  Such  a  reward 
would  certainly  be  as  legitimate  as  the 
customary  bounty  for  gopher  skins. 

3.  The  introduction  of  parasites  should 
be  undertaken  by  the  General  Govern- 
ment. Many  of  our  most  destructive  in- 
sects have  been  introduced  from  Europe. 
In  the  Old  Country  they  have  many  par- 
asites to  keep  them  in  check,  but  as  yet 
few  of  these  parasites  have  made  their 
way  to  this  country,  so  that  our  foreign 
foes  have  proved  most  destructive  on  ac- 
count of  the  absence  of  their  natural 
checks.  That  the  plan  proposed  is  a 
feasible  one  has  been  proved  by  Dr.  Le 
Baron,  the  Illinois  State  Entomologist, 
who  has  successfully  introduced  into 
northern  Illinois  a  parasite  upon  the  ap- 
ple bark,  louse. 

4.  Every  State  in  the  Union  should 
employ  a  competent  man  as  state  ento- 
mologist, who  should  give  his  whole 
time  to  the  work  of  investigating  the  hab- 
its of  insects,  and  disseminating  infor- 
mation among  the  people.  Messrs. 
Fitch,  Eiley  aud  Le  Baron  have  saved 
millions  of  dollars  to  the  great  States  of 
New  York,  Missouri  and  Illinois,  by 
their  indefatigable  entomological  labors. 
The  salaries  paid  to  these  men  have  been 
a  thousand-fold  returned  to  the  States 
employing  them. 

5.  The  legal  protection  of  insectivor- 
ous birds.  A  commis.sion  should  be  ap- 
pointed to  determine  what  birds  are  en- 
titled to  this  protection. 

G.  The  plan  proposed  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  national  commission  for  the 
prevention  of  the  national  calamities  oc- 
casioned by  insects  is  worthy  of  indorse- 
ment by  every  farmer  and  fruit-grower 
in  the  land.  The  petition  to  Congress 
for  such  a  commission  should  receive 
universal  signature. 

7.  I  would  finally  suggest  that  if  our 
people  were  more  generally  familiar  with 
the  subject  of  entomology,  and  were  able 
to  distinguish  between  the  beneficial  and 
injurious  species  of  insects,  our  univer- 
sal enemies  would  be  more  intelligently 
and  effectually  resisted.  To  this  end  I 
would  earnestly  recommend  the  intro- 
duction into  our  schools  of  the  elements 
of  this  extremely  practical  stience.  In- 
dependently of  the  education.al  advan- 
tages of  natural  history  studies,  the 
"practical"  value  of  a  knowledge  of 
plants  and  insects  should  forcibly  com- 
mend botany  and  entomology  to  those 
who  determine  the  course  of  training  iu 
our  common  schools.  It  our  children 
were  taught  to  distinguish  between  their 
friends  and  foes  in  the  insect  world,  a 
large  proportion  of  the  annual  loss  en- 
tailed upon  us  through  ignorance  would 
undoubtedly  be  prevented.  And  since 
the  majority  of  those  who  attend  our 
public  schools  will  be  connected  for  life 
with  the  pursuits  of  agriculture  and  hor- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


ticnlture,  it  is  easy  to  understand  the 
propriety,  and  even  the  necessity,  of  in- 
troducing into  the  courses  of  study 
those  "practical"  branches  a  knowledge 
of  which  is  essential  to  success  in  those 
pursuits. 

Birds,  Insects  and  Crops. — It  won't 
do  any  harm  to  repeat,  for  the  benefit  of 
our  many  new  as  well  as  old  readers,  that 
birds  pay  ten-fold  for  all  they  eat  on  our 
farms  in  destroying  insects.  An  old 
writer  of  fifty  years  ago  says,  in  speak- 
ing of  the  cut-worms,  mice  and  insects, 
that  he  erected  thirty  boxes  in  different 
parts  of  his  garden,  which  were  soon 
occupied  by  birds,  and  he  found  they 
soou  disposed  of  the  enemies  of  his  cab- 
bage plants  and  vines. — Rural  Sun. 


SM'ebuchadnezzar. 


BY  IBWIN   BUSeELL. 

You.  Nebuchaduezzar,  whoa,  sah! 
Whar  is  you  tryiti'  to  go,  sah  '{ 
I'd  hab  yoii  for  to  know,  eah, 

I'a  a-holdin'  ob  de  lines. 
You  better  stop  dat  prauciu'; 
You'8  pow'ful  fond  ob  dancin*. 
But  I'll  bet  my  yeah'H  advancin' 

Dat  I'll  cure  you  ob  your  shiuea. 

Look  heali,  mule!  Better  mine  out — 
Fub'  t'iuK  yoti  know  you'll  fin"  out 
How  quick  I'll  wear  dia  line  out 

On  your  ugly  bLubbo'n  back. 
You  needn't  try  to  sieal  up 
An*  lit'  dat  precious  heel  up: 
You'd  got  to  plow  dia  fiel'  up, 

You  has,  sah,  for  a  fac'. 

Dar.  dat's  de  way  to  do  it! 
He'H  comin'  right  down  to  it: 
Jes'  watch  him  plowiu'  t'roo  it! 

Dis  nigger  ain't  no  tool. 
Some  folks  dey  would  'a  beat  him; 
Now,  dat  would  ouly  heat  him — 
X  know  jes'  how  to  treat  him; 

You  mus'  reason  wid  a  mule. 

He  minds  me  like  a  nigger. 
If'he  was  only  bigger 
He'd  fotch  a  mighty  figger. 

He  would,  I  tell  youl  Yes,  sah! 
See  how  he  keeps  a-clicltin'I 
He's  as  gentle  as  a  chicken. 
An'  nebber  thinks  o'  kickin' — 

Whoa  dar  I     Nebuchadnezzah! 


Is  dis  heah  me;  or  not  rae  ? 
Or  is  de  debbil  got  me  ? 
Was  dat  a  cannon  shot  me? 

Hab  I  laid  beah  more'n  a  week  V 
Dat  mule  do  kick  amazin*! 
Dat  beast  was  ep'iled  in  raisin'— 
But  now  I  'spect  he's  grazin' 

On  de  Oder  side  de  creek. 

Treatment    of     Sick     Animals — 


^?. 


Cough  in  a  Horse. 


fHEEE  has  been  an  internal  wound, 
obstruction  or  irritation,  and  the 
cough  is  only  a  symptom  or  evi- 
dence that  nature  is  trying  to  heal 
or  remove  it,  and  should  no  more 
be  stopped  till  the  cause  is  removed  than 
the  temporary  scab  that  nature  throws 
over  nn  external  scratch  should  be  re- 
moved before  the  wound  is  healed,  when 
it  comes  off  itself.  It  matters  not 
whether  the  wound  or  obstruction  is 
nasal,  laryagital,  bronchial,  thoracic,  or 
stomachic,  caused  by  dust,  poison  or 
overwork,  the  cough  will  surely  stop 
when  the  cause  is  removed. 

No  doubt  ginger,  or  other  poison, 
might  be  more  obnoxious  to  vitality  than 
the  injury,  and  temporarily  call  of  the 
repair  force  for  its  own  expulsion  and 
thus  abate  the  cough  for  a  time,  but  to 
no  greater  real  benefit  than  the  paying  of 
debts  with  money  hired  at  a  higher  rate 
of  interest  than  that  on  the  debt,  which 
is  sometimes,  but  rarely,  expedient,  the 
debtor  still  has  the  debt  to  pay,  and  "bo- 
nus" besides.     Not  to  burden  youi' col- 


umns with  statistical  proofs,  I  will  inci- 
dentally give  one  which  also  shows  that 
"Light  is  dawning  in  the  East." 

In  a  recent  New  York  Journal  of  HeaUh 
containing  many  useful  hints,  with 
"liver  pills,"  etc.,  its  celebrated  M.  D. 
proprietor  says  substantially,  "Never 
try  to  stop  a  cough;  it  is  nature's  way  of 
removing  phlegm  from  the  chest;  much 
better  take  something  to  increase  the 
cough,"  etc.;  and  also  adds  that  he  is 
the  first  publishing  the  (nature  cure) 
doctrine,  which  was  systematized,  suc- 
cessfully practiced  and  taught  by  lectures 
by  its  talented,  self-denying  and  worthy 
M.  D.  discoverer,  after  ten  years'  exten- 
sive allopathic  practice,  about  fifty  years 
ago;  and  by  him  practiced  till  his  recent 
death,  at  eighty-six,  and  taught  in  seve- 
ral excellent  works  of  his. 

"Spasms  in  pigs, "  "horn  ail,"  men- 
tioned in  the  same  paper  (Jan.  20,  1870) 
and  all  ordinary  diseases,  in  man  or 
beast,  are  the  most  successfully  treated 
on  the  "nature  cure"  system;  and  noth- 
ing can  be  done  to  help  nature,  but  to 
remove  all  hindrances  possible  and  sup- 
ply all  natural  wants.  Make  the  patient 
comfortable  and  let  nature  work.  Pois- 
ons tend  to  death  when  taken  by  well 
animals,  and  how  absurd  to  think  that 
their  nature  is  instantly  changed  so  as  to 
tend  to  life,  by  being  taken  by  a  sick.aud 
perhaps  .already  nearly  dead  animal. 
"Like,  cause,  like  effect"  is  as  true  here 
as  everywhere  else. 

In  all  acute,  inflammatory  cases,  fevers 
with  quick  pulse  and  coated  tongue, 
colds,  etc.,  de  not  tempt  the  palate,  and 
give  no  food  unless  it  is  desired  in  a  nat- 
ural and  plain  condition,  that  is,  without 
stimulating  condiments.  Food  in  the 
stomach,  uncalled  for,  is  a  hindrance  to 
recuperation.  Unless  there  is  heat  and 
pain  in  the  bowels,  do  not  disturb  them; 
if  there  is,  pure,  warm  water  enemas, 
and  fomentation  are  usually  sufficient. 

Always  remember  that  nature  knows 
her  own  business  best,  and  don't  try  to 
force  action  with  disagreeable  interfer- 
ence. Unnatural,  stimulating  food  and 
drink  in  an  unnatural  manner  and  quan- 
tity, have  ofteu  given  "fits"  to  other  an- 
imals than  voracious  pigs,  and  "uriuo 
and  soap"  are  not  the  natural  and  best 
remedy;  abstinence,  rest  and  natural 
food  and  drink  are  far  better. — New  Eng- 
land Farmer. 

The  Horsk's  Foot. — A  competent  vet- 
erinary surgeon  writes  as  follows  on  the 
subject  of  that  all-important  part  of  the 
horse,  namely,  the  foot: 

Most  of  the  horse-shoers  of  the  coun- 
try prepare  the  foot,  fit  the  shoe,  and  se- 
cure it  to  the  hoof  iu  the  same  manner 
that  a  wood  butcher  fits  a  shoe  to  an  old 
wood  or  ox  s*ed.  The  mechanism  of  a 
horse's  foot  is  one  of  the  most  wonderful 
and  ingenious  structures  that  can  be 
found  in  all  the  works  of  the  Creator. 
Beneath  and  in  the  rear  of  every  hoof 
there  is  a  frog,  which  is  a  tough  and 
elastic  pad  for  preventing  injury  to  the 
animal  whenever  he  plants  his  foot  sud- 
denly on  any  hard  substance.  Largo 
rolls  of  cylinders  of  india-rubber  are 
placed  beneath  the  railway  cars  to  pro- 
vent  injury  to  any  part  of  the  car  or  to 
the  cargo  with  which  it  is  loaded.  The 
frog  beneath  the  foot  of  a  horse  is  de- 
signed to  subserve  a  similar  purpose. 
But  the  manner  in  which  most  horses 
are  shod  lifts  them  as  it  were  on  short 
stilts,  so  the  frog  connot  perform  its  ap- 
propriate functions. 

If  we  look  carefully  at  the  young  horse 
when  he  is  trotting  or  running,  it  will  be 
perceived  that  every  foot  is  brought  to 
the  ground  in  such  a  manner  tliat  the 
frog  receives  the  powerful  blow-.  By 
this  means  all   injury    to  the  animal  is 


avoided.  Science  teaches  ns  to  permit 
the  frog  to  develop  and  point  downward. 
But  most  blacksmiths  seem  to  think  that 
the  all-wise  Creator  made  a  mistake  when 
He  formed  the  foot  of  the  horse.  Hence 
they  fall  at  the  frog  with  red-hot  burning 
irons,  with  edge  tools  and  with  any  other 
appliance  that  will  enable  them  to  re- 
UKjve  this  extraneous  excrescence.  Il- 
lustrious minuies!  Why  not  shave  away 
all  the  rough,  callous,  adipo.se  tissues  be- 
neath their  own  heels,  and  allow  the 
bare  bones  io  rest  on  an  iron  plate  in- 
side of  their  own  boots  and  shoes?  No 
frog,  no  foot;  no  foot,  no  horse. 

H0K.SES  FOR  FAiiMKn.s.  — For  the  ordin- 
ary American  farmer,  who  cultivates  the 
average-sized  farm  of  about  lUU  acres,  in 
a  variety  of  crops,  a  breed  of  horses  is 
required  suited  to  the  heavy  work  of  the 
farm,  the  hauling  of  crops  to  market, 
and  also  possessing  the  fleetness  desira- 
ble in  carriage  horses. 

Such  farmers  cannot  afford  to  keep 
separate  teams  for  draught  and  carriage 
purposes.  They  want  horses  which, 
when  hitched  to  the  plow,  will  move 
with  unyielding  strength  through  sod 
and  stubble,  will  draw  the  wagon  loaded 
with  grain,  hay,  corn  or  roots  to  the 
barn  or  stack,  the  loaded  manure  wagon 
over  the  soft,  yielding  earth;  that  will 
force  the  reaper  through  the  stoutest 
grain,  or  the  mower  through  the  thickest 
grass;  that  will  move  wagons  heavily 
laden  with  the  farm  products  to  market, 
and  at  the  same  time,  when  the  farmer 
wishes  them  to  get  over  the  ground  rap- 
idly, with  carriage  or  light  wagon,  will 
be  on  hand. 

Some  will  say  that  the  farmer  has  no 
business  with  fast  horses.  If  he  has  not, 
we  should  like  to  know  who  has.  He  is 
generally  located  miles  from  his  market 
town,  whither  he  is  often  obliged  to  go 
several  times  a  week,  to  market,  on  busi- 
ness, to  church  or  lectures,  and  he  can- 
not afford  to  waste  much  of  his  valuable 
time  on  the  road. 

The  lord  knows  animals  have  enough 
to  suffer  from  hunger,  thirst,  cold,  from 
beating  and  cruel  and  thoughtless  own- 
ers, 'rhej'  are  cut  and  slashed,  burned 
and  blistered  without  mercy,  and  still 
editors  will  publish  ever}'  old  fogj- remedy 
handed  down  from  our  old,  heathenish, 
ignorant  ancestors;  and  more  horses 
have  been  spoiled  by  knives  and  hot 
irons  than  have  ever  been  cured  by  such 
treatment,  and  it  is  time  such  abomin- 
able practices  were  abolished  and  a  more 
common  sense  way  adopted.  Doctor  a 
horse  as  you  would  yourself,  and  your 
will  find  it  a  vast  improvement  on  the 
system.  If  your  horse  has  colic,  instead 
of  trotting  him  around  all  the  time,  let 
him  lie  still,  and  cover  him  with  three  or 
four  blankets  and  give  large  injections  of 
warm  water  and  he  will  soon  be  all  right. 

IxTEsTiNAL  Para-sites. — Prof.  Cobbold 
marshals  a  considerable  amount  of  evi- 
dence to  show  that  colic  in  horses  is  fre- 
quently, in  this  country  as  well  as  in 
India,  produced  by  ascaris,  strongyli, 
and  other  internal  worms.  Over  l,'2t)0 
ascaridcs  he  mentions  as  having  been  re- 
moved in  a  post  mortem  examination  of 
the  intestines  of  one  unfortunate  horse. 
It  is  a  pity  we  have  no  record  of  the  sen- 
sations, the  gastric  arrangement,  the 
thriftness  of  appearance  of  this  much- 
afflicted  animal.  What  an  amount  of 
food  these  voracious  vermin  must  have 
consumed  from  the  irritated  intestines; 
rolled  in  masses,  as  they  often  are,  they 
must  frequently  have  formed  an  almost 
hopeless  obstruction.  Thankful  would 
that  wretched  victim  be  to  suffle  off  his 
mortal  coil. 


Breeding  from  Unsodnd  Horses. — A.  f 
A.  says,  in  the  Country  Gentleman,  in  an-  \ 
swer  to  an  inquiry:   Several  years  ago  a  , 
neighbor  of   mine  owned   a  stallion  that  ( 
had  the  stringhalt,  and  many  of  his  colts 
had    the    stringhalt  while  following  the 
following  the  mare;  many  more  of  them 
would  be  troubled  with  it  after  they  bad   ' 
been  used  a  short  time,  and    1  think  the 
colts,  when    kept    to  breed   from,   were 
more  liable  to  have   the   stringhalt  than 
those  bred  from  a  sound  horse. 


The  Press  of  the  Day. 

We  should  not  forget  that  the  press  is 
the  greatest  educator  of  the  day,  and, 
more  than  any  other  iustrumcutality, 
gives  caste  to  individual  and  national 
character;  and  we  should  remember  also 
that  this  induence  imposes  a  correspond- 
ing responsibility  upon  ns.  To  meet 
this  heavy  and  far-reaching  responsibili- 
ty, and  to  make  the  press  the  palladium 
indeed  of  American  liberty,  the  elevating 
lever  of  our  advancing  civilization,  it 
must  have  a  moral  conscience,  and  an 
unyielding  spine.  Its  influence  and 
patronage  must  be  withdrawn  from  the 
market.  It  must  love  the  right  and  de- 
terminedly stand  by  it.  It  must  be  used 
no  longer  as  the  tool  of  demagogues  to 
foist  them  to  office.  It  must  break  its 
league  with  a  remorseless  money  power, 
and  no  longer  assist  it  iu  plowing  its 
schemes  of  fraud  through  legislation.  It 
must  turn  away  from  charletaus  and  im- 
postors and  refuse  to  longer  recommend 
them  through  its  columns.  It  must 
stand  as  a  faithful  guardian  of  the  rights 
as  well  as  the  trustworthy  monitor  to  the 
minds  of  the  people.  And  upon  the  ap- 
pearance of  harm,  be  it  from  an  open  fue 
or  an  insidious  evil,  it  must  have  the 
courage  to  give  faithful  warning  to  the 
people,  and  strike  telling  blows  for  hu- 
manity and  the  right.  To  do  this,  we 
shall  be  caUed  upon  to  thin  out  our  ad- 
vertising colums,  and  for  a  short  time 
our  subscription  list  may  be  cut  down, 
and  our  revenues  greatly  lessened,  so 
that  some  of  us  may  have  to  exchange 
the  quill  for  the  hammer  and  plow  hand- 
les, but  it  will  be  well;  our  country  will 
have  been  saved,  and  humanity  entered 
upon  the  ascending  note. 

We  repeat,  then,  the  great  want  of  the 
American  press  to-day,  is  conscience  and 
backbone. — Oregon  Cultivator. 


Science  of  Money   Briefly  Stated. 

Under  the  above  broad  title,  the  publi- 
cations of  the  New  York  Mercantile 
Journal  Company,  (viz:  The  New  Y'ork 
Mereanlile  Journal,  the  J)ry  Goods  Jour- 
nal, the  DriigqisL-i'  Journal,  the  UardvMre 
Price  Current,  and  the  Grocer's  I'rir.e  Cur- 
rent,)  are  actively  bringing  the  following 
apothegm  to  the  attention  of  the  public; 
claiming  that  the  adoption  of  the  system 
of  finance  therein  sit  forth  will  prevent 
both  inflation  and  undue  contraction, 
thus  removing  all  liability  to  monetai-y 
panics,  such  as  iu  years  past  have  so  se- 
riously disturbed  the  tntire  industry  of 
the  whole  country  an  I  entailed  such 
fearful  loss  upon  all. 

"In  the  interchangability  (at  the  op- 
tion of  the  holder)  of  n.itioual  paper 
money  with  Government  b^nds  bearing 
a  fixed  rate  of  interest,  t',iere  is  a  subtle 
principle  that  will  n  gulate  the  move- 
ments of  finance  and  commerce  as  accu- 
rately as  the  motion  of  a  steam  engine  is 
regulated  by  its  "governor."  Such  paper 
money  tokens  would  be  much  nearer 
perfect  measures  of  value  than  gold  and 
silver  ever  can  be.  The  u^e  of  gold  or 
other  merchandise  as  moi  ey  is  a  barbar- 
ism unworthy  of  the  age." — Wallace  i' 
Groom. 


22 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Stutlitultuvc, 


-^;d 


Culf  Coast  Fruits. 


TP.OPICAL  FEUITS. 


INE-APPLE  (Ururmlia  Ananas) . 
This  delicious  tropical  fruit,  which 
can  only  be  enjoyed  in  perfection 
when  allowed  to  ripen  on  the  plant, 
has  been  cultivated  with  considera- 
.e  success  on  the  small  islands  and 
eys"  near  the  extreme  south  and 
itwest  edge  of  Florida,  more  particu- 
ly  in  the  neighborhood  of  Key  West, 
e  pineapple  plant  is  very  easily  propa- 
;ed,  comes  rapidly  into  bearing,  and 
.y  be  made  a  source  of  very  considera- 
I  trade  and  profit  when  its  culture  is 
;euded  to  its  utmost  limits,  it  must 
remembered,  however,  that  it  is 
ictly  a  tropical  plant,  not  capable  of 
luring  even  the  slightest  frost;  and 
it  it  can  only  be  grown  south  of  lati- 
le  40".  Properly  organized  colonies, 
small  communities  possessing  the 
piisite  capital  and  energy,  could  easily 
tke  the  pineapple  culture,  in  south  and 
ithwest  Florida,  a  certain  success;  but 
retofore  the  remoteness  of  the  most 
■orable  localities  from  all  commercial 
lilities — the  difficulties  attending  trans- 
rtatiou — and  the  almost  total  lack  of 
;ial,  religious  and  mail  privileges, 
ve  deterred  immigration  and  operated 
:y  seriously  against  isolated  individual 
ort  in  this  promising  enterprise. 
Banana  (Miisa  sapienium) ,  and  Plan- 
n  (J/,  paraclisiacaj ,  both  ripen  their 
licious  and  wholesome  fruit  somewhat 
ther  north,  and  stand  a  little  lower 
gree  of  cold  than  the  pineapple.  Wher- 
sr  the  mean  temperature  reaches  70" 
75"  Fahrenheit,  the  banana  and  plan- 
n  can  bo  raised  very  profitably;  but 
Dse  plants  will  thrive  and  fruit  ripen, 
th  a  slight  protection,  where  the  mer- 
ry descends  to  45",  or  even  lower, 
iking  this  allowance  for  superior  hard- 
;ss,  and  extending  the  range  of  the 
nana  at  least  one  degree  north,  the 
eceding  remarks  touching  the  culture 
the  jiineappe  will  apply  to  the  very 
olific  and  healthful  fruit  now  under 
r  notice.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
e  great  Humboldt  calculated  that,  in 
proper  clime  and  under  favorable  cir- 
mstances,  the  yield  of  food  from  the 
nana  when  compared  with  wheat  was 
twenty-five  to  one;  and  he  also  .assert- 
that  no  plant  grown  on  earth  for  bu- 
rn food  could  at  all  compare  with  this 
•rticular  tropical  fruit  in  combined  pro- 
ictiveness  and  nutrition.  There  is  a 
de  field  for  the  profitable  culture  of 
e  banana  on  the  Gulf  Coast  of  Florida, 
aero  it  is  a  perennial  plant,  at  all  points 
uth  of  latitude  2a".  It  also  very  fre- 
lectly  iiroduces  ripe  fruit  much  farther 
)rth,  as  in  the  city  of  New  Orleans;  and 
metimes,  when  slightly  protected,  on 
e  coast  of  Mississippi,  Louisiana  and 
jxas,  where  the  plant  is  very  generally 
iltivatcd  for  its  highly  ornamental  ap- 
iarance  and  beauty.  As  a  sure  and  re- 
iblc  fruit-producing  plant,  however,  the 
mana  can  only  be  recommended  within 
0  geographical  limits  above  mentioned 
■namely,  near  the  Gulf  Coast, and  south 
latitude  '2'J". 

The  Cocoa  Nut  (Comn  miciferaj,  the 
ate  Palm  fPhcrnix  dacUjlifera) ,  the 
uava  fPsidinm),  the  West  Indian  Paw- 
iw  (Varim  Papaya),  the  Anchovy  Pear 
Vri«.s  cax/i/Jora^.^the  Alligator  or  Avoca- 
3  Pear  ( Imwiis  Persea).  and  possibly 
her  tropical  fruits  are  cultivated  to  a 
inited  extent,,  both  for  use  and  orna- 
ent,  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  Florida 
;ninsula,  in  the  gardens  at  Key  West 
id  Its  neighborhood,  but   as  yet,  bo  far 


as  I  am  aware,  none  of  these  fruits  have 
been  planted  there  on  a  large  scale,  nor 
attained  any  commercial  importance. 

SEMI-TKOPICAIi     FP.niTS. 

Sweet  Orange  {Citrus  A^(ranllum) .  This 
almost  universally-known  and  favorite 
fruit  ranks  deservedly  at  the  head  of  this 
list,  and  is  worthy  of  far  wider  and  more 
careful  culture  than  it  has  yet  received 
among  us.  We  can  cultivate  success- 
fully every  variety  of  the  sweet  orange 
known  in  America;  and  it  is  an  import- 
ant and  noteworthy  circumstance,  that 
the  seeds  of  the  sweet  orange  from  the 
West  Indies,  Southern  Mexico,  and  other 
tropical  countries,  when  planted  on  the 
Gulf  Coast  produce  fruit  far  superior  in 
size  and  flavor  to  that  which  we  import 
from  those  countries  or  from  Europe. 
This  now  well-established  fact,  and  the 
ease  and  certainty  with  which  fine  native 
seedling  orange  trees  can  be  produced, 
should  encourage  our  people  greatly  to 
extend  the  propagation  and  culture  of 
this  noble  fruit — this  "golden  apple  of 
the  Hesijerides' ' — to  its  extreme  northern 
limit.  I  find  it  quite  difflcult  to  define 
these  limits  with  much  accuracy;  having 
seen  and  eaten  fine  oranges  grown  on  the 
Atlantic  coasts  of  South  Carolina;  in  the 
northern  interior  of  Florida;  near  the 
southwestern  edge  of  Mobile  Bay  (north 
of  latitude  20"),  and  at  all  points  along 
the  Gulf  Coast,  from  the  border  of  Ala- 
bama to  Galveston,  in  Texas.  The  im- 
mediate shore  or  margin  of  the  Gulf 
Coast — the  islands  of  the  Gulf  sufflcient- 
ly  elevated  to  escape  overflow  and  pro- 
tracted submergence  in  severe  storms; 
and  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  bays  and 
bayous  emptying  into  this  great  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  embrace  thousands  of  acres  per- 
fectly adapted  to  the  culture  of  the  sweet 
orange  and  many  of  its  congeners. 
Throughout  the  whole  of  our  mild  and 
pleasant  coast  country,  there  are  number- 
less locations  yet  unoccupied  and  easily 
attainable,  where  almost  the  entire  ciliits 
family ;  from  the  delicate  little  Mandarin 
to  the  huge  Shaddock,  maj'  be  raise  in 
great  perfection,  and  with  nearly  as  much 
certainty  of  a  regular  crop,  as  any  other 
variety  of  fruit  which  we  cultivate.  It 
affords  mo  much  pleasure  to  assure  the 
Society  that  the  propagation,  growth  and 
culture  of  this  most  interesting  and  pro- 
fitable family  of  fruits  is  steadily  increas- 
ing from  year  to  j^ear;  and  has  of  late 
only  been  retarded  by  the  great  and  pe- 
culiarly embarrassed  condition  of  our 
section.  The  variety  of  orange  most  in 
favor  and  cultivation  with  us  has  gener- 
ally been  raised  from  seed,  either  native 
or  foreign,  and  is  designated  and  known 
as  the  Creole  orange.  We  have  also  in 
cultivation,  to  a  limited  extent,  the  Bra- 
zilian (C.  BrazUiensis) ,  the  Mandarin  (C 
nohilis),  the  Tabasco  {C.  ^fexicana),  the 
Seville  {liriqaradkr),  sour  or  bitter,  the 
Shaddock  ('.'.  dccuniana) ,  the  Pample- 
mousse,  the  Myrtle,  and  a  few  other  va- 
rieties. Of  these,  the  finer  sorts  of 
Creole  seedlings,  the  Mandarin  and  the 
Brazilian  (all  sweet),  are  undoubtedly 
the  best  and  most  profitable;  though  the 
most  of  the  other  sorts  mentioned  are 
valued  for  special  purposes. 

The  Lemon  (C.  Limonnni),  the  Lime 
(C.  Limetta  or  acida),  and  the  Citron  (C. 
medica),  are  also  grown  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent; but  all  these  are  less  hardy  and  vig- 
orous than  the  different  varieties  of 
sweet  orange,  less  in  demand  and,  there- 
fore, not  so  desirable. 

Japan  Plum  (Me^pihis  Japonwa,  l.oquat, 
PJriobvtrya) .  This  tree  is  a  broad-leaved 
evergreen  of  strikinglj'  beautiful  form, 
and  fine,  free  habit  of  growth.  It  is  very 
attractive  and  lovely  in  foliage,  and  pro- 
duces an  abundauco  of  deliciously  fra- 
grant flowers    in  late   autumn  and  early 


winter.  These,  if  not  injured  by  frost 
(which  rarely  happens  south  of  latitude 
30"),  are  followed  early  in  the  spring, 
from  last  of  January  to  middle  of  April, 
by  profuse  clusters  of  fruit,  the  size  of  a 
large  plum — juicy,  sub-acid,  refreshing, 
and  altogether  delightful  and  unique  in 
flavor  and  quality.  This  fruit  may  be 
gathered  four  or  five  days  before  it  is 
fully  mature — will  ripen  perfectly  in  the 
house  or  in  Iratis'du;  and,  if  it  were  large- 
ly planted,  in  proper  localities,  could  be 
made  a  source  of  very  great  profit.  The 
most  favorable  localities  seem  to  be  in 
the  vicinity  of  New  Orleans,  ranging 
from  twenty  to  thirty  miles  above  to 
sixty  or  eighty  miles  below  the  city,  on 
the  Mississippi  river  coast,  and  thence 
south  and  southwestwardly,  throughout 
the  entire  region  lying  near  the  Gulf, 
between  the  great  river  and  Eastern  Tex- 
as. The  Japan  plum  is  said  not  to  suc- 
ceed well  in  East  Florida,  but  I  am  at  a 
loss  to  find  any  good  reason  for  its  fail- 
ure there.  Within  the  particular  limits 
I  have  mentioned,  and  even  as  far  east 
and  north  as  Pascagoula  Bay,  on  the 
Gulf  coast  of  Mississippi,  this  attractive 
and  very  desirable  fruit  tree  bears  a  crop 
three  or  four  years  cut  of  five,  and  is 
generally  grown  on  a  limited  scale,  both 
for  use  and  ornament. 

Fig  {Ficus  Carica),  What  the  apple, 
the  currant,  the  strawberry,  the  Concord 
grape,  and  other  every  day  household 
fruits  of  the  easiest  production  are  to  the 
people  of  the  North  and  West,  the  fig 
most  emphatically  is  to  us  of  the  Gulf 
Coast,  the  "fruit  for  the  million!"  It 
grows  from  cuttings  as  readily  as  the 
grape  or  willow;  these  cuttings  often 
producing  a  few  ripe  and  edible  fruit  the 
first  season,  and  (with  proper  culture) 
nearly  alwas  the  second  year.  The  tree 
seems  subject  to  no  disease  whatever — is 
seldom  seriously  injured  by  frost;  and, 
when  two  or  three  years  old,  always  bears 
two,  and  sometimes  three  crops  of  fruit 
during  our  long  season.  This  fruit,  fresh, 
is  of  the  most  delicious,  nutritive  and 
wholesome  quality;  and  may,  when  fully 
ripe,  be  eaten  directly  from  the  tree,  or 
prepared  for  the  table  in  many  attractive 
forms  by  the  skillful  housewife.  It  is, 
however,  mainly  of  the  fig  as  a  marketa- 
ble and  commercial  fruit  that  I  here  wish 
to  say  a  few  very  particular  words.  As- 
suming that  the  production  of  this  fruit 
in  our  section,  so  far  as  quantity  is  con- 
cerned, is  practically  without  limit,  our 
next  consideration  is,  how  to  preserve  it 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  admit  of  long  and 
safe  keeping  and  distant  transportation. 
Up  to  the  present  time,  the  fig,  so  deli- 
cate and  perishable  when  fully  ripe  as  to 
almost  preclude  the  idea  of  handling  or 
shipping  at  all  in  its  "fresh"  state,  has 
only  been  cultivated  and  prized  for  home 
use  and  immediate  consumption.  It  is 
true  a  few  attempts  have  been  made  to 
dry  figs  m  the  sun;  and  our  tasteful 
house-keepers  have  prepared  fig  pre- 
serves, pickles  and  confections,  in  many 
attractive  forms;  but  thus  far,  with  the 
honorable  exception  of  one  firm  in  the 
city  of  New  Orleans,  no  one  within  my 
knowledge  has  attempted  to  utilize  this 
fruit  on  a  large  scale,  or  render  it  an  ar- 
ticle of  commercial  importance  and  great 
profit.  I  think  I  hazard  little  in  saying 
now,  however,  that  what  cotton  was  be- 
fore the  day  of  Whitney  and  his  gin,  the 
fig  has  been  until  the  successful  advent 
of  Bulkley,  Alden  and  other  inventors  of 
fruit-dryers  and  evaporators.  I  fully  be- 
lieve that  the  problem  is  very  near  its 
solution — that  this  excellent  and  most 
proline  fruit  will  soon  assume  its  right- 
ful importance  among  us;  and  that  be- 
fore many  more  meetings  of  this  Society 
dried  figs  of  Southern  jiroduction  will  be 
found   plentifully  in   our   markets,   and 


prove  an  important  and  acceptable  ad- 
dition to  our  home  luxuries.  The  dried 
fig  being  the  only  form  in  which  this 
wholesome  fruit  has  heretofore  been  of- 
fered to  the  general  public,  it  may  not 
be  inappropriate  to  say  that  our  figs  can 
also  be  very  successfully  pickled  (sweet 
or  sour),  preserved  in  syrup,  candied 
and  crystalized  in  sugar,  and  put  up  in 
many  other  attractive  forms  and  ways. 
All  varieties  of  the  fig,  thus  far  tried, 
succeed  perfect!}'  on  our  Gulf  Coast;  and 
reckoning  upon  the  value  and  efficiency 
of  the  most  improved  fruit-dryers  and 
evaporators,  there  is  no  fruit  which  can 
be  grown  in  our  section  that  offers  a 
surer  or  more  liberal  return  for  a  moder- 
ate expenditure  of  cajjital  and  labor. 

Pomegranate  {Pun'wnGranafiim).  This 
graceful  and  beautiful  fruit  tree  thrives 
everywhere  on  the  Gulf  Coast.  Of  the 
fruit-bearing  we  have  three  or  four  vari- 
eties, and  at  least  as  many  ornamental 
sorts.  Both  fruit  and  flowers  are  very 
beautiful  and  attractive,  and  the  pulpy 
seeds  of  the  former,  when  prepared  with 
sugar  like  the  northern  currant,  furnish 
a  juice  sweet,  cooling,  refreshing  and 
agreeable,  especially  in  the  sick  room. 
This  juice  is  also  used  for  jellies  and  con- 
serves, and  has  often  been  made  into  a 
delicate  and  peculiar  wine.  The  thick, 
leathery  rind,  or  outer  skin  of  the  fruit, 
and  the  bark  of  the  roots,  possess  very 
marked  astringent  and  anthelmintic  pro- 
perties, and  have  frequently  been  used 
in  medical  practice  with  good  results. 
The  pomegranate,  however,  aside  from 
its  great  beauty,  and  the  uses  to  which  I 
here  advert,  does  not  possess  much  at- 
traction as  a  popular  fruit  for  the  market 
or  dessert;  and  can  only  be  recommend- 
ed for  limited  cultivation. 

Olive  (Otea  Europea).  We  have  sev- 
eral varieties  of  the  olive,  including  one 
wild,  native  sort  {Olea  Americana),  a 
pretty  broad-leaved  evergreen,  bearing  a 
small  fruit  of  no  value.  The  European 
olive  tree  grows  freely  and  luxuriantly, 
wherever  properly  planted  and  eared  for; 
but  its  fruit  production  is  not  generally 
satisfactory.  The  dry  uplands  and 
rocky  ridges  of  the  interior  are,  doubt- 
less, better  adapted  to  this  fruit  than  the 
low,  moist,  sandy  lands  on  the  coast; 
and.  as  the  olive  can  resist  a  much  lower 
temperature  than  the  orange,  it  may  be 
tried  successfully  in  the  more  elevated 
and  hilly  portions  of  our  Gulf  States. 

Jujube  {Zizi/pliussaiivus).  This  tree  is 
a  native  of  Syria,  but  flourishes  every- 
where on  the  Gulf,  and  as  far  north  and 
east  as  Raleigh,  North  Carolina.  The 
tree  is  of  medium  size — sometimes  twen- 
ty or  thirty  feet  high — with  alternate  and 
singularlj'  tortuous  branches,  armed  with 
long,  curved  thorns,  and  having  very 
glossy  and  beautiful  dark  green  leaves 
(deciduous).  The  fruit,  which  ripens  in 
July  and  August,  is  about  the  size  and 
shape  of  an  olive;  and  of  a  sweet  and 
pleasant  taste,  somewhat  similar  to  that 
of  dried  dates.  There  is  little  doubt  that 
the  Jujube  (sometimes  called  Jujeb)  is 
the  true  Libyan  Lotus  of  Herodotus,  4, 
177,  and  that  it  is  also  described  as  the 
Lotus  by  Pliny,  among  the  ancients,  as 
well  as  Shaw,  Uesfontains,  Beechy  and 
Park,  among  modern  travelers,  It  is  the 
Scedra,  of  the  .\rabs,  and  was  formerly 
much  cultivated  in  Southern  Europe, and 
the  fruit  use  for  the  making  of  a  mild 
kind  of  wme  or  mead,  and  the  well- 
known  jujube  paste.  Of  late  years,  this 
once  popular  confection  has  been  re- 
placed by  a  cheaper  preparation  of  mu- 
cilage and  sugar,  and  the  culture  of  the 
fruit  has  greatly  fallen  off.  It  is  a  very 
])rctty  and  aftiactivo  fruit  tree  and  de- 
serves a  limiti-d  share  of  attention. — Fx- 
trnct  from  address  by  D.  Redmond  before 
the  American  I'omoloyical  t>ociely,  1875. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


123 


®he  #iJtttcuttiiil 


A  Look  at  the  Centennial  Exposi- 
tion- 

A  wouderful  colkctiou  of  the  products 
of  butnau  industry  aud  art  is  now  open 
to  the  world's  inspection  at  Philadelphia. 
We  have  seen  most  of  the  great  exhibi- 
tions in  Europe  since  1852,  and  we  do 
not  hesitate  to  say  that  this  display  by 
far  exceeds  them  all.  It  is  not,  however, 
intended  to  state  that  in  everj'  particular 
the  Centennial  excels;  for  m  works  of 
art,  in  the  number  of  rare  paintinys,  and 
in  statuary,  it  is  comparatively  weak; 
but  in  the  display  of  mechanical  devices, 
textile  fabrics,  products  of  iron  and  coal 
industries,  chemicals,  agricultural  pro- 
duets,  etc.,  it  is  far  in  advance.  And  wo 
are  not  alone  in  this  view.  Our  visitors 
from  other  countries,  those  who  express 
candid  opinions,  fully  coincide  in  the 
estimate  we  have  formed  of  the  display. 
Its  magnitude  is  immense,  the  variety 
bewildering.  As  regards  expense,  it  will 
be  safe  to  say  that  the  cost  of  cases  and 
devices  and  appliances  for  the  display  of 
articles  by  exhibitors  cannot  be  less  than 
two  millions  of  dollars,  and  it  may  be 
twice  this  sum.  The  costliest  woods, 
metals  aud  glass  are  used  which  the 
world  can  furnish,  and  the  most  skillful 
artisans  have  been  emploj'ed  in  planning 
and  constructing  these  receptacles  for  the 
thousands  of  curious  and  wonderful  sub- 
stances and  devices  brought  together.  No 
estimate  can  be  made  of  the  value  of  the 
exhibits,  even  approximating  towards  the 
truth;  but  the  wealth  in  kind  is  unques- 
tionably larger  than  was  ever  before 
brought  together. 

The  natural  products,  the  industries, 
the  inventions  of  our  country  are  repre- 
sented as  they  never  were  before,  and  it 
is  the  first  time  they  were  ever  fairly 
brought  iu  contrast  with  those  of  the 
Old  World.  The  international  contribu- 
tions are  unexpectedly  large  and  com- 
plete, and  it  is  gratifying  to  know  that 
every  civilized  notion  on  the  globe,  with 
three  or  four  exceptions,  is  represented. 
Greece  does  not  appear,  and  there  are 
several  of  the  petty  South  American 
states  that  occupy  no  space.  England 
would  naturally  be,  next  after  us,  the 
largest  exhibitor,  and  it  is  apparent 
to  every  one  that  she  is.  The  mother 
country  has  done  grandly  iu  her  display, 
and  has  sent  to  her  children  in  the  west 
a  vast  amount  of  her  industrial  aud  art 
treasures  for  examination  aud  study. 
Every  step  taken  through  the  large  space 
occupied  by  England  brings  the  visitor 
to  new  objects  of  wonder  and  delight, 
and  thousands  every  day  linger  around 
the  wellifilled  cases  in  this  department. 
The  French,  Belgians,  Germans,  Rus- 
sians, etc.,  all  do  well,  and  their  pro- 
ducts individually  are  worth  a  visit  to 
Philadelphia  to  see.  So  fully  have  the 
nations  of  the  earth  responded  to  our  in- 
vitations that  it  is  impossible  in  the 
space  at  our  command  to  allude  to  even 
the  prominent  articles  which  are  open  to 
inspection.  Not  only  the  leading  na- 
tions of  Europe  command  our  attention, 
but  those  of  Asia,  Africa,  South  America 
and  Australia.  Even  so  far-away  and 
little-known  countries  as  the  Orange 
Free  State  in  Africa,  and  Tasmania  in 
New  Zealand,  have  joined  in  the  grand 
concourse  of  nations  The  Sandwich 
Islands  make  a  most  interesting  display, 
especially  in  their  volcanic  products.  We 
have  never  seen  more  wonderful  speci- 
mens of  lavas,  sulphur,  and  natural 
crystalline  substances  than  are  here  ar- 
ranged. 

It  is  impossible  to  repress  a  smile  as 
one  passes  into  the  Japanese  department, 


They  are  unquestionably  among  the 
shrewdest  and  most  ingenious  people  in 
the  world.  They  have  brought  to  the 
exhibition  some  of  the  most  delicate  aud 
beautiful  bronzes  and  lacquered  wares 
ever  made  by  human  hands,  and  they 
have  done  this,  not  only  to  gratify  a 
laudable  national  pride,  but  also  with  an 
eye  to  business.  They  seem  to  us  to  be 
a  people  wonderfully  self-reliant  and  in- 
telligent, and  fully  ready  to  open  up  to 
trade  the  great  American  markets.  In 
connection  wfth  their  exhibits,  they  in- 
tend to  "open  shop"  outside  the  grounds 
and  doubtless  a  thriving  business  will  be 
done.  The  Chinese  surprise  every  one 
with  the  extent  and  richness  of  their  dis- 
play. In  elaborate  and  skillful  carving 
in  wood  and  ivory  they  lead  all  other  na- 
tions. Their  department  is  now  fully 
opened,  aud  visitors  are  inclined  to  lin- 
ger long  among  the  extraordinary  pro- 
ducts of  Chinese  skill.  The  Russians 
have  been  tardy  in  arranging  their  arti- 
cles, and  at  the  time  of  our  visit  their 
section  was  in  a  state  of  confusion. 
Enough,  however,  was  open  to  indicate 
the  unsurpassed  richness  of  the  mala- 
chite goods  which  they  have  brought  to 
the  exhibition.  But  it  is  not  our  pur- 
pose to  enter  upon  any  extended  state- 
ments regarding  the  exhibition  in  gene- 
ral. Almost  every  newspaper  in  the 
country  has  its  special  co-respondent  at 
Philadelphia  who,  during  the  summer, 
will  describe  in  detail  all  the  wonders  of 
the  exhibition  so  that  every  reader  will 
be  fully  informed. 

If  any  one  supposes  that  the  Agricul- 
tural Department  of  the  great  exhibition 
at  Philadelphia  is  devoted  solely,  or 
largely,  to  a  display  of  agricultural  im- 
plements, and  that  the  eye  of  the  visitor 
is  to  be  wearied  with  piles  of  freshly 
painted  mowers,  harrows,  plows,  etc., 
he  is  greatly  mistaken.  We  regard  the 
agricultural  building,  with  its  contents, 
as  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the 
group,  aud  alone  it  is  worth  a  trip  to  Eu- 
rope to  see.  Every  live,  intelligent  far- 
mer in  the  country  should  contrive  in 
some  way  to  visit  this  display.  More 
can  be  learned  by  a  careful  study  of  the 
seeds,  plants,  tools,  agricultural  products 
etc.,  which  are  here  brought  together 
from  all  parts  of  the  world  than  in  any 
other  waj'.  A  farmer  in  middle  life  will 
find  enough  to  supply  food  for  thought 
for  the  rest  of  his  days. 

The  acres  of  area  covered  by  the  grace- 
ful roof  of  the  agricultural  building  are 
laden  with  the  fruits  of  the  earth  from 
every  clime,  and  the  elegance  of  the  de- 
signs of  cases,  rooms,  etc.,  and  the  cost- 
liness of  the  products,  astonish  every 
visitor.  Take  the  display  of  the  single 
State  of  Iowa,  under  the  management  of 
James  W.  Fulton,  Esq.,  of  Fairfield; 
what  avast  variety  of  wonderful  products 
is  here  brought  together.  The  fruits  are 
all  represented  iu  wax,  and  are  exact 
models  of  fruits  produced  in  that  State 
last  season.  These  wax  fruits  are  works 
of  art  in  form  and  coloring.  The  seeds 
are  shown  in  vast  variety;  enormous 
stalks  of  the  cereal  gi'ains,  with  the  gold- 
en ears  of  corn  hanging  in  ponderous 
masses  from  the  walls  afford  a  pleasant 
sight  to  the  eye,  and  the  collection  af- 
fords a  complete  exhibit  of  the  earth 
products  of  that  garden  State.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  the  exhibits  of  the  other 
States  and  countries. — Boston  Journal  of 
Chemistri/  for  July. 

Centennial  of  the  American  Repub- 
lic.— Henry  Channing  Beals,  editor  of 
the    Com.    Herald,  Sau    Francisco,   says: 

In  the  history  of  nations  the  passage 
of  a  hundred  years  has  seldom  determ- 
ined results  which  leave  their  impress 
upon  mankind  for  all  coming  time.  None 


has  been  so  pregnant  with  great  events, 
none  so  replete  with  salutary  experiences 
and  human  progress  as  that  which  ter- 
minated with  the  Fourth  of  July,  187G. 
The  mere  enumeration  of  its  wondrous 
achievements  would  require  volumes  of 
research  in  every  department  of  science, 
art,  literature,  discovery,  invention,  po- 
litical economy,  emancipation  from  tj'- 
ranny,  from  religious  persecution  aud 
bigotry,  the  propagation  of  republican 
principles  founded  on  the  inalienable 
rights  of  the  individual,  and  a  host  of 
other  subjects  indicating  the  mastery  of 
mind  over  matter,  the  control  of  know- 
ledge over  ignorance.  Put  for  the  exist- 
ance  of  this  great  republic,  it  is  question- 
able whether  the  now  indispensable 
services  of  steam,  electricity,  and  their 
cognate  elements  of  strength  and  do- 
minion, would  have  been  brought  into 
requisition.  This  country  has  been, and 
is,  the  gi-tat  iconoclast  of  the  world, 
breaking  down  and  destroying  the  idols 
that  held  nearly  the  whole  habitable 
globe  iu  the  bondage  of  subservience  to 
arbitrary  rule,  and  social  and  political 
iuequality  before  the  law.  Its  grand 
declaration  of  principles  which  underlie 
the  whole  fabric  of  personal  independ- 
ence aud  freedom,  and  its  steadfast  ad- 
herence to  the  terms  of  that  declaration, 
have  commanded  the  confidence  and  re- 
spect of  the  nations,  the  love  and  admir- 
ation of  the  good  and  worthy,  every- 
where. The  priceless  boons  bestowed  by 
Providence  through  the  agency  of  the 
United  States  belong  equally  to  all  the 
world.  We  have  called  the  world  to 
unite  with  us  in  grateful  recognition  of 
what  it  has  received — and  the  world  has 
come!  It  remains  for  us,  on  the  western 
confines  of  this  great  republic,  to  par- 
ticipate fully,  cheerfully,  grandly,  to  the 
extent  of  our  power,  in  the  effort  to  cele- 
brate the  Centennial  Anniversary  of  our 
country's  birth  in  a  manner  commensur- 
ate with  60  august  an  occasion.  It  will 
infuse  into  the  minds  of  those  who  come 
after  us  the  eradicable  determination  to 
stand  by  principles  that  have  blessed  the 
whole  human  race. 

Flowers  at  the  CENTEN>aAL. — The 
horticultural  grounds  and  exposition  of 
the  Centennial  comprise  forty  acres, 
covering  the  whole  of  a  sugar-loaf  hill, 
located  near  the  center  of  the  exposition 
inclosure.  All  the  United  States  trees 
arc  represented,  and  the  plants  recently 
introduced  from  China,  Japan  and  the 
East.  Tne  space  reserved  for  the  dis- 
play of  ornamental  gardening  contains 
about  70,000  flowering,  and  perhaps  as 
many  foliage  plants,  arranged  in  the 
carpet,  bed,  ribbon  and  geometric  style 
of  gardening.  The  building,  exclusive 
of  the  main  hall  and  the  four  green- 
houses, is  divided  into  several  compart- 
ments for  the  individual  exhibits  of  flor- 
ists and  gardeners.  On  the  north  and 
south  sides  are  the  two  greenhouses, each 
thirty  by  one  hundred  feet  in  size.  These 
and  the  main  building  are  heated  by  hot 
water,  for  the  exhibition  of  choice  plants 
of  commerce,  tropical  and  other  exotic 
pioductions.  The  main  hall,  eighty  by 
two  hundred  feet  in  size,  is  ornamented 
by  a  handsome  marble  fountain,  sur- 
rounded by  statuary  and  specimensof  the 
ceramic  art.  The  heating  of  this  large 
building  is  efl'ected  as  follows:  Four 
large  return  flue-boilers  placed  in  the 
basement  of  the  main  hall,  connected  by 
iron  pipes  lain  underneath  the  floor  of 
the  passage-way,  conveying  water  to  and 
from  the  boilers,  and,  propelled  by  heat, 
the  water  moves  throughout  the  building 
disseminating  a  genial  and  uniform  heat 
everywhere. 


Pabis  gbeen  is  very  widely  used  for 
destroying  the  Colorado  potato  beetle 
and  the  cotton  worm.  Its  brilliant  color 
is  likely  to  prevent  accidents  from  mis- 
taking it  for  something  else.  Dr.  Kedzie 
estimate  that  more  than  a  hundred  tons 
were  used  in  one  year  in  the  State  of 
Michigan.  This  extensive  use  brings  up 
the  questions.  Will  it  poison  the  plants, 
and  render  crops  unsafe  as  food?  Will 
it  poison  the  soil  and  injure  succeeding 
crops':'  Will  it  become  washed  into 
drains  and  poison  springs  and  wells/ 
What  becomes  of  it  iu  the  soil'? 

To  answer  the  first  question, — cabbage 
jilants  were  watered  with  a  saturated  so- 
lution of  arsenic,  and  were  killed  in  a 
week,  but  the  leaves  did  not  contain  a 
trace  of  the  poison,  except  by  a  discolor- 
ation of  the  stem  near  the  roots.  When 
the  solution  was  weaker,  so  as  not  to 
injure  the  plant,  the  slightest  trace  could 
not  be  discovered  anywhere.  The  ex- 
periments were  repeated  on  barley  and 
on  turuips.  Again,  they  were  tried  on 
peas,  all  with  the  same  results.  Dr. 
Kedzie  says:  "Four  years  ago,  I  made  a 
careful  investigation  to  determine  wheth- 
er the  potato  tuber  absorbed  arsenic  when 
Paris  green  was  applied  to  the  plants  to 
destroy  the  potato  beetle.  I  took  pota- 
toes raised  iu  the  ordinary  course,  and 
repeatedly  dusted,  and  others  to  which 
all  the  Paris  green  had  been  applied  that 
could  be  used  without  killing  the  plant; 
but  in  no  instance  could  I  find  a  trace  of 
arsenic  iu  the  tubers.  Other  chemists 
have  made  similar  investigations  with 
the  same  results." 


Withoct  agriculture  there  is  no  wealth. 
Gold  and  silver  are  not  wealth,  they  are 
its  convenient  representatives;  commerce 
produces  no  wealth,  it  simply  exchanges 
it;  manufactures  and  the  arts  combine  it. 
Agriculture  is  the  prolific  mother  of 
wealth,  the  rest  simply  handle  it  when 
produced  and  delivered  into  their  hands. 

The  earth  breeds  savages;  agriculture 
breeds  enlightened  nations;  it  breeds 
houses  and  ships,  temples  and  semina- 
ries; it  breeds  the  manufactory;  sculpture 
painting  and  music  are  its  offspring. 
The  wheels  of  the  workshops,  the  sails 
of  commerce,  the  implements  of  science, 
the  pen  of  genius,  the  pencil  and  chisel 
of  the  artists,  the  eloquent  tongue  of  the 
orator,  the  scheming  brain  of  the  states- 
man, the  equipages  of  wealth,  the  ban- 
quetings  of  pleasure — all  that  renders 
earth  in  its  tides  of  life  auything  but  a 
great  sepulchre,  move  and  have  power  of 
being  because  the  fields  yield  their  fruits 
to  the  patient  toil  of  the  husbandman. 

We  might  manage  to  live  without  mer- 
chants, without  mariners,  without  man- 
ufacturers, without  orators,  without  po- 
ets, perhaps  we  might  possibly  survive 
the  loss  of  demagogues,  but  sure  I  am 
we  could  not  live  without  plowmen. 

The  state  of  husbandry  in  any  country 
is  the  best  test  of  its  enlightenment. 
The  thermometer  of  civilization  rises  or 
falls  as  drives  the  plow.  You  must  send 
the  plow,  exclaimed  a  man  who  had  trav- 
eled all  over  Christian  missionary  ground 
in  heathen  lauds;  a  barbarian  nation 
ueeds  but  to  be  plowed  up,  deep  sub- 
soiled,  sowed,  planted,  and  the  inevita- 
ble harvest  will  be  an  enlightened  nation. 


Subscribe  for  the  Agbictxtubist. 


.is  Englishman  visiting  Sweden,  no- 
ticing their  care  for  neglected  children, 
who  are  taken  from  the  streets  and  high- 
ways and  placed  in  special  schools,  in- 
quired if  it  was  not  costly.  He  received 
the  suggestive  answer:  "Yes,  it  is  costly, 
but  not  dear.  We  Swedes  are  not  rich 
enough  to  let  a  child  grow  up  in  ignor- 
ance, misery  and  crime,  to  become  after- 
ward a  scourge  to  society,  as  well  as  a 
disgrace  to  himself." 


124 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


ii^0mcit 


Blanche  and  rfell. 

O,  Blant-he  is  a  city  lady, 

Bedeckttl  iu  her  siikb  and  laco; 
Slie  walks  with  the  mieu  of  a  stately  queen^ 

And  a.  queen's  imperions  grace. 

But  Nell  is  a  country  maiden, 
ller  drt-Ks  from  ttie  farmstead  loom; 

Her  atep  is  free  as  a  breeze  at  sea, 
And  her  face  is  a  ruse  in  bloom. 

The  house  of  Blanche  is  a  marvel 

Of  marble  from  base  to  di>nif ; 
It  hath  all  things  fair,  aud  costly  and  rare, 

But  ajas!  it  is  not  home! 

Nell  lives  in  a  lonely  cottage. 

On  the  shores  of  a  wave-washed  isle; 
And  the  lile  she  leads,  with  its  living  deeds* 

Ihe  angels  behold  and  smile. 

Blanche  finds  her  palace  a  prison, 
Aud  oft,  through  the  dreary  years, 

In  her  burdened  breast  there  is  sad  unrest, 
Aud  her  eyes  are  dimmed  with  tears. 

But  to  Nell  her  toils  are  pastime, 

(Though  mver  till  niyht  they  cease,) 

Aud  her  soul's  afloat  like  a  buoyant  boat 
Ou  the  crystal  tides  of  peace, 

Ah  I  Blanche  hath  many  a  lover. 
But  she  broodeth  o'er  old  regret; 

Aud  the  shy,  sweet  red  on  her  cheek  is  dead, 
tor  the  day-star  of  hope  has  set. 

Fair  Nell!  but  a  single  lover 
Hath  she  in  the  wide,  wide  world: 

Yet  waruily  apart  iu  her  glowing  heart 
Love  bides,  with  his  piuiuus  furled. 

To  Blanche  all  life  seems  shadowed, 

And  bhe  but  a  ghost  therein; 
Thro*  the  misty  gray  of  her  autumn  day 

ateal  voices  of  grief  and  sin. 

To  Nell  all  life  is  sunshine, 

All   earth  like  a  fairy  sod. 
Where  the  roses  grow  and  the  violets  blow. 

In  the  softest  breath  of  God. 


REFORmATlON  AND   DISCRIMEN- 
ATION. 


m 


BY   DOEATHA. 


,'   ATTENDED  a   meeting  for  the  re- 

L  claimatiou    of    fallen  women.     One 

of  the  speakers,  in  the  fervor  of   his 

[  feelings,  exclaimed,    "Is    there   anj' 

character  on   the  earth  so  degraded, 

so  near  the  gaping  pit,  as  the  abandoned 

womau?" 

The  sentiment  was  applauded,  and  no 
one  answered,  "Yes,  yes,  the  seducer!" 
A  thousand  times  lower — a  thousand 
times  more  to  be  despised  is  the  man 
whose  smooth  dissimulation,  cunning 
intrigues  and  deceitful  suavity  lead  inno- 
cence and  virtue  to  prostitution. 

And  yet,  strange  us  it  may  be,  people, 
virtuous  people,  seem  not  to  think  that 
the  depraver  of  woman  is  himself  de- 
praved. Until  the  seducer  can  bear  his 
share  of  the  shame — until  society  visits 
on  his  head  an  equal  share  of  the  dis- 
grace that  weighs  down  his  partner  in 
guilt,  our  cities  and  towns  will  be 
thronged  with  his  degraded  victims. 

But  how  are  the  facts?  A  man,  the 
notorious  corrupter  of  innocence,  may 
reform,  or  pretend  to  reform,  become  an 
influential  member  of  a  church,  and  be 
received  in  society  as  an  honored  guest. 
He  may  not  even  reform.  He  may  no- 
toriously continue  in  his  wicked  ways; 
and  yet,  if  lus  has  m(uiey,  or  position,  or 
talent,  there  are  not  a  few  who  welcome 
him  into  the  fashionable  circle;  and  po- 
lite and  accomplished  ladies  who  will 
not  blush  to  be  seen  walking  Avith  him 
in  the  streets — who  will  even  invite  him 
into  their  parlors  and  deUght  to  do  him 
honor  are  not  fi^w. 

^  Is  this  right?  Is  not  the  seducer's 
victim  as  lit  for  the  favors  of  society  as 
he?  Should  the  one  be  loaded  with 
honors — be  caressed  and  fawned  upon, 
while  the  other,  even  when  penetent  and 


reformed,  is  spurned  and  spit  upon,  de- 
nied admission  into  Christian  churches, 
driven  back  by  the  force  of  public  senti- 
ment into  the  compiany  of  her  former  as- 
sociates of  the  brothel, — virtually  com- 
pelled to  resume  a  life  of  infamy? 

I  ask  not  that  the  road  to  prostitution 
should  be  made  more  pleasant,  or  that 
the  odium  of  the  public  condemnation 
should  be  withdrawn.  But  it  is  just  that 
the  seducer  should  stand  on  the  same 
level  with  his  victim  and  receive,  at  least, 
one  half  of  the  lashes  of  the  public  con- 
demnation. 


goujJdtoUl  gvCiuUug. 


One  Touch  of  SiTature. 

My  sltetch  was  finished,  aud  1  tnrued  to  go. 

Yet  lingered  for  a  minute  to  compare 
The  painted  cottage  iu  my  fidio 
With    that  which  stood  within  thelaudscape 

there. 
How    feeble  was  my  picture,  despite   all  my 
care. 

1  he  cotter's  wife  was  standing  at  her  door. 
And  saw  her  husband  coming  down  the  lane. 

And,  catching  up  her  baby  from  the  floor. 
She  hurried  out  to  meet  liim  once  again, 
Ijavish  of  treasured  smiles  that  were  nut  spent 
in  vain. 

Their  meeting  all  his  weariness  relieved; 

His  drudgery  to  merriment  gave  place; 
Eichau^'iug  burdens,  she  his  tools  received. 

And  h«.  the  baby,  nestling  to  his  face. 

So  went  they  back  contented  to  their  dwelling- 
place. 

Weak  wap  my  sketch,  aud   weak   the  matchless 
hufi 
Which  nature  shed  around  on  land  and  sea. 
Beside  the  beauty  of  aftection  true 
That  simple  meeting  there  revealed  to  me. 
Nothing  on  earth  with  humcn  love  ccmpared 
can  be! 


DOTTINCS  AND   JOTTINGS. 

BY  PKOP.    ISAAC    KINLEY. 

PEN  the  windows — open  the  doors, 
and  let  the  sunshine  in!  See  that 
cold-blooded  man,  the  thermometer 
of  whose  afiVctions  never  rose  above 
zero.  He  loves  no  one,  and  none 
loves  him.  He  enjoys  no  smiles  nor 
even  the  sad  luxury  of  tears.  A  living 
embodiment  of  baseness,  his  emotions 
are  only  appetite,  and  his  aspirations 
only  for  self-gratification.  He  belongs 
to  the  race  of  reptiles,  and  has  crawled 
on  his  belly  all  the  days  of  his  life.  A 
lingering  relic  of  the  saurian  period,  he 
fairly  hisses  at  the  smiling  faces  as  they 
pass. 

The  rose  is  queen  of  flowers  not  more 
for  her  beautiful  colors  than  her  sweet 
odors;  and  the  human  face  divine  is 
loveliest  when  radiant  with  the  goodness 
of  the  heart.  It  is  no  less  the  affections 
than  the  intellect  that  raise  man  above 
the  brute — that  exalt  him  in  the  scale  of 
being. 

Reason,  indeed,  is  noble.  Between  it 
and  the  affections  there  should  be  no  in- 
vidious line.  These  are  the  heat-rays 
giving  warmth  where  that  does  light. 
Love  and  reason  are  correlatives,  and  the 
two,  as  one,  only  can  be  beautiful  or 
great. 

Reason  alone  is  an  arctic  day,  bright 
but  cold.  Reason  and  the  passions  are 
the  tropical  tornado,  leaving  only  ruin 
iu  its  train.  Reason  and  the  affections 
are  the  fair  summer's  day,  with  its  verd- 
ant valleys  aud  fruitful  fields. 

If  life  is  a  winter,  aud  the  north  wind 
blows,  aud  chills,  and  freezes;  if  the 
fiowers  of  love  iind  htjpo  wither  and  die 
before  their  leaflets  have  unfolded,  it  is 
that  the  blasts  have  not  been  warmed 
and  gentled  by  the  soft  south  winds  of 
human  affection. 


Nature  is  reciprocal,  giving  kind  for 
kind.  Where  the  warm  winds  blow  the 
leaves  unfold  and  the  flowers  bloom. 
Who  gives  love,  love  receives,  and  is  the 
happier  and  nobler  for  his  giving. 

If  there  were  more  of  sunshine  and 
less  of  wintry  darkness  in  human  life, 
how  infinitely  better  it  would  be  for  man- 
kind! Reader,  open  thou  the  windows 
and  doors  of  thy  soul  and  let  the  sun- 
shine in. 


We  cannot  become  wise  in  a  day,  but 
we  can  resolve  to  do  so  in  a  single  hour; 
and,  if  we  heroically  carry  out  the  re- 
solve, we  shall  from  that  time  forth  grow 
in  wisdom,  gradually  jiassing  from  little- 
ness into  greatness. 

We  cannnot,  in  a  single  day,  form  a 
perfectly  beautifid  character;  but  we  can 
resolve  to  do  so  in  a  single  moment,  and 
we  shall  instantly  begin  to  leave  off'  hab- 
its of  evil,  habits  that  deform,  habits 
that  degrade;  and  start  in  the  growth  of 
all  that  is  morally  good  and  intellectually 
great — we  shall  begin  the  formation  of  a 
character  worthy  the  admiration  of  an- 
gels and  men. 

Who  climbs  Mt.  Hamilton  begins  at  the 
base;  but  with  every  step  upward  the 
horizon  enlarges  and  beautifies.  The 
summit  attained,  there  lies  before  him, 
as  fcir  as  the  eye  can  see  a  panorama  of 
mingled  beauty  aud  grandeur.  There, 
too,  will  be  placed  the  telescope,  through 
whose  philosophic  glasses  the  very  heav- 
ens seem  nearer. 

The  road  to  knowledge  leads  upward. 
With  every  step  the  intellectual  horizon 
expands.  And  as  we  ascend  higher  aud 
higher,  the  enlarged  prospect  becomes 
the  source  of  continual  enjoyment. 


True  culture  does  not  consist  alone  in 
extending  the  range  of  thought,  or  in 
strengthening  the  powers  of  the  intellect. 
The  educator  should  remember  that  man 
is  a  moral  and  social,  as  well  as  an  intel- 
lectual being.  The  duties  of  life  should 
be  studied;  and,  even  though  they  be 
disagreeable  ones,  the  mind  should  be 
educated  up  to  the  cheerful  acceptance 
and  heroic  performance  of  them. 

What  though  the  mind  be  able  to 
grapple  with  the  most  difBcult  questions 
of  philosoijhy — what  though  the  imagin- 
ation can  soar  to  empyrean  hights — if 
the  moral  nature  be  not  developed,  if  the 
love  of  truth  and  justice  and  right  be  not 
educated  into  a  sentiment,  the  man  with 
all  his  learning  is  only  a  degradation. 


The  scion  from  the  root  of  the  tree 
that  has  been  only  cut  down  grows  often 
with  more  vigor  than  the  parent  tree  it- 
self. The  evil  tree  of  human  slavery 
should  be  taken  up  by  the  roots  aud 
burued  in  the  fire. 

The  spirit  of  slavery  is  not  dead.  It 
has  raised  its  foot  indeed  from  the  necks 
of  the  black  race  in  order  to  place  it  the 
more  securely  on  all  races. 

See  those  immense  monopolies  that 
tax  the  resources  of  the  whole  people  in 
order  that  the  few  may  become  million- 
aires! See  the  corrupt  rings  that  con- 
trol legislatures  and  administrations, 
state  and  national,  for  the  purpose  of 
swindling  the  people  and  gathering  to 
themselves  wealth  aud  power!  See  all 
over  this  land  the  hateful  spirit  of  aris- 
tocracy spurning  honest  industry  and 
honoring  only  idleness  and  luxury ! 

Think  you  that  slavery  is  quite  dead? 
Think  you  that  this  upas  tree  has  been 
taken  up  by  tVe  roots? 


hail  about  us;  but  in  the  face  of  the  mul- 
titude shouting  "yes!"  how  few  of  lis 
have  the  courage  to  say  No !  even  iu  a 
whisper,  though  our  convictions  be  ever 
so  strong! 

In  the  long  struggle  against  slavery,  it 
was  not  that  the  world  had  to  be  con- 
vinced that  slavery  is  wrong.  This  all 
know  by  instinct.  It  was  that  the  moral 
courage  required  to  be  educated  up  to 
the  standard  of  accepting  a  title  which 
an  ignorant  prejudice  had  rendered 
odious. 


We  are  all  cowards— moral  cowards. 
We  dare  not  openly  avow  our  convic- 
tions. We  can  face  the  cannon's  mouth 
— we  can  stand  with  unquivering  nerve 
where  the  death-shots  are  flying  thick  as 


Man,  iu  all  his  faculties  and  powers, 
is  hereditary.  We  are  the  children,  not 
of  our  fathers  and  mothers  only,  but  of 
our  ancestors  for  a  thousand  generations 
back;  and  the  parents,  not  of  our  child- 
ren only,  but  of  their  descendants  for 
endless  ages  to  come. 

Our  tendencies  to  virtue  or  vice,  to 
strength  or  weakness,  to  health  or  dis- 
ease, are  transmitted ;  and  it  is  not  our- 
selves alone  whom  we  elevate  by  our 
virtues  or  degrade  by  our  vices.  The 
forces  go  on,  often  to  be  greatly  exagger- 
ated as  they  descend. 

The  desires  of  the  parent  may  ripen 
into  action  in  the  child.  The  aspirations 
for  a  better  life,  which,  at  times,  even 
the  bad  man  feels,  may  be  an  inspiration 
of  positive  virtue  in  his  children,  or  his 
children's  children.  The  parsimony  of 
the  parent  which  only  covets  the  proper- 
ty of  another,  developed  into  a  ruling 
passion  iu  the  child  or  grandchild,  may 
take  without  asking  consent  of   the  law. 

Thus  God  visits  the  iniquities  of  the 
parents  on  the  children,  not  to  the  third 
and  fourth  generation  only,  but  to  the 
tenth  or  twentieth.  The  evil  medita- 
tions of  a  man  may  send  his  grandson  to 
the  gallows. 


It  is  early  day,  and  yonder  lies  a  fel- 
low whose  couch  for  the  night  has  been 
the  bare  ground.  Between  comfort  and 
appetite  he  chose  the  latter,  and  gave  the 
price  of   a  bed  for  last  night's  carousals. 

Well,  what  else?  Pity  him?  Soldo. 
Give?  So  I  would,  were  it  wise,  or  just, 
or  beneficial.  •' 

The  dollar  in  my  pocket  has  cost  me 
toil,  and  I  have  a  right  to  whatever  of 
comfort  it  will  buy.  IJut,  if  I  am  not  a 
niggard,  or  a  villain  downright,  there  is 
a  real  pleasure  in  relieving  want. 

The  quality  of  mercy  is  twice  bless'd. 

It  biesseth  him  that  gives  aud  him  that  takes. 

But  if  the  gift  is  only  a  curse  to  him 
that  takes,  there  is  no  mercy  iu  the  gift 
nor  blessing  in  the  giving.  A  dollar  to 
him  will  only  purchase  another  night's 
carousal.  Go  your  way,  besotted  man, 
and  hunger  into  soberness. 

Poor  lellow!  He  trespasses  and  suf- 
fers the  penalties.  The  way  of  ihe  trans- 
gressor is  hard. 


It  is  not  pride  of  character,  but  the 
want  of  it,  that  withholds  au  apology  for 
an  insult  given  or  an  atonement  for  au 
injury  done.  He  who  really  values  his 
character  will  hasten  to  remove  even  the 
slightest  stain.  We  sometimes  hear  of 
persons  too  proud  to  apologize.  We 
should  rather  say,  too  weak,  or  too  vaiu. 
The  really  noble  person  cannot  rest  quiet 
on  his  pillow  with  the  consciousness  of 
an  uuatoucd  wrc>ng  against  another.  'I'he 
gifted  Crittenden  did  many  things  to  en- 
clear  himself  to  the  American  people;  but 
nothing  which  places  his  character  in  a 
nobler  light  than  his  rising  in  the  Senate 
and,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  apologizing 
to  Mr.  Seward  for  undeserved  words 
spoken  in  debate. 


All  capital  is  the  product  of  labor. 
Should  not  the  creator  of  wealth  have, 
himself,  enough  of    it   for   the  needs  of 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


life?  It  seems  just  that  he  should.  It 
is  hard  that  the  woman  who  makes  your 
clothes  should  herself  and  her  children 
go  in  rags;  and  not  just  that  the  pro- 
ceeds of  her  labor  should  make  a  million- 
aire of  one  who  only  passes  her  work 
through  his  hands  to  the  purchaser. 

The  remedy  is  in  the  hands  of  the  la- 
borer himself.  Co-operation  is  the  key 
to  the  wealth  of  the  earth.  Justly  and 
wisely  used,  it  will  give  to  the  laborer 
the  profits  of  his  own  earnings  and  sup- 
ply, in  abundance,  the  comforts  of  life  to 
every  one  who  will  give  his  labor  to  ob- 
tain them. 

San  Jose  Institute,  July,  1876. 


EACH  HAS  A  WORK  OF  HIS  OWN 
TO  DO. 

Ed.  Agricultukist:  I  have  read  con- 
siderable in  your  paper  from  the  pen  of 
"Rachel  A.  Ely."  I  have  no  fault  to 
lind  with  most  of  her  "Up-Country  Let- 
ters"— I  feel  rather  like  encouraging  her 
in  her  solicitude  for  our  health — many 
things  she  sa3's  are  really  good  and 
praiseworth,  but  I  want  to  criticise, 
good-naturedly,  a  few  of  her  remarks. 
In  the  first  place,  I  am  surprised  at  the 
production  of  such  letters  by  an  invalid. 
If  she  is,  or  has  been,  the  sick  woman 
she  claims  to  be,  her  writings  seem  to  me 
to  almost  refute  some  of  her  arguments. 
The  physical  weakness,  according  to  her 
showing,  would  be  inconsistent  with  the 
mental  strength  her  "Up-Country  Let- 
ters" exhibit.  Am  I  right?  Or  are  the 
conclusions  she  draws  from  her  premises 
wrong,  and  the  result  of  a  debilitated 
physical  system  working  a  corresponding 
feebleness  of  mind? 

"Rachel"  has  a  gooddeal  to  say  about 
ministers  and  Christians.  They  will 
bear  criticising,  truly.  But  if  she  has 
not  heard  "the  good  pastor"  urge  the 
necessity  of  obeying  God's  physical  laws, 
as  she  tells  us  in  a  late  letter,  she  cer- 
tainly cannot  have  listened  to  many  pul- 
pit discourses.  I  have  frequently  heard 
very  able  and  earnest  exhortations  from 
ministers  to  their  congregations  on  this 
subject.  And  it  is  right.  It  is  as  sinful 
to  violate  a  physical  law  as  a  moral  law. 
Nay,  I  am  not  so  sure  that  we  can  break 
a  physical  law  without  violating  a  moral 
jirecept  in  the  same  act,  or  its  conse- 
quences. But  if  the  preacher  does  not 
directly,  and  continually,  combine  the 
physical  with  tjie  moral  obedience,  it 
should  be  remembered  that  he  has 
enough  to  do,  in  looking  after  the  sjiirit- 
ual  interests  of  his  people,  to  occupy  all 
his  time  and  ability.  It  does  not  do  for 
one  man  to  be  everything. 
,.  Letter  No.  5  wonders  why  they  "don't 
take  up  the  good  tidings  of  obedience  to 
God's  physical  laws  with  the  moral  and 
spiritual  combined."  Why,  bless  you, 
they  do;  but  they  do  not  advocate  obe- 
dience to  the  physical  laws  to  the  extent 
that  would  amount  to  the  abandonment 
of  their  higher  and  more  specific  work. 
And  for  this  we  should  quarrel  with 
them.  My  eye  does  not  complain  of  my 
ear  because  it  does  not  do  the  seeing; 
and  yet  seeing  is  as  important  as  hear- 
ing. Neither  does  my  mouth  find  fault 
with  my  eyes  because  it  is  left  to  do  all 
the  eating  and  speaking;  yet  eating  is 
more  necessary  than  seeing.  You  say 
each  organ  has  its  own  work  to  do,  the 
faithful  performance  of  which  relieves  it 
from  all  further  obligation.  True.  Just 
so  the  minister  has  a  work  of  his  own  to 
do.  Let  him  attend  to  the  duties  of  his 
spiritual  calling,  and  some  one  else  look 
after  our  physical  welfare.  Either  work 
will  be  enough  to  engage  all  the  time  and 
faculties  of  any  one  individual.  Divide 
bis  attention,  and  he  will  be  inefficient 
in  his  performance  of   both  duties.     Let 


the  eye  see,  the  ear  hear  and  the  mouth 
eat  and  speak,  and  all  work  in  harmon3', 
for  a  common  end,  and  perfect  service 
will  be  rendered  and  perfect  results  fol- 
low. 

We  are  social  beings — all  more  or  less 
dependent  upon  each  other.  We  each 
have  a  work  to  do.  The  faithful  per- 
formance, by  each,  of  his  particular  du- 
ties constitutes  our  individual  and  com- 
mon happiness  and  well-being.  Go  on 
with  your  efibrts  to  enlighten  the  public 
mind  on  health  topics.  It's  a  commend- 
able mission,  and  I  say  Amen!  to  it.  We 
need  it.  But  let  others  carry  on  their 
part  of  the  work  of  elevating,  ennobling 
and  haiipifying  our  race  with  like  peace. 
Remember  the  truth  of  my  subject — 
"Each  has  a  work  of  his  own  to  do." 
Yours,  I>.   F.  P. 


REPLY  TO    "GIRLS'  RIGHTS." 

In  every  family  there  is  abundant 
scope  for  both  masbuline  and  feminine 
supremacy  without  their  clashing  with 
each  other.  It  is  only  with  the  mascu- 
line, however,  I  have  now  to  do,  and  I 
call  jour  own  attention  to  the  fact  that 
when  "masculine  supremacy"  is  duly 
observed  in  its  legitimate  sp'nere,  you 
have  there  found  always  the  most  happi- 
ness. Such  is  the  result  of  my  own  ob- 
sei-vation.  Where  is  the  wife  who  does 
not  love  her  husband  the  more  for  being 
able  to  confide  and  trust  in  him,  to  lean 
upon,  and  look  up  to  him  in  all  cases  of 
emergency?  If  I  have  read  nature  right, 
this  is  an  inherent  quality  of  the  femin- 
ine mind.  Look  at  the  eft'ects  of  setting 
aside  this  supremacy  in  the  Gewcloit 
case.  Did  it  not  generate  contempt  and 
finally  worse,  hatred,  even  to  bringing 
about  divorce?  On  the  other  hand,  you 
cannot  but  have  observed  the  good  re- 
sults of  that  decisive  negative  to  the 
wife's  request  for  a  better  house,  a  new 
buggy  and  improved  stj-le  of  living  alto- 
gether. This  would  have  brought  debt, 
and  probal-ily  mortgage.  The  good  hus- 
band, S.,  took  this  request  most  kindly, 
and  kissing  his  wife  relied,  "No,  darling, 
we  must  wait  a  while,  and  see  what  an- 
other crop  or  two  will  do  for  us."  You 
may  find  other  cases  exactly  parallel  to 
this,  all  resulting  from  adhering  to,  or 
setting  aside  this  criticised  sentiment, 
"masculine  supremacy." 

As  for  the  home  institution,  be  it  ob- 
served it  is  a  farm  with  its  appurten- 
ances that  the  wife  comes  to,  and  not  a 
millinery  institution.  "So  far  as  I  un- 
derstand it,"  it  is  to  the  husband's  home 
the  wife  comes — when  he  is  so  fortunate 
as  to  have  one — and  "he  only  is  compe- 
tent to  judge"  whether  they  shall  live  at 
the  rate  of  five  thousand  a  year  or  one 
thousand. 

May  "Girls'  Rights"  have  opportunity 
of  trying  it,  and  say  yes  or  no,  as  her 
good  judgment  dictates. 

GliANnPA. 

UP-COUNTRY     LETTERS— NO.     7- 

BY  KACHEL  A,  ELY. 

Oh!  the  beauty  and  holiness  of  nature! 
Her  laws,  how  divine  and  perfect!  the 
obeying  of  which  brings  continual  joy 
and  blessings.  It  is  disobedience  to 
them  which  brings  suflfering,  ruin  and 
premat\ire  death.  Surely  her  laws  must 
be  God's  laws,  and  to  know  and  follow 
them  the  divine  light  given  us.  whether 
moral  or  physical  laws.  Are  not  both 
equally  sacred  in  His  sight?  Can  the 
mind  be  as  strong  and  active  when  the 
body  is  weak  and  sickly,  I  wonder?  I 
will  think  it  over.  And  another  query 
is,  why  don't  our  clergy  and  teachers 
combine  the  teaching  of   physical   laws 


with  the  moral  and  spiritual. 

My  experience  goes  to  prove  that  as  I 
gain  in  strength  (which  I  am  doing 
daily)  I  grow  mentally,  morally  and 
spiritually  stronger.  My  blood  and 
brain  seems  tingling  with  the  love  of 
God's  beauties,  and  a  desire  to  help  the 
poor,  weak  creatures  who  are  sufiVring 
to  arouse  themselves  and  study  His  laws 
and  obey  them,  rather  than  to  put  them- 
selves into  the  hands  of  an  >I.  D.,  and 
attempt  to  get  well  in  spite  of  broken 
laws  and  wi'ong  doing.  Ah,  well!  the 
world  moves  slowly,  and  it  takes  years 
to  make  a  perfect  tree  even,  so  I  fold 
my  hands  and  sit  and  dream  of  a  future 
that  I  shall  never  see,  perhaps,  but  a 
future  that  must  surely  come  to  this 
planet  of  ours. 

When  will  we  do  riijht  from  the  love  of 
it,  not  through  fear  or  because  it  is  the 
best  policy?  When  will  we  rightly  un- 
derstand the  laws  goveriug  our  health, so 
that  we  will  not  only  keep  well,  but  bear 
healthy  children — an  inheritance  few 
give  their  offspring? 

I  have  returned  to  my  quiet,  serene 
cpiarters  once  more — a  sister  of  the  sick 
woman's  husband  having  come  fifty 
miles  or  more  to  remain  until  the  slowly 
returning  strength  be  fully  established. 
Like  most  Western  women,  she  is  ready 
to  do  anything  that  appeals  to  her  com- 
mon sense,  even  though  the  ideas  be  now 
and  somewhat  radical,  so  my  hostess 
finds  little  difficulty  in  having  her  orders 
entirely  carried  out.  And  as  recovery 
seems  certain,  though  slow,  the  husband 
begins  to  think  a  little  in  his  quiet  mo- 
ments, asking  questions,  and  has  sub- 
scribed for  a  health  journal.  The  doctor 
who  gave  up  the  case  still  drops  in,  rubs 
his  fat  hands,  and  is  glad  to  sec  Aia-  pa- 
tient gaining! 

My  hostess  is  a  puzzle  to  me  continu- 
ally— seemingly  so  quiet,  and  yet  living 
her  life  so  truly — making  all  circum- 
stances conform  to  her  ideas  of  right,  so 
that  one  is  led  to  think  it  is  easy  sO  to 
live.  But  she  and  her  husband  both  say 
they  have  had  their  years  of  trials,  and 
now,  having  determined  on  a  certain  di- 
rect course,  which  they  know  to  be  right 
and  best  for  their  children  and  them- 
selves, all  is  plain  sailing — only  they 
must  row  their  boat  alone,  single-handed, 
and  be  oftentimes  misrepresented  and 
abused  by  the  world  and  neighbors  even. 
But  we  all  have  our  burdens,  and  theirs 
is  small  compared  with  many  other.s. 

I  take  a  walk  daily  among  the  wild 
flowers  and  waving  grass  and  forest 
trees,  and  feel  refreshed  by  the  sun,  in- 
stead of  weaker,  as  at  first.  We  women 
do  not  get  enough  of  the  sunshine  on 
our  bodies,  my  good  friend  says,  and  I 
begin  to  believe  its  truth.  Xt  first  I  felt 
utterly  wilted  by  its  heat  and  power,  but 
continuing  daily  to  take  ray  noonday  nap 
beneath  its  glow,  I  found  myself  receiv- 
ing renewed  vigor  and  spirits.  The  hum 
of  the  insects  and  singing  of  the  birds 
lull  me  to  a  calm  repose,  such  as  has  not 
been  enjoyed  for  years  before.  Try  it, 
O  ye  invalids!  and  see  its  magic!  Make 
two  calico  wraps  and  go  to  the  moun- 
tains; leave  finery  and  society  and  civil- 
ization behind  yon.  Return  to  simple 
habits,  plenty  of  coarse  bread,  fruit, 
vegetables,  eggs,  butter,  milk  and  spring 
water  to  drink  and  to  bathe  in,  sunlight 
to  walk  and  to  sleep  in,  and  mountain 
air  to  breath.  With  no  worry  of  mind, 
return  to  childhood  again  and  see  if  you 
do  not  begin  to  feel  red  blood  throbbing 
through  your  veins  and  filling  your  heart 
with  future  resolves  of  right  doing,  and 
withall  a  deep  pity  for  all  the  sick  and 
weary  ones  who  daily  drag  life's  burden, 
with  no  hope  but  the  grave  as  a  release. 


.\cts  are  only  thoughts  matured. 


gou 


;^  and  (5ut 


The  Child's  Centennial 


BY  iUKlAN    DOUGLAS 


Aronnd  the  purple  clover-flowers 

The  butterflies  were  flitting; 
And  on  n  ntone  beside  the  road 

A  iittle  buy  was  sitting. 
The  fragraul  air  liis  yellow  hair 

Aruiuid  hiK  face  wuh  blowing, 
And.  down  hiii  pretty  rosy  cLeeke, 

The  greut  round  tears  were  flowing. 
His  orefcheb  were  of  c<>art>e  brown  cloth; 

Hib  frock  waK  made  of  tow; 
For  little  Ebcuezer  lived 

A  hundred  ycarii  ago. 

Along  the  road,  upon  a  horse. 

Two  men  came,  riding  double; 
And  one  Kpoke  out,  "My  pretty  lad, 

Pray  tell  nio  what'e  the  trouble." 
But,  at  hiH  frl'-ndty  words,  the  boy 

Began  tu  wib  tho  louder; 
"O,  sir!"  he  Kaid,  "luy  father  took 

His  gun,  and  h"rn  of  powder. 
And  rode  away  this  verj*  moru 

To  help  to  tight  tho  foel" 
For  there  was  war  wilhiQ  the  land 

A  hundred  years  ago. 

The  foremost  man  drew  in  his  rein 

(Uis  horse  was  somewhat  skittish). 
And  BJiid,  "My  dear.  I  would  not  fear; 

We  hojKj  to  Ix-at  the  British. 
And  whin  the  Yankees  win  tho  day, 

And  s<_-ud  the  Kc-d-coats  flying. 
And  home  uguin  your  father  comes, 

Vou  will  not  feel  like  crying; 
You'll  be  a  happy  fellow  then." 

"Oh,  that  I  shall.  1  knowl" 
Poor  little  Kbenezer  said 

A  hundred  yeara  ago. 

**But  if  ho  should  not  come  at  all. 

And  we  should  find,  instead,  elr, 

A  sword  cut  ofl'his  head,  sir?" 
"Oh.  even  tht-n,"  the  man  ivpUed, 

"You'd  pruudly  tell  his  Btorj*, 
And  bay,  'lie  died  for  freedom's  &ake. 

And  for  his  country's  glory.' 
And  bravo  mubt  be  the  little  son 

Whose  father  fights  the  foe; 
We  need  stout  hearts."    And  so  they  did, 

A  hnudred  years  ago. 

The  man  rode  on,  and  home  again 

Ilau  little  Elx-ntzer; 
"Now  I  must  bhuru  njy  mother's  care," 

He  said,  "and  try  to  please  her; 
And  I  must  work  In  cvc-rj-  way, — 

Itake  hay.  and  fe«-d  the  cattle. 
And  hoe  the  cum.  bince  father's  gone 

To  give  the  BriliPh  battle." 
Oh!  looking  barkward,  let  us  not 

Forget  the  thanks  we  owe 
To  those  good  little  boys  who  lived 

A  huudretl  years  ago! 


**OUR  CORNER." 


i' 


THE    LETTER  BAG. 

HY  is  it  that  there  are  no  more 
letters  this  month?  Aunt  Polly 
hopes  that  her  nephews  and  jiieces 
are  not  going  to  "throw  off"  and 
try  to  forget  her.  Cannot  you 
make  out  the  answers  to  the  puzzles, 
etc.?  How  can  Aunt  Polly  know  who 
has  sent  (he  best  puzzle  unless  some  are 
not  guessed?  If  you  don't  send  me  the 
answer  to  such  as  you  can  find  out  how 
can  I  know  which  you  cannot  find  out  r 
Now,  try  again,  and  see  if  you  eiinnot 
make  out  the  puzzles  given  in  June  and 
July,  and  send  me  tho  answers,  or  else 
say  which  arc  the  hardest.  Now,  write 
us  something  good  and  funny,  for  "Our 
Corner"  must  be  jolly,  you  know. 

Daisy  writes  a  nice  letter.  Here  it  is: 
iJeor  Aunt  Polli/:  I  thought  I  would 
tell  you  how  I  spent  my  Centennial 
Fourth  of  July.  Papa  decorated  his 
camago  so  that  it  looked  very  pretty. 
He  covered  the  top  of  it  with  a  large 
American  flag,  festooned  it,  and  then 
trimmed  it  with  evergreens.  I  invited 
tliree  Uttle  girls  ue.ar  my  age  whose  pa- 
pas do  not  keep  horses.  We  took  a  nice 
lunch,  and  went  uj)  in  the  woods.  5Iy 
papa  put  up  a  swing,  and  then  mamma 
spread  the  cloth  in  the  shade  of  a  beau- 
tiful live  oak,  and  we  gathered  around  it 
a  merrj-  little  party.     We  had  some  fire- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


crackers,  and  hiid  a  nice  time  making  all 
tlie  noise  we  wanted  to.  We  were  near 
a  brciCik  where  we  gathered  some  beauti- 
ful ferns.  We  saw  one  snake,  but  did 
not  kill  it.  I  hope  all  your  little  friends 
had  as  nice  a  time  on  the  Fourth  as  I 
did.     Here  is  a  short  puzzle: 

Jly  first  is  in  lend,  but  not  in  borrow; 

My  second  is  in  to-day,  but  not  in  to- 
morrow : 

My  third  is  in  Zillie,  but  not  in  Mollie; 

Jly  fourth  is  in  baby,  but  not   in  dollit; 

Jly  whole  is  what  little  boys  and  girls 
never  should  be. 

D.4ISY    G. 

Toiuniy  Clark,  of  Livermore,  has  not 
forgotten  us.  Here  is  a  letter  and  puzzle 
he  has  written : 

Dear  Aunt  Folbj:  The  answer    to    Jen- 
nie's puzzle  is  "Aunt  Folly  oilers  premi- 
ums for  the  best  puzzles;  let  us  all  try." 
I  noticed  that  she  did  not  use  any  figure 
two  at  all.     I  send  an  enigma: 
My  18,  23,  33  is  light. 
My  31,  7,  2-1,  13  is  to  venture. 
My  23,  IG,  !),  8,  7,  27  is  a  beast. 
My  3,  32,  29  is  an  animal. 
My  4,  19,  29  is  to  permit. 
My  32,  ly,  11,  1.5,  14,  31  is  a  preposition. 
Jly  12,  1,  29  is  good  to  eat. 
My  14,  1.5,  18,  24,  21  is  to  hasten. 
My  2,  30,  29  is  an  adverb. 
My  14,  0,  G,  25  is  to  whistle. 
My  5,  17,  20,  33  is  a  whirling  pool. 
Mv  10,  2fl,  28  is  turf. 
My  24,  22,  20  is  a  color. 
My  whole  is   i-epresented   Viy  one  of  the 
letters  of  the  ali)habet. 

Tommy  C. 

Here  is  another  letter  from  Livermore: 
Dmr  Aioil  I'uUi/:  I  received  my  chro- 
nios,  I  thank  y<ju  for  them.  I  love  the 
darling  little  birds  and  chickens;  nothing 
could  have  jjleased  me  better.  I  was 
very  glad  to  see  my  rebus  in  "Our  Cor- 
ner."    Your  niece,  Maiiy   C. 

Mary  sends  another  reb\is,  which  I 
cannot  give  because  the  printer  has  no 
way  of  illustrating  it.  Such  things  need 
to  be  engraved  on  wood,  and  Aunt  Folly 
is  not  an  engraver. 

Here  is  a  whole  string  of  puzzles  sent 
us  by  "Two  Californians."  How  many 
uf  them  con  you  make  out?  First  let  us 
try  tlie  word  rebus.     Hero  it  is: 


-ove 


Love 


DOL'UI.U     ACEOKTO. 

Ucad  dowHwards  the  initials  form  a 
city  in  Georgia;  the  finals  a  city  in  Wis- 
cojisiu:  1,  a  city  in  New  Jersey;  2,  a 
city  in  Florida;  3,  aii  island  belonging  to 
Ni^w  York;  4,  a  range  of  mountaing  in 
Asia;  .5,  a  city  iu  Italy;  G,  a  city  in  Can- 
ada; 7,  a  city  in  Illinois. 

SCJUAUE  WOKDS. 

1,  a  celestial  body;  2,  domestic;  3,  an 
ejaculation;  4,  a  girl's  name. 

1,  to  peruse;  2,  a  girl's  name;  3,  a  mi- 
nute particle;  4,  is  not  perfectly  dry. 

CONCKAI.ED  TIIKES     AND  FLOWERS. 

1— Tell    i;thel  May  wants  to  see  her, 

2 — Haug  up  the  dish-pan,  Silvia. 

3--I  m;viir  saw  such  force,  daring  and 
valor  displayed  before. 

4 — Did  you  see  that  sweet  peasant  girl'/ 

5 — Yes.  Have  you  copied  that  map, 
LeanderV 

G— No;  l)ut  I  will.  I  say,  pick  up  that 
pin,  Karl. 

7 — What!  Are  you  sick?  A  more  sad 
[  event  could  not  have  happened. 

8 — 1  rise  early  every  morning  and  take 
a  walk. 


WOED  PUZZLE. 

My  first  is  in  chocolate,  bat  not   in   tea; 
My  second  is  in  you,  but  not  in  me; 
My  third  is  in  archer,  but  not  in  frog; 
My  fourth  is  in  cat,  but  not  in  dog; 
My  fifth  is  in  ride,  but  not  in  walk; 
My  sixth  is  in  stand,  but  not  in  talk; 
My  seveuth  is  in  thumb,  but  not  iu  hand; 
My  eighth  is  in  hat,  but  not  iu  band; 
My  whole  is  a  flowering  bulb. 

CJEOGEAPHICAL  ENIGMA. 

I  am  composed  of  twenty-five   letters. 

My  5,  10,  y,  22,  23,  2,  4,  I'o  is  a  river  in 
river  in  the  United  States. 

My  4,  22,  3,  8,  10  is  a  river  in  Spain. 

My  11,  20,  G,  15,  4  is  a  lake  in  Africa. 

My  20,  10,  16,  35,  9  is  a  sea  in  Austral- 
asia. 

My  23,  24,  7.  4  is  a  city  in  Arabia. 

My  9,  19,  1,  25  is  a  city  in  South  Amer- 
ica. 

My  9,  15,  20,  5,  7,  4,  19,  18,  13  are  is- 
lands iu  the  Indian  Ocean 

My  14,  2,  17  is  a  cape  on  the  east  coast 
of  the  United  States. 

My  3,  12,  24,  5,  15  is  a  city  in  New 
York. 

My  3,  21,  25,  6  is  one  of  the  United 
States. 

My  whole  are  the  given  names,  without 
the  surname,  of  one  of  the  Princess 
of  Wales'  children. 


IViISS  OTTERSON'S  SCHOOL. 

Dear  Children:  I  promised  Aunt  Polly 
last  month  to  write  you  sonu^thing  about 
Miss  Otterson  and  her  little  school  and 
family — for  she  is  a  woman  of  family  al- 
though a  delicate  invalid.  Though  never 
married,  yet  she  has  adopted  ten  little 
children,  eight  of  whom  are  living  to 
bless  and  repay  her,  I  trust,  for  her  ten- 
der care  and  love  of  them  all  these  years. 
Her  eldest  boy  is  now  attending  the  Nor- 
mal School.  Her  eldest  girl  is  her 
thrifty  housekeeper,  aud  drives  the 
spleildid  team  daily  after  the  children, 
taking  them  home  also.  Tliiuk  of  that, 
little  folks!  Mustn't  it  be  nice  fun  to 
have  a  ride  to  and  from  school?  No 
tardy  marks;  no  dusty,  tiresome  walk; 
but  a  brisk  ride.  And,  ye  mothers! 
what  a  relief  to  feel  sui-e  that  the  little 
ones  have  got  to  school  safely,  and  will 
come  home  aU  right,  too! 

There  is  a  ue-v  school-house  being 
built  for  Miss  Otterson  adjoiuiug  her 
present  house,  and  when  that  is  finished 
I  will  tell  you  all  about  her  school. 

Her  twin  daughters  (chaiuuiug  girls, 
about  15)  entertained  us  with  music, 
showing  much  natural  talent  and  great 
perseverance.  She  has  five  girls,  the 
youngest  nearly  nine  years  old. 

Do  you  know,  children,  when  I- look 
at  Miss  Otterson,  that  1  felt  a  reverence 
for  that  small-bodied,  but  large-souled 
woman,  whose  life  has  been  a  struggle, 
but  who  has  tilled  a  mother's  place  to  so 
many  motherless  hearts?  Yet  this  frail 
woman  has  willingly  and  gladly  taken 
upon  herself  duties  that  few  moth- 
ers have  performed,  though  the  joy  of 
motherhood  has  paid  them  for  all.  Her 
examiile  should  iuspiro  us  all  to  do  what 
we  can  to  help  this  big  human  family 
along,  making  it  better  for  the  little  we 
we  can  do.  Jkwei.l. 


CRANDWIA'S    TALKS. 

Easy  Lessons  from  Nature— No.  e. 

Good  morning,  Johnny  aud  little 
Lucy.  I  am  glad  to  have  a  talk  witli 
you  once  more.  What  news  have  you  to 
tell  me  this  morning?  That  Johnny  has 
just  broken  a  window  with  his  new  ball. 
What  a  pity!  I  hope,  Johnny,  that  you 
have  ijocket  money  enough  left  from  tho 
Fourth  of  July  to  pay  for   it.     If   child- 


ren pay  promptly  for  tho  mischief  they 
do,  it  makes  them  more  careful  in  fu- 
ture. 

See,  I  have  a  ball  in  my  desk  here 
which  would  be  far  safer  for  you  to  play 
with,  .Johnny.  It  has  a  rubber  string 
attached,  which  you  can  keep  firm  hold 
oft';  then  see,  when  I  throw  it  how  nicely 
it  springs  back  into  my  hand. 

Oh!  this  is  a  girl's  ball,  is  it,  and  you 
don't  want  it?  Well,  I  will  give  it  to 
Lucy  when  our  talk  is  over. 

Now,  as  I  lay  it  on  the  desk,  why  does 
it  roll  immediately  to  the  floor,  as  if 
pulled  ott'  by  an  invisible  string,  then 
after  rolling  a  little  it  stops  still?  What 
starts  that  ball,  and  what  stops  it?  John- 
ny says  the  desk  is  slanting  and  the  floor 
is  flat,  and  balls  roll  so  nicely,  they  never 
stop  the  minute  they  touch  the  floor. 
But  this  does  not  answer  my  question. 
What  pulls  it  down  like  an  invisible 
string  the  instant  it  is  laid  on  a  surface 
not  exactly  level?  Did  either  of  you 
ever  think  of  that  before  when  you  have 
had  so  many  bumped  heads  and  tumbles? 
Y'ou  see,  the  earth  is  always  pulling 
down  everything  smaller  than  itself. 
This  force  is  called 

ATTKACTION  OF  GEAVITATION, 

the  force  that  pulls  everything  towards 
the  earth. 

Lucy,  can  you  lift  this  table?  What 
makes  it  too  heavy  for  you?  Yes,  the 
earth  can  pull  harder  than  you  can.  So 
you  see  that  attraction  gives  weiijht;  any- 
thing is  heavy  or  light  according  to  the 
force  required  to  overcome  the  attraction 
of  gravitation. 

What  is  the  shape  of  the  earth,  John- 
ny? Round,  like  an  orange;  and  attrac- 
tion makes  it  this  shape  also.  When 
you  are  older  you  will  be  better  able  to 
understand  the  reason. 

What  do  you  mean,  then  when  you 
say  the  floor  is  flat?  This  is  a  difficult 
question  to  answer,  so  I  will  help  you. 
Now,  suppose  the  very  moment  you  drop 
your  ball  to  the  ground  here  in  Califor- 
nia, some  boy  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  earth  (in  Africa,  near  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hop)e,  perhaps)  drops  a  stone. 
The  ball  and  stone  would  fall  directly  to- 
wards each  other,  attracted  towards  the 
center  of  the  earth.  Now  suppose  an- 
other boy  in  New  York  drops  a  stone  at 
the  same  moment,  it  will  also  fall  to- 
wards the  center  of  the  earth,  and  you 
three  boys  are  standing  with  your  feet 
i:ioiuting  towards  each  other.  Now  each 
of  you  would  call  the  floor  Hut,  or  level. 
under  your  feet — and  why?  Because,  if 
really  level,  every  part  of  the  floor  or 
ground  upon  which  you  stand  is  equally 
distant  from  the  center  of  the  earth.  In 
building  houses  carpenters  use  what  is 
called  a  "spirit  level"  to  get  their  floor 
exact,  so  that  the  house  will  stand  per- 
fectly straight.  The  first  time  you  see  a 
carpenter  building  a  house,  I  wish  you 
would  ask  to  see  the  iustrumeut  ho  uses 
to  get  the  exact  level  with. 

Now,  you  notice  that  my  desk  is  made 
so  that  one  edge  is  nearer  the  floor  than 
the  opposite  edge.  Johnny  calls  that  a 
".slanting"  surface,  which  is  quite  cor- 
rect. If  I  place  the  ball  on  this  slant, 
the  earth  pulls  as  an  invisible  string  at- 
tached to  the  center  of  the  ball,  and  as 
such  a  string  would  fall  outside  the  little 
spot  where  the  ball  totiches  the  desk,  it 
would  be  pulled  over  and  continue  to 
roll  until  the  line  imlls  straight  through 
the  poiut  of  contact,  when  it  will  stop. 
Now,  Johnny,  can  you  answer  my 
question,  what  starts  and  what  stops  tho 
ball?  Attraction  to  the  earth.  You  are 
right. 

This  attraction  extends  to  tho  moon, 
and  causes  it  to  revolve  around  the  earth. 
Lucy  wants  to  know  why  the  moon  does 


not  smash  down  upon  us  then.  ! 

AVatch  this  ball,  Lucy,  as  I  whirl  it 
around  my  hand  by  the  string — the 
string  will  represent  the  attraction  pull- 
ing the  ball  (the  moon)  to  my  hand 
(which  we  will  call  the  earth).  Notice 
how  the  string  stretches  as  if  trying  to 
break!  I  will  dip  the  ball  in  water,  then 
whirl  it,  and  see  how  the  water  fles  oil 
in  all  directions!  If  I  should  let  go  of 
the  string,  the  ball  would  fly  off  with 
great  force.     This  force  is  called 

THE    CENTEIFUGAL    FORCE, 

and  when  bodies  are  moving  around  a 
center  its  tendency  is  to  make  them  fly 
o9'  from  the  center.  Attraction,  you  will 
remember,  draws  them  towards  the  cen- 
tral body.  If  these  opposift(//o?'c('s  are  of 
ecjual  strength  the  revolving  body  is  kept 
moving  iu  a  circle,  as  the  moon  revolves 
around  the  earth,  and  the  earth  around 
the  sun.  I  have  seen  a  boy  whirl  a  pail 
half  full  of  water  round  and  round,  as  I 
am  whirling  this  ball,  safe  not  to  spill 
one  drop  as  long  as  rapid  motion  was 
kept  up.  Why?  Because  the  water  was 
forced  back  iu  the  pail,  away  from  the 
center  of  motion,  by  the  centrifugal 
force.  One  unfortunate  boy  tried  the 
same  trick  very  successfully  with  a  pail 
of  eggs,  until  his  companion  slyly  poked 
out  a  stick,  stopjiing  them  suddenly 
when  directly  over  his  head.  Lo !  in  an 
instant,  he  was  covered  from  head  to 
foot  with  broken  eggs.  Stopping  the 
r.apid  motion  put  an  end  to  the  opposing 
force,  aud  the  earth  pulled  the  eggs 
straight  down  without  any  reference  to 
the  naughty  boy  who  was  under  them. 

LIGHT   BODIES. 

Do  you  ever  see  anything  rising  from 
the  earth  instead  of  falling  to  it?  Johnny 
says  balloons  rise  up,  and  Lucy  says 
smoke.  I  will  explain  the  reason  of 
that.  Here  is  a  cork  which,  if  I  let  go, 
will  fall  to  the  table.  I  will  drop  it  into 
the  glass  full  of  water.  It  immediately 
rises  to  the  top  and  there  remains.  Why? 
Because  the  earth  pulls  stronger  at  the 
water  than  at  the  cork,  or,  in  other 
words,  the  cork  is  the  lighter,  and  is 
pushed  uj)  by  tho  water.  So  it  is  with 
the  balloon,  which  is  filled  wilh  a  gas 
much  lighter  than  air;  the  same  with 
smoke  and  steam,  they  are  lighter  than 
air. 

Here  I  have  a  curious  little  plaything 
— a  little  wooden  doll,  an  inch  long, 
which  stands  alone,  but  always  on  its 
head.  Set  it  on  its  feet.  Pop !  over  it 
jumps  upon  its  head.  The  doll  is  made 
of  the  pith  of  some  kind  of  wood  which 
is  very  light,  and  in  the  very  top  of  its 
head  a  piece  of  lead  is  h;uumered.  Tho 
head  is  so  heavy  that  it  is  attracted  to 
the  earth  tho  moment  the  doll  is  free. 
We  call  these  "pith-witches." 


Organization  and  Duties  of  tho 
Judges  on  Live  Stock  at  the 
Centennial  Exhibition. 

In  our  June  number,  page  80,  will  be 
seen  a  list  of  stated  displays  at  the  lu- 
teruational  Exhibition.  Wo  now  give 
tho  rules  governing  the  judges  for  awards 
of  premiums  on  live  stock. 

1.  Awards  shall  be  based  on  written 
reports,  attested  by  the  signatures  of 
their  authors. 

2.  Reports  will  bo  based  upon  inher- 
ent and  comparative  merit,  the  elements 
of  merit  being  specifically  mentioned. 

3.  Tho  judges  assigned  to  each  group 
will  choose  from  among  themselves  a 
chairnum  and  secretary.  They  must 
keep  regular  minutes  of  their  proceed- 
inga.  Reports  recommending  awarils 
shall  be  made  and  signed  by  a  judge  in 
each  group,  stating  the   grounds  of   tlu 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


proposed  award,  and  such  reports  shall 
be  accepted,  and  the  acceptance  signed 
by  a  majority  of  the  judges  in  such 
gi-oup. 

■1.  The  reports  of  the  judges  recom- 
mending awards,  must  be  returned  to  the 
Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Awards  not  later 
than  ten  days  after  the  close  of  the  ex- 
hibition, in  each  group. 

5.  Awards  will  be  finally  decreed  by 
the  United  Stiites  Centennial  Commis- 
sion, in  accordance  with  the  Act  of  Con- 
gress of  June  1,  1872,  and  will  consist  of 
a  special  report  of  the  judges  on  the  sub- 
ject of  the  award,  together  with  a  diplo- 
ma and  a  uniform  bronze  medal. 

6.  In  addition  to  reports  on  the  merits 
of  individual  exhibits,  the  judges  of  each 
group  will  be  expected  to  render  a  re- 
port general  in  its  nature,  summarizing 
the  exhibition  in  their  group,  and  indi- 
cating the  recent  jirogress  noted  in  breed- 
ing, rearing  or  training. 

7.  Vacancies  in  the  corps  of  judges 
will  be  filled  by  the  authority  which 
made  the  original  appointment.  No  ex- 
hibitor can  be  a  judge  in  the  group  in 
which  he  is  a  competitor. 

8.  The  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Awards 
will  be  the'  representative  of  the  United 
States  Centennial  Commission  in  its  re- 
lations to  the  judges;  upon  request,  he 
will  decide  all  questions  which  may  arise 
during  their  proceedings  in  regard  to  the 
interpretation  and  application  of  the 
rules  adopted  by  the  Commission  relat- 
ing awards,  subject  to  an  ajjpeal  to  the 
Commission. 

The  above  rules  bear  the  signatures  of 
A.  T.  Goshorn,  Director-general,  and 
Francis  A.  Walker,  Chief  Bureau  of 
Awards. 


THE  CAUSE  OFTHE  HARD  TIMES. 

Ed.  Agkicdlturist :  Hard  times.  You 
can  hear  people  cf  all  trades  and  profes- 
sions complaining  of  the  very  hard  times 
notwithstanding  our  bountiful  harvest  of 
all  kinds  of  vegetables,  fruits  and  grains. 
Now,  why  is  this?  and  what  is  the  cause? 
The  problem,  to  some,  may  seem  diffi- 
cult of  solution.  Vi'e  think  to  any  can- 
did mind,  after  one  moment's  reflectiou, 
the  answer  must  be,  that  it  is  the  pres- 
ent uncertain  condition  of  our  depreci- 
ated circulating  medium.  This  depreci- 
ation is  caused  and  upheld  by  a  class  of 
Shylocks  in  the  shape  of  brokers,  money 
changers  and  usurers,  who  are  grinding 
the  very  life's  blood,  as  it  were,  out  of 
the  honest,  industrious  laboring  class  of 
every  needful  vocation  in  life  for  the 
purpose  of  filling  their  coffers  with  gold 
that  they  take  from  the  unsuspecting, 
honest  poor,  in  the  form  of  large  dis- 
counts and  usurious  interests,  by  every 
possible  means  of  chicanery  that  it  is  in 
their  power  to  devise. 

That  this  is  the  case,  the  majority  of 
thinking  people  are  ready  to  admit,  but 
.how  can  it  be  remedied?  I  will  tell  you. 
There  never  was  a  better  time  to  get  rid 
of  this  horde  of  Shylocks  than  the  pres- 
ent propitious  hour — just  in  the  com- 
mencement of  a  new  century  of  our  na- 
tional existence,  and  on  the  eve  of  a 
Presidential  election.  Why  should  wo 
hesitate  to  declare  ourselves  free  from 
the  tyranny  of  such  public  leeches,  by 
disarming  them  in  the  very  commence- 
ment? We  have  the  means  and  power 
within  our  grasp  if  we  have  the  manhood 
and  patriotism  to  use  them,  which  we 
can  do  by  the  following  resolution,  viz. : 
that  we,  the  imposed-upon  small  dealers, 
merchants,  tradesmen,  farmers,  laborers, 
and  citizens  of  every  class  of  the  State  of 
California,  will  now  and  henceforth  use 
United  States  greenbacks  at  their  par 
value  for  our  circulating  medium  or 
money  of  account,  the  same  as  is  done  in 


the  other  States,  with  silver  enough  for 
exchange.  Such  a  resolution  would 
place  every  one  upon  an  equal  financial 
basis,  and  enable  the  honest,  industrious 
Caucasian  race,  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  to  come  from  the  other  States  and 
displace  this  horde  of  coolie  foreignei-s; 
because,  if  they  were  compelled  to  take 
the  United  States  greenbacks  they  would 
not  be  so  anxious  to  come  to  this  Coast. 
We  would  do  away  with  so  many  mid- 
dle men  and  extortioners  as  money 
changers,  and  sti'ike  a  death-blow  in 
favor  of  anti-coolieism,  and  at  the  same 
time  bring  into  general  use  and  circula- 
tion in  this  State  the  most  convenient 
form  of  money  that  can  bo  made,  besides 
the  safest  and  best-secured  of  any  circu- 
lating medium  ever  known  to  the  civil- 
ized world,  every  dollar  of  which  is 
secured  by  the  entire  property  of  the 
United  States,  and  will  be  good  as  long 
as  this  Government  shall  last,  and  when 
it  is  destroyed  gold  and  silver  coined  by 
this  Government  will  not  be  money  anj' 
longer  with  us. 

By  a  laboring  man  of  San  Jose,  Cali- 
fornia. S.  S.  R.  Equity. 

BEE-KEEPiNC  IN  SAN  DIECO. 

En.  Agriculturist:  Since  I  last  wrote 
you,  I  have  met  many  of  the  bee-keepers 
of  the  county  and  compared  notes. 
Though  there  is  a  slight  improvement  in 
the  situation,  tlie  outlook,  on  the  whole, 
is  gloomy  indeed,  both  as  regards  pro- 
duction and  prices.  Many  apiaries  are 
for  sale  at  almost  any  price.  Still,  I 
think  those  who  have  grip  enough  to 
hold  on  will  come  out  right  at  last.  In 
some  favored  localities  there  has  been  a 
large  yield  of  honey.  I  have  in  mind 
now  one  man  on  the  St.  Marcus  who 
commenced  the  season  with  108  colonies. 
He  has  shipped  80  cases  of  comb,  and 
5,000  pounds  of  extracted  honey,  and  es- 
timates the  balance  of  his  crop  at  60 
cases.  And  he  has  increased  his  apiary 
to  '290  colonies.  In  my  own  immediate 
neighborhood  none  have  done  well,  and 
you  will  understand  why  when  I  tell  you 
there  are  1,COO  colonies  on  five  miles 
square!  Our  bees  have  nearly  quit  stor- 
ing -leaving  off  a  month  earlier  than 
last  year. 

A  season  like  this  makes  one  cast  about 
for  some  means  to  increase  our  bee  for- 
age. Anyone  who  will  introduce  a  plaut 
that  secretes  honey  well,  and  will  gi'ow 
on  our  mountain  sides,  will  be  hailed  as 
a  public  benefactor.  I  have  experiment- 
ed some  with  hoar-hound,  and  though  it 
grows  anj'whore,  and  the  bees  woi-k  it 
constantl)'  for  at  least  three  months,  I 
have  doubts  as  to  the  quality  of  honey  it 
produces.  If  any  of  your  readers  can 
enlighten  me  on  that  subject  they  will 
confer  a  favor  on  me  and  many  others. 
Jas.  — . 


PRACTICAL      DIRECTIONS      FOR 
CRAFTING    CRAPE  VINES. 

BV    G.     M.    WHITAKEE. 

Ed.  Cai-ifornia  AoBicuLTnnisT :  The 
article  in  your  July  number  on  grafting 
vines  calls  out  this  jotting  o(  in-actical 
experience,  and  if  it  should  be  of  any 
benefit  to  others  they  will  be  welcome.  I 
have  tried  all  modes  of  grafting  with  but 
little  success  except  the  one  I  herewith 
submit,  and  I  have  had  good  success 
with  this  form,  not  losing  more  than  one 
out  of  fifty. 

I  cut  my  scions  in  Februaiy,  from  last 
year's  growth,  long  enough  to  include 
three  or  four  buds,  and  keep  them  in  a 
dormant  state  until  the  vines  I  graft  in 
are  well  started  to  grow — say  one  or  two 
inches  long.  I  then  remove  the  earth 
from  the  vines  down  to,  or  near,  the  first 


roots;  then  nib  off  all  the  old  loose  bark, 
and  saw  off'  from  one  to  three  inches 
above  the  first  roots.  With  a  saw,  make 
one,  two  or  three  straight  cuts  down  into 
the  stump.  If  the  stump  is  small  I  only 
make  one  cut  in  it,  but  if  the  vines  are 
large  they  will  admit  of  two  or  more  cuts. 
Each  saw  cut  will  admit  of  two  scions, 
one  each  side  of  tho  stump.  With  a 
sharp  knife,  trim  the  saw  cuts  out  the 
proper  shape  for  a  wedge  graft.  Trim 
the  scion  to  fit  accurately,  leaving  a 
small  shoulder  on  each  side  of  the  scion; 
then  insert  in  tho  stump,  being  sure  to 
push  it  down  to  the  shoulder,  and  also 
make  a  connection  with  the  bark  of  tho 
scion  and  the  bark  of  the  old  stock.  Cut 
the  scion  down  to  two  buds.  When  fin- 
ished, fill  up  with  fine  dirt  level  with  the 
top  of  the  ground,  leaving  one  bud  of 
each  scion  uncovered.  Drive  a  stake  as 
near  as  I  can  without  disturbing  the 
grafts.  The  stake  should  bo  as  high  as 
it  is  desirable  to  grow  the  vine,  and  be 
fore  the  gi-afts  have  grown  large  enough 
to  bend  over  on  the  ground,  I  tie  them 
to  the  stake,  keeping  the  sprouts  pulled 
off  during  the  first  and  second  years, 
when  the  grafts  are  one  year  old,  in  the 
pruning  season,  say  in  January  or  Feb- 
ruary, prune  out  to  one  and  two  grafts. 
This  process,  with  such  other  necessary 
treatment  as  any  fruit  grower  will  ob- 
serve from  time  to  time,  will  insure  a 
cro])  of  fruit  tho  second  season  after 
grafting.  I  dig  up  all  the  stumps  that 
fail  to  grow  grafts,  as  it  is  useless  to  tiy 
to  graft  them  over. 

Santa  Eosa,  July,  187G. 


EASTERN  CORRESPONDENCE- 

Nkw  York,  July  8,  lu'li. 
S.  H.  Herring:  J)ear  Frieml:  I  thought 
a  few  words  from  an  old  friend  might  not 
be  amiss.  Having  crossed  the  plains  in 
'49,  and  lived  in  the  Willows  near  San 
Jose  since  '52,  myself  and  wife  conclud- 
ed to  improve  the  Centennial  year  by 
visiting  friends  in  the  East.  I  noticed 
at  difl'erent  points  near  the  overland  rail- 
road the  old  immigrant  road  over  which 
I  traveled  long  ago.  Of  course,  we  went 
to  Philadelphia  to  see 

THE  WON'DEES  OF  THE  WOKLD. 

For  me  to  give  a  description  of  what  I 
saw  would  be  useless,  as  doubtless  you 
have  read  in  the  newspapers  of  the  miles 
of  machinery  of  all  kinds,  the  statuary, 
the  paintings,  and  all  kinds  of  goods, 
from  diamonds  worth  thousand  down  to 
a  machine  for  making  brick.  The  stock 
of  all  kinds  on  exhibition  is  splendid, 
and  so  is  everything  you  can  mention. 

I  am  at  present  visiting  near  the  Cats- 
kill  mountains.  New  York.  They  look 
very  much  Uke  the  mountain  range  near 
Los  Gatos,  California,  with  perhaps  more 
timber.  Everywhere  I  have  been  1  heai- 
the  same  complaint, 

"  HARD   TIMES," 

Farmers  say  they  cannot  raise  enough 
to  "bring  the  year  about  and  pay  taxes," 
and  I  don't  wonder  at  it.  They  sell 
their  hay  for  $12  per  ton,  and  rye  straw 
for  $18  "to  $20  per  ton  to  make  paper 
(an  item  our  straw  burners  should  make 
a  note  of).  The  consequence  is,  there 
is  no  manure  to  go  back  on  the  farm, 
and  of  course  the  land  is  lean  and  there 
is  no  sale  for  real  estjitc.  Farms  that 
could  be  sold  for  ton  thousand  doll.ars 
eight  years  ago,  could  not  bring  five  now. 
Nobody  wants  to  buy.  While  Duchess 
county  raises  stock,  sells  little  hay,  and 
manures  the  land,  the  farmers  are  fat, 
their  land  rich,  and  no  mortgages.  It  is 
no  use  to  theorize  abont  "hard  times." 
No  one  is  wholly  to  blame  for  the  hard 
times.  Some  blame  the  President,  some 
Conf'ress.       The    Democrats  blame  the 


Republicans;  the  Republicans,  the  Dem- 
ocrats, and  I  have  no  doubt  they  are 
both  right.  The  truth  is,  we  are  ail  to 
blame.  Everybody  has  been  extrava- 
gant, and  almost  everjbody  has  tried  to 
get  rich — some  honestly,  others  dishon- 
estly. Some  have  gone  out  of  business. 
Alen  who  were  doing  business  on  bor- 
rowed capital  have  failed.  AVe  are  get- 
ting down  to  "hard  pan."  The  conse- 
quence-is everyone  gets  hurt  some,  and 
some  a  great  deal.  The  price  of  provis- 
ions keeps  up.  The  ])oor  suffer.  Just 
think  of  it.  Flour  sells  here  from  $8  50 
to  $12  50  per  barrel.  Wages  in  the  har- 
vest field,  to  men  working  fourteen  hours 
a  day,  is  $1  50,  and  the  farmers  think 
that  is  too  much!  Articles  of  clothing 
were  never  cheaper.  Suits  of  clothes 
you  ask  $22  to  $25  for  in  San  Jose,  can 
be  bought  here  at  $14  to  $15,  Teams  of 
every  descrijitiou  are  in  good  demand — 
$7  a  daj'  for  a  second-rate  "turn-out." 
The  people  are  rushing  headlong  after 
pleasure,  but  keep  up  the  cry  "hard 
times."  Rum  shojis  dot  the  continent, 
and  are  filled  with  bloated  customers  who 
cry  "hard  times."  Politicians  are  noisy, 
and  aspirants  to  office  are  hopeful,  and 
still  the  same  cry. 

Now,  Mr.  Editor,  it  is  not  the  scarcity 
of  money  that  causes  the  "hard  times." 
There  is  probably  more  money  in  the 
country  to-day  than  ever  before;  but 
money  don't  circulate,  uud  the  poor  are 
made  to  suffer.  ' 

NOW  WHAT  ARE  WE  GOING  TO  DO  ABOCT  IT? 

We  can  help  the  case  some  by  wearing 
our  old  clothes  a  little  longer.  We  can 
turn  them  inside  out,  and  upside  down, 
and  make  them  last  at  Iciiat  until  fall. 
Don't  break  that  $'20  for  boots,  but  wear 
tho  old  ones.  Be  sure  and  keep  the 
mortgage  off,  whatever  you  do.  Keep 
away  from  town  except  when  it  is  neces- 
sary to  go.  There  is  always  something 
to  do  on  the  farm.  Be  sure  to  educate 
the  children.  And  here  let  me  saj',  in 
all  of  my  travels  here  so  far,  I  have  seen 
no  place  to  come  up  with  our  San  Jose 
schools.  We  must  live  on  wholesome 
food,  as  our  fathers  and  mothers  did.and 
dispense  with  luxuries  that  will  do  us  no 
good.  Ride  less;  walk  more.  Keep  ont 
of  debt.  Have  but  few  wants,  and  sup- 
ply them.  Trust  more  in  God,  and  less 
in  politicians.  We  don't  need  as  much 
of  this  world's  goods  as  we  think  we  do. 
There  are  some  that  have  more  than 
enough  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  but 
there  will  be  equality  some  day. 

Now,  Mr.  Editor,  though  I  am  a  tiller 
of  the  soil,  and  may  not  be  qualified  to 
theorize  on  this  subject,  yet  I  will  g:ivo 
you  my  ojiiuion. 

WE  ABE,  AS    A  NATION,  TOO    ESTBAVAGANT. 

Look  at  the  millions  that  are  squandered 
by  our  Government,  and  so  on  down  to 
the  lowest  constable.  Wo  are  sending 
millions  out  of  the  country  for  delicacies 
that  could  be  dispensed  with.  Millions 
more  for  silks,  satins  and  flumadidels. 
Of  course  our  national  debt  is  being  re- 
duced some.  While  Congress  is  appoint- 
ing committees  to  investigate  our  affairs 
it  would  pay  to  send  over  to  France  and 
find  out  how  they  pay  the  indemnitj-  to 
Germany,  and  where  all  of  the  gold 
came  from  that  is  in  the  banks  of  France, 
and  how  the  people  economized  to  get 
all  of  that  coin.  Bring  such  methods 
into  practice,  and  it  need  be  but  a  few 
ye.ars  before  our  national  debt  is  paid  oS' 
and  our  banks  full  of  coin.  Let  us  ex- 
port more,  and  import — (I  was  going  to 
say  nothing,  as  we  can  raise  everything 
that  is  required  at  home).  But  I  must 
stop  for  the  present.  We  are  enjoj-ing 
ourselves  very  much  with  old  friends, 
but  how  many  the  changes  since  we  left 
here!  J.  M.  Patieeson. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Tj 


A  Bit  of  Common  Sense. 

"The  biisj-  da^-s  are  fast  crowding 
upon  ns,"  says  Ella,  with  a  little  sigh. 

"Yes,"  answered  practical  Etta,  "and 
now  I  am  about  to  deliver  a  short  lec- 
ture;" sitting  down  and  folding  her 
brown  hands  over  her  smooth  white 
apron.  "Never  do  yonr  work,  but  once, 
Ella,  and  then  do  it  well.  A  great  many 
do  their  work  over  six,  eight,  or  ten 
times  by  so  much  thinking  and  talking 
about  it.  Now,  to-day  is  Monday,  and 
you  and  I  have  done  a  heavy  day's  wash- 
ing—" 

"Yes,  I  am  perfectly  conscious  of  it," 
interruped  Ella. 

"The  clothes  are  out  in  the  sunshine 
drying,"  continued  Etta;  "do  not  give 
them  another  thought  until  it  is  time  to 
bring  them  in.  If  you  are  very  tired  lie 
down  and  go  to  sleep;  if  not,  occupy 
yourself  with  an  interesting  book.  We 
have  done  enough  hard  work  today.  You 
well  know  mother  does  not  expect  us  to 
do  anything  more  until  supper  time.  To 
be  sure  we  must  go  to  house-cleaning  to- 
morrow, but  do  not  let  the  fact  enter 
your  mind  until  after  breakfast  to-mor- 
row morning;  then  it  will  not  require  ten 
minutes  to  plan  our  work,  and  one  can 
see  so  clearly  alter  a  good  night's  sleep. 
Now,  work  in  this  way,  Ella,  and  you 
will  soon  find  yourself  singing  all  day 
long,  instead  of  wearing  that  ugly  frown 
upon  your  brow." 

"Yes,  that's  just  it!"  said  their  father, 
who  had  been  an  amused  listener  to  Et- 
ta's lecture,  opening  the  kitchen  door ; 
"there's  a  bit  of  common  sense  in  that 
small  head  of  yours,  my  daughter." 


1776  AND  187G. — Here  is  a  centennial 
contrast — first  as  copied  from  Poor  Rich- 
ard's Almanack — 177G: 

Farmer  at  the  plow, 
Wife  milking  at  the  cow. 
Daughter  spiuuiug  yam. 
Son  threshing  in  the  barn. 
All  happy  to  a  charm. 

And  this  is  the  modern  improvement 
—1876: 

Farmer  gone  to  see  a  show. 
Daughter  at  the  piano. 
Madam  gayly  dressed  in  satin. 
All  the  boys  learniug  Latin. 
With  a  mortg.lfje  on  the  farm. 


^\m\^  iittfl  (Soiitsi- 


1 


Angora  Coats  and  Mohair — Criti- 
cisms   Answered. 

li^^ARRISON  G.  OTIS,  of  the  Santa 
Barbara  Press,  thus  answers  an  edi- 
torial article  on  the  mohair  interest 
ftfej''  which  appeared  in  the  Alia  Califor- 
Jt^  "if  some  time  since,  in  which  oc- 
cur statements  and  hostile  criticisms  not 
justified  by  the  facts,  in  his  opinion: 

The  article  makes  the  loose  .assertion 
"that  there  has  been  no  mention  in  the 
commercial  statistics  of  any  shipment  of 
goats'  wool  [from  California],  though 
seventeen  years  have  elapsed  since  the 
importation  of  Angora  goats  w.as  com- 
menced, and  though,  .according  to  th<' 
assessors'  statistics,  the  State  had  24,000 
of  them  1871."  The  impression  here 
conveyed  is  that  breeding  for  fleece  has 
been  prosecuted  in  this  State  for  seven- 
teen years.  On  the  contrary,  nearly  all 
the  work  in  that  direction  has  beeu  done 
within  ten  years.  There  were  but  few 
imiiortati(]ns  and  but  little  breeding  in 
California  prior  to  18G7.  The  writer's 
incorrect  statement  as  to  shipments  of 
Hcece  is  immediately  followed  by  an  ad- 
mission which  takes  away  half  its  force, 
'  even  if  it  were  true.  The  admission  is 
in  these  words:  "It  is  true  that  most  of 


these  were  grades  crossed  with  the  com- 
mon stock,  no  Angora  she-goats  having 
been  brought  with  the  first  bucks." 

It  is  just  this  fact,  and  her  very  small 
and  recent  beginning  in  this  necessarily 
slow  work,  that  has  kept  California  back 
in  the  jirosecution  of  this  splendid  in- 
dustry. To  breed  from  common,  non- 
iieece-bearing  ewes  large  flocks  of  good 
grade  mohair-producing  goats  is  not  the 
work  of  a  day;  it  is  a  work  of  years.  But 
there  was  no  other  course  for  California 
breeders  to  jjursue.  The  State  could  not 
be  stocked  with  pure  mohair  goats  in  a 
century,  if  importations  alone  were  to  be 
dejjended  upon,  unless  they  be  more  fre- 
quent and  extensive  than  they  have  been; 
for  the  Angora  comes  from  a  distant, 
hostile,  and  almost  inaccessible  region  of 
Turkey  in  Asia,  ten  thousand  miles 
away. 

The  fact  that  a  very  large  proportion 
of  all  the  ileece-bearing  goats  now  in 
California  are  only  grade  Angoias  would 
of  itself  be  a  sufficient  answer  to  the 
charge  that  no  considerable  shipments  of 
mohair  appear  in  the  official  statistics, 
under  our  economical  system  of  breeding 
by  crosses  of  pure  Angora  bucks  on  the 
native  short-haired  ewes,  low  grades 
must  of  course  come  before  high  grades 
— first  light  fleeces  of  short  mohair  inter- 
mingled more  or  less  with  kemp,  accord- 
ing to  grade,  followed  in  the  end  by  the 
longer,  finer,  heavier  and  more  lustrous 
fleeces  of  the  thoroughbreds.  In  other 
words,  each  generation,  under  sctentiflc 
breeding,  becomes  purer  and  its  fleece 
finer  than  its  predecessor. 

But  it  is  a  great  mistake  to  suppose 
that  there  have  not  been  any  shipments 
of  mohair  from  California,  and  it  is  not 
creditable  to  the  Alia  to  make  such  an 
assertion.  Many  such  shipments  are  on 
record,  and  we  are  satisfied  that  there 
are  many  more  which  have  not  been  re- 
ported, because  mohair  is  frequently 
shipped  as  wool  to  avoid  the  higher 
freight  charges  imposed  by  the  railroads. 
These  charges  are  generallj'  double  those 
on  wool;  and  we  have  the  record  of  an 
instance  where  one  lot  of  mohair  was 
charged  6J<  cents  per  pound  for  freight 
eastward,  while  wool  was  being  carried 
for  2  "4  cents  per  pound.  The  conse- 
(juence  was  that  the  next  lot  sent  by 
these  eye-opened  shippers  was  marked 
v'ool,  and  was  of  course  quoted  in  the 
commercial  reports  as  wool.  We  may 
reasonalily  conclude  that  there  have  been 
many  similar  cases,  thus  materiall  re- 
ducing the  statistics  of  mohair  exporta- 
tions.  Small  as  these  shipments  con- 
fessedly are  when  compared  with  the 
shijiments  of  our  great  staple,  wool,  they 
have  already  been  sufficient  to  prove  that 
the  culture  of  the  Angora  in  California 
is  an  assured  success.  The  results 
achieved  are  reallj'  adequate  to  the  means 
employed. 

It  is  a  great  mistake,  too,  if  not  a  mis- 
representation, to  assert,  as  our  cotem- 
porary  does,  that  "the  wool  sheared  from 
Angora  goats  in  California  is  so  small  in 
quantity  that  it  is  not  considered  worthy 
of  notice  in  commercial  or  official  statis- 
tics." There  is  abundant  evidence  to  be 
had  that  many  very  fair  clips  of  Angora 
fleece  have  been  made  yearly  in  Califor- 
nia, and  the  mohair  shipped  for  manu- 
facture to  rhiladelphia.  New  York,  Bos- 
ton, Jamestown,  and  Ijiverj^ool, England, 
during  the  last  riv(^  years.  And  we  may 
add  that  facts  in  our  possession  show  the 
demand  iu  those  markets  to  be  beyond 
the  supply. 

The  Allit's  information  on  the  goat 
subject  is  by  no  msMius  confined  to  Cali- 
fornia; such  as  it  is,  it  extends  all  over 
the  world,  as  this  extract  indicates: 

fConthiucd  in  ncxC  issue.) 


mmmmuMimm 


THE  ANGORA 


IE  m  m 


or  SAN  JOSE,  CAL., 

Are  making  a   Specialty  of  Hanufactnr- 

ing  all  styles  of  Gloves  from  the  Angora 

Goat  Skin,  and  claim  for  them: 

l8t.— They  are  cheaper  ' '     j  buckskin  gloves. 

2cl. — The  skins  are  tanned  with  the  grain  on. 
and  are  very  nearly  ■water- proof,  and  ■when,  hy 
lon^  exposure,  they  are  wet,  they  dry  out  per- 
fectly 60ft — as  good  as  new. 

3d.— They  will  out-wear  the  best  buckskin 
gloves. 

4th.— ForaHAEVFST  GLOVE,  they  have  no 
equal. 

These  articles  are  manufactured  in  all  styles, 
from  the  cheapest  Laboring  Glove  to  the  Finest 
Fur  Gauntlet.     Also,  nil  descriptions  of 

rUES,  EOBES,  MATS,  EUGS,Etc 

Wliich.  for  Beauty.  Durability,  and   Cheapness, 
are  inferior  to  none. 

Buckskin  Gloves,  Mittens,  Etc., 

In  all  verieties,  and  as  ROiid  as  tlif  best. 


FOR     COITSUMPTIVES ! 

And  others   suffering  from 

CHI\ONIC  DISEASES 
ZiAim    TiiXZOS. 


SUFFERERS  FROM  ASTHMA,  BRONCHITIS, 
Consumption,  all  Lung  Diseases  and  all 
Chronic  Diseases,  are  informed  that  DR. 
BOURNE  has  devoted  more  than  Two  Years  to  a 
careful  study  of  the  meteorological  phenomeoa 
of  Lake  Tahoe,  with  special  reference  to  its  dli- 
matic  value  for  sufferers  from  lung  diseases.  His 
experience  satisfies  him  that  it  probably  is,  from 
its  altitude  and  peculiar  surroundings,  tjnequal- 
LEi>  by  auy  other  known  region  on  earth  for  its 
climatic  aid  in  such  diseases. 

VVitliout  Medicines,  Dr.  Bourne  eCfects 
cures  in  cases  considered  hopeless  under  other 
modes  of  treatment;  his  method  being  peculiar 
to  himself,  and  the  result  of  an  experience  as  a 
Water-Cure  Physician  during  more  than  a  third 
of  a  century. 

It  is  1)1*.  Boiime''s  effort  to  mnke 
quick  cures  i»  all  cnses*  and  ho  always  de- 
signs to  bo,  and  is,  eminently  successful;  but 
upon  no  condition  will  he  accept  a  patient  who 
entertains  the  absurd  opiniou  that  "sick  people 
must  not  eat." 

^^  Cures  in  Dyspepsia  Guaranteed  . 

The  best  of  food,  and  plenty  of  it,  will  bo  pro- 
vided. 

A  limited  number  of  patients  will  be  received 
who  may  be  willing  to  pass  a  few  weeks  iu  re- 
tirement and  iirimitive  simidicity. 

Address, 

DR.  CEO.  M.  BOURNE, 


Tail. 


,  Ciil. 


JOSEFK  WOOIiT, 

3Iaiiul*ii('turer  of  TriisseH,    Snspt'iider.s, 
Artiliriiil  Liiiil>s,  e(r., 

No.    300  FIRST    STRKKT,  SAN    JOSE. 

„- .„^rH>  Are  yuu  Ruptured  ?    Come  to  me  and 

^^^~^^^^^S\  g(-t  a  TrusK  that  will  lit  you, 

^^^^^  Radical  Cures   are    effected   with 
Ij  my  Trusses. 


B^  The  NationaKiold  Medal  was  awHrdrd  to 
Bradely  .St  llulofsuu  for  the  best  Photographs  in 
ihe  United  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  for  tho 
best  in  tho  world. 

■I'id  Mautgomcry  street,  San  FrauclBco. 


nmm  umm  m  im 

....'>¥   .. 

SASr    JOSE. 

Paid  np  Capital  (gold  coin) $.',00,  000 

Ai- tliorized  Capital $1, 000, 000 

.Jolin  W.  Hinds.  President;  E.  C.  SinKletary. 
Vice-Pre&ideut;  W.  D.  Tiedale,  Caslaier  and  Sec- 
retary: L.  G.  Nesmith,  Assistant  Cashier. 

Directors;— C.  Burrel,  Wm.  D.  Tisdale,  E. 
L.  Bradley.  C.  G.Harrison, E.G.  Singletary.Wm. 
L.  Tisdale,  John  W.  Hinds,  W.  H.  Wing,  T.  B, 
Edwards, 

Correspotidents;-  Anglo-Califomian  Bank 
(limited),  San  Francisco;  First  National  Gold 
Bank.  H.  F.;  First  National  Bank,  New  York: 
Anglo-Californiau  Bank  (limited)  London. 

WrLL  .itLLOW  INTEREST  ON  DEPOSITS, 
buy  and  sell  Exchange,  make  collections, 
loan  money,  and  transact  a  General  Banking 
Business.  Special  inducements  offered  to  mer- 
chants, mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  commer- 
cial accounts. 
S.  W.  Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 

SAN  JOSE. 


S^N^   JOSE 
SAVIi^CS  BANK, 

280  Santa  Clara  Street. 


CAPITAl.  STOCK 

Paid  in  Capital  (Gold  Coin) 


¥000, 000 
8300,000 


OHlcers I— President.  John  H.  Moore;  Vice- 
President,  Cary  Peebles;  Cashier,  H.  H.  Bej-nolds ; 
H.  L.  Cutter,  Secretary. 

Directors : — John  H.  Moore,  Dr.  B.  Bryant,  S. 
A.  Bishop.  Dr.  W.  H.  Stone,  Cary  Peebles,  S.  A. 
Clark,  H.  Messing. 

NEW  FEATURE! 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts."  bearing 
interest  at  (i.  Band  10  percent  per  annum;  inter- 
est payable  promptly  at  the  end  of  six  months 
from  date  of  deposit.  The  "  Receipt"  may  be 
transferred  by  indorsement  and  the  principle 
with  interest  paid  to  holder.  Interest  also  al- 
lowed on  Book  Accounts,  beginning  at  date  of 
deposit.  Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any 
in  the  State,  and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe 
keeping  of  Bonds,  Stocks,  Papers,  Jewelry, 
Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,  at  trifling  cost. 
Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York, 
in  Gold  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates.  Buy 
and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


FARMERS'     UNION. 

(Successors  to  A..  Phistek  &   Co.) 
Cor.     Second    and    Santa    Clara    Sts., 

SAN  JOSE. 


$100,000. 

President, 
Mauat;cr 


CAPITAL 

WILLIAM  ERKSON 
H.  E.  HILLS 


DIRECTORS: 

Wm.  Erkson,  J.  P.  Dudley. 

L.  F.  Chipraan,  David  Campbell. 

Horace  Little,  James  Singleton, 

C.  T.  Settle,  E.  A.  Braley. 

Thomas  E.  Snell. 

IBT  -Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  Business. 
Also,  receive  deposits,  on  which  such  interest 
will  be  allowed  as  may  be  agreed  upon,  and 
make  loans  on  approved  security. 


mmmm  Spanish  k' 


OIXTY  ONE  AND  TWO  YEARS  OLD 

O  Tboroughlircd  Spanish  Merino  Kains,  for 
sale.  Al»i>,  about  IIHI  KwcB  and  Lambs,  nil 
Oaliforuli  bred,  from  stock  imported  from 
Vermont,  mid  as  good  as  tlieni  is  ou  this  Con»t. 
Prices  to  suit  the  times.  jc 

B.  F.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 


California   Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Save  $50!  Why  Pay  $85? 

Sewing  Machines 

REDUCED      PRICE,      S35. 


FAR  MS! 


FARMS! 

SALK. 


Hume  Oome  Shuttle  Sewing  Machines 

J^educcd  iff  Live  and  Ld  JArc  Pri&s. 


1  C^A.  Acres,  Seven  Miles  Went  of  City 

XWd^    of  Sau  JoBo,  mostly  vnlley,  very  cheap. 
Fair  House,  at  $«,  500 . 

/I  A  Acres,  Two  iiikI  a.  Flalf  Miles  WeHl, 

^\J    rich  valli-y  hiiul,  at  »N0  prr  acir. 

^A  Acres,  on   tike  Alinadeii   Road,  Six 

QU  miles  out,  HouKf,  Barn,  etc.;  n  pretty  plaro 
for  $5,000. 


THESE  MACHINES  ARE  ALL  SUPERIOR 
to  any  ami  all;  uice  sewers,  straight  needle, 
twn  threads,  shuttle,  lock-stitc-h,  the  simplest 
and  cheapest,  and  the  lightest  running;  first-clat  s 
machines  in  the  market.  To  see  is  to  convince 
yom-selves.  (fc?"  Remember,  nil  Home  and 
Home  Shuttle  Sewing  Macliines  have  the  Hall 
Treadle  attached  without  extra  charge. 


THE   HALL    TREADLE 

For  Sewings  Machines, 

THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  IMPROVEMENT 
EVER  MADE. 

It  saves  labor  and  preserved  health.  No  mort; 
diseases  and  deaths,  side  or  back  aches  from  us- 
ing sewing  machines.  No  teaching  retiuired.  A 
child  can  run  it.  Always  starts  the  right  way. 
Never  goes  backwards  and  breaks  things.  Can 
be  stopped  instantly.  M'ith  it  oa  your  machine, 
you  can  do  double  the  work  yo>i  can  do  witliout 
it.  Fifty  stitches  can  be  made  with  one  pressure 
of  one  foot.  Approved  by  i-he  Massachusetts 
State  Roard  of  Health  (see  ofhcial  report.  1872), 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  and  Mssachu- 
setts  Charitiil'Ie  Mechanics'  Assuciatiou.  The 
HALLTKEADLE  is  a  part  of  all  HOME  MA- 
CHINES sold  by  nie. 

fa^  The  Hall  Treadle  can  be  attached  to  any 
other  sewing  machine.  Remember  this.  We 
will  attach  it  onto  any  machine.  It  will  cost 
you  only  $V2,  and  will  save  you  a  deal  of  hard 
work  and  trouble. 


THE      HALT.      TREADLK      GRINDING 

MACHINE 

Must  be  seen  to  be  appreciated.  For  a  Farmer 
or  Mechanic  to  see  it,  is  to  buy  one.  It  is  an  in- 
dispensable article  in  every  house,  shop  or  hotel. 


ftftO  Acres,  Near  Ciiinal»nr  Hotel,    on  ' 

^falw    Almaden  Road,  six  and  u  half  miles  out;  ^ 
'  a  Big  Bargain  for  $1^,000:  has  a  Fine  Orovo  I 
I  of  Timber,    House,    Barn.  Wind-mill,  Vineyard,   ' 
I  etc. ;  all  valley  laud  but  GO  acres.      Terms— One- 
I  half  cash;  balance  in  three  years  at   8  per  cent. 

per  annum. 

I  1O77-100  Acres-Cherry^V^ale,  ri',  niilcH 

1  XO  from  San  Jose,  in  the  Willows.  The  best  1 
I  Cherry  Orchard  in  California.  I'JIJU  cherry  trees.  | 
■  (iOO  Piome,  and  variety  of  Peach,  Pear,  .-Vpricot,  <. 
etc.  Also.  2(JTO  Grape  Vines  four  years  old.  Two  | 
Wells  with  7-inch  pumps.  Horse-power,  Steam  i 
Engine  tor  lifting  water.  :viOO  feet  Under-groEud 
Water  Pipe  for  irrigating.  Plain  House.  Orch-  | 
ard  fenced,  andshctercd  with  Lombardy  Poplars.  , 
Very  complete  pla<e.  and  A  BARGAIN  at  , 
$1:1,500.  Terms-$T,i)On  cash:  balance  on  time 
at  10  per  cent,  annually. 


OQI  ^    Acres,     Near    Wasliiiif^ton   Cor- 

MsjXfi  ners,  Alameda  county.  l'>  miles  from 
San  Jose,  one  mile  from  Depot:  all  valley  land; 
House,  two  Barns,  large  Dairy  House,  Granary, 
Wind-mill,  Tank,  three  acres  of  Excellent  Orch- 
ard, is  a  first-class  place,  at  $90    per  acre,  part 

"jAIMCZSS    A.  CZiAVTON', 


je 


Real  Estate  Agent,  2'.t0  Santa  Clara  St. 


THE  HALL  TREADLE  JIG  SAW  AND 
BORING    MACHINE 

Is  an  accomplishment  in  every  workshop.  The 
Hall  Treadle  is  applicable  to  all  machinery  re- 
quiring a  foot  power— Sewing  Machines.  Grind- 
stones, Jig  Saws,  Turning  Lathes,  Jewelers'  and 
Dentists'  Lathes,  etc.    Send  for  circulars. 


OUR      MACHINIST. 

In  connection  with  my  regular  business,  I  have 
a  tine  MACHINE  SHOP,  fur  repairing  all  kiids 
of  machines  and  like  work,  and  have  employed 
MR.  CHARLES  C.  REDMOND,  a  SkillfiU  Me- 
chanic, as  niitnager,  and  am  now  prepared  to  re- 
pair machines  and  machinery,  make  models, 
etc.,  ou  the  most  readouable  terms,  and  ALL 
WORK  GUARANTEED. 

B.  J.  SALISBX7KV, 

:J2:(  S;inta  Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 
Sole  Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County. 


DID  you  know  it  is  Spring  in  August, 
When  verdant  hills  are  brown? 
It  may  not  be  spring  in  the  country. 
But  it's  always  Spring  in  town! 
Fur  T.  W.  SPRING  is  selling  Clothing  for  whole 
families  at  such  Low  Rates  that  litrd  times  are 
made  easy  to  the  purchaser.    Doutbe  so  verdant 
as  to  go  without  clothes  because  others  ask  high 
prices,  but  go  to  T.  W.  Spring's,  invest  and  be 
happy. 


THE      SINGER 

SEWING  MACHINE  ROOMS. 

Over  146,000  more  Singer  Sewing  Mat-bines  sold 
in  1875  than  by  any  other  company. 

334  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 

A.  C,  PEItKINS,  Aj-'t  furSalita  Cliira  Co. 


Th.e    Coodenoue:b. 

COMMON-SEN'SK  SY'STKM 

HOESESHOEIITG    SHOP! 

Cor.       Santa    Clara     and     San      Pedro 
Streets  (opposite  Post  Office) . 

The  only  Natural  Method  of  Shoeing  the  Horse 
to  prevent 

Corns,  Quarters  Cracks,  Contrac- 
tion of  the  Hoof,  and.  all 
Lameness  Eesultiny 
from  Unsound 
Feet. 
Hoi-se-Shoeing  S'^- 
JOKir  FADLEY,  Proprietor 
JAS.  LAMB,  Practical  Shoer. 


I  |L|  A  I  I  ^^  ^wltbtbc  (Juliforuia  Farm- 
11^  ^^  U  ■%  b>»'><'  Mutual  Fire  Insur- 
an>''- Ashioriiitiou  I'rincilial  Offit-e.  3S  Califor 
nia  i^treet,  Sun  Francisco.  Cnpital,  $'200,000. 
.J.  IJ.  Blanehar,  President;  Fred.  K.  Itule, Sec- 
retary. 

S.  A.   MOUI^TON,  AKen<, 

'i^}?>  First  Ktreet  San  .Jose. 
L.  F.  CHIPMAN.  Kolieitor. 


EMPEY  ^  LEOAUD, 

Manufacturers  and  Dealers  in 


1776       CBXrTZSZa'Xa'IA£        1876  I 

P  H  O  C  LAM  A  T  I O  N.  I 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway.    ! 

Is  thf  jiopular  route    ovt-rland  to  the  Kai^t, 
PaHsrngers   for  Chicago,  Niagara   Falls,  Pitts- 
burg, Philadelphia.  Montreal,  Quebec.  New  York 
Boston,    or   any    point  East,    should  buy    their  i 
trans-iontinentul    tifkc-tn  via  tlie    pioneer   routr, 

THE  CHICAGO  ^NORTHWESTERN  R.R. 

This  is  til.-  Ilest  rout<-  Kast.  Its  Track  is  of 
Steel  KhIIh,  and  on  it  has  been  niad<-  the  Fastest 
time  that  has  ever  been  made  in  this  t-ountry.  By 
this  route  passengers  for  p<iiut6  east  of  Chicago 
have  choice  of  the  following  lines  from  Chicago: 
I  PitlHbur^,  Fortwayne  and  Chicago 
and  PeniiNylvanla  Railways. 
•J  Through  tniins  daily,  with  Pulnian  Palace 
*)  Cars  through  to  Philadilphia  and  New  York 
on  each  train. 

<  THUOUGH  TUAIX.  WITH  Pl'LLM.^N   PAL- 
l  ace  Curs  to  Baltimore  and  Washington. 
By  tho  Lake  Sbore  and  Uicliigan  Southern  Eallwar  and 
Connoct'.oa:  (ITcwTorl:  Central  and  Eric  EaiiTa7ct; 

*>  THKIirGH  TRAINS  DAILY.  WITH  I'ALACE 
O  Drawing    P.o.nu    and    Sihx-r    Palace  Sleeping 
Cars  through  to  New  York. 
By  tho  Michiean  Central,  Grand  Tninh.  Great  Western  aoi 

Erie  and  How  Tori:  Central  Eailways: 
Q  Through  trains,  with   Pullman  Palace  Draw- 
O  ing  Room  an<l  Sleeping  Cars  tlirough  to  New 
York   to   Niagara   Falls.    Hutfalo,    Kochester,   or 
New  York  city. 

By  tUe  Baltimore  and  Olilo  Knilroad: 
rt  Through  trains  daily,  with  Pullman  Palace 
Jii  Curs  for  Newark.  Zancsville,  Wheeling, 
Washington  and   Baltimore  without  change. 

This  is  the  Shortest.  Best,  and  only  line  run- 
ning Pullman  celebrated  Palace  sleeping  cars  and 
cohches,  connecting  with  Cnion  Pacitic  Railroad 
at  Omaha  and  from  tUr  West,  via  Grand  Junc- 
tion, Marshall,  Cedar  itapids,  Clinton.  Sterling 
and  Dixon,  for  Chicago  and  the  East. 

This  jiopular  route  is  unsurpassed  for  Speed. 
Comfort  and  Safety.  Thesmooth,  well-ball»hted 
and  perfect  track  of  steel  rails,  tho  rdebrated 
Pullmun  Palace  SleeiJing  Cars,  the  pei-fect  Tele- 
graph System  of  moving  trains,  the  regularity 
with  which  they  run,  the  admirable  arrangement 
fi.r  running  through  trains  to  Chicago  from  oU 
]  points  Wi'St, secure  to  passengers  all  the  comforts  j 
in  niodcrn  Itailway  Traveling.  No  changes  of  , 
CiUK  and  no  tedioiis  delays  at  Fenios. 

I'ahS' ngcrs  will  tiinl  Tickets  via  this  Favorite 
Konti  rit  the  General  Ticket  Ofhoeof  the  Central 
P;i(  iiif  Urailroad,  Sa<ramento,  and  in  all  the 
Ticket  <ttti.es  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad. 

MaHVIN  HUGHITT.  W.  H.  STESNETr. 

Gen.  Supt..  Chicago.            Gen.  Pass.  Agent. 
H.  P.  STANWOOD.  (i.neral  Agency.  121  Mont- 
gomery stri-et,  San  Fran- isco. 

SMALL  FARM 
FOR      SALE! 


BREEDERS'    DIRECTORY. 

Parties  desiring  to  purchase  Live  Stock  will 
find  in  this  Directory  the  names  of  Bonie  of  the 
m<j6t  reliable  Breeders. 

OuB  Rates.— Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  wlil  be 
inserted  in  this  DirecU)ry  at  the  rate  of  50 
<cnts  per  month,  payable  annually. 

A  line  will  average  about  seven  words.  Count 
five  words  for  the  first  line. 


^.T 


CATTLE. 


COL- 
LARS, 


HAR- 
NESS, 

SADDLERY, 

warriage    Trimmings.    Etc 

Xo.  262  Santa  Clara  Street. 
SAM  JOSE. 


SB.   KMERSON,   Mountain  View,  Sautii 
.  Cliirn  County,  Cul.—Bretiler  of  Short-Horn 
and  Hcjlhtcin  Catilt-  and  Cotowolii  Sheep. 

ClYRl'S  .TONES  &  CO..    Son  .foec,  Santa 
/  Clara  County,  Cal.— Breedera  of  Sliort-Horu 
Cattle.    "  Young  Bulla  for  sale." 


HARL.es  CLARK,  StilpiUe,  Sants  Clara 
_    County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Bbort-Hom  Cattle 

and  Swine. 


c 


(^OI..El»IAN  YOl'XGER,    San  .Joae.  Santa 
y  Clara  County.  Cal.— Breidir  of  ShortrHoru 
Cattle. 


tie. 


<     B.    POI.HE9IUS,  Sau  Joae,  Snnta  Clara 
Jt  County,  Cal,— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cat- 


CARR  &  CHAPMAN,  OabllaD,  Monterey 
c  "       ■  -  -    •  •      -- 


lounty,  Cal  .—Breeders  of  Trotting  Hontca, 
Sliort-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine, 

WL.  OVERHISER.  Stockton.  San  .Joa- 
•  quln  ftiuuty,  Cal.— Bpeederof  Sliort-IIom 
Cattle  and  Swine. 


M 


OSES    WICK,    Orovllle,  Butte  County 
Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND  GOATS. 


CP.  BAHiEiT,  San  Jose  Cal,— Importer 
tt  breeder,  and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  An- 
gora Ooata,  Fine  Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goata  for 
sale. 


MCCRACKEN  &  LEWIS,  San  Jose,  Cal.- 
Importcra  and  breeders  < >f  fine  Angorn  Goats 
also,  fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 


]V,f  RS.  ROBERT  B1.ACOW,  Centervill.  , 
31  near  NlUs  Station,  Alameda  County,  Cal.— 
Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Rama  and  Ewes 
lor  sale. 


SWINE. 


Kj  Cmmty,  Cal. 
shire  Swine. 


-Breeder  of    Pure-bred  Berk- 


AGBEEABLY  SITUATED  ON  THE  FOOT- 
liills  ill  tho  WABII  HEI,T,  nine  miles  from 
Sau  Jose,  near  Loh  (latos,  2.^  acres  in  Cultiva- 
tion, (ir>  acres  of  Pasture  and  Live-Oak  Grove, 
80  acres  of  Chaparral  and  Woodland;  twoSprinKS 
on  tho  place. 


POULTRY. 


Dwellin<;  House,  Ban),  Orchniil,  Giir- 
(len.  Well,  'i  Guuil  Horses,  Oiif  CoH, 
4  yenl-s  old,  Out-  Fttriii  Wujfoii.  One 
Siiriii^  Wagon,  Vi  Tons  of  Hwy,  5 
Head  of  Dairy  Slock,  .".O  Ciiiikena, 
(ioi>d  Farmlnjf  Implements.  House 
Furniture,  Lot  of  Tools,  ^iic  , 

Title,  IT.  S.  Patent.  , 

Price,  S3,500— Part  Cush,  easy  terms  f  jr  the 

Remainder. 

Address,  LOS  GATOS  P.  O.,  or  apply  on  the 

Promises  to  the  Proprietor. 

G.    GIERINOT. 


MRS.  I*  J.  WATKIKS,  SanU  Clam— 
Premium  Fowls.  White  and  Brown  Leg- 
horn. S.  S.  Hambiu-g.L.  Brahmas,  B.I).  Red  Game, 
Game  Bantams,  and   Aylesbury   Ducks.    Also, 


IE.    M.\TTESON,    Stockton,  Csl.,  Im- 
j  ,    porter.  Breeder  and  Shipper  of  Pure  bre<l 
Game  Fowls. 


MISGELLANEO  US. 


ZiOCke  A  Montague, 

IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe- 
Tinware  &c. 

112  and  114  Battery  St., 

SXV   KKAN<I*<  O. 


DR,  C.  R.  SP.AW, 

Resident  Dentist, 
Comer  of   First   and 

Santa  Clara  streets. 

In  McLaughlin  &  Ry- 

land's  building, 

San  Jose,  Cal. 


S  HARRIS  HERRING,  San  Jose,  Cal.— 
_  ,  Agent  for  several  breeders  of  Best  Pure-bped 
animals  and  poultry.  Wo  brinx  the  breeder  and 
purchaser  together  direct,  and  do  not  stand  be- 
tween them,  while  we  aid  each  free  of-charg»j^ 

(.'PLENDID   CARD    PHOTOGRAPHS, 

O  onlv  S'i  a  dozen,  and  Cabinets  S4  a  dnzeu, 
at  HOWLASns  Gallery  (Heering's  old  ^and) 
No.  359  First  strc«t,  San  Jose. 


WALLACE  &  CO.,  No.  386  First 
street— Handsome  turnouts  always  on  hand 
at  fair  prices.  Fine  Hearse  for  Funerals.  Car- 
riages for  sale.    Give  ns  a  trial, 

H.   S.    LAMKIN, 

VTTORXEY-AT-LAW— ROOMS    3  AND    4, 
Stone's  Building  (opposite  .^uzerais  House) , 
Santa  Clara  street,  San  Jose.  


o 


DR.  J.   BRADFORD  COX. 

FFICE     OVER     T.    W.  SPRINGS    STORE, 

opposite  the  Post  Office,  Sau  Jose. 

^  mU  CLARA  TA0EIi: 

JACOB   EBERHARDT  -  -  Proper. 

ALL  KINDS  OP  LK.ATHER,    SHEEP- 
skins   and  wool.    Highest    price    paid    for 
Sheep  Skins,  Tallow,  Wool,  etc. 


0£^  Special  attention  yiven  to  Fine 
Gold  Filllnge.  Laugliiug  Gas  Adminis- 
tered. 


.C^f 


T.W.Mitchell, 

Porter's    Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SAN    JOSK. 

SEEDSMAN  and  FLOEIST 

And  Dealer  ill  Floweriii*;;  Plants, 
Ornaiiteiital    Slii'iihs,     Bulbs 
and   Floweriiifif    Roots  in 
Variety,  Hanging  Bas- 
kets,   Di'ied  Grfisses, 
French  Iiuntortelles  of  Assorted 
Colors,   EU-„  Ete. 
6^  Seeds,  Freehand  Reliable. 


SAN    JOSE 

^£  DRUG  STORE 

In  McLaughlin    &  Rylaud's  Bank 
Building, 

309   FIRST    STREET, 

SAX  JOSE,   CAL. 

J.   A.    Chittenden. 


J.    A.  CONBOIE, 

DRUGGIST  All's  mmmi 

Xo.     SVl-J    Fir,!    Street, 

SAN  JOSE. 


SMOKING  CHIKdNEYS  CVRED 

T^GOIHlCmiLlhndCHIMNEnC? 

HAS  PROVElJ  A  COMPLETE 
Success  in  curing  the  most  ob- 
stinate, sluggiKh  and  smoky  chim- 
neys. It  etands  on  the  top*  of  tlie 
chimney,  and  does  not  require  a 
Bmokestack  to  carry  it  above  the  sur- 
rounding buildings. 

It  is  the  only  Chimney  top  that  will 
work  satisfactorily  when  surrounded 
by  high  buildings.  For  ventilating 
Elevators,  Maeliine  Shops,  R.  K.  Di  - 
pofe.  Car  Shops,  etc.,  it  is  unrivaled. 

N.  B.— Send  inside  measurement  of 
top  of  chimney  or  ventilating  shaft. 

All  Chimriev  Tops  guarauf'^ed  to 
give  entire  satisfaction,  iind  if  anv 
should  fail  afteratrial  uf  two  nMuths 
we  will  ch.eii'iiHy  refund  i  he  money. 

F.      KLEIN, 

^i'J?  SANTA  CLARA  STREET, 


J.   O.    VENITXTM. 

DEALER   IN 

CARRIAGES,     BUGGIES,     PHAETONS 
and  SPRING  ^VAGONS. 

NO.  Ul   FIRST    STREET,    San   Jof^e. 


HERE, 


Mhii  Tg  Try  For! 


Splendid  Premium 

To  the  Boy  >  ho  will  get  us 

40    ITew    Su"bscriptions 

CALIFORNIA  AGRICULTURIST 

AT  $l.50   EACH. 


For  ouly  4U  New  Subscribers,  which  you  can 
^'ct  in  your  district  iu  a  short  time,  we  will  "ive 
the  Hall  Treadle 

JIG  SAW  AND  BOHING  MACHINE, 

PRICE,     S45. 

The  Hall  Treadle  Jij;  Saw,  for  bracket  aud 
pattern  work,  and  all  light  scroll  sawing,  has  no 
equal  in  the  market.  As  the  lower  and  upper 
arm  are  alike,  and  the  saw  fastened  in  a  spring 
head,  and  with  a  roller  in  the  table  back  of  the 
saw,  we  are  able  to  get  a  steady  upright,  motion 
that  leaves  the  work  smooth,  so  that  it  requires 
no  further  finish.  The  saw  head  is  so  arranged 
that  any  fine  saw  is  easily  adjusted,  aud  requires 
no  particular  make  uf  saws.  The  lioring  at- 
tachment has  all  the  ail,iu6tmcnts  usual  in  a 
boring  machine.  This  saw  works  with  ease;  a 
lady  i-an  run  it  with  a  little  practice,  in  the  same 
manner  that  she  can  run  a  sewing  machine.  An 
iuv<stmeut  in  the  Saw  and  Boriug  Machine  will 
pay  any  family  in  nuddnRnrnameuts  to  decorate 
their  home,  and,  as  well,  will  ot^cupy  the  mind 
and  body  iu  an  interesting  aud  healthy  mechan- 
ical study. 

SFECIAIi  FREI^IUnZS. 

Fur  U  New  Subscriptions— .\  Lady's  Work  and 
Music  Box.  worth  ?!i. 

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CAL.    AGEICULTUEIST   PUB.  CO. 


E.    J.    WILCOX 

Wilcox  Block,  No.  M  First  St., 
SAM-    JOSE,     CAL. 

California  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AlTD  SHOES. 

A  Large  and  Superior  Assortuicut. 

Wo.    394     First    Street, 

Wilcox  Block,  San  -Jose. 

BEAR  CREEK 
LUMBER  CO., 

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ALL  KINDS  OF  LUMBER, 

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OFFICE; 

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NV:ir 


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GARDEN  CITV 

DRUG  STORE 


Jpotheh 

H.  PIESSITECKER, 

.1       ->«.i'i.°'"l'''"''.  Bet.    1st    aud   2d 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St.  San   Jose. 

C.  E.  CAMPBELL, 

Manufacturer  of  ^"'"'        ^'■''^''• 

Pumps, 
AVell  Pipe  and  Galvanized  Iron      Hydraulic   Eimt, 
Pumps  witli  Iinju'ovrd  Valves.        "/"•"'">'   *■*"'' 

Lcid  scd  Irci  Fipe, 
Till,  Copper,  Zinc   and    Sheet-         Bfj.j  jj^j 
Iron     Wares,      Galvanized    Iron  Hose  Wire, 

t'hiniiiej  s,  Till  Roolinjir,  Plumb-     Firmer!   BoUersi 


KINC'S  COMBINAIION  SPECTACLES 

aud  Preserve  X^'::::^'  T^ST      the   Sight. 
«=?"  500    Pairs  ill    Vse   in  San  .lose.     4 

Perfect  Fit  Guaranteed.     For  sale  by 

SMITH  &  RYDER,  Jewelers, 

:I07  FIRST  street.  Commercial   Bank  HuildiuK. 


E^CELSE  MOLE  comy 

FIELD    t*l-    KENDALL, 

'Successors  to  Field,  f'ombs  ,(:  GreKoiy) 

>HXUF.\OrullEIlS  OF 

Head  Stones, 
Monuments. 

■■I'll]  all  Kinds  ol' 

Cmetery   Work 

in  .Marble  and  Granite. 

'■J77   SECOND  ST. 

San  Jose. 


ingf,  etc. 

No.  339  First  Street,  opposite  El  Do- 
rado St, 


J.  S.   CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

'•i■^J  First  Street. 


THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE 

P.\ID  FOR 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


House  Fiirnisliing 
Wires. 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  Blacksmith  and  Carriage  Shop. 
Balbnch's  fiew  Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond .St.  and  Fuuiitaiii  Allev 
S.\N   .lOSE. 
Agent  for   Fisll    Bro.'s  Wagons. 

New  'R'ork  and  repairing  of  .Agricultural 
Implemcuts,  etc, 

■West's      American     Tire-Sellei'. 


RHODES  &  LEWIS 


APOTHECARIES, 

.\o.    :ir,rt   First    Sdeel, 

s.\N  .;osE 


v^' 


:-5S:l 


11       (     *T^'  '    CAMPAIGN     OPENED' 


WHO    WILL    BE    PRESIDENT 

Is  a  bubj  ■.tj'jf  »iiinrettt;m  Jiueal  to  politlciaus,  but  to  the 
Industrial  Community,  and  to  Us  especially, 

Who     Will     Subscribe     for     tlie 

CALIFORNIA  AGRICULTURIST? 

DON'T  &ET  EXCITED.  BUT  VOTE  YOUR  PRINCIPLES, 

If,y.n.  l,av»  «ny,  and,  ab„ve  all,  be  eure  to   provide  Good.   Practical   and 
W  bolesome  readins  for  the  coming  year,  by  subscribing  for 
the  California    AirricuKuriHt . 
—      — "^^  • 

,  5000     STEW      WAZMXES     WANTBD- 

Three  Months  on  Trial  for  Ten  Cents. 


Please  send  for  it.  and  /examine  on  its  own  merits  before 
riskiiit;  SI.  ,50  for  a  year.     Adilrt f b. 

CAL.  AGRICULTUEIST  PUB.  CO 

SAN  JOSE. 
riuilex  on  page  142. J 


n 


^ 


^^^\-z^^^^'^J^^^ 


^^=B=  "^'^ 1 — -jt^- — \=^ — 'i^ — — — — ^ =^.-_ 


R 


IBERt 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


A.    WA  L  DTEUFEL, 


IMPORTER    AND    DEALER    IN 


Books,    Stationery,    Sheet    Music  and  Musical    Instruments, 


SOLE  AGENT  FOR 


PIAUOS 

jrADE   BY 

STEIN  WAY    &    SO  ITS, 

Xew   York. 

Uranich.  c&  Bach., 

New   York. 

J^COB      ZECH, 

San  FraiK-isco. 

C.   ROENISCH, 

Dresclf  II. 

ERNST     KAPS, 

Dresden. 


OF     EVERY     DESCRIPTION. 


AGKNT,  FOK    THE 


ORGAITS 


MADE    BY 


km  Waters  I  Sons, 


Neiv    York. 


BUEDETT    OEGAN   CO., 


Wholesale  and  Retail. 


Tay  Stock  is  Complete  in  Every  Particular,  and  the  Instruments  for  which  I  am  Agent  are  the  BEST  IN  THE  VTORLD. 
fS^  VHy  Terms  are  SXost  Iiiberal.  Orders  per  Bttail  will  be  promptly  attended  to,  and  Best  Discounts  given  to  Colleges,  Schools 
and  Teachers. 

Corner  of  First  and  Fountain  Streets,  San  Jose.  /^ ,       VV  ALDTEUFELa 


M  IM&i  iiih. 


JAMES     S.    SMITH, — 

Wo.  109  Stockton  Street, San  Francisco 

General  Agent  on  the  Pacific  Coast  for  the 

UNRIVALLED    GUILD    PIANOS. 

Also  Agent  for  the 

QRE^T     JUBILEE    ORO^N^S. 

&'  Reasonable    Prices---Cash,    or    Easy   Installments.  =&1 

She  it  Music  aiiil    Musii-il    Jlcrchandise. 


THE  LAMB 

Is  the  Oulv  Machine  that  can  Knit 


SAN  FRAN<  ISCO  BRANCH 

NATIONAL  WmiuANTEIlN  mm 

OF    NEW    YORK. 


Mrs.  M.  E.  Elliott 

Will  ^rauufacture  tlie 


TEUEMAIT&WOODIIOW 
UNDERTAKERS, 

408  First  Street,        San  Jose. 


E^ 


VERYTHING  IN  THE  LINE  FUKNISHED 
pronn)tly,  and  on  the  Most  ReaBonablu 
Tc-rms.  We  are  also  prepared  to  furuish  two  of 
tne  finest  HEAKSKS  on  the  Coast,  including  a 
Beautiful,  GLOSS  WUITE  CHILD'S  HEARSE. 
PiTfiouB  in  need  of  anything  in  our  line  will  find 
it  to  their  interest  to  rail  on  us. 

TURKMAN  &  WOODROW, 
Jus  Fii-st  t^treet,  San  Jose,  Cal. 

TO    OUR     SUBSCRIBERS. 


ALL    SIZES  OF    WOEK,   HOWARD  &  MORSE, 


rUKKllH  Ol'- 


NAEnow  AND  WIDEN  IT ;  Brass,  CoppeF,  SbU  Im  Wire  Clolli 


Shape  and   Complete 

Without   Haud-FiuiKliing, 

ScaiuIr8N  HoNlcry.  GloveH  niiil  MiltoiiK, 

"1-  knit  lliciii  m  M  BiziB;  or  Iinit  Itiblied,  Double 
and  Fau.y  stit.hcs  (or  Huilerwear,  Jai-lietB, 
sliawle.  etc.  It  kuits  over  25  diflereiit  Kiiiils  of 
Kal-mentB.  Over  ll»)  per  eeut.  in  mauufaiturinn 
liiiit  Boorts,  SeiKl  for  illustrated  eircular. 
Addi-eSH, 

S.  S.  PFISTEE  &  CO., 

1'20  Sutter  Street;(Huom  ;i'.').  Snn  Fraiieis.u. 


SPE'JIAI.IIKS: 

Bi-asH    uiifl  Steel   UiiUci-y    Screens,    I^o- 

eoniotive    Wire      ciutli,     anil 

ilejivy  i>liiiiii<;  <lotli, 

ORNAMENTAL    WIRE  WORK, 
..„^__   Kiddles,    Stives,    e(c. 

(iALVANIZKI)    CI-OTH  FOIl  FliriT  DHVIN(}, 
^   AVire  Fence,  Kiiilin^-,  GiiiirdH,  etc. 

Kepresentcd  in    Sim    Fianiisi-ti  by 

JOHIV      P.      BERIIVa, 

( t. ate  Manager  «Hli  Iv  kf.  Idl  \  c'o.l 
4'iO  Sitiisoiiie   Sti'eef. 


r  X\i£ji}^wlii       i  U^Jl       ullxfLT     Wr*'  '•"'"  »»a<l<'  arxaiiKfiin'iilsso  "1 

,, ^   ,     ,  ,, I    ''      for  the  sitiu    of    six   <:KN'rs.  iu  v 

A 


From  A.tuiil  M.asur.iuenl. 

Perfect     Fit     Guaranteed. 


hut 

ur- 

rcucv  (U-  postai^e  stamps,  sent  with  your 
IiDstullicc  ailchi  ss  in  full  to  the  untier- 
signctl,  they    will    ri'turn    by    niiiil,  post 

paid,  a  ueat  Japanese  Foot  Rule, 

(or   five   Ruh's    iov    twcnty-tive    cents, 
just  the  thing    for    school    or    clraughls- 
niau's  use.     A  fine  specimen  of  Japaues' 
manufacture,  anil  well  worth  'if)  cents. 

Atldrcss,  CAL.  FINE  AUT  IHfB.  CO.. 
I5ox  i'lXC'  San  Fianciseo. 


A.   O.  Hooker, 


Oinee:-'359    I'iift    street,    over    Uliodrs  .'v 
Lewib'  Drug  Store. 


California  Agriculturist 


SfAE^ 


Vol.  7— No.  9.} 


SAN'  JOSE  AND  SAN  FRANCISCO.  CAL.,  SEPTEMBER,  1876, 


^i 


SEASONABLE  HINTS. 

September  la  au  important  month 
to  the  gardentT  iu  this  climate. 

There  is  a.  good  deal  to  look  out 
for,  which,  if  done  iu  season,  will 
not  be  regretted. 
The  seeds  of  annuals  and  perennials, 
as  they  ripen,  should  be  carefully  select- 
ed and  saved.  Save  only  the  best  seeds 
from  healthy  plants.  When  thoroughly 
dry  put  into  glass  vials  so  that  no  in- 
sects or  mice  can  get  at  them ;  or  they 
may  be  done  up  in  papers,  the  name 
written  on,  and  be  kept  safely  in  a  cov- 
ered glass  or  earthen  jar. 

If  the  seeds  of  perennials  are  planted 
this  month  in  rich  moist  earth,  in  beds 
or  boxes,  and  are  eai-efuUy  tended,  they 
will  grow  sufficiently  this  sea- 
son to  come  into  early  bloom  ^„^- 
next  season,  whereas,  if  the  ,^^^* 
planting  is  deferred  until  next 
spring,  you  will  have  to  wait 
a  whole  year  for  blossoms. 
This  is  a  matter  of  some  mo- 
ment to  every  lover  of  flow- 
ers. Hollyhocks,  Perennial 
Peas,  Sweet  Williams,  Pinks, 
Carnations,  Evening-Primroses,  Pockets, 
Foxgloves,  Popi«es,  Stocks,  Wall  flow- 
ers, Pentstemons,  Primroses,  etc.,  will 
make  a  good  growth  during  the  nest  two 
months. 

Cuttings  of  various  kinds  will  grow 
enough  to  make  fair  roots,  .and  be  fine 
plants  another  season  if  put  out  at  once 
in  suitable  soil  and  kept  well  watered. 
Pure  sand  is  as  good  as  anything  to  start 
cuttings  in.  They  may  bo  planted  iu 
boxes  or  in  beds,  and  need  considerable 
light  .and  suu  to  do  well.  At  first,  for  a 
week  or  two,  a  httle  shelter  from  the  hot 
suu  is  best.  Currant,  Gooseberry,  Rose, 
Honeysuckle  and  other  cuttings  of  hard 
wood  plants,  should  have  the  leaves  cut 
ofif  before  planting.  Soft  wood  plants, 
such  as  Geraniums,  Fuschias,  etc.,  will 
grow  best  with  the  small  leaves  left  on. 
Give  all  cuttings  plenty  of  water. 

Layering  by  bending  the  branches  of 
plants  down  so  as  to  cover  a  portion  of 
the  stem  with  earth  without  its  being 
first  entirely  severed  from  the  plant,  can 
also  be  done  with  advantage  this  month. 
Budding  should  be  done  also.  Persons 
who  do  not  understand  layering 
and  budding  should  get  some  one  to 
show  them,  or  procure  au  illustrated 
work  ou  the  subject.  It  is  simple  and 
easy  enough  when  once  understood. 

September  and  October  are  months  in 
which  you  can  transplant  evergreen  trees 
or  plants.  Of  course,  we  mean  such  as 
have  been  grown  in  pots  or  boxes,  or 
such  as  are  carefully  taken  up  with  a  ball 
of  earth  attached  about  the  roots.  It  is 
necess.ary  that  the  e.arth  should  be  kept 
continually  moist  about  the  roots  after 
transplanting.  The  tirst  teu  days  it  is 
\  well  to  shelter  from  the  hot  sun."  This 
cau  be  done  by  wrapping  the  whole  tree 
loosely  iu  sacking,  tied  to  stakes  ou 
either   side.       Transplanted  this   mouth 


(U-  in  October,  the  tree  will  form  new 
rootlets  and  become  established  iu  the 
soil  before  winter,  and  be  ready  to  grow 
finely  in  early  spring. 

In  the  article  on  lawus,  it  will  bo  seen 
that  we  advise  the  sowing  of  new  lawns 
this  month,  if  plenty  of  water  can  be 
supplied. 

Prune  away  all  dead  plants,  rusty 
branches,  and  withered  flowers  and 
leaves,  it  you  want  to  keep  your  gardens 
looking  fresh  and  bright.  A  little  care 
in  this  direction  will  make  a  great  ditier- 
euce  iu  the  appearance  of  your  flower 
beds. 

Wh.at  we  h.avo  said  before  about  water- 
ing abundantly,  should  apply  this  month 
also,  particularly  during  hot  weather,  of 
which  we  always  get  a  week  or  two  iu 
September. 

See  that  the  climbing  plants  and  vines 
are  strongly  supporto<l  so  as  to  not  hang 
out  of   proportion.     .Mso  that  the  Dah- 


hibit  common  people  from  having  them, 
and  enjoying  the  green  carpet  where  the 
children  cau  rollic  in  sportive  glee,  and 
the  eye  cau  rest  relieved  from  the  general 
glare  of  desert  brown  of  tho  hills  aud 
stubble  fields  at  this  season.  Every 
household  can  have  its  oasis  to  give  life 
and  cheerfulness  to  its  surrouudiugs. 
Quite  as  much  as  they  need  money  to 
supply  neces.sities,  do  our  farmers  and 
the  people  generally  need  to  cultivate  the 
aesthetic  tastes,  and  to  gain  the  serene 
enjoyments  of  tasteful  homes  aud  places 
which  a  little  time  pleasantly  given  can 
as  well  procure  as  money  can.  The  en- 
joyment of  self-satisfaction  arising  from 
such  effort  is  something  that  money  cau 
not  purchase. 

One  of  the  main  necessities  for  a  lawn 
is  plenty  of  water,  for  grass  cannot  make 
a  thick  sward  and  keep  a  fresh  growth 
of  living  green,  in  onr  climate,  without 
abundaut  irrigation.  A  wind-mill  and 
water-tank,  an  artesian  well  with  pipes 
laid  through  the  grounds  to  be  cultivat- 
ed, or  pipes  from  a  hydrant  are  necessa- 
ry preparations.  Irrigation  may  be  ap- 
plied by  flooding  over  the  snrfaee,  or  by 
showering.  Practically,  it  makes  but 
littlo  diflerence  which.  A  soil  i)roperly 
prepared  will  hold  water  sufficient  to 
make  tho  grass  grow  beautifully,  if  wa- 
tered thoroughly  only  once  in  two  weeks. 
If  showered  only  lightly,  once  in  three 
days  will  answer.  For  economy,  the 
flooding  is  preferable. 

The  under-laid  jjipes  may  be  of  wood, 


CENTRAJ,    PARK    LAWN    MOWER- 


lias  and  other  heavy  late  flowering  plants 
are  tied  to  stiff  stakes,  to  prevent  the 
wind  from  breaking  and  twisting  them 
down. 

You  can  plant  out  bed  and  walk  edg- 
ings of  Primroses,  Violets  or  other  plants 
this  month,  if  you  wish  nice  blooming 
plants  early,  and  a  fine  winter  garden  as 
well.  Plant  Strawberry  beds  for  early 
fruiting. 


THE  LAWN. 

There  is  no  prettier  feature   about  a  i 
dwelling  than  a  nice  grassy  lawn.  There  { 
are  many  of  them  in  Sau   .lose,  but  gen- 
erally only   iu    front  of   the  most  costly 
residences.       Now   there  is   nothing   so 
very  evpensive    about  a  lawn    as  to  pro-  ] 


with  plugs  at  intervals  to  draw  out  aud 
allow  the  water  to  flood  the  surface. 
Once  prepared,  a  lawn  is  no  trouble,  but 
a  continual  pleasure.  The  grass  you  will 
clip  from  it  the  year  round  will  more 
than  pay  for  all  the  trouble.  Indeed,  as 
an  investment,  ou  every  farm,  a  liberal 
sized  lawn  cau  be  made  to  pay  by  supply- 
plyiug  soiling  for  the  cows  and  horses 
the  year  round.  A  half  acre  will  supply 
many  tons  of  sweet  green  feed,  if  richly 
dressed  with  manure  occasionally,  aud 
well  watered  through  the  dry  season. 

The  Central  Park  lawu  mower,  which 
we  illustrate  on  this  page,  is  simple  in 
construction,  cuts  easily,  and  in  dry  or 
green  grass,  long  or  short.  It  costs  $20 
to  S25,  and  will  last  a  lifetime. 

We  are  indebted  to  Jlr.  R.  J.  Trum- 
bull,   the   Sau  Francisco   seedsman,  for 


J SuBBCEimoK  Price,  Sl.SOaYear. 
\         Siugle  Coiilcs.  15  Ceuts, 


the  use  of  tho  cut  aud  for  some 


PUACTICAI.  HINTS  ON    MAKING  A  LAWN: 

1 — Soil  should  be  deeply  aud  thorogh- 
ly  pulverized — making  it  rich  with  well- 
rotted  cow  (the  best)  or  horse  manure. 
If  the  soil  is  naturally  rich,  a  good  qual- 
ity of  manure  will  still  improve  it. 

2 — Care  should  bo  taken  to  have  a 
smooth  surface — permitting  no  depres- 
sions anywhere,  where  water  might 
stand.  If  the  lawn  is  inteuded  to  be 
flat,  it  should  be  made  as  smooth  as  pos- 
sible before  sown. 

3 — A  lawu  may  be  made  at  auy  time 
iu  California,  but  the  most  propitious  pe- 
riod is  from  the  first  of  September  till 
the  15th  of  November,  or  between  Feb- 
ruary 1st  and  March  l-Oth.  If  made  dur- 
ing warm,  dry  weather,  after  the  seed 
has  been  sown  aud  raked  in  it  should 
have  a  top  dressing  one  inch  thick  of 
well-rotted,  finely-pulverized  manure, 
which  serves  to  protect  tho  seed  during 
germination  and  making  its  first  roots. 
This  dressing  will  stimulate  growth  of 
grass  at  any  time,  aud  might  be  advan- 
tageously used  no  matter  at  what  period 
seed  is  sown. 

4 — There  are  several  varieties  of  grass 
used  for  the  formation  of  lawns,  but  the 
more  acceptable  are  the  best  quality  of 
Blue  Grass  sown  alone,  the  same  with  a 
proper  proportiou  of  White  Sweet  Clov- 
er, and  the  Mixed  Lawn  Grass,  which  is 
composed,  as  its  name  indicates,  of  sev- 
eral flno  grasses  mixed  iu  soitable  pro- 
portions. 

5 — The  quantity  of  seed  sown  should 
be  in  tho  proportion  of  at  leost  fifty 
pounds  to  the  acre.  The  seed  cannot  be 
sown  too  thick,  but  if  sown  too  light  the 
work  must  be  done  over  again,  Tho 
point  is  to  get  a  thick  stand  to  withstand 
our  dry  climate,  and  keep  the  lawn  close 
and  preserved  from  bunching. 

6  —To  make  a  fine,  thick,  velvety 
lawn,  the  grass  should  be  cut  once  a 
week,  or  ofteuer,  according  to  the  sea- 
son. 

[We  supplement  the  above  by  adding 
that  for  heavy  soil  it  is  a  good  plan  to 
cart  sand  to  cart  sand  to  mix  with  the 
top  dressing  of  manure.  Also  that  after 
the  soil  is  manured  and  thoroughly  stir- 
red by  repeated  plowing  and  harrowing, 
and  leveling,  it  should  be  heavily  rolled 
down  before  the  seed  is  sown,  liemem- 
bes  that  once  well  prepared  and  properly 
seeded  down,  etc.,  a  lawu  is  easily  cared 
for  ever  after.  Blue  Gra.ss  or  Ked-top 
makes  the  best  lawu.  All  weeds  should 
be  pulled  out  by  hand  until  the  sward  is 
firmly  rooted.] 


Drying  Fmit. — Kow  is  the  season 
for  putting  up  fruits  for  the  year,  can- 
ning, drying,  preserving,  etc.  Sun  dried 
fruit,  when  rightly  done  and  well  pre- 
p.ared,  is  good  enough  for  anybody.  Put 
up  before  it  is  quite  hard,  in  small, 
tight  boxes,  press  it  in  firmly,  and  seal 
up  so  that  the  noths  cannot  enter.  The 
trouble  from  moths  is  not  from  eggs  laid 
before  or  during  the  drying,  but  after  it 
is  packed  away.  If  securely  sealed,  it 
keeps  fresh  .and  cannot  get  wormy. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


$1.50  Per  A^^uI^. 

PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY  THE 

CAL.     AGRICULTTOIST      PUS.      CO. 

S.  HARRIS  HERRrN'G,  Editor. 


San  Jose  Office — Balbach's  Building, 
Santa  Clara  Street. 

San  Francisco  Bulnness  Office  ftcmpora- 
ri7y>— 406  Market  Street. 

RATES    OF    ADVERTISBNC: 

Per  one  Column §12  00  Per  Month 

"    half  Column GOO    " 

"    fourth  Column 3  00    "        *' 

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IKT"  We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  our  reRolu- 
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The  large  circulation,  the  dcBirable  class  of 
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ers this  Journa[  a  choice  medium  for  reaching 
the  attention  of  the  maBses. 


Notice  to  Eastern  Advertisers  and 
Advertising  Agencies. 

K?"  Hereafter  no  proposition  for  advertiBing 
in  this  journal  will  be  entertained  without  pay 
in  advance.  Our  published  rates  are  the  stand- 
ard for  all.] 


EDITORIAL    NOTES. 


Remember  the  poor  publisher  and 
printer  wlien  you  realize  on  your  crops. 

The  premiums  we  offer  are  chosen 
liy  experienced  artists,  and  are  not  cheap- 
jolin  importations.  Our  arrangements  cannot 
be  excelled  by  any  for  getting  nor  for  giving 
first-claes,  cboice  premiums  to  subscribers. 


The  first  rains  generally  catch  a  lot 
of  wheat  belonging  to  some  farmer  Slack  out 
of  doors  nnsbeltered.  It  probably  would  if  it 
did't  commence  until  Cbristnias.  The  pru- 
dent man  will  not  be  caught  out  in  the  wet  in 
any  such  way. 


Poisoning  Squirrels.— This  is  a  good 

season  to  poison  siiuirrels.  They  are  raven- 
ously fond  of  melons  and  fruit.  Strychnine 
put  into  these  and  placed  within  their  reach 
will  slay  tbem  most  completely.  First  bait 
them  vvitli  melons  or  fruit  not  poisoned.  Alter 
their  shyness  is  allayed  give  it  to  them  good 
and  strong,  and  you  will  be  gratilied  with 
success.  Be  sure  that  domestic  animals  arc 
securely  fenced  away  from  tlie  poison. 


Dry  sowing  does  well  enough  in  soil 
which  has  never  been  plowed  when  too  wet, 
to  that  it  lays  in  clods.  The  soil  should  crum- 
ble nicely,  or  lay  till  it  can  be  pulverized 
when  moist.  Very  weedy  land  should  be  al- 
lowed to  lay  till  the  weeds  start,  then  be 
plowed  under  before  sowing.  Dry  sowed 
land  should  bo  rolled  as  soon  as  the  rains 
soak  the  surface  to  crush  all  clods,  then  luir- 
rowcd  with  a  slanlingtooth  harrow  to  loosen 
llio  surface  before  the  grain  gets  six  inches 
high. 


Capital  vs.  Enterprise.— We  often 

hear  the  remark  that  capital  and  capitalists 
are  ueeded  to  build  up  business  and  make 
times  lively.  There  never  was  a  greater  mis- 
take, so  far  as  the  general  prosperity  is  con- 
cerned. Wherever  capital  controls,  a  few 
get  rich  perhaps,  but  it  is  at  the  expense  of 
the  masses.  There  must  be  deprivation  and 
poverty  among  the  laboring  people  where 
wealth  commands  labor  through  high  interest 
and  low  wagi^s.  The  more  the  common  peo- 
jile  depend  upon  accumulated  capital,  and  are 
controlled  by  it,  the  greater  will  be  the  rates 
of  interest  and  the  lower  and  more  uncertain 
the  labor,  both  as  to  wages,  opportunity  to 
work,  and  fptality  of  service.  Go  into  a  com- 
munity where  there  are  no  rich  men  who  live 
upon  other's  earnings,  where  everyone  is  de 
]ieDding  upon  labor  and  enterprise  for  success, 
and  all  are  striving  in  a  nearly  equal  race  to 
get  on  iu  the  world,  and  there  you  will  find  a 
I'lace  rapidly  building  up,  wages  good,  work 
plenty,  and  all  soits  of  business  nourishing. 
Money  will  be  plenty,  because  not  hoarded. 
When  men  count  the  interest  on  their  money 
they  are  penurious,  exacting,  hard,  and  any- 
thing else  but  enterprising,  as  a  rule.  They 
are  not  the  tradesman's  best  customers,  nor 
the  business  man's  supporters  and  friends. 
They  are  drones,  eating  the  best  honey,  pro- 
ducing none.  Their  money  is  drawing  the 
life  blood  of  labor;  they  are  rich,  and  every- 
body else  is  poor  from  paying  tribute  to  their 
wealth.  In  our  condition  of  civilization,  we 
need  capital,  that  is,  money,  of  course.  But 
we  do  not  need  any  number  of  rich  persons 
to  control  all  the  money  and  ride  industry  to 
death.  He  who  is  the  most  independent  of 
capitalists,  pays  no  interests,  works  for  him- 
self, and  commands  his  own  wages,  is  best 
oil',  everything  else  being  equal. 

Good  prices  for  wheat  and  ready 
sales  for  cash  woidd  make  good  times  in  Cal- 
ifornia. The  present  low  prices  and  dull  sales 
make  everything  terribly  hard.  The  merch- 
ant and  mechanic  experience  the  effects  of 
the  low  prices  even  more  than  the  farmers 
themselves ;  for  it  is  itpon  the  money  the  far- 
mer puts  into  circulation  that  they  chiefly  de- 
pend We  are  told  by  dealers  in  San  Jose 
that  for  years  there  has  been  nothing  like  the 
scarcity  of  circulating  coin  as  at  present.  It 
is  not  upon  capitalists  that  they  depend  for 
trade  but  upon  the  working  people,  who  buy 
when  they  have  money  to  buy  with.  Every 
merchant  aitd  storekeeper,  and  every  me- 
chanic and  business  man  should  join  with  the 
farmer  in  word  and  action  to  break  up  the 
wheat  ring  that  is  bearing  down  the  wheat 
market.  The  condition  of  crops  in  Europe 
and  America  this  year  should  justify  at  least 
$■2  per  cental  for  wheat  in  California,  and  we 
think  not  less  thau  $2.25,  and  active  demand. 
The  wheat  ring  that  will  either  rule  or  ruin, 
and  ruin  if  it  rules,  keeps  the  price  to  near, 
and  below,  $1..')0  per  cental,  and  pays  little 
cash  down  at  tliat.  The  farmer  is  at  their 
mercy,  and  everybody  suffers.  At  least  $10,- 
OtlO,OnO  are  kept  out  of  circulation,  and  $('>,. 
000,000  are  actually  swindled  out  of  our  pro 
ducers  by  the  speculators. 

\\'hen  our  merchaiUs  and  mcc:hanic8  fully 
realize  what  THEY  are  losing  in  allowing  this 
stupendous  ring  to  conti'ol  wheat  matters, 
they  will  in  every  way  encourage  and  asf^ist 
the  farmers  and  Grangers  iu  breaking  it  up. 
The  very  life  ot  trade  ef  all  kinds  depends  on 
the  prosperity  of  producers.  The  money  ob- 
tained by  them  is  soon  put  into  circulation, 
through  merchants,  mechanics  and  the  labor- 
ing masses.  The  wheat  ring  on  this  coast 
must  bo  broken,  or  ruin  will  stare  many  a 
worthy  business  enterprise  iu  the  face,  and 
everyone  will  feel  the  general  depression. 


Providing   fuel   for  the  year  is  now 

seasonable  work.  The  rains  will  send  you  to 
the  fields.  Haul  your  wood,  prepare  it  for 
the  kitchen,  and  shelter  it  from  the  weather. 
This  is  a  matter  of  economy  that  pays  in  more 
ways  thau  one. 

Use  the  Manure.— Now  is  the  time 

to  grther  up  all  the  manure  about  your  yards 
and  stables  and  haul  it  upon  the  land.  Dump 
iu  piles  at  convenient  distances  to  be  spread 
upon  the  soil  as  soon  as  the  first  rains.  Or  it 
may  be  spread  at  once  and  harrowed  or 
chiseled  in  upon  volunteer  grain  land.  It  is 
better  to  rot  upon  the  soil  one  season  in  this 
way  thau  to  be  jtlowed  in  at  ouce. 

Make  plans  and  calculations  about 
what  fencing  is  needed,  and  haul  your  posts, 
planks  and  pickets  early.  If  yourwheat  mar- 
ket lies  in  the  same  direction,  "kill  two  birds 
with  one  stone"  by  bringing  a  load  ou  the  re- 
turn trip.  The  best  and  cheapest  farm  fence 
in  our  valley  is  made  of  square,  split  redwood 
pickets,  driven  firmly  in  the  ground.  Two  4- 
inch  boards  are  nailed  upon  them,  one  near 
the  center,  and  the  other  near  the  top,  making 
a  handsome,  strong  and  durable  fence. 


have  lately  sent  a  full  line  ot  their  goods  to 
Philadelphia  to  show  at  the  Centennial,  and 
propose  establishing  a  house  East  for  the 
wholesaling  of  their  goods.  Not  only  will 
they  fan  and  manufacture  into  articles  the 
Angora  fleeces  and  skins,  but  they  will  work 
buckskins  and  such  other  v.aluable  skins  and 
furs  as  can  be  obtained  on  this  Coast.  The 
business,  for  Angora  goods  alone,  is  A  most 
promising  one,  and  one  which  is  of  great  ben- 
efit to  all  breeders  of  the.se  animals.  As  the 
production  of  mohair  increases,  there  is  prom- 
ise of  a  factory,  or  machinery  in  our  woolen 
mills,  to  work  this  beautiful  production  into 
such  cloths  and  fabrics  as  are  iu  demand  all 
over  the  world. 


Don't  neglect  to  stack  your  straw. 
It  is  a  wicked  waste  to  burn  it  or  let  it  rot  in 
the  rains  when  there  are  so  many  bead  of 
stock  in  the  country  that  need  it.  If  well 
st.acked  it  will  last  good  a  dozen  years,  and 
may  eventually  prove  a  bonanza  iu  some  com- 
ing dry  season.  Save  it.  After  building  a 
stack  and  ridging  it  with  a  heavy  scantling, 
rake  the  roof  down  very  thoroughly,  and  re- 
rake  until  It  will  shed  water  perfectly. 


As  a  rule,  our  California  farmers 
make  no  use  of  the  manure  that  accumulates 
about  the  stables  and  yards.  We  know  of  a 
farmer  near  San  Jose  that  counts  himself  a 
good  farmer,  who  allows  his  neighbors— poor 
fellows — to  haul  the  manure  from  his  jilace 
onto  their  own,  and  is  glad  so  easily  to  get 
lid  of  it  I  We  are  glad  to  be  able  to  say  that 
the  men  who  use  manure  take  the  AOKICUL- 
TnRiST,  while  he  who  gives  it  away  "can't 
afford  to  take  so  many  papers — has  no  time  to 
read." 


The  Angora  Robe  and  Glove  Com- 
pany of  San  Jose  are  increasing  their  capital 
stock  and  making  preparations  to  go  still  more 
extensively  into  the  bdsiness.  Their  enter- 
prise, though  new  and  in  some  directions  ex- 
perimental, has  proved  a  success  financially 
and  otherwise.  Their  goods  are  now  sold  in 
every  county  and  in  many  principal  stores  in 
the  State.  Their  harvest  gloves,  manufac- 
tured from  goat  skins,  are  pronounced  by  all 
just  the  thing,  and  something  much  needed. 
Their  genuine  black  kids  for  ladies  .and  gen- 
tlemen are  in  demand  faster  than  they  can  be 
made.  Mr.  Welch,  the  experienced  dyer, 
made  a  good  hit  on  coloring  kid  skins.  The 
tanning  prouess  is  also  new  and  wonderful. 
During  a  late  visit  wu  saw  a  lighted  match 
touched  to  the  tanning  vat  when  an  iiitlam- 
mable  gas  that  is  evolved  i  uring  the  process 
of  tanning  burst  out  from  among  the  sub- 
merged skins  at  a  furious  rate.  The  skins 
tanned  by  this  "fire  jn'ocoss"  are  as  soft  and 
pliable  with  the  grain  on  as  the  softest  buck- 
skins are  without  a  grain.  The  dyeing  pro- 
cess used  in  coloring  the  glossy  fleeces  for 
robes,  furs,  etc.,  leaves  the  mohair  as  soft  and 
silky  as  possible.  Any  color  or  shade,  from  a 
light  beaver  to  a  glossy  black,  is  given  the 
fleeces— to  suit  the  various  tastes.  The  fur 
gauntlets  from  line  skins  resemble  the  valua- 
ble furs  of  various  animals.     The  Comiiany 


Capital  and  Labor.— There  should 

be  no  conflict  between  capital  and  labor. 
There  would  be  none  were  money  shorne  of 
its  power  to  extort  enormous  rates  of  interest. 
Were  money  as  much  of  a  servant  as  labor  is, 
there  could  be  no  antagonism.  While  money 
is  king,  and  labor  is  its  slave,  there  must  and 
will  be  antagonism.  Man's  sense  of  justice 
and  love  of  liberty  must  revolt  against  a  con- 
dition that  degrades  him  because  he  is  poor 
and  honest  and  works  for  a  living.  The  na- 
tural remedy  for  this  unnatural  condition  of 
the  supremacy  of  wealth,  is  to  make  money 
.so  plenty,  and  rates  of  interest  so  low,  that 
everyone  can  command  through  honest  labor 
what  he  needs,  without  supporting  others  in 
idleness.  Should  the  people,  through  Govern, 
ment,  issue  in  abundance  a  standard  money, 
payable  for  all  obligations,  and  protected 
from  speculation  by  stringent  laws,  and  allow 
individuals  to  draw  it  at  low  rates  of  interest, 
upon  pledges  of  their  real  property,  to 
an  amount  representing  the  same,  money 
would  soon  become  so  plenty,  at  cheap  inter 
est,  that  those  who  accumuhate  money  could 
not  extort  a  living  from  others.  It  would 
place  labor  and  enterprise  where  it  ought  to 
be,  and  promote  honesty  by  encouraging  in- 
dustry of  every  description.  Idleness  would 
not  be  enforced  for  want  of  employment,  nor 
labor  poorly  paid  for  want  of  palronage  and 
from  inability  to  meet  payments  of  taxes,  in- 
terests and  rents  on  the  part  of  employers 
Capital  and  labor  would  have  no  occasion  to 
be  at  war.  An  bouorable  peace  would  be 
est^iblished.  The  rich  man  and  the  poor  man 
could  be  friends  without  either  making  con- 
cessions to  the  other. 


A    BETTER 


FINANCIAL 
NEEDED. 


SYSTEM 


fiflTD.  Cal.  Agkiccltukist:  I  have  re- 
1^  ceived  several  numbers  of  your 
jjilx,  jurual.  Inclosed  please  find  a 
^K  postal  order,  and  eontiuue  the  jour- 
S]^  nal  as  long  as  that  will  pay.  I  am 
taking  several  (eleven)  papers  and  jour- 
nals, and  have  asked  several  persons  to 
take  the  Aokicdltdeist. 

I  notice  an  occasional  article  on  fin- 
ance, reconuiieuding  the  Amcricau  .sys- 
tem, that  is,  jiaper  money  that  will  pay 
all  debts,  duos,  duties,  taxes,  etc.,  and 
that  the  (loveriimcnt  won't  repudiate  for 
customs,  and  which  will  always,  there- 
fore be  at  par;  also  be  iutcrconveNible 
into  bonds  drawing  a  small  interest — at 
the  s.amo  time  doing  away  with  the  Na- 
tional Banks.  Of  course,  a  few  thous- 
and bankers  and  inoney-Ionders  will 
howl,  but  millions  of  laboring  people 
will  rejoice  and  bo  made  happy.  Jloro 
financial  information  should  be  circulat- 
ed among  the  labcn-iiig  classes.  Even 
farmers  stand  more  in  need  of  financial 
than  of  agricultural  information. 
I'ltaluma,  August,  I87G.  F.  V. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal 


]hU^. 


'\ 


Tom's  Come  Kome, 

BY    T.    J.    TROWBRIDGE. 

j,  ITHJits  heavily  rocking,  swinging  load, 
The   stage  coach  rolls  up  the  mountain 

road. 
The  mowers  lean  on  their  scythes  and 

say, 
"HuUol    -what  brings  Big  George    this 
way?" 

The  children  climb  the  slats,  and  wait 
To  see  him  drive  past  the  door-yard  gate; 
When,  four  in  hand,  nedate  and  grand. 
He  brings  the  old  craft  like  a  ship  to  land, 
At  the  window,  mild  giimdmotherly  eyes 
Beam  from  the  glasses  with  quaint  surprise, 
Grow  wide  with  wonder,  and  guess,  and  doubt; 
Then  a  quick,  halt-stifled  voice  shrieks  out, 
"Tom!  Tom's  come  homel" 

The  face  at  the  casement  disappears, 
To  shine  at  the  door,  all  joy  and  tears, 
As  a  traveler,  dusty  and  bearded  and  brown, 
Over  the  wheel  steps  lightly  down. 
"Well,  mother!"    "My  sou!"    And  to  his  breast 
A  forward-tottering  form  is  pressed 
Sbe  lies  there,  and  cries  there;    now  at  arras- 
length 
Admires  hie  manly  size  and  strength 
(While  be  winks  hard  one  misty  eye) ; 
Then  calls  to  the  youngsters  staring  nigh, 
"Quick!  go  for  your  gran'therl  run,  boys,  run! 
Tell  him  your  uncle— tell  him  bis  son— 
Our  Tom's  come  homel" 

The  Btnge  coach  waits;  but  little  cares  she 
What  faces  pleasantly  smile  to  see 
Her  jostled  glasses  and  tumbled  cap. 
Big  George's  hand  the  trunk  unstrap 
And  bear  it  in;  while  two  light-heeled 
Young  Mercuries  fly  to  the  mowing  field. 
And  shriek  and  beckon,  aud  meet  half-way 
The  old  cran'tber,  lame  and  gaunt  and  gray. 
Coat  on  arm,  half  in  alarm. 
Striding  over  the  stony  farm. 
The  good  news  clears  his  cloudy  face, 
And  he  ci;ie6,  as  ho  quickens  his  anxious  pace, 
"Tom  ?    Tom  come  home  ?" 

With  twitching  cheek  and  quivering  lid 
(A  soft  heart  under  the  hard  lines  hid). 
And  "Tom.  how  d'e  do?"  in  a  husky  voice, 
He  grasps  with  rough,  strong  baud  the  boy's^ 
A  boy's  no  more.    "I  shouldn't  have  known 
That  beard."    While  Tom's  fine  baritone 
Eolls  out  from  his  deep  chest  cheerily, 
"You're  hale  as  ever,  I'm  glad  to  see." 
la  the  low  back  porch  the  mother  stands. 
And  rubs  her  glasses  with  trembling  hands. 
And,  smiling  with  eyes  that  bleer  aud  blink, 
Chimes  in,  "I  never!"  and  "Only  thinki 
Our  Tom's  come  home!" 

With  question  and  joke  and  anecdote, 
He  brushes  Uis  bat,  they  dust  his  coat, 
While  all  the  household  gathers  near— 
Ta,nned  urchins,  eager  to  see  and  hear, 
And.large-eyed,  daikeyed,  shy  young  mother. 
Widow  of  Tom's  unlucky  brother, 
Who  turned  out  ill.  and  was  drowned  at  the  mill 
The  stiickea  old  people  mourn  bim  still, 
And  theTiope  of  their  lives  in  him  undone: 
But  grief  for  the  dissolute,  ruined  sou— 
Their  best-beloved  and  oldest  boy- 
Is  all  forgotten   or  turned  to  joy. 

Now  Tom's  come  home. 

Yet  Tom  was  never  ilie  favored  child, 
Tbongh  Tom  was  steady,  and  Will  was  wild; 
But  often  bis  own  and  liis  brother's  share 
Of  blows  or  blame  he  was  forced  to  bear; 
Till  at  last  he  said,  "Here  is  no  room 
For  both— I  go!"    Now  he  to  whom 
Scant  grace  was  shown  hag  proved  the  one 
Large-hearted,  upright,  trusty  sim; 
And  well  may  the  old  folks  joy  to  find 
His  brow  so  frank  and  his  eye  so  kmd. 
No  shadow  of  all  the  past  allowed 
To  trouble  the  present  hour,  or  cloud 
His  welcome  home. 

His  trunk  unlocked,  the  lid  be  lifts, 
And  lays  out  curious,  costly  gifts; 
For  Tom  has  prospered  since  he  went 
Into  his  long  self-banishment. 
Each  youngster's  glee,  as  be  hugs  his  sharo, 
The  widow's  surprise,  the  old  folks'  air 
Of  affectionate  pride  in  a  sun  so  good. 
Thrill  bim  with  generous  gratitiide. 
And  he  thinks,  "Am  I  that  lonely  lad 
Who  went  off  friendless,  poor  and  sad 
Tbat  disiual  day  from  my  father's  door?" 
And  can  it  be  true  he  is  here  once  more, 
In  his  childhood's  "home  ? 

'Tis  bard  to  think  of  his  brother  dead, 
And  a  widow  and  orphans  here  in  bis  stead  — 
Ho  little  seems  changed  since  they  were  youngi 
The  row  of  pegs  where  tlie  hats  were  hung; 
The  checkered  chimney  and  hearth  of  bricks; 
The  sober  old  clock  with  its  lonesome  tu-ks 
Aud  shrill,  loud  chime  for  the  flying  time; 
The  stairs  the  bare  feet  used  to  climb, 
Tnm  chasing  his  wild  bedfellow  Will; 
And  there  is  the  small,  low  bedroom  still. 


And  the  table  ho  had  wj^en  a  little  lad: 
Ah,  Tom,  does  it  make  you  sad  or  glad, 
This  coming  home? 

Tom's  heart  is  moved.    "Now  don't  mind  mo; 

I  am  no  stranger  guest,"  cries  he. 

"And,  father,  I  say,"— with  the  old-time  laugh — 

"Don't  kill  for  me  any  fatted  calf! 

But  go  now  and  show  me  the  sheep  and  swino 

.\nd  the  cattle- where  is  that  colt  of  mine? — 

.\nd  the  tarm  and  croijs- is  harvewt  over  ? 

I'd  like  a  chance  at  the  oats  and  cloverl 

I  can  mow,  you'll  find,  and  cradle  aud  bind, 

IjOad  bay,  stow  away,  pitch,  rake  behind; 

Fur  I  know  a  scythe  from  a  well-sweep  yet. 

In  an  hour  I'll  make  you  quite  forget 

That  I've  been  from  home." 

He  plucked  from  its  peg  an  old  farm  hat. 
And  with  cordial  chat  upon  this  and  that, 
Tom  walks  with  his  father  about  the  place. 
There's  a  pensive  grace  in  bis  line  young  face 
As  they  loiter  under  the  orchard  trees. 
As  he  breathes  oiu'o  more  tlio  mountain  breeze. 
And  looks  from  the  hill-side  far  away, 
Over  pasture  and  faUow  and  tield  of  liay, 
To  the  hazy  peaks  of  the  azure  range. 
Which  change  torover.  yet  never  change. 
The  wild  sweet  winds  his  welcome  blow; 
Even  old  Monadnock  seems  to  know 
That  Tom's  come  home. 

The  old  man  stammers  and  speaks  at  last; 
"You  notice  your  mother  is  failng  fast. 
Though  she  can't  see  it.     Poor  Will's  disgrace 
And  debts,  aud  the  mortgage  on  the  place; 
His  sudden  death— 'twas  a  dreadful  blow; 
She  couldn't  bear  up  like  a  man,  you  know. 
She's  talked  of  you  since  the  trouble  came; 
Some  things  in  the  past  she  seems  to  blame 
Herself  for;  what,  it  is  hard  to  tell. 
I  marvel  how  she  keeps  round  so  well, 
For  often  all  night  she  lies  awake. 
I'm  thankful,  if  only  for  her  sake, 

That  you've  come  home." 

Th?y  visit  the  field:  Tom  mows  with  the  men; 
And  now  they  come  round  to  the  porch  again. 
The  mother  draws  Tom  aside;  let8_.6ink 
Her  voice  to  a  whisper,  and,  what  do  you  think? 
"You  see,"  says  she,  "be  is  broken  quite. 
Sometimes  he  tosses  and  groans  all  night. 
And— Tom,  it  is  hard,  it  is  hard  indeed! 
The  mortgage,  and  so  many  mouths  to  feed! 
But  tell  him  he  must  not  worry  so, 
And  work  so  hard,  for  he  don't  know 
That  he  hasn't  the  strength  of  a  younger  man. 
Counsel  him,  comfort  him,  all  you  can, 
While  you're  at  home." 

Tom's  heart  is  full:  he  moves  away. 

And  ponders  what  ho  will  do  and  say. 

And  now  at  evening  all  are  met. 

The  tea  is  drawn,  the  table  set; 

But  when  the  old  man,  with  bended  head, 

In  reverent,  fervent  tones  has  said 

The  opening  phrase  of  his  simple  grace. 

He  falters,  the  tears  come  down  his  face, 

For  the  words  aeem  cold,  and  the  sense  of   the 

old 
Set  form  is  too  weak  his  joy  to  hold; 
And  broken  accents  best  express 
The  upheaved  heart's  deep  thankfulness, 
Now  Tom's  come  home. 

The  supper  done.  Tom  has  his  say: 
"I  heai'd  of  some  matters  first  to-day; 
And  I  call  it  a  shame— you're  both  to  blame- 
That  a  son  who  has  only  to  sign  his  name, 
To  lift  the  mortgage  and  clear  the  score, 
Should  never  have  had  that  chance  before. 
From  this  time  forth  you  are  free  from  care; 
Your  troubles  I  share;  your  burdens  I  bear. 
So  promise  to  quit  bard  work,  aud  say 
That  you'll  give  yourself  a  holiday. 
Now,  father!  now,  mother!  you  can't  refuse; 
For  what's  a  eon  for,  and  what's  the  use 
Of  his  coming  home?" 

And  so  there  is  cheer  in  the  house  to-night. 

It  can  hardly  hold  so  much  delight. 

Tom  wanders  forth  aoross  the  lot, 

And  under  the  stars  (though  Tom  is  not 

So  pious  as  boys  sumetiuies  have  been) 

Thanks  Heaven,  that  turned   his   thoughts  from 

sin, 
And  blessed  him  and  brought  him  home  once 

more. 
And  now  he  knocks  at  a  cottage  door. 
For  one  who  has  waited  many  a  year 
In  hope  that  thiilling" sound  to  hear. 
Who,  happy  as  other  htarts  may  be. 
Knows  well  there  is  none  so  ghul  as  she 
That  Tom's  come  home. 
—[Harper's  Magazine  for  September. 


1^1 


Slow  and  Sure. 

Upon  tho  oiL'hard  r:iin  must  fall. 

Ami  S'lak  friirn  every  bramh  to  root; 
And  bloHSonis  bloom  aud  fall  withal 

Befurc  tbu  truit  is  fruit. 

The  farmer  needs  must  sow  and  till, 
And  wait  the  whi-aten  bread. 

Then  cradle,  thresh,  and  go  to  mill. 
Before  the  broad  is  bread. 

Swift  heel  may  pet  the  early  shout. 

But,  spite  of  all  the  din, 
It  is  the  piitieut  holding  out 

That  maltes  the  winner  win. 


To  a  Grasshopper. 

Tiny,  pea-prcen  harlequin  I 

What  of  wonder  can  descrllw 
All  your  odd.  gymuastic  tribe, 

To  the  kangaroo  akin  ? 

Unless  Darwin  Roes  amiss, 
With  his  queer  hypothesis, 

ChirpinK  ehimer,  clover  climber, 
Insect  atlilelel  never  stumbling. 
In  your  ground  and  lofty  tumbling. 
StrauKe  it  is  a  thlug  so  frat^ile. 
Should  be  so  extremely  agile. 

Go  it,  then,  spasmodic  leaper! 

Seize  your  pleasure  while  you  may; 

Blow  your  horn  and  have  your  day; 

When  the  primrose  days  are  over, 

Aiul  all  dead  are  vines  and  clover, 
TIkiI  austere,  remorseless  reaper. 

Time,  will  turn  us  all  to  hay  I 

When  October, 
Ijiko  a  varlet, 
nobs  the  woodland's  summer  driss: 
Aud  the  majjle.  blushing  scarlet. 
As  the  rutllau  winds  disrobe  her, 
Bhriuks  in  timorous  distress: 

When  no  longer  leans  the  lily 
By  the  mill-pond's  mossy  edge, 

And  an  inlluenco  damp  and  chilly 
Blasts  tho  rose  aud  dalfodilly. 
And  the  vines  along  the  ledge — 
When  the  cricket 
Leaves  the  thicket 
To  creep  under  kitchen  rugs; 
Then,  O  montebank  of  bugs. 
Unique  acrobatic  vaulter. 
Your  frail  powers  will  fail  and  falter; 
And  some  cliill,  autumnal  morning. 
Lying,  dying. 
Without  warning. 
You  will  ttnd  it  useless  trying 
Leaping,  creeping,  singing.  Hying: 
With  some  early  robin  waiting. 
Cool  and  calm,  and  aggravating. 
Like  some  grim  and  hungry  wizard, 

Obviously  deliberating 
Wheu  to  pop  you  in  his  gizzard. 
Farewell  bniterflies  and  clover. 
Death  is  fate  the  wide  world  over. 

—  [Golden  Uulo. 


A  Hundred  Vears  Ago. 

IJY  NATHAN  D.  UBNEn. 

While  aIn:ost  every  day,  just  now. 

Some  great  event  we  celebrate, 
Tbat  surged  ai>out  the  quivering  prow 

Of  freedom's  infant  ship  of  state  — 
Thruugh  lire  and  smoke  aud  glad  huzzas, 

Thrnugh  cannon's  crash  and  bonfires  glow, 
A  vision  springs  of  men  and  things 
A  hundred  years  ago. 

They  had  not  then  the  railroad  speed. 
The  lightning  interchange  of  thought. 

Nor  half  tho  meed,  nor  h;ilf  the  greed. 
That  with  the  present  age  have  wrought; 

But  news  was  news,  though  slower  sped. 
No  headlong  haste  they  cared  to  go. 

And  ruder  hands  fed  men's  demands, 
•     A  hundred  years  ago. 

No  might}'  cities  reared  their  spires. 
No  proud,  palatial  homes  were  theirs. 

They  had  not  then  our  grand  desires. 
Our  railway  stocks  aud  steamer  shares; 

But  they  had'thrilty  towns  and  homes. 
Had  hearths  with  health  aud  faith  aglow. 

And  earnest  toil  brought  goodly  spoil 
A  hundred  years  ago. 

Our  ago  cau  theirs  with  ease  surpass 
For  air  and  steam,  and  other  powers; 

They  lacked  the  gas  aud  glass  and  brass 
That  mark  this  rapid  ago  of  ours; 

But  they  had  eyes  as  keen  and  bright. 
And  faculties  as  rare.  I  know. 

And  wholesome  rests,  and  manly  breasts, 
A  hundred  years  ago. 

And  if  they  gave  us  not  the  rim, 
'I'he  dash  and  polish  we  have  gained; 

If  life  with  them  was  liull  and  dim. 
Of  humbler  hopes  and  tastes  restrained. 

The  mighty  land  which  is  our  pride. 
Our  nation's  birth,  to  them  we  owo 

Who  lived  aud  thought  and  wrought  and  (ought 
A  hundred  years  ago. 

Now.  while  our  glad  centennial  fires 
'1  hrough  all  our  country  blaze  afar, 

God  bless  our  strong,  heroic  sires 
Who  molded  us  to  what  we  arc! 

Nor  Shall  their  glory  Iw  forgot 
Wiiile  pa  riot  blood  shall  course  and  flow 

As  filled  the  veins  and  flred  the  brains 
A  hundred  years  ago. 


A  MOTHER  told  her  seven-year  old  boy, 
never  to  p>it  otV  till  to-morrow  anything 
he  oould  do  to  day.  The  bttle  urchin 
replied,  "then,  mother,  let's  eat  the  rest 
of  the  plum  pudding  to  night. 


SEASONABLE    RECIPES. 

Original,     or      Such     an     Have     Been 

ProTfd  GooU  by  Trial. 

EFFECT  OF  LIGHT  ON  CA>1!ED  TO- 
^f).  MATOEB. 

^[■.T  will  he  interesting  to  every  house- 
jl-  keeper  to  know  that  tomatoes  will 
31'  not  keep  if  put  up  in  glass  jars, 
•^  since  the  exposure  to  light  causes 
*t2  them  to  ferment,  but  if  sealed  neatly 
in  bright  tin  cans  will  keep  perfectly 
sweet.  Yeast  is  effected  by  light  in  the 
same  manner.  Anyone  troubled  with 
having  bread  turn  sour  should  be  careful 
to  keep  their  yeast  in  a  stone  jug.  If  in 
glass,  it  should  be  placed  in  a  dark  clos- 
et. HOUBEKKEPKB. 

[Would  it  not  be  just  as  well  to  put 
tomatoes  in  glass  and  irrap  each  jar  in 
paper  so  that  the  light  cannot  get  to  the 
fruit?  .Unless  the  tin  is  neu;,  the  acid 
from  the  tomatoes  •will  be  likely  to  cor- 
rode the  metul  and  poison  the  tomatoes. 
We  prefer  glass  for  all  kinds  of  tart 
fruits.  Tin  should  not  be  used  the  sec- 
ond time,  if  used  at  all,  is  -^hat  our  good 
wife  says,— Ed.] 

FRICASSEED  TOMATOES. 

Place  the  tomatoes  in  a  stone  jar,  and 
pnt  it  into  a  steamer.  Wheu  they  are 
tender,  beat  them  to  a  pulp  and  put  into 
a  stew-pan  with  a  little  onion  (which  has 
been  minced  and  stewed  in  butter  until 
it  is  tender),  a  seasoning  of  pepper  and 
salt,  and  some  chopped  parsley;  simmer 
the  mixture  for  a  few  minutes,  and  serve 
it  very  hot.  It  is  good  either  alone  or 
served  in  the  dish  with  chops,  or  other 
meat,  sausages  or  fish  of  any  kind.  To- 
matoes and  sausages  are  capital.  Fry 
the  sausages  and  arrange  them  in  the 
dish  in  front  of  the  fire.  Cut  the  toma- 
toes into  slices  with  some  onion  thinly 
sliced;  fry  them,  season  them  with  pep- 
per and  salt,  place  them  among  the  saus- 
ages, aud  serve  them  hot.  In  the  same 
manner  they  are  excellent  with  anything 
warmed  a  second  time — chicken,  rabbit, 
game  or  poultry,  cold  meat  in  slices,  or 
fish  of  any  kind. 

TOIIATO   SACCE. 

To  four  quarts  of  bruised  tomatoes  add 
half  a  pound  of  salt,  and  allow  to  stand 
for  three  days,  then  express  the  juice. 
To  each  half-gallon  on  juice  add  4  oz,  of 
shallots,  and  U  oz.  black  pepper;  boil 
for  an  liour;  strain  and  add  mace,  all- 
spice, ginger,  nntmeg,  of  each  %  oz., 
coriander  (and,  if  desired  to  impart  col- 
or, cochineal)  of  each  %  oz.  Simmer 
gently  for  half  an  hour,  strain,  and, 
when  cold,  bottle  it. 

TOilATO     PIES. 

Take  ripe  tomatoes,  peel  and  slice. 
Sprinkle  over  a  little  salt,  and  let  them 
stand  a  few  minutes;  pour  ofif  the  juice, 
and  add  sugar,  half  a  cup  of  cream,  one 
e^g,  nutmeg,  and  cover  with  a  rich  paste, 
and  bake  in  a  moderate  oven  over  half 
an  hour.  This  makes  an  excellent  and 
much  approved  pie. 

DRYING    CORN. 

Corn,  when  at  its  best  for  eating,  will 
shrink  little  when  boiled,  and  when  cold 
will  shell  easily  with  the  hand.  Boil  fif- 
teen minutes;  cool,  or  ne.irly  cool  it; 
shell  it  from  the  cob;  mingle  a  large 
quantity  of  fine  salt,  the  moisture  from 
the  corn  will  dissolve  it;  place  in  a  shal- 
tow  pan;  the  salt  extracts  the  water  from 
Ihe  com,  it  shrinks,  and  a  short  time  in 
the  sun  finishes  it.  Hang  it  in  paper 
ba<^.     When  used,  wash  off  the  salt,  and 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


let  it  stand  on  a  hot  stove  over  night, 
ohauge  the  water  and  heat  again.  The 
corn  is  as  sweet  as  if  fresh  from  the  field. 
Lovers  of  sweet  corn,  try  it;  you  will 
never  buy  the  slop  they  call  "canned 
corn." 

miKD  APPLES. 

Take  nice,  smooth  tart  apples,  wipe 
clean  and  slice  across  the  core.  To  one 
dozen  apples  use  two  tablespoonfuls  of 
lard  or  suet.  Pour  over  a  cup  of  water 
when  in  the  frying  pan,  cover  tight  and 
let  them  simmer  over  a  moderate  fire  till 
done.  Try  with  a  fork,  but  do  not  stir 
them.  Sprinkle  over  two  t.iblespoonfuls 
of  sugar,  and  serve  without  breaking  the 
slices.  This  makes  a  neat  and  palatable 
dish. 

PICKLED   ONIONS. 

Choose  small  button  onions,  as  nearly 
the  same  size  as  possible,  peel  them  and 
pour  on  strong,  boiling  hot  brine;  drain 
them  from  the  brine;  wijie  them  dry  and 
put  them  into  cold  vinegar,  with  whole 
pepper,  bruised  giuger  root,  blades  of 
mace  and  sliced  horse-radish.  Keep 
them  covered  with  vinegar,  close  the  jar 
tightly,  and  set  in  a  cool,  dry  place. 

PICKLED  APPLES. 

Three  pounds  of  sugar,  seven  pounds 
of  apples  quartered  and  cored,  one  iiint 
of  vinegar.  Steam  the  apples  till  a  fork 
will  go  through  them  readily.  Then 
make  a  syrup  of  the  sugar  .ind  vinegar 
and  pour  over  them  while  hot.  Stick  a 
clove  or  two  into  each  quarter.  Very 
nice. 

PICKLED    PALMETTO  EOOTS. 

Florida  is  to  give  the  world  a  new  con- 
diment in  the  shape  of  pickles  made  from 
the  pith  or  bed  of  the  palmetto  roots, 
which  are  said  to  be  superior  to  cucum- 
bers for  the  purpose. 

TO  PILL     FETJIT    .lAKS. 

To  prevent  breaking  glass  jars  when 
putting  hot  water  or  fruit  into  them  set 
your  jar  on  a  wet  towel  or  napkin  folded 
several  thicknesses  together.  This  is 
very  simple,  easy  to  remember  and  to  do, 
and  will  insure  glass  from  cracking. 

LABELS  ON  TIN  CANS. 

A  spoonful  of  sugar  in  a  pint  of  paste 
will  make  labels  adhere  to  tin  as  well  as 
to  wood. 


HOUSEHOLD   PESTS. 


COCKROACHES. 

A  lady  inquires:  "What  is  the  best 
thing  to  drive  away  cockroaches?  I  am 
living  in  San  Francisco,  and  my  pantry 
is  infested  with  them.  I  have  tried  al- 
most everything  I  can  hear  of,  but  with 
only  temporary  success." 

Borax  is  the  best  cockroach  extermin- 
ator yet  discovered.  This  troublesome 
insect  has  a  peculiar  aversion  to  it,  .and 
will  never  return  where  it  has  once  been 
scattered.  As  the  salt  is  perfectly  harm- 
less to  hum.an  beings,  it  is  much  to  be 
preferred  for  this  purpose  to  the  poison- 
ous substances  commonly  used. 

Another  recipe:  Take  dry  red  lead; 
mix  with  thin  molasses  to  a  consistency 
of  thin  cream ;  then  take  pieces  of  glass 
and  broken  plates,  etc.,  spread  it  on 
aViout  as  thick  as  thin  window  glass. 
Where  roaches  are  very  numerous,  give 
them  plenty  of  the  mixture,  as  they  eat 
very  greedily  of  it.  I  think  the  general 
failure  with  roai'h  poison  is  this:  The 
poison  is  so  quick  in  sickening  the 
roaches  tliat  they  will  not  eat  enough  of 
it  to  kill  them,  for  they  are  slow  eaters. 
The  red  lead  being  slow  in  its  effect  on 
them,  they  will  gel  a  good  quantity  into 
them  before  it  will  sicken  them,  1  have 
notice  when  any  of  them  would  happen 
to  be  trampled  upon,  it  would  appear 
that  they  wore   entirely  filled   with  the 


red  lead.  Place  the  lead  where  the 
roaches  can  get  at  it  most  conveniently. 
If  the  lead  should  become  too  dry  and 
hard,  mix  a  little  more  lead  and  molasses 
with  the  old  to  freshen  it  up  again,  and 
put  it  in  diflferent  places. 

BED  ANTS. 

Correspondents  of  the  American  Grocer 
having  inquired  what  to  do  to  rid  jirem- 
ises  of  red  ant#,  that  paper  called  upon 
its  readers  for  their  methods.  Several 
of  them  r_'plied,  a  majority  naming  cam- 
phor gum  as  the  best  thing  to  use.  Place 
in  a  thin  muslin  bag  and  hang  up  .about 
the  places  infested.  One  has  used  suc- 
cessfully a  cord  saturated  with  spirits  of 
camphor.  Another  has  used  elder  leaves 
scattered  about  the  shelves  and  boxes 
with  good  success. 

OTHEE  INSECTS  AND  ESTEEMINATOES. 

Mercury  exterminiites  fleas  and  bugs. 
Cleanliness  is  the  best  preventive.  The 
common  housefly  more  than  compensates 
for  its  trouble  by  clearing  the  atmos- 
phere of  eiiluvia  and  the  animalcules 
which  always  arise  from  the  putrefaction 
of  decaying  substances  during  warm 
weather. 

Twenty-five  cents'  worth  of  eob.alt — a 
mineral  poison  in  black  powder — will 
last  to  kill  the  flies  .about  a  house  for  a 
whole  year.  Put  a  spoonful  into  a 
saucer  or  soup-plate  and  keep  the  dish 
half  full  of  water  sweetened  with  sugar. 
Set  where  the  flies  will  get  at  it. 

Birds  capture  a  large  share  of  the  in- 
sects in  the  larva  state,  and  thus  the 
millers  are  prevented  from  depositing 
their  eggs  for  future  worms.  As  to  the 
loss  of  fruit  by  the  birds,  the  latter  are 
always  sure  to  be  on  hand  in  force  in  the 
season  of  ripe  fruit,  whether  they  come 
early  to  take  the  worms  or  not. 

I'or  insects  that  infest  the  vegetable 
garden,  the  labor.atory  of  the  chemist 
furnishes  materials  fatal  to  them  all, 
among  which  white  hellebore  and  cay- 
enne pepper  are  of  the  most  utility.  The 
bug  or  worm  that  cannot  find  vegetation 
unflavored  with  these  articles  will  seek 
its  breixkfast  elsewhere  and  leave  such  a 
garden  unmolested. 

A  few  drops  of  carbolic  acid  in  a  pint 
of  water  will  clean  house  plants  of  lice 
in  a  very  short  time. 

If  mosquitos  or  other  blood-sucker  in- 
fest sleeping  rooms  at  night,  uncork  a 
bottle  of  pennyroyal,  ami  these  insects 
will  leave  in  great  haste,  nor  will  they 
return  so  long  as  the  air  in  the  room  is 
loaded  with  the  fumes  of  that  aromatic 
herb. 

Common  coal  oil  is  an  excellent  mos- 
quito bar.  Drop  a  little  on  a  piece  of 
cotton,  squeeze  as  dry  as  possible,  and 
rub  over  the  exposed  portions  of  the 
body.  The  smell  of  the  oil  disai>pears 
in  about  five  minutes,  and  no  mosquito 
will  alight  upon  the  anointed  places. 
This  is  said  to  be  better  than  pennyroyal 
for  the  same  purpose. 

If  r.ats  enter  the  cellar,  a  little  pow- 
dei'ed  potash  thrown  into  their  holes,  or 
mixed  with  meal  and  scattered  in  their 
runways,  never  fails  to  drive  them  oft'. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Gardener's 
Monthly  says  the  simplest  ijlau  to  use 
kerosene  to  destroy  insects  is  to  make  a 
moderately  strong  soap  suds  and  mix 
with  it  a  little  oil.  It  readily  combines 
with  suds  and  can  be  applied  with  a  sy- 
ringe. It  is  the  bestj  thing  for  mealy 
bugs,  and  may  be  used  in  dilution  suited 
to  the  nature  of  the  plant  requiring  treat- 
ment. 


EDUCATION  AND  LABOR. 

«/#D.  Ageicultdeist:  The  "Ground- 
2^  swell"  complains  that  the  "higher 
j|i_  system  of  education  has  tended  to 
{pK  bring  labor  into  contempt."  If 
J^  the  statement  were  not  terribly 
true,  I  should  resent  it  .as  an  insult  to 
educators.  But  is  not  that  system  only 
nominally  "higher,"  but  really  /ou-cr, 
which  tends  to  bring  any  duty  into  dis- 
repute'.' What  is  a  teacher  but  a  labor- 
er, and  if  he  does  his  whole  duty,  a  hard 
laborer? 

At  a  time  when  manual  labor  is  strug- 
gling against  oppressive  monopolies  and 
the  degrading  sentiment  of  aristocracy, it 
is  the  especial  duty  of  the  teacher  to 
stand  by  the  right,  and  to  inspire  in  the 
minds  of  his  pupils  a  love  of  true  repub- 
licanism— true  democracy — to  teach  that 

Honor  and  pbame  from  no  condition  ripe; 

Act  well  jour  part— there  all  the  honor  lies. 

No;  it  is  not  higher,  but  lower — the 
very  lowest — education  that  tends  to 
bring  labor  into  contempt.  The  teacher 
whose  influence  tends  thus  to  poison  the 
minds  of  his  pupils,  is  ignorant  of  the 
simplest  principles  of  life  and  its  duties, 
and  should  at  once  give  place  to  one  of 
more  honest  ideas.       .        A  TE.icHEE. 


(E^  We  have  received  from  M.  L.  H. 
Hare,  local  agent,  samples  of  prcjiara- 
tiouB  of  Ventura  Rock  Soap,  which  we 
have  tried  and  can  cheerfully  recom- 
mend.   We  consider  it  without  an  equal. 


Plain  Talk  to  Faemeks. — The  farmer 
must  depend  upon  two  classes  of  help — 
his  family  and  hired  hands.  These  two 
classes  differ,  or  at  least  they  ought  to 
difl'er,  widely  in  their  feelings  in  per- 
forming their  work.  The  hired  laborer 
serves  for  money  alone,  and  though  he 
is  under  moral  obligation  to  perform 
faithful  or  honest  work,  whether  he  will 
do  it  when  the  eye  of  the  master  is  not 
upon  him,  depends  ujion  his  moral  dis- 
position and  development.  But  with 
regard  to  the  co-operation  of  a  man's 
fiimily — his  wife  and  children- -in  earn- 
ing a  comi^etence  for  all,  the  case  is  far 
ditt'erent,  or  ought  to  be.  Tliis  co-ope- 
ration ought  to  be  inspired  by  love  and 
common  interest,  and  where  this  is  not 
the  fact,  success  cannot  be  attained,  as  a 
general  rule.  Where  a  man  receives  no 
cordial  sympathy  from  his  wife  and  chil- 
dren in  making  a  sujiport  for  them  he  is 
crushed  by  a  power  that  he  cannot  resist. 
Perhaps  the  keenest  pang  ever  felt  in 
this  life,  by  a  noble  nature  is  the  con- 
sciousness that  there  is  no  tie  in  the 
family — no  sympathy  with  the  husband 
and  father  in  making  a  living — that  wife 
and  children  are  as  boarders,  or  strang- 
ers, that  they  hold  him  as  a  slave,  and 
are  not  even  grateful  for  what  they  re- 
ceive. A  man  who  sees  this  spirit  in 
his  family,  and  does  not  become  morose 
or  dissipated,  is  made  of  better  material 
than  most  persons.  When  the  reverse 
of  this  is  the  case,  where  a  man  receives 
from  his  children  the  powerful — we  had 
almost  said  the  omnipotent — sujiport  of 
love  and  cordial  co-operation,  he  is  a 
demon  of  the  pit  if  he  withholds  from 
them  his  best  efl'orts'. 

The  duties  of  the  domestic  institution 
of  the  several  members  of  the  family, 
need  a  more  thorough  exposition  than 
the  religious  ethics  of  the  day  atTord. 
The  disposition  to  shun  work,  to  live 
without  it  in  case  and  luxury,  is  one  of 
the  bad  characteristics  of  tho  time.  Our 
system  of  education  is  not  calculated  to 
remove  this  evil.  The  religious  teach- 
ing of  the  age  is  not  a  remedy  for  it.  In 
fact,  our  system  of  schools,  or  the  spirit 
which  inspires  them,  and  the  general  rc- 
Ugious  influences  of  society,  help  aug- 
ment the  spirit  of  idleness  and  extrava- 
gance. There  is  a  certain  dash  or  spirit 
of  society  which  renders   the  cordial  co- 


operation of  the  farmer's  family  impos- 
sible.    A  miin  who  has  several  boys  who 
will  not  work   steadily  and  heartily,  has 
a  bad  chance  to  m.ake  the  farm  pay.     If 
the  community  but  knew  the  amounts  of 
many  a  farmer's  bill   for  dry  goods,  gro- 
ceries,    millinery,     mantua-maker     and 
jewelry,  the   secret  of  ill   success  would 
be  apiJareut,  yet  the  pritle  of  human  na- 
ture wiU   conceal   these  drawbacks,  and 
only  the  thoughtful  among  men  consider 
this  source  of  ruin.  The  fact  is  perfectly 
well  known   to    merchants,  grocers   and 
other  business   men.      The  extravagant 
purchase  of    goods  of   one  kind  and  an- 
other, eat   up  the    profits    of    the  farm. 
Nor  is   this   all — it  discourages   the  far- 
mer, and  casts  a    dark  shadow  over   the 
business.     The  prevailing  styles  of  living 
cost  too   much,  and    none  but   the   very 
rich  can  indulge  in  them.     A  wife  is  not 
exempt  from  household  duties  and  labor. 
A  woman  who  feels  herself  to  be  exempt 
from  domestic    duties  is  not   fitted  to  be 
the  wife  of  any  working  man.     Work  is 
necessary  to    the    support  of    a    family. 
The  wife    and  the   mother  who  declines 
and  shrinks  from  it,  is  false  to  her  afi'ec- 
tions,  false  to  her  duties,  false  to  the  law 
of  agricultural  prosperity.     The  farmers' 
daughters  should  work  in   their   depart- 
ment.    They  can  raise  poultry,  do  their 
own  sewing,  keep  the   house.     Many  of 
the  farmers  hire  all  the  house  help.  Wife 
and    daughters    sleep    till    breakfast  is 
ready.      Great,  big,  ruddy  sons  lie  abed 
till  the  sun  is  high   in  the  heavens,  and 
then  go  to  town  to  spend  the  day  in  idle- 
ness.    The  children  of  many  farmers  in 
this  country  are  idle.     They  are   for  the 
most  part  consumers,  but  not  producers. 
The  daughters  of  well-to-do    farmers  in 
these  days  are  not  so   generally  co-oper- 
ants   in    making   the  common  living  as 
they  ought  to  be.      Everywhere  work  is 
shirked.     The  popular  idea  of  a  lady  or 
gentleman  is  to  live  in   splendor   with- 
out   work.     AVhy    should    a    man    not 
work?     Can  he   give  a   good    reason  for 
living  at  all  without  work?     Can  a  good 
reason  be  given    to  raise  a  girl    without 
work — the  work  of  her  department?  The 
son  who  will  not   work  is  unfit  to  live — 
he  deserves  not  the   privilege    of  life  in 
the  world.     All    over    the    country    the 
idleness  of  farmers'    children   is  a   dis- 
grace.    Farming  does   not  pay   because 
so  many  dead-heads  hang  upon  the  pur- 
suit.    "The  extravagance  of   the  day  is  u 
shame.     The  rising    generation  are  im- 
potent in  regard  to  self-supporting.    Th. 
young  men  of  the  country  are  incapable 
of  thrift,  because  their  early  training  li. 
in  the  principles  of   indolence,     ^^■e  si  < 
the  sad  error  of    our   farmers;   they  pay 
for  hired  help  and  let  their  boys  go  free. 
The  whole  subject  of   domestic  economy 
is  ignored.     We  are  fighting  against  na- 
ture— against  the   Author  of    the   world 
and  the  Giver  of  tho  harvest.     Is  it  not 
so? 

Farming  will  p.ay  if  it  is  managed  well, 
but  industry  is  the  law  of  nature;  and 
where  a  family  is  idle,  nothing  but  ruin 
can  be  anticipated.  We  want  a  reason- 
able system,  a  sound  philosophy,  a  wise 
domestic  economy,  a  rigid  system  of  la- 
bor for  the  family,  sons,  daughters,  wife 
and  husband,  to  work  to  a  common  cud 
—  the  welfare  of  the  family.  If  wo  speak 
plainly,  it  is  because  we  feel  the  import 
ance  of  the  subject.  Human  happint  ^■ 
is  involved  in  this  question. — Live  Slock 
Journal. 


^ 


l^'  It  wouldn't  take  some  persons 
very  long  to  bury  all  their  friends,  but 
Truemau  &  W'oodrow,  who  conduct  thr 
undertaker's  business  on  First  street, 
make  everybody  friends  by  gontlemanl\ 
fair  dealing,  and  they  surely  deserve  tli' 
contidenco  and  esteem  of  ever 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


M\nf  aiul  6oatjj. 


Angora  Coats  and  Mohair — Criti- 
cisms  Answered. 

f&  (Continued  frontpage  12H. J 
<<y|j;T  is  now  fifty  years  since  these 
•  goats  were  tried  in  France,  and 
j-  they  failed  there.  More  than 
thirt}'  years  have  eUipsed  since 
they  were  taken  to  the  At- 
lantic States,  to  South  America,  and  to 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  in  none  of 
these  places  have  they  succeeded.  They 
have  not  been  taken  in  large  numbers 
from  Asia  Minor  to  any  part  of  Europe; 
they  have  not  increased  rapidly  in  Asia 
Minor;  they  have  not  paid  enough  profit 
to  their  owners  to  raise  them  out  of  a 
social  condition  so  low  that  it  borders  on 
barbarism;  and  the  supply  of  wool  is  not 
increasing.  In  and  near  Asia  Minor  is  a 
region  including  Syria,  Palestine  and 
Armenia,  Kurdistan  and  Transcaucasia, 
with  an  area  sixty  times  as  largo  as  Cali- 
fornia, and  capable  of  sustaining  not 
less  than  50,0UU,000  goats;  whereas  not 
10,<J(I0,0U0  are  now  shorn  regularly  in 
the  world." 

To  this  we  reply:     The  history  of  the 
pursuit  shows   that  the   first  attempt  to 
appropriate  the  race  in  Europe  was  made 
by  the    Spanish  government,  which  im- 
ported a  llock  in  1703.   This  disappeared. 
Following  this  came    the  importation  of 
the      eminent     agriculturist,     President 
Tour    d'.iigues,   who    introduced    some 
hundred  upon   the  Lower   Alps  in  17S7, 
and  his  experiment,  according  (o  his  own 
testimony,  apjjears  to  have   been  wholly 
successful,  as  he  declares  that  his  liocks, 
without  any  special  care,  were  constantly 
preserved  in  good  health,  and   that  "no- 
thing is  easier  than  to  raise  and  nourish 
the  species."     This   fiock,  together  with 
one    imported    by   Louis  XVI.  to  Kam- 
bouillet  towards  the  close  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, disappeared  in  consequence  of  the 
revolution.    Better  results  were  obtained 
in  Spain  from  the  importation  of  a  ilock 
of  a  hundred  in    1830  by  the    King,  and 
pastured  in  the    mountains  of  the  Escu- 
rial,  where  they  produced  "a  magnificent 
fleece,"  to  quote  the  words  of  M.  Graells 
who  saw  the  fiock  in   ISiS,  when  it  was 
200  strong,  all  the  primitive  individuals 
having    disappeared,     and    those  which 
succeeded  them  having  been  born  in  and 
naturalized  to  the  climate,  the  food  and 
other  inherent    condition  of   the  central 
region  of  Spain.     The  same  observer  re- 
ports another  flock  of  a  hundred  head  at 
Huelva,  also  thriving.     In    1854  the  Im- 
perial Society  of    Acclimation  of   France 
secured  a   flock  of    ninety-two    head  of 
Angoras,  and  subdivided   it,  and  placed 
the  goats  in  difl'erent  districts.     The  re- 
sult was  not  a  success.     "Many  died,  and 
thsse  that    survived    gave   fleeces  which 
were    far    from    satisf actorj', "  saj'S  the 
record  of  the    experiment.       In  1858  all 
the  separate  flocks    were  re-united   and 
placed   in    the  mountains  and  trachytic 
districts  of   the  Cantal,  where    "the  ani- 
mals rapidly  recovered  their   health  and 
were   increased    without    sufl'eriug    any 
malady."     The  fleeces  were  pronounced 
"in  admirable  condition,"  and  were  fab- 
ricated into  velvets  of  such   fineness  that 
it  was  declared  "the  wool  of   the  Angora 
goat  has    been  ameliorated  in   France." 
The  increase  of  this  flock  was  ihsastrous- 
ly  checked  by  the  rigorous  winter  of  1850 
and  the  rainy  and   damp   summer  which 
succeeded.     M.   Richard,  writing  of  the 
,   experiment,  says:  "The  goats,  always  in 
a  damp    atmosphere,   eating   wet   grass, 
contracted  as  well  as  the  sheep  an  aque- 
ous cachexy;  a  third  of  the  animals  suc- 


cumbed from  this  malady.  *  *  »  » 
The  malady  was  arrested  by  a  tonic  and 
fortifying  medication."  The  flock  re- 
duced from  ninety-two  head  in  1855  to 
seventy  in  1802,  was  at  the  latter  period 
in  good  health. 

So  much  for  the  experiments  with  the 
Angora  iu  Europe,  which,  while  not  en- 
couraging in  all  respects,  are  by  no 
means  the  failures  the  Alta  would  have 
us  believe.  A  useful  lesson  is  to  be 
learned  from  these  experiments,  viz:  the 
destructive  effect  of  exposing  the  Angora 
goat  to  a  damp  climate.  This  fact  is 
well  known  among  exjierienced  American 
breeders.  To  this  danger  the  Angora  is 
not  exposed  in  California. 

2.  Only  about  twenty-seven  years  have 
elapsed  since  the  advent  of  this  goat  in 
the  United  States.  It  was  first  intro- 
duced into  South  Carolina  (not  into  the 
"Eastern  States,"  as  the  Alta  declares) 
from  Turkey  in  ISiO.  From  that  period 
up  to  186G  no  further  noteworthy  impor- 
tations were  made.  It  has  only  been  fif- 
teen years  since  the  Angora's  first  ap- 
pearance on  the  Pacific  Coast  (summer 
of  1861).  In  no  section  of  the  country 
was  there  any  extensive  and  vigorous 
prosecution  of  the  industry  previous  to 
180(3;  so  that  the  business,  «.s  a  buainesa, 
is  not  thirty,  but  only  ten  years  old  in 
America.  What  was  the  now  great  Me- 
rino sheep  interest  at  the  end  of  ten  years 
from  the  first  introduction  of  that  race 
into  the  United  States  in  1812?  and  what 
would  have  become  of  it  had  it  been 
brought  up  for  judgment  and  condemna- 
tion, without  a  fair  trial,  in  1812? 

3.  As  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope: — 
When  the  Dutch  planted  a  colony  at  the 
Cape,  they  took  a  few  Angoras  with 
them ;  but  during  the  subsequent  war  the 
goats  were  permitted  to  run  at  will  with 
the  common  goats  of  the  country  until 
the  pure  stock  was  lost — swallowed  up 
by  promiscuous  breeding  with  the  nu- 
merically superior  plebeian  race;  not, 
however,  before  almost  the  entire  goat 
stock  of  the  cimntry  had  become  mixed 
with  the  Angora  blood,  so  powerful  is  it 
for  the  reproduction  of  its  kind.  But 
the  amount  of  fine  blood  being  altogether 
disproportioned  to  the  common,  owing 
to  the  fact  above  stated  that  the  common 
stock  so  largely  out-numbered  the  Ango- 
ra, no  results  in  fleece  were  obtained 
worthy  of  mention.  This  is  doubtless 
the  failure  to  which  the  Alta  refers,  for- 
getting later  facts.  The  goat  herds  of 
the  Cape  remained  in  this  condition  un- 
til 1800,  when  the  increasing  demand  for 
mohair  induced  some  enterprising  Eng- 
lishmen to  ship  400  '  ead  of  Angoras, 
mostly  bucks,  to  that  country  from  Asia 
Minor.  About  half  of  these  were  lost  in 
transit.  The  remainder  were  put  where 
they  would  do  the  most  good,  having 
been  thrown  among  the  low-grade  ewes 
of  the  country  for  breeding  purposes. 
From  time  to  time  since  that  date  (180G) 
there  have  been  perhaps,  in  all,  six  hun- 
dred more  pure  Angoras  landed  at  the 
Cape  by  English  breeders.  What  is  the 
result?  The  Cape  now  exports  over  a 
million  pounds  of  mohair  annually, 
which  is  regularly  quoted  in  the  Liver- 
pool market — all  the  results  of  ten  years' 
operations  from  almost  a  first  beginning. 

The  exportatious  of  mohair  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  England  are  given 
in  the  commercial  statistics  as  follows: 

In  18G7 49,000  9)s. 

In  1807 07,000  lbs. 

In  1800 147.000  lbs. 

In   1870 450,000  lbs. 

In  1871 1,000,000  lbs. 

Iu  1872  (estimated) 1,500,000  lbs. 

The  exports  since  1872  doubtless  show 
the  same  ratio  of  increase,  though  the 
figures  are  not  at  had  at  this  writing.  :^ 


If  this  Cape  of  Good  Hope  experiment 
is  a  "failure,"  we  should  like  to  see 
some  more  failures  of  the  same  kind 
happen  in  this  country. 

4.  We  have  no  record  of  any  consider- 
able or  intelligent  experiments  with  this 
goat  in  South  America,  but  have  a  brief 
account  of  their  introduction  into  the 
colony  of  Victoria,  Australia,  in  185G, 
accompanied  by  statements  that  they 
have  thrived  there,  and  have  spread  to 
other  prts  of  the  continent,  where  they 
are  now  found  in  fair  numbers — notably 
in  the  neghborhood  of  Sydney — produc- 
ing a  fair  quality  of  mohair. 

5.  If  Angora  goats  have  not  increased 
rapidly  in  Asia  Minor,  as  the  Altti  as- 
serts, there  is  abundant  cause  for  it  in 
the  terrible  famines  which  have  afflicted 
that  unhappy  country  from  time  to  time 
for  years,  forcing  the  starving  people  to 
eat  their  goats  or  die  themselves.  The 
devastating  famine  of  1874  has  not  been 
forgotten  by  America,  though  it  seems  to 
have  been  ignored  by  the  Alia  in  its  zeal 
to  make  a  point  against  the  mohair  in- 
terest. Here  is  a  single  paragraph — a 
compilation  in  the  New  York  Hun  of  No- 
vember, 1874,  from  the  Turkish  news  of 
that  fearful  period — that  will  show  bet- 
ter than  columns  of  argument  what  has 
become  of  a  large  share  of  Asia  Minor's 
mohair  goats.  (We  think  the  original 
publication  was  probably  made  by  the 
Levant  Herald) : 

"It  is  estimated  that  the  people  who 
have  fallen  victims  to  the  famine  in  Asia 
Jlinor  number  over  150,000.  As  an  in- 
stance of  the  terrible  devastation  among 
the  cattle  and  flocks,  it  is  stated  that  in 
one  village,  out  of  more  than  1,000  sheep 
and  goats,  just  one  sheep  and  one  goat 
remain,  an(l  of  100  cows  two  remain.  In 
another,  from  a  flock  of  1,200  sheep  and 
goats,  8  are  reported;  and  from  another 
liock  in  the  s  line  village,  numbering  800, 
of  which  700  are  mohair  goats,  the  same 
number,  8,  is  reported." 

Tcis  wholesale  devastation,  it  will  be 
observed,  was  all  in  two  villages.  An 
estimate,  made  at  the  time,  of  the  entire 
desti-uction  of  Angora  goats  iu  the  whole 
territory  of  Asia  Minor  footed  up  the 
enormous  total  of  half  a  million  (500,- 
000).  And  it  must  be  borne  iu  mind 
that  this  loss  of  the  precious  race  was 
not  from  disease,  but  because  of  famine 
among  the  people,  causing  them  to  kill 
their  favorites  in  order  to  preserve  their 
own  lives.  Will  not  the  Attn  admit  that 
there  has  been  some  reason  why  these 
goats  "have  not  increased  rapidly  in 
.\sia  Minor"  in  late  years? 

G.  The  fact  that  the  people  of  Asia 
Minor  are  iu  "a  social  condition  so  low 
that  it  borders  on  barbarism,"  instead  of 
being  an  argument  against  the  profitable- 
ness of  goat-raising,  is  strong  proof  of 
the  incapacity  of  those  people  for  mak- 
ing this  valuable  animal  yield  those  large 
results  of  which  it  is  capable  in  the 
hands  of  an  enlightened  people,  employ- 
ing scientific  systems  of  breeding  and  ap- 
proved methods  of  culture.  The  people 
of  Asia  Minor  are  semi-barbarous;  never- 
theless the  mohair  goat  is  their  chief 
support  in  many  districts,  and  the  pur- 
suit leads  all  othei's  there,  and  has  done 
so  for  more  than  a  century;  hence  it 
must  be  a  success,  or  it  would  long  since 
have  fallen  into  the  back-ground. 

7.  We  consider  it  hardlj"  necessary  to 
go  into  a  consideration  of  the  inscruta- 
ble reasons  why  that  distant  and  rather 
shadowy  region,  that  sort  of  terra  incoq- 
nito,  "including  Syria,  Palestine  and  Xr- 
menia,  Kurdistan  and  Transcaucasia, 
with  an  area  00  times  as  large  as  Califor- 
nia, and  capable  of  sustaining  not  less 
than  50,00a,000  goats,"  has  not  got  that 
number,  which  we  freely  admit  to  be  the 
case  for  the  sake  of  the  argument.     You 


might  as  well  ask  why  the  Old  Harry  the 
Digger  Indians  haven't  got  50,000,000 
thoroughbred  Short-horn  bulls;  and  then 
proceed  to  argue  elaborately  and  exhaust- 
ively that  thoroughbred  Short-horn  bulls 
are  a  fraud,  a  delusion  and  a  failiie.  But 
if  the  AlUj.  will  just  quit  that  kind  of  wild 
figuring  and  come  down  in  good  honest 
faith  to  the  possibilities  within  reach 
right  here  in  California,  and  help  work 
them  out,  the  editor  may  live  to  see  this 
mohair  business  assume  such  dimensions 
that  the  10.000,000  goats  which  he  as- 
serts are  not  now  shorn  in  the  world  will 
be  clipped  here,  in  the  Angora's  natural 
home,  on  the  slopes  of  the  Pacific. 

To  wind  up  with,  the  Alta  practically 
surrenders  its  entire  position  by  publish- 
ing the  following  well-authenticated  facts 
— being  some  of  the  practical  results  iu 
the  breeding  of  Angora  goats  which  have 
been  achieved  in  California; 

"Against  this  array  of  facts  we  have 
the  assurance  of  several  persons  that  the 
animals  of  pure,  or  nearly  pure  blood,  in 
this  State  are  hardy,  increase  rapidly, 
and  yield  heavy  fleeces  of  wool,  com- 
manding a  high  price  in  the  market.  It 
is  reported  that  Stockton  &  Buffum,  who 
have  a  herd  of  550  goats,  including  30  of 
pure  blood,  near  Hornitop,  Mariposa 
county,  obtained  a  ton  of  wool  for  last 
season's  shearing.  From  the  California 
AomccLTOKLST  wc  clip  the  following  fig- 
ures and  remarks  about  their  goats: 

"  'One  pure-bred  ewe  sheared 7 lbs;  one 
31-32ds  ewe's  fleece  weighed  71bs;  a  15- 
IGths  ewe  sheared  G/i  fts;  a  7-8ths  ewe 
sheared  iy,  ft)s;  five  7-8ths  ewes  sheared 
18?'4  lbs;  three  15-lOths  sheared  llfi 
ttis;  two  31-32ds  ewes  sheared  13%  ftis; 
four  pure  bred  ewes  sheared  25^;^  lbs. 
Gne  of  their  purebred  bucks  sheared  l^'i 
ft)S,  and  a  pure  bred  buck  kid  3%  lbs, 
while  a  grade  kid  sheared  iy,  lbs;  twelve 
kids  sheared  39  lbs  of  fine  mohair;  three 
pure  bred  bucks  sheared  20  Its.  But  the 
most  remarkable  fleeces  were  the  weth- 
ers'. One  wether  sheared  OJ,  lbs!  ten 
wethers  sheared  70  lbs  fine  mohair.  We 
must  make  special  mention  of  the  pro- 
duce of  wethers.  Evidently  they  will 
make  the  best  mohair.  The  expenditure 
of  vital  force  incident  to  breeding,  caring 
for  and  nursing  the  young  detracts  from 
the  fleece  production  of  breeding  anim- 
als. The  wethers  keep  in  more  uniform 
and  better  order  on  the  same  feed,  and 
their  fleece  is  not  only  fine  and  heavy, 
but  uniform  in  textnre  during  its  growth 
the  entire  year.' 

"The  same  paper  obtains  the  following 
figures  about  pure-blood  fleeces  from  C. 
P.  Bailey,  who  has  a  herd  near  San  Jose : 
•'  'Buck  Romeo  2d,  five  years  old, 
eleven  months'  growth  of  fleece,  8;-^  lbs; 
a  two-year  old  buck,  one  year's  fleece, 
7;,^  lbs;  ewe,  Scotch  Woman,  six  years 
old,  twelve  months'  fleece,  0%  lbs;  ewe. 
Queen  of  Monterey,  three  years  old, 
twelve  months'  fleece,  6  ft>s;  ewe,  two 
years  old,  oy,  ft)S.  The  above  fleeces  are 
worth  $1  per  pound  net.  From  a  flock 
of  1000  young  goats,  one  and  two  years 
old.  were  sheared  llUW  pounds.  "These 
were  grades  from  7-8ths  to  31-32d!!,  and 
the  fleece  will  average  worth  60  cents  per 
pound.  Mr.  Bailey  says  that  he  can  get 
as  good  results  from  31-32ds  and  63- 
64ths  as  from  pnre  breeds.'  " 

These  few  figures  have  more  good 
square,  convincing  argument  in  them 
than  all  we  and  the  editor  of  the  Alia  to- 
gether have  said  on  the  subject.  The 
logic  of  results  is  irresistible. 

improved  Breeds  of  Sheep. 

As  the  season  of  fairs  is  n  good  time 
to  compare  the  difl'erent  varieties  of 
stock,  we  copy  a  portion  of  an  essay  read 
by  Dr.  L.  E.  Brown  before  the  Kentucky 


California  Agriculturist 


AND  Live  Stock  Journal. 


K 


i    Wool   Growers'    Association,    in   which 
[/    brief  reference  is   made  to    the   history 
iind  value  of  the  leading  and  most  popu- 
lar breeds  of  sheep : 

First— The  Merino  is  a  breed  origin- 
ally Spanish,  but  now  generally  existing 
over  Kurope  and  the  United  States,  and 
very  extensively  in  Australia.  Merino 
wool  constitutes  a  great  part  of  the 
wealth  which  flows  into  the  new  contin- 
ent from  its  exports.  The  Merino  has 
large  limbs,  and  the  male  has  large  spiral 
horns  which  do  not  rise  above  the  head. 
The  skin  of  the  neck  is  loose  and  pendu- 
lous, the  cheeks  and  forehead  bearing 
wool.  The  fleece  is  fine,  long,  soft  and 
twisted  in  silken  spiral  ringlets  abound- 
ing in  oil  which,  attracting  dust,  gives  it 
a  dingy  appearance  until  scoured,  after 
which  it  is  silky  and  white.  This  variety 
fattens  slowly  and  is  valuable  mainly  for 
the  excellence  of  its  wool,  but  as  a  gen- 
eral thing,  has  not  been  found  profitable 
in  England  or  the  United  States,  and  is 
not  reckoned  by  some  as  being  strictly 
one  of  the  long-wool  sheep. 

Second—The   Leicester    sheep    is  re- 
garded in  Europe  as  one  of  the  most  val- 
uable of  the  long- wools.     This  breed,  in 
the  present    improved   condition,  is  the 
result  of  the  skill  and  care  of   Mr.  Bake- 
well  of    England,    who,   soon    after   the 
middle  of  thela.st  century,  began  to  make 
experiments  for  the   improveraent  of  the 
old  Leicester  sheep.  It  was  then  a  lar^e 
coarse-boned  sheep,  not   easily  fattened' 
with    coarse    wool    weighing  about  ten 
pounds  to  the  fleece.       The   new  Leices- 
ter, or  present   breed,  has  wool    moder- 
ately long  and  of  better  quality,  weighin" 
seven  or  eight  pounds,  and  is  easily  made 
very  fat.     The  color  is   white,  and   both 
sexes  are  hornless  with  bald   face  tinged 
■mth    blue,    and    low    carriage.      Other 
breeds  of   long-wools    in  England    have 
been  greatly  improved   by  crossing  with 
this— the  Lincolnshire,  Romuey  Marsh, 
etc.     In  this   country  the  Leicesters  are 
large  and  coarse,  but  easily  fattened  and 
with  good  mutton,  the  wool   moderately 
long,  but  stiff,  and  without  gloss.     Alto- 
gether this  variety  is   not  generatly  held 
in  great  esteem. 

Third — The  Lincolnshire  is  a  large 
bony  animal,  takes  longer  to  mature,  has 
a  long,  flat,  bony  head  quite  bare  of 
wool,  with  a  good  fleece,  rather  thin 
slightly  kinky  with  some  gloss.  But  all 
though    the    Lincolnshires    have    bee,. 


Southdowns  derive  their  origin  and  name 
from  the  Chalkdowns  of  the  south  of 
Engl.and,  but  are  not  adapted  to  a  cold 
climate. 


Fifth — The  most   important  and  valu- 
able of    all  breeds  of    sheep  is  the  Cots- 
wold  or   Gloucester,  the  wool  of    which 
has  been  held  in   great   esteem  since  the 
fourteenth  century,    and    has    generally 
commanded    a   higher    price    than    any 
other.     In  UG4  Edward  IV.  of  England, 
sent  a  present  of  Cotswold  rams  to  Henry 
of  Castile,  and  in  1-168  he   sent  a  Siimilar 
present  to  John  of  Aragon.     So  the  Cots- 
wolds   reach  back    to  a  right  honorable 
age    and  right    royal   patrons.      But  in 
modern  times  the    Cotswolds  have  been 
greatly    improved    by  cros.sing  with  the 
Leicester,  producing  a  shorter  wool  and 
better  mutton  than  in  former  times.  The 
Cotswold  of  to-day  has  a   long,  straight 
body,   well   rounded    ribs,   flanking  low 
down,  good  full  twist,  broad,  flat   back, 
full  and    low  in    brisket,  a   neat,  stylish 
head,   broad    between    the    eyes,    neatly 
tapering  mouth,    short    legs, "with  head, 
jaws  and  legs  covered  with  wool,  and  al- 
together a  pretty  and   stylish  body,  cov- 
ered with   long,  fine,   wavy   wool, "which 
is  glossy  and  very  valuable    and  in  great 
demand.     The  face  in  this  breed  is  some- 
times gray,  but  not  generally  so.     They 
are  more   docile  than   any   other  breed, 
and    take    on  flesh  very  kindly,  making 
good  mutton,  but  are  not   considered  in 
this  respect    equal    to  the    Southdowns. 
Yet,  all  things  considered,  the   Cotswold 
is  the  best  and  most   profitable  breed  for 
the  wool   growers    of  Kentucky,  and  we 
would  earnestly  advise  them  to  continue 
to  improve  their   flocks  until  they  shall 
be  as  near  thoroughbred  as  possible.     It 
costs  as  little  to  raise   and  take  care  of  a 
good  animal  as  an  iudifl'erent  one,  while 
the  thoroughbred    will    yield  a  fleece  of 
from  twelve  to  twenty-five  pounds,  worth 
twice  as  much  per  pound  as  the  fleece  of 
a    common    sheep,  which  would    weigh 
three  or  four  jjounds. 


greatly  improved  in  late  years,  their  legs 
being  shorter  aud  the  wool  more  glossy 
yet  the  fleece  not  being  equal  in  quantity 
or  quality  to  that  of  some  other  breeds 
they  have  not  met  with  general  favor' 
and  are  rarely  adopted  by  our  wool  grow- 
ers as  a  breed. 

Fourth— The  Southdown  is  one  of  the 
most  popular  breeds  both  in  Euroiie  aud 
the  Unite.l  States,  and  have,  by  crossing 
produced    what   are    called  Hampshire- 
downs,  Shropshiredowns,   Oxforddowus 
and  i)erhaps  others,  all  larger  and  coars- 
er, but  retaining  the    Southdown    marks 
and  (characteristics,  all  producing  valua- 
ble wool  aud  making  good  mutton.      But 
the  Southdowns  must  bo    regarded  as  at 
the  head  of  all  these,  both  for  wool  and 
table  use,  the  crossing  of  this  breed  hav- 
lug  added    nothing  to   the    originals   in 
either  quality.     The  Southdowns  are  ex- 
ceedingly neat  in  form,  both  in  head  and 
body,  with  gray  face    aud  legs,  forehead 
"I'd  logs    well   covered   with    wool,    the 
lleeco    short,  thick    and    soft,  the    (uiter 
Hurtacc  often  appearing  as  smooth  as  the 
iiicely  ehpp,.d.      The  body  is    straight, 
vith  well-sprung  ribs,  broad,  level  back 
w,oI       -;!>■"';"'"•,""    ^^'^"   'hovered  with 
luLl,      ',  "T'l"'""'^''  "t  the  head  of 
all  the  breeds  of  sheep  for  superior  table 
qualities,  but  docs  not   rank  so  hi-h  for 
quantity    and    quality    of    wool.  °   The 


AGRICULTIJKAL  FAIES. 

I  ,  • 

I  gain   the   season    ot  annual   fairs 
^Wo  approaches,  and  it  seems  a  fit  time 
M\,  to  discuss    the  subject.     Farmers, 
M'cf  after  the    season  of  hard  work    in 
'^cJ='  the  harvest  field,  need  some  recre- 
ation,    and    generally  attend    the    fairs, 
though  they  seldom    have  much  to  do  iu 
tlie  management  of   them.       If   they  did 
have  more  to  do    with    their   conduct  it 
would  undoubtedly  be  better  for  all  con- 
cerned; there  would  be  more  of   the  use- 
ful   and  less    of    the    sportive    element 
brought  to  the  front.     The  design  of  the 
city   managers    is    to    bring  together   a 
crowd  and  get  the    people    to  spend    the 
most  money  possible.     The   success  of  a 
fair  is  counted  by  the  amount  of    money 
that  can  be  collected  from  the  crowd  that 
attends  the  fairs.       The    economy   of  the 
matter    consists    in   spending  the   least 
money  possible   to  obtain    the  most  re- 
turns.    It  is  a  sharp  piece  of  flguring  to 
so  arrange  the  premiums    and   purses  as 
to  give  satisfaction,  or  at  lea.st,  the  least 
dissatisfaction,  and   draw  the   crowd  to 
.spend  money. 

Now,  our  notion  may  be  old  fogy  in 
the  opinion  of  a  jocke'y  sharji,  but  we 
think  that  if  the  farmers  and  industrial 
masses  would  tako  the  thing  into  their 
own  hands,  and  make  the  fairs  success- 
ful in  developing  the  utmost  good,  and 
iusteadof  trying  to  get  people  to  spend 
money  in  demoralizing  horserace  gamb- 
ling, would  <'iicouragethem  in  true  c:con- 


omy,  and  in  making  efi'orts  to  improve 
in  every  industrial  pursuit,  it  would  be 
just  as  agreeable  to  visitors,  and  much 
more  beneficial  to  the  whole  community. 
There  is  need  enough  of  improvement 
and  reform  in  fair  management.  We 
remember  how  fairs  used  to  be  conducted 
iu  New  England,  in  the  farmers'  own  in- 
terests, and  would  like  to  see  the  good 
old  times  copied  from,  if  they  cannot  be 
improved  upon.  We  wish  we  had  no 
occasion  to  grumble,  and  will  copy  from 
an  English  paper  what  it  says  about  the 
cattle  show  season: 

The  local  cattle  show,  in  its  way,  is  an 
important  institution,  stimulating  the 
breeders  of  the  district  to  imi>rove  their 
stock,  each  in  gentle,  rivalry  trying  to 
outvie  his  neighbor.  It  is  at  the  cattle 
show,  when  his  horse,  cow,  pig,  or  sheep 
stands  alongside  his  brother-farmer's  an- 
imals, that  iie  finds  out  the  failings  and 
virtues  of  his  own  stock,  and  then  goes 
homewards  with  a  determination  to  go 
on  improving  its  type  and  general  char- 
acter. Though,  perhaps,  beaten,  he  is 
not  quite  vanquished  while  he  lives  to 
fight  another  day. 

To  the  healthy  influence  of   competi- 
tion at  cattle  shows,  we  must  greatly  at- 
tribute the  present   fine,  improved  char- 
acter of    our  flocks   and    herds.     In  the 
exhibited  animals  the    breeder  sees  what 
points  to   avoid  or    to  cultivate.     If    he 
determines  on  making   a  mark  himself, 
he  does  not  fail  to  procure   the   blood  of 
some  winning  strains.       He  cannot  well 
do  it  without.     Other  laborers,  however, 
have    been    in    the   field,  and  he  enters 
upon  their  harvest.     It  would  be  folly  to 
attempt  to   perfect  an   old   unpedigreed 
strain  of  Short-horns,  whilst  the  work  is 
already  to  hand  in  a  far  advanced  stage, 
from  which  the  breeder  may  at  once  take 
his  starting  point  without   loss    of  time 
It  is   this    consideration    which   puts  a 
somewhat  fictitious  value,  apparently,  on 
the  strains  of    cattle,  hor.ses,    and  sheep 
which  have   made  special   character  and 
the   power    of    transmitting    their   best 
qualities  to  their  descendants.     It  is  not 
the  value   of    the  individual   animal   as 
a  food  producer  or  as  a  breeder  of  ordin- 
ary stock  for  sale  to  the  grazier  or  butch- 
er, but  its  potentiality  for  good  for  gen- 
erations to   come  that   makes   it  a  much 
coveted  prize.     The  many  years  of   skill 
and  science  also  spent  in  developing  the 
strain,  the    costly   experience  gained  iu 
the  face   of  many  difficulties,    all   go  to 
render    highly-bred    animals     valuable. 
AVere  it  otherwise,  fancy  prices  would  be 
ridiculous.     The  cost  of  jiroducing  stock 
is  necessarily  included   in   their   market 
price — fellowing  a  common  law  of   com- 
merce.    Thus  prices  that   sometimes  ap- 
pear sensational  are  frequently  but  a  nat- 
ural result  of  time  aud  treasure   sunk  in 
forming  the  special  type,  which,  if  brok- 
en, wfuild  take  a  generation  to  repair. 

To  all,  and  especially  to  the  farmer, 
these  exhibitions  of  stock  and  farm  im- 
plements are  educational.  It  is  there- 
fore satisfactory  to  find  them  ever  in- 
creasing in  ijopularity.  The  influence 
they  exert  on  modern  agriculture  must 
be  great.  They  are  deserving  of  evei'y 
support,  and  we  trust  the  present  show 
season  will  be  as  pleasant  and  successful 
as  that  of  any  previous  year. 


ried  on  during  late  years,  a  herd  of  buff- 
aloes is  a  most  unusual  sight  in  places 
where,  within  the  memory  of  those  who 
are  still  young,  myriads  of  them  passed 
and  repassed  on  their  route  to  pastures 
new  at  various  times  of  the  year.  Now, 
also,  according  to  the  ScienUJla  Amaican, 
not  only  is  the  carcass  itself  utilized,  but 
the  bones  form  the  source  of  a  profitable 
business  among  the  settlers  in  Kansas. 
The  prairies,  for  forty  miles  each  way 
from  the  railroad,  have  been  gleaned 
over  till  not  a  relic  of  the  chase  can  be 
found.  Heads  and  ribs  are  worth  $.5  a 
ton;  these  are  shipped  to  Philadelphia 
and  ground  up  into  fertilizers.  Shins 
and  shoulder-blades  are  worth  $10  a  ton; 
these  go  to  the  sugar  refineries.  The 
horns  are  worth  $30;  the  tips  are  sawn 
ofl'  here,  and  sent  to  the  factories  of  um- 
brellas, fans,  pipes,  etc.  The  remainder 
is  used  by  the  chemists.  Bits  of  hide 
found  hanging  to  the  heads  are  taken  off 
and  sent  to  the  glue  factories.  Every 
fragment  of  these  animals  is  made  to 
serve  a  purpose. — Zand  and  Water. 


Buffalo  Bones. — A  few  years  ago, 
none  but  tlio  very  tit-bits  from  the  car- 
casses of  these  nionarchs  of  the  Ameri- 
can plains  were  thought  worthy  of  the 
hunter's  notice,  and  after  strijiping  them 
of  their  skins,  these  huge  masses  of 
wholesome  flesh  were  left  on  the  prairies 
to  rot  in  the  sun  or  to  bo  devoured  by 
the  carnivorous  beasts  and  birds  that 
abound  there.  Now,  however,  owing  to 
tlie  wanton  slaughter  that    has  been  car- 


AyiM.iL  P.iRASiTEs. — At  a  recent  meet- 
ing of  the  Stowmarket  (England)  Farm- 
ers' Club,  a  pai^er  upon  animal  parasites 
was  read,  from  which  we  extract  the  fol- 
lowing. Doubtless  the  greater  part  of 
our  yearly  losses  of  stock  is  caused  by 
diseases  which  result  from  parasites,  to 
say  nothing  of  the  danger  of  using  the 
flesh  of  affected  animals  for  food: 

In  carnivorous  animals  the  tapeworms 
possess  rows    of    hooks   in  the  head,  as 
well  as  suckers.   In  herbivorous  animals, 
such  as   oxen  and    sheep,  they   possess 
suckers    only.       With    thie    difference, 
which  was  simply   an  adaptation   to  dif- 
ferent   conditions    under    which      food 
passed  into  the  alimentary  canal,  the  life 
history  of  all  tapeworms  is  similar.    The 
head  is  in   reality  an    animal,  for   it   is 
pcssessed  of  suckers   or   hooks,  and  has 
begun  to  bud  into  one  of  the  well-known 
joints.     The  budding  process  takes  place 
next  to  the   head,    so  that  each   joint  is 
thus  pushed  a  step  further  along  to  the 
intestine.       This    continues    until     the 
whole    of    the   intestines  might   become 
completely    charged   with    those  joints. 
The   joints   are  connected  by  a  kind  of 
canal  down  each  side.       The  interior  of 
each   joint  is  filled   with  a  large    branch 
ovary.     When  the   joints    are  detached, 
the  skin    decomposes   and    the  ovary  is 
thus  liberated.      A  tapeworm    has  often 
been  known  to    extend   to  sixty   feet  in 
length,  especially  among  those  of  the  ox, 
ami  possessed   more  than    1,100   joints, 
and  each  one  of   these  tapeworms  devel- 
oped many   millions  of   eggs  it  was  not 
surprising  that  the  eggs   were   found  al- 
most everywhere,  being  blown  about  by 
the  wind.     In  this  dried    up    condition 
they  posses  an  amazing  vitality,  remain- 
ing uninjured  perhaps  for  years.   Should 
a  pig,  an  omnivorous   feeder,  partake  of 
food  in  which    some  of  these  eggs  were 
contained,  they  would   be  conveyed  into 
its  stomach,  where  they    would   be  con- 
verted into  larvie,  and  would  after  n  short 
time   bore  their  way   through  the  pig's 
stomach  and  get  into  its  muscles.     There 
they  would  be  (piiesccnt,  and   assume  a 
condition  liki'  the  crysalis;  this  condition 
is  called  encysted.       Pork  killed   in  this 
condition   is  said    to    be    mcasled,   and 
should  it    be  cooked   without  the  larv» 
being  destroyed,  and  partaken  of  by  mar 
the  encysted    larv.ai  would  then    develop 
in  man  into    the  tajicworm.      The  tape- 
worm of  dogs  is  of  a  very  peculiar  kind, 
and  for   a  long  time  it   was  a    matter  of 
wonder   how  the    creature  got   into  the 
stomach  of   the  dog.     Now  the  secret  is 
out.     Sometimes  when   dogs  afi'ectcd  by 
these  worms  went  near  sheep,  the  .sheep 
also  suffered    from  them.     When  in  the 
ffomach  ot    the  sheep    they    bored  their 


w 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


waj'  through  until  thoy  finally  got  into 
the  brain,  where  thoy  became  encysted, 
and  iu  this  condition  they  caused  the 
disease  among  sheep  WfU  known  as  the 
staggers.  Man  himself  sometimes  suf- 
fers from  the  encysted  larva-,  which  pro- 
duces  a  disease  called  hydatids.  Sheep 
were  also  atl'ected  by  another  parasite  be- 
longing to  a  difl'erent  order  from  that  of 
tapeworm,  called  flukes.  These  creat- 
ures possess  a  different  internal  organiz- 
ation, and  attach  themselves  by  means 
of  suckers  alone.  Each  worm  was  her- 
maphroditic and  their  presence  produced 
the  well  known  sheep  rot.  The  eggs  of 
the  sheep  fluke  were  blown  about  until 
they  sometimes  found  their  way  into  the 
water,  where  they  swam  about  like  mi- 
croscopic organisms,  and  even  become 
parasitic  upon  fresh  water  moUusea.  It 
is  undoubtedly  because  of  sheeii  drinking 
the  water  in  which  the  larv:e  are  present 
that  they  become  aft'ected  by  them. 
Lambs  and  sheep  are  also  affected,  es- 
pecially the  former,  by  round  worms 
called  mmatods,  especially  by  one  form 
called  slongi/hs,  and  the  disease  which 
the  presence  of  this  form  gives  rise  to  is 
called  boose  or  busk.  It  is  generally  to 
be  met  with  in  the  bronchial  tubes  or 
throats  of  young  lambs.  It  also  gets 
into  the  interior  of  the  heart  or  lungs, 
where  it  becomes  encysted,  and  produces 
tubercular  disease.  When  the  netnakd 
forms  become  encysted  in  man  they  pro- 
duce a  disease  resembling  rheumatic 
fever  called  trichinosis.  When  they  are 
encysted  iu  some  animals,  as  in  pigs, 
they  are  called  trichina:.  In  some  in- 
stances these  intestinal  worms  were  not 
considered  injurious;  for  instance,  the 
Abyssinians  never  considered  themselves 
healthy  unless  suffering  from  tapeworms. 
The  dung  of  cows  is  frequently  full  of 
tape-like  forms,  although  the  cows  do 
not  seem  to  be  suffering  from  any  ail- 
ment. Some  sheep  are  affected  by  para- 
sites, yet  nevertheless  they  yield  prime 
mutton.  It  would  seem  from  what  is 
already  known  of  the  life  history  of  these 
parasites  that  the  danger  arises  from 
their  excessive  development. 


of  men,  and  tens  of   millions  of   dollars    have  a  superior  for  the  butter  dairy  any 
of  invested  capital.     But  instead,  all  of    where  in  this  country. 

The  only  pure  bred  Holsteins  of  which 

we  have  any  knowledge  iu  this  country 
are  the  get  of  those  imported  by  a  Jlr. 
Chenery,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  in 
1801,  and  placed  on  a  farm  near  that 
city.  This  importation  was  certified  by 
official  authority  iu  Holland  as  being 
pure.  A  four  yt'ar  old  bull  2, Id.") 
pounds,  height  five  feet.  The  cows  im- 
ported averaged  each  1,32.j  pounds.  Cue 
of  the  cows  by  test  o£  six  days'  milk 
produced  seventeen  pounds  fourteen 
ounces  good  butter.  As  a  dairy  breed, 
they  equal  any  kuowu.  For  beef, 
though  heavy,  they  have  not  been  tested 
long  enough  to  determine  their  relative 
merits  with  other  breeds. 

Col.  Wm.  Cumback,  of  this  State,  we 
hear,  is  about  to  make  a  purchase  of 
some  Holsteiu  cows,  to  give  them  a  trial. 
Wo  note  this  fact  with  i)leasure,  as  we 
should  like  to  see  them  introduced  into 
the  West,  and  tested  for  dairy  purposes. 
We  hope  to  have  a  description  of  these 
new-comers  when  they  arrive,  as  well  as 
a  report  of  their  qualities.— /'"iiu""  i''ar- 
mer. 


Whistling  Men  ake  Kind  to  Animals. 
An  old   farmer   once  said  to  us  that  he 
would  not  have  a  hired  man  on  his  farm 
who  did  not   habitually  whistle.     He  al- 
was    hired    whistlers.       Said   he   never 
knew  a  whistling    laborer    to  find   fault 
with  his    food,    his  bed,  or   complain  of 
any  little  extra  work  be  was  asked  to  per- 
form.    Such  a  man  was  generally  kind  to 
children  and  to  auimnls  in  his  care.     He 
would  whistle  a  chilled  lamb  into  warmth 
and  life,  and  would  bring  iu  his  hat  full 
of  eggs  from  the  barn   without   breaking 
one  of  them.      He    found  such   a  man 
more  careful  about  closing  gates,  putting 
up  bars,  and  seeing  that  the  nuts  on  his 
plow  were  all   properly  tightened  before 
he  took  it  into  the  field.     He  never  knew 
a  whistling  hired  man   to  kick  or  beat  a 
cow,  or  drive  her  on  arun  into  the  stable. 
He  had  noticed  that  the  sheep  he  fed  in 
the  yard  and  shed    gathered  around  him 
as  ho  whistled,  without  fear.     He  never 
had    employed    a  whistler  who  was  not 
thoughtful  and  economical. 

Colorado  Stock  E.\ngks.— Strangers 
make  a  great  mistake  when  they  look 
over  the  plains  and  call  them  unprod\ic- 
tive  and  worthless,  for  what  they  think 
is  barren  is  far  from  being  so.  If  the 
pastures  of  the  plains  on  which  cattle  are 
grown  and  made  fat  were  represented  by 
such  meadows  and  cornfields  as  in  the 
States  are  required  for  those  cattle,  the 
stranger  would,  like  Linden,  "see  an- 
other sight,"  for  they  would  stretch  far 
and  near  and  mile  after  mile  in  verdant 
green;  and  they  would  be  the  result  of 
thousands  and  thousands  of  days'  labor 


this  comes  free;  it  is  a  wide  domain  of 
grass,  owned  by  the  government,  which 
is  possessed  and  utilized  without  the  in- 
vestment of  a  dollar  or  the  expenditure 
of  an  hour's  labor  by  man  or  beast,  and 
it  is  presented  uot  only  through  the 
spring,  summer  and  fall  months,  but 
also  through  all  the  winter  months;  iu 
fact  there  is  not  a  day  in  the  whole  year 
in  which  cattle  are  uot  feculiug  on  the 
the  range.  Teople  in  the  States  cannot 
understand  this,  for,  as  Burns  says  of 
the  immortality  of  the  soul,  "it  is  almost 
too  good  news  to  be  true."  Still,  such 
are  the  facts,  and  the  amount  of  clear 
income  to  Colorado  from  this  source  is, 
to  the  whole  people,  greater  than  the  in- 
come of  any  people  in  the  States  from 
the  highest  cultivation  of  the  best  soil. 
— Gredey  (Col.)  Tribune. 

Inteenational  Live  Sto(;k  Exhibi- 
tion.— The  live  stock  show  will  be  made 
in  serial  order,  commencing  with  horses, 
Sept.  1st  to  1-lth;  dogs,  Sept.  4th  to  8th; 
neat  cattle,  Sept.  21st  to  Oct.  4th;  sheep 
anb  swine,  Oct.  10th  to  18th;  poultry, 
Oct.  27th  to  Nov.  lith.  No  charge  will 
be  made  as  entry  fee,  nor  for  the  use  of 
stalls,  which  will  be  of  first-class  charac- 
ter in  all  respects. 

The  stock  yard  is  of  sufficient  area  to 
allow  the  construction  of  7U0  box  stalls 
for  horses,  each  fourteen  feet  square, 
these  to  be  afterwards  divided  for  cattle, 
by  longitudinal  partition^k  into  l.-lOO 
stalls,  each  7x14,  all  of  ample  elevation 
and  security. 

The  stock  yard  will  be  thoroughly  well 
watered,  and  lighted  by  gas,  and  under 
the  constant  charge  of  a  company  of  Cen- 
tennial guards.  Exhibitors,  or  their 
agents,  will  be  required  to  assume  the 
entire  charge  of  horses,  neat  eattle.sheep 
and  swine,  and  be  alone  responsible,  al- 
though the  Commission  will  do  all  in  its 
power  to  provide  for  the  comfort  and 
safety  of  the  animals.  Hay  and  straw 
will  be  furnished  by  the  Commission  free 
of  charge.  Hoots  and  grain  will  be  sold 
at  actual  cost.  Each  breed  of  well  es- 
tabhshed  character  in  the  various  fami- 
lies of  live  stock  will  constitute  a  distinct 
class,  under  which  awards  will  be  made 
as  provided  for  in  classifications. 


Holstein  Cattle.— There  is,  perhaps, 
the  least  known  about  this  breed  of  cat- 
tle of  any  in  the  country,  and  especially 
is  this  true  of  the  West.  The  first  we 
heard  of  them  in  this  country  were  the 
importations  by  Dutch  emigrants  along 
the  Hudson  and  its  tributaries  iu  the 
early  settlement  of  New  York.  English 
stock  writers  give  us  precious  little  con- 
cerning this  breed.  The  fact  that  the 
Holstein  breed  is  capable  of  transmitting 
with  undeviating  certaiuty,  constitutional 
characteristics  to  their  progeny,  is  proof 
that  they  were  bred  with  great  care,  per- 
haps more  than  a  century  ago;  for  it  is 
well  established  that  it  is  only  by  fix«J. 
continuous,  and  systematic  breeding  for 
a  great  period  that  any  breed  obtains  this 
power. 

As  a  breed  they  excell  as  milkers.  In- 
variably they  are  black  and  white  in  color 
and  are  reckoned  among  the  best  dairy 
breeds.  A  Mr.  Le  Roy,  of  New  York, 
imported  in  1823,  some  of  these  cattle, 
and  they  were  afterward  taken  by  his  son 
to  the  Genesee  valley  iuthat  State.  They 
were  remarkable  for  the  yield  and  rich- 
ness of  their  milk.  But  they  in  a  few 
years  crossed  with  the  Shorthorns,  by 
which  the  purity  of  the  breed  was  lost. 
It  was  from  this  that  the  fine  grades  so 
much  esteemed  in  parts  of  Orange  county 
New  York,  sprang.  There  are  at  present 
in  that  section  of  the  State,  some  of 
these    Holstein    grades,  which   scarcely 


Bkans  can  be  used  instead  of  corn  for 
fattening  cattle  and  sheep,  and  are  so 
used  iu  England  to  a  very  great  extent. 
Chemical  analysis  makes  them  equal  to 
oil-cake  in  fattening  properties,  and  they 
are  better  than  corn  for  growing  animals 
—having  greater  proportion  of  nitrogen- 
ous, or  flesh-producing  properties.  Mor- 
ton's Cyclopedia  gives  the  average  pro- 
duct of  an  acre  of  good  land,  well  tilled, 
at  thirtv  bushels,  of  (Iti  pounds  each— 
l,nSO  pounds  in  all.  In  this  there  ars 
460  pounds  of  nitrogenous,  or  flesh- 
forming  substances;  1,108  pounds  of 
heat  (or  fat)  producing  (970  pounds  of 
this  is  starch),  and  352  pounds  water 
and  mineral  substances.  Beans  are  al- 
ways fed  iu  the  shape  of  meal,  and  are 
much  used  for  horse  feed  as  well  as  for 
cattle  and  sheep. 

To  Detehmine  the  Weight  of  Live 
Stock.— Measure  iu  inches  the  girth 
around  the  breast,  just  behind  the  shoul- 
der-blade, and  the  length  of  the  back 
from  the  tail  to  the  fore  part  of  the 
shoulder-blade.  Multiply  the  length  by 
the  girth  (in  inches),  and  dividc-bj  141. 
If  the  girth  is  less  than  three  feet,  multi- 
ply the  quotient  by  1 1 ;  if  between  three 
feet  and  five  feet,  multiply  by  7;  if  be- 
tween five  and  seven  feet,  multiply  by  23; 
if  between  seven  and  nine  feet,  multiply 
by  31.  If  the  animal  is  lean  deduct  one- 
tweutieth  from  the  result.  Another  rule 
is,  take  the  girth  and  length  in  feet  and 
multiplv  the  product  by  330,  and  the  re- 
sult will  be  the  answer  iu  pounds.  The 
live  weight  multiplied  by  60.5  gives  a 
near  approximation  to  the  weight. 


The  Farmers  Loaning  Wheat, 


The  wheat  buyers  of  California  are  a 
clever  set  of  fellows,  and  withal  shrewd 
business  men.  VCe  have  heretofore 
shown  up  the  combiuation  that  exists 
among  theui,  constituting  one  of  the 
most  formidable  business  rings  iu  the 
the  State.  Formidable,  because  posses- 
sed of  immense  cajiital  to  operate  with, 
and  controlled  and  managed  by  men  of 
great  experieucc  iu  the  business,  aud 
holding  within  its  control  all  the  machin- 
ery and  mediums  of  correct  aud  latest 
market  news.  This  ring  or  combination 
has  practically  held  the  monopoly  of  the 
wheat  exporting  business  for  this  coast 
since  wheat  has  become  an  article  of  ex- 
tensive production  for  export.  It  also, 
to  a  great  extent,  has  the  control  of  the 
carrying  trade  iu  wheat  from  this  coast 
to  Euroi>o    aud    all    other   parts  of   the 


■world.     "With  all  this  experience,  and  all 
this  capital,  and  all  these  facilities,  the 
ring  can  fix  the  price  of  wheat  almost  at 
will,  and  can  regulate  the   profits  of  the 
farmers  almost  to    a  dot.     It    is  true  the 
farmers  have  at  times  made  some  efforts 
to  get  out   from  under  the  hand  of  this 
ring,  but  have    always  failed,    and  after 
each  effort  have  found  themselves  more 
completely  hedged  in  and  bound   down 
than  before.     As  a  natural  consequence, 
at  each  successive  failure  of  these  efforts 
the  grain  buyers  have  become  more  con- 
scious of  their  strength,  and   have  exer- 
cised their  power    with  more  boldness 
and    audacity.     The    manner   in  which 
they  are  managing  the  wheat  market  this 
year  is  an    evidence  of    their   conscious 
strength,  and  of  their  disposition  to  use 
it  to  their  own  advantage.     Possessed  of 
unbounded  means  themselves,  they  have 
invented  a  plan   by  which   they   can  do 
business  without  the  use  of  these  means. 
They  are  now  operating  on  the  capital  oi 
the  farmers— the  wheat    raisers   of    the 
country.     They  are   loading    ships  with 
wheat  and  dispatching  them  for  the  Eu- 
ropean markets   without  having  a  dollar 
of  their    own    money  invested  in    that 
wheat,  and   by  this  same  operation  are 
completely   destroying    all    demand  for 
wheat  for  export  at  any  price.     And  the 
strangest  part  of  this  transaction  is,  that 
they   have    got  the   farmers  to  become 
parties  to  and    promoters  of   the   whole 
scheme,  notwithstanding  it  is  aU  done  at 
their  expense  and  to    their  great  disad- 
vantage.     The   operation  is    this:     The 
grain    buyers,   through    their   agencies, 
which  are  located  in  all  the  wheat  grow- 
ing sections  of    the    State,    ascertain  as 
nearly  as  may  be  the  amount  of  wheat  to 
be  exported.     They 'then  get   coutiol  of 
the    necessary    shipping    to   carry   this 
wheat  to  market.     They  then  fix  upon  a 
price    for  wheat   alongside   the   vessels, 
which,  of  course,  is  low   as  compared  to 
the  European  market  price.     This  price 
they  cause  to  be  quoted   iu  all  the  com- 
mercial papers  of  the  Bay  City,  and  the 
same  is  copied   into  all  the  local   papers 
of  the  State.     In    connection    with   this 
quotation,  however,  they  manage  to  have 
it  stated  in  all  cases  that  there  is  little  or 
no  demand.      They  then   instruct  their 
agents  throughout  the   country  to   keep 
and    represent    wheat    as   dull  and  uot 
wanted  at   any  price- that    is,  they  are 
not  wanting  to  buy.     For  the  accomma- 
dation   of   farmers,  however,  who   have 
not  the  means  of  storing  all  their  wheat, 
they  ^^■ill  take  all  the  wheat  that  may  be 
offered- that   is,  they  will   borrow  it  of 
the  fanners,  and  will  agree  that  within  a 
certain  stipulated  time  they  will,  on   de- 
mand, return  an  equal   amount  of  wheat 
or  will  pay  for  the  same  the  then  market 
price,  at  the   option   of   the  loaner,  the 
farmer.     Thus  the  wheat  buyers,  all  of 
whom  are    combined   and    interested  in 
the  operation,  are   managing  to  get  pos- 
session of  large  quantities  of  wheat  with- 
out the  investment  of   a  dollar  of    their 
own  money,  aud  with  it  to  fiU  their  ord- 
ers and  supply  the   European   demand, 
while  the  farmers  in  their  ignorance  and 
innocence  work  on   and   wait  for   wheat 
to  rise  so  they  may    demand  a  return  of 
their  loaned  wheat  or   its   equivalent  in 
gold.     XuA  so  they    may  work  and  wait 
in  vain,  for  what  is   there   to  produce  a 
rise  in  wheat  under   the   circumstances? 
The  real   demand  for  export   has    been 
supplied,  and  the  ring  of   wheat  buyers, 
with  the  money  in    their    pockets,   are 
masters    of    the   situation.     They  don't 
Taut    to    buy   wheat,  and   there  are  no 
other  buyers.      They  already   have   the 
farmers'  wheat,    and  the    money  for  it, 
and  of  course  wheat  will  remain  dull  and 
the  prices  rule  low.     The  wheat  ring  will 
not  be  in    any  hurry  to    part  with   the 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


money  they  have  obtained  in  this  way, 
nor  will  they  be  anxious  to  put  up  the 
price  of  wheat,  hut  the  time  will  come 
when  the  farmers  will  be  under  the  ne- 
cessity of  realizing  something  for  their 
crop  to  pay  expenses  and  debts,  and  just 
about  that  time  wheat  will  be  mysteri- 
ously very  dull  and  low,  and  then  the 
riugwiU  profess  to  have  plenty  of  wheat 
and  will  be  anxious  to  return  all  they 
borrowed.  As  a  compromise,  however, 
and  to  get  out  of  the  scrape  they  have 
got  into,  they  will  give  the  farmers  the 
money  at  present  rates,  and  just  to  ac- 
commodate them,  though  they  do  this  at 
a  sacrifice. — Record-  Union. 


Site  ^m\). 


Song. 


BT  OHAS.    KINGSLEY. 

"  0  Mary,  go  and  call  the  cattle  home, 

And  call  the  cattle  home, 

And  call  the  cattle  home. 

Across  the  sands  o'  Dee!" 
The  western  wind  was  wild  and  dark  with  foam, 

And  all  alone  went  she. 

The  creeping  tide  came  up  along  the  sand, 

And  o'er  and  o'er  the  sand, 

And  round  and  round  the  sand. 

As  far  as  eye  could  see; 
The  hlinding  mist  came  down  and  hid  the  land; 

And  never  home  came  she. 

"Oh!  is  it  weed,  or  fish,  or  floating  hair — 

A  tress  of  goldtn  hair, 

Odrowned  maiden's  hair. 

Above  the  nets  at  sea? 
Was  nevt-r  salmon  yet  that  shone  so  fair, 

Among  the  stakes  on  Dee." 

They  rowed  her  in  across  the  rolling  foam, 

The  cruel,  crawling  foam. 

The  cruel,  hungry  loam. 

To  her  grave  beside  the  sea; 
But  still  the  boatmen  he;ir  her  call   the  cattle 

Across  the  sands  o'  Dee.  [home 


Plain  Words  About  Milking. 



FRIEND    of    ours  recently    pur- 
chased a  tub   of   butter  for  family 
use    which    turned   out   to   be    so 
tainted  vnth   the  filth  of  the   cow 
bam  as  to  be  entirely  unfit  for  the 
table  and  could  not  be  used   for  culinary 
purposes.     This  butter  was  of  good  color 
and  texture,  and  was  so  well  made    as  to 
have  commanded    the    highest    price  in 
market  had  the  flavor  been  perfect. 

A  merchant  recently  showed  us  a  few 
cheeses  which  he  had  purchased  to  sup- 
ply customers  who  desired  something 
choice.  The  cheese  was  well  made, very 
rich  it  fat,  but  it  had  a  well-marked  taste 
of  the  cow  stable,  and  customers  who 
had  taken  one  piece  wanted  no  more,  as 
it  was  unfit  for  the  table.  These  are  by 
no  means  exceptional  cases.  Our  atten- 
tion has  been  called  to  like  cases  over  a 
wide  extent  of  country  in  the  dairy  dis- 
tricts, and  we  are  quite  certain  that  large 
amounts  of  both  butter  and  cheese  are 
injured  from  this  cause  alone,  and  which 
would  otherwise  take  the  place  of  a  first- 
class  article. 

At  the  late  meeting  of  the  American 
Dairymen's  Association,  Mr.  Robert 
McAdam,  a  well-known  factorymuu  and 
cheese  expert,  gave  an  account  of  the 
various  kinds  of  filth  which  he  had 
found  in  the  factory  strainer  after  receiv- 
ing milk  from  his  patrons.  And  yet 
some  people  wonder  why  progress  is  so 
slow  in  imiiroving  the  flavor  and  charac- 
ter of  our  dairy  products.  At  this  time, 
when  prices  have  depreciated  and  .are 
unsatisfactory,  it  behooves  dairy  men  to 
make  every  ellurt  possible  for  improving 
the  flavor  and  quality  of  their  goods. 
The  responsibility  must  not  be  shifted 
wholly  upon  the  manufacturer.  In  most 
cases  it  lies  back  of   this,  and   rests  with 


the  dairyman  in  the  management  at  the 
farm. 

The  defect  to  which  we  have  alluded 
comes  from  uncleanliness  in  milking; 
and  especially  is  this  the  case  during 
spring  and  fall,  when  the  cows  are  more 
or  less  confined  to  the  stable.  Some 
dairymen,  even  if  they  do  not  themselves 
milk  upon  their  hands  and  wet  the  teats 
of  the  cow  before  commencing  to  draw 
the  milk,  they  allow  those  in  their  em- 
ploy to  do  BO,  and  the  result  is,  more  or 
less  filth  drops  in  the  pail  to  taint  its 
contents.  It  is  a  very  nasty  practice, 
and  should  be  guarded  against  in  the 
most  rigid  manner. 

If  a  cows  bag  is  besmeared  with  dung 
and  dirt,  it  should  be  washed  with  water 
and  wiped  with  a  cloth,  and  then  the  op- 
ration  of  milking  should  be  done  with 
dry  bands.  A  jierson  who  has  once 
adopted  the  practice  of  milking  with  dry 
hands  finds  the  milk  can  be  drawn  quite 
as  easily  and  rapidly  as  by  constantly 
wetting  the  hands;  while  the  latter  prac- 
tice must  always  result  in  more  or  less 
filth  falling  into  the  milk  to  give  it  a  taint 
of  the  stable  and  thus  injure  the  jiroduct 
which  is  manufactured  from  it. 

This  story  of  cleanliness  has  been  very 
often  urged  iu  connection  with  other  ad- 
vice on  the  dairy;  but  it  needs  to  be 
urged  much  oftener  before  it  will  be 
properly  heeded.  One  great  fault  com- 
plained of  in  American  cheese  is  its  de- 
fective flavor,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  if  taints  could  be  traced  directly  to 
the  cause,  they  would  often  be  found  to 
come  from  the  source  we  have  named. 
If  taints  are  so  distinct  and  pronounced 
as  to  leave  no  doubt  as  to  their  origin  iu 
stable  filth,  there  cannot  be  much  doubt 
but  that  there  must  be  various  gradations 
of  this  taint  affecting  the  flavor  of  cheese 
according  as  the  milkers  have  been  more 
or  less  clean  in  their  milking. 

This  question  was  never  more  import- 
ant than  now.  The  low  price  of  dairy 
products  requires  more  attention  to  the 
details  of  handling  milk  at  the  farm, 
higher  skill  in  manufacturing  and  curing 
our  dairy  products,  so  that  we  may  put 
a  better  article  before  consumers  at  home 
and  abroad  and  thus  make  up  the  loss  so 
far  as  possible  caused  by  depreciation  of 
jtvices.— Mural  2\ew  Yorker. 

SonE  Milk  Cheese. — An  apparently 
rich,  meaty  cheese  was  exhibited  at  the 
last  meeting  of  the  American  Dairymen's 
Association,  by  J.  M.  Jocelyn,  of  Cattar- 
augus county,  made  of  sour  milk  and 
buttermilk.  Much  inquiry  has  been 
made  as  to  the  process  by  which  this 
cheese  was  made,  and  some  blame  has 
been  thrown  on  Mr.  Jocel3'n,  for  making 
a  "full  skim"  cheese  in  such  a  manner 
that  consumers  might  be  led  to  suppose 
that  they  were  eating  full  milk  cheese. 
In  answer,  Mr.  Jocelyn  writes  to  the 
Utica  JItriiltl  as  follows: 

I  have  formed  a  theory  that  the  office 
of  the  fat  of  the  cheese  is  no  benefit  to 
it  as  an  article  of  food,  except  to  keep  it 
soft  and  meaty,  and  really  the  easeine  is 
all  that  is  valuable  as  food.  Now,  if  a 
cheese  can  be  made  with  still  less  grease 
and  a  corresponingly  larger  amount  of 
easeine,  the  producer  and  consumer  will 
be  greatly  benefited  thereby,  as  nearly 
all  the  cream  can  be  used  for  butter,  and 
the  cheese  can  be  sold  for  a  lower  )n'ice, 
and  be  more  valuable  to  the  consumer 
than  the  cheese  he  now  pays  more  money 
for,  that  is,  full  cream  cheese.  After 
various  experiments  I  adopted  this  theo- 
ry and  carried  it  into  successful  opera- 
tion. I  set  the  milk  long  enough  for  the 
cream  to  so\ir  before  skimming,  thus 
making  more  and  better  Ijutter;  then 
churn  and  mixed  this  si}ur  buttermilk 
with  the  sour  skim  milk,  and  the  acid 
has  destroyed  the  fibre  iu  the  milk  so  it 


will  make  a  tender  cheese.  Now,  if  I 
jiroceed  in  the  old  way  I  will  have  a  mess 
of  Dutch  cheese;  but  instead,  I  heat  up 
rapidly,  and  when  at  the  proper  temper- 
ature, I  add  alkalies  sufficient  to  neutral- 
ize the  acid  and  s.aponify  the  remaining 
grease  iu  the  milk,  so  that  I  have  a 
smooth  curd,  a  clear,  green  whey,  and 
as  my  curd  goes  into  the  hoops  it  is  no 
more  sour  than  one  that  is  made  from 
sweet  milk.  The  secret  of  this  cheese 
remaining  so  soft  and  being  so  durable, 
is  owing  to  the  saponification  of  the  fat,  it 
being  thus  evening  distributed  among  the 
minutest  particles  of  the  cheese,  and 
being  saponified,  it  never  can  become 
rancid;  and  as  I  have  said  repeatedly, 
this  is  the  most  durable  and  wholesome, 
and,  to  my  taste,  the  most  delicious 
cheese  that  can  be  made. 

Pkofitable  Cows. — It  is  far  from  eco- 
nomical to  keep  poor  stock  of  any  kind, 
poor  cows  especially.  In  a  dairy  herd, 
some  cows  will  far  more  than  pay  for 
their  cost  of  keeping,  while  others  not 
only  fall  far  short  of  this,  but  entail  an 
actual  loss  from  year  to  year,  and  this 
will  often  go  on  indefinitely  because  no 
accurate  measure  and  weight  of  product 
is  kept,  and  their  relative  value  is  not 
ascertained.  In  a  cheese  dairy,  for  in- 
stance some  of  the  best  cows  will  yield 
seven  hundred  jjounds  of  cheese  a  year, 
while  others  in  the  same  herd  will  not 
yield  over  two  hundred  pounds.  But  in 
how  many  cases  will  this  deficiency  be 
found  out  aori  remedied?  In  a  butter 
dairy  the  loss  from  poor  stock  will  often 
be  even  more  marked.  Some  cows  give 
milk  which  is  rich  in  butter  while  that  of 
others  is  very  poor.  Both  milks  are  put 
together  and  the  poor  quality  of  one  is 
not  found  out  perhaps,  for  many  mouths. 
The  same  food  is  given  to  one  cow  that 
is  given  to  the  other,  and  the  cost  is 
sbout  the  same,  but  if  the  real  facts  were 
known  it  would  ajipear  that  all  the  profit 
came  from  the  one  cow,  while  the  other 
was  entailing  a  constant  loss.  We  ought 
to  be  more  careful  in  this  respect  and  se- 
lect our  stock  with  greater  reference  to 
quality.  A  careful  examination  iu  this 
direction  would  discover  some  of  the 
worst  kind  of  leaks. 

Again,  cows  are  often  kept  beyond 
their  prime,  when  they  are  no  longer 
very  serviceable,  and  should  have  been 
culled  out  of  the  herd  and  sent  to  the 
butcher  or  got  rid  of  in  some  other  way. 
— 3Iass.  Plowman. 

That's  the  Way. — "  We  knows  the 
public  is  down  on  us,"  remarked  ihe  old 
milkman,  as  he  dipped  out  the  desired 
quart  from  one  of  his  big  cai^s,  "but  the 
pubhc  is  mistaken.  In  the  first  place  we 
put  in  a  little  water — only  a  bit,  to  make 
up  for  shrinkage.  It  goes  to  the  big 
dealers,  and  they  ain't  a  bit  keerful  when 
they  gits  to  pouring  in  water.  They 
sells  it  to  the  grocers,  and  they  put  in 
chalk  with  one  hand  and  water  with  the 
other,  and  they  are  thinking  of  politics, 
and  get  in  too  much.  The  servant  girl 
goes  after  milk  for  the  family,  drinks  a 
third  of  it,  and  she  puts  in  water  to  make 
up  the  measure;  and,  you  see,  when  the 
family  gets  it,  the  taste  ain't  there,  the 
look  ain't  there,  and  they  goes  for  us 
poor  men  who  b.asn't  a  dishonest  hair  in 
our  heads.  That's  the  way,  mister. 
Gee  up  there.  Homer." 

In  all  my  observation,  the  man  who 
gives  full  feed  with  care,  gets  the  best 
pay  for  what  he  does  feed.  I  am  fully 
satisfied  half  feed  does  not  pay,  and  ir- 
regular feeding  docs  not  jiay.  If  you 
want  your  cow  to  give  a  good  nn>ss,  and 
that  steadily,  give  her  sonu'thiiig  to  make 
it  of.  If  you  economize  and  cut  down 
the  cow's  rations,  she  will  as  surely  cut 
down  your  supply  of  milk. — Ex. 


A  Cheap  Milk  House. — I  will  give  the 
description  of  a  cheap  milk  house — such 
as  any  one  can  have  if  they  will.  Graud- 
father's  is  of  hewn  logs;  the  foundation 
of  stone,  one  foot  below  the  ground  sur- 
face and  six  inches  above,  laid  i]i  lime 
and  sand.  The  building  is  ten  by  twelve 
feet,  one  story  high,  chinked,  and  after 
standing  one  or  two  years  to  settle,  was 
plastered  inside  and  out  with  lime  and 
sand.  The  roof,  of  shingles,  extends 
some  four  feet  over  the  door;  banked  a 
few  inches  all  round  to  keep  dry.  Ground 
floor  of  nice,  clean  gravel,  got  at  the 
creek.  A  floor  is  laid  overhead  of  jjlank, 
to  assist  in  equalizing  the  temperature. 
The  receptacle  for  crocks  is  a  trough 
made  of  two-inch  plank,  water-tight 
reaching  full  length  of  the  building  from 
outside  to  outside.  The  water  enters 
from  a  lead  trough  four  feet  long,  at  left 
of  the  door,  and  goes  out  at  the  other 
end;  after  running  some  fifteen  feet,  it 
enters  a  large  trough,  where  the 
work  horses  and  cows  always  slake  their 
thirst  in  summer.  The  water  at  no  time 
is  more  than  four  inches  deep.  It  is 
needless  to  say  that  in  the  warmest 
weather  in  summer  they  have  cool  milk 
and  good  butter. — Cor.  Cinn.  Enijuirer. 

KcLEs  FOE  Milking. — The  following 
rules  are  issued  from  a  New  York  cheese 
factory  for  the  use  of  its  patrons,  and  are 
worthy  of  a  wider  dissemination: 

1.  Milch  cows  should  have  free  access, 
at  all  times,  to  good  running  water. 

2.  They  should  never  be  heated,  by 
being  run,  stoned  or  dogged. 

3.  The  utmost  cleanliness  should  be 
observen  in  milking,  and  by  no  means 
wet  the  hands  in  the  milk  while  milking. 

4.  No  can  of  milk  should  stand  where 
it  will  absorb  the  barnyard  or  stable  od- 
or, or  any  other  scent. 

5.  The  milk  should  be  strained  and 
well  aired  immediately  after  having  been 
drawn  from  the  cows. 

6.  Some  arrangement  for  efl'ectually 
cooling  is  at  all  times  very  desirable,  and 
when  the  milk  is  kept  at  home  over 
night,  is  indispensable. 

7.  Scalding  all  vessels  used  about  milk 
at  least  once  a  day  with  boiling  water, 
and  rinsing  with  cold  water  at  night,  is 
essential. 

Cheese  Foisosing.  —  The  Lewistou 
(111.)  Union  reports  the  poisoning  of  ten 
individuals,  residents  of  Ipava.by  cheese. 
None  of  them  died,  but  three  or  four 
were  saved  with  difliculty.  The  physi- 
cians, so  the  Union  says,  pronounced  the 
misterious  attacks  "the  milk  disease,"  it 
being  supposed  that  the  cows  from  whose 
milk  the  cheese  was  made,  were  afflicted 
with  that  malady. 

[One  prime  cause  of  milk  disease  is 
the  stagnant  water  that  cows  are  often 
compelled  to  drink.  In  no  one  thing 
should  dairymen  be  more  particular  than 
in  providing  an  abundance  of  pure,  clean, 
fresh  water  for  their  cows  to  drink. 
Stagnant  water  contains  the  germs  of 
disease,  and  many  malignant  fevers  and 
deaths,  particularly  of  children,  have 
been  traced  to  the  drinking  of  stagnant 
water,  or  water  containing  poisonous 
germs,  bj-  milch  cows.] 

"  Be  Kind  to  Youe  (^ow." — A  farmer 
living  just  out  of  Yicksburg  was  reading 
iu  an  agricultural  paper,  the  other  day, 
an  article  headed  "Be  Kind  to  Your 
cow."  He  went  out  to  milk  with  a  heart 
full  of  kindness,  and  as  be  sat  down  ho 
whispered:  "So,  boss — stand  around — 
good  creature — hist  a  little — there,  you 
intelligent  and  kind-hearti'd  old  bossy." 
.Vbout  two  minutes  after  that  his  wife 
heard  him  whooping  and  yelling,  and  as 
she  ran  to  the  door  he  called  out:  "Bring 
mo   the   ax,  Maria,    and  the  spade,  and 


cyT^-i-i 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


that  big  chib  there,  and  the  bntcher-kuife 
and  th'it  shot-guu;  for  I'll  be  darned  if 
this  old  hellion  shall  ever  live  to  kick  mo 
iu  the  jaws  agin!" —  Vir.ks'ntrr!  Herald. 


& 


How  to  Breed  Pigs. 

AGK  OF    PARENTS. 

\iTHER  things  being  equal,  those  ob- 
tained from  parents  two  to  five 
years  old  are  generally  the  largest 
and  most  vigorous  and  from  siU'L  I 
jjrefer  to  select  for  breeding. 

TIME     or    BIKTH. 

If  the  climate  where  bred  will  safely 
admit  of  it,  pigs  ought  to  bo  dropped  as 
early  as  March  or  April.  By  coming 
thus  early,  those  destined  for  fattening, 
if  continuously  fed  well,  will  be  large 
enough  for  slaughter  th<^  following  De- 
cember or  January,  which  is  usually  the 
best  time  for  marketing.  If  born  much 
later,  it  may  be  necessary  to  winter  them 
over  for  another  year,  which  lessens  the 
profits  of  rearing  considerably.  Those 
reserved  for  kee  ing  up  the  stock,  com- 
ing thus  early,  will  get  so  good  a  growth 
at  one  year  as  to  breed  then,  advantage- 
ously. 

FEEDING. 

Do  this  for  the  first  few  weeks  after 
weaning,  five  or  six  times  per  day.  This 
keeps  them  from  an  empty  stomach  or 
overgorgiug,  both  alike  pernicious.  See 
that  they  eat  up  their  food  each  time  be- 
fore being  again  fed.  After  attaining 
three  months  age,  they  need  not  be  fed 
oftener  than  three  times  a  day,  but  this 
should  be  regularly  done  morning,  noon 
and  night. 

KINDS    OF      FOOD. 

The  best  food  I  have  found  for  i>igs 
for  a  few  weeks  after  weaning,  is  as  much 
cow's  milk  or  whey  as  they  will  drink. 
Into  this  stir  more  or  less,  as  required, 
of  finely  ground  provender  slightly  salt- 
ed, composed  of  six  parts  of  oats,  two  of 
corn  and  one  of  flax  seed.  If  the  latter 
is  not  at  hand,  substitute  oil  or  cotton 
seed  meal.  If  rcilk  or  whey  .are  not  to 
had,  use  pure,  fresh  water.  If  all  could 
be  cooked  so  much  the  better. 

When  more  convenient  or  economical, 
other  food  may  be  substituted  for  the 
above,  such  as  pea,  bran  or  barlej'  meal, 
and  unbolted  wheat,  rye  or  buckwheat 
flour.  Shorts  and  bran  I  have  found  are 
apt  to  scour  them  at  this  age,  especially 
if  uncooked.  The  same  remark  will  ap- 
ply to  vegetables,  ajjples  and  other  fruit, 
which  if  fed  at  all,  should  be  first  steam- 
ed or  boiled,  and  then  mixed  with  meal. 
Brewers'  grains  and  malt  combs  are  re- 
commended, but  never  having  tried  them 
for  very  young  pigs,  I  cannot  speak  of 
their  suitableness  from  my  own  experi- 
ence.    They  are  good  for  older  animals. 

Other  kinds  of  food  assist  iu  produc- 
ing a  rapid  growth  of  the  pig,  as  ofl'al 
from  hotel  .'ables,  fisheries,  slaughter- 
houses, etc.,  but  as  few  can  avail  them- 
selves of  these,  I  sjjeak  more  particularly 
of  such  as  is  produced  on  the  farm.  Be- 
ing an  omnivorous  animal,  it  does  not 
matter  so  much  as  to  the  kind  of  food 
given,  except  when  put  up  for  f.attening 
— then  it  must  be  grain  or  meal  of  some 
sort  entirelj- — provided  it  keejjs  the  pig 
in  a  healthy,  thriving  condition.  Care 
must  be  had  during  growth  to  never 
stufl' nor  scrimp,  both  being  alike  injuri- 
ous. 

TEATMENT  OF    PIGS    DESIGNED    FOE    BEEED- 
ING. 

In  warm  weather,  let  them  run  iu  a 
grass    pasture,  if   to  be   bad,  with   pure 


running  water  and  plenty  of  shade.  In 
cold  or  stormy  weather,  provide  yards 
with  a  dry  soil  and  southern  exposure, 
with  comfortable  pens  or  sheds,  well  lit- 
tered, under  which  they  can  retire  at 
will.  Cold  night  air  is  pernicious  to 
young  pigs,  and  is  liable  to  give  them 
swollen  thro.its,  which  sometimes  proves 
fatal.  Those  of  nearly  the  same  age 
should  be  kept  together,  and  not  so 
many  as  to  endanger  any  being  overlaid 
and  smothered.  When  kept  in  pens  or 
yards,  supply  them  with  chunks  of  de- 
(iaj'ed  wood,  charcoal,  etc. 

PUEGING    OK    SCOURING. 

Young  pigs  are  apt  to  scour  when  fed 
on  too  loose  food.  The  best  remedy  I 
found  for  this,  was  to  shut  them  up  in  a 
covered  pen,  with  a  jilank  floor,  and 
feed  entirely  with  well  dried  oats  or  coru. 
Some  times  I  gave,  in  addition,  a  little 
boiled  flax  seed  or  oil  meal  mixed  with 
their  drink. 

TREATMENT    OF     PIGS    SELECTED     FOR    FAT- 
TENING. 

Careful  experiments  have  proved  that 
time  is  economized  and  that  pork  can  be 
be  most  cheaply  produced,  by  pushing 
pigs  forward  as  rapidly  as  possible,  from 
the  time  of  their  birth  to  that  of  their 
slaughter,  giving  them  regularly,  at  least 
thrice  per  day,  all  the  most  suitable  food 
for  this  purpose  which  they  will  eat  up 
clean  and  digest.  The  last  three  weeks 
or  so,  finish  oft'  with  Indian  meal  pud- 
ding, or  whole  corn,  with  pui'o,  fresh 
water  to  drink.  Old  corn,  or  well  rip- 
ened and  dry  of  the  season's  growth,  is 
best.  This  makes  the  sweetest  and  most 
solid  pork  of  anything  I  have  tried. 
Some  contend  that  roots  and  pumpkins 
have  so  great  a  proportion  of  water  in 
them,  that  if  fed  with  the  whole  corn  or 
meal,  they  tend  to  an  increased  appetite, 
keep  the  bowels  in  better  order,  and  les- 
sen the  quantitj'  of  water  a  fattenmg  an- 
imal would  otherwise  drink.  They  add 
also,  that  this  combined  feed  lessens  the 
cost  of  fattening,  and  makes  as  sweet 
and  solid  meat  as  corn  alone.  I  cannot 
vouch  for  this  method,  never  having  fol- 
lowed it;  but  if  I  did,  I  should  use  the 
sugar  beet  iu  preference  to  other  roots, 
and  the  winter  squash  in  jireferenee  to 
pumpkins  for  I  think  they  are  best  fitted 
for  this  purpose. — From  Alkii's  Prize  Ea- 
sai/. 


ds 


BEST  BREED  OF  HORSES. 

HERE  are  many  and  diverse  opin- 
ions as  to  what  sort  of  horses  are 
'Jiihi  most  profitable  to  raise.  The  lead- 
5«jU  ing  breeds  on  this  Coast  are  fast 
J^  horses,  such  as  sporting  men  like. 
Probably  the  horse-racing  element  at  our 
agricultural  fairs,  which  has  controlled 
and  overshadowed  everythiug  else,  has 
had  a  good  deal  of  influence  over  breed- 
ers. It  requires  fine  bone  and  muscle 
and  toughness  of  cords  and  nerves  to  ex- 
cel iu  speed,  and  it  is  agreed  that  the 
"wind  and  bottom"  cultivated  in  these 
horses  are  just  the  qualities  most  valued 
in  horses  for  all  purposes. 

But  there  is  certainly  something  more 
needed  than  most  fast  horses  possess, 
even  admitting  that  these  valuable  points 
of  the  fast  horse  are  essential.  A  profit- 
able horse  for  all  purposes  must  have 
size  and  woight.  These  are  very  essen- 
tial when  it  comes  to  doing  any  kind  of 
teaming  or  hauling.  While  he  should 
not  be  so  heavy  as  to  be  awkward  and 
cumbersome  upon  the  road,  he  does 
need  enough  weight  and  strength  to  easi- 


ly move  along  with  a  loaded  wagon  over 
a  good  road.  Fast  horses  are  too  nerv- 
ous for  general  usefulness;  too  high- 
strung,  impatient,  impulsive,  unreliable 
and  untrustworthy.  T'he  horse  for  all 
work  must  be  so  well  balanced  as  to  be 
tractable,  gentle,  quiet  and  obedient  un- 
der all  circumstances;  not  inclined  to 
jerk  things  and  fret  uuder  restraint  and 
a  load.  There  is  altogether  too  much  of 
the  fast  horse  mixed  with  the  blood  of 
our  common  horses  in  California.  We 
have  too  many  cheap  and  useless  horses 
— horses  that  are  neither  fit  for  the  farm, 
the  road,  nor  the  turf.  They  can  be 
found  in  great  i^lenty;  are  generally  held 
at  figures  that  few  care  to  pay  on  ac- 
count of  their  "good  blood;"  are  kept 
more  for  ornament  than  use  ye.'ir  .ifter 
year,  because  nobody  wants  to  buy  them. 
No  wonder  that  many  farmers  declare 
that  there  is  more  expense  and  less  profit 
iu  raising  horses  than  any  other  thing  on 
the  farm. 

Now  we  know  of  but  one  remedy,  and 
that  is  to  discard  the  race  horse  and 
breed  from  the  best  breeds  of  work  stock. 
Never  mind  what  the  jockeys  say.  Their 
interest  all  lies  in  one  direction,  and 
their  wisdom  is  too  one-sided.  Look 
around  you  and  pick  out  the  teams  that 
are,  on  an  average,  worth  the  most 
money,  and  are  the  most  in  demand, and 
are  most  needed.  You  will  find  them 
horses  weighing  from  1,100  to  1,300. 
Say  the  standard  will  be  1,130  to  1,2.50 
pounds  each.  Such  horses  will  sell 
readily  every  fall  for  $400  to  StJOO  per 
span,  for  farm  work,  when  lighter  horses 
will  be  left  on  your  hands  to  "eat  their 
heads  ott'. " 

The  sensible  farmer  should  study  his 
own  interests  iu  this  matter  as  in  every 
other,  and  not  breed  to  suit  the  fancy  of 
jockeys  and  stud-horse  owners. 

Experieuce  has  proved  that  valuaVile 
colts  can  often  be  got  from  common  light 
mares  by  breeding  to  the  heavy  work 
stock,  either  English  or  Scotch  breeds. 
The  same  mare  bred  to  fast  stock  will 
bring  cheap  colts  of  little  use  or  value  for 
anything.  The  farmers  in  every  town- 
ship should  club  together  and  get  a  good 
heavy  stud,  anil  try  to  raise  up  a  stock 
of  horses  that  u:'dl  pay  in  money  aud  iu 
useful  returns — horses  that  can  work  on 
the  farm,  haul  your  produce  to  market, 
or  take  you  to  town  in  good  shape  before 
a  light  wagon.  Let  the  fast  meu  breed 
their  fast  stock.     Choose  the  best. 


Introduction  of  Thoeoughdreds  in 
Califoefia. — A  writer  in  San  ilateo, 
California,  to  the  A'aiiona!  Live  Stock 
Journal,  states  the  following: 

In  the  early  days,  and  for  about  five 
years  after  the  .\merican  possession  of 
this  country,  the  horses  consisted  of  the 
Spanish  mustang,  reinforced  by  the  few 
American  horses  aud  mares  brought 
across  the  plains  by  immigiants;  and 
these  were  a  few  of  iJl  sorts,  among  them 
some  well-bred  and  even  thoroughbred 
mares  from  Kentucky  and  the  ^\'est.  I 
have  certainly  seen  many  that  looked  it, 
although  the  pedigrees  given  often 
sounded  "rather  "miscellaneous."  Till 
185:5  or  1854,  nobody  thought  of  improv- 
iug  the  breed  of  horses,  and  the  first  jjer- 
son  I  heard  of  attempting  to  do  so  was 
William  Hood,  of  Los  Guilacos,  Sonoma 
county,  then,  as  now,  a  rich  land  pro- 
prietor, at  whose  place  I  happened  to  be 
iu  January,  1854,  when  he  showed  me  a 
two-year-old  colt  which  he  had  purchased 
iu  Yorkshire,  and  which  had  just  arrived 
here.  This  was  the  thoroughbred  im- 
ported Lawyer,  of  whom  more  anon. 
.\bout  this  time,  or  soon  after,  appeared 
upon  the  scene  the  brothers  WiUiamsou, 
bringing  with  them  the  well-known  and 
highly-esteemed   Belmont  (grandsire  of 


Thad  Stevens),  and  several  thoroughbred  1 
mares,  which  at  once  established  these 
gentlemen  as  the  founders  of  thorough- 
bred-horse breeding  in  Cahfornia.  After  ? 
another  interval  of  time,  Mr  Combs  ' 
brought  across  Billy  Cheatham  and  Ash- 
laud,  thoroughbred  stallions;  but  I  rath-  ^ 
er  think  he  had  not  any  thoroughbred 
mares,  calculating,  like  Mr.  Hood,  to 
breed  from  such  well-bred  mares  as  were 
here.  There  were  also  several  trotting 
stallions  of  more  or  less  repute,  among 
which  I  may  mention  old  Geueral  Taylor 
aud  Black  Hawk  David  Hill,  and  a  horse 
called  Rattler,  and  a  big  English  horse 
known  as  Peacock,  who  was  brought  from 
Sidney,  Australia,  aud  worked  iu  Sau 
Francisco  as  a  dray  horse,  aud  after- 
wards made  a  couple  of  seasons,  and  got 
many  very  excellent  geuerally-useful 
horses. 

Nailing  on  the  Shoe.  —  No  shoo 
should  ever  be  nailed  to  the  foot  until  it 
has  been  ascertained  that  the  pressure  of 
the  hands  is  sufficient  to  keep  it  steadily 
in  its  place,  aud  preclude  any  appearance 
of  daylight  between  it  and  the  foot.  A 
uotion  prevails  in  many  places  that  the 
shoe  gives  the  particular  form  to  the  foot. 
This  is  a  mistake,  for  uo  foot  can  possi- 
bly be  aft'ectcd  by  any  form  of  the  shoe 
it  may  stand  upon.  It  is  the  situation 
of  the  nails  which  alters  the  form  of  the 
foot,  by  preventing  its  expansion,  and 
such  prevention  of  expansion  is  the". 
cause  of  much  of  the  lameness  atfecting 
the  foot.  In  putting  on  the  shoe  the 
nails  should  be  driven  with  a  geutle 
hand,  and  they  ought  not,  by  any  means, 
to  be  clinched  very  tight.  Hard  driving 
and  tight  clinching  will  bend  the  hoof  at 
the  place  where  the  clinches  arc  turned, 
inwards  aud  downwards  towards  the 
shoe,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  injure  the 
tender  parts  contained  within  the  cavity 
of  the  foot.  Besides,  it  is  not  necessary 
for  a  man  to  forget  ho  is  working  with 
the  foot  of  a  living  animal.  The  shoe 
will  remain  on  a  sufficient  length  of  time 
with  geutle  driving  and  clinehiug,  pro- 
vided it  is  properly  fitted  to  the  foot.  If 
it  has  a  thoroughly  even  bearing  there 
will  be  little  stress  on  the  nails.  Coarse 
nails  often  split  the  hoof,  aud  thus  keep 
it  continually  broken.  A  hue  nail  will 
answer  all  the  purposes  required,  if  it  is 
made  of  the  right  material.  The  clinches 
should  not  be  rasped  away  too  fine,  nor 
should  the  covering  of  the  hoof  be  al- 
lowed to  be  rasped  away  (as  nearly  every 
smith  seems  to  delight  in  doiug) ;  it  de- 
stroys the  covering  provided  by  nature  as 
a  protection  against  the  too  rajjid  evapo- 
ration of  the  moisture  of  the  hoof,  and 
causes  the  horn  to  become  too  dry  and 
brittle. 

In  connection  with  the  application  of 
the  shoe,  we  know  of  no  worse  fashion 
than  the  one  which  the  smith  has  of 
forcibly  taking  hold  with  the  thong  and 
hammering  the  shoe  to  the  one  side  or 
the  other,  after  three  or  four  nails  have 
been  driven,  for  the  purpose  of  putting 
it  straight  on  the  foot,  'fhis  is  a  speedy 
method  of  making  up  for  his  w.ant  of  ac- 
curacy in  placing  it  at  first;  but  it  should 
never  be  practiced.  It  strains  all  the 
nails  which  have  already  been  driven, 
aud  is  calculated  to  do  serious  damap.e  to 
the  foot. 


TuE  agriculturist  is  taught  to  look 
upon  this  lovely  earth  of  ours  as  the 
beautiful  landscape  of  God's  creation 
whi<h  is  imbued  with  the  powers  of  life, 
to  breathe  and  feed,  and  to  yield  its  ele- 
ments and  products  to  the  nursing  and 
deUeate  operations  of  his  hands.  While 
he  follows  the  plow  he  perceives  its  use ; 
he  sees  in  it  how  the  educated  miud  of 
man  has  infused  mechanical  science  into 


138 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


its  structure.  He  marks  well  the  ^vork 
it  has  to  do,  and  how  well  it  is  adapted 
to  the  work.  Pie  now  contemplates  the 
seeds  he  commits  to  the  earth,  and  does 
uot  believe  that  it  is  the  work  of  chance 
that  they  grow.  He  sees,  too,  that  they 
are  impued  with  the  germinating  powers 
of  life  and  light.  He  perceives  that  they 
are  distinguished  by  the  qualities  of  good 
and  bad,  and  knowsthat  perfect  analogy 
which  characterizes  life  in  its  inception, 
growth  in  progress,  the  product  of  their 
results,  and  the  final  death  of  all  vegcta- 
table  as  well  as  animal  creation.  But, 
above  all,  and  more  than  all,  he  has 
learned  to  know  himself;  that  he  is  a 
part  of  this  special  work  of  God's  hands, 
jilaced  here  to  direct  and  govern  all  these 
things. 


Ziove. 

When  we  love  we  live. —  [Congreve. 

In  love  we  are  all  foolB  alike.— [Gay. 

Love  me  little,  love  me  long. —  [Marlow. 

Where  love  dwells  is  paradise. — [Richter. 

I.ove  is  the  virtue  of  woman. — [Diidevaiit. 

Words  of  love  are  works  of  love.— [Balzac-. 

She  that  is  loved  is  tafe. —  [Jeremy  Taylor. 

Love  is  an  egotism  of  two. — [A.  de  la  Salle. 

True  love  is  grounded  on  esteem.— [Bucking- 
ham. 

Love  seldom  haunts  the  breast  where  learning 
lies. — [Pope. 

If  lun  is  good,  truth  is  better,  and  love  best  of 
all.— [Thackery. 

Hate  makes  ub  vehement  partisans,  but  love 
still  more  so. —  [Goethe. 

lu  love  the  deceit  generally  outstrips  the  dis- 
trust.— [Rochefoucauld. 

I  could  not  love  thee,  dear,  so  much,  loved  I 
nut  houor  more. —  [Lovelace. 

Love  is  precisely  to  the  moral  nature  what  the 
sun  is  to  the  earth. —  [Balzac. 

Lnve  one  time  laycth  burdens:  another  time 
giveth  wings.- [Sir  P.Sidney. 

Gold  does  not  satisfy  love;  it  must  be  paid  in 
its  own  coin. — [Madi*me  Delazy. 

How  shall  I  do  to  love?  Believe.  How  shall 
d'j  to  believe?    Love.'— [Leightou. 

Love  as  if  you  should  hereafter  hate,  and  hate 
as  if  you  should  hereafter  love. — [Chilo. 

Love  is  the  fountain  from  which  flow  the 
concomitant  graces  of  true  nobility. — [Pago. 


Cleopatra,  Queen  of  Beauty. 

./;V  NE  of  the  most  remarkable  women 
l^l  iu  all  the  uj^es  was  Cleopatra,  queen 
"J^wf  of  Egypt.  Brought  up  iu  the  luxu- 
'iu  rious  court  of  hor  royal  father, 
■§?  Ptolemy  Auletes;  taught  iu  all  the 
wisdom  of  the  Egyptians,  and  combin- 
ing in  her  person  a  wonderful  beauty 
and  grace  of  manner,  she  was  enabled 
by  the  skillful  use  of  all  her  powers  to 
bring  even  Imperial  Rome  to  her  feet. 
Kings  aud  Emperors  stood  spell-bound 
before  her  matchless  charms, aud  forsak- 
ing home  and  country  willingly  became 
her  slaves.  During  all  her  eventful  life 
slie  was  no  less  cjueen  of  hearts  than 
ipieen  of  Egypt,  and  the  mark  she  made 
ou  the  world's  history  was  so  great  that 
it  has  lived  f(u'  nineteen  hundred  years, 
and  douhlless  will  to  the  end  of  time. 

Historians  describe  her  as  small  iu 
statiire  and  perfect  iu  form.  Her  voice 
possessed  a  silvery  sweetness,  and  her 
face  an  indescribable  beauty  which  cap- 
tivated all  who  saw  it.  She  was  also  a 
woman  of  great  firmness  of  character, 
much  personal  courage  aud  wonderful 
(•xecutiv(!  ability.  At  the  same  time  she 
had  traits,  which,  whcu  called  out,  made 
her  selfish ,  designing  and  cruel. 

Her  first  important  conquest  in  hearts 

was  none    other    than  the  great   Julius 

i  Ca'sar.     ]Ic    was  so   infatuated  that  ho 

J  deserten  his  wife    aud  family,    ueghicted 

his  empire,  and  gave  himself   uji  wholly 


to  her.  He  lost  his  throne  and  life  in 
consequence,  and  a  bloody  civil  war  fol- 
lowed which  raised  to  prominence  the 
great  warrior,  orator  and  statesman, 
Mark  Antony.  Desiring  to  make  a  pub- 
lic cxamjile  of  her  for  leading  to  destruc- 
tion the  Imperial  Ca-sar,  he  sent  a  mes- 
senger to  Egyi^t  and  summoned  her  to 
meet  him  at  Home. 

Cleopatra  was  now  twenty-eight  years 
old  and  in  the  hight  of  her  chams.  She 
at  once  set  about  making  preparations 
for  the  voyage.  Egypt  was  the  home  of 
luxury  and  splendor,  and  all  its  resources 
were  eraploj'ed  in  tittiug  out  the  royal 
train.  Gold  and  silver,  rich  services  of 
plate,  ornaments  of  precious  stones  and 
gold  were  stored  in  her  ships,  and  the 
fleet  sped  awav-  over  the  blue  waters  of 
the  JMediterraneau,  the  most  splendid 
sight  the  world  ever  s.aw.  AVhen  it 
reached  the  mouth  of  the  river  Cydnus  it 
stopped,  and  here  the  royal  barge,  adorn- 
ed with  carvings  aud  decorations  and 
glittering  with  gold,  was  launched,  ou 
which  the  queen  now  embarked.  The 
sails  were  of  purple,  and  the  oars  inlaid 
and  tijiped  with  silver.  XTpon  the  deck, 
under  a  stately  canopy  made  of  cloth  of 
gold,  Cleopatra  reclined,  gorgeously  at- 
tired. Around  her  were  a  company  of 
beautiful  boys  and  girls  representing 
cupids,  nymphs  and  graces,  who  fanned 
her  with  their  wings.  Singing  birds  and 
flowers  added  to  the  attractiveness  of 
the  scene,  while  bauds  of  musicians 
played  soft  airs,  and  kept  time  to  the 
strcdce  of  the  silver  oars  with  the  most 
ravishing  music.  Thus,  preceding  her 
lleet,  she  sailed  up  the  stream  to  meet 
and  to  conquer  the  concpieror  of  Home. 

Antony  was  then  at  Tarsus,  but  the 
whole  city  deserted  him  and  hastened  to 
the  river  bank  to  behold  the  remarkable 
pageant.  She  lauded,  spread  her  tents, 
prepared  a  sumptuous  banquet  and  with 
womanly  tact  sent  an  invitation  to  the 
sturdy  Roman  to  be  her  guest. 

Moved  by  curiosity,  he  accejited  and 
went,  and  from  that  hour  became  her  ab- 
ject slave.  Like  Ca'sar,  he  left  his  throne 
and  family  to  cast  his  fortune  with  hers. 
Whole  days  aud  nights  of  revelry  were 
spent  with  her  on  the  bauks  of  the  Cyd- 
nus, until  he  beeamb  so  enamored  that 
he  left  Kome  and'followed  her  to  Alex- 
andria in  Egypt,  where  for  years  he  re- 
sided. Here  the  wily  queen  devoted  her- 
self to  him  iucessautly,  filling  up  every 
moment  of  his  time  with  some  new  form 
of  pleasure,  in  order  that  he  might  not 
think  of  his  absent  wife  and  children, 
and  of  his  empire  ou  the  verge  of   ruin. 

His  continued  absence  from  Home  led 
to  war.  A  rival,  Octavius,  appeared. 
The  great  naval  battle  of  Actium  was 
fought  and  Antony  was  defeated.  He 
fled  to  Alexandria  where  he  was  pursued 
by  his  euemy.  The  city  was  beseiged 
and  finally  taken,  and  amid  the  horrors 
of  the  scene,  wm'd  was  brought  to  him 
that  Cleopatra  had  takeu  her  life.  This 
was  the  crowning  calamity,  aud  he  im- 
mediately made  preparations  for  his  own 
death.  When  ready,  ho  endeavored  to 
have  his  attendant,  Eros,  kill  hiiu  with 
his  sword,  but  ho  refused.  He  tlien  took 
it  from  the  servant's  hands,  plunged  it 
into  his  body,  aud  staggering  to  a  bed 
that  was  near,  fell  over  it  iu  a  swoon. 
Recovering  shortly  after,  ho  was  told 
that  Cleopatra  was  still  living  and  de- 
sired to  see  him.  Antony  begged  to  be 
carried  to  her  that  ho  might  tlie  in  her 
prescmco.  She  was  in  the  palace,  and 
the  dying  Ivonnin  was  borne  through  the 
terrt)r-strickt'U  city  and  raised  by  means 
of  ropes  to  the  chauibi'r  of  the  queen. 
He  was  carried  to  a  couch  and  laid  upon 
it,  while  Celopatra  wrung  her  hands  and 
tore  her  hair  iu  the  greatest  anguish. 
She  clung  to  her  dying  lover  aud  bathed 


his  blood-stained  face  with  her  tears,  ut- 
tering the  most  piteous  exclamations  of 
grief.  But  groans  and  tears  could  not 
avail,  and  he  died  in  her  arms. 

She  now  gave  herself  up  to  the  wildest 
despair.  Octavius,  desiring  to  publicly 
exhibit  her  in  his  triumphal  train  at 
Rome,  endeavored  to  so  guard  her  that 
she  could  not  take  her  life,  but  she  man- 
aged to  have  lirought  to  her  in  a  basket 
of  figs  a  poisonous  insect  known  as  the 
asp,  and  api^lying  this  to  her  arm,  died, 
defying  her  conquei'or. 

Thus  ended  the  career  of  this  matchless 
beauty,  whose  wonderful  life  and  tragic 
death  have  formed  a  subject  upon  which 
poets,  painters  and  sculptors  have  ex- 
hausted their  eflorts  during  all  the  ages 
since.  Had  she  lived  in  our  day.  her  life 
aud  influence  might  have  blessed  instead 
of  blighting  the  world.  Says  Abbott, 
the  historian  of  her:  "  The  events  of  her 
history,  the  peculiar  character  of  her  ad- 
ventures, her  sufl'erings  and  her  sins, 
were  determined  by  the  circumstances  by 
which  she  was  surrounded,  and  the  in- 
fluences which  were  brought  to  bear 
upon  her  in  the  soft  and  voluptuous 
clime  where  the  scenes  of  her  early  life 
were  laid. 

Whethei;  admitting  women  tc>  "mem- 
bership and  position  in  the  Grange,"  is 
all  that  is  necessary  to  inculcate  "a  pro- 
per appreciation  of  their  abilities  and 
sphere"  depends  somewhat  on  what  is  a 
proper  appreciation.  For  our  own  part, 
we  do  not  think  that  permitting  one's 
wife  to  do  all  the  drudgery  of  the  hwuse, 
to  have  no  leisure  time  for  reading,  tend- 
ing flowers  and  visiting,  shows  a  proper 
ai^preciation  of  those  matters.  Nor  do 
we  think  that  sending  the  sons  to  college 
and  giving  the  daughters  only  such  edu- 
cation as  is  to  be  had  at  the  district 
schools,  gives  evidence  of  rt.  AVe  are 
inelin«d  to  doubt  whether  a  strong  man 
who  allows  his  little  wife  to  carry  the 
baby  at  the  county  fair — we  have  neither 
the  space  nor  the  inclination  for  any  dis- 
cu.ssion  of  the  much  mooted  question 
whether  babies  should  ever  be  takeu  to 
fairs — really  possess  it.  Finally,  we 
sometimes  think  that  the  men  who  insist 
on  paying  a  competent  female  teacher  a 
smaller  salary  than  they  pay  an  incom- 
peteut  male  teacher  are  not  indued  with 
it.  Holding  these  particular  views,  it 
may  not  seem  surprising  that  we  should 
think  something  more  than  admission  to 
the  Grange  necessary  to  inculcate  a  jn-o- 
per  appreciation  of  woman's  abilities 
and  sphere. — Grange  Bulletin. 
I 

WojLiN's  influence  depends  largely 
upon  her  power  of  charming.  A  frowsy 
woman  may  possibly  be  morally  very  ex- 
cellent, but  her  influence  will  be  far  less 
than  that  of  a  fasciuating,  sinful  sister. 
It  is  time  that  women  understood  that 
beauty,  grace,  culture  and  every  femin- 
ine attraction  may  be  made  powerful  for 
good.  The  represimtative  French  woman 
cultivates  and  preserves  her  charms  to 
pander  to  a  personal  vanity  that  longs 
forcontiuue<l  adulation  and  adorers.  The 
.\mi'ricau  woman  of  the  detni.  >n<mik  pur- 
sues the  same  course  regarding  outward 
charms.  But  it  is  left  to  a  few  noble, 
appreciative,  lovely  women  to  grow  old 
beautifully  aud  gracefully;  to  make  for 
themselves  places  in  the  hearts  and  es- 
teem of  men  and  entreuch  themselves  in 
the  strongh(dd  of  their  i)urest  love  so 
firmly  that  no  rival  can  dethrone  them. 
Thi'ir  sous  are  their  ardent  lovers.  Aged 
men  retain  for  them  all  the  admiration, 
resjicet  aud  gallantry  of  their  youth;  aud 
the  young  men  reverence  them  and  hope 
their  own  young  loves  may  live  to  be  as 
lovely  as  they. 


C^. 


tngicuK. 


Toothache. 

Gracious!  Godfrey  I   bow  it  painB  me ! 

Lordy!  don't  that  old  tooth  jump! 
Sepms  as  though  ten  thousand  devils 

Pried  with  crowbars  rouud  its  stump. 

■\Vhpw!  can't  some  one  give  me  something 

Just  to  stop  this  blasted  pain — 
Hot-drops,  laudanum,  cloves  or  hop-bag? 

Quick!  or  I  shall  beinsanel 

Stop  that  'tarnal  baby's  squalling! 

.Ti-threw!  don't  my  tooth  ache  sweet! 
Darn  that  cat!  Id  like  to  kill  it! 

Always  under  some  one's  feet. 

Jove!  I'd  like  to  fight  with  some  one. 

Just  to  get  ray  jaw  stove  iu — 
Fire!  murder!  Godfrey!  Guntherl 

Oh!  it's  aching  now  like  sin! 

Howling,  am  I?    'Well,  I  know  it! 

And  I  guess  that  you'd  howl,  too. 
If  you  had  a  blasted  toothache — 

Same  as  this  one — troubling  you! 

Curse,  I  know  it  don't  relieve  me; 

But  I'm  crazy  with  the  pain! 
Ain't  there  anything  to  ease  itV 

Let  me  try  the  hops  again. 

There,  now,  gi'ntly — place  them  easy! 

Pltew!  they're  hot!    Just  let  'em  cool! 
VVfll,  put  'em  on.   You're  boimd  to  burn  me! 

There,  you've  done  it!    Darn  a  fool! 


'Hue  to  the  line,  let  tin;  chips,"  etc. 


CARE  OF  THE  TEETH— MODERN 
DENTISRY. 

BY    A.    O.    HOOKEK. 
f!l  IMPOKTANCE    OF    riXLING. 

'-^'f.T  has  been  estimated  that  twenty 
jji-  millions  of  teeth  are  lost  from  the 
jjf  mouths  of  our  population  of  the 
■«  United  States  annually,  all  or  nearly 
^  all  of  which  might  be  preserved  from 
pain  and  decay  until  old  age,  by  timely 
and  judicious  filling  with  gold  and  other 
approved  matei-ials.  The  old  and  oft- 
repeated  adage,  "an  ounce  of  prevention 
is  better  than  a  pound  of  cure,"  is  no- 
where more  applicable  than  to  dentistry. 
If  teeth  were  properly  tilled  iu  the  early 
stages  of  decay,  the  operation  would  be 
attended  with  much  less  pain  and  fatigue 
aud  the  dire  dread  which  many  people 
now  have  of  the  dental  chair  would  not 
be  known.  I'rocrastination  is  the  silent 
thief  that  gnaws  away  at  these  valuable 
organs  until  they  are  past  all  remedy, 
and  they  are  offered  a  sacrifice  upon  the 
altar  of  common  neglect,  to  be  replaced 
by  an  artificial  substitute  which  at  best 
is  but  a  poor  apology  for  the  natural 
teeth. 

Within  the  past  few  years  there  have 
been  produced  a  multitude  of  new  and 
useful  improvements,  all  tending  to 
quicken  the  process  and  mitigate  the 
pain  of  dental  operations,  not  the  least 
of  which  is  the 

DENTAL    ENGINE. 

This  is  used  for  a  great  variety  of  work, 
su(h  as  filing  polishing,  sepiu-ating  anil 
cleaning  the  teeth,  but  more  especially 
for  preparing  cavities  for  the  reception 
of  gold  and  for  finishing  the  same  after 
the  tooth  is  tilled.  It  does  this  in  a  very 
elScicnt  and  beautiful  manncrf.  A  few 
moments'  of  experience  with  the  engine 
is  sulficieut  to  convince  almost  any  one 
that  it  is  far  superior  to  nuy  and  all  in- 
struments previously  used  for  such  pur- 
poses. 

Another  very  valuable  acquisition  to 
the  long  line  of  iiuprovemeuts,  whicli 
might  be  mentioned  as  comparatively  re- 
cent, is  the 

liUUliKIi  DAM. 

This  takes  the  place  of  a  mouth  full  of 
napkins,  muslin,  bibulous  paper, 
sponges  and  a  variety  of  other  articles 
for  keeping  a  tooth  free  free  from  moist 


CalifornLtV  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


139 


lire  while  filling,  at  the  same  time  it  gives 
the  patient  jierfect  ease  anil  fi-eedom. 

But  notwithstanding  the  many  im- 
provements and  the  cttorts  made  to  less- 
en the  severit}'  of  the  dental  chair,  there 
are  a  few  who  approach  it  with  a  falter- 
ing step  and  a  feeling  akin  to  that  of  a 
martyr  of  olden  times,  when  live  nerves 
were  plucked  from  their  bony  cells  with 
ruthless  hand.  T^ufortunately  those  few 
approach  the  chair  so  seldom  that  their 
teeth  are  irretrievably  lost.  This  brings 
us  to  the  subject  of 

AKTIFICIAL    TEETH, 

and  while  this  branch  of  the  profession 
has  been  making  rapid  strides,  there 
seems  to  be  one  feature  which  has  been 
partially  overlooked.  This  is  in  the 
failure  to  reslore  the  natural  expression 
of  the  face  by  the  replacement  of  lost 
teeth.  The  great  law  of  adaptation  in 
reference  to  which  Nature  plans  all  her 
work,  is  nowhere  more  manifest  than  in 
her  production  of  human  teeth — always 
beautiful,  unless  deformed.  And  when 
it  becomes  necessary,  through  neglect  or 
other  causes,  to  have  these  natural  or- 
gans remove,  the  inventive  skill  of  man 
comes  into  requisition  to  furnish  a  sub- 
stitute which  may  not  only  be  useful, 
but  shall  recognize  this  unerring  law  of 
harmony.  So  perfectly  has  this  difficult 
task  been  performed  by  the  ingenious 
and  untiring  manufacturers  of  artificial 
teeth,  that  the  dentist  has  no  excuse, 
through  lack  of  study  or  perception,  to 
cause  such  glaring  deformities  as  are  of- 
ten perpetrated.  It  is  evident  that  the 
majority  of  those  engaged  in  this  branch 
of  the  profession  have  given  more  time 
and  study  to  the  best  methods  of  secur- 
ing comfort,  usefulness  and  durability  to 
artificial  dentures  than  to  the  equally 
important  question  of  fitness  and  har- 
mony with  the  general  physical  charac- 
teristics of  the  patient.  To  this  account 
may  be  justly  charged  the  unsightly  ap- 
pearance of  mouths  whose  lost  teeth 
have  been  replaced  in  disregard  of  this 
universal  law.  It  matters  not  how  well 
adapted  for  speech  and  mastication  au 
artificial  denture  may  be,  if  it  bear  not 
the  relation  demanded  by  age,  tempera- 
ment, peculiar  mould  of  face,  etc.,  it 
cannot  fail  to  give  that  firtiflcial  appear- 
ance which  attracts  the  attention  of 
every  beholder.  And  yet  we  often  see 
this  sad  lack  of  taste  staring  at  us  from 
mouths  where  every  sense  of  aesthetic 
beauty  and  harmony  is  violated — teeth 
of  a  Eussiau  in  the  mouth  of  a  French- 
man, those  of  a  New  Englander  given  to 
a  South  Carolinian,  or  those  of  a  Cana- 
dian to  a  Cuban ;  the  lips  of  age  disclos- 
ing the  teeth  of  youth,  and  no  distinc- 
tion made  between  a  male  and  a  female 
denture. 

San  Jose,  August,  ISTll. 

KEEP  FOOD  IN  A   CLEAN    PLACE. 

Ed.  Aoricultokist:  I  inclose  an  ex- 
tract from  No.  1675  of  Littell's  Licing 
Aije,  showing  the  absorptive  power  of 
milk,  which  fact  may  be  new  to  many  of 
your  readers,  and  I  think  that  this  curi- 
ous power  in  milk  may  be  the  unsus- 
pected source  of  ill  health  in  many 
families  who  are  compelled  to  keep  their 
daily  supply  of  milk  in  the  same  room 
with  other  articles  of   food. 

J.  P.  ROWE. 

Absoeptive  Power  of  Milk. — Atten- 
tion has  been  called  in  the  daily  papers 
to  a  practice  prevalent  in  some  parts  of 
the  country,  which  appear  to  illustrate 
the  poNver  possessed  by  milk  of  absorb- 
ing atmospheric  impurities.  It  is  that  of 
idacing  a  saucer  of  new  milk  in  a  larder, 
to  preserve  meat  or  game  from  taint.  It 
is  said  that  not  only  does  it  answer  that 


the   milk  after  a  few 
bad  that   no    animal 


purpose,  but  that 
hours  becomes  so 
will  touch  it. 

[Housekeepers  cannot  bo  too  cautious 
how  they  expose  food  of  any  kind  to 
emenations  of  decaying  substances.  Dry 
bread  will  absorb  decaying  odors  and 
soon  become  unfit  to  be  taken  into  the 
human  stomach,  if  shut  up  in  the  same 
room  or  cupboard  with  bad  vegetables, 
meat  or  other  things.  Water  will  ab.sorb 
infectious  air  if  left  in  a  sick  room,  or 
exposed  to  putridity.  There  is  great  ap- 
parent ignorance  generally  upon  this 
subject,  and  many  persons  and  families 
are  made  sick  from  eating  and  drinking 
substances  that  have  been  rendered  pois- 
onous by  absorbing  the  germs  of  disease 
from  bad  air. — Ed.] 

LESSONS  TAUGHT  BY  SUFFERING 

Ed.  AcnicnLTURi.sT:  The  bed  of  sick- 
ness often  teaches  many  valuable  lessons. 
Sufi'ering  untold  agony  with  an  affecticjn 
of  the  head,  resulting  in  partial  deafness, 
I  learned  a  lesson  never  to  be  forgotten. 
The  thoughts  and  suspicions,  without 
any  foundation,  which  leaped  through 
my  brain  were  unjust  and  unnecessary. 
I  have  since  tried  to  look  with  charity 
and  real  pity  on  those  with  faults,  since 
nothing  so  much  as  ill  health  or  abnor- 
mal conditions  can  cause  inconsistencies 
of  conduct  and  petulence. 

Be  tender  towards  a  fr(*tful  child.  The 
cause  may  be  traced  to  indigestion,  un- 
equal circulation  or  some  discomfort  of 
the  body.  Keep  before  you  the  fact  that 
two-thirds  of  humanity  are  sufferers 
physically,  and  yo\i  may  not  wonder  at 
the  impoijsibility  of  perfection  on  earth. 
Of  all  the  virtues  we  poor  mortals  need 
most  to  cultivate,  cluirily  slamk  firxt. 

AUUNDAL. 


How  TO  Rescde  a  Drowminm  Person. 
A  child  may  be  easily  managed  by  an  ex- 
pert swimmer;  but  if  the  drowning  per- 
son is  strong  and  powerful,  it  is  often 
imperatively  necessary  to  keep  out  of  his 
reach  until  he  is  partially  exhausted; 
otherwise  he  will  clvitch  his  rescuer,  and 
both  may  go  down  together  helpless. 
Calmness  and  caution  are  invaluable  in 
the  water.  The  sufferer  will  clutch  any- 
thing extended  toward  him  at  first — an 
oar,  branch  of  a  tree,  a  necktie,  or  a 
sleeve  of  a  jacket,  and  if  the  other  end  of 
the  article  can  be  held  in  the  mouth,  the 
rescuer  has  the  use  of  his  arms.  But 
still  it  is  needful  to  keep  out  of  the  reach 
of  the  drowning  person.  Go  behind  him 
and  push  him  along,  but  never  attempt 
to  reason  with  him.  If  he  becomes  in- 
sensible, a  good  swimmer  can  easily 
bring  him  to  the  shore  or  to  a  place  of 
safety,  and  then  the  proper  means  of  re- 
storation should  be  immediately  used. 
Impulsive  recklessness,  even  though  in- 
spired by  the  most  generous  feeling,  will 
not  be  so  likely  to  save  a  drowning  man 
as  thoughtful  caution.  '  It  m.ay  be  well 
to  mention  that  in  case  one  feels  cramp 
coming  on  while  in  the  water,  it  is  best 
not  to  stop,  but  to  strike  out  faster  than 
before;  a  sudden  jerk  of  the  limb  is  often 
an  efl'ectual  relief. 

To  Save  the  Drowxinq. — The  Massa- 
chusetts Humane  Society  has  published 
very  brief  and  intelligible  directions  for 
saving  the  lives  of  persons  rescued  from 
the  water  after  they  have  become  iuseu- 
sible.     They  are  as  follows: 

1.  Lose  no  time.  Carry  out  these  di- 
rections on  the  spot. 

2.  Remove  the  froth  and  mucus  from 
the  mouth  and  nostrils. 

3.  Hold  the  bod}-,  for  a  few  'seconds 
only,  with  the   head  hanging  down,  so 


that  the  water  may  run  out  ot  the  lungs 

and  windpipe. 

i.  Loosen  all  tight  articles  of  clothing 
about  the  neck  and  chest. 

5.  See  that  the  tongue  is  pulled  for- 
ward if  it  falls  back  into  the  throat.  By 
taking  hold  of  it  with  a  handkerchief  it 
will  not  slip. 

0.  If  the  breathing  has  ceased,  or 
nearly  so,  it  must  bo  stimulated  by  pres- 
sure of  the  chest  with  the  hands,  in  imi- 
tation of  the  natural  breathing;  forcibly 
expelling  the  air  from  the  lunge,  and  al- 
lowing it  to  rt-cnter  and  expand  them 
by  the  elasticity  of  the  ribs.  Kemember 
that  this  is  the  most  importjint  step  of 
all. 

To  do  it  readily  lay  the  person  on  his 
back,  with  a  cushion,  pillow  or  some 
lirm  sulistanee  under  his  shoulders;  then 
press  with  the  Hat  of  the  hands  over  the 
lower  part  of  the  breast  bone  and  the 
u])per  part  of  the  abdomen,  keeping  up 
a  regular  repetition  and  rehixation  of 
pressure  twenty  or  thirty  times  a  minute. 
.\  pressure  of  thirty  pounds  may  be  ap- 
plied with  safety  to  a  grown  person. 

7.  Kub  the  limbs  with  the  hands  or 
with  dry  cloths  constantly,  to  aid  the 
circulation  and  keep  the  body  warm. 

8.  As  soon  as  the  person  can  swallow, 
give  a  tablespoonful  of  spirits  in  hot 
water,  or  some  warm  coffee  or  tea. 

'J.  Work  deliberately.  Do  not  give  up 
too  quickly.  Success  has  of  ten  rewarded 
the  eft'orts  of  hours. 

Eating  Feuit  Skins. — The  maijority 
of  country  people  I  have  observed  eating 
fruit,  eat  the  skin  of  it  also.  Their  chil- 
dren eat  it  in  the  same  manner,  and 
seem  never  to  have  been  taught  that  the 
skin  of  fruit — be  it  apple,  ijeach,  pear, 
plum  or  grape — should  never  be  eaten, 
especially  if  uncooked.  F''ruit  skins  are 
so  difficult  of  digestion  that  there  is  pro- 
bably not  more  than  one  stomach  in  a 
hundred  capable  of  performing  the  dif- 
ficult task.  The  skins  are  to  fruit  what 
shells  are  to  nuts,  hides  to  animals,  and 
husks  to  grain.  To  oblige  or  allow  a 
child  to  eat  his  apple  or  pear  unpeeled, 
is  unkind  and  wrong,  for  it  is  no  ques- 
tion of  daintiness,  but  of  health. — Cor. 
liural  Sew  Yorker. 

Remedy  fok  Wahts. — Warts  are  very 
troublesome  and  disfiguring.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  perfect  cure,  even  of  the 
largest,  without  leaving  any  scar.  It  is 
a  Frenchman's  prescription,  and  has 
been  tested  by  the  writer:  Take  a  small 
piece  of  raw  beef,  steep  it  all  night  in 
vinegar,  cut  as  much  from  it  as  will  cover 
the  wart,  and  tie  it  on  it;  it  the  excres- 
ence  is  on  the  forehead,  fasten  it  on 
with  strii)s  of  sticking-plaster.  It  may 
be  removed  in  the  ilay  and  put  on  every 
night.  In  one  fortnight  the  wart  will 
die  and  peel  oft".  The  same  prescrip- 
tion will  cure  corns. 

A  Child's  Bed. — A  child's  bed  should 
slope  a  little  from  the  head  to  the  foot, 
so  that  the  head  may  be  a  little  higher 
than  the  feet — but  never  bend  the  neck 
to  get  the  head  on  a  pillow.  This  makes 
the  child  round-shouldered,  cramps  the 
veins  and  arteries,  and  interferes  with 
the  free  circulation  of  the  blood.  Even 
when  the  child  is  several  years  old  the 
pillow  should  be  thin,  and  made  of  hair, 
not  feathers. 

Eakacue. — There  is  scarcely  any  ache 
to  which  children  are  subject,  so  bad  to 
bear  and  difllcult  to  cure,  as  the  earache. 
But  there  is  a  remedy  never  known  to 
fail.  Take  a  bit  of  cotton  batting,  put 
upon  it  a  pinch  of  black  pepper,  gather 
it  up  and  tie  it,  dip  in  sweet  oil,  and  in- 
sert into  the  ear.  Put  a  flannel  bandage 
over  the  head  to  keep  it  warm.  It  will 
give  immediate  relief. 


Pkeservatios  of  the  Teeth. — Bow- 
ditch,  in  examining  the  teeth  of  forty 
persons  of  ditt'erent  kinds  of  life,  found 
in  almost  all  vegetable  and  animal  para- 
sites. The  parasites  were  numerous  in 
proportion  to  the  neglect  of  cleanliness. 
The  means  ordinarily  employed  to  clean 
the  teeth  had  no  efi'ect  on  the  imrasites, 
whilsOj  Boajjy  water  appeared  to  destroy 
them.  If  this  be  a  true  version  of  the 
cause  of  caries — the  action  of  acids,  sup- 
plemented by  the  action  of  fungi — then 
it  follows  that  the  great  means  of  pre- 
serving the  teeth  is  to  preserve  the  most 
scrupulous  cleanliness  of  the  mouth  and 
teeth,  and  to  give  to  the  rinsing  liquids 
a  slightly  alkaline  character,  which  is 
done  by  the  admixture  of  a  little  soap. 
This  is  not  so  pleasant  a  dentrifice  as 
some,  but  is  tfi'eetive  and  scientific. 
Acids  not  only  dissolve  the  salts  of  the 
teeth,  but  favor  the  increase  of  the  fungi 
of  the  mouth.  No  increase  of  fungi  and 
no  action  the  dental  tissue  occur  in  solu- 
tion of  soap.  The  good  efl'ects  of  stop- 
ping the  decay  of  the  teeth,  in  the  light 
of  these  experiments,  are  intelligible. 
The  penetration  of  acids  and  fungi  is 
jirevented. 

Care  or  the  IIaii!. — Brushing  the  hair 
every  day,  the  more  the  better,  is  recom- 
mended to  those  who  crave  a  luxuriaot 
and  handsome  giowth.  If  it  is  very 
oily,  wash  it  occasionally  with  a  lotion 
made  by  mixing  one  drachm  of  soda  with 
half  a  pint  of  water  and  adding  the  well- 
beaten  yolks  of  two  eggs.  A  teaspoonful 
of  ammonia  in  a  quart  of  rain  water 
makes  a  good  lotion  for  the  hair;  wash  it 
in  this  frequently,  dr}'  it  well,  and  brush 
it  a  long  time;  if  the  ammonia  is  too 
strong  it  will  bleach  the  hair  and  injure 
it.  The  use  of  a  lead  comb  will  darken 
flaxen  and  red  h.air,  and  so,  it  is  said  on 
good  authority,  will  water  in  which  po- 
tatoes have  been  boiled.  Hair  oils  and 
pomades  are  au  abomination,  and  are,  as 
they  should  be,  entirely  out  of  fashion. 

To  Avoid  Sleeplessness. — If  you  wish 
to  sleep  well,  eat  sparingly  of  early  sup- 
pers. Avoid  all  arguments  or  contested 
subjects  near  night  as  these  are  likely  to 
have  a  bad  efl'ect  on  one  who  is  toubled 
with  sleeplessness  at  night.  Avoid  hav- 
ing too  much  company,  Mauy  persons 
become  so  excited  with  the  meeting  of 
friends  that  sleep  departs  (or  a  time. 
There  is  probably  nothing  better  after 
cultivating  a  tranquil  mind,  than  exer- 
cise in  the  open  air.  By  observing  these 
simple  rules,  sleeplessness,  in  the  ma- 
jority of  instances,  may  be  wholly  cured. 

To  Remove  Freckles.  —  X  simple 
remedy  for  removing  freckles  is  a  pint 
of  sour  milk  and  a  small  quaneity  of 
horse-radish.  Let  the  mi.\turo  stand 
over  night,  and  use  it  as  a  wash  three 
times  a  day  until  the  freckles  disappear. 


The  Earliest  Bank  of  History. 

PAPER   vs.    COIN. 

In  1171,  when  the  gallant  republic  of 
Venice  singly  withstood  the  shock  of  the 
Asiatic  hordes  that  threatened  to  inun- 
date Europe,  Duke  Vitale  Michell  II. 
called  on  the  wealthy  citizens  to  contrib- 
ute to  a  load  of  2,OUO,000  ductats  for  the 
defense  of  the  state,  the  sums  so  loaned 
to  be  entered  to  the  credit  of  the  contrib- 
utors on  the  books  of  the  republic. 
These  credits  being  divisible  and  trans- 
furable,  grew  into  favor  as  a  currency, 
performing  all  the  functions  of  money, 
and  rose  to  a  high  premium  above  gold 
and  silver  coin.  Such  was  the  origin  of 
the  earliest  bank  of  history.  In  1423,  a 
law  fixed  the  arjio,  or  premium,  at  20  per 
cent.,  and  directed  all  payments  not 
otherwise  provided  for  to   be  paid  at  the 


vC 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


bank  of  Venice,  -n-hich  nt  the  same  time 
it  Jiscontiuucd  the  4  ]ier  cent,  interest 
that  had  hitherto  been  promptly  paid  on 
the  credits.  This  '2U  per  cent  agio,  add- 
ed to  the  coin  ducat  of  Venice,  constitut- 
ed a  new  unit  of  vahie,  rejiresented  by 
no  coin,  yet  maintainiug  its  ideal  exist- 
ence as  the  ducat  of  the  bank  of  Venice, 
and  rose  to  an  additional  aijlo — termed  a 
sur-agio — of  20(11 30  jier  cent.,  and  con- 
tinued the  favorite  currency  of  the  Adri- 
atic for  nearly  400  years,  until  the 
remorseless  march  of  Napoleonic  despot- 
ism, in  1797,  crushed  the  republic.  A 
worthless  booty  was  found  in  the  bank 
for  it  had  no  coin  or  deijosit,  but  only  a 
faithful  record  of  the  loans  that,  more 
than  UOO  years  before,  the  citizens  of 
Venice  had  made  to  preserve  the  life  of 
the  republic.  Franco  repaid  the  citizens, 
but  the  bank  and  the  republic  were  no 
more.  There  was  the  money  of  a  re- 
public having  no  foundation  but  credit 
on  the  books  of  a  department  of  its 
treasury,  with  no  coin  in  its  vaults,  and 
not  bound  to  make  that  credit  good  in 
later  times  by  any  payment  of  interest  or 
any  redemption  whatever,  which  yet 
stood  for  hundreds  of  years  at  a  high 
premium  over  gold  and  silver  coins. 
Plain  and  open  in  all  its  progress,  there 
was  no  peculation  or  steal  in  any  of  its 
processes. — N.  Y.  Conuncrcial  Journal. 


ijoH.ochold^^Ceuliug, 


DOTTINCS  AND   JOTTINGS. 

BY    IS.iAC    KINLET. 

(frjpONESTY,  every  one  says,  is  the 
H|\)  best  policy.  As  it  is  the  best  also 
'ijH  in  morals,  where  does  the  rogue 
j5y^  liiiti  Ws  argument?  Man  is  said  to 
4(^^  be  a  rational  being;  but  by  what 
logic  can  there  be  deduced,  for  crime,  a 
plausible  pretext?  The  criminal  may  in- 
deed evade  human  laws;  but  the  laws  of 
God  are  within,  and  their  penalties  are 
inevitable — torturing  even  in  this  life, 
sometimes  to  confession,  sometimes  to 
suicide,  and  always  to  misery. 

Ignorant  and  short-sighted  policy  is 
crime.  Its  consequences  should  frighten 
even  villains  to  virtue. 

"Were  I  not  Alexander,  I  would  be 
Diogenes,"  was  said  by  that  human 
butcher  ycleped  m  history  Alexander  the 
Great. 

There  was  more  wisdom  in  this  saying 
than  is  often  found  in  the  acts  of  "Mace- 
donia's madman."  Alexander  had  con- 
quered the  world  to  his  desires,  and 
l)iogenes  had  conquered  his  desires 
themselves.  The  hero  commanded  the 
resources  of  the  world  and  had  not 
enough;  the  cynic  lived  in  his  tub  and 
was  content.  The  rich  wines  and  purple 
robes  of  Babylon  no  more  satisfied  the 
wants  of  the  one  than  the  water  of  the 
brook  and  his  sackcloth  those  of  the 
other.  Extremes  met,  and  the  humbler 
man  was   the  greater  conqueror. 


Could  we  look  into  the  heart  and  see 
the  »i(i/ii'c'.s  that  have  inspired  the  act — 
could  we  see  the  temptations  that  have 
bewildered,  and  the  struggles  only  just 
not  strong  enough  to  conquer,  we  would 
often  excuse,  and  sometimes  approve, 
where  we  now  condemn,  and  sometimes 
condemn  where  we  now  approve  and  ap- 
plaud. 

The  moral  of  an  act  lies  in  the  inlenl. 
Blessings  are  for  him  who  earnestly 
strives  to  do  the  right. 

Blindi!d  though  hobo  by  a  tVousaud 
prejudices,  the    striving  will    ultimately 


rend  the  vail,  and  he  will  be  enabled  to 
see.  It  was  because  the  persecutor  hon- 
estly believed  that  he  was  doing  the  will 
of  God,  that  the  heavenly  vision  came, 
and  Saul  of  Tarsus  became  Paul  the 
apostle  of  the  Gentiles. 

A  man  stood  straight  up,  looked  me 
full  in  the  face,  and  deliberately  told 
that  which  he  knew  to  be  false.  He 
knew  he  had  said  that  which  was  not 
true.  He  knew  that  I  knew  he  had  told 
what  was  not  true.  There  was  a  quiver 
in  his  e3'e  which  he  could  not  quite  con- 
ceal, a  quailing  before  my  strong  con- 
tempt which  he  could  not  quite  avoid. 
He  put  a  hundred  or  so  dollars  in  his 
pocket  by  the  falsehood,  and  took  a  like 
amount  out  of  mine.  And  yet  he,  and 
not  I,  was  the  loser — I,  and  not  he,  was 
the  gainer  bj'  the  transaction. 

What  did  he  lose,  do  you  ask?  Possi- 
bly money.  For  I  could  never  again 
trust  him,  when  only  his  honor  was  in 
pledge,  to  the  amount  of  a  single  dime. 
I  could  not  advise  a  friend  to  trust  him, 
even  though  his  necessities  might  be 
ever  so  great.  I  could  never  again  speak 
of  him  as  an  honest  or  honorable  man, 
or  as  one  with  whom  it  would  be  safe  to 
be  associated  in  any  business  transaction. 
So  the  lie  which  earned  him  a  few  paltry 
dollars  at  its  utterance  may  cost  him 
many  Hundreds  before  he  has  done  with 
its  consequences. 

It  cost  him  in  reputation.  One  per- 
son, at  least,  knows  him  to  be  a  man 
without  honor  or  integrity.  If,  as  a 
warning  to  friends,  I  may  have  told  of 
the  transaction  to  others,  the  news  of 
his  falsehood  may  have  spread,  and 
many  besides  myself  may  have  learned 
of  his  dishonor.  And  if  a  jury  of  twelve 
men  may,  at  any  time,  have  hesitated  to 
accejit  his  statements  on  oath,  or  found 
his  honor  light  as  weighed  in  the  scale 
against  that  of  another,  possibly  it  may 
have  been  that  the  lie  he  told  to  me  came 
up  to  curse  him. 

There  is  no  concealing  a  falsehood. 
Even  if  the  person  to  whom  it  has  been 
told  intends,  out  of  mercy,  to  withhold 
it  from  the  world,  ho  cannot  quite  carry 
out  his  charitable  intentions,  for  he 
must  himself  be  truthful;  and,  though  he 
maj'  never  turn  public  accuser,  he  can 
never  again  speak  of  the  author  of  the 
falsehood  as  being  an  honorable  man,  or 
one  whom  under  any  circumstances  it 
will  be  safe  to  trust.  And  if  be  should 
happen  to  be  in  such  relations  to  the 
man  as  to  know  him  well,  a  failure  to 
praise  will  be  accepted  as  an  accusation, 
and  others  will  learn  to  hesitate. 

But  the  liar,  himself,  is  the  geatest 
gossip  of  his  own  lie.  Having  told  it, he 
feels  that  it  must  be  supported;  and  the 
first  necessitates  the  telling  of  ten  others 
not  less  meretricious.  Neither  do  these 
escape  detection,  and  thus  the  witnesses 
of  his  bad  honor  are  multiidied. 

But,  unfortunately,  the  new  lies  need 
bracing  quite  as  much ;  and  thus  the  first 
falsehood  becomes  the  father  of  an  end- 
less progeny.  Soon  his  very  counten- 
ance loses  the  look  of  integrity  and  pro- 
claims him  unmistakably  to  all.  His 
reputation  is  in  the  air,  and,  in  language 
which  cannot  be  misunderstood,  every 
one  hears  him  proclaimed  a  liar. 

He  loses  in  moral  growth;  and  this, 
valuable  as  reputation  cu'  property  may 
be,  is  the  greatest  of  all  losses.  Integrity 
is  a  treasure  iu  itself,  and  a  man  with 
Ciod  on  his  side  may  face  the  world.  Its 
value  is  not  measured  by  the  money  it 
puts  into  the  pocket,  the  reputation  it 
brings,  or  the  ofiices  of  trust  or  profit 
with  which  it  honors  one.  it  is  itself 
the  gold  compared  with  wliicli  these  are 
but  common  dirt. 

The  liar  has  lost  his  iufcgrity,  lost  hi 


reputation,  lost  his  self-respect,  lost  the 
approval  of  heaven,  and  dwarfed  his  own 
soul.  Weighed  against  these,  what  are 
the  few  paltry  dollars  which  his  false- 
hood put  into  his  pocket? 

And  have  I  gained  nothing?  Some  of 
my  gains  are  negative  one.  I  did  not 
lose  my  integrity ;  I  did  not  cover  my  face 
all  over  with  the  blushes  of  shame,  and 
lose  the  power  to  look  an  honest  man  in 
the  face.  I  did  not  cultivate  a  feeling 
among  my  neighbors  that  I  am  a  man  of 
doubtful  integrity,  and  one  whose  word 
under  oath  is  unworthy  of  belief. 

But  my  greatest  gain,  that  comjiared 
with  which  all  else  is  as  the  dust 
on  the  shoe-sole,  is  a  positive  quan- 
tity. I  have  gained  these  and  other  re- 
flections tending  to  reinfore  my  own  in- 
tegrity and  to  contribute  to  my  own 
moral  growth,  a  single  grain  of  which 
outweighs  whole  mountains  of  money. 

Again  I  ask,  was  he  or  I  the  loser — he 
or  I  the  gainer  by  the  transaction? 

He  who  thinks  meanly  of  others  with- 
out a  cause  is  likely  himself  to  be  mean. 
His  opinions  are  the  suggestions  of  his 
own  baseness.  His  nature  is  a  colored 
glass  throwing  its  own  hues  on  everthing 
he  looks  upon.  It  is  a  jiositive  pleasure 
to  have  faith  in  the  honor  of  others,  and 
it  is  better  to  be  deceived  a  thousand 
times  than  never  to  trust. 

Nevertheless,  he  is  not  wise  who  con- 
fides indiscriminately.  If  there  were 
but  one  tiger  in  the  forest,  the  prudent 
man  would  carry  his  rifle.  If  but  one 
man  in  a  thousand  be  a  rogue,  it  is  cjuite 
enough  to  put  a  lock  to  the  door.  Safety 
is  always  on  the  side  of  prudence,  and  I 
should  not  choose  to  trust  my  money  or 
my  reputation  in  the  keeping  of  one  of 
whom  I  know  nothing. 

San  Jose  Institute  I 

and  Business  College,  August,  187(j.  ) 


INFLUENCE. 


BY  P,  P.  P. 


I  have  stood  on  the  bank  of  a  quiet 
lake  and  admired  its  calm  and  unruffled 
beauty  as  its  waters  seemed  sleeping  on 
the  bosom  of  mother  earth.  Then  toss- 
ing a  tiny  pebble  into  it,  I  watched  the 
circular  ripple  it  caused,  until  the  silvery 
wavelets,  spreading  wider  and  yet  wider, 
have  broken  on  shore. 

I  have  held  iu  my  hand  a  single  grain 
of  wheat,  and  thought,  as  I  looked  from 
the  single  grain  to  the  full  bin,  though 
.ts  size  is  so  small  and  its  weight  barely 
more  than  nothing,  yet  it  is  needed  to 
make  up  the  ton  and  full  bin,  which  is 
composed  of  similar  individual  weights 
and  sizes. 

What  a  lesson  is  here  to  you  and  me! 
We,  too,  have  an  iurtuenee.  It  may  be 
small,  like  the  weight  of  the  kernel  of 
wheat;  yet  it  is  sufficient  to  exert  a  power 
over  our  associations.  Our  influence 
may  be  so  small  that  we  are  unconscious 
of  its  existence..  Nevertheless  it  is  a 
quality  inherent  in  every  one,  and,  great 
or  small,  it  exercises  a  constant  and  irre- 
sistible power  over  those  about  us.  Si- 
lently, perhaps,  yet  certainly,  we  are 
tending  to  mold  those  with  whom  wc  as- 
sociate after  our  own  likeness,  and  thej- 
cannot  help  themselves. 

At  the  same  time,  wo  are  being  acted 
upon  by  a  similar  intlueuco  exerted  by 
our  surroundings.  This  exterior  power 
we  cannot  escape.  CTi'adually  it  is  mak- 
ing indelible  impressions  upon  us. 

Now,  our  influence  is  being  exerted 
cither  for  good  or  evil.  We  aro  eitlu^r 
tending  to  elevate  our  fellowmen,  to 
better  their  state  and  condition;  or  we 
arc  helping  to  degrade  and  drag  them 
down.     We  aro  either  sowing    the  seeds 


of  virtue,  or  disseminating  the  germs  of 
vice.  We  are  either  "co-workers  togeth- 
er with  God,"  or  we  are  doing  the  worl; 
of  ApoUyon!  There  is  no  middle  ground. 
We  can  no  more  prevent  the  efl'ect  of 
our  own  influence  upon  others  than  we 
can  escape  the  power  they  exert  over  us. 

This  is  the  position,  then,  we  occupy. 
We  may  be  a  blessing  to  others,  or  we 
may  prove  a  mildew  to  blight  and  blast! 
Our  associations  may  be  to  us  a  source 
of  everlasting  benefit,  or  we  may  become 
so  contaminated  by  vicious  surroundings 
that,  instead  of  the  beauty  of  upright- 
ness and  moral  virtue  and  integrity,  we 
shall  present  a  marred,  distorted  and 
loathsome  picture  of  shame  and  disgrace. 

Now,  I  would  not  be  understood  as 
teaching  that  our  individuality  is  neces- 
sarily wholly  absorbed  by  our  surround- 
ings. We  have  power  to  resist  iiu  eitlire 
conformity  to  the  example  before  us,  but 
caimot  escape  being  11107  e  or  lens  aft'ected 
by  it,  and  so  powerfully  and  stealthily 
does  it  grow  upon  us,  that  we  need  to 
use  every  faculty  we  possess  in  the  cul- 
tivation of  better  principles,  in  order  to 
to  maintain  our  own.  It  is  also  true  we 
may  so  exert  an  ennobling  influence  over 
our  companions  as  to  lift  them  up  with 
us.  Our  chosen  companions  aud  resorts 
are  the  hidden  rock  upon  which  our  bark 
is  most  in  danger  of  being  dashed  to 
pieces.  If  we  are  unwillingly  thrown 
among  the  vicious,  we  may  to  a  certain 
extent  escape  pollution,  but  we  cannot 
wholly.  We  are,  in  a  measure,  mii-rors 
reflecting  the  character  of  our  associa- 
tions. 

If  this  is  true,  what  care  ought  we  to 
exercise  in  the  choice  of  our  associates! 
Aud  with  what  circumspection  ought  we 
to  walk  that  our  examjile  be  not  a  source 
of  ofi'ense  to  any! 


APOLOCiZINC. 

A  most  despisable  and  unworthy  thing 
is  that  weak  and  sickly  spirit  we  some- 
times see  manifested  iu  some  persons 
which  is  forever  begging  pardon  and 
apologizing.  No  matter  what  is  the 
character  of  the  circumstance,  with  some 
the  stereotyped  phrase  is  ever  ready,  '  'I 
beg  pardon,"  or  "Excuse  me."  Often 
these  expressions  are  used  meaninglessly, 
but  for  this  they  are  only  less  graceful. 
Too  often,  however,  they  are  the 
promptings  of  a  spirit  so  efl'eminate 
that  it  dare  not  be  right  if  there  is  the 
least  opposition.  The  manhood  that 
ought  to  exert  itself  is  allowed  to  cringe 
and  bend  till  its  unsightly  dwarfishness 
is  simply  despicable,  and  we  turn  from 
it  in  disgust. 

Equally  as  far  from  true  manhood  Is 
that  spirit  which  withholds  an  apology 
on  proper  occasions  aud  under  propiT 
circumstances.  This  is  only  allied  to 
the  bully  or  the  savage;  it  is  never  met 
with  in  the  gentleman.  A  gentleman  of 
truly  noble  character  finds  everywhere 
only  unrest  while  his  conscience  reminds 
him  of  a  wrong  that  he  has  not  mended, 
or  at  least  apologized  for.  We  some- 
times hear  of  persons  too  weak,  or  too 
vain,  to  apologize,  but  iu  them  true  dig- 
nity of  character  has  no  place.  It  is  not 
pride  of  character,  but  the  want  of  it, 
that  withholds  an  a])ology  for  an  insult 
given  or  an  atonement  for  an  injury 
done.  He  who  really  values  his  char- 
actor  will  hasten  to  remove  even  the 
slightest  stain. 

Between  these  extremes  lies  the  true, 
proper  course.  An  apology  for  a  wrcnig 
done  is  manly;  an  apology  when  no  cause 
is  given  is  ridiculous;  to  withhold  an 
apology  for  an  injury  is  stupid  vanity. 
P.   F.   P. 


Read  over  our  list  of  premiums. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


rx"^ 


141j 


A    STRAY 


CEM    FROM 
COURT. 


CUPID'S 


Me.  Editor:  In  looking  over  my  pa- 
pers, the  other  day,  I  came  across  the 
iollowiug  specimen  of  a  love-letter,  and 
thinking  it  would  be  as  pleasing,  if  not 
us  instructive,  as  the  carrespondence  of 
"Angie"  and  "Inglewood,"  I  concluded 
to  send  it  to  the  Aguicultukist.  The 
letter  is  a  true  verbatim  copy  of  the 
original,  and  quite  a  joke  attached  to  it. 
It  was  written  to  and  received  bj'  the 
lady  in  the  year  1862,  while  dated  for- 
ward to  ISIio.  And  as  the  writer  failed 
to  pay  postage,  the  lady  was  notified  and 
had  to  .send  the  requisite  stamp. 

Ansie. 
Pine  Ilant  Abril  32  1865 

My  Dear  seen  it  is  you  I  thought  I 
wold  write  to  you  once  more  ant  to  see 
if  you  wold  write  to  mee  or  not  I  wishet 
you  wold  write  to  mee  fore  I  wold  like  to 
hear  from  you  this  is  three  letters  I  have 
sent  to  you  ant  I  havent  receved  one 
frome  you  yet  if  you  wanto  git  JIarrit  I 
wisht  you  wold  Come  out  htar  fore  I 
want  a  wife  verry  bat  I  am  left  all  alone 
aut  I  Caut  worke  in  the  house  aut  out- 
oors  too  I  want  a  women  ant  1  must 
have  one  aut  I  shall  have  one  if  j-ou  cant 
Como  I  wisht  you  wold  sent  me  elysee 
EUeu  or  some  other  nice  girl  that  wants 
to  git  marrit  to  a  good  husbaut  as  Frank 
Fox  is  he  is  a  glibber  now  if  you  wanto 
git  marrit  now  is  your  thime  ant  hear  is 
the  blase  to  git  marrit  fore  any  boty 
wants  a  husban  if  you  Dout  wauto  git 
Marrit  quite  yet  I  wold  like  to  have  you 
write  to  mee  so  that  I  may  Know  whare 
you  are  for  I  thing  a  good  Deel  of  you  I 
wishet  you  wold  sent  mee  your  likeness 
if  you  Dont  thing  of  Coming  out  and  I 
will  sent  you  mine  so  I  will  gloso  ant 
will  write  to  you  as  often  as  you  will 
write  to  mee  yours  truly  Miss  Jerusha 
Duret  Cowlesville  Wyoming  County  New 
York  From  Mr  Frank  Fux  Pinelslant 
Goodhue  County  Minnesota  box  50  tell 
the  folks  I  am  rich  I  have  got  120  achers 
of  lant  I  care  fore  noboty 

ant  noboty  cares  fore  mee 


UP-COUNTRY     LETTERS — NO.    8- 


BY  EACHEL  A,  ELT. 

Rest!     Oh!  the  magic   of    its  power! 
The  few  know   its  joy   only  when   their 
over-tasked  bodies  and  brains  may  freely 
revel  in   its    calmness,  feeling    it    their 
right  and  duty  to  do  so.     Few  of   us  can 
do  this.     Circumstances  enchain  and  en- 
slave ns  to  such  an    extent   that  we  even 
carry    our    fret    and    worry     into     our 
churches,  and  often  make  the  day  of  rest 
one  of  labor  and  fatigue.     I  felt  this  as  I 
lay  under  the  cool  shade  tree  on  Sabbath 
last  and    listened  to    the    quiet  voice  of 
my  hostess,  who  makes    Sunday  a  rest- 
day  surely,  cooking  only  a   breakfast  on 
that    day.       Cold   meat,    bread,   butter, 
cake,  milk,  fruit   and  such  fare,    serves 
the  other  meals.     The  dishes  are  left  for 
washing  till  next  morning.  So,  I  say,  as  I 
lay  listening  to   my  friend,  who  was  giv- 
ing me  her  idea  of   what  the  day  of   rest 
should,    and    was  intended    to   be,   and 
compared  it  with  the  way  an  old  sexton. 
Deacon  P.,  whom   I  knew,  used  to  "en- 
joy" his    Sunday,    which  he   "allowed" 
was  the  hardest  day  of  the  week  to  him, 
I  could  but  mark  the  contrast.     Being  a 
carpenter,  he  had    only    Sunday  to  trim 
his  lamps,  sweep,  dust,  and  make  ready 
for  service.      Seven  or   half-past  found 
him  on  hand;  and  Sunday-school  at  nine, 
bells  to    ring   for  that   and  the    church, 
Bible-class   meeting  after  church,    then 
home   to  dinner   and   back  to   light   up 
and  ring  for  evening  service  at  early  can- 
dle light.      Nine  o'clock  usually  found 


all  dark  and  quiet  at  the  church  and  he 
on  his  homeward  w^ay.  What  time  to 
think  or  rest  for  the  next  day's  duties? 
Ah,  well,  ho  rests  well  now,  poor  man, 
I  trust,  for  he  is  sleeping  under  the  sod, 
"till  the  day  of  judgment,"  as  the  good 
Baptist  brothers  say. 

Ah,  friends,  God  is  good  and  just  to 
all,  aud  as  I  look  up  to  the  deep  blue 
space  above,  which  we  childishly  call 
Heaven,  and  think  of  the  millions  of 
other  worlds  tloating  and  guided  by  the 
same  Hand,  my  heart  thrills  with  joy  at 
the  thought  that  the  Power  which  con- 
trols them  and  fails  not,  can  but  be  true 
to  mo  and  my  actions,  if  I  am  but  true 
to  my  self  according  to  my  ability. 

I  notice  that  j-our  correspondent,  "P. 
F.  P.,"  thinks  my  reasoning  to  strong 
for  an  invalid  or  too  weak  for  a  well 
brain  (?).  Ah,  friend,  we  are  all  inva- 
lids -only  varying  in  degree  and  inten- 
sity. Point  out  the  well  man  or  woman 
and  I  will  be  glad,  for  in  my  weakness 
all  I  meet  give  me  their  symjiathy  through 
their  own  infirmities,  supposing,  doubtless, 
that  misery  likes  company.  Then, 
again,  invalid  brains  are  only  weak,  dis- 
abled brains,  not  always  vitiated  or  nar- 
cotised by  bad  habits,  tobacco  and 
liquor — unless,  indeed,  drugged  as  many 
are  with  medicines,  in  the  vain  hope  of 
purifying  by  adding  impurities  to  the  sys- 
tem. 

I  cannot,  of  course,  attend  church 
very  regularly,  in  my  invalid  condition, 
but  I  judge  the  teaching  by  the  lives  of 
those  who  do  listen  week  after  week, and 
is  not  that  a  sage  way  to  judge?  "One 
man  cannot  be  everything, "  but  if  you 
"are  not  so  sure  that  we  can  break  a 
physical  law  without  violating  a  moral 
precept  in  the  same  act,  or  its  conse- 
quences," why  is  it  not  the  preacher's 
duty  to  try  to  stop  the  breaking  of  a 
physical  law,  if  in  so  doing  he  is  jjrevent- 
inrj  the  violation  of  a  moral  precept? 
That's  the  very  point,  though  I  don't 
wish  to  "quarrel  with  them."  Oh,  no; 
only  to  beg  the  young  men  just  starting 
on  their  Master's  work  to  combine  the 
physical  with  the  moral  and  spiritual 
laws,  both  by  precept  and  example — 
giving  up  all  habits  that  tend  to  demor- 
alize brain  and  bodj-,  and  fearlessly  ad- 
vocating simplicity  in  life.  I  would 
simply,  yet  earnestly,  beg  all  teachers  to 
seriously  consider  this  matter,  and  so 
work  for  the  common  good  of  all.  I 
blame  them  not  for  the  good  they  do, 
but  pray  that  that  should  not  be  ne- 
glected which  so  much  needs  to  be  done. 


There  are  plenty  of  beatiful  streams  in 
the  mountains  on  either  side  of  us, 
where  wo  can  find  lovely  places  to  make 
a  camp  and  spend  a  week  or  mouth  de- 
lightfully. There  is  nothing  we  enjoy 
better,  and  I  think  all  families  who  can 
ought  to  give  themselves  this  treat  at 
least  once  a  year. 

San  Jose,  August,  1S70. 


^ono  aud  ttivb. 


CAMPING  OUT. 


•  BY  BnsY  BEE. 


Dear  mothers  and  house-keepers,  did 
you  ever  go  camping?  Those  who  never 
have,  know  nothing  of  its  attractions; 
and  those  who  have,  will  agree  with  me 
I  am  sure,  in  saying  it  is  splendid.  Just 
take  your  little  children,  and  a  tent  and 
all  the  requisites  of  a  camping  expedi- 
tion, and  go  somewhere  every  summer. 
It  does  not  matter  much  where.  Eight 
here  in  our  own  mountains  I  have  spent 
many  happy  days  with  my  family  camp- 
ing. And  howwe  do  all  enjoy  it,  and 
how  good  we  all  feel,  and  what  appetites 
we  all  have  I  I  know  there  are  many 
who  cannot  go,  and  a  great  many  who 
think  they  cannot  who  might  if  they 
would,  or  "really  realized  the  benefit  they 
might  derive  from  a  trip  to  the  moun- 
tains of  a  few  days.  I  know  it  is  not  al- 
ways easy  for  us  to  go,  there  are  so 
many  little  things  to  see  to  on  a  place. 
But  we  manage  to  go  and  take  the  chil- 
dren once  during  the  summer,  and  often- 
tr  if  possible.  It  is  not  necessary  to  go 
to  the  coast,  where  it  costs  more  or  less. 


Farmers'  Boys. 

BY    1.     B, 

Out  in  every  tempest, 

Out  in  every  yale, 
liulTeting  the  weather, 

Wiud,  bturm  nnd  hull. 
In  the  nicBciow  muwiii^ 

Where  the  old  oak  hlood; 
Every  flitting  moment 

Kaeh  Hkilltul  hand  employs — 
BleH8  inel  were  there  ever 

Idle  farmers*  hoys? 

Though  the  palm  bo  calluiiH, 

lluUlin^  fHHt  the  plow, 
The  round  cheek  is  ruddy, 

And  the  open  brow 
Has  no  lines  or  fttrrows 

Wrought  by  evil  hours. 
For  the  heart  ke-'ps  wholosome. 

Trained  In  Nature's  buwefft; 
Healthy,  hearty  pastime, 

The  spirit  never  cloys; 
Heaven  bh'ss  the  manly. 

Honest  farmers'  boysl 

At  the  merry  husking. 

At  the  apple-bee. 
How  their  hearts  run  over 

Witn  Kenial.  harmless  glee!  | 

How  the  country  maidens 

Blush  with  cousi-ious  bliss, 
At  the  love-words  whispered 

With  a  purtiiig  kiss! 
When  tlic  wintix  evenings, 

With  their  social  joys- 
Bless  me!  they  are  pleasant. 

Spent  with  Farmers'  boys. 

OUR    CORNER. 

CVVi'^ELL,    children,     another    month 
'tM  finds   us  here  again,  as  new  and 
rVy   fresh  as  ever.     There  is  one  good 
\!k^  thing  abont  the  Aorioultuuist,  it 
y^  is  always  new  until  the  next  num- 
ber comes  out.      It  is   not  like  a  daily 
paper,  nor  like  a  mushroom  to  grow  up 
and  get  old  all   in  the   same  day.      It  is 
good  for  a  whole  month,  and   then  good 
to  file  away   to  be  bound  into  a   book  at 
the  end  of   a  year   to   be   new    until  the 
next  volume  is  fresk   bound.     And  after 
my  little  nephews   and   nieces   grow  up, 
what  will   afford  more    real    enjoyment 
than  to  look  over  the  old  letters  they  arc 
now   writing  to    the    AcEictJi-TUEisT,  if 
they  but  preserve  the  numbers  in  bind- 
ing? 

Another  summer  has  flown,  ai\d  now 
comes  autumn.  As  the  weather  grows 
milder  after  the  summer  heat,  how  re- 
freshing the  air,  and  how  grateful  to  the 
palate  the  luscious  fruits!  The  vegeta- 
tion  which   has  kept   green   during  the 

I  summer  always  takfs  a  new  start  at  this 
season,  and  grows  again  as  spring-like  as 
possible.  You  will  notice  the  pumpkin 
and  melon  vines  showing  this  new- 
growth  very  plainly.     Everything  fresh- 

[  ens  up   by  the  cooler  days  and  damper 

;  nights. 

Now  is  a  good  time  to  start  cuttings  of 
flowers  and  plants,  aud  to  plant  seeds  of 
perenni.al  plants  and  flowers,  so  the 
plants  will  bloom  next  summer.  Ask 
your  papas  aud  mammas  to  show  you 
how  to  do  it,  anil  how  to  take  care  of 
them. 

THE  GAME  OF  DIXIE. 

Mary  C.  wants  to  know  what  games 
.\unt  Polly  used  to  pl.iy  when  a  child. 
Well,  very  much  such  as   yon  now  play. 


I  will  tell  you  one  that  used  to  amuse  us  ' 
a  good  deal.  It  is  an  active  game  aud 
takes  spry  children  to  excel  at  it.  It  is 
called  "Dixie's  Land,"  and  I  do  not  see 
children  playing  it  now.  You  mark  oft' 
a  piece  of  ground  twelve  to  twenty  feet 
across  which  is  called  "Dixie's  laud," 
and  on  either  side  are  places  marked  oft" 
called  "base."  One  is  appointed  to  be 
Dixie,  and  is  his  or  her  duty  to  guard 
Dixie's  land  from  intrusion.  The  game 
is  to  run  across  Dixie's  laud  without  be- 
ing caught  by  Dixie  before  reaching  base. 
When  over  a  dozen  were  playing  at  one 
time  we  used  to  have  two  Dixies  and  lots 
of  fun.  The  one  caught  must  be  Dixie 
until  he  or  she  catches  another,  who  in 
turn  is  Dixie. 

And  now  for  our  letters: 

MiLPn-As,  August,  1876. 

Dear  Aunt  I'olly:  I  have  tried  to  make 
out  the  puzzles.  Although  I  had  some 
one  to  help  me  at  first,  I  though  them 
very  hard,  yet  after  I  studied  them  they 
came  very  easy.  The  answer  to  Daisy 
Glock's  is  "Animal;"  to  L.  W.,  "Boy;" 
to  the  rebus,  "Love  me  little,  love  me 
long."  I  found  five  trees  aud  flowers — 
elm,  pansy,  sweet-pea,  sycamore  and  ce- 
dar. The  answer  to  Mary  Clark's  rebus 
s,  "Open  your  mouth  and  shut  your 
eyes  aud  I  will  give  you  something  to 
made  you  wise."  The  answer  to  Daisy's 
last  puzzle  is  "Lazy,"  and  to  the  word- 
puzzle,  "Hyacinth." 

Here  are  two  new  puzzles: 

I  am  composed  of  five  syllables. 
5Iy  first  syllable  is   an  abbreviation  of  a 

girl's  name. 
My  second  is  a  kind  of  grain. 
My  third  is  to  pick. 
My  fourth  is  a  number. 
My  fifth  is  a  part  of  the  body. 
My  whole  is   a  welcome  visitor  to  many 

families. 

Take  o  from  a  city  in  Nevada  and  leave 
an  animal.  Take  v  from  a  city  in  France 
aud  leave  an  animal.  Take  a  from  a 
city  in  Norway  and  leave  what  we  all 
should  be.  Your  Niece, 

Tu-LIE. 

LivEKMOKE,  August,  1876. 

Dear  Aunt  Polly:  I  have  not  forgotten 
you,  and  never  will.  I  go  six  miles  to 
school  every  day  in  a  buggy.  I  study 
reading,  arithmetic,  grammar,  spelling 
and  geography.  We  do  not  know  many 
games  to  play.  I  wish  you  would  please 
tell  me  soiue  that  you  played  when  you 
were  a  little  girl.  I  think  Jliss  Otter- 
soa's  little  children  must  have  a  nice 
time  riding  in  the  morning  and  in  the 
evening.  I  like  to  ride  horseback  better 
than  in  a  buggy.  At  school  my  cousin 
and  I,  and  some  other  Uttlo  girls,  ride 
the  horses  to  water,  nearly  half  a  mile. 
We  have  splendid  fun  that  way.  Last 
Friday,  as  some  other  girls  and  I  were 
loping  along,  suddenly  one  of  the  horses 
which  had  two  girls  on  began  to  trot  real 
hard.  The  smaller  girl  sjiid,  "I'll  fall!" 
and  before  she  knew  it  she  fell  oflf  and 
pulled  the  other  girl  oft",  too.  Oh!  how 
we  did  laugh!  For  they  were  not  hurt, 
aud  jumped  up  laughing.  Then  they 
mounted  again,  and  away  we  went. 

I  send  a  diamond  puzzle.     Here  it  is: 
1,  a  consonant;  2,  to  hasten;  3,  a  tract  of 
land ;  4,  an  animal ;  5,  a  consonant. 
Your  Niece,  Maby  C. 

Mary  and  her  brother  Tommy  also 
send  answers  to  Daisy's  puzzle,  to  the 
word-puzzle  and  the  word-rebus.  Tom- 
my also  sends  an  enigma.     Here  it  is: 

I  am  composed  of  63  letters. 
Mv  31,  40,  15,  56  is  a  headland. 
My  38,  26,  20,  62,  28,  17,  19,  51,  58,  3'.t 

is  an  animal. 
My  9,  61,  '25,  55,  48,  11  is  wealth. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


My 
My 

My 
My 
My 
My 
My 
My 
My 
My 
My 
My 


40,  53,  50,  46,  14  is  to  astonish. 
a,  34,  50,  47,  37,  57,   54,  10,  52,  7  is 
throwing  back. 

3,  59,  30,13  is  a  girl's  name. 
44,  41,  12,  IG,  8  is  to  unfasten. 

53,  1,  2,  27,  23  is  a  part  of  the  body. 
43,  5,  21,  42  is  a  bodj'  of  water. 
20,  52,  58,  54  is  a  part  of   the  body. 
22,  24,  49,  18  is  to  desire. 
33,  56.  CO,  63  is  inferior. 
32,  30,  42  is  performed. 

4,  48,  15,  35  is  a  coin, 
whole  is  very  interesting. 


CoxcoED,  August,  187C. 

Dkak  Aghicltudeist:  My  boy  Kichard 
desires  me  to  write  a  few  lines  to  you  as 
he  feels  some  delicacy  in  writing  to  a 
newspaper  editor.  He  has  had  no  prac- 
tice in  writing  letters.  He  incloses  the 
amount  of  his  subscription,  and  wishes 
to  say  he  has  not  sent  it  before  on  ac- 
count of  "scarcity  of  money."  All  the 
family,  consisting  of  four  girls  and  two 
boys,  are  delighted  with  your  paper,  and 
are  receiving  much  pleasure  and  profit 
from  its  perusal,  as  do  I  also.  When 
wo  get  a  little  leisure,  will  give  j-ou  a 
few  items  from  this  county. 

Yours,  respectfully,      F.  W.  Lewis. 

Aunt  Polly  persuaded  the  Editor  to 
let  her  put  this  in  the  "Corner."  Kich- 
ard need  not  be  afraid  of  editors.  They 
are  no  bigger  not  better  than  other  peo- 
ple. The  Agkiculturist  editor  used  to 
be  a  farmer's  boy,  and  did  the  chores  in 
ragged,  dirty  clothes  with  bare  feet,  like 
any  other  urchin.  He  would  only  feel 
proud  now  to  have  the  little  boys  notice 
him  enough  to  write  to  him.  But  Aunt 
I'olly  wants  llichard,  and  all  other  good 
boys  and  girls,  to  write  to  her.  Surely 
they  are  not,  any  of  them,  afraid  of  their 
dear  Aunt  Polly,  who  loves  them  so 
much.  Little  boys  and  girls  are  what 
men  and  women  are  made  of.  Be  good, 
and  you  will  make  good  men  and 
women. 

A  HIDDEN   PROVERB. 

A   proverb   is  buried  in    these  lines — 
one  word  in  each  line: 
I  rose  one  morn  and  said  to  John, 
"My  man,  just  put  the  sadtUe  on 
My  horse,  that  I  may  take  a  ride; 
Just  lead  him  to  the  other  side 
Of  the  house;  I  would  a  journey  go. 
If  my  good  horse  w.ll  take  me;  so 
He's  bad  enough,  I  hope,  to  eat, 
And  water,  too,  to  drink. 

"  'Tis  but  a  journey  short  I  take, 
Ten  miles,  not  more,  I  think. 
I  wish  to  see  the  men  who  say 
They  cannot  come  to  make  the  hay ; 
So  now  make  haste,  I  must  away; 
Come   and   lead   him  out,  John,  if   you 

think 
He's  had  enough  to  eat  and  drink." 

CONUNDRDMS. 

Why  is  an  over-worked  horse  like  an 
umbrella?     It's  used  up. 

Which  is  the  worst  place  for  a  rum- 
hole?    A  man's  face. 

What  is  the  best  motive  for  riding  a 
man  on  a  rail?    A  locomotive. 


ONLY  A  PEBBLE. 

BY  D.  G.  INGRAHAM. 

"It  was  only  a  jiititul  jiebble  after  all," 
said  Johnnie,  as,  sealing  himself  on  the 
doorstep,  ho  untied  his  shoe  and  shook 
out  the  cause  of  his  frequent  impatient 
exclamations  during  our  afternoon  walk. 
"Yes,  Johnny,"  I  said  to  myself,  as  I 
sat  in  the  easy  chair  in  my  study;  "the 
poor,  despised  pebble!  Mankind  have 
,  worshi]ied  the  nioinitain  at  whoso  foot  it 
lay;  art  has  transformed  the  marble  block 
into  images  of  the  great  among  men;  the 


diamond  washed  to  the  surface  by  the 
streamlet  has  been  polished  and  set  in 
the  crowns  of  royalty — but  here  lies  the 
pebble,  their  'poor  relation,'  unnoticed 
and  unknown." 

Did  you  ever  think  how  important  a 
part  the  pebble  has  played  in  the  great 
drama  of  the  earth's  development?  Poor, 
insignificant  little  fellow — so  we  think 
him — despised  even  by  a  scratching  heu! 
But,  however  humble  his  present  posi- 
tion, his  tribe  has  received  high  honors 
in  its  day,  and  has  a  record  it  need  not 
blush  for. 

The  pebble  descended  from  the  kingly 
race  of  rocks.  Long  ages  since — we  know- 
not  how  long  ago,  for  history  records 
only  the  deeds  of  perishing  men — a  no- 
ble rock  lay  firmly  grounded  near  the 
summit  of  a  lofty  mountain.  So  high 
was  his  head  above  the  green  valleys  be- 
low, that  it  was  white  with  ever-renewed 
snows.  One  morning  Monseigneur 
Granit  was  rudely  awakened  and  pitched 
from  his  majestic  couch  by  an  earth- 
quake. He  felt  himself  sliding  and  roll- 
ing down  over  icy  cliffs  and  dizzy  hights 
each  moment  faster  and  faster.  At  the 
foot  of  the  mountain  he  struck  with  a 
stunning  thud  against  a  brother  rock, 
and  was  shivered  into  a  thousand  pieces, 
from  the  size  of  a  meeting-house  to  that 
of  a  hazelnut.  The  swollen  torrent  of 
the  river  upon  whose  bank  the  fragments 
had  been  cast  soon  began  rudely  and  un- 
ceremoniously pushing  and  rolling  his 
lesser  fragments  down  stream.  As  they 
rattle  against  one  another  their  sharp 
corners  are  worn  off  and  their  sides  pol- 
ished by  the  constant  abrasion.  They 
journey  on  for  miles,  sometimes  stop- 
ping for  long  rests  of  centuries  in  the 
mud  and  sand,  only  to  be  aroused  and 
hurried  forward  by  the  restless  waters. 
They  sometimes  overtake  others  of  the 
same  race  and  kindred,  but  of  different 
colors  and  complexions.  Some  are  white 
and  nearly  transparent,  others  are  gi-een, 
or  purple,  or  blue,  and  of  every  shade 
and  hue  imaginable.  All  smoothed  and 
rounded  and  polished  by  their  long  jour- 
ney and  rude  jostling.  They  pass  huge 
bowlders  of  granite  so  heavy  that  the 
flood  cannot  move  them;  they  are  them- 
selves beaten  in  the  oceanward  race  by 
sparkling  grains  of  sand;  they  mingle 
with  fragments  of  shale  and  flakes  of 
mica  that  are  making  the  same  journej' 
in  obedience  to  the  same  power. 

But  they  all  claim  descent  from  the 
royal  family  of  rocks,  that  stout-hearted 
race  that  fire  and  flood  could  never  con- 
quer in  the  earl  j' days  of  Mother  Earth; 
and  now  here  they  lie  before  ns  on  the 
beach,  the  lashing  waves  washing  their 
faces  into  renewed  cheerfulness  and  beau- 
ty .at  every  surge. 

But  do  you  ask  what  has  a  pebble  ever 
done?  Lilce  many  other  equally  obscure 
individuals,  the  pebble  has  had  a  duty  to 
discharge,  and  nobly  has  ho  done  it. 
Could  he  speak  he  might  say,  "War  has 
carried  me  into  slavery  and  sent  me  on 
messages  of  pain  and  death.  Ages  be- 
fore the  needle-gun  and  jnitniiUnis,  be- 
fore even  the  spear  and  cross-bow,  your 
rude  and  barbarous  ancestors  threw  me 
from  the  sling.  Strong  men  have 
groaned  in  the  hour  of  buttle  when  I 
have  struck  them.  The  "smooth  stones" 
which  brave  little  David  chose  to  kill 
Goliath  with,  were  my  cousins;  kings 
and  mighty  men  have  I  slain,  thrown 
from  a  sling.  I  might  say  I  have  con- 
quered a  world.  But  peace  has  claimed 
me,  too,  and  science  and  commerce  are 
my  debtors.  The  lens,  whose  strong 
arm  has  rift  the  heavens  above  you,  is 
my  brother.  The  nebula,  the  stellar 
cosmos,  the  fiery  comet  that  frightened 
your  forefathers  have  become  familiar 
friends  by  the  meditation  of  our  family. 


Mt.  Cenis  yielded  to  my  keen  edge  and 
your  persistence. 

"My  humbler  brothers,  too,  have 
helped  in  other  ways.  I  have  been  car- 
ried thousands  of  miles  holding  steady 
the  keel  of  the  vessel  and  making  her 
obey  the  helm.  For  miles  around  the 
city  of  New  Orleans,  where  the  great 
Father  of  Waters  drags  sluggishly  along 
over  sand  and  mud,  you  cannot  find  a 
pebble — not  one.  Y'et  as  you  ride  in 
carriage  or  omnibus  along  the  street  you 
are  surprised  and  annoyed  at  the  con- 
stant thump,  thump,  over  the  rough 
pavement  of  cobble-stones.  We  came 
from  the  "Granite  State"  and  the  'Old 
Bay  State,'  holding  steady  the  empty 
schooner  which  was  to  carry  back  the 
bulging  cotton  bales. 

"And  now,  lastly,  let  me  tell  you  how 
one  of  our  race  found  his  way  into  lite- 
rature, and  if  he  did  not  find  a  tongue 
himself,  saved  an  eloquent  one  from  ob- 
scurity. Long  years  ago  a  young  orator 
of  Greece  sauntered  down  to  the  sea 
shore  to  declaim  his  speech,  that  his 
voice  might  gain  power  and  depth  amid 
the  thunder  of  the  lashing  waves.  The 
barrier  to  his  success  had  ever  been  a 
lisi^ing  tongue.  A  little  pebble  glisten- 
ing in  the  sunbeam  as  the  waters  retired 
attracts  his  eye.  He  raises  the  tiny 
rock  and  places  it  in  his  mouth.  It  is 
but  the  pastime  of  an  unthinking  child, 
but  speaking  with  the  pebble  in  his 
mouth  he  finds  his  impediment  removed. 
Tue  tongue  so  eloquent  lisps  no  longer. 
The  last  defect  of  nature  is  supjilied.and 
Demosthenes  is  saved  to  the  centuries  by 
a  pebble!" 

Table  of  Contents, 

PAGE 

Bovs  ana  Girh.— Farmers'    Boys     (Poetry). 

*OnrCorner.     *Only  a   Pebble  141-'2 

City  Oardening. — tSuasoiin.blti  Hiufs.    fXho 

Lawn,     Lii'wu  Mower  (illustration) 129 

Dairy.— Plain  Words  about   Milking.    Sour 

Milk    Cheese.     Profitable    Coth's.     Rules 

fijr   Milking.       Cheese    Poisoning.       Bq 

Kind  to  Your  Cow 13G 

Dcmestic. — Seasonable  Recipes.    Huusehold 

Pests 131-2 

Educiticnal— *Education  and  Labor.    Plain 

Talk  to  Farmers 132 

Editorial  ITotea. 130 

Tho  Horso. — tBest  Breed  of  Hor.ses.  Intro- 
ductiun  uf  Thoroughbreds  iu  Califoruia. 
Nailiug  on  the  Shoe 137 

Hygienic. — Toothache  (Poetry) .  *Care  of 
the  Teeth.  *Keep  Food  in  a  Clean  Place. 
♦Lessons  Taught  by  SulTeriug.  How  to 
Rescue  a  Drowning  Pt-rson.  To  Save  the 
Drowning.  Eating  Fruit  Skins.  Reme- 
dy for  Warts.  A  Child's  Bed.  Earache. 
Presurvation  of  the  Teeth,  Care  of  the 
Hair.  To  Avoid  Sleeplessness.  To  lie- 
move  Freckks  < 138-8 

Household  Eeading.— *Dotting6  and  Jottings. 
*Iutlneiice.  "Apologizing.  *Stray  Gem 
from  Cupid's  Court.  ♦Up-Gountry  Let- 
ters No.  8.    *Campiug  Out 140-1 

Miscollanocus . — Earliest  Bank  of  History.  .        138 

The  Farmers  Loaning  Wheat i;J5 

*Bctter  Financial  System  Nei;ded i;iO 

Porcino.— How  to  Breed  Pigs 137 

Poetry— Tom's  Come  Homo.  To  a  Grass- 
hopper. A  Hundred  Years  Ago.  Slow 
and  Sure 131 

Sheep  aad  Goats.— Angora  Goats  and  Mohair 
— Criticisms  Answered.  Impri*vt-d  Breeds 
ot'Sheep 133 

Stock  Breeder.  — tAgricuUural  Fairs.  Buf- 
falo Bunee.  Animal  Parasites.  Whihtl- 
iug  Meu  Are  liiiid  to  Animals.  Culurado 
Stock  Ranges.  International  Live  Stock 
Exhibition.  Holstein  Cattle.  Weight 
of  Live   Stock 134-5 

Womea.—  Lo>c.       Cleopatra,  the    <iiueeu    of 

Beauty 138 

*  Contributed,     f  Editorial. 


rW  Keador,  the  i)ersoiis  who  luJvortise 
in  this  journal  are  euterprisiug  buaiiieHH 
men  and  wonion  who  havo  something 
thoy  know  you  want,  ami  in  a  businesB 
way  they  seek  this  mngazine  as  a  metli- 
nm  to  put  it  before  yon.     Tr>  thorn. 


BUSINESS 

COLLEGE, 

No.  24  Post  Street 

Sun   rratuiw.  Cal. 

DESIGNED  TO  IMPART  A  THOROUGH 
English  Education,  a  Complete  Business 
Training,  and  practical  instruetion  in  Modern 
Languages,  Drawing.  Telegraphy,  etc.  It  gives 
to  Pupils  such  a  Basiness  Kducation  as  has 
made  them  in  demand  in  the  mercantile  com- 
munity, during  the  past  thirteen  years,  for  com- 
mercial positions.  In  addition,  students  receivr 
a  Tliorongli  General  Training,  whi'Ii 
fits  them  for  their  duties  as  citizens  and  useful 
members  of  society.  Every  yoxmg  man  should 
endeavor  to  secure  a  course  of  training  at  tlli^ 
School,  ■whose  coiirse  of  instmction  is  valuabi" 
to  all  classes.  If  farmers  would  have  their  POIl^ 
successful  on  the  farm,  they  should  send  theiu 
to  this  ]>Iodel  College  of  the  Pacific, 
where  they  may  be  thoroughly  educated  in  busi- 
ness affairs,  as  well  as  in  the  English  branches. 
The  thorough  discipline  of  this  School,  and  itK 
careful  training  iu  correct  business  habits,  ava 
the  greatest  aid  to  futiu"e  success  in  any  calling. 
Pupils  may  enter  at  any  time,  as  each  receives 
individual  instruction.  Length  of  time  required 
for  finishing  the  course  is  about  six  months. 
Full  particulars  regarding  Course  of  Study, 
Terms,  etc.,  may  be  had  by  addressing 

E.  P.  HEALD. 
Preet.  Business  College,  San  Framisco. 

RUPTURE! 

Use    no    more  Metalie  Trnsses  .' 

IXo  more  suffering  from  Iron  Hoops  ori 
fSteel  Springs!    Our    MAGNETIC  ELAS- 
JTIO  TRUSS  is  worn  with  ease  and  eom-j 
/fort,  Night  and   Day,  and  will,  and    has./ 
^performed  radical  cures  when  all  otherFj 
[have  failed.     Reader,  if  you  are  rupturedf 
jftry  one  of  our  Comfortable  Elastic   Ai>. 
rpliances.    You  will  never  regret  it. 
fj^  Examinations  Free. 
MAGNETIC  ELASTIC  TRUSS  CO  , 
C09  Sacramento  street,  S.  F. 


F. 


W.     WOLLF'S 


SEWING   MACHINE   AGENCY, 

I>oisie.stic,    Xe^v    AVilson,     Remington, 

and  A'ictox*  Sewing  Mactiines. 


— ALSO — 


WoUfs    Shirt     Manufactory, 

TO  ;;-3l  SECOND  STREET, 

One  door  from  room  lately  occupied,  directly 
opposite  Fountain    street,  San  Joso. 


MORTON    HOUSE, 

(Formerly  ORLEANS  HOTEL,) 

Post  st,  above  Kearny,  San  Francisco 

ruonuKTOR, 

Formerly  of    the  Big  Trees,  Calaver.is  County; 

Pacific  Congress  Springs,  Santa  Clara 

(\umtj^aiM  biteof  yis.-ili;t 

74  Acres  B.ich  Valley  Ziand, 

situated  between  Swuta  Clara  and  Alviso,  near 
Narrow  Gauge  R.  K.  Excellent  laud  for  Grain. 
Hay  and  Fruits, esperijilly  Strawberries.  Large, 
(lowing  Ait(si:iii  Wtii  on  the  pn.-miscs.  Apply  to 
CARY  rKFlJI.KS.  owner.  Santa  Clara. 


The  Bergstrom    Neenah  Plows, 

Millie  expressly  iov  ('jilifernin.  will  l»o  exhibited 
at  tlie  Siinta  Chira  ^'allev  .\yrienltural  Kair  bv 
Mr.  OHUUi.  liKHfiSTKOM.Biilo  Ajjent  for  flu) 
Pueilic  (3uast  for  Bergstrum'B  lietnah  I'low 
WorkH,  at  Neenali,  Wibeonsin. 

try  A.  AValdtenfel  liiis  I'stabliKlKMl 
himself  iu  his  iiiio  new  rooms.  There  is 
no  store  iu  Sau  Jose  thateau  comiiare  to 
his  in  si/.e  and  elaborate  a))]ioinlm('iits. 
His  immonso  stoclc  of  new  books,  music 
and  musical  iustrumculs  is  truly  a  won-  j, 
der  to  examiue. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


JW.  COOK, 
•  Dealer  in 

DRY  GOODS, 

Wilcox  Block,  -100  First  street,  San  Jubo. 


•  SAN   JOSE,  ' 

WILCOX  ^WILLIAMS. 

HXTe  are  Retailing  Gloves  of  our 
own  make  at  Sastern  prices. 


Ladies'  and  Goutlemeu's  Gloves  and 
Gauntlets  of  every  description,  made  of 
best  material,  and  iu  best  manner,  and 
every  pair  fulbj  warranlal  ! 


Bf^  Don't  fail  to  call   and  examine  oTir  work 
and  prices. 

STORE  AND    FACTORY  I 

Santa  Clara    Street,  opposite   Auzerais  Iluuso, 
San  Jose 


SAN  JOSE 


\mmmi  mi  i  mm  eo 

ST.    JOUN    STREET, 
Between  Market  and  First,  San  Joee. 


T,  J.  GILLESPIE President  and  Superinten't 

J.  W.  LOWKY Secretary 

A.  C.  STODDARD Treasurer 


Tyler  Beach, 
C.  C.  Cook, 
A.  C.  Stoddard, 


8 .  F.  Henderson, 
T.  J.  Gillespie, 
J.  \V.  Lowry. 


THIS  Compauy  is  now  prepared  to  furnish 
Building  Lumber  of  all  kinds  and  iu  tpian- 
tities  to  suit  purchasers,  on  short  notice.  Also 
manufacture  and  keep  on  hand  all  kinds  of 
Mouldings,  Brackets,  etc.,  and  to  do  Mill  Work 
of  all  descriptions.  As  we  are  not  connected 
with  any  ring  or  combination,  we  are  at  liberty 
to  make  prices  to  suit  our  customers.  Give  us  a 
call,  aa  we  are  determined  by  fair  and  honorable 
dealing  to  merit  a  share  of  public  patronage. 


r^2i©^ 


^^^^ 'rORTHE  HOUSE     / 
The  Autumn  No.  of  Vick's  Floral 

Guide,  containiut?  descriptions  of  Hyacinths, 
Tulips,  Lilies  and  all  Bulbs  and  Seeds  for  Fall 
Planting  iu  the  Garden,  and  for  Winter  Flowers 
in  the  House — just  publislied  andscut  free  to  all. 
Address, 

JAS.  VICK.  Rochester,  N.Y. 

"Wiieat     ^>;^arLted !  I 


Bust  Up   the    Monopoly   Eing  ! 

XOgOOO  tons  of   wheat  wanted  iu    ex- 
change  for   Goods  and  Clothing  at 
T.  W.  SPRING'S,  corner  Santa 
Clara  and  Market  streets, 
Sau  Jose. 


t^  Immense     Stock    of    Goods    at  "^ 

B-»^  Lower   Prices  tlinii  ever   "V^ 

ft^  before    offerefl    in    "^i31 

Itr  Cnliforiiiu.  "Sid 


THE    COENER    CASH   STORE, 

IMPOItTKIiS  IN 

Dry  and  Fancy  Goodie,  Gents^  Fnrnisli- 

ing  Goods,  Clothing,  Hats.  Trunks  and  Satchels. 

C^We  make  a  Specialty  of  Boys'  Clothing. 
:i01  and    303,   coruer  INIarket  and  Santa   Clara 
streets,  San  Jose,  Cul.  Be3t 


FAR  WISI    FARMS! 

FOR  SALE. 


1  CA.  Acres,  Seven  Dlileg  West  of  City 

lO'X    of  San  .lose,  mostly  valley,  very  cheap. 
Fair  House,  at  SG,500. 


40 


.\freR,  Two  and  a  Ilulf  Miles  AVest, 

rich  valley  land,  at  880  per  aero. 


r^  Acres,  on   the  Alniuden  Road,  Six 

wU  miles  out,  House,  Barn,  etc.;  a  pretty  place 
fur  $5,000. 


0^0  Acres,  Near  Cinnnbar    Hotel,    on 

^uO  Almaden  Road,  six  and  n  lialf  miles  out; 
a  Big  Bargain  fur  $1^,000;  lias  a  Fine  Grove 
of  Timber,  House,  Barn,  Wind-mill,  Viueyard, 
etc.;  all  valley  land  but  00  acres.  Terms— One- 
half  cash;  balance  in  three  years  at  8  per  cent, 
per  annum. 


1  077-100  Acres— ClxerrylVule,  2}<  miles 

Xw  from  San  Jose,  iu  the  Willows.  The  best 
Cherry  Orchard  in  California.  rJ3U  cherry  trees, 
ODO  Bruno,  and  variety  of  Peach,  I'ear,  Apricut, 
etc.  Also,  2UIK)  Grape  Vines  ft)ur  years  old.  Two 
Wells  with  7-inch  pumps.  Hurse-power,  Steam 
Engine  for  lifting  water,  32(i0  ftM_-t  IJnder-groEnd 
Water  Pii)o  for  irrigating.  Plain  House.  t)rch- 
ard  fenced,  and  shetered  with  Lombardy  Poplars. 
Very  complete  place,  and  A  BAKGAIN  at 
S13,  500.  Terms— $7 .UOO  cash;  balance  on  time 
at  10  per  cent,  annually. 


001*    Acres,     Xenr    Washinjjton   Cor- 

U>Jdi'Z  ners,  Alameda  coimty,  l'>  miles  from 
San  Jose,  one  mile  from  Depot;  all  valley  land; 
House,  two  Barns,  large  Dairy  House,  Granary, 
Wind-mill.  Tank,  three  acres  of  Excellent  Orch- 
ard, is  a  first-class  place,  at   $*M)    per  acre,  part 

JAIVEES    A.  CLAVTOSr, 

je  Real  Estate  Agent,  290  Santa  Clara  St. 


I\.      J.      TRUMBULL, 

Grower,  Importer,  Wholesale  aud 
Retail  Dealer  in 

VKGETABLE, 


FLOWER, 


FIELD, 


111  TREE 


SEEDS. 

FLO\YEl'.IXG  Bl'LBS  and  I'LANTS, 

FUl  11'  iiiid  uliXAMI  N'r.U,  TREES, 

CtARDen  hardware,  etc. 

On  band,  a  Large  Stock  of 

BUB-B.    CXiOVJQR    SEED, 

For  sowing  on  Worn-out  Pasture  I>ands. 


Manufacturer's  Agent  for  the  Celebrated 

Central    Park     Lawn    Mower, 

Which  is  superior  to  any  other  ou  the 
Pacific  Coast. 


*^*  My  Bulb  Catalogue  will  be  out  in  Septem- 
ber, and  Sent  anywhere  on  applic:itiou. 

R.  J.  TRUMBALL, 
•110  and  4'2l  Sansome  St..  Siiu  Francisco. 


LOUIS  CHOPARD, 

J  E  W  E  L  L  K  K, 

And  Dealer  in 

SPKCTACI.ES   AND  CUTLKRY, 

At  Lowest  Figures. 

Ijgi_  Watelies  and  Jewelry  Carefully  Repaired. 
.Auzerais  House  Block,  San  Jose. 

Gilham's  Green  Ointment, 

For  all  external  diseases  of  the  Uorse,  has  no 
equal.  For  sale  by  Traders,  Druggists,  Harness- 
makers,  and  Main  &  Wiiicliesler,  iH  ami 
216  Battery  street,  San  Framisco. 


J.  C.  BLAND  8,  CO., 
Real    Estate    Agents 

GENERAL   AUCTIONEERS, 

312  Market  St.,  San  Jose, 

HAVE  FOR  flALE.  IN  SANTA  CLARA  AND 
adjcjiniut*  Counties,  a  verj'  fine  list  of  Grain 
and  Stuck  Farms,  Improved  and  unimproved,  in 
in  tracts  from  10  aires  to  10,000.  which  they  offer 
upon  easy  ternjH  and  at  low  ijrices;  also,  a  lar^e 
list  of  Business  and  Residence  prnjierty  In  Santa 
Clara  and  San  Jose.  Wo  append  a  partial  list. 
HaviuL'  resided  in  this  county  for  'IG  years,  and 
beiuf;  thoroughly  post*Hl  as  rc-gards  Real  K^tate 
ValueH,  wo  reHi>ectfnlly  solicit  all  iu  search  of 
Homes,  Stoak,  or  bufelness  of  any  kind  to  give  ue 
a  call. 


XO    Acres   near  the    town  of    Santa 
Clara,  with  fine  House  and  Out-buildiDfin,  good 

Orchard,  Ornamental  Trees,  etc.    Price,  $10,000. 


20  Acres  of  Unimproved  Land  in  the 
Willows,  being  part  of  the  Lupton  Estate.  Price 
$:i,0()0. 


80  Acres,  under  fence,  all  in  cultiva- 
tion; has  a  House  of  4  rooms.  Barn  and  Stable- 
room  for  15  horaes.  good  Well,  splendid  water. 
Also,  52  acres  adjoining,  with  Redwoo<i  House, 
Barn,  etc.,  good  Well;  all  under  cultivation. 
Price,  $55  per  acre. 


2X  Acres  of  fine  laud,  3  miles  from 
San  Joso,  east  of  Coyote,  well  enclosed,  good 
.\doI)e  House,  Large  Bam,  etc.    Price,  $1,000. 


38  Acres  of  fine  land,  2  miles  south 

of  San  Jose,  lyinR  between  the  Monterey  Road 
and  the  Coyote  Creek.  The  aoil  is  imsurpassed, 
and  the  location  beautiful.  Wilt  bo  sold  afi  a 
whole,  or  in  three  subdivisions;  2"i  acres  front- 
ing on  Coyote,  at  $'2*.I5  per  acre;  8  acres  between 
the  two  residence  lots,  at  $.i00  per  acre  ;  M  acres 
including  the  fine  improvements  for  $j,000. 


60  Acres   of    as  fine  land  as  can  be 

found  in  the  county,  with  flno  improvement. 
Will  sell  low  if  called  for  within  next  IK)  days; 
must  be  sold  in  that  time.  Situate  ono  mile 
from  Lawrence  Station,  S.  P.  R.  R. 


18  Acres  fine  Vegetable  Land,  3  miles 
southeast  of  San  Jose,  on  east  side  of  Tully 
Road;  has  a  Dwelling  of  6  rooms  (two-story 
house) ;  Barn,  etc.;  Orchard  and  Vineyard  of  5 
acres;  Cows,  W*agonp.  Farming  Implements,  etc. 
Price  of  wlude.  :f4,5O0. 


1|000  Acres  of  fine  Grain  aud  Fruit 
Land,  located  near  Los  Gatos;  will  be  sold  in 
tracts  to  suit  at  from  40  to  1000  acres.  Terms 
easy;  prices  low:  must  bo  sold  within  90  days. 


76  Acres  rolling  land  8  miles  west  of 
Sau  Jose,  adjoining  Reynolds'  farm.  Small 
house  of  5  rooms;  nice  running  stream  of  water; 
well  fenced;  vrith  plenty  of  wood  on  the  prem- 
ises.   Price,  $2,800. 


108    Acres    land  on   San  Jo^e   and 

Santa  Cruz  road,  near  Los  Gatos.  5  miles  from 
San  Jose;  excelleut  land,  and  will  produce  any- 
thing; improvements  consist  of  a  dwelling  which 
coat  $2,000,  a  good  barn,  also  orchajd  and  vine- 
yard; good  well,  wind  mill  and  large  tank. 
Terms,  H  cash;  balance  on  time.  Price,  $05  per 
acre. 


88  Acres  fine  land  G  miles  west  of 
San  Jose,  near  I..awrence Station;  wellimproved. 
Price,  $100  per  acre,  on  reasonable  terms. 


290  Acres  5  miles  west  of  Gilroy; 
3ii  acres  vineyard:  10  acres  orchani,  all  kinds  of 
fruits;  3  living  streams  of  water;  all  under  fence; 
has  a  good  house,  bai-n  and  other  out-buildiugs; 
wine  cellars.    Terms  easy.    Price,  $10,000. 


Stock  farm  of  2,000  acres,  enclosed 
with  brufih  fence  and  natural  boundaries,  locat- 
ed about  10  miles  east  of  the  18-mile  house,  near 
Bennetfs  stock  farm:  well  improve*!;  has  a  good 
dwelliuf:,  barn,  corrals,  etc.;  8<i  head  of  American 
'  cattle,  45  of  which  are  cows,  balance  one  and  two 
'  year  olds.    Terms  easy.    Price,  $3,000. 


42  31-100  Acres    land    on  the  road 

Gaudalupe  Mines,  near  the  Los  Gatos  road,  ad- 
joining lands  of  F.  Richmond.  Terms  easy. 
Price,  $3,000. 


242  Acres  fine  land,  near  San  Jose; 
will  iKi  sold  on  a  long  credit.  $6,000  c^ieh;  bal- 
ance in  li  yeai"S.  equal  annual  payments,  with  in- 
terest at  10  per  cent  per  annum. 


200  Acres  of  excellent  fruit  and  berry 
hiiid  ne:ir  Santa  Clara  depot.    Price    per  acre. 


200  Acres   in   Alameda   county,   on 

\v-  t^t  side  of  county  road  leading  to  Oakland, 
abuut  one  mile  frr»ra  Warm  Springs,  near  Jlis- 
Rion  Sau  Jose.  It  is  fine  black  hmm  soil,  well 
funced.  Has  a  good  houso  aud  barn,  etc.  Price, 
$90  per  acre;  one-fourth  tash;  balance  in  one. two 
aud  three  years,  approved  paper  bearing  one  per 
cent,  interest. 


500  Acres  of  extra  fine  gram  land 
5  milt-8  southwest  of  Watsonvllle  and  IH  miles 
from  shipping  point,  will  yield  40  to  GO  busheU 
per  acre.  TeruiK  to  suit  purchasers.  Price,  $50 
per  acre. 


160  Acres  of  pre-emption  claim  35 
miles  southwest  of  Salinas  City,  10  miles  west  of 
railroad  terminus.  Small  house,  good  fence, 
out-houwH,  etc.;  with  an  outside  range  of  800 
acres,  all  finely  watered.  This  is  one  of  the  fin- 
est hay  ranches  to  be  found  in  the  country. 
Price.  $1000;  or  will  eichange  for  Sau  Joe©  pro- 
perty. 


160  Acres  of  fine  timbered  land  lo- 
cated just  on  the  line  lM.t ween  Santa  Clara  and 
Santa  Cruz  counties.  No  pieio  of  proiKsrty  ou 
Santa  Cruz  mouutaius  to  excel  it.    Price,  $0,000. 


120  Acres  fine  land  adjoining  village 

of  Saratoga;  enclosed;  title  perfect.  Price  per 
acre,  $50.  A1s*j,  a  farm  of  ItiO  acres  l^j  miles 
south  of  Saratoga;  goml  dwcHlDg.  bam,  orchard 
and  vineyard.    Price,  $1000. 

81-Acre  farm  4  miles  northeast  of 
San  Jose;  is  a  choice  piece  of  laud,  with  houso 
lbx24  feet.  smaU  bam.  etc.    Price.  $7,000. 


Auction  Sales  of  Stock,  Carriages.  Furalturo, 
etc.,  in  front  of  Salesroom.  No.  Sll  Market  St., 
every  S.A.TURDAV,  at  10  a.  m. 

tS^  Special  attention  given  to  Auction  Sales 
in  any  portiou  of  tlu'  State,  at  »h"rt  uutice. 

J.  C.  BLAND  &  CO., 

Real  Estate  Agents  and  General  Auctioneers. 

Second-Street  House. 

Tbis  new  buililiuR.  erect.  .1  by  Mr.  liayts.  is 
the  most  eleKant  and  complete  iu  lt«  appoint- 
meuts  of  any  boURe  In  Sau  Joae. 

SUITS    OF    ROOMS 
For  famlliea.  aud  siut^lc  rooms  for  resident  lodg- 
ers.   Apply  to 

MRS.  E.  J.  PERKINS, 
Singer  Sc-wing  Macbine  Rooms,  under  Second- 
Street  H.iuse.  N.I.  ■J2;t. 


K  EIKC  O  V  AL. 


EMPEY  &  LEOAED, 

M ;.:... faiturers  and  Dealers  Iu 

HAR-/Sw|K     COL- 
SADDLERY, 

Carriage    Trimmings.     Etc, 

Have  removed  to  asil   First  street.  Musi.-  Hall 
Building,  opposite  Wells-Fargo's  ofli.e.  

REAXOVAL. 

MISS  K   eTFOLLETT, 

Successor  t^^ 

Mrs.  H.  E.  Elliott 

M.-iiinfa.  turer  of  tlK- 

FRENCH  YOKE   SHIRT 

Has  Removed  into  tbe 

New  Singer  Sewing  Machine  Eooms,- 

Under  Socond-strtet  House,   opp.   Fountain  st. 

RSniXOVAX.. 

THE      SINGER 

SEWING  machint;  kooms. 

Over  146,000  more  Singer  Sewing  Machines  sold 
in  1875  than  by  any  other  company. 

223    Second    Street,    San     Jose. 

.\.  C.  PERKINS.  Ag'l  forSanta  Clara  Co. 


t>[C  in  <^^^  a  Wi-ek  to  Agents.    Samples  FREE. 
MO  10  ij)//  !'•  O.  VICKERY,    Augusta,    Maine. 


lU 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Just  What  You  Want  for 
self  and  Children. 


Your- 


SgN'TFAILtomFOEaPAfm 


Comfortable  Co^^bination 

Clothing. 


f^pHESE  SUITS  AKE  CALCULATED  FOR 
X  Healtbfulnese,  Comfort  and  Cuuvenlence. 
aiul  irill  fit  thu  most  fistiOioiis  person.  Expla- 
nations iiL-rumpauy  each  Pattern.  Patterns  vf 
fom-  cUflVrL-ut  styles  ot  Suits  are  now  supplied, 
viz.: 
1— Flannel  Combination  Suit    (shirt  and 

drawers  in  on*-)  Pattern,  post  paid,  30  cents 
2 — Cotton   Combiiiation  Suit    (shirt  and 

drawers),  Pattern,  post  paid 35  cents 

3— Excelsior  Suit  (wai.'it  and   drawers  in 

combination),  Pattern,  post  paid.. 40  cents 
4— Waist  and  Skirt,  clo.se-fitting  ele{j;aut 

combination.  Pattern,  post  paid. , .  50  cents 
Nos.  1  and  2  are  suitable  for  children  as  -well 
as  grown  people.    Nos.   3  and  4  are  fur  Ladies 
especially. 


THESE  STYLFS  OF  UNDERCLOTHING  FOR 
Ladies  have  been  found  by  all  who  have  used 
them,  the  most  convenient  and  comfortable, 
as  well  as  economical  of  any  now  in  use.  Models 
were  exhibited  and  attracted  much  commenda- 
tion at  tLe  late  Fair. 

Patterns  can  be  had  by  applying  to  Mr.** . 
Ilfrring,  east  side  of  Ninth  street,  between  St. 
John  and  St.  James  streets,  San  Juse,  {where 
Bamples  can  be  seen,)   or   by  addreesin',' 

C.  C.  C.  Company, 

Box  CSG  San  Fraiiciscu.  ^  ^ 

This  reform  underclothing  has  been  worn  by 
the  Editor's  wife  and  children  for  the  past  two 
seasons,  and  is  certainly  superior  in  points  of 
comfort,  healthfulness,  and  economy  of  wear 
and  material  of  any  ever  invented.  They  are  the 
invi.-ution  of  a  California  lady  who  makeB  every 
pattern  her-elf  and  writes  full  directions  upon 
each.  No  family  that  once  tries  these  styles  of 
clotliing  will  ever  go  back  to  the  others. 


SAN    JOSE 
ASBESTIAU  STONE  WOEKS 

'-pUE  ASBKSTIAN  IS  AN  AKTIFICIAL  STONE 
X  KuptTior  to  any  other  for  Cemetery  W  ork . 
Builrling  Fronts,  ami  substantial  and  fine  work 
Ktnerally.  Elegant  designs  can  be  moulded  su 
as  to  resemble  the  finest  Uut  Stone.  It  Is  war- 
ranted to  be  Stronger  and  Store  Durable  than 
Sandstone  or  Marble. 

SSB..    7.    Vir.    COI^SBS, 

(r,;Ltoof  the  Excelsior  Marble  Works)  has  en- 
g.iged  in  its  manufacture  in  San  Jose,  and  can 
be  found  in  the  same  building  occuiiiod  by  Al- 
bert Lake's  Hox  Factory,  near  the  C.  P.  R.  B. 
riepot.  B55"  Fine  Sculpture  Work  in  Marble  a 
Si'ecialty.  ,T.  w.  COMBS. 


Teacher  of   Vocal    Musii'.  State    Normal  Scliool, 
gives  Travide   liislrurtioM  m 

Vocal    Culture,      Piano,     Organ, 
and  Harmony. 

Konni  over  San  .Jose  Savings  Bank,  and  Norm 
al  School.  Singing  School  every  FUIDAY  eve 
niug,  in  room  over  San  .Jose  Savings    Hank. 

irSpME    SHAMPIof 

rnblisl,,..!  iaoid,hly.  at  San  .Jos.-,  Cai.. 

By   ALEX.    P.     MUE50TTEN. 
One  of  tlip  Ikst  Family  Papers  on  the  Coiist 

PniC       ONLY  SI   A  YKAB. 

Tlio  ■Icniiioraiicc  I'cplB  should   all  have  it. 

JOB  prFntbe^g 

(.U-"  EVEHY    STYLE 

Done  at  the  "  CHAMPION"  Onice. 


M 


mmmmiuimim 


THE  ANGORA 


R-    C-     KIRBY     <'^-    CO. 

TANNERS ! 


SANTA  CRUZ  OAK-TANNED  SOLE 

LEATHER. 

■SVHOLES.^LE     DEALERS. 


OF  SAN  JOSE,   CAL., 
Are  making  a    Specialty  of   Manufactur- 
ing all  styles  of   Gloves  from  the  Angora 
Goat  Skin,  and  claim  for  them: 
1st.— They  are  cheapen  than  buckskin  gloves. 

2d, — The  skins  are  tanned  with  the  grain  on, 
and  are  very  nearly  water-proof,  and  when,  by 
long  exposure,  they  are  wet,  they  dry  out  per- 
fectly soft — as  good  as  new. 

3d.— They  will  out-wear  the  best  buckskin 
gloves! 

4th.— For  a  HARVEST  GLOVE,  they  have  no 
equal. 

These  articles  are  manufactured  in  all  styles, 
from  the  cheapest  Laboring  Glove  to  the  Finest 
Fur  Gauntlet.    Also,  all  descriptions  of 

FUES,  EOBES,  MATS,  RUGS,Etc 

Which,  for  Beauty,  Durability,  and   Cheapness. 
are  inferior  to  none. 

Buckskin  Gloves,  Mittens,  Etc., 

In  all  varieties,  and  as  goud  as  the  bent. 


Meriefee  &  Gastor) 

DSIWTZSTS, 

S.  W.  Cor.  Santa  Clara  and  First  Sts 

Over  Farmers'  National  Gold  Bank, 
SAN  JOSE. 


(^-  Special  attention  given  to  Fine 
Gold  Fillings,  Laughing  Gas  Adminis- 
tered. 


SAN   JOSE 

STITUTE 


A  Day  and  Boarding  School  for 
Both  Sexes. 


'yHE  SECOND  SESSION  OF  THE  CURRENT 

School  Year  will  commence  January  3d,  187(i. 

In  acknowledging  the  kindness  of  the  patrons 
of  this  School,  the  Proprietors  desire  to  assure 
them  that  with  the  increased  patronage  will  be 
added  increased  facilities  for  imiiarting  instnic- 
tion.  They  intend  that  the  School  shall  otfer 
the  very  best  opportunities  for  ai^quiring  thor- 
ough education,  both  theoretical    and    practical. 

The  course  of  study  in  the  Academic  grade  is 
extensive  and  thorough. 

The  BusiucRB  College  has  no  vactions. 

Students  from  a  (listanco  will  find  pleasant 
rooms  and  board  at  reasonable  prices  at  tlio 
boai'ding-hoTise. 

The  Faculty  accept  to  its  fullest  extent  the 
growing  dem.'ind  uf  tha  industrial  clnssi-s  f<.r 
recognition  in  llie  public  educatimial  Kyst.-ni 
hailing  it  as  the  harbingcrof  a  liiglicrand  better 
civilization. 

I.SAAC  KINI.KY, 
8uiierinten<1ent  of  tliv  IiiKli1u<iv 


OFFICE  40G   NARKET  STREET 

SAN   FRANCISCO. 

Posters,  Dodgt-rs, 
Handbills,  Books, 
Catalogue-,  Circu- 
_  .     _  larB, Programmes, 

Bills  ul  F;ire,  Invitations.  Receipts,  Labels, 
Blanks,  Billheads,  Statements,  Cards,  Tags,  ete., 
together  with  every  description  of  Job  Printing 
executed  promptly  and  in  a  workmanlike  man- 
ner by  COTTLE  &  WRIGHT,  No.  :J14  Market  st, 
over  Bland  &  Regnart's  auction  store,  San  Jose. 


JOSEPH  "WOOIiF, 

Ma.iitifactiirer  of  Triisse.s,    Snsjiomlers, 
Artificial  Liintis,  etc., 

360  FIRST    STREET,  SAN    JOSE. 
Are  you  Ruptured  ?    Come  to  me  and 

get  a  Truss  that  will  fit  you. 
Radical  Cures   are    eflected    with 

mv  Trusses, 


T.W.Mitchell, 

Porter's    Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

S.\N    JOSK. 

SEEDSMAN  and  FLORIST 

And  Dealeriii  FloweringPlaiits, 
Ornamental    SI>rub8,     Bulbs 
and    Flowerinjr    Roots   in 
Variety,  Han^iiijc^  Bas- 
kets,   Driefl  Grasses, 
French  Ininiortolles  of  Assorted 
Colors,   Ete.,  Etc. 
1»"  Seeds.  Fresh  and  Keliable. 


Ziocke  <&  Montague, 

IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Tinware  &,c. 

112  and  114  Battery  St., 

S^\\'   F15A\'<I«;<0. 


SAN    JOSE 

DRUG  STORE 

In  McLaughlin   &  Ryland's  Bank 
Building, 

309    FIB.ST    STUBZST, 

S.4N  JOSE,   CAL. 

J.  A.    Chittenden, 


HYGIENIC   P>ATirS. 

Steam-Vapor  and  Hot  Air  Baths, 

Only  .'lO  Cents  Encil, 

Giveu  by  DR.  BAIX,  Ftamtaiu  St.,  San  Jose. 


OW  Mi-B.  lin.  HALL  will   wait  on  Ladies.  "«1 


DtS"  Fur  7."»  siihscriptions  tn  tlie  Calif<»r- 
Ilia  A;;riciiltiirisf,  at  $1..'>0  eacli,  tlie 
puhliKluTS  will  ^'ivo  a  $i7«»  New  Oavis 
We^vinsT  niacUine.  Here  is  an  opportunity 
for  Kiiiiie  ouertjetie  lady  to  Met  tlio  best  Sewinf^ 
Maeliine  for  a  little  time  well  employed.  The 
I>.\VIS  took  the  first  prGuiium  at  tlio  Santa 
I  Mara  Valley  .\grieultural  Soeluty'B  Exhililtiou 
last  Fall. 


imm  imm  m  bank 


SArf  joszs. 

Paid  up  Capital  (gold  coin) $500,  000 

Authorized  Capital $1,  OUO,  000 

John  W.  Hinds.  President;  E.  C.  Singlotary, 
Vice-Prefiident;  W.  D.  Tisdale,  Cashier  and  Sec- 
retary; L.  G.  Nesmith,  Assistant  Cashier. 

Directors  :—C.  Bnrrel,  Wm.  D.  Tisdale.  E. 
L.  Bradley.  C.  G.Hanison.E.  C.  Singletary,  Wm. 
L.  Tisdale,  John  W.  Hinds,  W.  H.  Wing,  T.  Bj 
Edwards. 

Correspondents ;—  Anglo-Califomian  Bank 
(limited),  San  Francisco;  First  National  Gidd 
Bank,  S.  F.;  First  National  Bank,  New  York; 
Anglo-Calif ornian  Bank  (limited)  Loudon. 

WILL  ALLOW  INTEREST  ON  DEPOSITS. 
buy  and  sell  Exchange,  make  collections, 
loan  money,  and  transact  a  General  Banking 
Business.  Special  inducements  offered  to  mer- 
chants, mechanics,  and  all  classes  lor  commer- 
cial accounts. 

S.  AV.  Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 

SA]M  JOSS. 


S^l^  JOSE 
^CS  BANK, 

286  Santa  Clara  Street. 


FARMERS'     UNION. 

(Successors  to  A.  Phisteb  &  Co.) 
Cor.     Second    and    Santa    Clara    Sts. 

SAN   JOSE. 


CAPITAL 

■n'ILLI.\M  ERKSON 
n.  E.  HILLS 


SI  00,000. 

President 
Manager. 


DIRECTORS! 

Wm.  Erlison.  J.  P.  Dudley, 

L.  F.  Chipman,  David  Camphell, 

Horace  Ijittle,  James  Singleton, 

C.  T.  Settle,  E.  A.  liraley, 

Thomas  E.  Snell. 

ey  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  Business. 
Also,  receive  deposits,  on  which  such  interest 
will  be  allowed  as  may  be  aj::reed  upoD,  and 
make  loans  on  aj-proved  security. 


OIXTY  ONK  ANUTWO  YEARS  OI-D 

O  Thoroughbred  Spanish  Merino  Kiuns,  for 
sale.  Also,  about  1(H)  Ewes  and  liambs,  all 
California  bred,  from  stock  imported  from 
Vermont,  anil  as  n<H)d  us  tiioni  is  on  this  Coast. 
Prices  to  suit  th<-  tinuR.  jo 

B.   F.   WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 


H' 


CAPITAL  STOCK  -        -        »600, 000 

Paid  in  Capital  (Gold  Coin)     -    $;10U,  000 

Officers:— President,  -John  H.  Moore:  Vice- 
President,  Cary  Peebles;  Cashier,  H.  H.  Reynolds ; 
H.  L.  Cutter,  Secretary. 

Directors:— John  H.Moore,  Dr.  B.Bryant,  S. 
A.  Bishop,  Dr.  W.  H.  Stone,  Cary  Peebles,  S.  A. 
Clark,  H,  Meseiug. 

NEW   FEATURE: 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts,"  bearing 
luttrest at  6,  Sand  10  percent  per  annum;  inter- 
t'Kt  payable  promptly  at  the  end  of  six  months 
from  date  of  deposit.  The  "Receipt"  may  be 
transferred  by  indorsement  and  tho  principle 
with  interest  paid  to  holder.  Interest  also  al- 
lowed on  Book  Accounts,  beginning  at  date  of 
deposit.  Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any 
in  the  State,  and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe 
keeping  of  Bonds,  Stocks,  Papers,  Jewelry. 
Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,  at  trifling  cost. 
Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York, 
in  Gold  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates.  Buy 
and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  Business. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


'  Save  $50!  Why  Pay  $85? 

Sewing  Machines 

HESUCED      FRXCE,      $35. 


Hume  Oonis  Shuttle  Sewing  Machines 

Reduced  to  Live  and  Let  Live  Pnces, 


THESE  MACHINES  ARE  ALL  SUPERIOR 
to  any  and  all;  nice  sewers,  straight  needle, 
two  threads,  shuttle,  lock-stitch,  the  simplest 
and  cheapest,  and  the  lightest  running  firet-claf  s 
machines  in  the  niurket.  To  see  is  to  convince 
yourselves.  B^  Remember,  all  Home  and 
Home  Shuttle  Sewing  Macliines  have  the  Hall 
Treadle  attached  without  extra  charge. 


THE  HALL    THEADLE 

For  Sewing  Macliines, 

THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  IMPROVEMENT 
EVER  MADE. 

It  saves  labor  and  preserved  heilth.  No  more 
diseases  and  deaths,  side  or  back  aches  from  us- 
ing sewing  machines.  No  teaching  required.  A 
child  can  run  it.  Always  starts  the  right  way. 
Never  goes  backwards  and  breaks  things.  Can 
be  stopped  instantly.  With  it  on  your  machine, 
you  can  do  double  the  work  you  can  do  without 
it.  Fifty  stitches  can  be  made  with  one  pressure 
of  one  foot.  Approved  bv  the  Massachusetts 
State  Board  of  Health  (see  official  report.  1H72) , 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  and  Mssachu- 
setts  Charitable  Mechanics'  Association.  The 
HALL  TREADLE  is  a  part  of  all  HOME  MA- 
CHINES sold  by  me. 

B^  The  Hall  Treadle  can  be  attached  to  any 
other  sewing  machine.  Remember  this.  We 
will  attach  it  onto  any  machine.  It  will  cost 
you  only  §12,  and  will  save  you  a  deal  of  hard 
work  and  trouble. 


the:    hall    treadle:    grinding 

MACHINE 

Must  be  seen  to  be  appreciated.  For  a  Farmer 
or  Mechanic  to  see  it,  is  to  buy  one.  It  is  an  in- 
dispensable article  in  every  house,  shop  or  hotel. 


THE  HALL  TREADLE  JIG  SAW  AND 
BORING    MACHINE 

Is  an  accomplishment  iu  every  workshop.  The 
Hail  Treadle  is  applicable  to  all  machinery  re- 
quiring a  foot  power— Sewing  Machines,  Grind- 
stones, Jig  Saws.  Turning  Lathes,  Jewelers'  and 
Dentists'  Lathes,  etc.    Send  for  circulars. 


OUR      MACHINIST. 

In  connection  with  my  regular  business,  I  h!<.ve 
a  fine  MACHIXE  SHOP,  for  repairing  all  kinds 
of  machines  and  like  work,  and  have  emphived 
MR.  CHARLES  C.  REDMOND,  a  Skillful  Me- 
chanic, as  manager,  and  am  now  prepared  to  re- 
pair machines  and  miiehiuery,  make  models, 
etc.,  on  the  most  readouable  terms,  and  ALL 
WORK  GUARANTEED. 

B.  J.  SAIiESBUKV, 

333  Santa  Clara  StreL-t.  San  Jose. 
Sole  Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County. 


To  the   Working   Class.— We  ciin 

furnish  ydu  employ lueut  at  which  you 
Ciiu  make  very  hirge  jiay,  in  your  own 
localities,  without  being  away  from  home 
over  night,  Agents  wanted  iu  every 
towu  autl  county  t<j  take  subscribers  for 
The  Centennial  llecord,  the  largest  pub- 
lication in  the  United  States — 16  pages, 
64  eolunms;  Elegantly  Illustrated;  Terms 
only  $1  a  year.  The  Record  is  devoted 
to  whatever  is  of  interest  connected  with 
the  Centennial  year.  The  great  Exhibi- 
tion at  Philadelphia  is  fully  illustrated 
in  detail.  Everybody  wants  it.  The  whole  peo- 
ple feel  great  interest  in  their  country's  Centen- 
nial Birthday,  and  want  to  know  all  about  it. 
An  ehtiiint  patriotic  crayon  drawing  premium  is 
presented  free  to  each  subscriber.  It  is  entitled 
"In  Remembrance  of  the  One  Hundredth  Anni- 
versary of  the  Independence  of  the  United 
States."  Size,  2:J  by  SO  inches.  Anyone  can  be- 
come  a  successful  agent,  for  but  to  show  the  pa- 
per and  picture  and  liundreds  of  subscribers  are 
easily  obtained  everywhere.  There  is  no  busi- 
ness that  will  pay  like  this  at  present.  We  have 
many  agents  who  are  making  os  high  as  $20  jicr 
day  and  upwards.  Now  is  the  time;  don't  delay. 
Remember  it  costs  nothing  to  give  the  business 
a  trial.  Send  for  our  circulars,  terms,  and  sam- 
ple copy  of  paper,  which  are  sent  free  to  all  who 
apply;  do  it  to-day.  Complete  out flt  free  to 
those  who  c^.ecide  to  engage.  Farmers  and  me- 
chanics, and  their  sons  and  daughters  make  the 
very  best  of  agents.  Address.  THE  CENTEN- 
NIAL RECORD,  Portlanrl.  Maine. 


CHARLEY     SIKES' 

STAQE    LINE. 


Tb.e    Coodexio-u.s:h. 

COMMO.N-SEXSK  SYSTICM 

HOUSESHOEING    SHOP! 

Coi".       Santa    Clara     and     San      Pedro 
Streets  (oppogite  Post  Oflice). 

The  only  Natural  Methi^il  of  Shoeing  the  Horse 
t'.i  prevent 

Corns,  Quarters  Cracks,  Contrac- 
tion of  the  Hoof,  and  all 
Lameness  Eesultinj 
from  Unsound 
Feet. 
Horse-Shoeing  ^Q,. 
JOHN  FADXiEV,  Proprietor 
JAS.  LAMB,  Practical  Shoer. 

SMALL  FARM 
FOR      SALE! 


AGREEABLY  SITUATED  ON  THE  FOOT- 
liillB  iu  the  WAKM  BELT,  nine  miles  from 
Sim  Jose,  near  Los  Gatos.  is  acres  iu  Cultiva- 
tion, 1)5  acres  of  Pasture  auil  Live-Oak  Grove, 
80  acres  of  Chaparral  and  Woodland;  two  Springs 
on  the  place. 


I 


EMPEY  a  LEOAED, 

Manufacturers  and  Dealers  in 

HAR-£|^^    COL- 

NESS.g^^LARS, 

saddlp:ry. 

Carriage    Trimmings.     Etc. 

No.  2C2   .Sa»(a  Chtra  Sired 

SAW  JOSE. 

THE      SINGER 

SEWING  MACHINE  ROOMS. 

Over  146,000  more  Singer  Sewing  Machines  sold 
in  IHT.T  than   by  any  other  company. 

334  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 

A.  C.  PEKKINS,  Ag't  forSauta  Clara  Co. 


Dwelling  House,  Barn,  Ofch«rtl,  Gar- 
den, Well,  -i  Gooil  Horses,  One  Colt, 
4  years  old.  One  Farm  Wa>;on.  One 
Si)rin<jr  W"a<;on.  li  Tons  of  Hay,  5 
Head  of  Dairy  Slock.  50  Cllieliens. 
Good  Fnrmiiij;  Iiiiiilein«'iits,  House 
Furni(nre,  I>n«  of  T<ioU,  i<ko  . 

(  Title,  U.  S.  Patent. 

Price,  S3,  500— Part  Cash,  easy  terms  for  the 
Remainder. 
.Vldress,  LOS  G.ATOS  P.  O.,  or  apply  on  the 

Premises  to  the  Proprietor, 

G.  GlERIXOT. 


Dr.  N.  KLEIN,       Surgeon  Dentist- 


San  Jose  to  Santa 


PartieB  deeiriUK  to  purehaee  Live  St<)ck  wii: 
find  in  this  Uirei-tory  the  names  of  some  of  the 
naoBt  reliable  Breeders. 

OuB  Rates.— Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  wlil  be 
ineertc^t  in  this  Direi-tory  at  the  rate  of  50 
cents  per  nioutb.  payable  annually. 

A  line  will  averae©  about  seven  words.  Count 
five  words  for  the  first  line. 


CATTLE. 


^■r^1rf        C      B.  EltlKRSON,  Mountain  View,  8anU 
Vl  U^,      O.  Clara  County,  C«l.— Breeder  of  ShoH-Hom 
and  Holstcin  Cattle  and  Cotswold  Sheep. 


Santa  Clara,  Saratoga  and  Felton. 


I^eaves  San  Juki-  Monduy-H,    WVtlnetidays 

anti  Frldayt*  f<jr  Sant.'i  Cruz:   and  leiivs  Santa 
Crvi/.    TiieHdiiyK,     Thur.sdnyH  and    Snliir- 

dayH  for  San  Jose. 
PassenKcr  Kates,  eaeh    way,  through,  S^.50.   j 
Pare*  Is.    ete,,   carried,   and    Krraiids  done  at  j 

reasonable  rates.    The    route   traveled  over  the  ; 

mountains  is  grand  in   Scenery,  and  the  trip  is  ! 

most  iuvlgorntinfi.  I 

Ottire  in  San  Jone.  the  HENSLKY  HOUSE. 


1776       CZSrrTSHritrZAL        1B76 

P  R  O  G  L  A  M  A  T  I  O  N. 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway. 

Is  thr  in>])uliir  mute    'iverlinul  tn  tlie  Eut-t. 
PassLngerB  for  Chicago,  Niagara  EallP,  Pitts- 
burg, Philadelphia,  Montreal,  Queber,  New  York 
Boston,    or  any    point  Eant,    Bhould  buy    tlieir 
trans-tMinfiiH-iital    tickets  via  thr    pi"iMer  route, 

THE  GHIGAaO  &NOETHWESTERN  R.E. 

This  is  th'-  Best  route  East.  Its  Track  is  of 
Steel  Kails,  and  on  it  has  been  made  the  Fastest 
time  that  has  ever  been  made  in  this  country.  By 
this  route  ptissengere  for  points  east  vf  Chicago 
havech'iiceof  the  following  lines  from  Chlv-ago: 
Pittsbiirijr,  Fortivayiie  and  Chicaf^o 
and    Pennsylvania  Railways. 

3Throvigh  trains  daily,   with   Pulnian  Palace 
CarH  tiirough  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
on  each  train, 


CTRUS  JOXES  &  CO.,    San  Jose.  SanU 
Clara  County,  Cal  .—Breeders  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle.    "  Young  Bulls  for  sale." 

CHARL.KS  CLARK,  Hilpitas,  Santa  Clar^ 
County.  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Hom  Cattl^ 

and  Swine. 


C^ 


Clara  Countv. 
Cattle. 


Cal.— Breeder  of  Shorl-Horn 


CB.    POI.HEMUS,  Sau  Joee,  SanU  Clara 
.  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Staort-Boni  Cat- 
tle. 

C1.4RR  &  Cn.VP.MAX,   Uahtlan,  Monterey 
,'  Count.v,  Cal.— Brf-odtn*  of  Trottint?  Hor«es. 
Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 

OVERHISER.  Stockton,  San  Joa- 

-Breeder  of  Short-Hom 

Cattle  and  Swine. 


•  quin  County,  Cal.- 


M 


OSES    WICK,    OroTine,  Bntt«  Connty 
Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND  GOATS. 


g(^>ra  Ooats. 
sale. 


P.  BAILEY,  San  Jose  Cal.— ImiM.rtri 
breeder,  and  deahr  in  Cashmere  or  An- 
Fine  Pure-bred  and  Grade  Ooate  for 


MCCRACKEN  &  LEWIS,  San  Jose,  Cal.— 
Importers  and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  OoaCs; 


I^'hrOUGH  TRAIN,  with  PULLM.^N  PAL-  [  »l60.  toe  CotBwold  graded  bneke  for  sale. 
I  ace  Cars  to  Baltimure  and  Waphingtun.  ,   --  -dc     K>rknc*D^   nr&r^rtnr    n«n# 


the  La'^o  Chcre  and  HicMgan  Sci:thcm  Sallway  and 
Connecv.onc  iirc':5r  Tor's  Ceitnlaci  Eric  BiilTaTsj : 

•  )  Tinn  H(iH  TU.\INS  DAILY,  WITH  PAL.\CE 
O  Drawing  Uonm  and  Silver  Palace  Sleeping 
Cars  through  to  New  York. 

By  tUQ  Uichigan  Central,  Qrand  Trunk,  Great  Western  and 

Erie  and  New  York  Central  EailwaTs: 
O  Through  tniins.  with   Pullman  Palace  Draw- 

•  y  ing  Ki'oni  and  Sleeping  Cars  through  to  New 
York  to  Niagara  Ealls.  Buffalo,  Kochestcr.  or 
New  York  city. 

By  tlie  Baltimore  and   Ohio  Railroad; 

2Througli  trains  daily,  with    Pullman  Palace 
CarB    for     Newark,  "Zaneeville.      ^Vheeling, 
■Washington   and    Baltimore  without  change. 

This  is  the  Shortest,  B<^st.  and  "nly  line  run- 
ning Pullman  celebrated  Palace  sleeping  cars  and 
couches,  connecting  with  I'nion  Pacific  Kailroad 
at  Omaha  and  from  the  ^Vebt.  via  Graud  Junc- 
tion, Marshall,  Cedar  Rapids.  Clinton.  Sterling 
and  Pixon,  for  Chicago  and  the  East. 

Tliis  popular  route  is  unsurpassed  for  Speed, 
Comfitrt  and  Safety.  The  smooth,  well-ballasted 
and  perfect  track  of  steel  r.Hils.  the  celebrated 
Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars,  tlie  perfect  Tele- 
graph System  of  moving  trains,  the  regularity 
with  which  they  nm.  the  admirable  arrangement 
for  running  through  trains  to  Chicago  from  all 
points  West,s<-cure  to  p.HSsengere  all  the  comforts 
in  modern  Railway  Ti'aveliug.  No  changes  of 
Cars  and  no  tnlioue  delays  at  Ferries. 

Passengers  will  lind  Tickets  via  this  Favorite 
Route  at  the  (ieneral  Ticket  Office  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Rrailroad,  Sacramento,  and  in    all   the 
Ticket  Oflices  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad. 
MaKVIN  HUGHITT.  W.  H.  Stessktt, 

Gen.  Supt,,  Chicago.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent. 

H.  P.  STANWOOD.  General  Agency.  121  Mont- 

gomery  street.  San  Francisco. 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

C^ARRI.\GI':     .1I.\KER.        PIONEER 
J  Carriage  Shop. 

314  SECOND  STREET, 

Between    Santa     Clara     street    and    Fonntain 

Alley,  San  Jose. 

Ajjt'iit  for  Fisli  Bro. 's  "Wapons. 


MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOW,  Centervllle, 
near  Xil<  s  Station,  .\lameda  County,  Oal.— 


Pure-blooded 
lor  sale. 


Fren>li  Merino  Rams  and  Ewes 


SWINE. 


CHARI.ES  CLARK.  Milpilas,  8anU<;ian 
County,  Cal.— Breeder  of   Pnre-bred  Berk- 
I  6bin>  Swine. 


POULTRY. 


MRS.  t.  .».  WATKISS,  Santa  Clara— 
Premium  Fowls.  Whit*;  and  Brown  Leg- 
bum,  S.  S.  Hamburg.L.  Brabmse,  B.  B.Red Oame, 
Game  Bantams,  and   Aylesbury   Ducks.    Also, 

Eggs. 

E.    MATTESON,    Stockton,  Cal.,  Im- 
porter,  Breedi  r  and  Shipper  of  Pure  bred 
Game  Fowls. 


L. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


SB 
_  ,  .\gent  for  several  breeders  of  Best  Pure-bred 
animals  and  poultry.  We  bring  the  breeder  and 
purchaser  togetherdirect,  and  do  not  stand  be- 
tweeu  tbi-m,  while  we  aid  each  free  of  charge. 

SPLENDID  C.%RD  PHOTOGRAPHS, 
only  9^  a  dozen,  and  Cabinet.s  94  a  dozen, 
at  HOWLANP'S  Gallery  (Hcering's  old  stand) 
No.  3.59  First  str^'et,  San  Jose. 

WT'AI.I.ACE      &      CO.,      No.      386     First 
T  V    street — Handsome  turnouts  always  on  hand 
at  fair  prices.    Fine  Hean^  for  Funerals.    Car- 
riages for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 

H.    »i.    LAIUKUV, 

ATTORNEY-AT-LAW-BOOMS    3   AND    *, 
Stone's Bnilding  (opposite  Auzerais  House), 
Santa  Clara  street,  San  Jose^ 

DR.  J.   BRADFORD  COX, 

FFICE     OVER     T.    W.  SPRING'S   STOKE. 


o 


opposite  the  Poet  Office,  San  Jose. 


IE?"  The  National  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to 
Bradelv  &  Bulofson  for  the  best  Photographs  in 
the  Ignited  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  for  the 
best  in  the  world. 

429  Mantgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 


DR.  C.  R.  SPA^ 

Resident  Dentist, 
Comer  of  First    and 

Santa  Clara  streets, 

In  McLaughlin  &  Ry- 

land's  building, 

San  Jose.  Cal. 


SANTA  CLARA  UMlll 

JACOB   EBERHARDT  -  -  Propr. 

k  H.  KINDS  OF  LEATHER,    SHEEP. 

J\.  skins   and  wool.    Highest   price   paid    for 
Sheep  Skins,  Tallow,  Wool,  etc. 


h 


The    Sail    Jose    Clothixig    Store, 

NO.    266     SANTA      CIiARA      STXIZSEET, OFFOSITE    THE      AUZZSRAZS      HOUSE,; 

Is  uiiw  ci'owdrd  with  all  the  New  Styles  and  Novelties  in  the  line  of 

Clothing,     Gents'      Furnishings      Goods,      Hats,      Caps.      &c.,      &c. 

Also  a  Full  Stock  of  all  the  Latest  Styles  of  French.  English,  t^cotoh,  and  American  Cassimeres,  in  Diagonal,  Plaid  and  Plain  Styles. 
jy  Our  Custom   Department  is  in  charge  of    Mr.  Kawlston,  a  gentleman  of   large   experience  in  the  Imsiness  of   MERCHANT  T.\ILOEING,  and 


has  Ho  Superior  as  an  ,\itistic  Cutter. 


O'BANION    &   KENT. 


StOTCC,       Hasges. 

Pumps. 

H^driulic  Bjms, 

Lead  and  lion  Pipe. 

Brass  Ooods. 

Hose  Wire. 

Famors'  Boilers, 

House  Furnishing 

Wares. 


C.  E.  CAMPBELL, 

Manufacturer  of 

Well  Pipe  and  Galvanized  Iron 
Pumps  with  Iinprov<-<l  Valves- 
Tin,  Copper,  Zinc  and  Slieef- 
Iron  Wares,  Galvanized  Iron 
Chimneys,  Tin  Roofin<^,  Pliimh- 
iii^,  etc. 

No.  339  First  Street,  opposite  El  Do- 
.  rado  St. 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

Grain        GRAIN    DEALER, 

327  First  street. 
Dealer.  THE  HIGHEST  CASH    PRICE 

PAII>  FUR 


Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


SIMOKZXVG  CHIZMINEVS  CURED 

TheOTCVENTILmandCHMEnOP 


HAS  PROVED  \  COMPLETE 
Succefiti  in  curing  the  most  ob- 
stinate, sluggish  and  smoky  chim- 
neys. It  stands  on  the  top  of  the 
chimney,  and  does  not  require  a 
smokestack  to  carry  it  above  the  sur- 
rounding buildings. 

It  is  the  only  Uhimney  top  that  will 
work  satisfactorily  when  surrounded 
by  high  buildings.  For  ventilating 
Elevators,  Machine  Shops,  R.  R.  De- 
pots, Car  Shops,  etc.,  it  is  unrivaled. 

N.  U. — Send  inside  measurement  of 
toi>of  chimney  or   ventilating  shaft. 

All  Chimnev  Tops  guaranteed  to 
give  entire  satisfaction,  and  if  any 
should  fail  after  a  trial  of  two  months 
we  will  chec-rfullv  refund  the  mone\ . 


3 


■0 


Tlie  l^ar^eKl  and  most  Complete  Stock  of 
Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees  in  tike  U.  S. 
Priced    C'atalo;>-nes   sent  as   follows:    No.    1, 

Friiits,  with  colored  plate,  15  cts.;  plain,  10  cts.  No, 
3,  Ornamental  Trees,  etc.,  with  plate. 35  cts.  No.  3, 
Greenhouse;  No,  4  Wholesale,  and  No.  5,  List  of  New 
Koses,  Free.     Address, 

ELLWAN5ES  &  BABBY, ^Rochester,  N._Y. 

^mim  mil  company 

FIELD    &    KENDALL, 

(Succeesors  to  Field,  CombB  k  Gregory) 

.   ^  M.^NtlFACrUKEHS  OF 

'  .-TM  Head  Stones, 

Monuments. 

and  all  kinds  of 

Cemetery  Work 

in  Marble  and  Granite. 

3»7  SECOND  ST, 

San  Jose. 


Boots 

and 

Shoes. 


HERE,    BOYS! 


T 


r.    KLEisr, 

•itt   SANTA  CL..\R.\  STREET, 

SAN  .JOSE.       • 


mn  COMBINATION  SPECTACLES 


IJIl'KOVK, 
and  Preserve 


STRENGTHEN. 
T!!'^      the  Sight. 
>W  .'500   Pair»  in    Use    in   San  Jose.     A 

Perfci't  I'Mt  Guaranteed.     For  sah'  lay 

SMITH  &  RYDER,  Jewelers, 
'.tii'2  EIltST  street,  Commercial   Bank  Building. 


kei^ToTrjFor! 


Splendid  Premium 

To  the  Boy  -nho  will  get  us 

40    New    SulDScriptions 

Ti '    THK 

CALIFORNIA  AGEICULTUEIST 

AT  $1.50   EACH. 

For  only  40  New  Subscribers,  which  you  can 
Kel  in  your  district  in  a  short  time,  we  will  eive 
the  Hall  Tresdie 

JI&  l^ll  AND  BORING  MACHINE, 

PRICE,     .*4.5 . 

SFECIAIi  FREAXXUMS. 

For  i;  New  Subscriidinns— .\  Ladv's  Worl  and 
Music  Box.  worth  SJ. 

For  i  New  Subscriptions— A  Good.  Second- 
lianil  Five-Keyed  Flute,  well  worth  $5. 

i'orii  New  Subscriptious— Darwin's  Variations 
in  Domestic  Plants  ami  .Vninials.  New,  vaUla- 
able  work.  2  volumes.     Price  Jli. 

For  2  New  Subscriptioue-Pilgrlm's  Progress, 
by  John  Uuuyan.  worth  $2. 

For  ;j  New  8uhs<-riptions-The  Qrouudswcll 
(history  of  tlic  fni-uicr-'  inovcnicnt) ,  worth  .f;i. 

CAL.    AGEICULTUBIST   PUB.  CO. 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

Wilcox  Block,  SoJ94  First  St., 

SASr    JOSE,    CAL. 

California  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

A  Large  and  Sujierior  .\ssortiueut. 

STo.    394     First    Street, 

Wilcox  Block,  San  Jose. 
J.    A.CONBOIE, 

imm  AND  AFOTHBCAU? 

No.    :t'.vi    FIrsI    Slieel, 

SAN  JOSE. 

BEAR  CREEK 

LUMBER  CO.,TjjiED  street, 

\Vholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 
ALL  KINDS  OF  LUMBER,  ^"^ 

Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  EtcMpoiy's  Mills, 

California  and  Oregon  LumbeJ^       s.\n  jose. 

Constantly  on  hand. 

All  Orders  Promptly   Filled  *"•  <*    Box  509. 


aARDEZV  CITY 

DRUG  STORE 

§j)othrhc. 

H.  PIESSITECKER, 

Pi'<iprie(oi-, 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St. 
JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 


Pioneer  Blacksmith   and  Carriage  Shop 
Balbnch^i^  New   Bi-it-k,  cor.   Sec- 
ond St.  anil  Foniitain  Alley, 
S.\N    JOSE, 
Agent  for  Flsli   Uro. 's  Wagons. 

New  Work  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
Implements,  etc. 

West's     -Inierican    Tire-Setter, 


RHODES  &  LEWIS. 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.    :).1.>  First    Street, 

S.\N  JOSE 


L^" 


5) 


F->.>y^', 


CAMPAIGN    OPENED! 

•  •  • 

WHO    WILL    BE    PRESIDENT? 

Ik  a  Kul.j -lI  111'  sppiiuiit  lujiOfnt  to  pulitl.iiius,  but  t>.  ttw 
Imiustrial  Comnmnlty,  aurt  to  Dk  especially. 


Who     Will     Subscribe     for     the 

^I^M    ^'^L'POR'^IA  AGRICULTURIST? 


DON'T  GET  EXCITED.  BUT  VOTE  YOUE  PRINCIPLES, 

If  you  have  any.  and,  above  all,  be  stire  to  prortde  Good.   Practice   >Dd 
WlioleBome  reatiiuB  for  the  coming  year,  by  Rubscriblnif  for 
the  Calirornia    AirriruKurlxt . 

5000     PTEW      NAlVrES      WANTED! 

Three  Months  on  Trial  for  Ten  Cents. 

Please  eeiui  fur  It,  aii.rexamine  ou  its  owu  merits  befor. 
risking  SI.  .50  for  a  year.     .Wdrese, 

CAL.  AGRICULTURIST  PUB.  CO., 

L -^s^NaBwy.   ^^^?.    finilex  un  patie  157.] 


Kri*. 


.ji^.:-^'^:^ 


\<\ 


'-   — jf~ 


-fcixw,  3  '  -^ 


~~^ 


1^1 


^M  hfousEhfom  MmFiiNE. 


^-^  .-^ 


^'   -^i-=\ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Lanli  Enilliiig  M 


SAN  FRANCISCO  BRANCH 

— OF    THE 


-JAMES     S.    SMITS,- 


U5. ,  NATIONAL  WIRE  I  LANTERN  WORKS  ^o.  109  stocuton  street, 

General  Agent  on  the  Pacific  Coast  for  the 


San  Francisco 


OF    NEW    YORK. 

HOWARD  &  MORSE, 


Brass,  Copper.Steal  &  Iron  Wire  Cloth,  UNRIVALLED    GUILD  PIANOS. 


SPECIALTIES: 
Brass    and  Steel  Battery  Screens, 
coniotive    AVire      Cloth*     and 


Lo- 


Also  Agent  for  the 


Heavy  Mining*  Clotli, 

ORNAMENTAL   WIRE  WORK. 

Riddles,    Seives,    etc. 

GALVANIZED    CLOTH  FOR  FRUIT  DRYINd. 
^'^ire  Fence,  Railing;,  Gnards,  etc. 

Re  J)  re  Ben  ted  in    rian   FraririBco  by 

TOSN      F.     B  ERINa, 

(Late  Manager  with  Eckfc  Idt  «:  Co, I 
4*20  Sansome   Street. 


GRE^T     JUBILEE    O  R  G  A^  T«>r  S. 

1^  Reasonable    Prices— Cash,    or    Easy    Installments.  .^1 

Sheet  Music  and   Musical   Merchandise. 


TfiE  LAME 


Is  the  Only  Machine  that  can  Knit 

ALL  SIZES  OF  WOUK, 

— AND  — 

NARROW    AND    WIDEN    IT;! 

— THAT  CAN —  1 

Shape  and   Complete 

Without    Hand-Finishinr. 

Seamless  Hosiery,  Gloves  and  Mittens,  [ 

or  knit  them  in  all  Bizes;  or  knit  Ribbed,  Double 
and    Fancy   stitches   for    I'nderwear,    Jackets.  I 
Shawls,  etc.    It  knits  over  25  different  hinds  of  I 
garments.    Over  1()0  per  cent,  in   manufacturing  | 
knit  goods.     Send  for  illiiKtrat'd  <innlar 


MISS  M.   E.   FOLLETT, 

Will  Manufacture  the 

FUEUCH  YOKE   SHIHT 

From  A'tniii  Mi'iihureuicnt. 

A      Perfect     Fit     Suaranteed. 


CHEAF,COraTABLE,  SERVICEABLE 


thp:  angora 


Add'-esfi, 


Z.  Z.  PFISTEE  &  CO., 

mo  Sutter  street; (Room  :»|,  Ran  FraneiHco. 


R- 


TRUMBULL, 


Grower,  Importer,  Wholesale  and 
Retail  Dealer  in 


VEGETABLE, 

FLOWER, 


FIELD, 


and  TREE 


SEEDS. 


FLOWERINa  Bt^LBS  and  PLANTS, 


FRUIT  and  ORXAMKNTAL  TREES, 

liAlillEN    llAKDWARE,  ETC. 

On  hand,  a  Large  stock  of 

BV&B.    CIiOVER    SEED, 

For  Mowing  on  Worn-out   Pasture  Lands. 
Manufacturer's  Agent  for  the  Celebrated 

Central    Park     Lawn     Mower, 

Which  is  supeiior  to   any  otlnr  on  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

"**  My  Bulb  (Catalogue  will  br-  ou*  in  Septem- 
ber, and  sent  anywhere  ou  application. 

R.  J,  TRUMBULL, 

■ll'J  liiitl  I'il  SuiiHoiuf  St..  San  Francisco 


OF  SAN  JOSE,  CAL., 
Are  making  a  Specialty  of  Manufactur- 
ing all  styles  of  Gloves  from  the  Augora 
Goat  Skin,  and  claim  for  them:  j 

let.— They  are  cheape*"  than  buckskin  gloves.  1 

2d,--The  skins  are  tanned  with  the  grain  on.  | 
and  are  very  nearly  water-proof,  and  when,  by  , 
long  exposure,  they  are  wet.  they  <lry  out  per-  ' 
fectly  soft — as  good  as  new. 

3d. --They  will  out-wear  the  best  buckskin 
gloves. 

4th.— For  a  HARVEST  GLOVE,  they  have  no 
equal. 

These  articles  are  manufactured  in  all  styles, 
from  the  cheapest  Laboring  Glove  to  the  Finest 
Fur  tiaxintlet.    Also,  all  descriptions  of  ; 

rURS,  ROBES,  MATS,  RUGS.Etc 

Which,  for  Beauty,  Durability,  and   Cheapnesw.  j 
are  inferior  to  none. 

i 

Buckskin  CJloves,  Mittens,   Etc.,, 

1  III  all  varieties,  and  as  good  as  the  lust.  j 


SAN  JOSE 

INSEFENSEHT  HILL  I  LUMBER  CO., 

ST.    JOHN    STREET. 
Between  Market  and  First,  San  Jose. 


a  ^ 

-  i.  o 

■  r  !=^ 

-%  a 

r  o 

y  B 


ty Agency  of  Demorest's  Patterns.  .^3 

LOUIS  CHOPARD, 

WATCHMAKER  -^^ 

JEWELLER, 

And  Dealer  in 

SPECTACLKS    AND  CUTL.ERY, 

At  Lowest  Figures. 

Bf^  Watches  and  Jewelry  Carefully    Repaired. 
Auzerais  House  Blcek,  San  Jose. 


THUEMAN&WOODROW 


UNDERTAKERS, 

408  First  Street,        San  Jose. 

EVERYTHING  IN  THE  LINE  FURNISHED 
promytly,  and  on  the  Most  Reasonable 
Terms.  We  are  also  prepared  to  lurniBh  two  of 
the  finest  HEARSES  ou  the  Coast,  iueludinB  a 
Beautiful,  «H)SS  WHITE  CHILD'S  HEABSE. 
I  Persons  in  need  of  anything  in  our  line  will  find 
it  to  their  interest  to  call  on  ub. 

TUREMAN  &  WOODBOW. 
40H  First  street,  Sau  Jose.  Cal. 

SAN    JOSE 
i  A.SBESTIAN  STONE  WORKS 


EMPEY  Si.  LENNAIID, 

Manufacturers  ami  Dealers  in 


m    COL- 

^-LARS, 


MORTON    HOUSE, 

(Formerly  ORLEANS  HOTEL,) 

Post  St,  above  Kearny,  San  Francisco 

PROPRIETOR, 


T.  J.  CilLLEflPIE President  and  fiuperiuten't 

J.  W.  LOWRY SciTctary 

A .  C.  STODDARD Treasurer 

Directors : 

Tyler  Beach.  S.  F.  Henderson, 


Formerly  of   the  Big  Trees,  Calaveras  County; 

Pacific  Congress  Springs,  Santa  Clara 

County;  and  lat«  of  Visalia. 


C.  C.  Cook. 

A.  C.  Stoddard. 


T.  J.  Gillespie. 
J.  W.  Lowry. 


THIS  Company  ie  now  prepared  to  furnish 
Bulidiug  Lumber  of  all  kinds  and  in  quan- 
tities to  suit  purchasers,  on  short  notice.  Also 
mamifncture  and  keep  on  hand  all  kinds  of 
Mouldings,  Brackets,  etc.,  and  to  do  Mill  Work 
of  all  (hscriptionB.  As  we  are  not  connected 
with  any  ring  or  comhinati<m.  we  are  at  liberty 
to  nuiko  prices  to  suit  our  customers.  Give  us  a 
rail,  as  we  arc  determined  by  fair  and  hononiV)le 
dealing  to  merit  a  share  of  public  patr(>nagc. 


HAR- 
NESS, 

SADDLERY, 

Carriage    Trimmings.     Etc, 

Have  removed   to    '•iH<t    First  street.  Music  Hall 
Building,  opposite  Wells-Fargo's  otfice. 

The  temperance  champioH 

Publiuheil   iiK.iitlily,  at  Sun  .Jose.  ra'... 

By   ALEX.     P^_MURGOTTEN. 
Onf  of  the  Best  Fiiiiiily  Papers  on  llic  Const 

PRIP       ONLY   «I    A  YEAR. 

The  Temperance  People  should  all  have  it. 

JOS  p rTn  ting 

OK  KVKKY     SIYI.K 

Done  at  the  ■■CllAMl'lON"  Office. 


No. 


H^ 


<l\[[  in  (^^^  «  Wcek  to  Agents.   Maniples  rKtli.     j;  ».  BKin»   ami  vvui...    u^b...... 

MO  10  !p//  l".  «■  VICKEKV,    Augusta,    Maine,  I  Sheep  Skins,  Tallow,  Wool,  etc 


THE  ASBESTIAN  IS  AK  ARTIFICIAL  STONE 
superior  to  any  other  tor  Cemetery  Work, 
Building  Frouts.  and  substantial  and  fine  work 
generally.  Elej^ant  designs  can  be  moulded  so 
as  to  resemble  the  finest  Out  Stone.  It  16  war- 
ranted to  be  Stronger  and  More  Durable  than 
Sandstone  or  Marlde. 

mB..  J.  MV.  conxBS. 

(Late  of  the  Excelsior  Marble  Wi.rks)  has  en- 
gaged in  its  manufacture  in  San  .Jose,  and  can 
be  found  in  the  same  building  occupied  by  Al- 
bert Lake's  Box  Factory,  near  the  C.  P.  R.  R. 
Depot.  IBr  Fine  Sculpture  Work  in  Marble  a 
Specialty^ J.  W.  COMBS. 

(jilham's  Green  Ointment, 

For  all  external  diseases  of  the  Horse,  has  no 
equal.  For  sale  by  Traders,  Druggists,  Harness - 
makers,  and  Alain  Hi  Winchester,    214   and 

•ill'i  Battrry  street.  San  Francisco. 

THE  GOODEXOIGH  COMMOIV-SEIVSE 
SYSTEM 

HORSESHOEING   SHOP! 

Cor.       Santa    Clara      and     San      Pedro 
Streetit  (opposite  Post  Ofllce) . 

Horse-Shoeing      !$a. 
JOSEPH  VffOOt,T, 

Manuftieluifi-  of  Tiiissem   Suspenders, 
ArtUiriul  L>iinbs,  etc., 

Slid  FIRST    STREET.  SAN    JOSE. 
Are  vou  Ruptured  ?    Come  to  me  and 

"get  a  Truss  that  will  fit  you. 
Radical  Curen    arc    .  ITe.  "    * 
niv  Tru^s.  s 


SANTA  CLARA  TANNERK. 

.JACOB    KBERHARDT 

I     *   I-I,  KINDS  OP  LiKATIIKR,    SliEBP- 

1\  skins   and  wool.    Highest    price    paid    for 


California  Agriculturist 


M.m» 


Vol.  7— No.  10. 1 


SAN  JOSE  AND  SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL,  OCTOBER,  1876. 


JSUBBCBiPTiON  Pbice,  $1.50  a  Year. 
I  Single  Copies,  15  Cents. 


ALARMING    DISEASE     AMONG 
CHERRY  TREES. 

Several  clierry  orchards  about  Sau 
Jose  have,  withiu  the  last  two  or  throe 
years,  showed  the  ijreseuce  of  some  ills- 
ease  which  has  alarmeil  and  puzzled  the 
orchardists  not  a  little.  The  trees,  one 
by  oue,  in  portions  of  the  orchard,  would 
commence  dying  at  the  top.  The  to|)- 
most  limbs  would  die  first,  and  so  down 
till,  in  some  cases,  the  entire  tree  would 
die.  In  others,  after  a  few  of  the  main 
limbs  died,  the  trees  would  take  a  new 
growth  from  the  bottom  limlis  and  show 
signs  of  recovery.  We  have  visited  sev- 
eral orchards  and  undertalsen  to  ascer- 
tain the  cause.  No  orchardist  could  ac- 
count for  the  trouble.  Theio  were  no 
signs  of  insect  stings  or  poison  in  the 
diseased  parts.  Some  thought  the  hot 
sun  had  scalded  the    upper  limbs,  which 


gophers.  A  few  hundred  dollars  spent 
for  traps  and  poison  and  labor  will  pay 
the  biggest  kind  of  a  per  cent,  by  saving 
valuable  trees  from  further  damage  and 
destruction. 

Every  grower  of  cherry  trees  knows 
how  damaging  to  a  tree  is  a  large  wound 
of  any  kind.  The  removing  of  a  large 
limb  may,  by  the  exuding  of  gum,  cause 
the  death  of  the  tree.  The  gum  exudes 
badly  at  the  roots  where  the  gophers 
gnaw  away  the  bark,  but  the  dirt  acts  as 
an  absorbant  and  has  a  curative  effect. 
A  cherry  tree  may  rei^over  from  some 
gnawing,  but  cannot  withstand  much 
without  severe  injury.  Nothing  less 
than  complete  extermination  of  all  goph- 
ers in  orchards  should  satisfy. 


The  office  of   the   California   Aobi- 
CDLTUHisT  has  been  removed  to  338  First 

street,  in  the  same  rooms  occupied  by 
were  apparently  not  sufiieieutly  supplied  Messrs.  Cottle  &  Wright,  job  printers, 
with  the  circulating  sap  of  the 
tree.  We  concluded  that  the 
trouble  must  be  somewhere  in 
the  root,  as  we  knew  that  a 
disease  of  the  root  would  ati'ect 
trees  in  just  this  way.  Cherry 
trees,  orange,  and  some  other 
trees,  growing  in  soil  with  a 
heavy,  wet,  stagnant  sub-soil, 
have  been  known  to  suffer  from 
rotting  of  the  lower  roots, 
which  the  trees  would  first  show 
signs  of  in  the  top,  jnst  as 
these  cherry  trees  do  that  are 
aft'ected.  But  in  this  case  the 
cherry  trees  are  growing  in 
high,   light,  well    drained   soil. 

We  had  an  idea  that  a  bed 
of  gravel  might  underlie  the 
surface  soil  a  few  feet  down,  and 
that  the  roots  running  into  this 
might  become  affected  by  a 
dry,  fungoid  rot.  So,  after  duo 
consideration,  we  went  into 
Judge  Archer's  orchard,  and 
with  his  man,  spent  half  a  day 
with  spades  hunting  for  the 
cause.  We  first  ascertained  that 
the  trouble  was  not  in  the  sub- 
soil. But  after  a  careful  search 
about  the  crown  of  the  roots 
andtrunk,  we  found  that  every 
tree  that  showed  signs  of  dis-  _ 
ease  had  been  gnawed  by 
gophers.  A  little  gnawing 
about  the  roots  would  cause  a 
slight  affection  at  the  top  of  the 
tree,  and  a  tree  two-thirds  or  three- 
quarters  girdled  about  the  I'oots  would 
be  diseased  in  like  proportion. 

The  gophers  do  not  gnaw  the  roots  off, 
but  girdle  close  about  the  trunk  where 
the  roots  branch  from  it.  Sever.d  trees 
which  we  found  dead  were  entirely 
girdled.  A  number  of  trees  showing  signs 
of  recovery  had  been  gnawed  some  last 
year  or  the  year  before,  and  not  any  this 
season. 

Cherry  trees  are  too  vahiable  to  be 
damaged  or  lost  in  this  manner.  Fair- 
sized  trees  will  yield  in  value  from  $2() 
to  $50  each  season  to  the  tree.  Now  that 
the  cause  is  positively  known,  .and  the 
'  mystery  disijclled,  we  trust  that  means 
will    be   at  once   taken   to    destroy   the 


/'j/m-z/ii^*^ 


Boiler  vvitli  Fire-box  Ueiiiovort— sliowiuK  iJORition 
and  arrangement  uf  tnlies  anil  grati'K 


TEMPERANCE  HALL. 

Mr.  Jesse  Hobson,  the  noted  temper- 
ance worker  of  San  Jose,  has  just  com- 
pletefl  a  new  building,  on  the  comer  of 
Ninth  and  St.  James  streets,  to  be  de- 
voted to  temperance  and  education.  This 
he  has  done  at  his  own  expense,  for  the 
free  use  of  the  community.  .\s  it  is  just 
opposite  the  Editor's  residence,  we  feel 
particular  pleasure  in  noticing  the  fact. 
It  is  better  than  a  whisky  saloon  oppo- 
site one's  door,  such  as  existed  where  w^e 
once  lived  on  Third    street. 

Long  live  Jesse!  say  we,  and  may 
his  voice  continue  to  ring  out  for  tem- 
perance, education  and  reform! 


KING'S  PATENT    BOILER 
ENGINE. 


AND 


•  We  do  not  make  a  practice  of  adver- 
tising anything  on  this  page  for  pay,  but 
admit  the  cuts  of  this  splendid  engine  as 
an  advertisement  here,  beliefiiK/  it  U>  be 
the  very  best  euyine  and  boiler,  for  such  jiur- 
/lo.w.s  as  it  is  designed,  that  was  ercr  yet 
manufactured.  Several  of  them  now  in 
use  in  San  Jose  give  better  satisfaction 
to  the  jiersons  owning  them  than  any 
others  have  ever  done.  Mr.  ^^^  W.  Coz- 
zens  .and  Mr.  Oliver  Cottle,  both  orch- 
ardists in  the  "Willows,"  have  them, 
and  find  that  they  use  less  fuel  than  any 
other  boiler  and  engine  of  like  capacity 
and  power.  The  proprietors  of  the  San 
Jose  Feed  Mill,  on   the    Alameda,  where 


ojieration  in  the  Are/us  office.  First  street, 
San  Jose,  to  run  the  new  cylinder  press 
just  set  up  in  their  new  rooms. 

The  illustrations  here  given  will  show 

the  peculiar  construction  of  the  boiler. 

Instead  of  flues  surrounded   with   water, 

tubes  holding  the  water  to  be  heated  are 

surrounded  by  the  flames.     The   largest 

possible  heating   space    is    thus   gained, 

,  while  at  the  same  time  there  is  no  large 

I  body  of  water  or  steam    subject  to  cxplo- 

1  sion. 

Tliero  is  no  safer  boiler   made,  or  oue 
more  economical  of  fuel.     The  engine  is 
j  not  close    enough    to    the   boiler   to  get 
i  heated,  although  it  rests  upon   the  same 
i  cast  beil-piece.     The  crank-motion  is  at 
the  liase,  thus  avoiding  unnecessary  strain 
and   jar.     It  is   mechanically  a  triumph 
in    every    re- 
spect; easy  to 
uud  e  r  s  t  a  Q  d 
and    to    nm, 
safe  from  de- 
struetive     ex- 
plosions,  and 
cheaper     and 
more  econom- 
ical  than  any 
other  of  equal 
Ijower. 

Its  merits 
deserve  to  be 
understood. — 
Mr.  E.E.Wil- 
ber,  450  First 
St.,  San  Jose, 
is  the  sole 
agent  for  this 
Coast.  Per- 
sons wanting 
engines  sho'd 
at  once  ac- 
quaint thaui- 
selves  with 
the  advant- 
ages of  King's 
Patent  Boiler 
and  Engines. 
Mr.  Wilber 
will  forward 
further  infor- 
mation to  any 
address  upon 
application. 

There  are 
several  sizes 
and    different 


n.l.l.l. 


powers,  and  all  orders  can  be  filled  with- 
in reasonable  time.  This  machine  has 
only  begun  to  be  introduced  on  this 
Coast,  but  the  names  of  all  persons  us- 
ing them  here  will  at  any  time  be  cheer- 
fully given  to  such  as  may  wish  to  make 
inquiries  of  them  as  to  how  they  like 
the  King  Boiler  and  Engine. 


they  grind  all  kinds  of  grain  for  feed  at 
$2  per  ton,  tell  us  th.at  it  is  the  best 
boiler  and  engine  they  ever  saw.  They 
cannot  say  enough  in  it.s  praise  to  do 
complete  justice  to  it.  Mr.  Tarleton, 
orchardist,  San  Jose,  who  already  has  a 
first-class  boiler  and  engine,  bought  new 
this  yeiu-.  and  who  has  thoroughly  exam- 
ed  the  merits  of  all  the  leading  ones,  re- 
gi-ets  that  he  had  not  seen  this  one  be- 
fore he  bought.  Mr.  Joseph  Holland, 
orchardist,  San  Jose,  has  been  the 
rounds  trying  all  tlie  different  engines, 
.lud  making  inquiries  to  ascertain  the 
comparative  merits  of  each  before  order- 
ing, and  will  take  this  kind.  He  recog- 
nizes several  important  points  of  superi-  Caiifobnia  exchanges  will  confer 
ority  over  any  other.  Oue  of  the  small-  ;  favor  by  noticing  that  this  journal  is  of- 
est  size— a  two-horse  power — is  now  in  '  (ered  three  months  on  trial  for  ten  cents. 


The  Honey  Country.  -One  peculi- 
arity about  the  honey  region  in  Southern 
California  is  freedom  from  fogs  and  cold 
winds.  -Mthough  near  the  sea,  the  cli- 
mate is  singularly  favorable  for  the 
flight  and  continuous  working  of  the  bees. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal 


|uT  gtock^oiminll 

$1.50   Per  Ar\r\unf\. 


PUBLISHED   MONTHLY  BY  THE 

CAL,     AGRICULTURIST      PUB.      CO. 

S.  HARRIS  HERRINrt.  Editor. 
Han     .Tone     Office— 33S  First  SlreH. 

San  Frand.fcn  Business  Office  (tempora- 
r'tly) — 406  Market  Street. 

RATES    OF    ADVERTISING: 

Per  oiif  Cnlumn $12  00  Per  Mouth 

■•    hall'  Column 6  00    " 

"    lourfh  Column 3  00    "       •' 

"    c-ighth  Column 2  00    " 

•'    sixteenth  Column 1  00    "        " 

fit?"  We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  our  resolu- 
tion to  admit  none  but  worthy  business  advertis- 
ing in  our  cidumns.  and  to  keep  clear  of  patent 
medieine,  liquor,  and  other  advertisements  of 
doubtful  influence. 

The  large  circulation,  the  desirable  class  of 
readers,  and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rend- 
ers this  .Journal  ^  choice  medium  for  reaching 
the  attention  of  the  masses. 


Notice  to  Eastern  Advertisers  and 
Advertising  Agencies. 

tt^  Hereafter  no  proposition  for  advertising 
in  this  journal  will  be  entertained  without  pay 
in  advance.  Onr  published  rates  are  the  stand- 
ard for  all.l 


other  fruits  into  iood,  such    as  raisins,  dried 
fruits,  canned    fruits,  pork   anil   other   meats. 
As    thougli    tliere   were  no  nETTEii  uses  for 
fruit  than  making  liquors  !     Verily,  ".alcohol 
is  a  tiling  evolved  out    of  a   rotten  substance. 
It  is  the  terrible  essence   of    decay;    it   is  the 
very  living   spirit  of  the  putrid.     Science  has 
shown  that  it  is  neither  iood  nor  fuel.     It  is 
simply  an  irritant,  and  this  was  its  effect  from 
its  tir.st  titillation  to  its  last  agony  in  delirium 
tremens.     It  is  a  lying  spirit.     Its  distilleries 
can  be   honestly  gauged    by   no   government 
under  heaven,  nor  its  treacherous  drug  fairly 
meted  out    by  any   measure  yet    invented  by 
man,  nor  its  la.xes   honestly  paid    under  auy 
system  of  revenue.     The  worm  of  the  still  is 
crooked    in    the   grain   and   cannot  be  made 
straight,  and  it  is  a  worm  that  dieth  not,  tliat 
gnaweth  ever.'.    It  is  a  "business"  by  which 
a  few  are  trying  to  live   oft'  from  others'  deg- 
radation and    ruin.     It   is    perfectly    natural 
that  they  should  try  to  evade  the  tax.    While 
we  are   oppo-sed    to   licensing  any   evil,    we 
hope  to  see  no  special  favor  to  .snch  as  are  in 
our  own  State  and   midst.     By   the  way,  we 
notice  that  the  fruit  distillery  No.  187,  belong- 
ing   to  T.   A.   Giai|ue   and   .situated   at    Ho; 
Springs,  Napa  county,  was  seized  last  month 
by    Deputy    Collector  Frost,  of  Sacramento, 
for  violation  of  the  revenue  laws  in  shipping 
liquors  without  stamps.     The  property  seizad 
is  valued    at  about   $St,OO0,  and  includes  G.'jO 
gallons  of   proof  spirits  and  26,4(10  gallons  of 
wine.     The  seizure  was   inude  upon  llie  com- 
plaint of  agents  Crane  and  Clark,  and  United 
States  District  Attorney  Coghlan  has  been  no- 
tified  to  begin    proceeding.s  for   confiscation. 
We  wish  theie  was  a  law  to  destroy  all  such 
confiscated  stuff. 


EDITORIAL     NOTES. 


What  Ao  you  think  of  ' '  The  Gipsy 
Girl"?  We  .sliall  never  make  an  offer  of  any 
premium  of  an  inferior  or  "cheap"  order.  It 
is  as  much  for  our  interest  as  yours  to  give 
satisfaction,  and  we  shall  ever  aim  to  squarely 
do  it. 

To  Our  Friends. — Every  one  of  our 
subscribers  who  likes  the  Agriculturist  is 
specially  requested  to  send  us  in  the  names 
of  friends  and  neighbors  for  three  months  on 
trial.  We  mean  liusiness,  and  know  that 
two  thirds  of  all  who  read  the  California 
AiiKiciii.TijRisT  lliree  months  will  subscribe 
for  a  year.  Rend  us  the  names,  and  we  will 
\-aVv  llic  clianees.  any  way. 


The  present  hard  times  for  money, 

low  prices  for  produce,  etc.,  get  people  to  .se- 
riously thinking  about  economi/.ing  in  every 
way.  Of  course,  no  intelligent  person  looks 
upon  providing  suitable  reading  for  a  family 
as  e.xti'avagauee.  It  is  more  of  a  necessity  in 
our  present  condition  of  civilization  than  a 
mere  lu.Nury.  But  _where  the  amount  of 
money  to  pay  for  reading  is  limited,  this  jour- 
nal, at  only  $I..''>(1  a  year,  has  stnmger  claims 
for  patronage  than  many  liiglier-priced  ones. 
Al  any  rate,  it  will  give  as  much  for  a  little 
MS  any  other  paper  published. 


A  Little  More   "Aid."— The    bo- 

calliil  "fruit  distillers"  are  making  extraor- 
dinary cllbrtii  to  get  clear  of  the  government 
la.x,  and  say  that  without  such  "aid"  "this  in- 
terest must  suffer,"  ele.  Let  is  suffer,  say  we, 
till  lliey  are  driven  to  make  a  better  use  of  it 
lliaii  rotting  and  manufacturing  it  into  a  pois 
I"  ruin    mankuid.     (Jonvert  your  grajies  and 


"Hard  times"  is  no  idle  cry.     Times 
are  hard,  and  will  be  harder   before  tliey  are 
easier.    The  causes,  which  are  national,  will 
not  be  removed   by  either  the  Democratic  or 
Republican  parties,  whichever  may  elect  their 
President.     Both    platforms  are   pledged  to 
"bard  money  and  contraction,"   at  the  dicta- 
tion  of    bondholders  and   Shylocks  in   both 
Europe  and  America.      The   money  power  is 
held,  not  by  the  people  in  the  interests  of  the 
people,  but  by  their  creditors,  and  in  their  in- 
terests solely.     Industry  is  ta.xed  and  nearly 
strangled  to  death.    Thousands  are  compelled 
to  be  idle,  and  while    real   estate,  and  manu- 
facturing and  producing   run   people  in  debt, 
and  all  real  values  depreciate,  money  extorts 
luijust  tribute  and   grinds  into  lower  depths  a 
suffering  people.     GoM,  which    we  have  not, 
is  demanded  for  payment  of  bonds  and  inter- 
est on   debts    contracted   with    paper  money. 
Our    honest,    non-interest-drawing    national 
paper  is  being  withdrawn   from    circulation. 
Bonds  deposited  with  Government  will  draw 
G  percent,  interest  in  gold,  and  an  issue  from 
(;overnment  of  more  than  twice   the  amount 
deposited  in    national  bank  notes,  which  are 
drawing  from    borrowers    I'J  to  '2-3    per  cent, 
more  annually!     This  we   mention   as  but  a 
sample  of  the  way  the  financial  affairs  of  this 
Government  are  now  being  run.     High  sala- 
ries and  premiums   for  rascality,  monopolies 
and  a  hard-money   aristocr.acy  are   in  the  as- 
cendant, and  are  bouii<i  to  triumph  until  such 
A  revolution  is  inaugurated  in  this  country  as 
shall  sweep  everytliing  before  it.     The  sooner 
such  of  us  as  are  in  debt  sacrifice  wliafever  is 
necessary    to  get  out,  the   bctler.     No  such 
crushing  force  waB  ever  before   set  in  motion 
to  despoil  labor,  rob  industry  ami    discouragi' 
honest  enterprise.     Such  of  our  peojile  as  liave 
homes  and   can  make  a  living  by    producing 
file  most  of  what  they  consume,  independeul 
of  tlie  W(uld,  are  file  ones  wlui  will  suffer  the 


least.  It  behooves  everyone  to  husband  his 
resources,  get  of  debt  in.  keepou!, 
economize,  and  so  ward  oft  from  his  own  and 
his  family's  heads  as  much  of  tlie  surely  im- 
pending ruin  as  possble.  Our  nntion  is  al- 
already  bankrupt;  our  industries  are  paralized; 
our  people  are  virtually  enslaved  to  the 
money  kings  and  their  allies,  who  are  in  ev- 
ery way  drawing  closer  the  sirings  that  en- 
snare us,  and  who  are  squeezing  out  the  earn- 
ings and  even  the  vitality  of  iiroductive  labor. 
It  is  none  too  soon  to  sound  the  tocsin  of 
alarm.  Let  him  who  is  not  blimlcil  take 
heed.  

Employ  the  Boys  and  Young  Men. 

The  fcdlowing  circular  explaiiis  iImII,  and 
should  be  memorized; 

Youths'  I>irectory  and  Boys'  Sheltkr  I 
5'JO  Bush  St.,  S.  F.,  Sept.  9,  1870,  S 

In  furtherance  of  a  good  cause,  please  in- 
form your  readers,  especiitlly  in  the  rural 
ilistricis,  that  we  constantly  luive  on  hand  a 
large  number  of  strong,  active,  honest,  re- 
sponsible young  men  from  1.5  to  '-'I  yeiirs  of 
age,  most  of  whom  were  born  in  this  country 
(no  hoodlums  or  puny  striplings),  who  are 
leady  and  eager  for  any  opportunity  to  render 
faithful  service  by  contract  at  the  rate  of  .'ill 
cents  per  working  day,  beside  board  ami 
lodging,  w-ith  fare  advanced,  the  latter  to  be 
deducted  from  their  earnings.  We  make  no 
charges  to  employers  or  employees.  This  in 
stitutiou  is  maintained  by  gratuitous  contri 
butions. 

Help  our  boys  against  the  encroachments 
of  the  Chinese  coolies  in  their  competition  for 
labor.  In  the  battle  of  life  and  the  struggle 
for  existence  on  this  Coast,  let  the  fitter  race, 
the  higher  tvpe  of  humanity  survive. 

Respectfully  yours,  A.  V.  Deitz. 

We  will  add  here  that  Judge  Archer,  of 
San  Jose,  employed  boys  this  season  to  gather 
his  cherry  crop,  which  netted  him  over  S3,000 
clear  of  expenses,  and  he  was  well  satisfied 
with  their  work.  Give  the  boys  a  chance  to 
make  worthy,  industrious  men,  by  making  a 
living  and  learing  how  to  do  business  for 
themselves.  Upon  the  saved  earnings  of  a 
few  years,  the  young  men  who  get  steady 
employment  can  go  into  business  for  them- 
selves. The  hope  of  tliis  nation  is  young  men 
and  boys.     Let  us  all  do  our  duty  by  ihem. 


TARLETON'S    CLINGSTONE 
FRUIT  FITTER. 

Our  friend  Mr.  G.  W.  Tarleton,  a  lead- 
ing orchardist,  has   just  invented  a  sim- 
ple little  device  for  removing   pits  from 
cling-stoue  fruits.      The   illustration  we 
here  give  will  show  what  it  consists  of — 
a  half  eircie  cutting  attachment  to  a  com- 
mon knife-blade,     with    this  instrument 
the  fruit  is  halved  and  pitted  at  one  ope- 
ration      is  the   knife   is    drawn  around 
the  fruit,  m   the  act  of   halving,  the    at- 
txchment  is   drawn    over 
and   fitted    about  the  pit, 
lud    follows   it  around  as 
the  knife  is  turned,  so  that 
Mhen    the  fruit   is   cut  in 
two  the  pit  is  also  scooped 
out  as   clean   and  slick  as 
possible.      Everyone  who 
sees  it  work  is  filled  with 
c  \clamations  as  to  its  per- 
fect   working,     simplicity 
and  excellence.      The  San 
.lose  canning   and   drying 
factories  have   had  a  sup- 
ply made  at  once,  and  are 
highly  pleased  with  them. 
'The  superior  excellence, 
firm    flesh,    and   size  .and 
beauty       of      cling-stono 
peaches    and    plums     are 
well  knowE.     Heretofore, 
the  trouble  of  pitting  has  been  a  serious 
obieetion  to  them  for  canning  and  drying. 
Now  that  this  is  overcome,    there  prom- 
ises to  be  a  revolution  in  orcharding  and 
in  the  nursery  business.     Clings  will  be 
all    the    rage,  and  in   demand   at  high 
prices. 

Mr.  Tarleton  is  a  natural  mechanic, 
and  has  invented  and  improved  several 
useful  implements  before.  This,  we  be- 
lieve, is  the  first  upon  which  he  has  ap- 
plied for  a  patent.  So  struck  were  we 
with  it  at  once,  on  seeing  it  work,  that 
we  exclaimed,  "Mr.  Tarleton,  this  little 
invention  is  worth  more  than  your  $40,- 
00(1  orchard,  although  yours  is  the  best 
in  the  State  of  its  size." 


\, 


Short-horn  Beef  and  Milk  Stock. 

We  visited  Col.  Younger's  lierd  of  Short  hiirus 
while  they  were  in  training  for  the  State 
Fair.  There  can  be  but  one  opinion  concern 
ing  his  stock  by  any  unbiased  judge  of  good 
stock  that  visits  and  examines  them  on  the 
Forest  Grove  Farm.  They  are  all  carefully 
bred,  well  cared  for,  and,  by  constant  inter- 
mingling of  best  strains  of  noted  breeds,  are 
being  constantly  improved.  The  Col.  makes 
the  science  of  breeding  a  study  and  practice. 
While  most  herds  of  Short-horns  are  being 
bred  for  beef-making  points  alone,  or  to 
pedigree  iricspective  of  points,  this  herd  is 
noted  for  its  fine  milking  quidities.  There  are 
several  as  fine  milch  cows  among  them  as  can 
be  found  anywhere.  'I'his  is  of  more  real 
value,  .and  a  better  recommendation  to  tlii.s 
herd  than  many  might  imagine.  In  lacl,  for 
this  State,  eucli  fine  milk  stock  is  iiiv  ;du;ilde. 
We  did  frame  out  a  sp''ci;d  arti.b-  ou  tins 
subject,  but  other  maltels  pievelit   its  appi'ul 


Floral  Work  for  the  Month.     Th. 

planlingof  bulliB  lor  e;irly  blooimug  should 
be  done  this  luonth,  in  raised  beds,  so  I  hat  no 
water  will  sl:ind  upon  them  during  the  win- 
ter. I'repare  the  soil  and  |d.inl,  ill  this  cli 
male,  just  tlie  same  as  Vick  or  Truudiulf  advise 
in  tlieir  catalogues ,  whidi  may  be  liad  for  ihe 
asking.  Tliere  is  nolldng  that  will  give  bet- 
ter salistactlcai  in  il  gardin  tluin  ;l  good  selec 
ti(ui  of  llowering  bulbs,  ju-operiy  arranged 
:ind  c.ared'for.  Send  for  tlio  catalogues  aud 
be  governed  by  advice  found  there. 


LETTER-WRITING. 

We  receive  a  good  many  letters  that 
puzzle  us  to  find  out  from  where  or  whom 
they  come.  Letter-writing  is  so  simple 
that  everyone  should  know  how  to  do  it 
so  that  nothing  is  left  to  guess  at.  If 
Mr.  Pooduc,  of  Pooducville,  Hop-scotch 
county,  Alaska,  were  to  sit  down,  the 
L5th  day  of  October,  to  write  a  letter,  he 
should  commence  thus: 

roodiu-v'Me,  Hopscotch  Co.,  Alaska.  I 
October  15»(,  1870.  ) 

Then,  were  he  addressing  the  pub- 
lishers of  this  journal,  he  should  next 
say: 

Pub.  Cal.  Agriculturist: 

And  go  on  in  a  direct  manner  to  say 
his  say,  as  the  business  on  hand  may 
demand.  After  he  gets  through  lie 
should  wind  up  with 

lie.'qiectfuUy  ymirs. 
signing  his  name  clearly  in  full, 

1101! AT  10  rooiivc. 

This  will  let  the  publishers  know-  1  si 
where  the  letter  comes  from;  'id,  the 
month,  day  and  year  it  w;is  written,  ;!d, 
who  it  is  "  to;  4th,  what  it  eonfains,  .and 
.'ith,  who  the  letter  comes  from— all  of 
which  arc  equally  imjiortaiit  in  a  busi- 
ness letter.  Observe  these  five  rules, 
count  them  on  the  five  fingers  of  your 
right  hand,  and  wiien  you  write,  si-e 
that  each  rule  is  observed 
our  thanks. 

Ucmcmber  the  Ahuioultuuist  ofllc 
now  nt  :i38  First  street. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^uix^* 


The  Flood  of  Vears. 

DY  WILLIAM   CULLEN   BRYANT. 

Mij^hty   Hand,  from  an,  exhaustless  urn, 

Pours    forth  the  never    ending  flood  of 
years 

Among  the  nations.      How    the    rushing 
waves 

Bear  all  before  them!    On  their  foremost 
fdge, 

And  thure  alone,  is  Life;  the  Present  thero 
Tosses  and  foams  and  fills  the  air  with  roar 
Of  mingled  noises.    There  are  thoy  who  toil, 
And  they  who  strive,  and  they  who  feast,  and 

they 
Who  hurry  to  and  fro.    The  sturdy  hind- 
Woodman  and  delver  with  the  spade — are  there. 
And  busy  artizan  beside  his  beiuh. 
And  pallid  student  with  his  written  roll, 
A  moment  on  the  moimtiug  biliinv  seen — 
The  flood  sweeps  over  them  and  they  are  gone. 
There  groups  of   revelers,  whose  brows  are 

twined 
With  roses,  ride  the  topmost  swell  awhile, 
And  as  they  raise  their  flowing  cups  to  touch 
The  clinking  brim  to  brim,  are  whirled  beneath 
The  waves  and  disapi:)car.    I  hear  the  jar 
Of  beaten  drums,  and  thuuders  that  break  forth 
From  cannon,  where  the  advancing  billow  sends 
Up  to  the  sight  long  files  of  armed  men, 
That  hurry  to  the  charge  through  flame  and 

smoke. 
The  torrent  bears  them  under,  whelmed  and  hid. 
Slayer  and  slain  in  heaps  of  bloody  foam . 
Down  go  the  steed  and  rider:  the  plumed  chief 
Sinks  with  is  followers;  the  head  that  wears 
The  imperial  diadem  goes  down  beside 
The  felon's  with  cropped  ear  and  branded  chcok. 
A  funeral  train— the  torrent  sweeps  away 
Bearers  and  bier  and  mourners.    By  the  bed 
Of  one  who  dies  men  gather  sorrowing. 
And  women  weep  aloud:  the  flood  rolls  on; 
The  wail  is  stifled  and  the  eobi)  ug  group 
Borne  under.    Hark  to  that  shrill  sudden  shout. 
The  cry  of  an  applauding  multitude 
Swayed  by  some  loud  tougued  orator  who  wields 
The  living  mass  as  if  he  were  its  soul. 
The  waters  choke  the  shout  and  all  is  still. 
Lo,  next  a  kneeling  crowd  and  one  who  spreads 
The  hands  in  prayer;  the  engulfing  wave  o'er- 

takes 
And  swallows  him  and  them.    A  sculptor  wields 
The  chisel  and  the  stricken  marble  grows 
To  beauty;  at  his  easel,  eager  eyed, 
A  painter  stands,  the  sunshine  at  his  touch. 
Gathers  upon  the  canvas,  and  life  glows; 
A  poet,  as  he  paces  to  and  fro. 
Murmurs  his  sounding  lines.    Awhile  they  ride 
The  advancing  billow,  till  its  tossing  crest 
Strikes  them  and  flings  them  under  while  their 

tasks 
Are  yet  imfinished.    See  a  mother  smile 
On  her  young  babe  that  smiles  to  her  again— 
The  torrent  wrests  it  from  her  arms;  she  shrieks, 
And  weeps  and  midst  her  tears  is  carried  down. 
A  beam  like  that  of  moonlif/ht  turns  the  spray 
To  glistening  pearls;  two   lovers,  hand  in  hand, 
itise  on  the  billowy  swell  and  fondly  look 
Into  each  other's  eyes.    The  rushing  flood 
Flings  them  apart;  the  youth  goes  down;  the 

maid, 
With  hands  outstretched  in  vain  and  streaming 

eyes, 
Waits  for  the  next  high  wave  to  follow  him. 
An  aged  man  succeeds;  his  bending  form 
Sinks  slowly;  mingling  with  the  sullen  stream 
Gleam    the    white  locks  and  then  are  seen  no 
more. 

Lo,  wder  grows  the  stream;  a  sea- like  flood 
Saps  earth's  walled  cities;  massive  palaces 
Crumble  before  it;  fortresses  and  towers 
Dissolve  in  the  swift  waters;  populous  realms 
Swept  by  the  torrent,  see  their  ancient  tribes 
Engulfed  and  lost,  their  very  languages 
Stifled  and  never  to  be  uttered  more. 


A  moment  and  then  Bink  away  from  Bight. 

I  look,  and  the  quick  tears  are  in  my  eyes, 
l'"iir  I  Ijehold,  in  every  one  of  these, 
A  l)lighted  hope,  a  separate  history 
Of  human  sorrow,  telling  of  dear  ties 
Suddenly  broken,  dreams  of  happiness 
Dissolved  in  air.  and  happy  days,  too  brief, 
Tliat  sorrowfully  ended,  and  I  think 
How  painfully  must  the  poor  heart  have  beat 
In  bosoms  without  number,  as  the  blow 
Was  struck  that  slew  their  hope  or  broke  their 
peace. 

Sadly  I  turn,  and  look  before,  where  yet 
The  flood  must  pass,  and  I  behold  a  mist 
Where  swam  dissolving  forms,  the  brood  of 

Hope, 
Divinely  lair,  that  rest  on  banks  of  flowers 
Or  wander  among  rainbows,  fading  soon 
And  reappearing,  haply  giving  place 
To  shapes  of  grisly  aspect,  such  as  Fear 
Molds  from  the  idle  air;  where  serpents  lift 
The  head  to  strike,  and  skeletons  stretch  forth 
The  bony  arm  in  silence,     l-'ur  her  on 
A  belt  of  darkncFB  stems  to  bar  the  \va\v. 
Long,  low  and  distant,  where  the  Life  that  Is 
Touches  the  Life   to  Come.     The  Flood  of  Voars 
Rolls  toward  it,  nearer  and  near.     It  must  pass 
That  dismal  barrier.    What  is  tluTM  beyond? 
Hear  what  the  wise  and  good  have  siiid:  Beyond 
That  belt  of  darkness  still  the  years  roll  on 
More  gently,  but  with  not  less  mighty  sweep. 
They  gather  u])  again  and  softly  bear 
All  the  sweet  lives  that  late  were  o'crwhelmed 
And  lost  to  sight— all  that  in  them  was  good. 
Noble,  and  truly  great  and  worthy  of  love— 
The  lives  of  infants  and  ingenuous  youths. 
Sages  and  saintly  women  who  have  made 
Their  households  happy— all  are  raised  and 

borne 
By  that  great  current  in  its  onward  sweep. 
Wandering  and  rippling  with  nireesing  waves 
Around  green  isles,  fragrant  with  the  breath 
Of  flowers  that  never  wither.    So  they  pass. 
From  stage  to  stage  along  the  shining  course 
Of  that  fair  river  broadening  life  a  sea. 
As  its  smooth  eddies  curl  along  their  way, 
'i  hey  bring  old  friends  together;    hands  arc 

clasped 
In  joy  unspeakable;  the  mother's  arms 
Again  are  folded  round  the  child  she  loved 
And  lost.    Old  sorrows  are  forgotten  now. 
Or  but  remembered  to  make  sweet  the  hour 
That  overpays  them;  wounded  hearts  that  bled 
Or  broke  arc  healed  forever.    In  the  room 
of  this  grief-shadowed  Present  thero  shall  be 
A  Present  in  whose  reign  no  grief  shall  gnaw 
The  heart,  and  never  shall  a  tender  tie 
Be  broken— in  whose  reign  the  t^ternal  Change 
Thiit  waits  on  growth  and  action  shall  proceed 
With  everlasting  Concord  hand  in  hand. 


I  pause  and  tixrn  my  eyes  and.  looking  back, 
Where  that  tumultuous  flood  has  jjassed,  I  see 
The  silent  Ocean  of  the  Past,  a  waste 
Of  waters  weltering  over  graves,  its  shores 
Strewn  with  the  wreck  of  fleets,  where  mast  and 

hull 
Drop  away  piecemeal!  battlemented  walls 
Frown  idly,  green  with  moss,  and  temples  stand 
Unroofed,  forsaken  by  the  worshipers. 
There  lie  memorial  stones,  whence  time  has 

gnawed 
The  graven  legends,  thrones  of  kings  o'erturned. 
The  broken  altars  of  forgotten  gods, 
Foundations  of  old  cities  and  long  streets 
Where  never  fall  of  human  foot  is  heajd 
Upon  the  desolate  pavement.     I  behold 
Dim  glimmerings  of  lost  jewels  far  within 
The  sleeping  waters,  diamond,  sardonyx, 
Knby  ;ind  topaz,  pearl  and  chrysolite, 
Onci"  glitt(  ring  at  the  banquet  on  fair  brows 
That  hnv^  :it^i>  were  dust;  and  all  aroxiud, 
Strewn  nn  the  waters  of  that  silent  sea. 
Are  wilht-Ting  bridal  wreaths,  and  glossy  locks 
Shorn  from  fair  brows  by  loving  hands,  and 

scrolls 
Overwritten — haply  with  fond  words  of  love 
And  vows  of  friendship— and  fair  pages  flung 
Fresh  from  the  printer's  engine.    Where  they  lie 


Kalf-UTay  Doin's. 

UY  UtWIN  ItUSSELL. 

Ik'lubbL'rl  fellow  trabellers:   lu  liokleu'  forth  to- 

flav, 
I  docBn't  quote  no  special  verso  for  what  I  has  to 

Bay. 
Do  Bcrinou  will  lie  berry  short,  an'  (lis  here  am 

de  tex': 
T3at  half-way  doin's  ain't  no  'count  for  dis  worl 

or  de  uex'. 

Dib  worl'  dat  wc's  a  libbiu'    iu   is  like  a  cotton 

row. 
Whar  ebery  culled  gentleman  has  got  his  line  to 

hoe; 
And  ebery  time  a  lazy  nigger  stops  to  take  his 

nap, 
Do  grass  keeps  on  a  growin' for  to  sm  udder  up 

his  crap. 

When  Moses  led  de  Jews  acrost  de  waters  ob  de 

sea,  , 

Dcy  had  to  keep  a  goin',  jes  as  las  as  fas  could 

be* 
Do  you  s'pose  dat  dcy  could  obber  hab  succeeded 

in  deir  wish,  .    .,    . 

And  reached  do    Promised  Laud  at  last,  if  dey 

had  stopped  to  fish  '.' 

My  frien's,  dar  was  a  garden  once    whar  Adam 

libbed  wid  Ebe,  . 

Wid  no  one  'round  to  bodder  dem.  no  neighbors 

for  to  thieve. 
And  ebery  day  was  Christmas,  and  dey  got  deir 

rations  free. 
And  eberyting  belonged  to  dem  except  an  apple 

'tree. 


No  balf-way  doiu'B.  bredren!    It'll  nebberdo,  I 

Go  at  your  task  an'  finish  it,  an'  den's  do  time  to 

For  ebon  if  de  crap  is  good,  de   rain'll  spile  de 

bools. 
Unless  you  keeps  a  pickin'  in  do  garden  of  your 

souls. 

Keep  a  plowin',  an'  a  hoein',  an'  a  scrapln'  ob  de 

And  when  do  ginnin's  ober  you  can  pay  up  what 

you  owes; 
Hut  if  you  quits  a  workin'  ebery  time  do  sun  is 

hot.  ^       ., 

Ue  BherifTs  gwyne  to  lebby  on  eberyting  you  s 

got. 

Whatebor  'tis  you's  dribiu'  at,  be  sure  an'  dribe 

it  troo,  .       ,    i 

An'  don't  let  nutlin'  stop  you,  but  do  what  you  s 

gwyne  to  do; 
For  when  you  see  a  nigger  foolin  den,  shore  as 

you's  born,  ...  ,, 

You'B  gwyne  to  see  him  come  out  ob  de  small 

eend  ob  de  horn. 

X  thanks  for  de  'tontion  you  has  gib  dis  after- 
noon—  . 

Sister  Williams  will  oblige  us  by  a  raislu  ob  a 
tune — 

I  see  dat  Brudder  Johnson's  'bout  to  pass  aroun 
de  hat. 

And  don't  let's  hab  no  half-way  doin  s  when  it 
comes  to  dat. 

The  Togy  Parmer. 

A  farmer  lived  in  the  Keystone  State 

On  a  hundred  acres  of  soil. 
He  labored  early  and  labored  lato. 

And  his  bauds  were  hard  with  toil, 
lie  didn't  believe  in  progress  much. 

And  he  thought  t  was  very  strange. 
And  said  in  his  mind  "it  beats  the  Dutch" 

That  farmers  join  the  Grange. 

"For  what's  the  use,"  said  the  fogy  man, 

"As  I  often  tell  my  wife. 
Hard  work  is  better  than  any  plan 

To  carry  you  through  this  life. 
And  a  hundreil  tons  of  phosphate, 

If  you  put  it  on  the  land. 
Won't  do  the  gnodiu  this  Keystone  State 

You  can  do  with  a  single  hand." 

So  he  hardly  took  the  time  to  dream. 

And  he  filled  his  eyes  with  dust. 
And  ho  wouldn't  thresh  his  grain  by  steam 

"For  fear  the  thing  would  bust." 
So  his  neighbor  Jones  his  wheat  had  sold. 

In  the  nearest  market  town. 
And  turned  his  crop  into  solid  gold. 

Before  he  bad  his  done. 

And  this  fogy  man,  when  he  came  to  sell 

In  the  quiet  part  of  the  fall, 
Found  the  price  of  grain  'had  fell," 

And  got  no  price  at  all . 
While  Jones,  the  llranger,  worked  with  brain 

And  not  alone  with  hand. 
At  the  sheriffs  sale,  came  down  the  lauc 

And  bought  the  whole  ot  his  land. 

But  ho  still  thinks  ignorance  is  bliss, 

And  says  it's  just  his  fate. 
.\nd  never  lays  it  all  to  this. 

That  he  would  not  educate. 
"He  wasn't  born  with  a  silver  spoon." 

And  he  says  'tis  thundering  strange. 
And  he  hangs  around  a  beer  saloon. 

But  he  hasn't  joined  the  Grange. 


crawlin'  on  de 


You  all  know  bout  de  story-how  de  snake  come 

snoopin"  'roun' — 
A  stump-tail,  rusty  moccasin,  a 

groun' —  ,         ,       ,  ,  , , 

Uow  Eve  an'  Adam  eat  de  fruit,  an  went  an  hid 

■    deir  face,  , 

Till  de  angel  oberseer  he  came  an    drove  em  ofl 

de  place. 

Now,  s'pose  dat  man  an'  'ooman  hadn't  'tempted 

for  to  shirk. 
But  had  gone  about  der  gardenin',  and  tended  to 

deir  work, 
Dey  wouldn't  hab  been  loafln'  whar  dey  had  no 

business  to. 
And  de  debbil  nebber'd  got  a  chance  to  tell    em 

what  to  do. 


louUvn  hhxL 


Fraternity. 

MRS.    R.    w.    UBAIS.UU>. 

The  farmer  plows  and  the  farmer  sows— 
The  heat  on  the  blacksmith's  anvil  glows. 
While  under  the  weight  of  his  brawny  hand 
The  plow  is  forged  tor  t\\<:  farmer's  land. 
Clasp  hands!  ye  brothers  in  honest  toil, 
Yo  sturdy  sons  of  the  mother  soil! 

The  farmer  rcapeth  the  golden  grain— 
Theniiller  wailoth  thecre.sking  wain 
That  brings  his  shnri-  of  the  cou;mou  toil, 
Aud  marks  his  rank  with  sous  of  the  soii. 
Clasp  hands,  yo  brothers!  a  triple  power 
That  gives  the  nalion  a  farmer's  dower. 

The  farmer  clippcth  the  fleecy  wool. 
And  plucks  the  bolls  of  cotton  full. 
The  weaver  bends  to  his  noisy  loom. 
And  piles  the  webs  in  the  crowded  room. 
Clasp  hands!  ye  brothers,  in  friendly  zeal, 
Yo  hold,  united,  a  nation's  weal. 

Ho!  farmer,  gathering  fruit  and  grain— 
Ho!  merchant,  counting  your  loss  and  gain— 
Ho!  builder,  modeling  wood  and  stone — 
Ho!  sailor,  reaching  from  zone  to  zone- 
Clasp  friendlv  hands!  for  a  common  toil 
Binds  all  mankind  to  the  mother  soil. 

—[Son  of  the  Soil. 


An   abundant  harvest,  and  imploring 
printer. 


A  FEW   HINTS   ON   POULTRY. 

C-}\0ULT11V  keeping  iu  California  is 
'-{yl  often  attended  with  much  vexatious 
Jl•^■^  loss  and  trouble.  During  the  suin- 
(^Xl  'uer  the  henn  get  terribly  lousy  aud 
2^-^  covered  with  fleas,  if  not  carefully 
attended  to.  Frequently  they  get  dis- 
eased aud  die  off  strangely. 

On  moat  farms,  where  a  few  dozen 
poultry  are  kept,  the  fowls  have  no  spe- 
cial houses  or  roosting  places,  but  scat- 
ter around  upou  scaffolds  in  the  barn, 
upon  the  partitions  of  horse  stalls,  upou 
piles  of  rubbish,  fences,  branches  of 
trees,  or  wherever  they  can  find  a  place 
to  perch.  If  they  get  diseiiscd  or  lousy 
it  is  almost  impossible  to  get  at  them,  or 
their  roosting  places  to  correct  the  evil. 
In  fact,  they  are  kept  as  a  sort  of  toler- 
ated nuisance,  aud  are  allowed  to  f  hif  t 
mostly  for  themselves;  are  plentifully 
fed  when  they  can  get  it  from  the  stack, 
aud  go  hungry  wheu  they  cannot  find 
enough  to  eat.  If  all  circumstances  hap- 
pen to  bo  favorable,  aud  the  fowls  do 
well—  that  is,  lay  well  aud  raise  a  lot  of 
nice  chickens  from  uest  stolen  away — 
why,  well  and  good,  chickens  arc  profit- 
able to  keep.  But  if,  on  the  contrary, 
as  most  frequently  happens,  they  do  not 
lay  well,  only  hatch  out  a  few  scattering 
chickens,  and  get  sick  and  die  oft',  why, 
somebody  has  no  luck  with  chickeus.aud 
it  don't  pay  to  bother  with  them. 

Now,  there  is  no  eft'ect  without  a  causi  , 
aud  this  simple  admitted  assertion  will 
as  well  apply  to  the  chicken  business  as 
as  to  auy  other.  There  is  a  reason  why 
chickens  get  lousy,  diseased,  poor  and 
worthless  on  one  place  aud  do  finely  on 
auother.  It  is  not  alwoys  iu  the  soil, 
atmosphere,  nor  locality.  It  is  certainly 
owiug  to  favorable  or  adverse  conditions. 
Care  aud  proper  treatment  will  obviate 
any  difficulty  of  location,  but  the  most 
favorable  location  will  uot  make  all  right 
under  iudiflerent  circumstiinces. 

The  experience  of  poultry  raisers  for 
many  years  have  proved  some  things, 
and  suflicient  reliable  data  can  be  found 
on  which  to  predicate  some  sound  ad- 
vice. 

Chickens  and  other  fowls  should  have 
pure  air  to  breathe.  At  night  this  can- 
not be  obtained  iu  a  privy,  pig-sty  nor 
closely  over  the  filthy  accumulated  drop- 
pings of  months,  under  a  shed.  They 
should  not  be  exposed  to  the  full  ilrafl 
of  wiud  aud  to  storms,  but  better  this 
than  bad  air.  Their  roosts  should  be 
kept  clear  of  vermin  by  frequent  wash- 
ing with  kerosene,  soap  suds,  tobacco, 
aud  lime  wash,  or  something  that  will 
destroy  lice  aud  prevent  a  deposit  of  ver- 
min eggs,  on  the  roosts.  A  clean,  open 
house  that  can  be  kept  clean  is  the  best, 
although  evergreen  trees  make  good 
roosting  places.  The  nest  boxes  should 
be  kept  clean,  aud  be  supplied  with  clean 
straw,  aud  sprinkled  with  sulphur. 

.-\n  open  range  is  desirable  when  cou- 
venient,  but  fowls  may  be  kept  in  close 
quarters  if  kept  clean  and  allowed  good 
wallowiug  dust  beds.  Clean,  pure  water 
should  be  supplied  in  quantity  for  drink- 
ing. 5Iuch  depends  upon  this.  Many 
chickens  get  diseased  upon  impure 
water.  One  cannot  be  too  particular 
about  clean  water  for  fowls. 

When  it  comes  to  feeding,  a  good  deal 
can  be  said.  Above  all,  clean  food 
should  be  supplied,  and  foul,  decaying 
substances,  of  animal  matter  particularly, 
should  not  be  put  within  their  reach. 
Fowls  are  fond  of  meat,  insects,  etc., and 
should    have   such  food.     ^Vheat  is  pro- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


bably  the  best  single  grain  for  chicken 
feed,  but  a  variety  is  better  than  any  one 
kind  of  feed.  If  chickens  have  all  the 
wheafthey  want  and  a  variety  of  other 
grains  to  pick  at,  they  can  best  select 
what  the}'  want  and  need.  Milk  is  an 
excellent  feed,  and  should  always  bo 
given  when  one  has  it  to  give.  Wheat 
bran  mixed  in  milk  is  an  admirable  side 
dish  for  poultry,  to  be  set  where  they  can 
get  at  it  continually, 

We  wish  to  call  particular  attention  to 
the  necessity  of  supplying  green  feed  of 
some  kind  to  poultry.  In  our  climate, 
where,  at  this  season,  but  little  green  is 
to  be  seen  without  irrigation,  manj'  lots 
of  poultry  are  without  green  feed  of  any 
kind  for  months  together.  This  is  one 
leading  cause  of  ill  success.  Poultry 
should  have  green  feed  the  year  round, 
and  must  have  it,  too,  or  some  substi- 
tute, or  they  will  surely  suffer.  They 
are  great  grass-eaters,  and  must  have 
some  succulent  feed  to  keep  healthy. 
Hens  are  scratchers  and  shonld  have 
some  place  to  scratch,  and  something  to 
scratch  for.  At  this  season,  on  most 
places,  the  ground  is  hard  and  unyield- 
ing. It  should  be  plowed  and  harrowed 
up  to  encourage  the  chickens  to  scratch 
and  wallow  in  the  dirt.  If  the  wheat  for 
feed  is  sown  thickly  and  harrowed  in  so 
that  they  will  have  to  scratch  to  find  it, 
it  will  give  the  fowls  employment  and 
healthy  exercise. 

Much  more  might  be  said  upon  this 
subject.  But  a  few  rules  observed,  a 
thorough  system  jjursued,  and  common 
sense  and  good  care  used,  will  in  every 
case  pay  in  rearing  poultty  on  the  farm. 

HATCHING  CHICKENS. 

The  best  season  in  which  to  raise 
broods  of  fine,  healthy  fowls  is  in  the 
fall  of  the  year,  in  California.  The  cool, 
moist  weather  when  the  rainy  season 
commences  seems  to  be  much  more  con- 
ducive to  health  of  young  fowls  than 
the  warmer  and  dryer  season.  Thous- 
ands of  seeds  are  sprouted  with  the  rains, 
the  soil  is  softened,  and  there  is  better 
picking  and  scratching  for  them,  some- 
thing tender  and  green  to  pick  up,  and 
little  annoyance  from  chicken  lice  at  this 
season  when  nights  are  frosty. 

Of  course,  shelter  should  be  provided 
for  young  fowls,  so  that  they  can  keep 
dry  during  storms  in  winter.  But  they 
should  be  alloweil  as  much  liberty,  when 
large  enough  to  scratch  as  the  range  will 
admit.  Pullets  raised  from  eggs  set  this 
mouth  will  be  ready  to  lay  in  early  sum- 
mer, and  when  poultry  is  a  good  price 
the  roosters  can  be  disposed  of  to  best 
advantage. 

February  is  also  a  good  nujuth  to  sit 
eggs  and  hatch  out  chickens.  As  soon 
as  hot  weather  commences,  the  hatching 
of  chicks  should  cease  for  the  season. 


Fowls  that  are  moulting,  as  most  old 
birds  are,  just  at  this  time,  are  of  course 
unfit  for  marketing.  This  fact  is  not 
generally  appreciated.  But  the  moulting 
process  is  a  species  of  skin  disease,  w  ith 
domestic  poultry;  that  is  to  say,  during 
the  weeks  that  the  old  plumage  is  drop- 
ping away,  and  the  time  that  the  new 
feathering  is  forming,  the  fowl's  flesh  is 
in  a  fevered  condition,  in  consequence  of 
the  death  and  slow  departure  of  the  pre- 
vious year's  coating. 

At  such  a  period,  the  older  fowls  are 
quite  unfit  for  the  table,  though  thous- 
ands of  such  birds  are  kept  by  their  own- 
ers up  to  this  natural  change  in  the  fo^W's 
life  -which  succeeds  the  laying  of  their 
annual  litter  of  eggs,  usually— and  are 
then  killed  off,  because  they  are  com- 
monly at  such  time  in  good  condition 
apparently. 


If  these  older  birds  are  to  be  slangh- 
tered  at  all,  they  should  be  killed  before 
the  moult  commences,  or  they  shonld  be 
kejit  over  to  cold  weather,  or  until  their 
new  feathering  is  fully  out.  This  may 
be  decided  upon  by  taking  your  fowls 
from  the  roost  at  night,  and  examining 
the  skin.  If  the  body  is  covered  with 
blue-shafted  "pin-feathers,"  such  birds 
ought  to  be  kept  till  November  or  De- 
cember before  killing.  If  these  pin- 
feathers  have  not  yet  begun  to  show 
themselves,  then  the  bird  may  be  proper- 
ly used  for  marketing. 

With  fall  chickens,  the  case  is  some- 
what different,  though  it  is  dependent 
upon  their  age.  Usually,  by  October  the 
spring  chicks'  first  moult  is  completed, 
and  the  jiiu-feathering  is  mm  cd  upon 
their  bodies.  But,  in  either  case,  if 
there  be  a  show  of  this,  upon  examina- 
tion, birds  should  not  be  killed,  for  eat- 
ing. These  pin-feathers  may  be  scalded 
off,  or  picked  out,  through  careful  pluck- 
ing. But  no  one  who  knows  anything 
about  the  above  facts  will  ever  choose  a 
chicken  in  market  whose  skin  is  covered 
wilh  these  ofl'ensive  blue,  dead-blood- 
filled  feather-shafts,  and  no  poultrymau 
should  ever  kill  a  bird  to  ofl'er  for  eating, 
young  or  old,  that  is  going  through  its 
moult. — Faiidef's  Juuriuil. 

R.HSINO  TuEKEYS. — The  most  success- 
ful turkey  raisers  feed  the  chicks  for  the 
first  few  days  of  their  lives  ui^ou  finely 
chopped,  hard-l)oiIed  eggs,  and  keep 
them  from  wandering  oft"  by  cooping  up 
the  hen.  After  the  chicks  are  a  week 
old,  scalded  wheat,  or  oaten  grits  and 
cornmeal  may  be  given,  but  until  they 
are  f idly  fledged,  they  should  be  careful- 
ly i^irotected  from  rain  storms  and  wet 
grass. 


§m\miiL 


Woman's  'Work. 


BY    ANNIK    IIAI.LS, 

To  ^vnah  aixl  l'ak*\  to  iin'iid  an.1  make, 
Tlie  w.aiy  Ktf|>s  nf  toil  to  t;ike  ; 
'I'll  ('link  ami  .SL-our,  to  ihi.st  and  sweep. 
And  all  the  Iiuubc  ju  urder  keep. 
To  rise  at.  nioni  and  o'er  and  o'er 
J)o  duties  doue  the  day  before, 
And  know  that  in  to-morrow's  train 
Tlie  H;iine  tilings  will  come  o'er  again. 
And  otten  to  herself  to  say, 
The  oI<l.  old  lines  in  weary  way, 
"From  flawn  of  day  till  setting  snn 
Woman's  work  is  never  tlone. " 

To  watch  and  pray,  to  gladly  take 
Love's  cruBses  for  loves  crowning  sake. 
To  love  and  gi-ieve,  to  smile  and  weep; 
Her  deepest  thought  in  silence  keep. 
To  te,ach  and  lead,  to  hope  and  trust — 
Have  trust  betrayed  -as  woni,an  must. 
To  g.iitly  ehide.  to  cheer  and  bless. 
And  til  ar  witli  i,;(ti.  lit  tenderness 
Her  l-uutiiis  all  ;  Tinr  shrink  away, 
liut  bravely  Imik  alirad  and  say. 
"From  dawn  of  life  to  setting  sun. 
Woman's  work  is  never  done," 


Preserving   and    Keeping  Toma- 
toes. 

J^'IvCrS.  ROMA  W.  WOODS,  in  the 
■  ll  Western  Farm  Journal,  says; 
ill  The  first  and  most  important 
_'J,^  thing  to  remember  is  this:  that 
i'O^  all  fruits  which  mature  quickly, 
as  rapidly  decay;  they  simply  reach  per- 
fection, and  at  once  begin  to  die,  and 
when  decay  has  once  commenced  it  can- 
not be  permanently  arrested.  So  I  use 
under-ripe  rather  than  over-ripe  toma- 
toes. If  they  are  free  from  soil  or  other 
dirt,  they  will  not  need  washing  before 
scalding.  As  you  take  the  skin  from 
each,  slice  it  twice,  and  drop  into  your 
porcelain  kettle.  When  nearly  full  pin 
a  piece  of  mosquito  netting  over  it,  and 
put  the  kettle  over  the  fire;  stir  frequent- 
Ij'  with  a  silver  sjioon  or  hard  wood  pad- 


dle, and  -when  you  are  sure  that  the  mass 
has  all  boiled,  dip  it  out  into  your  glass 
cans,  which  should  be  standing  on  sev- 
eral thickness  of  cloth,  folded  smooth, 
which  has  been  -wet  in  cold  water;  pour 
the  hot  water  out  of  the  cans,  and  fill 
nearly  full.  Leave  them  on  the  cloth 
and  open,  until  you  can  hold  your  hand 
upon  the  side  of  the  cans.  Put  on  the 
rubbers,  fill  one  can  fidl  of  boiling  water 
or  boiling  tomato  juice,  and  put  the  top 
on,  and  screw  it  tight;  and  so  on  until 
your  cans  are  sealed.  Wipe  each  can 
thoroughly,  first  with  a  damp  cloth,  then 
with  a  dry  cloth,  .iml  put  them  in  a 
dark  place  until  the  next  day.  If  they 
are  perfectly  dry  you  may  put  them 
away  in  a  dark,  cool  place,  and  in  win- 
ter keep  glass  cans  where  they  'will  not 
freeze. 

In  preparing  for  the  table  ( do  not  use 
iron  or  anything  with  the  tin  worn  oft'  to 
cook  them  in),  season  with  salt,  pepper, 
butter  and  white  sugar;  and  when  they 
boil  up  once,  remove  from  the  fire  and 
dish  them;  too  much  boiling  extracts 
the  bitter  principle  in  the  seeds — stand- 
ing in  tin  wM  also  make  them  dark  and 
bitter. 

To  MAKE  washing  days  more  endurable 
on  the  farm,  and  less  wearying  to  the 
female  portion  of  the  family,  one  of  the 
men-folks  should  see  to  it,  every  Mon- 
day morning,  that  wood  and  water  are 
provided  in  abundance.  If  the  clothes 
can  be  collected  the  day  before  and  put 
to  soak,  either  in  warm  or  cold  water, all 
the  better.  Half  the  merit  of  the  new 
soaps  and  washing  powders  which  are 
continually  being  brought  forward,  and 
urged  upon  our  attention  as  labor-savers, 
is  due  to  the  observance  of  the  "rules 
and  directions"  which  usually  accom- 
pany them. 

A  fault  of  many  economical  house- 
housekeejiers  shoAvs  itself  in  the  small 
quantity  of  soap  used  for  washing 
clothes.  It  is  both  easier  and  cheaper, 
in  the  long  run,  to  dissolve  the  dirt  by 
the  free  use  of  soaii,  rather  than  attenqjt 
to  rub  it  out  by  friction  between  the 
washboard  and  the  hands.  Bed  clothes 
and  many  others  may  often  be  thorough- 
ly washed  by  simply  boiling  them  in 
soap  suds,  and  then  rinsing  in  clear 
water.  Cold  soap  suds  will  dissolve 
much  dirt,  but  hot  soap  suds  will  remove 
much  more. 

Moths. — Moths  will  work  in  carpets 
in  rooms  that  arc  kept  warm  in  the  win- 
ter as  well  as  in  the  summer.  A  sure 
method  of  removing  the  pests  is  to  pour 
strong  alum  water  on  the  floor  to  the 
distance  of  half  a  yard  around  the  edges 
before  laying  the  carpets.  Then  once  or 
twice  during  the  season  sjjrinkle  dry 
salt  over  the  carpet  before  sweeping. 
Insects  do  not  like  salt,  and  sufficient 
adheres  to  the  carpet  to  prevent  their 
alighting  upon  it. 

EtTLES  FOR  Action  in  Casks  of  Acci- 
dent. —  Professor  Wilder,  of  Cornell 
University,  gives  these  short  rules: 

F'or  dust  in  the  eyes,  avoid  rubl)ing; 
ilash  cold  %vater  in  them,  remove  cind- 
ers, etc.,  with  the  round  point  of  a  lead 
jiencil. 

Remove  insects  from  the  ear  by  tepid 
water;  never  put  a  hard  instrument  into 
the  ear. 

If  an  artery  is  cut,  compress  it  above 
the  wound;  if  a  vein  is  cut,  compress  it 
below. 

If  you  are  choked,  go  on  all  fours  and 
cough. 

For  slight  burns,  dij)  the  part  in  cold 
water;  if  the  skin  is  destroyed,  cover  it 
with  varnish. 

For  apoplexy  raise  the  head  and  body; 
for  fainting,  lay  the  person  flat. 


Squash  Pancakes — Having  some  cold 
boiled  squash  left  over  one  day,  mother 
thought  to  experiment;  so  she  mixed 
with  it,  after  thoroughly  rubbing  all 
lumps  out,  '2  eggs,  salt,  a  little  baking 
powder,  sweet  milk  and  flour  enough  to 
make  a  stiff  batter,  and  fried  it  on  the 
griddle.  They  were  delicious,  and  now 
squash  pancakes  are  a  regular  dish  at 
our  house.  They  are  light  as  feathers. 
— Cor.  Rural  World. 

No  MEAL  should  be  considered  com- 
ple  without  fruits.  Laboring  men  are 
apt  to  consider  them  more  as  matters  of 
taste  and  ornament  than  of  use  or  niitri- 
ment.  Often,  in  our  ordinary  eating, 
they  are  the  one  most  important  item 
lacking,  and  needed  to  keep  the  system 
in  easy  working  order.  I  know  it  is  not 
an  easy  matter  to  have  fruits  in  much 
variety  in  early  summer,  unless  we  can 
draw  on  the  last  year's  supply.  The 
latter,  however,  we  ought  to  be  able  to 
do,  and  now  is  the  time  to  make  the  de- 
sired arrangements  for  another   season. 

Mr.  Wm.  Emerson  Baker,  a  Massa- 
chusetts gentleman,  who  is  described  as 
an  "eccentric  millionaire,"  has  turned 
over  to  ex-Gov.  Gaston  and  four  other 
trustees,  a  farm  containing  fifty  acres  of 
land,  and  added  f  50,000  in  money  for 
the  purpose  of  founding  a  school  of 
cookery.     May  it  prove  a  success. 

To  make  apple-tea,  pour  boiling  water 
over  roasted  sour  apples,  and  let  them 
stand  until  the  water  is  cold.  This  is  a 
very  palatable  drink  for  invalids. 


The  Angora  Coat. 

An  average  quality  of  Angora  fleece 
realizes,  according  to  the  fluctuations  of 
the  market,  from  70  to  80  cents  a  jjound. 
Pure  Angora  of  the  finest  quality  can  be 
sold  for  a  dollar.  An  average  fleece  will 
weigh  from  four  and  one-half  to  five 
five  pounds,  thus  realizing  from  two  to 
three  times  the  present  value  of  an  ordi- 
nary sheep.  The  first  cross  with  the 
common  goat  will  pay  to  shear.  The 
fleece  of  the  third  cross  sells  at  fiO  cents. 
A  fourth  cross  fleece  fetches  from  70  to 
80,  and  after  that  there  is  no  dift'erence 
from  pure  bloods.  England  imports 
7,000,000  pounds  annually,  and  mohair 
goods  are  in  demand.  When  the  busi- 
ness has  proved  a  failure  it  has  been  for 
want  of  proper  attention,  or  beause  the 
location  is  unsuitable.  All  animals  val- 
uable for  fleece  thrive  best  upon  succu- 
lent food.  Hence  Angoras  have  proved 
profitable  in  all  jiarts  of  Oregon 
where  grass  can  be  had  the  year  round. 
The  mountain  counties  of  California  are- 
suited  for  the  business  because  succulent 
food  is  there  abundant  in  the  fall.  Snow 
does  not  hurt  Angoras,  although  rain 
and  sleet  proves  injurious.  Those  per- 
sons in  Nevada  who  have  engaged  in 
the  business  have  jiroved  it  profitable, 
and  they  have  proved  that  .Vngoras  will 
live  through  a  htird  winter  upon  browse, 
which  is  usually  obtainable,  notwith- 
standing there  may  be  10  or  12  inches 
of  snow  on  the  ground.  Calif (U'uin  jiro- 
duced  .'50,000  pounds  of  Angora  fleece 
last  year,and  this  year's  clip  is  estimated 
at  10,000  pounds  iuore.  H.  H.  Farr  A 
Co,  of  the  Holyok<!  Mills,  Mass.,  and 
Hidl  iV  Turner,  of  Princeton,  New  Jer- 
sey, are  ready  to  purchase  all  the  mohair 
(Jalifornia  can  supply.  Besides  the 
fleece,  Angoras  are  valuable  for  their 
jiolts,  which,  when  died,  make  admirable 


j:^  If  you  want  stocking  and  kitting 
yarn,  send  for  list  of  prices  and  kinds  to 
J.  -T,  Pfister,  dealer  in  the  Lamb  Knitting 
Machines,  ]'20    Sutter    street,  S,    F. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^lorticultiut* 


CULTIVATION      OF     COFFEE 
MEXICO. 


JOHN    W.  FOSTER,  tTNITED    STATES 
MINISTER    TO  MEPICO. 


^(V? 


S'-^HE  total  product  of  the  coffee  crop 
of  the  worhl  for  1874  is  estimated 
at  about  900,000,000  pounds,*  of 
which  amount  the  Uuited  States 
imported  in  1875  one-third,  or  317,- 
970,065  pounds;  which  fact  is  sutlicient 
to  indicate  the  great  interest  which  this 
country  has  in  its  production  and  cost. 
The  chief  coffee-producing  countries  are 
Brazil  (whose  product  is  about  two- 
thirds  of  the  entire  amount),  the  Dutch 
colonies,  the  West  Indies,  the  Central 
and  South  American  republics,  and  Cey- 
lon. Coffee  was  first  introduced  into 
Europe  more  than  two  hundred  years 
ago,  but  during  the  last  fifty  its  use  has 
greatly  increased,  and  of  recent  years  the 
supply  has  not  kept  pace  with  the  grow- 
ing demand  in  the  civilized  world.  In 
the  United  States  the  amount  imported 
twenty  years  ago,  in  185(j,  was 
235,865,268  pounds,  of  the  value  of 
$21,573,558.  In  1875  the  amount  im- 
ported was  317,970,605  pounds  of  the 
value  of  $50,591,488.  But  as  the  con- 
sumption is  affected  somewhat  from  year 
to  year  by  the  production,  it  is  fair  to  es- 
timate the  average  importation.  The 
three  years  beginning  with  1856  show  an 
average  annual  importation  of  221,800,- 
000  pounds,  of  the  value  of  $20,700,000; 
and  the  three  years  ending  with  1875  an 
average  annual  importation  of  298,700,- 
000  pounds,  of  the  value  of  $50,000,000. 
It  will  thus  be  seen  that  in  the  past  20 
years  the  increase  in  quantity  of  imports 
of  coffee  has  been  only  34  per  cent., 
which  is  21  per  cent,  less  than  the  in- 
crease of  population,  but  that  the  in- 
crease in  value  has  been  146  per  cent.  It 
will  be  interesting  to  make  a  comparison 
with  the  importations  of  the  other  table 
beverage,  tea.  The  increased  amount  of 
importations  in  pounds  (annual  average) 
of  tea  from  1856  to  1875,  inclusive,  has 
been  136  per  cent,  or  81  per  cent,  more 
than  the  increase  of  population,  the  lat- 
ter being  in  the  past  twenty  years  55  per 
cent.  The  import  consumption  of  cof- 
fee and  tea  per  inhabitant,  estimating  the 
population  in  1856  at  27,000,000  and  iu 
1875  at  42,000,000,  was  as  follows: 


1856. 
POUNDS. 

Coffee 8.24 

Tea 93 


1875. 

POUNDS.  PER  CENT. 

7.11  Decrease  of  13 

1,42  Increase  of  54 


Comparing  the  consumption  of  coffee 
and  tea  with  the  population,  it  is  thus 
seen  that  the  increased  consumption  of 
coft'ee  has  fallen  behind  the  increased 
population,  while  that  of  tea  has  very 
largely  exceeded  the  growth  of  the  coun- 
try, and  that  there  is  actually  less  coffee 
used  per  capita  than  twenty  years  ago. 
The  reason  of  this  is  not  found  in  the  de- 
creased {)opularity  of  coffee  as  a  beverage 
as  it  holds  a  place  in  the  taste  of  the 
American  people  much  above  tea;  but  the 
explanation  is  justly  to   be    attributed  to 

THE        GKOWINQ        DEMAND      FOK      COFFEE 
THROUGH  THE  WORLD, 

and  the  failure  of  the  production  to  keep 
pace  with  that  demand,  which  has  greatly 
enhanced  the  price.  The  price  iu  gold 
of  tea  at  wholesale  is  to-day  as  low  as  it 
was  in  1860,  before  the  civil  war,  t  while 
coffee  is  nearly  double  the  i^rice  of  1856 
and  1800.  These  statistics  are  given  to 
\  show  that  the  United  States  are  deeply 
'   interested  in  the  increased  production  of 

"American  Grocer,  September  26,  1875. 
tNew  York  Post,  March  29,  1876. 


coffee,  and  iu  finding  new  and  more  ac- 
cessible sources  for  its  supply  of  this  ar- 
ticle, of  which  it  is  a  much  larger  con- 
sumer than  any  other  nation  in  the 
world.  It  may  be  au  unknown  fact  to 
many  Americans  that  at  our  very  doors, 
in  Mexico,  our  neighboring  republic, 
there  exists  the  agricultural  capacity  to 
produce  all  the  cott'ee  that  can  be  con- 
sumed in  the  United  States,  and  of  qual- 
ity equal  to  the  best  grown  in  any 
country.  Mexico,  it  is  true,  is  exporting 
very  little  coffee,  and  scarcely  figures  in 
the  coft'ee-prodiicing  countries,  but  its 
capacity  and  adaptability  for  its  produc- 
tion have  been  tested  by  more  than  fifty 
years  of  successful  cultivation.  The  to- 
jjographical  and  climatic  character  of  the 
country  is  admirably  adapted  for  this 
purpose. 

THE  COFFEE-PRODDCINO  REGIONS, 

The  great  Andean  mountain  range 
coming  up  through  South  and  Cen- 
tral America,  greatly  depressed  iu  the 
Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  apparently  for 
the  passage  of  the  ccnumercc  of  the  two 
oceans,  suddenly  springs  up  in  South- 
eastern Mexico  into  lofty  Cordilleras,  one 
branch  of  which  follows  close  along  the 
Pacific  and  the  other  along  the  Gulf 
coast  of  the  country,  holding  up  on 
these  two  arms  the  great  table-laud  of 
the  interior,  thus  affording  every  variety 
of  jiiroduction  of  the  earth.  The  coff'ee- 
produciug  regions  are  found  on  the  en- 
tire line  of  sea-slope  of  the  mountains 
from  Guatemala  on  the  south,  on  the 
Pacific  side,  for  more  than  a  thousand 
miles  to  the  north,  until  it  reaches  a  line 
in  the  State  of  Sinaloa  where 

OCCASIONAL  FROSTS     ENDANGER    THE    CROP; 

.and  also  for  more  than  a  thousand  miles 
on  the  Gulf  coast  from  Yucatan  into  Ta- 
maulipas.  In  addition  to  these  immense 
stretches  of  country  it  flourishes  in  the 
numerous  and  fertile  valleys  of  the  in- 
terior, wherever  the  great  table  land  is 
sufficiently  depressed  to  reach  the  level 
of  tropical  and  semi-tropical  vegetation. 
The  elevation  above  the  sea  at  which  it 
is  thought  cott'ee  is  most  favorably  grown 
is  from  1,000  to  4,000  feet;  but  iii  Mexi- 
co it  is  cultivated  with  success  at  an  ele- 
vation of  4,500  feet,  and  it  is  even  found 
still  higher.  So  also  it  is  grown  at  low- 
er levels  than  1,000  feet,  as  in  various 
places  in  Mexico  it  is  produced  at  the 
very  sea-side.  Ofl'  the  eastern  coast  of 
Yucatan,  on  the  island  of  Cozumel,  cof- 
fee trees  of  prolific  yield  are  gi'owing 
nearly  at  the  sea-level  as  well  as  in  many 
other  localities  on  both  the  Pacific  and 
Gulf  coasts.  So  that  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  area  for  cultivation  of  coffee  in  Mex- 
ico is  immense.  The  amount  of  its  pro- 
duction, so  far  as  natural  capacity  is 
concerned,  need  only  be  limited  by  the 
extent  of  laud  brought  under  cultivation. 
As  already  stated,  the  adaptability  of 
Mexico  as  a  coft'ee-producing  country  has 
been  tested  by 

MORE     THAN    FIFTY    YEARS   OF    EXPERIENCE 

iu  its  cultivation,  which  experience 
proves  that  in  profit  to  the  producer,  as 
well  as  in  quality  of  the  article,  this 
country  has  no  superior.  That  it  has 
not  assumed  the  first  place  iu  exporta- 
tion is  to  be  attributed  to  other  causes 
than  the  capacity  of  the  soil,  profit  of 
the  cultivation,  or  quality  of  the  article — 
to  the  same  causes  which  have  retarded 
all  commercial  and  agricultural  develop- 
ment of  the  country.  In  1818  and  1819 
the  profitableness  of  the  growth  of  coffee 
iu  the  West  Indies  led  to  the  estabhsh- 
ment  of  extensive  plantations  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Cordova  and  Orizaba,  and  iu 
1825  they  were  in  a  flourishing  state.  In 
the  valleys  of  Cuernavaca  aud  Cuautla, 
iu  the  interior,  in  1826,  there  were  es- 
tates where  there  were  growing  as  many 


as  five  hundred  thousand  plants."  And 
elsewhere  in  the  reiuiblic  much  attention 
w,as  given  to  coffee  planting  at  that  peri- 
od, and  great  hopes  were  entertained  that 
the  country  would  soon  be  largely  en- 
gaged in  its  exportation  to  foreign  coun- 
tries. But  the  civil  disorders,  which 
began  soon  after  and  which  continued 
till  lately,  paralyzed  all  business  enter- 
prises, and  disappointed  these  hopes;  so 
that  the  cott'ee  production  of  Mexico  has 
been  mostly  limited  to  supplying  the 
home  demand,  which  is  quite  large  as 
coffee  is  in  very  general  use  by  all  classes. 
During  the  past  few  years,  up  to  the 
close  of  1875,  there  have  been  peace  and 
security  in  the  country,  and  the  cultiva- 
tion of  cott'ee  has  begun  to  increase,  so 
that  a  small  exportation  has  commenced. 
The  statistics  of  the  single  port  of  Vera 
Cruz  will  show  the  growth  of  tliis  expor- 
tation, which  although  insignificant  as 
compared  with  the  total  production  of 
the  world,  still  indicates  a  very  healthy 
development  of  this  industry;  it  ought 
in  a  few  years  to  become  very  consider- 
able: 

EXPORTATION  OF  COKP'EE  FROM   VERACRUZ. 

Year  eniling  Juno  30,  1871 672„'J88  n.|i 

Viar  cn.liui;  .Iinie  30.  1872 1.912.020  m» 

Ytar  iii.liiii;  June  30,  1873 3,909.440  1I.K 

Yi  ni-  en.lini!  June  30.  1874 4.204,410  ll.ii 

Y'ear  eniling  June  30,  1375 5.373,678  lti« 

The  coffee  exported  from  Vera  Cruz  is 
all  gi-own  in  that  State,  with  the  valley 
of  Cordova,  on  the  Mexico  and  Vera 
Cruz  Kaihvay,  as  the  chief  center  of  its 
production.     A  brief  reference  to 

THE      METHODS     OF     ITS     CULTIVATION     AT 
CORDOVA 

may  be  a  matter  of  interest  to  the  vast 
number  of  cottee-drinkers  in  the  Uuited 
States,  many  of  whom  know  nothing  of 
the  article  except  at  the  daily  breakfast 
table. t  The  seed  or  grain, which  should 
be  selected  with  care,  is  usually  planted 
in  well-prepared  beds  in  a  nursery,  shad- 
ed from  the  sun.  The  young  plants  are 
transplanted  at  the  age  of  one  year  or 
eighteen  months  to  the  fields  or  ca/e?«/ex, 
which  are  thoroughly  cleaned  of  all  uu- 
der-growth  and  the  soil  well  prepared. 
As  the  young  plants  are  very  tender,  it 
is  necessary  to  protect  them  from  the 
sun.  For  this  reason  open  forests  are 
used,  where  available,  and  the  mountain 
sides  att'ordiug  shade  are  utilized  for 
coftee  plantations.  In  open  fields  a 
growing  shade  must  be  created,  which 
is  most  quickly  obtained  by  planting 
banana  trees,  also  yielding  some  profit 
from  their  fruit.  But  the  best  cultivat- 
ors at  Cordova  consider  this  a  poor  sub- 
stitute. One  of  the  most  intelligent 
planters  there  has  set  out  in  his  coffee 
fields  a  large  number  of  cinchona  trees 
(from  which  quinine  is  made),  which 
grow  well  in  that  latitude;  also  valuable 
timber  trees,  as  the  oak,  walnut,  etc. 
The  second  year  after  planting  there  is 
a  very  slight  j-ield  of  cott'ee ;  the  third 
year  about  a  half  crop ;  aud  the  fourth 
year  (or  when  the  plant  is  Jive  years  old) 
a  full  crop  is  gathered. 

A  REASONABLY  RICH  SOIL  IS  DESIBABLK  FOR 
COFFEE, 

and  manm-ing  pays  well  in  the  vigor  of 
the  tree  and  increase  of  yield.  The 
distance  at  which  plants  are  set  out  in 
the  field  is  usually  about  three  yards  (or 
Taras)  apart  each  way,  although  often 
planted  closer.  The  cultivation  consists 
in  keeping  the  fields  clean  from  weeds 
and  undergrowth  and  plowing  the  soil. 
In  certain  localities  irrigation  is  neces- 
sary, but  iu  Cordova,  after  the  plants 
are  well   started   iu  the  lleld  this   is  not 


*See  WanVa  Moiic«>.  Book  1. 

tHon.  Martiaa  Romero,  well  known  in  the  United 
States  as  the  fornier  Mexican  minister  at  Washing- 
ton, has  recently  written  a  valuable  work.in  Spanish, 
on  coffee  cultivati-m,  entitleil  "  Cultivo  del  cafe  en  la 
Costa  Meridional  de  Chiapas." 


required,  and  the  better  class  of  plant-  j 
ers  give  careful  attention  to  pruning, 
keeping  the  plant  or  tree  at  the  hight  of 
from  six  to  eight  feet,  although  it  un- 
checked it  will  grow  to  double  that  hight. 
The  trees  do  not  yield  their  full  blos- 
soming at  onetime.  The  first  flowering 
is  sometimes  as  early  as  December,  the 
second  about  February,  and  the  third 
and  most  abundant  the  last  of  March 
and  the  month  of  April.  Early  in  April 
last  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  spend 
several  days  in  Cordova,  in  the  midst  of 
the  blossoming  season.  The  suburbs  of 
the  city  in  all  directions  are  devoted  to 
coffee  cultivation.  The  lanes,  lined  on 
each  side  with  cifdaks,  presented  a  most 
agreeable  sight.  The  pure  white  blos- 
soms, clinging  close  along  the  branches 
half  covered  wnth  bright  green  leaves, 
gave  the  trees  the  appearance  of  being 
sprinkled  with  snow,  and  the  perfume- 
of  the  flowers,  almost  equal  to  that  of 
orange  blossoms,  loaded  the  air  with  its 
fragrance.  The  flower  falls,  leaving  a 
round  green  berrj',  which  ripens  iu  seven 
or  eight  months,  changing  when  ripe 
into  a  red  color.  Each  fully  formed 
berry  contains  two  grains,  though  some- 
times it  contains  only  one  grain,  which 
is  sounded  or  oval-shaped,  called  by  the 
Mexicans  caracoliUo.  On  account  of  the 
different  times  of  flowering, 

THEPICKING    on   GATHERING    SEASON 

lasts  for  three  or  four  months,  each  tree 
having  to  be  carefully  gone  over  three  or 
four  times  by  hand.  This  is  the  most 
tedious  and  difficult  process  of  the  whole 
cultivation.  It  cannot  bo  postponed, 
must  be  done  carefully,  and  requires  an 
extra  number  of  laborers,  but  women 
and  children  can  bo  employed  at  low 
wages.  The  first  process  after  picking 
is  to  dry  the  berries,  which  is  iloue  by 
exposing  them  to  the  sun,  when  they 
shrivel  and  change  to  a  black  color. 
They  are  then  put  into  a  mortjir,  and 
the  grains  hulled  or  beaten  out  with  a 
pestle.  The  crude  process  of  fanning  it 
out  by  hand  or  winnowing,  though  some- 
times a  fan-mill  is  used.  The  coflee  is 
afterwards  picked  over  carefully,  grain 
by  grain,  by  hand,  and  selected,  and  it 
is  then  ready  for  sacking  and  the  mark- 
et. Up  to  the  present  the  "doctoring" 
process  of  artificial  coloring  or  bleaching, 
as  in  some  countries,  has  been  resorted 
to  here. 

THE  PROCESS  OF  CURING 

after  gathering  the  crop,  is  in  a  most 
primitive  state  in  Mexico.  It  presents  a 
fertile  field  for  Yankee  ingenuity  to  in- 
vent instruments  and  methods  to  facili- 
tate the  process,  or  for  enterprise  to 
avail  the  inventions  in  use  in  other 
countries.  And  although  it  has  been 
grown  here  for  so  many  years,  the  coffee 
cultivation  in  Mexico  may  yet  be  consid- 
ered in  its  infancy,  as  it  is  only  begin- 
ning to  receive  the  attention  of  intelli- 
gent and  scientific  cultivators,  so  that 
great  improvements  may  be  anticipated 
both  in  the  cultivation  and  curing.  Ex- 
perience has,  however,  proved  that  it  is 

A    CERTAIN    AND    RELIEBLE    CROP. 

So  far  its  cultivation  at  Cordova  has  de- 
veloped no  disease  of  plant  or  berry. 
Insects  do  not  attack  it.  It  is  very  little 
affected  by  the  climate,  as  in  the  locality 
of  its  production  there  is  no  frost;  and 
although  great  drouth  may  diminish  the 
crop,  it  does  not  destroy  it.  The  flower, 
when  in  full  bloom,  is  sometimes  broken 
off  by  severe  winds,  but  this  seldom  di- 
minishes the  yield.  The  crop  is  also 
I  clean  and  comparatively  easy  to  cultivate. 
I  After  the  cafetal  is  once  in  full  bloom  the 
i  cultivation  is  easy.  Only  at  the  pick- 
ing season  is  there  much  urgency  re- 
quired.    Once  gathered   the  crop  can  be 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


I 


cnicd  and  prepared  for  market  leisuaely 
and  at  the  planter's  convenieuce.  The 
most  prominent  objection  is  tliat  so  much 
time  is  lost  before  a  protit  begins  to  be 
realized.  If  a  planter  commences  with 
sowing  the  seed  he  must  wait  more  than 
five  years  before  he  obtains  returns  upon 
his  investment,  or  four  years  if  he  plants 
from  the  nursery,  as  the  first  year's  crop 
barely  pays  more  than  the  cost  of  culti- 
vation and  curing.  But  as  compensa- 
tion for  this,  a  plantation  once  estab- 
lished yields  a  never-failing  crop,  without 
renewal,  anxiety,  or  uncertainty  for  a 
lifetime. 

THE    PROFIT    IN    MEXICO 

during  the  past  few  years  has  been  about 
100  per  cent,  over  the  cost  of  cultivation, 
and  10  per  cent,  interest  on  the  capital 
invested.  The  period  the  trees  will  con- 
tinue bearing  as  variously  estimated  is 
from  twenty  to  twenty-five  years.  There 
are,  howevei',  trees  now  growing  in  Cor- 
dova sixty  or  seventy  years  old,  remains 
of  neglected  and  abandoned  plantations, 
which  by  pruning  and  cultivation  are 
yielding  a  fine  crop.  An  intelligent 
American  i:ilanter  in  that  valley  claims 
that  with  attention  and  care  plants  ought 
to  continue  bearing  vigorously  for  fifty 
years.  Another  important  feature  of 
coffee-planting  in  Mexico  is  that  the  lo- 
cality of  its  cutivation  is  usually  both 
healthy  and  attractive — elevated  above 
the  fatal  diseases  of  the  tropics  and  in 
the  TJresence  of  the  most  beautiful  scen- 
ery." The  valley  of  Cordova,for  instance, 
is  among  the  foot-hills  of  the  great 
mountain  of  Orizaba,  whose  peak  is  cov- 
ered with  eternal  snow,  in  a  rich  semi- 
tropical  vegetation,  and  with  a  remarka- 
bly equable  climate,  the  elevation  being 
:i,000  feet  above  the  sea. 

THE  AVEE.\GE    YIELD    PBK  TEEK 

at  Cordova  is  estimated  at  about  one  and 
a  half  pounds,  inthough  it  is  claimed  that 
with  intelligent  culture,  pruning,  and 
manuring,  the  average  yield  in  that  val- 
ley may  be  increased  to  three  pounds 
per  tree.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  find 
trees  yielding  from  five  to  seven  pounds, 
and  in  very  exceptional  cases,  from 
twenty-five  to  fifty  pounds  each.  With 
the  trees  planted  three  yards  apart  each 
way,  W'ith  the  above-stated  average,  it  is 
easy  to  estimate  the  yield  per  acre.  It 
is  unsafe  to  give  a  detailed  calculation  of 
the  outlay  required  in  establishing  a 
]ilantation  or  cafelal  up  to  the  time  of 
yielding  the  first  paying  crop,  as  much 
depends  both  upon  the  locality,  and  the 
intelligence  and  the  economy  of  the 
planter,  so  that  published  estimates  are 
apt  to  mislead.  It  may  be  stated,  how- 
ever, that  after  the  plants  begin  to  bear 
a  full  crop,  the  cost  of  annual  cultivation 
u  pto  sale  ill  local  market,  is  from  'J  to  7 
cents  a  pound.  It  is  very  difficult  to 
give  any  definite  idea  of 

THE  PKICE  op  LAND  IN  THE    C0I'TEE-(;E0W- 
IN(;  REGIONS. 

The  average  price,  as  per  sales  which 
have  bc(!n  made  in  the  valley  of  Cordova 
beyond  the  vicinity  of  the  city  during  the 
past  two  years,  has  been  about  SKI  per 
acre,  and  at  points  out  of  the  reach  of 
the  railroad,  in  the  same  State  of  Vera 
Cruz,  sales  have  been  made  at  $5  per 
acre,  or  even  less.  But  this  has  been  in 
a  time  of  great  business  depression,  and 
with  a  revival  of  cnmmcrco,  and  a  grow- 
ing dcmaiul  for  coftei;  lauds,  the  price 
would  very  soon  advance,  possibly  50  or 
100  per  cent.  In  what  has  iirec'edcd  I 
have  referred  particularly!  to  tho  coffee 
region  having  the  valley  of  Cordova  for 
its  center,  for  the  reason  that  it  is  the 
locality  at  jiresent.  of  the  greatest  i>ro- 
duction  in  the  republic,  and  is  most  ac- 
cessible to    the  American    market.      lint 


there  are  several  other  localities  in  the 
country  where  the  cultivation  is  receiving 
considerable  attention,  and  is  assuming 
some  importance  in  exportation.  One 
of  these  localities  is 

THE  DISTRICT  OF  SOCONU.SCO, 

in  the  State  of  Chiapas,  immediately 
upon  the  borders  of  the  republic  of  Gua- 
temala. Hon.  Mafias  Romero  owns  a 
plantation  in  that  district,  and  the  recent 
revival  of  this  industry  there  is  almost 
entirely  due  to  his  encouragement.  Sev- 
eral Americans,  and  other  foreigners, 
have  located  there,  and  are  engaged  in 
plaeting,  and  quite  a  number  of  the  res- 
ident proprietors  have  embarked  exten- 
sively in  this  cultivation.  Among  the 
special  advantages  presented  in  this  dis- 
trict is  the  cheapness  of  laud  and  labor. 
Public  or  Government  lands,  which  are 
subject  to  entry  by  foreigners,  can  be 
taken  at  from  $20  to  $2.5  per  cu6ato-ia  (a 
Spanish  measure  of  aljout  105  acres). 
Private  lands  have  been  sold  at  from  $50 
to  $100  per  caballeria,  but  native  land- 
owners here,  as  elsewhere  in  Mexico, 
have  little  disposition  to  part  with  their 
estates.  Continued  success  in  coffee- 
culture  and  a  growing  demand  will  ma- 
terially increase  the  price.  Wages  are 
reported  at  25  cents  per  hand  pel  day; 
but,  of  coiirse,  this  verj-  low  price  could 
not  be  continued  with  a  greatly  increased 
demand  for  labor.  The  chief  impedi- 
ment to  the  development  of  this  industry 
in  Soconusco  is  the  fact  that  this  district 
is  a  disp)uted  territory,  claimed  by  both 
Mexico  and  Guatemala,  and  until  this 
vexed  question  is  settled,  the  tenure  and 
protection  of  property  will  remain  inse- 
cure. The  valley  of  Uruajian,  in  the 
State  of  Michoacan,  has  great  celebrity 
for  its  fertility,  and  for  the  superior 
quality  of  the  coffee  grown  there.  But 
the  most  noted  region,  especially  for  the 
excellence  of  its  coffee,  is 

THE      STATE    OF     COLIMA,    ON     THE    PACIFIC 
COAST, 

its  products  being  so  highly  esteemed 
that  it  commands  a  fabulous  price  in  the 
city  of  Mexico,  and  more  distant  places 
of  the  republic.  The  planting  of  cofJ'ee 
began  in  Colima,  in  ItiSH,  to  a  very 
limited  extent,  with  plants  obtained  from 
Costa  Kico.  The  article  produced  was 
found  so  superior  to  any  other  grown  in 
the  country — sample  lots  sent  to  private 
parties  in  Eurojie  being  i>ronounced 
equal  to  Mocha — that  in  IHT.i  quite  an 
impetus  was  given  to  the  cultivation, and 
since  that  year  over  one  million  plants 
have  been  set  out,  which  are  now  begin- 
ning to  bear,  and  the  planting  continues 
to  increase — coffee  promising  to  become 
the  principal  article  of  export,  and  a 
fertile  source  of  wealth  to  the  State.  The 
demand  for  all  thus  far  produced  is  so 
great  that  it  commands,  in  large  lots,  27 
cents  per  jionud  at  the  plantation,  main- 
ly for  consumption  in  the  interior,  a 
small  portion  only  being  shipped  to  Ger- 
many by  the  resident  German  merchants 
on  private  orders.  The  American  Con- 
sul at  the  city  of  Colima  places  the  cost 
of  laud,  suitable  for  coffee  plantations, 
including  water  for  irrigition,  at  from 
$15  to  $30  per  acre — depending  on  loca- 
tion and  climate.  He  states  that  a  plan- 
tation, containing  100,000  plants  four 
years  old  (when  the  first  crop  is  realized) 
costs  from  $10,000  to  $14,000  -the  pro- 
ceeds the  first  year  being  about  50,000 
pounds,  and  from  the  fifth  year  onward 
100,000  pounds  or  upward;  and  he  esti- 
mates the  average  net  yearly  gain  at 
$20,000.  Colima  and^sonui  other  states 
have  passed  (piite  liberal  laws  for  the 
couragement  of  ('offeu  cultivation,  offer- 
ing liberal  premiums  for  the  largest  crops 
jiroduced,  and  exeuqiting  coffee  lands 
from  all  taxes.     With  peace  in  the  coun- 


try, and  protection  assured,  this  industry 
would  offer 

GREAT  ATTRACTIONS  FOB  FOEEIGN  IMMI- 
GRATION AND  capital; 
and  for  the  Mexican  farmer  and  land- 
owner there  is  no  more  certain  or  profit- 
able enterprise  in  which  they  can  e'jgage. 
To  the  common  people,  the  poor,  the 
Indian  race,  it  presents  the  most  desira- 
ble source  of  industry.  It  can  be  planted 
in  small  lots,  garden  plots  or  patches. 
It  requires  no  costly  machinery,  like 
sugar,  to  prepare  it  for  market.  AVomen 
and  children  can  attend  to  the  greater 
part  of  the  work.  It  is  always  reliable, 
and  commands  a  ready  sale,  for  cash,  at 
good  prices.  It  will  lie  a  happy  augury 
for  the  country  to  see  the  lower  and  la- 
boring classes  more  generally  engaged 
in  its  production,  as  it  will  give  them  a 
permanent  property  interest  for  peace 
and  against  revolutions,  and  will  be  for 
them  and  the  country  a  most  fertile 
source  of  wealth.  Mexico,  for  three 
centuries  past,  has  been  famous  for  its 
great  production  and  exportation  of  silver 
But,  in  coffee  alone,  it  possesses  a  far 
greater  source  of  wealth  and  prosperity. 
Its  natural  capacity  for  its  production  is 
at  least  equal  to  that  of  Brazil,  yet  the 
value  of  the  coffee  annually  exported 
from  Brazil  is  more  than  three  times  as 
great  as  that  of  the  silver  and  gold  pro- 
duct of  Mexico. 


OVER-PRODUCTION    VS.   INABIL- 
ITY  TO  CONSUME. 

A  Few  Facts    Woitli    Considering. 

For  many  months,  says  the  Inkr  Ocean, 
a  persistent  yet  utterly  false  outcry  has 
come  from  a  portion  of  the  press  of  the 
country,  particularly  from  newspapers  of 
free  trade  proclivities,  that  the  long- 
continued  disorganization  of  industry 
and  trade  is  attributable  to  over-produc- 
tion. As  proof,  we  are  pointed  to  ware- 
houses crowded  with  goods  which  cannot 
find  purchasers;  to  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments running  on  part  time,  with  a 
reduced  force  of  working  people;  and  to 
the  multitude  of  laborers  who  cannot 
find  employment.  Still,  we  do  not  see 
how  these  facts  support  the  argument, 
because  the  use  made  of  them  necessarily 
implies  a  direct  and  emphatic  contradic- 
tion of  a  universally  admitted  postulate 
of  political  economy — of  a  fundamental 
proposition  admitted  equally  by  all  the 
dift'ereut  schools  of  the  science — that 
prodmiion  is  the  only  aource  of  wealth.  The 
allegation  that  we  are  growing  poorer  by 
producing  too  much  is  to  us  an  insolu- 
ble paradox;  for  it  sounds  very  much  like 
a  man  claiming  that  he  is  involved  in 
serious  pecuniary  embarrassments  be- 
cause he  has  cleared  to®  much  money. 
The  greater  the  quantity  of  things  pro- 
duced in  the_United.  states,  the  greater 
must  be  the  aggregate  of  wealth.  When 
the  results  of  the  census  of  1870  had 
been  declared,  the  figures  were  received 
with  pride  and  exultation,  as  showing 
signal  progress  in  the  accumulation  of 
property  through  the  activities  of  pro- 
duction, and  as  indicating  a  nnn-e  rajiid 
increase  of  wealth  than  in  the  previous 
decade,  notwithstanding  the  vast  waste 
and  destruc:tion  of  both  values  and  lives 
during  a  protracted  and  great  civil  war. 
It  now  seems  to  l)o  in  order  among  a  cer- 
tain class  of  people  to  deplore  such  a 
movement  of  tho  productive  forces,  ac- 
celerated in  pace,  as  a  misfortune,  and 
as  the  true  source  of  the  existing  stagna- 
tion of  business  in  this  country.  Such 
a  position  is  extravagantly  nonsensical. 
Nothing  should  be  i)lainer  than  that 
over-productitm  cannot  take  place  so 
long  as  human  wants  for  the  things  pro- 


duced remain  unsatisfied,  and  that  each  ) 
persons  share  in  the  general  work  of  \ 
production  supplies  him  with  the  means 
of  gratifying  his  needs  or  his  desires. 
Are  the  masses  of  our  people  to-day  so 
fully  furnished  \vith  these  articles  of  con- 
venience, comfort,  or  luxury  of  which  it 
is  said  there  is  an  over-production,  that 
they  feel  no  lack?  Unless  this  be  so, 
there  must  be  under-consumption,  not 
over-production.  If  there  are  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  individuals  who  would 
like  to  own  a  piano,  or  a  sewing  ma- 
chine, or  a  new  suit  of  clothes,  or  what 
not,  but  cannot  afford  the  purchase  be- 
cause .they  have  lost  employment  and 
wages,  or  because  the  profits  of  business 
have  fallen  off,  then  the  glut  is  only 
seeming,  not  real. 

In  1^72,  when  there  was  a  great  abun- 
dance of  all  things,  very  much  greater 
than  now,  and  production  was  exceed- 
ingly active,  there  was  not  any  complaint 
of  an  overwhelming  surplus.  What  is 
now  the  matter  is  under-consumption 
Some  2,000,000  men  and  women  are 
compulsorily  idle,  who  then  were  regu- 
larly employed.  The  earnings  of  these 
people  amounted  probably,  as  a  total,  to 
$5,000,000  a  day,  or  to  $1,000,000  a 
year.  This  purchasing  power,  vast  in 
the  aggi'egate,  has  disappeared  from  the 
marts  of  trade,  depriving  of  a  market  a 
vast  quantitj'  of  articles  thiit  otherwise 
would  have  been  purchased  and  con- 
sumed. Production  itself  declines  be- 
cause of  this  expensive  failure  of  demand. 
Restore  the  lost  purchasing  power,  in 
the  shape  of  wages  paid  for  daily  work, 
then  what  is  unreasonably  styled  over- 
production would  vanish.  For  a  while, 
what  would  need  to  be  termed  under- 
production would  supersede  the  so-called 
over-production.  If  all  the  idie  laborers 
could  be  set  at  work,  and  kept  at  work, 
the  industrial  movement  would  soon  get 
safely  on  its  legs  to  stay  there,  and  thrift 
with  contentment  would  once  more  visit 
a  stricken  land.  The  rapid  circulation 
of  commodities,  attainable  only  through 
steadily  employed  labor  at  good  wages, 
constitutes  the  material  prosperity  of  our 
national  life.  Meantime,  enough  things 
are  not  produced  to  satisfy  the  wants  of 
the  people.  There  are  more  mouths  to 
be  fed,  more  backs  to  be  clothed,  more 
feet  to  be  shod,  more  heads  to  be  shelt- 
ered, more  bodies  to  be  warmed,  and 
more  minds  to  be  instructed,  in  1876, 
than  there  were  in  1872 ;  yet  the  quantity 
of  things  produced  is  smaller.  The 
over-production  is  apparent,  not  real — 
constructive,  not  actual — a  ratio  between 
production  and  the  crippled  power  to 
consume,  not  between  production  and 
the  urgent  needs  of  consumers. 

OVER-PKODUCTION     OF     BOYS. 

The  Napa  Betjisler  makes  the  following 
hit: 

The  most  common  explanation  of  the 
prevailing  hard  times  is,  "over-produc- 
tion." The  market  is  said  to  be  glutted 
with  goods,  and  the  manufactories  more 
numerous  and  of  greater  capacity  than 
the  demand  warrants:  which  of  course 
makes  the  investments  unremunerative, 
and  juoduces  hard  times,  as  a  natural 
result.  The  vineyardists  and  orchard- 
ists  of  California  are  in  a  di- 
lemma similar  to  the  one  which  is  vexing 
tho  Eastern  manufacturers.  They  are 
producing  more  fruit  than  Ihey  can  sell 
profitably,  and  the  efteet  is  unpleasant. 
The  hoodlum  nuisance  is  exjilaiucd  and 
in  a  measure  excused,  on  the  ground  that 
there  is  not  work  enough  for  the  boys  to 
do,  and  hence  they  run  at  large,  and 
give  Satan  a  chance  to  find  something 
for  their  idle  hands  to  do.  Now,  if  dull 
times  and  hard  times  have  been  caused  !■> 
over-production,  as  so  many  assert,  i 
wcnild  onlv  make  the  times  all  the  hard 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


or  by  setting  the  boys  at  work  in  manu- 
factories ami  upon  farms;  and  the  cor- 
^  rect  way  of  stating  the  hoodhim  case  is 
not  that  there  is  too  little  work  for  the 
boys,  but  too  many  boys  for  the  work — 
a  clear  case  of  "over-production"  all 
around. 


THE    SQUIRREL    LAW. 

We  give  space  to  the  entire  bill  provid- 
ing for  the  extermiuatiou  of  squirrels,  as 
it  is  a  matter  of  interest  to  evt-ry  farmer, 
whether  residing  in  the  counties  included 
or  not.  The  principle  of  the  law  is  cor- 
rect, and  we  hoi>c  it  will  be  strictly  en- 
forced : 

Section  l.—Squin-els  infesting  lands  in  Stanislaus, 
Santa  Cruz,  San  Joatiuin.  Mercetl.  Fresno,  San  Be- 
nito, Tulare,  San  Mateo,  Santa  Clara,  Monterey  and 
Kern  Counties,  are  hereby  declared  a  imblic  uuis- 
ance. 

Sec.  2.  —It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  person  own- 
ing, claiming  or  occnpylng  land  within  three  miles  of 
any  cultivated  field  situate  in  these  counties,  to  keep 
the  land  so  owned,  claimed  or  occupied,  clear  of 
siiuirrels;  and  any  faihu"e  in  said  duty  shall  be  deemed 
a  sufficient  cause  for  the  putilic,  thruui,'li  its  authur- 
ized  agents,  to  enter  upon  such  land  ;uid  :il';ite  the 
nuisance  by  destroying  the  squirrels  ther^jon  as  in 
this  Act  provided;  and  all  costs  and  expenses  incur- 
red, as  in  this  Act  provided,  are  hereby  declared  a 
lien  upon  and  agamst  all  the  lands  so  owned,  claimed 
or  occupied,  upon  which  said  expenses  are  incurred, 
and  such  lien  shall  not  be  removed  imtil  payment  or 
sale  has  been  made  to  satisfy  such  costs  and  exj^ense. 

Sec.  3.— The  Board  of  Supervisors  may,  in  their 
discretion,  create  Squirrel  Inspection  Districts,  com- 
posed of  one  or  more  School  Districts,  and  may,  in 
their  discretion,  appouit  one  suitable  person  in  each 
of  the  said  districts  to  the  office  of  Siiuirrel  District 
Inspector.  Said  Board  shall  be  governed,  as  far  as 
practicable,  in  their  judgment,  for  the  best  interests 
of  the  district,  in  making  such  appointments  by  the 
recommendation  of  the  land  owners,  claimants  and 
occupants  of  land  in  said  districts.  The  appointee 
shall  qualify  with  the  usual  oath  of  office  and  such 
bond  as  the  Board  of  Supervisors  may  require,  and 
hold  office  at  the  pleasure  of  the  said  Board  of  Su- 
pervLsors  The  Board  of  Supervisors  may  till  any 
vacancy  that  may  occur  from  any  cause  in  the  said 
office,  and  the  said  inspector  shall  beheld  responsible 
to  the  owners  or  occupants  for  any  unreasonable  or 
unnecessary  damage  that  may  occur  in  entering  upon 
lands  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  squiiTels. 

Sec.  4.— Each  of  said  inspectors  shall  lie  entitled  to 
compeosation  at  the  rate  of  .^3  per  day  for  actual  ser- 
vice, to  be  paid  as  hereinafter  provided. 

Sec.  5, — Each  squirrel  district  inspector  provided 
for  by  this  Act  shall,  upon  request  and  without  charge 
give  needful  instruction  in  the  use  of  poison,  or  im- 
plements for  the  destruction  of  squirrels,  to  land  ovra- 
ers,  claimants  and  occupants  of  land  in  his  district. 

Sec.  6.— On  the  first  Monday  of  October  in  each 
year,  unless  some  other  day  is  fixed  by  the  order  of 
the  Board  of  Supervisors,  the  laud  owners,  claimants 
and  occupants  of  land  in  each  stiuirrel  inspection  dis- 
trict provided  for  by  this  Act,  shall  commence  de- 
8tro>'ing  the  squiri-els  on  all  their  lands  infested  by 
squirrels,  and  shall  faithfully  and  continuously  prose- 
cute such  work  \mtil  the  8([\iin'els  are  destroyed. 

Sec.  7.— \Vlien  there  has  been  a  refusal  or  neglect 
for  two  weeks  by  any  land  owner,  claimant  or  occu- 
pant of  land  in  any  squirrel  in.spectii'n  district  pro- 
vided for  by  this  Act.  to  comply  with  the  provisions 
of  the  last  preceding  section  of  this  Act.  the  inspector 
of  said  district  shall  emi^loy  men  and  means  sutiicient 
and  proceed  at  once  to  destroy  the  squirrels  on  such 
neglected  lands,  aud  shall  cause  to  he  tiled  a  notice 
of  such  intention  in  the  Recorder's  office  of  the  coun- 
ty, designating  the  name  of  the  delinquent  owner,  if 
known,  and  the  land  l>y  name  or  other  description 
sufficient  for  its  identification,  shall  serve  notice  m 
writing  upon  the  occupant  of  such  land  of  having 
filed  such  notice  of  intention,  aud  shall  keep  an  exact 
account  of  all  exi)enses,  including  his  own  per  diem, 
incurred  upon  such  neglected  lands,  as  owned, 
claimed  or  occupied,  separately,  and  together  with 
the  description  of  the  land  as  above  provided,  file  the 
same  with  the  CounCy  Recorder,  provided,  when  sep- 
arate pieces  or  tracts  of  land  shall  belong  to  the  same 
owner,  work  shall  be  done  on  all  such  separate  tracts 
aud  be  mciude<l  in  the  same  filing,  which  shall  be 
done  on  the  completion  of  the  work;  and  pn,vided, 
that  the  owner,  claimant  or  occupant  may  present 
himself  to  the  insjiector  at  any  time  before  the  filing 
of  such  accoimt  and  settle  the  same  by  paying  all  ac- 
tual exjienses.  The  said  inspector  in  such  case  will 
omit  the  filing  and  pay  himself  and  employees  for  the 
work  done  on  the  land  so  settled  for.  Immediately 
after  the  filing  of  the  aforesaid  accoiuits  and  descrip- 
tion of  land,  the  Couuty  Recorder  shall  add  ten  per 
cent,  of  such  accoimts,  and  shall  proceed  immediately 
to  record  the  same  in  a  book  to  be  by  him  kept  for 
that  piuiJose.  The  said  record  shall  be  deemed  to 
impart  constructive  notice  of  the  afroesaid  lien  to  all 
persons,  and  shall  be  deemed  to  relate  to  the  time  of 
filing  the  notice  of  intention  as  herein  provided. 

Sec.  8. — On  the  first  Monday  of  October  in  each 
year  the  inspectors  shall  each  employ  all  needfid  help 
and  means,  and  proceed  to  destroy  the  squirrels  upon 
imoccuitied  public  lajuLs  in  his  district,  within  thi-ee 
miles  (>r  any  cultivated  field,  and  shall  keep  an  exact 
account  >>i  tb./  expense  incmred  upon  such  land,  ami 
file  the  same  with  the  Coimty  Recorder  on  or  before 
the  next  succeeding  first  day  of  April. 

Sec.  9.— The  inspector  shall,  when  he  has  reason  to 
believe  there  are  squirrels  m  any  part  of  his  district, 
inspect  any  tracts  he  has  reason  to  believe  are  infest- 
ed, and  if  R<iuirrels  are  found  upon  private  lands 
nwned.  claimed  or  occupied,  and  no  sufficient  or  ade- 
'iiiat^'  means,  in  his  judgment,  are  being  used  to  de- 
>'i(>y  the  same,  he  shall  employ  all  necessary  help 
nid  means  and  proceed  at  once  to  destroy  the  squir- 
I  -Is  thereon,  in  like  manner  as  provided  for  destroy- 
ing squirrels  upon  neglected  lands  in  section  7  of  this 


Act,  and  he  shall  keep  and  file  exact  accounts  and 
descriptions  of  the  land,  as  provided  for  in  said  sec- 
tion. If  the  Bqviirrela  are  upon  public  lands,  unoccu 
pied,  he  shall  proceed  in  like  manner,  ami  file  hia  ac- 
comit  as  provided  for  in  section  8  of  this  Act. 

Sec.  10. —Each  and  every  pernon  owning,  cluiming 
or  occupying  lands  in  any  squirrel  inspection  <listrict. 
who  refuses  or  neglects  to  couqily  with  the  require- 
ments of  tliis  Act,  is  hereby  held  liable  for,  and  de- 
clared to  be  indebted  to  the  county  in  which  the  said 
8([uirrel  inspection  district  is  situated,  ti*  the  amount 
of  the  actual  expenses  incurred  by  the  inspector  in 
destroying  squirrels  ui)on  such  laml.  art  fthown  by  the 
account  of  said  inspector  tiled  with  the  County  Re- 
corder, where  payment  may  be  made  to  such  Record 
er  anytime  wiMiin  ninety  days  after  the  filing  of  such 
accovnit,  tn;^iili<  r  m  itli  the  accmed  costa.  When 
pajinent  is  iii.cl-  t<i  tb.-  Recorder  aforesaid,  he  shall 
give  his  receipt  fur  tlie  siime,  and  enter  note  of  the 
same  in  the  margin  of  the  record  of  the  satiHfaction 
of  the  lein,  which  shall  release  and  discharge  the  lien 
upon  such  lands. 

Sec.  U.— When  the  account  of  any  inspector  has 
been  on  file  with  the  County  Reconler  60  days  unpaid 
the  said  Reconler  shall  pass  the  account  over  to  the 
District  Attorney,  and  the  District  Attorney  shall 
add  15  per  cent  to  the  account  for  attorney's  fees, 
and  then  he  shall  bring  suit  in  the  name  of  the  peo- 
ple of  the  State  of  Califurnia.  in  the  proper  Court,  to 
recoder  the  amount  of  th-'  account  and  jtercenta^e 
He  may  bring  as  many  actimiH,  either  to  foreclose  the 
lien  or  against  the  iierntin  liable  in  the  premises,  as 
maybe  necessary  to  enforce  the  claim.  Service  of 
summons  in  all  suits  to  be  made  the  same  as  in  other 
civil  actions;  provided,  that  when  there  is  more  than 
one  cause  of  action  against  the  same  party  they  shall 
all  be  eiiibr;4ccd  in  one  suit ;  and,  provided  further, 
tliat  when  it  becomes  necessiiry  to  make  service  by 
publication,  the  Hoard  of  Supervisors  shall  notify  tlie 
owners  or  publishers  of  all  newspapers  in  the  county 
of  their  intention  to  publish  said  summons,  and 
award  the  publication  to  the  lowest  bidder. 

Sec.  12.— The  proceedings  in  sale  and  redemption 
of  property  to  satisfy  liens  under  the  provisions  of 
this  Act  shall  be  as  prescribed  in  sections  3776.  3777. 
3778,  377LI,  3730,  3781,  3782,  3783.  3784,  3785  and  3786  of 
the  Political  Code,  for  the  collection  of  delinquent 
taxes,  so  far  as  the  provisions  of  said  sections  are 
applicable  and  not  in  conflict  with  the  provisions  of 
this  Act. 

Sec.  13.— The  defendant,  in  answer  to  suit,  may 
plead,  first,  that  he  did  not  clanu,  own  or  occupy  the 
laud  on  which  the  squirrels  were  destroyed. 

Sec.  14. — It  is  hereby  required  of  any  land  owner, 
claimant  or  occupant  of  land  upon  which  the  afore- 
said inspector  has  conuuenced  destroying  squirrels, to 
assist  said  inspector  when  it  is  convenient;  and  when 
such  owner,  claimant  or  occupant  is  destroying  S(|uir- 
rels  or  rendering  assistance,  he  shall  be  deemed  to  be 
in  the  employ  of  said  inspector;  and  it  is  further  re- 
•  luired  of  such  land  owner,  claimant  or  occupant, 
when  he  knows  of  live  squirrels  upon  his  lands  so 
owned,  claimed  or  occupied  prior  to  aforesaid  first 
day  of  April,  to  notify  the  said  inspector  of  euch  fact. 

Sec.  15.— Provides  that  the  Hoard  of  Super^isors.at 
the  time  of  levying  other  comity  taxes,  shall  levy  a 
tax  sufficient  for  the  requirements  of  this  Act ;  pro- 
vided, that  such  tax  wliich  sliiill  not  exceed  twenty 
cents  on  each  one  huntlred  dollars'  worth  of  taxable 
property  in  the  county:  which  tax  shall  be  assessed 
and  eollected  as  other  county  taxes,  and  paid  ijito 
the  county  treasury,  to  the  credit  of  the  Squirrel 
Nuisance  Abatement  Fund,  whichis  herein  provided. 

Sec,  16.— The  County  Recorder  and  District  Attor- 
ney shall  each  pay  over  all  the  money  received  by 
either  of  them,  in  accordance  witii  the  provisions  of 
this  Act,  to  the  County  Treasurer,  to  the  credit  of 
the  SquiiTcl  Nuisance  Abatement  Fund,  which  is 
herein  provided. 

Sec.  17.— All  employees  of  the  inspector  provided 
for  by  this  Act  shall  be  entitled  to  compensation, 
which  shall  not  exceed  two  dollara  per  day  for  actual 
service;  and  when  not  paid  by  the  inspector  shall  lie 
paid  as  hereinatter  provided. 

Sec.  18 —All  the  expenses  incurred  in  cai-rying  on 
the  provisions  of  this  Act,  when  not  settled  for  by 
the  land  owners,  claimants,  or  occupants,  shall  be 
paid  from  the  Squirrel  Niusance  Abatement  Fund 
provided  fur  by  this  Act.  Warrants  drawing  7  per 
cent,  per  annimi  interest  shall  be  issued  by  order  of 
the  Board  of  Super\'isors  on  all  ajiproved  claims 
thereon,  payable  by  the  treasurer  from  the  said  fund. 

Sec.  19.— Each  s(|uirrel  district  inspector  shall  ren- 
der a  detailed  account,  under  o.ath,  to  the  Board  of 
Supervisors  for  all  the  money  he  receives  of  land  own- 
ers, claimants  and  occuqants,  by  and  on  accomit  of 
provisions  of  this  Act;  and  he  shall  present  all  claims 
for  himself  and  employees,  verified,  to  the  Board  of 
Supervisoi-s. 

Sec.  20.  —Tlie  owner  of  any  land,  or  any  party  claim- 
ing an  interest  or  lien  thereon,  in  the  counties  of  San 
Joaquin,  StanislaiLs,  Santa  Cruz,  Merced,  Fresno, 
San  Benito,  Tulare.  S.tji  Mateo,  Santa  Clara,  Monte- 
rey, and  Kern,  shall  have  the  right  to  enter  upon  the 
same  for  the  pui'pose  of  destroying  squirrels,  in  case 
the  les.<;ee  or  other  occupant  shall  neglect  to  destroy 
them;  and  parties  so  entering  shall  be  responsible  for 
any  unreasonable  or  umiecessiiry  damages  to  the 
premises  or  crops  from  such  enti-j-;  and  no  entry  on 
lands  for  the  real  or  nominal  pm-pose  of  destroying 
squirrels  thereon  shall  be  deemed  or  held  to  estab- 
lish or  give  color  of  claim  to  the  property,  except  as 
herein  provided,  nor  is  any  authority  herein  given  of 
entry  upon  lant,ls  for  other  pnrjwses  than  insi>ection 
and  de.'^truction  of  squirrels,  as  in  this  Act  provided. 

Sec.  21. "All  Acts  or  partr  of  Acts  in  conflict  with 
this  Act  are  hereby  repealed. 

Sec.  22.— This  Act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


A  very  fat  animal  is  never  fit  for  suc- 
cessful breeding,  and  on  well  known 
physiological  principles,  a  very  fat  ram, 
as  a  general  thing,  does  not  get  as  good 
lambs  as  a  ram  iu  just  good  condition, 
who  has  had  ample  exercise  and  enough 
feed — that  is,  and  bounding  with  health 
and  elasticity. 


THE  CAME  LAW. 

When  FiHli   !*Iny  be  Takt'ii  uiifl  Game 
Killefl  UiKler  Pri^Heiit  Regulations. 

As  the  game  season  approaches,  much 
interest  is  felt  by  sportsman  to  learn  the 
changes  in  the  laws  with  regard  to  killing 
game  that  were  effected  by  the  last  Leg- 
islature. The  new  sporting  journal,  the 
I'rxcijlc  Life,  gives  the  following  synopsis 
of  the  laws  on  this  subject  as  they  now 
stand,  which  will  no  doubt  be  found  to 
be  correct: 

The  close  fleasoii  for  salmon  coimnenced  Aiigujit 
iBt.  aiKl  extendH  to  November  lat.  Under  tlie  law 
]|{U>UL-<1  at  the  last  besBion  of  the  Legiblature  it  is  iiiuilu 
a  niisileineanor  to  catcli,  transport  or  iiave  in  pohse.s 
sion  fresli  fiahiion  during  this  period.  The  penalty 
for  a  violation  of  the  law  ia  from  $30  to  .^00,  and  thiji 
is  divided  between  the  informer,  the  prosecuting  at- 
trjrney  and  the  Kchool  fund  of  the  couuty. 

Kvery  person  who.  between  the  1st  day  of  January 
and  the  1st  day  of  Sei>tember  of  each  year,  takes, 
kills  or  destroys  any  elk.  deer,  mountain  sheep,  or 
antelope,  is  gudty  of  a  misdemeanor;  and  every  per- 
son who  sliall  take,  kill  or  destroy  any  of  the  animals 
herein  mentioned,  at  any  time,  (ndess  the  carciisa  of 
Kuch  animal  is  u.sed  or  i)reserved  by  the  person  slay- 
ing it.  or  ia  sold  for  food,  is  guilty  of  a  niisdeniean<»r. 
Any  person  catcliing  or  having  in  his  possession,  or 
offermg  for  sale,  shad,  at  any  time  prior  to  the  tirst 
Monday  of  December.  1877,  is  guilty  of  a  misdemean- 
or The  following  countiee  aro  excepted  from  the 
provisioiLS  of  this  section :  Del  Norte,  Humboldt, 
Shasta  and  Mendocino. 

Section  626  of  the  I'enal  Code  wa.s  amended  hist 
winter  to  read  as  follows ;  Every  person  who.  in  the 
counties  of  San  Bernardino  or  Loa  Angeles,  between 
the  first  day  of  April  of  any  year  and  the  first  day  of 
August  of  the  same  yeiir,  or  who  hi  any  other  of  the 
counties  of  tills  State,  e-xcepting  the  counties  of  La.s- 
sen'  Pluniaa,  and  Sierra,  between  the  15th  day  of 
.March  and  tiio  loth  day  of  Septeuilf^r  iu  each  year, 
takes,  kills  or  clestroys  Huail,  partridge,  or  gniuse. 
mallard,  wood,  teal,  spoonbill,  or  any  kiud  of  broad- 
bill  duciis.  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

Sec.  631.— Kvery  peraoii  who.  between  the  15th  day 
of  October  in  each  year  and  the  1st  day  of  April  in 
the  following  year,  takes  or  catches  any  trout  is  guilty 
of  a  misdemeanor. 

Sec.  632.—  Kvery  person  who,  in  the  counties  of  ,\1- 
pine.  .Santa  ("lani,  Santa  Cruz,  Lake.  .San  -Mateo, 
Monterey,  .Sonoma,  Tuolumne,  .\lameda.  Marin.  Ne- 
va<la.  Placer,  ^'lulnai^.  .Sierra,  Sun  Luis  Obiapo.  So- 
huio.  Mariposa,  .Mendocino,  or  Nap:l.  at  any  time, 
takes  or  catches  any  trout  except  with  hook  and  line 
is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

Sec.  633.— Every  person  who  takes,  catches  or  kills 
auy  trout  by  the  use  of  nets,  weirs,  baaketa,  or  tnitis, 
is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

The  penalty  for  the  violation  of  the  law  is  as  fol- 
lows: 

Except  in  cases  where  a  different  punishment  is 
prescribed  by  the  Code,  every  offence  declared  to  lie 
a  misdemeanor  is  punisliable  by  imprisonment  hi  a 
county  jail  not  exceeding  six  months,  or  by  a  fine  not 
exceeding  sdOO,  or  by  both. 

The  Board  of  Supervisors  of  .Santa  Cruz  county,  at 
their  meeting  on  the  hrst  Monday  in  August,  changed 
the  deer  law  so  that  hunters  may  kill  deer  from  the 
iDth  of  August  to  the  1st  of  January,  instead  of  (aa 
heretofore)  from  the  Ist  of  September  to  the  lat  of 
January. 


Without  an  agricultural  paper,  the 
farmer  is  confined  chiefly  to  his  own 
limited  experience.  He  cannot  profit  by 
the  experience  of  the  world  at  large,  for 
he  knows  not  what  is  going  ou  iu  his 
own  profession,  even. 

A  good  agricultural  paper  may  be  com- 
pared to  a  sea  that  gathers  waters  from  a 
thousand  tributaries.  So  an  agricultural 
paper  gathers  knowledge,  experience, 
wisdom,  from  hundreds  of  intelligent, 
practical  correspondents,  aud  from  other 
agricultural  papers,  and  thus  furnishes 
an  exhaustless  store  of  information  to 
the  farmer.  Hence,  every  farmer  who 
follows  farming  for  a  livelihood,  ought 
to  take  an  agricultural  paper,  that  he 
may  avail  himself  of  the  valued  experi- 
ence it  contains  of  others  iu  his  own 
profession. 


The  centennial  anniversary  of  our 
national  birth  aud  that  of  the  first  settle- 
ment made  on  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco 
occur  in  conjunction.  On  the  9th  day 
of  October,  1770,  was  founded  the  Jliss- 
ion  of  San  Francisco  de  los  Dolores,  the 
determining  point  of  our  present  young 
and  prosperous  city.  To  the  resident  of 
San  Francisco,  therefore,  this  pleasant 
coincidence  imparts  to  this  Centennial 
year  and  great  Paschal  Day  an  addition- 
al interest,  since  but  for  the  humble 
event  above  alluded  to  the  emporium  of 
the  Pacific  coast  might  have  occupied 
another  site  on  our  glorious  bay  than  the 
little  cove  of  Yerba  Buena. 


Platform     of     the      Independent 
Party. 

As  political  platforms  are  popular 
reading  just  now,  and  we  have  not  seen 
the  Independent  one  in  auy  paper  ou 
this  Coast,  we  insert  this  as  information 
on  an  important  subject : 

The  Independent  Party  is  called  into 
existence  by  the  necessities  of  the  people 
whose  industries  are  prostrated,  whose 
labor  is  deprived  of  its  just  reward  as 
the  result  of  the  serious  mismanagement 
of  the  national  finances,  which  errors 
both  the  Republican  aud  Democratic 
parties  neglect  to  correct.  And  iu  view 
of  the  failure  of  these  parties  to  furnish 
relief  to  the  depressed  industries  of  the 
country,  thereby  disappointing  the  just 
hopes  and  expectations  of  a  suft'ering 
people,  we  declare  our  principles  aud  in- 
vite all  independent  and  patriotic  men 
to  join  our  ranks  in  this  movement  for 
financial  reform  aud  industrial  emanci- 
pation. 

First — We  demand  the  immediate  and 
unconditional  repeal  of  the  specie  re- 
sumption act  of  .Tanuar)'  14,  1875,  and 
the  rescue  of  our  industries  from  the 
ruin  andMisaster  resulting  from  its  en- 
forcement, and  we  call  upon  all  patriotic 
men  to  organize  in  every  Congressional 
district  of  the  country,  with  the  view  of 
electing  representatives  to  Congress  who 
will  carry  out  the  wishes  of  the  jpeople 
in  this  regard,  and  stop  the  present  sni- 
cidiU  and  destructive  policy  of  contrac- 
tion. 

Second — We  believe  that  the  United 
States  note  issued  directly  by  the  Gov- 
ernment and  convertible  on  demand  into 
United  States  obligations,  bearing  an 
equitable  rate  of  interest,  not  exceeding 
one  cent  a  day  on  each  one  huudred  dol- 
lars, and  interchangeable  ■nith  United 
States  notes  at  par  will  afford  the  best 
circulating  medium  ever  devised;  such 
United  States  notes  should  be  a  full  legal 
tender  for  all  purposes,  except  for  the 
payment  of  such  obligations  as  are  by 
existing  contracts  expressly  made  paya- 
ble in  coin.  Xnd  we  hold  that  it  is  the 
duty  of  the  Government  to  jjrovide  such 
a  circulating  medium,  aud  insist,  in  the 
language  of  Thomas  .Jefferson,  "that 
bank  paper  must  be  suppressed  and  the 
circulation  restored  to  the  nation,  to 
whom  it  belongs." 

Third — It  is  the  paramount  duty  of  the 
Government  in  all  its  legislation  to  keep 
in  view  the  full  development  of  all  legit- 
imate business,  agricultural,  mining, 
manufacturing  and  commei-eial. 

Fourth — We  most  earnestly  protest 
against  any  further  issue  of  gold  bonds, 
for  sale  in  foreign  markets,  by  which  we 
would  be  made  for  a  long  period,  hew- 
ers of  wood  and  drawers  of  water  to  for- 
eign nations,  especiallj"  as  the  American 
people  would  gladly  and  promptly  take 
at  par  all  the  bonds  the  Government 
may  need  to  sell,  provided  they  are  made 
payable  at  the  option  of  the  liolder  and 
bearing  interest  at  three  and  sixty-five 
one-hundredths  per  cent,  per  annum,  or 
a  lower  rate. 

Fifth — AVe  further  protest  against  the 
sale  of  Government  bonds  for  the  pur- 
pose of  purchasing  silver  to  be  used  as  a 
substitute  for  our  more  convenient  and 
less  fluctuating  fractional  currency, 
which,  although  well  calculated  to  en- 
rich the  owners  of  silver  mines,  yet  in 
operation  will  still  further  oppress  iu 
taxation  an  already  over-burdened  peo- 
ple. 

The  large  amount  of  American  cheese 
of  superior  quality  now  sold  throughout 
Great  Britain  is  causing  considerable 
uneasiness  in  the  minds  of  English  man- 
ufacturers. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^^>r>'. 


®Ite 


(S 


ror. 


Walking  Horses. 


r-:i_ 


0>^ 


''"VE  are  glad  to  notice  that  many  of 
our  Western  fairs  are  ofiering 
handsome  premiums  for  the  fast- 
est walking  horses.  There  is  no 
disguising  the  fact  that  a  good 
walk  is  the  most  useful  gait  that  a  gen- 
eral puri^ose  horse  can  possess;  and  if 
one-half  the  attention  were  paid  to  culti- 
vating this  gait,  and  breeding  with  a 
view  to  its  transmission,  that  is  now 
given  to  that  of  training  and  breeding 
trotters,  horses  that  could  walk  five  miles 
an  hour  would  soon  be  as  abundant  as 
'2 :3()  trotters  now  are.  The  trouble  now 
is  that  the  whole  country  is  possessed  of 
a  mania  for  fast  trotters,  and  as  soon  as 
the  colt  is  broke  to  halter,  *no  matter 
whether  he  be  thoroughbred,  Conestoga, 
Norman,  Clydesdale,  Hambletonian,  or 
Canadian,  he  is  put  to  trotting.  The 
whole  country  is  engaged  in  training 
trotters,  from  the  plowboy  in  the  field  to 
the  professional  on  the  track,  to  the  ut- 
ter neglect  of  that  more  useful,  everj'- 
day  gait,  the  walk.  Even  the  xjuporters 
of  draught  stallions  from  Europe  have 
caught  the  infection,  and,  instead  of 
bringing  the  best  walkers,  we  only  hear 
of  their  "great  trotting  action."  It  is 
time  to  put  an  end  to  this  nonsense ;  the 
gait  for  a  draught  horse  is  pre-eminently 
a  walk,  while  nothing  adds  more  to  the 
ability  of  the  roadster  to  make  a  long 
journey  in  good  time  than  a  walking  gait 
that  will  carry  him  along  at  the  rate  of 
five  miles  an  hour. 

The  first  aim,  when  a  colt  is  broken  to 
the  harness,  should  be  to  educate  him  to 
a  good,  fast  walk,  and  after  that  has 
been  done,  if  you  can  get  him  to  trot 
fast,  so  much  the  better.  One  of  the 
most  successful  breeders  of  trotting 
horses  in  America  has  often  remarked  to 
us  that  he  would  not  keep  a  horse  on  his 
place  that  was  not  a  fast  walker, and  that 
he  had  invariably  found  that  the  fastest 
walkers  made  the  fastest  trotters.  It  is 
a  positive  luxury  to  ride  or  drive  a  horse 
that  can  walk  off  with  you  at  the  rate  of 
five  miles  an  hour.  It  is  such  a  relief  to 
feel  that  when  you  ease  up  your  horse 
from  his  swinging  trot,  or  lope,  that  you 
have  not  come  to  a  stand-still,  but  that 
you  are  yet  making  remarkable  progress. 
For  our  own  private  use  on  the  road,  the 
walk  is  the  gait  which  we  prize  above  all 
others,  and  anything  which  jjromises  to 
increase  the  number  of  fast  walkers  will 
receive  our  hearty  encouragement. — 
Spirit  of  the  Times. 

Aeab  Houses. — The  article  on  Arabia 
in  the  second  valume  of  the  now  edition 
of  the  "Encyclopedia  Britannica"  is  by 
William  Palgrave,  one  of  the  first  author- 
ities upon  the  subject.  A  good  portion 
of  his  article  is  given  to  that  theme  of 
never-failing  wonder,  the  Aj-ab  horse. 
Ho  says: 

Reared  under  an  open  shed,  and  early 
habituated  to  the  sight  of  man,  to  the 
sound  and  glitter  of  weapons  and  to  all 
the  accessories  of  humae  life,  the  colt 
grows  up  free  from  vice  or  timidity,  and 
even  acijuires  a  degree  of  intelligence 
tli.at  surprises  a  stranger.  Barley  and 
dates  are  the  chief  stall  provender;  but 
the  grass  of  tlie  pasture  grounds,  in  the 
selection  of  which  much  care  is  taken,  is 
the  ordinary  nourishment  of  an  Arabian 
horse.  Of  water  the  allowance  is  always 
kept  purposely  scant.  A  good  Nejdee 
will  canter  four-and-tsveuty  hours  m 
summer  thuo  and  eight-and-'forty  in  the 
winter  without  once  requiring  a  drink. 
Haw  meat,  dried,  is  occasionally  given 
in  small  (juantitios   when  extra  exertion 


is  required;  lucerne  grass  is  employed 
for  lowering  the  tone.  Geldings  are  very 
rare.  The  color  which  most  frequently 
occurs  is  gray;  then  comes  chestnut; 
then  white  and  sorrel;  mottled  gray  and 
black  are  now  and  then  to  be  found; 
dark  bay  never. 

Colts  are  ridden  early — too  early,  in- 
deed— in  their  third,  or  even  second 
j'ear,  and  are  soon  broken  into  a  steady 
walk  or  canter,  and  to  the  ambling  pace 
which  is  a  special  favorite  with  Arab 
riders.  Racing,  an  Arab  amusement 
from  time  immemorial,  and  the  game  of 
"jerzed,"  a  kind  of  tournament,  or  mock 
fight  with  blnnt  palm  sticks,  highly  pop- 
ular without  the  peninsula,  complete  the 
training  as  to  wind  and  pace. 

Saddles  are  seldom  used  in  Nejd,  and 
stirrups  never;  but  both  are  occasionally 
employed  in  Hijaz  and  Yemen.  So  it  is, 
also,  with  bits,  the  place  of  which  is 
taken  in  Nejd  by  halter  ropes,  the  real 
guidance  of  the  animal  being  almost 
wholly  effected  by  the  pressure  of  the 
rider's  leg  and  knee.  Shoes,  too,  are  of 
rare  occurrence,  nor  are  they  needed  in 
the  light  sand-mixed  soil  of  the  central 
provinces;  on  the  other  hand,  the  hoofs 
are  often  rubbed  with  grease  to  counter- 
act the  drying  effects  of  the  heated 
ground. 

Of  all  niceties  of  grooming,  docking 
and  clii)i>ing  excepted,  the  Arabs  are 
masters;  and  their  natural  kindness  to 
animals — a  quality  which  they  share 
with  most  Orientals,  together  with  the 
care  every  reasonable  man  bestows  on  a 
valuable  article  of  property — insure  to  an 
Arab  harse  good  treatment,,  at  the  hand 
of  its  owner.  But  Arab  horses  do  not 
commonly  enter  tents,  nor  play  with  the 
women  and  children,  nor,  in  a  general 
way,  do  they  share  the  family  meals,  nor 
are  they  habitually  kissed  and  cried  over, 
as  the  imagination  or  credulity  of  some 
narrator  has  suggested.  An  Arab  flying 
for  life  has,  indeed,  been  known  to  give 
the  only  morsel  of  bread  about  him  to 
his  horse  rather  than  eat  it  himself — an 
act  in  which  self-ju-eservatiou  had  as 
large  a  share  as  affection.  Lastlj',  the 
standing  prohibition  of  horse  selling  from 
Nejd  has  really  nothing  more  romantic 
in  it  than  narrow-minded  application  of 
the  principles  of  protective  monopoly; 
in  other  cases,  reluctance  to  conclude  a 
bargain  simply  indicates  that  the  offer 
made  was  insufficient. 

The  Okloffs  of  Russia. — A  recent 
traveler  describes  them  as  driven  in 
shafts,  often  between  two  running  mates, 
at  the  top  of  their  speed,  for  miles,  and 
rarely  or  never  breaking  their  square, 
quick  trot.  Thoroughbred  horses,  Eng- 
lish hunters  or  Arabians,  are  used  for 
their  mates,  and  we  can  judge  very  well 
that  there  must  be  a  speed  obtained 
which  would  be  judged  respectable  even 
on  our  fashionable  trotting  courses.  This 
breed  is  the  result  of  discreet  breeding  of 
a  single  man.  Count  Orloff.  It  has  a 
reputation  of  being  eomposeil  of  a  large 
sujjply  of  the  best  Oriental  (chiefly  Ara- 
bian) blood,  mingled  with  that  of  some 
English,  and  more  of  the  best  trotting 
stock  of  Euroiie,  (Russia,  Germany  and 
Denmark.) 

It  seems  probable  that  wo  shall  not 
see  American  trotters  established  as  a 
uniform  breed,  until  some  one,  or  some 
comjiany  of  breeders,  systematically  dif- 
fuse (not  cross)  thoroughbritd  blood  of 
some  sort,  either  English  or  Arabian, 
thl'ough  that  of  a  well  seh'cted  group  of 
mares  of  our  most  famous  trotting  fami- 
lies. It  is  a  work  of  years,  and  fixed  re- 
sults would  hardly  be  (!xpected  before 
the  third  or  fourth  generation, 

I  have  been  led  without  thinking  into 
this  discussion  of  the  subject  of  breeding 
trotters,  when  I  intended  merely  to  con- 


trast the  breeding  of  draft  horses  with 
that  of  trotters,  and  to  impress  the  fact 
that  the  trotting  horse  is  generally  a 
heavy  bill  of  expense  to  his  breeder,  and 
a  disappointment  when  sold,  while  first 
class  draft  and  express  horses,  and  styl- 
ish carriage  horses  may  be  bred  with  a 
certainty  of  reward,  which  is  always  the 
highest  satisfaction  to  the  breeder. 

I  may  here  mention  an  interesting  fact 
which  came  recently  under  my  observa- 
tion while  abroad,  and  that  is,  that  the 
Russians  are  using  the  established  breed 
of  Count  Orloff  to  develop  sub-races  or 
branches  of  the  breed.  Among  these  is 
the  Orloff'  carriage  horse.  Those  which 
I  saw  were  superb  15 '^ -hand  stallions, 
coal  black,  light-limbed,  upheaded,  level, 
and  powerfully  muscled,  with  high,  styl- 
ish action,  and  reputed  to  be  very  honest 
trotters.  What  a  boon  it  would  be  to 
this  country  to  have  such  a  breed! — Cor. 
Am.  Agriculturist. 

Peechekon  Hoeses. — These  horses  do 
not  originate  exclusively  in  Perche,  as 
believed  by  many;  in  fact,  this  province 
is  rather  devoted  to  raising  horses  than 
to  breeding  them.  The  intelligent  far- 
mers of  that  section  buy  horses  old 
enough  to  work,  bred  in  Vendee,  Poitou, 
Bretagne,  Normandie,  Picardie,  Artois, 
and  even  in  Chamjiagne,  Niveruais, 
Bourgogne  and  Franche-Comte.  These 
are  selected  with  good  judgment  from 
all  the  principal  races  of  French  horses, 
being  the  best  specimens,  their  color, 
form  and  style  must  correspond  with 
what  is  known  as  the  Percheron  horse. 
Thej'  are  well  fed  for  one  to  two  j'ears, 
and  are  thus  modified,  Perchb^es,  by  the 
large  amount  of  oats  fed  by  these  farm- 
ers. They  derive  their  good  qualities 
less  from  their  ancestors  than  from  the 
oat  sack  (Magne).  This  idea  may  be  a 
useful  hint  to  some  American  breeders 
who  have  been  dissatisfied  with  the  re- 
sults of  breeding  tro  Percherou  stallions. 
It  may  also  be  interesting  to  know  that 
the  prestige  of  the  gray  color  is  losing 
ground,  and  that  there  is  now  a  move- 
ment among  the  breeders  to  produce 
Percherons  of  a  bay  or  other  dark  color. 

Clyde  Hoeses. — The  Loudon  Field 
says  that  Clydesdale  breeding  in  Scot- 
laud  has  grown  in  poiiularity,  and  is  ap- 
jjarently  increasing.  The  Clydesdale  is 
admittedly  the  best  sire  for  a  farm  stud. 
The  great  rise  in  the  price  of  horses  has 
stimulated  farmers  in  breeding,  and  the 
encouragement  given  to  this  valuable 
breed  of  horses  by  the  Glasgow  Agricul- 
tural Society  has  aided  in  the  improve- 
ment of  the  Scotch  farm  horses.  The 
best  animals  in  the  country  are  annually 
attracted  to  the  Glasgow  meeting,  and 
there  the  agricultural  clubs  throughout 
the  country  have  facilities  for  selecting 
worthy  sires,  which  are  nowhere  else  ob- 
tainable. 

Remedy  fok  Woems. — A  correspon- 
dent of  the  Maine  Farmer  gives  this 
remedy  for  curing  worms  in  horses:  I 
have  found  linseed  meal  the  best  thing  I 
ever  used.  Give  from  a  pint  to  a  quart 
for  a  few  days,  then  a  less  quantity  will 
do.  I  usually  give  this  in  shorts,  meal 
or  oats  mixed  with  boiling  water,  and  a 
little  salt  put  in  every  day.  In  some 
cases  a  few  doses  of  sour  apples,  without 
anything  else,  will  remove  worms.  I 
like  remedies  that  are  easily  given.  The 
meal  is  a  good  feed  for  horses  in  small 
quantities,  if  they  are  not  troubled  with 
worms. 

t!ui(E  FOK  Sceatcues. — TalvC  a  piec<^ 
of  buestone  the  size  of  a  largo  kernel  of 
wheat;  dissolve  in  one-half  teacup  of  hot 
waller;  when  cool,  apply  with  a  swab  two 
or  three  times  a  day ;  the  parts  to  be 
washed  clean  and  wiped  dry  first. 


WoKMs. — A  horse  is  not  inconvenienc- 
ed by  worms  while  in  a  state  of  health ; 
they  are  the  result  of  indigestion.  The 
object  to  be  accomplished  is  to  give  the 
digestive  orgens  a  healthy  tone.  When, 
from  an  unhealthy  condition  of  the  di- 
gestive organs,  worms  have  gathered  in 
the  intestinal  canal,  give  bitter  tonics 
and  alteratives,  which  are  obnoxious  to 
them;  they  then  die  and  pass  off  as  fecal 
matter.  Give  poAvdered  poplar  bark, 
powdered  sulphur  and  powdered  salt,  in 
equal  parts.  Dose,  one  tablespooful,  in 
bran  or  other  feed. 


^bcicnltuve. 


Conveyance  of  Live  Fish. 

E  are  beginning  to  learn  that  up  to 
a  certain  point,  the  value  of  water 
•/  for  uon-lung-breathiug  aquatic 
"^  animals  does  not  so  much  depend 
on  its  amount  as  ujion  its  distri- 
bution in  such  a  manner  that  it  shall 
absorb  the  greatest  quantity  of  atmos- 
pheric air,  or  rather  of  the  oxygen  which 
enters  into  the  composition  of  that  air, 
leaving  much  of  the  nitrogen  out  unab- 
sorbed.  The  earliest  observer  known  to 
me  of  this  fact  was  the  late  Dr.  K.  Ball, 
who,  in  Bell's  Uritish  Crustacea,  records 
how  much  better  he  kept  a  crayfish  (As- 
taeus)  in  a  shallow  vessel  than  in  a  deep 
one.  In  all  my  aquarium  work  I  keep 
this  law  in  view,  and  I  regulate  the 
amount  of  surface  of  water  exposed  to 
air,  as  well  as  the  actual  quantity  of 
water,  according  to  the  known  require- 
ments of  the  animals  to  be  kept;  and  the 
result  is  very  surprising  both  on  the 
health  of  the  creatures  and  in  the  saving 
of  the  maintaining  aquaria. 

I  also  apply  the  rule  to  the  conveyance 
of  aquarium  animals.  To  give  an  actual 
example,  I  find  that  the  following  ani- 
mals and  some  others  may,  at  certain 
temperatures,  be  safelj'  sent  from  South- 
end, in  Essex,  to  the  Crystal  Palace  in 
boxes  (or  preferably  in  baskets)  packed 
in  damp,  freshly  gathered  sea-weed:  1, 
nearly  all  the  sea  anemones;  2,  most  of 
the  Echinodermata;  3,  a  large  number  of 
Anualids;  1,  many  Crustacea;  5,  some  of 
the  Tunicata;  6,  nearly  all  shelled  Mol- 
lusca,  both  univalves  and  bivalves,  and 
some  of  the  Nudibranchiata;  the  follow- 
ing fishes:  Amphioxus  (this  once  came 
alive  from  Naples  in  a  post  letter,  and 
four  of  them  so  brought  are  still  alive  in 
the  Crystal  Palace  aquarium),  plaice, 
soles,  brill,  rocklinhs,  eels,  gobies,  blen- 
nies  (of  three  species),  sea  scorpions. 

The  explanation  of  the  reason  why 
they  so  travel  is  this:  They  are  sur- 
rounded with  moisture  iO  a  sufiicieut  de- 
gree to  enable  respiration  to  be  carried 
on.  Take,  for  example,  any  fish  so  con- 
veyed. It  is  not  immcrced  in  water,  but 
its  gills  are  kept  wet  by  such  very  thin 
films  of  water  that  their  thinness,  other- 
wise shallowness  enables  them  to  be 
instantly  oxygenated  by  contact  with  the 
atmospheric  air,  which  enters  the  aper- 
tures of  the  containing  box  or  basket, and 
which  permeates  the  entire  mass,  and 
therefore  the  gill  filaments  are  kept  wet 
and  separate  from  one  another,  and  the 
blood  uuintertuptedly  Hows  through 
them,  and  is  au'ated  as  it  does  so,  oxygen 
being  abseu'bed  from  the  perfectly  aerated 
water,  which  thus  does  double  duty  in  a 
measure.  I  admit  that  the  balance  thus 
maintained  is  a  delicate  one,  and  is 
easily  disturbed  by  external  causes. 
Thus,  a  heated  atmosphere  would  cause 
the  moisture  to  evaporate  and  the  gills 
to  dry  up,  and  the  fish  or  other  cr(^atuie  i 
would  soon  die.  So  also  great  cold 
would  freeze  the  gills  into   a  temporarily 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


dry  mass,  and  death  would  likely  ensue. 
But  there  is  one  thing  which  I  do  not 
yet  understand,  and  which  I  should  be 
very  grateful  to  have  explained.  It  is 
this,  that  while  many  of  the  creatures  I 
have  named  will  bear  the  four  hours' 
journey  from  Southend,  some  of  them 
will  not  bear  the  twelve  hours'  transit 
from  Plymouth,  though  equal  care  be 
apparently  taken  with  the  packing  in 
both  cases.  But  when  such  packing  is 
possible  the  gain  is  enormous  in  every- 
thing. We  often  at  the  Palace  get  a 
couple  of  thousand  of  animals,  or  more, 
in  packages  weighing  not  altogether  half 
a  hundred  weight,  while  if  the  same  ani- 
mals needed  to  be  conveyed  in  properly 
a'erated  vessels  of  actual  water,  such 
creatures  would  require  a  pound  weight 
of  water  instead  of  only  a  fraction  of  a 
grain  weight  to  each.  The  money  value 
of  the  moist  plan  is  strikingly  shown  in 
the  instance  of  shrimps,  of  which  we 
use  about  a  ton  weight  every  year  at  the 
Crystal  Place  Aquarium,  for  feeding 
purposes;  and  we  require  them  alive,  be- 
cause many  animals  refuse  to  eat  them 
when  dead.  They  cost  us  in  good  con- 
dition about  a  shilling  a  quart;  but  if  it 
was  necessary  to  bring  them  alive  in 
water,  they  would  cost  at  least  a  guinea 
a  quart. —  W.  A.  Lloyd  in  London  Zoolo- 
gist. 

How  THE  Indians  Fish  for  Salmon. 
While  on  the  head-waters  of  the  Sacra- 
mento river  last  year  I  had  several  op- 
portunities of  seeing  the  Indians  catch 
the  salmon,  which  serves  them  for  food 
during  the  winter,  and,  in  fact,  during 
the  whole  year.  The  Indians,  not  being 
subject  to  the  prohibition  of  the  game 
laws,  are  allowed  to  take  game  at  any 
season  of  the  year,  and  they  take  the 
salmon  when  they  are  in  the  river  to 
spawn,  at  which  time  they  come  in  in 
immense  numbers.  The  Indians  take 
them  by  means  of  spears,  one  of  which  I 
measured  and  found  it  only  a  few  inches 
short  of  twenty-five  feet  in  length,  and 
the  modus  operandi  is  as  follows: 

The  Sacramento  near  its  head  is  very 
a*v'ift,  and  in  its  passage  across  ditl'erent 
ledges  of  various  degrees  of  softuess  it 
excavates  large  pools  or  holes  in  its  bed, 
each  having  a  small  fall  at  the  head,  and 
a  rapid  beyond.  The  water  in  these 
holes,  which  are  often  very  large,  is  com- 
paratively still,  and  they  make  welcome 
resting  places  for  the  tired  salmon  be- 
fore they  attempt  the  passage  of  the 
rapid  above;  they  collect  in  them  in  great 
numbers,  the  water  is  beautifully  cold 
and  clear,  and  the  fish  can  be  seen 
crowded  together  on  the  bottom.  The 
Indians  repair  to  one  of  these  holes  to 
the  number  of  twenty  or  more,  and  a 
fine  picture  they  make  as  they  stand  in 
position  to  strike  when  the  word  is  given, 
nearly  naked,  with  their  brown  skin 
shining,  and  eyes  glittering  in  anticipa- 
tion of  the  sjjiort.  Some  station  them- 
selves at  the  rapids  above  and  below  the 
hole,  others  wade  out  to  an  isolated  rock, 
or  a  log  projecting  into  the  stream.  All 
hold  their  spears  in  readiness,  and  at  a 
grunt  from  the  leader  thej'  commence 
business. 

At  the  fii-st  onslaught  all  generally  man- 
age to  secure  a  fish,  which  is  detached 
from  the  spear  and  thrown  on  the  bank, 
the  spears,  by  the  way,  having  barbs  of 
steel,  which  become  detached  from  the 
stock  when  they  enter  the  fish,  and  being 
attached  to  the  shaft  by  cords,  turn  flat 
against  the  fish's  side,  and  make  escape 
impossible  when  the  salmon  is  pierced 
through.  The  Indians  proceed  silently 
with  their  work,  and  secure  a  great  many 
fish  before  they  escape  from  the  bole. 
Sometimes  three  or  four  hundred  are 
thus  speared  out  of  one  pool. 

They  are    very  cautious  about  making 


their  preparations  so  as  not  to  frighten 
the  fish  till  all  are  ready,  and  then  to 
confuse  them  by  a  sudden  onslaught. 
The  fish  are  split  Open  and  dried  in  the 
sun  on  the  bushes,  which  present  a  curi 
ous  appearance,  all  hung  with  the  bright 
red  flesh;  they  are  then  slightly  smoked 
and  reduced  to  small  flakes,  and  laid 
away  for  future  use.  The  roes  also  of 
"mahalies, "  as  they  call  the  females,  are 
carefully  saved  and  dried,  and  are  con- 
sidered a  great  delicacy  by  the  Indians; 
but  I  uev<>r  heard  of  white  men  eating 
them,  although  I  should  think  that  if 
cooked  while  fresh,  they  would  be  quite 
palatable. 

The  trout  fishing  of  this  region  was 
also  said  l)y  some  English  lords  who 
were  fishing  there  to  be  superior  to  any- 
thing they  had  ever  seen,  each  fly  on  a 
flight  of  six  being  taken  in  one  lake  as 
soon  as  they  touched  the  water;  and 
these  are  not  lake  trout,  mind  you,  but 
brook  trout,  or  rather  river  trout,  which 
enter  the  lake  through  a  stream  connect- 
ed with  the  river.  The  Dcjlly  Varden 
trout,  as  it  is  called  on  account  of  the 
large  red  spots  along  its  sides,  is  also 
found  in  no  other  stream.  This  fish  has 
until  lately  been  unknown  to  all  but  the 
old  hunters  of  the  region,  and  is  certain- 
ly the  gamest  fish  I  ever  saw,  salmon 
not  excepted.  It  weighs  from  four  to 
eight  pounds,  and  when  hooked  takes 
the  hook  between  its  teeth,  like  a  horse 
seizing  the  bit,  and  makes  a  rush  of 
sometimes  eighty  yards  in  a  straight 
course,  continuing  these  spurts  until  ex- 
hausted. They  seem  to  be  of  large  size, 
and  are  inclined  to  be  cannibalistic. — 
Forest  and  Stream. 

Fish  Cdltukk  in  Fkance. — The  French 
Legislature  has  decided  that  fish  culture 
shall  form  a  part  of  the  programme  of  all 
farm  schools.  This  was  a  branch  of 
rural  industry  formerly  much  cultivated 
in  this  country,  especially  in  reference  to 
carp,  which  is  a  most  prolific  and  easily 
jn-opagated  fish.  Weight  for  weight,  it 
fetches  nearly  as  high  a  price  as  beef, 
and  no  faiuu  stock  can  manufacture  flesh 
so  rapidlj'  as  carp.  Any  pool  of  water 
can  raise  the  fry;  at  two  years  of  age, 
they  must  be  transferred  to  larger  spaces 
of  water,  and  even  then,  can  command 
at  the  rates  of  200  fr.  per  1000  head. 

There  is  a  piseicultural  society  in 
Jlonterey  county  which  is  alive  and 
working  to  introduce  into  the  waters  of 
that  county  a  stock  of  all  the  best  varie- 
ties of  fish.  Their  example  could  be  fol- 
lowed by  many  other  districts  with 
profit. 


ainavn. 


^ 


Bee-Keeping  in  Los  Angeles- 

^1  

Sfe  S  a  specimen  of  what  has  and  can 
§Wi  be  done  by  some  of  the  leading 
S',  apiarists  of  this  county,  wi'  give  the 
following  figures  of  the  amount  of 
honey  produced  the  present  season 
by  Harmon,  Loop  A.'  May,  at  their  ranch 
near  San  Fernando  station.  On  the  first 
of  .-Vpril  this  firm  had  HO  stands  of  bees 
and  uji  to  the  15th  of  this  mouth  had  ex- 
tracted some  50,000  pounds  of  honey  of 
superior  ([uality,  and  are  still  getting 
some  honey  of  a  poorer  grade,  of  which 
the  amount  will  probably  reach  10,000 
pounds,  making  a  total  for  the  season, 
or  since  April  last,  of  60,000  pounds. 
Of  this  amount,  10,000  pounds  has  been 
shipped  to  Chicago,  a  small  quantity  to 
San  Francisco,  and  two  or  three  thous- 
and pounds  sold  in  this  city.  The  firm 
now  have  20,000  pounds  in   the  dejiot  at 


San  Fernando,  with  which  they  intend 
to  load  the  first  car  through  from  Los 
Angeles  to  Chicago.  They  also  expect 
to  ship  the  remainder  of  their  crop  to 
Chicago,  where  they  have  established  an 
ahency  for  the  sale  of  it  at  wholesale  to 
dealers  in  that  vicinity.  The  honey  is 
mostly  put  up  in  cans  containing  about 
seven  pounds,  and  packed  in  cases  con- 
taining eight  or  twelve  cans  each,  which 
makes  it  in  convenient  shape  for  the  re- 
tail trade.  In  addition  to  the  honey 
produced  this  season,  they  have  increased 
their  140  stands  of  bees  to  IIJO,  and  have 
transformed  a  wild,  desolate  patch  of 
greecewood  and  sage  brush  to  one  of  the 
most  delightful  places  of  residence  in  the 
county,  being  nearly  2,000  feet  above 
the  ocean,  overlooking  the  Coast  Kauge 
of  mountains,  accessible  by  the  best  of 
roads,  and  within  three  miles  of  San 
Fernando.  It  is  stated,  on  good  author- 
ity, that  the  annual  product  of  honey  in 
this  county  is  over  1,. 500, 000  pounds, 
which  has  a  market  value  of  $1.50,000. 
Of  course,  this  does  not  include  the 
thousands  of  pounds  of  wax  produced, 
selling  at  twenty  cents  per  pound,  which 
would  greatly  increase  the  figures. — 
Weekly  Mitror,  Auy.  2G. 

Co.MB  FoL'NDATiox. — "  What  is  comb 
foundation?"  The  following,  from  the 
Atiiericun  Bee  Journal  for  Slay  is  an  ex- 
I^licit  answer: 

Take  a  piece  of  emijty  honey  comb  and 
cut  off  all  the  cells,  until  nothing  is  left 
but  the  division  wall  of  wax  between  the 
two  opposite  sets  of  cells,  and  you  have 
a  comb  foundation.  The  latest  produc- 
tion, however,  consists  not  merely  of  the 
dividing  wall,  but  also  a  slight  depth  of 
the  cell-walls  themselves,  on  each  side, 
and  these  cell-walls,  although  slight  in 
depth,  may  be  of  such  thickness  as  to 
contain  enough  wax,  so  that  the  bees 
may  work  out  or  prolong  the  cells  to 
their  full  depth  without  auj'  additional 
material. 

These  come  foundations  are  given  to 
the  bees  in  their  brood  chamber,  enough 
being  put  in  a  frame  to  fill  it,  in  whole 
or  in  part,  perhaps  only  a  narrow  strip 
being  used  for  the  bees  to  start  upon. 
They  are  also  used  for  surplus  honey, 
enough  being  given  to  fill  the  boxes,  or 
merely  enough  to  give  the  bees  a  start. 
The  object  is  to  save  the  time  of  the  bees 
in  secreting  the  wax,  as  also  the  houey 
used  in  its  production.  Another  object 
is  to  secure  all  straight,  worker  comb, 
and  still  another  to  hasten  the  com- 
mencement of  work  in  boxes  when  the 
bees  are  loth  to  enter  them. 

Thus  much  by  way  of  answer  to  those 
who  are  asking:  "What  is  comb  founda- 
tion, and  what  is  it  for?" 

Paeasite.s  on  Bees.  —The  Rural  World 
reports  that  at  the  last  meeting  of  the 
St.  Louis  Academy  of  Sciences,  Prof.  C. 
V.  Kiley,  the  President,  read  a  commu- 
nication from  Ci.  W.  Barnes,  of  San 
Diego,  Cal.,  in  relation  to  parasites  upon 
bees  in  that  State.  The  parasite  was  de- 
scribed as  of  the  color  of  a  flaxseed  and 
easily  distinguished  by  the  naked  eye. 
It  appears  usually  under  the  wing  of  the 
bee,  and  adheres  with  considerable  ten- 
acity. It  occasionally  crawls  all  over 
the  bee,  and  is  quite  agile  in  its  move- 
ments. The  bees  afllicted  with  the  ver- 
min become  agitated  and  move  rapidly 
over  the  comb,  frequently  dying  of  in- 
juries. The  parasites  were  first  noticed 
there  last  year,  and  have  again  appeared 
this  season,  giving  considerable  trouble 
in  large  apiaries.  Specimens  of  the  in- 
sects afflicted  accompanied  the  letter,and 
Prof.  Kiley  said  the  parasite  was  the 
larva  of  the  blister  beetle.  It  was  well 
known  that  these  larva;  attached  them- 
selves to  bees  and  were  thus  carried  into 


the  hive,  where  they  usually  left  tlu 
grown  bee  and  attacked  the  larva\  Prof. 
Riley  had  not  before  heard  that  these 
insects  injured  the^fuUy  developed  bees. 
The  information  was  valuable,  if  reha- 
ble. — J{ural  Xew- Yorker. 

Bees  Stinging. — For  fifteen  years  I 
kei)t  bees  in  my  garden  at  6  Lordship 
Ten-ace,  Stoke  Xewiugton,  the  hives  be- 
ing literally  shut  in  on  three  sides  by 
houses;  and  in  that  time  I  never  heard  a 
complaint  of  any  one  ever  having  been 
hurt,  or  alarmed  or  threatened. 

The  bee,  like  man,  is  a  creature  of 
habit.  When  thoroughly  accustomed  to 
human  society,  the  industrious  insect 
plods  on  in  the  most  peaceable  and  law- 
abiding  manner;  hence,  while  a  town 
bee  may  be  interrupted  with  impunity,  a 
country  bee  is  apt  to  sting  when  serious- 
ly interfered  with,  especially  when 
cheeked  in  the  prosecution  of  daily  duty. 
Dnring  the  fifteen  years  my  bees  saw 
much  of  society,  they  were  remarkably 
docile  and  manageable,  and  I  could 
catch  them  on  the  wing,  retain  them  in 
my  hands,  and  after  some  seconds  liber- 
ate them,  to  see  them  dart  like  an  arrow 
to  the  hive,  and  I  was  never  stung  by  the 
prisoners.  But  when  I  pUinted  my  bee 
shed  in  a  lonely  spot,  and  the  only  saw 
open  meadow,  they  soon  became  so  far 
savage  that  I  could  no  longer  handle 
them  safely. — Hhirley  Ilibbard  in  London 
Times. 

Subduing  Bees. — The  stings  of  bees 
were  given  them  for  the  protection  of 
their  stores.  They  are  not  disposed  to 
sting  when  not  in  danger,  and  every  bee 
which  does  sting  dies.  .A.way  from  their 
own  hive  they  rarely  mak*  an  attack. 
The  natural  dread  of  stings  deters  many 
from  keeping  bees  who  would  be  glad  to 
do  so.  In  the  use  of  modern  hives,  the 
danger  of  being  stung  is  lessened,  as 
these  give  you  facilities  for  subduing 
them.  A  bee  with  its  honey  sac  fuU 
never  stings.  When  you  alarm  a  colony 
of  bees,  they  all  instinctively  at  once  fill 
their  sacs  with  honey,  and  after  time 
has  been  allowed  them  to  do  this,  their 
hive  can  be  opened  and  examined  with 
no  danger  from  their  anger. — Mrs.  Tap- 
per. 


fovcmc. 


TRICHINOSIS- 
An    Iiiiportuut    Subject. 

FEW  years  ago,  says  the  Country 
(ienUeman,  no  one  would  have 
known  the  meaning  of  this  term — 
save  some  technical  scientist — cer- 
tainly no  farmer,  because  we  are 
jnst  beginning  to  realize  that  it  means  a 
horrible  disease.  It  certainly  is  to  be 
wished  that  our  learned  friends  would 
not  frighten  us  so  often  with  these  long 
words.  Why  not  call  it  what  it  is,  the 
pork  distemper  ?  And  a  dreadful  distem- 
per it  is  getting  to  be,  call  it  by  what 
name  we  will,  and  by  none  will  it  smell 
sweet,  and  the  sooner  we  know  all  about 
it  and  avoid  it,  the  better.  Professor 
Verrill  some  years  ago  explained  its  ori- 
gen  before  the  Connecticut  State  Board 
of  -Agriculture.  Professor  Cress)',  of 
Amherst  -Agricultural  College,  has  on  v.a- 
rious  occusions  brought  it  before  the 
farmers  of  Massachusetts,  and  quite  re- 
cently Dr.  Sutton,  of  Indiana,  has  made  ' 
a  report  describing  in  full  the  symptoms  ' 
and  mode  of  treatment  of  the  disease,  to  ' 
the  Indiana  Medical  Society,  which,  if 
not  pleasant  reading  to  jiork-raisers  and  , 
eaters,  is  of  great  moment  to  them  and 
the  general   public — although,    perhaps 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


i 


"pork-eaters"  is  a  phrase  synonymous 
with  "general  public."  Dr.  Sutton  saj's 
that  from  microscopic  examination  of 
pork  killed  in  southeastern  Indiana,  from 
three  to  sixteen  per  cent,  of  the  hogs  are 
atteeted  with  trichina) — the  worm  caus- 
ing the  disease  in  man;  that  over  five 
miihous  of  hogs  are  slaughtered  and 
l)acked  in  the  Western  States,  not  includ- 
ing those  which  are  put  up  for  family 
use  by  the  farmers.  If  four  per  cent,  of 
this  pork  is  diseased,  which  the  report 
thinks  a  low  estimate,  then  there  are 
221,481  diseased  hogs  put  annually  ui^on 
the  market,  in  addition  to  the  wormy 
ones  retained  by  the  farmers  on  which 
to  regale  themselves  and  families.  Ninety 
per  cent,  of  disease  produced  from  eat- 
ing trichiuous  pork  appears  either  as 
gastro-entcritis  (something  horrible  from 
its  being  disguised  iu  such  a  name),  or 
as  diarrhea  and  dysentery,  and  these  dis- 
eases cause  a  mortality  of  thousands  in 
the  United  States  every  year,  and  us  I 
shall  show  hereafter,  the  sufferings  of 
those  who  are  not  privileged  to  die  are 
horrible  from  the  same  cause. 

Now,  it  is  time  to  come  together  and 
see  if  this  horrible  slaughter  and  sufler- 
ing  of  human  beings  cannot  be  stopjaed, 
and  the  first  thing  is  to  find  out  the  rea- 
son and  cause,  remote  aud  immediate,  of 
the  disease,  and  then  consider  the  means 
of  removing  it. 

In  addition  to  the  external  paeasites  of 
domestic  animals,  they  are  inhabited  by 
internal  parrsites,  and  most  of  the  latter 
belong  to  the  great  class  of  articulated 
animals  known  as  worms,  constituting 
several  distinct  orders,  aud  it  is  a  re- 
markable fact  that  the  worst  of  thes 
creatures  are  kept  in  existence  only  by 
reason  of  the  intimate  relation  existing 
between  man  and  his  brutish  dependents. 
The  two  most  common  tapeworms,  de- 
rived rtspectivclyjfrcm  the  ficsh  of  cattle 
and  hogs,  in  which  the  young  worms 
live,  appear  to  be  capable  of  coming  to 
maturity  only  in  the  human  intestine, 
another  proof  of  the  fact  of  our  kinship 
to  the  brute  creation  underneath  us,  and 
further  corroborated  by  what  some  may 
consider  the  mortifying  fact  that  the  in- 
ternal arrangements,  the  viscera,  omniv- 
orous propensities,  and  the  general  phy- 
siological structure  of  the  hog  (and  also 
the  bear)  more  nearly  resemble  man  than 
any  other  animal. 

But  i^assing  over  the   pork  tapeworm, 
which  is  acquired  in   man  by  eating  raw 
or  underdone   pork,  aud  the   beef  tape- 
worm acquired  by  eating  dried   beef  and 
bologne  sausages,    nncooked,     and    raw 
meats,  and   both   productive  of    disease 
enough   to    make  us    satisfied  that  such 
diet  should  be    avoided,  we   come  to  the 
causes  of  the  more  terrible    trouble,  the 
ilcsh-worm,  the   trichina  spiralis,  one   of 
the  ueiiMlodes  or  round  worm  family,  and 
the  most  important  and  most   dangerous 
of   all  hunum  parasites.      This    minute 
worm  iu  the  hirva-  state  lives  in  the  mus- 
cles, not  only  of  swine    and  his  kindred, 
men  and  women,  but  iu   those  of   dogs, 
cats,  rats,  mice,   guinea  pigs,  aud  many 
other  animals,  and  in  the    nuvture  state 
inhabits  the  intestines  of    the  same  ani- 
nuUs;  but  it  is  to   be  borne   in  mind,  iu 
view  of    the    remedies   proposed  for  the 
ilisease  the    worm  gives  rise  to,  that  no 
noxious  effects  are  jn'oduced,  except  from 
the  eating   by  the  human   species  of  the 
tlesh  of  swine  in  the  condition  that  they 
are  kept  by  civilized  nnin  for  fattening, 
selling   and  eating.     Microscopic  exam- 
ination of   the  muscular  tissue  of  a  wild 
boar  lately  shot  in  Saxony,  showed  it  to 
bo  full  of    triohinic,  \)ut  no  one  has  ever 
heard  of  the  "pork  distemper"  frompar- 
takiig  of  the  meat  iu    its  wild  state,  nor 
Iriim     eating    any  of    the    other  animals 
subject  to  the  trichina.     The  young  par- 


asites are  so  small  as  to  be  quite  invisible 
to  the  naked  eye,  and  "millions  of  them 
may  exist, "  says  Prof.  Verrill,  "iu  the 
flesh  of  a  pig  without  i^roducing  any 
unusual  apjiearauce  in  the  meatt  suffi- 
cient to  attract  the  attention  even  o'  an 
exjiort. "  If  the  pork  containiug  these 
worms  is  eaten  by  man,  they  become 
liberated  iujthe  stemach,  and  entering 
the  intestines  there  grow  rajjidly,  and 
become  mature  in  two  days.  One  ounce 
of  pork  may  contain  a  quarter  of  a  mil- 
lion or  more  of  these  worms,  which,  as 
soon  as  born,  begin  to  eat  and  force  their 
way  through  the  membrane  of  the  intes- 
tines and  into  the  minute  blood  vessels 
and  other  organs,  and  entering  the  circu- 
lation thej-  are  carried  by  the  blood  to 
the  heart,  thence  to  the  lungs,  and  then 
become  diffused  through  the  whole  sys- 
tem, causiug  an  immense  amount  of  in- 
flammation and  irritation,  intense  sore- 
ness and  pain,  and  death  in  some  cases 
occurs  from  the  fifth  to  the  fiftieth  day. 
It  was  not  until  Dr.  Zenker,  of,  Dresden, 
in  lyGO,  made  the  surprising  discovery 
that  the  trichina,  which  up  till  then  had 
been  considered  a  harmless  little  animal, 
could  cause  the  death  of  a  man,  that 
these  results  became  known  by  farther 
investigation,  and  that  to  the  swallowing 
of  these  "worms  that  never  die"  was 
owing  so  many  fevers,  poisoning,  and 
various  diseases  hitherto  ascribed  to  other 
causes.  Since  that  time  a  sei-ies  of  epi- 
demics of  this  disease  has  occurred  in 
Germany,  where  they  tat  more  raw  pork 
than  elsewhere,  aud  thousands  of  cases 
have  been  observed,  and  many  dissec- 
tions have  taken  place,  and  the  fact  es- 
tablished beyond  any  doubt  as  to  the 
cause.  Numerous  cases  have  since  oc- 
curred, aud  are  constantly  occurring  all 
over  the  United  States,  traced  to  eating 
rare  done,  or  raw  pork,  principally  ham, 
where  the  muscles  which  these  worms 
inhabit  iu  their  larvie  state  are  most  nu- 
merous; sausages,  occasionally  roast 
pork,  aud  pork  that  had  been  boiled  an 
hour  or  two,  although  it  is  supposed  that 
a  trichina,  exposed  to  the  boiling  jjoint, 
will  die;  but  it  is  rarely  that  the  whole  of 
the  meat  cooked  is  exjiosed  to  this  tem- 
perature, the  inner  parts  not  unfrequent- 
ly  coming  ou  to  the  table  half  or  wholly 
under-done.  Exjieriments  have  shown 
that  a  large  piece  of  meat  which  had 
been  put  into  a  kettle  over  a  good  fire, 
after  boiling  half  an  hour,  had  cooked 
only  partly  through,  and  had  to  be  cut 
up  and  cooked  as  long  again,  to  reach 
a  temperature  sufficient  to  kill  the  tri- 
china^. 

When  we  realize  that  many  thousand 
people,  according  to  Dr.  Sutton's  esti- 
mate, die  annually  in  the  United  States 
from  trichinosis,  and  perhaps  as  many 
more  are  suffering  horribly — almost  a 
daily  death — from  distempers  eugeudered 
by  the  same  cause,  it  is  a  matter  of  mo- 
ment to  us  farmers  who  produce  and 
distribute,  and  eat,  and  bring  uji  our 
families  on  jjork,  to  see  if  something 
\  cannot  be  done  to  prevent  such  dreadful 
efl'ects. 

Of  course,  after  these  facts  become 
known,  no  sane  person  will  eat  pork  or 
moat  of  any  kind  unless  it  is  thoroughly 
cooked;  uo  dried  or  smoked  beef,  or 
ham,  which  has  uot  been  purified  by 
fire  (infants  fed  upon  dried  beef,  a  cus- 
tom in  vogue  iu  Kussia,  being  especially 
liable  to  be  infested  by  tapeworms,  and 
probably  trichinae);  but  we  nuist  go 
beyond  this  to  strike  at  the  seat  of  the 
disease. 

It  is  evident,  as  before  stated,  that 
this  disease,  so  fatal  and  horrible  iu  all 
its  aspects,  is  comnmnicatcd  from  those 
l)enned  together  in  filth,  aud  fed  ou  of- 
fal, often  of  the  very  wiu'st  nature,  such 
I  as  that  of   diseased    animals,  and   other 


matter  too  villainous  to  mention.  The 
hog  is  naturally  a  clean  animal,  and  in 
his  native  state  will  be  as  free  from  dis- 
ease as  cattle;  and  we  have  no  evidence 
of  tba  trichiuous  disease  ever  infecting 
ony  person  from  eating  of  wild  boars, 
nor  of  the  herds  of  swine  kept  in  ancient 
times,  even  in  hot  countries,  nor  of  pork 
from  pigs  kept  in  a  cleanly  condition, and 
not  shut  up  in  close  aud  filthy  quarters 
with  others.  In  fact,  the  diseases  of  the 
hog  are  bred  from  the  dirt,  wet,  tilth  and 
bad  air  to  which  he  is  forced.  Like  any 
other  "gentleman"  who  is  put  iu  close 
quarters,  deprived  of  proper  food  and 
raiment,  with  no  chance  to  bathe,  aud 
crowded  upon  by  other  prisoners  as  bad 
oft'  as  himself,  he  soon  becomes  disgust- 
ing; the  internal  and  external  parasites 
prey  upon  him,  sores  aud  diseases  break 
out,  aud  he  communicates  these  to  those 
other  unhappy  ones  with  whom  he  comes 
in  contact.  There  are  said  to  be  up- 
wards of  a  hundred  species  of  internal 
jiarasitic  worms  found  in  domestic  ani- 
mals aud  man,  but  they  are  kept  iu  their 
proper  place  b^^  the  general  health  aud 
cleanliness  of  their  luibilah;  but  let  the 
latter  neglect  these  precautions,  aud  the 
same  results  follow  as  to  the  vegetable 
creation — the  apple  and  other  fruit  trees 
— whose  parasites  take  adv!  utage  of  any 
neglect  of  growth  or  cleanliness  to  de- 
stroy them. 

The  tekotina  in  human  flesh  (for  it 
occurs  both  iu  pork  and  in  human  mus- 
cle) is  a  very  minute  spirally  coiled 
worm,  scarcely  visible  to  the  naked  eye, 
aud  either  enclosed  in  a  cyst,  or  unen- 
cysted.  If  a  piece  of  pork  containing 
these  worms  be  consumed  by  man,  these 
larva?  develop  in  the  course  of  two  days 
into  sexually  mature  worms,  and  in  four 
days  more,  numerous  embryos  are  given 
oft';  these  being  small  aud  vigorous 
worms,  attack  aud  bore  through  the  in- 
testines, passing  into  various  parts  of  the 
body  of  their  host.  Chiefly,  however, 
they  lodge  in  the  voluntary  muscles, 
there  to  perish  by  the  natural  process  of 
conversion  into  little  limy  particles,  un- 
less, indeed,  cannibalistic  ideas  should 
come  into  vogue. 

The  disease  set  up  by  these  parasites 
iu  boring  their  way  into  all  parts  of  t'he 
body  is  called  trichinosis,  or  trichiniasis. 
The  symptoms  of  this  are  prostration 
and  general  indisposition,  which  stage 
may  last  about  a  week,  followed  by  pain 
in  the  limbs,  swelling  of  the  face,  aud 
fever.  This  shows  that  the  trichina  are 
making  their  way  into  the  various  mus- 
cles. About  the  fourth  week,  the  para- 
sites may  be  regarded  as  settled  iu  their 
new  home;  aud  the  third  stage,  which  is 
characterized  by  extreme  weakness,  su- 
pervenes. The  general  indications  in 
the  way  of  treatment  are  active  purga- 
tion at"first,  followed  by  all  means  calcu- 
lated to  support  the  strength  of  the  p.a- 
tieut. 


(-^ 


cmc. 


PRACTICAU  .HEALTH     TOPICS- 
NO.    5. 


BY      "JEWELL. 


.'?. 


EPKKCISK. 
ijNK  of  the  most  noci-asary  habits 
Irrl  conducive  to  health  is  exercise.  By 
kf/-  it  th  blood  is  sent  to  the  extremi- 
ties, and  a  healthful  glow  is  felt 
from  heart  to  finger-tips,  cheeks 
and  lips  show  their  welcome  iu  rosy  col- 
oring, and  the  step  is  made  elastic  by  its 
magic-  power.     Even  the  woman  of   soci- 


ety is  beginning  to  understand  its  raagic 
effects,  aud  while  she  spurns  worl.;  she 
will  nevertheless  go  to  the  gymnasium, 
"lift  cure,"  or  bathing  establishment, 
there  to  sti;eat,  or  exercise  iu  the  fashion- 
able way  to  gain  the  beauty  of  complex- 
ion her  inactive  life  destroys. 

I  read  an  interesting  account  of  a  lady 
of  wealth,  whose  complexion  was  ruined 
by  dissipation,  taking  a  subordinate  po- 
sition in  a  Turkish  bath  house  where.by 
constant  exercise  and  sweating,  she 
gained  a  beauty  of  skin  envied  by  her 
"circle"  without  the  disgrace  of  labor  be- 
coming known. 

And  right  here  I  would  ask  whether  we 
do  not  make  too  great  a  distinction  be- 
tween work  aud  exercise?  As  educated 
men  aud  women,  feeling  the  beauty  of 
harmony  in  life,  do  we  not,  by  our  ac- 
tions, degrade  labor — shunning  the  la- 
borer, and  not  seeking  the  toiling  ones, 
while  the  idle  and  rich  are  courted  and 
sought  for?  As  jjareuts,  do  we  not  give 
or  boys  professions,  rather  than  trades,  if 
we  can  afford  it?  aud  our  girls  accomp- 
lishments to  fit  them  to  adorn  homes, 
rather  than  to  cheer  and  make  them  what 
they  ought  to  be?  I  would  not  advocate 
constant  labor,  excluding  rest  and  recre- 
ation. Were  all  to  contribute  sufficient 
for  their  health,  we  would  not  see  so 
many  over-worked  ones  and  a  corres- 
ponding number  of  under-worked  inva- 
lids for  the  want  of  something  to  do  to 
give  them  sufldcieut  exercise  to  keep 
well. 

Think  of  the  amount  of  strength  wast- 
ed at  these  "lift  cures"  and  gymnasiums, 
which,  if  rightly  used,  would  benefit 
mankind  immensely.  Yet  it  is  better 
for  those  leading  sedentary  lives  to  take 
such  physical  exercise  than  none  at  all. 
Business  or  home  duties  should  provide 
the  exercise  daily  needed.  Our  children 
should  be  encouraged  to  use  their  limbs 
in  active  sports,  and  be  provitled  with 
the  means  of  so  doing.  Our  schools 
should  contain  apparatus,  in  a  big  room, 
to  amuse  and  give  exercise,  under  in- 
struction, to  pupils  of  both  sexes,  in  wet 
weather,  when  out-door  games  are  i*i- 
possible.  We  should  all  be  educated 
into  the  idea  that  it  is  a  duty  we  owe 
ourselves  to  exercise  daily  sufticiently, 
and  iu  such  a  manner  as  to  best  develop 
aud  preserve  good  health,  aud  that  it  is 
honorable  to  be  usefully  employed  while 
exercising.  Labor  should  not  bo  drudg- 
ery, nor  exercise  idleness.  Exorcise  for 
health,  and  health  will  give  a  zest  to  use- 
ful employments. 


1 


How  Faemeks'  Wives  Beeak  Down. 
A  woman  tells  this  story  to  the  Boston 
Cidiii-ator,  and  many  can  testify  of  their 
own  knowledge  that  it  is  sadly  true: 

She  has  four  little  girls  -the  oldest  six 
years  and  the  youngest  three  months. 
Her  husband  keeps  six  cows,  and  culti- 
vates a  farm  of  a  huudred  acres,  employ- 
ing two  men  to  aid  him.  Three  meals 
must  be  cooked  daily  for  a  family  of 
seven,  not  c<rantiiig  the  baby,  four  chil- 
dren dressed  aud  cared  for;  the  milk  of 
six  cows  attended  to,  and  butter  made 
while  the  weekly  washing  and  ironing 
must  be  accomplished  iu  some  way. 
From  four  o'clock  in  the  morning  till 
ten  aud  sometimes  eleven  at  uight,  one 
pair  of  hands  and  one  pair  of  feet  to  jier- 
form  this  labor,  aud  now  that  tired  body 
rebels  and  says:  "This  cannot  be  en- 
dured." 

Let  me  tell  you  of  another  case:  'J' hr 
farmer  and  his  wife  have  three  childm. 
all  under  eight  years.  Ho  employs  !»■■ 
hired  men,  boarding  them,  and  ke<ii. 
eleven  cows.  A  woman  comes  iu  to  W' 
the  washing  aud  ironing,  but  that  is  all 
the  assistance  the  wife  receives,  excrpt 
the  few  stejis  her  children  save  her.    She 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


must  rise  at  four  o'clock  and  prepare 
breakfast,  so  that  her  husband  and  the 
"hands"  can  be  in  the  field  by  five.  Ev- 
ery other  day,  however,  one  of  the  hired 
men  remains  to  do  the  churning  for  her; 
but  this  favor  was  not  allowed  her  until 
she  had  threatened  to  call  in  the  doctor 
to  declare  to  her  husband  her  inability  to 
do  such  work.  Then  it  was  reluctantly 
conceded,  although  two  forty-pound  fir- 
kins of  butter  were  packed  each  week; 
for  our  farmer  prides  himself  on  his 
herd  of  cows— pure  blood  Alderneys— 
and  sells  his  butter  at  the  highest  rates, 
carefully  depositing  its  proceeds  in  the 
bank  and  rarely  giving  his  wife  so  much 
as  a  five-dollar  bill  of  it.  His  last  in- 
junction to  the  -'hand"  is,  "John,  conic 
just  as  quick  as  you  can.  Don't  let 
Mrs.  M.  keep  you  for  anything  else. 
Hay  can't  wait  for  woman's  work." 
There  are  dishes  to  wash,  milk  to  skim, 
pans  to  scald,  beds  to  make,  children  to 
dreas,  baby  to  nurse,  rooms  to  sweep, 
and  dinner  to  cook  over  the  boihng  hot 
stove;  and  one  woman  to  do  it  all!" 


!0tiiun. 


Classification  in  Botany. 


^ 


11  rangements  in  a  systematic  classi- 
fication   in   botany    was    made  by 

'11,;    Ca?salpinas,  a    Roman    physicion. 

il?  Though  artificial,  the  same  may  be 
affirmed  of  the  systems  of  Gerner,  Morri- 
son, Eivinus,  etc.  These  have  been 
displaced  by  the  attractive  scheme  of 
Linn;eus,  who  must  be  looked  upon  as 
the  great  promulgator  of  the  artificial 
method  of  classification.  John  Ray,  an 
English  botanist,  in  the  year  1C82,  made 
the  first  attempt  at  arranging  plants  ac- 
cording to  their  affinities.  Ray's  scheme 
was  very  imperfect,  for  the  number  of 
plants  then  known  was  comparatively 
small,  yet  it  has  really  formed  the  foun- 
dation of  every  later  system.  It  was 
long  neglected,  and  did  not  receive  the 
attention  it  deserved  until -Jussien  en- 
tered the  field  and  developed  Kay's 
views  of  the  natural  affinities  in  the  veg- 
etable kingdom. 

Jussien's  method  was  first  made  known 
in  the  year  1789,  just  eleven  years  after 
the  death  of  Linna>us;  since  that  time, 
the  natural  method  has  been  advanced 
by  the  labors  of  De  Candole,  Brown, 
Endieher,  Lindley  and  others. 

Geographical  botany  treats  of  the 
manner  in  which  plants  are  afi'ected  by 
climate  and  station,  and  endeavors  to 
determine  the  conditions  under  which 
diftereut  families  or  species  of  plants  are 
confined  to  certain  zones  of  latitude  and 
altitude.  It  is  a  study  of  great  interest, 
and  one  which  cannot  be  successfullj' 
prosecuted  without  an  ultimate  acquaint- 
ance with  most  of  the  sciences.  Of 
course,  so  long  as  there  are  vast  tracts  of 
continents  unexplored  by  botanical  trav- 
elers, the  knowledge  upon  which  this 
department  is  founded  must  be  imper- 
fect. 

Fossil  botany  investigates  the  nature 
of  the  plants  found  in  a  fossil  state  in 
the  various  geological  formations;  it  is, 
therefore,  a  branch  of  botany  and  geo- 
logy- 

The  practical  bearings  of  botany  are 
most  important,S  and  are  sometimes 
treated  separately  in  manuals  of  the  sci- 
ence, under  the  head  of  Economic  Bot- 
any. All  the  principal  plants  aftbrdiug 
food,  timber,  medicine,  fibre,  dye-stufl's 
and  other  useful  products,  are  noticed 
under  the  names  of  the  genera  which  in- 
clude   them,  and  for    further   details  of 


structure  and  classifioation  of  plants, 
those  wi-shing  to  become  perfect  in  bot- 
any, may  study  such  works  as  "Lind- 
ley's  Introduction  to  Botany,"  "Ele- 
ments of  Botany  and  the  Vegetable  King- 
dom,"  and  the  works  of  Balfour,  Henfrey, 
Henslow,  Oliver  and  Gray. 


Women. 


[Original.] 

SISTER     RETT  A. 


TO 


Oh,  siHtur,  have  faith  and  bo  cheerful, 

Dwell  not  ou  tho  dark  side  of  life; 
There's  miiBic,  and  Buushiue,  aud  Kladuess, 

Aa  well  as  tears,  Kornnv,  and  strife. 
Auil,  thouyh  the  dark  side  of  life's  picture 

May  greet  your  ead  viKion  to-day, 
You  know  that  the  Bun  is  still  shining; 

Bo  patient— have  faith— hope  and  pray. 
How  oft,  in  the  beautiful  summer, 

Dark  clouds  veil  the  blue  arch  above, 
Aud  the  weeping  sky  the  earth  drenches 

With  tears— tears  of  pity  and  love. 

The  voice  of  nature  of  grief  eecras  full— 

Her  countenance  betokens  woo 
When  rages  the  tempest  and  the  Btorm, 

Not  knowing  that  'tis  better  ho. 
But,  when  the  clouds  have  cleared  away, 

How  beautiful  and  bright  she  seems! 
Her  loviug  robes,  with  pearly  drops 

Bedecked,  reflecting  Sol's  bright  beamsl 
And  so  it  is  with  human  hearts: 

They  seem  more  loveable  aud  true. 
Having  withstood  temptation's  pow'r. 

Than  if  such  fate  they  never  knew. 

If  bright  the  sun  shone  every  clay 

Upon  the  path  wo  mortals  tread. 
How  soon  would  wither  and  decay,  [fled  I 

The  heart's  sweet  flow'rs— their  fragrance 
But  sun,  and  rain,  and  wind,  and  dew, 

Kach  nave  a  mission  to  fultiU  — 
Each  their  appointed  work  to  do, 

Directed  by  the  Higher  will. 

How  often,  in  the  days  gone  by 

Have  bitter  tears  bedimmed  our  eyes; 
How  often  found  those  trials  but, 

To  us,  real  blessings  in  disguise. 
The  trials  of  an  adverse  fate 

New  strength  and  beauty  will  impart 
Unto  the  virtues  of  the  true, 

Uprooting  evil  from  the  heart. 


IVoman. 

No  star  in  yonder  sky  that  shines 
Can  light  like  woman'f  eye  impart; 

The  earth  holds  not  in  aljl  its  mines 
A  gem  so  rich  as  woman's  hoart. 

Her  voice  is  like  the  music  sweet. 
Poured  out  from  airy  harp  alone; 

Like  that,  when  storms  more  loudly  beat, 
it  yields  a  clearer,  richer  tone. 

And  woman's  love's  a  holy  light. 

That  brighter,  briiihter  burns  for  aye; 

Years  cannot  dim  its  radiance  brigbt, 
Nor  even  falsehood  quench  its  ray, 

Bat,  like  the  star  of  Bethlehem 
Of  old,  to  Israel's  shepherds  given, 

It  uinrshals  with  its  steady  Hame 
The  erring  soul  of  man  to  heaven. 


WOMEN   AND   THE    CENTENNIAL 
LEAP    YEAR. 

BY  A.   O.  S. 

EAP    year    is   woman's    year,    by 
long  custom  and  usage;  which  fact  j 
gives  special  interest  to  our  grand 
National  Centenni.al.       'Wcmeu  by 

^   a  sort  of  natural  courtesy,    are  in-  j 

vested  with  certain  social  privileges  dur-  [ 
iug  this  year,  not  recognized  in  the  law  | 
books,  which,  in  these  revolutionary  and  i 
progressive  days,  may  be  made  a  mighty  | 
driving  wedge  for  a  complete  victory  of  j 


perfect  social  equality  and  independence. 
Eeighteen  hundred  and  seventy-six, then, 
should  prove  the  best  leap  year  of  the 
whole  century.  Beloved  sisters,  improve 
your  opportunities  before  too  late.  Make 
yourselves  quite  happy  in  this  young, 
vigorous  and  promising  country.  Leap 
year,  courtship  and  matrimony  come 
under  one  head,  and  the  ladies  now  have 
it  all  their  own  way.  Gentlemen!  take  a 
back  seat,  and  wait  for  an  iuWtatiou. 
Ladies!  become  the  floor  managers  for 
all  the  world  to  dance. 

In  a  hundred  years  the  scope  of  wom- 
an's sphere  aud  influence  has  widened 
marvelously.  The  relation  of  sex  is  bet- 
ter understood.  Woman  knows  herself, 
and  man  ajipreciates;  and,  without  as- 
sumption or  violence,  but  as  natural  as 
the  rosebud  develops,  woman  becomes 
the  accepted  and  coronated  queen  of  the 
realm. 

The  distinction  of  sex  is  universal,and 
runs  through  all  nature — in  the  human, 
animal,  bird,  fish,  insect,  and  vegetable 
kingdoms — and  each  is  propagated,  pre- 
served, beautified  and  perfected  by  sexu- 
al elimination.  Plants  bloom,  and  fill 
the  whole  house  with  their  fragrant 
charms.  So  woman  is  the  flower  of  hu- 
manity, aud,  to  the  dreary,  hum-drum, 
tread-mill  world,  she  is  like  a  mighty 
green-house  with  its  millions  of  sweetest 
blossoms. 

The  reputed  progenitors  of  mankind 
may,  or  may  not,  be  mythical;  but  the 
real  Adam  aud  Eve  are  living  actualities, 
being  every  man  aud  woman;  and  the 
true  paradise  of  earth  is  ei'O'y  luipjyij  luime! 
Heaven  is  no  monopoly,  but  is  accessible 
to  all,  love  beiug  its  delightful  element. 
Every  woman  is  a  real  Eve — the  embodi- 
meu  of  love;  and  true  marriage,  the  real 
Eden.  So,  under  such  a  happy  defiu.ug, 
every  human  being  is  born  into  a  perfect 
Eden,  to  tend,  dress  aud  beautify  it — 
though  so  few  are  aware  of  it.  But, who 
should  ask  or  desire  anything  better? 
There  is  no  higher  bliss. 

Thus,  the  sphere  of  woman  becomes 
exceedingly  broad,  and  hereafter  she  will 
not  skip  or  leap  over,  but  reign  right 
along.  The  domestic  circle  is  her  proud 
domain — the  true  Grange,  council  and 
fountain-head  of  formative  character,  for 
temjierance,  peace  and  all  moral  virtue — 
which  extends  through  all  society  and 
over  all  nations.  Her  most  perfect  sway 
is  in  the  Caucasian  race.  Yet,  even  the 
Mongolian,  Malayan,  African  and  Indian 
tribes  yield  something  to  her  at  the  fire- 
side, culinary  board  aud  nursery — prov- 
ing HOMK  to  be  the  natural  and  quiet 
avenue  of  her  ultimate  triumph  and  con- 
trol. She  kneads  and  moulds  the  savory 
bread,  makes  up  the  soft  and  downy 
couch,  and  spreads  the  rich  and  inviting 
table.  And,  if  "the  hand  that  holds  the 
bread"  is  the  power  that  makes  the  law, 
certainly  woman's  faithful  hand,  every- 
where, that  molds  and  bakes,  boils  and 
stews,  and  feeds  the  hungry  multitude, 
will  force  its  highest  claim  ou  the  na- 
tion's statute  books. 

Man's  boasted  record  is  on  the  gory 
battlefield,  whose  dark  and  dreadful 
pages  blacken  all  history.  To  build 
forts  and  arsenals,  gunboats  and  navy 
ships,  march  invading  armies,  confiscate 
and  destroy  property  and  life,  and  chat- 
telize  and  beastialize  his  fellowbeings, 
filling  the  world  with  widows  and  orph- 
ans, poverty,  sufl'ering,  misery  aud  death, 
man  may  esteem  as  his  peculiar  pride 
and  glory — always  claiming  the  high  and 
solemn  sanction  aud  approbation  of  God 
and  the  Bible,  church  aud  religion.  But 
women  and  angels,  in  earth  aud  heaven, 
flee  and  hide,  weeping,  at  the  horrid  and 
sickening  spectacle. 

Well  may  woman  rejoice  in  her  wom- 
anhood, aud  be  glad    she  is  not  a  man. 


For,  though    she    is  made  the  heljiless 
victim  of  his  pride  or  baseness  in  count- 
less wa3's,  while  he  is  called  "her  gallant    N^jj 
protector,"  yet,  through   wise  and  mys-     ' L' 
terious  processes,  in  the  patient  course      a^ 
of    ages,  she  will    become    his    full  re. 
deemer. 

It  may  be  said  that  women  share  with 
men  in  all  things;  and,  so  far  as  they  are 
mixed  up  and  compromised,  they  bear 
the  blame  without  complaint.  Yet,  wo 
contend  that  the  distinctive  woman  ele- 
ment of  love  and  afl'ecliou  that  softens, 
wins,  persuades  aud  charms,  is  a  true  re- 
demptive power  of  humanity.  This 
Messed  iirinciple,  or  moral  leaven,  is 
gaining  in  magnitude  aud  strength,  and 
is  destined  to  become  the  world-conquer- 
or. Then  will  come  the  millennium.  A 
thousand  j-ears,  or  four,  or  one — that  is 
the  perfected  leap  year.  All  hail  to  that 
coming  time — woman's  era  of  love! 

Affection  binds  society  together  by 
hcart'ties;  and,  while  man  works  and 
rules  by  force  and  violence,  woman's 
better  way  is  through  smiles  and  tears, 
whispers  and  music,  kisses,  caresses  and 
children. 

"Honored  be  woman!    Sbe  beamrt  on  the  sight, 

Gruc<.-ful  aud  fair,  liiic  a  hi-ing  uf  li^lit; 

Scattf Tf^  ar«.'ninl  Ult.  wbtrri-vt-r  thf  Blraye, 

Kostrs  of  bliKrt  o'er  our  Ihoni-eoverfd  ways — 

KoBcs  of  panidihe',  n*^ui  Imm  alcove. 

To  be  gathered  and  twiucd  in  a  garland  of  love." 

Champliu,  Minn.,  Sept.,  187G. 


GiELs!  listen  to  this,  and  with  virtuous 
resolve  demand,  as  your  right,  a  pure 
love: 

Young  men  of  bad  habits  and  fast  ten- 
dencies never  like  to  marry  a  girl  of  their 
own  sort,  but  demand  a  wife  above  sus- 
picion. So  pure,  sweet  women,  kept 
from  the  touch  of  evil  through  girldhood, 
give  themselves  with  all  their  costly 
dower  of  womanhood,  into  the  keeping 
of  men  who,  in  base  associations,  have 
learned  to  undervalue  all  that  belongs  to 
them,  and  then  find  no  repentance  in 
the  sad  after  years. 

There  is  but  one  way  ont  of  this,  and 
that  is  for  you  to  require  in  associations 
and  marriage,  purity  for  jiurity,  sobriety 
for  sobriety,  honor  for  honor. 

There  is  no  reason  why  the  young  men 
of  this  Christian  land  should  not  be  just 
as  virtuous  as  its  young  women,  and  if 
the  loss  of  your  society  be  the  price  they 
are  forced  to  pay  for  vice,  they  will  not 
pay  it. 

This  is  plain,  sensible  talk,  and  just 
such  as  ought  to  be  heeded  by  all  our 
boys  aud  girls,  till  the  much  needed  re- 
formation is  fully  established.  Too  much 
of  the  happiness  or  misery  of  our  child- 
ren depends  ou  this  for  it  to  pass  without 
producing  deep  reflection  aud  action  in 
the  right  direction. — Ex. 

Don't,  Girls. — Don't  think  that  yards 
and  yards  of  ribbons,  mflles  and  laces 
will  add  one  particle  to  your  real  value. 
Don't  make  a  walking  milliner's  shop, or 
a  jeweler's  store  of  yourselves,  covering 
all  that  is  of  real  merit  within  you  with 
that  which  will  attract  only  the  shallow- 
brained. 

Don't  think  sensible  people  are  to  be 
deceived  by  vain  show:  they  look  for  the 
beauty  of  heart  and  mind.  Don't  flatter 
yourselves  it  is  smart  to  affect  ignorance 
of  manual  labor  or  to  be  ignorant  of  it. 
Don't  give  the  subject  of  matrimony  a 
thought  while  you  are  in  your  teens,  ex- 
cept to  qualify  yourself  for  the  responsi- 
ble position  it  places  you  in ;  you  need  all 
that  time  of  your  life  to  fit  yourself  for 
it.  Y'ou  need  to  study  books,  the  laws 
of  life  and  health ;  to  be  skilled  in  the 
culinary  art,  as  perhaps  the  happiness 
and  health  of  hundreds  are  depending  on 
your  knowledge  of  this. 

Don't  give  your  time  and    talents  to 


I— 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


the  world,  or  to  seek  the  thiugs  of  time 
tiud  sense  that  perish  with  their  using. 
God  has  created  you  for  a  nobler  pur- 
jjoss,  and  made  you  accountable  for  what 
he  has  given  you.  Don't  sell  your  birth- 
right for  a  mess  of  pottage. 

Don't  Hctret,  Gikls.—  One  of  the 
crying  evils  of  these  times  is  the  ten- 
denc}'  and  disposition  of  girls  to  get 
through  girlhood  hurriedly  and  get  into 
womanhood,  or  rather  into  young  lady- 
hood, without  waiting  to  enjoy  the  beau- 
tiful season  of  girlhood.  Speaking  on 
this  point.  Bishop  Morris  says,  "Wait 
liatieutly,  my  children,  through  the  whole 
limit  of  your  girlhood.  Go  not  after 
womanhood;  let  it  come  to  you.  Keep 
out  of  public  view.  Cultivate  retirement 
and  modesty.  The  cares  and  responsi- 
bilities of  life  will  come  soon  enough. 
When  they  come  you  will  meet  them,  I 
trust,  as  true  women  should.  But  oh! 
be  not  so  unwise  as  to  throw  away  your 
girlhood.  Rob  not  yoerselves  of  "this 
beautiful  season,  which  wisely  spent, 
will  brighten  all  vour  future  life." 


C'dncational 


The  "Brothersof  the  Plow"  to 
the  "Brothers  of  the  Pen." 

"TliG  war  drums  tbrub  nu  loDger; 

TLe  battle  flags  are  furled;" 
And  now  wo  least  together  bere, 

The  UK'H  that  rule  the  world. 
The^spade  my  septre,  brother, 

Aud  yours  the  mighty  pen, 
We  rule  the  world  between  us;— we, 

Its  working,  thinliing  men. 

You  at  your  press,  my  brother, 

And  I  upon  my  farm, — 
The  one  the  world's  great  thinking  brain; 

And  one  its  strong  right  arm. 
For  senators  and  judges. 

They're  but  the  tools  we  use; 
And  if   we  find  they  will  not  do. 

Why  better  ones  we'll  choose. 

So  if  we  strive  together. 

With  honest  hearts  and'bold. 
To  make  the  century  to  come 

Still  grander  than  the  old. 
Our  sons  and  daughters  nobler'far. 

In  soul  and  body  free, 
Shall  teach  the  world  of  future  days 

What  man  was  meant  to  be! 


THE  LOVE  OF   CHILDREN. 

BY    NEMO. 

LOVE  not  him  who  loves  not  little 
children.  A  desert  of  Sahara  is  the 
home  without  them.  Those  sinless 
^  faces — what  arguments  for  virtue! 
*^  What  invitati(ms  to  erring  man 
back  to  the  bowers  of  innocence! 

And  why  should  there  be  homes  with- 
out children  while  there  are  so  many 
children  without  homes?  Men  of  means, 
men  without  ehilden,  gather  up  the  in- 
nocents. They  will  be  apostles  of  virtue 
to  you,  as  you  may  bo  missionaries  of 
knowledge  and  virtue  to  them. 

Examples  teach.  The  motives  to  moral 
purity  multiply  a  thousand  fold  in  the 
Iiresenco  of  children.  He  is  but  a  bar- 
barian who,  by  word  (u-  act,  would  tempt 
them  into  the  ways  vice. 

Ho  is  the  best  lover  of  children  who 
loves  them  for  their  capabilities.  He  sees 
in  their  rudimcntal  faculties  (he  undevel- 
oped greatness  of  educated,  capable  men 
and  women,  and  loves  theni  less  for  what 
they  are,  than  for  what  they  may  be- 
come. 

Look  on  that  tree  bent,  gnarled  and 
knotted,  and  on  this  proudly  wearing  its 
leafy  honors — a  very  symmetry.  They 
Wore  lieiUthy  acorns  once,  and  the  soils 
•■ire  alike  fertile  in  which  they  grow.  But 
nutwai-d    appliances,     extraneous    influ- 


euces  dwarfed  and  deformed  the  one  and 
develojied  the  size  aud  symmetry  of  the 
other.  Worse  than  the  lightning's  stroke 
or  the  woodman's  ax,  are  the  causes 
which  distort  or  degade  the  growing-up 
man  or  woman. 

See  that  boy  with  his  mouth  bedaubed 
and  besmeared  with  the  juices  of  tobacco. 
Commencing  at  so  young  an  age  in  a 
habit  that  deranges  the  nervous  system 
and  stupefies  the  intellect,  his  best  en- 
deavors can  make  him  only  a  fraction  of 
what  he  might  have  been.  Can  he  who 
loves  little  children  tempt  them  into  in- 
jurious habits? 

See  that  man  staggering  in  the  street, 
blaspheming  his  God  with  every  breath. 
His  friends  have  deserted  him,  his  wealth 
has  been  squandered,  and  his  hopes  and 
prospects  are  blighted  forever.  Could 
he  have  loved  little  children  who  tempted 
him  to  the  first  glass? 

The  children  .are  the  embrj'onic  state 
— the  Republic  in  abeyance — they  pro- 
phesy of  the  future.  "Give  me  the  edu- 
cation of  the  children  of  the  nation," 
said  Napoleon,  "and  I  will  govern  the 
nation." 

Ask  you  what  is  to  be  our  future? 
Look  to  the  children  aud  receive  the 
answer — remembering  in  its  interpreta- 
tion that  knowledge  and  virtue,  skill, 
habits  of  industry  and  economy  are  the 
necessary  factors  of  good  citizeushiiJ. 

Athens  looked  well  to  her  youth.  Her 
wisest  aud  best  were  their  teachers:  he- 
roes who  had  won  glory  in  the  field, 
statesmen  who  had  been  crowned  with 
civic  honors,  sages  who  had  fathomed 
the  depths  of  philosophy,  and  whose 
lives  were  an  exemplification  of  the  pu- 
rity of  their  doctrines. 

Socrates  had  won  fame  as  a  soldier, 
and  opposed  alone  in  the  Grecian  assem- 
bly the  edicts  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants. 
But  his  greatest  work — his  crowning 
glory,  that  for  which  succeeding  genera- 
tions have  remembered  and  loved  him — 
was  his  instruction  of  the  Athenian 
youth. 

Plato  gave  eight  years  to  the  study  of 
philosophy  under  Socrates,  went  to  Italy 
to  study  in  the  school  of  the  Pyth.ago- 
reans,  and  into  Egypt  to  learn  the  eso- 
teric doctrines  of  the  priests,  before  he 
opened  the  Academy  for  the  instruction 
of  Grecian  youth. 

Aristotle,  beginning  in  his  seventeenth 
year,  g.ave  twenty  years  to  the  Academy 
of  Plato  before  he  became  the  tutor  of 
the  son  of  Philip  of  Macedon;  and  he 
had  a  renown  for  learning  as  far  as 
Grecian  civilization  extended  when  he 
established  the  Peripatetic  at  Athens. 

Pythagoras,  before  he  became  an  in- 
structor of  others,  was  a  disciple  of 
Thales,  Pherecydes  .and  Anaximander, 
and  had  traveled  in  the  search  of  wisdom 
over  the  then  known  world.  He  had 
studied  the  esoteric  philosophy  of  Egypt 
and  India.  He  had  studied  the  Zend- 
Avesta  of  Persia.  He  had  visited  Gaul, 
Arabia  and  Palestine.  He  was  himself 
most  thoroughly  instructed  before  he 
assumed  the  role  ofrfnstructor. 

When  Americiin  statesmen,  heroes  and 
nagcs  shall  give  their  latter  and,  there- 
foi-c,  their  best  days,  to  the  instruction 
of  American  youth — give  them  the  bene, 
lit  of  their  talent,  their  knowledge,  and 
I  heir  experience,  we  may  hope  thiit  Ame- 
lica  may  become  what  Athens  has  been, 
the  light  of  the  world  and  the  instructor 
(if  the  coming  ages. 

Horace  Mann  at  Antioeh  is  greater 
than  Horace  Mann  in  the  Congress  of 
the  United  States.  Having  held  with 
great  distinction  various  olliiuis  of  civic 
trust,  his  gloi'y  culminated  in  the  teach- 
er. Our  ccmntrv  has  no  dearth  of  men, 
but  it  is  in  sad  need  of  more  Manns. 
Sim  .lose  Institute,  Sept.  1H7(J. 


|j0iij5cliold^%cinlin9» 


staut  eucoiiragemeut   to  virtue  when  ac- 
tion is  demanded. 


For  Better  or  For  VTorse. 

You  thread  ■^'ith  tender  finyers.  olt, 

The  Bliining  rinj^'ltts  of  my  hair; 
You  tell  me  they  are  fine  and  Bi»ft, 
Aud  yet,  you  say,  your  heart  thsy^hold 
In  their  lung  links  of  sunny  gold— 
An  idle,  willing  prisoner  thore. 

And  yoTi  have  told  me,  when  my  hand 
Lay  ■warm  in  yours,  that  in  its  clasp 

Your  future  waited,  great  and  grand, 

If  I  should  L-hooBu  ti>  let  it  stay; 

But  that,  if  it  were  drawn  away. 
All  hope  would  fly  beyond  your  grasp. 

And  yo«  have  said,  times  not  a  few. 

That  death,  whene'er  it  cross  your  way, 
Will  find  your  heart  as  firm  and  true 
As  now,  when  blithe,  aud  young,  and  fair. 
You  gauge  me  by  my  shining  hair 
And  by  my  smiling  eyes  to-day. 

And  though  I  think  a  truer  heart 

NeVr  breathed  on'earth  than  yours,  I  know 
That  if,  with  hand  in  hand  wu  start 
On  life's  long  journey,  there  will  come, 
Ere  one  of  us  in  death  is  dumb. 

Words  of  regret  and  bitter  woe. 

Foryon  love  beauty;  and  some  day. 
When  Time  comes  by  and  finds  me  fair. 

He'll  turn,  with  touch  of  eure  decay, 

My  golden  links  to  gray— aud  lo! 

Your  heart  will  slip  its  houds  and  go 
In  new-found  freedom  otheiwhere. 

And  the  white  hand,  whose  clasp  in  yours 

Maiies  all,  you  say,  your  life  is  worth, 
Might,  even  as  its  touch  assures. 
Be  strong  some  day  to  cross  your  will, 
And,  right  or  wrong,  persist  until 
It  should  become  your  bane  on  earth. 

And  when  death  comes,  as  come  it  must— 

To  nie,  suppose — 'Iwill  better  he. 
If,  looking  on  my  quiet  dust, 
Yuu  can  say  faintly  through  your  tears, 
"We  have  been  friends  for  iiiany  years. 
And  she  was  very  dear  to  me," — 

ftKThan  that,  with  bitter,  parting  sigh, 
You  should  look  back,  far  back  again. 

Along  a  wasted  life,  and  cry, 

"All,  better  had  I  lived  alone! 

For  we  had  long  estranged  grown, 
And  life  was  naught  but  constant  pain." 

So.  friends  in  deed,  and  word.andTthought, 
Let  us  shake  hands  and  go  o\ir  ways, 

And  some  time,  when  the  years  have  brought 

Their  many  changes,  we  can  see 

That  it  was  better  things  should  be 
Just  as  they  were  in  former  days. 


DOTTBNCS  AND   JOTTINGS. 

BY  ISAAC    KINLEY. 

i  — 

jTis   not   enough   to  know  that  the 
"wages   of    sin  is  death."     Reason 
may  teach  that   every    step  astray  is 
on  the  road  to  danger.     Gray-haired 
wisdom  may  warn    against   the    de- 
struction w-hich  awaits  on  the  right  hand 
and  on  the  left.     Science    may  demons- 
trate that  any  infraction  of  nature's  law 
brings  inevitable  retribution.    Poets  may 
sing  "To  enjoy  is  to  obey."     The  world 
knows  all    this.     And  yet   who    is  there 
who  does  not  suffer   in  his  own   ijerson 
the  penalties  of   violated  law,  moral  and 
physical  ? 

Does  not  that  man  in  the  felon's  cell 
know  that  it  is  not  right  to  appropriate 
as  his  own  the  property  of  another?  Is 
the  man  on  the  gallows  ignorant  that 
murder  is  a  horrible  crime?  \\'as  it  ig- 
norance that  plunged  this  country  into  a 
murderous  civil  war?  These  men  in  of- 
fice, who  receive  bribes  and  grow  rich 
out  of  their  steidings  from  the  public 
treasury,  are  they  so  uninformed  :is  not 
to  know  that  pei-jury  is  a  crime  against 
God  and  man,  iind  that  peculation  in 
office  is  treason  to  the  State? 

Emotion  is  king.  We  mu.st  gi-ow  to 
feel  that  there  is  right  and  wrong.  In 
the  education  of  youth,  it  is  not  enough 
that  the  intellect  be  taught.  There 
should  bo  developed  in  the  pupil  such  a 
high  moral  sense  as  will  be  a  constant 
restraint  when  temptation  comes — a  con- 


Truth  is  ever  aggressive.  One  after 
another,  the  strongholds  of  error  give 
way.  Her'sword  is  always  unsheathed, 
and  her  banner  never  trails  in  the  dust. 
If  her  followers  falter  or  faint  by  the  way 
others  of  more  courage  and  endurance 
take  their  places.  If  the  captains  of  her 
hosts  prove  weak  or  false,  better  soldiers 
are  promoted  from  the  ranks,  and  the 
battle  still  goes  on. 


"He  that  is  without  sin  among  you, 
let  him  first  cast  a  stone  at  her, "  was  the 
rebuke  of  Jesus  of  those  who  would  in- 
flict on  a  pariah  the  penalties  of  the 
Judaic  law. 

A  beautiful  lesson  of  charity  is  here. 
No  one  being  perfect — no  one  being 
without  sin,  we  should  learn  to  pity 
rather  than  despise — to  elevate  rather 
than  degrade  the  fallen.  How  often  in 
our  censure  of  others, Vdo  we  heap  con- 
demnation upon  ourselves! 


Eao,  I,  myself — egotism,  the  most  un- 
lovable of  all  isms.  It  is  impossible  to 
admire,  and  difficult  even  to  respect,  the 
man  or  the  woman  who  is  ever  flaunting 
in  your  face,  the  pronoun  I,  spoken  in 
italics.  Genius  itself  cannot  charm,  if 
its  possessor  is  an  egotist. 


He  lives  most  wisely  for  himself  who 
forgets  himself  in  his  love  for  mankind. 
Actions  are  correlative  forces,  and  who 
gives  receives.  For  every  good  deed 
done,  for  every  kind  word  spoken,  comes 
a  blessing.  For  it  no  repentance  comes 
nor  tortures  of  remorse  follow. 


Of  less  value  than  dust  on  the  sole  of 
the  shoe  are  the  professions  of  religion 
that  are  not  exemjilifled  by  a  life  of  vir- 
tue. He  is  a  liar  and  the  truth  is  not  in 
him,  who  asseverates  with  his  lips  his 
love  of  God,  and  daily  violates,  in  his 
acts,  God's  moral  law. 


So  great  a  man  as  Bacon  denied  the 
diurnal  revolution  of  the  earth,  aud  se- 
riously suggested  as  a  subject  of  inquiry, 
whether,  si7)ce  the  center  of  the  earth  is  the 
center  of  gravity,  the  concave  of  the  sky  may 
not  be  the  bound  of  levity.' 

It  is  no  merit  of  oui-s  that  we  think  to 
better  purpose,  but  rather  that  of 
those  who  have  gone  before.  If  we  have 
climbed  higher  the  mountain,  it  is  be- 
cause our  fathers  have  led  the  way, 
bridging  the  chasms  as  they  went  along. 


No  one  willfully  wrongs  those  he  loves. 
If  the  world  loved  more  it  would  sin  less. 

When  all  men  shall  learn  that  their 
enemies  are  also  their  brothers,  they  will 
hasten  to  be  reconciled,  and  nations  will 
cease  to  shed  each  other's  blood. 

Honor,  it  is  said,  there  is  among 
thieves.  Leagued  rogues  and  bandits  are 
faithful  to  each  other,  and  if  they  loved 
mankind  as  well,  their  vocation  would 
be  gone. 

Love  is  the  greatest  of  all  reformers — 
the  fulfilling  of  the  law. 


How  a  single  train  of  thought  seizes 
the  mind  and  carries  it  per  force,  try  as 
we  may  to  rid  ourselves  of  it!  Call  in 
other  subjects,  strive  to  think  other 
thoughts — it  is  of  no  use.  The  place  is 
l)re-empted,  aud  the  occupant  will  have 
his  wav. 


We  may — we  should  condemn  the 
wrong;  but  before  we  refuse  all  sympathy 
for  the  wrong-doer,  let  us  reflect  what 
we  oin'selves  might  have  been  or  done 
had  we  inherited  his  passions  and  been 
subjected  to  his  temiJtations. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


157 


But  sympathy  does  not  imply  justifi- 
cation. We  may  pity  but  uot  approve. 
I  may  help  my  neighbor  out  of  the  mire 
■tt'ithtnit  stopping  to  ask  by  what  steps  he 
got  into  it. 

San  Jose  Institute,  Sept.,  1)^7(1. 


MASCULINE  SUPREMACY. 

BY     "  GIELS'      RKiHTS." 

Now  Grandpa  says:  "When  masculine 
supremacy  is  duly  observed  in  its  legiti- 
mate sphere,  yo\i  have  there  found  al- 
ways the  most  happiness."  Yes,  that  is 
right.  But  Grandpa  is  not  quite  clear 
in  defining  the  boundaries  of  that  "legit- 
imate sphere"  in  the  case  ho  points  to 
to  show  the  good  results  that  came  from 
a  firm  adherence  to  the  doctrine  of 
"masculine  supremacy"  in  the  husband. 
It  may  have  been  very  well  in  that  par- 
ticular case;  but  I  fail  to  see  how  it 
proves  anything  in  favor  of  "masculine 
supremacy"  in  other  cases.  Now  I  could 
mention  a  good  many  cases  where  hus- 
bands have  used  this  assumed  suprem- 
acy to  the  ruiu  of  their  fortiines  and 
brought  their  wives  to  poverty  and  pri- 
vation, when,  if  they  had  listened  to  the 
good  judgment  and  earnest  entreaties  of 
their  wives,  or  had  observed  their  rights 
in  the  premises,  they  might  have  been 
saved  from  that  disaster. 

Again,  he  says,  "it  is  the  husband's 
home"  the  wife  comes  to,  and  "he  only 
is  competent  to  judge,"  etc.  Now, 
couple  this  last  sentence  with  another 
further  back,  "where  is  the  wife  who 
does  not  love  her  husband  the  more  for 
being  able  to  confide  in  him,"  etc.,  and 
we  can  draw  a  conclusion,  and  that  is,  if 
you  have  made  up  your  mind  that  lie  w 
competent,  and  that  you  are  not  compe- 
tent to  judge  in  these  matters,  and  you 
have  full  confidence  in  his  love  for  you, 
and  that  he  will  treat  you  with  kindness 
and  due  respect,  and  you  truly  love  him 
— why  then  you  need  not  ask  any  more. 
But  I  am  puzzled  to  understand  how  a 
man  of  judgment  and  culture  can  really 
love  and  respect  a  woman  who  does  not 
know  enough  to  be  a  competent  judge  in 
the  matter  of  the  ability  to  have  a  com- 
fortable house  to  live  in,  or  a  comforta- 
ble buggy  to  ride  in — if  she  is  posted  in 
the  financial  ati'airs  of  the  firm  as  she 
ought  to  be,  and  has  a  rhjhl  to  be. 

But  we  will  now  consider  the  proposi- 
tion, and  wait  the  result.  He  says  the 
"home"  is  his,  and  in  consequence  of 
his  "masculine  supremacy"  he  alone  is 
not  only  qualified  to  judge  of  the  necessi- 
ty or  propriety  of  any  change  aljout  the 
wife's  residence,  but  has  the  sole  ritjlit  to 
make  or  not  make  changes. 

Soquel,  August,  1870. 

"RACHEL'S"     SENTIMENTS    AP- 
PROVED. 

Me.  Editok:  Please  give  my  regards 
to  "Rachel  A.  Ely,"  Mrs.  or  Miss  as  the 
case  may  be.  She  has  told  us  a  valua- 
ble truth,  and  told  it  well.  No  one  can 
wilfully  violate  a  physiological  law  with- 
out violating,  at  the  same  time,  a  moral 
law. 

A  man  has  no  more  right  to  destroy 
his  constitution  by  slow  degrees  than  he 
has  to  do  it  by  suicide  outright.  Chew- 
ing and  smoking  tobacco  and  eating  opi- 
um, for  examine,  are  only  species  of 
slow  suicide,  moral  and  physical — cer- 
tainly deteriorating  both  mind  and  body 
during  life,  and  cutting  off  many  days  at 
the  close. 

I  have  seen  men  who  would  shudder 
with  holy  horror  at  the  thought  of  a  lit- 
tle needed  work  on  the  first  day  of  the 
week — which  the  Lord  never  command- 
ed to  be  kept  holy — and  yet  thrust  great 


quids  of  the  nastiest  of  all  nasty  weeds 
into  their  mouths  and  masticate  them 
with  the  zest  of  one  enjoying  religion. 

Now,  the  use  of  tobacco  tends  to  in- 
duce general  debility,  making  the  body 
a  ready  prey  to  all  the  diseases  to  which 
the  human  system  is  liable.  To  use  it  is, 
therefore,  a  sin;  and  he  who  does  so, 
how-ever  loud  he  may  be  in  his  profes- 
sions of  rehgion,  is  a  sinner,  and  can 
hope  for  salvation  only  through  the 
abuiulant  mercies  of  God. 

Look  out  there  in  the  street.  See  a 
half  dozen  little  l)oys\vith  cigars  in  their 
mouths.  Others  than  they,  in  this  case, 
are  sinn<"rs.  If  the  parents  and  instruc- 
tors of  these  children  had  done  their 
duties  to  them,  they  would  not  have  con- 
tracted this  suicidal  hiibit.  It  is  morally 
and  physically  impossible  that  these 
shall  ever  be  fully  developed  men.  They 
can  never  be  what  they  might  have  been. 
Debilitated,  diseased,  they  must  of  ne- 
cessity be.  Growing  old  before  their 
time,  they  will  be  superannuated  at  fifty, 
and  die  of  senility  when  they  ought  to 
be  in  their  prime. 

Are  not  that  father  and  mother  sinners 
who  have  permitted  their  children  to  use 
tobacco  before  they  have  arrived  at  the 
age  of  accountability? 

I  this  day  passed  the  doors  of  a  Sab- 
bath-school, and  saw  a  dozen  young 
urchins  iiufltiug  away  at  their  cigars  pre- 
paratory to  their  religious  e.\ercises. 
What  have  the  Sunday-scliool  teachers 
been  doing,  that  they  have  not  taught 
them  that  it  is  a  sin  to  defile  "the  temple 
of  the  living  God?"  Nemo. 

San  Jose,  Sept.,   1876. 


and  carry  it  sorrowfully  V)ack.     But,  on  | 
the  other  henrl,  put  ui)  with  the  bother —  : 
if  indeed  it  is   a  bother — and  say,  "Oh! 
poor  little  doggie!     He  shall  have  a  good 
home,  and  we  will  feed  him  so  nice,  and 
he  shall  not  be  abused."     In  short,make 
your  child    happy  by   your  own  earnest 
sympathy  and  interest,  at  the  same  time 
cultivating  a  regard  and   sympathy  for 
helplessness  in  every  form. 
San  Jose,  Sept.,   187G. 


CHILDREN  AND   PETS. 

BY  BUSY  BEE. 

I  wonder  if  parents,  as  a  general  thing, 
realize  how  important  it  is  to  cultivate 
and  encourage  a  taste  for  pets  in  their 
children.  Every  chihl  should  own  some 
special  pet — a  dog,  cat,  calf,  cow,  horse, 
or  even  a  chicken,  anything  it  may  fancy 
— and  be  taught  to  take  (^are  of  them  and 
to  be  kind  and  gentle  with  them,  and  on 
no  account  be  allowed  to  strike  or  scold 
them.  My  little  boy  has  a  dog,  of  no 
particular  value,  at  the  same  time  we 
would  not  take  a  good  deal  for  him,  be- 
cause the  child  is  so  attached  to  him. 
At  first,  as  children  will,  he  would  get 
angry  at  the  dog  for  not  minding,  per- 
haps, and  strike  him.  But  I  make  it  a 
point  never  to  allow  a  child  to  strike  an 
animal,  and  by  telling  him  how  bad  his 
dog  would  feel  to  have  him  scold  or  whip 
him,  and  that  we  must  try  to  make  all 
dumb  animals  love  us,  he  now  thinks  it 
would  be  dreadful  to  abuse  the  poor  ani- 
mals that  cannot  talk,  and  he  notices  the 
least  cruelty  in  others.  Only  teach  our 
boys  to  be  tender-hearted,  and  to  love 
dumb  animals,  and  I  think  it  will  have  a 
beneficial  influence  all  through  their 
lives.  The  same  rule  works  as  well  with 
gn-ls,  only  I  think  they  are  naturally 
more  gentle  and  thoughtful  than  boys. 
But  let  them  all  have  pets,  and  plenty  of 
;hem,  and  teach  them  to  love  them  and 
oare  for  them.  We  make  pets  of  every- 
thing on  the  place.  Each  cat  has  some 
particular  trait  that  is  noticeable,  and 
our  horses  are  all  individuals,  and  each 
dog  has  his  peculiar  way.  If  your  little 
boy  or  girl  brings  a  poor,  forlorn  kitten 
or  puppy  that  they  have  found  to  you, 
expecting  your  sympathy,  do  not  say, 
"Oh!  the  nasty  little  thing!  Go  take  it 
right  straight  back;  I  can't  have  any 
eats  or  dogs  under  my  feet,"  and  see 
the  poor  child  gather  the  scrawny,  for- 
lorn cat  or  dog  up  in  his  arms,  and  with 
eyes  full  of  tears,  and  aching  little  heart, 
take  the  beautiful  pet  (beautiful  to  them) 


CLEANINGS. 


BY   HELENA. 


Dear  Editor:  It  may  bo  interesting 
to  your  readers  to  know  some  of  the 
hardships  of  life  so  patiently  endured  by 
many  of  our  women.  In  this  Centennial 
year,  when  the  question  of  womans' 
equality  with  man  is  being  discussed 
freely,  and  the  rights  of  women  as  law- 
maker and  voter  has,  to  many  minds, 
become  a  settled  matter,  it  would  bo  well 
to  enquire  into  the  reasons  for  such  con- 
victions.    In  the  course  of 

A  DAY  SPENT  IN  CANVASSING 

for  your  excellent  journal,  I  found  ample 
proof  to  convince  the  most  skeptical  of 
the  one-sided  arrangement  of  afl'airs  at 
the  present  time.  Slothers  with  children 
clinging  to  them,  told  me,  with  tears 
starting  to  their  eyes,  of  their  han-owing 
circumstances.  Of  their  husbands  who 
were  once  thrifty  and  prosperous,  now- 
passing  their  time  at  the  grog-shop:  and 
when  remonstratiKl  with  for  bringing 
themselves  home  in  such  a  plight,  made 
the  flimsy  excuse  that  the  liquor  cost 
them  nothing  at  all,  as  the  liquor  dealer 
was  a  good  iriend  and  was  grateful  for 
past  favors.  No  thought  was  given  to 
the  needed 

BREAD  AND  BUTTER  FOR  THE  FAMILY! 

No  new  clothes  for  the  once  attractive 
wife  and  grow-ing  girls.  The  mother 
had  been  self-supporting  as  a  girl,  and 
with  money  in  the  bank,  she  laid  her 
hand  in  his,  promising  to  love,  cherish 
and  obey  till  death.  The  burden  of  that 
promise  was  beginning  to  be  felt;  and 
what  but  despair  in  the  future  for  such  a 
heai-t?  At  every  turn  the  open  door  of  a 
saloon  to  entice  one  to  enter  where  boon 
companions  made  the  time  pass  pleas- 
antly, and  all  care  banished  away.  What 
matter  if  the  sad-eyed  wife  sat  sewing  by 
the  lamplight  to  bring  food  to  her  hungry 
family,  he  was  having  a  good  time,  and, 
when  hardly  able  to  stand  alone,  he 
crept  homo  and  to  Iiis  bed  to  sleep  away 
the  efl'ects  of  the  miserable  liquor. 

Turning  with  a  saddened  heart  from 
such  a  picture  of  man's  degradation,  I 
enter  a  neatly  painted  cott;ige,  and  the 
opening  door  disclosed  to  my  view  a 
glimpse  into  such  a  homo  as 

TEMPERANCE    AND     IND0STRY 

only  dwells  in.  Entering  into  conversa- 
tion over  tho  merits  of  the  Acjricdltci!- 
isT,  I  chanced  to  remark  upon  its  sound 
principles  of  temperance  reform,  when 
the  lady,  with  enthusiasm,  exclaimed: 
"That's  the  pajier  for  us!  Yon  know  my 
hnsband,  who  used  to  lounge  away  his 
time  at  the  saloon  and  come  home  at  all 
honrs  of  the  night.  ^\■elI,  thanks  to  the 
good  Champions,  he  is  now  all  right. 
We  sit  together  in  the  evening,  after  the 
children  have  gone  to  bed,  and  t.alk  over 
the  old  times,  and  I  know  he  will  never 
go  back  to  them.  See  he  has  paid  for 
our  home  and  built  a  house  on  the  end 
of  the  lot,  which  is  rented  to  a  good  ten- 
ant. He  tells  me  he  was  never  so  happy 
before  as  now.  Y'es,  we  must  have  the 
paper,  and  I  wish  all  the  world  could 
know  the  joys  of  life  with  a  good,  tem- 
perate man." 


When  I  meet  with  such  a  case,  Mr. 
Editor,  I  feel  it  a  duty  to  place  it  before 
the  people  that  all  may  believe  that  re- 
form can  be  accomiilished. 

A   SATURDAY-EVENING    REVERY. 

Kl:OM    31.    E.  T. 

Supper  is  over — the  last  pot  and  pan 
neatly  w-ashed  and  set  away.  With  tired 
feet  i  seek  the  plain  little  sitting-room, 
and  sit  down  to  meditate.  I  do  think, if 
there  is  a  class  of  people  on  this  earth  to 
be  pitied,  it  is  that  class  denominated 
"poor,  but  respectable."  To  some  this 
may  appear  a  strange  way  of  thinking, 
but  those  who  have  experienced  the 
troubles  and  trials  belonging  to  this 
class  will  certainly  agree  with  me.  I 
ask,  what  does  the  effort  cost  us  to  imi- 
tate our  more  fortunate  friends,  those 
with  whom  we  associate  alid  who — appa- 
rently, at  least — regard  us  as  equals? 
We  must  dress  as  nearly  as  possible  as 
they  dress;  to  return  their  hospitality  we 
must  load  our  table  with  delicate  viands, 
and  to  enjoy  their  visits  we  must  fashion 
all  our  surroundings  after  a  style  that  is 
not  our  own.  To  accomi)lish  this  diffi- 
cult task,  we  not  only  make  of  ourselves 
positive  slaves,  but  do  a  thousand  things 
that  tend  to  rob  our  homes  and  our  loved 
ones  of  true  comfort.  Not  that  I  would 
condemn  that  innate  pride  in  the  hiiuian 
heart,  which  is  right  enough  and  com- 
mendable to  a  certain  extent,  and  wilh- 
ont  which  we  would  be  comparatively 
worthless;  but,  rather,  by  what  means 
are  we  to  kivow  when  we  have  just 
enough?  Wkere  shall  wo  place  the  di- 
viding Hne  that  confers  on  one  side  all 
due  courtesy  to  friends,  and  inflicts  on 
the  other  side  no  injustice  to  ourselves.' 
And,  above  all,  how  are  we  to  possess 
ourselves  of  that  firmness  and  indepen- 
dence necessary  to  a  course  of  action? 
Why  will  w-e  go  on  acting  for  ever  against 
our  bettor  judgment,  treading  a  thorny 
pathway  merely  to  look  at  the  roses  that 
bloom  for  others,  giving,  O !  so  much  for 
so  little?  The  majority  of  us  are  aware, 
too,  of  the  evil  consequences  atteuiliiig 
such  a  course — consequences  that  I  ask 
some  sympathizing  reader  of  the  Ai;ni- 
ctjLTURLsT  to  assist  me  in  numerating, 
and  which  shall  furnish  food  for  another 
Saturday  night's  revery. 


^r 


i;^  'Watehes  of  superior  and  attrac- 
tive style  and  make  at  Louis  Chopard's, 
at  very  low  prices.  Something  worth 
your  while  to  look  at. 


^»oiio  ami  6ivl 


0. 


Turn   About. 

DY  £LXA  WHEELER. 

Tutu  about,  boys,  turn  about. 
Hilp  us  drive  the  demon  out; 
Turn  Ixforo  yon  reach  tbe  brink 
\>1ioro  so  mauy  thousands  sink 
Into  ruin,  who  be^^au 
Just  like  you.  my  little  man. 

How?    Well,  first  they  etnittf-d  round 
With  ciffaritas  that  they  found; 
Then,  to  imit.ite  j;rown  men. 
Sipped  at  liquor  now  and  then, 
Interspereiug  with  a  "chew:"* 
Now,  is  not  that  just  like  you? 

When  they  grew  to  man's  estate. 
Can  you  guess  what  was  their  fate  ? 
Drunk'irds.  loafers,  luuts.  and  knaves. 
Filling  j.iils  and  early  graves. 
Surely  ynu  would  rather  grow 
Into  noble  men  I  know. 

Think,  then,  think  how  they  began; 
Shun  their  habitiii,  little  man. 
Turn  alwnt,  yes.  turn  about 
Ere  yuu  grow  to  be  a  lout. 
Turn  about  boys,  turn  about, 
Help  us  drive  the  demon  out. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Suppose 


SiippoBO,  my  littlb  I:nly. 

Your  (loll  should  break  h(-v  lii'jid; 
Could  you  iniilio  it.  whole  by  cryinK 

Till  your  uose  and  eyes  were  red? 
And  wouldu't  ii  be  plcasauter 

To  treat  it  as  a  joke. 
And  Hay  your  glad  'twas  dolly's 

And  not  your  head  that  broke? 

Suppose  your  task,  my  little  man, 

Is  very  hard  to  get; 
Will  it  make  it  any  easier 

For  you  to  sit  and  fret  ? 
And  wouldn't  it  be  wiser, 

Tlian  waiting  like  a  dunce. 
To  go  to  work  in  earnest 

And  learn  the  thing  at  oneeV 

Suppose  the  world  don't  please  you. 

Nor  the  way  some  people  do; 
1)0  yon  think  the  whole  creation 

AVill  be  altered  just  lor  you  ? 
And  isn't  it,  my  boy  or  girl. 

The  wisest,  bravest  plan. 
Whatever  conies,  or  doesn't  conie. 

To  do  the  best  yiui  can? 


OUR    CORNER. 


'jf^^'EVKllAL  letters  were  crowded  out  of 
our  corner  last  moutU,  and  so  Aiiut 
Polly  will  be  short  with  whiit  she 
ifp  says,  not  that  her  heart  is  not  full 
•Q  of  good  things  and  thoughts  for  her 
dear  ones,  but  to  make  room  for  you  all 
witli  your  nice  letters.  You  will  see  that 
quite  a  number  of  the  jiuzzles  given  in 
jirevious  numbers  remain  unanswered. 
Now  try  to  find  out  as  many  as  you  can 
of  them,  and  what  are  not  found  out  by 
any  of  you  will  be  entitled  to  premiums, 
and  the  answers  will  be  given  that  you 
may  see  which  ones  have  puzzled  you 
all. 

Now  what  have  we   in   the  letter  bag? 

Strioklani),  Mich.,  Aug.,  1.S76. 
Dear  Aunt  Folly:  I  had  just  given 
up  ever  getting  my  chromos,  when  uncle 
Nftthan  come  home  from  the  office  with 
thom.  I  think  they  are  just  as  pretty  as 
they  can  be,  and  I  thank  you  ever  so 
much  for  them.  I  have  made  out  two 
of  Tillie's  puzzles  in  your  July  number. 
The  answer  to  her  second  one  is  "Aunt 
I'olly, "  and  to  her  third  one,  "George 
Washington."  I  would  try  to  make  you 
a  puzzle  too,  but  I  am  so  busy  going  to 
school  that  I  don't  have  time.  I  have 
to  get  my  Huuday-school  lessons  nights 
and  mcu'uiugs,  besides  helping  my  ma 
and  getting  my  other  lessons.  Good  by. 
Lucy  FoED. 
P.  S, — I  have  a  sister  1.5  years  old. 
She  wants  to  know  it  she  can  come  in, 
too.     Her  name  is  Jennie.  L. 

Why,  of  course;  Aunt  Polly  doesn't 
want  to  shut  anybody  out,  big  or  little, 
who  wants  to  come  into  the  Corner.  The 
only  reason  she  graded  the  ages  of  those 
nuxking  out  puzzles  was  to  give  the  little 
ones  a  fair  show  with  those  older,  that's 
all. 

Mountain  Home,  / 

Mono  County,  Cal.,  Sept.,  1H7G.  \ 
Ed.  Califoknia  Ageicultdeist:  Tkar 
fiir — Some  kind  friend  sends  your  valu- 
able paper  to  my  papa.  Whoever  it  is, 
lie  will  please  accept  our  warmest  thanks, 
and  when  it  ceases  to  come  we  will  send 
for  it  again,  if  wo  can  raise  the  money, 
as  we  all  love  to  read  it,  and  papa  says 
it  suits  him  better  than  anything  he  has 
read  lately. 

Wei],  Aunt  Polly,  I  send  answers  to 
two  of  your  puzzles — one  is  "Maude 
Charlotte  Card  Victoria,"  the  other  is 
"Hyacinth."  May  Shkkwin. 

Glad  you  like  the  .VoKicui/ruBiKT  so 
well.  May,  and  that  you  will  contribute 
to  Our  CoriK'r.  The  pulilishers  send  the 
magazine  to  your  father  tlire(!  mouths  at 
the  re(piest  of  a  friend,  and  will  be  glad 
r  to  get  your  father's  subscription. 

I|  Natividai),  Se]it.,  187(j. 

'        Aunt  J'tAli/:  I  live  down  here  in  Nativi- 


dad.  As  I  did  not  go  to  school  to-day  I 
looked  over  the  "Corner,"  and  found 
out  Tillie's  puzzle.  If  I  take  o  from  a 
(■ity  in  Nevada  it  leaves  Elk;  if  I  take  )i 
from  a  city  iit  France  it  leaves  Hare,  and 
if  I  take  a  from  a  city  in  Norway  it  leaves 
what  we  all  should  be — Christian.  I  am 
just  13  years  old,  and  although  not  as 
smart  as  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  I  think  I  am  able  to  write  a  few 
lines  to  Aunt  Polly,  anyhow. 

Joseph  Riokdan. 
P.  S. — My  father  asked  mo  to  find  out 
hi5w   I  eotild  cure  figs,  and   I  told  him  I 
^vould  write  to  you  and  ask  your  aavice. 

J.  R. 

HOW  TO  CtTEE  FIGS. 

The  Editor  says  that  the  best  way  to 
cure  figs  is  to  do  as  the  Turks  do  (not 
the  turkeys)  away  off  in  Smyrna.  In 
the  first  place,  the  figs  must  be  fully  ripe, 
ripe  enough  to  drop  from  the  tree  by 
shaking.  A  canvass  or  cloth  is  sjjread 
under  the  tree  and  the  ripe  figs  shaken 
upon  it.  It  is  best  to  support  the  spread 
by  tying  its  corners  to  stakes  to  keep  the 
soft  figs  from  mashing  as  they  fall.  Only 
the  ripe  ones  will  fall  by  shaking  moder- 
ately. 

The  next  thing  to  do  is  to  have  a  pot 
of  strong  potash  lye,  very  strong  lye. 
Fill  an  open  basket  with  figs  and  dip 
into  the  lye,  Ifolding  them  inimeesed  in 
the  warm  lye  five  minutes.  The  use  of 
the  lye  ii  to  destroy  the  skin  and  nutral- 
ize  the  acid  under  the  skin,  so  that  the 
fig,  when  dry,  will  be  tender  and  sweet. 
Figs  may  be  dried  without  using  the  al- 
kali, but  they  will  not  be  so  nice. 

The  next  thing,  after  dipping  into 
the  strong  solution  of  potash,  is  to  let 
them  drain  over  the  pot.  Then  spread 
them  carefully  on  boards  as  you  would 
other  fruit,  taking  care  not  to  jam  the 
figs.  AVhen  night  comes,  cover  so  as  to 
keep  awaj'  the  dew.  In  two  or  three 
days,  or  as  soon  as  the  fifjs  are  half  dry, 
they  may  be  pressed  flat  with  the  hand, 
and  before  they  get  too  h.ard  must  be 
packed  in  laj'ers  closely  in  lioxes — the 
tighter  the  better.  By  observing  these 
rules  and  doing  the  best  you  can  you 
may  have  figs,  dried  figs,  as  nice  as  the 
Smyrna  figs  of  commerce. 

Of  course,  the  large,  rich  sorts  make 
the  best  dried  figs,  as  the  besti^eaches  or 
apples  make,  when  put  up,  better  fruit 
than  poorer  kinds  do.  No  sugar  is 
needed  whc'n  packing  the  figs.  The 
sugar  you  see  in  imported  tigs  all  comes 
from  the  fruit  after  it  is  packed  in  boxes. 

LivEEMOKE,  Sept.,  1876. 
IJair  Aunt  Polly:  I  have  vacation 
now  for  two  weeks.  When  we  had 
school  we  tried  playing  "Dixie,"  and 
splendid  fun.  I  thank  you  very  much 
for  telling  me  how  to  play  it.  The  an- 
swer to  Tillie's  first  puzzle  is,  Aokicul- 
TUKisT.  The  names  of  the  places  are, 
Elko,   Havre  and  Christiana. 

Yours,  Maey  C. 

From  Sarah  Sallie,  of  Plymouth,  Am- 
ador county.  Aunt  Polly  gets  a  list  of 
rivers  and  mountains  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Sarah  makes  out  713,  all 
classified.  She  is  only  14  years  old,  and 
deserves  a  siiecial  premium,  so  Aunt 
Polly  will  send  her  the  "Peasant  (iirl  at 
the  Well,"  a  very  fine  chromo. 


LINDA'S  ORPHAN  ASYLUM. 


Linda  lives  in  the  country.  Shi;  has 
no  little  girls  or  boys  to  play  with,  but 
she  has  an  "or|)han  asylum."  At  pres- 
ent, the  only  inmate  is  a  little  white 
chicken.  The  old  buft'  hen  came  off  the 
nest  with  live  little  lialls  of  down,  but 
something    hajipened    to  four  of   them. 


and  the  naughty  old  hen  thought  it  be- 
neath her  dignity  to  scratch  for  one 
chicken,  so  she  deserted  the  poor  little 
thing,  and  his  innocent  life  would  soon 
have  been  over,  had  not  Linda's  tender 
heart  prompted  her  to  take  care  of  the 
orphan. 

Every  night  Chickey  comes  in  for  her 
to  take  care  of  him ;  so  she  puts  him  in 
the  chip  pail,  covers  him  up  snug  and 
warm,  and  he  is  soon  in  the  land  of  Nod. 
In  the  morning  she  is  up  bright  and 
early,  and  his  contenteil  little  peep  says 
ho  is  well  tended  and  fed.  It  is  amusing 
to  see  him  hopjiing  about  his  tin  plate, 
eating  crumbs  and  taking  sips  of  water 
from  his  little  tin  dish.  If  he  does  not 
drink  often  enough  to  suit  his  foster- 
mother,  she  catches  him  up  and  dips  his 
head  in  the  water.  In  the  daytime  he 
runs  outdoors,  but  comes  in  often  to 
dinner.  Linda  calls  him  her  "orphan 
asylum."  When  he  gets  older  I  expect 
he  will  bother  her  mamma  so  much  that 
some  day  we  will  have  .some  nice  chicken 
stew. 

Some  time  I  will  tell  you  more  about 
Linda's  pets,  but  if  I  say  too  much  at 
once.  Aunt  Polly's  patience  will  be  gone 
and  the  little  folks  will  never  hear  of  the 
"orphan  asylum." 


MUSINCS  OF  A  '49ER. 

BY  UNCLE    AKTHUE. 

It  is  now  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century 
since  I  first  put  foot  on  the  golden  shore 
of  California.  Then  but  a  boy  in  my 
teens,  lured  from  homo  by  the  bright 
prospects  of  a  "golden  harvest,"  "I 
struck  out,"  as  the  saying  goes,  ox-gad 
in  hand,  with  a  will  and  determination 
to  face  the  tempest  and  the  storm,  to 
cross  the  dreary  desert  and  scale  the 
mountain  bights  in  order  to  obtain — 
what  shall  I  say? — "a  pocket  full  of 
rocks"  in  California! 

Well,  at  the  expiration  of  several  tedi- 
ous months,  I  arrived  here,  ragged, dirty, 
bleeding  and  sore,  and  if  ever  I  thanked 
Providence  it  was  about  that  time.  Al- 
though not  having  ten  cents  to  my  name, 
my  heart  was  full  of  hope. 

But  if  ever  man  needed  the  exercise  of 
patience,  it  was  in  those  times  of  cross- 
ing the  plains.  And  this  brings  to  mind 
the  time  when,  in  spite  of  my  religious 
jiroclivities,  the  "unruly  ox"  jirovoked 
me  to  profanity. 

Many  experiences  have  I  passed 
through  since  then,  too  numerous  hero 
to  mention,  but  as  opportunities  offer  I 
will  continue  my  rambles  and  exijeri- 
ences. 

"I'll  Pay  You  for  That !" 

A  hen  trod  on  a  duck's  foot.  She  did 
not  mean  to  do  it,  and  it  did  not  hurt  her 
much.     But  the  duck  said: 

"I'll  pay  you  for  that!" 

So  the  duck  flew  at  the  hen;  but  as  she 
did  so  her  wing  struck  an  old  goose  who 
stood  close  by. 

"I'll  pay  you  for  that!"  said  the  old 
goose,  and  she  flew  at  the  duck;  but  as 
she  did  so  her  foot  tore  the  fur  of  a  cat 
who  was  just  then  in  the  yard. 

"I'll  jiay  you  for  that!"  cried  the  cat, 
and  shi^  flew  at  the  goi>sc;  but  ,as  she  did 
so  her  tail  brushed  the  eye  of  a  sheep 
who  was  near. 

"I'll  p.ay  you  for  that!"  cried  the 
sheep,  and  he  ran  at  the  cat;  but  as  lu^ 
did  so  his  foot  hit  the  foot  of  a  dog  who 
lay  in  the  sun. 

"I'll  pay  you  for  that!"  cried  he,  and 
he  ran  at  the  sheep;  but  as  ho  did  so  his 
leg  sti-uck  an  old  cow  who  stood  by  the 
giite. 

"I'll  pay  you  for  that!"  cried  she,  and 


she  ran  at  the  dog;  but  as  she  did  so  her  . 
horn  grazed  the  skin  of  a  horse  who  was 
by  a  tree. 

"I'll  pay  you  for  that!"  cried  he,  and 
he  ran  at  the  cow. 

What  a  run  there  was!  The  horse 
flew  at  the  cow;  and  the  cow  at  the  dog; 
and  the  dog  at  the  sheep;  and  the  sheep 
at  the  cat;  and  the  cat  at  the  goose;  and 
the  goose  at  the  duck;  and  the  duck  at 
the  hen.  What  a  noise  they  made  to  be 
sure! 

"Hi,  hi!  What  is  all  this?"  cried  the 
man  who  had  care  of  them.  "I  cannot 
have  this  noise.  You  may  staj- here, " 
he  said  to  the  hen.  But  he  drove  the 
duck  to  the  pond,  and  the  goose  to  the 
field,  and  the  cat  to  the  barn,  and  the 
sheep  to  her  fold,  and  the  dog  to  his 
house,  and  the  cow  to  her  yard,  and  the 
horse  to  his  stall. 

"I'll  pay  you  for  that!"  said  the  man. 
— A'"'/r.sr;v/. 

LiaUOE.  AND  TOBACCO  AT  THE 
CENTENNIAL. 

As  might  be  expected,  the  whisky, 
wine  and  tobacco  manufacturers  and 
manipulators  take  great  interest  in  the 
Centenni:il  show.  So  long  as  the  sense 
of  the  people  allows  the  jiroductions  to 
be  classed  under  the  head  of  "agricul- 
tural," so  long  they  will  claim  respecta- 
bility and  be  barnacled  upon  any  and  all 
shows  that  are  gotten  up  to  foster  indus- 
trial pursuits.  Thrown  tipon  their  own 
merits,  as  they  should  be,  without  the 
support  of  the  name  "agricultural," — a 
name  they  are  not  justly  entitled  to — 
they  would  most  likely  seek  some  corner 
and  appear  less  conspicuously.  So  long 
as  we  live,  we  will  never  recognize  such 
debasing  business  as  the  manufacture, 
sale  or  use  of  liquor  or  tobacco  as  legiti- 
mate "ageicultueal"  pursuits. 

The  eflfect  at  the  Centennial  show  is 
thus  touched  upon  by  Geo.  E.  Waring 
in  the  Avterican  Ar/Hcidluiist: 

If  we  take  out  the  barrels,  bottles, 
cans,  and  boxes,  which  are  filled  with 
whisky,  rum,  gm,  tobacco,  cigars,  starch, 
tomatoes,  etc.,  we  rob  most  of  the  foreign 
exhibits  of  their  crowning  glory,  and 
sadly  take  away  the  brilliancy  of  the 
display  that  even  our  own  country  has 
been  able  to  offer.  This  is  not  the  place 
in  which  to  print  objections  to  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  still,  the  wine-press,  or  the 
tobacco  field,  but  to  see  at  least  one- 
fourth  of  this  fine  building  filled  with  a 
dazzling  displaj'  of  cooperage,  glass- 
blowing,  and  label-printing,  is  simply 
absurd.  All  this  part  of  the  show  is  be- 
neath contempt,  and,  as  an  exhibition, 
has  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  agricul- 
ture— the  tobacco  exhibit  is  not  quite  so 
subject  to  this  criticism.  A  pyramid  of 
barrels,  said  to  contain  whisky,  liighly 
varnished,  with  gilded  hotqjs  and  orna- 
mental brands,  gives  one  a  far  less  ade- 
quate idea  of  the  products  of  the  industry 
of  Canada,  than  would  a  simjile,  printed 
statistical  table,  showing  the  amount  of 
whisky  that  she  produces  as  compared 
with  other  countries.  All  this  sort  of 
thing  is  a  fraud.  It  pretends  to  be  an 
exhibition  of  materials — it  is  in  reality 
only  an  exhibition  of  packages,  and 
packages  arc  not  worth  sending  to  a 
world's  fair.  Several  foreign  countries 
have  sent  instructive  and  representative 
exhibits.  Those  of  Brazil  and  Liberia 
are  conspicuously  so,  but  with  a  few  not- 
able exceptions  of  this  class,  there  is 
more  of  interest  in  the  i:xhibitions  of 
Oregon,  or  Iowa,  or  Jlassachusetts,  or 
indeeil  iu  l.audrcth's  exhibition  of  grains 
alone,  than  in  the  whidc  of  those  of  the 
great  foreign  countries.  If  one  is  seek- 
ing the  heauly   of   a  disjilay  of   soil  pro- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


ducts,  no  more  beautiful  example  can  be 
found  than  in  the  collection  of  pine  cones 
from  California — a  collection  that  surely 
should  find  its  place  in  some  Eastern 
museum. 


(£mu^mn\tntt. 


GARDENING  AND  FARMING  ON 
KERN  ISLAND- 
ED. Califoknia  Agkh^dltduist:  Men- 
tally, I  step  into  your  sanctum  this  eve- 
ning, and  up  comes  the  question  "What 
are  you  doing  on  the  Island?"  O,  there 
is  always  plenty  to  do  here.  We  can 
plant  something  every  day  in  the  year. 
Sqnashes  planted  iu  August  are  about  to 
start  runners.  Some  of  the  potatoes  are 
a  foot  high,  ancj  others  just  coming  up. 
Beets  just  up;  any  time  now  is  good  to 
plant  beets.  Turnips,  peas  and  beans 
six  inches  high.  We  expect  to  make  a 
crop,  but  that  green  corn  only  a  foot 
high  may  not  make  roasting  ears.  Early 
sweet  corn  is  ripe;  so  with  early  Marble- 
head  and  Turban 

.SQUASHES. 

If  any  of  your  readers  have  never  tried 
these  varieties  they  will  never  regret 
sending  for  a  package  of  the  seed  to 
Gregory  next  sj^ring.  Turban  is  good 
for  custard  pies  any  time  after  it  is  large 
enough.  We  never  use  Gymitons  or  any 
other  summer  squash;  the  Turban  takes 
the  place  of  them  all,  and  of  egg-plant 
also.  I  have  nine  kinds  of  squash  on 
treal.     Will  report  iu  time. 

OF    MELLONS, 

the  rabbits  took  all  except  Hardy  Kidge. 
They  eat  even  the  vines.  Que  seed  of 
this  variet)',  protected,  giive  four  at  one 
picking  averaging  rij;^  pounds  each. 
They  are  good,  but  not  best.  Of  water- 
melons. New  German  comes  first;  is 
quite  early,  but  white  core;  not  very 
good.  Ghinney  next;  good  and  tender. 
Peerless,  larger  and  later;  the  best  in 
quality;  rind  too  thick.  Mountain  sweet, 
late,  large  and  fine. 

We  have  plenty  of  water  for  irrigation, 
and  it  would  be  in  order  now  to  jilow  for 
and  sow 


if  I  had  time.  What  a  county  for  this 
crop.  The  hay  sells  for  $-1  per  ton  in 
the  field,  and  $5  iu  the  stack.  Never 
saw  such  a  |ilace  as  this  for 

CORN. 

Some  planted  July  10th  has  suckers 
six  .and  eight  feet  high;  that  planted 
early,  two  and  sometimes  three  ears  to 
the  stalk.  With  those  two  crops  (a  bar- 
ley cro])  before  the  corn  and  pumpkin 
crop  with  it),  a  farmer  ought  to  make  a 
good  living  here  with  half  the  labor  re- 
quired in  the  East;  also  at  raising  pork, 
which  readily  sells  for  six  cents  a  pound 
on  foot;  and  with  a  new  country  and  new 
mines  being  continually  developed,  there 
is  not  mueli  danger  of  over-stocking  the 
market.     Vfv  like 

THE     CLIMATE. 

The  only  thing  we  have  to  complain  of 
is  some  chills  and  fever, but  we  have  less 
of  other  kinds  of  sickness,  and  after  over 
a  year's  experience  I  am  only  inclined  to 
regret  the  cry  of  ague  kept  me  away 
from  hero  so  long,  and  out  on  the  Tulare 
l)lains  fighting  grasshoppers.  Now  we 
can  bud  and  graft  without  a  fear  of  the 
\  trees  going  off  with  wings.  I  may  have 
a  few  facts  about  my  neighbors'  fruit 
trees  for  next  letter. 

Yours,  I.  B.  RuMFOKD. 


Table  of  Conter^ts. 

PAGE 

Apiary,— Bee  Keeping  in  Los  Angeles.  Par- 
asites on  Bpcb.  Comb  Foundation.  Bees 
Stinging.    Subduing  Bees 153 

B073  and  QirU.-'Turu  Aljout  (Poe'y).  Sui>- 
jjofid  (poetry).  *Onr  Corner.  tHow  to 
Cure  Figs.  *Ijiu(Iit"H  Orphnn  Asylum. 
*Mu6iugBof  a  4ilcr.  I'll  Pay  You  for 
That 157-8 

Botany.— Classification  in  Botany 155 

Corrocpond&nce.— Gardening  on  Kern  Island.      159 

Dcmostic. — Woman's  Work  (poetry) .  Pre- 
HtTving  Tomatoes.  WaBhing.  Mollis. 
lUiles  for  Action  in  Cases  of  Accident. 
Squash  Pancakes.    Fruit  at  Meals 148 

Educational.— The  Brotliers  of  the  Pen  to  the 
llrothers  of  tho  Plow  (poetry).  *Tho 
Lovo  of  ChildrL-n. 150 

Editorial  Notes 140 

Tho  Horao.— Walking  Horses.  Arab  Horses. 
Orlorts  of  Russia.  Pcrcheron  Horses. 
Clyde  Horses.  Keuiedy  for  Worms.  Cure 
for  Scratches.     Worms 152 

Hygionic— *Practical  Health  Topics.  How 
Farmers'  Wive  i  Break  Down 154 

Eorticulturo.— Cultivation  of  Uoil'ee  in  Mexi- 
co        14» 

Houaohold  Eoading. — For  Better  or  For  Worse 
(Poetry).  *r)ottings  and  Jottings.  *Mas- 
culine  Supremacy.  *Ilarher8  Sentiment 
Approved.  *Children  and  Pets.  *0]ean- 
ings.    *A  Saturday  Nignfs  Ueverio  ...     150-7 

UiscoUanoous-— Over-production  vs.  Inabil- 
ity to  Consume 150 

The  Suirrel  Law.    Game  Law.    Platform 

of  the  Independent  Party 151 

tDisease  of  Cherry  Trees.      tKing's  Pat- 
ent Boiler  and  Engine  (illust'd) .    tTem- 

peranee  Hall 1 15 

tTarleton's     Cling-stono    Fruit     Fitter, 

t  Letter- writing 140 

The  Angora  Goat 148 

tLiijuor  and  Tobacco  at  the  Centennial.       158 

Fcr:ino. — Trichinosis 137 

Pisciculturo. — Conveyance  of  Live  Fish.  How 
the  Indians  Take  Salmon.    Fish  Culture 
in  France 153 

Poetry— The  Flood  of  Years.  Half-way  Do- 
in 's.    Fogy  Farmer.    Fraternity 147 

Poiiltry7ard.--tA    Few    Hints    on   I'oultry. 

tHatching  Chickens.     Raiyiug  Turkeys.   147-8 

Women.—  *To  Sister  Better  (p'try).     Woman 
(poetry).    *Women  and  tlio    Centennial 
Leap  Year 155 

♦Contributed,     t  Editorial. 


HEALB'S 


BUSINESS 

COLLEGE, 

No.  24  Post  Street 

y.tn  Franciico,  Cal. 


DKSIGNEI)  TO  IMi'Aia'  A  THOROUGH 
English  Etlucutiou,  a  Complete  Business 
Training,  and  practiial  instruction  in  Modern 
Languages,  Drawing,  Telegi-aphy,  etc.  It  gives 
to  Pupils  such  a  Business  Elfliirittion  as  has 
made  tliem  iu  demand  in  tlt^  mercantile  com- 
munity, during  the  past  thirteen  yeai's,  for  com- 
mercial positions.  In  addition,  students  receive 
a  TUoi'oiig'li  General  Truiniiif^,  which 
fits  them  for  their  duties  as  citizens  and  useful 
members  of  society.  Every  young  man  should 
endeavor  to  secure  a  course  of  training  at  this 
Sihool,  whose  e<»urse  of  instniction  is  valuable 
lo  all  classes.  If  farmers  would  have  their  sons 
successful  on  the  farm,  they  shouhl  send  them 
to  this  Model  Collejro  of  the  Pncilic, 
where  they  may  be  thoroughly  educated  in  busi- 
ness aftairs.  as  well  as  in  the  English  branches. 
The  thorough  discipline  of  this  School,  and  its 
careful  training  in  correct  busin<-s8  habits,  am 
the  greatest  aid  to  future  success  in  any  calling. 
Pupils  may  enter  at  any  time,  as  each  receives 
individual  instruction.  Length  of  time  required 
for  finishing  the  course  is  about  six  months. 
Full  particulars  regarding  Course  of  Study, 
Terms,  etc.,  nuiy  be  had  by  addressing 

E.  P.  HEALU, 
Prcst.  Business  College,  San  Francisco. 

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Jiurt,  Night  an<l  Day.  and  will,  and    has,/ 
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ihave  failed.    Reader,  if  you  are  rupturedf 
■try  one  of  our  Comfortable  Elastic   Ap-J 
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FAR  MS!    FARMS! 

FARMS! 

FOR      S  A  T_.  E  . 


^fy77~Um  Acres— cherry  Vale,  2!'J  mlleii 

IW  from  San  Jose,  in  the  Willows.  The  best 
Cherry  Orcliard  iu  California.  1230  cherry  trees. 
(WO  Prune,  and  variety  of  Peach,  Pear,  Apricot, 
etc.  Also.  2000  Grape  Vines  four  j'ears  old.  Two 
Wells  with  7-inidi  pumps.  Horse-power,  Steam 
Engine  for  lifting  water,  :(200  feet  Under-ground 
Water  Pipe  for  irrigaiing.  Plain  House,  Orch- 
ard  fenced, and  sheltered  witli  Lond)ardy  I'ophirs. 
Very  complete  place,  and  A  B.VRGAIN  at 
$i;i,  500.  Terms— $7,000  cash;  balance  on  time 
at  10  per  c-ent.  annually. 


1  C/1    Aeres,  Seven  MileH  West  of  City 

lO*^  of  San  .lose,  mostly  valley,  very  cheap, 
Fair  ilcjuse,  at  .§0.500, 

rtrt^  Acres,  Xenr  CInnnbar  Hotel,    on 

UuO  Almaden  Hnad,  six  and  a  half  miles  out; 
a  Big  Bargain  for  $1^,000;  has  a  Fine  Grove 
of  Timber,  House,  Barn,  Wind-mill,  Vineyard, 
etc.;  all  valley  land  but  00  acres.  Terms— One- 
half  cash;  balance  in  three  years  at  8  per  cont. 
per  annum. 


40 


Acres,  Two  unci  u  Hnlf  Miles  West, 

rich  valley  land,  at  SHO  per  acn-. 


rtQI  1  Acres,  Near  AVasUinffton  C'or- 
UyjXa  uers,  Alameda  coimty,  15  miles  from 
San  Jostr,  one  mile  from  DeiJot;  all  valley  land; 
House,  two  Barns,  largo  Dairy  House,  (Iranary. 
Wind-mill,  Tank,  three  acres  of  Excellent  Orch- 
ard, is  a  first-class  place,  at  $90  per  acns  part 
j;ash. 


prA  Acres,  on   the  Alinailen    Road,  Six 

OU  niilea  out.  House,  Barn,  etc.;  a  pretty  place 
for  $5,000. 


^70  Acres  near  KverBrecn;  80  acres  in  vineyard  and 
^  '  ^  80.000  vines  iu  full  bearing  ;  250  acres  in  culti- 
vation ;  liouae,  barn,  and  kooiI  fencing;  in  the  Warm 
Belt,  0  miles  east  <>f  the  city.  A  good  inveHtniunt  for 
some  one  aciiuainted  with  business.  The  reason  for 
soiling  is  that  tlie  owner  is  old  and  desirous  nf  retir- 
ing from  busineus.     Price,  :ii20,(X)0. 


01Q  Acres  0  miles  southwest  of  the  city,  on  the 
^"*  Saratoga  road,  finely  iniprovtd  ;  good  soil ;  all 
valley  land ;  orchard  ami  vineyard.  A  good  farm  aud 
otTeied  very  low  as  the  owner  has  gone  into  other 
business.     !?7l  per  ivcre. 


QQ  Acres G  miles  west  of  San  Jose;  house  of  three 
^^  rooms ;  good  fences ;  two  wells ;  orchanl  of  150 
trees.    Price,  ^6,650. 


'  fencing,  etc.    Offered  verj*  low,  at  M5  per  acre. 


on  Acres S  miles  west;  all  valley  land;  fair  Im- 
Ow  provenionts :  house,  well,  fencing,  etc.;  some 
fruit.    Price,  i^b.SOO. 


90 


Acres  near  Lawrence's  Statton^t  $100  per  acre. 
A  good  farm,  with  good  improvemeuta. 


1  fin  Acres  near  Saratoga :  80  acres  valley,  Imlance 
^^^  low  hills;  liog-tight  fence;  3  fields;  runnim: 
stream  of  water ;  gocwl  orchard  aud  hoiLse.  A  l»ar- 
t^iiin,  for  $0,500. 


1  fiO  Acres  9  miles  south ;  100  acres  cnltiva table, 
••^  balance  pasture  ;  house,  bani,  and  niilk-hoiwe ; 
all  fenced  ;  both  spring  ,and  nnming  wat<;r.  Price, 
.■?4,000 ;  one-half  cash,  balance  on  time  to  suit. 


1  ^S  Acres  8  nules  from  San  Jose  ;  house,  barn  aud 
^»*'  outbuildmgs ;  15  acres  in  grapes,  balance  gixMl, 
cnltivatable  land ;  nmning  stream  of  water  for  tvn 
months  in  the  yeai'.  $0,120;  oiie-thml  ca-sh,  balance 
in  one  and  two  years  at  10 1  [ler  annum. 


'3K  AcresSi  miles  from  San  .lose,  with-  Bonie  fruit 
"**  trees;  20  acres  under  culti^ition;  15  acres  in 
^jrapes.  $5,000;  one-third  cash,  balance  in  one  and 
two  yeai-s  at  10.^  per  annimi. 


CTQ  Acres;  all  mider  cultivation ;  nice  hoiwc  and 
*'•*'  large  ham  ;  picket  fence  ;  140  fruit  tree^  ;  nine 
miles  from  Santa  Cniz  roa«l.    $17,000 ;  terms  to  suit. 


C'5'7  Acres  eight  miles  from  San  Jose;  100  acres  iu 
****  '  grapes,  balance  under  cidtivation  ;  2  houses.  2 
barns  and  outbuildings  ;  gooil  fence  ;  4  fields  ;  sevcr.il 
springs  and  rmuiing  water ;  will  l»e  sold  iu  parcels  to 
suit.  I*rice  for  whole,  $30  iter  acre ;  one-half  cjl'Ui, 
balance  to  .suit. 


nr7  Acres  5  miles  from  San  Jose ;  100  fniit  trees :  15 
*  •  15  acres  in  vineyanl,  all  foreign  grapes ;  first- 
cla.ss  house  of  0  rooms,  marble  mantle;  also,  barn. 
good  well  of  water,  buggj'.  horse,  plows  and  harrows. 
.A  line  place,  aud  well  worth  looking  at. 

JAS.    A.    CLAYTON, 

i:i;ai.  i;>tati;  Acai.NT. 
290  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose 


To  Our  Subscribers 

-  AMI    ' 

TO    TEACHERS. 

— O — 

We  have  made  arrantreinents 

so  that  for  the  sum  of  six  cests.  in  cur- 
ruency  or  postage  8tami>a.  sent  with  your 
PostoflJce  Address  in  full  to  the  muier- 
nigiied,  Ihey  will  return  l>y  mail,  post  paid, 
a  very  n-at,  light  and  htron^j 

BAMBOO    FOOT    EULE, 

Jiwt  the  best  thing  for  School.  Office  or 
DniujfhtRinan  s  ujie.  Thin  in  a  Hne  speci- 
uieii  of  Jiii>aiicse  manuftictiire.  well  worth 
25  ceiitH  each.  One  <1o/a'U  will  lie  Bent  for 
only  Of)  centH,  which  in  the  lowest  wholertaie 
lirice  in  large  quantities.     Addreas, 

CAL.  FINE  ART  PUB.  CO., 
Box  C-?iJ  .San  Francinco. 


:  I?-  People  who  desire  to  deal  ou  the 
square  enn  be  nccouimoduted  at  the  .San 
Jose  Clothing  Store.  Messrs.  O'Baniou 
&  Kent  are  just  tho  gentlemen  that  come 
up  to  the  standard  of  fair  dealing  and  no 
humbugging,  no  imposition,  no  lying, no 
jewing.  Low  figures,  good  goods,  and 
honorable  satisfaction  to  etierybody. 
Tins  is  ii  (net  worth  remenibfriii'.,'. 

ANOTHEH  GOLDEN  mimmi 

Owing   to  immense  faihurca  of  mcrcbaiit«   in    New 
Vork,  we  have  jiut  adile<l 

Over  Si)0,000    Worth  of   N'fw  Clnlliiiii 

To  our  stock,  hf.n+jlit  at 

Less  than  One-half  OriKinal  Cost. 

Ill  'Tiier  to  loiilie  F'loU]  for  a  'lisltlay  of  lli. 
■^„.Ai.     We    Will. 

For  the    Next     Thirty     Day5, 

SellClothini;  at  prices  LOWKl;  THAN  KVKIt 
NOW  IS  YOrU  CIIAXCE. 
T.   \V.   Sl'RINd   \-  CO.,  San  Jose. 

lliiiiliiiiiirlrrs  fur  Liidirs'  .V  ( liildrtiis  Siiih 

Heady-made  and  .Made  t-i  "pier. 
The     Hiin      .lose      Suit      Manufactory, 

(•oniernf   Fountain  an-l   Secoti.l  stri''t-* 

^  IIVIFKOVi: 

The  Excellent  Opportunities 

N(|\V    OKIKKKIl   IN 

DRY    GOODS,    FANCY   GOODS, 

Lailies'  Gents'  nutX  fhiMn-ii's 

A.    I^.  FZSIiBlMCArr, 

400  FIRST  STREET. 

Will  continue  to  sell  LOWKK   than  San  Francisco 
pricea  fur  a  short  tiiur  li.n^ii-r 


SMITH  &  RYDER, 

Commercial      Bank     Building, 

307  ^•'i'*'  direct,  Han  Jose,  Cal. 


'~ir  Mr.  Sourisseau.  the  gun-smitli, 
who  is  an  enterprising  dialer,  aud  whose 
price-list  was  inserted  in  a  limited  por- 
tion of  nur  last  edition,  says  that  it  has 
brotight  him  many  orders  for  his  goods 
already.  This  is  the  general  expression 
of  our  advertisers  all  the  time.  If  a 
business  man  has  something  the  people 
want,  and  he  places  it  before  them 
through  a  worthy  medium,  in  a  pro- 
per manner,  he  will  be  sure  to  receive 
satisfactorv  returns  sooner  or  later. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^ 


J.  C.  BLAND  ^  CO., 
Real    Estate    Agents 

—AND— 

GENESAL   AUCTIONEERS, 

.')12  Mfirktt  St.,  San  Jose, 

Tl  AVE  FOE  SALE,  IN  SANTA  CLAHA  AND 
X  1  aJJuiiiiUf^  Counties,  a  very  flue  list  of  Grain 
.and  Sttilk  Farms,  improved  and  unimproved,  in 
in  traits  from  10  acres  to  10,000,  wliieli  they  oH'er 
upon  easy  trirms  and  at  low  prices;  also,  a  lar^'e 
list  of  Uusiness  and  Residence  property  in  Santa 
(Mara  and  San  .Jose.  We  append  a  partial  list. 
HiiMiii;  rihiiled  in  this  county  for  20  years,  and 
laiiii,' Fhurouahly  posted  as  regards  Real  Estate 
Values,  we  respectfully  solicit  all  in  search  of 
Monies,  Stook,  or  business  of  any  kind  to  give  us 
a  call. 


200  Acres  of  excellent  fruit  and  berry 
land  near  Sifcita  Clara  depot.     Price    per  acre, 


XO  Acres  near  the  town  of  Santa 
'lara.  with  line  House  and  Out-buildings,  good 
lie  hard.  Ornamental  Trees,  etc.    Price,  $10,000. 


20  Acres  of  TTuimproved  L.and  in  the 
Willows,  being  part  of  the  Lnpton  Estate.  Price 
?:i,0ou. 

80  Acres,  under  fence,  all  in  cultiva- 
tion; has  a  House  of  i  rooms.  Burn  and  Stable- 
room  for  15  horses,  good  Well,  splendid  water. 
Also,  52  acres  adjoining,  with  K('dwood  House, 
Barn,  gU:.,  good  Well;  all  under  cultivation. 
Price,  $.'5  per  acre. 


200  Acres  in  Alameda  county,  on 
west  side  of  county  road  leading  to  Oakland, 
about  one  mile  from  Warm  Springs,  near  Mis- 
sion San  Jose.  It  is  flue  black  loam  soil,  well 
feiu-'ed.  Has  a  good  house  and  barn.  etc.  Price. 
$:K)  per  acre;  one-fourth  cash;  balance  in  one,two 
and  three  years,  approved  paper  bearing  one  per 
cent,  interest. 


500  Acres  of  e.xtra  fine  gram  l.md 
;>  miles  southwest  of  Watson ville  and  IH  miles 
from  shipping  point,  will  yield  40  to  fill  bushels 
per  acre.  Terms  to  suit  purchasers.  Price,  $.50 
per  acre. 


160  Acres  of  pre-emption  claim  3.) 
miles  southwest  of  Salinas  City.  10  miles  west  nf 
railroad  teiminus.  Small  house,  good  fence, 
out-bouses,  etc.;  with  an  ontside  range  of  800 
acres,  all  flnely  watered.  This  is  one  of  the  fin- 
est hay  ranches  to  be  found  in  the  country. 
Price,  $1000;  or  will  exchange  for  San  Jose  pro- 
perty . 


160  Acres  of  fine  timbered  land  lo- 
cated instonthe  line  between  Santa  Clara  and 
Santa  Cnu  counties.  No  piece  of  property  on 
Santa  Cruz  mountains  to  excel  it. 


Pric 


i,ooo. 


21  Acres  of  fine  land,  3  miles  from 
San  Jose,  east  of  Coyote,  well  enclosed,  good 
Adobe  House.  Large  Barn,  etc.    Price,  $4,000. 


38  Acres  of  fine  land,  2  miles  south 
of  San  Jose,  lying  between  the  Monteri-y  Road 
and  the  Coyote  Creek.  The  soil  is  unsurpassed, 
and  the  location  beautiful.  Will  be  sold  as  a 
whole,  or  in  three  subdivisions;  22  acres  front- 
ing on  Coyote,  at  $22i)  per  acre;  8  acres  between 
the  two  residence  lots,  at  $300  per  acre  ;  10  acres 
including  the  fine  improvements  for  $5,000. 


120  Acres  fine  land  adjoining  villi\gc 
of  Saratoga;  enclose.l;   title  perfect.      Prii-e  per 
acre,  $30.    Also,  a  farm  of    100  acTcs  1  k- 
south  of  Saratoga;  good  dwelliug,  barn 
and  vineyard.    Price,  $40110. 


mil 
orchard 


81-Acre  farm  i  miles  northeast  of 
San  Jose;  is  a  choice  piece  of  lanil,  with  house 
18x21  feet,  small  barn,  etc.    Price,  $7,000.  _ 


.60  Acres  of  as  flue  land  as  c.in  be 
found  in  the  county,  with  fine  improvement. 
Will  sell  low  if  called  for  within  next  00  days; 
nnist  be  sold  in  that  time.  Situate  one  mile 
from  Lawrence  Station,  S.  P.  R.  R. 


1 8  Acres  fine  Vegetable  Land,  3  miles 
Bcjntheast  of  San  Jose,  on  east  side  of  Tnlly 
Koad;  has  a  Dwelling  of  0  rooms  (two-story 
lioiiw) ;  Barn,  etc.;  Orchard  and  Vineyard  of  . 3 
ai-res;  Cows,  Wagons,  Farming  Implements,  etc. 
Price  of  whole,  $4,500. 


1,000  Acres  of  fine  Cir.aiu  and  Fruit 
Land,  lo,ated  near  Los  Gates;  will  be  sold  in 
tracts  to  snit  at  from  40  to  lUOO  acres.  Terms 
easy;  prices  low:  must  be  sold  within  00  days. 


Auction  Sales  of  Stock,  Carriages.  Furniture, 
etc.,  in  front  of  Salesroom,  No.  ;il2  Market  St., 
every  SATURDAY,  at  10  a.  m, 

OS?"  Special  attention  given  to  Auction  Sales 
in  any  portion  of  the  State,  at  short  notice. 

J.  C.  BLAND  &  CO., 

Heal  Estate  A;^cntB  ami  ( lencral  Au.lo.neers. 


SAN  JOSE 

mSTITTJTE 


1776       CENTEI^IirXAXi       187C 

P  R  O  C  L  ARI  A  T  I  O  N. 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway, 

Is  the  popular  route  overland  to  tlie  East. 
Passengers  for  Chicago,  Niag:ira  Falls,  Pitts- 
burg, Philadelphia,  Montreal,  Quebec.  New  York 
Boston,    or  any    point  East,    shouhl  buy    their 
trans-continental  tickets  via  the   piineer  route, 

THE  CHICAGO  &NOETHWESTERN  E.E. 

This  is  the  Best  route  East.  Its  Track  is  of 
Steel  Rails,  and  on  it  has  been  made  the  Fastest 
time  that  has  ever  been  made  in  this  country.  By 
this  route  passengers  for  points  east  of  Chicago 
havechoiceof  the  following  lines  from  Chicago: 
Pittsburg,      Forlwayiie    and    CUIcago 

ami    Pennsylvania  Ilailivays. 
•>  Through  trains  daily,  with  Pulnian  Palace 
t)  Cars  through  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
on  each  train. 

1  THROUGH  TRAIN,  WITH  PULLMAN  PAL- 
1  ace  Cars  to  Baltimore  and  Washington. 
By  the  Liis  Shore  md  Michigan  Southern  Ejllwiy  md 

Connections  (Hew  York  Central  and  Erie  Eiilwiys) ; 
O  THROUGH  TR.AINS  DAILY,  WITH  PAL.ACE 
O  Drawing  Room  and  Silver  Palace  Sleepirig 
Cars  through  to  New  York. 
By  the  Michigan  Central.  Grand  Truni,  Great  Western  and 
Erie  and  New  York  Central  Bailways: 

3  Through  trains,  with  Pullman  Palace  Draw- 
ing Room  and  Sleeping  Cars  through  to  New 
York  to  Niagara  Falls,  Buffalo,  Rochester,  or 
New  York  city. 

By  the  Baltimore  and  Ollio  R.tilroad; 
O  Through  trains  daily,  with  Pullman  Palace 
^  Cars  for  Newark,  '  Zanesville,  Wheeling, 
Washington  and   IVdtiniore  without  change. 

This  is  the  Shortest,  I'.rst,  and  only  line  run- 
ning Pullman  celebrated  Palace  sleeping  cars  and 
conches,  connecting  with  Union  Pacific  Railrojid 
at  Omaha  and  from  the  West,  via  Grand  Junc- 
tion, Marshall,  Cedar  Rapids,  Clinton,  Sterling 
and  Dixon,  for  Chicago  and  the  East. 

This  popular  route  is  unsurpassed  for  Speed, 
Comfort  and  Safety.  The  smooth,  well-ballasted 
and  perfect  track  of  steel  r:iils,  the  celebrated 
Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars,  the  perfect  Tele- 
graph System  of  moving  traiiiS,  the  regularity 
with  which  they  run.  the  admir:ible  arrangement 
for  running  through  trains  to  Chicago  from  all 
points  West, secure  to  passengers  all  tlie  comforts 
in  modern  Railway  Traveling.  No  changes  of 
Cars  and  no  tedious  delays  at  Fenies. 

Passengers  will  find  Tickets  via  this  Favorite 
Route  at  the  General  Ticket  OfHceof  the  Central 
Pacific  Rrailroad,  Sacramento,  and  in    all   the 
TiclietdfHcesof  the  Central  Pacifli-  Railroad. 
Marvin  Hughitt,  W.  H.  Stennett, 

(ien.  Sui>t.,  Chicago.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent. 

H,   P.  STANWOOD.  General  Agency.  1'.>1  Mont- 
gomery street,  San  Francisco, 


I      I-  /.    Tl    I  |-|'>' 


R 


C-     KIIIBY     &    CO. 

TANNERS ! 


SANTA  CRUZ  OAK-TANNED  SOLE 

LEATHER. 

WnOLI':SALE    DEALERS. 


OFFICE  400 

SAN 


NARKET  STREET 

FRANCISCO. 


76  Acres  rolling  hind  8  miles  west  of 

m  -loKc,  adjoining  HcyiiuUlB'  farm.  Stiuill 
Duw  of  f)  rooms;  nict' ruuuin;/  fitreaui  of  wiitt  r; 
ill  fenced;  with  pleuty  of  wood  on  tlie  lu'em- 
...B.     l'rii-i>,  $2,800. 


108  Acres  l.iutl  ou  8au  Jope  and 
SiMita  ('fir/,  road,  near  Los  Gatos,  5  niiUs  from 
San  .lose;  uxcollent  land,  ami  will  iirodiuc  any- 
thinji;  im]irovements  eoneistof  adwi-llin^  wliich 
inst  :f'i,iHMl,  a  iii)in\  barn,  also  orehajd  ami  vine- 
yard: t,'<)ad  well,  wind  mill  .aniliuye  tank. 
TtrniH.  I'i  i-aBli;  balance  ou  time.  Priue,  $'.»&  per 
at- re. 


BUSIKTSSS   COIiIiECS^E. 

A  Day  and  Boarding  School  for 
Both  Sexes. 


Meriefee  &  Gastoii 

DENTISTS, 

S.W.  Cor.  Santa  Clara  ajiil  First  Sts 

Over  Farmers'  National  Gold  Bank. 
SAN  JOSE. 

OS-  Special  attention  given  to  Fine 
Gold  Fillings.  Laughing  Gas  Adminis- 
tered. 


SMALL  FAUM 
FOR      SALE 


AGREEABLY  SITUATED  ON  THE  FOOT- 
hills  in  the  WARM  BELT,  nine  miles  from 
San  Jose,  near  Los  Gatos.  ITi  acres  in  Cultiva- 
tion, 05  acres  of  Pasture  and  Live-Oak  Grove, 
80  atresof  Chaparral  and  Woodland;  two  Springs 
on  the  place. 


T 


•^IIE  SECONI 


SESSION  OF  THE  TWENTY - 
corameni'e  October 


88  Acres  flue  land  G  miles  west  of 
San  .lnHH.  near  Lawn-uce Station;  well  improved. 
I'rirc,  $100  Iter  arru,  on  reasonablr  I-  ihik. 


290  Af^-es  5  miles  west  of  (iilroy; 
:in  iLin-H  vimyiird;  It)  acres  on'haT'd,  iil!  kimlh  of 
friiil-H;  ;i  living,'  HtrcaniB  of  water;  all  undirr  frncc; 
luiH  a  t^ooil  lioiiHf!.  ba'-n  and  other  out-bniUlin^^H; 
wiiiu  ccUarn.     'I'erniHcnRy.     Prit-i:,  $10,000. 


Stock  farm  of  2,000  acres,  enclosed 
witli  bnihli  ft-nce  aud  natural  bonndaiieK,  locai- 
(  d  abniit,  10  milcK  east  of  Uw  iK-niilo  hoiiKe.  near 
lii-nnetts  stiifli  farm;  well  improvcft;  liaH  a  K""d 
dwelling',  barn.corralK.ett-.;  HO  head  of  Amrrican 
tattle.  1.^.  i.if  wliicli  are  cowK,  balance  one  and  two 
T.:niis  easy.    Price,  $:i,00(i. 


ND  S 
Ninth  ScIBol  Year  will 
•Id,  1S7('>. 

In  acknowU'd{;;ing  the  kiiidncBS  of  the  patroUB 
of  this  School,  the  Proprietui-B  desire  to  assure 
them  that  with  the  iucreaBcd  patrona;^c  will  be 
added  increased  facilities  for  imparting  inBtruc- 
l.icm.  They  intend  that  the  School  shall  offer 
the  vei-y  best  opportunities  for  accpiirinf:  thor- 
ini^h  education,  both  theoretical   and    practical. 

The  course  of  study  in  the  Academic  grade  is 
extensive  aud  thorough. 

The  Business  Collet<e  has  no  vactions. 

Students  froni  a  distance  will  iind  pleasant 
roonifi  and  btjard  at  reasonable  prices  at  the 
boarding-house. 

The  Eaculty  accept  lo  its  fullest  extent  the 
growing  demand  of  the  industrial  classes  for 
recognition  in  the  public  educational  sysfi  m 
hailing  it  as  the  harbiugerof  a  higherand  better 
civilization. 

ISAAC  KINLKV, 

Sii|MTin i  e II <l <•  1 1  <   "'j*  *  1^  ' " s « i <  II « «v 

C.  S.  Crydenwise, 


SAN    JOSE 

DRUG  STORE 

In  McLau-hliu   ,1-  Ryland'.s  Bank 
Building, 

309   FIRST    STREET, 

SAN  JC^SE,   O.VL. 

J.   A,    Chittenden. 


/ -(ARUlAdK     MAKHK. 


PIO\ 

J  Carriage  Shop. 

314  SKGOND  STREKT, 

Between     Santa     Clara     street     and     I' 


4a  ■'!  I  10(1  Acres  laud  nil  the  roiiil 
llauchilupr  Mines,  m-ar  the  T,os  Catos  road,  ad- 
joining lauds  of  F.  Kichnioml.  Terms  easy. 
Price,  $:),UIJU. 

242  Acres  line  laud,  near  San  .Jose; 

II  I.,' sol, 1  ,,11  , 1  Icon:    credit.    $r..llllll  casli;   lial- 
'■>■  in  c,  yi'itrs.  '  i|iial  aiiiitial  payments,  with  ili- 
11  per  cent  per  iiiiiiiim. 


Santa     Clara     street 
.\lley.  San  Jose. 
i-nl  foi-  I'isli  Uio. '»  Waitoiis. 


m.-  ■'. 


fJSJJ  FOR  !'j!J!£-,''"  '  „; 

FALL  PLANTING 


3»a 


,-«sr^^^ 


.hi 


^^  '^  '"FOR  TH B- H  O U  S E  ^^^    "^^^ 
The  Autumn  No.  of  Vick's  Floral 

Guide,  co„l.-oiiii,n  ,lesciipli..iis  of  llyacintiis 
Tulips,  l.ilies  an. 1  all  lliillis  aii.l  heeds  tor  fall 
I'lautiiig  ill  the  (lardioi.  and  for  Winter  Vlowers 
ill  the  Hoiise--iust  puhlished  and  sent  free  to  all. 

JAS.  VICK,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


Mm 
i  Prival' 


ic.  State    Normal    S,  In 
Instruction  in 


Dwelliii;;  House,  Barn,  Orcliartl,  Gar- 
den, AVell,  a  Good  Horses,  One  toll, 
4  year.s  old,  One  Farm  Wagon,  One 
Sprin-f  \V.l(.ou,  li  Tons  of  Hay,  .'> 
Head  of  Dairy  Stotli.  .'iO  Cliiclsens, 
Good  Fitrniinof  Implenient.'i,  Honse 
Fiirnitsire,  Ivot  of  Ti»ols,  A;t , 

Title,  V.  S.  Patent. 

Price,   Ija,  .">O0— Part  Cash,  easy  terms  f  jr  the 
Remainder. 
Address,  LOS  GATOS  P.  0.,  or  apply  on  the 

Premises  to  the  Proprietor, 
G.   GUERIXOT. 

T.W.Mitchell, 

Porter's    Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SAN    JOSH. 

SEEDSMAN  and  FLORIST 

Aii«l  l)*'aleriii  Kloweriiiy Plants, 
Oi'iiii  mental    Slkiiib-S,     Biilbiii 
a iicl    Flfuve li II y    Roots    i ii 
Variety.  Ilaii^jfiiig-  Bas- 
kets, "Oiiecl  Grasses, 
Freiieh  liniiioitelles  of  Assorted 
Colore,,    Kte,,  Etc. 
rt:^  Seeds.  Frcsliand  Reliable. 


Z.  M.  PiiS-VIlT, 


Vocal 


Organ, 


xie2m:ovaIi  : 


Dr.  N.  KLEIN, 

Ronn 
next 
to 
Wrights 
Photo, 
graphic 
(lallery. 
Santa- 
Clara  St, 


Surgeon  Dentist- 

°1 


PRINTING.! 

Hills    of    Fare,     liivitalioiis.    I 


idg 


I'osters 

llandluUs,  Hooks, 
Catalogues,  Circu- 
lars,Programmes, 
Hills  of  Fare,  liivitalioiis.  Uec. ipta.  Laljels, 
llhiiilis.  lUniieads.  Staleiiiiiits,  Cards,  Tags,  ete., 
toKcther  with  ev.-iy  drs.ripte  ill  I'f  -lob  Printing 
oxcculod  imiiopllv  and  ill  a  worUiiiaulilie  man- 
ner hv  COTT  I,  i;  ,x  WIlKilir,  N...  :l;lH  First  St. 


1    Vo, 

Culture,     Piano, 
and  Harmony. 

Room  over  San  lose  Savings  Hank,  and  Norm 
al  School.  Singing  School  .  v.  ry  FKlMAYeve 
ning.  in  ro 


er  San  .lose  Savings   Bank. 


UH.  C.  R.  SPAW, 

Resident  Dentist. 
Isomer  of   First    and 

Santa  Clara  streets. 

In  McLaughlin  &  Ry- 

laiul'9  building, 

San  Jtise,  Cal. 


Ollice!     359 

,e\vis'  Drug  Store 


O.  Hooker, 

DENTIST. 

I'irst    sireet,    ,iver    monies  ,V 


D-if*  For  7.',  snbsrl-iptiolis  to 
nia     A^riciilliirist,    at    .fl.' 
publishers     will     give 
Se^vin^   Marhiiie. 


the  falifor 

II      each,    the 
S70     New    l>Bvis 

Hire  is  an  opportiiiiily 
for  Bomoenergelic  lady  to  get  the  b.st  Sewing 
Machine  for  a  little  time  well  employed.  I  lie 
DWIS  took  the  tlrst  premium  at  the  Simla 
<'lara  Valley  .\gricultural  Society's  Kxhibili  o 
last  Fall. 


Ss^ 


California   Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


Save$50!  WhyPa7$85?  PAHMEIIS  NATIONAL  GOLD  BANK  ^ 


I'  Sewing  Machines 


REDUCED      FRICE,      $35. 


Hume  Oome  Shuttle  Sewing  Hacliines 

Reduced  to  Live  and  Ltt  JJce  I'rlces. 


THESE  MACHINES  ARE  ALL  SUPERIOR 
to  any  ami  all:  uioe  eewers,  straight  needle, 
two  threadB,  shuttle,  lock-stitch,  the  Biiuphst 
acd  cheapest,  and  the  lightest  runuiuj;  lirbt-rlafK 
machines  in  the  market.  To  see  is  to  convince 
youreelves.  l^"  Remember,  all  Home  and 
Home  Shuttle  Sewing  Machines  have  tlie  Hull 
Treiidle  attached  without  extra  charge. 


SAW    JOSE. 

Pitiil  ••liCtipilal  (g.il.l...in!    ,    ,  Sr.oll,  000 
Aulhorixi^il   CapHul «1, 000,000 

.Ii.lm  W.  lliuclK.  PrLsi(U-ut;  H.  <;.  Singktury, 
Vi<-e-PrcBideiit;  W.  D.  Tisilule,  CaBhier  ami  Sec- 
retary; L.  G.  Nesmith,  AKtiitttaut  Caeliicr. 

Directors i—C.  H«rrcl.  Win.  D.  Tittlalp.  E. 
U.  liradley.  C.  G  .HarrihOli,  E.  C.Siut,'letfiry,  Wm. 
L.  TlK(lal'<%  .John  W.  llimlB.  W.  H.  Wiug,  T.  B, 
KtlwarclK. 

t'orrcHiiotxIeiltal-  AuKlo-Calit'orniali  Bank 
(liniiti'il),  San  Francisco;  FirBt  National  Oolil 
Bank,  S.  !•'.;  KirBt  National  Bank,  New  York; 
Auglo-Oalifornian  Bank  (liniitccl)  Lonilon. 

WILL  ALI^OW  INTHRKST  ON  DEPOSITS, 
liuy  anil  Bill  Hxihannc,  make  collections, 
loan  money,  anil  transact  a  General  Bankin($ 
BuBiiieBB.  Special  induceiuentB  offered  to  mcr- 
cliantB.  moehanicB,  and  all  claBses  for  conimer- 
i-ial  acconntfl. 
S.  W.  for.  First   iiiiil  Soiidt  C'InrH  StM., 


BEEEDESS'    DIEECTORY. 


Just  What  You  Want  for  Your- 
self and  Children. 

M'TPAILtoSENDrORaPATm 

Comfortable  Combination 

Clothing. 


Parties  deBirint!  to  purcLaBc  Live  Stock  will 
find  in  thie  Directory  tlie  nameB  of  some  of  tlie 
moBt  reliable  Breeders. 

OCB  Rates.— Cards  of  two  lines  or  loss  wlil  be 
ioBerted  in  this  Dinctory  at  the  rate  of  50 
centB  per  nioutli.  liayalde  annually. 

A  line  will  average  about  seven  words.  Count 
five  wortlB  for  the  ttrst  line. 


CATTLE. 


o  B.  EMEBSON,  Mountain  View,  Santa 
O.  Clara  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
and  Holstein  Cattle  and  C»)t8wold  Sheep. 


ClYRl'S  JO.VE8  &  CO.,    San  Jone,  Santa 
/  Clara  County.  Cal.— Breeders  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle.    "  Yuunk' Bulls  for  sale." 


THE   HALL    TREADLE 

For  Sewing  Matliiiics» 

THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  IMPROVEMENT 
EVER  MADE. 

It  saves  labor  and  preserved  health.  No  more 
diseases  and  deaths,  side  or  hack  aches  from  us- 
ing sewing  machines.  No  teaching  required.  A 
child  can  run  it.  Always  starts  the  right  way. 
Never  goes  backwards  and  breaks  things.  Cau 
be  stopped  iustantly.  With  it  oq  your  machine, 
you  can  do  double  the  work  you  cau  do  without 
it.  Fifty  stitches  can  be  made  with  one  pressure 
of  one  foot.  Approved  by  the  Massachusetts 
State  Board  of  Health  (see  official  report,  1872) , 
Maesachusetts  ISIedical  Society,  and  Mssachu- 
setts  Charitable  Mechanics'  Association.  The 
HALL  TREADLE  is  a  part  of  all  HOME  MA- 
CHINES sold  by  me. 

tiE^  The  Hall  Treadle  can  be  attached  to  any 
other  sewing  machine.  Remember  this.  We 
will  attach  it  onto  any  machine.  It  will  cost 
you  only  $12,  and  will  save  you  a  deal  of  hard 
work  and  trouble. 

THE      HALI^      TREADt-K      GRINDING 
MACHINE 

Must  be  seen  to  be  appreciated.  For  a  Farmer 
or  Mechanic  to  see  it,  is  to  buy  one.  It  is  an  in- 
dispensable article  in  every  house,  shop  or  hotel. 


SAN  JOSE. 


FARMERS'     UNION. 

ISucieHsors  to   .\.  PH[8TKR  ti    Co.) 
Cor.     Second    iiiiil    Kiiiitrt    Ciiirn    Sts. 

S.\N   JOSE. 


CAPITAL 

WILLIAM  ERKSON 
H.  E.  HILLS 


$100,000. 

President 
Manajier. 


rpHESE  SUITS  AUE  (JALCHLATED  l-'OR 
J.  Hcalthfuluess.  Comfort  and  Convenience, 
and  will  lit  the  moBt  fistidious  person.  Expla- 
nations accnrapany  each  Pattern.  Patterns  of  ■ 
tnnrdiflVnnt  styles  ot  Suits  are  now  supplied, 
viz.: 
I— Flannel  Combination  Suit    |  shirt  and  ' 

dl'awers  in  one)  Pattern,  post  pald.WI  cents 
2— Cotton   Combination  Suit    (shirt  and 

drawers),  Pattern,  post  paid '1^,  cents 

3— Excelsior  Suit  (waist  and  drawers  in 

combination) ,  Pattern,  post  paid.  .40  ex'nis 
4_Waistand  Skirt,  close-litting  elegant 

combination,  Pattern,  post  paid..  .50  cents  < 
Nob.  1  and  2  aro  suitable  for  chihlren  as  well 
as  growni  people.    Nob.  :)  and  4   are  for  Ladies 
especially. 


CHARLES  CI.ARK,  MIlpitaB,  Santa  Ctar" 
County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle 
and  Swine. 

(>Ol.EMAN  YOUNOBB,    San  Jose,  Santa 
_/  Clare  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle. 


THE  HA1.I.  TREjVDL,E  .IIG  SAW  AND 
BORING    MACHINE 

Is  an  accomplishment  in  every  workshop.  The 
Hall  Treadle  is  applic-ible  to  all  machinery  re- 
quiring a  foot  power— Sewing  Machines,  Grind- 
stoneE,  Jig  SawB,  Turning  Lathes,  Jewelers'  and 
Dentists'  Lathes,  etc.    Send  for  circulars. 

OUR      MACHINIST. 

In  connection  with  my  regular  business,  I  have 
a  line  MACHINE  SHOP,  for  repairing  all  kinds 
of  machines  and  like  work,  and  have  employed 
MR.  CHARLES  C.  REDMOND,  a  Skillful  Me- 
chanic, as  manager,  and  am  now  prepared  to  re- 
pair machines  and  machinery,  make  models, 
etc..  on  the  most  readonable  terms,  and  ALL 
WORK  GUARANTEED. 

B.  J.  SAIiISBURY, 

:133  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 
Sole  Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County. 


DIRECTORS: 

Wm.  Erkson,  J.  P.  Dudley, 

L.  F.  Chipraan,  David  Campbell, 

Horace  Little,  .lames  Singleton, 

C.  T.  Settle,  E.  A.  Braley, 

Thomas  E.  Snell. 

B^  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  Business. 
Also,  receive  deposits,  on  which  snch  interest 
will  be  allowed  as  may  be  agreed  upon,  and 
make  loans  on  approved  security. 

SAl^   JOSE 
SAVINGS  BANK, 

280  Sa),la  Clara  Street. 

CAPITAL  STOCK  -        -        8600,000 

Paid  in  Capital  (Gold  Coin)    -   $300,000 

OIHcers:— President,  John  H.  Moore;  Vice- 
PreBident,  Cary  Peebles;  Cashier,  H.  H.  Reynolds ; 
H.  L.  Cutter,  Secretary. 

Directors :— John  H.  Moore,  Dr.  B.  Bi-yant,  S. 
A.  Bishop,  Dr.  W.  H.  Stone,  Cary  Peebles,  S.  A. 
ciark.  H.  Messing. 

NEW    FKATXIREt 

This  Bank  issues  ■■  Deposit  Receipts,"  bearing 
interest  at  «,  Sand  10  percent  per  annum;  inter- 
est payable  promptly  at  the  end  of  six  months 
from  date  of  deposit.  The  "  Receipt"  may  be 
transferred  by  indorsement  and  the  principle 
with  interest  paid  to  holder.  Interest  also  al- 
lowed on  Book  Accounts,  beginning  at  date  ef  i 
deposit.  Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any 
in  the  State,  and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe  ^ 
keeping  of  Bonds,  StockB,  Papers,  Jewelry, 
Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,  at  trifling  cost,  i 
Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York, 
in  Gold  or  Cm-rency,  at  reasonable  rates.  Buy 
and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen. 
eral  Banking  Business. 


THESE  STYLES  OF  UNDERCLOTHING  FOB 
Ladies  have  been  found  by  all  who  have  nsed 
them,  the  most  convenient  and  comfortable, 
as  well  as  economical  of  any  now  in  use.  Models 
were  exhibited  and  attracted  mnch  commenda- 
tion at  the  late  Fair. 

Patterns  rjn  bo  had  by  applying  to  Mrs . 
Herring,  east  side- of  Ninth  street,  between  St. 
John  and  St.  James  streets,  San  Jose,  (where 
samples  can  be  seen,)  or  by  addressing 

C.  C.  C.  Company, 

Box  GOG  San  FninciBii.. 


This  reform  underclothing  has  been  worn  by 
the  Editor's  wife  and  children  for  the  past  two 
seasons,  and  is  certainly  superior  in  points  of 
comfort,  healthfuInesB,  and  economy  of  wear 
and  material  of  any  ever  invented.  Tliey  are  the 
invention  of  a  California  lady  who  makes  every 
pattern  her-elf  and  writes  full  directions  upon 
each.  No  family  that  once  tries  these  styles  of 
clotliing  will  ever  go  back  to  the  others. 


CHARLEY     SIKES' 

STAGE    LINE. 


THE    COENEE    CASH   STOEE, 

nieoBTEiss  IN 
Dry  and  Fancy  Goods,  Gents"  Furnish- 
ing Goods,  Clothing,  Hats.  Trunks  and  satchels. 

tifvWe  make  a  Specialty  of  Boys'  Clothing. 
:lOlTuid   :iO:l.   corner  Market  and  Santa  Clara 
streets.  San  Jose,  Cal._  se.it 


mmmm  Spanish  msrinos ^ whowx^ts  a hoivie 


FOR     SALE. 


SIXTY  ONE  AND  TWO  YEARS  OLD 
Thoroughbred  Spanish  Merino  Rams,  for 
sale.  Also,  about  100  Ewes  and  Lambs,  all 
California  bred,  from  stock  imported  from 
Vermont,  and  as  good  as  there  is  on  this  Coast. 
Prices  to  suit  the  times.  je 

B.  F.  WATKINS,  Santa  Clara,  Cal. 

n^"  The  National  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to 
Bradely  k  Bulotson  for  the  best  Photographs  in 
the  United  States,  Ind  the  Vienna  medal  for  the 
best  in  the  world. 

429  Mantgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 


74  Acres  Rich  Valley  land, 

situated  between  Santa  Clara  ;.nd  Alviso.  near 
Narrow  Gauge  R.K.  Excellent  laud  for  Grain. 
Hay  and  Fruits,  especially  Strawberries.  Large, 
Hewing  Artesian  Will  on  the  premises.  Apply  to 
OAliV  PEEBLES,  owner.  Santa  Clara. 


IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 


Stoves. 


THE      SINGER 

SEWING  MACHINE  ROOMS. 

Over  146,000  more  Singer  Sewing  Machines  sold 
in  1H7.">  than  by  any  other  company. 

223   Second    Street,    San    Jose. 

A.  C.  PERKINS,  Ag't  for  Santa  Clara  Co. 


CB.    POLHEMUS,  8au  Jose,  Santa  Clara 
•  Countv,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cat- 
tle. 

C\ARR   rfc  CHAPMAN,  Oabllan,  Monterey 
/  County,   Cal.- Breeders  of  Trotting  HorBoa, 
Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 


WT  L.  O'VEBHISER,  Stockton,  San  Jo»- 
VV  .  quin County,  Cal.— Breederof Short-Horn 
Cattle  and  Swine. 

OSES    WICK,    Oro\-ille,  Butte  Connty 
Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle^ 


M 


SHEEP  AND  GOATS. 

CP.   BAILEY,   San  Jose  Cal.- Importer   - 
•  breeder,   and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  An- 
gora GoaUi.  Fine  I'nre-bred  and  Grade  Goate  for 

sale. 

MCCRACKEN  &  LEWIS,  San  Jose,  Cal.— 
Ilnp)rterBand  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Ooats; 
alBO,  line  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 

MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOW,  Centerville, 
near  Niles  Station,  Alameda  County,  Cal.— 
Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Kams  and  F,wc« 
lor  sale.  


SWINE. 


C^ 


San  Jose  to  Santa   Cruz, 

—  vl.\— 

Santa  Clara,  Saratoga  and  Felton. 


Leaves  San  Jose  Monday.s,  Wednesdays 
and  Fridays  for  Santa  Cruz;  and  leaves  Santa 
Cm/.  Tuesday!.,  Tliursdaya  and  Satur- 
days for  San  Jose. 

Passenger  Kates,  each    way,  through,  S'i.'iO. 

Parcels,  etc.,  carried,  and  Errands  done  at 
reasonable  rates.  The  route  traveled  over  the 
mountains  is  grand  in  Scenery,  and  the  trip  is 
most  invigorating. 

Olhcc  in  San  Jose,  the  HENSLEY  HOUSE. 


IHARLES  CLARK,  Milpitaa,  Santa  Clara 
County,  Cal.— Breeder  of    Pure-bred  Berk- 
shire Swine. 

POULTRY.  ^ 

RS.L.    J.  W.VTKINS,   Santa  Clat«— 
Premium   Fowls.    White  and  Brown  Leg- 
horn, S.  S.  Hamburg.L.  Brabmas.  B.  B.Red  Game, 
Game  Bantams.    .\lso.  Eggs. 

E.     M.\TTESON,    Stockton,  Cal.,Im. 
porter.  Breed,  r  and  Shipper  of  Purebred 
Game  Fowls. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 


Locke  (Si.  Montague, 


S  HARRIS  HERRING,  San  Jose,  Cal.— 
Agent  for  several  brecdorsof  BestPure-bred 
animals  and  [wultry.  We  bring  the  breeder  and 
purchaser  together  direct,  and  do  not  stand  be- 
tween them,  while  we  aid  each  free  of  charge. 

t:PLENDID  CARD    PHOTOGRAPHS, 

O  only  9'i  a  dozen,  and  Cabinets  $4  a  dozen, 
at  HOWXAND'S  Gallery  (Heering'B  old  stand) 
No,  35D  First  street,  San  Jose. 

i  TtTaLLACE  &  CO.,  No.  386  First 
W  street— Handsome  turnouts  always  on  hand 
at  fair  prices.  Fine  Hearse  for  Funerals.  Car- 
riages for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 

I  H.    8.    LAMKIN, 

A'         TTORNEY-AT-LAW-KOOMS    3  ANT)    4, 
Stone's  Building  (opposite  Auzerais  House), 
Santa  Clara  street,  San  Jose. 


Pumps, 

iron  Pipe. 

Tinware  «c. 

112  and  114  Battery  St., 

SAX   FRANCISCO. 


HYGIENIC   BATHS. 

Steam-Vapor  and  Hot  Air  Baths, 

Only  .'50  Cents  Eaci;, 

Given  by  DR.  BALL,  Fountain  St.,  San  Jose. 


■  Mrs.  DR.  BALL  will   wait  on  Ladies.  "^U 


I 


The    San    Jose    Clothing    Store, 


1:4 


XVO.    266    SANTA 


CIiAKA      STRBEBT, OPPOSITE    THE      AUZERAXS      HOUSE, 

Is  now  crowded  with  all  the  New  Styles  and  Novelties  in  the  line  of  ^ 

Clothing,     Gents'      Furnishing      Goods,      Hats,      Caps,      &c.,      &c. 

Also  a  Full  Stock  of  all  the  Latest  Styles  of  French,  English,  >coteh,  and  American  Cassimeres,  in  Diagonal,  Plaid  and  Plain  Styles. 
Ijff'  Our  Custom   Department  is  in  charge  of    Mr.  Rawlston,  a  gentleman  of   large   experience  in  the  business  of    MERCHANT  TAILORING,  and 
has  Wo   Superior  as  an  Artistic  Cutter.  0'BANION<&KE  NT. 


C.  E.  CAMPBELL, 

Manufacturer  of 


Well  Pipe  and  Galvanized  Iron 
Puin|>!t  witli  Improved  Valves. 


Stoves,       Eosge:, 
Fanps, 
Hydraulic  Earns, 
Lead  atd  lien  Pipe, 

Brass  Goods,  Tin,  Copper,  Zinc  and    Slieet- 

Hose  Wire,      iron     Wares,      Galvanized    Iron 

Fanners'  Boilers,      ciiunne}'.4.  Tin  Roofing,  Plumb- 
House  Furnishiug     ing,  etc.. 


Wares. 


•^Giais 


Dealer. 


No.  339  First  Struct,  opposite  El  Do- 
rado  St. 

J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

■4'i1  First  Street. 

THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE 

PAlli  FOB 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


^ 

itm^m 

SIVIOKIITa  CHIMWEVS  CURED 

The  comic  mmm  and  CHIMNEy  TOP 

HAS  PROVED  A  COMPLETE 
S\u-ieBB  iu  curing  the  most  oli- 
Btinate,  Bluggisli  and  smoky  cLim- 
uiys.  It  stands  on  the  top  of  tlie 
chimney,  and  does  not  require  a 
sniokeBtack  to  caiTy  It  above  the  sur- 
roiiudinK  Vjuildings. 

It  is  the  only  Chimney  top  that  will 
work  BuliKfai  tcirily  when  surrounded 
liy  hi«h  liUiKlingB.  For  ventilating 
Ekvat..rK.  Mm  hiue  Shops,  E.  K.  De- 
pots, Cur  Shops,  etc.,  it  is  unrivaled. 

N.  B.— Send  inside  measurement  of 
top  of  chimney  or  ventilating  shaft. 

All  Chimnev  Tops  guaranteed  to 
give  entire  satiFfactiou,  and  if  any 
should  fail  after  atrial  of  two  months 
we  will  cheerfully  refund  (he  money. 

F.      XIiEm, 

Jjar  S/VNTA  CLARA  STREET, 

SAN  JOSE. 

KINO'S  mimm  immi 

IMPROVE.  C^tflM^^  STRENGTHEN, 

and  PreBcrvo  5L_/       CSS      '''e  S'S''*- 
8£y  500   Pairs  in   Use  in  San  Jose .    A 

Perfect  Fit  Guaranteed.    For  sale  by 

SMITH  &  RYDER,  Jewelers, 

:107  FIRST  Ktreet.  <;oninieicial    Bank  Building 


9 

r 
P 


3 

d 
t 


p 


D 

3 

•a 


Tlie  1jnr<refit  and  most  Complete  Stock  of 
Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees  in  the  V»  S. 
Priced    Calaloyiies   sent  as   follo\«'s:    No.    1, 

FrnitB,  with  ruliir.d  phitt-,  15  cts.;  plain,  10  ctt^.  No, 
3,  Ornitnicntiil  Tn  in,  <ti.,  with  plate,  35  cts.  No.  :[, 
Gniiilioiisr;  Ni>.  -J.  Whok'salf.  and  No.  5,  List  of  Now 
liii.sch.  Free.     AdclresH, 

ELLWANSER  &  BARRY,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

e::celse  imi  company 

FIELD    &    KENDALL, 

{Successors  to  Field.  Combe  &  Gregory) 

.    ^  MANTJFACrUHERR  OF 

^  /\J  ,^^^»  Head  Stones, 

J    -_S^  .'— i  Jt  Monuments. 

and  all  kinds  ol 

Cemetery  Work 

in  Miirldeaud  Granite. 

•^77  SECOND  ST. 

San  Jose. 

BOYS! 

Uis^ToTrfFor! 

Splendid  Premium 

To  the  liny  ^ho   will  get  \xs 

40    New    SulDScriptions 


E.    J.    WILCOX. 

Wilfoxlflufk.No.  i94FirstSt., 
SAXV    JOSE,    CAIi. 

Califonna  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

A  Large  and  Superior  .Assortment. 


BootK 

Slid 

Shoes. 


Ifo. 


394     First    Street, 

Wilcox  Bloc't,  San  Jose. 


1£^ 


J.    A.  CONBOIE, 

mm  AND  APOTHECAU: 

No.     ■.t'.fi    First    street, 

SAN   JOSE. 

BEAR  CREEK 
LUMBER  CO., 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

ALL  KINDS  OF  LUMBER,  ''«" 

Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc  M  oody's  Mills, 
California  and  Oregon  LumteJ^       san  .jose. 

Constantly  ou  hand. 

All  Orders  Promptly   Filled  **■  ^    Box  50i>. 


.[office: 

T  HIRE  Street, 


CALIFORNIA  AGRICULTURIST 

AT  SI.50   EACH. 


GARDEN  CITV 

DRUG  STORE 

H.  PIES^NECKER, 

Proprietor, 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St. 


For  only  40  Now  Subscribers,  which  you  can 
^et  in  your  district  in  a  short  time,  we  will  give 
the  Hiill  Tre^Mlle 

JIO  m  AND  BOHINO  MACHINE, 


SPECIAL  FREMIUIVES. 

For  I)  New  Subscriptions — A  Lady's  Work  and 
Music  Box,  worth  $ti. 

For  4  New  Subscriptions— A  Good,  Second- 
band  Five-Keyed  Flute,  well  worth  $5. 

ForO  New  Subscriptions— Darwin's  Variations 
in  Domestic  Plants  and  Animals.  New,  vjilu«- 
able  work,  2  volumes.    Price  i 

For  2  New  SubscrijitionM— Pilyriin's  Progress, 
by  John  Bunyan,  worth  $*2. 

For  ;i  New  Subscriptions — The  Grouudswoll 
(liistory  of  tho  larnu'r.-i'  movement) ,  worth  $'l. 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH 

Pioneer  Blacksmith   and  Carriage  Shop, 
Balbacli^s  IVe^v   Bricic,  eor.    Sec- 
ond St.  and  Fountain  Alley, 
SAN    JOSE, 
A^ent  for   Fish    Bro. *8  Wag-one. 

New  Work  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
Implements,  etc. 

West's      American     Tire-Setter. 


RHODES  Sl  lewis, 

APOTHECARIES, 


(.^^' 


1/ 


/ 


SI 


3=~-J 


^ 


v^' 


HOLIDAYS 

A.re  Close  at  Hand. 


LOOK  AT  OUR  PREMIUM  FOR  THIS  MONTH!  Mfc^ 
NOTHING   COUIiD   BE   FINER! 

NOW    IS   THE   TIME   TO    SEND   IX 

ITew  Subscriptions! H^'ii^ 


We  desire  EVERY  F&IEKTD  to  procure  lists  of  Sub- 
scribers for  1877. 

*    •    .  -   — 

If  "'••  "•'•'  •>«'««-rmiin-il  to   Miakp  it  to  lh«-  inleifst  of  EVERY  FARMER 


^IW^   ■    COMMENCE   NOW! 


EVEI^Y   FAMILY  ON   THIS  COAST    /m/'^m 

TO    TAKK    THK  I    jfl/  -^. 

California  Agriculturist         ^jl'7'^lM^V- 


THE  COMING  YEAR. 


ii  \  ■"-: 


11  yy?  hfousEhfom  Mm/¥i/HE 


viN.] 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


JACHSOIT     ZiB-WZS, 

DEALER  IN 


■patches,  Je-welry,  Silver- VTare, 


SFECT^CLES,  ETC., 
259  Santa  Clara  Street, 


SAN  JOSE. 


I\.      J.      TRUMBULL, 

Grower,  Importer,  Wholesale  and 
Betail  Dealer  iu 

VEGETABLE, 

FLOWER, 

FIELD, 

and  TREE 

SEEDS. 

FLOWERING  BULBS  an.l  PLANTS. 

FBPIT  and  ORNAMKNTAL  TREES, 

GARDEN    HARDWARE.  ETC. 


On  hand,  a  Large  Stock  of 

BURR    CIiOVfR    SEED, 

For  sowing  on  Worn-out  Pasture  Lauds. 
Manufacturer's  Agent  for  the  Celebrated 

Central    Park     Lawn    Mower, 

Which  is  superior  to  any  other  on  the 
Pacific  Coast. 


***  My  Bulb  Catalogue  'will  be  out  in  Septem- 
ber, and  sent  anywhere  on  application. 

R.  J.  TRUMBULL, 
4:19  and  421  Sansome  St.,  San  Francisco 


LOUIS  CHOPARD, 

wmmi  ^^ 

JEWELLER, 

And  Dealer  in 

SPECTACLKS   AND  CUTl^ERY, 

_      At  Lowest  Figures. 

B^  Watches  and  Jewelry  Carefully  Repaired, 
Auzerais  House  Block,  San  Jose. 


PuMished  mnuthly,  at  Sau  Just-,  Cul., 

By   ALEX.    P.     MURSOTTEN. 
Our  nf  tlid  lii'sl  Family  Papors  on  the  Coast 

PKir       ONLY   SI    A  YEAR. 

The  Tr-iiipeniiirc  Ponjile  Rhould   all  have  it. 

JOB  prTn  ting 

OF  EVEUY    BTTLB 

Done  at  the  "  CHAMPION"  Ofllce. 


THUEMAIT&WOODIIOW 

UNDERTAKERS, 

408  First  Street,       San  Jose. 


EVERYTHING  IN  THE  LINE  FURNISHED 
promptly,  and  on  the  Most  Reasonable 
TermB.  We  are  also  prepared  to  furnish  tw«i  of 
the  finest  HEARSES  on  the  Coast,  iucludint^  a 
Beautiful,  GLOSS  WHITE  CHILD'S  HEARSE. 
Persons  in  need  of  anything  iu  our  line  will  tiud 
it  to  thfir  interest  to  call  on  us. 

TURE]»IA1V  &  WOODROW, 
408  First  street,  San  Jose,  Cal. 


SAN    JOSE 
A.SBESTIAN  STONE  WORKS 


THE  ASBESTIAN  IS  AN  ARTIFICIAL  STONE 
superior  to  any  other  for  Cemetery  Work, 
Building  Fronts,  and  substantial  and  fine  work 
generally.  Elegant  designs  can  he  moulded  so 
as  to  resemble  the  finest  Out  Stone.  It  is  war- 
ranted to  be  Stronger  and  More  Durable  than 
Sandstone  or  Marble. 

IMER.    J.   yjff.    COIVEBS, 

(Late  of  the  Excelsior  Marble  Works)  has  en- 
gaged in  its  manufartare  in  San  Jose,  and  can 
be  found  in  the  same  building  occupied  by  Al- 
bert Lake's  Box  Factory,  near  the  C  P.  R.  R. 
Depot.  B^*  Fine  Sculpture  Work  in  Marble  a 
Specialty.  J.  W.  COMBS. 


es 


THE  ANGORA 


'f 


Gilham's  Green  Ointment, 

For  all  external  diseases  of  the  Horse,  has  no 
equal.  For  sale  by  Traders,  Druggists,  Harnesfc- 
makers.  and  Main   <&  Wiiicltester,    214   and 

•210  Battery  street.  San  Fraucisro. 

THE  GOODENOtIGH  COMMON-SENSE 
SYSTEM 

HOnSESHOEIlTG    SHOP! 

Cor.       Saiira    Clara      and     San      Pedro 
Streets  (oppoiiite  Post  Oflice) . 

Horse-Shoeing      S2. 

SANTA  CLAHA  TANNSRI 

JACOB   EBERHARDT  -  -  Prop'r.  I 

ALL.  KINDS  OF  LEATHER,    SHEEP-  | 
skins   and  wool.    Highest    prir      paid    for  \ 
Sheep  Skins,  Tallow.  Wool,  etc. 


DSr  For  75  subMcriptlona  to  the  Califor- 
nia    Ag^riculturiHt,   at    S>1.5U      each,    the 

publishrrs  will  give  a  S7(»  New  Davis 
Se\*'in^  Machine.  Hero  is  an  opportunity 
for  some  energetic  lady  to  get  the  l)est  Sewing 
Machine  for  a  little  time  well  employed.  The 
DAVIS  took  the  lirst  premium  at  tho  Santa 
Clara  Valley  Agricultural  Society's  Exhibition 
last  Fall. 


^LL  tn  ^77  ■■'  Week  to  Ag<:iits.    Sdiiiples  FREE. 
iDjJ  IU  ij)//  I'.  O.  VICKERY,    Augusta,    Maine. 


OF  SAN  JOSE,  CAL. 


Capital  Stock  $50,000 


C    P    BAILEY.  President. 
JACKSON  LEWIS.  Secretary, 
JOHN  W.  HINDS.  Trea.siu-er, 


THIS  COMPANY  is  making  a  specialty  of  man- 
ufactiuing  all  styles  nf 

GLOVES,  EOBES,  MATS,  EUGS, 
Lace-Leatlier  and 

PEBBLE  GOAT  LEATHER, 

FR(  iM 

Angora  Goat  Skir\s. 

They  claim  fur  the  gloves 

Ist.    They  are  cheaper  than  buckskin  gloves. 

2d.  The  bkins  are  tanned  with  the  graiu  nn,  and 
are  very  nearly  water-proof,  and  when,  from  long  ex- 
posm-e,  they  are  wet,  they  dry  out  perfectly  soft— as 
good  as  new. 

4th,    For  a  haiTest  glove  they  have  no  equal. 

They  also  raanufactiu-e  all  varieties  of  bucksin 
Gloves  and  Mittens  as  gooil  as  the  best. 

The  Gloves.  Robes,  and  Lace-Leather  manufac- 
tm-ed  by  tliis  Company  have  taken  First  Premiums 
iu  1876  over  all  competitors  at  the  Nevada  State  Fair, 
California  State  Fair,  and  Santa  Clara  Couuty  Fair. 

CAUTION. — Certaiu  unprincipled  parties  are  man- 
ufacturing gloves  from  sheep-skins,  and  stamping  the 
same  "Goat  Skin  Gloves." 

^?^Look  for  otu-  trade  mark,  stamped  in  the  glove, 
before  purchasing, .iFJf 

For  sale  liy  the  trade  generally. 

SFZSCZAL  PREZMEZUIKCS. 

For  6  New  Subscriptions— A  Lady's  Work  and 
Music  Box,  worth  S'j. 

For  i  New  Subscriptions—A  Good,  Second- 
hand Five- Keyed  Flute,  well  worth  $5. 

ForG  New  Subscriptions — Darwin's  Variations 
in  Domestic  Plants  and  Animals.  New,  valua- 
able  work,  2  volumes.    Price  $6. 

For  2  New  Subscriptions— Pilgrim's  Progress, 
by  John  Bunyan.  worth  $2. 

For  3  New  Subscriptions— The  Groundswell 
(history  of  the  farmers'  movement),  worth  $3. 


CAL.    AGRICULTURIST   PUB.  CO. 
THE    COENER    CASH   STORE, 

IMl'ORTEllB  IN 

Dry  and  Fancy  Goods,  Gents'  Fnrnisli- 

ing  Goods,  ('lothing,  Hats, Trunks  and  Satchels. 

tif^We  niiike  i\  Specialty  of  Boys'  Clothing. 
IIOI  and   KOII.   corner  Market  and  Sautu   Clara 
streets,  San  Jose.  Cal^ seiH 

WHO  "W ANTS   A  HOIVIbT 

74  Acres  Rich  Valley  Iiand, 

sihmttni  l>et\vei-ii  Siuita  ("lar;!  and  .\lvisu.  nejir 
Narrow  Gauge  R.  It.  Excellent  land  for  (irain. 
Hay  and  Fruits, especially  Strawberries.  Large, 
flowing  Artesiun  Widl  <in  the  premise's.  Apply  to 
CARY  PKELJLES,  owner,  Santii  Cliu-a. 


PAHMERS  NATIONAL  m  SANK 

....OF    .. 

SABT    JOSXS. 

Paid  up  Capital  (gold  coin) $r>00,  000 

Authorized  Capital $1, 000, 000 

John  W.  Hinds.  President;  E.  C.  Singletary, 
Vice-President;  W.  D.  Tisdale,  Cashier  and  Sec- 
retary; L.  G.  Nesmith,  Assistant  Cashier. 

Directors:— C.  Burrel,  Wm.  D.  Tisdale.  E. 
L.  Bradley.  C.  G.Harrison,  E.  C.  Singletary,  Wm. 
L.  Tisdale,  John  W.  Hinds.  W.  H.  Wing,  T.  Bj 
Edwards, 

Correspondents:-  Anglo-Calif ornian  Bank 
(limited).  Sau  Frauciseo;  First  National  Gold 
Bank,  S.  F.;  First  National  Bank,  New  York; 
Anglu-Californian  Bank  (limited)  London. 

WILL  ALLOW  INTEREST  ON  DEPOSITS, 
buy  and  sell  Exchange,  make  collections, 
loan  money,  and  transact  a  General  Banking 
Business.  Special  inducements  offered  to  mer- 
chants, mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  commer. 
cial  accounts. 
S.  W.  Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara.  Stg., 

SAN*  JOSE. 


S^N^   JOSE 

SAVINGS  BANK, 


280  Santa  Clara  Street. 


CAPITAL  STOCK 

Paid  in  Capital  (Gold  Coin) 


$600,  000 
$300, 000 


Officers: — President,  John  H.  Moore;  Vice- 
President,  Gary  Peebles;  Cashier,  H.  H.  Reynolds ; 
H.  L.  Cutter,  Secretary. 

Directors : — John  H.  Moore,  Dr.  B.  Bryant,  S. 
A.  Bishop,  Dr.  W.  H.  Stone,  Gary  Peebles,  S.  A. 
Clark,  H.  Messing. 

NEW   FEATURE: 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts."  bearing 
interest  at  6,  Haud  10  percent  per  annum;  inter- 
est payable  prumi>tly  at  the  end  of  six  months 
from  date  of  deposit.  The  '*  Receipt"  may  be 
transferred  by  indorsement  and  the  principle 
with  interest  paid  to  holder.  Interest  also  al- 
lowed on  Book  Accounts,  beginning  at  date  of 
deposit.  Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any 
in  the  State,  aud  specially  adapted  for  tho  safe 
keeping  of  Bonds,  Stocks,  Papers.  Jewelry, 
Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,  at  trifliug  cost. 
Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York, 
iu  Gold  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates.  Buy 
and  sell  Legal  Tender  Notes  aud  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Baukiug  Biisiuess. 


FARMERS'     UNION. 

(Sueeessors  to  A.  Phistku  &    Co.) 
Cor.     Second    and    Santa    Clara    Sts. 

SAN  JOSE. 


CAPITAL 

WILLIAM  ERKSON 
H.E.  HILLS 


$100,000. 

President 
Manager. 


DIRECTORS: 

Wm.  Erkson,  J.  P.  Dudley. 

L.  F.  Chipman,  David  Campbell, 

Horace  Little,  James  Singleton, 

C.  T.  Settle,  E.  A.  Braley. 

Thomas  E.  Snoll. 

asy  Will   do   a  General    Mercantile   Busiucps.  # 

Also,   reeeive   deposits,  on  which  such  inttrest  .1 

will   be   allowed   as   may  bo   agreed   upon,  ami  V 

make  loans  on  ai-proved  serurity.  * 

BS^  The  Natituial  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to 
Bradrly  k  Bulofson  for  the  best  Photogr-iphs  in 
the  United  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  for  tho 
best  in  the  world. 

429  Mautgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 


California  Agriculturist 


Vol.  7— No.  11.! 


SAN  JOSE  AND  SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL,  NOVEMBER,  1876. 


{ SuBscBrPTios  Pbice,  $1.50aYesr. 
\  Siuf^lu  Copies.  15  Cents, 


®itn  ^iivtkniuji. 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR   NOVEMBER 

siE   quote  from  the  San  Francisco 

California  IloiiicuUurisi  some  hints 

on    work    for    November,   which 

are  written   by   a   practical    gar- 

,  jj     deuer : 

"The  flower  garden  has  its  worst  time 
during  November;  flowers  are  then  be- 
coming very  scarce,  and  florists  have 
difficulty  in  procuring  suflacient  for  their 
customers,  though  every  year  this  want 
is  becoming  less  and  less,  owing  to  new 
plants  being  brought  into  notice,  and  a 
more  thorough  knowledge  being  ob- 
tained by  those  in  the  business,  to  sup- 
ply the  wants  of  flower  amateurs. 
Shrubs  and  trees  should  now  receive  a 
thorough  pruning.  After  the  first  rains 
the  ground  should  receive  a  good  top- 
dressing  of  manure,  and  after  that  a 
thorough  spading.  Whatever  is  to  be 
transplanted  should  be  done  at  this 
time. 

Dahlias  are  better  out  of  the  ground, 
and  stored  away  in  a  dry,  cool  room. 

Greenhouse  plants  should  be  watered 
carefully.  Gardeners  and  others  are 
apt  to  give  too  much  water  during  the 
fall  and  winter  months. 

Cineraries,  Cj-clamens,  and  Chinese 
Primroses  should  receive  the  attention 
of  florists,  in  order  to  have  them  iu 
bloom  at  the  beginning  of  January. 
The  best  place  for  them  is  close  under 
glass.  Cinerarias  may  have  plenty  of 
water,  if  a  warm  and  sunny  exposure 
can  be  given.  Primroses  and  Cycla- 
mens do  better  in  a  partially  shaded 
position. 

Camellias  require  abundance  of  water 
as  their  flowering  season  approaches. 

All  kinds  of  seeds  of  greenhouse 
plants  and  evergreens  may  be  sown  in 
boxes  and  pots  as  soon  as  they  ripen. 
It  is  much  better  for  seeds  to  be  put  in 
the  ground  than  to  lie  upon  the  shelves, 
especially  as  without  resorting  to  artifi- 
cial heat,  the  autumn  and  winter  months 
with  us  are  generally  more  favorable  for 
the  germination  of  seeds  under  glass. 

Hyacinths  can  safely  be  planted  for 
greenhouse  and  window  culture.  After 
potting,  place  them  in  a  dark  room  for  a 
week  or  two,  and  allow  them  to  form 
roots  before  the  leaves  make  their  ap- 
pearance. 

The  vines  in  graperies  must  be  kept 
very  dry  and  airy," 

To  the  above  we  Nvill  add  a  few  words. 
Prune  away  and  clean  up  all  old  stalks, 
dead  leaves"  and  rubbish,  so  that  your 
garden  will  look  neiit.  Protect  all 
healthy-looking  tender  plants  from  frost 
by  covering  over  with  paper,  cloth  or 
boxes  on  cold  nights.  Don't  allow  the 
CaDa  lilies  to  get  nipped.  It  will  pay  to 
be  particular  with  them.  Make  a  light, 
ornamental  frame  out  of  lathing  to  hold 
the  covering.  You  need  not  remove  the 
frame;  if  painted  green  it  will  look  neat. 
The  covering  should  be  put  on  at  night 
and  removed  after  the  air  is  temperate — 
an  hour  or  so  after  sunrise. 


^ 


Now  is  a  good  time  to  transplant 
violets  and  all  early-blooming,  hardy 
perennials.  If  watering  is  required, 
apply  in  the  morning,  as  watering  at 
night  in  cold  weather  is  likely  to  chill 
the  plants. 

Now  is  a  good  season  to  stir  the  soil. 
After  a  light  spading  and  pulverizing, 
spread  a  thick  coating  of  manure  on  the 
surface  of  beds,  and  cover  the  manure 
with  an  inch  or  more  of  saud.  This 
gives  a  neat  ap])earance,  and  is  much 
better  for  the  soil  than  clear  manure.  In 
fact,  the  very  best  surface  dressing  is 
manure  and  sand.  The  sand  on  top, 
during  the  rainy  season,  by  keeping  the 
manure  constantly  moist,  facilitates  its 
decay  and  prepares  it  for  plant-food, 
so  that  when  the  bed  is  spaded  iu  Feb- 
ruary it  will  be  in  the  best  possible  con- 
dition. 

Procure  gravel  for  walks  now,  before 
the  heavy  rains.  Shelter  all  tender 
plants  against  beating  winds,  rains  and 
frost,  and  you  will  bo  well  repaid  for  all 
trouble. — [Ed.  Agr. 


WINTER  IRKIGATION. 

In  many  portions  of  (.'alifornia  the 
soil  is  deep  and  retentive  of  moisture, 
and  if  once  filled  with  moisture  will, 
without  late  rains,  hold  enough  in  store 
to  supply  the  growth  of  a  crop  of  grain, 
hay,  or  iu  fact  any  crop  that  does  not 
require  an  extra  abundance  of  water. 
An  abundance  of  rain  during  the  rainy 
season,  to  fill  the  soil,  will  always  bring 
full  crops  upon  such  lands.  Without 
the  abundant  rain  to  fill  the  soil,  if  not 
irrigated,  short  crops  or  an  entire  failure 
is  sure  to  result.  jVs  our  rains  are  so 
uncertain,  and  dry  years  are  so  frequent, 
it  becomes  a  matter  of  serious  import  to 
farmers  situated  upon  such  uplands  to 
provide  against  the  possibility  of  failure. 
It  is  a  matter  of  "life  or  death"  with 
them,  iu  a  business  point  of  view. 
While  these  lands  are  generally  beyond 
the  raach  of  summer  irrigation  from 
streams  of  runuing  water,  they  are 
usually  in  reach  of  water  courses  that  in 
winter  almost  always  run  enough  to 
completely  flood  the  lauds  were  it  eon- 
ducted  upon  them.  That  it  will  pay  for 
farmers  to  combine  together,  and  take 
out  and  utilize  the  waters  that  run  to 
waste  during  the  winter,  any  one  can 
convince  himself  of  by  sitting  down  and 
figuring  upon  the  costs  and  profits.  It 
is  very  seldom  that  there  is  enough 
moisture  stored  in  the  soil  to  produce  a 
full  crop.  There  is  not  one  season  in 
ten  that  a  good  soakiug  of  the  soil  would 
not  be  a  benefit.  The  creeks  iu  winter 
are  always  supplied  with  surface  wash- 
lugs  of  liills,  and  the  wati-r  is  filled  with 
rich,  fertilizing  matters  that,  if  spread 
upon  the  soil,  will  enrich  it  more  than 
full  cropping  will  exhaust,  so  that  lauds 
winter-irrigated  will  constantly  increase 
in  fertility  and  the  crops  be  greatly  mul- 
tiplied. If  the  value  of  winter  irrigation 
was  properly  understood,  no  farmer  who 
could  possibly  make  use  of  it  would  rest 
content  until" he  apphed  it  to  his  lands; 
there  would  be  a  general  co-operation 
among  farmers  to  secure  the  benefits  at 


once,    instead   of   the   lethargy  and   the 
standing  in   each  other's   way  so   often 
seen   in  neighborhoods   at  the  present 
time.     We  know  of   instances  where  the 
perverseness  of   some   men  prevents  the 
developing    of      measures     that    would 
greatly  benefit  all,   and   double  the  pro- 
ductive  capacity   and   value   of    farms. 
This  matter   of    winter  irrigation  should 
enlist  the  action  of  clubs  and  Grangers 
wherever   co-operation    is    necessary  to 
secure  it.     A  few  examples  in  a.  county 
would  arouse  all  the  people  in  earnest  to 
an  appreciation  of  its  value.     Our  laws 
should  be  so   modeled   that  every  land- 
owner  can    demand   as   his  right  a   just 
proportion  of  the  waters  that  naturally 
lielong  to  it,  and    no  one  should  prevent 
him' from   reaching   such   stream   by  the 
direction  approved  by  the  surveyor.  The 
lands  and    streams   should   be  surveyed 
and  mapped   oflT,    showing  the   limits  of 
the  lands  each  stream    is  allowed  to  irri- 
gate,   and   the   district   should   bo  asso- 
ciated for  mutual    work  and    agreement. 
This,  with  suitable  |)rovisions  of  law  for 
local  action  and  government,  would  be  a 
foundation  for  such  improvement  as  the 
enlightenment    and    enterprise    of    the 
people   of   each  district  might  demand. 
No  farmer  of  experience  and  observation 
will    dispute    for  a   moment   that   great 
benefit  maj'  result  from  thorough  winter 
irrigaticm.     The  land  soaked  one  winter 
will,  with  ordinary  rains,  bring  two  good 
crops,    as  a  portion    of   the   moisture  is 
carried  over  from    the  first  to  the  second 
year.     Often  when  there  is  nearly  rain 
enough   to   bring  a  crop,    even  a  partial 
wetting  by  irrigation   would  supply  the 
balance  necessary  to  insure  success.     At 
any  rate,  a  proper  system  once  adopted, 
the  dams    and    ditches    once   made,   the 
further   expense   and    trouble   would  be 
but   light,    while    the   results   would  be 
grand   and  surprising  to   all   but  such  as 
have   fully   realized   the   advantages    of 
such    a   system.     We   might  enumerate 
instances  where  heavy  crops  were  growii 
from  land  soaked  iu  winter,  while  along- 
side, on  equally  good  soil,  there  was  an 
entire   failure    from    drouth.     But  such 
instances,  on  a  small  scale   at  least,  are 
familiar  to   every    practical   farmer    on 
this  coast.     No  argument  is  necessary  to 
prove   the   value    of    winter   irrigation. 
Only  a  little  united  action  is  required  to 
secure  its  general  benefits. 


BEE-KEEPING  IN  SOUTHERN  CAL- 
IFORNIA. 


BY   CUB   BEOtTLAK    COBBRSPONDEKT. 


Raisin-making  has  been  shown  from 

time  to  tiiiK-'  ((►  Iu;  niii.li  more  profitable  and 
reBpectftblc  tlian  wim'-making-  A\'liilo  irrapes 
lor  wine  have  this  year  sol<i  for  $10  per  ton. 
rainiii  gnipcp  pay  a  protit  on  S-'tO  per  ton  for 
curing  into  raiHins.  And  still  there  aie  grape- 
growers  who  pretend  to  despise  the  C.\I.I- 
FOUM.v  AcKK  I'l.TrRlST  for  daring  to  call 
into  question  either  the  protit  or  the  nioi-nlity 
of  wine  niakin;,'.  The  fact  that  their  vhie- 
yards  are  generally  mortgaged,  and  they 
caiMio*.  sell  wini!  for  enoULrh  to  pay  the  cost  of 
llio  casks  in  which  it  is  stored,  is  as  nothing 
compared  to  the  deln.sion  of  phantom  wealth 
thev  expect  to  sec  metiimorphosod  into  a 
reality.  They,  too,  often  .ipoil  their  manhood 
trvini^  to  save  their  wine  by  drinking  it.  We 
piiv  the  poor  wine-higot  who  cannot  see,  or 
that  will  not  listen  to  truthful  advice.  And, 
however  much  enmity  we  im-ur,  we  piopose 
to  eoiitiuue  to  give  e'xpres.sion  to  our  honest 
convictions. 


Ed.  .VoBiccLTtjEisT : — There  is  little  to 
write  about  in  regard  to  the  busy  bee,  at 
this  time.'  Nearly  all  apairists  have 
cleaned  up,  and   will  have  but  little  care 

or  trouble  with  the  apiary  till  the  swarm- 
ing season  comes  again.  But  the  care- 
ful apiarist  will  not  allow  a  day  to  pass 
that  he  does  not  walk  through  the  apiary. 
A  glance  will  tell  him  if  all  is  right. 
How  different  this  from  the  Eastern 
States,  wliere  tioi"  the  care  and  anxiety 
really  commences.  To  winter  safely, 
requires  more  labor  and  more  devices 
than  we  need  to  run  an  apiary  the  year 
round,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the 
moth  has  twelve  mouths  in  the  year  in 
which  to  depredate.  The  best  remedy 
for  the  above  mentioned  pests  that  I 
have  found  is  to  keep  the  colonies  of 
bees  strong. 

We  have  a  Bee-Keepers'  Association, 
from  which  great  things  are  expected  in 
the  future,  it  having  organized  so  late  in 
the  season  that  little  can  be  expected  of 
it  this  year.  And  here  I  wish  to  soy  I 
think  they  have  made  a  serious  mistake 
in  organizing  as  they  have;  not  thatthej' 
have  not  good  officers,  but  they  had  it  in 
their  power  to  elect  a  gentleman  as  Presi- 
dent who,  from  a  lifelong  experience  in 
the  apiary,  and  in  the  sale  of  the  product 
of  the  same,  is  pre-eminently  fitted  for 
the  situation,  and  the  Association  would 
have  derived  great  strength  and  prestige 
from  putting  him  iu  that  place,  and 
would  have  honored  it*// more  than  /ii;», 
and  justly  recognize  their  obligations  to 
the  originator  of  the  industry  on  this 
coast,  and  would  have  as  their  leader  the 
largest  owner  of  bees  on  this  continent. 

■This  morning  I  was  at  work  in  some 
willows  that  fringe  the  margin  of  a  stream 
near  my  apiary,  and  hearing  a  familiar 
sound,  I  looked  to  see  if  mj- ear  deceived 
me;  but  no,  sure  enough  there  was  a 
liurge  swarm  iu  the  air,  which  soon  clus- 
tered. I  examined  and  found  a  fine- 
looking  queen,  and  thinking  them 
worthy,  I  soon  had  them  in  a  good  hive, 
and  I  gave  them  a  lift  iu  the  way  of  a 
couple  of  sheets  of  honey,  which  sent 
them  to  housekeeping  rejoicing.  I  men- 
tion this  simply  on  account  of  being  ont 
of  season.  J\h. 

San  Bernardino,  Oct.  7,  1876. 

Ever  since  this  magazine  was  pub- 
lished we  have  advocated  making  a  good  use 
of  the  grape,  and  have  advocated  planting 
vines  to  produce  feed  for  animals.  It  will  pay 
on  land  too  dry  to  produce  alfalfa  or  other 
succnient  feed  in  abundance.  L'pland  farms, 
grain  farms,  can  pro<Ince  enough  grafes  to 
feed  and  fatten,  in  connection  with  grain,  a 
good  many  hogs  every  year,  at  almost  no  coat 
at  all.  The  liogs  will  harvest  the  crop  lliem- 
aelves.  and  the  pork  produced  will  bring 
better  returns  to  the  farmer  than  gi*ain  in 
sacks.  Everj'  upland  farmer  should  plant 
vines  for  this  purpose. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


iiiPiiiBiiii 


1-       m  AND  j 

$1.50  Per  Ar\r\urr\. 

PTTELISHED  MONTHLY   BY   THE 

CAL.     AGEICULTURIST      PUB.      CO. 

S.  HARRIS  HERRING,  Editor. 

,s'a/>.    JoHt     0^*(;e— 338  First  Street. 
San    Francisco  Business  Office  ftewpora- 
r;///;— 406  Market  Street.' 

RATES    OF    ADVERTISING: 

per  one  Column $12  UO  Per  Month 

"    half  Colninn GOO    " 

"    tourtli  Cohimu n  00    "        " 

"    eighth  Column 2  00     " 

"    sixteenth  Column 1  00    **        " 

'^'  We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  our  resolu- 
tion to  admits  nonebut  worthy  business  advertis- 
ing in  our  columns,  and  to  keep  clear  of  patent 
medicine,  liquor,  and  otter  advertieements  of 
doubtful  influence. 

The  large  circulation,  the  desirable  class  of 
renders,  and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rend, 
ers  this  .Tounia[  a  choice  medium  for  reaching 
the  attention  of  the  masses. 

Notice  to  Eastern  Advertisers  and 
Advertising  Agencies. 

ft-^  Hereafter  no  proposition  for  advertising 
in  this  journal  will  be  entertained  without  pay 
in  advance.  Our  published  rates  are  the  stand- 
ard for  all. 


EDITORIAL     NOTES. 


Occasionally  a  person  to  whom  we 
li:ivc  scut  ilie  AoRicULTUUiST-is  behind  in 
liis  paynieni,  and  orders  the  paper  stopped 
witliout  paying  his  dues.  Of  course  no  honest 
person  will  be  guilty  of  so  mean  an  act.  Such 
bill  we  shall  place  in  the  hands  of  suitable 
persons  for  collection,  and  we  shall  not  hesi- 
late  (o  expose  all   such  dishonest  delinquents. 

New  Work  on  Grape  Culture.— We 

hav«  received  from  A.  L.  Bancroft  &  Co., 
San  Francisco,  a  volume  devoted  to  grai)e 
ciillure,  written  and  compiled  by  T.  Hart 
Hyatt.  It  is  a  revision  of  the  work  by  the 
same  :uitlior  which  ai)|ieared  tome  ten  years 
ago,  and,  in  a  very  condensed  form,  includes  a 
good  deal  of  practical  information  njion  grape 
culture  in  California.  In  some  resnccts  it  is 
not  as  complete  as  we  could  desire,  but  it  is 
worthy  of  the  patronage  cf  tlie  people. 


Persons  who  receive  the  Califohnia 
A(niici'i,Ti;RiST  on  trial,  are  especially  re- 
'luested  to  exiwiine  it  on  its  own  merits.  If 
yi/u  like  the  magazine  and  think  it  cheap 
enough  at  $1  .lO  a  year,  please  order  it  sent 
ri-gularly  to  yonr  address  If  you  don't  want 
It,  remember  that  we  have  no  desire  to  force 
you  to  lake  it.  We  simply  wish  every  one 
not  aci|uaiiited  with  the  journal  to  see  it  for 
themselves,  for  we  know  that  among  all  the 
I'eople  lliere  are  a  goodly  number  who  will 
fnid  il  jnsl  suilcil  lo  their  wants. 


Steadily  our  list  increases.  This 
momh  we  print,  .''j.OUO  copies  ot  the  Cali- 
PouNi.v  Ai.iitcui.rtiHisT.  We  don't  want  a 
single  sabscriher  to  "go  back  on  us"  now. 
Scud  in  your  Bubscripl ions,  ami   coulimic  the 


best,  cheapest,  most  independent  and  practical 
agricultural  and  household  journal  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  you  will  never  regret  it.  The 
next  volume  will  in  many  respects  snrpassin 
worth  and  attractiveness  any  of  past  issue. 
Send  in  you  renewals,  accompanied  with  the 
new  subscriptions  of  friends,  wherever  pos- 
sible. 


The  Santa  Clara  Echo  has  changed 
hands  within  the  past  month,  E.  R.  Painter, 
formerly  of  Colorado,  taking  charge.  The 
present  proprietor  has  had  considerable  ex^ie- 
rience  both  as  a  publisher  and  ])nnter,  and 
brings  with  him  high  testimonials  from  his 
former  home.  We  are  assured  no  pains  will 
l)e  spared  to  make  the  Echo  a  lirst-elass  local 
and  general  newsi)aper,  sncb  a  one  as  will  be 
a  necessity  to  every  reading  man,  woman  and 
child  in  Santa  Clara  and  vicinity.  Send  your 
address  to  the  publisher  tor  a  specimen  copy 
and  be  convinced  of  what  we  say. 


Ordering  Frames. — Persons  order- 
ing frames  for  pictures  would  do  well  to 
associate  together  and  order  several.  It  will 
cost  no  more  by  express,  or  little  more,  to 
send  a  package  of  several  than  it  would  to 
send  one.  .Send  us  your  orders  and  we  will 
return  estimate  ot  cost ;  then  when  we  re- 
ceive the  money  the  frames  will  be  made  aud 
returned  to  you  as  soon  as  possible.  .Should 
you  wish  pictures  mounted  and  varnished  we 
will  do  that  also.  But  any  one  can  do  this  at 
home  if  he  will  follow  dii-ections  given  else- 
where, and  save  one-half  the  expense. 


human  love  and  kindness  should  lead  neigh- 
bors to  study  eacli  other's  good  as  well  as 
their  own. 

Frames  for    Pictures.— Our  Santa 

Cruz  correspondent,  and  others,  have  inquired 
as  to  the  price  ot  picture  frames.  Unless  w  e 
have  the  dimensions  of  the  picture  to  be 
framed,  and  know  the  style  of  frame  wanted, 
we  can  give  no  estimate.  But  to  such  as  de- 
sire oar  aid  we  can  offer  very  nearly  whole- 
sale rates.  We  have  made  arrangemt-nts 
with  frame  manufacturers  so  that  we  can  offer 
the  following  figures  on  frames  for  the 
"  Gypsy  Girl,"  12x16  inches  (persons  order- 
ing to  pay  transportation  from  San  Jose): 
1^-iuch  oiled  walnut  moulding  with  lialf  inch 
gilt  liuing,  05  cents;  IJ-iuch  oiled  walnut 
moulding  with  one  inch  gilt  lining,  $1;  '^-inch 
gilt  moulding  frame,  80  cents.  The  frames 
are  solidly  made,  nailed  and  glued.  We 
might  offer  lower  prices  on  inferior  frames, 
but  will  send  out  none  but  first-class  ones. 
These  rates  are  only  one  half  (or  less)  than 
what  dealers  ask  Persons  ordering  frames 
through  us  for  any  size  or  style  of  pictures, 
will  get  them  proportionately  low.  We  will 
he  glad  to  serve  all  subscribers  without  pay 
for  our  trouble. 


No  notice  win  be  paid  to  returned 
papers  unless  there  is  wr'.tten  upon  them  the 
pustoffice  address  of  the  person  returning,  so 
that  we  can  know  from  what  postoffice,  as 
well  as  from  what  name,  the  papers  are  re- 
turned. As  the  names  of  subscribei-s  are  ar 
ranged  in  our  books  by  postoliices,  we  cannot 
know  where  a  paper  comes  from  without  the 
postoffice  address.  The  proper  way  to  do 
when  you  wish  to  stop  a  ]>aper  is  to  write  to 
the  publisher,  settle  up  to  date,  and  order  the 
paper  stopped.  If  it  still  comee,  get  the  post, 
master  to  notify  the  publisher,  and  further  re 
sponsibility  on  your  jiart  will  cease. 


Santa  Clara  Diet  Bread.— M.  Frank 

Kingston,  the  proprietor  of  Ihe  famous  Santa 
Clara  Cracker  Factory,  is  making  the  very 
best  diet  bread  in  the  world  It  is  made  from 
pure,  unbolted  wheat  Hour,  with  no  grease,  no 
leaven  to  .deteriorate  its  nutritive  purity 
These  crackers  are  put  up  in  large  or  small 
packages  to  order,  and  are  sold  ,at  only  $7  per 
hundred  pounds.  This  is  cheaper  than  any 
other  first-class  cracker  made  at  any  other 
factory.  Invalids  and  healthy  people  who 
want  a  real  good  diet  bread  should  obtain 
some  at  once.  We  know  that  they  are  un- 
surpassed for  excellence,  as  we  are  using 
them  in  our  own  family.  We  speak  this 
gratuitous  word  for  the  lienefit  of  our  friends. 


The  subject  of  co-operation  is  one 

that  appears  to  be  enlisting  more  and  more 
the  attention  and  sympathies  of  the  industrial 
masses.  This  we  arc  very  glad  to  notice. 
The  more  that  neighbors  co-operate  together 
in  getting  fine  stock  to  improve  what  they 
already  have;  to  procure  machinery  lo  put  in 
and  harvest  crops  ;  to  obtain  fair  jirices  for 
their  produce,  and  to  provide  themselves  with 
necessary  stores  for  consumption  at  wholesale 
rates,  the  better  fur  all  concerned.  Co-opera- 
tion on  a  small  scale,  and  on  a  large  scale,  will 
pay  all  the  time.  Our  common  schools  are 
cooperative    under    llio    law.     The    law  of 


Pay  in  Advance. — There    are  two 

ways  of  running  a  pajter.  One  is  on  the  plan 
of  prepayment,  notifying  the  subscriber  when 
his  time  is  up  and  stopping  unless  ordered  to 
continue  ;  the  other  is  to  keep  on  sending  and 
trust  the  subscriber,  unless  he  orders  it  dis' 
continued.  The  first  cuts  off"  a  good  many 
who  would  continue,  and  who  would  like  to 
continue,  but  neglect  to  go  to  the  trouble  just 
then  to  attend  to  the  matter.  The  latter  hangs 
on  to  a  good  many  who  intend  never  to  pay 
at  all,  and  who  think  it  is  legitimate  to  swin- 
dle a  publisher  out  ot  his  just  dues.  We  have 
always  aimed  to  notify  our  subscribers  when 
their  time  was  up,  with  the  request  that  they 
would  order  the  paper  stopped  if  they  did  not 
wish  to  continue.  We  have  now  concluded 
to  come  down  to  the  bed-rock  principle,  and 
discontinue,  after  notifying,  all  such  as  do  not 
pay  in  advance.  We  will  then  know  how  we 
stand,  at  any  rate,  and  our  subscribers  will 
know  what  to  depend  upon.  Hereafter  our 
terms  will  be  either  a  promise  to  pay  within 
a  limited  time,  or  pay  in  advance. 


The  intelligent  masses  of  the  work- 
ing, producing  people,  want  a  paper  that  is 
thoroughly  independent  to  the  backbone;  that 
courts  no  favors  from  leading  men  in  any  po- 
sition, whether  in  politics  or  out  of  politics, 
in  the  grange  or  out  of  it,  in  rings  or  out  of 
rings,  whether  monopolists  or  anti monopo- 
lists ;  a  paper  devoted  purely  and  singly  to 
the  best  interests  of  the  people  to  whom  it 
goes  ,  one  whose  sole  aim  is  to  be  right ;  that 
fearlessly  works  for  principle  from  motives 
of  principle.  He  who  is  sure  that  his  paper 
may  be  truly  classed  in  this  list  will  most 
likely  stand  by  it,  even  should  he  in  some  re- 
S|iect3  differ  in  opinion  from  its  editor.  An  in- 
dependent editor  doesn't  try  to  agree  with 
everybody;  he  only  tries  to  be  agreeable, 
through  motives  of  tolerance  and  justice, 
and  to  stick  to  the  right  just  because  it  is 
right,  believing  this  is  the  best  in  policy 
as  in  principle.  The  AguiCUI.tuhist  is  the 
peopb^'s  pajier,  if  such  an  one  exists  or  ever 
existed.  We  invite  the  most  radical  sxpres- 
sion  upon  all  subjects  alfecting  the  interests 
of  tlio  producing  classes.  We  proiiMse  to  work 
for  the  advancement  of  every  worthy  person 
and  enterprise,  and  oppose  every  evil  that 
grows  out  of  the  sellishness,  greed  and  monop- 


olizing disposition  of  men.    We  want  the  sab- 
8cri]>tion6   of   honest    and   earnest    workers    ^  1] 
everywhere,  and  are  determined  to  deserve, 
by  our  efforts,  a  wider  field  and  stronger  sup- 
port. 


Home  Improvement  and  Home 
Enjoyment. — The  season  for  selecting 
such  ]>eriodical8  as  are  desired  for  the  coming 
year,  is  at  hand.  Every  family  needs sever.al 
papers  and  magazines  to  give  them  the  va. 
riety  of  choice  reading  that  intelligent  minds 
require  in  our  age  of  civilization.  The  edu- 
cation of  a  growing-up  family  is  aided  by  a 
supply  of  fresh,  interesting  and  useful  read- 
ing more  than  in  any  other  way  the  invest- 
ment of  an  equal  amount  will  bring.  Young 
folks  are  steadier,  and  less  inclined  to  seek 
entertainment  away  from  home,  when  they 
are  supplied  with  the  best  periodical  literatin*e. 
There  is  more  real,  enlightened  enjoyment ,  in 
liomes  where  such  reading  matter  is  plenty. 
Every  one  of  the  family  is  benefitted.  The 
social  home  circle  is  always  enlivened  by  the 
arrival  of  the  mail,  which  is  looked  forward 
to  with  something  of  expectation  that  gives  a 
zest  to  home  enjoyments.  Don't  fail  to  supply 
yourself  with  good  reading  matter,  and,  if  it 
suits  you.  please  include  the  Califoknia  Ag- 
riculturist in  vour  list. 


San  Jose  Alden-Preserved  Prunes. 

Mr.  C.  T.  Settle,  the  Superintendent  of  the 
Alden  Fruit-Preserving  Company,  informs  us 
that  they  have  this  season  converted  forty-five 
tons  of  fresh  prunes  into  fifteen  tons  of  vei-y 
excellent  dried  fruit,  worth  $280  per  ton.  The 
cost  of  fresh  prunes  at  the  factory  was  $1  .50 
per  hundred  pounds.  These  forty-five  tons 
were  produced  on  about  ten  acres  of  land, 
about  9,000  pounds  per  acre.  This,  at  the  low 
price  of  $1  50  per  hundred  pounds,  is  $135  per 
acre  for  the  fruit,  which  pays  very  well  these 
times.  The  cost  of  gathering  prunes  i  i  less 
than  any  other  fruit-crop.  Straw  or  sheets 
are  sju-ead  under  the  trees,  and  the  ripe  fruit 
is  shaken  cff  and  picked  up  into  boxes  and 
taken  to  the  factory,  at  no  greater  cost  than 
gathering  up  so  many  potatoes,  already  dug. 
The  market  for  fresh  prunes  in  the  Eastern 
States  is  good,  and  all  the  finest,  above  sup- 
plying the  home  market,  are  shipped  in  re- 
frigerator cars  in  a  fresh  condition.  They 
keep  BO  well  that  they  may  be  even  safely 
transported  in  good  order  in  ordinary  cars. 
The  Eastern  market  for  cured  prunes  is  mostly 
supplied  by  Europe,  from  whose  ports  im- 
mense quantities  are  sent  to  New  Tork,  and 
sometimes  sold  fs  low  as  $5  the  hundred 
jiounds,  after  paying  a  15  per  cent.  duty.  The 
fact  that  we  have  to  compete  with  European 
prunes  at  such  low  rates  is  worthy  of  consid 
oration,  and  would  seem  to  restrict  our  pro- 
duction of  cured  prunes  to  our  home  market. 
.Still  it  is  tluHight  tiiat  the  superior  quality  <if 
our  California  prunes,  cured  by  the  Aldcn 
process,  will  demand  an  advance  over  tlie  im- 

{>orteil  prunes  sufficient  to  encourage  the 
lusiness.  If  prunes  can  be  produced  in 
Southern  Europe  so  cheaply,  why  cannot 
they  be  here  also,  where  s(ul  ;iinl  clunate  are 
so  favorable?  At  any  rate,  so  far,  our  or- 
chardisls  have  seen  no  cause  for  alarm.  The 
demand,  at  pavin.i;  prices,  is  likely  to  increase 
with  tho  bupjdy  for  mauv  years  to  come,  at 
least. 


Poisoning   Squirrels.— Mr.   w.    ii. 

Ware,  a  large  graiu  farmer  near  San  Jose, 
has  had  a  good  deal  of  experience  in  poison- 
ing squirrels,  and  has  been  quite  snccessful. 
His  method  this  year  is  to  poison  sweet 
apples,  which  the  s(|uirrels  are  very  fond  of 
The  apples  are  cut  across  from  sidetosiih' 
(not  from   stem    to  calex)  Iwo  thirds  the  dis 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


1G> 


tance  through;  then  lield  open  with  thumh 
and    fingei-,    ;uid   wliat  stryolmine    will  rest 
upon  the  point  of  a  penknife  blade  is  put  into 
the  center  and   the  halves  pressed  together. 
The  poison   permeates  all   through  the  apple. 
The  apple  is  then   rolled  into  a  squirrel  hole, 
out  of  the   reach   of  all  live   stock,  and  the 
work  is   done.     The   squirrels   will   eat   and 
die.     Mr.  Ware  likes  this  method  better  than 
using  melons,  poisoned.     Birds  and  other  ani- 
mals are  likely  to  eat  of  the  melons,  while  the 
squirrels  are  not  so  sure  to  eat  of  them  as  of 
apples.     Squirrels   like    apples  at  any  season 
of  the  year,  but  moat  when  there  is  no  other 
succulent  food,  say  in  September  and  Octi>ber. 
After  the   grain   starts   to  grow  and  there  is 
plenty  of  green  feed,  Mr.  W.  finds  that  8(|inr- 
rels  like    dry  feed   best,   such  as  grain.     The 
way   he   prepares   this  is   to   dissolve   phos- 
phorus  by  pouring  hot  water  upon   it,    and 
with   sugar  or  molasses  and   flour,   make  a 
thin  batter,  and  pour  this  batter  upon  wheat, 
stirring  till  each  kernel  is  coated.     One  stick 
of  phosphorus  needs  two  quarts  of  hot  water, 
with  a  handful  of  sugar  and  enough  flour  to 
make  a  thin  batter.     Don't  set  the  phosphorus 
in  water  upon  the  hot  stove  to  melt,  but  melt 
it   by   pouring   hot    water   upon    it,   in  some 
suitable   vessel.     There    is  but   one  objection 
to  phosphorus.     It  kills  every  rodent  that  eats 
it,  but  when  they  eal  but  little  it  acts  slowly, 
and  they  are  sometimes  several   days  dying. 
Strychnine  acts  quicker,  but  is  much  more  ex- 
pensive.   If   squirrels    poisoned  with    phos- 
phorus die  where  hogs  can  eat  them  the  Iiog.s 
will  be  poisoned  also.    Poisoned  grain  should 
he  put  well  into  ihe  holes,  out  of  the  reach  of 
other  animals.     When  one   kind   of    poison 
fails  of  making  dean  work,  try  another,  and 
you  will  in  the  end  be  successliil. 


DOTATION  OP  OKOPB. 

Likewise   your  lands  when  reapt   of   harvests 

clear, 
Should  fallow  lie  through  each  alternate  year; 
The  soil  exhausted  by  tbe  crop  it  grows, 
Demsnds  an  equal  season  of  repose, 
When  hardening  'neath  the    matted    swaj-d    it 

brings, 
From  secret  sources  new  and  living  springs- 
Or,  witli  the  season,  you  the  crop  sluiuhl  change, 
And  in  succession  for  repair  arrange. 
The  yellow  wheat  you  will  not  fail  to  sow 
This  year,   where  last  the  rustling  pulse  did 

grow: 
The  slender  otTspring  of  the  vetch  replace, 
The  bitter  lupine's  brittle  stalks  apace. 
These  grovrs  of  pods  the  soil  to  reinslate. 
With  waving  wheatflelds  best  mav  alternate. 
But  choose  not  to  effect  the  favoring  turn. 
With  flax  or  oats,  for  these  the  soil  will  burn- 
Nor  yet  the  poppy,  steeped  in  Letha'au  gloonis 
lor  It  the  virtue  of  the  soil  consumes; 
But  if  to  these  the  alternate  years  must  fall 
You  may  with  ease  to  profit  turn  them  all 
It  only  you  will  not  withhold  to  cure 
The  impoverished  soil   -with  loads  of  ilch  ma. 

nure, 
Nor  spare  to  scatter  with  a  liberal  hand 
The  sordid  ashes  on  tlic  worn-out  land. 
Thus  change  of  crop  the  needed  rest  supplies 
The  some  as  when  tbe  ground  in  fallow  lies. 

The  Owd  'Wooden  Plough. 


l0di'ir. 


Virgil's  Georgics  Rendered 
into  English  Verse. 

BY  PROF.  W.   H.   WYNN. 
TIME  TO  PLOW. 

fN  early  sprinp  when  from  the  hoary  hills, 
The  Bnow  dissolves  in  percolating'rills, 
Amlcnimblinf^'  fallows  to  the  zephyrs  yield 
The  easy  conquest  of  the  frozou  field. 
•(5^  Then  to  the  plow  I  yoke  my  sturdy  steer. 
•^  And  pressing  hard  drive  deep  the  glitter- 
ing share. 
That  field  repays  the  eager  farmer  most, 
Which  twice  has  felt  the  sun  and  twice  the 

frost; 
His  crowded  barns  will  burst  with  burdened 

grain, 
Who  three  timcG  plows  and  still  will  plow  again . 

QDALITIES    OF    BOIL  TO   BE   LEAHNED. 

But  ere  we  break  the  soil  we  do  not  know, 
'Twere  well  to»8k  the  winds  which  way  they 

blow; 
The  varying  tempers  of  the  sky  discern. 
And  modes  of  culture  from  our  fathers  learn: 
What  tillage  suits  the  habits  of  the  suil, 
In  what  way  each  rewards  the  farmer's  toil; 
For  kinds  of  soil  discriminate  we  know, 
Here  grain,  there  grapes,  are  best  disposed  to 

prow. 
This  thriving  trees  to  mu-seryman  will  bring, 
In  that  all  herbs  spontaneously  spring. 
See  how  Mt.  Timolus  saffron  odors  sends, 
In  rich  supply  to  earth's  remotest  ends; 
How  ivory  the  wealth  of  India  wields; 
And  frankincense  the  soft  Sabaean  yields; 
NudeChalybes  expert  in  iron  wares; 
Eplrus  fruitful  iu  Olympic  mares; 
And  wliere  on  Pontus  best  the  beaver  breeds. 
Strong-scented  castor  for  the  druggist's  needs. 
These  laws  and  special  aptitudes  unmixed, 
Wise  nature  hath  on  certain  places  fixed. 
What  time  Deucalion  from  Parnassas  hurled 
The  Uft'lees  stones  into  a  lifeleless  world, 
His  mother's  bones,  as  was  the  prophet's  ken. 
And  forthwith  sprang  a  hardy  race  of  men. 
C'jme,  then,  your  steers,  in  early  season  hitch. 
And  turn  tbe  soil  if  it  be  deep  and  rich, 
That  dusty  summer  coming  on  may  make 
Malurer  suns  the  scattered  clods  to  bake. 
But  if  the  soil  you  plow  be  thin  and  light, 
'Twere  best  to  make  the  furrow^  also  slight. 
What  time  ynu  see  in  the  autumnal  skies 
Arcturus,  harbinger  of  tempests,  rise;— 
The  latter,  lest  the  scanty  moisture  leave 
The  sandy  soil  as  running  through  a  seive. 


We  make  no  apology,  says  the  London  (Eug.) 
Farmer,  for  printing  thus  prominently  a  Bong 
which  is  still  popular  among  the  farmers  of  cer- 
tain districts  in  Derbyshire  and  Staflbrdshire.  It 
comes  to  us  through  a  correspondent  who  has 
notions  very  far  ahead  of  the  "owd  wooden 
plough."  Our  correspondent  thinks  it  is  quite 
time  that  "wooden"-neBB  should  he  got  out  of 
the  heads  of  all  farmers: 

TH'  OWD  WOODEN  PLOUGH. 

Up  by  th' Blake  mere  0'  Morridge,   not    a   long 
time  ago, 

There  lived  an  old  chap  wi"  an  old  wig  o'  tow. 

His  name  wor  Tom  Morris,  and  I'll  tell  ye  how 

He  made  a  discourse  on  an  old  wooden  plough. 
Gee  ho  Dobbin,  gee  ho  Dobbin, 
Gee  ho  Dobbin,  gee  up  and  gee  wo, 

Twor  the  tenth  of  October,  and  the  oats  wor  just 

ripe, 
On  the  settle  he  sot,  and  he  smoked  his  Ion"  pipe; 
And  he  thought  a  long  time  about  this  thing  and 

that. 
And  said,  "Tommy,  Bit  down,  and  I'll  tell  thee 

what's  what." 

Gee  ho  Dobbin,  &c. 


I  prithee  draw 


will    soon    bo  my 


"These  are  terrible  times,   lad 

nigh. 

And  I'll  give  thee  a  wringle  or  two  ere  I  die; 
I  can't  stand  it  much  longer,  it  shortens  my 

breath , 
These  new-fangled    notions 

death. 

Gee  ho  Dobbin,  &c. 

"They're  going  too  fast,  lad,  I  tell  thee,  a  deal; 
There's  Lord  Talbort,  o'   Ingestre,  and  Ralph 

Sneyd,  o'  Keele. 
And  Sandon,  and  Buller,   and  Mainwaring,  and 

Bill- 
Lord!  the  stuff  they've  been  talking— it  makes 

me  quite  ill. 

Gee  ho  Dobbin,  &c. 

•'Wi'  their  bones  and  their  acids,  their  drills  and 

guhnnner. 
Thy    grandfather,  Tom,   never  farmed    i"  that 

manner: 
He*d  ha'  stared  hard  enough  if  he'd  heard  what 

they  say 
About  boiling  o'  oil  cakes  and  chopping  o'  hay. 
Gee  ho  Dobbin,  ^c. 

"Then  soughing's  a  thing  as  in  course  they  mun 

alter. 
So  the  go  a  mon's  de^ith  to  get  at  th'  top  water. 
And  they  scoop  out  the  dirt  wi'  a  thing  like  a 

spoon. 
And  for  tiles  they'll  be  using  o' baccy-pipes  soon. 
Gee  ho  Dobbin,  kc, 

"Then  they  prate  0' their  carrots,  and  mangles, 

and  sich, 
(As  if  growin'o'  carrots  would  mak"  a  mon  rich) 
Of  hoeing  o'  turmits  and  cleaning  o"  yallows— 
StuiTand  nonsense!— and  growing  of  wheat  with- 
out fallows. 

Gee  ho  Dobbin,  A:c. 

"Why.  it  makes  me  to  laugh;  without   fallows. 

indeed — 
I  tliink  they  mim  ha'  a  soft  place  iu  their  yed. 
And  what  dan  ye  think  they've  been  doing  just 

now  ? 
Why,  they've  got  up  a  laugh  at  an  owd  wooden 

plough! 

Gee  ho  Dobbin,  kc. 

"Aye,  an  owd  wooden  plough;  and  they  say.  to 

be  sure. 
As  the  wide-awake  farmers  mun  see  'em  no  more; 
They  mun  all  be  of  iron,  and  wood  there's  no 

trade  for; 


Wliy,  what  do  fools  thinken  as  ash  trees  were 
made  for. 

Gee  ho  Dobbin,  &c. 

"Talk  o'  plonghH  made  0' iron!  why.  th' next 

thing  they'll  do, 
As  sure  an  you   live,   they'll  be  painting  them 

Hue: 
Then  tliey'vo  two  tits  abreast  as  they  call  a  gee 

ho— 
They  may  call  long  enough,  but  it  ncvor  can  go. 
Gee  ho  Dobbin,  &c. 


"No!  gi'e  me  a  good  wooden  plough  as  is  strong, 
And  a  good  pair  o'  big  wheels  to  help  it  along. 
And  four  loug-tailcd  tits,  a  mon.  and  a  lad, 
And  a  good  steady  pa<-e,  and  it  shanner  be  bad. 
Gee  ho  Dobbin,  kc. 

Then  Tommy,  my  lad.  never  heed  what  they  say, 
But  get  thee  on  still  i"  thy  fcythcr's  owd  way. 
They'll  bring  all  their  hogs  to  flno  markets  I 

know. 
But  stick,  while  thee  lives,  to  the  old  woodcQ 

plough." 

Gee  ho  Dobbin,  &c. 


Autumn. 

I  wonder  if  oak  and  maple, 

Willow  and  elm  and  all, 
ArcjHtirred  at  hvart  by  the  coming 

Of  the  dp.y  their  leaves  must  fall; 
Do  they  think  of  the  yellow  whirlwind, 

Or  of  the  crimson  spray, 
That  shall  be  when  the  chill  November 

Bears  all  the  leaves  away? 

"If  die  we  must,"  the  leaflets 

Seem  one  by  one  to  siiy: 
"We  will  wear  the  colors  of  all  the  earth 

Until  we  pass  away. 
No  eyes  shall  see  us  falter; 

And  before  we  hiy  it  down 
We'll  weariu  sight' of  all  the  earth 

The  year's  most  kingly  crown. 

So,  trees  of  the  stately  forest. 

And  trifs  by  the  trodden  way. 
You  are  kindling  into  glory 

This  soft  autumnal  day. 
And  we  who  gaze,  remember 

That  more  than  all  they  lost 
To  hearts  and  trees  together 

May  come  through  ripening  frost. 


A  Song  of  the  Country. 

BY  JOHN  STUAHT  BLACKIE. 

Away  from  the  roar  and  the  rattle. 

The  dust  and  the  din  of  the  town. 
Where  to  live  is  to  brawl  and  to  battle, 

Till  the  strong  treads  the  weak  man  down! 
Away  to  the  bonuie  green  hills 

Where  the  sunshine  sleeps  on  the  brae. 
And  the  heart  of  the  greenwood  thrills 

To  the  hymn  of  the  bird  on  the  spray. 

Away  from  the  smoke  and  the  smother, 

Tbe  vail  of  the  dun  and  the  brown. 
The  push  and  the  plnFh  and  the  pother. 

The  wear  and  the  waste  of  the  town! 
Away  where  the  sky  shines  clear. 

And  the  light  breeze  wanders  at  will, 
And  the  dark  pine-wood  nods  near 

To  the  light-plumed  birch  on  the  hill. 

Away  from  the  whirling  and  wheeling. 

And  steaming  above  and  below. 
Where  the  heart  has  no  leisure  for  feeling 

And  the  thought  has  no  quiet  to  grow. 
Away  where  the  clear  brook  purls. 

And  the  hyacinth  droops  in  the  shade. 
And  the  plume  of  the  fern  unctirls 

Its  grace  in  the  depth  of  the  glnde. 

Away  to  the  cottage  so  sweetly 

Embowered  'neath  the  fringe  of  the  wood. 
Where  the  wife  of  my  bosom  shall  meet  me 

With  thoughts  ever  kindly  and  good; 
More  dear  than  tlir  wealth  of  the  world. 

Fond  mother  with  bairnies  three, 
And  the  plump-armed  babe  that  has  ciirled 

Its  lips  sweetly  pouting  forme. 

Then  away  from  the  roar  and  the  rattle 

The  dust  and  the  din  of  the  town, 
Where  to  live  is  to  brawl  and  t<)  liattlc, 

Till  the  strong  treads  the  weak  man  down. 
Away  whore  the  gn-en  twigs  nod. 

In  the  fragrant  breath  vt  May. 
And  the  swtet  growth  sjirc-ads  on  the  eo<l. 

And  the  blithe  birds  sing  on  the  spray. 
—  [Sunday  Magazine. 


Where  fair  hands  have  BCattend  in  tasteful  pro- 
fusion. 
The  viands  the  choicest  the  farm  can  afiord. 

And  feasting  and  jest  and  tbe  half  forgot  story. 

And  bumper  and  song  for  a  season  have  sway; 
For  the  hands  chained  to  toil  are  for  once  lib- 
erated, 
And  heart  strange  to  freedom,'are  free^  for  to- 
day. 

Let  the  swains,  browned  with  suu,  and    with 
bands  hard  from  labor. 
To  the  shadowy  grove  with  the  maidens  re- 
pair; 
And  bring  w  th  them  jewels  from  grain  field  aiul 
meadow, 
To  set  in  the  crown  that  the  fairest  shall  wear. 

The  wheat  plume,  and  oat  plume,  and  sorrel 
clover  blossom, 
And  sprays  of  soft  meadow-grass  showing  be- 
tween. 
Oh,  weave  them  in  chaplets,  cbclr  colors  ecu- 
trafiting 
Tbe  green  with  tbe  gold,  and  the  gold  with  the 
green. 

And  out  of  the  throng  of  the  browu  rustic  faces. 
Let  the  maidens  choose  bim  who  was  true  to 
tbe  soil, 
Whoso  courage  failed  not  wbeu  the  battle  wofi 
hottest, 
^VboBc  hands  are  tbe  hardeet  and  broadest  from 
toll. 

And  to  him  the  choice  of  the  purt-st  and  fairt-'t. 

And  hers  be  the  h<)nor  the  chaplet  to  wear; 
Oh,  tenderly  place  it  upon  her  fair  forehead. 

And  let  it  rest  lightly  upon  her  dark  hair. 

And  thus  clad  In  beauty,  her  trcBBes  the  shadow. 
The  oat  plume  the  sunshine  enUvene<l  witli 
green , 
Let  the  woodland  resound  with  unsneriug  cch.- 
Of  their  "Queen  of  Beauty"  and  their  "  liar- 
vest  Queen." 

And  the  dear  little  children,  Ob,  tell  tbcm  tht 
tidings, 
And  let  them  take  turns  at  tbe  old  iron  bell. 
Till  stroke  answer  stroke,  aud  the  spirit  of  mumc 
Shall  wake  their  sweet  laughter  from  wood- 
land and  dell. 

Oh  tell  it  ye  bells,  till  it  reaches  the  city. 
Ye  quivering  wires  swift  Ijcar  it  away; 

And  whisper  the  word  to  tbe  indigent  milliiuiH 
And  cheer  them  with  hope  of  a  happier  day. 

For  tbe  harvest  is  full  aud  the  great  bams  an 
bursting. 
Let  a  million  of  voices  the  glad  news  pruelaim 
Till  the  air  shall  be  vocal  with  songs  of  thanks- 
giving, 
And  tbe  mountains  shall  echo  tbo  good  GiverV 
name. 

S.  B.  BUSSEL. 


Thanksgiving. 


The  harvest  is  over;  let  the  farm  bell  and  church 
bell, 
From  valley  and  hill  top  the  tidings  proclaim. 
Till  the  air  shall  be  laden  with  notes  of  thanks- 

And  the  mountains  shall  echo  the  good  giver's 
name. 

Throw  open  the  doors  of  tbe  farmer's  great  man- 
sion. 
And  landlord  and  laborer  draw  near  to  the 
board. 


Seedtime    and  Harvest. 

As  you  look  on  your  bounteous  harvest, 

Give  thanks  aud  remember  the  i»<x)r; 
A  little  will  bring  hnp^.-  and  comfort 

And  gladness  m  many  a  door. 
The  widow  who  toilb  with  her  needle 

To  give  little  children  their  bread, 
Tbe  neighbor  so  Rad.  empty-handed — 

Od  these  let  your  blessing  be  shed. 

And  last,  but  not  least,  in  your  plenty, 

Remember  your  work-males  as  well — 
The  patieitl  dumb  lio&st,  who  no  silent 

No  words  of  complaining  can  tell. 
Aud,  wider,  the  circles  that  nuiulKT 

God's  creatun-B  in  wood  and  in  field— 
"Tis  little  they  ask  of  your  bounty 

Out  of  the  harvest  yield. 

The  sheaf  of  grain  when  the  winter 

Is  white  with  the  blinding  snow. 
And  weary  and  faint  in  the  darknc&s 

The  little  ones  come  and  go.* 
As  they  give  in  the  fnsty  Northland. 

Where  the  sun  is  dim  and  cold. 
When  the  Christmas  days  are  oi>eDing 

Over  the  field  and  wold. 

Spring  sun.  and  r.^in,  and  frost  time 

Have  ripened  the  earth's  good  store— 
Of  all  men  in  your  plenty 

You  should  remember  the  poor; 
Let  the  merchant  huard  his  troasuret. 

Let  the  miser  watch  his  store — 
The  wealth  of  the  fields  is  given 

To  lie  at  your  humble  door. 

Mabtha  Rsuick. 

•It  is  the  custom  in  Norway  to  put  up  a  sheaf 
of  wheat  for  the  birds  in  the  open  air  every- 
where at  Christmas  time. 


The  work  of  the  year,  the  end,  draweth  near, 

And  we  lay  our  weapons  by; 
Late  we  toiled  and  long,  and  dull  was  our  son;.' 

While  our  throats  were  parched  and  dry. 

The  plow  and  the  hoe  to  the  bam  now  go, 

All  bright  and  worn  by  the  soil, 
And  we  leave  them  bo  while  our  crops  do  grow 

To  reward  us  for  our  toil. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


iuul  (^ui^. 


gi-ow  into  a  prominent,    permanent  and 
profitable  industry  of   the    Pacific  slope. 
San  Jose,  Oct. '2()th,  I'STC. 


THE    ANCORA     COAT    INTEREST 
IN    CALIFORNIA. 

BY  C.  P.  BAILEY. 

,y  many  the  breeding  of  Angora 
goats  has  been  regarded  as  an  ad- 
venturous and  novel  enterprise, 
engaged  in  mostly  by  Californiaus, 
who  are  notably  on  the  alert  for 
something  out  of  the  line  of  every- 
day investsnents. 

As  early  as  the  days  of  Moses  we  have 
record  of  the  use  of  goats'  hair  in  the 
construction  of  the  curtains  of  the  tab- 
ernacle. From  that  time  to  the  present 
the  Angora  goat  has  occupied  the  same 
country  and  has  been  the  principal 
source  of  wealth  to  its  inhabitants.  For 
many  years  past  England  and  France 
have  very  nearly  monopolized  the  trade 
in  goats'  wool  or  mohair.  The  city  of 
Bradford,  England,  is  engaged  almost 
exclusively  in  the  manufacture  of  mohair 
goods.  Several  of  the  factories  that 
started  years  ago  with  small  capital, 
have  amassed  princely  fortunes,  and  now 
have  nearly  the  whole  world  for  cus- 
tomers. 

These  valuable  animals  were  first  im- 
ported to  the  United  States  in  1848,  and 
taken  to  the  Southern  States;  and  as 
there  were  very  few  common  goats  in 
that  country,  bi'eedershad  to  rely  almost 
entirely  on  the  imported  stock  for  in- 
crease. This  proved  too  slow  and  ex- 
pensive an  undertaking  for  any  save  a 
few  wealthy  men.  Two  bucks  from  this 
first  flock  were  brought  to  California  in 
18(11,  and  in  18tj7  several  Angoras,  in- 
cluding a  number  of  does,  were  brought 
here  from  a  flock  imported  by  a  Mr. 
Cheeuery  of  Boston.  Since  that  time 
the  business  has  grown  steadily  and  be- 
come cpiite  popular,  and  there  have  been 
quite  a  number  of  importations  of  jjure 
bred  Angora  goats. 

In  California,  and  in  fact  the  entire 
Pacific  coast,  the  Angora  has  found  a 
home  very  similar  to  his  native  country, 
and  as  there  were  plenty  of  common 
goats  here,  the  work  of  in-breeding  has 
gone  rapidly  on;  and  now,  only  ten 
years  since  the  first  pure  bred  buck  and 
doe  arrived  iu  California,  there  are  over 
'200,000  grade  Angora  goats,  and  we  are 
ah'eady  commencing  to  export  mohair. 
Many  of  the  high  grade  goats  are  pro- 
ducing as  heavy  and  as  fineHeeces  as  the 
imported  pure  breds. 

The  displays  at  the  Oregon,  Nevada 
and  California  State  Fairs  this  present 
year,  have  been  by  far  the  largest  and 
finest  ever  made  in  America,  and  the 
amount  of  attention  they  have  received 
from  enterprising  business  men  genei-- 
ally,  shows  that  they  are  steadily  and 
surely  winning  their  way  among  the 
solid  industries  of  our  country. 

The  Jamestown  Alpaca  Mills  at  James- 
town, N.  Y.,  and  the  Farr  Wool  Mills  at 
Holyoke,  Mass.,  are  completing  sharply 
for  all  the  fleece  produced  on  this  coast, 
and  are  paying  from  seventy-five  cents 
to  one  dollar  per  jjound  for  all  fleece 
over  five  inches  long.  They  manufac- 
ture it  into  an  endless  variety  of  the 
most  elegant  patterns  of  ladies'  dress 
goods. 

The  Angora  Eobe  and  Glove  Com- 
pany of  San  Jose,  Cal.,  though  com- 
]jarativcly  a  new  enterprise,  find  ready 
market  for  all  their  manufactured  goods, 
and  are  prepared  to  purchase  all  the  well- 
cured  goat  skins  offered  them. 

From  the  above  facts  and  figures  it  is 
evident  that  the  breeding  of  Angora 
goats  is   destined   to   continue,    and    to 


FINE   SPANISH    MERINOS. 

The   very  large   and   finely-developed 
Spanish   merino   sheep  exhibited  at  the 
late  County  Fair  in   San  Jose  by  Mr.  B. 
F.    Watkius,     show   favorably    for    this 
breed.     The    only    objection    that    has 
been  urged    against  the  Spanish  merino, 
has   been   its  size.     They  are  said  to  be 
inferioi    for    mutton    sheep;     but    such 
sheep    as  Mr.  W.  exhibited   seem   to  re- 
fute  this  idea.     They  were  as   large  as 
any  shown,  excepting  one   pen  of    Cots- 
wcilds.     Certainly    the  finest   wool    and 
highest   priced,    is   long    merino    wool. 
Sheep-breeders  generally  prefer   them  to 
any  other  iu  California  where  ranges  are 
broad  and  often    hilly.     Such  fine  sheep 
would  be  the  very  best  to  cross  with  the 
Cotswold    to    make    a   perfect    mutton 
sheep,    and   at   the  same    time  one  that 
will   produce  a  fine,    long,  strong  staple 
of  wool.     As  the  ranges  become  smaller, 
and  as  farmers   generally  get  to  keeping 
small  flocks,  there   will   be  an  increased 
demand    for    heavy  sheep.     It   will  also 
pay  any  sheep-owner  to    obtain  the  best 
stock  to  improve  his  sheep  and  increase 
the  quantity  and  value  of   his  wool  pro- 
duct. 


but  on  one  tree  the  fruit  shriveled  when 
half  grown.  A  few  almond  trees  did 
well  enough  last  year  to  show  they  are 
at  home.  Mr.  S.  cultivates  the  land  be- 
tween his  trees,  raising  potatoes,  pumji- 
kins,  horse-radish,  beans,  tomatoes,  pep- 
per, etc.  He  has  a  good  alfalfa  patch, 
takes  horses  to  pasture,  and  has  plenty 
of  hay,  does  not  waste  the  manure,  but 
applies  it  to  corn  land  and  thinks  this 
pays.  Now  I  hiive  neglected  to  mention 
the  figs,  wainuts,  and  the  lady's  flowers. 
She  clelights  in  the  beautiful,  and  it 
needs  a  poet  to  describe  the  surround- 
ings of  her  home. 

J.  EUMFOED. 

October,  187G. 


LETTER  FROM    KERN  ISLAND. 

Ed.  Aokicultukist  :  I  wish  I  had  the 
last  number  of  your  journal  before  me, 
but  no,  it  has  gone — been  loaned  out; 
wish  I  could  subsci-ibe  for  half  a  dozen 
numbers  to  send  around,  and  keep  one 
on  file,  or,  better,  wish  everyhoili/  would 
subscribe.  A  lady  to  whom  I  took  the 
last  numlier  remarked,  "Why,  it  is  the 
best  paper  I  ever  saw — so  much  more  in 
it  to  read  worth  reading  than  iu  any  of 
my  other  i>apers;  and  the  receipts  are  so 
good."  You  hit  the  nail  with  that  ed- 
itorial on  the  cause  of  hard  times,  and 
no  hope  from  either  of  the  principal 
parties.  They  are  both  rich  men's  pai'- 
ties.  When  will  the  working  men  learn 
to  put  up  and  vote  for  men  who  will 
represent  labor  as  well  as  aqnial  ? 

But  I  was  to  tell  your  readers  of  Mr. 
Stine's  place,  that  they  may  have  some 
idea  of  what  can  be  done  on  this  Kern 
Island.  Himself  and  wife  came  here 
with  almost  nothing  eight  years  ago, 
took  nj)  IfiO  acres  pre-emption,  and  went 
to  work  on  it,  set  out  willow  fence  posts 
which  are  fine  trees  now,  from  which 
posts  enough  could  be  cut  to  fence  more 
than  half  a  dozen  farms;  grajje  vines 
planted  have  made  a  fine  arbor,  some  of 
the  Rose  of  Peru  in  the  vineyard  nine 
feet  apart,  I  am  told  produced  one  hun- 
dred pounds  of  fruit  last  year  to  the 
vine,  which  sold  for  six  cents  per  pound. 
Last  winter  he  grafted  many  of  the  mis- 
sion vines  with  Muscat  and  Malaga; 
some  by  cleft  graft  and  others  by  boring 
a  hole  in  the  stock  and  driving  the  new 
cutting  in;  both  did  well.  From  one 
strawberry  plant  in  the  garden  they  now 
have  an  acre.  Lawtou  blackberries  do 
well.  Peach  trees  are  large,  healthy  and 
vigorous,  most  of  them  seedlings,  but 
all  producing  heavy  crops  of  large  fruit. 
Apricots  and  nectarines  grow  to  perfec- 
tion. As  to  pears,  I  never  saw  them 
do  better,  the  trees  breaking  down  with 
the  crop,  and  though  it  has  often  been 
stated  we  could  not  <'Xpect  ajiplrs  to  do 
well  in  this  M-arm  climate,  his  place 
proves  this  a  mistaken  UV:a,  for  they  do 
as  well  as  in  Pennsylvania  or  New  Jer- 
sey, the  same  old  kinds.  I  ate  an  early 
harvest  apple  there,  that  by  its  flavor, 
carried  me  right  back  to  Jersey.  Plum 
trees,  most  of  them,  have  also  done  well. 


"■^"""i'-l.^iJW^I.'i 


.lU 


THE   RAINFALL. 

The  following  is  the  rainfall  to  date, 
measured  by  the  gauge  at  the  Bank  of 
San  Jose: 

September  ir, 01  inches 

■2;i  ()'.)      •' 

Total  for  September 

OotobcT  16,  12  M 

'total  for  October 25 

Total  for  the  season 3.'> 

Two  days  drizzling  wet  weather  threat- 
ened serious  damage  to  the  ungathered 
grajje  crop.  But  fortunately  it  cleared 
up  and  dried  away  the  wet  before  the 
grapes  commenced  to  rot. 


.25 


Price  of  Wheat-— it  is  a  safe  rule  to 
go  on,  to  hold  wheat  or  other  grain  for 
a  raise  when  it  is  selling  below  an  aver- 
age price;  particularly  when  there  is  not 
an  over  sui^ply  produced.  This  year  all 
authentic  reports  agree  that  there  is 
not  an  over  production  for  the 
markets  of  the  world.  Two  cents  per 
pound  is  not  quite  an  average  price. 
For  the  last  ten  years  wheat  has  aver- 
aged over  two  cents  in  San  Francisco. 
The  late  indications  of  a  war  between 
Russia  and  the  balancing  powers,  over 
poor,  rapacious  Turkey,  promised  a  rapid 
advance  in  prices.  Notwithstanding 
present  fluctuations,  it  is  safe  to  calcu- 
late that  wheat  will  bo  two  cents  before 
the  end  of  six  months. 


We  Fully  intended  to  write  up  some- 
thing iu  reference  'to  the  conducting 
of  State  and  County  fairs  this  month. 
The  gamblers  have  had  it  all  about  their 
own  way  this  season.  When  we  get 
cooled  down  over  our  disgust  for  the 
whole  contemptible  humbug,  we 
endeavor  to  treat  upon  the  subject. 


will 


The  Statistician,  published  by  L.  p. 
McC!arty,  San  Francisco,  we  find  to  be 
the  most  reliable  book  of  reference  that 
we  get.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  neat  little 
book,  published  monthly,  only  $2.50  a 
year.  Single  copy,  50  cents.  It  is  wor- 
thy your  examination. 


Three  Months  on  Trial.— There  are 

thousands  of  persons  iu  California  who 
only  need  to  see  a  few  copies,  of  the 
Cal.  Agricultoeist  to  become  subscri- 
bers. We  want  our  friends  to  send  us 
as  many  names  as  they  can.  The  fol- 
lowing letter  from  a  gentleman  in  South- 
ern California  will  show  you  why  we 
desire  to  place  the  paper  before  the 
people.  It  will  bring  us  now  subscrbers 
without  sending  out  drummers,  who 
take  the  lion's  share  of  proceeds; 

LaBallena,  Oct,  15th  1876. 
Cal.  Agriodlturist  Pub.  Co. :  Gen- 
Uenwn — Inclosed  jileaso  fine  10c  for  the 
Cai..  AGKTcur.Ti'RisT  thrco  months  on 
trial ;  should  prefer  the  Numbers  Oct. 
Nov.  and  Dec.  I  was  reading  the  num- 
ber for  Sept.,  with  which  I  was  much 
pleased.  I  like  its  wholesome  straight- 
forward tone.  If  you  keep  it  uj)  as  good, 
I  shall  subscribe  for  the  coming  year. 
Y'ours  Respectfully. 


Tools  for  the  Farm. 

There  is  no  better  way  for  a  farmer  to 
invest  a  few   dollars   than  by   buying  a 
few  tools  for  the  farm.     Much  time  and 
expense  can  be  saved  by   repairing   bro- 
ken  farming  tools  yourself  instead  of  ear- 
ring them  to  a  carpenter  and   paying  a 
high  price  for  a  job  which   perhaps   you 
could  have  done  as   well  if   not  better 
yourself,  and  at  a  cost  of  less    than    one 
quarter    the   price   paid   for   the   work. 
There  are  many  days   of   leisure   in   the 
early  iiart  of   the    winter   that  you   can 
devote  to   the  overhauling  and  repairing 
of  the  farming  tools  to  be  used   early   in 
the    spring,     and   have    them   in    prime 
order  when  the  hurry  of  spring  work  be- 
gins.  Supposing  you  have  a  broken  rake 
handle ;  instead  of  throwing  it  away,    lay 
the  head  by,  or  if  you  have  an  old   han- 
dle, put  that  into  the  good  head  and  you 
have  a  whole  rake  that  will  last    you    as 
long  as  a  new  one    costing  thirty   cents. 
If  you  brake   a   pitchfork  handle,    don't 
buy  a  whole  new  fork  the  next  time  you 
go  to  town,  but  buy  a   handle   and   put 
the  old  tine  into  it  and  you  have  as  good 
a  fork  as  can  be  bought,    and  for  less 
than  half  the  cost  of  a  new  one.     Look 
about  your  buildings  and   note   the   im- 
provement you   could     make  to   guard 
against  the  cold  of    the   coming   winter, 
both  for  your  family  and  stock,  and  you 
will  see  that  a  few  dollars    expended  for 
a  few  well  selected  tools  will  be   a   pay- 
ing investment. 

We  would  suggest  the  following  tools, 
all  of  which  are  first  class  and  can  be 
had  for  the  annexed  prices. 

1    Cut-off  saw ?2  25 

1  Rip          "     2  50 

1  Jack  plane 1  25 

1   Short  jointer 150 

1  Square 1  75 

1  Hammer 1  00 

1  Draw  shave 1  25 

4  Chisels 3  00 

1  Mallet 60 

1  Brace      2  00 

1  Screw  driver  •      40 

1  Oilstone 100 

2  Gimblets 15 

2  Augers  1  J<-  and  2  inch 3  00 

6  Bittsassfd • 4  00 

1  Wrench 1  25 

Total J2G80 

Probably,  if  one  went  with  the  cash  in 
hand,  the 'tools  could  be  got  for  $25,00 
or  by  taking  a  cheaper  grade,  for  $20,00. 
With  what  are  enumerated  above,  a 
man  could  make  anything  from  a  house 
down,  while  nothing  that  needed  re- 
pairing on  the  farm  in  the  way  of  wood- 
work need  be  taken  away,  and  in  all 
probability  the  value  of  the  tools  could 
be  saved  inside  of  two  years.  It  will 
l^ay  you  all,  icell,  to  make  the  invest- 
ment, especially  if  you  have  any  boys 
old  enough  to  learn.  Let  them  use 
them,  directing  their  efl'orts  at  first, 
yourself.  By  a  little  showing  they  will 
goon  learn  to  handle  tools  skillfully, 
and  gain  a  knowledge  that  may  be  as 
useful  to  them  in  after  year's  as  farming 
itself.  Encourage  the  boys.  Don't 
catch  them  by  the  coat  collar  and  jerk 
their  breaths  away  if  you  happen  to  find 
them  "fussing"  to  make  a  traj)  for  rab- 
bits, chickens  or  the  like,  but  speak 
kindly  and  show  your  interest  in  their 
welfare  by  "lending  a  hand  to  help 
them." — Ex. 


Arrears. — Subscribers  who  are  in 
arrears  are  reminded  that  this  is  the  sea- 
son when  a  farmer  can  pay  up  and 
should  do  so.  As  our  circulation  in- 
creases so  do  our  expenses.  Send  along 
your  arrearages  and  subscribe  for  1877. 
Send  the  amount  at  once,  and  a  new 
subscriber  for  the  coming  year.  It  is  ex- 
pensive to  send  out  agents,  and  we  can- 
not afford  to  do  it.  Whether  you  get 
bills  or  not,  please  remember  us. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


MovticuHuvc, 


Cnitamcrlcrjjcal 


BEST  FRUITS  FOR  AN  ORCHARD. 

LIST  of  the  best  varieties  of  fruits 
to  cultivate  in  California  for  a 
family  orchard  is  something  of 
much  value  to  every  owner  of  a 
home.  The  long  experience  of 
many  of  our  best  orchardists,  and  the 
many  expensive  changes  they  have  been 
obliged  to  make  to  get  only  the  varieties 
best  adapted  to  our  climate,  have  resulted 
in  much  positive  knowledge  upon  the 
subject  that,  when  properly  reduced  and 
arranged,  becomes  invaluable  informa- 
tion to  guide  the  inexperienced  aud  aid 
each  in  making  suitable  selections  of 
fruits  for  his  locality.  For  the  past  three 
years  we  have  given  a  list  each  season, 
obtained  by  careful  and  direct  inquiry 
and  investigation.  Next  month  we  shall 
present  a  revised  aud  very  complete  list, 
worth  to  any  one  who  thinks  of  planting 
trees  for  profit  or  for  family  use,  much 
more  than  the  subscription  price  of  the 
Agricultprist.  In  the  meantime  such 
persons  as  want  information  upon  any 
particular  point  upon  the  subject  are  in- 
vited to  send  in  questions  that  they  may 
be  seasonably  answered.  The  Editor  has 
had  much  experience  in  orchard  and 
nursery  culture,  and  feels  a  deep  interest 
in  such  mattei-s.  The  adrice  we  may 
give  will  be  founded  in  the  experience  of 
several  of  our  best  orchardists,  and  we 
shall  aim  to  give  only  what  may  pass  as 
authority  ujjon  the  subject. 


SENDrNG  Pl.vnts  BY  Maii.. — Plants  of 
almost  every  kind  may  safely  be  sent  by 
mail  if  properly  prepared  and  packed. 
The  cost  of  postage  is  one  cent  for  each 
ounce  weight.  An  Eastern  exchange 
gives  the  following  advice : 

If  we  were  going  to  send  a  small  pack- 
age of  trees  or  shrubs  by  mail,  we  should 
first  cut  oil'  every  leaf  about  half  an  inch 
from  the  bud,  aud  thus  prevent  all  evap- 
oration of  the  juices  of  the  phiut  through 
the  leaves.  The  neglect  of  this  precau- 
tion would  alone  be  sufficient  cause  for 
failure,  as  the  leaves,  if  not  also  enclosed 
in  some  kind  of  damp  jiacking,  would 
soon  dry  out  all  the  moisture  in  the 
roots,  tops,  and  packing  material.  After 
removing  the  leaves,  we  would  next  cut 
off  all  surplus  wood.  If  the  plants  were 
blackberries  or  raspberries  of  the  present 
year's  growth,  they  would  be  worth  more 
with  the  tops  almost  wholly  removed, 
than  if  left  on.  Then  trim  off  all  long, 
straggling  and  broken  or  brviised  roots. 
Next  dip  the  whole  plant  in  a  paste  made 
of  clay  mxid  just  adhesive  enough  to 
form  a  thin  coating  for  the  roots,  then 
roll  the  package  of  plants  well  tied  to- 
gether, in  a  thin  covering  of  damp,  not 
wet,  moss  from  a  wet  meadow;  then  roll 
all  in  a  piece  of  strong,  brown  paper  pre- 
viously coated  with  linseed  oil,  which 
would  protect  the  plants  from  drying  out 
or  wetting  other  matter  in  contact.  Then 
enclose  the  whole  in  a  thin  piece  of 
stout  cotton  cloth,  which  would  prevent 
the  paper  from  tearing.  In  this  way,  we 
should  expect  hardy  plants  like  rasp- 
berries, currants,  or  little  elms,  to  go 
safely  across  the  continent. 


The  Semi-Teopical  Fruits  that  are 
now  being  cultivated  in  C'ldif ornia  are  all 
proving  a  success.  English  walnuts, 
almonds,  olives,  oranges,  lemons,  etc., 
are  growing  well  in  all  portions  of  the 
State  below  the  snow-belt.  There  are  no 
fruits  that  are  in  better  demand  or  that 
promise  better  returns.  Every  farmer 
should  make  up  his  mind  to  plant  a 
variety  of  semi-tropical  fruits  for  home 
use,  if  not  for  profit,  this  very  season. 


THE  WOOLY  APHIS. 

(Ssf  T  IS  becoming  quite  too  common  on 
m  the  apple  trees  of  this  State,  aud  or- 
jlt  chardists  should  be  seeking  and  ap- 
'S\  plying  a  remedy  before  it  is  too  late, 
i^  For  the  boneiit  of  those  who  mav  not 
have  noticed  this  insect  on  their  trees 
we  will  describe  its  appearance  and  state 
in  what  manner  it  accompiishes  its  rav- 
ages. The  tree  efl'ected  with  the  aphis 
will  have  on  the  body  and  lower  limbs, 
near  the  main  stem,  little  branches  of 
white,  downy-ajjpearing  wool  or  fuz. 
At  a  distance  these  white  spots  look  like 
bits  of  eider  down  stuck  about  promiscu- 
ous on  the  bark  of  the  tree,  ("pon  clo- 
ser observation  it  will  be  noticed  that 
these  bunches  of  down  are  mostly  to  be 
found  covering  little  warts  or  knots  on 
the  bark.  If  the  tree  is  badly  effected 
these  bunches  of  d  >wn  may  be  seen  to 
the  extremes  of  the  limbs,  but  always  on 
rough  places  or  blotches  on  the  bark 
aud  at  the  points  where  the  new  growth 
joins  the  growth  of  the  past  season. 
To  find  the  insect,  take  a  little  stick  and 
carefully  push  away  the  outside  dow'n 
and  beneath  it  you  will  see  a  bunch  of 
redish-brown  insects  of  all  sizes  from 
that  of  the  point  of  a  pin  to  a  full  grown 
flea — all  apparently  struggling  to  get  a 
foothold  on  or  a  bite  at  the  bark  of  the 
twig  or  tree.  Press  the  stick  upon  the 
bunch  and  what  was  before  a  living 
mass  of  insects  becomes  a  putrid  mass 
of  redish-brown  matter.  Brush  the 
bunch  away  with  a  feather  and  a  raw 
sore  or  wound  on  the  bark  will  be  seen 
where  the  downy  or  wooly  bunch  had 
been.  Follow  the  body  of  the  tree 
down  to  the  ground,  and  even  beneath 
the  surface,  and  bunches  of  these  insects 
will  be  found  sucking  the  sap,  or  life 
blood,  of  the  tree  at  every  point. 

We  have  seen  strong  and  vigorous 
growing  apple  trees  so  completely  cov- 
ered with  these  insects  as  scarcely  to 
have  a  spot  of  natural  bark  upon  them, 
all  being  a  mass  of  blotches  or  warts 
covered  with  white  down  or  wool;  and 
we  have  seen  such  trees  just  naturally 
die  from  want  of  blood,  or  sap,  to  keep 
up  life  and  circulation.  This 
insect  is  to  the  apple  tree  what  the  scale 
bug  is  to  the  orange  tree.  The  only 
natural  enemy  to  this  insect  that  we 
have  noticed  is  the  common  ant;  and 
the  wool  or  down  with  which  it  is  cov- 
ered seems  to  be  the  only  means  of  pro- 
tection agains  the  ant's  attacks.  The 
wily  ant  seems  loth  to  attempt  an  attack 
through  the  wooly  covering,  but  cau- 
tiously seeks  an  opening  or  exposed 
point,  and  seizes  the  aphis  in  the  rear 
and  quickly  dispatches  him. 

THE  REMEDY. 

These  insects  may  be  killed  in  vast 
numbers  by  sweeping  the  body  and  limbs 
of  the  tree  effected  with  a  common 
broom  or  cloth  swab  or  mop.  But  per- 
haps an  easier  and  better  exterminator 
is  to  dip  the  swab  into  a  strong  soap 
suds  made  of  whale  oil  soap.  This  is 
said  to  kill  them  while  it  encourages  the 
healing  of  the  wound  they  inflict  on  the 
tree. 

The  above,  from  the  lieowd-Unwn,  is 
good  as  far  as  it  goes.  The  wooly  aphis 
is  quite  as  bad  \ipon  the  roots  as  upon 
the  upper  branches.  They  like  a  fine, 
dry,  loamy  soil,  aud  apple  trees  growing 
in  such  soil  are  generally  the  worst 
affected.  When  once  this  insect  gets 
upon  the  roots  it  is  almost  impossible  to 
get  rid  of  it.  The  roots  get  covered  with 
excrescent  growth,  warty  and  deformed, 
from    the    effects  of    this    sap-sucking 


insect.  Various  means  have  been  tried 
to  destroy  this  pest  tinder  ground,  but 
so  far  as  we  can  learn,  with  but  poor 
success.  Persons  buying  nursery  trees 
to  plant  in  orchards  should  be  sure  that 
none  of  the  wooly  aphis  are  upon  the 
roots.  Several  complaints  have  been 
made  to  us  by  parties  who  have  bought 
trees  afTected  by  this  destructive  insect. 


The  Scale  Insect. — Within  a  few 
years  the  orchards  in  many  portions  of 
our  State  have  been  badly  infested  by 
the  various  scale  insects.  Every  one  of 
our  readers  who  owns  fruit  trees  is  in- 
terested to  learn  how  to  get  rid  of  the 
pests.  They  are  especially  severe  upon 
orange  trees.  We  quote  from  a  letter  in 
the  New  Orleans  Oar  Homejournal: 

"  There  are  several  varieties  of  insects 
that  from  some  cause  or  other  develop 
on  the  bark,  leaf  and  fruit  of  the  orange 
tree.  Some  of  them  are  almost  round, 
having  a  scale  covering,  in  8ha])e  like 
that  of  the  hack  of  a  turtle,  of  a  dark 
browni  color.  Others  are  of  a  yellow 
cast,  aud  shaped  like  a  common  wedge, 
broad  across  the  shoulder  as  compared 
to  their  length,  aud  others  still  arc  of  a 
steel  gray  color  and  slender  in  form. 
This  variety  of  insect  is  the  most  dan- 
gerous because  it  is  the  most  destructive 
enemy  the  orange  tree  has.  Many  years 
ago  it  spread  all  over  Florida,doing  much 
damage;  it  is  there  yet  to  some  extent. 
About  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  it 
made  its  appearance  in  the  groves  on  the 
Mississijjpi  river  below  New  Orleans, 
also  in  groves  above  the  city,  as  well  as 
in  the  groves  on  the  Upper  Lafourche 
and  Terrebonne.  On  the  coast  below 
the  city  the  orchards  were  nearly  ruined 
by  the  scale  insects,  before  anything 
could  be  found  to  check  their  growth  and 
spread. 

Various  remedies  were  used.  The 
most  effective  was  tobacco  juice,  ob- 
tained from  soaking  the  stems  in  water, 
aud  applying  it  through  small  pumps  to 
the  limbs  of  the  trees.  Most  any  alka- 
line solutions  applied  as  before  stated 
are  good.  A  weak  solution  of  soda, 
potash  or  ammonia  is  good  as  a  wash, 
or  a  solution  of  carbolic  soap,  thrown 
through  a  syringe  among  the  branches 
of  the  tree.  One  of  the  most  simple  and 
the  most  effective  remedies  that  I  have 
ever  seen  or  known  used,  is  the  acids 
formed  by  the  explosion  of  gunpowder 
caused  to  pass  through  the  head  of  the 
tree,  either  from  the  explosion  of  the 
powder  from  the  top  of  a  board  held  in 
the  hand  under  the  limbs  affected  by  the 
scale  insect,  or  applied  by  a  common 
shotgun.  The  best  time  to  make  the 
application  is  while  the  dew  is  on  the 
limbs  aud  leaves.  Let  the  powder  in 
the  gun  be  pressed  by  the  ramrod,  but 
no  wadding  should  be  used.  The  party 
with  the  gun  should  stand  a  few  feet 
from  the  tree.  I  tried  this  remedy  on 
several  trees  badly  affected  with  the 
scale  insect  and  removed  them  all  in  a 
few  weeks,  and  the  trees  commenced  a 
new  life  aud  recovered  entirely. 

Ijet  the  powder  be  exploded  among 
the  diseased  branches — be  sure  to  do  it 
while  the  dew  is  on  the  tree,  or  after  a 
rain.  The  water  absorbs  to  a  certain 
extent  the  gases  of  the  exploded  powder 
aud  holds  them  in  contact  with  the  in- 
sects: either  one  of  the  three  principal 
gases  formed  by  the  explosion  of  gun- 
powder is  destructive  of  animal  life.  Try 
this  remedy,  we  feel  assured  that  it  will 
kill  the  insects  on  your  trees — at  the 
same  time  give  life  and  vigor  to  the 
trees. 


unsuccessful.  At  a  late  meeting  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society  it 
was  a  "subject  of  consideration.  T.  M. 
Harvoy  said,  however,  that  he  had  suc- 
ceeded by  placing  pieces  of  whale-oil 
soap  in  the  tops  of  the  trees,  from  which 
the  disolved  matter  ran  over  branches 
and  trunk.  J.  H.  Bartram  had  cleaned 
the  trees  bv  washing  with  a  strong  potash 
solution  in  winter.  Mr.  Sproul  had  put 
his  trees  in  fine  order  by  placing  a  bag 
of  the  following  mixture  in  the  forks  of 
the  trees,  namely ;  two  pounds  copper- 
as, half  ponnd  blue  vitriol,  fourth  pound 
salpetre,  four  pounds  hard  soap,  four 
pounds  common  salt.  Others  recom- 
mended whitewashing,  soap  and  sand 
applied  with  a  cloth,  fish  oil,  i-c. 


financial  (jjconomLn 


Baek  Louse  on  Fruit  Trees. — Most 
of  the  experiments  made  for  destroying 
this  insect  appear  to  have  been  rather 


Zfot  Oold,  But  BKen. 

DY  RALPH  WALDO  EMEIMOK. 

What  bnildB  a  Satlon'B  pilUni  high? 

And  its  foundation  strong? 
What  makes  it  luiKlity  to  defy 

The  toLB  that  round  it  throng? 

Not  gold,  but  only  Men  can  make 

A  jjeople  great  and  Ktroug  ; 
>Un  who  for  Truth  aud  Huuor'B  Bake 

Stand  fast  and  suffer  long. 

Brave  men  who  work  while  others  Bleep. 

Wlio  dare  while  others  fly: 
Thcv  build  a  Nations  pillars  deep. 

And  lift  them  to  the  sky. 


PRINCIPLES  OF  A  SOUND  FINAN- 
CIAL POLICY. 


Tlie  Aiiieriean  Syslelii. 


>J? 


(T^HE  following  extract  from  a  lead- 
J.K  ing  journal  devoted  to  the  people's 
Tljy  interests,  we  regard  as  sound  and 
?r\  w'orthy  of  deep  consideration: 
J^  1.  We  hold  that  it  is  mainly  the 
money  laws  of  a  country  that  determine 
the  relation  of  men  in  respect  to  prop- 
erty. If  the  money  laws  are  just,  the 
men  who  deserve  the  property  will  have  it; 
if  unjust,  the  community  by  degrees  be- 
comes divided  into  lords  and  vassals. 

2.  All  paper  money  should  be,  equal- 
ly with  gold,  a  legal  tender  for  all  men 
imd  all  purposes  alike  turoughout  the 
country,  except  where  the  laws  under 
which  the  present  contract  are  made  re- 
quire metahc  money  to  be  paid.  This 
is  to  regulate  the  bascs  of  money. 

3.  All  money  should  be  convertible 
at  the  opinion  of  the  holders,  for  gov- 
ernment bonds  bearing  a  rate  of  interest 
not  exceeding  3. Go  per  cent,  per  annum, 
and  the  bonds  in  like  manner  to  be  con- 
vertible into  money  at  the  opinion  of 
the  holder.  This  is  to  regulate  the 
quantity  of  money, and  the  rate  of  in- 
terest upon  it  and  to  prevent  monopoly. 

i.  The  paiu-r  money  of  this  country 
should  be  issued  by  the  government  and 
not  by  corporations,  and  the  manner  of 
issuing  should  be  by  the  payment  of 
government  expenses  and  obligations, 
the  same  way  that  all  greenback  money 
was  issued,  and  not  by  short  and  sharp 
bank  loans,  nor  loans  of  any  kind. 
This  is  to  dispense  with  the  useless  and 
expensive  agency  of  corporations  in  the 
issuing  of  money,  and  to  secure  the 
permanent  use  of  the  money  as  such 
for  circulation  when  its  used. 

This  is  what  we  call  the  American 
system  of  finance,  because  it  will  sup- 
plement our  American  theory  of  equal 
rights,  instead  of  the  ordinary  European 
theory  of  caste  in  society.  It  of  course 
meets  the  opposition  of  banks,  because 
it  will  take  from   them  the   privilege  of 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


furnishing  and  drawing  interest  upon 
all  the  circulating  medium  of  the  country, 
and  because  it  will  transfer  from  them  to 
the  government  depositaries  the  larger 
part  of  the  private  deposits  of  the  countrj- 
amounting  to  some  five  or  ten  hundreds 
of  miUions  of  dollars.  The  system  meets 
the  opposition  of  government  bond- 
holders, because  it  will  enable  the  people 
to  pay  oft'  the  bonds  in  gold,  and  get  rid 
of  the  burdensome  interest.  It  meets  the 
opposition  of  money  lenders  and  brokers 
generally  because  it  will  greatly  lower 
the  rates  of  interest,  and  establish  a  cash 
system  of  business,  leaving  very  little 
for  the  brokerage  business  to  subsist  up- 
on. And  it  meets  the  opposition  of 
gold  gamblers  because  it  will  take  away 
the  premiiim  on  gold.  It  meets  the  op- 
position of  office-seekers,  because  they 
have  learned  by  experience  that  the  suc- 
cessful way  to  get  office  is  to  be  in  favor 
with  the  moneyed  interests;  and  lawyers 
are  not  apt  to  be  in  love  with  it  because 
it  will  geueraly  diminish  the  business  of 
foreclosures,  forced  collections  and  bank- 
ruptcies. 

But  as  to  all  people  except  the  classes 
above  mentioned,  this  American  system 
will  be  greatly  beneficial  for  reasons 
following: 

1.  It  will  make  the  gold  money,  the 
silver  money,  the  paper  money  and  the 
government  bonds  all  ol  par  or  ecjual 
value. 

2.  This  par  value  will  establish  con- 
vertibility of  the  pajjer  money  into  gold 
which  convertibility  will  bring  all  the 
benefits  and  avoid  all  the  terrible  dis- 
asters of  forced  specie  payment.  It  will 
avoid  all  such  inflations  and  contractions 
as  we  have  been  supject  to  in  the 
last  ten  years,  and  give  the  people  a  cur- 
rency adapted  at  all  times  to  the  legiti- 
mate demand  of  industry  and   business. 

3.  It  will  give  constant  and  profitable 
em))loyment  to  all  laborers,  factories  and 
other  productive  capital  and  will  at  once 
relieve  the  millions  of  starving  and  j^er- 
rishing  men,  women  and  children  in  our 
large  cities. 

4.  It  will  greatly  increase  the  aggi-e- 
gate  amount  of  production,  increase  our 
home  consumption,  home  trade,  home 
comforts,  and  increase  also  our  foreign 
exports. 

5.  The  increase  of  our  exports  will  give 
us  balances'  in  our  trade  with  foreign 
nations,  which  balances  are  of  necessary 
gold,  thus  making  gold  plenty  here,  and 
establishing  the  true  gold  basis,  (instead 
of  the  fictitious  ones  which  we  will  have 
if  driven  on  to  force  specie  payment), 
and  thus  it  will  be  made  just  as  easy  for 
us  to  pay  government  bonds  or  any  other 
obligations,  if  desired,  in  gold  as  in  pa- 
per  money, 

(J.  It  is  the  only  way  of  purifying 
our  corrupt  government,  because  it  is 
the  only  way  to  remove  the  vast  corrup- 
tion found  by  which  the  corruption  is 
carried  on,  or  to  take  away  that  great 
susceptibility  of  corruption  that  men 
have  in  time  of  monetary  stringency  and 
embarrlsment. 

7.  Under  the  operation  of  this  Ameri- 
can system  of  finance  our  people  East, 
'West,  North,  and  South,  becoming  pros- 
perous, will  follow  eagerly  the  pursuits 
of  industry,  and  ceasing  from  the  as- 
perities of  the  past,  will  grow  into  at 
tachmeut  for  one  another  and  for  the 
government,  and  the  government  will 
wax  strong  by  this  attachment. 

We  do  not  believe  in  any  such  thing 
as  necessary  revulsion  or  panic  in 
monetary  affairs,  as  taught  by  our 
finance  doctors.  These  things  are  all 
brought  on  by  corrupt  legislation  in  the 
interest  of  money  and  credit  dealers. 
A  country  without  gold  or  silver,  an^ 
even  poor  in  other  respects,  can  have  g0O(\ 


stable  currency  adequate  for  domestic 
use,  and  such  a  currency,  will  stimulate 
production  and  thus  bring  gold.  On  the 
cotrary,  a  country  with  the  wealth  ol  the 
the  Indias,  and  gold  without  limit,  will 
have  a  poor  currency  and  be  miserable  if 
its  money  laws  are  vicious  and  partial. 
AVe  think  the  doctrine  of  over  production 
as  now  applied  to  our  condition,  is  iib- 
horreut  in  the  extreme. 


RADICAL   SENTIMENTS 
THE  SUBJECT. 


UPON 


The  Soutltern  Farmer  gives  expression 
to  the  following  facts  and  ideas : 

HOW     DEMONETIZINC;     StLVEK    KOBBED    THE 
PEOPLE. 

The  bill  which  passed  Congress,  abol- 
ishing the  legal  tender  of  the  silver  dol- 
lar, was  concocted  by  an  "English  gen- 
tleman," assisted  by  Boutwell,  who  was 
then  Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  aided 
by  two  of  their  American  capitalists,  Mr. 
Hooper,  of  Massachusetts,  who  is  a  cap- 
italist and  money  lender,  and  John  Sher- 
man, a  tool  of  the  money-power  in  the 
Senate,  literally  stole  it  through  Con- 
gress. It  was  never  read  in  the  House 
of  Representatives  at  all,  as  the  consti- 
tution requires,  and  Mr.  Hooper,  in  re- 
sponse to  the  inc^uiries  of  the  members, 
deliberately  lied  in  the  debate  upon  it. 
Blaine,  by  one  of  his  most  extraordinary 
rulings,  also  helped  to  put  it  through  a 
House  in  which  the  record  shows  there 
were  only  1'23  members  present.  What 
was  the  effect  of  the  iniquitous  measure? 
It  increased  the  value  of  American  se- 
curities eighteen  per  cent.,  and  millions 
of  these  were  held  in  England.  It  com- 
pelled not  only  the  Government,  but  all 
debtors  to  pay  eighteen  per  cent,  addi- 
tional to  the  face  of  their  obligations, 
and  made  the  bondholders  and  money- 
lenders richer  by  eighteen  per  cent,  than 
they  were  before.  The  "English  gentle- 
man," who  was  sent  over  to  help  the 
American  Congress  legislate  was  Ernest 
Sayd,  in  the  pay  of  one  of  the  heaviest 
bankers  in  Europe,  and  the  bill  which 
he  frames  for  our  ignorant  or  corrupt 
Congress  to  pass  put  nine  hundred  mil- 
lions of  dollars  into  the  pockets  of  the 
European  and  American  capitalists  whom 
he  represented.  By  this  legislative 
swindle,  gold  was  first  increased  iu 
value,  and  then  the  pay  of  all  debts,  in- 
dividual as  well  as  govermeutal,  was  re- 
quired to  be  paid  in  gold  exclusively. 

AVAKICE    IN    LEGISLATION. 

Let  those  who  favor  the  ruinous  policy 
of  contracting  the  people's  currency  to 
the  gold-standard,  remember  that  it 
means  contraction  of  the  value  of  all 
property  except  that  of  the  bondholders; 
that  it  stops  business  and  chills  every  in- 
dustry, reducing  the  number  of  workmen 
that  are  employed  at  the  same  time  that 
it  reduces  the  wages  of  those  who  still 
find  opportunities  for  work;  that  it 
throws  millions  of  men  out  of  work  and 
deprives  numberless  women  and  children 
of  food  and  clothes,  and  of  everything 
which  makes  comfortable;  that  it  con- 
tracts the  products  of  the  farm  and 
freezes  in  its  cold  emlirace  everything  it 
touches,  excepting  only  the  business  of 
the  bondholders  and  capitalist.  And  all 
for  what?  only  that  a  few  niaj'  riot  upon 
the  misfortunes  of  the  many,  and  add  to 
their  hoarded  treasure  while  the  great 
mass  of  the  community  arc  bankrupt  as 
the  sequence  of  the  wicked  laws  made  to 
work  out  the  precise  results  which  have 
allowed  their  enactment.  It  is  a  fearful 
responsibility  which  the  money-i>o\ver 
has  assumed,  and  some  may  live  to  rue 
the  day  that  their  avarice  got  the  better 
of  their  humanity,  and  doomed  millions 
of   hajjpy  workers  to  suffer  in  order  that 


the  rich  might  fatten   upon  the  miseries 
of  the  poor. 

BONDHOLDERS    MEECILESS. 

The  bondholding  class  are  merciless. 
They  first  corrupt  all  our  legislation,  and 
make  the  laws  bend  and  change  so  as  to 
promote  their  interests  at  the  expense  of 
every  other  class  in  the  country.  They 
order  the  destruction  of  the  people's 
money  in  order  that  theirs  may  have 
freer  circulation  and  yield  them  higher 
interest  and  quicker  returns.  Then  they 
increase  the  rate  of  interest  lest  they  lose 
their  hold  upon  the  people.  Then  they 
go  a  step  farther,  and  having  got  hold  of 
all  that  circulates  as  money,  they  order 
that  by  a  certain  fixed  time  their  debt 
shall  be  paid.  They  control  both  politi- 
cal parties,  and  while  all  the  money  is 
locked  up  in  the  banks,  they  demand 
that  the  people  shall  pay  them  interest 
upon  their  bonds,  as  if  it  were  possible 
for  people  to  jiay  money  when  they  have 
no  money  with  which  to  do  so.  Like 
the  Egyptian  task-masters,  they  order 
the  people  to  pay  interest  at  the  very 
moment  when  they  have  deprived  them 
of  the  only  means  by  which  they  could 
obey  their  order. 

GOLD    vs.    CREDIT. 

There  is  only  three  billions  of  gold  iu 
the  world,  on  which  is  built  its  vast  ex- 
changes of  property,  and  probably  not 
more  than  half  of  it  is  in  use,  the  rest 
being  hoarded.  Thousands  of  billions 
of  dollars  of  property  and  products  are 
annually  bought  and  sold  on  bank  checks 
promising  to  paj'  gold.  Kemeuiber  gold 
and  bank  currency  is  only  four  per  cent, 
of  the  world's  money.  They  are  only 
Saturday  night's  wages — pin-money — 
market  money.  The  great  transactions 
of  distributing  the  world's  property  and 
commodities  are  accomplished  by  90  per 
cent,  in  checks  on  banks  and  bankers. 
These  checks  are  mostly  founded  on 
hank  discounts  of  individual  notes,  prom- 
ising to  pay  gold  or  based  on  gold,  but 
really  tossed  about  and  balanced  at  bank 
counters,  without  the  movement  of  a 
single  coin!  Four  per  cent,  of  coin  and 
currency  together,  to  90  per  cent,  of 
checks,  based  on  the  banker's  promise 
to  pay  gold,  which  could  never  be  re- 
deemed. What  a  pyramid  of  inflated 
credit! — Ex. 


SON  OF  THE  SOIL. 

The  CAUSE  or  causes  of  hard  times  I 
have  not  now  time  nor  space  to  detail, 
but  the  remedy  is  short  and  plain;  it  is 
this;  Read,  inform  yourself;  there  is 
nothing  like  it;  knowledge  is  jiower;  it 
brings  money,  influence,  place,  every- 
thing; corrects  evil,  hard  times;  crushes 
errors,  humbugs,  monopolies;  reduces 
taxation,  and  pays  the  national  debt. 
Read  your  agricultural  paper,  studj-  po- 
litical economy,  know  how  your  govern- 
ment is  managed,  study  finances,  re- 
ligion, commerce,  and  make  yourselves 
and  your  sons  well-informed  reading  men 
and  all  will  be  right  yet. — ^1.  Jl.  Marhury, 
in  Rural  Sun. 


FRANCE 

Has  a  currency  of  over  $4!)  per  head; 
the  United  States  has  $13  per  head. 
France  paid  an  enormous  war  debt  in  a 
few  mouths;  America  has  her  war  debt 
still  hanging  over  her,  drawing  gold 
interest.  France  made  her  ))aper  money 
leceivable  for  ail  dues,  the  same  as  coin; 
this  country  ex(;epted  "duties  on  imports 
and  interests  on  the  public  debt."  The 
paper  currency  of  Franco  always  kept 
even  with  the  coin;  the  greenback  at 
times  was  worth  but  forty  cents  on  a 
dollar.  Franco  has  been  wise  in  her 
financial  jiolicy;  we  have  been  criminally 


foolish.  France  is  prosperous  and  her 
people  happy;  our  country  is  prostrated 
by  idleness,  want,  wretchedness,  bank- 
ruptcy, general  stagnation  and  all  be- 
coming worse  every  day. 

THE  LABOEEK's  PREROGATIVE. 

Because  a  man  sells  his  strength  to 
you  for  a  given  time  and  for  a  fixed  sum, 
it  does  not  follow  that  be  surrenders  to 
you  his  manhood  for  that  time  or  that 
he  places  himself  upon  a  lower  grade, 
socially  or  morally.  He  does  no  such 
thing.  ' '  Circumstances  over  which  we 
have  no  control,"  have  avd  will  compel 
the  best  of  us  to  place  ourselves  in  jiosi- 
tions,  erroneously  termed  menial,  in 
order  to  obtain  a  livelihood,  but  none  of 
us  would  consent  to  subject  ourselves  to 
insult  and  abuse  because  we  were  unfor- 
tunate. No  employer  has  any  moral  or 
legal  right  to  abuse  his  employee,  no 
matter  how  humble  his  station  in  life 
may  be.  No  employer  should  be  so 
blind  to  his  interests  as  to  neglect  the 
comfort,  convenience  and  happiness  of 
those  whom  he  employs. — Hon  of  the 
Hoil. 


The  eelative  difference  between  gold 
and  commodities  is  constantly  widen- 
ing with  growing  civilization.  Gold  ac- 
cumulates slowly  with  all  man's  greedi- 
ness, while  through  machinery  and  in- 
vention, commodities  are  multiplied  with 
inconceivable  rapidity.  Soon  there  will 
not  be  one  gold  dollar  for  every  five 
thousand  dollars  required  to  conduct  the 
world's  exchanges,  and  the  relative 
difl'erence  will  continue  still  further  to 
increase.  One  clear  reason  bankers  want 
a  gold  basis  is  so  that  they  can  hold  the 
balance  of  power  against  the  people  and 
extort  unjust  tribute  for  negotiating  ex- 
changes. 


Mm* 


DOTTINCS  AND  JOTTINGS. 

BY    ISAAC    KINLET. 

IVILITY  pays.  If  you  ask  a  person 
11  i   a  civil  question  and   he  has  not  the 

'  '  decency  to  give  you  a  civil  answer, 
he  will  hardly  find  in  you  a  ready 
customer,  even  though  he  may  have 
the  best  wares  iu  the  market;  and  you 
will  hardly  advise  others  to  him  while 
their  wants  may  be   satisfied  elsewhere. 

You  may  be  above  resentment,  and 
only  pity  thecoarseness  that  insults  you. 
You  may  excuse  in  your  own  mind — pal- 
liating the  boorishness  by  reason  of  the 
unfortunate  organization  and  training. 
I  grant  that  charity  is  an  amiable  virtue; 
but  with  all  your  philosophy  you  love 
not  the  man  who  has  not  treated  you  de- 
cently, and  you  are  not  likely  to  seek  a 
second  insult. 

If  civility  pays  pecuniarily,  it  compen- 
sates even  better  morally.  For  having 
done  ^  well  one  becomes  himself  better. 
Refinement  in  action  refines  the  actor. 
Action  reacts;  and  noble  deeds,  even 
from  selfish  motives,  stimulate  the  vir- 
tues they  are  intended  only  to  semble. 


I'rinciples  underlie  all  things,  and  n 
single  one  sometimes  explains  a  thousand 
phenomena.  In  the  pursuit  of  knowl- 
edge, therefore,  this  is  the  chief  thing  to 
be  sought.  A  principle  once  thoroughly 
fixed  iu  the  mind  enters  into  the  intel- 
lectual processes,  and  is  ever  ready  for 
the  explanation  of  new  facts  or  the  in- 
vestigation of  deeper  reasons.  The 
chain  of  causation  has  no  missing  link. 
Every  fact  is  a  consequence  of   an   in- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


fiuity  of  finteeedent  causes  and  a  cause 
of  an  iniiuity  of  consequences  yet  to 
come.  The  universe  is  law.  Themis 
sits  on  the  throne  with  Jupiter  to  coun- 
sel and  advise,  and  the  Fates  are  her 
daughters. 


Every  one  is  a  builder— man  or  woman 
— who  increases  knowledge  or  encourages 
virtue;  who  makes  the  world  wiser,  or 
better  or  happier  for  his  having  lived  in 
it.  Muscle-work  and  brain-work — the 
farmer  with  his  plow,  the  mechanic  with 
his  tools,  those  who  do  useful  work  or 
give  to  the  world  useful  thoughts;  these 
are  the  builders.  Increased  comforts 
and  better  and  higher  civilization  are  the 
results  of  their  combined  contributions. 
Reader,  be  thou  a  builder! 

Find  ten  men  employed  and  you  shall 
find  at  least  one  as  capable  as  the  em- 
ployer of  being  at  the  head  of  affairs. 
Should  the  ten  combine  to  do  their  own 
work  and  sell  their  own  wares,  dividing 
equitably  the  proceeds — this  would  be  co- 
operation. The  increased  wealth  and 
consequent  comforts  would  vindicate  the 
system.  How  long  must  the  children  of 
laborers  go  hungry  to  bed  in  order  to 
teach  the  simple  lessons  of  mutual  help 
and  mutual  reliance? 

Diffused  light  is  but  darkness;  but  the 
concentrated  rays  of  even  a  winter's  sun 
will  kindle  a  flame.  Genius  itself,  scat- 
tering its  forces  on  all  subjects,  becomes 
wise  in  none;  while  even  the  plodding 
mediocre,  steadily  pursuing  one  subject, 
becomes  a  master.  A  garden  well 
tilled  is  more  beautiful,  and  profitable, 
too,  then  many  broad  acres  producing 
only  brambles  and  thistles. 


Why  respect  the  good  more  than  the 
bad,  the  wise  more  than  the  foolish,  the 
just  more  than  the  uujust,  since  each  is 
the  outgrowth  of  antecedent  conditions  ? 
Why  value  the  perfect  fruit  more  than 
the  imperfect,  the  golden  pippen  more 
than  the  sour  crab,  the  gold  more  than 
the  dross?  Answer  these  questions 
and  you  will  have  answered  those. 

Virtue  is  a  quality  not  to  be  boasted 
of,  and  ke  who  seeks  to  parade  his  own 
excellence  is,  ten  chances  to  one,  only 
publishing  his  own  vanity.  Virtue  is  a 
quality  existing  for  its  own  sake.  He 
■who  loves  virtue  loves  it  for  its  own  sake, 
and  it  never  comes  in  his  mind  to  ask 
the  effect  it  may  have  in  raising  or  sink- 
ing him  in  the  estimation  of  another. 


In  finding  the  value  of  character,  be- 
havior is  the  chief  factor.  What  one  is 
is  measured  by  what  he  does.  Rogues, 
it  is  true,  may  put  on  the  semblance  of 
respectability,  and  hypocrites  the  robes  of 
sanctity;  but  in  spite  of  this  dissembling 
the  inward  self  will  show  outward,  and 
the  man  find  his  place. 


The  mind  grows  through  its  ideas. 
Thought  is  soul  food,  and  greatness 
comes  of  enlarged  conceptions  of  truth. 
As  the  barren  field  is  profitless,  so  is  the 
mind  which  is  barren  of  ideas.  The  one 
produces  no  bread  for  the  world's  eating, 
and  the  other  no  thoughtsfor  the  world's 
thiniing. 

Read  the  greatest  thoughts  of  the 
gi'eatest  minds,  the  purest  emotions  of 
the  best,  and  they  are  only  your  own 
thoughts  put  into  language,  your  own 
emotionB  given  utterance  —the  granite  of 
your  own  quarry  hewed  into  symmetry 
and  polished  into  smoothness. 

San  Jose  Institute,  Oct.,  187fi. 


Iiig'ht  and  Air  vs.  Drugs. 

BI   Dll.  B.  M.  TBALL. 

Mrs.  Rogers  lay  in  her  bed, 

BauilaRtd  and  blistered  from  foot  to  head, 

Bliutcred  and  bandaged  from  head  to  toe, 

Mr8  Rogers  lay  very  low. 

Bottle  and  saucer,  spoon  and  cup, 

On  tbe  table  stood  bravely    up; 

Physics  of  high  and  low  degree — 

Calouiel.  catLip,  boneset  tea; 

Everything;  a  body  could  bear. 

Excepting  light  and  water  and  air. 

I  opened  tho  blinds;  the  day  was  bright, 

And  God  gave  Mrs.  Itogers  some  light. 

I  opened  the  window;  the  day  was  fair. 

And  God  gave  Mrs,  Rogers  some  air. 

Bottles  and  blisters,  powder  and  pills, 

Catnip,  bouset,  syrup  squills; 

Drugs  and  medicines,  high  and  low, 

I  threw  them  as  far  as  I  could  throw. 

"  What  are  you  doing?"  luy  patient  cried 

■'  Frightening  death,"  [  coolly  replied. 

"  You  are  crazy  1"  a  visitor  said; 

I  flung  a  bottle  at  his  head. 

Deacon  Rogers  he  came  to  me; 
"  Wife  is  a  getting  her  health,"  said  he. 
*'  I  really  think  she  will  worry  through; 
She  scolds  me  just  as  she  used  to  do. 
All  the  people  have  poohed  and  slurred. 
All  the  neighbors  have  had  their  word; 
'Twere  better  lo  perish,  some  of  'em  say, 
Than  to  be  cured  in  such  an  irregular  way." 
— [Science  of  Health. 

PRACTICAl.    HEALTH     TOPICS— 
NO.    6. 

BY      "JEWELL." 
CjS  DKESS. 

g?S,ERHAPS  in  no  one  way  can  house- 
i  J)  keepers  simplify  their  work  more 
jK  effectively  than  in  the  direction  of 
^riJ  tlress.  I  sjjeak  more  esjiecially  of 
t^  underwear  and  working  clothes. 
It  is  a  singular  fact  that  in  clothing 
the  body  but  few  regard  comfort  or 
health  as  of  any  importance,  unless  it  be 
elderly  ladies,  who,  haidng  outlived  the 
warm  blood  of  their  youth,  see  the  folly 
of  not  dressing  warmly;  and  to  be  con't- 
fortahle  wear  a  covering  of  flannel,  with- 
out, perhaps,  in  any  other  way  changing 
their  mode  of  underclothing. 

There  are  three  good  reasons  why  a 
radical  change  is  needed  in  this  direc- 
tion: 

First— The  present  stylo  is  the  most 
irnhealthful  manner  of  covering  the  bodv 
imaginable,  which  I  hold  to  bo  the  most 
important  reason  of  all  others. 

Second — It  is  the  most  expensive,  tak- 
ing the  most  material;  and 

Third — More  time  is  required  in  the 
making  and  putting  on  than  is  neces- 
sary. 

Especially  is  this  true  in  regard  to  the 
dressing  of  our  chilch-en.  They  are 
simjjly  victims  to  the  fashions  of  the 
day,  and  our  daughters  are  made  sickly 
women  for  life  from  the  efJ'ects  of  the 
half  clothed  condition  of  their  bodies 
during  childhood.  Why  our  little  girl 
should  be  only  half  as  warmly  clothed 
as  her  brother,  and  made  to  wear  tighter 
clothes  and  shoes,  is  an  open  question. 
Or  why  mothers  should  strive  to  keep 
their  girls  clean — putting  on  white  un- 
derclothing and  keeping  them  in  the 
house — while  the  boys  are  allowed  full 
freedom,  in  thick  boots,  dark,  heavy 
suits,  and  are  expected  to  get  dirty  as  a 
natural  consequence  of  boyhood,  is  one 
of  the  problems  for  the  "coming  woman" 
to  solve.  In  dressing  for  health,  we 
should  strive  to  have  the  clothing  equal- 
ly distributed  over  the  entire  body.  If 
anything  the  extremities  should  be  the 
warmest.  This  may  be  done  eftectually 
by  having  an  entire  undersuit  of  flannel, 
or  cotton  flannel,  over  which  but  few- 
skirts  are  needed:  and  for  work,  a  short 
dress,  not  reaching  the  ankle,  with  gym- 


nastic pants  like  the  dress,  or  of  red 
flannel,  would,  if  tried,  be  found  a  most 
convenient  and  comfortable  change  from 
the  present  long  calico  ilress,  which  is 
dragging  into  everything  and  never  quite 
clean  about  tho  bottom  of  the  skirt. 

Those  who  have  adopted  this  style  of 
dress  can  vouch  for  its  usefulness  and 
comfort,  and  it  is  far  less  expensive  than 
tho  old  style.  As  for  looks — we  are 
creatures  of  habit,  and  have  only  to  get 
accustomed  to  anything  to  like  it,  espe- 
cially if  it  is  convenient  and  everybody 
wears  it.  That  is  perhaps  the  greatest 
Inigbear  in  the  putting  on  of  anything 
different  from  what  custom  allows. 
Most  women  are  sensitive  and  do  not 
like  to  be  odd.  But  in  the  country,  as  a 
work  dress,  it  would  not  meet  with  many 
critics,  and  if  a  whole  neighborhood 
would  adopt  it  there  would  be  but  little 
to  contend  with  in  this  direction.  In 
the  clothing  of  children  this  manner  of 
substituting  one  suit  of  flannel,  reaching 
to  the  ankle,  (under  the  stocking,)  and 
to  the  waist,  with  dress  and  full  gym- 
nastic pants  either  like  the  dress  or  of 
red  flannel,  would  do  away  with  more 
than  hidf  of  the  present  sewing  and 
washing  of  the  family,  where  there  are 
many  children,  thus  giving  the  weary 
mother  rest  and  time  for  reading,  or 
many  pleasures  she  is  now  deprived  of. 
The  new  stjles  of  underclothing,  the 
patterns  of  which  are  advertised  in  the 
Agriculturist,  will  prove  a  blessing  to 
every  one  who  will  adopt  them.  Make 
the  undergarments  of  warm  material, 
especially  for  the  children. 


Remedy  for  Insomnia.  —  If  much 
pressed  with  work,  and  feeling  an  ina- 
bility to  sleep,  eat  two  or  three  small 
onions,  the  effect  of  which  is  magical  in 
producing  the  desired  repose.  Such  a 
remedy  has  a  great  advantage  over  the 
stupefying  drugs  commonly  resorted  to 
for  this  purpose,  and  is  ever  preferable 
to  the  U<iaor  opii  sedal  and  chlorodine  of 
medical  practice. 


How  TO  Deal  With  Little  Accidents. 
In  every  home,  says  the  Prairie  Farmer, 
there  ought  to  be  a  place  known  to  all 
the  members  of  the  household,  buj  out 
of  reach  of  the  children,  set  apart  for 
things  which  are  likely  to  be  wanted  in 
case  of  accident.  These  should  include 
a  good  pair  of  scissors,  three  or  four 
largo  needles,  ready  threaded,  some 
broad  tape,  a  little  lint,  a  roll  of  old 
linen,  flannel  and  calico,  part  of  each 
should  be  torn  into  strips,  some  sticking 
plaster,  gold-beater's  skin;  turpentine, 
lunar  caustic  (nitrate  of  silver),  tinc- 
ture of  arnica  and  tincture  of 
calendula.  The  possession  of  these 
articles  will  enable  any  one  who  can  act 
with  self  possession  and  nerve  to  deal 
promptly  and  wisely  with  most  of  the 
overyday  accidents  to  which  flesh  is  lia- 
ble. These  are  included  in  tho  following 
list. 

CUTS. 

Cuts  require  to  be  treated  suitably 
according  to  their  position  and 
character.  .^  cut  finger  is  best  tied  up 
in  a  rag  with  the  blood;  for  blood  is 
very  healing.  If  a  cut  has  any  foreign 
substance  such  as  glass,  gravel,  or  dirt 
in  it  this  should  be  removed  by  being 
bathed  in  luliewarm  water  before  the 
rag  is  put  on.  If  a  cut  is  severe  the 
blood  should  be  examined.  If  it  is  dark, 
and  oozes  slowly  from  the  wound,  it 
comes  from  a  vein,  and  is  not  serious; 
if  it  is  a  bright  scarlet,  and  spurts  out  of 
the  cut  like  water  from  a  fountain,  it 
comes  from  an  artery,  and  a  doctor 
ought  at  once  be  sent  for.  Until  medi- 
cal aid  can  be  procurred  the  wound 
should  be  tightly  bound,  and   the  artery 


should  be  tightly  pressed  above  the 
wound  and  nearer  the  heart.  If  the 
skin  gaps  from  the  cut,  the  edges  should 
be  at  once  brought  to  their  proper  posi- 
tion with  calendula  plaster.  If  in  a 
little  time  it  begins  to  throb,  the  plaster 
should  be  removed,  and  a  rag  moistened 
with  calenulated  water  applied;  is  use- 
ful for  wounds  where  the  flesh  is  deeply 
cut  or  torn.  If  a  little  lint  is  soaked  in 
it  and  put  upon  the  wound,  it  will  in 
nine  cases  out  of  ten  prove  most  bene- 
ficial. It  is  made  by  mixing  thirty  drops 
of.  the  pure  tincture  of  calendula,  which 
may  be  bought  of  any  chemist,  with  a 
half  tumblerful  of  water.  A  cut  on  the 
head  requires  great  care.  The  hair 
should  be  cut  all  around  the  place,  and 
lint  be  dropped  in  calendulated  water  and 
laid  upon  it.  As  long  as  the  first  dress- 
ing of  the  cut  remains  firm  and  gives  no 
pain,  it  need  not  be  touhced. 
stings  from  insects. 
After  being  stung  by  a  wasp  or  a  bee, 
the  first  thing  to  be  done  is  to  remove 
the  sting.  This  may  be  done  with  a  pair 
of  small  tweezers,  or  the  sides  of  the 
wound  be  pressed  with  a  small  key,  and 
so  it  may  be  squeezed  out.  Then  apply 
to  it  immediately  spirits  of  champhor, 
sal  volatile,  or  turpentine,  or  failing 
these,  rub  it  with  a  little  common  salt, 
or  a  little  moist  tobacco  or  snuff.  If  a 
wasp  or  a  bee  stings  the  throat,  a  little 
turpentine  should  immediately  be 
swallowed.  If  the  place  swells  very 
much,  aud  looks  inflamed,  it  should  be 
bathed  with  arnica,  or  have  a  hot  white- 
bread  poultice  laid  upon  it.  The  arnica 
may  be  made  by  mixing  twenty  drops 
of  the  pure  tincture  with  half  a  tumbler- 
ful of  water. 


The  Grape  Cube. — The  London  Gar- 
den speaks  of  the  Grape  Cure  as  follows : 
"There  are  on  the  Continent  numerous 
establishments  devoted  to  the  application 
of  this  remedy  two  in  France,  three  or 
more  in  Switzerland,  and  manyin  Ger- 
many, Australia  and  Hungary.  The  cure 
is  very  simple.  It  consists  in  eating  an 
immense  quantity  of  grapes.  The  pa- 
tient takes  but  little  ordinary  food,  and 
is  required  to  eat  three  or  four  pounds 
of  the  fruit  a  day  at  first,  the  quantity 
gradually  increased  to  eight,  ten  or  even 
twelve  pounds  of  grapes.  This  is,  if 
possible,  to  be  eaten  in  the  open  air;  in 
the  vineyard  whence  the  supply  is  de- 
rived— an  arrangement  which,  no  doubt, 
greatly  conduces  to  the  eflieiency  of  the 
cure."  The  cure  is  very  simple,  certain- 
ly, and,  we  should  judge,  very  captivat- 
ing; it  is  not  remarkable,  therefore,  that 
it  should  be  very  popular. 


Eemedv  Fob  Dtspepsia. — A  writer  in 
tbe  Medical  Journal,  disconrsing  on 
dyspepsia  says: — We  have  seen  dyspep- 
tics who  suffered  untold  torments  with 
almost  everj'  kind  of  food.  Bread  be- 
came a  burning  acid.  Meat  aud  milk 
were  solid  and  liquid  fires.  We  have 
seen  these  same  sufferers  trying  to  avoid 
food  and  drink,  and  even  going  to  the 
enema  spring  for  sustenance.  And  we 
have  seen  the  torments  pass  away  and 
their  hunger  relieved  by  living  upon  the 
white  of  eggs,  which  have  been  boiled  in 
bubbling  water  for  thirty  minutes.  At 
the  end  of  a  week,  we  have  given  the 
half  yelk  of  the  egg  with  the  white,  and 
upon  this  diet  alone,  without  fluid  of 
any  kind,  we  have  seen  them  begin  to 
gain  flesh  and  strength,  and  refreshing 
sleep.  After,  weeks  of  this  treatmeni; 
they  have  been  able,  with  care,  to  begin 
upon  other  food;  and  all  this  the  writer 
adds  without  taking  medicine.  He  says 
that  hard  boiled  eggs  are  not  half  so  bid 
as  half  boiled  ones,  and  ten  times  as  easy 
to  digest  as  raw  eggs,  even   in    egg-nog. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


§piiuij. 


^' 


Honey 


Plants  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. 


S\V.  SALLEE  writes  to  the  Ana- 
heim Gazeite  the  following  on  honey 
'plants:  You  see  here  in  this  little 
valley  a  variety  of  shrubs  or  weed 
i|?§  which  we  call  "wild  alfalfa."  It 
is'very  full  of  bloom,  a  small  yellow 
flower,  and  produces  a  great  deal  of  the 
nicest  honey.  And  this  rough  grease- 
wood  brush — see  what  a  pretty  blossom 
it  has!  Bees  don't  work  much  on  this 
and  these  other  large  flowers  you  see, 
the  cells  being  too  deep.  But  this  shrub, 
with  a  branch  of  flowers  on  the  end  of 
the  twig,  of  various  colors,  we  call  wild 
buckwheat;  it  produces  a  great  deal  of 
nice  honey. 

You  see  over  this  mesa  a  large  field  of 
white  sage,  jiist  coming  into  bloom. 
This  is  our  brag  honey  plant.  It  will 
remain  in  bloom  for  about  seven  or 
eight  weeks.  All  that  white  bloom  you 
see  on  the  sides  of  the  hills  is  black 
sage-bloom.  It  has  been  out  about  four 
weeks  and  will  remain  in  bloom  two  or 
three  weeks  longer,  and  makes  a  quality 
of  honey  nearly  as  nice  as  the  white 
sage.  But  at  present  the  bees  prefer 
the  wild  alfalfa. 

You  see  all  over  the  hills,  and  especi- 
ally in  these  small  valleys,  those  clumps 
of  "bushes.     That  is  the  sumac  and  will 
bloom  in  July,  continuing  for  six  or  eight 
weeks.     It  secretes   a  large   amount  of 
honey, but  of  a  red   color.     Bees    gather 
honey  probably  more  rapidly   from    that 
than    any    other   flower.       Now   take   a 
general  view  of  the  hills  and  valleys;  you 
see,    probably,  more    flowers   than   you 
ever  beheld  before  at  one  view.     If  there 
were  100  hives  of   bees  on   every  square 
mile  of   land,  I    scarcely   belive    all   the 
honey  secreted  by  these  flowers  would  be 
gathered.     And  to  think  of   it  all    going 
to  waste,  just  for  the  want  of  feathering! 
It   is   enough    to    make   a     man     grow 
eloquent  to  staad  here  on  t  'p  of  this  hill 
and  look  at  this  beautiful  mountain    sce- 
nery— the  healthiest  on   earth — all   cov- 
ered with  beautiful  flowers,  stored    with 
the  delicious  nectar,  and  to  think  that  it 
all,  or  nearly  all,  goes  to    waste    for   the 
want  of  gathering,  without  any  one  save 
a  few  isolated  bee  men,  to  enjoy   and  ap- 
preciate  it!     Why,     sirs,    we    have    the 
prettiest  part  of  the  country.     You   can- 
not turn  your  eyes  in  any   direction   but 
you  behold  a  difl'erent  scenery — not  that 
monotonous  extension  of   level    land   of 
the  valleys,  but  here  a   beautiful   rolling 
hill,  all  covered  with  green  grass;    there, 
a  rough    mountain   side,    overgrown    b'^ 
rough  mountain  brush;  yonder,    a     pre- 
cipitous rough   cliff  of  projecting   rocks, 
each  hill  alternating  with  a  lovely    little 
valley,  with  its  clear  stream    of   ruuuing 
water.     Now,  this  mountain   country   is 
good  for  nothing  much  but  bee   raising. 
It  is  true,  much  of  the  land  could  be  put 
to  fruit  and  do  as  well  as  the  valley  land, 
probably  better;  liut,    there    should  be  a 
bee  man  on  every  thousand  acres  at  least, 
with  bees  enough  to  gather  thousands  of 
tons   of    honey    now    going    to    waste. 
Many  say,  "Is  the  bee  business  going  to 
bo   run   into    the   ground?"     I    answer, 
"No!"     The  honey  producing  district  of 
California  is  only  a  narrow  strip  on    the 
west  side  of  the  mountains   of   Southern 
California,  extendir  g  from  Santa  Barbara 
to  the  State  line  south.     And   compared 
with  this  State  alone  it  is   a   very  small 
portion,  while  compared  with  the  whole 
United  States  it  is  but  a  drop  in   the 
bucket. 


Managinc;  Bees. — At  the  late  meeting 
of  the  Northwestern  Bee-Keepers'  As- 
sociation, the  following  answers  were 
given  by  three  practical  bee-keepers  to 
the  questions  placed  in  the  question 
drawer  during  the  meeting; 

1.  What  is  the  best  method  of  con- 
trolling the  swarming  fever?  The  free 
use  of  the  extractor,  or  by  making  an  a- 
rtificial  colony. 

2.  Is  it  an  injury  to  bees  to  have 
more  forage  in  the  spring  than  they 
need  for  brood  rearing?     Yes. 

3.  Is  it  necessary  to  give  bees  light 
when  is  wintered  in  the  cellar  or  house? 
No. 

i.  Should  bees  have  ventilation  in 
wintering;  if  so,  bow  much?  Yes,  not 
as  much  as  is  generally  given. 

5.  Side  or  top  boxing,  which  is  pref- 
erable? Two  of  the  committee  were  in 
favor  of  top  boxes,  one  in  favor  of  both. 

G.  Which  is  the  better  method  of 
swarming,  natural  or  artificial,  where 
box  honey  is  the  object,  and  you  wish 
to  double  your  stocks?  Two  of  the  com- 
mittee prefer  natural  swarming;  one  pre- 
fers artificial. 

7.  Which  is  advisable  to  produce,  box 
or  extracted  honey,  when  you  have  a 
ready  market  for  either?     Both. 

8.  Why  do  bees  seal  up  cracks  and 
openings  in  the  hive?  To  retain  the  an- 
imal heat. 

9.  Should  an  excess  of  honey  be  re- 
moved from  the  hive  in  the  fall  or  in  the 
spring?     In  the  fall. 

10.  How  far  apart  should  apiaries  be 
located?  From  four  to  seven  miles,  de- 
pending upon  the  size  of  the  apiary. 

11.  Is  it  important  with  the  Italian 
bees  that  the  guide  combs  in  the  surjjlus 
boxes  extend  from  bottom  to  top  of 
honey  boxes?  The  more  comb  the  bet- 
ter. 

12.  Why  do  bees  leave  their  hive 
about  the  1st  of  May?  Discouragement 
from  confinement,  mouldy  combs,  or 
small  cluster  of  bees. 

113.  What  is  the  best  method  of  pre- 
venting after-swarms?  Introduce  a 
youug,  fertile  queen. 

11.  How  should  a  queenless  stock  be 
managed,  when  the  keeper  has  no  queen 
in  the  spring?  Unite  with  another 
stock 'iiaviug  a  queen, 

15.  What  should  be  done  when  in 
the  case  of  an  after-swarm  whose  queen 
had  been  destroyed,  and  which  had  been 
returned  to  the  parent  stock,  but  which 
persisted  in  coming  out  day  after  day? 
Destroy  queens  until  all  save  one  is 
gone. 

16.  Upon  what  condition  does  success 
in  wintering  depend?  Good  stocks  in 
the  fall;  proper  temperature  and  ventila- 
tion; perfect  quiet. 

17.  Is  there  any  sure  cure  for  foul 
brood  save  the  destruction  of  bees  and 
comb?  Yes,  by  preventing  the  brood 
rearing,  by  the  free  use  of  the  extractor, 
and  by  smoking  the  comb  with  brim- 
stone. 


trifle  in  excess  of  the  above  estimate, 
while  those  of  twenty-five  pounds  capa- 
city, frequently  contain  two  or  three 
pounds  inexcess. — Ex. 


%lt  §0V$e. 


HOW    HORSES  ARE   DRIVEN. 


Califoenia    Honey.— We    received  a 
call    from    Mr.    Chas.gJ.  Fox,     of    San 
Diego,  California,  who  visits  Chicago  on 
business  for  the  San  Diego  Bee-Keepers' 
Association.     The  honey  interest  in  San 
Diego  county  is  a  large  and  rapidly  grow- 
ing  one;    the   estimated  crop   this  year 
being  500,000  pounds  of  comb,  and  about 
an  equal  amount  of  extracted  and  strained 
honey.     Mr.  Fox  has  samples   of  both, 
which  we  consider  very  fine.     The  Asso- 
ciation,   which   was   incorporated  aboiit 
three  months  ago  under  the  laws  of  CaU- 
fornia,  is  a  co-operative   one,   in  the  in- 
terest of  the  producers.     They  propose 
to    repack     and    grade    all    the    honey 
shipped,  affixing  certificates   of   quality 
to    each    case,  in  the  same  manner   as 
Ciovernment  revenue  stamps.  They  have 
a  store-house  in  San  Diego  where  this  is 
done  under  personal  supervision  of  the 
officers    of    the    Association.     Arrange- 
ments have  been  made  for   careful  hand- 
ling   on    steamers    and    cars,    and    for 
through  shipment   from    San  Diego    to 
Chicago  or  other  Eastern  cities,    in  car- 
loads, where  the  honey  will  be  placed  m 
the  hands  of  commission  merchants  and 
agents  for  sale;  the  object  being  to  sell 
direct  from  producer  to  consumer.     The 
officers   of  the  Association  intend  to  es- 
tablish a  national    reputation    for    San 
Diego  honev,    which  they  believe  excels 
in  color,   body  and  flavor  any  other  in 
the  world.     There  is  a  very  large  area  of 
honey-producing  territory  in    Southern 
California,     embracing    Santa   Barbara, 
Los   Angeles   and    San  Diego  counties, 
and  as  it  can  be   produced  there  for  less 
than  the  materials  for   making  artificial 
honey  can  be  bought  for,  the  public  may 
be   sure   that  any   honey   shipped   from 
that  region  is  perfectly  pure,  and  the  ban 
Diego   Bee-Keepers'  Association  propose 
to  guarantee  all  extracted  or  comb  honey 
shipped  by  them.     Mr.  Fox  intends  to 
canvass    our    market    and    go  to  other 
Eastern    cities    for    the  same   purpose 
Such    societies    as  he  represents  are    of 
great  benefit  both  to  producers  and  con- 
sumers, and  we  heartily  wish  them  suc- 
cess.—^mcj-icuu  Bee  Journal  for  October. 

Mr.  Haebison  has  attended  the  Cen- 
tennial with  a  very  handsome  case  of 
honey.  The  case  alone  cost  $250.  He 
has  3,000  stands  of  bees,  and  they  an- 
nually produce  about  one  hundred  tons 
of  honey. 

Fifty  Tons  (100,000  Lbs.)  op  Honey. 
— H.  K.  &  F.  B.  Thurber  &  Co.,  of 
this  city  have  received  the  above  enor- 
mous consignment  of  honey  from  one 
association  of  California  bee-keepers. 
Verily  California  does  "beat  the  world" 
for  honey.— &e- Keepers'  Magazine  for 
October. 


BY  J.   A.   c. 


III'' 


is 

m  go- 


REL.ATIVE  Contents  of  Dipfeeent 
Sized  Honey  Boxes.— After  weighing  a 
great  many  boxes  of  different  sizes,  and 
figuring  it  all  out,  I  have  found,  as  a 
rule,  that  a  box  when  filled  with  newly 
made  comb,  and  the  honey  well  sealed 
over,  will  contain  three  pounds  of  honey 
to  every  one  hundred  cubic  inches  of 
space  contained  in  the  box.  Thus  a  box 
ten  inches  long,  six  inches  wide,  five 
inches  deep,  inside  measure,  will  con- 
tain three  hundred  cubic  inches  of  space, 
and  will  consequently  hold  nine  pounds, 
when  filled  as  above  stated.  This  rule 
holds  good  with  any  size  of  a  box,  from 
about  twelve  pounds  down  to  five 
pounds.  Boxes  of  the  capacity  of  fif- 
teen to  twenty  pounds  usually  contain  a 


Tree-Planting. — A  correspondent  in 
Livingston,  Illinois,  reports  that  the 
planting  of  trees  in  groves  and  shelter- 
belts,  and  for  oruimental  purposes,  has 
become  very  general  in  that  country. 
Ten  years  ago  !t5  per  cent,  of  the  acrea 
of  the  county  was  treeless;  but  now  a 
farm  without  a  grove  is  an  exception  to 
the  general  rule.  Black-walnut  has  the 
pteferenee  for  profit  and  ease  of  cultiva- 
tion; but  elm,  soft  maple  willow,  cotton- 
wood,  European  larch  ash  and  common 
white  evergree  are  popular  for  ornamen- 
tal purposes,  and  occasionally  are  plant- 
ed in  groves  and  shelter-belts. — Agricul- 
tural Report  for  September. 


begin,  there's  your  boy,  any- 
„  here  along  from  ten  years  upward, 
that  believes  in  "  making  a  horse 
gW  go."  Send  him  on  foot  and  he  is 
%(J^  in  no  hurry,  but  give  him  a  horse 
and  he  must  leave  the  road  behind  him 
as  fast  as  possible.  The  whip,  if  ever 
applied  to  himself,  he  thinks  something 
terrible ;  but  he  never  thinks  the  horse 
has  feelings.  It  is  so  easy  to  use  the 
lash  that  he  does  not  consider  the  pain 
it  inflicts.  A  little  judicious  admonition 
on  the  part  of  parents  or  others  might 
make  many  a  dumb  animal's  journey 
through  the  world  less  unpleasant. 

Then  there's  the  young  man  that  will 
needlessly  put  a  severe  bit  in  a  docile 
horse's  mouth  that  he  may  suddenly 
check  him  in  his  speed  a  la  Spanish  va- 
quero.  Many  Spanish  horsemen  are 
exceedingly  iuditlerent  to  the  feelings  of 
the  animal  they  use,  and  many  thought- 
less young  men  will  imitate  them  with 
as  much  zest  as  wUl  children  a  clown 
after  a  circus.  The  horse  is  one  of  the 
noblest  animals,  and  he  will  reciprocate 
kind  treatment,  coming  to  have  gi'cat 
confidence  even  in  danger  when  he  hears 
his  master's  voice.  In  most  cases  a  bad 
horse  has  at  some  time  had  a  bad  master, 
or  has  one  now. 

It  IS  alwavs  well  to  have  a  whip  when 
a  horse  is  driven,  not  that  he  may  be 
whipped,  but  because  he  can  be  better 
controlled  with  it  when  it  is  necessary. 
The  habit  which  many  have  of  urging  a 
horse  by  jerking  the  bits  against  his 
gums  is  not  good.  The  gums  are  sensi- 
tive, and  the  pain  inflicted  by  a  hard 
jerk  is  needless.  Every  day  I  see  horses 
pass  that  are  driven  by  severe  jerks  on 
the  bits,  causing  the  horse  to  thrust  his 
nose  forward  in  a  very  ill  position.  If  a 
man  has  any  pride  about  the  appearance 
of  the  horse  he  drives  he  certainly  cannot 
drive  by  jerks  on  the  horse's  gums.  I 
have  never  seen  a  trained  coachman 
jerking  the  mouths  of  horses,  nor  do  I 
remember  ever  to  have  seen  a  fine  span 
of  horses  setting  their  noses  away  ahead 
of  them  to  lessen  the  force  of  a  jerk  from 
the  bits.  The  owners  of  such  teams  are 
too  considerate  of  the  appearance  of  their 
horses,  and  have  too  much  pride  in  them 
to  see  them  in  so  ungainly  a  position. 
The  moderate  tightening  of  the  reins  as 
an  intimation  of  better  time  may  be 
allowable,  but  it  should  not  degenerate 
into  a  jerk.  ,       ,       ,      , 

Some  check  their  horses  by  the  check- 
rein  till  the  auimid's  head  is  lifted  away 
out  of  its  natural  position  into  an  ex- 
ceedingly uncomfortable  one.  At  this 
moment  one  such  is  passing  me  with 
head  drawn  up  as  if  it  was  about  to  crow, 
but  crowing  is  for  the  most  part  a  pre- 
rogative of  roosters. 

A  little  consideration  would  save  a 
deal  of  unnecessary  sufl'ering  and  pain; 
and  who  really  wishes,  when  he  reflects 
about  it,  to  diminish  the  happiness  of  a 
single  being?  


There  is  a  grove  of  over  20,000  ash 
and  maple  trees  growing  near  Los  An- 
geles for  carriage  and  manufacturing 
timber.  The  trees  are  said  to  be  in  a 
very  thrifty  condition. 

A  teick  of  the  trade. 
There  is  not   found  one  gold  dollar  in 
all  the  world  for    every  thousand  dollars 
of  bank  promises  to  pay  the  demand  for 
real  gold. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


She  JJainh 


VThen  the  Cows  Come  Home. 

When  klinKle,  klingle.  klingle, 

Way  down  the  dusky  dingle, 

The  cows  are  coining  home: 
How  sweet  and  clear,  and  faint  and  low, 
The  airy  tinklings  come  and  go. 
Like  chimings  from  the  far-off  tower, 
Or  patteriuRs  of  an  April  shower 

That  makes  the  daisies  grow; 

Eo-ling,  ko-lang,  kolinglelingle, 

Way  down  the  dark'ning  dingle, 

The  cows  come  slowly  home; 
(And  old-time  friends,  and  twilight  plays. 
And  starry  nights  and  -sunny  days. 
Come  trooping  up  the  misty  ways. 

When  the  cows  come  home.) 

With  jingle,  jangle,  jingle. 
Soft  tones  that  sweetly  mingle, 
The  cows  are  coming  home; 
Malvine  and  Pearl  and  Floramel, 
DeKamp,  Red  Rose  and  Gretchen  Schell, 
Queen  Bess  and  Sylph  and  Spangled  Sue, 
Across  the  fields  I  hear  her  "loo .00" 
And  clang  her  silver  bell. 
Go-ling,  go-Iang,  golingledingle. 
With  faint,  far  sounds  that  mingle. 
The  cows  come  slowly  home; 
(And  mother  songs  of  long  gone  years. 
And  baby  joys  and  childish  fears. 
And  youthful  hopes  and  youthful  tears. 
When  the  cows  come  home.) 

With  ringle,  rangle,  ringle. 
With  twos  and  threes  and  single. 
The  cows  are  coming  home; 
Through  vinlet  air  we  see  the  town. 
And  the  Summer  sun  i.s  slipping  down. 
And  the  maple  in  the  hazel  glade 
Throws  down  the  path  a  longer  .';hade. 
And  the  hills  are  growing  brown. 
To-rmg.  to-rang.  toringleringle. 
By  threes  and  fours  and  single. 
The  cows  come  slowly  home: 
(The  same  sweet  sound  of  wordless  psalm. 
The  same  sweet  June-day  rest  and  calm. 
The  same  sweet  smell  of  buds  and  balm, 
"When  the  cows  come  home.) 

With  tinkle,  tankle,  tinkle. 
Through  fern  and  periwinkle. 
The  cows  are  coming  home: 
A-loitering  in  the  checkered  stream. 
Where  the  sun-rays  glance  and  gleam, 
Clarine,  Peachbloom  and  Phebe  Phillis, 
Stand  knee-deep  in  the  creamy  lilies. 
In  a  drowsy  dream: 
To-liuk,  to-lank,  tolinklelinkle. 
O'er  banks  with  buttercups  a-twiukle. 
The  cows  come  slowly  home: 
(And  up  through  memory's  deep  ravine 
Come  the  brooks  old  song  and  its  old-time 

sheen. 
And  the  crescent  of  the  Silver  Queen, 
When  the  cows  come  home,) 

With  klingle,  klangle,  klingle. 

With  loo-oo  and  moo-00  and  jingle. 

The  cows  are  coming  home; 
And  over  there  on  Slerlin  Hill, 
Hear  the  plaintive  cry  of  the  whip-poor-will, 
And  the  dewdrops  lie  on  the  t.-ingled  vines. 
And  over  the  poplars  Venus  shines. 

And  over  the  silent  mill; 

Ko-ling.  Ko-laiig.  kolinglelingle. 

With  ting  a  ling  and  jingle, 

The  cows  come  slowly  home: 
(Let  down  the  bars;  l>'t  in  the  train 
Of  long-gone  songs,  and  flowers  and  rain. 
For  dear  old  times  come  back  again 

When  the  cows  come  home.) 


FOR  MILK  OR  FOR  BEEF. 

^^AIRYMEN,  as  well  as  the  common 
Hll*|  farmer  ami  stock  breeder,  are  inter- 
j|r|l  ested  in  the  question  of  breeding 
^1  "for  milk  or  for  beef."  Isnotthe 
^X  ti""e  solution  in  breeding  for  both 
milk  and  beef-?  The  best  beef  cattle  in 
the  world,  the  short-horns,  were  derived 
from  a  stock  noted  for  dairy  cattle. 
There  is  yet  a  class  of  short-horns  that 
seem  not  to  have  lost  their  excellence  as 
milkers  by  being  improved  for  beef  cat- 
tle. It  is  certainly  possible  to  combine 
the  excellencies  of  both  dairy  and  beef 
stock  in  one;  and  the  nearer  the  farmer 
and  dairyman  comes  to  doing  this,  the 
better.  A  cow  that  will  produce  fine 
c:^lves,  the  males  of  which  can  be  soon 
grown  into  fine  beef  stock,  that  will 
readily  take  on  growth  and  fat,  is  cer- 
t;iinly  worth  more  than  a  cow  fit  for 
nothing  but  milk.  After  a  cow  has  be- 
come too  old   for  profitable  milking,  if 


she  can  be  fattened  for  beef,  and  will 
sell  at  a  high  price,  it  is  surely  a  great 
advantage.  Her  heifer  calves,  lit  at 
once  for  beef  and  for  milk  stock,  are  more 
valuable  than  scrubby  looking  stock  of 
any  breed.  The  small  Jersey's  are  val- 
uable for  hilly  farms,  where  heavy  stock 
cannot  run  with  comfort  and  safety, 
also  for  family  use  in  towns  and  cities; 
but  on  rich  valley  lands,  good  short- 
horn milkers  are  certainly  the  best. 
The  same  nutrition  that  produces  meat 
and  fat,  will  j)roduco  milk.  The  beef- 
making  short-horn,  while  in  dairy  use, 
will  expend  in  milk  and  butter  produc- 
ing, what,  if  not  giving  milk,  would  go 
to  beef  producing.  In  other  words, 
while  in  use  as  a  dairy  cow  the  strongly 
organized  and  capacious  power  of  build- 
ing up,  will  be  devoted  to  the  elabora- 
tion of  milk.  When  she  is  dry  the 
same  force  will  work  to  lay  on  flesh. 

We  are  sure  that  oiir  dairymen  will 
find  it  to  their  interest  to  cultivate  the 
beef  qualities  as  well  as  the  udder. 
Either  quality  may  be  done  separately, 
biit  it  is  not  inconsistent  to  combine 
both  the  milk  and  beef  producing  qual- 
ities in  one,  and  thus  produce  the  "com- 
ing cow." 

Managing  Cows  In  Holland. 

From  a  condensed  report  of  Dr.  Star- 
ing, in  the  London  Field,  on  the  Daily 
Husbandry  in  Holland,  we  make  the  fol- 
lowing extract: 

In  the  dairying  districts — mostly  ex- 
posed tracts  of  land  without  a  tree — the 
usual  plan  of  protecting  them  against  the 
cold  and  wet  is  to  fasten  round  their 
bodies  a  thick  tow  cloth,  and  occasional- 
ly a  rough  shedding  is  erected  to  serve 
them  as  a  shelter.  On  their  return  to 
the  stables  they  are  attached  by  the  neck  j 
to  two  stout  posts,  having  movable  rings 
that  slide  up  and  down  as  the  animal 
changes  its  position.  The  usual  arrange- 
ment is  for  the  cows  to  stand  face  .to 
face  in  two  rows.  Between  the  latter 
runs  a  feeding  passage,  and  behind  the 
cattle  there  is  a  channel  and  plenty  of 
room  to  remove  the  droppings.  From 
time  to  time  pea,  rye,  barley,  and  oat 
straw  are  substituted  for  a  change,  and 
either  rape  or  linseed  cake — about  a 
cake  a  head — is  dissolved  in  the  water 
they  drink.  Some  farmers,  however, 
prefer  to  give  the  cake  in  its  dry  foi-m, 
thinking  it  goes  further  in  that  way  and 
is  more  wholesome.  Turnips  are  not 
much  grown  or  used  as  cattle  food  in 
the  dairying  districts;  they  are  occa- 
sionally given,  however,  as  a  supple- 
mentary article  of  diet,  also  beets,  car- 
rots, white  and  red  clover  and  spui'ry; 
and  in  the  vicinity  of  towns  the  refuse 
of  breweries  and  distilleries  is  a  com- 
mon feeding  material. 

The  calves  are  never  allowed  to  suck, 
and  receive  for  the  first  four  weeks  pure 
milk,  after  that  sour  milk,  and  butter- 
milk, or  whey  according  to  circum- 
stances. At  the  end  of  four  months 
the  same  nourishment  is  given  them  as 
to  the  full  grown  cattle;  but  they  often 
get  sour  milk,  etc.,  besides.  In  those 
localities,  such  as  the  neighborhood  of 
Nykerk  and  Nymegen,  in  Guclderland 
and  Veghel,  and  Breda,  in  North  Bra- 
bant, where  the  fattening  of  calves  is 
largely  and  successfiilly  carried  on,  the 
usual  plan  is  to  put  them  directly  after 
birth  into  small  pens  or  boxes,  which 
are  just  large  enough  for  them  to  stand 
up  and  lie  down  in  and  are  kept  dark. 
The  calves  get  twice  a  day  as  much 
fresh  drawn  milk  as  they  will  consume, 
and  for  the  first  week  each  animal  is 
fed  exclusively  on  its  own  mother's 
milk.  Such  importance  do  some  far- 
mers  attach   to    the    calves   consuming 


nothing  but  milk,  that  they  muzzle  the 
creature  in  order  that  they  m.'vy  not 
chew  and  swallow  any  of  the  litter.  A 
calf  fattened  in  the  above  way  will 
weigh  in  ten  to  twelve  iveeks,  fat  and 
lean  together,  150  to  200  pounds. 


California  Raisins. 

The  production  of  raisins  in  Califor- 
nia is  rapidly  assuming  the  proportions 
of  an  important  industry.  The  grape 
crop  now  maturing  is  probably  the  largest 
that  the  State  ever  produced,  and  with 
an  overstocked  market,  both  for  table 
and  wine,  more  than  usual  attention  is 
being  directed  to  the  manufacturer  of 
raisins.  It  is  generally  conceded  that 
the  growing  oC  grapes  in  this  State  at 
one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound  is  a 
profitable  business,  and  the  most  ex- 
perienced producers  have  demonstrated 
that  this  rate  can  be  realized  from  the 
crop  if  it  be  turned  to  raisins.  Three 
pounds  of  muscat  grapes  will  make  one 
of  raisins,  while  the  cost  of  cutting  and 
boxing  is  estimated  at  one  and  one- 
half  cents  per  pound  and  if  one  cent 
be  allowed  for  freight  to  San  Francisco 
and  commission  for  selling,  we  have 
seven  cents  per  pound  as  the  total  cost 
of    production.       No     good    California 


Rearing    Stock     to    Make     Good 
Milkers. 

The  best  method  of  growing  stock  to 
make  them  most  profitable  for  the  dairy 
has  recently  been  discussed  at  some 
length  by  Sir.  A.  L.  Fish,  of  Herkimer, 
in  the  Utica  Ikruhl.  The  pominent 
idea  advanced  by  Mr.  Fish  is  that  in 
in  order  to  rear  cows  for  "fluent  milk- 
ers," they  should  have  xucciilent  food 
from  their  birth  till  brought  into  milk, 
which,  he  says,  is  usually  at  two  years 
of  age,  if  the  animal  is  well  raised.  He 
argues  that  the  food  of  a  calf,  when  a 
change  is  made  from  milk,  should  be 
cooked  and  fed  warm,  or  near  the  tem- 
perature of  blood  heat,  because  it  fa- 
cilitates a  more  perfect  digestion,  for 
which  the  distributing  functions  are  in 
waiting.  This  position,  he  says,  is  fully 
demonstrated  by  the  fact  that  in  the 
change  from  milk  to  grosser  f<iod  the 
young  animal  shows  less  thrift,  propor- 
tionate to  increased  functional  labor  re- 
quired to  fit  the  food  for  assimilation. 
The  calf  adds  more  weight  in  growth 
from  a  given  amount  of  food  it  takes 
during  the  first  week  than  ever  after. 
The  extraordinary  size  that  a  calf  will 
attain  at  eight  ntouths  old,  having  been 
supplied  with  all  the  new  milk  it  would 
take,  three  times  a  day,  compared  with 
a  calf  otherwise  equal,  except  that  its 
food  is  unjirepared  for  ready  assimila- 
tion, shows  it  expedient  to  prepare  the 
food  as  near  as  possible  for  ready  dis- 
tribution in  the  system,  especially  for 
forced  growth  and  for  milch  cows. 

A  skillful  breeder,  he  argues,  must 
unde.'stand  adapting  the  various  kinds 
of  food  to  develoi)  essential  points  and 
fix  them  by  habit  in  the  constitution. 
The  functional  relations  in  the  animal 
organism  are  based  upon  the  principle 
of  demand  and  supply.  Hence  the 
early  exercise  of  the  faculties  most  es- 
sentia! for  practical  use. 

He  would  have  the  animal  reared  on 
food  that  is  calculated  to  stimulate  a 
milky  habit,  and  he  would  have  the  ani- 
mal "come  in  milk"  at  an  early  age, 
thus  educating  her  from  birth  for  the 
special  purpose  of  the  dairy.  Mr.  Fish, 
we  understand,  has  been  quite  success- 
ful in  rearing  "deep  milkers, "  and  his 
views  may  be  suggestive  to  those  who 
are  growing  stock  for  the  dairy. 


raisins  have  yet  been  sold  as  low  as  this, 
but  it  is  deemed  best  to  keep  the  esti- 
mate on  the  safe  side.  At  seven  cents 
per  pound  the  California  fruit  can  suc- 
cessfully compete  with  the  imported, 
and  a  large  business  can  be  done  with 
the  Eastern  States.  The  annual  require- 
ments of  this  market  are  estimated  at 
from  18,000  to  20,000  boxes,  the  quan- 
tity varying  somewhat  with  the  price. 
Last  season  the  receipts  of  California 
raisins  at  this  port  aggregated  18,000 
twenty-pound  boxes,  and  the  production 
of  the  State  reached  at  least  20,000 
boxes.  Of  this  quantity  about  6,000 
boxes  were  shipped  to  New  York,  St. 
Louis  and  Chicago.  The  best  authorities 
estimate  the  production  this  year  at 
00,000  boxes,  consequeutly  a  market  for 
about  40,000  boxes  will  have  to  be 
sought  for  in  the  Eastern  States.  If  the 
quality  of  the  new  crop  comes  up  to  that 
of  the  best  produced  last  year,  not  the 
least  difficulty  is  anticipated  in  placing 
the  surplus,  though  it  were  ten  times 
greater.  The  possible  proportions  that 
this  trade  may  attain  are  shown  by  the 
imports  of  foreign  raisins  into  this  coun- 
try, which  for  several  years  have  ranged 
from  1,000.000  to  1,300,000  packages, 
valued  at  $1,. 500,000  to  $2,500,000,  at 
New  York  alone. 

Here,  then,  would  appear  to  be  one 
branch  of  the  fruit  business  open  to  onr 
farmers,  that  has  not  been  overdone,  and 
is  not  likely  to  be  for  years  to  come.  The 
curing  of  raisins,  unlike  wine-making, 
requires  no  costly  appliances.  A  piece 
of  ground  with  a  smooth  surface  sloping 
to  the  south  and  provided  with  movable 
covering  to  keep  oflf  dews  and  showers, 
is  all  that  is  required.  Indeed,  some  of 
the  finest  raisins  brought  to  this  market 
have  been  cured  upon  the  ground  be- 
tween the  rows  of  vines  upon  which  the 
grapes  were  grown.  It  is  a  well-settled 
fact  among  the  most  experienced  pro- 
ducers in  the  State,  that  however  supe- 
rior machine-dried  fruit  of  other  varie- 
ties may  be,  the  best  raisins  are  cured  by 
sunshine.— S.  F.  Call,  Sept.  21th. 


Valtte  of  Fabm  AxniAis. — .\ccording 
to  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  the 
value  of  farm  animals  in  January,  1876, 
were  as  follows:  Horses,  5032,440,985; 
mules,  $106,565,114;  milch  cows,  $320,- 
306,728;  oxen  and  other  cattle. $319. 623, 
509;  sheep,  $63,606,318;  swine,  $175,- 
070,484.  Grand  average  as  follows: 
Horses,  $64.96;  mules,  $75.33;  milch 
cows,  $28.89;  othercattle,  $19.04;  sheep, 
$2.60;  swine,  $6.80.  The  average  value 
of  horses  was  greater  in  New  Jursev, 
$110.84;  least  in  Texas,  $33,17.  Of 
mules,  greatest  in  New  Jersey,  $128.32, 
and  least  in  Oregon,  $45.68.  Cows, 
greatest  in  Massachusetts,  $48.33,  and 
least  in  Florida,  $14.62;  other  cattle 
greatest  in  Rhode  Island,  $49.62,  and 
least  in  Florida,  $8.14.  Sheep,  greatest 
in  New  Jersey,  $5.01,  and  least  in  North 
Carolina,  $1.58.  Swine,  greatest  in 
Massachusetts,  $18.03,  and  least  in  Flor- 
ida,$2.'>6. 


Flxx  gbowecg  has  within  the  last  half 
a  dozen  years  become  quite  an  important 
crop  in  several  of  our  coast  counties. 
The  San  Francisco  Oil  Factory  has 
mostly  contracted  for  the  crop  each  year 
in  advance  at  fair  paying  prices.  We 
hear  some  complaint  this  season  from 
farmers  that  this  establishment  is  bear- 
ing down  upon  the  flaxseed  producers  so 
as  to  discourage  them  from  further  culti- 
vation of  flax.  The  farmers  look  upon 
the  Oil  Manufactory  as  a  growing  mo-  $S 
nopoly,  and  want  other  market  opportu-  'Xi 
nities,  new  oil  mills,  or  must  go  at  some-  !  ,k 
thing  more  remunerative. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


®Iic  (Bvaiu  ©vmrcv. 


Corn  Song'. 


BT  J.  G.  WHITTIEB. 

Heap  high  the  farmer's  winterH  hoard; 

Heap  high  the  goUlen  corn: 
No  richer  gift  has  Autumn  piiured 
From  out  her  lavish  horn. 

Let  other  lands,  exulting,  glean 

The  apple  from  the  pine  ; 
The  orange  from  its  glossy  green, 

The  cluster  from  the  vine. 

We  better  love  the  hardy  gift 

Our  ragged  vales  he-itow. 
To  cheer  us  when  the  st  )rra  shall  drift 

Our  harvest  fields  with  snow. 

And  now  with  autumn's  moonlit  eyes, 

Its  harvest  time  is  come. 
We  pluck  away  its  frosty  leaves. 

And  btar  its  treasures  home. 

But  let  the  good  old  corn  adorn 

The  hills  our  fathers  trod  ; 
Still  let  us  tor  His  goMen  corn 

Send  up  our  thiiuks  to  God. 


CRACKED  WHEAT  AND  SMUT. 


BY  D.   A.   L. 


time  to  time  so  as  to  use  4  to  six  pounds 
of  bluestone  for  each  ton  of  wheat. 

THE  CRACKING  OF  WHEAT 

By  threshing  machines  can  and  should 
be  avoided.  If  the  cylinder  and  concave 
teeth  are  adjusted  so  as  to  pass  at  a 
proper  distance,  and  the  gi-ate  bars  made 
smooth  and  free  from  sharp  angles,  and 
the  speed  kept  down  so  that  the  grain  is 
not  hurled  as  shot  from  a  gun  against 
the  grate  bars,  the  grain  would  come  out 
in  perfect  condition  for  seed.  Unfortu- 
nately, steam  supplies  the  power,  and 
job  work  the  temptatitm  to  make  one- 
twelfth  of  the  crop  unfit  for  that  pur- 
pose. 

Stockton,  September  26,  1876. 


f'  '^'HE  origin  of  smut  in  wheat  is  from 
cracked  grains  which   have   vitality 
enough  to  germinate  and  grow,  but 
a-if   not  enough  to  mature  the  grain. 


WHEAT   THRESHED    ON    THE    GKOUND 

By  the  tramping  of  horses,  and  sown 
without  the  application  of  any  prepara- 
tion to  it,  does  not  produce  smut.  Wheat 
that  falls  to  the  ground  in  the  field  and 
makes  a  volunteer  crop  does  not  produce 
smut.  Such  wheat,  like  any  other,  may 
blast:  that  is,  for  the  want  of  a  perfect 
fructification,  a  black  sxibstauce  is  found 
in  the  place  of  the  grain,  which  blows 
away  before  harvest,  but  the  real  smut 
remains  in  its  "sack"  till  after  threshing. 
Probably  the  cause  of  blasting  is  high 
winds  during  the  time  the  growing  grain 
is  in  blossom. 

PREVENTING    SMUT. 

Since  the  use  of  threshing  machines 
became  general,  every  wheat  raiser  uses 
quicklime  or  bluestone,  {sulphate  of  cop- 
per.) These  corrosive  substances  pene- 
trate the  grain  where  the  skin  is  broken, 
and  destroy  the  vitality  of  the  fungus 
germ,  and  thus    prevent  smut. 

WRONG    PRACTICE. 

I  have  known  farmers  to  sprinkle 
wheat  with  a  solution  of  sulphate  of 
copper,  and  immediatfly  apply  lime. 
This  method  will  not  prevent  smut,  be- 
cause the  sulphuric  acid  unites  with  the 
lime  immediately,  forming  sulphate  of 
lime,  (plaster  of  Paris,)  leaving  the  cop- 
per in  a  metalic  state,  and  the  last  chem- 
ical arrangement  renders  the  whole  inert. 

LIME    MAY  BE  USED 

In  the  manner  following:  Pour  the  wheat 
in  a  trough,  sprinkle  and  stir  till  well 
wet,  add  lime  and  stir  well.  If  properly 
done  the  lime  adheres  to  the  grain  like 
plastering.  Lime  applied  in  this  way 
not  only  prevents  smut,  but  also  stimu- 
lates the  young  plants.  The  dust  from 
lime  in  sowing  is  very  offensive  to  the 
eyes,  nose  and  mouth,  for  which  reason 
most  farmers  use 

ELUESTONE, 

My  method  of  using  which  is  as  follows: 

Dissolve  3   pounds    of    bluestone    in   a 

wooden  bucket,  using  hot  water;  put  50 

to  60  gallons  of  water  in   a  trough    and 

pour  in   the   solution.      Take   sacks  of 

wheat  and  divide  them  into   other  sacks 

to   make   them    convenient    to    handle. 

Immerse  them  in  the  trough  for  three  or 

I  four  minutes,  then  lift   them  on    a   plat- 

I  form   where    they    will    drain   into    the 

'     trougli.     Add  bluestone  and  water  from 


KicE  Lowland  and  Upland. — Louis- 
iana is  rapidly  outstripping  all  the 
other  rice  growing  States  in  the  quanti- 
ty of  production  of  this  cereal.  It  is 
thought  her  crop  this  year  will  be  over 
200,000  barrels,  or  nearly  fifty  millions 
of  pounds. 

Bice  was  cultivated  along  the  Missis- 
sippi immediately  after  the  French  set- 
tled at  New  Orleans.  It  is  said  that  the 
first  rice  raising  in  America  was  acci- 
dentally procured.  A  brig  from  Mada- 
gascar on  her  way  to  England  found  her 
way  into  Charleston  in  1695,  and  the 
captain  gave  a  bag  of  paddy  rice  to 
Landgeave  Smith,  who  distributed  it, 
and  as  it  flourished  so  well,  it  soon  be- 
came the  prime  crop  of  Charleston  and 
Savannah.  We  do  not  think  that  the 
French  obtained  their  rice  from  that 
source,  as  their  rice  was  always  inferior 
to  the  Charleston  and  Savannah  rice, 
and  it  is  only  now  that  we  are  getting 
rid  of  the  evil  effects  of  inferior  seed, 
and  of  couse  a  worse  quality  of  rice  than 
our  neighbors  raise.  But  it  is  being 
done,  and  the  quality  of  Louisaiana  rice 
is  raising  the  grade  every  year,  and  with 
the  vast  increase  of  quantity  and  im- 
provement in  quality,  the  Louisiana  rice 
will  soon  command  the  rice  trade  of  the 
world. 

Flooded  or  Lowland  rice  is  the  kind 
most  rapidly  cultivated,  and  is  adapted 
to  the  lowlands  which  can  be  flooded. 
The  great  fields  lie  along  the  Mississippi 
and  Lafourche,  but  thert.  are  others  in 
the  interior  where  streams  may  be  dam- 
med and  turned  into  lowlands  when 
needed. 

The  mode  of  culture   in   this    kind   of 
rice  is  simple  but  thorough.     The   fields 
are  laid  off  in  small    slices,    which    vary 
greatly  in  size.     There  are    one    or   two 
main  canals  leading  the  water  as  it  over- 
flows from  the  stream  to  the  field;   from 
these  smaller,  canals   and   ditches    con- 
duet  the  water  as  wanted  into    each    sec- 
tion.    Every  patch  or  small  field  is   laid 
off  to   itself    with   its    own    ditches   and 
levees  around  it,  and  a  flood  gate    at  the  j 
main  ditch  to  let  on  the  w^ater,    and   an- 
other at  the  lowest  point  to    take   it   off. 
The  ground  is    usually    broken    well    as 
early  in  the  spring  as  possible ;    the   rice 
is  then  sowed  so  that  it  is  not   likely    to 
be  affected  by  frost;  some  drill,  which  is 
better.     The  water  is  let  on  after   plant- 
ing  and   allowed   to    remain    until    the 
seeds   are    well    sproutecL      It    is  then 
drawn    off    and     the     rice    allowed    to 
strengthen  a  little,    when    the   water   is 
again  turned  on  and  allowed    to    remain 
several  weeks.     Some  again  draw  oft'  the 
water  to  clear  the  field  of    weeds;   others 
do  not,  and  pull  up   the    weeds,    wading 
in  the  water  to  do  so.     At  all  events  the 
water  is  turned  on    some   weeks   in    ad- 
vance of   the  heading,  and   is  always  to 
remain  until   it  is  drawn  off  for  the   last 
time  to  let  the  grain  harden    and    ripen, 
when  it  is  cut  with  the    sickle,    and    not 
as   it   might     bo    with     the     California 
header. 


When  cut  it  is  tied  in  bundles  like 
wheat  and  shocked  in  the  field  until 
hauled  away  to  be  stacked    or   thrashed. 

The  whole  operation  is  a  simple  one, 
and  one  hand  may  cultivate  thirty  acres. 

The  yield  is  about  an  average  of  1200 
pounds  of  threashed  rice  to  the  acre.' 

The  Uplawl  or  Dfouiilain  like  is  of  a 
hardier  kind,  and  not  quite  so  long  in 
the  grain  nor  as  white  as  the  lowland 
rice.  It  may  be  raised  wherever  cotton 
will  grow,  and  it  is  more  productive  than 
the  watered  rice,  often  gives  1800  pounds 
of  clean  rice  to  the  acre.  It  may  be 
planted  from  the  1st  of  April  to  the  1st 
of  June  in  this  State,  and  the  ground 
should  be  as  low  and  moist  as  can  be 
had  to  be  susceptible  of  cultivation.  It 
is  usually  planted  in  drills,  or  better  in 
hills.  It  in  drills  the  rows  should  be 
about  three  feet  apart;  if  in  hills  the 
rows  should  be  three  feet  one  way  and 
about  fifteen  inches  the  other,  so  as  to 
admit  cultivation  both  ways. 

Thus  prepared,  the  unhuUed  or  paddy 
rice  should  be  planted  at  the  rate  of  a 
peck  to  the  acre,  rarely  more,  as  with  a 
good  stand  it  stools  more  than  any  other 
plant.  Planted  in  hills,  about  four  or 
five  seeds  in  a  hill  is  enough. 

It  should  be  worked  vigorosly  with 
plow  and  hoe  so  as  to  be  kept  clean,  un- 
till  it  shades  the  ground,  when  it  will  do 
to  lay  by.  Some  three  plowings  and 
scraiiings  will  answer.  Thus  cultivated, 
it  yields  enormously  in  good  ground  any- 
where in  the  uplands,  and  will  nuike 
from  fifty  to  one  hundred  bushels  of 
rough  rice  to  the  acre,  in  addition  to  the 
straw,  which,  if  properly  saved,  all 
stock  animals  eat  with  avidity. 

The  rough  rice  may  be  thrashed  in  a 
wheat  thrasher,  or  even  on  the  bare 
floor  with  a  flail  very  fast. 

The  cultivation  of  upland  rice  should 
be  extended. — INew  Orleans  Our  Home 
Journal. 


^ 


(Kmt^milnm. 


LETTER   FROM    SANTA  CRUZ. 


Santa  Cruz,  Oct.  1,  1876. 

Ed.  California  Agricultdrist;  It  is 
often  a  subject  of  remark  that  this  beauti- 
ful little  city  does  not  receive  more  notice 
in  your  columns.  Is  it  owing  entirely 
to  the  remissness  of  your  old  correspon- 
dent from  this  place;  It  is  but  natural 
that  those  making  their  homes  here, 
should  feel  interested  in  having  outsiders 
know  the  advantage  of  a  residence  in 
Santa  Cruz,  and  hoping  others  may  fol- 
low my  example  and  give  you  occasional 
notes  from  their  own  stand  points,  I 
beg  your  acceptance  of  a  few  lines. 

This  centennial  year  has  been  an 
eventful  one  for  Santa  Cruz.  The  long 
talked  of 

NARROW  GAUGE  BAIL  BOAD 

Between  here  and  Pajaro  has  been  com- 
pleted and  was  opened  to  the  public 
early  in  the  season,  our  lirst  class  private 
boarding  houses  have  had  to  more  than 
double  their  capacity,  by  the  building  of 
an  elegant  addition  which  however  proves 
inadequate  for  the  accomodation  of 
numerous  guests  who  were  compelled  to 
seek  shelter  among  private  families  in 
the  neighborhood,  taking  their  meals  in 
the  spacious  dining  room  of  the  estab- 
lishment. 

SURF  bathing  and  PICNICS 

Has  been  the  order  of  the  day  and  the 
town  has  been  lively  with  teams  and 
horseback  riders,  as  well  as  with  pedes- 
trians in  fashionable  attire. 

A  complete  description  of  the  beach 
during  bathing  time  apiieared  some  time 
ago  in  the  Sunday  Chronicle,  and   when 


you  consider  that  for  upwards  of  five 
months  the  same  scenes  have  occurred 
each  day  with  scarcely  any  intermission, 
it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  old  res- 
idents become  accustomed  to  it  and  find 
less  novelty  and  enjoyment  there  than 
the  new  comers. 

New  houses  are  springing  up  and  im- 
provements in  the  way  of  widening 
streets  and  planking  sidewalks  are  in 
contemplation.  The  narrow  guage  road 
between  here  and  Felton,  also  completed 
this  year,  is  in  successful  operation. 
The  company  have  built  a  fine  wharf  at 
the  beach  "for  shipping  the  lumber 
brought  from  the  Kedwoods 

BY  FLUME  AND  RAIL, 

And  other  improvements  are  in  progress. 
The  work  of  tunneling  under  the  upper 
plaza  is  soon  to  be  accomplished,  which 
will  enable  the  company  to  send  trains 
by  steam  close  to  the  water's  edge,  in- 
stead of  going  through  the  town  with 
horses  as  they  now  are  obliged  to.  In 
order  to  accomplish  this  work  as  speedi- 
ly as  possible  the  enterprising  superin- 
tendents employ  three  gangs  of  men  who 
each  works  eight  horse  shifts  night  and 
day.  How  the  prayers  of  the  devout 
must  ascend  to  the  Throne  of  Grace 
from  the  Church  above,  for  the  breth- 
eren  in  the  tunnel  below,  (no  Chinamen 
being  employed.)     This  is 

the  TRUE  SEASON  FOR  CAMPING, 

As  game  is  plenty  and  the  law  no  longer 
prohibits  the  taking  of  it.  Several  par- 
ties have  already  gone,  but  mostly  unat- 
tended by  the  gLUtler  sex,  who  are  often 
timid  in  the  use  of  fire-arms.  These 
daij  parties  are  by  far  the  most  success- 
ful and  bring  in  more  game,  while  the 
ladies  prefer  cooking  it  by  their  own 
firesides  rather  than  over  the  camp  fire. 
Though  the  season  is  far  advanced  the 
daily  train  comes  well  patronized,  and 
the  "company  congratulate  themselves 
upon  the  fact  that  this  peice  of  road  has 
yielded  as  large  a  revenue  as  any  other 
in  the  state.     Families  are    coming  in  to 

MAKE  HOMES  AMONG    US 

Attracted  by  the  railroad  communica- 
tion as  well  by  the  educational  facilities, 
which  have  also  received  a  fresh  impetus 
in  the  form  of  a  new  school  house  cost- 
ing some  :i:^20,000.  An  excellent  corps 
of  teachers  are  employed,  who  gives  gen- 
eral satisfaction.  It  is  one  of  the  neces- 
sities of  the  age  to  give  our  youth  school 
education,  but  mothers  who  have  children 
groAviug  up  more  interested  in  play  than 
study  or  work,  would  like  to  see  added 
opportuities  for  devitting  their  attention 
toward  useful  employments  so  that  upon 
leaving  school  a  desire  for  industry 
would" lead  them  io  obtain  situation  for 
becoming  self  supporting.  Your  paper 
continues  to  be  a 

GENERAL  F.iV0RITE 

Here,  and  I  hear  the  ladies  wondering 
why  the  Editor  does  not  always  affix  the 
prices  to  the  illustration  of  articles 
in  the  way  of  plant  stands,  aqurariums 
and  the  like  which  are  to  be  obtained  in 
your  city.  Also  wishing  you  could  ad- 
vertise prices  of  frames  for  chromos,  of 
which  every  family  usually  has  more 
than  they  feel  able  to  frame  at  prices 
asked.  I  find  a  marked  difference  in  the 
San  Franeisci)  prices  of  such  things  and 
those  we  are  here  expected  to  give,  and 
presume  they  are  less  with  you. 

Hoping  you  uuiy  live  to  see  the  day 
when  the  Cal.  Agriculturist  will  have 
become  a  household  necessity,  every- 
where, alike  for  the  rich  and  the  poor,  I 
close.  Helena. 

It  is  the  conscious  want  of  merit  that 
causes  one  to  depreciate  the  merit  of  an- 
other. Unable  or  unwilling  himself  to 
go  up,  ho  would  drag  all  others  down. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


fovcinc. 


Hogs  And  Alfalfa  Hay. 

5)5-UDGE  DIXON,  of  the  Bueua  Vista 
~'  Ranch,  on  the  occasion  of  a  recent 
visit  there,  called  our  attention  to 
his  heard  of  100  head  of  hof,'S, 
which  were  fed  solely  on  alfalfa 
hay.  They  were  geueraly  good 
stock  though  none  thoroiigh-bred,  and 
all  were  in  fine  condition.  The  hay  was 
hauled  daily  and  fed  to  them  after  the 
first  of  the  January.  Some  of  the  finer 
bred  animals  were  fattened  quickly  into 
excellent  pork.  As  the  hay  cart  was 
seen  by  them  coming  to  the  lot  they  run 
to  the  fence  like  a  lot  of  calves,  and  eat 
the  fresh  hay  with  as  msuch  avidity. 
The  hay  was  cut  and  500  tons  stacked 
ahd  covered  with  tule.  The  experi- 
ment of  Judge  Dixon  had  its  which 
were  origin  in  the  fact  of  the  hogs, 
running  in  the  alfalfa  field,  leaving 
the  green  clover  and  feeding  daily  at  the 
stacks  of  dry  bay.  The  result  estab- 
lishes the  truth  of  our  frequent  state- 
ments that  hog  raising  on  the  Island  is 
destined  to  become  the  most  pi-omincnt 
and  productive  branch  of  farming.  It 
would  be  almost  impossible  to  estimate 
the  possible  increase  with  the  unexam- 
pled facilities  for  growing  them  at  a 
trifling  cost.  The  pork,  when  made 
from  hay,  partakes  very  much  of  the 
character  of  grain  fed  meat,  is  solid  and 
sweet,  making  first  quality  bacon  and 
hams.  Every  farmer  will  find  it  to  his 
interest  to  cut  at  least  one  crop  from 
his  field  for  hay  fattening  of  his  hogs  in 
the  fall. — Soutliern  CnUfornian. 

Bkeeding  YotJNG  Sows. — The  prac- 
tice of  breeding  from  young  sows  is  a 
common  one  in  all  sections.  At  first  no 
bad  result  may  show,  but  the  practice  is 
a  bad  one,  nevertheless.  Common 
sense  is  against  it,  for  no  animal  should 
be  allowed  to  breed  until  the  carcass  is 
fairly  developed.  The  practice  should 
be  utterly  condemned.  If  continued  in 
the  family  for  a  few  generations  of  swine 
they  will  be  found  to  dwindle  down  from 
three  to  four  hundred  pound  hogs  to 
animals  that  will  weigh  only  two  or 
three  hundred  pounds.  It  is  much  bet- 
ter to  keep  the  sows  three  or  four  years, 
and  even  much  longer.  Sows  have  been 
kept  for  fifteen  years  to  advantage. 
Swine  are  several  years  coming  to  ma- 
turity. It  is  a  fact  w'ell  known,  at  least 
to  every  Irishman  from  the  "ould  coun- 
try," that  pigs  from  old  sows  will  grow- 
some  thirty  or  forty  pounds  heavier 
than  those  from  young  ones.  While 
shotes  are  growing,  the  sows  should  not 
be  allowed  to  breed  until  the  live  weight 
will  exceed  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds. 

Keeping  Boaks.-— We  read  aboiit  the 
care  bestowed  upon   stallions,  rams  and 
other  breeding  animals,  but  rarely  do  we 
ever  see   a   word  on  the   care   of   boars. 
They  are   usually  raised   with   breeding 
sows,  and   run    and   worry  and   become 
nothing  but  ruins.     They   go  days  with- 
out food.     They  disappoint  their  owners 
and  everybody  else.     Now,    it  is  just  as 
important  to  take  care  of  a  breediug  hog 
as  it  is  of  a  horse,  and  a  good,  snug  pen 
or  yard  should   be  used  to  enclose  them. 
They  can  be  well  fed  here,    and  made  to 
grow;  and  if  their  services   are  needed, 
it  is  easy  to   have  a  door  or  gate  to   let 
breeding  stock   in.      If   this  plan  is  fol- 
.    lowed,  one   will    have  a  far  better  stock. 
}   The    slops    of   the    kitchen,    sour  milk, 
a  vegetables,  bran  and  soaked  corn  can  bf 
I  led  to  him,  and  he  will  be  a  credit  to  all 
/    concerned. — Rural  World. 


Another  Premium  Essay  Wanted. 

Editor  Califoenia  Agbicdltuui-si  and 
Live  Stock  Journal,  San  Jose.  Cal.  : 
The  object  of  the  American  Berkshire 
Association  is  to  revise,  preserve  and 
publish  the  pedigrees  of  pure-bred  Berk- 
shire swine;  also  to  collect  and  dissemi- 
nate information  calculated  to  advance 
the  interests  of  swine  breeders  generally. 

In  furtherance  of  a  part  of  its  work, 
and  in  view  of  the  favor  with  which  the 
premium  essay  on  the  origin,  breeding 
and  management  of  liorkshires  was  re- 
ceived, the  Association  has  decided  to 
oflfer  another  premium  of  §100  for  the 
best  approved  essay  on  the  Diseases  of 
Swine,  their  Causes,  Preventives  and 
Remedies.  Said  essay  to  bo  practical 
and  exhaustive.  The  competing  essays 
to  be  forwarded  to  this  office  on  or  be- 
fore the  1st  of  January,  1877.  The 
award  will  be  made  and  the  money  paid 
at  the  annual  meeting  in  February  fol- 
lowing. All  competing  essays  will  be 
the  property  of  the  Association. 

Competition  is  invited  from  all  prac- 
tical men  who  have  given  attention  to 
the  diseases  to  which  swine  are  subject. 
Prof.  Law,  of  Cornell  University,  N.  Y.; 
Prof.  Smith,  of  Toronto  Veterinary  Col- 
lege, Canada;  Hon.  T.  C.  Jones,  of  the 
"  Natioual  Live  Stock  Journal,"  and  E. 
G.  Bedford,  Esq.,  of  Kentucky,  have 
kindly  consented  to  act  as  the  Awarding 
Committee. 

The  premium  essay  will  appear  in 
Vol.  II.  of  the  American  Berkshire 
Record,  now  in  course  of  prepai'atiou, 
the  pedigrees  for  which,  as  fast  as  ap- 
proved and  certified,  have  record  num- 
bers assigned  them,  and  certificates  of 
registry  forwarded  to  the  parties  entitled 
to  the  same,  in  advance  of  publication  in 
Vol.  II.  Address, 
Sec't  American  Berkshire  Asso(;i.4t'n, 

Springfield,  Illinois. 


An  educated  hog  at  one  of  the  water- 
ing places  is  said  to  be  a  good  mathema- 
lition.  No  doubt  it  excels  in  a  "square 
root,"and  is  also  good  at  "subtraction" 
when  in  a  turnip  patch. 

The  Pig's  Start  in  Life. — The  jMg  is 
an  animal  that  has  its  wits  about  it  quite 
as  soon  after  birth  as  the  chicken.  I 
therefore  selected  it  as  a  subject  for  ob- 
servation. The  following  are  some  of 
my  observations:  That  vigorous  young 
pigs  get  up  and  search  for  the  teat  at 
once,  or  within  one  minute  after  their 
entrance  into  the  world;  that  if  removed 
several  feet  from  their  mother,  when 
aged  only  a  few  minutes,  they  soon  find 
their  way  back  to  her,  guided  apparently 
by  the  grunting  she  makes  in  answer  to 
their  squeaking.  In  the  case  I  observed, 
the  old  sow  rose  in  less  than  an  hour 
.and  a  half  after  pigging  and  went  out  to 
eat;  the  pigs  ran  about,  tried  to  eat  va- 
rious matters,  followed  their  mother  out 
and  sucked  while  she  stood  eating.  One 
pig  I  put  in  a  bag  the  moment  it  was 
born,  and  kept  it  in  the  dark  until  it  was 
seven  hours  old,  when  I  placed  it  out- 
side the  sty,  a  distance  of  ten  feet  from 
where  the  mother  lay  concealed  in  the 
house.  The  pig  soon  recognized  the  low 
grunting  of  its  mother,  went  alongside 
the  sty  strugghng  to  get  over  or  under 
the  lower  bar.  At  the  end  of  five  min- 
utes it  succeeded  in  forcing  itself  through 
under  the  bar  at  one  of  the  few  places 
where  that  was  possible.  No  sooner  in 
than  it  went  without  a  pause  into  the 
pig-house  to  its  mother,  and  was  at  once 
like  others  in  behavior.  Two  little  pigs 
I  blindfolded  at  their  birth.  One  of 
them  I  placed  with  its  mother  at  once; 
it  soon  found  the  teat  and  began  to  suck. 
Six  hom-s  after  I  placed  the  other  a  little 


distance  from  the  sow;  it  reached  her  in 
half  a  minute,  after  going  about  r.ather 
vaguely;  in  half  a  minute  more  it  found 
the  teat.  Next  day  I  found  that  one  of 
the  two  left  with  the  mother,  blindfolded, 
had  got  the  blinders  off;  the  other  was 
quite  blind  walking  around  freely  knock- 
ing against  things.  In  the  afternoon  I 
uncovered  its  eyes,  and  it  went  round 
and  round  as  if  it  had  had  sight  and 
suddenly  lost  it.  In  ten  minutes  it  was 
scarcely  distinguishable  from  one  that 
had  had  sight  all  along.  When  placed 
on  a  chair  it  knew  the  height  to  require 
considering,  went  down  on  its  knees  and 
leaped  down.  When  its  eyes  had  been 
unveiled  twenty  minutes  I  placed  it 'and 
another  twenty  feet  from  the  sty.  The 
two  reached  the  mother  in  five  minutes 
and  at  the  same  moment. — Popular  Sci- 
ence. 


Lice  on  Swine. — The  general  cause 
of  lice  on  swine  is  unclcanliness  in  one 
or  more  of  the  departments  of  swine 
management.  It  is  very  seldom  a 
healthy,  thriving  pig,  one  who  has  been 
supplied  with  good  food  and  a  plenty  of 
it,  and  has  been  assigned  comfortable 
quarters,  which  are  regularly  and  prop- 
erly cleaned,  is  troubled  with  lice.  Sonrie- 
times  it  happens  that  they  get  the  lice 
from  less  favored  bretheru,  and  I  have 
them  on  my  herd  by  bringing  them 
in  with  a  splendid  pair  of  young  Berk- 
shires  I  bought  in  the  West.  If  lice  are 
left  to  worry  and  irritate  swine,  they 
do  not  do  as  much  good  as  they  should 
on  a  given  amount  of  food,  and  it 
should  be  the  aim,  therefore,  for  all 
good  breeders  to  remove  them  as  quickly 
as  possible.  Our  first  experiment  in  re- 
moving lice  was  tried  on  the  above  men- 
tioned young  Berkshires.  We  took 
some  common  coal  oil  and  poured  it 
along  the  pigs'  backs  until  it  spread 
over  the  whole  body.  We  saw  but  few 
lice  the  next  day,  but  thought  best  to 
repeat  the  dose,  which  was  done  three 
times  more.  The  lice  of  couse,  left  for 
unknown  parts,  but  the  worse  of  it  was 
the  pigs  lost  their  hair,  the  sow  losing 
all  of  it,  owing  to  having  too  much  coal 
oill.  One  application  would  have  re- 
moved the  lice  and  not  injured  the  pigs. 
Sulphur  aiul  lard  rubbed  on  the  pig  is 
an  excellent  remedy,  as  is  a  dose  of  sul- 
phor  in  the  feed  if  the  weather  is  warm,  as 
it  works  out  of  the  skin  and  proves  very 
unpleasant  to  the  parasites. — Ex. 

The  Berkshires.— The  friends  of  the 
Berkshire  breed  of  swine  claim : 

1st.  That  they  have  more  constitu- 
tional vitality,  and  consequently  are  less 
liable  to  disease  than  any  other  breed. 

2d.  .  That  they  are  more  prolific,  and 
that  the  pigs  are  more  uniform  in  size, 
color  and  form,  and  consequently  pro- 
duce more  saleable  pigs  than  any  other 
breed. 

3d.  That  their  flesh  is  finer,  firmer, 
and  of  higher  flavor  than  any  other 
breed. 

4th.  That  they  furnish  the  finest  and 
best  hams,  shoulders  and  bacon  of  any 
other  breed  in  the  world,  and  in  England 
their  meat  brings  a  higher  price  than  that 
of  any  other  breed,  on  account  of  its 
superior  excellence. 

rjth.  That  they  are  the  best  breed  for 
the  western  farmer,  being  active,  seeking 
their  own  .food,  keeping  in  excellent 
order  on  grass  or  clover,  and  fattening 
early  and  readily  on  less  food  than  al- 
most any  other  breed. 

These  excellent  qualities  the  breeders 
of  Berkshires  believe  they  possess,  and 
they  think  it  is  only  a  question  of  time 
when  they  will  supplant  the  other 
breeds. 


^M\  breeder- 


LIVE   STOCK   FARMING 


if^-TlVE    stock    farming    is    the    most 
'4+    profitable  of  any  blanch  of  farming. 
^J   If  the  majority  of    our  farmers  re- 
(^    alized  the  importance  of   this  mat- 
ffj-^  ter,  we  feel  sure  they  would  do  dif- 
ferently and  reap  the  reward  of   a   wiser 
discresion.     In  England,  where  farming 
is    conducted    on    the    most    economic 
principles,    and   the   art  and  science  of 
farming  is  most  thoroughly  understood, 
it  is  found   that  live  stock  farming  pays 
better  than  the   raising  of    produce    for 
market.     This,   where  the  land  is  high 
and  where  a  dense  population  is  to  be 
fed  from  the  soil.     How  much  stronger 
will  the  same    rule  apply  to  our  State, 
where  a  surplus  of  grains  are  produced 
at  low  prices,  and  where  beef  and  pork 
are    always    cash?     The    Chicago    J.if 
Slock  JourmU  says  that  in  this  country 
a  very  large  increase  in  live  stock  upon 
American  farms  would  be  attended  with 
even    greater  profits    than  the    English 
farmer  can  reasonably  expect  from  the 
same  source.     There  is  not  only  a  gen- 
eral impression  among  intelligent  farmers 
that  this  is  so,  but  experience  has  shown 
that  live  stock  in  some  form  is  the  most 
profitable  interest  to  which  the  farm  can 
be     devoted.      Those    who    make     live 
stock  their   specialty,  devoting  to  it  so 
much  of    their    resources  and  attention 
as    circumstances    will    admit,    are    the 
most   thrifty  and  successful   of   all  our 
farmers.     And  here  we  are  not  speaking 
merely  of   those    who  make  a  specialty 
of    breeding    thoroughbred    stock  to  be 
sold    again  for    breeding   purposes,  but 
of  the  great  body  of  farmers,   who  pro- 
duce horses  for   labor,    cows    for  milk, 
cattle  and  swine  for  the  butcher,  sheep 
for  wool,   etc.;  in  other  words,  animals 
for  consumptive  purposes.     Every  ambi- 
tious   farmer   should   be  alive    to   such 
facts  as  these,  and  hasten  to  make  the 
most    of    knowledge    of    the    principle. 
Stock  farming  requires  closer  atteutiOD, 
to  make  the  most  out  of    it,  than  any 
other  department.     The    right  number, 
kind  and    variety  of    stock    to    keep  to 
consume  the  products  of  the  farm  eco- 
nomically,   the   proper   time    to    fatten 
and  to    sell  to  best    advantage,  as  well 
as  to  the  breeding  and  keeping  of  young 
stock,  all  demand  proper  management. 
A  few^  mistakes    in   such  matters  make 
a    great    difference    in     the    matter    of 
profits.     The  expense  of    starting   into 
the    business     may    deter    many    from 
at  once  entering  into  the  business;  but 
to  start  with  yoiini)  stock  requires  little 
capital,  and  soon    the    growth    and  in- 
crease   will    begin    to   pay.     A    farmer 
should  be  willing  to  invest  all  his  earn- 
ings for  a  few  years  into  something  that 
wnll  put  him  in  a  prosperous  condition 
and  increase  the  value  of    his  business 
and  farm.     In   no  way  can    he  do  this 
better  than  in  the  raising  of  such  stock 
as  is  best  adapted  to  his  farm,  and  cul- 
tivating the  soil  to  produce  feed  for  his 
stock.     The  old  style  California  cattle  or 
sheep  ranching  over  thousands  of  acres 
of  wild  lands,  never  cultivating  a  foot  of 
soil    for   feed,   is  unciviUzed  and  unde- 
sirable.    The  proper  way  to  do  is  to  pro- 
duce upon  the  soil  as  much  good,  solid 
feed    as    possible,    constantly  enriching 
the    soil   by    utiUzing    the    manure.     A 
farm  well  fixed  for  stock-raising  should 
be  fenced  in  apartments  so  that  a  system 
of   rotation  can   be  conducted,  and  hay 
fields,   grain  fields,  vegetable   fields  and 
pastures  be  apportioned  as  will  best  suit 
convenience   and   prosperity.     Facilities 
for  irrigation  will    treble  or  quadruple 


i(  172 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


the  amount  of  produce  to  the  acre  suita- 
ble for  stock  feed.  Once  well  fixed  for 
stock  farmini,',  the  farmer  is  not  only  in- 
dependent but  in  a  way  to  become  wealthy 
without  working  himself  to  death.  When 
gi'ain-gi'owing  runs  farmers  in  debt  it  is 
time  to  Hank  about  making  such  a  change 
as  will  prove  benetieial. 

A  New  and  Limitless  Outlet  fok 
AMEKIC.4X  Beef. — In  our  Monthly  Re- 
port for  June,  page  203,  under  the  head 
of  "Fresh  beef  in  London  from  the 
United  States, "  is  a  paragraph  describ- 
ing the  conditions  under  which  fresh 
beef,  in  quarters,  has  been  safely  trans- 
ported across  the  Atlantic  in  the  winter 
months.  Subsequent  advices  rejjorts 
that  the  newlj'  discovered  and  patented 
process  of  preserving  without  any 
chemical  appliances,  and  transporting 
unimpaired,  fresh  beef  by  simply  sus- 
pending it  in  th  atmosphere  from  which 
moisture  is  expelled  and  kept  at  a  un- 
iformly cool  temperature,  proves  equal- 
ly successful  in  the  hottest  weather. 
The  Agricultural  Gazette,  speaking  with 
reference  to  the  London  market,  states; 
As  we  are  now  in  receipt  of  an  average 
weekly  supply  of  some  400  tons  of 
American  beef,  which,  after  being  killed 
and  packed  about  fourteen  days  in  ex- 
treme hot  weather,  arrives  quite  sound, 
we  may  reasonably  expect  in  the  winter 
a  very  much  largea  supply.  The  herd 
and  tiock  master  ot  England  will  perceive 
that  it  is  always  possible  that  the  impos- 
sible niay  happen.  An  unexpected 
revolution  in  their  industry  suddenly 
competitions,  is  in  a  moment  dispersed, 
and  the  market  thown  open  to  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  wibe,  interminable  pas- 
tures of  the  New  World. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Gazette  in- 
dorses its  frequent  commendations  of 
American  beef,  and  states  that  in  spite 
of  the  extreme  temperature  of  the  week 
ending  August  the  1!),  meat  from  the 
Western  prrt  of  the  United  States  in  the 
shamblest  at  Newgate  was  in  as  perfect 
condition  as  that  sent  up  during  the 
fourteen  days  since  it  was  slaughtered. 
The  development  of  this  trade  astonish- 
ed the  English  people.  The  first  trial 
cargo  arived  at  Liverpool  last  Christmas, 
audits  reception  by  the  British  meat 
consumers  caused  a  rapid  enlargement 
of  the  trade  -which  has  failed  to  meet  the 
increasing  demand  on  account  of  the 
necessary  delay  in  fitting  up  the  holds 
of  vessels  for  its  transportation.  This 
American  meat  compares  favorably  with 
that  of  English  production,  much  of 
which,  according  to  the  aforesaid  coi'- 
respondent,  is  of  inferior  quality.  A 
great  deal  is  artificially  fed,  producing 
an  under  proportion  of  fat  and  lean 
from  the  use  of  oleaginous  foods.  Such 
meat  will  not  be  able  to  compete  with 
the  American  grass  fed  bullock. — Agri- 
cultural TiepoHfoi     cptemher. 

Washincston  Territoet  Cattle  in 
Chicago. — The  Chicago  Drovers'  Journal 
says  that  large  numbers  of  cattle  are  an- 
nually driven  to  the  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
road, some  six  hundred  miles,  and 
shipped  to  that  point.  It  notes  the  arri- 
val of  some  three  thousand  head 
"heavy,  coarse  cattle,  but  certainly 
showed  well  as  to  flesh,  considering  the 
hard  usage  they  had  to  undergo  in  walk- 
ing the  long  journey." 

The  Most  PnoFiTAnLB  Stock. — The 
Jo\irnal  of  the  Royal  Agi-icultural  So- 
ciety of  England  gives  the  results  of  in- 
quiries put  to  seventy  farmers  as  to  the 
relative  profits  of  raising  horses,  cattle 
and  sheiqi.  The  preponderance  of  testi- 
mony is  that  raising  horses,  except  for 
arm  use,  does  not  pay,  and  that  farm 


horses  can  be  raised  cheaper  than  pur- 
chasea.  That  when  grass  land  is  adapted 
to  it  cattle  raising  is  advisable,  feeding 
so  as  to  turn  them  off  for  beef  at  two 
years  old  or  a  little  more.  That  sheep 
are  the  easiest  turned  of  any  stock,  more 
easily  managed,  and  with  far  less  labor. 


Heifees  Suckling  Theik  Calves. — 
The  agricultural  editor  of  the  Connec- 
ticut Couruiil,  having  been  criticised  for 
recommending  that  heifers  should  always 
be  allowed  to  suckle  calves,  gives  the  fol- 
lowing reasons  for  this  recommendation : 

Our  position  in  regard  to  suckling 
calves  upon  young  heifers — their  first 
one  or  two  calves  say — is  that  this  nat- 
ural action  encourages  the  mothers  in 
giving  milk.  The  idea  may  seem  novel 
to  some,  and  then  there  is  a  difference  in 
heifers.  Some  are  more  "foolish"  and 
sentimental  concerning  their  offspring 
than  others.  In  breaking  a  heifer  to  milk 
I  am  apt  to  mix  in  with  her  calf  a  good 
deal,  endeavoring  to  associate  myself  in 
the  minds  of  both  as  a  familiar  object, 
so  that  my  little  stripping  passes  as  a 
matter  of  course  among  the  new  and  be- 
wildering circumstances.  Bamng  the 
opinions  that  may  entertain  among  the 
selfish  and  short-sighted  against  the 
policy  of  developing  the  lacteal  secretions 
in  this  natural  manner — by  allowing  a 
heifer  to  "fuss  around  with  a  young 
calf" — the  plan  must  look  quite  reasona- 
ble. It  is  certainly  a  time-honored  prac- 
tice among  careful  farmers,  and  a  good 
deal  of  observation  and  some  experience 
will  warrant  me  in  asserting  that  early 
indulgence  in  the  cares  of  maternity  is 
no  detriment  to  the  future  productive- 
ness of  the  grown-up  cow.  After  three 
or  four  years  of  age,  when  the  milking 
habit  is  formed,  calves  may  be  "dea- 
coned" with  less  feeling  on  the  part  of 
the  mother  She  is  used  to  the  hand  of 
man,  and  becomes  by  habit  reconciled 
to  her  lot. 


The  opinion  prevails  with  many  per- 
sons that  steers  are  more  profitable  than 
cows.  The  IJve  Hlock  Journal  takes  issue 
with  them  and  says:  "If  cheese  is  made, 
the  ordinary  cow  will  produce  1,600 
pounds  in  four  years,  which  at  \'i  cents 
per  pound,  will  amount  to  $192.  If 
butter  is  made,  COO  pounds  will  be  the 
product  of  four  years,  which,  at  30  cents, 
will  amount  to  $180;  and  800  pounds  of 
pork  to  $()1:  more — making  the  income 
from  an  ordinary  cow  for  four  years,  in 
butter  and  pork,  $240.  Now,  if  we  esti- 
mate that  it  costs  $10  more  in  labor  to 
milk  the  cow  and  work  up  the  product 
than  to  take  care  of  the  steer,  we  must 
deduct  from  the  product  of  the  cow  $40 
— reducing  the  butter  product  to  $200. 
Now,  the  steer  dressing  800  pounds  will 
weigh  1,400  pounds  on  foot,  and  sell  say 
at  (i  cents,  or  $84;  thus  giving  a  cash 
product  of  less  than  half  of  the  butter 
product  of  the  cow." 

The  Kentucky  Farmers'  Home  Journal 
says:  AVhen  the  Sovith  takes  to  stock- 
raising,  and  the  important  relation- 
which  stock  bears  to  a  higher  and  more 
profitable  agricultare  than  that  thus  far 
practiced,  becomes  properly  understood 
and  appreciated  by  the  Southern  farmer, 
then,  indeed,  the  North  will  be  nowhere 
by  the  side  of  the  South. 


For  the  removal  of  a  savage  bull,  says  a 
correspondent  of  the  London  Agricultu- 
ral Gazette,  have  a  girth  around  behind 
the  shoulders,  but  in  place  of  the  rope 
being  fastened  to  the  ring,  fasten  it  secure- 
ly to  one  of  the  forelegs,  just  above  the 
foot;  then,  when  the  bull  attempts  to 
run  at  the  men  that  are  leading  him,  the 
man  behind   pulls   the   rope,   and  down 


comes  the  bull  on  his  knees.  I  have 
seen  one  of  the  savagest  bulls  tamed  by 
bringing  him  a  few  times  to  his  knees; 
and  another  advantage  is,  the  pressure 
is  not  all  on  the  ring. 


|}0M^ebol(l|lciu1in9. 


The  Old  Homestead. 

When  home  the  woodsman  plods  with  ax 

Upon  his  shoulder  swung, 
And  in  the  knotted  apple  tree 

.\re  scythe  ane  sickle  hvmg  ; 
"When  low  ahout  her  clay-built  nest 

The  mother  swallow  trills, 
And  decorously  slow,  the  cows 

Are  wending  down  the  hills  ; 
What  a  blessed  picture  of  comfort 

In  the  evening  shadows  red 

Is  the  good,  old-fashioned  homestead 
With  its  bounteous  table  spread. 

And  when  the  winds  moan  wildly. 

When  the  woods  are  bare  and  brown, 
And  when  the  swallow's  clay-built  nest 

From  the  rafter  crumbles  down. 
When  all  the  untrod  garden  paths 

Are  heaped  with  frozen  leaves. 
And  icicles,  like  silver  spikes 

Are  set  along  the  caves; 
Then  when  the  book  from  the  shelf  is  brought 

And  tlie  fire  lights  shine  and  play — 
la  the  good,  old-fashioned  homestead 

Is  the  farmer's  holiday. 

■—[Alice  Gary. 


UP-COUNTRY    LETTERS--NO.    9. 

BY    EACHEL    A.    ELY. 

■^I^ITTING  under  a  tree,  with  the 
«^  cool  breezes  fanning  my  cheek  and 
(F?)))  lifting  my  short  hair  playfully,  my 
(Q^J  book  drops  into  my  lap  and  I  gaze 
<@)  into  the  far  away  landscape  of  broad 
valley  and  dim,  distant  mountain  be- 
yond, reaching  miles  away  into  melting 
space.  Far  back  of  my  mountain  home 
rises  a  hill  that  I  longingly  wondered 
when  I  came  if  I  should  ever  climb  its 
rugged  sides.  Now  behold  me  its  daily 
visitor,  for  I  iind  renewed  strength 
coming  to  me  by  using,  and  not  abusing, 
what  I  gain.  Sometimes  I  come  alone, 
and  often  the  children  accompany  me. 
But  pieace  seems  to  reign  supreme  here, 
and  my  very  breath  is  deepened  and 
voice  strengthened  on  its  bight. 

Finding  a  shady  spot,  I  spread  my 
"comfort"  (a  blessing  to  invalids,  and 
made  of  two  thicknesses  of  calico  with 
wool  between,  tucked,  and  only  wide  and 
long  enough  to  lie  upon,  very  light  to 
carry  and  easily  made)  and  am  at  rest. 
How  different  from  the  "rest"  the  tired 
city  folk  usually  take  when  they  go  to 
the  mountains  or  the  coast.  I  tried  the 
coast  one  year,  and  never  had  a  more 
tedious  trip  in  my  life,  while  others 
worked  twice  as  hard  as  I  to  enjoy  them- 
selves, with  no  better  success.  One  is 
either  a  slave  to  dress  or  feels  shabby 
beside  others,  neither  of  which  condi- 
tions is  agreeable.  My  wonder  is,  how 
a  woman  can  develop  any  great  degree 
of  intellect,  fettered  and  bound  as  slie  is 
by  fashion  and  dress.  Even  as  school 
girls  their  thoughts  and  minds  are 
dwarfed,  in  a  measure,  by  the  constant 
drain  their  dress  has  upon  them. 

My  hostess  feels  sure  the  question  of 
dress  is  one  of  vital  importance  in  the 
future  elevation  of  woman — explaining 
how  the  physical  and  mental  strain  is 
liable  to  produce  moral  weakness,  and 
tends  to  make  our  girls  weak  and  vain, 
as  well  as  invalids  to  a  certain  extent. 
Oh,  for  the  voice  of  an  orator  to 
speak  to  woman  on  this  subject,  of  all 
others  most  thought  about  and  h'ast 
understood! 

I  see  in  your  columns,  Mr.  Editor,  an 
advertisement  for  the  "  combination  un- 
derclothing" for  women.  They  are,  in- 
deed, invaluable,    and  I  can  speak  from 


experience.  My  hostess  having  got  pat- 
terns, we  are  all  wearing  them,  little  'i, 
children  as  well  as  the  father,  who  says 
they  are  quite  the  thing  for  men  to  wear; 
and  I  would  suggest  to  Government  that 
soldiers  adopt  them,  in  place  of  the  sep- 
arate drawers  and  shirt  they  now  wear, 
as  the  combination  suit  is  more  comfort- 
able, cheaper,  and  more  easily  put  on. 

Turning  mj'  gaze  in  the  direction  of 
our  sick  woman's  home  and  seeing  the 
blue  smoke  rising  from  the  chimney,  re- 
minds me  that  I  have  not  mentioned  her 
complete  recovery.  While  the  farm 
which  they  would  give  to  make  her  well 
is  still  theirs,  the  overflowing  gratitude 
of  both  husband  and  wife  is  bestowed 
upon  my  kind  hostess  for  her  great  care 
and  untiring  attention  for  so  many 
weeks.  And  when  hope  again  began  to 
light  the  calm  face  of  the  husband  as  he 
saw  the  gaining  strength  of  the  mother 
of  his  children  and  felt  that  her  life  was 
saved,  his  praise  was  loud  and  earnest, 
not  to  God  alone,  but  to  his  little  quiet 
little  neighbor  whose  short  hair,  short 
dress  and  M.  D.  attached  to  her  name 
he  had  so  often  before  smiled  at  as  strong- 
minded  and  not  womanly  enough  for  him. 
Nolo  he  is  converted  (as  am  I  also)  to 
the  Divine  help,  through  men  or  women, 
to  do  His  will  in  any  way  they  best  can. 
Silently,  quietly,  and  without  pay,  did 
this  good  woman  go  to  work  to  save  the 
suffering  woman,  and  succeeded  in  spite 
of  obstacles  and  the  shrugging  of  the 
shoulders  of  the  drug  doctor  who  gave 
her  up  to  die.  And,  verily,  she  hath 
her  reward,  but  not  in  money.  The  hus- 
band is  "put  about,"  he  says,  to  pay  the 
drug  bills  and  the  doctor  (who  did  not 
cure),  and  my  hostess  is  glad  to  be  char- 
itable if  they  are  willing  to  change  their 
mode  of  life  and  learn  how  to  keep  well 
in  future. 


MORAL   OF   DANCING. 
Prevents  Suiride  and  Inganit}'. 

BY  A.  G.  S. 

The  Terpsichorean  art  is  a  reaction 
and  an  accomplishment  of  grace  and 
gentility,  cheap  and  easy  to  indulge,  and 
needful  in  farmers',  mechanics'  and 
workingmcn's  homes  to  remove  the 
cheerless  monotony  and  prevent  the 
nervous  depression,  discouragement,  de- 
spondency, suicide  and  insanity  some- 
times resulting  from  dreary  and  drudging 
isolation.  Such  genteel  and  orderly 
exercise  is  altogether  delightful,  exhiler- 
ating  and  healthful.  Nothing  is  more 
pleasant,  inspiring  and  attractive  in  so- 
cial gatherings,  or  tends  more  to  unite 
and  harmonize  the  hearts  and  hands  of 
the  people  and  to  develop  the  finer  ele- 
ments of  human  nature.  There  is  no 
sin  in  it:  but  its  moral  advantage  re- 
cjuires  proper  management  and  supervi- 
sion. 

Avoid  the  excesses  of  cost,  and  late 
hours;  abstain  from  liquors,  and  from 
chewing  and  smoking  tobacco,  and  ob- 
serve modest  and  quiet  manners.  Small 
companies  and  family  circles  are  always 
preferable  to  large  crowds  and  noisy  and 
rushing  hotel  balls,  which  incline  to  be 
fast  and  boisterous.     To 

"  Dance  nl!  night,  till  broad  daylight, 
And  go  home  with  tho  girls  in  the  morning," 

Is  often  quite  coarse,  wild  and  extrava- 
gant, and  lacks  the  refining  and  civilizing 
influence  of  smaller  groups  of  acquain- 
tances and  friends.  But  to  call  neigh- 
bors together  at  their  own  retired  homes 
for  three  or  four  hours,  nt  little  or  no 
expense,  for  the  varied  pleasant  exer 
of  the  dance,  tho  waltz,  the 
good  songs,  conversations  and  i 
tions,  perhaps,  and  the  playing  of  inuo 


it  exercises  | 
'  singing  of  I 
d  dcclama-    ' 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


cent  and  amusing  games,  is  not  only 
perfectly  harmless  but  really  charming 
and  beautiful.  The  less  the  world  has 
of  gloomy,  unhappy  restraint,  the  better. 
Never  tnrn  a  flower  garden  into  a  grave- 
yard, but  rather  graveyards  to  flower 
gardens  as  far  as  possible. 

To  expend  money  for  training  man- 
kind to  be  fearful,  tearful,  moaning 
and  groaning,  is  pitiful  and  cruel.  The 
object  of  life  is  happiness.  Therefore, 
don't  be  miserable;  but  jump  right 
straight  out  of  that  most  foolish  feeling 
at  once.  What's  the  use?  Be  glad  you 
live!  Catch  the  bright  warm  sunshine 
of  joyous  glee.  Make  the  red  blood 
dance  in  the  veins,  and  the  heart  and 
feet  to  bound  with  love,  afl'ectiou  and 
generous  impulse.  Call  together  the 
young  and  the  old;  stir  up  the  stift", 
frigid  and  stupid  community;  melt  away 
all  jjersonal  animosity  and  bitterness; 
tear  down  prejudice  and  unsocial  divi- 
sion, and  regard  every  workingman  and 
woman  as  brother  and  sister — casting 
aside  immeauing  names  and  distinctions. 
There  is  no  virtue  in  them 

Dance!  Bance  in  the  family,  the 
grange,  the  sovereign  lodge,  the  picnic! 
Cance  on  the  holidays!  Shake  the  peo- 
ple into  closer  unity!  Organize  in 
brotherly  clubs,  unions,  granges  and 
lodges  for  social  strength  and  good  cheer! 
Revolutionize!  jubilate!  hurrah!  "Shake 
them  up!  shake  them  down!  forward 
and  back!  crossover!  down  the  middle! 
round  outside!  all  hands  round!  swing 
six!  balance  all!"  Dance  the  cotillon, 
the  quadrille,  the  schottische,  the  Span- 
ish. That's  it.  Now  retire;  it  is  twelve 
o'clock.  Get  a  good  rest  and  sleep;  and 
what's  the  result?  Don't  every  one  feel 
better?  Of  course  they  do;  thei-e  is  no 
mistake  about  it.  This  makes  the  right 
sort  of  Shakers — that  is,  the  viarryinq 
kind.  Just  think  of  it — the  workers  all 
becoming  Grangers,  Sovereigns  and 
"Shakers!"  They  will  capture  the  whole 
proud  continent,  sure.  Such  a  method 
of  life  is  a 

GKAND    PKOTECTION 

Against  the  blues,  sulks,  horrors,  scan- 
dals and  consequent  neighborhood  quar- 
rels, suicides  and  the  insane  asylum.  It 
is  the  power  of  social  sympathy,  needed 
by  all.  Therefore,  let  working  people 
everywhere  demand  more  time  for 
thought,  less  for  hard  work,  better  wages, 
and  more  recreation  and  amusement. 
This  is  the  kind  of  voice  of  all  true  re- 
ligion, and  of  workiugmen's  politics. 
Call  it  the  moral  of  dancing.  Be  happy, 
O  good  people,  and  leave  off  the  whisky 
and  lager  beer.  Do  these  drinks  belong 
to  temperance,  or  to  true  refinement  and 
civilization? 

Champlin,  Minnesota. 


SATURDAY 


EVENING 
NO-  2. 

B1  M.   K.  T. 


REVEHY- 


l  think  I  am  beginning  to  love  these 
evening  reveries.  There  seems  to  creep 
into  them  a  kind  of  happy  expectation, 
as  though  some  bright  idea  would  sud- 
denly present  itself  and  in  some  myste- 
rious manner  point  out  a  means  of  de- 
liverance from  our  present  sad  condition. 
Our  manner  of  living  has  become  so 
complicated,  so  formal  and  exacting, 
that  in  order  to  reach  the  social  stand- 
point our  domestic  comfort  is  made  to 
sufler.  I  believe  that  it  is  Clarence  Cook 
who  says  that  "America  is  the  only  land 
known  to  geographers  where  the  greater 
part  of  the  population  lives  to  please  its 
neighbors."  This  is  truly  said  of  this 
I  particular  class  of  people.  Everything 
we  do  is  made  subservient  to  this  impor- 
tant end;  and  so  arduous  has  this  labor 


become  that  wo  no  longer  find  time  for  ] 
pleasant  or  profitable  reading.     We  stint 
and  deny  ourselves  in  the  way  of   books 
and   magazines,    while    the   dimes  that 
would  get  them  go  for  a  new  set  of  china, 
a  new   bonnet   or   some   fine   lace  trim- 
ming, "just  like  Mrs.  B's."     We  say  to 
our   accusing    conscience,     "0    well,    I 
never  have  time  to  read' nowadays;"  but 
we  find  time  to  ruffle  and  tuck  and  puff, 
to  the  space  of   two  weeks'  work  on  one 
dress,  because   our    friends  in  the  set  to 
which  wo  belong   expect  it,  and  we  must 
do  as  they  do.     We   forget  that  they  are 
able  to    indulge  in    these    extravagances 
without    discomfort    to    themselves    or 
injury   to   any  one.     Just  hero   a  great 
error  arises  from  our  agonizing  efforts  to 
cope  with  the   mighty  odds   that  money 
brings;  but  I   must  beg  my  readers  to 
wait  for  another   remrt/  in   which  to  im- 
mortalize  my  subject,    since  I  suddenly 
remember  a  visit  to  San  Jose  to  be  made 
on  Tuesday  next,  and  in  the  meantime  I 
must  finish  a  new  suit,  which,  in  order 
to  be  perfect,  must  have  a  ruffle  and  puff 
on    the   lower   skirt,    a   puff    and  ruffle 
on  the  overskirts.     There  are  many  bias 
bauds,  and  six  dozen  buttons  to  set  on; 
all  this,    and   only  one  day  in  which  to 
get   ready.     After   my  visit,    and   in  my 
next  revery,  I  shall  attempt  to  gather  up 
the  tangled  thread   and  proceed  with  the 
trials    of     us    "  Poor    but    respectable 
people." 

FURTHER  FROM  "GRANDPA"  ON 
THE  "SUPREWIACY  "  QUESTION. 

Grandpa  is  glad  to  have  drawn  this 
expression  from  "Girls'  Rights"  pen: 
"Yes,  that  is  right."  The  legitimate 
boundary  to  which  it  alludes  is  lorn, 
pure,  holy  love.  There  is  also  a  legal 
boundary  which  Grandpa  is  not  so  able 
to  define,  but  he  would  point  "Girls' 
Rights"  to  a  case  now  on  hand,  where 
the  masculine  is  at  present,  and  has  been 
near,  if  not  quite,  two  years  confined  in 
the  San  Jose  jail,  all  through  that  mas- 
culine supremacy  not  having  been  exer- 
cised as  it  should  have  been.     (The  case 

is  that  of  Mr.  A ys. )     Who  does  the 

law  regard  as  the  supreme  head,  the  re- 
sponsible party?  Who  does  it  take  hold 
of  and  incarcerate  in  prison  if  not  sub- 
missive to  its  dictates,  as  in  the  case 
mentioned?  True  enough,  husbauds  are 
liable  to  err,  by  which  fortunes  are  lost, 
wives  broirght  to  poverty,  etc.  But, 
dear  "  Girls'  Bights,"  would  the  world 
be  saved  from  these  disasters  by  revers- 
ing this  "supremacy"  question?  No 
danger,  where  love  is  kept,  as  it  should 
and  ought  to  be:  but  mutual  nghta  AnA 
concessions  will  be  had  also.  As  a  usual 
thing,  it  is  "the  husband's  home  and 
business  the  wife  comes  to,  and  he  only 
is  competent  to  judge,  &c.,  viz:  whether 
as  farmer  he  shall  live  on  his  farm  or  in 
the  city;  as  blacksmith,  near  his  shop  or 
in  a  fine  Louse  in  the  suburbs.  If  these 
are  extreme  cases,  they  have  their  paral- 
lelisms on  a  small  scale.  Grandpa,  in 
the  course  of  a  long  life,  cannot  call  half 
a  dozen  cases  to  mind  whore  it  has  been 
the  other  way,  i.  e.,  whore  the  wife  has 
taken  the  hus'band  to  her  home  and  busi- 
ness, &c.  One  case  of  this  kind  is  on 
his  mind,  and  worthy  of  mention  be- 
cause of  its  happy  results.  Dear  "Girls' 
Rights,"  go  do  likewise.  This  was  a 
case  of  a  lady  conducting  a  prosperous 
private  seminary,  owning  the  house  and 
home  where  she  lived.  She  married  the 
gospel  minister  of  the  place,  and  he 
came  to  her  home  and  surroundings,  she 
retaining  precisely  the  su;  remacy  she 
had  always  held;  and  a  very  happy 
union  it  was  till  death  severed  the  tie. 
This,  so  unusual  a  case,  is  neither  a  rule 
nor    a    criterion.     Thanks    to    "Girls 


Bights"  for  another  sentence:  "Why, 
then  you  need  not  ask  any  more."  Just 
so;  and  that  is  what  the  darling  Augie 
comes  to  if  we  can  only  keep  up  the  love 
principle  where  it  ouijhl  to  be  and  has  a 
righl  to  be— on  both,  the  masculine  and 
feminine  side.  Then,  with  judicious 
care  and  discretion,  the  financial  affairs 
will  be  known;  the  comfortable  house 
and  buggy  come  in  due  season,  and  all 
jars  and  discords  bo  now  and  forever 
avoided. 

P.  S.— The  feminine  supremacy  was 
also  acknowledged.  Will  not  "Girls' 
Rights"  give  us  Bomething  on  that  part 
of  the  subject?  Grandpa. 


Jlomcotic, 


ecj 


The  XMCaiden's  Choice. 

Oh  give  mo  the  life  of  a  fnrmcr's  wife, 

In  tho  flelds  ami  v/onis  no  bright, 
•MouK  tbo  siii((iii«  birds  and  tho  lowing  herds, 

Aud  tho  clover  bloBBoms  white; 
The  note  of  tho  nioruing'b  heavenward  lark 

Is  the  music  sweet  tor  ine. 
And  the  dowy  Uowers  in  the  early  hours 

Tbo  gems  I  love  to  see. 

Ohl  give  me  the  breeze  from  the  waying  trees, 

Tho  murmur  of  summer  leaves. 
And  the  swullow's  song  as  he  skips  along, 

Or  twitters  beneath  tho  eaves; 
Tho  plowman's  shout,  as  he'8  taming  out 

His  team  at  Betting  sun. 
Or  his  merrj-  i;(>od-ni;;ht  by  the  flre-fly  8  light 

When  his  daily  work  is  done. 

And  give  me  the  root  and  tho  luscious  fruit 

My  own  hands  rear  for  food. 
And  the  bread  so  light  and  boncy-white. 

And  the  milk  so  pure  and  good; 
For  sweet  the  bread  of  labor  is, 

When  tbo  heart  is  strong  and  true. 
And  ablesKiug  will  come  to  the  hearth  and  home. 

If  our  best  we  bravely  do. 


this  necessitates    having    the    pies  hot 
when  eaten,  and  all  do  not  like  them  so. 

WHITE   MOCSTAIN  CAKK. 

Four  eggs,  well  beaten  with  '2^^  cups 
of  white  sugar;  1  large  cup  of  butter;  1 
cup  of  sour  milk;  1  teaspoonful  of  soda; 
i  5  cups  of  flour;  1  teaspoonful  of  vanilla; 
1  of  lemon;  1  heaping  cap  of  raisins 
(whole  without  stoning);  ^^  cup  of  can- 
died orange  peel  and  citron  sliced;  J/^ 
cup  of  almond  meats  sliced.  This  amount 
will  make  two  common-sized  cakes. 

OBAN'GB    CAKE. 

Two  cups  of  sugar;  2  cups  flour;  1 
small  cup  of  butter;  Y,  cup  of  water; 
yolks  of  5  eggs;  whites  of  3  eggs;  1  tea- 
spoonful of  cream-tartar;  %  teaspoonful 
of  soda;  the  juice  and  grated  rind  of  one 
orange  (or  of  a  lemon).  Beat  the  yolks 
and  sugar  together,  and  add  the  whites 
beaten  to  a  stiff  froth;  then  the  other  in- 
gredients. Bake  in  jelly-pans.  Add  the 
juice  and  grated  rind  of  an  orange  to  the 
whites  of  two  eggs;  add  white  sugar  to 
make  sufficiently  stiff"  to  put  between  tho 
cakes  when  they  are  cold. 

WASHING    FLANNELS. 


FAMILIAR  TALKS— No.  13. 


iW  that  the  heated,  busy  term  of 
the  year  is  past,  I  hope  the  Do- 
mestic Department  of  the  .\gkicjji.- 
TDBisT  will  bo  better  patronized  by 
correspondents  than  it  has  for 
some  time  back.  Has  "Ansie"  despaired 
of  hearing  from  me?  I  hope  she  has  not 
kept  (/io.«  doughnuts  waiting  till  now,  not 
knowing  what  to  do  with  them.  Well, 
my  dear  "Ausic,"  I  must  plead  ignor- 
ance of  the  "black  art"  that  would 
enable  me  to  cook  without  flour.  Gladly 
would  I  impart  to  others  the  knowledge 
did  I  but  possess  such  a  secret.  Not 
only  would  it  lessen  household  expenses, 
but  were  there  only  one-half  the  amount 
of  flour  consumed  that  now  is,  there 
might  be  moredivcrsiti/mjnrmmq.  There 
would  bo  fewer  men  who  would  put  in  a 
great  quantity  of  wheat,  and  then  hang 
aiouud  the  saloons,  living  on  the  inter- 
est of  the  money  they  "  expect  to  get" 
for  their  crop.  But  to  return  to  those 
unfortunate  doughnuts.  I  seldom 
measure  flour  for  doughnuts,  and 
never  for  cookies — using  for  both  just 
enough  to  make  them  roll  out. 

As  tho  season  for  mince-pies  and  fruit- 
cake is  drawing  near,  perhaps  a  receipt 
or  two  will  not  be  amiss.     This  receipt 

FOK  MINXE-PIES 

Is  good,  though  if  any  ingredient  is 
objectionable  it  can  be  oicitted :  1  pound 
of  roasted  or  boiled  beef;  ,'*  peck  of 
apples;  1  pound  raisins;  U  pound  cur- 
rants; 1  nutmeg;  1  tablcspoonful  of 
ground  cloves;  2  of  cinnamon;  1  pound 
sugar;  the  grated  rind  and  the  juice  of  2 
lemons.  Moisten  with  cider  and  let  it 
stand  over  night,  or  longer  if  you  wish. 
When  su  d,  put  in  two  ounces  of  citron, 

y  thin  strips.     Th 

s  for  half  a  pound 


I  have  had  some  experience  in  wash- 
ing flannels,  and  observed  one  or  two 
important  facts  that  most  people  seem  to 
overlook.  I  think  it  better  to  wash  them 
in  cool  water,  as  they  will  shrink  just 
the  same  from  being  hung  out  in  the 
cold  air  after  washing  in  hot  water,  as 
they  mil  from  being  put  from  cold  to 
hot  water,  or  from  hot  to  cold  water. 
The  object  is  to  secure  a  unifonn  kmper- 
aiare  from  the  time  they  are  wet  until 
dry,  and  also  each  time  they  are  washed. 
Washing  in  cold  water  one  week  and  the 
next  week  in  hot  water  also  causes 
shrinkage.  White  flannels  and  merinos 
look  better  if  a  Uttle  ammonia  is  added 
to  the  wash-water.  I  have  never  tried 
borox  water,  excepting  for  black  silks. 
It  is  good  for  sUks.  Silks  also  are  very 
much  improved  if  ammonia  is  added  to 
the  water  they  are  washed  in.  Both 
silks  and  flannels  should  be  washed  in 
water  that  has  not  been  nsed  for  wash- 
ing other  clothing. 

[Following  we  append  severol  recipes 
upon  this  subject,  selected  from  various 
sources. — Ed.] 

Washinc.  Woolens. — The  secret  of 
washing  woplen  goods  successfully  lies 
in  avoiding  rubbing,  which  shrinks  or 
fulls  the  fabric.  Many  washers  advo- 
cate scalding  water  for  white  flannels; 
others  are  equally  enthusiastic  over  the 
advantages  of  cold  water,  but  all  agree 
that  rubbing  is  detrimental.  The  rinsing 
water  should  be  of  the  same  temperature 
as  the  suds,  whether  that  be  hot  or  cold, 
and  the  viTinging  should  leave  as  little 
water  as  possible  in  the  goods.  Colored 
flannel  should  not  be  scalded,  but  washed 
in  suds  as  hot  as  the  hands  can  bear  and 
rinsed  in  clear  water.  The  garments 
should  be  wrung  as  dry  a.s  possible  with 
the  hands,  then  wrung  again  in  a  dry 
towel  and  dried  quickly  by  the  fire  to 
preserve  the  color.  Small  articles  maj' 
often  be  ironed  ^vithout  previous  drying. 

Washiso  Fike  Tjxdebclothisg. — A 
leading  firm,  importers  and  retailers  of 
hosiery  goods  in  Philadelphia,  gives  the 
Oerniantown  Tekgraph  the  following  direc- 
tions for  washing  merino  lamb's  wool 
and  silk  underclothing,  and  that  paper 
bears  vs-itness  to  its  excellence:  "Use 
one  pound  of  dissolved  soap  in  four  gal- 
lons of  warm  water,  in  which  well  rinse 
the  articles  to  be  washed,  drawing  them 
repeatedly  through  the  hand;  wring  them 
as  dry  as  possible  to   remove   the  soap ; 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


rinse  them  again  briskly  in  clean  luke- 
warm water:  wring  and  stretch  to  their 
proi^er  shape,  and  dry  in  the  open  air  if 
possible.  The  only  effect  oi  rubbing  is 
to  shrink  and  destroy  the  material;  it 
should  therefore  never  be  resorted  to. 
The  material  used  in  manufacturing  silk 
underwear  being  no  animal  product,  it 
is  absolutely  necessary  that  nothing  but 
the  best  quality  of  soap  and  warm  water 
should  be  used.  All  kinds  of  washing 
compound  destroy  the  nature  of  the 
material,  giving  to  the  fabric  the  appear- 
ance of  poor  cotton." 

Cleansing  Blankets — It  is  quite  as 
imi)ortant  to  have  the  blankets  on  our 
lieds  clean  as  well  as  to  have  the  sheets 
pure  and  white.  "Put  two  large  table- 
spooufuls  of  borax  and  a  pint  bowl  of 
soap  suds  into  a  tub  of  cold  water. 
When  dissolved,  put  in  a  pair  of  blankets 
and  let  them  remain  over  night.  Next 
day  rub  and  drain  them  out,  and  rinse 
thoroughly  in  two  waters,  and  hang  them 
out  to  dry.     Do  not  wring  them." 

DuKABLE  Bedding. — A  woman  who 
has  raised  a  large  family  recommends 
housekeepers  to  the  good  quality  of  un- 
bleached cotton,  run  the  breadths  for  top 
and  lining  of  quilt,  and  color  it  with  any 
cheap  domestic  dye — such  as  japonica 
annatto,  white  oak  or  any  such  thing. 
Quilt  them  coarsely,  and  put  more  cotton 
batting  in  than  would  be  needed  for  or- 
dinary bed  quilts.  They  wiU  wear  years 
longer  than  ordinary  new  calico,  and  are 
e.specially  to  be  desired  in  large  families 
of  boys.  If  desired,  outside  spreads 
may  be  made  of  more   fanciful  material. 

Beneficial  Effect  of  Flannel — The 
majority  of  people  are  not  a\  'are  of  the 
beneficial  effect  of  wearing  flannel  next 
to  the  body,  both  in  cold  and  warm 
weather.  Flannel  is  not  so  uncomfort- 
able iu  warm  weather  as  prejudiced  peo- 
ple believe.  Frequently  colds  and  con- 
stant hacking  coughs  have  left  me  since 
aelojitiug  flannel  garmets.  There  is  no 
need  of  great  bulk  about  the  waist  which 
condemns  the  wearing  of  flannel  to 
those  who  jirefer  waspwaists  to  health, 
for  iu  that  case  flannel  can  be  cut  as 
loosely  fitting  waists,  always  fastening 
at  the  back.  There  are  scarcely  any  of 
the  bad  effects  of  .sudden  changes  of 
weather  felt  by  those  who  wear  tlaunel, 
and  mothers,  especially,  should  en- 
deavor to  secure  such  for  thgir  little  peo- 
ple in  preference  to  all  those  showy  out- 
side trimmings  which  fashion  commands. 
—Ex. 


MOUNTING   CHROMOS. 

Large  chromos  should  lie  mounted  on 

a  stretcher.  A  stretcher  is  made  of  strips 

one  and  one-half  inch  wide,  ripped  from 

common     inch      or      JS^-inch      lumber, 

mitered  and  made  into  a  frame.     Stretch 

upon  this,  pasting   or  tacking  smoothly, 

tightly,    over    the    whole    face    of    the 

stretcher  f  rarae  a  piece  of  light  domestic. 

Common  flour   paste,    made  smooth,    is 

suitable  to  use  for  mounting  the  chromo 

upon    the    stretcher.     Of     course     the 

stretcher   must  not  be  any  larger  than 

the  pictiire.     Paste  both  the  back  of  the 

l)icture  and  the  cloth,  and  lay  on  and  rub 

with  a  damp   cloth   till   it  is  smoothly 

adhered   to   the   stretcher.     The  drying 

will  shrink  the  cloth  so  that  no  wrinkles 

will  appear.    Before  varnishing,  the  first 

and    most    essential    operation    is    the 

proper  sizing  of  the  paper,  as,  if  this  be 

imperfectly   done,    almost   any  kind   of 

varnish  will  penetrate  the  paper  so  as  to 

make  oil-.spots.  Gluo-waterof  the  proper 

c<msistency  is  the  best  protective  against 

the  absorption  of  the  varnish.     It  should 


be  of  the  right  strength,  however.  If, 
after  being  dried,  it  cracks  in  bending  a 
corner  of  the  paper,  it  was  not  diluted 
enough.  When  dry,  the  map  or  chromo 
is  varnished  with  a  solution  of  mastic, 
sandarac,  or  some  other  colorless  resin 
in  turpentine  or  alcohol,  or  a  mixture  of 
both;  experience  shows  the  best  consist- 
ency in  order  to  lay  it  on  evenly  with  a 
brush. 

A  good  varnish  can  be  purchased 
at  paint  stores.  Use  none  but  the  best 
quality  for  chromos.  Small  chromos 
may  be  mounted  on  pasteboard  and  var- 
nished the  same.  Chromos  may  also  be 
framed  under  glass,  without  mounting 
or  varnish,  the  same  as  engravings,  if 
one  prefers  it. 


HOME-MADE  PICTURE  FRAMES- 

Frames  for  pictures  can  be  made  of  a 
great  many  materials.  If  taately  made, 
it  matters  little  what  is  used.  Acorns, 
with  leaves  made  of  leather,  in  imita- 
tion, make  beautiful  frames  when  neatly 
arranged  and  varnished.  We  have  seen 
pretty  frames  made  of  rice  fastened 
thickly  to  jilaiu,  beveled  boards  with 
glue  and  varnish;  also  of  beans,  pebbles, 
shells,  etc.  Rustic  frames  can  be  made 
of  bits  of  wood  tacked  on  a  rough  board 
frame  and  varnished.  Choose  gnarled 
roots  and  limbs,  remove  the  bark,  split 
in  halves,  all  arranged  flat  side  to  the 
board  in  any  shape  that  taste  may  sug- 
gest. Stain  or  not  as  you  choose,  and 
varnish.  Do  not  mix  too  many  things 
together.  A  frame  of  shells  should  be 
all  shells;  of  rice,  all  rice,  etc.  A  rustic 
frame  may  be  made  of  knotty  material 
and  be  made  to  resemble  coral  work. 

To  make  artificial  coral,  take  two 
drachms  of  Vermillion,  one  ounce  of 
rosin,  and  melt  them  together.  Have 
ready  the  branches  of  twigs,  peeled  and 
dried,  fasten  in  any  shape  desired  with 
pins  or  small  nails,  and  paint  them  over 
with  this  mixture  while  hot.  The  twigs 
being  covered,  hold  them  over  a  gentle 
fire,  turning  them  around  until  they  are 
perfectly  smooth.  White  coral  may  be 
made  with  white  lead,  and  black  with 
lampblack.  Another  way  is  as  follows: 
Pound  a  quantity  of  good  red  sealing  wax 
and  mix  with  spirits  of  wine  into  a  thick 
paste.  Into  this  put  some  lai-ge,  un- 
broken Carolina  rice,  stir  well,  and  if  it 
is  of  proper  consistency  every  grain  will 
be  entirely  covered  with  the  paste.  With 
this  you  can  paint  frames,  card-baskets, 
brackets  made  of  pasteboard,  etc.  Var- 
nish, and  you  will  be  pleased  with  the 
eft'ect. 

Here  is  how  to  make  pretty  corn-husk 
frames:  "Corn-husk  frames  may  be  made 
very  prettily  and  simply  by  taking  paste- 
board or  thick  paper  to  sew  the  husks  on. 
Then  select  your  husks;  take  fine  white 
ones,  but  not  the  finest.  Take  a  husk 
and  cut  it  into  strips  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  wide  and  three  inches  long.  Then 
double  it  together  in  a  Ijow  as  in  tape 
trimming.  Put  two  rows  of  these  bows 
around  the  inside  of  the  frame.  Next 
out  a  piece  the  length  of  the  bows  and 
the  width  of  the  husks,  and  bend  the 
two  ends  together.  Now  take  your 
needle,  and  slit  it  very  fine  through  the 
center,  and  then  sew  the  two  ends  that 
you  hold  in  your  hand  on  the  frame  over- 
lapping the  row  of  bows,  one  row  of  this 
slitted  wen-k,  and  turn,  and  go  length, 
wise  of  the  frame—  not  crosswise  as  be- 
fore. That  forms  the  outer  edge  of  the 
frame.  Take  a  thin  piece  of  board  and 
make  a  frame.  Place  your  glass  lietween 
your  paper  frame  and  ycuir  board  frame, 
and  tack  or  jiaste  yourjiapcr  frame  down 
smoothly.  You  will  tlien  have  a  nice 
rustic  frame.  Beautiful  little  card-baskets 
and  lamp-mats  may  be  made  in  nearly 
the  same  manner." 


Rustic  frames,  skillfully  designed, 
made  of  all  the  ditterent  varieties  of 
burrs;  of  all  varieties  of  mosses;  of  nut- 
shells, every  kind;  of  stones,  all  the 
prettiest  pebbles  that  can  be  found,  look 
much  better  than  to  have  a  mixture  of 
everything  that  can  be  available  for 
fancy-work  frames. 

Persons  wanting  walnut  or  gilt  frames 
will  please  notice  our  offer  in  an  edito- 
rial note. 


SEASONABLE  SELECTIONS. 

HowtoCaeve  and  Help  at  Table. — It 
is  considered  an  accomplishment  for  a 
lady  to  know  how  to  carve  well  at  her 
own  table.  The  carving  knife  should  be 
sharp  and  thin. 

To  carve  fowls  (which  should  always 
be  laid  with  the  breast  uppermost),  place 
the  fork  in  the  breast,  and  take  off  the 
wings  and  legs  without  turning  the  fowl; 
then  cut  out  the  merry  thought,  slice 
from  the  breast,  take  out  the  collar  bone, 
cut  off  the  side  pieces,  and  then  cut  the 
carcass  in  two.  Divide  the  joints  in  the 
leg  of  a  turkey. 

In  carving  a  sirloin,  cut  thin  slices 
from  the  side  next  to  you  (it  must  be 
put  on  the  dish  with  the  tenderloin  un- 
derneath)theu  turn  it,  and  cut  from  the 
tenderloin.  Help  the  guests  to  both 
kinds. 

In  carving  a  leg  of  mutton  or  ham,  be- 
gin by  cutting  across  the  middle  to  the 
bone.  Cut  a  tongue  across  and  not 
lengthwise,  and  help  from  the  middle 
part. 

Carve  a  fore-quarter  of  lamb  by  sepa- 
rating the  shoulder  from  the  ribs,  and 
then  divide  the  ribs. 

To  carve  a  loin  of  veal,  begin  at  the 
smaller  end  and  separate  the  ribs. 
Helpi  each  one  to  a  piece  of  kidney  and 
its  fat.  Carve  pork  and  mutton  in  the 
same  way. 

To  carve  a  flUet  of  veal,  begin  at  the 
top  and  help  to  the  dressing  with  each 
slice.  In  a  breast  of  veal,  separate  the 
breast  and  brisket  and  then  cut  them  up, 
asking  which  part  is  prefered. 

In  carving  a  pig,  it  is  customary  to  di- 
vide it  and  take  off  the  head  before  it 
comes  to  the  table,  as,  to  many  persons  the 
head  is  revolting.  Cutoff  the  limbs  and 
divide  the  ribs. 

In  carving  venison,  make  a  deep  in- 
cision down  to  the  bone  to  let  out  the 
juices,  and  turn  the  broad  end  toward 
you,  cutting  deep  in  thin  slices. 

For  a  saddle  of  venison,  cut  from  the 
tail  toward  the  other  end,  on  each  side, 
in  thin  slices.  Warm  plates  are  very 
necessary  with  venison  and  mutton,  and 
in  winter  are  desirable  for  all  meats. 
—Ex. 

Pumpkin Bijttee( Original). — Cut  up 
as  much  pumpkin  or  squash  as  desired, 
and  cook  without  paring  until  tender. 
Strain  or  press  the  juice  out;  then  pare 
other  pumpkin  and  cook  fine  in  the  same 
juice.  When  thoroughly  stewed  down 
to  about  the  consistency  of  apple, 
put  away  in  jars  the  same  as  other  yire- 
serves,  to  be  used  as  other  sauce,  or  may 
be  used  in  pies  without  sweetening. 

Here  is  another  way :  A  writer  who  has 
tried  it,  says  to  preserve  pumpkin,  take 
seven  pounds  of  pumpkin,  five  pounds 
of  sugar,  four  lemons,  and  two  ounces  of 
green  ginger  root.  Cut  the  pumpkin  in 
slices  half  an  inch  thick  in  any  desired 
form,  sijuare,  round  or  diamond  shajie, 
and  boil  iu  the  syrup  till  tender,  then 
take  up  the  pieces.  Slice  the  lemon  and 
ginger  root  very  thin  and  scald  them  in  a 
little  clear  water,  after  wliicli  add  them 
to  the  syrup;  boil  the  latter  down  iintil 
it  is   clear  enough  to  keep  without  fer- 


menting,  and    then    add    the  pumpkin 
to  it. 

Stewed  Fowl. — Fill  the  inside  of  a 
young  fowl  with  oysters,  put  it  into  a 
jar  or  tin  pail  tightly  closed,  and  put  iu 
to  a  kettle  of  water.  Boil  an  hour  and 
a  half.  There  will  be  a  quantity  of 
gravy  from  the  fowl  and  oysters.  Add 
to  it  a  little  flour  made  smooth  in  a 
small  quantity  of  water,  some  butter, 
seasoning  to  taste,  and  more  oysters 
with  their  liquor.  Serve  this  with  the 
fowl,  which  will  be  very  white  and  ten- 
der. All  the  fine  flavor  in  ordinary  boil- 
ing will  be  jireserved. 

Meat  Loap. — Chop  fine  whatever  cold 
meat  you  may  have,  fat  and  lean  to- 
gether, add  i^epjier,  salt  and  finely-chop- 
ped onion,  two  slices  of  bread  which  has 
been  soaked  in  milk,  and  one  egg;  mix 
well  together  and  bake  in  form.  This 
makes  an  admirable  tea  or  breakfast 
dish . 

Pop-OvEKS. — Four  eggs,  four  cups  of 
fine  graham  flour,  four  cups  of  milk,  or 
simply  good  milk  and  the  best  of  white 
flour  made  into  a  rather  soft  batter. 
These  may  be  baked  in  gem  tins  or  gem 
irons,  or  small  cups  which  should  be 
previously  heated.  Bake  in  a  hot  oven 
and  eat  with  fruit  sauce. 

Stuffing  fok  Tdekets  and  Chickens. 
A  handful  of  soaked  bread  squeezed  dry, 
two  eggs,  a  little  finely  chopped  parsely, 
dessert-spoonful  of  gi'ouudginger,a  pinch 
of  .salt,  a  small  bit  of  butter  or  beef  drip- 
ping. Chickens  or  turkeys  seasoned 
with  ground  ginger  and  salt,  have  a  very 
delicate  and  rich  flavor. 

Sausage. — For  30  lbs.  of  meat,  well 
cut,  add  12  oz.  fine  salt,  (i  oz.  pulverized 
sage'  i  oz.  black  pepper,  two  tablespoons 
of  mustard,  summer  savory  to  the  taste. 

Beet  Vinegab. — Grate  the  beet,  says 
the  Fanners'  Advocate,  and  express  the 
juice  in  a  cheese  press,  or  in  any  other 
way  that  may  suggest  itself,  and  put  the 
liquor  in  any  empty  barrel;  cover  the 
bung-hole  with  gauze;  and  set  it  in  the 
sun,  and  in  twelve  or  fifteen  days  it  will 
be  ready  for  use. 


Bi-Sulphide  Of  Carbon— Philloxera 

From  a  paper  read  by  Dr.  Blake  before 
the  Acadamy  of  Science,  we  condense 
the  following  advice:  Owing  to  the  ex- 
treme volatility  of  this  substance,  its  va- 
por, when  it  is  introduced  at  some  dis- 
tance beneath  the  surface,  woftld  per- 
meate the  earth  in  all  directions  over  a 
considerable  area,  and  thus  would  have 
a  chance  of  reaching  even  the  distant 
rootlets  of  the  viiiti.  Although  it  had 
been  reported  in  France  that  the  sub- 
stance was  not  destructive  to  the  insect, 
yet  I  believed  that  the  soft,  apparently 
nude  form,  which  I  had  just  discovered, 
would  not  resist  it.  In  order  to  intro- 
duce the  substance  beneath  the  ground, 
an  iron  tube  was  taken  with  a  sharp 
steel  point  at  one  end,  the  side  being 
pierced  with  a  few  small  holes  near  the 
bottom,  and  a  piston  was  made  which 
could  be  forced  down  the  tube.  The 
tube  was  driven  into  the  earth  for  a  dis- 
tance of  two  or  three  feet,  near  the  root 
of  the  vino;  some  bisulphide  of  carbon 
was  poured  into  the  tube  which  was  then 
filled  with  water,  and  the  contents  of  the 
tube  forced  into  the  ground  with  the  pis- 
ton. Tlie  tube  was  drawn  out  and  the 
hole  filled  up.  The  quantity  used  on 
each  vine  was  about  an  ounce  and  a  half 
of  the  bisulphide.     This  was  introduced 


r< 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


nto  the  ground  through  two  or  three 
loles.  The  substnnce  was  applied  iu 
he  eud  of  April  aud  early  part  of  May, 
)uly  oue  appUcatiou  beiug  made,  aud  iu 
ivery  instance  to  plants  that  were  evi- 
lently  sufl'ering  from  the  disease.  The 
■esult  has  been,  on  the  vines  so  treated 
,he  insect  has  almost  entirely  disappear- 
>.d,  whilst  on  the  vines  that  were  in  the 
lame  condition  last  year  as  those  to 
vhioh  the  bisulphide  had  been  applied, 
)Ut  which  were  not  ti'eated,  the  roots 
iwarm  with  the  insect,  so  that  none  of 
hem  are  likely  to  survive  this  season, 
it  least  of  those  that  were  most  affected. 
The  bisulphide  of  carbon  can  be  ob- 
,ained  now  in  a  comparatively  pure  state 
it  about  50  cents  per  pound;  and  I  am 
•onfldent  it  can  be  produced  in  a  form 
juite  suitable  for  use  in  the  vineyard  at 
I  third  of  the  price,  so  that  the  cost  of 
;he  material  for  each  vine  would  not  es- 
;eed  two  or  three  cents.  The  refuse 
limo  from  the  gas  works  will  kill  the  in- 
sect for  some  distance  beneath  the  sur- 
face when  it  has  been  applied  round  the 
roots,  and  from  what  we  know  of  the 
latural  history  of  the  insect  it  is  almost 
:ertain  that  it  will  shortly  die  out  in  any 
^eat  dejith,  when  it  cannot  be  renewed 
jy  fresh  nymphs  developed  from  thewin- 
er  ova.  During  the  winter,  and  as  late  a.s 
josssible  before  the  cessation  of  the  rains 
ipply  three  or  four  pounds  of  the  lime 
efuse  round  the  stem,  drawing  the  earth 
iway  from  the  stem  to  the  depth  of  two 
)r  three  inches,  at  the  same  time  brush- 
ng  the  stem  for  six  or  eight  inches 
ibove  the  ground  with  train  oil.  Then 
ibout  the  middle  of  April  to  the  first 
week  iu  May  use  the  bisulphide  of  car- 
3ou  under  ground  in  the  way  I  have 
ooiuted  out. 


RELIABLE   SEEDS. 

ONION   AND   CARROT  SEED    AT 
WHOLESALE  PRICES. 

Every  person  who  has  ever  planted 
vegetables  has  had  more  or  less  trouble 
ibout  procuring  fresh  pure  seed  true  to 
lame.  Many  of  the  seeds  sold  at  stores 
.hroughout  the  country  are  grown  with- 
)ut  special  care  or  selection  of  stock. 
Instead  of  the  best  vegetables  being  se- 
ected  for  seeds,  frequently  none  but 
he  refuse  are  thus  used,  aud  as  a  eonse- 
pieuce  inferior  vegetables  only  can  be 
^■owu  from  them.  Seed  growing  is  a 
irofession  that  requires  special  care  and 
kill.  Pure  seed,  that  is,  seed  that  will 
)riug  varieties  true  to  name,  can  only  be 
;rown  from  perfect  roots,  and  away 
rom  other  varieties,  so  there  will  be  no 
fixture. 

Mr.  \Vm.  Clemence  of  San  Jose,  who 
•ve  know  to  be  thoroughly  reliable,  and 
.vho  h?s  for  several  years  paid  consider- 
ible  attention  to  seed  growing,  has  pro- 
luced  this  season  a  quantity  of  pure 
I'ellow  Danvers  onion  seed,  and  of 
iVhite  Belgian  carrot  seeds.  The  on- 
ous  were  grown  from  pure  seed,  and 
lone  but  the  finest  onions  saved  for 
ilanting  for  seed.  They  were  all  se- 
eded with  care,  and  the  seeds  of  this 
"ear's  growing  were  produced  far  away 
rom  any  other  varieties,  so  there  is  no 
)ossible  mixture.  The  same  with  the 
■.arrets — they  are  true  to  name. 

A\'e  have  made  arrangements  with  Mr. 
ylemence  for  his  entire  crop  of  these 
eeds,  to  furnish  to  oiir  subscribers.  We 
rill  furnish,  in  2i''»ekages  of  one  pound 
ir  over,  at  the  following  rates: 

Yellow  Danvers  Onion  Seed — Per  lb., 
lostage  paid,  $1.50.  Persons  takiugfrom 
ur  office,  or  by  express  at  their  own  ex- 
leuse,  will  be  allowed  postage  rates — 
6  cts.  per  lb. — off. 

White   Belgian  Carrot  Seed — Per  lb.. 


postage  paid,  $1;  or  16  ots.  less  if  we 
pay  no  postage. 

The  yellow  Danvers  onion  is  the  most 
compact,  firm  of  flesh,  and  the  longest 
keeping  of  any  onion.  There  are  many 
grown  near  San  Jose  every  year  for  the 
San  Francisco  market.  They  often  yield 
over  one  thousand  bushels  per  acre 
when  properly  cultivated.  The  Eastern 
catalogue  prices  for  seed  per  pound  is 
from  $3.75  to  $1.00  and  the  California 
raised  seed  is  the  best  in  the  world. 
Our  subscribers  will  at  once  see  the 
bargain  aud  advantage  we  are  offering 
them. 

The  white  Belgian  carrot  is  the  largest 
and  best  producer  known.  The  best 
stock  carrot  and  the  easiest  harvested, 
the  croj)  may  bo  gathered  by  hand  as 
nearly  half  the  vegetable  grows  out  of 
the  ground. 

The  Eastern  price  for  pure  carrot  seed 
is  $2  per  pound,  double  what  we  offer  it 
for  to  our  readers.  All  the  seed  we  offer 
is  fresh,  grown  this  season  (no  old  seed 
mixed  with  it),  and  will  be  put  up  in 
packages  by  Mr.  Clemence  to  our  order. 

Our  object  in  giving  our  readers  the 
advantage  of  wholesale  rates,  is  to  oblige 
you  and  gain  patronage  for  the  Cal.  Ag- 
EicuLTUHisT.  Thovoufjh  surfuce — not 
deep — cuUivation,  is  the  best  for  onions, 
and  the  sooner  they  are  sown  now  the 
better.  Carrots  need  a  soilstirred  a  little 
deeper,  but  quite  as  thoroughly,  and  may 
be  planted  from  now  to  first  of  February. 
Send  in  orders  for  seeds  at  once,  as  our 
supply  is  limited. 


Table  of  Conterits. 


To  Fabmeks. — The  California  Agki- 
cuLTDBisT  is  j/ouc  paper,  devoted  exclu- 
sively to  yonv  interests;in  its  success  is 
your  prosperity.  Assist  us,  then,  by 
giving  us  for  publication  your  experience 
in  the  different  branches  of  farming,  and 
by  so  doing  make  the  California  Agei- 
CCLTUEIST  a  pulilic  channel  of  communi- 
cation for  all  the  farmers  throughout 
this  and  other  Pacific  States;  and  at  the 
same  time  don't  forget  to  make  your 
neighbor  suscribe;  it  is  to  his  interest  to 
take  a  good  agricultural  paper,  and  it  is 
to  your  interest,  as  a  patron  and  friend 
of  the  paper,  to  have  him  do  so. 


Our  Boys  and  Gikls  will  probably  feel 
a  little  disappointed  this  month,  but  we 
trust  the}'  will  have  patience  when  they 
learn  that  Aunt  Polly  has  had  sickness 
in  the  family.  She  sends  her  compli- 
ments, aud  promises  a  full  department 
next  month. 


A  Hkroic  Boy. — Freddie  Tenny,  of 
Alleghany,  only  ten  years  old,  is  a  mate 
to  the  boy  who  stood  on  the  burning 
deck,  if  somebody  would  onlj'  sing  him 
into  fame.  His  father  aud  mother  be- 
ing away  for  all  night,  Freddie  was  left 
to  keep  house  and  take  care  of  his 
younger  brother — a  five-year  old.  Dur- 
ing the  night  Freddie  was  awakened  by 
smoke  and  nearly  suffocated.  He  saw 
that  the  house  was  on  fire,  the  floor  hav- 
ing caught  from  coals  that  had  fallen 
from  the  stove  in  the  dining-room.  He 
gathered  up  his  little  brother  and  set 
him  out  in  the  cold,  and  then  proceeded 
to  carry  water  iu  a  pail  and  put  out  the 
fire.  He  extinguished  the  flames,  took 
his  little  brother  back  to  bed,  aud  both 
slept  well  till  morning.  In  the  morning 
Freddie  called  iu  a  family  who  lived  iu 
another  part  of  the  house  to  see  what 
happened.  Two  holes  were  burned 
through  the  floor — one  two  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  the  other  one  foot.  The  little 
fireman  had  saved  the  property,  and 
probably  some  lives,  aud  had  all  the  fun 
to  himself.  He  was  charged  to  take  care 
of  his  little  brother  and  keep  house,  aud 
he  did  it  like  a  man. 


Apiary.— Honey  Plants  la  Southern  Califor- 
ni.  Relative  Contents  of  Honey  Boxes. 
Cal.  Honey  East.    Etc 1C8 

Tlio  Horco.— *How  norscR  arc  Driven 168 

The  Dairy.— "When  the  Cows  Come  Home 
(poetry) .  tFor  Milk  or  for  liecf .  Mau- 
agini,'  Cows  in  Holland.  KeariuK  Stock 
to  Malte  Good  Milkers.  Value  of  Furiu 
Animals.    Etc ICO 

Tha  Siiin  Qrowor.— Corn  Song  (poetry). 
*Cracl<ed  Wheat  and  Smut.  Rice— Low 
land  and  Upland 170 

ConespoaJOBCO.— Letter  from  Santa  Cruz* 170 

Portlae.— Hogs  and  Alfalfa  Hay.  Breeding 
Young  Sows.  Keeping  B-mrs.  ♦Pre- 
mium Essay  Wauled.  Pig's  Start  in 
Life.    Lice  on  Swine.    Berkshires HI 

City  Cardeniiig.— tWinter  Gardening.  •Bee- 
keeping in  San  Diego.    Ed.  Notes ICl 

Edl.oriiUTotsB l^S 

Footry.  —Virgil's  Georgics  rendered  Into  Eng- 
lish Verse.  The  Owd  W'oodon  Plow.  Au- 
tumn.  A  Song  of  the  Country.  Thanks- 
giving.    Seed  Time  and  Harvest 1C3 

Domestic— The  Maiden's  Clioico  (poetry). 
♦Familiar  Talks  No.  i:f.  'Washing  Flan- 
nels, IMouuting  Chromos.  *Homfo- 
made  Picture  Frames.  Seasonable  8fl- 
lections  for  the  Kitchen.    Etc 173-4 

Sheep  and  floats.— *Tho  Angora  Goat  Interest 
in  California.    tFino  Spanish  Merinos.      104 

Uisoollancons-—    *Letter  from  Kern  Island.         B 

The  Rainfall.    Tools  for  the  Farm 104 

Cal.  Kaisina.    Tools  for  Farmers.    'Re. 
liableSeeds 1«' 

Stoci  Breeder.- tLive  Stock  Farming.  New 
and  Limitless  Outlet  for  Beef.  Most 
Profitable  Stock.  Heifers  Uuckling 
Calves.     Etc l"'i 

Household  Eeadine-- The  Old  Homestead  (po- 
etry). *Up  Country  L.'ttirs  No. 9  'Mor- 
al of  Dancing.  'Saturday  Evening  Rev- 
ery.   'Grandfather  on  "Supremacy." 171-2 

Harticnltural— Best  Fruits  for  an  Orchard.! 
Sending  Plants  by  mail.  Seml-Tropical 
Fruitst l*^** 

Entomolosica'.— The  Wooly  Aphis.  The 
Scale  Insect,  Bark  Louse.  Remedies 
for  destroying  them 1*''> 

Financial  Economy— Not  Gold  but  Men.  Prin- 
ci])les  of  a  Sotmd  Financial  Policy. 
Radical  Sentiments.  Robbing  the  Pco- 
p\o.  Avarice  of  Legislation.  Bond- 
holders Merciless.  Gold  vs.  Credit. 
France,  etc 165-C 

Ethics— Dottiugs  and  .Jottings.' ICG 

Hygienic— Light  aud  Air  vs.  Drugs,  (poetry) 
Practical  Health  Topics.  No.  C  Dress. 
How  to  deal  with  Little  Accidents. 
Grape  cure.    Dyspepsia  Remedy,  etc...      167 

*  Contributed.     I  Editorial. 


MORTON    HOUSE, 

(Formerly  ORLEANS    HOTEL.) 

Post  St,  above  Kearny,  San  Francisco 

PROPRIETOR, 

Fornirrly  of    the  Big  Trees,  Calaverae  County; 

Pacific  Congress  Spriujis,  Santa  Clara 

County;  and  late  of  ViBalia. 


RUPTURE ! 


Use    no    more  Mftnlic  Trnsses  I 

INo  more  suffering  (ixmi   Iron   Honps  orl 

ISteel  Springs!    Our    MAGNETIC  ELAS-J 

JTIC  TUrSS  ip  worn  with  i-ase  anil  com-ff 

wfort,  Nigbt  aud    Day.  ami   will,  and    hasT 

/performed  radical  cures   when    all  otherpJ 

Phave  failed.     Reader,  if  you  are  ruptiiredf 

ftry  oue  of  our    Comfortable   Elastic   Ap-f 

fpiiauces.    You  will  never  regret  it. 

C^  Examinations  Free. 

MAGNETIC  ELASTIC  TRUSS  CO  , 

(309  Sacramento  street,  S.  F. 


$100,  $125,  $150,  $175. 

FOUR    good    gecond-hand    PIANOS 

for  sale  at  the  ahuvc  prices. 

At  MORTOX  &  CO.'S, 

Knox  Block.  San  Jose. 


D.   G.  STEFKEirS, 

GENERAL  COMMISSION  MERCHANT 

Ami   l)«ul*-r    ill    Fet'cl, 

211  Davis  St.,  corner  Commercial, 

S.\.\  t-K.WCISCO. 


California  Glove  Factory. 


[M.M...     -.AlK   , 

Every  pair  of  Glovea  of  our  own  make  bears  the 
atamp  of  our  Tr.ide  Murk,  and  no  otliem.  Gloves 
ma<le  t'j  order,  and  a  iK-rfect  lit  guarantoed. 

Htore  iiiid  Kactorj-.  Santa  Clara  Street,  nppoeite 
Auzeniis  HoUHe.  

War  In^urope  ! 

PRICES    FOR     GRAIN    ADVAN'CING. 

Good  News  for  Farmers ! 

WHEAT  82  PER  CENTAL.! 

Clothing  Lower  Than  Ever! 

For  Ijargaius  gu  tu 

T.  W.  SPRING'S, 

Cor.  Market  :iTi.l  Santa  Clari  .St«  .        K.VK  .lUSf. 
teJTThe  Ueuilcianrtxrii  of  Trmle.  XH 

REMOVAL! 

A.  M.  Feldman, 

DKAI.KU  IS 

DRY  GOODS, 

Has  rcmovc'l  into  the  liiif   U1.■\^    .S'.jrt--.  Nu  431  First 
Street.  (»ame  block.) 

Splendid  Assortment  of  New  Goods  at 
Lower  Fig^ures  Tlian  Kver! 

Don't  fail  to  examine  our  dtock  before  purchasing 
if  you  want  bargains. 

OAKDEX   CITY 

COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE. 

^^JSIC  HALL  BUILDUfO, 
CONNOR  &  HENNISG,  Propriotora. 

BUSINESS 

T  II   A  1  X  I   N  G 


SCHOOL 

For  the  Young  and  Middle-Aged  of  both 
Seses. 

open  day  anil  evt-niii;;  throui,'liout  the  year.' 
Tlie  BUSINESS  <'<tC'KSK  embraces  Penmanship, 
Business  Correspomlencv.  Commercial  Arithmetic, 
Composition  of  Bu.'^ines--*  Paper,  Commercial  Calcu- 
lations. Mercantile  Law.  Hix.k  keeping  in  all  its 
forms,  and  actual  practia-  in  Wholesale  and  Retail 
Merchandisinj;.  Jobbing,  (■oimui.-siou.  Real  Estate, 
Insurancx- and  BankiiiK  Thi-  stu-lt-nt  buys,  sells, 
ships  consigua,  discounts,  iii-^iun-s.  drawn  checks. 
nott-y.  draft--*,  bills  of  exchanjie,  and  g'^es  through 
the  entire  routine  of  mercantile  affairs,  Tliere  are 
no  claAsvs;  each  stuflent  receive^  individual  instruc- 
tion- JStudL-nts  ni;iy  tenter  on  any  secular  day  or  CTe- 
ning  in  the  year.  Salunlays  cxctpt*^!. 

Tlioroii^lk  Inslruition    t"^**"   '"  Prac- 
ticiil   nml   Ornamciitnl 

FEN  MAN  SHI  P. 

For  iurtbei  ijiiuriiJiitiuu  aud  .-iH.-Liiiieii  uf  penman- 
slup,  address 

E.  P.  COXXOR, 

San  Joae, 

HOLSTEIHS  FOR  SALE! 

Yearlings  and  calves  of  both  seies,  bred  from  my 
imported  cows,  "Dowager,"'  "Cr.  Princess "  and 
"Fraulein."  The  l^est  daily  yield  of  these  cows  is 
62i  lbs.,  76  lbs.  and  70  lbs.  of  milk,  respectively.  Best 
annual  yields:  Dowager,  12.68U  lbs,;  Cr.  IMnceas, 
14,027  lbs.  GEiiRJT  S.  MILLER, 

noT2m  Peterboro,  Madison  Co.,  Jf.  Y. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


WA 


^P"--r: 


I  To  Our  Subscribers, 


TO     TEACHERS. 

O — 

■\Ve  liave  iinade  arrangements 

sn  that  fur  the  siun  of  six  cents,  in  ciir- 
riieucy  or  postage  stamps,  sent  with  yoiir 
I'lhstoffice  Address  in  full  to  the  iinder- 
Kigned,  tliey  will  return  Vty  mail,  post  paid, 
;i  very  iicat,  light  and  stri.iiij,' 

BAMBOO    FOOT    EULE, 

Just  the  best  thing  for  School,  Office  or 
Draughtsman's  use.  This  is  a  tine  speci- 
meu  of  Japanese  manufacture,  well  worth 
25  cents  each.  One  dozen  will  l>e  seut  for 
only  60  cents,  wliich  is  the  lowest  wholesale 
price  in  large  quantities.    Address, 

CAL,  FINE  AKT  PirB.  CO., 
Box  68G  San  Francisco. 


5^ 


Meiiefee  &  Gastor\ 

DESTTISTS, 

S.  W.  Cor.  Santa  Clara  and  First  Sts 

Over  Farmers'  National  Gold  Bank, 
SAN  JOSE. 

B^  Special  attention  giveu  to  Fine 
Gold  Fillings.  Laughing  Gas  Adminis- 
tered. 


T.W.Mitdiell, 

Porter's    Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SAN    JOSE. 

SEEDSMAN  and  FLORIST 

Ami  Dealer  in  Flowering- Plants, 
Ornamental    SUruhs,     Bulbs 
and    Flo«'ering"    Roots  in 
Variety,  Hang'iiig'  Bas- 
kets,   Dried  Grasses, 
French  Immortelles  of  Assorteil 
Colors,  Kte.,  Etc. 
03~  Seeds,  Fresh  and  Reliable. 

Z.  M.  PA.B.VI2T, 

Teacher  of  Vocal  MiiKic,  State  Normal  School, 
t^ives  Private   luBtrnction  in 

Vocal    Culture,     Piano,     Organ, 
and  Harmony. 

Room  over  San  Jokc  Savings  Bank,  and  Norm 
al  School.  Singing  School  every  FR1D.A.Y  eve 
ning,  in  room  over  San  Jose  Savings  Bank, 


DR.  r.  R,  SPAW, 

Resident  Dentiet, 
'nrner  of  First    and 

Santa  Clara  streets, 

In  McLaughlin  k  Hy- 

land's  buililing, 

San  Jose,  Oal. 


SMITH  &  RYDER 


Commercial      Bank      Building, 

307  ^'''''■■>''  Sired,  San  June,  Cat. 


EMPEY  &  LEHITAED, 

Mfiiuifacturers  and  Penh  rs  in 


HAR-i; 

NESSj 


COL- 
LARS, 


SADDLERY, 

11     Carriage    Trimmings.    Etc, 

^''     Hmvo  romnvcd  to   3H1>    First  Btrcnt.  MtlKii-  II:ill 
l''iiiUUnK,  opposite  Wi-llK-l*'artio'8  ollico. 


1776  CZSPTTEHTDIXAXi  1876 
PRO  CLAM  AT  I  ON. 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway. 

Is  the  jtuijular  route   overland  to  the  East. 

Passengers  for  Chicago,  Niagara  Falls,  Pitts- 

Imrg,  Philadelphia.  Montreal,  Quebec,  New  York 

Boston,    or   any    X"^i"t  East,    should  buy    their 

trans-continental  tickets  via  the  pioneer  route, 

THE  CHICAaO  &NOETHWESTEEN  E.E. 

This  is  the  Best  route  East.  Its  Track  Is  of 
Steel  Rails,  and  on  it  hasbeen  made  the  Fastest 
time  that  has  ever  been  made  in  this  country.  By 
this  route  passengers  for  points  east  of  Chicago 
have  choice  of  the  following  lines  from  Chicago: 
Pittsburgr,       Portwayne    and    Cliicago 

and    Pennsylvania  RaU^vays. 
^>  Through  trains  daily,  with   Pulman  Palace 

0  Cars  through  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
on  each  train. 

1  THROUGH  TRAIN.  "WITH  PULLMAN  PAL- 
1  ace  Cars  to  Baltimore  and  Washington. 

By  the  Lako  Shore  and  MicMgan  Southern  Eollway  and 
Connections  (NewVorl:  Central  and  Erie  Bailwavs): 

3  THROUGH  TRAINS  DAILY,  WITH  PALACE 
Drawing  Room  and  Silver  Palace  Sleeping 
Cars  through  to  New  York. 
By  the  Michigan  Central.  Grand  Trunk.  Great  Western  and 
Erie  and  ITew  Vork  Central  Kailways: 

3  Through  trains,  with  Pullman  Palace  Draw- 
ing Room  and  Sleeping  Car.s  throxigh  to  New 
York  to  Niagara  Falls,  Buffalo,  Rochester,  or 
New  York  city. 

ISy  the  Baltimore  and  Oiiio  Railroad; 
O  Through  trains  daily,  with  Pullman  Palace 
jLi  Cars  for  Newark,  Zanesville,  Wheeling, 
Washington  and  Baltimore  without  change. 

This  is  the  Shortest,  Best,  aud  only  line  run- 
ning Pullman  celebrated  Palace  sleeping  cars  and 
cohchee,  connecting  with  Union  Pacific  Railroad 
at  Omaha  and  from  the  West,  via  Grand  Junc- 
tion, Marshall,  Cedar  Rapids,  Clinton,  Sterling 
and  Dixon,  for  Chicago  and  the  East. 

This  popular  route  is  unsxu'passed  for  Speed, 
Comfort  and  Safety.  The  smooth,  well-ballasted 
and  perfect  track  of  steel  rails,  the  celebrated 
Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars,  the  perfect  Tele- 
gi-aph  System  of  moving  trains,  the  regularity 
with  which  they  nm,  the  admirable  arrangement 
for  running  through  trains  to  Chicago  from  all 
points  West, sc-L-ure  to  passengers  all  the  comforts 
in  modern  Railway  Traveling.  No  changes  of 
Care  and  no  tedious  delays  at  Fcn'ies. 

Passengers  will  find  Tickets  via  this  Favorite 
Route  at  the  General  Ticket  Office  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Rrailroad,  Sacramento,  and  in    all  the 
Ticket  Offices  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad. 
Marvin  Hughitt,  W.  H.  Stennktt, 

Gen.  Supt.,  Chicago.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent. 

H.  P.  STANWOOD,  General  Agency.  121  Mont- 
gomery street.  San  Francisco. 


SAN    JOSE 

DRUG  STORE 

In  McLaughlin    5:  Ryland's  Bank 
Building. 

309   FIRST    STREET, 

SAN  JOSE,  CAL. 

J,   A.    Chittenden. 


PRINTING.! 


Posters,  Dodgers, 
Handbills,  Books, 
Catalogues,  Circn- 
1  ars ,  Program  m  es , 
Bills  of  Fare,  Invitations.  Receipts,  Labels, 
Blanks.  Billheads.  Statements,  Cards,  Tags,  ete., 
together  with  every  description  of  Job  Printing, 
executed  promptly  and  in  a  workmanlike  man- 
ner by  COTTLE  .S;  WKIGH  1',  No.  3:i8  First  St. 

^^^^  A.   O.  Hooker, 

^^^^-^'-^^  DENTIST. 

Office;— 359   First  street,   over  Rhodes  & 
Lewis'  Dmg  Store. 


I    I-  /.  tI  h-i^- 

R     C      KIHBY     &    CO., 

TANNERS ! 


SANTA  CRUZ  OAK-TANNED  SOLE 

LEATHER. 

WH0L1^S.-U^E    UEALEllS. 


OFFICE  40(5   NARKET  STREET 

SAN    FliANGISCO. 


J.  C.  BLAKD  L  CO., 
Real    Estate    Agents 

—AND— 

genehal  auctioneers, 

312  Market  St.,  San  Jose, 

HATE  FOR  SALE,  IN  SANTA  CLARA  AND 
adjoining  Counties,  a  verj*  fine  list  of  Grain 
and  Stock  Farms,  improved  and  unimproved,  in 
in  tracts  from  10  acres  to  10.000.  which  they  offer 
upon  easy  terms  ^nd  at  low  prices;  also,  a  large 
list  of  Biisiness  and  Residence  property  in  Santa 
Clara  and  San  Jose.  We  append  a  partial  list. 
HaWng  resided  in  this  county  for  26  years,  and 
being  thoroughly  x)osted  as  regards  Real  Estate 
Values,  we  respectfully  solicit  all  in  search  of 
Homes,  Stook,  or  business  of  any  kind  to  give  us 
a  call. 


XO  Acres  near  the  town  of  Santa 
Clara,  with  fine  House  aud  Out-buildings,  good 
Orchard,  Ornamental  Trees,  etc.    Price,  $10,000. 


20  Acres  of  Unimproved  Land  in  the 
Willows,  being  part  of  the  Lupton  Estate,  Price 
$;t,ooo. 


80  Acres,  under  fence,  all  in  cultiva- 
tion; has  a  House  of  4  rooms.  Barn  and  Stable- 
room  for  15  horses,  good  Well,  splendid  water. 
Also,  52  acres  adjoining,  with  Redwood  House, 
Barn,  etc.,  good  Well;  all  under  cultivation. 
Price,  ?55  per  acre. 


21  Acres  of  fine  laud,  3  miles  from 
San  Jose,  east  of  Coyote,  well  enclosed,  good 
Adobe  House,  Large  Barn,  etc.    Price,  Sl.OOO. 


38  Acres  of  tine  land,  2  miles  south 
of  San  Jose,  lying  between  the  Monterey  Road 
and  the  Coyote  Creek.  The  soil  is  unsurpassed, 
and  the  location  beautiful.  Will  be  sold  as  a 
whole,  or  in  three  subdivisions;  22  acres  front- 
ing on  Coyote,  at  $225  per  acre;  8  acres  between 
the  two  residence  lots,  at  $;iOO  per  acre  ;  16  acres 
including  the  fine  improvements  for  $5,000. 


60  Acres  of  as  fine  land  as  can  be 
found  in  the  county,  with  fine  improvement. 
Will  sell  low  if  called  for  within  next  90  days; 
must  be  sold  in  that  time.  Situate  one  mile 
from  Lawi'euce  Station,  S,  P.  R.  R. 


X8  Acres  fine  Vegetable  Land,  3  miles 
southeast  of  San  Jose,  on  east  side  of  Tully 
Road;  has  a  Dwelling  of  6  rooms  (two-story 
house) ;  Barn,  etc.;  Orchard  and  Vineyard  of  5 
acres;  Cows,  Wagons,  Farming  Implements,  etc. 
Price  of  whole,  $4,500. 


X,000  Acres  of  fine  Grain  and  Fruit 
Land,  located  near  Los  Gatos;  will  be  sold  in 
tracts  to  suit  at  from  -10  to  1000  acres.  Terms 
easy;  prices  low;  must  be  sold  within  90  days. 


76  Acres  rolling  land  8  miles  west  of 
San  Jose,  adjoining  Reynolds'  farm.  Small 
house  of  5  rooms;  nice  running  stream  of  water; 
widl  fenced;  with  plenty  of  wood  on  the  prem- 
ises.    Prica,  $2,800. 


X08  Acres  laud  on  San  Jose  and 
Santa  Cruz  road,  near  Los  Gatos,  5  miUs  from 
San  Jose;  excellent  land,  aud  will  produce  any- 
thing; improvements  consist  of  adwt;llingwliich 
cost  $2,000,  a  good  barn,  also  orchajd  aud  vine- 
yard; good  well,  wind  mill  and  large  tank. 
Terms,  J^  cash;  balance  on  time.  Price, $95  per 
acre. 


88  Acres  fine  laud  G  miles  west  of 
San  Jose,  near  Lawrence  Station;  well  improved. 
Price,  SlOO  per  acre,  on  reasonable  terms. 


290  Acres  5  miles  west  of  Gilroy; 
:iu  acres  vineyard;  10  acres  orchard,  all  kinds  of 
fruits;  3  living  streams  of  water;  all  under  fc-nc©; 
has  a  good  house,  ba  u  and  other  ovU-buildings; 
wine  cellars.    Tenuseasy.    Price,  $10,tK)0. 


Stock   farm  of    2,000  acres,  enclosed 

with  brush  fence  nvA  natural  boundaries,  locat- 
ed about  10  miles  east  of  the  18-mile  house,  near 
Bennett's  stock  farm;  w<ll  improved;  has  a  gtn)d 
dwolliug.  barn. corrals,  etc.;  HO  head  of  American 
cattle.  '15  of  wliich  arc  cows,  balance  one  and  two 
year  olds.     Terms  easy.     Price,  $;J.OOO. 


42  ^11-100  Aorrs  land  on  the  road 
( laiidabi]>c  Miiufi,  near  the  Los  Gatos  road,  ad- 
ioiuiiig  binds  of  F.  Richnumd.  Terms  easy. 
Price.  Sit.OiHI. 


242  Acres  fine  land,  near  San  Jose; 

will  In;  Hfdd  oil  a  hnig  credit.  $G,()00  cash;  bal- 
ance in  0  years,  etimd  annual  i)aymentB,  with  in- 
terest at  10  i)er  <ent  per  annum. 


200  Acres  of  excellent  fruit  and  berry 
land  near  Santa  Clara  depot.  Price  per  acre, 
$200. 


200  Acres  in  Alameda  county,  on 
west  side  of  county  road  leading  to  Oakland, 
about  one  mile  from  Warm  Springs,  near  ]\lip- 
sion  San  Jose.  It  is  fine  black  loam  soil,  w-  II 
fenced.  Has  a  good  house  and  barn,  etc.  Prie 
$90  per  acre;  one-fo^lrth  cash;  balance  in  one.two 
aud  three  years,  approved  paper  bearing  one  per 
cent,  interest. 


500  Acres  of  extra  fine  grain  l.uid 
5  miles  southwest  of  Wat6on%'ille  and  1^  miles 
from  shipping  point,  will  yield  40   to  60  bushel 
IJer  acre.    Terms  to  suit  purchasers.    Price,  $ri0 
per  acre. 


X60  Acres  of  pre-emption  claim  35 
miles  southwest  of  Salinas  City,  10  miles  west  of 
railroad  terminus.  Small  house,  good  fent:e, 
out-houses,  etc.;  with  an  outside  range  of  800 
acres,  all  finely  watered.  This  is  one  of  the  fin- 
est hay  ranches  to  be  found  in  the  country. 
Price,  $1000;  or  will  exchange  for  San  Jose  pro- 
perty. 


X60  Acres  of  fine  timbered  land  lo- 
cated just  on  the  line  between  Santa  Clara  and 
Santa  Cruz  counties.  No  piece  of  property  i.'U 
Santa  Cruz  mountains  to  excel  it.    Price,  $6,000. 


X20  Acres  fine  land  adjoining  village 
of  Saratoga:  enclosed:  title  perfect.  Price  per 
acre,  $ JO.  Also,  a  farm  of  160  acres  1  Jc>  miles 
south  of  Saratoga;  good  dwelling,  barn,  orchard 
and  vineyard.    Price,  $4000. 


8X"Acre  farm  4  miles  northeast  of 
San  Jose;  is  a  choice  piece  of  land,  with  house 
18x24  feet,  small  barn,  ete.    Price,  $7,000. 


Auction  Sales  of  Stock,  Carriages.  Furnitxu'e, 
etc..  in  front  of  Salesroom,  No.  312  Market  st., 
every  SATURDAY,  at  10  a.  m. 

B^  Special  attention  given  to  Auction  Sales 
in  any  portion  of  the  State,  at  short  notice. 

J.  C.  BLAND  &.  CO., 

Real  Estate  Agents  aud  General  Auctioneers. 


SAN  JOSE 

IITSTITUTE 

ANT^ 

BUSX7TESS    COIiLXSGZS. 

A  Day  and  Boarding  School  for 
Both  Sexes. 


THE  SECOND  SESSION  OF  THE  TWENTY- 
Ninth  School  Year  will  commence  October 
2d,  1876. 

In  acknowledging  the  kindness  of  the  patrons 
of  this  School,  the  Pi'oprietors  desire  to  assure 
them  that  with  the  increased  patronage  will  be 
added  increased  facilities  for  imparting  instruc 
tion.  They  intend  that  the  School  shall  ofler 
the  veiy  best  opi)oi't unities  for  acquiring  thor- 
ough education,  both  theoretical  aud  practical. 

The  course  of  study  in  the  Academic  grade  is 
extensive  and  thorough. 

The  Business  College  has  no  vactio 

Students  from  a  distance  will  find  pleasant 
rooms  and  board  at  reasonable  prices  at  the 
boarding-house. 

The  Faculty  accept  to  its  fullest  extent  the 
growing  demand  of  the  industrial  classes  for 
recognition  in  the  public  educational  system 
hailing  it  as  the  harbinger  of  a  higher  and  better 
civilization. 

ISA.AC  KIXLEY, 
Stiperiiiteiifleiit  of  tite  Institute. 

C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

C-^  AUHI.VGK     MAKER.        P I O  N  K  E  U 
J  Cnrriage  Shop. 

314  SECOND  STREET, 

Between    Santa     Clara     street    and    Fountain 

Alley,  San  Jose. 

Ajfoiit   for  Fish  Itro.  *s  Wtififoiis. 

Dr.  N.  KLEIN.       Surs^eoii  Dentist- 

Uuolii 
next 
to 

■Wri;;!.'  ^ 
Pli. 

Rl-ni'l 


a: 


:H;^iilXO-l 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Save  $50!  Why  Pay  $85? 

Sewing  Machines 


REDUCED      PRICE,     $35. 


Soiihisj;  h%  Ladies! 


BREEDERS'    DIRECTORY. 


Just  What  You  Want  for 
self  and  Children. 


Your- 


PartleB  desirinB  to  purchase  lave  Slock  will 
find  in  this  Directory  the  namcB  of  some  of  the 
moat  reliable  Breeders. 

OcB  ItATEs,— Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  wlil  be 
Inserted  iu  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50 
cents  jjor  niontli,  payalile  annually. 

A  line  win  average  abont  seven  words.  Count 
five  words  for  the  first  line. 


FARMS! 

FOR  _S  ^\^  L  K  . 

1  O/l  r\  Acres  of  good  Farming  I.nn<l 
ICTW  I  >4  miles  north  of  Ellis'  Slation,  at  $12 
per  acre;  a  splendid  crop  this  year;  will  sell  a 
part  or  the  whole. 


CATTLE. 


Hume  &  Home  Shuttle  Sewing  Mm :  DON'T  FAIL  to  m  FOU  a  FAHEHN 


Reduced  to  Live  and  Lei  Live  Pnccs. 


THESE  MACHINES  ARE  ALL  SUPERIOR 
to  any  and  all;  nice  sewers,  straight  needle, 
two  threads,  shuttle,  lock-stitch,  the  simplest 
and  cheapest,  and  the  lightust  running  first-clare 
machines  in  the  market.  To  see  is  to  convince 
yourselves.  l^"  Remember,  all  Home  and 
Home  Shuttle  Sewing  Machines  have  the  Hall 
Treadle  attached  without  extra  cliarge. 


THE  HALL    TREADLE 

For  Serving  Mntliiiies, 

THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  IMPROVEMENT 
EVER  MADE. 

It  saves  labor  and  preserved  heiltli.  No  more 
diseases  and  deaths,  side  or  back  aches  from  us- 
ing sewing  machines.  No  teaching  required.  A 
child  can  run  it.  Always  starts  the  right  way. 
Never  goes  backwards  and  brenks  things.  Can 
be  stopped  instantly.  With  it  on  your  machine, 
you  can  do  double  the  work  you  can  do  without 
it.  Fifty  stitches  can  be  made  with  one  pressure 
of  one  foot.  Approved  by  ihe  Massachusetts 
State  Board  of  Health  (see  official  report,  1K72), 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  and  Mssachu- 
setts  Charitable  Mechanics'  Association.  The 
HALL  TKE.\DLE  is  a  part  of  all  HOME  MA- 
CHINES sold  by  me. 

R^_  The  Hall  Treadle  can  be  attached  to  any 
other  sewing  machine.  Remember  tliis.  We 
will  attach  it  onto  any  machine.  It  will  cost 
you  only  $12,  and  will  save  you  a  deal  of  hard 
work  and  trouble. 

THE     HAIili     TREADLE      GRINDING 
MACHINE 

Must  be  seen  to  be  appreciated.  For  a  Fanner 
or  Mechanic  to  see  it,  is  to  buy  one.  It  is  an  in- 
dispensable article  in  every  house,  shop  or  hotel. 


Comfortable  Combination 

Clothing. 


THESE  SUITS  ARE  CALCULATED  FOR 
Healthfulness,  Comfort  and  Convenience, 
and  will  fit  the  most  f 'istidious  persou.  Expla- 
nations accompany  each  Pattern.  Patterns  of 
four  different  styles  of  Suits  are  now  supplied, 
viz.: 
1— Flannel  Combination  Suit    (shirt  and 

drawers  in  one)  Pattern,  post  paid. 30  cents 
2— Cotton   Combination  Stiit    (shirt  and 

drawers),  Pattern,  post  paid 35  cents 

3— Excelsior  Suit  (waist  and  drawers  in 

combination),  Pattern. post  paid. .40  cents 
4 — Waist  and  Skirt,  olose-litting  elegant 

combination,  Pattern,  post  paid...  50  cents 
Nos.  I  and  2  are  suitable  for  children  as  well 
as  grown  people.    Nos.  3   and  4  are  for  Ladies 
especially. 


SB.  EMERSON,  MouDUin  View,  Santa 
•  Clara  County,  Gal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
and  Htilsteln  Cattle  and  CotBwold  Sheep. 


C\YRUS  JONES  &  CO.,    San  Joso.  Santa 
;  Clara  County.  Cal.— Breeders  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle.    "  Young  Bulls  for  sale." 

CHAKKES  CLARK,  MilpiUe,  Santa  Clara 
County.  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  CattU 
and  Swine. 


1O"'-100  Acres -Cherry  Vale,  %%  miles 

Xw  from  San  Jose,  in  the  Willows.  The  best 
Cherry  Orchard  in  California.  1230  cherry  trees. 
COO  Prune,  and  variety  of  Pea<h.  Pear,  Apricot, 
etc.  Also,  2000  Grape  Vines  four  years  old.  Two 
Wells  with  7-inch  pnmps.  Horsepower.  Steam 
Engine  (or  lifting  water,  3200  feet  Under-ground 
Wat*T  Pipe  for  irrigating.  Plain  House  Orch- 
ard fenced.and  sheltered  wit»i  Lombardy  Poplars. 
Verj-  (ompkto  place,  and  A  BARGAIN  at 
91:1.500.  TermB-$7,000  cash;  balance  on  time 
at  10  per  cent,  nuoually. 


C COLEMAN  YOUNGER,    San  Jose,  Santa 
J  Clara  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle. 


B.    POLHEMUS,  San  Jose.  SanU  Clara 
•  County.  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cat- 


C 

tie. 

CARR  Si  CHAPMAN,   Gshllan.  Monterey 
County,   Cal.— Breeders  of  Trotting  Horses, 
Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 


WLi.  OVERHISER.  Stockton.  San  Joa- 
.  q\nn  County,  Cal.— Breederof  Short-Horn 
Cattle  and  Swine. 


THE  HAL.1.  TREADLE  JIG  SAW  AND 
BORING  .MACHINE 

Is  an  accomplishment  in  every  workshop.  The 
Hall  Treadle  is  applicable  to  all  machinery  re- 
quiring a  foot  power— Sewing  Machines.  Grind- 
stones. Jig  Saws,  Turning  Lathes,  Jewelers*  and 
Dentists'  Lathes,  etc.    Send  for  circulars. 

OUR      MACHINIST. 

In  connection  with  ray  regular  business,  I  have 
a  fine  MACHINE  SHOP,  tor  repairing  all  kinds 
of  machines  and  like  work,  and  have  i-mployed 
MR.  CHARLES  C.  REDMOND,  a  SkillfiU  Me- 
chanic, as  manager,  and  am  now  prepared  to  re- 
pair machines  and  machinery,  make  models, 
etc.,  on  the  most  readonable  terms,  and  ALL 
WORK  GUARANTEED. 

B.  or.  SAXiXSBVKV. 

323  Santa  Clara  Street.  San  Jose. 
Sole  Agent  for  Santa  Clara  County. 


THESE  STYLES  OF  UNDERCLOTHING  FOR 
Ladies  have  been  found  by  all  who  have  used 
them,  tbe  most  convenient  and  comfortable, 
as  well  as  economical  of  any  now  in  use.  Models 
were  exhibited  and  attracted  much  commenda- 
tion at  tbe  late  Fair. 

Patterns  can  be  had  by  applying  to  Mrs. 
Herring',  east  side  of  Ninth  street,  between  St. 
John  and  St.  James  streets,  San  Jose,  (where 
samples  can  be  seen,)  or  by  addressing 

C.  C.  C.  Company, 

Box  686  San  Francisco. 


M 


O.SES    WICK,    Oroville,  Butte  County 
Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


ZiOcke  dL  Moxitagvie, 

IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

Stoves, 

Pumps, 

iron  Pipe. 

Tinware  &o. 

112  and  114  Battery  St., 

SA\    FRAXCIWCO. 

%/ 1  ly  c*  r^  A  D       «..«  uiaa,-  in  lu 

V  1 1^  b  \jk  rK  m\.  m  hoiu-s  from  Cider. 
Wine  or  Sor^iium  witl.Mut  usiiiy;  drugs.  Name  paper 
iiiiil  iiiidn-ss  F    I    SA(;i:,  Sprin^'tield.  Mass. 

''THOSE  RULES.'' 

GiLHOY.  Oct.  25th.  1876. 
Cal.  Fine  Art.  Pub.  Co.— (ieuts:  Inclosed  please 
tind  stamps  for  four  dozen  more  of  those  nUes.  Send 
at  yovu:  earliest  convenience,  The  children  ai'e  impa- 
tient. The  dozen  I  first  obtained  are  all  sold,  and 
the  scholars  are  much  pleased. 
Respectfully  yours, 

ANNIK  THOMASSON.  Teacher 


This  reform  underclothing  has  been  worn  by 
the  Editor's  wife  and  children  for  the  past  two 
seasons,  and  is  certainly  superior  in  points  of 
comfort,  healthfulness.  and  economy  of  wear 
and  material  of  any  ever  invented.  They  are  the 
invention  of  a  California  lady  who  makes  every 
pattern  herself  and  writes  full  directions  upon 
each.  No  family  that  once  tries  these  styles  of 
clothing  will  t-ver  go  back  to  the  others. 


THE     SINGER 

SEWING  MACHINE  ROOMS. 

Over  146,000  more  Singer  Sewing  Machines  sold 
in  1875  than  by  any  other  company. 

223   Second    Street,    San    Jose. 

A.  0.  PEKKINS,  Ag't  fi.rSanta  Clara  Co. 


SHEEP  AND  GOATS. 

CP.  BAXLEY,  San  Jose  Cal.— Importer 
.  breeder,  and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  An- 
gora Goats.  Fine  Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for 
sale. 

MCCRACKEN  &I.EWIS,  San  Jose,  Cal.— 
Importers  and  breeders  of  flue  Angora  Goats; 
also,  fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 

MRS.  ROBERT  BL..*COW,  Centerville, 
near  Niles  Station,  Alameda  County,  Cal.— 
Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Rams  and  Ewes 
lor  sale.  . 


1  CA  Acr^g,  Seven  Mile.  West  of  City 

JLO  A  of  San  Jose,  mostly  valley,  very  cheap. 
Fair  House,  at  9<i.  .'iOU . 

AAO  Acrel^  Near  Cinnabar  Hotel,    on 

ilii^  Almaden  Read,  six  and  a  half  miles  out; 
a  Big  Bargain  f..r  912,000:  has  a  line  Grove 
ofTinilwr,  House,  Bam,  Wind-mill,  Vineyard, 
etc  ;  all  valley  land  but  CO  acres.  Tenns— One- 
half  cash;  balance  In  three  years  at  8  per  cent, 
per  annum. 


40 


Acres,  Two  and  a  Hiilf  Miles  Weit, 

rich  valley  land,  at  8H0  per  acre. 


«Q1 1    Acrers    Near    Wastiington  Cor- 

itj^'i  ncrs.  Alameda  county,  \^  miles  from 
San  Jose,  one  mile  from  DeiMit;  all  valley  land; 
House,  two  BarnB,,large  Dairy  House,  Granary, 
Wind-mill,  Tank,  three  acres  of  Excellent  Orch- 
«rd.  Is  a  first-class  place,  at  8;>0  per  acre,  part 
cash. 


CA  Acres,  on   the  Almaden   Road,  Six 

Ov  miles  out.  House,  Barn,  etc;  a  prelty  place 
for$.>,OUO.  * 


Vjn  Acres  near  EverRieen;  80  acrt^i  in  viuejKKl  and 
w  I  W  sfiiKKi  viiiiB  in  full  b  .-aring  ;  iiO  lu-na  in  cnlti- 
vation  :  Iti'iis.j.  luuTi,  aud  g<«>.l  fencing  ;  in  the  Warm 
Belt.  G  miles  cast  of  the  city  A  gtioA  hivt-Htnicnt  for 
Koinc  one  aciuainted  with  busincaa.  The  reason  for 
Relliug  ii*  that  the  owner  ia  old  and  desin^uH  of  retlr 
ing  fnnii  business.     Price,  $20,000. 


SWINE. 


CBARL.ES  CI.ARK,  Milpitas,  Santa  Clara 
County,  Cal.— Breeder  of   Pure-bred  Berk- 
shire Swine. 


POULTRY. 


MRS.  li.  J.  WATKINS,  SanU  Clara- 
Premium  Fowls.  White  and  Brown  Leg- 
horn,  S.  S.  Hamburg,L.  BraUmas,  B.  B.Red  Game, 
Game  Bantams.    Also,  Eggs. 


Choice !     Charming ! !     Cheap 


Ml' 


THE  NURSERY. 

A  Miigaziiic  for  Voiiiii-'ist  Rcndors. 

^UPEEBLY   ILLUSTEATED.— POBLISHED    1I0OTHI.7. 

StrB3Ci!iPTioN  PnicE  (pnstnge  included)  SI. 60 
in  advance.  lfi?"Scnd  10  .'is.  for  Sample  Number. 

Now  is  tlie  lime  to  Subscribe. 

JOHN  Ii.  SKOREV, 

36  Broomfield  Street,  Boston. 

««'Cn.  .\i.inrl  LTl  lilM  .sulwciibci-s  c:m  get  it 
.It  Club  rates.  .SI  31  ..Illy  A.l.lrcs.-  Pubs.  Cal.  .A.g- 
liculturist.  San  Jose.  Cal  


LE.     MATTESON,    Stockton,  Cal.,  Im- 
.     porter.  Breeder  and  Shipper  of  Pure  bred 
Game  Fowls. 


01  n  Acres  6  miles  southwest  of  the  city,  on  the 
"•'»  .Saratoga  roa.1,  finely  improved  ;  good  soil ;  all 
valli-y  land  ;  r.rchar,!  and  vineyaitl.  A  good  farm  and 
offered  very  low  as  the  owner  has  gone  into  other 
business.    ;J7I  per  acre. 


Oft  Acres  6  miles  west  of  San  Jose ;  house  of  three 
"W  roonui ;  good  fences  ;  two  wells ;  orchanl  of  ISO 
trees.     Price,  $8,650. 


160 


Acres  h\  miles  west  of  SantA  (Jlara;  lious.-. 
fencing,  etc    Offerwl  very  low.  at  S45  per  acre. 


Ort  Acres  8  miles  west ;  all  valley  land :  fair  im- 
"W  provenienls;  house,  well,  fencing,  etc;  some 
fruit.    Price,  $5,500. 


90 


Acrw  near  Lawrence's  Station,  at  3100  i>er  acre. 
A  gooJ  fani).  with  gooil  improvemeiilj*. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


OPLENDID  CARD    PROTOGRAPBS, 

O  onlv  S'-J  a  dozen,  and  Cabinets  84  a  doien, 
at  HOWL\NI>'S  Gallery  (Heering's  old  standi 
No.  ;l."i9  First  street,  San  Jose. 


1  fl  A  Acrt-s  near  Saratoga ;  8l5  actvr  valley,  l>alanoe 
IvW  low  hills ;  hog  tight  fcnee ;  3  tiel.ls ;  nmninc 
stream  of  water ;  good  orchanl  and  house.  A  bar- 
gain, for  $6,500. 


1  ftft  Acres  9  miles  south  ;  100  acres    cultivatable. 
•*''  balance  pasture  ;  honse,  Kim.  au.l  niilk-houac : 
alt  fence,l ;    b.ith  sj.ring  an<l  nmning  water.     Price, 
'  .$4,000 ;  one-half  cash,  l«Iaoce  on  time  to  suit 


Sportsmen  Attention! 

FELIX    SOIBISSEA1-, 
sea  and  ao*  Kirst  Street,  San  Jose, 

Loi-ge  importer  and  .kaler  in  C.iuis.  Ilnjes.  rist..I.s, 
Sportmg  Materials,  Cutlers'.  Fishmg  Tackle,  etc 

I  keep  tlie  largest  anil  most  complete  stock  of 
goods  in  my  line,  which  enables  me  to  sell  at  lower 
rates  than  San  Francisco  prices 

Havmg  engaged  the  services  of  one  of  the  very  best 
workmen  iu  the  East,  I  am  prepared  to  do  aU  kinds 
of  repairing  in  gunsmithuig  and  locksnuthmg 

ParticuLir  attentiou  is  iiai.l  torepamng  fine  breech- 
loading  shotguns.  All  work  warranted  to  give  s;itis 
faction  in  prices  and  woikinanship.  Oive  me  a  call. 
FELIX  SOURISSE-W. 


WAU.ACE     &     CO.,      No.      386     First 
street— Handsome  tumonis  always  on  hand 
at  fair  prices.    Fine  Hearse  for  Fonenls.    C«r- 
I  riages  for  sale.    Give  UH  a  trial. 

H.   S.    I.AMKIN, 

ATTOBNEY-AT-LAW-ROOMS    3  AND    4, 
Stone's  Building  (opposite  Auzerais  House), 
Santa  Clara  street,  San  Jose.     

I3r  Of  course  everybody  will  notice 
that  the  inviuoible  James  Vick  calls  at- 
teutiou  to  his  catalogue  of  bulbs,  and 
everyono  fond  of  flowers  'nill  drop  a 
postal  and  get  it  free.  It  is  worth  ask- 
ing for  and  attentive  perusal. 

15^  The  unrivalled  Gtiild  pianos,  109 
Stockton  street,  Sau  Francisco,  should 
arrest  vour  .attention.  Don't  think  of 
investing  in  any  other  till  you  h.ive  seen 
these  and  learned  the  prices.  You  -nill 
tind  that  first-class  instruments  can  be 
obtiiined  at  prices  that  will  astonish  you. 


1  CO  Acres  8  miles  from  San  Jose ;  house,  1«uti  and 
I  iwO  outbuildings ;  15  acres  in  grapes,  balance  goo<l. 

cidtivatable  laud ;  running  stream  of  water  for  ten 
I  inoMtlis  in  the  year  S«.120:  on.?  thinl  cash,  balance 
■  in  one  and  two  years  at  lO.i  per  annum. 

QC  Acres  54  miles  from  San  Jose,  with  some  fruit 
''^  trees;  20  acres  under  cultivation;  15  acres  in 
graiK-s.  .95.000;  one-thinl  cash,  balance  in  one  and 
two  years  at  10.'^  per  annum. 


CI  ft  Acres;  all  under  cultivation  ;  nice  house  and 
Olw  large  bam  ;  picket  fence  ;  140  fmil  trees ;  nine 
miles  fnini  SanU  Cruz  roa<l.    SI7.000 ;  terms  to  suit. 


537' 


Acres  tight  miles  from  San  Joee ;  100  acres  in 
grapes.  tMUance  wnder  cultivation  ;  2  hoiues,  2 
hanis  aii'i  nutbuildiugs  ;  gf»o»l  fenoe  ;  4  fiekls  ;  several 
giirincfi  anil  running  water;  will  be  sold  in  paroelH  to 
suit.  Pr.cc  for  whole.  530  |)er  acre  :  one-half  caali. 
l>alaDce  t«i  suit 


27  i 


Acres  5  miles  from  Sao  Jose ;  100  fruit  trees ;  15 
15  acres  in  vineyartl.  all  foreign  grapes;  first- 
class  house  of  6  pxims,  marble  mantle ;  ailso,  bam, 
gortti  well  <»f  water,  buggy,  horse,  plows  and  harrows. 
.\  fine  place,  ami  well  worth  looking  at 


JAS.    A.    CLAYTON, 

Rl'.AL  l>TATi;  -\i;KNT, 

290  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose 


The     Saxi    Jose    Clothing'    Store, 

NO.    266    SANTA     CLARA     STRBBBT, OFFOSITE    THE     AVZBRAZS     HOUSE,; 


Is  now  crowiled  with  all  the  New  Styles  and  Novelties  in  the  line  of 


&c. 


Clothing,     Gents'      Furnishing"      Goods,      Hats,      Caps,      &c., 

Also  a  Full  Stock  of  all  the  Latest  Styles  of  French,  English,  Scotch,  and  American  Cassimeres,  in  Diagonal,  Plaid  and  Plain  Styles. 
ly  Our  Custom  Department  is  in  charge  of   Mr.  Rawlston,  a  gentleman  of  large  experience  in  the  businrss  of   ^MERCHANT  TAILORING,  and 
has  Wo    Superior  as  an  Artistic  Cutter.  O'BANION       6L       KENT. 


THIRD  street, 

Nfiir 


Confetautly  on  liaud. 

P.  o.  Box  509.  f^n  Orders  Promptly  Filled 


Tl»«*  Ijjii-yi-sl  and  most  <'oni|ili-lt' Stoi-k  of 
Friiil  and  Oi'iiiiiiifiital  Ti't'fs  in  tile  U.  S. 
Priced    Cataloffues  aenl  slu  follo^vs:    No.   1, 


BEAR  CREEK 
LUMBER  CO., 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 
ALL  KINDS  OF  LUMBER, 

Moody's  Mills,  Posts.  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 

o«w  Tnair         falifnrTiin    and  Oretron   LumteT?     i    Fraits,  with  colored  plate,  15  cts.;  plain,  10  cts.    No, 
feAN  .JOSE.        ^^anIOrnla  ana^Uregon  liUmoeX^,    |    a,  Omameutal  Trees,  etc.,  with  plate, 2.5  cts.    No.  !t, 
r^       i....i,,.  ..„  ,       1  Greenhouse;  No.  4  "Wholesale,  and  No.  5,  List  of  New 

Roses,  Free.    Address, 

ELLWANaEE  &  BARRY,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

^mm  mil  mmpany 

FIELD    &    KEN13ALL, 

(Successors  to  Field.  Comlis  &  Gregory) 

M.\NUF.\crURERS  OF 

),-^^=iia  Head  Stones, 

Monuments. 

and  all  kinds  of 

Cemetery  Work 

in  Marble  and  Granite. 

377  SECOND  ST. 

San  Jose. 


.Grain 


Dealer. 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

■i^7  First  Street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE 

P,\ID  F"K 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 


sivxoKiNa  CHznaNEVs  cured 

The  GOTHIC  Wmm  and  CHIMNEY  TO? 

HAS  PROVED  A  COMPLETE 
Success  in  curing  the  most  ob- 
stinate, sluggieli  and  Bmoky  cbim- 
utye.  It  stands  on  the  top  of  the 
chimney,  and  does  not  require  a 
smokestack  to  carry  it  above  the  sur- 
rounding buildings. 

It  is  the  only  Chimney  top  that  will 
work  satisfactorily  when  surrounded 
by  high  buildings.  For  ventilating 
Elevators,  Machine  Shops,  R.  R.  De- 
pots, Car  Shops,  etc.,  it  is  unrivaled, 

N.  B.— Send  inside  measurement  of 
top  of  chimney  or  ventilating  shaft. 

All  Chimney  Tops  guaranteed  to 
give  entire  satisfaction,  and  if  any 
should  fail  afteratrinl  of  two  months 
we  will  cheerfully  rcfuud  the  money. 

F  .      K  Ii  E  I  N , 

a'47  SANTA  CLARA  STREET, 

SAN  .JOSE. 


BORIITG  S;  McMILLIN, 

Heal  Estate  Agents. 

'►Ki'T.'K  -Xi.»   3;w  Santa  t 'lara  Street, 
KirkN  Building,  SAN  JOSE,   CAL, 


Farms  and  City  Property  for  Sale.  Rent  or  Pixchange 
Loans  Negotiated  and  Runts  Collected. 

S.  Mff.  BORING,  Notary  Public. 


HERE^^OYS! 

Mki  To  Try  Fw! 

Splendid  Premium 

To  tlie  Boy  ^ho   will  yet  ns 


40    Hew    Subscriptions 

CALIFORNIA  AGRICULTURIST 

AT  $l.50    EACH. 

For  only  41)  New  Subscribers,  which  you  can 
get  in  your  ilistrict  in  a  short  time,  we  will  aivo 
the  Hall  Treadle 

JIG  SA^  AND  BOHING  MACHINE, 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

Wilcux  lilofk,  No.  S91  First  St,, 
SAN    JOSE,    CAIm. 

California  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

A  Large  and  Superior  Assortment. 

No.    394     First    Street, 

Wil.o.v  Bl...-k,  San  .lose. 

GARDEN  CITY 

DRUG  STORE 

gnit$chc 

H.  PIESSITECKER, 

Proprietor, 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St. 


Boots 

[and 

Shoes. 


Humphrey's 
Homeopathic 
Specifics. 


Be;     1st    and  2d 
an    Jose. 


C .    E .    C  A  M  P  B  E  L  L  ,    N  ormau  Ranges, 

Til.  and  Stove    Store,  "','■"'  News^Ranges. 

IWo.  33!)  First  Street,  SAN  JOSE,     ""ffo'^p'?"^''"*- 

STOVES,    PU.MPS,    WKLL-PIPK    and         Brass  Uoods. 
House  Furnishing  Wares  of  every  descrip-  Hydraulic  Ranis,  iVc, 
tion. 


Blacksmith. 


JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  Blacksmith   and  Carriage  Shop. 
Bnlbaclt^s  Ne^v  Brick,  cor.   Sec- 
ond St.  and  Fountu.in  Alley, 
SAN    JOSE. 
Agent  for  Fish    Bro. *s  Wagons. 

New  Work  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
Implements,  etc. 

West's      American    Tire-Set  fer. 


RHODES  Sc  LEWIS. 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.    335   First    Street, 

SAN   JOSE 

GET  YOUR 

Pictures  Fumed 


HOLMESj  ale::ansee's 

319  Santa  Clara  St..; 


HOLIDAYS    '*« 

-^re  Close  at  ll;,u<l. 


^^#     ANOTHER    SUPERB    CHROMO  ' 
NOTHING   COULD  BE   FINER! 


NOW  IS  THE  TIME  TO   SEND   IX 

New  Subscriptions! 

llVe  desire  EVERY  PHtt'iitt*  ♦ 

vAAx   ±s.ixiwj)  to  procure  lists  of  Sub- 
scribers for  1877. 

«>  a.e  U.,er,»..,..,  ,„    ..„.k..  „  J.^e  .n..r«,  „,  EVERV  FARMER 

^■11     EVEF(Y    FAMILy'oN   THIS  COAST 

TO    TAKK    THK 

California  Agriculturist 

THE  COSIEVG  YEAR. 


nM^  f^gusfhfom  jmoAz/NE. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


JACKSOIT     IiE-WIS, 

DKALKR  IN 


TVatches,  Je^^elry,  Silver-'77are, 


SPECTACLES,  ETC., 
259  Santa  Clara  Street, 


SAN  JOSE. 


IN  THE    LEAD! 


I\.sJ.      TRUMBULL, 

Grower,  Importer,  Wholesale  and 
Retail  Dealer  in 

VEGETABLE, 


FLOWER, 

FIELD, 

and  TREE 

SEEDS. 

FLOWERING  BULBS  antl  PLANTS. 


FRPIT  and  ORNAMENTAL  TRKRS, 

GARDEN    HARDWARE.  ETC. 


On  hand,  a  Large  Stock  of 

BURB.    CLOVISB.    SEED, 

For  sowing  on  Worn-out  Pasture  Lands. 
Manufacturer's  Agent  for  the  Celebrated 

Central    Park     Lawn     Mower, 

Which  is  superior  to  any  other  on  the 
Pacific  Coast. 


%*  My  Bulb  Catalogue  will  bo  out  in  Septem 
ber,  and  sent  anywhere  on  application. 

R.  J.  TRUMBULL, 

411>  ami  431  Sansome  St.,  San  Francisco 


LOUIS  CHOPARD, 

mmmi  ^ 

JEWELLER, 

And  Dealer  in 

SII.VERAV^ARE, 

SPECTACLES    AND  CUTLERY, 

At  Tjowest  Figurrs. 

tt^  Watrhes  and  Jewelry  Carefully    Repaired. 
Auzeraie  House  Block.  San  Jose. 


Published  monthly,  at  Sun  Jose,  Cal., 

^  By   ALEX.    P.     MUEGOTTEN. 
fliii'  of  tlic  lirst  Family  Piiprrs  on  the  Const 

PIUC       ONI.,Y   91    A  YEAR. 

'riif  TpnilicraniM!  I'coplt)  Rholilil    all  have  it. 

1 J  OB  piTTn  ting 

r  0¥  EVERY    STYLE 

^  '  IJoiH-  at  the  '*  CHAMPION"  Omre. 


TRUEMAN&WOODEOW 
UNDERTAKERS, 

408  First  Street,  .    San  Jose. 

EVERYTHING  IN  THE  LINE  FURNISHED 
promptly,  and  on  the  Most  Reasonable 
Terms.  We  are  also  prepared  to  furnish  two  of 
the  finest  HEARSES  on  the  Coast,  including  a 
Beautiful,  GLOSS  WHITE  CHILD'S  HEARSE. 
Persons  in  need  of  anything  in  our  line  will  find 
it  to  their  interest  to  call  on  us. 

TURKMAN  &  WOODROW, 
408  First  street,  San  Jose.  Cal. 

SAN    JOSE 
ASEESTIAN  STONE  WORKS 


THE  ANGORA 


OF  SAN  JOSE,  CAL. 


Capital  Stock  $50,000 


C.  P.  BAILEY.  President 
JACKSON  LEWIS.  Secretarj'. 
JOHN  W.  HINDS.  Trea.surer 


SINCE  OUR  REMOVAL 

1  To  the  LARGE  and  SPACIOUS  STOKE,  2G3  Santa 
I  Clara  St.   opposite  the  Auzerais  House.  San  Jose,  we 

have  laid  in  an  immense  stock  of  NEW  GOODS, 

contiistinK  of  everything  desirable .  We  call  especial 
i  attention  to  our  full  line  of  CASHMKRF:S.  all  the 
I  new  shades— Plum,  Navy    Blue,   Dark  and   Myrtle 

Green.  Pnuie,  Seal  Brown,   etc.     Merinos,   Alpacas, 

Brocades.  Poplins.  Mohairs.  Brill iantines.  Matelasse, 

Suitings,  etc.,  etc 
Shawls.  Hosiery.    Domestics,   Table  Linen.    Flan- 

nels,  Soft  BlankeLs.  and  all  winter  gciods  snit-ed   to 

onrcHnuit,.,  AT  BuTTl  »M  PRICES 


THE  A9BESTIAN  IS  AN  ARTIFICIAL  STONE 
suptrior  to  any  other  for  Cemetery  Work, 
Building  Fronts,  and  substantial  and  fine  work 
generally.  Elegant  designs  can  be  moulded  so 
as  to  resemble  the  finest  Cut  Stone.  It  is  war- 
ranted to  be  Stronger  and  More  Durable  than 
Sandstone  or  Marble. 

xan.  J.  "W.  conxBS, 

{Late  of  the  Excelsior  Marble  Works)  has  en- 
gaged in  its  manufacture  in  San  Jose,  and  can 
be  found  in  the  same  building  occupied  by  Al- 
bert Lake's  Box  Factory,  near  the  C.  P.  R.  R. 
Depot.  BS*  Fine  Sculpture  Work  in  Marble  a 
Specialty.  J.  W.  COMBS. 


G-ilham's  &reen  Ointment, 

For  all  external  diseases  of  the  Horse,  has  no 
equal.  For  sale  by  Traders,  Druggists,  Haniesfr- 
niakers.  and  Main  «Sf  Winchester,  '214  and 
•Jl'i  Batti'O'  streit.  San  Francisco. 


THE  GOODENOUGH  COMMON-SEXSE  ' 
SYSTEM 

HORSESHOEIITG    SHOP! 

Cor.       Siinfu    Clam     and     San     Pe«lro 
Streets  (opposite  Post  Ofllce). 

Horse-Shoeing      S3. 


SANTA  CLARA  MMl 

JACOB  EBERHARDT  '  -  Pro})'}-, 

AL.L  KINDS  OF  L.KATHER,    SHEEP- 
skins    and  wool.    Highest    pric     paid    for 
Sheep  Skins.  Tallow.  Wool.  etc. 


Bfy  For  7.5  subscriptions  to  the  Culifor- 
nia  Agriculturist,  at  $l.r>0  eu>  h.  the 
publishers  will  ^ive  a  870  New  Dnvis 
Se^vln^  niuchln^.  Here  is  an  opportunity 
for  some  energetic  lady  to  get  the  biKt  Sewing 
Machine  for  a  little  time  well  employed.  The 
DAVIS  took  the  first  premium  at  the  Santa 
Cliirn  Valley  Agricultural  Society's  Exhibition 
last  Fall. 


Mj  10  $//  1'.  O.  VICKKUY. 


AuguHta,    Miiine. 


THIS  COMPANY  is  making  a  specialty  of  man- 
ufactiUTJig  all  Htylea  of 

GLOVES,  ROBES,  MATS,  RUGS,  ' 
Lace-Leatlier  and. 

PEBBLE  GOAT  LEATHER, 

FROM 

Angora  Goat  Skir\s. 

They  claim  for  the  gloves 

Ist.     They  are  cheaper  than  buckskin  gloves.  i 

2d.  The  skins  are  tanned  with  the  grain  on.  and 
are  very  nearly  water-proof,  and  when,  from  long  ex- 
po.siu'e,  they  are  wet,  they  dry  out  perfectly  soft—a^ 
good  as  new. 

4th.    For  a  harvest  glove  they  have  no  equal. 

They  also  manufacture  all  varieties  of  buckaiii 
Gloves  and  Mittens  a.s  good  as  the  best. 

The  Gloves.  Robes,  and  Lace-Leather  manufac- 
tiu-ed  by  this  Company  have  taken  First  Premiums 
in  1876  over  all  competitors  at  the  Neva<la  State  Fair. 
California  State  Fair,  and  Santa  Clara  County  Fair. 

CAITTION  (lertaiii  unprincipled  parties  are  man- 
ufacturing gloves  from  sheep-skins,  and  stamping  the 
same  "Goat  Skin  (ilovea." 

^ij  Look  for  oiu  tnule  mark,  stamped  in  the  glove, 
before  piuchasing.^P 

For  sale  by  the  trade  generally. 

SFXSCIAL  FREIMEZUnXS. 

For  4  New  SubsiTjptious— A  Gooil,  Second- 
hand Five-Keyed  Flute,  well  worth  $"). 

Forfi  New  Subscriptions— Darwin's  Variations 
in  Domestic  Plants  and  Animals.  Now,  valua- 
able  work,  '2  volumes.     Price  %,^^. 

For  2  New  SubscriptiouH— Pilgrim's  Progress, 
by  John  Bunyan,  worth  $2. 
I       For   3   New  Subscriptions— The   Groundswell 
f history  of  tl'R  fariner-t'  movement),  worth-^;*. 

CAL.    AGRICULTURIST   PUB.  CO. 

nUNTKRVS  nnd  TRAPPER'S  Illus 
trated  Practical  Guide.— (lunniiiK  and  riHc 
Hhi'otiii^';  niiikinu  nnd  usiuf,'  traps,  snares  ami 
nets:  baits  and  baicint.' :  preserving.  stretcliiuL'. 
dres.^ing,  tanning  and  dyeins^  skinsnnd  furs,  tisli- 
iUK.  kc.  With  fifty  eilKravinns.  20  cts.  Tax- 
idcrniist's  Manual,  r>().  DoK  Training.  '2Ti.  Hu- 
mors  of  Ventriloquisui.  l.*>.  Improvement  of 
Memory.  15.  Of  booksellers  or  by  mail.  -IKSSE 
HANEY  k   CO.,  119  Nassau  St..  N.  Y. 

r\     CAMPHKI.I.. 

Attorney  at  Iiaw, 

No.  .->iK  (  iilifoi-iiin  St., 

S\X  FKA\<ISt»». 


J.  SINNOTT  &  BRO. 


rnprrCf     Fruit  and 

lADuOi  Ornamental. 

Apple,    Pear,    Cl\erry, 

Plum,  Prune,  Peach 

and  Apricot. 

All  the  leading  niark*;t  Varieties  are  growii   in  hirxi- 
.|ii;nititi<'s,  hichidin;: 

BRI&&S'  NEW  RED  MAY  PEACH, 

The  Earliest  I'eacli  in  the  World, 

New  and  Hare  Ornamental  Trees. 

California  Palm  I  Prickardia  filifera).  the  most  heau 

tiful  of  all  Palnii.  and  perfectly  hanly: 

Australian  Evergreens  in  variety. 

including  (irevillia  robuata 

(fern  tree);  Arancariaa; 

Aca.cia.s, 

ANh  KlCALYI'Tl'S  IN   VARIETV 

Flowering  Shru*bs,  Eoses,  Bulbs  k  Plants. 

XH  Send  for  n  Cjitalogur 

JOHU  ROCK.    \ 

'       Sjiii  .I.w.  CjiI  .  !>(■(•    I    lS7tl 

Pure,  Healthful  Candies. 


MKS.  CHASE,  at  her  residence.  Ninth  St., 
mxt  door  to  Quaker  Moetintf  Houbo,  coruer 
St.  John  St.,  San  Jose,  M;muf.ictur.'K  from 
bf-st  quality  of  i>ure  materi-ils  plain  and 
frtUi-y  Ciindiee  of  ver>  superior  flavor  ii:ul 
qujility.  Pcrsont*  <uue  iisinn  her  Caudi<  s 
will  have  no  other.  You  can  kivc  to  your  chil- 
dren witii  confidence  nnii  safety.  Any  kind  made 
to  order,  at  reas(uiab!e  prices.  Call,  or  order  !>> 
mail. 


Commercial  Bureau  of  California. 


AI.I.I'.X    lllOi'K  ,\  (H),    .Miiiiaii.rs. 

(AMl'liKT.b,   K(>.\  .V  (AMl'liEI.l,.  AM  \s 


Head  Ollire,  .>'iH  California  Slr<«-t, 

JiiAN  FRANCISCO. 
( 'oUectinns  inatle  on  Mil  Jinrts  of  the  I'nitel  Stiitt-t 
111  Territories 


California  Agriculturist 


Vol.  7— No.  12.) 


SAN  JOSE  AND  SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL,,  DECEMBER,  1816. 


) ScmeoBiFTioN  Pbice,  Sl.SOaTear. 
\  Single  CopleB,  15  Ceute. 


FLAX  CULTURE  NEAE  SAN 
JOSE. 

If  our  farmers  would  get  o\U  of  the 
rut  of  eternal  wheat  culture,  autl  try  a 
little  diversity  of  cropping,  they  would 
find  it  to  their  advantage.  Mr.  J.  H. 
Flickiuger,  who  owns  a  fine  large  tract 
of  laud  east  of  San  Jose,  has  the  past 
season,  on  100  acres,  produced  r2'20 
centals  of  No.  1  flaxseed,  worth  3%  cts. 
per  pound.  The  cost  of  cultiv.-ition  was 
no  more  than  for  wheat.  $39.60  cents 
to  the  acre  is  a  good  deal  better  than  his 
neighbors  have  done  with  wheat,  as  all 
will  admit;  but  still,  little  better  than 
any  of  them  might  have  done  with  flax, 
with  proper  care  and  culture.  The  flax 
was  all  contracted  for  in  advance.  The 
seed  cost  four  cents  per  pound;  35  lbs. 
of  seed  to  the  acre  is  suffiuieut. 

The  oil  mill  in  San  Francisco  has  to 
import  niueteen-twentieths  of  all  the 
seed  they  use,  owing  to  the  stupidity  of 
our  farmers,  who  could  grow  it  with 
profit  by  rotating  with  wheat  and  barley, 
making  each  crop  better  for  the  culture. 

Mr.  Flickiuger  kindly  took  us  in  his 
bugg}'  on  a  bright,  beautiful  morning  last 
mouth,  to  visit  his  farm,  showed  us  all 
over  it  and  told  us  much  about  his  ex- 
perience iu  farming.  His  farm  lies  ad- 
jacent to  the  mountains,  and  has  a  beau- 
tiful slope,  commanding  a  grand  view  of 
our  valley  for  a  long  distance.  It  is 
well  watered  with  a  living  stream,  is 
covered  with  a  deposit  of  alluvial  from 
the  hills,  and  would  make  an  excellent 
fruit  farm,  or  several,  as  it  contains  near 
1,000  acres.  It  was  on  this  gentle  slope 
that  Mr.  F.  raised  this  crop  of  flax. 

The  following  we  give  as  his  expe- 
rience and  dictation. 

PKEPAEINO   THE   OEOUND. 

He  plows  immesliately  after  the  first 
rains,  turning  under  the  newly  sprouted 
weeds,  plows  well,  and  barrows  imme- 
diately, and  cross  harrows,  thoroughly 
pulverizing  the  soil,  as  the  main  fea- 
ture is  to  mellow  the  surface  for  a  seed 
bed.  Then  again  in  about  two  weeks, 
when  the  weeds  and  mustard  are  sprout- 
ed, harrows  again  twice,  to  kill  all  foul 
growth,  when  the  flax  is  at  once  sown 
and  well  harrowed  in.  He  sows  33  to 
40  lbs.  of  seed  tj  the  acre.  Light  allu- 
vial soil  should  be  rolled  after  harrowing 
in  the  seed;  but  on  heavy  adobe  rolling 
would  be  likely  to  do  more  injury  than 
benefit. 

TIME    OF    SOWING. 

By  all  means  sow  early.  In  the  inte- 
rior counties,  San  Jo.aquin  and  Sacra- 
mento valleys,  also  the  Santa  Clara  val- 
ley and  Salinas  valley,  flax  should  be 
sown  from  the  first  of  December  to  mid- 
dle of  January — not  later  than  January 
15th.  Flax  must  make  its  principal 
growth  before  April  15th,  to  insure  the 
perfect  filling  of  the  bolls,  which  should 
contain  8  to  10  plump  seeds  each.  They 
luust  fill  before  the  hot  weather  to  ob- 
tain a  large  yield  of  good  seed.  By 
sowing  early  the  flax  will  mature  during 
the  first  hot  weather,  in  April  or  Ma}-, 
aud  make  heavy  seed,  rich  in  oil,  where- 
as if  the   sowing   is   delayed  till  March 


the  flax  most  m.ake  its  growth  during 
hot  weather,  and  cannot  evenly  and 
properly  fill  and  mature.  Mr.  F.  sowed 
some  flax  this  year  as  late  as  March, 
which  was  a  failure.  While  some  was 
ripening  the  rest  was  in  blossom,  and 
even  now  the  old  stubble  is  some  of  it 
green.  The  early  sown  all  ripened  to- 
gether. Some  farmers  have  objected  to 
sowing  early,  on  the  ground  that  the 
frost  will  injure  it.  Mr.  Flickiuger  de- 
clares that  it  is  as  hardy  as  wheat  or 
barley  iu  this  climate,  aud  that  even  if 
it  were  not,  he  should  take  the  chances 
on  early  r.ither  than  late  sowing. 

HABVESTIMG    FLAX. 

The  clipper  is  preferred  for  cutting  the 
flax,  as  the  most  expeditious  and  cheap- 
est mode  of  cuttinsr  and  stacking.  Heap- 
ing makes  too  much  extra  work  in  gath- 
ering and  stacking,  besides  shattering 
out  the  seed  in  loading  and  hauling  to 
the  stacks. 

THKESHINO    FLAX. 

This  is  a  business  few  farmers  are  fa- 
miliar with,  aud  one  that  requires  par- 
ticular attention  to  save  the  seed  effectu- 
ally. Iu  the  first  place,  you  must  not 
have  less  than  eight  rows  of  concaves  in 
your  cylinder,  and  they  must  be  minute- 
ly adjusted  and  fitted,  so  as  not  to  grind 
the  seed.  Tben  the  thresher  must  bo 
free  from  cracks  or  splits,  otherwise  the 
seed  will  run  through  like  water  and  be 
wasted.  The  vibrator  supplied  with 
flax-seives— square  mesh  No.  7 — is  un- 
doubtedly the  best  machine  to  do  good 
work  in  threshing  flax.  It  leaves  the 
seed  in  a  cleaner  condition  than  any 
other  requiring  less  after  work  in  re- 
cleaning  with  the  fanning  mill. 

FANNINO    MILL    CLEANING. 

One  of  the  very  essential  things  about 
flax  growing  is  to  put  clean  seed  into 
market;  No.  1,  plump,  clean,  oily  seed 
that  will  give  satisfaction  to  the  buyer, 
aud  bring  the  best  price.  Mr.  F.  has 
found,  after  a  good  deal  of  patient  ex- 
perimenting with  several  mills,  aud  go- 
ing to  a  good  deal  of  expense  iu  the  mat- 
ter, that  the  Nash  &  Cutts  No.  2  machine 
is  the  best,  rigged  out  with  screens,  as 
follows:  Take  out  the  lower  cheat  screen 
and  substitute  in  its  place  the  mustard 
screen,  which  will  take  out  all  small 
seeds.  Take  off  two  upper  screens,  aud 
in  their  place  put  on  top  square  mesh 
No.  7,  which  will  carry  off  wheat  aud 
oats,  and  in  place  of  second  screen,  a 
Square  mesh  No.  C.  Next  replace  the 
whole  combination  to  prevent  the  flax 
from  blowing  over  behind  the  machine. 
If  not  very  foul  a  No.  2  machine  will 
clean  iu  good  merchantable  condition 
from  100  to  150  sacks  of  seed  per  day 
with  two  men.  For  very  foul  seed,  Mr. 
F.  aud  his  intelligent  workmen  have 
rigged  on  an  attachment,  a  supplement- 
ary shaker,  with  two  screens,  which  com- 
pletely cleans  out  all  oats  and  other  foul 
seed  that  runs  over  in  fast  work  from  the 
short  screens  above. 

KilSING  CLEAN  SEED 

Is  important.  While  the  flax  is  growing 
men  must  go  into  the  field  and  pull  out 
all  large  weeds,  such  as  mustard,  whe.at. 
oats,  barley,  etc.,  for  instance.     If  neg- 


lected the  flax  will  bo  shaded  in  its 
growth  aud  not  fill  well.  It  will  not  be 
as  rich  in  oil,  besides  being  foul  aud  dif- 
ficult to  clean.  A  lazy  farmer,  one  who 
would  rathi-r  shake  dice  in  a  whisky  sa- 
loon iu  town  than  bend  his  back  on  his 
own  farm,  is  not  the  fit  man  for  this 
business.  No  energetic  man  will  stand 
back  because  there  is  work  about  it,  and 
it  requires  care  in  growing  and  har- 
vesting. 

AS  TO  THE  SOIL. 

Mr.  F.  declares  that  any  good  soil  that 
will  grow  wheat  or  barley  will  produce 
good  flax  in  paying  quantities,  if  kept 
clean  from  foul  growth,  and  sown  early 
enough. 

AS  A  ROTATION  CROP. 

A  gentleman  iu  Ilollister  who  one  sea- 
son grew  on  one  half  of  a  field,  flax,  and 
on  tho  other  wheat,  and  the  next  year 
sowed  wheat  over  the  whole  field,  found 
that  tho  part  covered  the  year  before 
with  flax  yielded  between  three  and  four 
sacks  to  the  acre  more  thau  the  portion 
previously  covered  with  wheat,  doubling 
the  profits.  The  above  facts  from  Mr. 
F.  we  believe  should  be  of  value  to  every 
grain  grower  in  California.  They  are 
the  result  of  practical  experience  and 
observation  of  an  iutelligiut  and  ener- 
getic business  man  aud  farmer.  Oue 
word  as  to  his  stock.  Mr.  F.  deals 
largely  iu  beef  stock,  buying  and  selling. 
Every  season  he  raises  several  acres  of 
beets,  which  he  couvirts  with  other  feed 
into  beef,  with  an  immense  profit.  We 
have  not  his  figures,  but  readily  accept 
his  assertion.  He  has  also  some  fine 
Durham  milk  aud  beef  stock  on  his  farm, 
and  a  lot  of  horses  such  as  are  service- 
able. His  farming  is  a  mere  pastime,  as 
it  were,  but  shows  some  system  and  suc- 
cess. 

POISONING    SQtriniiELS. 

Squirrels,  which  come  in  from  the 
hills  at  times  like  an  avalanche,  are  here 
poisoned  by  the  host.  Sweet  apples  arc 
cut  into  eight  pieces  each  and  charged 
with  strychnine,  by  making  an  incision 
through  the  skin  and  putting  the  poison 
into  the  center,  then  the  pieces  are  drop- 
ped into  the  holes.  Sweet  apples  are 
ravenously  eaten  by  tho  rodents,  and 
this  way  of  fixing  them  is  pronounced  a 
dead  shot. 

A  slothful  farmer  in  such  a  position 
might  starve,  where  only  energy  is  re- 
quired to  gain  Wealth.  Mr.  F.  antici- 
pates making  valuable  improvements  on 
his  farm,  which,  as  we  said  befdr.".  is  an 
excellent  locality  for  an  orchard,  even 
of  semi-tropical  fruits,  which  we  be- 
lieve would  succeed  admirably  under 
a  sheltering  ^'ind   screen   of    Monterey 

cypress. 

>  >  ■ 

Mr.  Jack  Chamberlain,  of  Oakl.and, 

a  geutlcniaii  ^)t  ability  aud  fine  address, 
will  take  the  field  (or  a  tour  of  the  Pa- 
cific coast  the  coming  year,  as  special 
business  representative  and  correspon- 
dent of  the  California  Ageicitltubist. 
Anything  that  our  friends  can  do  to  aid 
him  in  gaiuing  information  and  patron- 
age for  the  Cal.  Agriculturist  will  be 
gratefully  appreciated  by  the  Editor. 


PATRONS    OF  HUSBANDRY. 
Lectures. 

The  Lecturer  of  the  State  Gronge,  Mr. 
Blakcy  Pilkington,  of  Santa  Cruz,  will 
commence  a  series  of  lectures  to  the 
Granges  in  this  State  this  month.  The 
programme  as  laid  out  for  December  is 
as  follows : 

Dec.  12,  at  Petnluma— Petaluma,  So- 
noma, Bennett  Valley  and  Sauta  Rosa 
Granges. 

Dec.  14,  at  Napa— Napa,  St.  Helena, 
Yonntville  and  Vallejo  Granges. 

Dec.  15lh,  at  Suisun — Suisun  and 
Rockville  Granges. 

Dec.  IG,  at  Elmira — Elmira.jVacaville, 
Buckeye,  Binghamptou  and  Dixon 
Granges. 

Dec.  18,  at  Woodland— Yolo,  Cache 
Creek,  Fairview  Valley,  Antelope,  Capay 
Valley  and  West  Grafton  Granges. 

Dec.  19,  at  Sacramento — Sacramento, 
Elk  Grove,  Florin.  Enterprise,  Cosumnes, 
American  River  and  Franklin  Granges. 

Dec.  21,  at  Yuba  City— Yuba  City, 
North  Butte,  Marysville  and  Wheatland 
Granges. 

Dec.  23,  at  Chico— Chico  and  Nord 
Granges. 

Two  lectures  will  be  given  on  each 
date,  as  above.  Granges  should  turn 
out  handsomely,  as  the  subject  matter  of 
these  lectures  is  of  great  importance  to 
the  order,  and  should  be  well  under- 
stood. Mr.  Pilkington  is  an  agreeable 
speaker,  well  informed,  and  thoroughly 
in  earnest,  and  the  Patrons  of  Husband- 
ry have  been  very  fortunate  in  securiug 
his  services. 


Special  Notice  to  Delinquents.— 

The  January  issue  will  be  the  last  one 
sent  to  such  subscribers  as  neither  re- 
quest a  continuance  nor  pay  in  advance. 
Please  bear  this  in  mind.  We  will  be 
willing  to  wait  a  while  on  our  friends 
who  cannot  pay  at  once,  but  we  must 
know  w  ho  by  their  orders.  Because  we 
shall  stop  sending  the  paper  to  those  not 
ordering  is  no  sign  that  we  shall  not 
hold  every  delinquent  to  his  account. 

We  shall  have  an  active  agent  in  the 
field  to  canvass  the  State,  write  up  its 
most  interesting  features,  and  go  for  de- 
linquents. We  only  ask  our  just  dues, 
and  in  every  case  this  we  shall  expect 
and  demand. 


Horticultural. — ^Ve  have  devoted  an 
unusual  ajuount  of  room  to  horticulture 
this  month,  because  it  is  the  season  to 
plant  trees,  and  must  bo  of  more  inter- 
est to  the  majority  of  our  readers  than 
any  other  subject.  Next  month  wo  will 
have  something  on  forest  and  grape  cul- 
ture, with  a  diversit3-  of  deparments. 


The  "  Intellectual  Subsoiler, "  adver- 
tised in  this  issue,  has  been  in  constant 
use  iu  our  office  for  years.  It  goes  to 
the  root  of  words  and  ideas,  and  turns 
up  definitions  and  synonyms  properly 
spelled. 


Thb  original  poem  in  this  issue  is  wor- 
thy of  a  nich  in  the  temple  of  fame. 


178 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


ffve  ghck^amiinl.l 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY  THE 

CAL.     AGRICULTURIST      PUB.      CO. 

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ing  in  our  columns,  and  to  keep  clear  of  patent 
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The  large  circulation,  the  desirable  class  of 
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in  tliis  journal  will  be  entertained  without  pay 
in  advance.  Our  published  rates  are  the  stand- 
ard for  all. 


EDITORIAL     NOTES. 


Bound  Volumes. — We  shall  get  a 
niiniher  of  volumee  of  the  Agkicultdrist 
for  1876  complete,  saved  for  the  purpose, 
bound.  Several  of  these  will  be  for  BoIe  at 
the  subscription  price,  added  to  the  simple 
cost  of  binding. 

Missing  Numbers. — We  have  a  few 

pajiora  of  tlitl'erent  months,  back  numbers, 
that  will  be  supplied  to  any  eul  ecriber  want- 
ing them  to  1111  volumnea  where  numbers  are 
missing.  You  who  have  saved  your  Agri- 
oi^LTURiST  for  reference  will  please  look 
them  over,  and  if  any  numbers  are  lacking, 
order  at  once-  We  w  ill  supply  free  of  cost  as 
long  as  we  have  them. 

"Aunt  Polly"  and  her  young  folks 
have  our  tlianks  for  the  interest  they  have 
added  to  the  Agriculturist.  Boys  and  girls 
make  men  and  women  in  a  very  few  years* 
and  we  like  to  have  tbem  try  to  make  good 
ones.  There  is  no  beiter  way  than  in  doing 
rij(lit  generally  and  taking  particular  interest 
in  such  good  reading  as  Aunt  Polly  and  her 
contributors  furnish  to  our  columns.  It  wont 
hurt  us  older  folks  to  read  the  13oyR'  and 
Girls'  Deparlment  either.  Wc  can  waste  time 
much  lens  prolitably,  to  say  the  least. 

''Jewell"  gives  valuable  hints  this 
niontli  to  mothers  about  dressing  I)abie8.  We 
note  one  point  :  That  delicate  l)abieH  are  the 
ones  that  wrong  dressing  and  neglect  kilKs  otl". 
It  is  ft  fact  well  known  to  breeders  of  fine 
stock  and  poultry  that  the  best  breeds  have 
the  tcnderost  young.  Will  not  the  same  rule 
apply   to   human   beings?     Wa   believe  that 


the  Ie.ws  that  govern  physical  life  in  one  case 
apply  to  the  other;  that  the  babies  which 
require  the  best  treatment,  the  tenderest  care, 
to  live  and  thrive,  are  likely  to  make  the  best 
men  and  women.  The  young  of  the  lowest 
orders  of  life  need  little  care;  the  your g  of 
the  highest  orders  require  much,  and  the  finer 
the  organization  the  more  care  and  attention 
to  its  wants  is  necessary. 


Our  Premium  Certificates.— Those 

of  our  subscribers  who  have  obtained  that  el- 
egant American  Chromo,  "IJeatrice  Cenci," 
the  subject  of  our  last  Premium  Certificate, 
will  be  gratified  to  learn  that  our  Cerliticate 
this  month  has  for  a  subject  a  chromo  fully  up 
to  the  last  one  in  merit  and  value.  All  we 
can  say  is,  those  of  our  subscribers  who  want 
first  class  chromos  should  not  lose  these  op 
portunities  we  are  now  offering.  *'Beatiice" 
is  a  lovely  picture,  and  grows  more  attractive 
on  acfiuaintance.  This  month's  "Fruit  Piece'' 
is  a  real  work  of  art.  The  California  Art 
Publication  Company  are  doing  more  for  us 
than  we  really  expected,  and  we  are  so  well 
satisfied  that  we  gladly  pay  our  share  of  the 
expense.  We  would  call  your  attention  to 
t^heir  advertisement  in  our  paper  this  month, 
and  can  add  that  we  feel  fully  warrrtnted  in 
endorsing  them  in  all  they  say. 

On  the  Chinese  question  our  opin- 
ion 16  again  asked,  as  thougli  we  could  settle 
it  we  suppose.  Well,  at  any  rate,  our  mind 
is  settled  that  the  Chinese  among  us  are  a 
greater  curse  than  blessing  to  ns.  The  rich 
may  like  to  increase  their  riches,  and  be 
waited  upon  like  lords  by  the  Chinese  menials 
IJut  industry  and  enterprise  is  not  benefitted 
by  their  aid.  Oar  working  men  and  women 
are  not  encouraged  by  their  presence.  Labor 
is  not  made  more  honorable,  nor  capital  less 
exacting ;  nor  is  equality  and  good  will  and 
general  prosperity  fostered.  Aristocratic  tastes 
and  tendencies  are  not  on  the  decrease  in  com- 
munities where  Chiii^se  laborers  are  em 
ployed;  and  odious  distinctions  between  the 
rich  and  the  poor — the  man  who  labors  and 
the  man  who  lives  from  others'  labor — are 
not  becoming  less  odious.  The  rising  genera- 
tion hold  in  no  higher  estimation  the  grand 
idea  that  labor  is  honorable.  We  believe 
in  universal  equality  and  freedom,  and  cannot 
admire  a  system  which  treads  down  the  poor 
makes  labor  slave,  creates  a  privileged  class, 
and  demoralizes  society.  This  we  think  the 
Chinese  element  amongst  ns  is  surely  doing 
all  the  time,  with  no  compensating  benefits. 
Hence  oui  aversion  to  it. 


mankind,  many  able  agiicultural  and  house- 
hold journals,  and  we  have  found  much  more 
good  than  we  could  use,  and  so  bave  given 
only  the  very  cream  to  onr  readers.  All  this 
has  required  a  deal  of  constant,  luborious,  yet 
pleasant  attention— much  more  than  any  one 
unacquainted  with  such  work  can  well  im- 
aging. 


A  Valuable  Volume  for  Reading 
and  for  Reference— The  bound  num- 

ber.s  of  the  Calikokma  Agriculturist  for 
1876,  with  the  index  issued  this  month.  Look 
over  this  index  and  see  what  a  variety  of  use- 
ful and  interesting  topics  are  treT,te(l  upon 
Examine  the  articles  and  see  how  practical 
and  entertaining  they  are.  The  Agricul- 
turist is  not  made  up  of  a  jumble  of  trash, 
picked  up  at  bap-hazard  from  other  journals. 
It  contains  a  mass  of  original  matter  by 
writers — earnest,  intelligent  persons — wbo 
write  because  they  have  something  to  say 
worth  putting  into  print.  The  editorial  arti- 
cles have  been  written  with  an  eye  to  the 
wants  of  readers;  to  utiHty  and  sound  princi- 
ples. The  selections  have  been  carefully 
chosen  with  reference  to  their  value,  adapta- 
bility to  our  wants,  and  general  or  special  in- 
terest to  readere.  They  have  been  gleaned 
from  extensive  reading  of  the  best  literature 
upon  such  subjects  as  tlio  departments  and 
headings  will  indicate.  There  are  many  abb^ 
pens  in  the  world  devoted  to  tiio  service  of 


Manuring  the  soil   is  best  done  in 

the  Fall  or  early  Winter.  This  is  a  matter 
that  certainly  deserves  more  attention  than 
most  farmers  in  this  State  give  it.  Stable  and 
yard  manure  is  beneficial  on  any  soil,  and 
particularly  so  on  dry  uplands  and  heavy 
soils  If  plowed  under  in  a  coarse  condition, 
in  lumps,  it  will  not  help  make  a  crop  the  first 
year,  but  will  cause  all  the  earth  above  it  to 
dry  out,  or  "burnout,"  as  some  express  it, 
during  the  dry  season,  on  drv  land  not  irri- 
gated. Id  our  climate,  alwayh  apply  the  ma- 
nure to  the  surface.  Yon  can  plow  before  you 
spread  on  the  manure,  if  you  want  to,  and 
harrow  the  manure  and  soil  together.  This 
is  a  good  plan,  but  do  not  turn  it  under  until 
it  has  lain  upon  the  soil  one  season.  Straw 
and  manure  will  rot  upon  the  suiface,  when 
mixed  with  surface  soil,  much  quickei  than 
when  plowed  nnder.  This  is  on  the  same 
principle  that  a  piece  of  board,  or  a  fence  post, 
Iving  upon  the  ground  or  partially  covered 
with  earth,  will  decay  sooner  than  if  buried 
completely  under  the  soil.  You  all  know  how 
much  sooner  a  fence  post  rots  oft'  at  the  sur- 
face than  it  will  a  few  inches  below  the  sur- 
face Manure  and  straw  upon  the  surface 
act  as  a  mulching  to  save  the  moisure  in  the 
soil  from  being  taken  into  the  air,  and  while 
it  decays  sooner,  serves  a  double  purpose,  viz  : 
enriching  the  soil  and  protecting  the  moisture 
of  the  soil.  It  is  a  benefit  to  stir  the  manure 
with  the  surface  soil  but  an  injury  to  plow  it 
under  in  any  upland  soil  not  irrigated.  Where 
irrigation  is  practiced,  or  on  low,  moist  soils, 
it  makes  not  so  mach  difference  whether  it  be 
plowed  under  or  not. 


Sumac. — Last  season  Mr.  Jabob  Eber- 
hardt.  tanner,  Santa  Clara,  left  a  sack  of  su- 
mac seed  with  us  for  distribution.  A  note  in 
the  Agkictlturist  attracted  calls  enough  to 
exhfiust  the  supply.  We  wish  each  one  who 
got  seed  to  report,  whether  successful  or  not- 
Mr.  Eberhardt,  who  is  a  very  energetic  and 
successful  man,  and  a  practical  and  siientific 
tanner,  wishes  to  see  the  sumac  cultivated  on 
this  coast.  He  asserts  that  there  is  money  in 
it.  There  are  nearly  300  tons  of  sumac  used 
on  this  coast  by  lanne:s  annually,  which  costs 
here  about  $150  per  ton.  The  best  sumac  is 
cultivated,  and  comes  from  Cicily.  The 
wild  sumac  gathered  in  the  Eastern  States  is 
only  worth  about  two-thirds  as  much  as  the 
cultivated  Cicily.  At  $75  to  $S0  per  ton,  su- 
mac could  be  very  profitably  cultivated  on 
this  coast,  and  the  consumption  at  this  price 
would  be  double  what  it  now  is  at  $150  per 
ton.  The  finest  and  softest  leather  is  tanned 
with  sumac.  The  French  calf,  for  instance, 
so  renownoti  for  boots,  can  not  be  produced  in 
America  in  competition  at  the  prices  now  de- 
manded here  for  sumac  Sumac  is  as  easily 
proprgated  from  roots  as  blackberries.  Once 
Ket  a  good  stock  of  roots,  and  acres  conld  be 
planted.  It  is  thought  that  it  can  be  annually 
cut  with  a  mower  or  header  machine  after 
once  properly  rooted  in  the  soil,  and  that  the 
level  chappaivl  lands  will  produce  it  abun- 
dantly, and  that  Yankee  ingenuity  can,  with 
machinery,  easily  compete  with  the  cheaper 
labor  of  Cicily.  At  any  rate,  we  hope  with 
Mr.  Eberhardt,  to  see  it  soon  tried  here  on  a 
liberal  scale. 


Released  from  Custody  .—in  the  Dis- 
trict Court,  on  Saturday,   November  18th,  F. 
E.  Spencer,  attorney  for  Mrs.  Emily  D- Aus- 
tin in  the  divorce  suit  in   which  O-  X.  Austin 
was  defendant,  made  a   motion   to   the   effect 
that  .iho  order   heretofore  made   imprisoning 
the   defendant   for   contempt  of  court   be  va- 
cated, and  the  defendant  discharged  from  cus- 
tody,   the  order  was  accordingly  made   and 
Austin  was  set  at  liberty.    The  history  of  the 
case  is  as  follows:  In   the   month  of  August, 
1872,  the   plaintiff,  Emily  I>.  Austin,  married 
the  defendant.    Their  married  life  was  not  a 
happy  one;  and  in  February,  1873,  Mrs.  Aus- 
tin left  her   husband's  roof  on  account  of  al- 
leged harsh  treatment,  and   in   the   following 
montii  brought  su;t  for  divorce  on  the  ground 
of  extreme  cruelty.    Austin  was  then  and  had 
been  for  many  years  a  well-to-do  farmer  and 
orchardist,  re^idiDg  near  Santa  Clara.    After 
several  postponements  and   continuances  the 
cause  came  up  for  trial  at  the  January  (1874) 
term  of  the    District  Court,  resulting  in   the 
disagreement  of   the  jury.      The   next  trial 
took  place  at  the  Septemher  term  of  Court  in 
the  same  year,  and  a  verdict  was  returned  in 
favor  of  the  plaintift.    Austin  bad  been  pay- 
ing for  some  time  piior  to  this  action,  t^y  order 
of  Judge   Belden,  $J0   per   month    alimony. 
After  the  verdict  had  been  rendered  the  Cf»urt 
ot  red  him  to  pay  to  tlie  plaintiff  the   further 
sum  of  $938,  fur  expenses  incurre    in  the  uiit, 
etc.      He   refused   to   comply  and  the   Court 
Commissioner   was   instructed    to    raise   the 
money  by  mortgaging   the  homestead,  as  the 
defendant   had   nothing  "in  sight"  that  could 
be  attached.    The  banks  refused   to   loan  the 
money  wilhnut   Austin's  signature,   and  the 
commissioner    so    reported      Judge    Belden 
then  ordered  the  obstinate   Austin  to  make  a 
promissory  note  and  mortgage  and   raise   the 
money,  and  defendant  still   persisting   in   his 
stubbornness,  was  committed  to  jail    for   his 
contempt  of  Court  in  refusing  to  ob^y  the  man- 
dale  of  the  Court.     He  entered  the  jail  on  the 
5lh  of  February,  1875,  and  up  the  time  of  his 
release  never  relaxed  In  the  slightest   degree 
from   his   obstinacy.       He    affirmed   that   he 
would  stay  in  durance  vile  to   the  end  of  his 
days  rather  than  pay  the  money,  and  there  is 
no  doubt  but  ho  would  have  kept  his   word. 
He  was  in  jail  652  days. 

-The  above  statement  of  the  case  in  the  San 
Jose  "Mercury"  is  put  in  a  light  most  favor- 
able to  the  prosecutors,  the  arbitrary  Judge 
Belden  and  rapacious  lawyer  Spencer,  who 
have  kept  Mr.  Austin  in  prison  to  the  damage 
of  his  bufliness,  health,  body  and  mind,  for 
long,  weary  months,  because  he  would  not 
consent  to  submit  to  an  unjust  and  outrageous 
robbery  by  said  "Court,"  in  the  name  of  "jus- 
tice!" 

We  hope  to  live  to  see  a  change,  and  re- 
form in  this  whole  lawyer,  judge  and  court 
business,  so  that  it  will  be  impossible  for  any 
combination  ol  judges  and  lawyers  to  thus 
outrage  and  imprison  an  honest  American  cit* 
izen  under  any  such  pretense,  or  to  hold  him 
in  any  sucii  manner.  It  is  a  power  that  no 
court  should  bo  allowed  to  exercise. 

How  at  last  was  the  "obstinate"  Mr.  Aus- 
tin released?  Was  "justice"  satisfied?  Not 
a  bit  of  it.  It  was  by  a  siaple  turn  of  the 
wrist.  Think  of  being  at  the  tender  mercies 
of  such  an  opposing  attorney,  hankering  for  a 
big  fee,  and  of  sucli  a  court.  Whose  turn  in 
to  come  next?  This  is  a  question  that  may 
well  arouse  any  citizen.  Contempt  of  Court . 
forsooth  !  What  decent  citizen  can  have  any- 
thing but  supreme  contemi>t  for  any  and  all 
such  Courts,  judges,  lawyers  and  all  ? 

This  matter  should  arrest  the  attention  of 
every  citizen,  and  bhould  not  be  allowed  to 
drop  until  the  matter  is  thoroughly  ventilated 
and  understood,  and  such  changes  are  mad<' 
in  court  laws  as  shall  in  future  prevent  any 
such  ouirages  from  being  even  possible. 

Mr.  Austin  is  entitled  to  the  honor  and 
sympathy  of  every  well-meaning  citizen  for 
his  persistent  adhering  to  his  principles  ot 
right. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


179 


^MUr(. 


Tl^c  Better  for  the  Doing*. 


iSpM 


BY  ISAAC  KINLEY. 

fHROUGH  the  dim  twilight  of  the  ages. 
From  cycles  lou^  ago  of  time, 

Still  come  the  voices  of  the  sages; 

And  written  ou  historic  pages 
Are  names  of  men  of  deed  sublime. 

The  world  doth  joy,  the  world  doth  glory. 
In  its  great  names  of  long  ago — 

The  demigods  of  ancient  story 
■Who  waked  mankind  from  sin  and  wo, 
Whose  lives  it  is  our  bliss  to  know. 

Arouse  thee!  O,  my  laggard  spirit! 
Let  deeds  of  greatness  then  he  thine, 

And  bless  the  world  that  shall  inherit 
'.\  hy  name,  thy  fame,  thy  great  design 
Of  deed,  or  word,  or  living  line. 

If  on  thy  name  would  be  no  blackness, 
No  spot  of  foulness  mar  thy  fame — 

Then  in  thy  will  must  be  no  slackness; 
Thy  soul  must  be  a  living  flame, 
Undimmed  by  aught  of  siu  or  shame. 

Think'st  thou  there  is  no  living  Hydra? 
No  monster  in  thy  path  to-day  ? 

Ah !  cleanse  thou  yon  Augean  stable. 
And  yon  Procrustean  tyrant  slay  — 
Where  all  must  walk,  make  clear  the  way. 


What  is  the  season,  doFt  thou  ask  me, 

O,  laggard  spirit  of  my  life! 
Why  to  thy  utmost  strength  I  task  thee  ? 

Why  struggle  in  scenes  of  fctrifo? 

I  answer  that  thou  art  a  human, 
"With  soul  to  daro  and  hand  to  do; 

And  if  thou  wouldst  but  be  a  true  man. 
Must  labor  on  tby  journey  through. 

Thou  mightst  beneath  the  weeping  willow, 

On  flowery  beds  of  ease  recline, 
Or  idly  dream  upon  thy  pillow 

What  blissful  hours  in  life  are  thine. 

Thou  mightet,  I  grant,  with  little  labor. 
Contrive  to  know  what  others  know; 

As  wise  become  as  is  tby  neighbor, 
And  do,  perchance,  as  others  do. 

Hath  love  for  man  or  hope  of  heaven, 

My  laggard  spirit  e'er  inspired  ? 
Know,  then,  for  every  talent  given, 

That  ten  will  be  of  thee  required. 

It  is  the  law  of  human  erowing— 
Each  sturdy  stroke  gives  strength  to  strike; 

And  this  great  truth  is  worth  thy  knowing- 
It  reaches  all  mankind  alike. 

It  is  a  truth  to  all  extending, 

Alike  to  all  organic  things, 
To  him  who  is  his  power  expending, 

The  power  expended,  power  brings. 

'Tis  work,  that  strength  the  toiler  gives; 

For  all  he  does  he  gains  the  more; 
And  struggling  on  each  day  ho  lives. 

Is  better  for  the  day  before. 

From  day  to  day  his  strength  grows  stronger, 
Grows  stronger  for  the  work  that's  done; 

And  life,  itself,  protracted  longer. 
Is  youthful  to  its  setting  sun. 

The  sailor  on  the  wide,  wild  ocean, 
Learns  boldness  when  the  storm-winds  roar; 

The  soldier,  used  to  war's  commotion, 
Knows  naught  of  fear  when  battles  lower. 

And  he  who  watches  the  careering 
Of  planets  through  the  far,  blue  sky. 

But  sees  the  farthe'"  for  this  peering 
Of  his  heaven-searching  eye. 

And  BO  it  is— the  power  of  thinking, 
Of  tracing  reason's  endless  chain— 

The  mind  is  quickened  by  this  linking 
Of  fact  to  fact  in  endless  train. 


'Tis  ever  gaining  in  acuteness. 

The  mental  sight  doth  clearer  grow; 
And  with  more  logical  astuteness, 
Efl'ect  and  cause  more  plainly  show. 

E'en  BO  it  is— the  power  of  loving 
Is  stronger  for  the  love  we  bear. 

And  every  deed  of  heartfelt  kindness 
But  lilts  us  where  the  angels  are. 


Then,  if  each  deed  that's  worth  the  doing. 
To  WELL  no  be  the  golden  rule, 

In  the  vocation  we're  pursuing 
We'll  find  life's  labor  is  our  school. 

And  praising  God  for  work  that's  given, 
From  morning  dawn  to  sot  of  sun. 

Grow  stronger  for  that  we  have  striven, 
And  better  for  the  work  that's  done. 

Each  gentle  thought,  each  noble  feeling. 
Doth  ever  make  the  soul  more  pnro; 

And  each  day's  toil  the  truth  'b  revealing 
That  God  doth  bless  the  noble  doer. 

Then  hail  my  brother!  hail  my  sister! 

Toiling  on  life's  rugged  way; 
For  ye  shall  reap  in  the  hereafter. 

Rich  blessings  for  the  toils  to-day. 
San  Jose,  November,  1876. 


^XTelcome  to  the  Pfations. 


BY  OUTER  WENDELL  HOLMES. 
I. 

Bright  on  the  banners  of  lily  and  rose, 

Lo,  the  last  sun  of  our  century  sets! 
Wreathe  the  black  cannon  that  scowled  on  our 
foes. 

All  but  her  friendships  the  Nation  forgets! 

All  but  her  friends  and  their  welcome  forgets! 
These  are  around  her:  But  where  are  her  foes? 

Lo,  while  the  sun  of  her  century  sets, 
Peace  with  her  garlands  of  lily  and  rose. 

11. 
Welcome!  a  shout  like  the  war  trmnpet  swell 

Wakes  the  wild  echoes  that  slumber  aroundl 
Welcome!  it  quiveis  from  Liberty's  bt'll; 

Welcome!  the  walls  of  her  temple  resound! 

Hiirk!  the  gray  walls  of  her  temple  resound! 
Fade  the  far  voices  or  hill-side  and  dell; 

Welcome!  still  whisper  the  echoes  around! 
Welcome!  still  trembles  on  Liberty's  belli 

III. 
Thrones  of  the  Continents!    Isles  of  the  Sea! 

Yours  are  the  garlands  of  peace  we  entwine; 
Welcome  once  more  to  the  land  ot  the  free. 

Shadowed  aline  by  the  palm  and  the  pine; 

Sitftly  they  murium-,  the  palm  and  the  pine: 
"  Hushed  is  our  strife  in  the  laud  of  the  free ." 

Over  your  children  their  branches  entwine, 
Thrones  of  the  Continents!    Isles  of  the  Sea! 


The  Storm. 

Up  from  mirk  midnight  to  the  dawn. 
Waking,  I  heard  the  wild  wind-rout. 
With  sobbing  wail  and  gusty  shout, 

Sweep  through  the  elms  that  skirt  the  lawn. 

Those  patriarchs  of  their  race,  whose  leaves 
Scarce  murmured  as  the  zephyrs  passed. 
Now  groaned  in  concert  with  the  blast. 

And  with  their  branches  smote  the  eaves. 

Dim  broke  the  morn  along  the  crags 
That  eastward  loom  above  the  sea. 
And  long  proces  lione  sailed  a-lee 

Of  vapory  forms,  like  weird  hags. 

Now  in  one  sheeted  flood  it  rains; 

But  the  slant  wind,  with  headlong  force. 

Caught  in  its  impetuous  course. 
And  dashed  it  on  the  trembling  panes. 

Anon  the  sun  looked  through  the  rift. 

But  pallid  as  his  sister  moon 

^Yhen  glows  on  high  night's  sober  noon, 
Chasmg  through  heaven  the  flying  drift. 

At  length,  uprising  toward  his  height. 
Majestic  moves  the  orb  of  day. 
And  subject  nature  owns  his  sway. 

And  the  spent  storm  attests  his  might. 

Gone  the  long  night's  tempestuous  dream. 
And  mountain  vale  and  forest  aisle 
And  earth's  broad  fields  serenely  smile. 

Subdued  by  that  all-cheering  beam. 

And  all  is  still,  save  from  afar 
That  one  low  murmur  evermore. 
Where  the  long  roll  beats  on  the  shore. 

And  wind  and  wave  wage  war  on  war. 

—  [George  Lunt,  in  Harper's. 


A  Pacific  December. 

O,  Autumn,  with  thy  dying  smell. 
So  fiiint,  so  sad,  and  yet  so  sweet; 
Amid  the  strewiugs  at  my  feet. 

By  pattering  nut  and  broken  shell, 

I  feel  the  secret  of  the  spell. 
The  flying  year's  In  full  retreit— 

Foiever. 

Reburnlshed  by  the  last  week's  rains 
The  fields  recall  the  green  of  .Spring; 
The  hills  dCHciibe  a  sharper  ring; 

The  dews  in  dluincnds  drench  the  plains; 

The  leaves  grow  thinner  In  the  lanes; 
The  threads  upon  the  hedgerows  cling — 
In  silver. 

Pale,  like  the  fading  forest  hair. 

The  slanting  sunbeams  straggle  through; 

The  sky  is  of  a  tearful  blu"'; 
A  pensive  eseeuce  fills  the  air; 
And,  with  pathetic  sweetness  fair, 
The  wan  world  seems  to  wave  adieu 

Forever. 

The  cattle  browse  along  the  lea; 

The  piping  robin  haunts  the  lanes; 

The  yellow  turning  woodland  "wanes." 
The  apple  tumbles  from  the  tree; 

And  Autumn,  ranging  through,  links  me 
To  Nature. 

O  pensive  and  poetic  year. 
What  is  the  secret  of  thy  power 
Whereby  my  poesy  would  flower 

Between  a  radiance  and  a  tear? 

And  yet  I  find  no  longing  hero 
To  paint  what  trembles  to  the  hour 

Within  mo! 

O  Eden  world  of  hill  and  green. 

And  distant  gleams  of  slumbering  blue! 

I  find  no  lyric  language  trun 
To  paint  the  shadow<d  and  the  seen; 

O  infinitely  touching  view. 
In  vain  thy  spirit  peeps  between! 

The  sublimities  that  lie  in  yon 

Evade  me. 


The  Old  Friends. 


Br  SABAH  DOUDNEY. 

Where  are  they  scattered  now. 
The  old,  old  friends? 
One  made  her  dwelling  where  the  maples  glow, 
And    mighty   streams    through    solemn   forests 

flow. 
But  never,  from  that  pine- crowned  land  of  snow, 
A  message  sends. 

Some  meet  me  oft  amid 

Life's  common  ways; 
And  then,  perchance,  a  word  or  smile  declares 
That  warm  hearts  throb  between  their  load  of 

cares: 
For  love  grows  on.  like  wheat  among  the  tares, 
Till  harvest  days. 

"  But  some  are  fall'n  asleep;" 

The  words  are  sweet! 
O,  friends  at  rest  beneath  the  blessed  sod. 
My  feet  still  tread  the  weary  road  ye  trod 
Ere  yet  your  loving  souls  went  back  to  God! 

When  shall  we  meet? 

O.  thou  divinest  Friend, 

When  shiill  it  be 
That  I  may  know  them  in  their  garments  white  ? 
And  see  them  with  a  new  and  clearer  sight. 
Mine  old  familia'-  friends— made  fair  and  bright. 

Like  unto  thee! 


KTil  Desperandnm. 

"There  is  many  a  rest  in  the  road  of  life. 

If  we  only  would  stop  to  take  it; 
And  many  a  tone  from  the  better  land, 

If  the  querulous  heart  would  wake  it. 
To  the  sunny  soul  that  is  full  of  hope. 

And  whose  beautiful  trust  ne'er  faileth. 
The  grass  is  green,  and  the  flowers  are  bright. 

Though  the  wintry  storm  prevaileth. 

Better  to  hope,  though  the  clouds  hang  low, 

And  to  keep  the  oyrs  still  lilted; 
For  the  sweet  blue  sky  will  soon  peep  throngb. 

When  the  ominous  clouds  are  nfted. 
There  was  never  a  night  without  a  day, 

Nor  an  evening  without  a  morning; 
And  the  darkest  iiour,  so  the  proverb  goes. 

Is  the  hour  before  the  dawning. 

There  is  many  a  gem  in  the  path  of  life. 

Which  we  pass  in  our  idle  pleasure, 
That  is  richer  far  than  the  jeweled  crown. 

Or  the  miser's  hoarded  treasure. 
It  may  be  the  love  of  a  little  child, 

Or  a  mother's  prayer  to  heaven; 
Or.  only  a  beggar's  grateful  thanks. 

For  a  cup  of  water  given. 

Better  to  weave  in  the  web  of  life, 

A  bright  and  a  beautiful  filling. 
And  do  God's  will  with  a  steady  mind. 

And  hands  that  are  swift  and  willing. 
Than  to  snap  the  delicate  silver  threads. 

Of  our  curious  lives  asuuut  r. 
And  then,  heaven  blame  for  the  tangled  ends, 

And  sit  to  grieve  and  wonder." 


A  Sundred  Vears  to  Come. 


BY  WM.  a.  BBOWN. 

Oh!  where  will  be  the  birds  that  sing 

A  hundred  years  to  come; 
The  flowers  that  now  in  beauty  spring 
A  hundred  years  to  come; 
The  rosy  lip. 

The  lofty  brow. 

The  heart  that  beats 

So  gayly  now? 

Oh!  where  will  be  love's  beaming  eye, 

Joy's  pleasant  smile  and  sorrow's  sigh, 

A  hundred  years  to  come? 

Who'll  press  for  gold  this  crowded  street 

A  hundred  years  to  come? 
Who'll  tread  yon  church  with  willing  feet 
A  hundred  yeari  to  come? 
Pale,  trembling  age, 
And  fiery  youth,    . 
And  childhood  with 
Its  brow  of  truth. 
The  rich  and  poor,  on  land  and  sea, — 
Where  will  the  mighty  millionfi  be 
A  hundred  ye&rs  to  come  ? 

We  all  within  our  graves  shall  slo«p 

A  hundred  years  to  come: 
No  living  soul  for  us  will  weep 
A  hundred  years  to  come. 
But  otner  men 

Our  lands  shall  till. 
And  others  then 
Our  streets  will  fill; 
While  other  birds  will  sing  as  gay. 
As  bright  the  sunshine  as  to-day, 
A  hundred  years  lo  come. 


Rest  at  Last. 

After  the  shower,  the  tranquil  sun; 
Silver  stars  when  the  day  is  done. 
After  the  snow,  the  emerald  leaves; 
After  the  har\'est,  golden  sheaves. 
After  the  clouda,  the  violet  sky; 
Quiet  woods  when  the  wind  goes  by. 
After  the  tempest,  the  lull  of  waves; 
After  the  battle,  peaceful  graves. 
After  the  knell,  the  wedding  bells; 
Joyful  greetings  from  sad  farewells. 
After  the  bud,  the  radiant  rose; 
After  our  weeping,  sweet  repose. 
After  the  burden,  the  blissful  meet; 
After  the  furrow,  the  waking  seed. 
After  the  flight,  the  downy  nest; 
Over  the  snadowy  river — rest. 


I'm  OroxTing  Old. 

BY  JOBS  G.  RAX£. 

^ly  days  pass  ple&santly  away, 

My  nights  are  blessed  with  sweetest  sleep. 
I  feel  no  symptoms  of  decay, 

I  have  no  cause  to  mourn  or  weep. 
My  foes  are  imi>otent  and  shy. 

My  friends  are  neither  false  nor  cold. 
And  yet  of  la^  I  often  sigh, 

I'm  growing  old! 

My  growing  talk  of  olden  times. 
My  growing  thirst  for  early  news. 

My  growing  apathy  for  rhymes. 
My  growing  love  for  easy  shoes. 

My  growing  hale  of  crowds  and  noise. 
My  growing  fear  of  catching  cold. 

All  tell  me  In  the  plainest  voice— 
I'm  growing  old! 


I'm  growing  fonder  of  my  staff, 
I'm  growing  dimmer  in  the  eye, 

I'm  growing  fainter  in  my  laugh. 
I'm  grt^wing  deeper  in  my  sigh; 

I'm  growing  careless  in  my  dress, 
I'm  growing  frugal  of  my  gold, 

I'm  growing  wise,  I'm  growing — j 
I'm  growing  old  I 


I  feel  it  in  my  changing  taste. 

I  see  it  in  my  changing  air, 
I  see  it  in  my  growing  waist, 

I  see  it  in  my  snowy  hair; 
A  thousand  hints  proclaim  the  truth. 

As  plain  as  truth  was  ever  told. 
That  even  in  my  vaunted  youth 

I'm  growing  old! 

Ah  me!  my  very  laurels  breathe 
The  tale  in  mr  reluctant  ears; 

And  every  boon  the  honrs  bequeath. 
But  makes  me  debtor  to  the  years. 

E'en  Flattery's  honeyed  wordsdeclare 
The  secret  she  would  fain  withhold. 

And  tells  me  in  "  How  young  you  are!" 
*'  I'm  growing  old!" 

Thanks  to  the  years  whose  rapid  flight 
5Iy  sombre  muse  too  sadly  sings! 

Thanks  for  the  gleams  of  golden  light 
That  tint  the  darkness  of  their  wings— 

The  light  that  beams  from  out  the  sky 
Those  heavenly  mansions  to  unfold. 

Where  all  are  blest,  and  none  may  sigh. 
"I'm  growing  old!" 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


DEEP  PLOWING. 

Experience  is  said  to  be  the  mother  of 
philosophy,  and  certainly  it  does  teach  a 
great  many  things,  and  ought  to  teach 
more  than  it  does.  I  do  not  mean  that 
mother  Experience  is  at  all  to  blame  for 
nuy  failure  to  teach.  We  ourselves 
sometimes  fail  to  learn  from  the  facts 
she  gives  us,  as  well  as  sometimes  rash- 
ly jump  to  conclusions  which  the  facts 
of  our  dear  mother  do  in  no  way  war- 
rant. 

But  if  experience  is  so  valuable,  as  I 
concede  it  to  be,  j'ou,  Mr.  Editor,  will 
probably  consider  it  a  piece  of  imperti- 
nence to  weigh  my  inexperience  against 
Jubu  Smith's,  or  John  Jones's,  or  John 
of  any  other  of  the  numerous  families 
of  Adam's  experience.  But  then,  is  not 
reason  of  some  account?  If  a  man 
should  measure  and  then  declare  from 
experience  that  a  straight  line  is  not  the 
shortest  distance  between  two  points,  my 
reason  might  possibly  rebel,  even  though 
I  liuew  nothing  from  actual  measure- 
ment. 

Deep  plowing  is,  to  my  mind,  some- 
thing like  an  axiom.  There  may  be  ex- 
ceptional cases,  as  where  the  surlace  soil 
is  underlaid  by  sand,  but  the  rule  is  cer- 
tainly in  favor  of  deep  culture.  On 
lands  liable  to  drouth,  the  reason  for 
deep  culture  is  strongly  re-enforced. 
What   is  the  Editor's  opinion? 

Amateur. 

[It  has  talien  Amateur  some  time  to 
get  to  his  subject,  and  one  or  two  simple 
assertions  is  all  that  his  argument  con- 
.sists  of.  This  is  not  the  kind  of  reason- 
ing needed  to  convey  information  or 
show  the  "reason  why."  Experience 
has  in  many  cases  taught  directly  oppo- 
site to  the  assertions  of  Amateur.  Thor- 
ough surface  tillage,  in  a  dry  climate,  has 
in  many  cases  proved  the  best  on  soils 
subject  to  drouth.  The  reason  why  is 
plain.  The  surface  tillage,  by  making  a 
soft  mulching  of  earth  on  the  surface, 
prevents  evaporation  of  moisture  from 
the  soil  lying  under  this  mulching.  Deep 
plowing  adds  no  more  moisture  than 
shallow  plowing  does  to  the  soil.  The 
main  and  desirable  thing  is  to  retain  the 
moisture  already  in  the  soil,  for  the  use 
of  plants — not  allow  it  to  escape  in  the 
air. 

Some  claim  that  if  the  soil  is  deeply 
plowed  before  the  rains,  it  will  hold 
more  water.  The  difi'erence  will  nut 
amount  to  much  at  any  rate,  for  the 
earth  will  settle  together  if  left  light.  In 
its  natural  condition,  the  subsoil  is  usu- 
ally lighter  than  after  plowing,  because 
the  roots  of  plants  decaying  leave  it  full 
of  pores.  Also  insects  fill  it  with  holes. 
After  a  deep  j^lowing  it  may  sodden  to- 
gether and  be  more  solid  than  ever,  par- 
ticularly in  clay  soils.  Thorough  sur- 
face cultivation  is  best  for  drought,  and 
every  good  reason  will  show  what  expe- 
rience on  this  coast  has  abundantly 
proven. 


I 


"Beatrice." — Such  of  our  subscri- 
bers as  have  not  seen  "  Beatrice, "  may 
think  fifty  cents  too  much  money  for 
the  picture.  The  fact  is,  fifty  cents 
is  just  no  money  at  all  for  the  chromo. 
We  have  seen  it  sell  in  S.an  Jose  at  auc- 
tion— several  copies— in  frames  not  worth 
five  dollars,  for  $15  each,  quick  sale. 
It  is  a  magnificent  chromo,  after  one  of 
the  very  best  paintings  in  existence.  We 
are  glad  for  this  opportunity  of  putting 
it  into  the  hands  of  our  subscribers, 
and  no  one  who  gets  it  can  ever  regret 
the  trifle  required  to  procure  it. 

The  huit  piece  offered  this  month  is 
equal  in  merit — a  really  elegant  affair. 


THE  EON  DU  LAC,  (WIS.,)  HAR- 
ROW. 

The  cut  herewith  given  is  of  a  harrow 
tooth  of  peculiar  construction,  such  as 
belongs  to  the  Fon  du  Lac  harrow,  which 
the  Farmer's  Union  are  introducing  on 
this  eo.ast.  Mr.  G.  V.  D.  Brand,  lately 
from  Wisconsin  furnishes  us  with  the 
cut.  We  have  exauiiued  the  harrow  and 
think  it  altogether  the  best  one  out.  The 
tooth  is  of  cast-steel,  three  cornered,  with 
a  spine  on  the  back  to  give  strength  and 
hold  it  firmly  in  place.  The  end  is 
brought  to  a  tine  point,  as  shown  in  the 
engraving.  Farmers  have  but  to  see  the 
harrow  and  tooth  to  at  once  adopt  it  as 
just  the  thing  to  do  thorough  work  on 
any  kind  of  soil. 


Family  Vegetable  Garden.— Farm- 

erb  generally  seeai  lo  be  iiiipreased  with  the 
idea  that  tlicy  cannot  grow  vegetables  for 
tlieir  own  use  on  npland  Boils,  each  ae  are  used 
for  grain.  Now  we  assert  that  it  can  be  done, 
and  iirofitably  done,  too.  Our  own  expe- 
rience in  this  State  twenty  years  ago  proved 
it,  and  we  have  not  been  asleep  to  the  subject 
since.  We  know  tltat  it  can  be  done,  and 
will  tell  you  how  you  can  have  a  vegetable 
j^ai-den  at  yoiw  own  door. 

In  the  first  place  plow  your  ground  and 
cultivate  it,  not  deep  but  thoroughly.  If  it  is 
naturally  crumbly,  all  the  bettei- ;  but  if  not, 
pulverize  the  clods  with  a  maul.  One  acre, 
or  even  half  an  acre,  .will  do  for  you  to  ex- 
periment on,  if  you  are  skeptical.  Now  haul 
upon  this  piece  of  ground  a  large  qu.intity  of 
manure.  Don't  plow  it  under,  bul  spread  it 
thickly  over  the  surface,  iio  thiclier  the  bet- 
ter. It  ought  to  be  thick  enough  to  make  a 
good  mulching.  Let  it  lie  upon  the  grouiul  a 
eouitle  ot  weeks,  then  hanow  ayain  to 
kill  weeda.  "Von  may  harrow  the  Binfacc  ' 
agam  after  nmnunng.  but  unless  you  can  irri- 
gate do  not  jilow  the  manure  under.  Now 
lay  oil  the  rows  with  a  line  that  will  reach 
the  Icnyth  of  the  patch,  marking  with  the  lioe 
a  shaUiiw  tiench.  Plant  beeta,  carrota, onions, 
peas,  turnips,  i-adiehea  and  lettuce,  anytime 
in  the  month  or  January.  Start  cabbage  and 
cauliflower  plants  in  a  manni-ft  bed  made  of 
Ihree-fourtha  manure  and  one-foujih  earth 
thoroughly  nii.xed,  in  a  place  where  you  can 
shelter  the  plants  floni  frosts.  When  larj^o 
cn'JUgh  transplant  (in  January  or  Kebruary). 
You  can  plant  mangel-wurzel  beefs  for  stock, 
also  white  Belgian  c;>rrotB,  iu  large  (juanti- 
ties  it  you  chnose.  They  will  get  a  pretty 
fair  growth  before  djy,  hot  vrealher,  and  will 
atand   in  the  groiuid  all  Sunuuer  if  you  wunl 


to  leave  them  till  Fall,  and  then  grow  again 
when  rains  come.  In  planting  seed,  press 
them  down,  cover  lightly  and  press  firmly 
After  they  come  up  hoe  out  the  weeds,  and 
the  vegetables  will  grow  lo  surprise  yon 
You  can  plant  potatoes  in  lurrows,  covering 
thickly  with  coarse  manure  and  straw,  any 
time  now  for  an  early  crop;  alao  again  in 
February  for  a  later  crop.  By  middle  of 
Apiil  and  first  of  May  you  can  plant  squashes, 
tomatoes,  cucumbers,  melons,  beans,  etc.  But 
remember  they  must  be  put  upon  ground 
kept  dear  of  weeda  and  other  plants  (unless 
you  irr'gate).  or  they  will  not  find  the  requi- 
site moisture  to  complete  a  growth.  It  will 
be  an  advant  ige,  where  sand  can  be  obtained, 
to  mix  sand  with  the  surface  soil  in  both  veg. 
etable  and  flower  garden-  This  is  generally 
easy  of  access  to  most  farms,  in  some  creek 
bed  or  old  drift. 

Try  the  "  experiment,"  brother  farmer, 
this  once.  Pulverize  the  soil,  pile  on  the 
manure,  put  in  the  seeds,  and  you  will  never 
again  be  without  a  home  garden. 


Honey. — E.  H.  Lewis,  of  Gilroy,  who 
has  been  on  a  visit  East,  says  that  some 
ten  car  loads  of  southern  California 
honey  arrived  at  New  York  while  he  was 
there,  and  the  best  sold  at  15  to  16  cents 
per  pound  wholesale.  Probably  the  cost 
from  San  Francisco  to  New  York  was 
$50  per  ton,  or  2%  cents  per  pound. 
Allow  ^  per  cent  from  Los  Angeles  to 
San  Francisco,  and  an  average  of  12 
cents  par  pound  will  probably  come  at 
the  actual  value  at  shipping  point.  Here 
in  San  Jose  we  have  to  pay  25  cents 
for  San  Diego  honey  at  retail. 


The  Close  of  the  present  volume  and 
the  approach  of  a  new  year,  is  an  event 
in  the  life  of  the  Calitoenia  Agkicul- 
TCEisT.  Never  has  it  been  on  so  popu- 
lar and  permanent  a  footing.  Its  friends 
are  multiplied,  and  friendships  strength- 
ened; its  field  is  extended,  and  its  work 
grown  more  and  more  into  favor  and 
usefulness.  We  acknowledge  the  many 
kindly  words  with  thankfulness,  and  the 
material  aid  with  leelings  of  gratifica- 
tion and  gratitude.  The  past  has  not 
been  without  its  trials  as  well  as  pleas- 
urcs.  The  future  gleams  brightly,  and 
hope  will  only  inspire  to  greater  efforts 
and  expectations.  Wo  determine  that 
the  coming  volume  shall  be  everything 
that  a  labor  of  constant  application  and 
love  can  make  it. 


CO-OPERATIVE  SELLING. 

It  has  been  well  said  that  more  money 
is  to  be  made  by  farmers  by  co-operative 
selling  than  from  co-operative  buying. 
Thus  far,  however,  more  atttntion  has 
been  given  to  co  operative  buying  than 
to  co-operative  selling.  The  bee-keepers 
of  San  Diego  county  have  formed  an 
association  for  co-operative  selling. 
They  propose  to  ship  all  their  honey 
through  this  association,  which  will  ex- 
amine, grade  and  put  up  the  honey, 
the  hoCiey  cases  will  all  bear  the  brand 
of  the  association,  and  they  jiropose  to 
gain  a  standard  reputation  throuL'h  fair 
dealing.  Our  wheat  growers  could  asso- 
ciate through  the  grange,  or  some  other 
medium,  and  be  the  gainers.  The  wheat 
could  bo  all  subject  to  examination  and 
grading  as  to  quality  and  cleanliness, 
and  proportioned  in  price  according   to 


merit.  The  shipping  could  be  done 
through  such  agents  as  may  be  elected 
each  year  from  out  the  members  ot  the 
association  for  that  purpose.  The  farm- 
ers themselves  could  furnish  all  the  ne- 
cessary capital,  and  be  independent  of 
every  designing  person  or  corporation. 
On  the  same  principle  our  fruit  growers 
can  associate  together  to  ship  fresh  fruits 
East;  only  in  this  case,  where  fruits  are 
put  up  by  each  person  without  inspec- 
tion, the  individual  brand  of  the  growers 
is  necessary,  and  accounts  of  value  ac- 
cording to  quality  would  be  subject  to 
gradation  after  sales.  The  whole  scope 
of  eastern  markets  could  be  reached  and 
supplied  through  such  co-operative  ef- 
forts. This  is  a  subject  worthy  of  at- 
tention, and  we  are  glad  to  see  that  our 
producers  are  very  generally  thinking 
upon  it. 


ENQUIRIES. 

Ed.  AoEictjLTUEisT; — Will  you  please 
inform  me  where  I  can  get  some  Black 
Poland  hens,  full  blood,  and  the  price 
of  the  same?  And  oblige, 

Y'ours,  A.  French, 

Salinas  City. 
Who  can  answer? 


Editor   Agriculturist:   Dear  Sir — If 
you  know  any  party  having  the  "Poland 
China"    breed    of    swine,    jiure    breed, 
please  to  give  me  the  P.  0.  address. 
J.  Eathgeb,  Sr.,  San  Andres. 

Who  can  answer? 

A  subscriber  asks  :  "  Who  on  this 
Coast  is  buying  mohair,  and  what  is 
first  class  mohair  worth?"  Ans. — No 
one  at  present.  Thos.  Bailey  &  Co, 
near  the  S.  P.  R.  E.  depot,  San  Fran- 
cisco, are  receiving  and  shipping  to  New 
York.  They  sold  Stockton  &  Buflum's 
fleece  last  season  with  satisfactory  re- 
sults. First  class  mohair  ranges  from 
60  to  90  cents,  so  we  are  informed  by 
Angora  goat  breeders. 


ILLEGAL   VOTING. 

A  Remedy  Proposed. 

Says  the  IS^evada  Transc7'ipt :  It  is  a  la- 
mentable fact  that  there  are  American 
citizens  who  so  lightly  regard  the  duties 
of  citizenship,  that  they  will  vote  early 
and  often,  and  if  it  is  necessary  to  com- 
mit fraud  to  do  it,  they  even  then  do  not 
hesitate.  No  good  citizen  desires  to 
have  such  practices  continued,  even  if 
his  own  political  party  gains  thereby. 
The  Jlarysville  Appeal  resents  a  remedy 
which  we  think  will  just  fit  the  case  and 
put  a  stop  to  the  evil.  It  says:  "The 
next  Constitutional  Amendment  neces- 
sary to  save  our  republic,  if  it  is  savea- 
ble,  is  one  forever  disfranchising  any 
man  who  in  any  way  corrupts  the  ballot 
box,  either  by  voting  illegally,  inducing 
any  other  person  to  do  so,  or  buying  a 
vote.  In  the  case  of  buying  and  selling, 
both  should  be  forever  disfranchised. 
Such  an  amendment  would  check  the 
villian  whose  work  is  making  honest 
men  sick  of  universal  suffrage. 


MiXD,  Matter,  Money,  Beauty.  — 
Webster's  Quarto  Dictionary,  as  now 
l)ublished,  has  cost  more  intellectual  la- 
bor, more  money  in  its  "getting  up," 
and  contains  more  matter,  and  a  larger 
number  of  beautiful  engravings,  (3000 
or  more,  with  four  pages  of  colored 
plates,)  than  any  single  volume  ever  be- 
fore published  for  popular  use  iu  this  or 
any  other  country.  It  is  largely  ihe 
standard  in  England  as  well  as  in  this 
country.  BtU  &  Daldy,  the  publishers 
of  Bohu's  libraries,  are  the  London  pub- 
lishers of  this  magnificent  volume. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


181 


Siatllcultttt*c* 


HOW  TO  PLANT  AN  OECHARD. 

The  Best  Varieties  of  Fruits  for  a 
Family  Orchard. 

Also  Some    Hints  iis   to  the  Care  and 
Culture  of  Orchards,  etc, 

GOOD   FRUITS    A    BLESSING. 

W  NOTHEE,  season,  promising  to  bo 
al  favorable  for  orchard  planting  and 
the  growth  of  transplanted  trees, 
is  upon  us,  encouraging  every  per- 
Coj"  son  who  has  a  place  to  plant  trees 
to  cultivate  an  orchard.  To  advise  per- 
sons who  have  not  already  all  the  or- 
chard that  they  need,  to  plant  trees, 
seems,  in  this  age  of  intelligence,  as  su- 
perfluous. Still  we  know  that  not  every 
one  has  realized  the  enjoyment  that  it 
gives,  or  is  aware  of  the  importance  of  a 
home  orchard,  and  the  value  of  a  supply 
of  fruits  for  family  use.  A  few  years 
back,  and  orchards  were  the  exception; 
few  persons  appeciated  the  value  of 
fruits  for  food.  As  the  world  progresses 
few  are  now  to  be  found  who  would  be 
wholly  without  it.  No  class  of  food  has 
a  greater  dietic  value  than  good  fruits. 
Persons  who,  with  other  sorts  of  food  in 
abundance,  habitually  eat  largely  of 
fruits,  are  seldom  or  never  sick.  There 
is  no  better  regulator  of  stomach  and 
bowels.  Fruit  of  some  kind  should  al- 
ways be  put  upon  the  table,  and  in  such 
quantity  as  to  satisfy  the  appetites  of 
every  person.  It  is  as  nutritious,  and 
should  be  as  jilenty  and  as  cheap  as  any 
other  food.  Once  habituated  to  it,  and 
partaking  of  it  regularly,  no  pills  or 
other  physic  will  ever  be  necessary.  No 
indigestible  pickles  will  be  wanted,  no 
unnatural  craving  for  vinegar  will  tor- 
ment the  stomach.  This  we  can  say 
from  our  own  experience,  and  that  of 
our  family.  Deprive  us  of  our  regular 
fruit  at  the  table,  and  we  should  soon 
get  sick  and  need  physic.  With  it  di- 
gestion need  never  be  disan-anged.  The 
best  authorities  teem  with  evidences  of 
the  value  of  fruit  as  human  food.  Of 
course  we  are  in  favor  of  orchards  and 
fruits  for  every  family  and  advise  their 
culture. 

OUE    ANNUAL    ADVICE. 

Again  we  venture  to  give  the  best  ob- 
tainable advice  from  practical  orchardists 
as  to  the  best  varieties  of  fruit  trees  to 
plant  for  a  home  orchard,  and  for  profit. 

We  find  it  necessary  to  repeat  the  most 
important  parts  of  previous  articles;  in 
fact,  we  simply  revise  our  former  ones, 
making  such  corrections,  additions  and 
alterations  as  the  experience  of  our  best 
orchardists  have  developed.  There  may 
be  some  good  varieties  of  fruit  that  we 
have  not  included  in  our  list,  but  cer- 
tainly we  aim  to  give  none  but  what  are 
first-rate  and  well  adaj)ted  to  the  condi- 
tions of  soil  and  the  peculiar  climate  of 
California.  We  do  not  give  selections 
from  guess  work,  nor  in  the  interest  of 
any  party,  but  have  taken  the  most  care- 
ful pains  to  be  as  correct  and  reliable  as 
possible  for  the  general  good  of  our 
readers. 

THE  FAMILY  OKCHAKD. 

For  a  family  orchard,  more  varieties 
than  for  a  market  orchard  should  be  se- 
lected. A  succession  of  ripening  should 
be  chosen,  from  early  to  late.  A  few 
early  varieties  are  enough,  as  what  are 
not  at  once  consumed  ^^-ill  decay.  More 
trees  of  late  sorts  should  be  chosen,  for 
the  keeping  qualities  of  late  ripening 
fruits  will  extend  the  time  for  consump- 
tion. The  best  fruits  for  canning  are 
neither  the  very  earliest   nor   the  latest 


varieties;  and  as  putting  up  fruits  her- 
metically has  come  to  be  an  important 
consideration,  in  addition  to  drying 
fruits,  more  trees  of  a  medium  ripening 
kind  are  required  for  a  complete  family 
orchard  than  formerly. 

FKUITS    ADAPTED    TO    LOCALITIES. 

For  a  market  orchard  but  few  varieties 
are  profitable  to  cultivate,  and  they 
should  be  grown  with  a  view  of  com- 
manding the  highest  prices;  eouse(iueut- 
ly  they  should  be  only  of  the  hand- 
somest sorts,  and  such  as  will  ripen  or 
be  ready  lor  market  at  the  season  when 
there  is  the  best  demand  for  them.  The 
locality  and  efiect  of  climatic  conditions 
must  be  considered  in  the  matter  of  se- 
lecting fruits  for  market,  and  also  for  a 
homo  orchard.  For  instance,  at  II.iITi's- 
ville,  Sacramento,  and  other  heated 
portions  of  our  great  valleys,  as  also 
in  the  lower  foot-hills  of  the  Sier- 
ras, the  very  earliest  apples,  pears,  apri- 
cots, peaches,  cherries  and  grapes,  will 
bring  the  best  prices  in  San  Francisco, 
because  in  these  localities  growers  can 
produce  fruits  several  weeks  ahead  of 
many  other  portions  of  the  State.  At 
San  .lose,  and  within  the  influence  of 
the  sea  climate,  such  apples  as  the  Alex- 
ander, Maiden's  Blush,  etc. — Fall  ap- 
ples— are  as  profitable  as  any  that  can  bo 
grown.  We  can  get  them  into  market 
after  the  run  of  early  apples  is  over  and 
before  the  Oregon  Winter  apples  flood 
the  market.  Winter  ajiples  are  also 
profitable  to  cultivate  in  San  Jose,  and 
in  all  cool  portions  of  the  State,  and 
particularly  along  the  coast,  and  also 
high  up  in  the  mountain  regions.  In 
Nevada  they  can  grow  very  excellent 
winter  apples.  But  owing  to  the  near- 
ness to  the  sea  and  the  cool  climate,  San 
Jose  is  six  weeks  behind  Marysville  in 
ripening  early  apples.  While  the  early 
ajjples  that  grow  at  Marysville  are  very 
fine,  the  Fall  and  Winter  fruits  grown 
there  are  comparatively  inferior.  At  San 
Jose  superior  apples  can  be  produced  of 
any  variety.  Near  the  bay,  currants, 
gooseberries,  strawberries,  etc.,  of  supe- 
rior quality  are  produced.  These  fruits 
need  a  moist,  cool  atmosphere  to  grow 
the  finest.  They  will  also  do  fairly  in 
cool  mountain  regions,  while  in  the  hot- 
ter interior  valleys  few  or  none  are 
grown,  as  they  will  not  do  so  well.  So 
great  is  the  influence  of  climate  on  fruits 
that  it  is  a  matter  of  much  importance, 
in  connection  with  the  demands  and  sup- 
ply of  markets,  for  orchardists  to  fully 
understand  the  nature  of  plants  and  ef- 
fect of  climatic  conditions  on  fruit, 
gi'owth  and  production. 

There  are  special  varieties  best  suited 
to  dry  localities.  For  instance  where 
the  Rambo  and  Wine  Sap  yarieties  of 
apples  will  dry  up  so  as  to  bo  worthless, 
the  Skinner's  Seedling  and  Gravestein 
will  do  very  well.  The  Newton  Pippin 
will  make  a  better  apple  on  dry  soils 
than  the  White  Winter  Pearmain,  but 
the  former  falls  oft'  badly,  while  the  lat- 
ter hangs  on  in  such  localities. 

BEST  PLACE  FOK  AN  OKCHARD. 

The  home  orchard  should  be  laid  out 
with  an  eye  to  beautifying  the  place  as 
well  as  furnishing  fruit  for  the  family. 
Let  the  orchard  be  a  background  to  the 
residence,  so  as  to  give  the  home  a  look  of 
completeness.  It  should  not  block  a 
fine  desirable  view  from  the  house,  nor 
be  set  where  it  will  hide  the  house  from 
the  best  view  of  the  highway.  Let  it 
be  laid  out  in  conformity  to  some  ma- 
tured plan  and  to  the  surroundings  to 
the  best  advantage,  and  where  it  will  be 
handy  to  the  house. 

SHELTERING  THE  ORCHARD. 

Where  there  is  not  a  natural  shelter 
for  an  orchai'd  one  should  be  provided 


by  planting  trees — evergreens  are  best — 
on  the  two  sides  from  whence  blow  pre- 
vailing winds.  Acacia,  pepper  trees,  and 
Monterey  cypress  are  perhaps  the  best 
to  plant  in  hedge  form  for  shelter.  It 
will  certainly  pay  to  provide  some  break- 
wind,  and  even  willows  are  better  than 
nothing.  This  matter  of  providing  a 
shelter  is  of  much  importxince  in  many 
sections  of  the  country,  and  our  readers 
cannot  be  too  strongly  impressed  with 
the  idea.  If  an  orchard  is  laid  out  so  as 
to  cover  more  ground  than  the  fruit  trees 
will  occupy,  clumps  of  evergreens  can  be 
set  out  at  intervals  through  as  well  as 
around  it,  and  will  more  perfectly  shelter 
the  orchard,  and  make  it  like  a  laid  out 
park,  ornamental  as  well  as  useful.  This 
idea  might  be  carried  out  on  most  farms 
with  miich  advantage. 

PhEPARINO    THE  SOIL. 

In  preparing  the  soil  for  an  orchard 
we  believe  it  best  to  plow  deep,  narrow 
furrows,  and  cross-plow.  The  reason 
for  cross-plowing  is  this:  After  first  deep 
plowing  the  surface  soil  is  underneath. 
It  should  be  left  where  it  belongs,  on 
top.  The  cross-plowing  brings  up  the 
most  of  it,  and  iralverizes  the  whole  to- 
gether. Harrow  with  long  teeth  weight- 
ed harrows,  so  as  to  thoroughly  pulver- 
ize the  soil.  At  any  rate,  let  the  pulver- 
ization of  the  soil  be  perfect,  whether 
you  plow  deeji  or  shallow. 

AFTER  CARE  OF  THE  SOIL. 

As  to  the  after  care  and  treatment, 
keep  the  surface  of  the  soil  throughont 
the  orchard  loose  and  light,  and  free 
from  weeds,  all  through  the  season,  and 
especially  during  Spring  and  Summer. 
Never  sow  grain  or  grass  in  the  orchard, 
no  matter  who  advises  it.  If  the  land 
is  naturally  moist,  or  can  be  irrigated, 
vegetables  may  be  planted  and  kept  cul- 
tivated between  the  rows;  but  on  dry 
soil,  let  the  trees  have  all  the  advantage 
of  clean,  well  pulverized  soil,  so  that 
they  can  resist  the  drouth  of  Summer 
and  gi'ow  rapidly.  An  orchard  stunted 
while  young  can  never  fully  recover.  A 
bearing  orchard  should  be  liberally  ma- 
nured, always  upon  the  surface.  No 
matter  how  coarse  the  manure — it  will 
answer  as  a  mulching  until  it  decays. 
Never  plow  a  bearing  orchard  deeply.  A 
shallow  plowing  may  do  to  turn  under  a 
growth  of  weeds,  but  it  is  better  to  not 
allow  the  weeds  to  grow.  Cultivate  it 
thoroughly  and  work  the  surface  often 
enough  to  destroy  all  weeds. 

LAYING  OUT  FOR  AN  ORCHARD. 

Lay  out  your  grounds  so  as  to  set  all 
trees  (if  for  a  family  orchard)  at  uniform 
distances,  to  facilitate  cultivation.  Some 
trees  will  bear  to  be  closer  than  others, 
but  for  a  homo  orchard  calculate  to  have 
all  trees  between  15  and  20  feet  apart. 
On  rich,  moist  soil,  and  in  a  sheltered 
place,  the  trees  should  be  set  further 
than  on  poorer  soil  in  an  exposed  situa- 
tion. The  experience  of  our  orchardists 
causes  them  to  generally  agree  in  the 
practice  of  closer  planting  than  is 
advised  by  eastern  fruit-growers.  We 
think  16  feet  far  enough  for  any  fruit 
trees.  The  training  shoiild  accommodate 
them  to  that  space,  and  the  fruit  will  be 
all  the  better  for  it. 

To  make  true  lines  and  set  trees  in 
perfect  line,  is  much  neater  than  careless 
planting.  As  an  aid  to  this,  a  long  wire 
with  marks  m.ide  by  twisting  on  sticks  se- 
curely at  regular  distances  we  have  found 
to  be  an  excellent  line  for  staking  off  an 
orchard — a  twine  will  stretch  too  much. 
Find  a  base-line  for  one  side  of  the  or- 
chard, then  get  a  true  right  angle  tit  one 
end,  cornering  on  the  first  line.  Stake  off 
these  lines  at  the  right  distance  for  the 
trees;  then,  by  setting  the  wire  by  the 
stakes  of  either  side  and  ran  ing  paral- 


lel lines,  sticking  the  stakes  at  each  mark 
on  the  wire,  the  rows  will  come  perfectly 
in  line  without  any  squinting  or  labori- 
ous sighting  with  the  eyes. 

Usually  there  is  not  care  enough  taken 
in  lajing  off  the  ground  and  staking. 
It  is  looked  upon  as  lost  time.  This  is 
a  mistake.  A  day  or  two  spent  in  stak- 
ing oft"  is  well-spent  time.  You  will  find 
it  out  to  your  sorrow  if  you  do  not  work 
deliberately  at  this  part  of  your  job. 
Stakes  should  be  two  or  three  feet  long, 
and  need  not  be  more  than  one-half  inch 
square.  Stick  one  where  each  tree  is  to 
be  set, — lay  out  the  whole  before  setting 
a  tree. 

THERE  ARE  TWO  METHODS 
Of  laying  out  an  orchard,  one  the  square 
and  the  other  the  quincunx. 


THE   SQUARE 

is  by  drawing  straight  lines  across  each 
other  at  equal  distances,  like  a  checker- 
board, and  planting  the  trees  where  tha 
lines  cross  each  other. 


THE  QUINCUNX 

Is  formed  by  planting  one  row  on  the 
cross  lines  and  the  next  between  tbe 
cross  lines.  But  in  order  to  get  the 
trees  equidistant  a  little  figuring  must 
be  done.  For  instance,  if  you  want  your 
trees  just  IG  feet  apart,  lay  off  yonr  rows 
13  feet  10  and  6-15ths  inches  asunder, 
and  plant  yonr  first  row  of  trees  16  feet 
from  each  other.  The  first  tree  of  your 
second  row  plant  8  feet  from  your  start- 
ing line,  and  then  go  on  16  feet  apart  as 
in  the  first  row.  Begin  and  plant  your 
third  row  as  you  did  your  first,  and  the 
fourth  as  you  did  the  second,  and  so  on, 
breaking  joints,  as  it  were,  in  each  row. 
This  will  give  you  a  true  quincunx,  Ifl 
feet  apart  in  every  direction. 

For  trees  20  feet  apart,  lay  off  the  rows 
17  feet  -t  inches  and  plant  the  trees  20 
feet  apart  in  the  rows  as  before  ex- 
plained. 

The  quincunx  makes  a  beautiful  or- 
chard and  is  a  very  good  arrangement, 
for  it  enables  one  to  flU  up  his  ground 
neatly  and  profitably,  and  does  away 
with  the  necessity  of  his  cultivating  :i 
single  foot  of  unoccupied  space. 

DIOOINO    HOLES  AND  PLANTING  TREES. 

Some  object  to  the  word  hole  as  ap- 
plied to  tree  planting,  but  we  regard  it 
as  a  good  word,  although  a  badly  dag 
hole  is  an  abomination.  There  seems 
to  be  some  difference  of  opinion  among 
good  orchardists  as  to  how  trees  should 
be  planted.  All  seem  agreed  that  in 
loose  soil  large  holes  are  not  needed. 
Make  the  holes  oijy  large  and  deep 
enough  to  take  the  roots  at  the  natural 
depth  without  cramping.  Let  the  hole 
be  a  little  the  deepest  at  the  edges  and 
highest  in  the  centre,  so  that  the  roots 
will  incline  a  little  down  as  the  tree 
rests  upon  the  bottom,  or  bed.  Dr. 
Strentzcl,  of  Martinez,  says  that  large 
holes  in  heavy  clay  soil  are  indispens- 
able. In  this  case  make  the  bed  under 
the  trees  with  surface  soil  well  pulver- 
ized. In  all  cases  be  sure  that  each  root 
IS  laid  in  a  natural  position,   and  that 


182 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


nothing  but  clean  earth  is  placed  in  con- 
tact with  the  roots,  as  manure  or  trash 
of  any  kind  induces  a  mold  or  fuugus 
growth  that  is  poisonous  to  the  tree. 
What  we  said  last  year  as  to  the  matter 
of  planting  trees  we  repeat.  There  are 
a  great  many  hobbies  that  are  passing 
current  as  coin  in  orchard  matters  that 
should  be  exploded,  which  are  yearly 
repeated  by  nurserymen  and  newspapers 
about  digging  immense  holes  and  jmt- 
ting  trash  under  trees,  etc.  Don't  put 
manure  or  other  trash  under  your  trees 
when  you  plant  them.  Put  no  manure 
or  rubbish  into  the  holes  about  the  roots. 
You  can  put  in  lighter,  sandier  soil, 
when  planting  trees  on  clay  land,  to 
good  advantage.  Plant  the  tree  at  about 
the  same  depth  as  it  grew,  in  clean  soil, 
laying  the  roots  in  a  natural  position 
pointing  a  little  downward.  You  may 
put  all  the  manure  on  the  surface,  after 
the  tree  is  planted,  that  you  please,  but 
remember,  never  put  manure  next  to 
the  roots  for  fear  of  rotting  them,  nor 
under  the  tree  in  our  dry  climate,  as 
without  irrigation  it  would  dry  them  up. 

A  TEEE-PLANTER. 

Usually  it  takes  two  men  to  plant  out 
trees;  one  to  hold  the  trees  in  ijosition 
and  one  to  fill  in  the  soil.  It  is  also 
found  to  be  difficult  to  set  the  tree  in  the 
bole  exactly  where  the  stake  stood  before 
the  hole  was  dug,  and  the  orchard  is  set 
out  of  line  in  sjjite  of  all  care.  A  simple 
implement  can  be  made  in  a  few  minutes 
that  will  make  true  work — a  triange  made 
of  strips  of  board  three  or  four  feet  long, 
solidly  fastened  at  the  corners.  Place 
one  corner  of  the  triangle  at  the  foot  of 
the  stake,  and,  as  it  lays  on  the  ground, 
stick  wooden  pins  at  the  two  other  cor- 
ners. Remove  the  stake  and  triangle, 
and  after  you  dig  the  hole  you  will  find 
that  you  can  replace  the  stake  exactly  in 
true  line  by  laying  the  two  corners  of 
the  triangle  at  their  respective  pins,  as 
at  first.  A  triangle  with  solid  pins  a 
foot  long  at  two  corners  to  hold  it  fast 
to  the  gi-ound,  and  a  clasp  or  strap  to 
hold  the  tree  in  positson  at  the  third 
corner,  can  be  set  in  position  to  the 
stake  and  the  tree  be  held  while  it  is 
planted.  In  this  way  the  trees  can  al- 
ways be  planted  exactly  in  row,  and 
with  much  less  labor. 

Tread  the  soil  firmly  about  the  tree, 
so  that  the  winds  shall  not  shake  it 
loose  in  the  soil,  particularly  where  the 
soil  is  light.  In  dry  soil  a  good  watering 
when  planted  is  good,  particularly  when 
the  trees  are  planted  late  in  the  season. 
We  advise  early  planting  by  all  means, 
when  it  can  be  well  done.  Planting  late 
is  better  than  not  to  plant  at  all. 

HANDLING  AND  SELECTION  OF  TREES. 

Selecting  the  trees  is  a  matter  of  very 
much  importance.  Let  every  tree  be  of 
healthy  growth  and  of  symmetrical  form. 
Stunted  trees,  or  such  as  look  bad  in  the 
nursery,  are  seldom  worth  having  at  any 
price.  Right  here  we  will  say  that  to 
select  fine  trees,  it  is  necessary  to  pur- 
chase trees  early  in  the  season,  before 
the  nurseries  have  been  culled  over  and 
over  again  by  other  purchasers.  Even 
if  one  does  not  wish  to  set  the  trees  out 
early,  it  is  always  best  to  purchase  early, 
and  then  heel  the  trees  in  on  your  own 
place.  Nurserymen  always  find  it  to 
their  advantage  to  take  the  tree  up  early 
and  heel  them  in,  for  their  own  conven- 
ience of  making  sale.  It  is  the  best 
plan— does  not  injure  the  trees  in  the 
least  if  well  done. 

To  heel  in  the  trees,  dig  a  trench  0 
inches  deep  and  :iO  inches  wide,  stanil 
the  trees  upright  in  this  trench,  as  close 
as  convenient  without  crowding  the  roots 
too  much,  and  fill  in  the  clean  earth 
among  them,  shaking  them  and  covering 


the  roots  thoroughly,    so    that    no   air 
spaces  are  left  among  the  roots. 

Do  not  expose  the  roots  to  the  wind, 
sun,  or  drying  air  any  longer  than  you 
can  help.  Careless  handling,  bruising 
and  exposure  is  very  injurious.  Good, 
healthy,  clean  roots,  not  torn  to  pieces 
by  digging  up,  will  insure  a  fine  healthy 
growth,  under  other  favorable  condi- 
tions. 

PKCTNING  TOPS    AND  ROOTS. 

Before  a  tree  is  planted  in  orchard  the 
ends  of  rhe  roots,  if  ragged  or  bruised, 
should  be  smoothly  cut  ofl'  with  a  sharp 
knife,  that  the  healing  may  be  rapid  and 
sound.  It  is  advised  to  delay  the  trim- 
ming of  the  tops  of  newly  transplanted 
trees  until  the  buds  swell'  in  the  spring. 
Then  cut  back  much  or  little  as  you 
choose,  being  governed  by  the  form  of 
the  tree,  and  looking  to  the  production 
of  a  fine,  well  formed  head.  Limbs 
that  run  nearly  horizontally  from  the 
trunk  are  not  liable  to  split  off  or  break 
down,  but  all  limbs  that  are  growing 
crotched  with  the  trunk  should  be  re- 
moved, or  they  will  some  day  split  down 
under  a  load  of  fruit,  to  the  great  injury 
of  the  tree.  It  is  best  to  remove  all  of 
the  upright  shoots  and  limbs  that  can  be 
easily  split  down,  while  the  tree  is  young, 
and  only  strongly  jointed  horizontal 
limbs  should  be  encouraged  to  grow.  A 
single  upright  leading  stalk  or  stem  is 
enough  for  a  well  formed  tree.  Encour- 
age the  growth  of  loio  spreading  limbs 
but  do  not  allow  them  to  get  too  long,  so 
as  to  bend  around  sideways  or  obstruct 
the  use  of  the  cultivator.  The  side 
limbs  the  hight  that  a  man  can  reach 
will  give  the  main  spread  to  a  tree  to 
good  advantage. 

ENEMIES  OF  A  YOTJNG  ORCHARD. 

The  two  worst  are  gophers  and  borers. 
It  is  little  use  to  plant  trees  in  ground 
badly  infested  with  gophers  until  the 
rodents  are  exterminated.  And  as  long 
as  they  are  tolerated  in  an  orchard,  there 
can  never  be  success  in  growing  trees  or 
pi-oducing  fruits.  They  naturally  in- 
crease wherever  they  once  get  a  footing 
in  garden  or  orchard.  Incessant  war 
must  be  waged  against  them,  with  eats, 
shooting,  trapping  and  poisoning.  Trap- 
ping and  poisoning  are  the  sure  eradica- 
tors. 

The  best  natural  preventative  against 
borers  is  to  shade  the  stem  of  the  trees. 
This  can  best  be  done  by  winding  strips 
of  cloth  about  the  trunk,  from  the 
ground  up  to  the  limbs.  Be  sure  to 
cover  the  base  of  the  tree,  as  the  borers 
are  most  likely  to  attack  the  tree  clo.ss  to 
the  ground.  Another  good  way  is  to 
put  two  clapboards  on  the  south  and 
west  sides.  Set  them  firmly  in  the 
ground;  they  will  shade  the  trunk  for 
years,  and  prevent  borers  as  well  as  keep 
the  bark  fresh  and  healthy.  The  reason 
of  this  is  that  while  the  bark  of  the 
tree  is  cool,  the  borer  moth  will  not  lay 
eggs  in  the  bark,  and  if  it  did  they  ^ 
would  not  hatch.  It  is  only  upon  such 
trees  as  get  heated  by  exposure  to  the 
sun  that  the  borers  are  hatched.  Even 
if  the  borer  should  not  attack  the  tree, 
it  IS  damaging  to  the  tree  to  have  its 
trunk  exposed  to  the  hot  sun,  as  the 
scalled  bark  becomes  shriveled,  the 
scalled  sap  is  diseased,  and  the  tree  be- 
comes bark-bound  and  sufl'ers.  Until 
your  trees  shade  their  own  trunks  it  is 
best  to  shade  them  by  all  means.  Dr. 
Strentzel  writes  us  that  a  thick  coating 
of  paint  to  the  stem  of  a  young  tree  is 
the  cheapest  and  best  application  to  keep 
out  borers. 

Rabbits  of  evei-y  variety  are  very  de- 
structive to  fruit  trees.  In  districts 
where  they  are  numerous  a  good  tight 
fence  should  bo  made   so  as  to  exclude 


them.     They  girdle  the  trees  when  other 
green  feed  is  scarce. 

Ground  squirrels  will  climb  the  young 
stalks  of  trees  and  eat  ofi'  every  bud, 
killing  the  tree  to  its  roots.  They  also 
rob  the  trees  of  fruit.  Kill  oft'  the 
squirrels. 

Caterpillars  should  not  be  allowed  to 
denude  the  young  trees  of  foliage.  Look 
out  for  this  with  a  watchful  eye. 

The  green  aphis,  the  woolly  aphis,  and 
the  scale  insect  are  best  kept  away  by 
washing  with  strong  soapsuds,  in  which 
a  little  kerosene  carbolic  acid  is  put.  Too 
much  kerosene  is  injurious  to  the  tree. 
Dry  lime  dust  is  also  good  for  the  green 
louse. 

Allow  no  horses,  cattle,  or  sheep  to 
run  in  the  orchard.  Pigs  and  chickens 
will  do  no  harm  ordinarily.  Only  when 
jiigs  can  get  no  other  green  feed,  they 
may  girdle  the  trees. 

Chickens  should  be  allowed  the  run  of 
the  orchard.  There  is  no  better  range 
for  them,  and  they  will  eat  all  sorts  of 
destructive  insects,  also  many  weeds  and 
seeds. 

The  few  hints  given  above  are  the  con- 
clusions drawn  from  long  experience  and 
deliberate  study  and  thought,  and  may 
be  depended  upon  as  being  reliable  ad- 
vice. 

We  will  now  give  a 

LIST    OF    BEST    FRUITS    FOR    A    FAMILY    OR- 
CHARD. 

In  this  list  we  have  been  assisted  by 
some  of  the  best  orchardists  in  this 
State,  and  relj'  chiefly  on  the  suggestions 
of  Mr.  G.  W.  Tarleton  of  San  Jose,  than 
whom  there  is  not  a  more  careful,  thor- 
ough or  better  orchardist  in  California. 
His  word  is  authority  upon  this  subject. 
The  number  and  proportion  that  we  give 
is  for  a  common  family  orchard.  Per- 
sons planting  trees  for  market  should 
of  course  be  governed  by  a  dift'erent 
rule. 


Early — Three  Red  Astrachau;  2  Red 
June;  2  White  Astrachau;  2  Golden  Pip- 
pin; 3  Skinner's  Seedling,  or  Maiden's 
Blush;  1  Gravenstein;  1  Early  Sweet 
Bow,  for  baking.  The  Golden  Pippin  is 
a  very  tart  and  high  flavored  apple,  mak- 
ing it  desirable  for  cooking  and  drying. 
It  does  not  dry  white  as  some;  not  so 
fine  for  market  as  for  home  use.  The 
Gravenstein  falls  from  the  tree  badly  be- 
fore ripening,  but  is  fine  for  eating. 
Skinner's  Seedling  hangs  well  to  the 
tree,  is  an  extra  eating  and  cooking  ap- 
ple, and  good  for  drying. 

Early  Winter  Apples — Six  Y'ellow  Bell- 
flower;  2  Jonathan;  1  Smith's  Cider. 

The  apples  that  dry  white,  and  are  in 
demand  l)y  the  Alden  factories  for  dessi- 
cation  are  Skinner's  Seedling,  Graven- 
stein, Smith's  Cider,  Fall  Pippin,  Wine 
Sap,  and  last  but  not  least,  the  Y'ellow 
Bellflower. 

Late  Keeping  Apple^f — 10  Yellow  Newton 
Pippins;  3  AVhite  Winter  Pearmain;  1 
Nickerjack,  and  1   late  Talman's  Sweet. 

This  makes  35  apple  trees,  all  extra 
good  kinds  for  California.  There  are 
other  sorts,  favorites  with  some.  Of 
course  we  advise  each  person  to  have  a 
tree  of  !us  favorite  in  addition  to  this 
list. 

For  an  apple  orchard  for  profit  where 
winter  apples  ripen  late,  as  in  Santa 
Clara  county,  and  keej)  well,  the  Newton 
I'ippin  is  the  very  best  one  to  pl4nt. 
Some  orchardists  say  the  only  one  from 
one  acre  to  a  hundred  acres  would  bo  the 
Newton  Pippin. 

This  selection  will  make  a  respectable 
orchard  for  any  farmer  for  family  use. 
Persons  living  in  the  hot  interior  valhys 
should  consult  orchardists  there  as  to 
what  particular  early  varieties   are   most 


profitable  for  early  market.  For  a  fam- 
ily orchard  the  varieties  we  have  men- 
tioned are  very  choice,  and  succeed  each 
other  admirably  in  the  very  order  in 
which  we  have  given  them. 

PEARS.  * 

Early  and  Late,  as  they  come  in  suc- 
cession.—  Two  Dearborn  SeedlinRs;  1 
Madaline;  2  Buerre  Gifford;  4  Bartlett; 
1  Sickle;  2  Flemish  Beauty;  3  Buerre 
Hardy;  2  White  Boyenner;  5  Winter 
Nellis;  2  Easter  Buerre.  There  is  no 
better  flavored  pear  for  drying  or  can- 
ning than  the  Bartlett;  but  owing  to  the 
softness  of  the  core  when  ripe  enough  to 
dry  nicely,  it  will  not  hold  to  the  fork  of 
a  paring  machine,  and  is  not  so  profita- 
ble for  the  drying  factory  as  the  Flemish 
Beauty,  which  is  round,  smooth,  easily 
worked  on  a  machine,  and  is  one  of  the 
verj'  nicest  drying  pears.  But  for 
home  use  the  Bartlett  is  the  best,  and 
brings  the  highest  price  in  market  of  any 
dried  pear.  Last  year  we  named  Glout 
Morceau  and  Swan's  Orange  as  desirable 
drying  pears.  But  we  find  by  further 
investigation,  and  advice,  that  it  was  a 
mistake,  and  we  no  longer  recommend 
them.  The  Flemish  Beauty  is  an  excel- 
lent drying  pear.  Its  shape  is  round 
and  sm'ooth,  it  dries  white,  has  a  fine 
flavor,  and  for  easy  working  and  desira- 
ble qualities  has  no  equal.  Of  this  there 
is  no  mistake.  The  best  shipping  pears 
for  Eastern  markets  are  the  Winter  Nel- 
lis and  Easter  Buerre.  At  one  time  the 
Bartlett  and  Buerre  Hardy  were  thought 
the  best,  but  they  do  not  keep  well,  and 
arrive  there  when  Eastern  pears  are 
plentiful,  while  the  winter  varieties  get 
there  in  a  sound  condition  and  at  a  tirne 
when  Eastern  pears  are  not  brought  into 
competition  to  lower  prices. 

With  pears  as  well  as  apples,  those 
varieties  that  keep  longest  should  be  cul- 
tivated in  the  greatest  quantities.  The 
Bartlett  and  Flemish  Beauty  being  ex- 
cellent to  dry  and  can,  should  give  them 
preference  for  this  purpose. 

The  Winter  Nellis  is  the  very  best  fla- 
vored late  pear  for  home  market.  The 
Easter  Buerre  is  chiefly  valued  for  its 
long  keeping  qualities.  It  lasts  after  all 
others  are  gone. 

QUINCES. 

Two  Orange  variety.  Quinces  are  ex- 
cellent baking  fruit,  and  for  canning, 
either  alone  or  with  pears.  The  trees 
should  be  grown  like  a  shrub,  and  not 
be  pruned  up  into  a  slender  tree. 

PLUMS. 

One  Cherry  Plum;  1  Early  Golden 
Drop;  1  Royal  Hative;  1  Jefferson;  2 
Columbia;  2  Green  Gage;  2  Ickworth's 
Imperatrice;  2  Coe's  Late  Red.  The 
latter  plum  will  last  till  Christmas,  and 
is  desirable  chiefly  for  its  late  keeping 
qualities.  Best  for  canning  —  Grf en 
Gage.  Best  plums  for  drying,  are  Jef- 
ferson, Washington,  Ickworth's  Impera- 
trice, Columbia,  Rein  Claud  de  Bavey, 
General  Hand  and  Royal  Hative.  The 
Columbia  and  General  Hand  ai'e  really 
the  best,  as  the  flesh  of  both  is  remark- 
ably firm  and  substantial.  The  Royal 
Hative  is  a  fair  drying  plum  and  an  im- 
mense bearer.  Soft,  mushy  plums  are 
not  desirable  tor  drying,  but  the  plum 
that  has  a  rich  flavor,  solid  jnilp  and  is 
easily  pitted,  is  a  di'yiug  plum.  The 
Quackenboss  is  called  the  best  shipping 
])lum,  owing  to  its  beauty  and  keeping 
qualities. 

Nurserymen  graft  or  bud  a  good  many 
peach  stocks  with  plums.  The  following 
kinds  of  plums  do  as  well  or  better  on 
peach  than  on  phim  roots  wh<>n  jilunted 
on  light,  drained  soils,  (but  renu.mbir 
that  for  heavy  soils,  plums  do  best  on 
plum  roots,)  viz:  Royal  Native,  Y'ellow 
Egg,  Jefl'erson,  Imperial  Gage,  Duauc's 


'J^^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Purple,  Columbia,  Rein  Claud  de  Bavy 
or  late  Green  Gage,  Ickworth's  Im])era- 
trice.  General  Hand.  The  pruues  all  do 
well  on  peach  roots  in  light  soil,  also. 
The  plums  that  do  not  succeed  well  on 
peach  roots  are:  Quaekenboss,  Early 
Golden  Drop,  Coe's  Golden  Drop,  and 
Coe's  Late  Red;  also  the  true  Green 
Gage.  The  Quaekenboss  will  grow  well 
on  peach  roots  for  a  few  years,  and  then 
all  at  once  die. 

pnxrsEs. 
Two  Grosses  Prune  de  Agen;  2  Petti 
Prune  de  Agen;  3  Fellenburg.  The  Fel- 
lenbui-g,  or  German  Prune  is  the  best 
drying  prune,  and  is  coming  into  high 
favor  on  that  account  very  fast.  It  pits 
naturally,  is  high  flavored  with  firm 
flesh.  The  Petti  Prune  de  Agen  stands 
second,  but  is  rich  and  fine,  though 
small.  The  Grosse  Prune  de  Agen  is 
best  for  shipping,  owing  to  its  beauty, 
size  and  solidity.  It  adheres  to  the  pit 
too  tenaciously  to  be  a  favorite  for  dry- 
ing. This  is  what  we  wrote  last  season. 
But  now  that  Mr.  Tarleton's  cling-stoue 
fruit-pitter  is  invented,  we  regard  the 
Grosse  Prune  de  Agen  as  the  most  desi- 
rable drying  and  canning  prune.  For  a 
market  prune,  it  is  by  far  the  most  de- 
sirable, especially  for  shipjjiug  to  the 
East. 

PEACHES. 

Freestones — Two  Early  May,  2  Hall's 
Early,  2  Early  Crawford,  2  Strawberry, 
2  Late  Crawford,  2  Salway;  or  one  each 
if  you  choose. 

Clingstones — Two  Lemon,  2  Orange,  1 
George  4th,  1  Newingtou.  The  clings  are 
now  made  valuable  for  puttiug-up-fruit, 
by  Tarleton's  pitter,  and  may  be  culti- 
vated with  profit  in  large  numbers. 
This  list  of  peaches  has  been  care- 
fully revised  to  suit  the  San  Jose  cli- 
mate. Persons  selecting  varieties  for 
hot,  dry  sections  of  country,  may  choose 
differently. 

NECTAKISES. 

One  Hardwick,  1  New  White.  The 
nectarine  is  not  generally  a  favorite  for 
eating,  but  as  it  is  smooth-skinned, 
like  the  plum,  it  makes  a  very  fine  fruit 
when  dried  or  canned. 

APKICOTS. 

Two  Early  Golden,  2  Moorepark.  Nice 
for  cooking,  canning  and  drying,  as  well 
as  for  eating.  This  fruit  ripens  before 
peaches,  and  is  an  indispensible  fruit  for 
succession  in  a  family  orchard.  The 
Moorepark  is  the  best  market  apricot. 

CHEEEIES. 

Two  each  of  Governor  Wood,  Black 
Eagle,  Black  Tartarian,  Black  Arabian, 
Coe's  Transparent,  Kentish  or  Pie, 
Cleveland  Biggareau,  Napoleon  Biggar- 
eau.  The  Black  Tartarean  is  the  most 
profitable  market  cherry,  owing-  to  the 
regular  and  good  bearing  quality  of  the 
trees,  and  to  the  solidity  and  carrying 
quality  of  the  fruit,  which  will  not  dis- 
color when  bruised,  and  is  large,  hand- 
some, and  of  fine  flavor.  There  is  no 
better  canning  fruit  than  the  cherry;  also 
good  dried.  Do  not  be  deterred  from 
planting  cherry  trees  from  fear  of  the 
birds  destroj'ing  them.  Better  double 
or  treble  the  number  and  feed  the  birds. 
Remember  that  the  birds  want  "meat  as 
well  as  bread,"  insects  as  well  as  fruit, 
and  that  you  will  be  the  gainer  to  call 
them  to  your  orchard,  even  if  the}'  eat 
all  of  your  cherries.  But  don't  be 
alarmed;  you  can  manage  to  get  a  taste 
while  they  are  enjoying  a  meal  without 
shooting  or  otherwise  destroying  the 
birds. 

MULBERKIES. 

Black   and    Downing's    Everbearing. 

Trees   ornamental   as  well   as   good  for 


fruit.  This  fruit  ripens  about  the  same 
time  as  the  cherries.  Birds  are  very 
fond  of  them.  Plant  these  for  the  birds, 
among  or  near  your  cherry  trees. 

FIGS. 

Take  a  variety.  The  Black  Bruns- 
wick, White  Smyrna  and  Brown  Turkey 
are  as  good  as  any.  The  strong-growing 
kinds  make  fine,  spreading  ornamental 
trees. 

OEANGES. 

The  Navil,  St.  Michel  and  Si(!ily  are 
leading  grafted  sorts.  E.xperience  is 
yearly  showing  more  and  more  the 
adaptability  of  this  semi-tropical  fruit 
to  all  poi-tions  of  our  State  below  the 
snow  line  in  altitude.  It  requires  shel- 
ter from  winds  to  succeed  first  rate  any- 
where. After  the  tree  is  largo  enough 
to  provide  a  thick  shelter  of  leaves,  it 
will  withstand  our  heaviest  frosts  with- 
out injui-y.  But  while  small  it  should 
be  protected  by  a  tent  shelter  made  by 
tying  the  tops  of  three  stakes  together 
over  it  and  wisping  straw  around  or  cov- 
ering with  sacking,  so  as  to  break  the 
frosts  during  winter.  The  orange  should 
be  regarded  as  a  most  indispensable  fruit 
in  a  family  orchard,  and  for  market  it 
will  pay  in  any  warm  sheltered  locality. 
In  Italy  the  finest  oranges  are  grown  in 
the  coolest  climate  near  the  coast,  in  a 
very  sheltered  place,  in  light,  rich  soil. 
The  orange  is  a  beautiful  evergreen  tree, 
at  an}'  season,  and  when  in  blossom  or 
in  fruit  is  almost  matchless  for  rich  beau- 
ty. It  is  worthy  a  place  in  every  front 
yard  where  there  is  appropriate  room  for 
any  sort  of  large  evergreen. 

The  same  may  be  said  of 

LEMONS  AND  CITRONS, 

Which  belong  to  the  same  family.  Tl),e 
lemon  is  quite  as  hardy  as  the  orange. 
Plant  some  of  each. 

These  trees  being  evergreens  should 
be  treated  the  same  as  other  evergreens. 
A  ball  of  earth  should  be  taken  up  with 
and  about  the  roots  and  be  either  boxed 
or  tied  in  sacks  before  moving.  In 
transplanting  disturb  the  ball  of  earth 
about  the  roots  as  little  as  possible. 

OLIVES. 

The  time  will  come  when  no  orchard 
will  be  considered  complete  in  California 
without  the  olive  tree.  What  butter  is 
to  the  American  housewife,  that  is  olive 
oil  to  the  Spanish  and  Italian  domestics, 
in  those  portions  of  the  country  at  least 
where  the  oil  is  abundantly  produced. 
It  is  used  upon  their  tables  as  butter  is 
upon  ours;  is  used  in  cooking  the  same, 
and  is  an  indispensable  article  for  many 
other  purposes,  of  whi^h  it  is  hardly 
necessary  to  make  mention  here.  The 
tree  may  be  grown  as  an  ornamental  ev- 
ergreen. It  is  easily  propagated  from 
cuttings  from  one  to  three  inches  in  di- 
ameter. The  tree  will  do  well  on  dry 
soil  but  the  cuttings  will  grow  only  in 
moist.  Include  a  few  trees  in  your  order 
to  the  nurseryman. 

NOT  TREES. 

Black  Walnuts — These  make  tall  trees. 
It  would  pay  any  man  who  has  a  place 
to  1  lant  a  grove  of  these  for  fruit  and 
for  timber,  which  is  very  valuable.  Plant 
several  in  the  orchard  anyway.  The 
American  Black  Walnut  is  the  only  sort 
worth  cultivating.  The  "California"  is 
of  no  value. 

The  Pecan  nut  is  also  a  valuable  fruit, 
and  the  timber  is  nearly  as  good  as  hick- 
ory for  wagons,  etc.  It  is  native  of  a 
climate  similar  to  ours,  and  will  be  a 
success  in  California. 

The  Hickory  so  far  as  tried  appears  at 
home  in  California.  It  is  worthy  of  a 
trial  everywhere. 

Tlie  Chestnut  is  no  longer  an  experi- 
ment.    It  grows  finely  and  bears  abun- 


dantly. The  three  leading  varieties  are 
the  American,  Italian  and  Spanish.  Try 
a  half  dozen  of  each. 

The  Fnijlish  Walnut  is  really  a  semi- 
tropical  nut  tree  of  low  branching  habit. 
There  is  no  nut  of  greater  value  for  food. 
It  is  at  home  in  California,  and  must 
prove  of  material  value  to  the  State. 
Six  trees  at  least  should  bo  planted. 
The  Black  Walnut  and  so-called  English 
Walnut  and  Chestnut  trees  are  grown  in 
nurseries  quite  extensively,  and  are  easi- 
ly moved  at  one  and  two  years  of  age, 
and  can  be  transplanted  with  safety. 
The  Pecan  and  Hickory  are  better  plant- 
where  they  are  to  grow.  Good  seeds 
should  be  furnished  by  nurserymen  and 
seedsmen  generally. 

The  Ahnoivl,  although  a  nut,  partakes 
in  its  nature  to  the  habits  of  the  peach 
tree.  The  early  blossoms  are  tender  to 
frost,  but  it  is  found  to  do  admirably  in 
California,  and  quite  extensive  orchards 
are  now  growing  in  various  parts  of  the 
State — several  near  San  Jose,  with  suc- 
cess. Half  a  dozen  trees  should  bo  in- 
cluded in  every  family  orchard.  The 
Languedoc  and  Ladies'  Paper-Shell  are 
good  standard  varieties.  The  former  is 
a  fine  bearer  and  withstands  the  frosts 
best.  Several  new  sorts  of  soft  shells 
have  lately  been  produced  from  seed,  but 
we  do  not  know  which  of  them  to  re- 
commend. 


More  attention  should  be  paid  to  fam- 
ily vineyards.  There  is  no  fruit  of  more 
value  than  the  grape  for  food. 

For  a  trellis  plant  out  American  varie- 
ties, such  as  the  Sweetwater,  Delaware, 
Catawba,  etc. 

A  good  selection  of  foreign  varieties 
must  include  about  10  Rose  Peru,  10 
Flame  Tokay,  50  White  Sluscat  of  Alex- 
andria, 10  Black  Bamburg,  10  Black 
JIalvoise,  and  10  Zante  Currant  Grape. 

The  white  Muscat  of  Alexandria  is  the 
very  best  raisin  grape.  Any  family  can 
make  their  own  raisins  nicely,  and  send 
some  to  market.  The  best  shipping 
grapes  are  White  Muscat  of  Alexandria 
and  Flame  Tokay,  so  far  as  tried,  for 
profit.  For  canning,  high  flavored 
grapes  ai-e  best. 

The  American  grapes  are  best  grown 
from  rooted  plants  Cuttings  of  all  for- 
eign varieties  do  about  as  well  as  rooted 
vines.  A  cutting  should  be  eighteen 
inches  to  two  feet  long.  The  strongest 
new  growth  of  vines  make  the  best  cut- 
tings. The  lower  end  of  the  cutting 
should  bo  planted  at  least  one  foot  be- 
low the  surface  and  the  vine  be  bent 
around  or  laid  slanting  to  the  surface, 
planted  firmly  in  the  soil,  leaving  one  or 
two  buds  exposed  above  the  ground. 
No  large  hole  is  needed.  A  narrow 
spade  will  remove  all  the  earth  necessary 
to  introduce  the  cutting.  Two  men  can 
plant  an  acre  in  one  day.  Lay  off  the 
ground  so  as  to  plant  them  about  8  feet 
apart. 


These  should  not  be  planted  in  an  ont- 
of-the-way  place,  and  neglected.  They 
will  as  well  repay  for  care  as  anything 
else  in  an  orchard  or  garden.  Perhaps 
they  more  properly  belong  to  the  garden. 
Irrigate  when  you  can. 

Blackberries. — Plant  50  Lawton  and  as 
many  Kittatinny.  They  are  excellent 
fruit  for  the  table,  to  can,  and  to  dry. 

Raspberries.  —  Twenty-five  plants  in 
variety.  Plant  blackberries  and  rasp- 
berries about  three  feet  distant  from  each 
other,  in  rows  eight  feet  apart.  Good 
healthy  roots  should  be  selected;  the 
tops  vsill  grow  from  the  roots.  Irriga- 
tion is  beneficial. 

Currants. — The  Cherry  Carrant  is  by 
far  the  best,  but  a  few  of  other  varieties 


may  be  tried.  25  plants  will  give  a  fam- 
ily all  they  want.  A  moist  soil  is  best  for 
currants.  If  they  are  planted  to  cor- 
respond with  rows  of  grapes,  plant  8x3 
feet,  and  allow  the  stalks  to  multiply  in 
stools.  It  saves  trouble  in  cultivating 
with  a  horse,  to  plant  uniformly  in  rows. 

Gooseberries. — Plant  same  distance  as 
currants.  The  Houghton  Seedling  is  the 
standard  kind.  Allow  them  to  branch 
low  down,  and  grow  about  as  they  please, 
trimming  once  each  season. 

tSlrawtjerries. — On  almost  any  kind  of 
soil  strawberries  will  do  well  if  aljun- 
dantly  irrigated.  The  surface  soil  must 
be  kept  moist.  During  fruiting  time  the 
leaves  absorb  through  the  roots  a  great 
deal  of  water.  Persons  who  can  irrigate 
should  have  a  nice  bed  of  strawberries. 
The  Langsworth  Prolific  and  Jocunda 
are  standard  sorts  on  this  coast. 

BBtTBABB  AN'D  ASPABBGUS, 

Though  belonging  to  the  garden,  aro 
standard  plants,  and  recjuire  special  care. 
Plant  Rhubarb  about  the  same  distance 
apart  as  currants.  Manure  liberally,  and 
water  if  convenient.  Asparagus  may  be 
planted  in  beds,  18  inches  apart,  and 
manured  heavily,  keeping  down  all 
weeds.  All  nurserymen  keep  Rhubarb 
and  Asparagus  roots  for  sale,  as  also  the 
other  trees  and  plants  above  mentioned. 
We  invite  our  readers  to  ask  qatslions 
upon  all  points  wherein  they  want  in- 
formation not  given  in  this  article.  We 
cannot  pretend  to  give  every  instruction 
in  a  single  article  like  this,  but  we  aim 
to  be  strictlj'  correct  in  what  we  do  say. 


Semi-Tropical  Fruits. 

The  following  article  on  semi-tropical 
fruits  we  find  in  the  Florida  Agriculturist. 
It  was  written  by  Mr.  F.  Branch,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Florida  Fruit  Grower's  Asso- 
ciation. We  believe  it  will  be  interesting 
to  readers  in  California,  as  it  contains 
much  desirable  information : 

Much  has  been  written  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  oranges,  their  culture,  the  soil 
best  adapted  to  their  growth,  the  proper 
method  of  pruning,  the  diseases  to  which 
they  are  liable,  and  their  cure.  There  is 
one  disease  which  prevails  ext<!nsively  in 
this  part  of  the  State  which  seems  to 
defy  all  local  remedies.  I  refer  to  the 
scale  insect.  I  have  tried  most  of  the 
remedies  that  have  been  recommended, 
and  have  failed  with  everj-  one.  I  have 
tried  diluted  carbolic  acid,  carbolic  soap, 
aloes,  potash  in  solation,  spirits  of  am- 
monia, &c.  I  have  also  tried  inserting 
sulphur  into  the  body  of  the  tree.  All 
have  failed.  That  which  seems  to  be 
most  beneficial  is  thorough  manuring 
and  high  cultivation.  Much  complaint 
has  been  made  by  shippers  of  fruit  on 
account  of  a  brown  discoloration  upon 
oranges  (probably  a  fungi),  which  has 
prevailed  to  some  extent  in  this  region. 
Lime  freely  scattered  over  the  soil  under 
the  trees  in  winter,  and  well  raked  in, 
has  been  recommended.  I  have  tried  it, 
and  proved  it  a  success.  But  why  do 
people  run  mad  about  the  one  fruit  (the 
orange),  whilst  another  fruit,  probably 
far  more  remunerating,  is  neglected? 
The  Sicily  lemon  usually  sells  higher  in 
market:  will  bear  fruit  two  or  three 
years  earlier  from  the  seed:  is  in  con- 
stant bearing  for  nine  months  of  the 
year;  will  bear  transportation  far  better 
than  oranges,  and  the  tree,  if  killed  by 
the  frost  to  the  ground,  will  grow  up  • 
and  commence  bearing  again  in  half  of 
the  time  required  by  a  frost-bitten  or- 
ange tree  to  recuperate  and  commence 
bearing. 

THE  GtTAVA 

Is  destined,  at  no  distant  day,  to  occupy 
an  important  position  amongst  the  fruits 


184 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


of  South  Florida.  Guava  jelly  has  a 
world-wide  reputation,  and  when  the 
fruit  shall  have  passed  into  the  hands  of 
the  manufacturer  of  jelly  its  real  value 
will  be  appreciated.  Like  the  Sicily  lem- 
on, it  bears  almost  every  month  in  the 
year.  Although  it  is  a  semi-tropical 
plant,  it  has  been  killed  by  frost  but 
once  on  my  lot,  in  Tampa,  for  fifteen 
years. 

p:nk-.4.pples 
Are  grown  successfully  here.  I  have 
tried  them  for  several  years  past  upon  a 
small  scale,  and  have  found  no  difliculty 
in  maturing  the  fruit  every  year.  Like 
most  other  fruits,  a  rich  soil  is  best  for 
their  growth,  but  they  grow  well  upon 
the  sandy  soil  of  Tampa  without  any 
manure.  If  kept  well  mulched  with 
straw,  hay,  or  moss,  they  do  well  with- 
out culture.  The  spiny  edges  of  the 
leaves  renders  their  cultivation  very  un- 
comfortable. 

THE  PAWPAW 

Is  considered  by  many  one  of  the  most 
pleasant  fruits  grown  in  this  region.  It 
bears  fruit  in  fifteen  months  from  the 
planting  of  the  seed.  The  fruit,  grown 
upon  good  soil  and  well  cultivated,  grows 
to  the  size  of  the  head  of  an  adult,  and 
the  taste  of  the  fruit  bears  a  very  close 
resemblance  to  that  of  the  muskmelon. 
The  fruit  is  attached  to  the  body  of  the 
upright  trunk  by  a  stem  three  inches  in 
length,  and  they  grow  in  such  a  crowded 
manner  that  half-grown  fruit  is  often 
forced  from  its  position,  and  falls  to  the 
ground.  I  has  no  leaves  except  upon 
the  top  of  the  trunk.  This  plant  has 
attracted  the  notice  of  strangers  more 
than  any  other  in  Tampa  for  years  past. 

THE  MANGO, 

Although  a  very  tender  plant,  has  been 
grown  successfully  in  this  county.  Mr. 
Matchet,  of  Clear  Water  settlement,  re- 
cently sent  to  this  market  a  quantity  of 
the  truit,  which  was  quite  delicious.  If 
planted  in  moist  land  it  is  very  sure  to 
be  injured  by  winter  frosts,  but  usually 
survives  the  frost  if  grown  in  tolerably 
dry  soil. 


Trees  grow  well  here.  They  withstand 
the  frost  well,  and  bear  abundantly  a 
fruit  of  very  largy  size,  not  edil)le,  but 
used  for  making  very  valuable  preserves. 

THE  LIME 

Tree  flourishes  here.  It  bears  the  small- 
est fruit  of  any  of  the  Citrus  family,  yet 
contains  more  citric  acid  than  any  other 
of  the  family,  and  will  one  day  enter 
largely  into  the  fruit  culture  of  South 
Florida. 

But  what  shall  I  say  of  the 

SUGAK  APPLE? 

I  wish  I  could  send  a  large  ripe  ajjple  to 
each  member  of  this  Association.  In 
this  fruit  is  realized  the  fullness  of  the 
saying,  "it  is  so  rich  that  it  melts  in  the 
mouth."  I  have  grown  the  fruit  for 
years.  The  tree  bears  the  frost  well; 
does  not  require  very  rich  soil,  and  but 
little  cultivation,  and  bears  abundantly. 
I  have  never  seen  a  person  partake  of 
them  who  was  not  enamored  therewith. 
Unfortunately  for  persons  who  cannot 
visit  South  Florida,  their  mouths  will 
water  in  vain  for  sugar  apples,  for  they 
will  not  bear  transportation. 

THE    ALLIGATOK    PKAR 

Grows  here  luxuriantly.  Large  quanti- 
ties are  now  ripening  and  falling  from 
the  trees.  The  trees  are  from  fifteen  to 
forty  feet  high.  The  fruit  is  pear- 
shaped — four  times  larger  than  a  bell 
|)ear.  The  edible  part  is  the  pulp  sur- 
rounding a  very  large  seed,  and  is  pre- 
pared by  shaving  or  scraping  oft',  season- 


ing with  salt,  pepper,  and  vinegar,  and 
is  very  much  admired  by  those  who  have 
acquired  a  taste  for  it. 

But  one  of  the  most  useful  fruits 
which  grows  in  South  Florida  is  the 

BANANA. 

In  some  places  it  supplies  the  place  of 
bread.  Still  it  is  not  the  bread-fruit  tree 
so  eloquently  described  by  Captain  Wil- 
liam Kendrick,  when  lecturing  in  Syra- 
cuse, New  York.  This  plant  i-equires  a 
rich  soil — loam,  if  it  can  be  had.  Its 
numerous  small  roots  do  not  give  it  a 
firm  hold  upon  the  soil,  therefore  deep 
cultivation  is  inadmissible.  If  well 
mulched  very  little  else  is  required.  The 
plant  is  rarely  killed  by  frost  in  this  cli- 
mate. Its  fruit  is  exceedingly  pleasant 
and  very  nutritious. 

POSSIBILITIES  IN  FRUIT  CUL- 
TURE. 

The  cultivated  fruits  of  our  day  have 
all  s^irung  from  vastly  inferior  wild  fruits. 
It  is  not  claimed  by  scientific  pomol- 
ogists  that  any  of  them  have  yet  been 
brought  to  their  greatest  perfection. 
New  varieties  of  each  kind  may  and 
probably  will  be  produced,  that  will  far 
excel  anything  now  known  in  richness 
of  flavor,  nutritive  excellence,  beauty 
and  value.  It  has  taken  hundreds  of 
years  of  careful  culture  and  selection  to 
progress  to  the  condition  where  we  now 
find  our  cultivated  fruits,  and  the  pro- 
gi-ess  is  only  begun.  In  a  speculation 
upon  the  possible  value  that  the  wild 
fruits  of  America,  under  cultivation,  may 
yet  attain.  Prof.  Asa  Gray  thus  talks 
before  the  American  Pomological  Soci- 
ety; 

It  would  be  curious  to  speculate  as  to 
what  our  pomology  would  have  been  if 
the  civilization  from  which  it  and  wo 
ourselves  had  sprung  bad  had  its  birth- 
place along  the  southern  shores  of  our 
great  lakes.  The  northern  of  the  Giilf 
of  Mexico,  aud  the  intervening  Missis- 
sippi, instead  of  the  Levant,  Mesopota- 
mia and  the  Nile,  and  our  old  world  had 
been  opened  to  us  a  new  world  less 
than  400  years  ago. 

Seemingly  we  should  not  have  as  gi-eat 
a  variety  of  choice  friiits  as  we  have  now 
and  they  would  mostly  have  been  dift'er- 
ent,  but  probably  neither  scanty  nor 
poor.  In  grapes,  at  least,  we  should 
have  been  gainers.  Our  five  or  six  avail 
able  species,  of  which  we  are  now  just 
beginning  to  know  the  capabilities, 
would  have  given  us  at  least  as  many 
choice  sorts  and  as  wide  a  diversity  as 
we  have  now  of  pears,  while  pears  would 
be  a  recent  accjuisitiou,  somewhat  as  our 
American  grapes  now  are.  Our  apples 
would  have  been  developed  from  Pyt  as 
coronaria,  aud  might  have  equaled  any 
thing  wo  actually  possess  from  Fyrus 
■iiialus  in  flavor,  though  perhaps  not  in 
variety,  if  it  be  true,  as  Karl  Koch  sup 
poses,  that  the  apples  of  the  orchards 
are  from  three  or  four  species;  our  plums 
would  have  been  the  progeny  of  the  Chi 
caxa,  the  Beach  plum,  and  our  wild  red 
and  yel\o\i  I^ruiiuH  Americana,  which  have 
already  shown  great  capacity  for  im 
provement.  Our  Cheri'ies  might  have 
been  as  well  flavored  and  jirobably  not 
as  large  as  they  now  are.  But  instead 
of  Peaches  and  Figs,  we  should  be  dis- 
cussing manifold  and  most  luscious  va- 
rieties of  I'orsimmon  and  Pawpaw,  the 
former  eqiial  to  the  Kaki  just  acquired 
from  the  far  east.  As  to  Strawberri('s, 
Gooseberries  and  Currants,  wo  should 
have  lost  nothing  and  gained  something, 
as  we  possess  several  species  besides  the 
Europeau  tyjics  Ihemselves;  as  to  Black- 
berries and  Kaspberries,  we  should  have 
been  better  oft"  than  now,  by  the  earlier 


development  and  diversification  of  our 
indigenous  species,  and  we  might  have 
had  all  our  finest  Stra-vberries  a  thou- 
sand or  more  years  ago,  these  having 
come  from  our  American  types,  {Fraga- 
ria  Virginiana,)  with  its  varieties,  (which 
as  well  as  the  old  world  F.  vesca,  occurs 
all  across  the  Continent),  andF.  chiloists, 
which  ascends  the  Pacific  coast  to  Ore- 
gon. 

One  of  the  best  horticultural  authori- 
ties in  the  United  States,  the  Gardener's 
Monthly,  upon  this  subject  says: 

There  is  no  doubt  but  the  Huckleberry 
can  be  domesticated  aud  raised  so  as  to 
pay  in  a  majority  of  gardens,  especially 
when  the  fruit  cannot  be  picked  ou  the 
wild  bushes  or  bought  in  the  market, 
which  is  the  case  in  the  Western  jjrairies. 
Mr.  Hammond,  in  the  August  number 
of  The  Hortkxdturid,  speaks  of  the  dif- 
ferent varieties  of  Huckleberries,  that 
no  one  had  given  a  description  of  the 
difi'erent  kinds.  Prof.  Gray,  in  his 
"  Field  Botany,"  describes  ten  varieties 
of  Vacdnimn  Coryhosum.  The  Blueberry 
of  the  New  England  States,  growing 
from  three  feet  to  ten  feet  in  height,  an- 
swers the  description  of  the  kiiid  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  Hammond.  That  there 
is  a  great  difl'erence  in  the  quality  of  the 
berries  of  this  same  variety  there  is  no 
doubt,  and  if  we  go  into  the  cultivation 
of  the  berry  let  us  begin  with  the  best, 
aud  by  a  course  of  reproduction  the  fruit 
will  be  very  much  improved.  Of  the 
different  native  fruits  of  our  country  the 
grape  has  the  most  attention,  aud  the 
result  has  been  very  satisfactory.  The 
same  may  be  done  with  the  native  Plum, 
Persimmon,  and  the  native  berries,  all 
better  fruits  in  their  wild  state  than  the 
Apple  or  Pear  was.  All  fruits  and  flow- 
ers that  have  been  brought  into  cultiva- 
tion have  been  much  improved.  All 
flow'ers  in  their  wild  stale  are  single.  Cul- 
tivation and  reproduction  make  them  double. 
Equally  as  great  changes  can  be  made  in 
the  quality  of  our  wild  fruits. 

Killing  Tree-Borers. 

Cutting  them  out  with  a  knife  and 
plastering  the  wound  over  with  clay, 
binding  it  on  with  sacking  and  strong 
twine,  is  the  common  efl'ectual  way;  but 
a  writer  in  an  exchange  gives  his  method 
as  follows,  and  it  looks  reasonable  as 
well  as  less  injurious  to  the  tree  than  the 
digging  out  method : 

"  My  way  of  getting  at  this  'worm  of 
the  dust'  is  an  easier  one  and  more  ef- 
fectual. I  cut  a  sumac,  or  elder,  one 
foot  more  or  less  long,  punch  out  the 
pith,  cut  one  end  with  a  slope,  hunt  the 
borer's  hole,  clean  it  out  at  the  entrance 
with  a  wire,  place  the  beveled  end  of  my 
tube  against  it,  take  some  putty-like  clay 
and  plaster  it  water  tight  around  the  end 
next  to  the  tree,  fill  with  very  strong 
soapsuds,  and  the  thing  is  done.  No 
matter  how  crooked  the  hole  is,  or 
whether  it  goes  up  or  down,  the  suds  in 
the  tube  will  force  itself  to  the  end.  I 
have  tried  it  two  years  and  have  not 
failed  once.  Of  course  any  kind  of 
small,  hollow  tube  will  do,  anything  that 
will  make  it  water-tight  will  do  to  plaster 
it  with." 

An  exchange,  speaking  about  new 
fruit,  says: 

The  Persimmon  tree  of  Japan  is  re- 
commended by  an  Eastern  agricultural 
society  for  general  adoption.  Members 
state  that  the  fruit  is  much  larger  than 
the  Southern  fruit;  that  it  makes  a 
sweet  and  delicious  preserve,  treated  in 
any  of  the  oi'dinary  ways.  We  have 
tasted  them  put  \\\>  like  figs,  aud  wo  can 
speak  of  their  excellence.  The  peculiar- 
ity is  greater  sweetness  and  some  aroma, 


which  require  time  to  accommodate  all 
tastes.  Our  nurserymen  have  the  trees 
and  we  believe  they  thrive  well. 

The  Paw-Paw  is  also  recommended. 
It  is  indigenous  South.  The  fruit  is  a 
a  sort  of  apple,  and  the  taste  is  of  a 
kind  well  suited  to  the  table.  Its  leaves 
are  valuable  for  one  ijeculiarity:  meat, 
however  tough,  is  rendered  tender  by 
being  wrapped  in  them  for  four  to  six 
hours.  The  seeds  are  a  capital  vermi- 
fuge. In  California  we  need  additions 
to  our  list  of  fruits.     Mexico  has  many. 

The  Zapote  is  as  large  as  our  apple 
tree :  its  leaves  are  of  a  richer  green,  and 
its  apjjle-like  fruit  is  rich  and  mellow  as 
a  pear.  Santa  Barbara  has  a  lone  lady 
Zapote,  eighty  years  old,  and  a  great 
bearer.  Like  the  ailanthus,  the  male  tree 
fertilizes  but  does  not  fruit.  The  lady 
fruit  is  imperfect  because  no  male  at- 
tends. 

Something  About  Oranges. 

Califoenia's  Oeange  Cbop  and  Mae- 
KET. — The  average  crop  of  Oranges  in 
this  Slate  is  about  5,000,000,  while  the 
average  consumption  is  about  10,000,000. 
In  other  words,  we  have  a  home  market 
for  double  the  number  we  produce.  In 
the  face  of  this  fact,  it  has  been  fre- 
quently proven  that  orange  culture  is  by 
far  more  profitable  than  the  culture  of 
any  other  fruit  produced  in  the  State. 
While  our  fruit-growers  are  exercising 
their  brains  to  discover  a  channel  through 
which  to  place  their  surplus  apples, 
pears,  peaches,  plums,  etc.,  into  a  good 
and  paying  market,  would  it  not  be  well 
for  them  to  turn  their  attention  to  the 
production  in  greater  quantities  of  those 
kinds  of  fruit  for  which  there  is  a  good 
market  at  home?  Again,  of  the  thirty- 
six  States  now  in  the  Union  there  are 
but  two  or  three  in  which  oranges  have 
been  produced  to  any  extent,  while  Cali- 
fornia is  undoubtedly  the  best  orange- 
growing  State  in  the  Union.  Allowing 
the  average  consumption  of  all  the 
States  to  be  10,000,000  or.anges  annually 
— and  it  certainly  is  much  greater — the 
United  States  presents  a  market  for  that 
fruit  equal  to  .^00,000, 000.  Here,  then, 
is  a  fruit  market  that  it  is  worth  the 
while  for  our  fruit-growers  to  look  after 
aud  sujjply.  .'i.nother  consideration  in 
this  connection:  it  needs  no  Alden  pro- 
cess or  any  other  to  jirepare  the  orange 
for  market.  Another  is,  that  the  tree 
once  in  bearing  and  well  taken  care  of 
will  continue  to  bear  in  increased  quan- 
tities aud  of  improved  quality  for  a  life- 
time. Another  is,  that  the  foothills, 
where  land  can  be  had  in  abundance  for 
$2.50  per  acre,  is  the  best  place  in  the 
State  for  orange  culture  as  well  as  for 
the  culture  of  most  other  varieties  of 
fruit. — Record-  Union. 

Inferior  vs.  Good  Fruit. 

The  sure  result  of  careless  culture  is 
poor  fruit.  Trees  are  likclj-  to  produce 
more  fruit  sets  than  will  come  to  the 
highest  iierfection  of  pulp  growth,  in 
our  prolific  climate.  The  following  from 
the  San  Francisco  Chronicle  is  sound 
upon  this  subject : 

A  large  amount  of  fruit  rotted  under 
the  trees  this  year  for  want  of  a  market 
— not  the  best  fruit,  of  course,  but 
where  there  is  such  a  crop  as  the  present 
only  the  fiuest  can  be  sold.  Even  the 
fruit  cauuers  and  dryers  will  not  pur- 
chase small  and  inferior  fruit,  and  as  the 
San  Francisco  market  is  supplied,  (his 
class  of  fruit  must  either  rot  or  be  fed  to 
the  hogs,  aud  as  there  are  generally  no 
hogs  to  feed  it  to,  it  rots.  This  is  thi' 
result  of  carelessness.  Wo  have  seen 
trees  loaded  down  with  apples  that  looked 


^4 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


to  be  not  more  than  half  grown,  the 
branches  broken  by  the  weight,  and  the 
crop  almost  a  total  loss  for  want  of  a 
market.  A  little  time  spent  in  jiruning 
the  trees  and  thinning  the  young  fruit 
would  have  saved  the  trees  and  caused 
the  fruit  to  grow  to  perfection.  Such  is 
economy  as  practiced  by  some  of  Cali- 
ifornia's  farmers.  This  is  probably  one 
of  the  main  reasons  why  there  is  so 
much  inferior  fruit  in  the  State,  and  it 
is  this  class  of  orchardmen  who  talk 
about  digging  up  the  trees  and  sowing 
the  gi'ound  to  wheat.  If  the  trees  are 
not  of  the  right  kind,  it  is  an  easy  mat- 
ter to  graft  them.  If  they  are  too  full 
of  blossoms  in  the  spring,  the  fruit  buds 
should  be  thinned  out.  Formerly  the 
culled  or  inferior  fruit  could  be  dried  or 
canned.  Not  so  now.  The  State  is  sup- 
plied with  good  fruit,  and  the  man  who 
spends  his  time  paring  small  apples  or 
scrawny  peaches,  and  th-ies  them  in  the 
siin,  will  find  his  time  wasted.  There  is 
a  market  for  fancy  fruit  for  shipment, 
for  local  consumption  and  for  various 
purposes,  but  there  is  no'  provision  for 
an  inferior  qualitj'. 


Fig  and  Almond  Culture. 

The  following  from  the  Bural  Xew 
Yorker  we  give  place  to  as  encouraging 
the  culture  of  almonds: 

The  cultivation  of  the  various  fruits 
adapted  to  the  climate  of  the  Northern 
States  have  been  extended  until  our  mar- 
kets are  fully  supplied  with  all.  very  few, 
if  any,  being  imported.  But  the  same 
cannot  be  said  of  the  Southern  States, 
for  although  the  climate  seems  to  be  es- 
pecially adajjted  to  the  culture  of  the  fig, 
almond,  orange,  lemon  and  other  trop- 
ical fruits,  still  we  look  in  the  main  to 
foreign  countries  for  a  supply. 

Why  should  we  import  millions  of  dol- 
lars worth  of  figs  and  almonds  while  the 
Southern  States  could  readily  supply  our 
markets?  Is  it  for  the  want  of  a  j^roper 
knowledge  of  their  culture  and  lack  of 
energy,  or  scarcity  of  labor?  Of  course, 
it  is  not  for  us  up  here  in  the  North  to 
answer  these  questions,  as  apples,  peach- 
es, pears  and  similar  fruits  mainly  occu- 
py our  attention.  But  it  does  seem  to 
us  that  the  people  of  the  Southern  States 
ought  to  be  able  to  supply  us  siich  easily 
raised  fruits  as  figs  and  almonds  as 
cheaply  as  they  can  be  bought  abroad, 
counting  in  the  cost  of  exchange,  freight, 
insurance  and  other  unavoidable  ex- 
penses. 

Some  of  the  varieties  of  the  almond 
succeed  as  far  north  as  the  most  hardy 
sorts  of  peach,  but  these  are  rather  in- 
ferior; besides,  there  is  really  no  cer- 
tainty of  obtaining  a  crop.  The  finest 
sorts,  like  the  long  hard-shelled  and  la- 
dies' thin-shelled,  are  rather  tender,  and 
can  only  be  depended  on  in  a  warmer 
climate,  say  North  Carolina  and  south- 
ward. 

These  varieties  are  as  readily  propa- 
gated as  the  peach,  and  the  trees  are  not 
only  quite  similar,  but  are  liable  to  the 
same  diseases  and  insect  enemies.  A 
warm,  dry  soil  is  best,  and  if  quite  rich, 
so  much  the  better,  not  only  securing  a 
good  crop  of  fruit,  but  long  life  to  the 
trees. 

The  finer  varieties,  such  as  we  have 
n»med  above,  may  be  propagated  by 
budding,  upon  seedling  almond  stocks, 
or  upon  peach  and  plum,  the  latter  be- 
ing preferable  in  localities  where  the 
peach  tree  borer  abounds.  The  plum 
stock,  however,  has  a  tendency  to  make 
the  trees  somewhat  dwarfish  in  habit,  but 
this  is  not  objectionable  so  long  as  the 
vigor  and  productiveness  of  the  tree  is 
not  impaired  by  its  use. 

When  the  almond   is  ripe   the  flesh  or 


pulpy  covering  of  the  nut  dries  and 
cracks  open,  permitting  the  former  to 
drop  out.  A  man  who  raises  aimouds  is 
not  obliged  to  send  them  forward  to  mar- 
ket on  a  certain  day,  as  with  peaches,  or 
lose  his  crop,  but  the)'  can  bo  gathered 
and  held  for  weeks  or  months  if  neces- 
sary, to  secure  a  good  price,  and  this  is 
an  advantage  which  should  tend  to  in- 
crease their  culture,  especially  in  locaU- 
ties  not  contiguous  to  good  facilities  for 
reaching  the  markets  in  our  large  cities. 

Semi-Tbopical  Fkuits  in  the  Foot- 
hills.— One  can  hardly  name  anything 
that  would  not  grow  to  perfection  in 
these  foot-hills.  We  have  on  our  table 
an  olive  twig,  with  several  tine  olives, 
fully  aipened,  a  beautiful  cluster  of  or- 
anges, as  large  and  tine  as  any  we  ever 
saw,  and  a  sprig  from  a  tig-tree,  also 
covered  with  ripe  and  luscious  fruit. 
These  twigs  were  all  cut  from  an  orchard 
at  Ophir,  the  17th  day  of  December,  and 
the  fruit  on  them  is  as  well  developed, 
fully  ripened,  and  highly  flavored  as  any 
that  grows  in  the  tropics.  In  the  same 
locality  is  a  great  variety  of  fruits  and 
nuts.  Among  the  latter  are  the  English 
walnut  and  the  pecan,  both  of  which 
do  well.  Along  with  the  fruit  we  have 
a  splendid  bouquet  of  roses,  gathered 
from  a  garden  in  Auburn.  Oranges,  figs, 
olives  and  roses,  within  a  week  of  Christ- 
mas, are  not  at  all  remarkable  here,  we 
know ;  but  we  think  our  Eastern  friends 
could  appreciate  the  climate  that  pro- 
duces them,  especially  when  they  re- 
member tnat  by  climing  the  Sien'as  a 
short  distance,  and  without  going  out  of 
Placer  county,  we  can  find  ice  six  inches 
thick  and  snow  four  feet  deep. — Ftacer 
Argus. 


The  People  at  Eiveeside  evidently 
mean  to  take  advantage  of  all  their 
tropical  resources.  There  are  no  less 
than  GO,OUO  orange  trees  from  three  to 
eight  j'ears  old,  growing  within  the  lim- 
its of  that  colony.  There  are  also  sev- 
eral thousand  lemon  and  lime  trees, 
some  of  which  have  already  come  into 
bearing.  In  all  portions  of  Southern 
California  the  orange  is  cultivated  as  a 
standard  market  fruit.  It  should  not  be 
longer  neglected  in  any  portion  of  the 
state  below  the  snow  belt. 


Packing  Okanges. — S.  F.  Gard,  in 
the  Florida  Af/riculturisl,  says : 

A  word  as  to  packing.  The  keeping 
qualities  of  the  orange  are  much  affected 
by  the  manner  of  handling  in  packing 
the  fruit,  and  of  the  handling  of  the 
package  after  being  packed,  as  well  as 
by  the  condition  of  the  barrel  or  box,  in 
respect  to  fitness  for  use. 

The  fewer  times  the  orange  is  picked 
up  and  laid  down  the  better  it  will  keep. 
The  aim,  therefore,  of  the  orange-grower, 
should  be  to  handle  his  fruit  as  little  as 
possible,  and  as  carefully  as  possible. 
After  the  oranges  are  taken  from  the  tree 
they  should  be  laid  under  cover,  on  a 
floor  high  enough  above  the  ground,  with 
the  planks  far  enough  apart  to  admit  a 
free  circulation  of  air,  and  should  remain 
there  at  least  twenty-four  hours  to  sweat 
and  shrink,  as  they  always  do,  before 
they  are  packed.  This  gives  time  also 
for  any  bruise  or  damage  caused  by  pick- 
ing to  show  itself.  All  damaged  ones, 
no  matter  how  slight  the  damage,  should 
be  laid  aside.  Only  sound  ones  should 
be  packed.  The  packing  should  be  done 
in  the  orchard,  to  prevent  bruising  the 
fruit  by  handling  it  in  a  loose  condition 
too  often.  After  the  fruit  is  packed  the 
packages  should  be  handled  \rith  care. 
It  will  pay  in  the  end.  Taking  all  the 
circumstances  together  that  bear  upon 
the  keeping  qualities  of  the  orange,  as 


well  as  the  price  of  the  box  or  barrel, 
preference  must  be  given  to  the  box  in 
packing.  The  most  convenient  size  and 
shape  is  that  of  the  common  lemon  box, 
holding  about  one-half  barrel. 


A    THANKSaiVING 

STORY. 

As  Told  by  "Old  Dave." 

DY  NELL  VAN. 

It  was  in  a  miner's  cabin  on  the  North 
Fork  one  bleak  November  night,  that  old 
Dave  gave  the  Are  a  punch,  and  sung 
out:  "By  hokey,  boys,  if  this  ain't  the 
last  Thursday  in  November  and  Thanks- 
giving in  old  New  England,  as  sure  as 
I'm  alive." 

"That's  so,"  said  one.  "Come  on," 
said  another,  "let's  celebrate." 

"Well,"  said  old  Dave,  "I'm  willin'. 
Just  name  your  play  and  I'm  in  for  it, 
you  bet." 

A  tall,  freckled-faced  youth,  who  went 
by  the  name  of  Ned,  drew  near  and  sug- 
gested "riddles."  Another  called  for  a 
"yarn, "  and  it  was  finally  agreed  to  draw 
lots  for  the  one  to  relate  a  Thanksgiving 
story,  with  riddles  and  something  to  eat 
afterwards.  Slips  of  paper  were  folded 
and  well  mixed  in  a  hat,  and  the  longest 
strip  was  found  m  old  Dave's  hands.  A 
shout  went  around,  for  he  was  called  a 
cute  one  at  spinning  yarns.  "A  thanks- 
giving story,  and  a  true  one,  too,  do  ye 
say?  Well",  it's  not  a  few  Thanksgiving 
days  that's  passed  over  my  head,  to  be 
sure;  but — yes,  there  was  one  I  shall 
never  forget.  You  may  like  to  hear 
about  it.  You  see,  lads,  when  I  was  a 
boy  I  chanced  to  be  thrown  on  the  world 
to  look  after  myself:  and  farmer  White, 
needing  a  chore-boy,  took  me  in  and 
gave  me  board  and  clothes  for  what  I 
could  do,  intending  to  make  a  farm  hand 
of  me,  which  he  did  in  the  course  of 
time.  Now  it's  pretty  rough  on  a  young- 
ster, naturally  fond  of  play  as  I  was,  to 
be  set  down  to  hard  work ;  but  it's  been 
the  makin  of  me,  that  I  Jo  say.  In 
looking  about  the  world,  you'll  find  that 
those  who  raise  in  life  most  giuerally 
have  had  to  tough  it  in  their  young  days, 
so  it  pays  in  the  long  run  to  be  stood 
alone  airly  in  life. 

"Well,  farmer  White  was  just  setting 
out  in  life;  had  a  good  farm  earned  and 
paid  for;  a  smart  young  wife,  and  old 
aunt  Khoda  to  help  see  to  things  in- 
doors. There  was  milking,  butter  and 
cheese  making,  pigs  and  chickens  to 
feed,  besides  wood  and  water  to  fetch,  all 
of  which  I  had  a  hand  in.  'Twas  a 
mighty  good  home  there  at  the  farm  for 
a  boy  like  me— everything  regular  as 
clock-work,  no  youngsters  to  bother  nor 
hinder,  though  just  aforo  I  came  they 
had  buried  a  tine  boy  eight  or  ten  months 
old,  which  well-nigh  broke  their  hearts. 
Thanksgivin'  time  came  around  with  its 
usual  preparations.  No  end  to  the  chop- 
pin'  of  mince-meat  and  apples,  and  pies 
enough  baked  to  provision  an  army. 
Such  stacks  of  good  things  as  filled  the 
buttery  shelves  it  fairly  makes  my  mouth 
water  to  think  on. 

"Of  course  there  was  to  be  a  family 
"atherin",  for  uncles,  aunts  and  eonsins 
can  always  be  found  ready  to  go  to  a 
Thanksgivin'  feast.  Tnrkeys  and  chick- 
ens were  killed  and  stufted,  and  all  the 
good  things  ready  the  day  afore  hand, 
so  that  all  hands  could  go  to  meetin'  in 
the  forenoon.  For  what  was  Thanks- 
givin' without  the  sermon  to  start  in  up- 
on? Then  everybody,  decked  out  in 
their  Sunday  go-to-meetin'  rig,  went 
home  for  a  grand  feast  and  a  good  time 
generally.     Some  of    yon   fellows   here 


know  all  about  that  part  of  it,  I'll  war- 
rant. How  many  of  you  here  are  Yan- 
kee born?  Only  three  besides  Ned? 
Well,  I  vow,  I  thought  more  on  you 
knew  what  Thanksgivin'  meant.  How- 
somever,  the  day  wore  on  and  evenin' 
twilight  found  us  young  folks  all  sittin' 
round  the  fire  listeuin'  to  aunt  Ehoda's 
droll  riddles  and  enigmas.  Two  on  'em 
I  remember  now  just  as  she  said  'em, 
stamping  her  foot  to  keep  time — a  way 
she  had:  'My  mammy  sent  we  over  to 
borrow  your  wimblebow,  ironbow,  sacri- 
tybow,  wobody,  lyricky,  and  the  whirli- 
gig!" 

"Well,  now;  that's  a  good  one,"  shout- 
ed Ned,  rolling  backward  over  the  floor. 
"Say  it  over  again."  Dave  repeated  it 
gravely,  and  after  some  guessing  told 
them  it  was  a  spinning  wheel  and  reel. 
Ned  said  he  knew  it  all  the  time. 

"Then,"  said  Dave,  "here's  another: 
'  Up  and  down  tnrnigig,  such  as  folks 
pump  with.'  Then  the  laugh  went 
round,  and  ued  suggested  a  chum. 
"Y'es,  by  thunder,  "  said  Dave;  "born 
yankee,  every  inch  on  you — six  foot  at 
that." 

"But  the  story,  Dave,"  sung  out  Ned; 
"let's  have  the  rest."  "By  all  means, 
yes,"  said  another. 

"Well,"  continued  Dave,  "where  was 
I.  Oh,  listeuin'  to  aunt  Rhody's  rid- 
dles, when  rap,  rap,  rap,  at  the  door, 
and  before  we  could  open  it  a  little 
moan.  There  bad  been  a  fresh  fall  of 
snow,  and  sleighiu'  was  only  tolerable, 
but  the  air  was  crisp  and  prospects  of  a 
freeze.  Aunt  Rhody  up  and  starts  for 
the  door,  but  I  got  ahead  of  her  and 
opened  it  first,  and  what  do  yon  think, 
boys,  sat  there  on  the  door  stone?  Why, 
a  big  old-fashioned  band-box,  such  as 
our  grand-mothers  used  to  carry  their 
best  bonnets  in  when  they  went  jour- 
neyin'. 

"What's  this?"  said  aunt  Rhody,  and 
j  with  that  the  whole  crowd   came   to   the 
I  door  and  we  fetched   it   in   front  of  the 
tire,  whilst  some  one  lit  the  amdlc. 

"What's  the  rumpus?"  said  farmer 
White,  coming  in  and  seeing  the  big  box 
tied  about  with  a  silken  string,  he 
whipped  out  his  jackknife  and  clipped  it, 
when  the  lid  was  raised,  and  there  lay  a 
little  two-months  old  baby,  on  a  pile  of 
\  new  flannel  and  soft  blankets!  Such  a 
time  as  there  was  among  the  women 
folks.  One  said  one  thing  and  another 
talked  baby  talk.  Never  a  word  or  line 
came  with  it,  though  we  searched  the  box 
in  and  out,  save  the  word  Frank  written 
and  pinned  to  the  dress  front. 

"He's  come  to   take   the  place  of  the 
one  we  lost,  mamma,"  said  the  farmer, 
gently  patting  his  wife's  cheek,    as  she 
sat   iu   the  low    rocking    chair   looking 
down  upon  the  sleeping  babe  that  lay  in 
her  lap.     She  smiled  sadly,  as  if  think- 
ing of  her  own  white  baby   gone   to   its 
long  home,  and  of  the  mother  who  was, 
perhaps,  lost  to  this  little   one.      "We 
,  \-ill  be    everything   to   each    other,   dar- 
ling," I  heard  her  say  as  she  raised  the 
tiny  face  to  her  Ups.     Where  can  it  have 
\  come   from?   and   Why  brought  to   the 
farm?  were  questions  quite   as   puzzling 
to  the  grown  folks  as  aunt   Rhody's  rid- 
I  dies  had  been  to  the  children. 
!      When  the  excitement  had  died  away, 
and  baby  was  laid  sleeping  upon  the  bed, 
j  the    young    folks    had    some    romping 
]  games,  and  then  cracked  nuts  to  eat  with 
1  apples  and    cider,    before    tackling  up 
,  teams  to  go  home.  I  mind  now  I  tracked 
I  the  footprints  in  the  snow  to   the   road- 
I  side  where  traces  of  wagon  wheels  were 
found,  and  next  da)'  the  town  folks   had 
seen  a  covered  carriage   driven  through 
in  the  direction  of  the  farm,  but  nothing 
more  could  be  found  out;  leastways  the 
boy  Uved  and  was  fetched  up  on  the  farm 


186 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


— a  bright,  curly-headed  little  chap,  with 
brown  eyes,  and  hair  with  the  least  tinge 
of  red  enough  to  make  him  look  saucy- 
like.  The  farmer's  wife  had  one  of  her 
own  afore  the  year  was  out,  and  they 
grew  up  together  like  twins,  but  so  dif- 
ferent in  every  way.  Then  in  a  few 
years  more  boys  and  girls  came  along, 
and  I  mind  the  year  I  left,  after  hajdng 
time,  a  goodly  crowd  of  small  fry  begged 
to  help  load  hay,  while  staid  Frank 
raked  after. 

"The  Summer  afore  the  gold  fever 
broke  out  I  chanced  to  be  in  that  part  of 
the  country  in  search  of  work,  and 
stopped  to  see  farmer  White's  folks. 
They  seemed  proper  glad  to  see  me,  both 
him  and  his  wife,  and  Aunt  Rhody  too, 
who  told  me  how  much  they  all  had 
missed  me.  And  had  I  come  back  to 
slay  agin?  Times  were  bus}',  the  farmer 
shorthanded,  and  nothing  would  do  but 
I  must  take  hold  and  cany  'em  through 
harvesting.  You  may  be  sure  that  suited 
me  to  a  dot.  The  children  clustered 
around,  all  remembering  me,  but  grown 
past  my  recollection. 

"There  was  Frank,  a  man  gi-own,  and 
Jim,  not  far  behind,  while  Madge,  a  blue- 
eyed,  prattling,  four-year-old,  who  had 
been  my  special  pet,  was  now  a  timid, 
blushing  maiden,  with  hair  like  spun 
glass  floating  over  her  bare  shoulders. 
I  thought  she  was  the  prettiest  creetur 
I  ever  sot  eyes  on,  but  oh  what  a  change 
a  few  months  brought  about!" 

"  Did  she  die  or  get  sick?"  asked  one, 
while  Ned  looked  up  wistfully,  not 
daring  to  speak.  "No,"  drawled  out 
Dave,  "not  exactly,  but  she  might 
better  have  gone  than  grieve  'em  all  with 
her  sad,  sorrowful  looks.  Well,  as  I  was 
a-sayin',  I  stopped  there  that  year  way 
into  the  Fall,  apple  parin'  time.  There 
was  lots  of  fun  around  the  kitchen 
hearth,  and  I  was  duly  cautioned  never 
to  whisper  to  Frank  or  to  any  one  about 
his  not  being  their  own. 

"  The  little  school-ma'am  who  taught 
the  district  school  that  term  boarded 
around  a  week  at  a  place,  and  when  it 
came  her  turn  at  our  house  she  ques- 
tioned considerably  about  Frank,  he 
being  so  very  different  from  the  re.st. 
And  I  had  often  remarked  the  same, 
which  to  me  seemed  queer,  seein'  as 
how  they  all  had  been  brought  up  alike. 
He'd  sit  by  the  hour,  studyin'-like,  look- 
ing into  the  tire,  and  not  noticing  what 
fun  was  goin'  on  around,  or  with  a  book 
he'd  lie  by  the  half  day  under  a  hay- 
mow in  Summer  time.  Now  Miss  Shaw, 
the  schoolma'am,  was  a  studyin'  up 
hereditary  transmission — the  laws  of  de- 
scent, or  inherited  traits  handed  from 
one  generation  to  another.  You  know 
what  I  mean,  boys.  Well,  in  Frank  she 
could  not  see  a  spark  of  resemblance  to 
any  one  of  the  family.  Getten'  no  sat- 
isfaction out  of  nobody,  she  was  forced 
to  set  him  down  as  a  sort  of  freak  of 
nature,  or  one  of  God's  peculiar  provi- 
dences. 

"There  was  a  great  temperance  revival 
aboTit  this  time,  and  folks  went  from 
house  to  house  for  signers  to  the  pledge. 
When  they  came  to  Frank  he  obstinately 
refused  to  sign,  saying  he  had  always 
loved  the  smell  of  wine  and  liquor  and 
should  sometime  want  to  taste  it.  He 
never  meant  to  make  a  promise  which  he 
might  be  tempted  to  break.  The  others, 
from  oldest  to  youngest,  signed  and 
urged  him  to,  telling  him  of  the  terrible 
effects  of  the  habit,  once  formed;  how 
whole  families  were  ruined  by  a  father's 
indulgence  in  drink,  etc.  It  was  all  to 
no  purpose.  He  insisted  that  he  could 
keep  from  forming  the  habit  as  well 
without  signing  as  with  it,  and  he  never 
meant  to  bind  himself  by  a  promise. 
Miss  Shaw  looked  from  one  to  the  other 


of  the  parents,  and  wondered  how  they 
could  have  such  a  child  and  not  compel 
obedience,  as  she  said  to  me. 

"This  was  the  first  taste  we  had  of 
Frank's  willfulness,  and  considerable 
anxiety  was  felt,  you  may  be  sure.  He 
was  hot-headed  and  high  strung,  but 
easily  led  if  rightly  approached.  The 
mother  had  governed  with  a  13rm  hand, 
but  gently,  influencing  by  love  rather 
than  fear.  The  boy  had  a  fashion  of 
going  to  the  town  on  horseback  for  the 
mail,  and  sometimes  stopping  by  the 
way,  as  boys  will,  for  a  chat  with  the 
fellows.  One  night  he  came  home 
raving;  threw  the  letters  upon  the  table, 
and  stalking  up  to  his  mother's  side 
(Miss  Shaw  was  not  there.  I  was  glad 
of  that),  said  excitedly :  'Now,  mother, 
the  time  baa  come  for  you  to  tell  me  the 
whole  truth.  I  have  been  taunted  and 
sneered  at  all  my  life;  been  called  red- 
head, sorrel-top,  the  red  sheep  of  the 
family,  and  such,  by  pesky  rattletraps 
about  town.  But  when  it  comes  to  being 
called  a  tuckaway  brought  to  the  farm  in 
my  mother's  band-box,  and  a  red-headed 
bastard,  it  is  more  than  human  nature 
can  bear.  I've  just  given  a  fellow  a  clip 
for  saying  that,  and  expect  to  be  brought 
up  for  it.  Tell  me  truly,  now,  am  I 
really  your  son,  or  the  miserable  tuck- 
away  they  call  me?'  Aunt  Ehody  here 
spoke  up:  '  Tell  us,  Frank,  which  is  the 
true  mother  of  the  chicks,  the  hen  that 
lays  the  eggs  or  the  one  who  fetches  up 
the  brood?'  and  farmer  White  looked  up 
from  his  letters  to  say  something  about 
the  ridiculous  fashion  some  folks  have 
of  meddling  with  other  folks'  affairs, 
and  making  remarks  if  all  the  children 
of  a  family  are  not  exactly  alike. 

"All  this  time  Frank  stood  looking 
into  the  saddened  eyes  of  his  mother, 
who  rose,  and  putting  a  hand  upon  each 
shoulder,  asked  him  if  she  had  ever 
given  him  cause  to  question  her  love  and 
devotion  to  him;  had  she  ever  shown 
him  less  affection  than  the  others — look- 
ing into  his  eyes  so  pleadingly  that  the 
boy  sank  into  a  seat  and  covered  his 
face  with  his  hands,  sobbing  as  if  his 
heart  would  break. 

"  That  was  a  sorry  time  at  the  farm. 
The  danger  of  Frank's  discovery  haunted 
us  like  a  nightmare,  and  to  .settle  matters 
it  was  agreed  to  let  him  go  to  New  Y'ork 
to  visit  a  friend  of  Aunt  Ehody's  who 
had  been  at  the  farm  that  year  and  took 
a  mighty  fancy  to  him.  His  clothes 
were  packed  into  a  small  trunk  and  he 
set  off'  in  good  spirits,  kissing  all  gaily 
and  promising  to  send  something  to 
Madge,  who  was  fairly  crying. 

"  It  was  then  I  lirst  learned  the  be- 
ginning of  Frank's  history.  Sqxiire  Bell, 
who  lived  in  the  great  house  down  by 
the  meadow,  had  an  only  daughter, 
Fanny,  who  grew  up  handsome,  and  like 
all  the  rich  men's  gals  must  be  sent  to  a 
fashionable  boarding  school.  She  went 
to  New  Haven,  where  she  soon  made  the 
acquaintance  of  half  of  the  students  of 
Yale  College.  During  vacations,  when 
she  was  at  home,  there  would  be  lively 
times  at  the  Squire's  between  Fanny  and 
her  numerous  beaux.  But  there  came  a 
time  when  word  was  sent;  from  the  sem- 
inary that  Fanny  was  missing;  it  was 
feared  she  had  eloped  with  a  Y'ale  stu- 
dent. The  Squire  packed  his  trunk  and 
set  oft'  at  once,  leaving  his  wife  to  lix  up 
things  and  close  up  the  house  and  follow 
him.  For  fifteen  years  and  more  the 
family  have  been  abroad  traveling,  and 
not  a  trace  of  their  daughter  had  they 
found. 

"  There  were  now  great  doings  at  the 
Squire's  old  mansion,  for  word  had  come 
that  they  were  to  return  home  to  spend 
their  last  days.  Painters  and  uphol- 
sterers  wore    at   work  fi.\iu'  things,  and 


folks  began  to  wonder  whether  Fanny 
could  be  coming  vfith  them.  One  day  a 
modestly  dressed  lady  knocked  at  our 
door  and  asked  to  see  Mrs.  White.  She 
went  into  the  sitting-room,  and  long  they 
talked  alone  together. 

"  Then  as  I  was  kno-n-in'  to  the  rest,  I 
was  told  after  she  had  gone  that  the 
Squire's  daughter  had  married  a  good- 
for-nothing  gambler  and  drunkard.  She 
had  been  left  alone  to  struggle  in  a  for- 
eign land;  had  taken  steamer  for  home 
with  a  young  babe;  came  to  her  native 
town ;  learned  that  her  jsarents  were  gone 
traveling ;  was  taken  down  with  a  fever 
and  was  expecting  to  die — so  gave  direc- 
tions for  the  babe  to  be  brought  to  Aunt 
Rhody's  care  at  Farmer  White's,  feeling 
that  she  then  could  die  in  peace.  Her 
doctor  ordered  change  of  air.  She  rallied, 
got  well;  traveled  with  a  former  school- 
mate to  her  home  in  Germany,  where 
she  hoped  to  fall  in  with  her  parents.  A 
young  nobleman  fell  in  love  with  her, 
and  she  was  induced  to  man-y  him  and 
live  in  a  castle  on  the  Rhine.  Her  heart 
so  misgave  her  for  deserting  her  child 
that  she  could  have  no  peace.  No  tidings 
af  her  parents,  and  she  was  in  a  peek  of 
trouble,  though  her  German  count  was 
as  fond  of  her  as  he  could  be.  They  at 
last  decided  to  travel,  and  at  Paris 
chanced  to  meet  her  father  and  mother 
in  the  hotel  parlor.  A  return  to  America 
was  planned,  and  this  was  Fanny  herself 
come  to  claim  her  child. 

"  He  was  expected  home  the  next  day, 
but  did  not  come.  Another,  and  still  he 
stayed  away.  Then  they  wi'ote;  no  an- 
swer. At  last,  alarmed,  the  good  man 
started  for  New  York  to  bring  him  back. 
He  was  nowhere  to  be  found;  had  left 
for  home  at  the  appointed  time,  and  may 
have  gone  to  California  or  the  ends  of 
the  earth. 

"My  story's  done."  "But  Madge," 
cried  Ned  breathlessly,  "  what  about 
Madge?"  Then  it  was  that  old  Dave 
lifted  his  eyes,  and  for  the  first  time 
recognized  Frank  in  the  freckled  lad  be- 
fore him. 

"  Oh,  she's  waiting  for  you  still,  my 
lad.  I  have  a  letter  here  from  her 
brother,  who  charged  me  if  I  found  you 
out  here  to  give  you  a  message. 

"And  j'ou  are  really  he?  Let  me  see, 
how  old  might  you  be?  Twenty-seven, 
do  you  say?  And  yoti  came  away  be- 
cause of  the  love  you  bore  her  whom 
you  believed  to  be  your  own  sister?  She 
still  lives,  so  Jim  writes,  but  her  health 
is  sadly  suffering.  How  could  you  leave 
so  good  a  home? 

"But  come,  lads,  cheer  up.  My  tale 
has  brought  about  a  queer  state  of  things. 
Bring  on  the  ale,  boys;  let's  drink  to  his 
health,  and  the  little  girl  he  left  behind. 
The  mail  goes  out  in  the  morning;  write 
to  her  and  give  her  fresh  life." 

"That's  so,  Ned,"  .said  another,  slap- 
ping him  on  the  back;  "I  alwaj's  thought 
j'ou  the  luckiest  fellow  of  the  crowd. 
You  think  nothing  of  panning  out  a 
couple  of  ounces  a  day;  and,  now  if  old 
Dave's  yarn  be  true,  ye  have  a  Countess 
for  a  mother,  with  a  castle  on  the  Rhine, 
and  a  fair-haired  maid  dying  of  love  for 
ye!  'Taint  no  small  luck  you're 
born   to." 

The  ale  was  brought,  and  though  all 
drank  to  his  health,  never  a  drop  passed 
Frank's  lips.  He  had  made  a  vow  with 
himself  never  to  taste  it,  since  ho  had 
learned  the  danger  of  loving  it  too  well, 
and  sitting  apart  from  the  others  while 
they  sip|)ed  and  passed  away  the  time, 
he  poured  ont  his  heart  npon  paper  to 
those  ho  had  once  resolved  never  again 
to  see.  He  would  be  with  them  by 
Christmas  time,  he  wrote.  The  letter 
was  sealed  and  sent.  Before  it  reached 
its  destination  old  Dave  had  another  let- 


ter from  Jim.  "Too  late,"  sighed  he, 
as  he  read  on;  "Madge  died  on  Thanks- 
giving day."     Frank  never  went  home. 


(S^jmnpMmu. 


LETTER  FROM  NEVADA  COUNTY. 

BY    CAEEIE   F.  YOUNG. 

Ed.  Aoeicolturlst  :  The  early  rains 
have  washed  the  dust  from  the  foliage 
and  the  mist  from  eyes  and  brain.  With 
the  cool  moi-nings  ambition  revives,  and 
we  remember  our  promise  to  the  AOKI- 
cnLTUEisT.  This  13th  day  of  November, 
in  Nevada  City,  California,  we  plucked 
from  the  vines 

KIPE  STRAWEEREIES, 

Large  and  luscious.  Since  October  1st 
nine  pounds  have  been  picked  from  the 
same  vines.  About  fifty  hills  bore 
autumn  fruit.  The  owners  do  not  know 
the  name  nor,  where  they  originated. 
The  fruit  is  dark-colored,  long,  and  rich- 
flavored;  the  same  plant  bearing  both 
long  and  short  stems.  They  have  been 
set  three  years;  are  cultivated  by  hand 
in  hills.  The  soil  is  decomposed  or 
rotten  granite,  very  adhesive  and  com- 
pact; the  yield  of  fruit  so  large  it  is  not 
best  to  tell  it.  Red  clover,  sweet  corn, 
apples,  plums,  peaches,  pears,  do  full  as 
well  on  this  soil,  but  root  crops  cannot 
be  as  successfully  grown.  Water  from 
springs  is  abundant  all  through  the 
dryest  seasons.  We  do  not  mean  for  a 
hundred,  but  for  one,  two,  five  or  ten 
acres.  The  choice  little  homes  are 
usually  made  on  the  remnants  of  old 

WOEKED  OnT  MINING  CLAIMS. 

Sometimes  an  acre  of  rocks  can  be 
covered  with  the  "  tailings"  of  a  mill  or 
a  placer  mine.  The  owner  of  the  rocks 
hurriedly  levels  oft'  as  much  as  he  can; 
then  at  the  lowest  end  of  his  acre  piles 
up  brush  and  gravel,  to  confine  the 
stream  until  the  precious  cement—  clay, 
sand  or  mould — can  settle.  After  a  few 
weeks  the  rocks  are  covered.  In  from 
one  to  two  years  the  new  soil  is  ready 
for  spade  or  plow.  The  yield  of  vegeta- 
bles, blackberries  or  clover  is  sometimes 
worth  more  in  a  single  year  then  all  the 
gold  obtained  by  the  original  owners. 

Some  of  these  old-time  miners,  after 
their  visions  of  gold  vanished  like  the 
"baseless  fabric"  of  dreams,  have 
gathered  enough  cash  to  go  home  and 
return  again  with  the  girls  they  left  in 
'49  or  '52.  These  thrifty  Yankee  girls, 
by  their  economical  habits  and  industry, 
are  worth  more  financially  than  the  best 
jilacer  mine.  The  reason  is  obvious,  is 
it  not  ?  The  mine  gave  rich  promise, 
but  little  gold.  Y'ears  passed  away. 
The  promises  were  not  fulfilled;  the 
cabiu  was  cold  and  cobwebby;  bushels  of 
sacks  and  torn  garments  accumulated; 
youth  and  vigorous  early  manhood  were 
fading;  old  dreams  and  young  hopes 
mocked  and  taunted  the  disappointed 
toiler.s.  Very  few,  in  comparison  with 
the  whole  number  who  ought,  have  the 
courage  to  chall'iUge  the  old  sweethearts 
to  share  their  poverty.  We  are  ac- 
quainted in  the  mountains  with  several 
who  did.  The  challenge  was  accepted. 
".\h!"  said  the  glad  husband  of  six 
years,  "poverty  is  nothing  with  sjich  a 
wife  as  I  have!"  "Seek  ye  first  the 
Kingdom  of  Heaven,"  wo  thought. 
After  all  they  were  not  poor.  The  thrifty 
Yankee  girl  suggested  clover  and  cows. 
The  debris  was  caught,  soil  formed, 
clover  sown,  cows  bought,  good  stalls 
provided,  and 


OII.T-EDQED  BUTTEK 

Is   the   product   all   the   year,    worth 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


187 


dollar  a  roll.  Trees  were  planted,  old 
ones  gi'afted;  tons  of  red  apples  com- 
mand two  cents  a  pound  at  the  door. 
Poultry  receives  some  attention,  at  re- 
munerati%'e  prices.  Strawberries  bring 
twenty  cents  a  pound  at  home.  These 
and  several  other  small  (of  themselves) 
resources  m.ike  the  money.  The  porches 
have  vines;  the  windows  that  most  beau- 
tiful drapery,  gi-owing  plauts.  Fuchias 
and  geraniums  and  heliotrope  adorn  tbo 
walks.  A  perfect  wilderness  of  blossom- 
ing beauty  and  fragrance  where  onco 
was  only  a  dishwater  mudhole! 

Hundredsof  worked-out  mining  claims 
are  awaiting  the  dilligent  hands  of 

HOME    BUILDERS. 

Even  the  crevices,  where  neither  plow 
nor  cultivator  can  go,  will  receive  and 
perfect  a  peach  tree  or  a  grapevine. 
Peaches  of  a  pound  each  are  not  unusual. 
The  raisin  grape  yields  bountifully.  We 
have  a  cluster  of  Flame  Tokay  of  three 
pounds  weight.  Bartlett  pears,  as  fine 
as  ever  grew,  by  wagon-loads  have  rotted; 
not  for  lack  of  market,  but  of  the  co- 
operative industry  to  properlj'  put  into 
market. 

Hoping  all  your  readers  may  find 
blessed  companionship,  and  thus  be  able 
to  make  hapjiy  homes,  we  send  Meeey 

CHRIST.MAS       AND       HaPPY        NeW        YeAR 

Greetings. 


Showing  the  influence  of 

elevation  on  climate, 
While  fig  trees  all  around  on  the  flat 
lands  were  cut  by  frost,  one  tree  planted 
on  a  sand  ridge  only  five  feet  higher, 
stands  untouched,  and  no  ice  bus  been 
there,  though  a  thin  scale  has  been 
formed  on  lower  land  on  every  side.  As 
so  many  set  out 

live  posts 
Late  in  the  Spring,  and  fail  to  make 
them  grow,  I  will  take  this  opportunity 
to  suggest  if  they  will  cut  the  posts  in 
this  month,  even  if  they  have  to  lay  on 
the  ground  until  Spring  before  they  are 
planted,  they  will  probalily  do  better 
than  such  as  are  cut  after  the  sap  begins 
to  start  on  warm  days  in  February.  Let 
any  one  try  it,  and  I  think  they  will 
plant  their  posts  in  the  Fall  instead  of 
Spring  after  this.  Adieu  for  the  present. 
Yours,  Isaac  B.  Romford. 

November  13th,  187G. 


([jducationul 


that  every  boy  and  girl  should  be  learn- 
ing some  practical  trade  or  branch  of 
manual  labor  while  attending  school. 
Let  the  years  of  schooling  be  more,  and 


Some  of  the  people  leave  their  children 
floating,  ready  to  take  any  direction 
chance  may  happen  to  give.  It  is  cer- 
tainly a  very  important   matter   to   con- 


include  the  skillful  use  of  tools,  and  in-  '  sider  these  questions,  so  as  to  act  exactlj 
struction  by  actual  experience  in  some  right  from  a  reahzmg  sense  of  respousi- 
useful  calling.  Here  ai-e  a  few  ideas  !  bility,  and  with  an  enlightened  forecast 
which  we  quote  from  a  report  of  one  of  :  In  regard  to  one  of  the  many  avocaliojis 
the  public  school  superintendents  of 
Santa  Clara  County.  It  has  the  right 
ring  to  it 


What  we  shall  teach  in  our  public 
schools  seems  to  be  a  debatable  ques- 
tion. The  answer  is  plain.  We  should 
teach  those  branches  actually  necessary 
to  fit  our  boys  and  girls  for  the  voca- 
tions of  life.  That  reading,  writing, 
spelling,   grammar,    arithmetic,    geog: 


in  a  late  discussion  an  intelligent  farmer 
gave  his  views  as  to  the  importance  of 
improving  the  estimate  and  outlook  of 
farming,  so  as  to  make  it  more  attractive 
and  interesting  to  boys  and  young  men; 
and  we  think  there  is  much  weight  in 
what  ho  says: 

' '  I  consider  this  the  most  interesting 
subject  that  can  be  discussed;  interest- 
ing to  us  as  individuals,  and  interesting 


I 


LETTER  FROM  KERN  COUNTY. 

the  frost 
Has  caught  us  rather  early  this  Fall, 
coming  about  the  first  of  November,  cut- 
ting down  potatoes,  squashes  and  corn 
which  we  expected  would  have  two  or 
three  more  weeks  to  perfect  in,  judging 
from  last  year's  experience,  as  then 
crops  of  the  kind  kept  growing  until  well 
into  December.  We  have  had  A  of  an 
inch  of  rain,  but  do  not  depend  upon 
rain  for  a  crop.  We  shall  plow  and  sow 
when  ready, 

depending  upon  irrigation 
If  it  is  needed.  Some  of  our  land  pro- 
duced fine  crops  of  corn  and  potatoes 
this  season  from  the  seepage  that  came 
from  irrigated  farms  above.  There  is  a 
great  change  taking  place  on  this  island 
in  this  respect.  Since  new  ditches  have 
been  made,  on  some  of  the  farms  where 
they  had  to  dig  twelve  feet  deep  before 
coming  to  water,  it  now  stands  within 
three  feet  of  the  surface,  and  some  think 
they  will  have  to  underdrain.  Still  there 
were  many  crops  lost  this  season.  The 
water  supply  was  not  reliable,  because 
the  ditches  were  new  and  unsettled. 
Such  has  been  the  trouble  up  about  the 
middle  of  the  island. 

BIRDS,  RATS  AND  RABBITS. 

Down  nearer  the  lake,  where  so  much 
irrigation  was  not  needed,  the  blackbirds 
on  the  corn  and  tule  rats  on  the  wheat 
crop  discouraged  some.  Then  another 
trouble  that  we  all  have  felt  is  the  rabbit 
pest.  They  not  only  destroy  trees  and 
vegetables,  using  up  melons  and  pump- 
kins at  a  rapid  rate,  but  barley  and 
alfalfa  falls  in  no  small  quantity  before 
them.  Their  natural  enemy,  the  Coyote, 
having  passed  away  before  the  advance 
of  civilization,  the  rabbits  are  left  to  in- 
crease and  multiply  and  devour  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  soil.  But  I  think  their  day 
will  soon  be  over,  for 

A  MANIA  FOR  HOUNDS 

Has  spread  among  the  farmers,  and  a 
half  dozen  of  them  on  each  section  of 
land  would  soon  "absorb"  the  rabbit 
supply,  and,  from  what  I  have  heard  and 
seen,  I  have  no  doubt  it  will  pay  a  farmer 
well  to  buy  them  at  f  5  each.  Who  can 
supply  them  at  that  price?  How  would 
it  pay  to  raise  them? 


The  Smack  in  School. 

BY  WILLIAM   PITT  PALMER. 

A  district  school,  not  far  away. 

'Mid  BertBhire  hill,  one  wiuter'B  day 

Was  humming  with  its  woutcd  noise 

With  three-score  mingled  ijirls  and  boys; 

Some  few  upon  their  task  intent. 

But  more  on  furtive  mischief  bent: 

The  while  the  master's  downward  look 

Was  fastened  on  a  copy  book; 

When  suddenly,  behind  his  back. 

Rose  sharp  and  clear  a  rousing  smack! 

As  'twere  a  battery  of  bliss 

Let  off  in  one  tremendous  kiss! 

•'  What's  that?"  the  startled  master  cries; 

"  That,  thir,"  a  little  imp  replies, 

"  Wath  William  Willith,  if  you  pleathe— 

I  saw  bim  kith  Thuthannah  Peatho!" 

With  frown  to  make  a  statue  thrill, 

The  master  thundered,  "Hither,  Will  !" 

Like  wretch  o'ertaken  in  his  track, 

With  stolen  chattels  on  his  back, 

Will  hung  his  head  in  fear  and  shame, 

And  to  the  awful  presence  came— 

A  great,  green,  bashful  simpleton, 

The  butt  of  all  good-natured  tun— 

With  smile  suppressed,  and  birch  upraised. 

The  threatner  faltered—"  I'm  amazed 

That  you,  my  biggest  pupil,  should 

Be  guilty  of  an  act  so  rude! 

Before  the  whole  set  school  to  boot— 

What  evil  genius  put  you  to't?" 

"  'Twas  she,  herself,  sir,"  sobbed  the  lad, 

"  I  didn't  mean  to  be  so  bad — 

But  when  Susannah  shook  her  curls, 

And  whispered  I  was  'fraid  of  girls. 

And  dursu't  kiss  a  baby's  doll, 

I  couldn't  stand  it,  sir,  at  all. 

But  up  and  kissed  her  on  the  spot! 

I  know— boo  boo— I  ought  to  not. 

But,  somehow,  from  her  looks— boo  hoc— 

I  thought  she  kind  o'  wished  me  to*?" 


phy  ami  history  shouUi  be  taught  is  con-  [  to"us  as  a  community.  The  society  of 
ceded  by  all.  As  the  importance  of  a  our  town  depends  upon  the  action  of  our 
thorough  training  in  these  studies  and  j  yuung  men — whether  they  are  taught  to 
the  best  methods  for  accomplishing  the  i  joye  the  farm.  From  whence  has  come 
same  are  to  be  presented  to  the  Institute  the  stability  of  our  whole  couutrj-?  From 
by  competent  instructors,  I  shall  devote  |  the  young  men  who  are  raised  in  the 
what  few' remarks  I  make  to  the  consitl- ;  country.  How  are  we  to  interest  the 
eration  of  other  subjects  that  I  consider  j  boys?  How  are  they  to  be  held  upon 
equally  important  in  a  practical  educa-  the  farm?  One  step  in  that  direction  is 
tiou.  '  Ovir  manufactories  are  becoming  j  (or  the  farmer  to  honor  and  have  a  great- 
very  important,  and  they  demand  trained  er  respect  himself  for  the  business  in 
help  from  industrial  art  schools.  We  |  ^n-hjch  ho  is  engaged.  Every  one  be- 
must  furnish  it,  or  it  M'ill  come  from  Eu-  j  ijeves  his  business  is  the  worst,  and  it  is 


SELF-SUPPORTINC    EDUCATION. 

^,NE  of  our  lady  correspondents,  call- 
ing our  attention  to  the  great 
amount  of  suflering  among  our 
young  men  and  women  out  of  em- 
ployment, asks  the  following  ques- 
tions: 

Is  our  educational  system  doing  any- 
thing to  enable  our  young  people  to  grow 
into  self-supporting  citizens?  Surely 
something  beside  Normal  schools  should 
be  necessary  to  receive  all  our  youths  of 
both  sexes  who  have  a  right  to  clamor 
for  the  privilege  of  becoming  a  success- 
ful artisan.  The  land  is  swarming  with 
teachers,  and  we  are  still  adding  more  to 
the  supply.  Let  us  have  workshops  and 
teach  our  boys  trades,  or  make  them  fa- 
miliar with  the  use  of  tools,  so  that  upon 
leaving  school,  or  during  vacations,  they 
can  step  into  a  shop  and  earn  something 
toward  their  own  support,  thereby  pre- 
venting much  suflering.        A  Mother. 

The  above  is  full  of  importance  to  our 
educators,  and  especially  to  all  of  us  who 
have  children  to  educate.     We  are   sure 


rope  and   crowd   our   own  illy  prepared 
artisans  to  the  wall.      The  competition 
that  our  mechanics  are   meeting  is  be- 
coming more  marked  and  decided  every 
day.     To  meet  their  opponents    success- 
fully they  must  have  a  thorough  techni- 
cal training.     The   gi'eat    conflict  of  the 
age  is  an  industrial  conflict.      The   time 
is  past  when  armies  will   decide   the  su- 
periority of  nations.     We  must  look  for 
some  other  arbiter,  and  we  find  it  in  the 
industrial   arts.      The  great  contest   of 
future  ages  will  be  fought   and   won   at 
International     Expositions.       The     dif- 
ferent nations  of  the  earth  are  preparing 
for  the  contest.     Reports  show  that  there 
is  but  one  opinion  on  the  subject  of  the 
necessity  of  an  industrial  training.     All 
Europe  "has  begun  to  move  in   the   mat- 
ter.    Even  now   we   are  far  behind  in 
this   pai'ticular,  and   it   behooves   us   to 
act,  and  that  quickly,  too,'  in  our   own 
defense.     The  reasons  for  such  an   edii- 
cation  are   many   and  important.     Our 
present  system  does  not  meet  the  wants 
of  the  times.     The   proof  of  this   state- 
ment is  the  large  number  of  young  men 
and  women  that  are  growing   up    among 
us  without  any  aim  in  life.      This   con- 
dition  of  aflairs   arises   from   many  pa- 
rents being  prevented  by  their  silly  pride 
from  gi^-ing  their  children  any  industrial 
training  whatever,  and  from  there  being 
no  means  provided  for  a  technical  educa- 
tion even  when  desired.    If  our  children 
are  failures  in  life  we  have   no    one   to 
blame  but  ourselves.      Their   education 
unfits  them  for  any  calling;  hence  they 
follow  none.     Children  must   be    taught 
to  work.     Labor  is   their  ouly  salvation! 
The  boy  who  becomes  a  merchant,  a  me- 
chanic or  a  farmer,  fills  just   as   honora- 
ble a  position  in  life  as  he  who  turns  his 
attention  to  medicine,  to  law,   to  letters, 
or   to   theology.       All   labor   is   equally 
honorable!     And  the  sooner   we   realize 
this  fact  in  the  education  of  our  children 
the  fewer  tears  will  we  have  to  shed  over 
their  failures  and  disgraces.     The  ques- 
tion, "what  shall  we  do  with  our  boys?  ' 
need  not  trouble  the  public  mind.     If  we 
give  them  the  proper  education  they  wiU 
take  care  of  themselves." 


Keeping  Boys  on  the  Farm. 

Among  the  many  questions  for  parents 
to  ponder  now  are :  How  shall  we  train 
oiir  children?  What  vocation  shall  they 
be  educated  to  follow?  'VMiat  is  best  for 
them    and    us,    and   society   generally? 


seldom  that  children  follow  the  business 
of  their  parents  because  they  hear  it 
spoken  so  disparagingly  of.  So,  if  the 
farmer  is  talking  of  poverty,  etc.,  will 
the  boy  be  likely  to  follow  the  farm?  No; 
then  speak  respectfully  of  the  occupa- 
tion and  teach  the  boy  to  honor  it.  The 
position  that  farming  occupies  in  rela- 
tion to  other  professions  with  regard  to 
making  money,  prevents  young  men 
from  desiring  to  follow  farming.  They 
look  upon  the  city  clerks  and  see  them 
well  dressed  and  apparently  in  the  en- 
joyment of  ease,  and  when  they  contrast 
this  with  the  patched,  soiled  clothes 
which  they  are  obUged  to  wear,  perfumed 
as  they  are  from  the  cow  stable,  with  a 
scarcity  of  spending  money,  notwith- 
standing hard  labor,  it  renders  them  dis- 
contented and  encourages  desires  to  flee 
from  the  farm  to  more  congenial  pur- 
suits. There  is  one  advantage  in  farm- 
ing, that  in  that  occupation  the  man  is 
comparatively  independent.  Seed  time, 
harvest  and  the  increase  follow  each 
other  in  due  course,  and  the  uncertain- 
ties of  trade  and  liabilities  of  loss  do 
not  disturb  his  slumbers,  and  so  long  as 
the  soil  is  productive,  he  is  sure  of  his 
daily  bread.  Boys  should  not  be  over- 
worked, for  in  that  they  get  the  impres- 
sion that  farming  is  a  sort  of  perpetual 
slavery." 

Says  Dr.  J.  G.  Holland: 

"  If  the  American  farmer  wishes  to 
keep  his  children  near  him,  he  must 
learn  the  difference  between  hving  and 
getting  a  living;  and  we  mistake  him  and 
his  grade  of  culture  altogether  if  he  does 
not  stop  over  this  statement  and  wonder 
what  we  mean  by  it.  To  get  a  living,  to 
m.ake  money,  to  become  'fore-handed' — 
this  is  the  whole  of  life  to  agricultural 
multitudes,  discouraging  in  their  num- 
ber to  contemplate.  To  them  there  is 
no  difference  between  living  and  getting 
a  living.  Their  whole  lives  consist  in 
getting  a  living:  and  when  their  families 
come  back  to  them  from  their  schooling, 
and  find  that  really  this  is  the  only  pur- 
suit that  has  any  recognition  under  the 
paternal  roof,  they  must  go  away.  The 
boys  push  to  the  centres  or  the  cities, 
and  the  girls  follow  them  if  they  can. 
A  young  man  or  a  young  woman,  raised 
to  where  either  can  apprehend  the  differ- 
ence berween  li^-ing  and  getting  a  living, 
can  never  be  satisfied  with  the  latter 
alone.  Either  the  farmer's  children 
must  be  kept  ignorant,  or  provision  must 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


be  made  for  their  social  wants.  Brains 
and  heart  need  food  and  clothing  as  well 
as  bodies;  and  those  who  have  learned 
to  recognize  brains  and  hearts  as  the 
beet  and  most  imijortant  part  of  their 
personal  possessions,  will  go  where  they 
can  find  the  ministry  they  need." 

Brain  Farming. 

The  time  is  coming  when  the  elemen- 
tary principles  of  agriculture  will  be 
taught  in  our  public  schools.  The  time 
is  coming  when  the  sons  of  our  farmers, 
who  are  sent  to  institutions  of  learning 
to  obtain  a  respectable  education,  will 
pay  less  attention  to  learning  the  Greek 
and  Latin  languages,  and  the  higher 
mathematics,  and  more  attention  to 
studying  such  authors  as  Liebig,  John- 
son, Silliman,  Agassiz,  itc.  The  learned 
professions  are  all  tilled  to  overflowing. 
Half  of  the  members  cannot  make  a 
living.  What  is  now  wanted  is,  educa- 
tion to  fit  men  for  farming — to  make  the 
profession  of  farming  as  honorable,  as 
reputable,  as  any  other.  If  the  mem- 
bers of  the  agricultural  profession  are  as 
well  educated  and  as  well  qualified,  there 
is  no  reason  why  they  should  not  fill  im- 
portant positions — which  are  now  almost 
completely  absorbed  by  the  learned  pro- 
fessions, as  they  are  termed.  It  is  true 
there  is  not  much  progress  in  this  direc- 
tion, but  there  is  some.  Let  there  be 
more.  Let  farmers  be  as  well  educated 
for  their  profession  as  other  members 
are  for  their  special  professions.  Farm- 
ing will  then  become  more  profitable. 
Brain  farming  is  increasing  yearly.  By 
and  bye  we  hope  there  will  be  no  other, 
and  that  it  will  be  educated  brain  at 
that.— £a;. 

Educated  Farmers. 

Just  in  proportion  to  the  successful 
cultivation  of  the  soil,  is  the  aggregate 
prosperity  of  the  human  family  aug- 
mented. As  agi'iculture  is  the  founda- 
tion of  all  success  in  every  department 
of  business,  how  important  then  that  it 
should  be  studied  and  understood  by 
those  engaged  therein!  It  was  the  first 
vocation  to  which  man  was  called  by  the 
voice  of  his  Maker,  to  till  the  soil,  and 
it  is  yet  the  highest  and  noblest  profes- 
sion on  earth  among  men.  It  is  not 
only  above  all  others,  but  it  underlies 
and  sustains  all  others,  and  all  others 
acknowledge  their  dependence  upon  it. 

Brains  and  muscle  should  share  equal- 
ly all  laborious  occupations.  But  the 
bruin  should  direct  the  muscle  and  utilize 
and  economize  its  power. 


Culture  of  Sugar  Cane. 

A  writer  in  the  Florida  ArjHculturist 
estimates  the  cost  of  seed  for  an  acre  of 
sugar  cane  at  S15.  The  machinery  for 
manufacturing  on  a  moderate  scale  will 
cost  probably  about  $200,  but  the  indus- 
trious poor  man  can  plant  a  smaller  area 
until  he  raises  his  own  seed,  and  the  in- 
come from  his  first  acre  manufactvired 
and  sold  will  pay  for  all  necessary  ma- 
chinery. A  market  is  always  at  hand, 
and  an  article  as  staple  as  sugar  or  syrup 
can  never  fail  to  be  in  demand  at  remu- 
nerative prices.  At  the  present  time 
more  than  the  ordinary  inducements  are 
offered  for  engaging  in  this  business. 
Cuba,  which  has  furnished  no  small  por- 
tion of  the  sugar  consumed  in  America, 
is  now  so  demoralized  by  domestic 
troubles,  that  for  some  years  at  least  she 
will  bo  wholly  unable  to  furnish  the 
usual  quantity,  and  the  market  value 
must  necessarily  be  increased.  To  raise 
an  aero  of  corn    in   the  State  of  Illinois 


requires  a  greater  annual  expenditure  of 
capital  and  labor  than  to  raise  an  acre  of 
cane  in  Florida.  It  has  to  be  planted  ev- 
erj'  spring,  and  cultivated  throughout 
the  greater  part  of  the  summer,  while 
cane,  once  planted,  gi'ows  for  years,  and 
needs  but  little  cultivation  after  the  first 
season.  A  successful  crop  of  corn  gives 
a  yield  of  about  40  bushels  per  acre,  and 
an  average  home  price  of  50  cents  per 
bushel  is  usually  quite  satisfactory  to 
the  producer.  If,  therefore,  the  Illinois 
farmer  can  become  rich  raising  corn  at 
$20  per  acre,  why  cannot  the  cane  grow- 
er in  Florida  progress  much  more  rapid- 
ly, when  his  crop  requires  no  greater 
average  expense,  and  yields  from  $200  to 
$300,  instead  of  $20  per  acre? 

There  are  portions  of  California  where 
sugar  cane  might  be  produced,  we  be- 
lieve, at  a  profit.  We  would  like  to  see 
such  of  our  farmers  as  can  well  do  so, 
try  the  exi^eriment  on  a  small  scale,  at 
least,  for  the  sake  of  knowing  how  it 
will  grow  on  their  farms. 


^M\  ^mAtu 


Suggestions  About  Breeding. 

PERFECT  development  and  sound, 
vigorous  health,  constitutionally, 
especially  in  t  he  generative  organs, 
are  conditions  of  fertilitj'. 
2.  In  the  maintenance  and  im- 
provement of  breed,  the  truth  that  "like 
produces  like,"  that  the  reproductive 
germ  ■nill  stamp  upon  the  animal  devel- 
oped from  it  the  characters  of  the  pa- 
rent organism,  is  the  backbone  of  suc- 
cess. 

3.  We  can,  in  a  great  degree,  at  will, 
produce  variations  and  improvements  in 
breeds,  as  by  abundant  feeding,  a  mild 
and  salubrious  climate,  a  rich  and 
healthy  soil,  moderate  use,  education, 
stimulation,  or  selection  of  desirable  qual- 
ities; by  disease  or  rejection  of  \inde- 
sirable  characters  and  properties;  by  so- 
liciting the  weight  of  imagination  in  our 
favor;  by  allowing  the  breeding  animals 
to  mix  only  with  those  of  the  stamp  de- 
sired; by  crossing  less  improved  breeds 
systematically  with  mates  of  a  better 
race,  and  by  crossing  animals  faulty  or 
deficient  in  some  particular  point  with 
others  in  which  this  point  is  developed 
in  excess. 

■1.  The  herding  of  pregnant  high  class 
animals  with  low  bred  ones,  and  the  re- 
sulting attachment  between  the  two  races 
are  to  be  especially  avoided,  as  occasion- 
ally afl'ecting  the  progeny  injuriously; 
strong  impressions  from  a  new  or  unu- 
sual condition  of  surrounding  objects 
are  to  be  equally  guarded  against. 

5.  If  a  valuable  female  is  allowed  to 
breed  to  an  inferior  male,  she  cannot  be 
relied  upon  to  jiroduce  pure  bred  animals 
for  several  succeeding  pregnancies. 
Through  a  strong  and  retained  impres- 
sion, the  absorption  into  the  sj'stem  of 
living  particles  (germinal  matter)  from 
the  fwtus,  or  through  some  influence  du- 
ring pregnancy  on  the  ova,  then  being 
moot  actively  developed,  the  good  or  bad 
features  of  the  first  sire  are  perpetuated 
in  the  progeny  of  succeeding  ones. 

6.  All  breeds  show  a  tendency  to 
"breed  back,"  or  to  produce  offspring 
bearing  the  marks  of  their  less  improved 
and  comparatively  valueless  ancestors; 
hence,  individuals  of  this  kind   must  be 

[  rejected  from  the  best  breeds  if  wo  would 
maintain  their  excellence. 

7.  Certain  races  and  individuals  have 
their  characters  more  fixed,  and  will 
transmit  and  perpetuate  them  in  greater 
proiiortion  than  others  with  which  thoy 


may  be  crossed.  If  their  qualitiea  are 
desirable,  they  prove  highly  valuable  in 
raising  stock  of  greater  excellence. 

If  undesirable  they  will  depreciate  the 
value  of  any  stock  crossed  for  many  gen- 
erations. That  fixity  of  type,  however, 
is,  above  all,  a  char.icteristic  of  those 
which  have  been  carefully  selected  and 
bred  up  to  a  certain  standard  for  many 
generations,  so  that  in  our  best,  longest 
established  and  most  esteemed  breeds  we 
have  a  most  valuable  legacy  left  us  by 
the  successful  breeders  of  the  past  with 
which  we  may  mould  our  inferior  races 
almost  at  will. 

8.  While  breeding  continuously  from 
the  nearest  relations  tends  to  a  weakened 
constitution,  and  the  aggravation  of  any 
taint  in  the  blood  to  sterility,  these  may 
be  avoided  by  infusing  at  intervals  fresh 
blood  of  the  same  family  which  has  been 
bred  apart  from  this  branch  of  it  for  sev- 
eral generations.  Moreover,  the  highest 
excellence  is  sometimes  attained  only  by 
breeding  very  close  for  a  time. 

9.  Diseased  or  mutilated  animals  ai-e 
generally  to  be  discarded  from  breed- 
ing. Mutilations  resulting  from  disease 
existing  during  pregnancy,  and  disease 
with  a  constitutional  morbid  taint  are 
abov?  all  to  be  dreaded  as  transmissible. 
— Pkof.  James  Law,  in  New  York  Her- 
ald. 


AN  EARLY  MORNING  SOLILOQUY 
Itlre.   S.   Talks  and  Tlunks   to  Herself 

BY  MES.  LIZZIE  WniGHT. 

"This  is  very  much  like  savage  life," 

Mrs.  S said   to  herself  between  two 

puffs  at  the  obstinate  fire;  "when  will  I 
learn  to  look  out  for  myself.  It  is  just 
as   mother    used    to   tell  me,  exactly." 

Mrs.  S was   thinking   now,   fussing 

with  the  fire  meanwhile,  putting  the  half 
burnt  slivers  together,  and  herding  up 
the  dim  coals,  but  it  would  not  burn,  so 
she  took  up  an  old  pan  and  run  out  into 
the  shed,  half  dressed  as  she  was,  to 
pick  up  chips.  The  shed  was  open,  and 
the  winter  wind  made  her  shiver. 

It  is  strange  how  much  one  can  think 
over  in  a  brief  space.  She  saw  while 
hastily  scratching  up  the  chips,  a  picture 
of  herself  away  back  in  the  old  home, 
making  the  fire  one  cold  morning,  while 
her  mother's  voice  from  the  curtained 
bed  at  the  other  end  of  the  loom  was 
saying,  "why  don't  you  lie  abed  till 
some  of  the  men  folks  make  the  fire.  I 
see  this  is  the  way  you  will  always  do." 
Then  she  had  answered  in  perfect  trust, 
"no,  indeed,  if  ever  I'm  married,  and 
have  a  house  of  my  own,  the  morning 
fires  will  go  unmade  all  day  if  they  wait 
forme  to  make  them."  "How  is  it 
now,"  she  went  on  talking  and  thinking 
to  herself  while  putting  her  chips  on  the 
fire,  "there  are  two  fires  to  make  this 
morning,  and  I,  alas!  am  making  them 
both,  while  he  is  in  bed.  Why  haven't 
I  common  sense  enough  to  know  that 
men  will  take  what  ease  thej'  can  get. 
Oh,  why  am  I  not  wiser.  I  am  not  fit 
to  do  such  rough  work,  and  yet  I  keep 
on  doing  it  because  nobody  else  will  do 
it  for  me.  I  have  about  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  I  shall  be  allowed  to  do 
it  as  long  as  I  can.  These  ai'e  hard 
thoughts,  but  I  can't  help  them.  I  shall 
keep  them  to  myself,  certainly  I  should 
be  extremely  mortified  to  have  (hose 
things  known.  I  can  only  tell  it  nil  over 
to  myself  to  free  my  mind.  If  wives 
did  not  come  so  easily, "  she  soliloquized, 
•'these  farming  men  would  be  more  care- 


ful of  those  they  have.  I  wish  I  could 
legislate  on  this  subject  for  them.  'Oh,' 
they  say,  exultingly,  '  'tis  bard,  surely, 
to  find  a  hired  girl,  but  if  you  say  ici/e, 
a  dozen  women  are  ready  to  bind  them- 
selves unconditionally.'  Oh,  I  can  t 
help  confessing  to  myself,  with  bitter- 
ness, that  there  is  truth  in  what  my 
mother  used  to  tell  me.  '  If  you  work 
yourself  to  death  you  will  never  get 
"thank  you"  for  it.'  I  feel  just  now 
like  laying  this  down  as  an  axiom :  '  the 
harder  a  wife  works  the  less  he  husband 
loves  her.'  " 

"And  why  should  he  not  love  her  less? 
To  be  sure  it  may  be  to  save  expense, 
and  to  make  himself  and  children  more 
comfortable,  that  she  overtaxes  and  bur- 
dens herself.  She  may  rise  early  on 
Monday  morning,  make  fires,  get  break- 
fast, and  have  her  wash  water  over  be- 
fore her  husband  is  ready  to  get  up — do 
it  all  undei  silent  protest,  too,  because 
it  must  be  done  and  it  is  so  much  better 
to  have  it  all  done  early  and  out  of  the 
way,  for  the  comfort  of  the  family,  and 
to  give  time  for  the  sewing  and  knitting. 
But  in  making  fires  she  blackens  and 
burns  her  hands,  may  be,  and  in  wash- 
ing the  skin  is  rubbed  off  and  the  joints 
spread.  They  are  all  soaked  up  and 
reddened,  and  after  a  period  of  excessive 
hard  work  they  cease  to  be  pretty,  and 
her  husband  knows  it.  She  may  dress 
herself  neatly  when  her  task  is  done, 
and  have  on  her  face  that  pleasant  look 
which  the  consciousness  of  a  hard  job 
completed  tends  to  give;  but  she  is  tired, 
worn,  and  jaded;  she  cannot  be  bright, 
joyous,  and  vivacious;  and,  unless  she 
has  an  uncommon  amount  of  spirit  and 
independence,  a  few  years  of  this  round 
of  work  drags  her  down,  until  her  hus- 
band in  thought  comes  to  regard  her  as 
'the  old  woman.'  " 

"There  are  so  many  things  she  can  do 
to  save  expense;  house-cleaning  and  pa- 
pering, and  even  whitewashing,  and 
blacking  the  stoves,  and  all  the  sewing, 
of  course,  that  she  can  hardly  bring  the 
week's  work  within  the  week;  seldom 
finding  time  for  those  artistic  arrange- 
ments of  dress  and  hair  which  all  ad- 
mire, whatever  they  may  say;  and  hus- 
band, unconsciously  perhaps,  draws  con- 
trasts between  her  and  the  lively, 
sprightly  beings  he  meets  here  and 
there,  who  are  not  worn  down  with  work 
and  care,  because  they  have  mothers  to 
look  out  for  them,  while,  alas,  in  too 
many  cases,  the  wife  of  the  farmer  has 
no  one  to  aid  or  council  her." 

"  It  vexes  one  to  hear  women,  as  a 
class,  talked  to  as  though  they  did  noth- 
ing. Does  a  woman  who  rears  a  family 
of  children  do  nothing?  This  wide 
country  is  covered  with  farmer's  homes. 
Some  of  the  wives  are  strong  and  hearty, 
able  to  walk  under  their  burdens;  never- 
theless it  would  be  fearful  to  count  up 
the  farmer's  wives  who  are  literally 
irorkcd  to  death .'  Some,  who  have  no 
ambition  beyond  the  round  of  house- 
work, may  live,  and  thrive;  but  the  fine- 
ly organized  woman,  who  has  delicate 
taste  and  inherent  strivings  after  better 
things,  must  look  to  herself  or  she  will 
wear  rapidly  away  under  the  farming 
regime.  Why  is  this  so  with  farming 
more  than  with  other  business?" 

"  But  the  saddest  is  the  matter-of- 
course  way  in  which  the  husband  views 
it  all.  It  is  a  matter  of  course  that  his 
wife  should  do  all  she  can;  that  she 
should  be  constantly  at  work,  never  fin.l 
ing  time  for  recreation.  A  matter  t:i 
course  that  she  should  grow  weaker  and 
weaker,  less  and  1 
finally  leave  him  ; 
often  that  the 
who  has  worked 
ty  of  repining 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


great  march  of  events  must  go  right  on 
the  same  as  ever,  as  though  nothing  had 
happened,  and  a  fresh  helpmeet  is  soon 
installed.  The  poor  children!  Oh,  well, 
to  be  sure,  in  all  the  wide  world  they 
can  have  but  one  mother!" 

"But  now  to  this  day's  work — I  must 
hurry  to  get  it  done  before  I  am  too 
tired."      The   tire   was    burning   nicely 

now.      Mrs.   S had   been   thinking 

and  talking,  while  warming  her  fingers 
and  lacing  her  shoes,  so  there  had  been 
no  time  lost.  Her  journal  of  to-night 
will  show  whether  she  finished  her  day's 
work  without  getting  too  tired. 

SATURDAY     EVENING    REVERY— 
NO-  3. 

BY  M.  B.  T. 

Close  application  and  late  hours  en- 
abled me  to  finish  my  new  suit — ruflSes, 
bands,  buttons  and  bows,  all  complete, 
and  in  due  time  for  the  contemplated 
visit.  And  now,  before  attempting  to 
gather  up  the  tangled  threads  of  dis- 
course, permit  me  to  say  that  I  have  had 
a  very  pleasant  visit  indeed.  I  spent  a 
night  at  the  hospitable  home  of  our  Ed- 
itor and  his  amiable  wife,  Mrs.  H.,  a 
lady  of  high  mental  culture.  lu  her  I 
have  had  the  rare  pleasure  of  seeing  a 
woman  who  possesses  the  moral  courage 
to  practice  after  the  counsels  of  her  bet- 
ter judgment.  We  had  quite  a  tde-a-ide, 
frcm  which  I  drew  both  pleasure  and 
profit.  Among  congenial  natures  there 
is  a  soul-stirring  element  that  lifts  us  to 
a  higher  plane  of  existence.  We  rise 
for  a  time,  as  it  were,  above  the  quag- 
mire of  pretense  and  folly,  and  reach 
out,  longing  to  plant  our  feet  more  firm- 
ly. But  the  elements  conflict.  Temp- 
tation, like  some  tempest  to.ssed  wave, 
overtakes  us,  and  we  fall  again  into  fool- 
ish frivolities.  Nobody  pities  us — at 
least  very  few.  This  lack  of  sympathy 
is  the  very  subject  I  meant  to  ponder  in 
my  evening's  revery,  as  one  of  the  un- 
pleasant consequences  arising  from  our 
improper  mode  of  living. 

Did  you  never  think  how  little  love 
and  symjiathy  we  get  as  a  class?  The 
wealthy  condemn  and  despise  us  for  at- 
tampting  to  compete  with  them;  while 
those  below  us  on  the  ladder  of  life  en- 
tertain opinions,  as  many  as  there  are 
rounds.  Some  are  jealous,  some  are  en- 
vious, and  some  bemean  us;  but  nobody 
pities  us.  Surely,  poverty  and  respecta- 
bilit}'  combined  make  for  us  the  roughest 
roud  of  all  in  the  great  human  ladder. 

[Against  the  better  judqtnent  and  request 
of  Mrs.  H.,  the  editor  allows  the  above 
deserved  compliment  to  his  wife  from 
friend  M.  E.  T.  to  appear.  And  we  will 
here  take  occasion  to  put  in  a  word  as 
to  M.  E.  T.'s  sentiments  about  poverty 
and  respectability.  While  we  sympa- 
thize with  and  pity,  we  cannot  partici- 
pate in  the  sentiment.  We  claim  to 
know  what  poverty  means,  and  to  be  re- 
spectable, but  positively  have  no  desire 
for  the  society  of  persons  who  allow 
their  wealth  to  become  a  bar  between  us. 
To  gain  wealth  for  the  privilege  of  such 
society,  is  happily  no  part  of  our  ambi- 
tion. It  seems  to  us  that  it  must  lower 
any  person  in  his  own  estimation  to  even 
care  for  such. 

There  is  a  plane  on  which  congenial 
spirits  can  meet — the  plane  of  honest 
frankness.  The  artificial  life  framed  in 
accord  with  conventional  customs  of 
aristocratic  pride,  is  in  conflict  with 
.Americanized  social  ideas,  and  contrary 
to  ennobling  feelings  and  to  common 
sense. 

Monty  surely  gives  great  power.  It 
can  build  palaces  and  command  armies. 
But  the  man  who  is  respectable  and  rich 


might  be  as  respectable  and  poor.  In 
manly  and  womanly  independence,  moral 
principles,  intelligence,  determined  char- 
acter, the  love  of  justice  and  of  doing 
good,  together  with  all  the  traits  that  add 
grace,  kindness  and  afi'ectionate  sympa- 
thy to  the  soul,  there  is  much  to  resjject 
and  to  love.  The  rich  do  not  monopo- 
lize these  virtues.  The  "poor  and  re- 
spectable" may  possess  them  and  other 
desirable  qualities  in  a  high  degree.  The 
wealthy  mostly  covet  their  possessions 
of  money,  and  depend  rather  upon  the 
homage  paid  their  wealth,  and  with  these 
rest  satisfied. 

Triie  and  perfect  friendship  depends 
not  upon  wealth,  pretense  nor  pride.  It 
it  is  unostentatious  and  unassuming.  It 
lives  not  upon  dress-trimmings  nor  out- 
ward show.  By  the  law  of  congeniality 
it  springs  from  the  hearts  desires,  and 
grows  through  mutual,  reciprocated,  up- 
reaching  thoughts,  feelings  sentiments, 
souls. 

One  real  friend  is  worth  a  world  of 
riches;— a  million  worlds  of  hollow 
hearts.  A  few  choice  friends,  and  such 
as  care  for  each  other's  society,  for  the 
mutual  benefits  and  enjoyments,  are 
enough.  The  whole  human  family  is 
as  much  ours  as  anybody's,  but  it  is  only 
such  as  choose  us  and  such  as  we  choose 
that  we  care  for  as  special  friends,  com- 
panions or  associates. 

It  is  worth  being  "poor  and  respecta- 
ble" to  know  our  real  friends.  Poverty 
may  be  an  inconvenience,  narrowing  our 
powers,  comforts  and  enjoyments  op- 
pressively. But  after  all  it  is  a  trifling 
evil,  born  of  man's  selfishness  and  greed, 
and  borne  by  others  as  deserving  as  any 
of  us.  Let  us  see  that  our  pride  makes 
us  not  envious,  and  that  our  desires  are 
in  harmony  with  the  better  promptings 
of  our  natures. — Ed.  Agkicultubist. 


HOME  MUSINGS. 
Greeting  from  the  Redwoods. 

BY  M.  E.  O.  W. 

Every  month  that  the  Aohicultukist 
has  been  laid  on  the  study  table,  in  its 
tasty,  neat  dress,  we've  wanted  to  write 
and  say  how  very  much  wo  thought  of  it. 
But  cares  and  sickness  have  prevented. 
Why  could  we  not  have  been  made  so  as 
to  go  "all  at  once,  and  nothing  first," 
as  the  Deacon's  "One  HossShay"  did. 

It's  such  jolly  fun  to  go  here  and  there 
and  everywhere,  do  lots  of  work,  have 
much  done,  a  clean  house,  yard  and  gar- 
den. It's  such  a  comfort  that  every- 
thing unsightly  has  been  removed,  and 
we  can  sit  down  contented.  The  jvtyinq 
up  for  llie  overdoing  is  the  part  we  don't 
like. 

Here  it  is  November,  with  its  frosty 
nights  and  sunny  days.  The  bright 
leaves  on  the  forest  trees  and  vines  speak 
of  the  near  Winter — such  beautiful  Win- 
ters as  California  has!  If  humanity 
would  only  look  for  and  accept  the  lovely 
little  things,  as  they  come  along  to  make 
our  lives  noble  and  good,  what  a  world 
of  perfect  pleasure  this  Earth  would  be. 

This  morning  the  old  adage  came  up, 
that  'twas  "better /ate  than  never."  The 
stud}-  looked  so  inviting,  with  its  fresh 
flowers  and  cheerful  wood  fire, — who 
wouldn't  write? 

How  many  times  have  we  thought  of 
the  little  mother,  "propped  up  with  pil- 
lows," and  "the  dear  baby  face"  nestled 
so  close  to  the  warm  loving  heart.  We 
have  pictured  the  sweet  home,  away  ofl' 
somewhere — where  we  shall  never  find  it, 
only  in  the  Agkiccltckist  —  of  two 
strong,  faithful  hearts,  giving  glad  wel- 
come to  the  little  stranger.  'The  pleas- 
ant castles  we  have  built  for  the  wee 
nestling,     (^in   mercy    may   they  ■  never 


tumble  about  his  ears,)  of  when  he  shall 
have  grown  for  twenty-one  bright  Sum- 
mers— does  not  chew  or  smoke  tobacco, 
nor  drink  any  of  the  vile  compounds 
made  for  humanity's  ruin,  and  can  ex- 
press in  gentle  language  all  pure 
thoughts,  with  no  room  in  the  noble 
mind  for  any  other;  can  think  that  a 
woman  is  as  good  as  a  man,  therefore 
should  be  equal,  and  love  the  little 
mother  so  tenderly  true.  Will  it  not 
bring  balm  for  that  "aching  body,"  and 
a  happiness  into  that  "every-day  same- 
ness of  life,"  to  which  we  are  all  more 
or  less  bound  by  circumstances? 

It  seems  to  me  that  no  gift  can  equal 
the  boon  of  motherhood,  if  one  can  only 
keep  the  treasures  loaned,  even  but  for 
a  little  time.  It  is  better  than  to  count 
eight  grass-grown  graves,  and  know  that 
the  little  footsteps  will  never,  never  gath- 
er round  the  cheerful  fireside.  To  know 
that  ones  hair  is  getting  thin  and  gray  — 
that  one's  eyes  are  getting  blinded.  Soon 
there  will  be  no  more  glad  songs  filling 
the  home  with  their  echoes;  no  willing, 
busy  feet,  waiting  willingly  our  every 
call;  no  sweet  voice  calling,  "Mama, 
see  here,"  and  "Mama,  see  there,"  as 
the  pleasant  things  of  home  life  come 
and  go.  Shall  we  then  sit  down  and  in 
weariness  wait?  No.  The  wounded, 
bleeding  mother  heart  must  shut  away 
its  pain,  work  cheerfnllj'  on  until  the 
harvest  is  finished  and  the  gleaners  called 
home. 

We  cannot  quit  without  asking  the 
usual  number  of  questions,  and  some- 
times they  don't  get  answered,  too!  Is 
it  really  cheating  to  make  everybody  be- 
lieve that  we're  the  happiest  woman 
alive?  To  fill  our  home  with  books,  mu- 
sic, flowers  and  song?  To  make  it  a 
place  of  glad  welcome  to  all  who  enter 
its  blessed  portals?  Though  sometimes 
chidings  must  be  given,  if  a  mind  is 
found  to  be  uncultivated,  or  pernicious 
habits  are  being  formed.  It  must  not  be 
cheating  to  make  others  happy,  though 
one's  own  heart  is  bursting  with  cruel 
disappointment,  and  it  certainly  brings  a 
comfort  that  brooding  never  could. 

The  next  question  is 

ABOUT  MT  ROSES. 

For  two  years  they  have  been  \-isited 
with  two  fearful  plagues.  The  first  and 
worst  are  little  beetles,  with  gauzy  wings 
folded  under  their  brick-red  backs,  with 
which  they  fly;  the  head,  legs  and  bill  are 
jet  black.  The  beetles  bore  into  the 
buds,  and  they  wither  and  fall  ofl".  We 
have  tried  many  things,  but  nothing 
works  satisfactorily  except  the  hands 
and  very  carefully,  too,  for  at  the  least 
noise  the  beetles  turn  over  on  their 
backs  and  slide  oS",  and  they  are  not  to 
be  found,  even  by  diligent  search.  The 
other  trouble  is  something  like  fungus, 
that  draws  up  the  leaves,  blasts  the  buds, 
and  though  the  plant  lives,  it  is  no  longer 
a  "thing  of  beauty."  Wo  like  roses  so 
very  much,  and  have  had  to  work  so 
hard  for  them,  that  we  cannot  willingly 
give  them  up  without  at  least  one  more 
efl'ort  to  save  them.  We  have  three  va- 
rieties of 

FLECE    DE  LIS, 

Blue,  purple,  and  buff.  This  year,  for 
the  first  time,  they  have  been  infested 
with  a  long  black  beetle  that  ate  buds 
and  flowers  alike.  The  beetles  looked 
very  much  like  what  the  children  called 
snapping  bugs,  in  the  days  when  we 
were  young.  Big  or  little  bugs  are  dis- 
agreeable, at  least  in  one's  flowers.  Is 
there  not  some  way  to  get  rid  of  them? 
Are 

ASPABAGUS  PLANTS 

Advertised  for  sale  in  California?  We 
have  looked  long  and  carefully  and  found 
none.  M'e  dug  a  large  bed,  trenching 
two  and  a  half  feet  deep,  filling  in  with 


well  made  compost,  and  lots  of  salt,  ac- 
cording to  Burr's  work  on  "Field  and 
Garden  Vegetables,"  and  sent  East  for 
plants.  They  came  all  right,  and  were 
nice  looking.  They  were  planted,  but 
only  a  few  came  up.  We  would  like  to 
know  where  we  could  get  a  few  of  "Con- 
over's  Colossal"  plants  to  fill  out  the 
bed  with.  Of  all  nice  things  in  a  kitch- 
en garden,  asparagus  is  the  crowning 
glory.  It  takes  a  good  while  to  get  it 
started,  but  when  once  done  it  comes  so 
early,  does  not  mind  the  cold  weather, 
and  grows  so  much  food  on  a  little  piece 
of  ground.  It  is  good  in  every  way  it 
can  be  cooked — never  tried  it  raw — but 
our  favorite  dish  is  to  cut  the  shoots  or 
tender  part  into  little  pieces,  and  boil 
until  thoroughly  cooked,  then  thicken 
with  a  little  flour,  season  with  salt,  but- 
ter .  and  pepper,  and  turn  on  nicely 
browned  toast.     "  It  is  good." 


GRANDFATHER'S 

NO.    10. 


LETTERS— 


Events  of  the  Last  Century. 

rSGLfWOOD'S   LAST  LETTEB    BEFOBE    MAB- 
BIAOE. 

To  Aunt  Mary,  Ma,  and  Angie  : — Now 
that  you  have  opened  a  correspondence, 
and  coincide  with  me  in  thinking  it  bet- 
ter, in  some  cases,  to  give  expression  to 
our  sentiments  by  writing  than  viva  voce, 
I  have  the  assurance  this  will  be  kindly 
received.  From  our  interviews  I  have 
heard  that  the  trio.  Aunt  Mary,  dear  Ma, 
and  the  darling  Angie,  are  all  in  favor  of 
matrimony,  provided  it  be  well  and  suit- 
ably accomplished;  exactly  the  senti- 
ments of  Inglewood.  So  pray  allow  his 
name  to  be  added  to  the  list,  and  may  it 
ever  be  a  happy  quartette.  Angle's  ob- 
jections I  do  not  wonder  at.  Thank  Ma 
for  coming  to  my  assistance.  She  knew 
how  time  passes,  what  a  long  period  five 
years  seems  while  yet  in  our  teens,  what 
a  short  when  we  get  into  the  busy,  active 
scenes  of  middle  life.  Though  no  ad- 
vocate for  the  disparity  of  ages,  how 
often  in  our  passags  through  life  does 
our  choice  lie  between  two  evils;  or, 
raiher,  between  two  things,  neither  so 
good  as  might  be  wished.  Were  it  in 
my  power  to  bring  to  Angie  what  I  now 
have  to  oftVr,  and  in  addition,  j  ears  only 
equal  to  or  n  little  over  her  own,  how 
gladly  would  I  do  it.  But  as  my  age  is 
twice  hers  that  is  impossible,  and  I  must 
look,  and  ask  the  darling  Angie  to  look 
with  me,  over  the  case  as  it  is.  The  ad- 
vantages of  this  seniority  are  in  having 
this  home  and  homestead,  with  its  ap- 
purtennccs,  free  of  debt,  which  I  could 
not  have  had  at  an  earlier  period.  It  has 
cost  years  of  toil  and  self  denial.  You, 
dearest  Angie,  have  had  opportunities  of 
knowing  the  habits  I  have  formed;  now 
established  by  the  growth  of  years;  ex- 
empt from  the  danger  of  relapsing  into 
evil  ones.  Another  advantage  is  the 
longer  experience  and  greater  observation 
I  can  bring  to  our  mutual  advantage  than 
could  have  been  done  at  an  earlier  pe- 
riod. In  the  companionship  I  am  seek- 
ing, you  know  it  is  not  only  a  wife  in  the 
ordinary  acceptation  of  that  term,  but 
for  a  helpmeet  for  all  the  deyartments  of 
our  nature;  the  physical  and  intellectual, 
the  moral  and  spiritual.  The  last  two, 
I  shall  be  ever  ready  to  think  the  su- 
premacy rests  with  the  feminine.  The 
two  former,  with  the  masculine.  But 
all  there  mnst  be  mutual  counsel,  con- 
fidence, advice  and  prayer.  Then  with 
the  love  principle  ever  kept  aglow,  you 
will  find  Inglewood  more  thoughtful  of 
the  wellfaro  and  happiness  of  the  darling 
Angie  than  of  his  own.  Such,  dear  Ma 
and  Angie,  are  some  more  of  the  senti-  i 
ments  of  your  old  and  true  lover, 

Inglewood. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


VThat  Iiittle  Tot  Does. 

Monday  I  take  my  little  tub, 

And  till  with  soap  and  water; 
And  my  dollies'  clothes  I  rub,  rub,  rub, 

Ma  culls  me  ber  good  daughter. 

Tuesday  I  heat  my  tiny  iron. 

And  smooth  my  dollies'  dressee; 
Dress  them  up  nicely  in  clean  clothes. 

And  comb  their  silken  tresses. 

On  "Wednesday  mamma  cuts  some  work 

And  I  sew  it  neat  and  tidy. 
And  mamma  comes  and  Kisses  me 

And  says  I'm  a  little  lady. 

Thursday  I  to  the  kitchen  go, 

Help  mamma  do  the  baking; 
And  bread  or  cakes,  or  pies  or  tarts, 

I  make  what  she  is  making. 

Friday  I  give  my  dolls  a  feast. 

Then  take  them  all  out  walking; 
You'd  laugh  to  hear  the  funny  things 

They  say  when  they  are  talking. 

Saturday  we  have  a  merry  time, 

Some  game  or  merry  frolic, 
Unless  a  dolly  is  taken  sick 

With  toothache  or  the  colic. 

Sunday  I  read  some  little  book 

Until  the  bells  are  ringing,  ■ 
With  mamma  go  to  church  and  hear 

The  sermon  and  the  singing. 

—  [Rural  New-'Jorker. 


The  Caged  DCouse. 

I'm  only  a  poor  little  mouse,  ma'am! 
I  live  in  the  wall  of  your  house,  ma'am! 
With  a  fragment  of  cheese,  and  a  very  few  peas, 
I  was  having  a  little  carouse,  ma'am! 

No  mischief  at  all  I  intend,  ma'am! 

I  hope  you  will  act  as  my  friend,  ma'am! 

If  my  life  vou  should  take,  many  hearts  it  would 

break. 
And  the  trouble  would  be  without  end.  ma  ami 

My  wife  lives  in  there  in  the  crack,  ma'am! 
She's  waiting  for  me  to  come  back,  ma'am! 
She  hoped  I  might  flud  a  bit  of  a  rind. 
For  the  children  their  dinner  do  lack,  ma'am! 

'Tis  hard  living  their  in  the  wall,  ma'am! 
For  plaster  and  mortar  will  pall,  ma'ami 
On  the  minds  of  the  young,  and  when  especially 

Ky,  upon  their  poor  father  they'll  fall,  ma'am! 

I  never  was  given  to  strife,  ma'ami 
(Don't  look  at  that  terrible  knife,  ma'ami) 
The  noise  overhead  that  disturbs  you  in  bed, 
'Tis  the  rats,  I  will  venture  my  life,  ma'am! 

In  your  eyes  I  see  mercy,  I'm  sure  ma'ami 
Oh,  there's  no  need  to  open  the  door,  ma'ami 
I'll  slip  through  the  crack,  and  I'll  never  come 

back. 
Oh,  I'll  NEVER  come  back  any  more,  ma'am! 

— [Laura  E,  Richards,  St.  Nicholas. 


OUR  CORNER. 


ERE  WE  ARE,    with   Our  Comer 
stuffed  full  of  letters  and  contribu- 
tious.    There  is  so  much  that  Aunt 
J Y.   Polly  wants  to  say,  that  she  hardly 
■{y-jf  knows  what  to  write. 

At  this  holiday  season  of  the  year, 
everybodies'  hearts  are  full  of  good  feel- 
ings. Some  are  thinking  what  to  do  to 
make  others  happy,  while  others  are 
planning  and  guessing  what  they  can 
have  to  be  happy  themselves.  Of  course 
those  who  try  to  make  others  happy  will 
thoiiiselves  be  happiest,  because  they 
doubly  enjoy.  Those  who  think  only  of 
self  generally  have  a  very  mean  self  to 
satisfy,  and  are  likely  to  be  cross  and 
dissatisfied,  no  matter  who  makes  them 
presents. 

But  all  the  readers  of  "  Our  Corner  " 
are  going  to  do  something  to  surprise 
somebody,  something  to  make  some- 
body happy! 

Perhaps  we  may  be  too  poor  to  make 
rich  presents,  the  most  of  us,  but  we 
can  nil  be  able  to  give  some  trifle,  the 
work  ot  our  own  hands,  if  ever  so  sim- 
ple, that  will  be  equally  as  acceptable  as 
the  offei'ings  of  the  rich,  because  coming 
from  our  hearts  as   well    as   our   hands. 


"We  can  all  do  some  little  acts  of  kind- 
ness to  show  our  regard  for  those  we 
love  and  for  those  who  need  and  can  aji- 
preciate  our  regards. 

Aunt  Polly  cannot  take  you  all  by  the 
hand,  really,  but  as  your  eyes  glance  at 
these  pages  you  can  imagine  how  she 
would  like  to  do  so,  and  how  she  will 
think  of  you  all,  hoping  you  will  be  as 
good  and  happy  as  you  can  be. 

A    MEEEY    CHKISTMAS 

From  Aunt  Polly.  The  new  year  will 
soon  be  here.  Now  let  every  one  of  our 
circle  write  something  to  "  Our  Corner," 
that  we  may  have  a  Happy  New  Year  al- 
together! 

Of  course  you  all  enjoyed  Thanksgiv- 
ing. Aunt  Polly  did,  and  so  did  the 
little  ones  around  her.  Bead  Nell  Van's 
Thanksgiving  story.  It  really  belonged 
to  our  corner,  but  the  naughty  editor 
put  it  iu  another  part  of  the  paper.  But 
its  just  as  good  for  all  that. 

And  now  for  our  bushel  of  letters.  In 
the  first  place,  here  is  what  Lulu  says 
about 

LINDA    AND    HEE    PETS. 

"  I  promised  to  tell  you  more  about 
our  little  girl  and  her  pets,  when  I  wrote 
about  her  '  Orphan  Asylum.'  First,  I 
will  tell  you  what  biippened  to  the  chick. 
One  night  Linda  had  tucked  him  up 
warm  in  his  chip  bed,  for  the  night, 
when  her  big  sister  (not  knowing  him  to 
be  there)  set  a  heavy  basin  of  water  on 
the  poor  little  chick,  and,  after  a  short 
sickness  his  eventful  life  was  over.  Next 
day  there  was  a  grand  funeral.  All  the 
relations  and  friends  were  invited  to  at- 
tend the  ceremonies,  after  which  he  was 
laid  in  his  last  bed  under  the  lilac  bush. 
There  he  will  enrich  the  ground,  and 
bloom  out  iu  great  purple  clusters  of 
flowers,  or  make  beautiful  green  leaves. 
Linda  has  a  new  pet  now,  that  engages 
her  whole  attention.  It  is  a  young  dog 
which  she  calls  "  Queen."  She  is  very 
I^layful,  and  follows  her  mistress  all 
around,  like  the  little  '  dorg  '  .Johnnie 
had.  Did  you  ever  hear  about  him'?  I 
will  tell  you  one   verse: 

.lohuuie  had  a  little  '  dorg,' 
His  hair  was  black  as  jet. 
And  everywhere  that  Johnnie  went, 
That  '  purp  '  went  too,  you  bet! 

A  little  white-headed  boy  used  to  like  to 
recite  that  when  I  went  to  school  in 
your  tov.n.  Aunt  Polly.  Linda's  dog 
likes  to  go  with  her  to  the  spring  for 
water,  but  she  has  to  watch  him  or  he 
puts  his  nose  in  the  bucket,  and  then 
she  has  to  go  all  the  way  back  tor  more! 
He  has  one  bad  habit.  He  will  chase 
the  chickens,  but  we  hope  to  break  him 
of  that  soon.  It  is  amusing  to  hear 
Linda  try  to  scold  him.  She  says  (try- 
ing to  be"  cross) ;  '  Have  you  been  after 
chickens,  you  naughty  dog?'  Then,  iu 
another  minute,  she  calls,  'Here,  Queen!' 
and  oflf  they  go,  bound  for  a  race  through 
the  clover  fields.  Sometime,  I  will  vrrite 
you  something  more.  Perhaps — oh 
well,    you'll    find   out     when    the    time 


have  not  been  answered,  to  write  and 
say  in  which  number  of  the  paper  they 
appeared,  and  also  to  say  which  of  the 
four  chromos,  "Romeo  and  Juliet," 
"Waiting  at  the  AVell,"  "The  Birds," 
or  "  The  Chick,"  they  desire  to  have  as 
premiums  for  puzzles  not  answered.  She 
has  so  many  cares  upon  her  just  now 
that  she  can  hardly  keep  track  of  them 
all.  Also  if  any  one  entitled  to  a  chro- 
mo  has  not  received  it,  pilease  write  at 
once,  and  it  shall  be  attended  to. 


2-2,  12, 


CANDY    FOE     CHKISTMAS     AND    NEW     YEARS. 

Deae  Aunt    Polly;— I  was  sorry  to 
hear   that   there   was    sickness   in  your 
family,  and  equally  so  to  miss  the  good 
letters  from  our  bright  circle  of  children, 
that   is   widening    each  month,  showing 
that  they    are  gaining   interest  in  "  Our 
Corner."     That's   right,    keep  on  writ- 
ing, and  do   please   tell    us   what    Santa 
Clans   gives   each    one    of    you.       That 
would  be   a  splendid   entertainment,   to 
hear  how   each   child   spent    Christmas. 
And  right  here,    remember  that  each  of 
you  must  make  one  other  child  happy  in 
some   way,   if    you   would   truly   enjoy 
your  own  presents  and  blessings.     Your 
old  toys  would  be  new  to  other  children, 
and   very   acceptable,  if  .they    are  poor, 
and   have    nothing   better    given    them. 
But  I  want  to  tell  you  about  a  good  lady 
I    know,    who   lives    near   me  on  Ninth 
street,  next   to   the  Quaker  church,  who 
is  making   the   nicest,    sweetest,    purest 
candy  you  ever  tasted  of;  it  is  made  of 
pure    sugar,    colored    and   flavored  with 
perfectly   harmless    articles.       She    has 
Centennial  rock ;  fruit  cream,  that  melts 
in  your  mouth;    chocolate  cream;  chew- 
ing' candy — and  such  a  variety — that  you 
will  "ivant  some  of  all  kinds.     Only  forty 
cents  for  a  whole   pound!     Santa    Clans 
should  be  sure  to  till  his  bags,  as  it  eon- 
tains  nothing  harmful  to   make  children 
sick.     Remember  the  place.  Ninth  street 
between  St.  James  and  St.  John,  next  to 
the  Quaker  meeting  house.     Mrs.  G.  G. 
Chase  is  the  lady's  name'     Yours, 

Jewell. 


My  21,  5,   16,  12,   7,  4,  ! 
is  aii  American  peninsula. 

My  17,  21,  13,  14,  19,  3,  18,  is  a  whole 
number. 

My  9,  8,  15,  20,  is  a  famous  bridge. 

My  19,  12,  1,  2,  was  the  home  of  Go- 
liah. 

My  whole  is  rich  in  silver. 

Fanny  Bakkway. 

anothek  fikst  lettee. 
Hill's  Feeey,  Oct.  9,  1876. 

Deae  Aunt  Polly: — Here  is  a  puzzle 
I  send  to  the  Ageictltueist,  if  you 
think  it  worth  publishing.  I  am  twelve 
years  old,  and  it  is  my  very  first  attempt 
at  such  a  thing.  I  don't  know  whether 
it  is  correct  or  not,  as  I  had  no  help  in 
composing  it.  If  you  think  this  is 
worth  putting  in  your  paper,  I  will  try 
and  do  better  next  time. 

I  remain  as  ever  your  little  neice. 
Fannie  B. 
the  puzzle. 

My  first  is  in  bird  but  not  in  bee. 

My  second  is  in  flower  but  not  in  tree. 

My  third  is  iu  weak^but  not  in  strong. 

My  fourth  is  in  blade,  but  not  in  prong. 

My  fifth  is  in  bad  but  not  in  good. 

My  whole  is  in  some  kind  of  food. 


AN  UNREASONABLY  SMAET  BOY. 

Natividad,  Oct.  18,  1876. 

Dear  Aunt  Polly: — I  see  that  you 
have  published  the  little  piece  that  Jo- 
seph Riordan  sent  up,  so  I  will  send  you 
a  few  lines,  as  it  is  recess  now. 

Natividad  aint  a  very  large  town,  but 
it  contains  a  very  smart  boy,  -who,  with- 
out looking  at  any  book  can  tell  you  all 
about  it,  and  what's  in  it  also.  His 
name,  Charley  Bates,  A.  M.  He  is  very 
unreasonable  smart.  He  is  now  study- 
ing on  examination  for  the  next  teachers' 
examination  in  Salinas  City.  By  the  way 
he  is  only  13  years  old.  How  is  that  for 
Natividad?  Some  people  think  the  rea- 
son he  is  so  smart  is  that  ho  has  never 
had  his  hair  cut  since  he  was  born.  It 
almost  touches  his  heels.  Yours,  A'C, 
Harry  ct  Geoehe. 


and  another  one. 
Saratoga,  Nov.  12,  1876. 
Dear  Aunt  Polly:— I  am  a  little  girl 
eleven  years  old.  I  live  in  the  moun- 
tains near  Saratoga,  'and  uncle  takes  the 
Agriculturist.  I  often  read  the  letters 
in  "Our  Corner,"  and  thought  I  would 
write  a  letter  to  Aunt  Polly,  and  hope  it 
will  be  well  received.  I  am  learning  to 
ride  on  horseback,  which  is  very  neces- 
sary for  us  who  live  in  the  mountains, 
for  in  Winter  the  roads  are  so  bad  ■we 
cannot  go  in  any  other  manner.  We 
have  just  received  the  Agriculturist. 
I  am  sorrv  there  was  no  "Corner,"  and 
that  Amit  Polly  had  sickness  in  the  fam- 
ily. This  is  my  first  attempt  to  write 
fo"r  a  paper.  Will  try  to  do  better  next 
time. 


Maud  C. 


and  still  another. 
Salinas  Valley,  Monterey  Co.,  Cal.,  ( 
September,  1876.      ) 
Dear  Aunt  Polly:— I  live  in   Salinas 
Valley,  near  Salinas  City.     I  have  three 
sisters  and  one    brother.       Mama    takes 
the  Agriculturist.     Good  by. 

Annie  Williams. 
p.  S. — I  forgot  to  tell  you  how  old  I 
am.     I  am  ten  years  old. 


Lulu. 


MiLPiTAs,  Oct.  29,  1867. 
Dear  Aunt  Polly: — In  my  last  letter 
I  sent  you  any  answers  I  could  guess  to 
the  puzzles.  I  do  hope  no  one  will 
guess  my  two  puzzles,  as  I  am  very  anx- 
ious to  get  the  premium.  I  do  not 
know  which  of  the  puzzles  to  call  best; 
they  so  fairly  puzzled  me  that  I  was  more 
than  satisfied  with  them.  Is  there  any 
particular  age  over  which  we  cannot  get 
your  premiums.  I  am  fourteen.  I  hope 
I  am  not  too  old,  for  I  certainly  am  very 
small.  Your  Neice,  Tillie. 


ABOUT  THE  PUZZLES  AND  CHROMOS. 

Aunt  Polly   requests  her  nephews  and 
neices   who    have    sent    puzzles 


A    FIRST    LETTER. 

Bio  VisTA,  Sept.  28,  1876. 
Deak  Aunt  Polly:— This  is  the  first 
time  that  I  have  written  to  you.  I  am 
only  ten  years  old,  so  you  cannot  expect 
great  things  of  me.  I  have  been  to 
school  six  months  this  Summer,  and 
studied,  reading  writing,  grammar,  ge- 
ography, arithmetic  and  sentence-build- 
I  have    commenced 


ing. 


which 


to  make  out 
some  of  the  puzzles  iu  the  .Agricultur- 
ist, and  think  they  are  very  interesting. 
Here  is  a  puzzle  that  I  assisted  iu  com- 
posing: 

I  am  composed  of  23  letters. 

My   4,    10,   13,   18,   8,  6,  is  a  kind  of 
melon. 

My  6,   3,    16,  23,  11,  23,  is  a  Western 
State. 


Here  is  a  letter,  a  puzzle  and  some 
poetry,  from  a  neice  who  promises  to  be 
a  poet  one  ot  these  days.  Aunt  Polly 
thinks  she  is  real  smart  for  one  so 
young : 

Dear  .^.unt  Polly:— I  thought  I 
would  write  you  a  small  letter.  I  am  10 
years  old.  jly  father  takes  the  Agei- 
fULTUEisT,  and  I  like  it  very  much.  I 
could  not  make  out  the  puzzles,  or  I 
would  have  written  before.  I  will  send 
you  a  small  puzzle  and  some  pieces  of 
poetry  that  I  have  made  all  myself.  If 
it  is  not  too  much  work  will  not  you 
please  correct  the  mistakes  in  my  work, 
I  wish  to  join  the  cousins  in  Our  Cor- 
ner, and  be  your  neice.     Here  is  my 

PUZZLE. 

Y.  B.  X.  St.  Ream 
L.  Y.  jL    543 

1419 
MY  UTTLE  SISTKE. 

I  have  a  pretty  little  sister 
With  eyes  of  a  very  bright  blue. 

The  color  of  her  hair  is  oubnrn. 
And  her  cheeks  of  a  delicate  hue. 

Now  is  it  not  a  great  pity 

We  can  tlnd  hor  no  pretty  name? 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal 


The  names  were  all  80  pretty 
Before  little  bister  came. 

My  sister  'e  a  little  darling, 

She  is  so  sweet  and  good. 
And  she  looks  so  very  cunning 

"When  she  has  on  her  little  hood. 

For  anything  in  this  world 
I'd  not  pari  with  little  sister; 

One  day  she  was  away, 
And  ohi  how  much  I  missed  her. 

After  much  huuting,  we  have  found 
a  name.  It  is  Rose,  the  queen  of  the 
Posie.  We  are  all  happy  -when  sister  is 
near. 

LITTLE  BABIES. 
Little  babes  are  the  pride  of  tlie  households, 

Always  laughing  away  care: 
See  their  eyes  are  bright  as  sunshine. 

And  their  little  face  so  fair. 

Every  one  should  have  a  birdling. 
To  creep  or  trip  about  the  floor. 

And  every  morning  sec  a  bright  face 
Peeping  at  the  chamber  door. 

Dear  Aunt  Polly,  I  suppose  this  will 
fill  up  Our  Corner,  so   I  guess  this  will 
be  enough  for  this  time. 
Your  Neice, 

Yetta  Feldman, 

San  Jose. 

Aunt  Polly  has  some  more  poetry  of 
Yetta's,  but  will  save  it  for  another 
time. 


Here  is  a  square  puzzle, 
ones  to  find  out: 


for  curious 


hot  blooded,  or  warmly  clad  themselves. 
My  experience  is  that  in  toughening 
children  by  carelessdressiug  and  feeding, 
only  the  naturally  tough  ones  live.  The 
delicate  arc  sure  to  die  in  the  process, 
and  many  a  delicate,  frail  little  baby,  by 
judicious  dressing  and  feeding,  have 
made  robust  men  and  women. 

I  must  say  a  word  about  the  flannel 
band  that  most  infants  wear  the  lirst  six 
or  eight  months  of  their  lives.  After 
the  first  month  I  put  them  aside  forever, 
because  my  warm  flannel  shirt  and  waist 
keep  baby's  bowels  perfectly  warm,  and 
I  claim  that  no  child  needs  b.andaging 
anywiiere  to  keep  it  in  shape,  as  most 
people  seem  to  think.  Give  children 
loose,  warm  clothing,  to  grow  in,  and 
they  will  repay  your  care  by  growing 
lusty,  fat  and  active  limbed.  Should 
any  desire  patterns  of  my  baby's  shirt 
and  waist,  I  should  be  most  happy  to 
supply  them. 


WOOD 
JOHN 

MASS. 


It  is  said  that  this  letter  fouud  its  way 
through  the  mails  to  its  proper  destina- 
tion and  owner. 


Iggiemc, 


HOW  I  DRESS  MY  BABY. 

BY  "JEWELL**' 

'N  the  first  place,  warmth  being  the 
life  of  young  infants,  I  keep  one  or 
two  coverings  of  flannel  over  the 
entire  surface  of  the  body,  except- 
ing, of  course,  head  and  hands. 
The  shirt  I  make  high  necked,  long 
sleeved,  and  long  enough  to  cover  the 
bowels,  to  the  thighs,  opened  down  the 
front,  and  buttoned,  which  I  find  most 
convenient  to  put  on  and  take  off.  A 
flannel  waist  with  buttons  around  the 
lower  part,  on  which  I  fasten  a  flannel 
and  white  skirt,  over  which  is  a  white 
slip,  long  sleeved  and  high  necked.  The 
stockings  I  have  of  white  woolen,  which 
reach  up  to  the  diaper,  above  the  knee, 
and  if  I  cannot  buy  such  I  make  them 
out  of  old  stocking  legs.  Over  these  I 
have  white  cotton  ones,  which  I  fasten 
to  narrow  elastic  straps  at  the  side,  which 
in  turn  fasten  to  the  waist  by  a  loop,  the 
buttons  being  on  th'e  elastic.  When 
baby  was  in  long  clothes  I  omitted  the 
■white  stockings  and  shoes. 

In  this  way  the  child  is  kept  warm, 
the  clothing  equally  distributed  over  the 
body,  and  perfectly  comfortable,  and  the 
whole  body  is  loosely  yet  warmly  dressed ; 
four  very  essential  points  towards  the 
health  of  children.  Also,  the  simple 
way  of  making  and  putting  on  and  oft' 
greatly  helps  us  overworked  mothers. 

At  night  I  put  on  two  flannel  night- 
dresses, one  not  being  warm  enough — 
nothing  else,  but  the  diaper,  which,  by 
the  way,  I  have  of  heavy  flannel  for  the 
night,  as  it  keeps  warm  when  wet,  and 
is  not  so  disagreeable  to  the  child  to 
sleep  in. 

This  idea  of  toughening  our  children 
by  half  dressing,  I  don't  believe  in. 
The  very  people  who  talk  it  are   either 


i0m^^tic. 


FAMILIAR  TALKS— No.   14. 


which  will  soon  droop  over  the  moss. 
This  ivy  is  a  delicate  plant,  and  is  suita- 
ble for  hanging  baskets  and  rockeries. 
One  silver  fern,  two  golden  ferns,  a  vio-  i 
let  root  and  a  Calla  lily  arc  all  I  have  in  I 
the  box  at  present.  I  intend  to  try  and 
make  a  smilax  run  over  the  legs  of  the 
stand, — there  being  some  twelve  or  thir- 
teen of  said  legs.  I  am  a  little  doubtful 
about  it,  however,  as  the  smilax  will  be 
obliged  to  grow  without  much  light.  I 
will  report  in  the  future.  , 

Utilizing  the  wild  feed  upon  the  ' 
great  plains  is  a  money-making  business.  ! 
Says  the  Colorado  Farmer: 

Stock  raising,  the  most  important  pur- 
suit m  Colorado,  next  to  mining,  has  al- 
ready attained  mammoth  proportions 
and  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most 
profitable.  In  this  business  the  returns 
are  large  with  comparatively  small  risks, 
and  it  does  not  require  much  capital  to 
be  invested  in  labor  or  machinery,  kc, 
thai  almost  any  pursuit  necessitates.  By 
an  investment  of  $.j,000  to  $10,000  in 
common  or  Texas  cows,  and  a  comple- 
ment of  grade  or  blooded  bulls,  a  man  is 
sure  of  a  fortune  in  ten  years.  Tc^xas 
yearling  heifers  can  be  bought  for  $7  to 
$10,  and  two-year-olds  for  $12  to  $15, 
and  good  grade  bulls  for  $G0  per  head. 


w 

E 


jH,  these  Editors!  Wasn't  it  the 
height  of  impudence  to  make  my 
receipt  for  mince-pies  utterly  unin- 
telligible, and  then  ask  me  how  I 
liked  Thanksgiving  and  Christmas 
'  I  had  alw.ays  heard  that  editors 
were  very  meek  and  submissive,  and  en- 
dure everything  without  talking  back, 
but  I  dvn't  believe  it  any  more.  Well,  I 
will  try  it  over  again,  and  hope  for  bet- 
ter success.  Here  is  the  receipt  I  at- 
tempted to  give  to  the  readers  of  the  Ag- 
KicDLTDRisT  last  mouth.  One  pound 
finely  chopped  beef — roasted  or  boiled; 
three  pounds  of  apples,  chopped;  one 
pound  of  raisins;  one-fourth  pound  of 
currants;  one  nutmeg;  two  tablespoon- 
fuls  of  ground  cinnamon;  one  table- 
sppnful  of  ground  cloves;  the  grated 
rinds  and  the  juice  of  two  lemons;  one 
pound  of  sugar;  moisten  with  sweet  ci- 
der. Let  it  seand  all  night.  When  us- 
ing add  two  ounces  of  citron,  cut  in  very 
thin  strips.  The  original  receipt  calls 
for  half  a  pound  of  suet,  but  if  it^s  used 
another  pound  of  apples  will  have  to  be 
added,  and  the  pies  will  need  to  be  served 
hot. 

I  see  mention  made  of  moss  frames  in 
the  November  Agriculturist.  Our  lit- 
tle girl  has  just  finished  one  that  looks 
very  neat  and  quite  pretty.  We  s(,me- 
times  find  whole  trees  covered  with  moss 
suitable  for  such  purposes.  The  moss 
does  not  vary  much  in  color,  but  some 
of  it  is  nearly  as  fine  as  the  most  delicate 
seaweed,  and  again  it  is  more  like  lich- 
ens. If  one  can  get  dift'erent  colored 
mosses,  I  think  such  frames  could  be 
made  very  attractive.  Not  long  since  I 
saw,  at  a  friend's,  a  small  box  painted 
green  placed  upon  a  stool,  and  set  by  the 
window,  and  tilled  with  plants.  I  liked 
the  appearance  of  it  very  much,  but  I 
thought  I  could  improve  the  looks  a  lit- 
tle. So  with  aid  from  a  friend  I  have 
a  piece  of  rustic  work  that  elicits  praise 
from  all  who  see  it.  The  supports  for 
the  box  are  made  of  manzanite.  The 
limbs  of  this  tree  gi'ow  in  such  varied 
shapes,  and  the  bark  is  red  and  so 
smooth,  that  it  only  requires  to  be  cut  in 
the  woods  and  nailed  together.  The  box 
is  of  a  size  suitable  for  the  window,  and 
about  a  foot  deep,  and  covered  with 
twigs  of  moss,  or,  rather,  with  twigs  of 
trees  covered  with  moss.  These  twigs 
are  fastened  on  with  tacks  and  twine. 
I  have  Colisium,  or  Kenilworth  ivy 
planted   around   the    edge   of   the   box. 


Gregory's  Seed  Catalogue.  —  Onr 
readers  will  find  the  catalogue  of  J.  J. 
H.  Gregory's  well  known  seed  house  ad- 
vertised in  our  columns.  For  freshness 
reliability  of  the  seed  sent  out,  and  en- 
terprise in  introducing  choice  new  veg- 
etables to  the  public,  Mr.  Gregory  is  en- 
dorsed by  the  prominent  agriculturists 
of  tlio  United  States;  as  recommenda- 
tions from  over  forty  States  and  Territo- 
ries, to  be  found  on  the  cover  of  his  cat- 
logue,  amply  attest. 

l^  Since  the  removal  of  the  Chicago 
dry  goods  store,  and  the  filling  with  new 
goods  the  large,  comodious  room  now 
occupied,  it  has  still  more  increased  in 
popularity.  Everything  that  one  can 
•wish  to  see,  broadly  displayed,  gentle- 
manly attendants,  low  prices,  etc.,  all 
are  enough  to  account  for  the  rush  of 
ladies  who  are  purchasing  winter  and 
holiday  goods. 

ly  Our  readers  will  please  take  no- 
tice of  the  Buyers'  Commission  Agency 
advertised  in  "this  No.  The  editor  is 
personally  acquainted  with  the  parties, 
and  can  vou  h  for  their  integrity  and 
busiuess  ability.  The  small  commission 
they  ask  will  lie  more  than  covered  by 
the  bargains  they  can  secure.  No  mat- 
ter what  you  want,  whether  holiday 
or  everyday  articles.  Give  them  a  trial, 
and,  our  word  for  it,  you  will  not  be 
diappointed.  The  ladies  will  notice 
that  a  lady  Is  connected  with  the  Agency. 

RUPTURE!       ^ 

Use    no    more  Meta  lie   Trusses  if 

PXo  more  suffering  from  Iron  Hoops  or  J 
J.steol  Springs!    Our    MAGXEnc  ELAS- 
JTIC  TIUTSS  is  worn  with  ease  and  com- 
Jfort,  Night  and   Day.  and  will,  and    has,^ 
fperformod  radical  cures  when  all  others! 
f  have  failed.    Header,  if  you  are  ruptured  f 
Jtry  one  of  our  Comfortable  Elastic  Ap-J 
IPJiances.    You  will  never  regret  it. 
na.  Esamluations  Free. 
MAGNETIC  ELASTIC  TRUSS  CO  , 
tiOil  Sacrameuto  street.  S.  F. 


Get  the  best. 

Wehter's  Unalindged  Dictionary, 

in  fiiiii  W..r.l«  and  Meaninpi  not  in  other  Diction- 
iiri.i     .iooij   KnBraniiBS ;    IMO  pages  quarto.    Price 

EBSTER  now  is  RloriauB— it  leaves  noth- 
ing to  be  desired. 

(Pris.  lloymond,  Vassar  College, 
verv  scholar  knows  the  value  of  the  work. 
(W.  n.  Prescutt,  the  Historian. 

Believe  it  to  be  the  most  perfect  Dictionary  of 
the  language.  (Dr.  J.  G.  Holland. 

Superior  In  most  lespects  to  any  other  known 
tome.  (Geo.  P.  Marsh. 

The  standard  antbority  for  printing  in  this 
office.     (A.  H.Clapp,  Government  Printer. 

icels  all  others  In  giving  and  deaning  scien- 
tific terms.  (President  Hitchcock. 

Remarkable  compendium  of  human  knowl- 
edge.        (W.  6.  Clark,  Pres't  Ag.  College. 
•TUE  Best  Pba<tiiai,  EsiiLisn  DicrioNAnv 
EXTA>*T."— (London  (quarterly  Ueview.  Oct.,  1873. 

A  New  Feature. 

To  the  3000  Illustratlonn  heretofore  in   Web«ler> 
Unabridged  we  have  recently  a/lded  four  paces  of 
CuIXtRED  ri.l.CSTRATIONS, 

Engraved  eiiirewly  for  the  work  at  large  expenae 

Al.Sd 

WEBSTER'S 

XVational  Pictorial  Dictionary. 

IWO  Pages  Octavo.    60O  KntTavinge.     Price  SS. 

D^Tlie  Nntlonal  Stnndnrcl. 
PROOF.— 30  TO  I. 

The  sales  o(  Webster's  Dictionaries  throughout  the 
countrj'  In  1873  were  20  tiincB  as  Lirge  as  the  sales  of 
any  other  Diclionoriea.  In  proof,  we  will  send  to  any 
persou  on  iiiiplicitioii.  the  statementA  of  more  than 
100  Booksellers,  from  everj'  section  of  the  country. 
Published  by  f:  k  C  MEKKIAM,  Springfleld.  Maaa. 
Sold  by  all  I!.'..k..elUr» 


E 


V  I  C  K'S 

Illustrated  Priced  Catalogue. 


Fiftv  1K1"0.5-3IX>  Illustrations,  with  descriptions  of 
thmisanil'i  of  the  l>est  Flowers  and  \  egetables  m  the 
word  ami  the  way  to  gro»  them-aU  for  a  two  cent 
Dostasre  .,tamn.     Printed  in  German  and  Luglish. 
■^•kk-s  Fl Ual  C.riDE.  QuarterU-.  2=  cts.  a  year 

vicKS  Flower  am.  Veoetabi.e  C.abden.  50 


Rochester.  N 


Y.       i 


SEASON   OF  1876  7. 

THE  FARMERS'  UNION 

AT    S.\N   JOSE, 

And  Branch.  Stores 

Are  now  jwlUnK  all  the  most  superior  and  desirable 
Seed-time  Imitlemcnta.  among  vhich  we  call  Bpecial 

attention  to 

The  JolmDeers  Gang  ad  Single  Plows, 
The  Gorham  Seeder  and  Drill, 
Thj  Pon  h  Lac  Harrow, 
The  NaehliCutte  Separator, 
The  Cahoon  Seed-Sower,  Etc. 

The  OORHAM  has  proved  to  be  the  Drill  best 
adapted  to  California  Farming;  is  just  the  thing  that 
erery  good  fanner  should  have 

The  Fou  du  Lac  Harrow  is  the  best,  msu\e  of  Wis- 
consin oak,  angular  steel  toelh.  free  couplings— needa 
only  to  l>o  seen  to  W  appreciated. 

FOR  THE  BEST  SELECTED 

Farming  Implements  So  Supplies 

At  RED  KOrK  PRK  F,S,  t rail e  at 

THE  FARMERS'  UUIOIT. 
FIFTY  HEAD 

i>F  rrui:  nr.r.o 

Ayrshires  for  Sale. 

Pedigrees  trace  directly  to  importation.  Send  for 
'  Catalogue.  S.  M    i  D.  WELLS, 

Wethersfield,  Conn. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


p.   O.   Box    OSO. 

ra^Send  for  Catalog^ue..£I 


HOLSTEmS  FOE  SALE! 

Yearliugs  and  calrea  of  both  Hexes,  l-red  from  my 
importe'l  cuws,  ■  "Dowager,"  ""Or.  Princess"  and 
"Fraulein."  The  best  daily  yield  of  these  coivs  is 
62i  Iba.,  76  lbs.  and  70  lbs.  of  niilk,  respectively.  Best 
annual  yielde:  Dowager,  12,681i  lbs.;  Cr.  Princess, 
14,027  Ibg.  GERRJT  S.  MILLER, 

nov2m  Peterboro,  Madison  (.'o,,  N,  Y. 


SMITH  &  RYDER, 

Commercial      Bank      Building, 

307  First  Street,  San  Jose,  Cat. 


3>.   G.  STEFKSNS, 

GENERAL  COMMISSION  MERCHANT 

Ami  Dealer    in    Feed, 

211  Davis  St.,  corner  Commercial, 

SAN  FRAXflSCO. 

Z.  M.  PAB.VI1T, 

Tenchcr  of  Vocal  Music,  State  Normal  School, 
gives  Private  lustnution  in 

Vocal    Culture,     Piano,     Organ, 
and  Harmony. 

Room  over  San  Jose  Savinps  Bank,  and  Norm 
al  School.  Singing  Schoid  tvcry  FRIDAY  eve 
ning,  in  room  over  San  Juse  Savings   Bank. 


DR.  C.  R.  SPAW^, 

Resident  Dentist, 
Corner  of   First    and 

Santa  Clara  streets. 

In  McLant^hlin  &  Ry- 

land's  building, 

Siiu  -JdHe,  Cal. 


k 


My  Aiimial  Catalogus  of  VeBotablo  and  Flower 
Heed  ftn-  1877  will  be  ready  by  January,  and  sent 
FKF.K  to  all  who  apply.  Customers  of  last  season 
need  not  write  for  it.  I  offer  one  of  tlic  larccst  col- 
lections of  vecetablo  seed  ever  sent  out  by  any  seed 
house  ni  America,  a  large  portion  of  wliieli  were 
grown  on  my  sis  seed  fanns.  Printed  directions  tor 
cultivation  on  every  package.  All  seed  sold  from  my 
eatablishnient  warranted  to  be  both  tresli  and  true  to 
nam.-;  so  far.  that  should  It  prove  ollienvise  1  will 
rildl  the  Older  gratis.  As  the  niiuliial  introducer  of 
tli.i  Hubbard  and  Marhleliead  Siiuaslies.  the  Marlile- 
bead  Cabbages,  and  a  score  of  otlier  new  vegotables 
I  invite  the  patronage  of  all  who  are  anxious  to  have 
their  seed  fresh,  true,  and  of  the  voiy  best  strain, 
wow  Vegetables  a  specialty. 

JAMliS  J.  H    nliKCOKY. 

Marblehead.  Mass. 


■wsafeC^'^a^ 


Splendid  Premium 

To  the  Boy  who  will  get  us 

40    ITew    Sutscriptions 

TO    THE 

CALIFORNIA  AGEICULTUEIST 

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For  only  40  New  Subscribers,  which  you  can 
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tSt^^v:^"^ 


pp^-^Pii.^.Cjrj:^ 


To  Our  Subscribers,  1 


TO     TEACHERS. 


We  have  made  arrangements 

BO  that  for  the  sum  of  six  cent.'*,  in  cur- 
ruency  or  postage  stamps,  sent  with  yonr 
Postotlice  Address  m  full  to  the  under- 
signed, they  will  return  by  mail,  post  paid, 
a  very  neat.  Ugbt  and  strong 

BAMBOO     FOOT    EULE, 

Just  the  beat  thing  for  School.  Office  or 
Draughtsman's  use  This  ia  a  tine  speci- 
men of  Japanese  manufacture,  well  worth 
25  cents  each.  One  dozen  \vill  be  sent  for 
only  60  cents,  which  is  the  lowest  wholesale 
price  in  large  fiuantities.     Address. 

CAL.  FINE  ART  PUB.  CO  . 
Box  686  San  Francisco. 


.-n^rp^-ct:.,r^^c,rj^^Og^J^ 


OARDEN   CITY 

COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE. 

MUSIC  HALL  BUILDING. 
CONNOR  &  HKNNING,  Proprietors. 

BUSINESS 

TRAINI NG 

SCHOOL 

For  the  Young  and  Middle-Aged  of  both 
Se^es. 

Open  day  and  evening  throughout  the  year. 
The  BUSINESS  COURSE  embraces  Penmanship. 
Business  Correspondence,  Commercial  Arithmetic. 
Composition  of  Business  Paper,  Commercial  Calcu- 
lations, Mercantile  Law,  Book-keeping  in  all  its 
forms,  and  actual  practice  in  WTiolesale  and  Retail 
Merchandising,  Jobbing.  Commission,  Real  Estate 
Insiu-ance  and  Banking,  The  student  buys,  sells, 
ships,  consigns,  discoimts.  insin-es,  draws  checks. 
notes,  drafts,  bills  of  exchange,  and  goes  through 
the  entire  routine  of  mercantile  affairs  There  are 
no  classes;  each  student  receives  individual  instruc- 
tion. Students  may  enter  on  any  secular  day  or  eve- 
ning in  the  year.  Saturdays  excepted. 

Tlioron^li  Instrnction   piven  in  Prac- 
«ical   and  Ornaniental 

F  E  Sr  IMC  A  If  S  H  Z  P  . 

For  fiuther  information  and  specimen  of  penman- 
ship, addresi 

E.  P.  CONNOR, 

San  Jose. 


IV^enefee  &  Gastoi-( 

DENTISTS, 

S,  W.  Cor.  Santa  Clara  and  First  Sts 

Over  Farmers'  National  Gold  Bank, 
SAN  JOSE. 

H^  Special  attention  jriven  to  Fine 
Gold  Fillings.  Langhing  Gas  Adminis- 
tered. 


T.W.Mitchell, 

Porter's    Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SAN    JOSIO. 

SEEDSMAlf  and  FLOEIST 

And  l)eal«^rin  Floweriiiy^ Plants, 

Oriiiimental    Sliriih.s,     liiill)!* 

and    Flo\<ieriii<f    Rootti    in 

Variely,  Hantjin^  Uhr- 

ketM,    i>i-ied  GrasKfH, 

Frencli  linmorfolleH  of  Awsorled 

Colors,   Ktr  ,  Ktv. 

tt^  Soeds.  Fresh  and  lt..di!il>]e, 

EMPEY  8,  LENITARD, 

Manufacturers  and  DeaUrs  In 


SADDLERY, 

Carriage    Trimmings.     Etc, 

Have  removed    to   iass>    First  stioet.  Music  Ht 
BiiUdiug,  oi)po8itc  Wells-Furgo's  office. 


F 


FARMS! 

OR      S  ^^  L  E 


1  QAn  '**'*«  of  jro*"!    Farming  I.and 

^O^U  I  a  miles  noith  of  Ellis'  Station,  at  $12 
per  acre;  asijlendid  crop  this  year;  will  sell  a 
part  or  the  whole. 


1  Oir-lOO  Acies-Clierry  Vale,  ZH  milea 
iL\J  from  San  Jose,  in  the  Willows.  The  best 
Cherry  Orchard  in  California.  1230  cherry  trees, 
CUO  Pmne,  and  variety  of  Peach.  Pear,  Apricot', 
etc.  Also.  2000  Grape  Vines  four  .years  old.  Two 
Wells  with  7-inch  pumps.  Horse-power,  Steam 
Engine  for  lifting  water,  3200  feet  Under-ground 
Water  Pipe  for  irrigating.  Plain^House.  Orch- 
ard fenced, and  sheltered  with  Lombardy  Poplars. 
Very  complete  place,  and  A  BARG.UN  at 
$10,  500.  Terms-$7.000  cash;  balance  on  time 
at  10  per  cent,  annually. 


1  C4-  ^•^•■*"'  Seven  Miles  West  of  City 

•W^  of  San  Jose,  mostly  valley,  very  cheap. 
Fair  House,  at  S6. 500. 

O^O  Acres,  Near  Cinnabar   Hotel,    on 

6i6i<J  Almaden  Koad,  six  and  a  half  miles  out; 
a  Big  Bargain  for  Sia,  000  ;  has  a  Fine  Grove 
of  Timber,  House,  Bam,  Wind-mill,  Vineyard, 
etc  ;  all  valley  land  but  60  acres.  Terms— One- 
half  cash;  balance  in  three  years  at  8  per  cent, 
per  annum. 


40 


Acres,  Tivo  and  a  Half  Miles  West, 

rich  valley  land.fat  S80  per  acre. 


^Qll    Acres,     Near    Washing^ton   Cor- 

hi^X^  ners,  Alameda  county,  1.5^  miles  from 
San  Jose,  one  mile  from  Depot;  all  valley  land; 
House,  two  Barns,  larye  Dairy  HouBe,  Granary, 
Wind-mill,  Tank,  three  acres  of  Excellent  Urch. 
ard,  is  a  first-class  place,  at  $90  per  acre,  part 
ca&b. 


CA  Acres,  on   the  Alntaden   Road,  Six 

wW  miles  out.  House,  Barn,  etc.;  a  pretty  place 
for  85,  000, 


370  ^^^^^  near  Evergreen;  80  acres  in  vineyard  and 
** '  *  80,000  vines  in  full  bearing  ;  250  acres  in  culti- 
vation ;  housj,  barn,  and  good  lencLng  ;  in  the  Warm 
Belt.  6  milea  east  of  the  city.  A  good  investment  for 
some  one  acquainted  with  business.  The  reason  for 
selling  is  that  the  owner  is  old  and  desiroug  of  retir 
ing  from  business.     Price.  $20,000. 


210  ^'^^^^  6  miles  southwest  of  the  city,  on  the 
"*''  Saratoga  road,  finely  improvtd  ;  good  soil ;  all 
valley  land  ;  orchard  antl  vineyard.  A  good  larm  and 
offered  vei-y  low  as  the  ovraer  has  gone  into  other 
business.    $71  per  acre. 


OQ  Acres  6  miles  west  of  San  Jose ;  house  of  three 
^^  rooms;  goodfeucea;  two  wells;  orchard  of  150 
trees.     Price,  §6.650. 


160 


Acres  5J  miles  west  of  Santa  Clara;  house, 
fencing,  etc.     Offered  ver>"  low,  at  §45  per  acre. 


QQ  Acres  8  miles  west;  all  valley  land;  fair  im- 
^^  provements ;  house,  well,  fencing,  etc.;  some 
fnut.     Price,  $5,500. 


90 


Acres  near  Lawrence's  Station,  at  SlOO  per  acre. 
A  good  fai'm,  with  good  improvements. 


1  f5 A  Acres  near  Saiatoga ; 

*W^  low  hills;  hog-tight 

stream  of  water ;  good  orchard  and  house. 

gain,  for  S6,500. 


acres  valley,  balance 
ning 
bar- 


ISO  Acres  9  miles  south;  100  acres  cultivatable, 
^^^  balance  pasturt.. ;  house,  barn,  and  milk-hoiise ; 
all  fenced  ;  both  spring  and  ninning  water.  Price, 
$■1,000  ;  one-half  cash,  balance  on  time  to  suit. 


1  RO  Acrt^s  8  miles  from  San  Jose  ;  house,  bam  and 
^^'O  outbuildings;  15  acres  in  grapes,  balance  good, 
cultivatable  hind ;  running  stream  of  water  for  ten 
months  in  tho  year.  $6,120;  one-th.rd  cash,  balance 
in  one  and  two  yeai's  at  lO.i  per  annum. 


OK  Acres  5i  miles  from  San  Jose,  with  some  fruit 
*^^  trees;  20  acres  inider  culiivation;  15  acres  in 
grapes,  $5.000 ;  one-tliird  cash,  balance  in  one  and 
twk>  years  at  10;,  per  amium. 


CIO  Acres;  all  under  cultivation;  nice  house  and 
^  ^  ^  large  barn  ;  picket  fence  ;  140  fruit  trees  ;  nine 
miles  from  Santa  Cruz  road.    $17,000 ;  terms  to  su.t. 


C^f?  Acres  eight  miles  from  Snn  Jo.^e  ;  100  acres  in 
*''*  '  grapes,  balance  under  lultivatiou  ;  2  houses.  2 
barns  and  outbuildings  ;  gotnl  knoo  ;  4  Iields  ;  several 
springs  and  nnnung  water;  wdl  be  sold  in  parcels  to 
suit,  i'r.co  for  whole,  $30  per  acre  ;  one-half  casli, 
balance  to  suit. 


ftf?  Acres  5  miles  from  San  Jose  ;  100  fruit  trees  ;  15 
^'15  acres  in  vineyard,  all  forcitni  grapes;  first- 
class  liouso  of  Grooms,  marble  mantle;  also,  barn, 
good  well  of  water,  buggy,  hoi-se,  plows  and  ImrrowH 
A  line  place,  and  well  worth  looking  :it. 


J  AS.    A.    CLAYTON, 

HEAL  KSTATK  AllE.NT. 

290  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose  | 


CLASSIFIED    INDEX 


TO 


THE    CALIFORNIA    AGRICULTURIST 


AND     LIVE   STOCK   JOURNAL 

■♦^♦►■♦- 

VoKime    VII.        -  -  -  1870. 


Agricaltai'al    Patents* 

Pages  6,  24,  48. 

Apiary    Department. 

Agriculture  in  California  

Bee-Keepiug  in  Los  Augtles  County 

in  San  Diego  Co.  (Com.) 

in  Southern  Califoruiii  (Com.) 

Bees,  Age  of 

in  Los  Angeles  Co 

How  They  Fill  Their  Hives 

Stinging .. 

Subduing  

Parasites  on 

California  Honey 58- 

Comb,  l''ouu(latiou   

How  to  Fill  Empty 

Harbison's  Hoiiev  at  the  Centenni.il 

Honey  Boxes.  Reliitive  Contents  of  Dilferent 

Sizes  

Honey  Producing  Plants 

Honey  Plants  iu  Southern  California   (.J. 

W.  SiiUie) 

Honey.  lOU.UOO  Pounds  of 

Honey  Production 

Six  Months  Among  the  Bees  in  Southern 

Oiilitornia  (G.  F.  Merriam)    .... 

Southern  Citlifornia  Bee  Country    (W.  J. 

Whitney)      

Boys'  and  Girls'   Department. 

Poetry — 

Bread  and  Butter 9 

Child's  Centennial 1'26 

Dandelion  Clock  (Illustrated) 109 

.   _.        „   ..  _    .  ,,^ 

141 

25 

9 

62 


Dot  Lamb  Mary  Hat  Got. 

Farmers'  Boys   .      .... 

Great  Expectations 

Little  Jacli  Frost 

Over  in  the  Meadow 


Suppose 158 


Ten  Little  Country  Boys 

The  Caged  Mouse 

Totty's  Arithmetic 78 

Trust 94 

Turn  About 157 

What  Would  You  Think 78 

What  Little  Tot  Does 

GnANrMOTHKlt's     Talks. — Easy    Lesson's    from 
Nature  (Mrs.  Cuelia  Curtis). 

No.  1— Matter 

No.  2— Solids  and  Fhlids 

No.  3— Indestructibility  

No.  4— Impenetrability.. 

No.  5— Divisibility 

No.  fi— Attraction  and  Opposing  Forces 
Miscellaneous— 

A  Mischievous  Pet  (T.  J.  Pelkington) . 

Ahoul  the  Use  of  Sugar  (Nell  Van) 

A  Heroic  Boy 175 

Centennial,  Something  About  the(Aunt 

Polly)      110 

Funny  Story  (M.  E.T.) 95 

How  Gcorgie's  Ten  Cent  Doll  was 
Changed  to  a  Pair  of  Slippers  (Noll 

Van) 25 

How 'lini  Shot  a  Rat  (Nell  Van) 9 

"I'll  Pay  You  for  That" 158 

Letter  from  "Tom  and  Mary"  (E  R.  V.)  9 

Liiida'8  Orphan  Asylum  (Lulu  T.)    ...      158 

Musings  of  a  ■49er  (Uncle  Arthur) 158 

Miss  Otterson's  School  (Jewell) I'i') 

Only  a  Pebble  (D.  G.  lugraham) 142 

J.ingular  Sentence 5 

OuK  Corner — 

Aunt  Polly's  Greeting  to  the  Young 

Folks 9 

Letters  from  Jennie  D..  O.  M.  Ord, 
Georgie.  Eddie  T.,  Willa  Rose,  Jen- 
nie's Rebus 44 

Letters  from  Amanda.Willie  A.,  Jennie 
D.,  Mary  C,  Georgie,  Tommy  Clark; 

Euigmas.  Etc 62 

A  Lost  Little  One  (Aunt  Polly) 78 

Story  by  M.  E.  T 78 

Letters  from  A  E.  Pool.  Lizzie  H.  G. 
W.  Fuller,  Charles  Tucker.  Charles 
Springer,  Anite  Johnson;  Enigmas, 

Puzzles,  Etc 78 

Aunt  Polly  Talks  About  the  Season....        94 
Talks  With  Bertie  About  Grain  (.Aunt 

Julia) 

Letters  from  Mary  C,  Tillie,  Johnnie 
D..    Georgie    Jewell,    Walter   Rose, 

Kittle  Hart 95 

River  and  Mountain  Lesson 125 

Letters  from  Olive,  Laura  Burdick, 
Arthur  Feldman,  Lucy  Ford,  Gertie 
Smith,  Sarah  Sallie,  Walter  King, 
Daisy  Glock,  Jennie  D,  Tillie,  Mary 
Clark,  L.  W..  L.;  Lists  of  Rivers  and 

Mountains;  Puzzles,  Etc 109-110 

Letters   from    Daisy   Glock,   Tommy 


94 


Clark,   Mary  Clark;    Puzzles,  Enig- 
mas, Etc 125-126 

Words  from  Aunt  Polly 141 

Game  of  Dixie.  (Aunt  Polly) 142 

Letters  from  Tillie,  Mary  C.,  Tommy 
C,  F.  W.  Lewis;  Proverb,  Conun- 
drum, Etc 141-142 

Letters  from  Lucy  Ford,  MaySherwin, 
Joseph  Riodau  (with  answer,  "  How 

to  Cure  Figs") ,  Mary  C,  Sarah  Sallie  158 

City  Gardening  Department. 

I  Beautiful  Floral  Ornament 116 

Care  of  Tender  Plants  (Ed.) 19 

CuHivating  Flowers  (Ed.) 51 

Flowers,  Arrangement  of  in  Pots 116 

Kern  Culture  in  the  Parlor 115 

Frosty  Nights  (Ed.).     20 

Hanging  Baskets 116 

Layering  Plants, 129 

Madeira  Vines  In-Doors  (Ed.) 115 

Mistakes  in  Floriculture  100 

Ozone  Generated  by  Plants   and  Flowers  116 

Planting  8i  eds  (Ed.) 20-52 

Plants.  Care  of  (Ed.) 19-1'2» 

Planting  Evergreens  (Ed.) 120 

Planting  Cuttings 1'29 

Plant  Lice— How  to  Destroy  (Ed.) 51 

Roof-Gardening 52 

Seasi>nable  Advice  for  May  —  Lawns, 
Planting  Seeds,  Transplanting,  Ar- 
ranging Flowers  in  Beds,  Choosing 
Colors,  Flowers  for  the  Shtde,  Gather- 
ing Ferns,  Etc.  (Ed.  andSel.)    67-68 

Seasonable  Hints  for  June  (Ed.) .  82 

Timely  Hints  for  July  (Ed.) 100 

Timely  Hints  for  September— Savings 
Seeds,  Planting  Cuttings,  Layering, 
Planting  Evergreens,  Care   of  Plants, 

Etc.   (l-.d.) 129 

The  Lawn— Practical  Hints  for  Making(Ed)  I'iO 

Suggestions  for  November  Work 161 

Trimming  Plants  While  Growing  (Ed.)...  115 

Testing  Seeds 52 

Window  Plants 52 

Window  Gardening  (Ed.) 3-52 

Poetry — 

Flowers,  Spring 61 

Flower  Garden 67 

Sun  and  Rose 67 

Flowers 115 

The  Flowers*  Choice 12 

The  Flower  Garden— 

Floricultural  Notes  (Ed.) 12 

Pruning  Standard  Roses,  Hyacinths  in 
Glasses,  Why  She  Planted  Roses,  To 
Preserve  a  Boquct,  Selection  of  Seeds, 

Wilted  Cuttings 12 

Illustrations — 

Window  Garden  Propagating  Case  and 

Bulb  Garden 3 

Flower  Stand 19 

Aquarium  and  Stand  35 

Ornamental  Window  Flower  Bracket..  51 

Single  Pot  Flower  Stand 51 

Flower  stand  and  Fernery 67 

Window  Bracket 68 

Aquarium  and  Fountain 83 

Fernery  and  Flower  Stand 99 

Capital  and  Labor. 

Associated  Capital  and  Co-operative  Labor 

(com.— Dr.  John  D.  Scott) 21 

A  Granger's  Idea  Upon  the  Subject  (Com. 

— .\.  Gavl.ird  Spaulding) 40 

Annual  Loss  $15,000,000 114 

A  Better  Financial  System  Needed  (Com. 

— F.  P.) 130  ! 

A  General  Complaint  (Ed.) 100 

Capital  and  Labor  iEd.) 130 

Capital  vs.  Enterprise  (Ed.)   130 

Co-operation   (Ed.) 162 

Employs  the  Boys  and  Young  Men  (Ed.) . .  146 

Financial  Foundhtion  (Ed.) 65 

Har.l  Tiiue.i  No  Idle  Cry  (Ed.) 146 

Is  Our  Civilization  a  I'silure  (Ed.) 98 

In  a  Nutshell  (Ed..) 33 

Independent  Platform    151 

Labor  (Com. — Mrs.  L.  H.  Gunn) 40 

Lets  Swap  (Com.— C.  A.  Wyuian) 118 

Machinery  and  Brains  (Ed.) 114 

Moucv  Scarce  'Ed.) 98 

Not  Gold  But  Men  (Poetry— Sel.) 165 

Over  Produ-  tion  vs.  Inability  to  Consume  150 

Over  Production  of  Boys   1.50 

Principles  of  a  Sound  Financial   Policy  165 

The  Independent  Press 118 

The  Cause  of  Hard  Times  (Com.— Prof. 

Riser) 1'27 

The  Laborers'  Prerogative 166 

Complimentary  Notices. 

Pages  17,  72,  92,  93,  96,  98,  112,  I'M. 


Dairying;  Department. 

About  Milking 

Among  the  Dairies  at  Point  Reyes 

A  Choai)  Milk  House 

A  Dairy  House  for  Hot  Weather  [Ed.) 

Brine  that  will  Preserve  Butter  a  Year. .. 

Be  Kind  to  Your  Cow 

Curing  Rennett 

Clieese  Poisoning 

Different  Types  of  Milk— Jersey's  Milk, 
Ayreshile  Milk,  Holsteiu  Milk  [E.T 
Sturdevant,  M.  D.] 

Dairying  in  California 

For  Milk  or  for  Beef,  (Ed.) 

Full  Feed 

Jersey  Milking  Can 

Managing  Cows  in  Holland 

Production  of  Butter  and  Clieese 

Pure  Water  for  Cattle 

Plain  Words  About  Milking 

Profitable  Cows 

Questions  for  Dairymen 

Relative  Cost  of  Butter  and  Beef 

Rules  for  Milking 

Rearing  Stock  to  Make  Good  Milkers 

Swel  led  Bag 

Sour  Milk  Cheese 

That's  the  Way 

To  Make  Cows  Give  Down  Milk 

Warts  on  Teats 

Water  for  Dairy  Cows 

POETBIf. 


71 
104 
13C 
UG 

71 

l:is 

71 
136 


15 
104 
169 
136 

71 
169 

in 

105 
136 
130 

71 
105 
136 
169 

71 
136 
136 

72 


104 

130 
16 
71 

109 


A  Good  Cow 

Song 

The  Cows  at  Homo 

The  Highway  Cow 

When  the  Cows  Come  Home 

Domestic  and  Kitclien  Departments. 

Familiar  Talks  (by  "  Snip" — Miss  Emuia  Hop- 
pell)  . 

No.  5 — Women's  Dresses  and  Men's  To- 
bacco ;  A  Boiler  Instead  of  a  Tea- 
kettle;  An  Improved  Sink;  Watering 
the  Chickens  ;  Destroying  Vermin  on 
Hens 13 

No.  6 — Scouring  Knives:  Grafting  Orange 

Trees;  Plain  Cake  ;  Cream  Cake 23 

No.  7 — Gardening ;    How  to  Make  Farm 

Homes  Pleasant ;  Etc 45-46 

No.  8— How  to  Do  Housework  ;  Love  Mar- 
riage;  Etc 61 

No.  9— Washing  and  Bleaching;  Killing 
Lice  on  Goats;  Pickled  Pears;  Tomato 
Soup;  Potato  Puff 68 

No.  10— Blight  on  Rose  Bushes ;  Fashion- 
able Woman's  Lament;  Cleaning  Tin  ; 
Doughnuts  ;  Cookies 93 

No.  11— Pickled  Meat ;  Apples  and  Creara  ; 

Handy  Piece-bag 107 

No.  1-2— Those  "Doughnuts" ;  Pi-'d  Minco 
Pies  :  White  Mountain  Cake  ;  Orango 
Cake 173 

No.  13— Mince  Pies;  Rustic  Flower  Stand; 

Moss  Frame 170 

OTHER  CONTRIBUTSD  ABTIOLES. 

Best  Food  (Ed.) 107 

Household  Pests  (Ed.) 132 

Home-made  Picture  Frames  (Ed.) 174 

-Mounting  Chromos  (Ed.) 174 

Notes  from  Correspondents  (Incog.) 13-23 

guestiou  by  Mrs.  L.  Wright 62 

The  Genius  of  the  Kitchen  (Mrs.  E.  M. 

Abbott) 46 

Washing  Flannels  (Mrs.  J  .  Shaw) 173 

Recipes,  Etc.— Miscellaneous — Original  and  Se- 
lected. 
Washing  Fluid  ;  Doughnuts;  -\pple-bntter 
Pudding;  Cream  Cookies  ;  How  to  Boil 
Meats ;  How  to  Keep  Meat  Fresh  a 
Long  Time;  'lable  Manners;  Hot 
Lemonade   for    Colds;    Bice    Mufflus; 

Cayenne  Pepper  for  Pests 13 

Hints  "  .\bout  Meat;  Washing  Woolen 
Blankets;    Favorite    Bread    Pudding; 

Oilcloths;  SpecUcle  Wiper;  Etc 23 

Ginger  bponge  tJake;  Plain  Railroad  Cike; 
Lemon  Pie  Without  Lemons ;  Good 
Breakfast  Cake;  Oatmeal  and  Cocoa- 
nut;  A  Nice  Dish;  Graham  Gems; 
Graham  Flour  Puffs;  Mashed  Potatoes; 

Nut  Cake 46 

Wash  for  Colored  Flannels  ;  Wash  for  Cal- 
icoes; Sweet  Pickled  Currants 62 

Bake-Day  Cake 68 

Apple  Cake:  Cocoanut  Cakes;  Cocoanut 
Crack.-rs:  Tapioca  and  Peach  Pud- 
dings: Jellied  Grapes;  Cocoanut  Bread; 
l'"ruit  Bread;  Fish  Chowder;  Rhubarb 
Pies:  Borax  for  Washing;  Ginger  Pud- 
ding; Clam  Chowder 93 


Cucumber  Pickles,  Mushroom  Catsup  and 
Lemon  Pie  (by  Mrs.  L.  W.) ;  To  Clean 
Zinc  Sinks,  To  Preserve  Sausage  (by 
Nell  Van) 107 

EflTect  of  Light  on  Canned  Tomatoes  (by 

Mrs.  J.  Knowlcs 131 

Fricasseed  Tomatoes;  Tomato  Sauce;  To- 
mato Pies;  Drving  Corn     131 

Fried  Apples;  Pickled  Onions:  Pickled 
Apples;  To  Fill  Fruit  Jars ;  Labels  on 
Tin  Cans ISS 

Preserving   and   Keeping    Tomatoes;    To 

Remove  Moths;  Apple  Tea 148 

Washing  Woolens;  Washing  Fine  Under- 

cUthiug 173 

Cleaning  Blankets:  Durable  Bedding; 
Pumpkin  Butter;  Stewed  Fowl;  Meat 
I<oaf;  Popovers;  Stuffing  for  Turkeys; 
Sausage:  Beet  Vinegar 174 

BeneHclal  Effect  of  Flannels;  Bow  to  Carve 

and  Help  at  Table 174 

POETBT. 

"  Let's  Play" 

Don't  Take  It  to  Heart 

The  tiater  Eaten 

Woman's  Work 

The  Maiden's  Choice 


13 
82 
93 

148 
173 


Editorials,   MIscellancoas. 

A  ProHj^ectUB  of  Onr  Principles 

A  Grand  European  Garden 

A  Stupendous  Fraud  

A  Sail  Jose  Almond  Orchard 

Advantages  of  Writing 

I  Agricultural  Fairs 

I  Bentlev's  Furnace  and  Dryer 

j  fiirDrv-ing  Fruit 

Cultlvallou  of  Flax 

Destructive  Caterpillars 

Enright's  Straw-Burning  Engine  [Illus.].. 

Farming  vs.  Plodding 

Flax  Culture 

Favorable  Notices 

Financial  Foundation 

Fine  SttK-k  and  Agricultural  Fairs 

Going  to  the  Show 

Grafting  Large  Grjpevini-« 

In  a  Nutshel  I 

King's  Patent  Poller  and  Engine  (Illus. ].. 

Liquor  and  Tobacco  at  the  Centennial 

Live  Stock  Farming 

Models  of  Humane  Inventions  Wanted. .. 

Matlick'B  Hny  Derrick  [Illus.) 

Orchard  Grafting 

Our  State  Normal  Schtxil  (Illus.) 

Pool-Sellers  and  Agricultural  Fairs 

Retrospective 

San  Jose  Furniture  Manufactory  [Illus.].. 

Tabor  Derrick  Havfork  [Illus.) 

Tarleton's Clingstone  Fruit-Pltter  [Illus.]. 

Temperance  Hall 

The  Lawn 

Thinning  Out  Growing  Fruit 

Thoughtson  Over-Produclion  and  Finance 

Winter  Irrigation 

Wide  Wagon-Tire  Bill  

Editorial  Notes. 

An  Active  Agent  and  CorrespoDdent 

Annual  Loss  by  Handling  Specie 

Ask  Questions 

A  General  Complaint- Hard  Times 

Arrears 

Another  Fruit  Dryer 

Artiacial  Stone 

A  Matter  of  Policy 

Angora  Robe  and  Glove  Company 

A  Good  Step — Temperance 

Archer's  Railroad  Bill 

A  Sample 

A  California  Transaction .' ."" 

Agriculturist  on  Trial .[" 

A  New  Year ," 

Aunt  p.dly  and  the  V^oung  Folka  .   . .   .  !.. 

Beautiful  Paintings  of  Grapes ..." 

Back  Numtiers [ 

Blstiop'N  Directory [ 

Bound  \'olumes 

Business  in  Our  Locality .*.'.*..'.  ..'.*. 

Burning  Straw .".*.*.".' 

Chinese  Question "..*.*.*.". 

Capital  vs.  Enterprise ].  ,*!!.".'.'.'.'!." 

Capital  and  Labor !*.'.".'.*! 

County  Fair !!!!!! 

Contesting  License '..'.','.'.'.'. 

"  Confidence"  Subscriber ]  ,* 

Comparative  Value  of  Peas 

Drop  It v.'.'.'.'.'. 

Death  of  James  Anthony " "  ] 

Department  Articles 

Diet  Bread 

Dr.  Mary  Walker's  Visit. 
Drying  Fruit. 


85 

97 

48 

180 

42 

138 

65 

52 

180 

VI 

65 

113 

29 

17 

65 

81 

74 

97 

33 

145 

158 

171 

33 

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34 

1 

49 

116 

113 

81 

146 

145 

129 

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60 


178 

lU 

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SO 

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82 

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114 

114 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


Drjr  Sowing  of  (irain 

Excellent  ContributiOD 

Elegant  Plant  Stand  

Ernpl'  y  the  Boys  and  YoilDg  Men 

Floral  Work  for  the  Mouth— October 

fine  Marble  Work 

Family  Veg'tible  Garden 

Fraudulent  Land  Grants 

First  Rains 

Good  Prices  for  Wheat 

Hillside  Washing  of  Soils— How  to  Pre- 
vent  

How  to  Stop  a  Paper 

Honey  Country,  The 

Hot  Days  in  June 

H^mey  Prospects 

Have  Pre-empt L)rs  of  Lands  any  Rights?  . . 

Home  Manufactured  Engines 

Home  Improvement  and  Home  Eujojnuent 

Important  Question  to  be  Settled— Owuer- 
Bliip  of  L'lnd 

Improvement  and  Enlrirf^ement 

Intelligent   Masses  Want    a   Pap-ir   with 
Backbone 

Illustrated  Temperance  Lectures 

Is  Our  Civilization  a.  Failure? 

Increasing  Our  List 

Jer.^ey  Cows 

Kindness  to  Animals 

Live  Stock  Breeding 

Laying  Out  a  Garden 

Local  Rainfall  for  the  Season 

"  Little  More  Aid"  to  Liquor  Makers 

MeCill  Road  Grader 

Mining  Debris 

Make  Pl;iDS  for  Your  Work 

Manuring  the  Soil 

Missni[^  Numbers 

Medic :i I  Iui|uisition 

Mechanics' Institute  Fair 

Money  Scarce 

Making  and  Saving 

Machinery  and  Fairs 

New  Work  on  Grape  Culture — Hyatt 

No  Notice  Paid  to  Returned  Papers 

Orchard  Pruning  Criticised 

"Our  Readers" 

Our  List  Increases.. 

Our  Immigrants 

Our  Premium  Certificates 

On  the  Cbine>;e  Question 

Plant  the  Be^t 

Plant  a  Vegetable  Garden 

Petition  for  Free  Library 

Pluck  Against  Odds 

Picture  Frames 

Papers--How  to  Stop  a  Paper 

Pay  in  Advance 

Premiums 

Poisoning  Squirrels 

Providing  Fuel 

Pet  Stock  and  Poultry  Association  Wanted 

Patriot  ic 

Prunes 

Poison  Squirrels 

Price  of  Wheat 

Pu''ify  the  Press 

Remember  tlie"  Poor  Publisher" 

Retrograding — Repeal  of  Compulsory  Edu- 
cation Bill 

Rainy  Season 

Released  From  Custody 

Bust  in  Wheat  Fields 

Sumac  Seed 

San  Jose  Institute 

Short.HoruBeef  and  Milk  Slock 

Stopping  a  Paper  Without  Pajing  Dues... 

Santa  Clara  Echo 

Stack  Your  Straw 

Subject  of  Go-Operation 

Specie  Basis 

San  .lose  Aldeu  Preserved  Prunes 

Statistician 

The  Wheat  Question 

The  Indian  Question 

Telegraphic  Puzzle 

Thanks 

The  Age  of  "Rings" 

To  ( )ur  Friends 

The  Present  Hard  Times 

Temperance  Champion 

Three  Months  on  Trial 

To  Farmers 

Use  the  Manure 

Valuable  Vol.  for  Reading  and  Reference 

Vineyards— OB  Moist  Soils 

Vested  Rights 

Wheat  ProdiKt 

What  About  the  Wheat  Market? 

Eldiicational  Department. 

Agricultural  Pre^B 

Agricultural  Reading 

Basis  of  Our  Civilization 

Boys.  Note  This 

BrainFarming  

Children  on  the  Farm 

Kduiatt  d  Farmers  

Every  Farmer  Should  Do  His  Own  Think- 
ing  

Energetic  Buys 

Education  and  Labor  [Com. — by  a  Teacher] 

Good  Advice 

How  to  Make  a  Nice  Girl 

Our  Boys  and  (iirl8--Wliat  Shall  Wo  Do 
Wilh  Tlieiu  (Com.— By  Wm.  Kcast.]... 

Novv^r  Too  Old  to  Learn — A  Composition 
(By   "Mrggie") 

Plain  Talk  to  Farmtra 

Proficiency  will  Command  Succes  [Com. — 
By  Kov.  P.  F.  Page.] 

Root  Tp  the  Weeds 


130 

56 

C6 

UR 

140 

82 

178 

98 

130 

130 

34 
162 
l:fO 
98 
98 
98 
98 
102 


162 

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3 

lit 

114 

18 

60 

146 

50 

66 

130 

178 

178 

82 

82 

98 

114 

114 

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34 

66 

102 

98 

178 

178 

2 

2 

IS 

18 

162 

102 

102 

60 

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130 

98 

98 

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162 

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100 

130 

60 

2 

178 

66 

18 

2 

146 

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130 

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34 

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114 

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18 

31 

146 

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130 

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66 

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98 


41 
100 
106 
106 
188 
106 
188 

106 
106 
132 
100 
100 

6 

G 


21 
105 


Reform  Needed  in  School  Matters  [Ed.l... 
Self.Culture(Com.— By  Prof.  Isaac  Kinley] 

Self-Supporting  Educr.tiou 

Success  Rewards  Merit  [Com. — By  Prof. 

Isaac  Kinley 

"That" 

The  Subject  of  Education  [Ed.] 

The  Love  of  Children   [Com.— By  Prof. 

Kinleyi 

Vulgarity 

What  Smoking  Does  for  the  Boys 

POETRY. 

A  Smack  in  School 

A  Lesson 

A  Cuuutry  Sch.iol 

The    "  Brothers    of     the    Plow"    to    the 

"  Brothers  of  the  Pen" 

Unity 

Entoinuloji^ioel  Department 

Bark  Louse  on  Fruit  Trees 

Birds,  Inse  t.;  and  Crops 

Combating  Insect  Foes 

The  Scale  Insect 

The  Wooly  Aphis 

Forest    Culture. 

Ancient  Trees 

Ash  and  Maple  for  Manufacturing 

Debtruction  of  Forests 

Experiments  on  Acclimatization 

Shade  for  Seedlings 

The  Pecan 

Value  of  Trees  in  Town 

Value  of  the  Walnut 


Generjil    Correspondence. 

A  Political  Enigma  Solved  [C.  A.  Wyuian] 

A  Word  of  Caution  [Geo.  M.  Brown] 

A  California  Land  Transaction  [C.  A. 
Wyman] 

Bee. Keeping  in  San  Diego  

Conl  Water  [C.  A.  Wyman]  

"Deep  Plowing"  Criticised  [L.J.  BurrellJ 

"  Deep  Plowing"  Iteplies  iWin.  Seastj ., . 

Deep  Plowing  |S.  Pelt  m] 

Controvetef — Letter  from  Castroville 
Shall  We  Plow  D  epV  [Samuel  SpuelJ 

Deep  vs.  Shallow  Cultivation  of  the  Soil 
(S.  Peltonl   

Eastern  Correspon.lence.  By  J.  M.  Pat- 
terson  

Experience  of  a  Business  Man  as  a  Farmer. 
By  A.  J-  Chittenden 

Friendly  Approval 

Farm — The  Nursery  of  Patriots,  Orators 
Statesmen.     By  John  D   Scott.  M.  D. . 

Grapevines— Practical  Lirectionsfor  graft- 
ing.    By  G.  N.  Whitaker 

Hard  Times,  I'he  Cause  of.  By  S.  S.  Riser. 

Kern  Island,  Farming  and   Gardening  on. 

By  1.  B.Rumford 

Letter  from.    By  I.  B.  Rumford 

Kern  County.  Letter  from.  By  L  B.  Rum- 
ford  

Let's  Swap.    By  C.  A.  Wyman 

Report  of  Committee  on  Land  Monopoly  , 

Santa  Cruz,  Letter  from.  By  Mrs.  E.  R. 
Van  Valkenburgh 

Seed  and  Seedsmen— Keliable  and  Unrelia- 
ble.   By  I.  B,  Rumford  

Tree  Culture.    By  C.  A.  Wyman 

Token  of  Respect 

Three  IiuportantQuestions.  By  P.  Hanson. 

That  "Matter  of  Policy."  By  C.  A.  Wyman. 

Waj  Bide  Watering  Places.  By  C.  A.  Wy- 
man      

Letter  from  Nevada  County.  By  Mrs.  C. 
F.  Young     

Letter  irom  Kern  County.  By  I.  B.  Rum- 
ford   

Hay.   Grain,   Etc. 

A  New  Enemy— The  Tule  Rat 

Cracked  Wheat  and  Smut  [Com.— By  D.  A. 

Learned 

Elevators  in   Chnago 

Flax  Culture  |Ed.) .....'...'...... 

Farmers  Loaning  Wheat 

Flax  Growing 

Good  Prices  for  Wheat 

Rice  Culture  in  Louisiana.. 

Remarks  of  Dr.  Lee 

Rice,  Lowland  and  Upland 

Straw  and  Hay 

Seasonable  Suggestions  [Ed. J 

Smoking  in  the  Barn 

Sixty-Fonr  Heads  from  one  Grain 

The  Granaries  of  the  Nile 

Tail  Grain 

The  Squirrel  Law— The  Full  Bill 

The  Price  of  Wheat 

Wheat  Product  of  California  for  1870 

Wheat  in  United  States  in  1870,  71,  72,  73, 
and  74 


Corn  Song 

The  Reapers 

Uorticiiltural. 

About  Bananas 

Anienean  Tea 

Apes  to  Pull  Cocoaiiuts 

Alarming  Disease  among  Cherry 'Trees  [Ed] 

Best  Fruits  for  an  Orchard  (Ed, j 

Bananas  in  the  South 

Bon  rs— Killing 

Coft'v  e  Trees  Near  San  Jose 

Cbis<!  Planting  and  Pruning 

Cultivation  of  Cofi'ee  in  Mexico 

Diseased  Orange  Trees  in  Los  Angeles  [Ed] 


41 

41 

105 

150 
106 
106 

187 

41 

105 

150 
41 


165 
120 
1'20 
165 
165 


26 

168 
26 
26 
26 
20 
26 
26 


63 
119 

118 

127 

101 

5 

24 

47 

03 

74 

92 

127 

47 
74 


127 
l'J7 

159 
101 

119 
118 
74 

170 

4 
47 
74 
HI 

118 


186 

187 


170 

40 

29 

135 

169 

130 

29 

30 

170 

64 

29 

30 

30 

111 

111 

160 

104 

93 


170 
111 


38 
38 
38 
146 
166 
14 
184 
18 
38 
119 
110 


Drying  Fruit  (Ed.) 

Fig  and  Almond  Culture 

Fruit,  I'seless  vs.  Good 

Fruit  Culture,  Possibilities  in 

Fruit  Culture  in  Florida 

Gulf  Coast  Fruits 

How  to  Cure  Figs 

Liquid  Grafting" Wax 

Orchard  Pests  in  California 

Orchard  Grafting  [Ed  ] 

Orchard — How  to  Plant  an;  Best  Varieties 
of  Fruit  for  Family:  Some  Hints 
About  the  Care  of,  (Ed.) 

Orange  Culture  in  Upper  California 

Oranges,  Something  About 

Near  Sonoma 

Notes  on,  in  Southern  Europe 

To  Grow  Orange  Trees  from  Seed 

Encouraging  to  Growers 

And  Growth— Valuable  Information.. 

Our  Valley 

Plant  Trees  [Ed.] 

Semi. Tropical  Fruits 

Sending  Plants  by  Mail 

Semi-Tropical  Fruits 

Tree  Planting,  Pruning,  Grafting,  Garden- 
ing, Etc,  [Ed.] 

The  Spanish  Chestnut 

The  Pawpaw  Tree 

Tree  Pltuttng  

Tamarind 

United  States  Orangeries 

Undeveloped  Fruits  of  America  [Prof.  Asa 
Gray] 

Wash  for  Fruit  Trees 

Horse  Department. 

About  Breeding  Fine  Horses  [Ed.] 

About  the  Mule 

A  Good  Colt  of  1900  Years  Ago 

Arab   Horses 

A  Mule  Colt 

Breaking  Colts  [Ed.] 

Balky  Horses 

Breeding  irom  Unsound  Horses 

Best  Breed  of  Horses  [Ed.] 

Breeding  Mules 

Cure  for  Scratches 

Clyde  Horses 

Cough  in  a  Horse 

Feeding  and  Working  Horses  [Ed.] 

For  a  Cribbing  Horse 

Harnessing  CtHts 

Humanity  to  Horses 

Horse-Raciug  at  Fairs 

Hereditary  Diseases  in  Horses 

Horses  for  Farmers 

How  to  Dtictor  a  Horse 

How  Horses  are  Driven  [Com. — By  J.  A. 
Chittenden] 

Intestinal  Parasites 

Introduction  of  Thoroughbreds  in  Cali- 
fornia  

Livery  Stables  in  Han  Jose 

Nailing  on  the  Shoe 

Nebu  hadnezzar 

Percheron   Horses 

Remedy  for  Worms 

Spavin 

Treatment  of  Stiying  Horses 

The  Selection  of  a  Stallion 

Treatment  of  Sick  Animals 

The  Horse's  Foot 

The  Orloffsof  Russia 

Walking  Horses 

Worms 


Household    Reading^. 


129 

185 

184 

184 

14 

122 

168 

18 

14 

34 


181 
38 
184 
24 
88 
18 
38 
72 
12 
18 
183 
166 
165 

14 
18 
38 
168 
38 
18 

37 
33 


7 
30 
55 
1S2 

65 

64 

55 

121 

l'd7 

6 

152 

152 

121 

30 

64 

7 

30 

30 

54 

121 

121 

168 
121 

137 
64 
137 
121 
152 
152 
65 
64 
54 
121 
121 
162 
162 
152 


Uf-Countky  Letters  [By  Miss  Rachel  A.  Ely.] 

No.  1 — An  Invalid 11 

No.  2 — To  the  Mountains 22 

No.  3 — lu  the  Mountains  46 

No.  4— Change 60 

No.  6— Spring 91 

No.  0— A  Nurse 109 

No.  7 — The  Beauty  and  Holiness  of  Nature  12i 

No.  8— Rest 141 

No.  9— Reveries 172 

GnANDFATHFB'S   LETTERS — EVENTS  OF  THE  LAST 

Centubi  [By  Joseph  Woodhams.] 

No.  5— Answer  to  Ingle  wood 11 

No.  6— Inglewt)od's  Reply 22 

No.  7— .\unt  Mary's  Reply  to  Inglewood..  60 

No.  8— luglewood'h  Reply  to  Aunt  Mary . .  76 

No.  9— Ma  and  Angle  Write  to  Inglewood . .  91 
No.  H»— luglewood's    Last    Letter    Before 

Marriage 189 

Friendly  Letters  [By  Mrs.  M.  A.  Thomason.] 

No.  1— Little  Uoys  aud  Girls 44 

No.  2 — A  Remarkable  Mental  Condition. .  01 
DoTTlNGS  AND  JciTTiNGs  [By  Prof.  Isaac  Kinley.] 

No.  1— npell  the  Windows 12  i 

No.  2— Honesty 140 

No.  3— The  Wages  of  Sin  is  Death 160 

Satitrday  Evening  Reveries  [By  Mrs.  M.  E. 
Thomason.]  * 

No.  1—"  Poor  but  Respectable" 1.57 

No.  2— Our  Manner  of  Living 173 

No.  3— Saturday  Evening  Revery 189 

A  Household  Letter  [By  Mrs.  D.  M.  Locke  46 
.\mu8ing  Children  Indoors  [By  "Busy  Bee"  11 
.An  Early  Morning  Soliloquy.  By  Mrs.  Liz- 
zie Wright 

A  Voice  from   the  Rural  Districts  [By  a 

Housekeeper 

An"IiigIewood"Sentliuent  (By  M.  P  Owen 
A  (Do)  Nut  to  Crack  [By  Mrs.  J.  Shaw]... 

Apologizing  [By  Rev.  P.  F.Page] 140 

A  Stray  Gem  from  Cupid's  Court  [Mrs.  J. 

Shaw 141 


A  Cheerful  Letter  [By  "Busy  Bee"] 

Be  a  Man 

Camping  Out  [By  "Busy  Bee"] 

Children  and  Pets  [By  Busy  Bee"] 

Drifting  Down  the  Stream  of  Life  [Miss 
Garwood  ] 

Evenings  at  Home  [By  Mrs.  J.  Knowles] . . 

Each  Has  a  Work  of  His  Own  to  Do  (Rev. 
P.  F.  Page) 

Fashi  on  [By  a  Normal  School  Student] 

Further  from  "Grandpa"  on  the  "Su- 
premacy" Quettion  [By  Joseph  Wood- 
hams 

Governing  Children  [By  "  Busy  Bee"J .... 

"Grandpa's"  Reply  to  "Girls'  Rights" 
[Joseph  Woodhams 

Growing  Old 

Gleanings  [By  Mrs.  E.  R.  Van  Valkenberg] 

Have  a  Home  [By  Prof.  Isaac  Kinley] 

How  to  Make  Mischief  [Mrs.  Lizzie 
Wright] 

Home  Power 

Home  Musings — Greetings  from  the  Red- 
woods.    By  Mrs.  M.  F.  O,  Woods 

Husbands  and  Wives 

Household  Help 

Improve  the  Country  Home  [Mrs.  J. 
Knowles] 

Influence  [By  Rev.  P.  F.  Page] 

Letter  from  Mountain  Home  [Mrs.  Lizzie 
Wright 

Multum  in  Parvo  [By  Mrs.  D.  C.  Gunn... 

Mother  [By  William  Pearce) 

More  Than  One  Woman  in  the  House  [Mrs. 
J.  Knowle.s) - 

Moral  of  Dancing  [By  A.  Gaylord  Spaiild- 
ing] 

Musings  [By  Mrs.  D .  0.  Gunn 

Masculine  Supremacy  [By  "Girls  Rights" 
— M.  P.  Owen] 

Passions  —  A  School  Composition  [By 
"  Mamie"] 

Reform  Underclothing  [By  One  of  the 
Mothers] 

"Rachel's"  Sentiments  Approved  [By 
Prof.  Kinley] 

Tobacco  and  Bad  Manners 

The  Necessities  of  Life  [By  Mrs.  Lilli- 
bridge 

That  Letter  from  Italy  [Eil.] 

To"M.  E.  T."  [By  Rachel  A.  Ely] 

What  Your  Neighbors  Know  [By  Eliza  E. 
Anthony] 

POETRY. 

A  Deed  and  a  Word 

Comfort 

For  Better  or  for  Worse 

Home 

One  Touch  of  Nature 

The  Old  Homestead 


188 

46 
109 
109 


Hygienic, 

A  Chilli's  Bed .-. 

Care  of  the  Hair 

Careless  Handling  of  Children 

Care  of  the  Teeth— Modern  Dentistry  (By 

Dr.  A.  O.  Hooker) 

Eating  Fruit  Skins 

Earache 

Eggs  in  Case  of  Trouble 

Exhaustion  of  the  Brain     

Health  of  Farmers 

Health  Maxims  [By  Dr.  Hall] 

How  Farmers  Wives  Break  Down 

How  to  Deal  with  Little  Accidents 

Keep  Food  in  a  Clean  Place    [By  J.  P. 

Rowe] 

Lessons  Taught  by  Suffering  [By  Arundal] 
Meditatiions  [By  Mrs.  M.  E.  Thomason] , . 

Open  Your  W  indows 

Preservation  of  the  Teeth 

Practical  Health  Topics  [By  "Jewell" — 

Mrs.  L,  P.  J    Herring,  M.  D.] 

No.  1 — Breathing 

No.  2— Food 

No.  3— Sleep 

No.  4— Rest  and  Recreation 

No.  5— Exercise 

No.  6— Dress 

Removing  Teeth  of  Children 

Remedy  for  Warts 

Remedy  for  Insomnia  

Remedy  for  Dyspepsia 

Spring  Hygine 

Soniethiug  Whi.'h  Concerns  Everybody.. . 
The  Doctor  Speaks  [By  Mrs.  E.  B.  Van 

Valkenberg 

The  Improved  Un<lerwear  [By  a  Mother].. 

Toothache  (Poetry) 

To  Rescue  a  Drowning  Person 

To  Save  the  Drowning 

To  .\void  Sleeplessness 

To  Remove  Freckles 

The  Grape  Cure 

lUiscellaneonS' 

Agriculture.  Influence  of 

No  Wealth  Without 

Prime  Business  of 

Agricultural  Press 

Associated  Capital  and  Co-operative  La- 
bor [By  John  I).  Scott.  M.  D.] 

Advantagosof  Writing  [Ed.] 

Axels,  Look  to  Your 

A  Very  Singular  Sentence 

A  General  clomplaint 

A  tJalifornia  Land  Transaction  [Chas.  A. 
Wyman 

A  Bit  tif  (Vunnion  Sense 

Agricultural  Fairs  [Ed.] 

Animal  Parasites 


61 

12 

141 

157 

108 
76 

125 
107 


173 
92 

125 
92 

167 
92 

92 
92 

190 
108 
108 

76 
140 

76 
75 
91 


172 
91 

157 

76 

75 

157 
12 

45 
61 
61 

60 

107 
11 

156 
60 

124 

172 


139 
139 
42 

138 

139 

139 

11 

11 

11 

43 

153 

167 

139 

139 

70 

42 

139 


10 

42 

70 

90 

154 

167 

11 

139 

167 

167 

43 

70 

70 
90 
138 
139 
139 
139 
139 
107 


137 
123 


21 
42 
62 
95 
llll) 

lis 
12S 
134 
l;ii 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


III. 


Arrears ;„  .  164 

A  Trick  of  the  Trade 1(;8 

A  ilcroic  Boy [''I  175 

Bank,  The  Earliest  in  History ..*.'..'...',"  13'.l 

Biismess  Repntatiou 77 

Brute  Animals  Compared  with  Man  [By 

A.  J    Chittt>iideu] 85 

Biiffnio   Bimes I34 

Brei-cUng  Mules 6 

Beet  Sugar 8 

Cool  Water  [By  ChaB.  A.  Wyjnan] "  101 

Cheap  Laud,  or  Dear  Vituals? 116 

Camping  Out I41 

Coffee  Cultivation  in  Mexico 14<) 

California  Raisins. 36!) 

Cayenne  Pppper. 13 

Cho-Cho,  The [  90 

I>ogrf,  A  Practical  Use  of 55 

Does  it  Pay? Ill 

Drying  Fruit  [Ed  ]  129 

DisRolved  bait  forthe  Table 35 

Evenings  :.t  Home ;. 76 

Elevators  in  Chicago 40 

Experience  of  a  Business  Man  as  a  Farmer 

[By  A.  J.  ChitteiidenJ 47 

Farm,  The  Nursery  of  Patriots,  Orators 

and  Statesmen  [By  John  D.Soott.M.D.]  73 

Laborers  Here  and  Elsewhere 74 

The  Model 74 

Tools  Forthe 1G4 

Animals,  Value  of  in  United  States... .  169 

Farmers,  Plain  Talk  to -. 132 

Loaning  Wheat 135 

Why  Should  Take  AgriciUturtl  Papers  151 

To  [Ed.] 175 

Flax  Culture 29 

Fence  Posts— To  Preserve 64 

Fruit.  High  Price  of  in  Sau  Jose  [Ed.] 111 

Fifty  Tons  vf  Honey 168 

Finance.  Radical  Sentiments  on  the  Sub- 
ject of 160 

A  Sound  Policy  in 165 

A  Better  System  Needed 130 

Going  to  the  Show  [Kd.] 74 

Granaries  of  the  Nile Ill 

Game  Law 161 

Grand  Summer  Resort— Lake  Tahoe .'.  Ill 

How  to  Help.. 66 

How  to  Make  Mischief 92 

Hard  Times,  The  Cause  of  [By  a  Laboring 

Man  of  San  Jose] 127 

Household  Pests,  Etc.  [Ed.] 132 

Honey  Country 145 

Honey,  Fifty  Tons  of 168 

Home-made  Picture  Frames 174 

Iron  Implements 56 

Italy,  Letter  from  [By  Jas.  S.  Lippencott]  33 

Improve  the  Country  Home 76 

Independent  Press  [By  A.  Gaylord  Spauld- 

iug] 118 

Independent  Party,  PJatform  of 151 

In  the  Common  Lot  of  Man  63 

Implements,  Trial  of  Farm 58 

Trial  of  at  the  Centennial 58 

Ink,  A  Good  Black 64 

Johnson's  Cyclopedia „  18 

Land  Monopoly,  Report  of  Committee  on..  74 
Labor  and  Capital,  A   Granger's  Ideas  on 

the  Question  of  [By  A.  G.  Spaulding].,  40 

Lessons  Taught  by  Suffering I39 

Letter  Writing 46 

Love  of  Childen ^ 156 

Lawn,  The  [Ed.]  129 

Livery  Stables,  Number  of  in  San  Jose 54 

Modern  Times ; 56 

Moon's  Influence,  The 90 

Magdalen  Asylum  for  Men 112 

Miss  Ottersou's  School  [By  "Jewell" — Mrs. 

L.  P.  J.  Herring,  M.  D.] „ 126 

Mounting  Chromos I74 

No  Power  Without  Will ."  ug 

Nails.  Thirty-four  Tons  of 40 

Nature's  Nobleman 112 

Our  Poor  Relations  [ByD.  (i.  Ingraham]...  117 

Our  Valley 112 

Our  Principles  [Ed.] 85 

Our  Immigrants  [Ed.] 98 

Over  Production  vs.  Inability  to  Consume  150 

Only  a  Pebble  [By  D.  G.  Ingraham] 142 

"Picture  Gallery" »..—.« Gii 

Political  Economy 72 

Press,  The  of  the  Day 121 

Purify  the lOiJ 

The  Independent 118 

Paris  Green  for  Pestroying  Potato  Bugs...  123 

Rain  on  the  Mountains  and  in  the  Valley..  34 

Remedy  for  Poison 117 

Reformation  and  Discrimination  [By  Dor- 

atha] 124 

Rainfall,  The 164 

Rice  Culture  in  Louisiana 29 

Rtniedy  for  Dyspepsia 167 

Seed,  Quantity  of  (Vegttable)  for  an  Acre  55 

Seeds,  Reliable   [Ed.] 175 

Sewii.R  Machines,  Exhorbitant  Prices  of.,,  66 

Something  Which  Concerns  Everybody 70 

Sending  Prayers  in  a  Cart 112 

Science  nf  Money  Briefly  Stated 121 

Soap,  Ventura  Rock 132 

Squirrel  Law— Full  Bill 151 

Statistician , 164 

Smoking  in  the  Barn 30 

Santa  Clara  County  Atlas 62 

Si-ward's  Energy 58 

Taxation  Without  Representation 59 

Token  of  Respect  (contributed) 74 

Temperance,  Working  for  [By  Chas,  A, 

Wjman] 101 

;    Things  I  Like  to  See 107 

Tendencies  of    Character — Are  They  In- 
berited?  [By  Mrs.  E.  R.  Van  Valken- 

berg 102 


ThpeeTmpoi^nntQuestionR[ByP.  Hanson] 

Three  Months  for  Ten  Cents 

'I'emperauce  H  tU  [Ed.] 

Three  Months  on  Trial _ .' 

Tiile  Rats  in  Kern  County 

Whitewash,  A  Durable 

AVhiflletrees 

Wheat,  in  United  States  in  1870,  72,  i'3,U.. 

Product  of  California  (Estimated)  for 

1876 

Miscolluucoua  Poetry. 

A  Farmer's  Song 

A  Russian  Fable 

A  Hundred  Years  Ago 

A  Hundred  Years 

A  Sung  of  the  Country 

An  Horatian  Lyric. 

Advice  to  Young  Men 

Autumn 

A  Pacilic  DecomlHT 

A  Hundred  Years  to  Come 

Better  than  Gold 

Centennial   Hymn ' . .. 

Ontennial  Song 

Fair  Piny  forthe  Farmer 

Follow  Up  the  Plow 

Fraternity 

Gone  Away \ 

Growing,'  Weather ' 

Half  Way  Doins ["' 

I'm  Growing  Old,,. .,.,.. 

Jasper  Deans  Musings 

Lexington , .• 

My  Prayer [[ 

Nil  Degperanduni 

Our  Patriot  Flsg 

Ode  to  Jonathan 

Rest  at  Last . , .    

Slow  and  Sure 

Seedtime  and  Harvest ','..... 

The  Fire  on  the  Hearth " ' 

The  Closing  Scene ..... 

The  Farmer..    .-    ..' 

The  D:iys  of  Long  Ago 

The  Flood  of  Yeai^ 

The  Owd  Wooden  Plow " 

The  Fogy  Farmer 

The  Departed  Year 

The  Old  Farm  Gate ". .*."' 

To  a  G  rasshopper , 

Ihanksgiving    ]   .......\\', 

Tom's  Come   Home '. .', 

The  Better  for  the  Doing.  By  Isaac  Kiiil'ey 

The  Old  Friends 

The  Storm  .' .......... 

Uncle  Sam's  a  Hundred .'"'.".! 

Virgil's  Georgics  Rendered  into  English 

Verso 

William  Brown,  of  Oregon 

Welcome  to  the  Nations 


Porcine. 

A  Profitable  Hog 

Another  Premium  Essay  Wanted 

Breeding  Sows 

Boars,  How  to  Keep 

Keeping ', 

Berksliires,  The 

The  Original  Breed  of 

Breeding  Young  Sows, 

Dentition  in  the  Pig 

Dresi^^ing  Black  Hogs 

Farrowing  Pens 

Food  for  Swine 

Hog.  The,  A  European  Animal 

The  Wild,  in  India 

Hog  Cholera 

The  Sc-Called '. 

Hogs,  Weight  of,  by  Measurement.. 

And  Alfjilfa  Hay 

Sugar  Beets  for  Fattening...^..... 

How  to  Breed  Pigs 

Lice  on  Swine 

Old  Fogy  Farmers 

Pork.  Salting  for  Home  Use,  (Ed.) .. 

Trichinosis 

In  the  West 

The  Pig's  Start  in  Life 


Poultry  Yard. 

At  Rest,  (Poetry) 

A  Cohmy  of  Ostriches 

A  Few  Hints  on  Poultry,  (Ed.) 

Canaries,  How  to  Pet 

Chickens,  Hatching,  [Ed.] 

Hatching    in    Hut    Weather,  [Mrs.  J. 

Knowles] 

Keep  Scratching 

Egg  Preserving  Pickle  Recipe 

Eggs  by  Weight 

"Farmers'  Eggs 

Fine  Poultry  (Ed  ) 

Business  in  California,  (Ed.) 

Fowls.  Cooked  ISIeat  for 

Feeding  Pepper  to 

Signs  of  Young 

Domestication  of  Wild 

Domestic  in  Africa 

Worms  in 

Pure  Water  For 

Game,  (byL.  E.  Mattesou) 

Pepper  for 

Monlting.  Not  tit  for  Marketing 

Vermin  on 

Gapes.  Cure  for 

Ostrich  Farming  in  .■Vfrica 

Poultry  for  Profit.  (Ed.) 

Red  Pepper  for 

Profits  of 

Dough 

Raising  Turkeys ; .. 

Scurvy  Legs 


Ill 

145 
145 
164 
97 
GO 
43 
41 


83 
116 

131 

115 

1G3 

G7 

35 

163 

179 

179 

35 

99 

99 

19 

67 

147 

3 

19 

147 

179 

67 

99 

3 

179 

99 

99 

179 

131 

16;J 

3 

19 

61 

67 

147 

163 

147 

3 

19 

131 

163 

131 

179 

179 

179 

99 

103 
51 
179 


55 
171 

27 
55 
171 
171 
120 
171 
65 
7 
55 
27 
55 
39 
39 
55 
27 
171 
27 
137 
171 
55 

153 
39 
171 


31 
37 

147 
31 
148 

103 

103 

104 

104 

31 

56 

103 

31 

31 

31 

56 

56 

56 

50 

103 

104 

148 

.=i6 

104 

37 

31 

56 

104 

104 

148 

56 


Pisclcultare . 

A  Large  Lobster  Pond 88 

An  Essay  on  Fish,  (Detroit  Free  Press) 88 

FiHhing  or  Farming,  (by  "Joo.") C 

Fish,  Breeding  on  the  Plantation 7 

Commissioners  of  Massachusetts 57 

and  Fish  Culture , 119 

Gold 119 

The  Distribution  of _  119 

Conveyance  of  Live 162 

When  .May  be  Taken,  etc 161 

Fish  Culture 27 

Progress  and  Prospects  In,  (Ed.) 27 

In  University  of  Virginia 28 

ProgreKR  in 57 

In  the  Northwest 57 

In  Monterey  County,  (Ed.) 153 

In  France,                          •*      153 

McCloud  River  Establishment,  67 

Sjilmon  Trout,  How  to  Take,  (Seth  Qrecn)  87 

Salmon,  How  the  Indians  Fish  for 15.3 

California  in  Connecticut 28 

The  Little 119 

Seth  Green's  Trout  Hook 120 

The  Clam 88 

HIkeep  and  Goats. 

.\  Progressive  Industry,  [FA.] S6 

Angora  Products  and  Prospects  [Ed.] „  7 

Angora  (joats.  The J48 

Interest  in  California  [ByC.  P.Btiley]  164 

The  Lato  Importation  of 100 

Profits— A    Few    Figures    About   Mo- 
hair [Ed.]  50 

The  (By  CoL  R.  W.  Scott] 84 

end  Mohair— Criticisms  Answered  [By 

Col.  Harrison  Gray  Otis] 128 

Same  Subject 133 

Clearing  Lands  with  [Ed,] 28 

Danbury   Baily 28 

Foot  Rot , 28 

Importance  of  Pure  Bred  Rams 100 

Sheep.  Iiujiroved  Breeds  of „  133 

Fine  Spanish  Merino  [Ed.] Ifi4 

California  Bred  Merino  [Ed.] 100 

On  a  Fanu 28 

Delaine.../ 7 

Sheepskins,  What  Becomes  of  ? 7 

Sheep  and  Goat  Business  Relatively  Con- 
sidered [Ed.] „  84 

Stories. 

A  Midnight  Ride  [By  Jo-'^cph  Perkins]. ...„  76 

A  Sketch  from  Life  [By  Mrs.  J.  P.  RoweJ..  8 
A  Tale  for  the  New  Year  [By  Mrs.  E.  R. 

Van  Valkeuburgh  8 

An  Episode  in  5Iy  Express  Life  [By  Joseph 

Perkins] .  43 

Genteel  Intemperance  [Mrs.  E.   R.  Van 

Valkeuburgh) 49 

Ralph's  Valentine  [Mrs.  E.  R.  Van  Valk- 

cnburgh] 17 

Thanksgiving  Story.    By  Mrs.  E.  R.  Van 

Valkeuburgh 185 

Tlie  Centennial. 

Centennial,  \  Look  at 123 

Flowers  at 123 

Judges  on  Live  Stock  at 126 

Liquor  and  Tobacco  at 158 

Sunday  at 20 

Stated  Displays  at 80 

Something  About  the,  by  Aunt  Polly. .  110 

Of  the  American  Republic 123 

1776-1876 128 

The    Landlioltler. 

Anti-Land    Monopoly    Resolutions    (con- 
tributed]   38 

Federal  Land  Granta 38 

Government  Lands  in  Canada  [Ed.] 38 

Maine  State  Lands  [Ed.] 38 

Ownership  of  Land  [Ed.] 2 

Public  Lsnde  in  Calil'omia  [Ed.] 20 

Railroad  Grants  vs.  SettlerB'  Claims  [Ed.]  20 

Soldiers' H(une8tead  Claims  [Ed.] 20 

Small  Holdings  [By  John  D.  Scott.  M.  D.j  4 

Tlie  Stock  Breetler. 

.\nimals  in  the  United  States,  Value  of 169 

Advantages  of  Raising  Stock 102 

,\nimal  Par.isiteB 134 

Annunl  Sale  of  Fine  Stock.  (Ed.) 5:1 

.\njcricau  Beef  on  the  London  Market 53 

A  New  and  Limitless  Outlet  for  American 

Beef 172 

\  Y'oung  Man  Asks  About  the  Stock  Busi- 
ness, (Ed.) 52 

A  Fair  Discrimination.     By  Col.  Coleman 

Younger 87 

Beans  for  Cattle  and  Sheep 135 

Bull,  The  Sixth  Lortl  of  Oxford 77 

To  Remove  a  Savage 172 

Slanagement  of  Large 102 

How  to  Educate  a 102 

Breeding,  Suggestions  About 188 

Breeding,  Something  About  the  Results  of, 

[Ed.] 14 

Close „  102 

Care  of  Young  Stock 26 

Cattle  Husbandry,  Two  Kinds  of 63 

Camels 53 

Cattle  Farming,  Modern  vs.  The  One  Crop 

System.    By  Col.  Coleman  Y'ounger.  77 

Colorado  Stock  Ranges 135 

CowsMore  Profitable  than  Steers 172 

Destruction  of  Bit;on  on  the  Plains 29 

Foot  and  Month  Diseases  in    Europe 53 

Fine  Stock,  Overfeeding  for  J^hows 102 

And  Intelligent  Farming  vs.  Ranching, 

[Ed.] „  101 

Auction  Sale  of.  [Ed.] 87 

Grade  up  for  Profit 15 


Guernsey  Sale 

Holfettin  Cattle 

Heifers  Sii<  kling  their  Calves 

Improved  Stock,  Valee  of.,'. 

Improving  the  Dairy  Herd.    By  Dr.  C.  L. 

Sturdcvant - 

Jersey  Cattle, Sale  of 

Jersey  Cows  in  San  Jose 

Kindness  to  Farm  .\iiimale 

Tu  Young  Stock „ 

Live  Stock,  to  Determine  Weight  of 

Farming,  [Ed.] 

At  the  Centennial  

Intematioual  Exhibition  of „ 

In  San  Diego  County 

Organic  Adaptation.    By  Prof.  Isaac  Kinley 

Oil  Cake  for  Feed - 

Poor  Stuck 

Profitable  Grades 

Stock  The  Moht  Profitable % 

Short  Uurns.  Sale  of  During  Past  Y'car.... 

Slnirture  of  Cuws  Horn 

Washington  Territory  Cattle  in  Cbicago 

Will  tlie  Market  Fail? 

Whistling  Men  Are  Kind  to  .\nimal8 

The  Vine^'ard. 

Beautiful  Paintings  of  Grapes  [Ed.] 

Cali*'ornia  Haisins 

Death  of  tirapevinca— '/  heory  of  OauseB  of 

Grapes  to  Fatten  Hugs  [Ed.] 

Grafting,  Practical  Directione  for  [By  G. 

N.  Whitaker] - - 

Large  Grapevines  [Ed.] 

Grape  Culture,  New  Work  on  (T.  H.  Hyatt/ 
Phylloxera  

The  [Kd.) «... 

New  Remedy  for „ 

Bisulphide  of  Caboo  for 

Raisin  Making  [Ed.]  

Vineyards  la  California  [Ed.] 

Women, 

A  Word  to  the  Girls 

A  Bit  of  Common  Senre 

A  Woman's  Say  on  Inventions  [By  "Nell 

Van"— Mrs.  E.  R.  Van  Valkeuburgh]. 

About  Woman  Suffrage  [Kd.] 

"As  Sixteen  to  Twenty-Six" 

Cleopatra,  Queen  of  Beauty 

Don't  Girls 

Dont  Hurry.  Girls 

Edu.  ate  f"r  rsefnlness  [Mm.  E.  R.  Van 

Valkeuburgh  J 

Filthy  Fashions  [By  a  Sufferer) 

Love 

Open  Letter  to  Women   [By  Mre.  C.  H. 

Dunnigan] 

Reformation   and   DiscriminatloD   ["Do< 

rotha"] 

Reformation  Needed _ 

Source  of  Woman's  Power 

Taxation  Without  Reprpsentation 

Who  Dare  be  FreeV  [By  "Nell  Van"— Mrs. 

E.  R.  Van  Valkenburgh] 

Women  in  the  Grange 

Women  and  the  Centennial  Leap  Tear  (By 

A.  Gaylord  Spikulding «.. 

Woman's  Intlueucc 

Woman's  Work— Cungratulatlons  [By  Mrs. 

C.  H.  Dunnigau - 

POETET. 

A  Fashionable  Lady's  Lament 

Blanche  and  Xell. .<?..» 

Briile's  Warning - 

Farmer's  Daughter » 

Going  Away « - 

Scientific  Goiirtsbip „ 

To  Si-.t.rRetta  [By  Miss  Louisa  Porter].., 
Woman 


54 
135 
172 

54 

28 
99 
o 

29 

54 

135 

171 

126 

135 

43 

28 

29 

15 

102 

173 

53 

15 

172 

IS 

135 

2 

169 

86 

161 

127 

97 

162 

86 

36 

86 

174 

161 

36 


10 
128 

9 
46 
106 
138 
155 
166 

10 
10 
138 


IM 

155 

10 

59 


138 


165 

138 


124 
0 
58 
24 
106 
155 
155 


^^^^^Jt^p:.;    x-:?i.^f 


i 


-'7*^ 


e^^ 


rmLISHED  MONTia.Y  BY   THE 

CAL.     AGRICULTTOIST      PUB.      CO. 

S.  HARRIS  HERRING,  Editor. 

OmcS— Ms.  333  r--st  Street,  Tith  Cottle  &  Tright's  Jot 
Prji:ing  Cfflcs. 

RATES    OF    ADVERTISING: 

Per  one  Column 512  i>0  Per  Month 

"    half  Column, 6  00    " 

"    fourth  Column 3  00    "        •• 

*'    eighth  Column 2  00    "        " 

"    sixteenth  Column 1  00    "        " 

0^"  We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  our  resolu- 
tion to  admit  none  but  worthy  business  advertis- 
ing in  our  columns,  and  to  keep  clear  of  patent 
medicine,  liquor,  and  other  advertisements  of 
doubtful  influence. 


IV. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


mum  NATIONAL  m  im 


SAN    JOSB. 

Paid  tipCnpHal  (goKl  coin) . . . .   «r,00,000 
Authorized  Capital $1, OUO, 000 

John  W.  niudR.  President;  E.  C.  Singletary, 
Vice-Presideut;  W.  D.  Tisdale,  Cashier  aud  Sec- 
retary; L.  G.  Nesmith,  AsBistant  Cashier. 

Directors :^C.  Bnrrel.  Wm.  D.  Tisdale,  E. 
L  Bradley,  C.  G. Harrison,  E.  G.  Singletary,  Wm. 
L.  TiKdale,  John  W.  Hinds,  W.  H.  Winy.  T.  B) 
Edwards. 

Correspondents:-  Anglo- Calif ornian  Bank 
(limited),  San  Francisco;  First  National  Gold 
Bank,  9.  F.;  First  National  Bank,  New  York; 
Anglo-Califomian  Bank  (limited)  London. 

WILL  ALLOW  INTEEEST  ON  DEPOSITS, 
buy  and  sell  Exchange,  make  collections, 
loan  money,  and  traneact  a  General  Banking 
Business.  Special  inducements  offered  to  mer- 
chants, mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  commer- 
cial accounts. 
S.  W.  Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 

SAIXr  JOSE. 


SJ^N   JOSE 
SAVINGS  BANK, 

286  Santa  Clara  Street, 


CAPITAL  STOCK  -        -        $000,000 

Paid  in  Capital  (Gold  Coin)    -    «300,  000 

Officers:— President,  John  H.  Moore;  Vice- 
President,  Cary  Peebles;  Cashier,  H.  H.  Reynolds ; 
H.  L.  Cutter,  Secretai-y. 

Directors:— John  H.Moore,  Dr.B  Bryant,  S. 
A.  Bishop,  Dr.  W.  H.  Stone,  Cary  Peebles,  S.  A. 
Clark,  H.  Messing. 

IVEW   FEAT^^RE: 

This  Bank  issues  "  Deposit  Receipts,"  bearing 
interestat  0,  Hand  10  percent  per  annum;  inter- 
est payable  promptly  at  the  end  of  six  months 
from  date  of  deposit.  The  "  Receipt"  may  be 
transferred  by  indorsement  and  the  principle 
with  interest  paid  to  holder.  Interest  also  al- 
lowed on  Book  Accounts,  beginning  at  date  of 
deposit.  Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any 
in  the  State,  and  specially  adapted  for  the  safe 
keeping  of  Bonds,  Stocks,  Papers.  Jewelry, 
Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,  at  trifling  cost. 
Draw  Exchange  on  San  Francisco  and  New  York, 
in  Gold  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates.  Buy 
and  sell  Legal  Tender  N"tes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  BuBiiiess. 


FARMERS'     UNION, 

(Successors  to  A.  Phister  k  Co.) 
Cor.     Second    and    Sant^.    Clara    Sts. 

SAN   JOSE. 


CAPITAL 


WILLIAM  ERKSON 
H.  E.  HILLS 


Wm.  Erkson, 
L.  F.  Chipman, 
Horace  Little, 
C.  T.  Settle, 


DIRECTORS: 


$100,000. 

President 
Manager. 


J.  P.  Dudley, 
David  Campbell, 
Jaracs  Singleton, 
E.  A.  Braley. 


Thomas  E.  Snell. 

tS^  Win  do  B  General  Mercantile  Business. 
Also,  receive  deposits,  on  which  such  interest 
will  be  allowed  as  may  be  agreed  upon,  and 
make  loans  on  approved  security. 


MORTON    HOUSE, 

(FormtTly  ORLEANS   HOTEL,) 

Post  St,  above  Kearny,  San  Francisco 

^v.  a.  gra-H^m:, 

PBOPRIETOB, 

Formerly  of    the  Big  Trees,  Calaveras  County; 

Pucific  Congress   Springe,  Santa  Clara 

County;  and  late  of  Visalia. 


$100,  $125,  $150,  $  75. 

FOVIl    tXfiittt     s<M-ond-Uan«!     PIAXOS 

fi>r  Side  lit  thi-  iiliovc  iirici  s. 

At  MORTO      o&  CO.'S. 

Knox  Block,  San  Jose. 


J.  C.  BLAITD  8,  CO., 
Real    Estate    Agents 

—AND— 

GENESAL   AUCTIONEERS, 

312  Market  St.,  San  Jose, 

HAVE  FOR  SALE,  IN  SANTA  CLARA  AND 
adjoining  Counties,  a  vei-y  fine  list  of  Grain 
and  Stock  Farms,  improved  and  unimproved,  in 
in  tracts  fmm  lU  acres  to  10.000,  which  they  offer 
upon  easy  terms  and  at  low  prices;  also,  a  large 
list  of  Business  aud  Residence  property  in  Sunta 
Clara  and  San  Jose,  We  append  a  iiartial  list. 
Having  resided  in  this  county  for  26  vears,  and 
being  thoroughly  posted  as  regards  Real  Estate 
Values,  we  respectfully  solicit  all  in  search  of 
Homes,  Stook,  or  business  of  any  kind  to  give  us 
a  call. 


XO  Acres  near  the  town  of  Santa 
Clara,  with  fine  House  and  Out-buildings,  good 
Orchard.  Ornamental  Trees,  etc.    Price,  $10,000. 


20  Acres  of  Unimproved  Land  in  the 
Willows,  being  part  of  the  Lupton  Estate,  Price 
$3,000. 

80  Acres,  under  fence,  all  in  ctiltiva- 
tion;  has  a  House  of  4  rooms.  Barn  aud  Stable- 
room  for  15  horses,  good  Well,  splendid  water. 
Also.  52  acres  adjoining,  with  Redwood  House, 
Barn,  etc.,  good  Well;  all  under  cultivation. 
Price,  $55  per  acre. 


tf2X  Acres  of  fine  land,  3  miles  from 
San  Jose,  east  of  Coyote,  well  enclosed,  good 
Adobe  House.  Large  Barn,  etc.    Price,  $4,000. 


38  Acres  of  line  land,  2  miles  south 
of  San  Jose,  lying  between  the  Monterey  Road 
and  the  Coyote  Creek.  The  soil  is  unsurpassed, 
and  the  location  beaiitiful  Will  be  sold  as  a 
whole,  or  in  three  subdivisions;  22  acres  front- 
ing on  Coyote,  at  $225  per  acre;  8  acres  between 
the  two  residi  iiri>  lids,  at  $  iOO  i^er  acre;  Ifi  acres 
including  the  fine  improvements  for  $5,000. 


60  Acres  of  as  fine  land  as  can  be 
found  in  the  county,  with  fine  improvement. 
Will  sell  low  if  called  for  within  next  90  days; 
mubt  be  sold  in  that  time.  Situate  one  mile 
from  Lawrence  Station,  S.  P.  R.  R. 


18  Acres  fine  Vegetable  Land,  3  miles 
southeast  of  San  Jose,  on  east  side  of  Tully 
Road;  has  a  Dwelling  of  G  rooms  (two-story 
house) :  Barn,  etc.;  Orchard  and  Vineyard  of  5 
acres;  Cows,  Wagons,  Farming  Implements,  etc. 
Price  of  whole,  $4,500. 


1,000  Acres  of  fine  Grain  and  Fruit 
Laud,  lofuted  near  Los  Gatos;  will  be  sold  in 
tracts  to  suit  at  fnim  40  to  1000  acres.  Terms 
easy;  prices  low;  must  be  sold  within  90  days. 


76  Acres  rolling  land  8  miles  west  of 
San  Jose,  adjoining  Reynolds'  farm.  Small 
house  of  5  rooms;  nice  running  stream  of  water; 
well  fenced;  with  jilenty  of  wood  on  the  prem- 
ises.    Pric^,  $2,800. 


108  Acres  land  on  San  Jose  and 
Santa  Cruz  road,  near  Los  Gatos.  5  mih  s  from 
San  Jose;  excellent  land,  and  will  produce  any- 
thing; improvements  consist  of  a  dwelling  which 
cost  $2,000.  a  good  barn,  also  orchajd  and  vine- 
yard; good  well,  wind  mill  and  large  tank. 
Terms,  h  cash;  balance  on  time.  Price,  $95  per 
acre. 


88  Acres  fine  land  6  miles  west  of 
San  Jose,  near  Lawrence  Station;  wellimproved. 
Price,  $100  per  acre,  on  reasonable  terms. 


290  Acres  5  miles  west  of  Gilroy; 
;!0  acrcH  vineyard;  10  acres  orchard,  all  kinds  of 
fruits;  3  living  streams  of  water;  all  under  fence; 
has  a  good  house,  ba  u  and  other  out  buildings; 
wine  cellars.     Terms  easy.     Price,  $10,000. 


Stock  farm  of  '2,000  acres,  enclosed 
with  brush  fence  ai'd  natviral  boundaries,  locat- 
ed about  10  miles  east  of  the  18-mile  house,  near 
Bennett's  stock  farm;  well  improved;  has  a  good 
dwelling,  baru.corrals.etc;  8()head  of  Amcrirnn 
cattle,  45  of  whicli  are  cows,  balance  one  and  twt» 
year  olds.     Terms  easy.     Price,  $3,000. 


42  rtl-100  Acres  land  on  the  road 
(Vauilalupe  Mines,  near  the  Los  Gatos  road,  ad- 
joining lands  of  F.  Richmond.  Tei-ms  easy. 
Price,  $3,000. 


242  Acres  fine  land,  near  Sau  Joso; 
will  be  sold  on  a  long  credit.  $r..000  cash;  bal- 
ance in  0  years,  ctiiiai  annual  payments,  with  in- 
terest at  10  per  cent  per  annum. 


200  Acres  of  excellent  fruit  and  berry 
land  near  Santa  Clara  depot.  Price  per  acre, 
$200. 


1776 


1876 


200  Acres  in  Alameda  cotmty,  on 
west  side  of '  county  road  leading  to  Oakland, 
about  one  mile  from  Warm  Springs,  near  Mis- 
sion San  Jose.  It  is  fine  black  loam  soil,  well 
fenced.  Has  a  good  house  aud  barn,  etc.  Price, 
$90  per  acre;  one-fourth  cash;  balance  in  one, two 
aud  three  years,  approved  paper  bearing  one  per 
cent,  interest. 


600  Acres  of  extra  fine  grain  hmd 
5  miles  southwest  of  Watsonville  and  13^  iiiileB 
from  shipping  point,  will  yield  40  to  60  bushels 
per  acre.  Terms  to  suit  purchasers.  Price,  $50 
per  acre. 


160  Acres  of  pre-emption  claim  35 
miles  southwest  of  Salinas  City,  10  miles  west  of 
railroad  terminus.  Small  house,  good  fence, 
out-houses,  etc.;  with  an  outside  range  of  800 
acres,  all  finely  watered.  This  is  one  of  the  fin- 
est hay  ranches  to  be  found  in  the  country. 
Price,  $1000;  or  will  exchange  for  San  Jose  i)ro- 
pei-ty . 


160  Acres  of  fine  timbered  land  lo- 
cated just  on  the  line  between  Santa  Clara  and 
Santa  Cruz  counties.  No  piece  of  property  on 
Santa  Cruz  mountains  to  excel  it.    Price,  $6,000. 


120  Acres  fine  land  adjoining  village 
of  Saratoga;  enclosed;  title  perfect.  Price  per 
acre,  $50.  Also,  a  farm  of  160  acres  1 J^  miles 
south  of  Saratoga;  good  dwelling,  barn,  orchard 
and  \ineyard.    Price,  $4000. 


81-Acre  farm  4  miles  northeast  of 
San  Jose;  is  a  choice  piece  of  land,  with  house 
18x24  feet,  small  barn,  etc.    Price,  $7,000. 


Auction  Sales  of  Stock,  Carriages,  Furniture, 
etc.,  in  front  of  Salesroom,  No.  312  Market  st., 
every  SATURDAY,  at  10  a.  m. 

BS^  Special  attention  given  to  Auction  Sales 
in  any  portion  of  the  State,  at  short  notice. 

J.  C.  BLAND  &  CO., 

Real  Estate  Agents  and  iioneral  Auctioneers. 


SAN  JOSE 

INSTITUTE 

AND 

Bvsirrzsss  coLiiXsazs. 

A  Day  and  Boarding  School  for 
Both  Sexes. 


THE  SECOND  SESSION  OF  THE  TWENTY- 
Ninth  School  Year  will  commence  October 
*2d,  1876. 

in  acknowledging  the  kindness  of  the  patrons 
of  this  School,  the  Proprietors  desire  to  assure 
them  that  with  the  increased  patronage  will  be 
added  increased  facilities  for  imparting  instruc- 
tion. They  intend  that  the  School  shall  ofl'er 
the  very  best  opportunities  for  acquiring  thor- 
ough education,  both  theoretical  and  practical. 

The  course  of  study  in  the  Academic  grade  is 
extensive  and  thorough. 

The  Business  College  has  no  vactious. 

Students  from  a  distance  will  find  pleasant 
rooms  and  board  at  reasonable  prices  at  the 
boarding-house. 

The  Faculty  accept  to  its  fullest  extent  the 
growing  demand  of  the  industrial  classes  for 
recognition  in  the  public  educational  system 
hailing  it  as  the  harbingerof  a  higher  and  better 
civilization. 

ISAAC  KINLEY, 
^upeiriiilciidfiit  of  the  Iiisfitutc 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

C CARRIAGE     MAKf^R.        PIONEER 
J  Carriage  Shop. 

314  SECOND  STREET, 

Between    Santa     Clara     street     and    Fountain 

Alley,  San  Jose. 

A^eiit  for  Fiuh  ]tro.''H  Wnji^oiis. 


KLEIN,       Surgeon  Dentist- 


3 


cisvrTxsxiTsrzAZi 

PRO  CLAM  AT  I  ON. 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway. 

Is  the  popular  route   overland  to  the  Eabt. 

Passengers  for   Chicago,  Niagara   Falls,  Pitt 

burg,  Philadelphia,  Montreal,  Quebec,  New  V 

Boston,    or  any    point  East,    should  buy  jj 

trans-continental  tickets  via  the  pioneer        ^jg 

THE  CHICAGO  &NOETHWSSTEa     E.E.' 

This  is  the  Best  route  East.  Its  Track  is  of 
Steel  Rails,  and  ou  it  haBl)een  made  the  Fastest 
time  that  has  ever  been  made  in  thiscoimtry.  By 
this  route  passengers  for  points  east  of  Chicago 
have  choice  of  the  following  lines  from  Chicago; 
Pittsburg,      Fortwayiie    and    C'hicaffo 

and    Pennsylvania  Railways, 
•)  Through  trains  daily,   with  Pulman  Palace 

0  Cars  through  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
on  each  train. 

1  THROUGH  TRAIN,  WITH  PULLMAN  PAL- 
1  ace  Cars  to  Baltimore  and  "Washington. 

B7  tho  Lite  Shore  md  MicMsjn  Southern  Eallway  and 

Connections  ('.lei'  YoA  Centril  wd  Erie  Eiilwivs)  ■ 
q  THKnUGU  TRAINS  DAILY,  WITH  P.\LACE 
».)  DrawiLK    Koiim   and    Silver   Palace  Sleeping 
Cars  through  to  New  i'nrk. 
By  the  Michigin  Central,  Grand  Trunk,  Great  Western  and 
Erie  and  New  Tort  Central  Eailways: 
Through  trains,  with  Pullman  Palace  Draw- 
ing Room  and  Sleeping  Care  through  to  New 
York  to  Niagara  Falls,   Buffalo,   Rochester,  or 
New  York  city . 

By  the  Baltimore  and  Oliio  Railroad; 
O  Through  trains  daily,  with  Pullman  Palace 
^  Cars  for  Newark.  Zanesville.  Wheeling, 
Washington  and   Baltimore  without  change. 

This  is  the  Shiu-test.  Best,  and  only  line  run- 
ning Pullman  celebrated  Palace  sleeping  cars  and 
coaches,  connecting  with  Union  Pacific  Railroad 
at  Omaha  and  from  the  West,  via  Grand  June, 
tion,  Marshall,  Cedar  Raiiids,  Clinton,  Sterling 
and  Dixon,  for  Chicago  and  the  East. 

This  popular  route  is  unsurpassed  for  Speed, 
Comfort  aud  Safety.  Tho  smooth,  well-ballasted 
and  perfect  track  of  steel  rails,  the  celebrated 
Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars,  the  perfect  Tele- 
graph System  of  moving  trains,  the  regularity 
with  which  they  rim,  the  admirable  arrangement 
for  running  through  trains  to  Chicago  from  all 
points  West,secure  to  passengers  all  the  comforts 
in  modern  Railway  Traveling.  No  changes  of 
Cars  and  no  tedious  delays  at  Ferries. 

Passengers  will  find  Tickets  via  this  Favorite 
Route  at  the  General  Ticket  Office  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Rrailroad.  Sacramento,  and  in    all   the 
TicbeHiflicesof  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad. 
Marvin  Hughitt,  W.  H.  Stennett, 

Gen.  Supt.,  Chicago.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent. 

H.  P.  STANWOOD,  General  Agency.  121  Mont- 
gomery street.  San  P'rancisco. 


SAN    JOSE 

DRUG  STORE 

In  McLaughlin    ^   Kyland'e  Bank 

liuilding, 

309   FIRST    STREET, 

SAN  JOSE,  CAI,. 

J.   A.    Chittenden. 


PRINTIN6J 


Posters,  Dodgers, 
Handbills,  Books, 
Catalogue-^,  Circu- 
lars.Programmes, 
Bills  of  Fare,  InvitHtituiB,  Receipts,  Labels, 
Blanks,  Billheads,  Statements,  Cards,  Tags,  eto., 
together  with  every  description  of  Job  Printing 
executed  promptly  and  in  a  workmanlike  man- 
ner by  COTTLE  .t  WUiaH  T.  No.  338  First  St. 


A,   O.  Hooker, 


DENTIST. 

OflU-e:— 359   First  street,   over  Rhodes  & 
I>ewis'  Drug  Store. 


H:    C     KIRBY     c<l-    CO., 

TANNERS ! 

SANTA  CRUZ  OAK-TANNED  SOLE 

LEATHER. 

WHOLESALE     1)E.\LKUS. 


OFFICE  40G   NARKET  STREET 
SAN  FRANCISCO. 


.'^.ug^iJ-- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal 


$50!  Why  Pay  $85? 

Sewing  Machines 

KEDUCES      PRICE,      S3S. 


ketliiiis  lew,  LaHies! 


Just  What  You  "Want  for  Your- 
self and  Children. 


BREEDERS'    DIRECTORY. 


Parties  deeirinK  to  purcbaee  Live  Stock  will  ; 
find  in  this  Directory  the  namcB  of  Bome  of  the 
moBt  reliable  Breeders, 

Oun  Ratkk. — CanlB  nf  two  linen  or  less  wlil  be 
inBcrtod  lu  thin  Din-ctory  at  the  rate  of  W 
fCiitK  per  mtintb,  jiayablo  annually. 

A  line  will  avuriitie  about  Hfeveu  words.  Coiuit 
five  words  for  the  flret  line. 


CATTLE: 


Hume  I  Home  Shuttle  Sewing  Machines ;  DON'T  FAIL  to  SEND  FOR  i  PATTERN  s.  r^ri=c'?uX?.«rrSf  ^s's^n-l??^ 

•  and  Holstein  Cattle  and  Cotuwold  Staoep. 


Reduced  to  Live  and  Lei  Live  Prices, 


THESE  MACHINES  AEE  ALL  SUPERIOR 
to  any  and  all;  nice  sewers,  straight  needle, 
two  threads,  shuttle,  lock-etitch,  the  simplest  | 
and  cheapest,  and  the  lightest  running  first-claFS 
machines  in  the  market.  To  see  is  to  convince  : 
yourselves.  8S^  Remember,  all  Home  and  j 
Home  Shuttle  Sewing  Machines  have  the  Hall  j 
Treadle  attached  without  extra  charge. 


THE   HALL    TREADLE 

For  Sewing  Itluchiiies, 

THE    MOST     IMPORTANT     IMPROVEMENT 
EVER  MADE. 

It  eaves  labor  and  preserved  health.  No  more 
diseases  and  deaths,  side  or  back  aches  from  us- 
ing sewing  machines.  No  teaching  required.  A 
child  can  run  it.  Always  starts  the  right  way. 
Never  goes  backwards  and  breaks  things.  Can 
be  stopped  instantly.  With  it  on  your  machine, 
you  can  do  double  the  work  you  can  do  without 
it.  Fifty  stitches  can  be  made  with  one  pressure 
of  one  foot,  .\pproved  by  the  Massachusetts 
State  Board  of  Health  (see  official  report,  1872), 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  and  Mssachu- 
setts  Charitable  Mechanics'  Association.  The 
HALL  TREADLE  is  a  part  of  all  HOME  MA- 
CHINES sold  by  me. 

B^  The  Hall  Treadle  can  he  attached  to  any 
other  sewing  machine.  Remember  this.  We 
will  attach  it  onto  any  machine.  It  will  cost 
you  only  $12,  and  will  save  you  a  deal  of  hard 
work  and  trouble. 


THE      HALL      TREADLE     GRIXDIXG 
MACHINE 

Must  be  seen  to  l)e  appreciated.  For  a  Fanner 
or  Mechanic  to  see  it,  is  to  buy  one.  It  is  an  in- 
dispensable article  in  every  house,  shop  or  hotel. 


Comfortable  Combination 

Clothing*. 

rpHESE  SUITS  ARE  CALCULATED  KOH 
X  HealthfulnesB.  Comfort  and  Convenience, 
and  will  fit  the  moKt  fistidious  person.  Expla- 
nations accompany  each  Pattern  PattcmB  of 
four  diftf  rent  styles  of  Suits  are  now  fsupplied, 
viz.: 

IVew  Price  List: 


C^YRUS  JONES  &  CO.,    San  Jofie.  Santa 
V  Clara  County.  Cal.— Breeders  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle.    "  Young  Bulls  for  sale." 

CHARLES  CLARK,  Milpitae,  Santa  Clftr« 
County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattl'' 
and  Swine. 

I^^OLEMAN  YOVNOER,  San  Jobc,  Santa 
\^  Clarft  (;ountv.  Cal.— Breeder  of  Shorfr-Hom 
Cattle. 


HOLimnRESEITS! 

I.  "W.  Taler  &  Co., 

No.  26  Montgomery  Street, 

SAN  FRANCISCO, 

.  Iil«'lt»*    lliv    iilteiif ion    of  tliH   puhllr    tn 

llifir   .\c««    niid    Ili'uullfiil  <'hro- 

iitnllf  Phtif oifruphH  In  i'olnrM. 

Spherical  Photograph 

IV-'nU-  I  t'>  them    .r'lii.-  '.?7tJi.  187f". 

Gmil  KurmK  in  Uikiii^  PictiirrKof  rhlldirii 

f'abinetii,         -        Sf>uiifl  $7   p«'r  «to7.. 
CurtvH  (|c  VImIIx,  9*1  nnti  9**  p«>*  dor. 


1— Cal.  (Joinbination    Suit,  lor 
3 — Cornbiiiatinii  Suit,  Muslin  . 

11 — Excelsior  Suit,  AhiHlin, 

4— Bodice  with  Yoke 

3— Y()ke  Band  for  Skirts 


tlannc] 5.')  cts. 

65    • 

BO    * 

65    ' 


c. 


B.    POLHKML'S,  San  Jose,  SanU  Clara 
County.  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cat- 


THESE  STYLES  OF  UNDERCLOTHING  FOR 
Ladies  have  been  found  by  all  who  have  used 
them,  the  most  convenient  and  comfortable, 
as  well  as  economical  of  any  now  in  use.  Models 
were  exhibited  and  attracted  mnch  commenda- 
tion at  the  late  Fair. 

Patterns  can  be  had  by  applying  to  fllrg. 
Herring',  east  side  of  Ninth  street,  between  St. 
John  and  St.  James  streets,  San  Jose,  {where 
samples  can  be  seen,)  or  by  addressing 


C^ARR  «&  CHAPMAN,   Gabllan,  Mon»«rey  , 
/  County.   Cal.— Breeders  of  Trotting  Horsea,  } 
Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine.  I 

WL.  OVERHISER,  Stockton,  Sbd  Joa-  : 
•  quin  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle  and  Swine. 

MOSES    WICK,    Oroville,  Butte  County  ! 
Cal.—Breeder  of  Short-Hom  Cattle. 


c.  c.  c. 

Box  G86  Sau  Francisco. 


Company,    B. 


SHEEP  AND  GOATS. 


F.  WATKINS,  Santii  Clara,  Bnedcr 
ofjhoroughbred  Spanish  Merino  Sheep. 


This  reform  underclothing  has  been  worn  by 
the  Editor's  wife  and  children  for  the  past  two 
seasons,  and  is  certainly  superior  in  points  of 
comfort,  healthfulness,  and  economy  of  wear 
and  material  of  any  ever  invented.  They  arc  the 
invention  of  a  California  lady  who  makes  every 
pattern  herself  and  writes  full  directions  upon 
each.  No  family  that  once  tries  these  styles  of 
clothing  will  ever  go  back  to  the  others. 


CP.  BAILEY,  San  Jose  Cal.- Importer 
•  breeder,  and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  An- 
gora Goats.  Fine  Pure-bred  and  Grade  Goats  for 
sale. 


THE  HALL  TREADLE  JIG  SAW  AND 
BORING    MACHINE 

Is  an  accomplishment  in  every  workshop.  The  ; 
Hall  Treadle  is  applicable  to  all  machinery  re-  i 
quiring  a  foot  power— Sewing  Machines,  Grind-  | 
stones.  Jig  Saws.  Turning  Lathes,  Jewelers'  and  \ 
Dentists'  Lathes,  etc.     Send  for  circulars. 


THE      SINGER 

SEWING  MACHINE  KOOMS. 

Over  146,000  more  Singer  Sewing   Mat-bines  80ld 
in  1875  than  by  ftny  otlier  compnny. 

223   Second    Street,   San    Jose. 

A.  C.  PERKINS.  Ag't  for  Santa  (Mara  Co. 


Vf  cCRACKEN  &  LEWIS,  San  Jose,  C«l.— 
1*1  Importers  and  brcedersof  fine  Angora  Goats: 
alto,  fine  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 

MRS.  ROBERT  BI.ACOW,  Centervllle, 
near  Nilcs  Station,  Alameda  County.  Cal.— 
Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Rams  and  Ewes 

lor  Rale. 


SWINE. 


\HARLES  CLARK,  Milpitas,  Santa  Clara; 
County,  Cal. — Breeder  of    Pure-bred  Bert- 
shin^  Swine. 


C* 


OUR      MACHINIST.  Choice!     Charming!!    Cheap 


Ml 


In  connection  with  my  regular  business,  I  have  ! 
a  fine  MACHINE  SHOP,  for  repairing  all  kinds  i 
of  machines  and  like  work,  and  have  employed 
MR.  CHARLES  C.  REDMOND,  a  Skillful  Me- 
chanic, as  m«nager,  and  am  now  prepared  to  re- 
pair machines  and  machinery,  make  models, 
etc..  on  the  most  readonablc  terms,  and  .\LL 
WORK  GUARANTEED. 

B.  J.  SAZiISBITRV, 

'.Vm  Santa  Clara  Street,  San  Jose. 
Sole  Agent  for  Santa  Clai-a  County. 


POULTRY. 


I'ATKNTKi:,  ' 

Turbine  Windmill 


MilN  Built  (oOidei-  an<l  ' 
Wai-riiiited  .■>  years. 

lituij'  foi- sale  outside  of  i'al 
ifoniia.  i 

STTl'KRKtH    BRASS  PUMPS  i^heup  as    Iron  ones. 

P    O      HnV   '2.'),    0;,kliinrl 

VI  ly  Crf\  A  D  "h^"'  -m^e  Tirio 
I  Mm  b  \A  Jf\  R  m  hours  from  Cider, 
Wine  or  Sorghum  without  uaint,'  drugs.  Name  paper 
and  address  F,  1    S.\(1E.  Sprinfitield.  Ma-ss. 


'THOSE   RI  1 


.ES.--' 

IV,  Oct    '25tli,  lS7iJ. 
Incliised  please 


Cal.  Fink  Art.  PfB.  Cf     fient^ 
lind  stamps  for  four  dozen  more  of  those  rides.  Semi 
at  your  earlie.st  convenience,     The  cliildren  are  impa- 
tient.    The  dozen  I  first  obtained  are  all    sold,   and 
the  scholar.'^  are  much  pleased. 
He.-*pectfully  yours, 

ANNIE  THOMASSON.  Teacher 


THE  NURSERY. 

A  Magazine  for  Vouiiscst  Rfaders, 

SUPESBLT   ILLUSTRATED. -PUBLISHED    MONTHLT.  j 

Subscription  Piuce  (pontigt;  iTicluded)  Sl.GO 
in  advance.  »?"Seiid  W  cts.  for  Sample  Numlwr. 

Xo«'  is  lli«'  time  to  Subscribe.  | 

I  JOHN  L.  SKORSir, 

36  Broomfield  Street,  Boston. 

i^   t'Ai.    A.imi  I  I. II  i:lsT  suhsoiiliiTH  CiUl  Kit  it 
atClulirati'.s,  *1  2CI  ciiily      Ail.lrcss    ■    I'lilis    Cul    Ak- 1 
liculturist.  Sail  .Iiisf.  I'al"  1 

The  Nurseryman's  Directory  I 

A  RKKKRENCK  liOOK 

OF  THK  I 

Niirspiynx'ii,  Klolisis    Sci'clsiiifli,    Tr<"e 

D<»nlers   HortifliHiii-Hl  Iiiiplt— 

niviit   linkers,   ^c. , 

OF     THE     U  N  I  T  E  l>     S  T  A  T  K  S  . 

Volume  II  Ready  .Tuiiiinr)'  1,  1877.      ^ 

,\ilvertisiiig  i-at<?.s  low     .\iMn-s.<  th«  rublLshers  for  j 
siiace  anil  prices.    The  ln'nk  is  iu.lispensaWe  forevory  | 
Nm-seiyiimii,  Florist,  or  See.lsMiaii    in   till-   Couiitr}'. 
It  gives  the  Name,  Post  OHiee  iimi  Business  nf  those 
engaged  in   any  of  the  ilepartnients  of  the  Xnrsery  | 
Tnifle.  alphabetically  lUTiuigeil  liy  States  anil  Post 
Offices,  making  the  Book  of  easiest  reference-    Pnce 
slow  per  copy      A.lilre,ss.  D.  W.  SCOTT  k  CO.,         I 
I'uhlisbers,  tJalenn.  Illinois,      | 


MRK.  1»  J.  WATKINS,  S«nU  Clara- 
Premium  Fowls.  Whito  Slid  Brown  Leg- 
horn. S.  S.  Hamburg. I,.  RrahmaH.  B.  B.Rcil  Giunc, 
Gamo  Bantams.    .\lso,  Egi^.  j 

LE.    M.*TTESOX,    Stockton.  r«l..  Im-  | 
•    porter.  Breeder  and  Shipi>er  of  Pure  bred  | 
Game  Fovls. 


MISCELLANEO  US. 


^PI.ENDID  CARD  PHOTOGRAPHS, 

O  onlv  9'i  a  iliizcn.  and  Cabinets  84  a  tlrz«n.  j 
at  llOWLANP'S  Oallorj-  (Heiring's  old  stand)  , 
No.  3S9  Fir«t  street,  Sao  Joee.  i 


WAI.I.ACE     &     CO.,     No.     386     First 
street— Handsome  turnouts  alwa.vs  on  hand  i 
at  fair  prices.    Fine  Ilcarso  for  Funerals.    Car-  , 
riages  for  sale.    Give  us  a  trial. 


IMP0RTKK8  ANI>  DRAI.ERS  IX 

Stoves, 
Pumps, 
Iron  Pipe, 
Ranges, 
Tinware,  dtc. 

Marbleized  Iron  Mantels, 

ENAMELED    GRATES. 

Nos.  110, 112  and  114  Battery  street, 

SA\'   KRA.VCIKCO. 

Buyers'Commission  Agency. 

We  have  added  n 

RETAIL  DEPAETMENT 

To  >iur  husiiit^sA,  and  can  )K-n.-.'kfli;i  .itWiid  t4)  jlk  <•■ 
dent,  largo 'ir  rtmall.  with  pnmipUn*-*  Wc  luvu  >*■ 
cuivl  lln*  *t*n-ioe»  of  a  lAtly  itf  i-xpt-ritriMS'   U\  att«rii<) 

SHOPPING, 

And  uiui  KU..inMil*-'»t  siiliMacti'iii  to  all  fatonnt;  n* 
Willi  tlicir  nnlers.  *)ar  chanfen  will  be  5  p<;r  c<rnt  nn 
all  rrtuil  purcltoAes.  No  coinmi.<wl<in  att4;iidc<l  to  for 
;  IcwH  than  25  cents.  Goodn  matched.  HampIcK  of 
I  piece  goods  of  any  kind  Hcnt  out,  statint;  width  and 
pritx-*.  vXr      Try  iw      Ad<lrr«R, 

1         HrVERST0MMISS10\  AGE\r\. 

p.    ().    Boi   17:l.'>.  SAN  VRAN'CISCO. 

Fanciers'  Journal. 


H.    S.    L.AMKIN, 

ATTORNET-AT-I.AW-ROOMS    a   AND    4.  |  ,    ,,r  ,     . 

Stone's  Building  (opposlteAuzerais  House).!   A  ri   IllUStrSleCl   WeeKlV 
Santa  Clara  Ptrwt.  San  Jose.  t  J 


tST  The  National  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to 
Bradelv  k  Bulofson  for  the  best  Photographs  in 
the  In'ited  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  for  the  ■ 
best  in  the  world. 

429  Mantgomerjr  street,  San  Francisco. 


ly  See  advertisement  iu  another  col- 
umn of  this  paper  headed  "TheNnrse- 
rynian's  Directory,"  of  special  interest 
to  nil  Nnrserynicu,  Florists,  Seedsmen, 
Horticulturnl"  Iniplouieut  Makers.  &c. 
Send  order  at  once,  for  a  copy. 


I>F,V(>TK[1  Til 

Th«-   F.-iKhered  Worlil,  T.-C  S(ii<l<uil  of 

Valtirf,   and  the  liit*iresf.i 

at   lloiue. 

$d..'><l  per  Anittim.     ^l.'iTt  for  it  iiioulli.4. 
*;  rent.,  for  ..pei-iineii  copy. 

JOS.   M.  WADE, 

Hartford,  Coiiii. 

I       W  fiu|»erinr  .Tnnmal  nf  it«  rlnsa  —ED.  .Ai;  I 


i 


The    San    Jose    Clothing    Store, 


NO.   "see    SANTA 


CIiARA     STREZSET, OPPOSITE    THE 

N  'low  crowded  with  all  the  New  Styles  and  Novelties  in  the  liue  of 


AUZERAXS 


Clothing,     Gents'      Furnishing      Goods,      Hats,      Caps.      &c..      &c. 

Also  a  Full  Stock  of  all  the  Latest  Styles  of  French,  English,  Scotch,  and  American  Cassimeres,  in  Diagonal,  Plaid  and  Plain  Styles 
ty  Our  Custom  Department  is  in  charge  of   Mr.  Rawlston,  a  gentleman  of  large  experience  in  the  business  of   MERCHANT  TAILORING,  and 
has  ITo   Superior  as  an  Artistic  Cutter.  O'BANION&r      KENT. 


THIED  Street, 


BEAR  CREEK 
LUMBER  CO., 

Wholesale  and  Itetail  Dealere  in 
Sear  ;^i.|.  KINDS  OF   LUMBER, 

Moody's  Mills,  Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 
sAK  JosK.     California  and  Oregon  LumbeP, 

Ooufitaiitly  ou  hand. 

P.  o,  Box  5oy.   ^„  Orders  Promptly  Filled 


Grain 


1  isw* 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

337  First  Street. 

I  

Dealer  J»^  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE 

4  PAI1>  FOB 

IWheat,  Barley  and  Other  Grains. 
SMOKUra  CBIXKENEYS  CURED 

The  GOTHIC  VENTIim  and  CHIMNEY  TOP 

HAS  PKOVEl)  A  COMPLETE 
Succesp  in  (.-uring  the  most  ob- 
BtiDflte.  BluggisU  and  smoky  chim- 
neys. It  btande  on  the  top  of  the 
chimney,  and  does  not  require  a 
eniokeetack  to  carry  it  above  the  Bur- 
roucding  buildings. 

It  iK  the  only  Chimney  top  that  will 
work  BatiBfactorily  when  surrounded 
hy  high  buildings.  For  ventilating 
Elevators.  Machine  Shops,  R.  R.  De- 
jiote,  Car  Shops,  etc.,  it  is  unrivaled. 

N.  B.— Send  insidf'  measurement  of 
topof  ihimuey  or  ventilating  shaft. 

All  Chimnev  Tops  guaranteed  to 
give  entire  satisfaction,  and  if  any 
should  fail  after  atrial  of  two  months 
we  will  cheerfully  refund  the  money. 

r.    HiiEiii', 

3!J»  SANTA  CX,ARA  STREET, 

SAN  JOSE. 


Tlie  Lirtrgest  and  most  Complete  Stoek  of 
Fruit  and  Oriiamentiil  Trees  in  the  tJ.  S. 
Priced    Catalogues  sent  as  follows:    No,   1, 

FniitB,  with  colored  plate,  15  ets.;  plain,  10  cts.  No. 
3,  Ornamental  Trees,  etc.,  with  plate, 35  cts.  No.  3, 
Greenhouse;  No.  4  Wholesale,  and  No.  5,  List  of  New 
Roses.  Free.     Address, 

ELLWANSEB  &  BASBY,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

EXCELSIOR   MmiE    COMPANY 

FIELD    &    KENDALL, 

(Successors  to  Field,  Combs  k  Gregory) 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Head  Stones, 
Monuments, 

.ind  all  kinds  of 

Cemetery  Work 

in  Marble  and  Grauite. 

377  SECOND  ST, 

San  Jose. 


s   w    H()RIN(; 


,1      V,    M  MILLIN 


BORIITG  &  McMILLIH, 

Heal  Estate  Agents. 

(tFFicK  '  Nu  334  ^Santa  <'lara  Sireet. 
Kirk^s  Building,  SAN  JOSE,   CAL. 


Farms  and  City  Property  for  Sale.  Rent  or  Exchange 
Loans  Negotiated  and  Rents  Collected. 

S.  -W.  BORING,  XTotary  Fublic. 


Isthelarcpst,  h-itidsompst,  and  hest  monthly  of  its  class 
inthewt>rld.  It  is  beautifully  illustrated  with  j^ortraits 
(if  prenjium  birds  and  noted  breeders,  and  has  a  large 
corps  of  vraciiral  brpfdfTs  as  editors.  Only  $1.25  per 
year,  in  advance.  Volume  six  ctunmenceB  January,  1877. 
.Specimen  copies  13  ctH.     Address 

WARD  &  DARRAH,  182  Clark  St.,  Chicago  JIL 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

Wilcox  Block,  No.  394  First  St., 
SAZV    JOSE,    CAL. 

California  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

A  Large  and  Superior  Assortment. 

XVo.    394     First    Street, 

Wilcox  BUi.k,  San  Jose. 

GARDEN  CITir 

DRUG  STORE 

H.  PIESSNECKER, 

Proprietor, 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St, 


Be  .     1st    and    2d 
aD    Joee. 


Norman  Ranges. 

Good  News  Ranges. 

Farmers'  Boilers, 

Iron  Pipe, 

Brass  Goods. 

Hydraulic  Rams,  kc. 


R::^^^^ 


OTMjOGUII 


Fifty  piigLis  300  IlIustrutiDUs,  with  descriptions  of  thou- 
s;iinls  of  thy  best  Flowera  iind  Vegetuhle.s  in  t  je  world,  and 
THK  WAV  Tu  uKow  THKM  all  tor  a  Two  Cent  iiostage 
ntsHiip      Prnitwd  in  (icrinan  and  Engli-sh, 

VICK'S  FLORAL  GUIDE.  Quarterly.  25  cents  u  year. 

VICKS  FLGWKR  AND  VHJKTABLK  GAKDKN.lSO 
cents  in  papur;  in  ehtgatit  cloth  covers,  $1.00 

Address.  .lAMKS  VICK,    K  )jhi^.'*td!r.  N  i' 


C.  E.  CAMPBELL, 

Tin   and  Stove    Store, 
No.  33!l  First  Street,  SAN  JOSE. 

STOVES,  PU.MPS.  WELL-PIPE  and 
Houae  Furnifihing  Wares  of  every  descrip- 
tion.   " 

JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLACKSMITH, 

Pioneer  Blacksmith  and  Carriage  Shop. 
Balbach^s  Xew   Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond St.  and  Fountain  Alley, 
SAN   JOSE. 
Agent  for  Fish    Bro. 's  Wagons. 

New  Work  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
Implements,  etc. 

VVest^s      American    Tire-Setter, 


RHODES  &  LEWIS. 

APOTHECARIES, 

No.    y55   First    Street, 

SAN  JOSE 


GET  VOUK 


Pictures  Fiamecl 

HOLUES  i  kiimmi 

L319  Santa  Clara  St, 


California  Agriculturist  ai\d  Live  Stock  Journal. 


F(.      J.      TRUMBULL, 

Grower,  Importer,  Wholesale  and 
Betail  Dealer  in 

VECiETABLE. 

FLOWEE, 

FIELD, 

and  TREE 

SEEDS- 
FLO  WERISG  BULBS  and  PLANTS, 

FRUIT  aiirt  oltNAMI.XTAL  TREKS, 

GARDEN    HARDWARE,  ETC. 

On  hand,  a  Large  Stock  of 

BVRB.    CIiOVfB.    SEED, 

For  Bowing  on  Worn-owt  Pastnre  Lands. 
Manufacturer's  Agent  for  tlie  Celebrated 

Central    Park     Lawn    Mower, 

■Which  is  superior  to  any  otiier  on  the 
Pacific  Coast. 


thuemau&woodeow 

UNDERTAKERS, 

408  First  Street,  . .  San  Jose. 

EVERYTHING  IN  THE  LINE  FURNISHED 
promptly,  and  on  the  Most  Reasonable 
Terms.  We  are  also  prepared  to  furnish  two  of 
the  finest  HEARSES  on  the  Coast,  including  a 
Beautiful,  GLOSS  WHITE  CHILD'S  HEARSE. 
Persons  in  need  of  anything  in  our  line  will  find 
it  to  their  interest  to  call  on  us. 

TURKMAN  &  ■\VOODROW, 
408  First  street,  Sau  Jose,  Cal. 

SAN    JOSE 
ASEESTIAN  STONE  WOEKS 


•,«  My  Bulb  Catalogue  will  be  out  in  Septem  • 
ber,  and  sent  anywhere  on  application. 

R.  J.  TRUMBULL, 

419  and  431  Sausomc  St.,  San  FrauclKCO 


LOUIS  CHOPARD, 


JEWELLER, 

Aud  Dealer  in 

SPECTACI.ES   AND  CUTI.ERY, 

At  Lowest  Figiu-es. 


Ba.  Watches  and  Jewelry  Carefully  Repaired, 
.Auzerais  House  Block,  S.in  Jose. 


SAN    JOSE 

DRUG  STORE 

III  M..Liiu-liiiu    -^  Kvluii.i.s  i;;.iik 
Jitiil'lin;;. 

309   FIRST    STREET, 

SA^'  JOSE,  UAL. 

J.  A,    Chittenden. 


THE  ASBESTIAN  IS  AN  ARTIFICIAL  STONE  i 
Bupeiior  to   any  other  for  Cemetery  Work,  | 
I  Building  Fronts,  and  substantial  and  line  work  ; 
'  generally.    Elegant  designs  can  be  moulded  eo  | 
as  to  resemble  the  finest  Cut  Stone.     It  is  war-  | 
ranted  to  be  Stronger    and    More  Durable  than  > 
Sandstone  or  Marble. 

1        »IR.    J.   "W.    COMBS, 

(Late  of  the  Excelsior  Marble  Wcuks)  has  en- 
I  gaged  in  its  manufacture  in  San  Jose,  and  can 
be  found  in  the  same  building  occupied  by  Al- 
bert Lake's  Bok  Factory,  near  the  C.  P.  R.  R. 
Depot.  tS'  Fine  Sculpture  Wori  in  Marble  a 
Specialty.  J.  W'.  COMBS. 

5„ 


Get  the  best. 

Webster's  Unabriilred  Dictionary, 

10,000  Words  and  Meaning's  not  in  other  Diction- 
aries. 30O0  Engravings;  1840  pases  .lUarto.  Price 
.S12.00. 

WEBSTER  now  is  gtoriaus— it  leaves  noth- 
ing to  be  desired. 

(Pres.  Raymond,  Vassar  College. 

Every  scholiir  knows  the  value  of  the  work. 
(W.  H.  Prescott.  the  Historian. 

Believe  it  to  be  the  most  perfect  Dictionary  of 
the  language.  (Dr.  J.  «.  Holland. 


Superior  in  most  respects  to  auy  other  known 
to  me.  (Geo.  P.  Marsh. 

The  standard  authority  for   printiug  in  this 
office.     [A-.  H.  Clapp,  Government  Printer. 


PRINTING.! 


rotsters,  Dodyers, 
Handbills.  Books, 
Catalogues,  Circu- 
1  larb, Programmes, 
Bills  ni  Fiiro,  Invitiitions.  Ke^-eiiits,  Labels, 
Blanks.  Ilillhesids.  Statements,  Cards,  Tags,  eto., 
togetlifi-  with  evf-ry  description  of  Job  Printing 
executed  prumptlv  and  in  a  workmanlike  mau- 
n.rl>y  COTTLE  .^"  ^ViaOHl',  No.  ii^H  First  Bt. 

T.W.Mitchell, 

Porter's    Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SEEDSMAN  and  PLOEIST 

.\  11(1  l>«':ilci'  ill  Flo\vi-i'iii;4']*liiilts, 

<>i'ii:iiiH>iit  al    Slki'iiliN,,     l{ull>N 

1111(1    I'Mott  rriii*:-     It(>4»tH    ilk 

Viirii-(>  .  lliiii<fiii;;  ItitK- 

k(*(»,    l>i-l('<l  (iiriiNm>s, 

Frt'iicli  liiii»un(cll<'s   itf  AsNOi-f4'fl 

<^>l<iis.  Kit'.,   I'Uc. 

rt?~  Sr 'ds.  Vrt'sti  imd  Kolialde. 


KHii  I'; 


i';ii. 


I'l 


To  the  Memory  of- 


ri       ^mPl... '  IMPERISHABLE! 


THE  ANGORA 


the  Fine^it    Mar- 
ble, and  at  lialf  the  Cost! 

MONUMENTS,  HEADSTONES,  ETC. 

Moulded  and  cast  from  pure  New  Jersey  Zinc, 
equal  in    THICKNESS    and   DURABILITY    to 
BRONZE    STATUARY    which    has    stood    for 
'P      THOUSANDS  OF  TEAKS. 


OF  SAN  JOSE,  CAL., 


Capital  Stock  $50,000 


O    P    BAILEY,  President 
JACKSON  LEWIS,  .Secretary. 
JOHN  W.  HINDS,  Treasurer. 


Call  at  32;i  Santa  Clara  St.,  San  Jose,  and  ex- 
amine samples  of  work  aud  book  of  designs,  or 
send  for  oirr  illustrated  circular. 

L..  C.   ADAMS, 

Agent  for  Santa  Clara  and  Santa  Cruz  Co's. 


Excels  all  others  in  giving  aud  defining  scien- 
tific terms,  (President  Hitchcock, 

Remarkable  compendium  of  luuuan  knowl- 
edge.        (W.  S.  Clark,  Pres't  Ag.  College. 
"The  Best  rr:A<  t1'  w,  Km.i.ish  Dictionary 
E.VTA.NT."-(Loii,l„M  i,>u,otcrl)  i;.Mew.  Oct.,  1873, 

A  New  Feature. 

To  tlie  3000  Illustrations   hcrctntcuc   in   Webslei-s 
l^nabridKcd  we  have  recently  aililctl  four  puyes  of 
COLORED  ILLVSTRATIONS, 

Engraved   c\l>rcssl.v  for  thcHorV    at   luvKc    exi'cnsc. 

XVational  Pictorial  Dictionary. 


THIS  COMPANY  is  making  a  specialty  of  man 
nfactiuing  all  styles  of 

GLOVES,  EOBES,  MATS,  EUGS, 
Lace-Leatlier  and 

PEBBLE  GOAT  LEATHER, 

FROM 

Angora  Goat  Skir\s. 

They  claim  for  the  gltivee 

let.     Tliey  are  cheaper  than  liuckskiii  ylovt-s, 

2d,  The  akins  are  tanned  with  the  feTain  on,  and 
i«-e  very  nearly  water-proof,  and  when,  from  long  ex- 
posine.  they  are  wet.  they  dry  out  perfectly  soft— as 
good  as  new. 

4th,     For  a  harvest  glove  they  have  no  eiiual. 

They  also  manufacture  all  varieties  of  bucksin 
Gloves  and  Mittens  as  good  as  the  best. 

The  Gloves,  Robes,  aud  Lace-Leather  maniifac- 
tiired  by  this  Company  have  taken  First  Pieminms 
in  1876  overall  competitors  at  the  Nevada  State  Fair. 
California  State  Fair,  and  Santa  Clara  County  Fair. 

CAUTION.— Certain  unprincii>led  parties  are  man- 
ufacturing gloves  from  sheep-skins,  and  stamping  the 
same  "Goat  Skin  Gloves." 

^S^Look  for  our  tra<ie  mark,  stanipe*!  in  the  glove, 
before  pm-chasing.,J5P 

For  sale  by  the  trade  generally. 

SFECIAX.  PRElMCIUniS. 

For  4  New  Subs-riptiouB— A  Good,  Secoud- 
liand  Five-Keyed  Flute.  Veil  worth  $5. 

For6  New  s'ubecriptions— Darwin'B  Variatious 
in  Domestic  Plants  and  Animals.  New,  valua- 
able  work,  2  volumee.    Price  $6. 

For  2  New  Subscriptions— Pilgrim's  Progress,  ' 
by  John  Bunyau.  worth  $2.  < 

For  3  New  Subscriptions — The  Gronndewell 
(history  of  tl>p  farmers"  movement),  worth  ?y. 

CAL.    AGEICULTUniST   PUB.  CO. 


HUNTER'S  and  TRAPPER'S  Ulus 
trated  Practical  Guide. — Gunning  and  rifle 
shooting;  making  aud  using  traps,  snares  and 
nets;  baits  and  b.-iitiug  ;  preserving,  stretching, 
dressing,  tanning  aud  dyeing  skins  aud  furs,  fish- 
ing, &c.  With  lifty  engravings,  20  cts.  Tax- 
idermist's Manual,  50.  ]>og  Training,  2.3.  Hu- 
mors of  Ventriloquism.  15.  Improvement  of 
Memory,  15.  Of  booksellers  or  by  mail.  .JESSE 
HANEY  tc   CO.,  U9  Nassau  St.,  N.  Y. 


/^      CAMPBELI., 

Attorney  at  Iiaw, 


nnprVCT     Fmltand 
lAfifidi  Ornamental. 

Apple,    Pear,   Cl:\erry, 

Plum,  Prune,  Peach 

and  Apricot. 

AH  tlie  leading  market  Varieties  are  grown  in  large 
ipiantitie^,  iiichnling 

BRI&GS'  HEW  RED  MX  PEACH, 

The  Earliest  Peach  in  the  World, 


New  ad  Hare  hmM  Trees. 

California  Palm  (Prickardia  tilifera).  the  most  beau- 
tiful of  all  Palms,   and  perfectly  hardy; 
Australian  Evergreens  in  variety, 
including  Grevillia  robusta 
(feni  tree);  Arancarias; 

AND  ErcALYPTUS'lN  VAKIKTV. 

Flowering  Shru"bs,  Roses,  Bults  &  Plants. 

^^  Send  for  a  Catalogue.  , 

JOHN  HOCK. 

San  .Inst.-.  Cal  .  \*:i.    1.  l^To. 

Pure,  Healthful  Candies. 

MRS.  CHASE,  at  her  residence.  Niutli  J!-!,, 
next  door  to  Quaker  Meeting  House,  eorncr 
St.  John  St.,  San  Jose,  Manufactures  from 
beet  qualitj'  of  pure  raateriale  plain  and 
fancy  Candies  of  very  superior  flavor  and 
quality.  Persons  once  using  her  Candies 
will  have  no  other.  You  can  give  to  your  chil- 
dren with  confidence  and  safety.  Auy  kind  niadr 
to  order,  at  reasonable  prices.  Call,  or  order  bN 
mail  ■ 

CoMercial  Bureau  of  California, 

ALLKN   IIF.CK  ,'v  (M,  .MaiiaB.i> 

CAMPIiELL,  FOX  .(;  t  AMl'HKI.I.,  Atty- 

Head  Oflice,  5^8  California  Street, 
SAN  PR.\IVCISCO. 


t'ollections  niatU- 
ainl  Terntorieri 


ail  iiiuls  nf  tlie  I'nitcil  Stat. 


1 


IfiS'TIir   Xatioiial   Stuurtard. 
PROOF.— ao  TO  1. 

The  sales  of  Webster's  Dictionaries  tluouyliout  tlie 
conutrj'  in  1873  were  20  times  .is  larye  as  the  sales  of 
any  other  Dictionaries.  In  proof,  we  will  semi  to  any 
person  on  aiiplication,  tlie  statements  of  more  tiiaii 
100  Booksellers,  from  every  section  of  the  country, 
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last  Fall. 


HOnSESHOEIlTG    SHOP  If  o  R 

Cor.      Suntn    Clara     and     San     Pe< 
Streets  (opposite  Post  t>nice) , 

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KEAL  EST.\TE  ACF.NT, 

290  Santa  C'ara  Street,  San  Jose 


'^^^ 


m 


'•  ^ ^-JT! 


California  Agriculturist 


ATftH 


Vol.  8— No.  1.} 


SAN  JOSE  AND  SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL,,,  JANUARY,  1817. 


I ^UBt^:nIn•ION  Prick,  Sl.GOaYear. 
I  2>iut'k-  Copieti,  15  Outfi, 


ANCIENT  AND  MODERN  AGRI- 
CULTURE. 

BY  JOHN    CHAMBERLAIN. 

The  history  of  agriculture  is  pre-emi- 
nently an  interesting  and  instructive 
study,  since  upon  this  great  industry  the 
prosperity  of  society  has  mainly  rested 
from  the  remotest  times. 

From  evidence  furnished  by  the  anti- 
quarian and  geologist  we  conclude  that 
man  in  his  primitive  state  lived  by  the 
chase,  and  with  his  rude  stone  weapons 
disputed  the  dominion  of  the  earth  with 
monstrous  beasts. 

We  know  very  little  concerning  the 
vast  period  of  time  which  elapsed  be- 
tween that  and  the  hieroglyphical  age, 
for  science,  the  great  magician,  has  not 
yet  succeeded  in  opening  this  charmed 
volume  of  the  world's  history,  and  the 
origin  of  agriculture  is  therefore  un- 
known. At  the  earliest  dates  of  which 
we  have  any  information,  transmitted  by 
pen,  or  chisel  and  hammer,  agriculture 
was  already  in  an  advanced  and  flourish- 
ing state.  As  far  as  we  know  it  had  its 
origin  in  the  valleys  of  the  Nile,  Euphra- 
tes and  Tigris,  which  were  jirobaly  dense- 
ly populated  more  than  a  thousand  years 
belore  Joseph  became  Pharoah's  minis- 
ter of  agriculture.  Upon  the  ancient 
tombs  and  monuments  of  Egypt  inscrip- 
tions and  paintings,  apparently  as  dis- 
tinct as  ever,  represent  rural  scenes  not 
unlike  modern  ones.  Villas  are  depicted, 
surrounded  by  cultivated  gardens  and 
fields,  irrigated  by  means  of  canals  and 
reservoirs.  Laborers  are  seen  plowing 
with  oxen,  others  harrowing,  while  oth- 
ers miike  the  surface  of  the  field  smooth 
and  compact  with  rollers.  We  judge 
from  these  inscriptions  that  the  Egyp- 
tians had  as  complete  and  intelligent  a 
system  of  agriculture,  under  the  dynasty 
of  Merus,  5000  years  ago,  as  they  pos- 
sess to-day;  nor  is  the  fact  true  of  the 
Egyptians  only,  for  good  authorities  aver 
that  no  material  improvement  over  the 
ancient  methods  and  processes  was  m«de 
until  about  the  beginning  of  the  18th 
century.  When  Egypt  was  a  province  of 
the  Roman  Empire,  she  sent  twenty  mil- 
lion bushels  of  wheat  to  Home  annually. 
Phny  mentions  that  thirty-four  stalks 
were  grown  from  one  seed  inMycias  and 
sent  to  the  Emperor  Nero.  Speaking  of 
the  soil,  the  same  author  remarks  that 
when  dry  it  was  so  stiff  it  could  not  be 
plowed  by  the  strongest  oxen;  but  when 
softened  by  rain  he  had  seen  it  opened 
by  a  wretchd  ass  on  the  one  side  and  an 
old  woman  on  the  other. 

Agriculture  wns  not  esteemed  a  very 
honorable  pursuit  by  the  dominant 
classes  of  the  ancient  Greeks,  and  was 
chiefly  carried  on  by  the  lower  orders, 
who  were  descended  from  the  original 
proprietors  of  the  soil. 

The  Romans  on  the  contrary  were  an 
agricultural  people,  and  Roman  noble- 
men, scholars,  philosophers  and  poets, 
1  delighted  in  agricultural  pursuits  and 
rural  pastimes.  Distinguished  Roman 
families  took  the  names  of  favorite  plants 
or  cereals,  as  the  Sentuli,  Fabii,  etc. 
Wherever   the    Romans   extended    their 


oonriuests  they  introduced  their  excellent 
sjstem  of  agriculture,  traces  of  which 
can  now  be  seen  in  nearly  every  country 
in  Europe,  and,  indeed,  in  southern  Ita- 
ly, agriculture  if  anything  has  degene- 
rated since  the  days  when  Virgil  and 
Varro  wrote  and  sau:,'  of  all  the  husband- 
man's toils  and  pleasures,  and  the?  boun- 
ty of  Ceres.  Kut  the  Romans  degene- 
rated. Latterly  the  chief  supjilies  sent 
to  Rome  from  her  provinces  were  the 
product  of  slave  labor,  the  more  power- 
ful |)atrician  faiiiiliis  having  seized  in 
many  instances,  and  acquired  by  fr  md 
in  others,  the  provincial  lands  which 
they  worked  with  slaves. 

The  free  husbandman,  deinivi'd  of 
his  few  acres  allotted  to  him  under  the 
law,  became  a  mere  retainer  or  depend- 
ent of  his  powerful  landlord.  The  agra- 
rian laws  designed  to  prevent  or  break 
up  such  an  unjust  monopoly  becauie  a 
dead  letter;  and  thus  by  injustice,  fraud 
and  violence  an  easy  way  was  prepsired 
tor  the  vandal  and  barbarian.  "The  free 
husbandman  had  no  longer  any  interest 
in  a  state  or  government  which  could  not 
or  would  not  secure  him  his  rii^hts. 
Robbed  at  once  of  his  lands  and  ind*-- 
pendence,  his  patriotism  had  neither  soil 
nor  nuuiishiueiit,  and  died;  lor  the  home 
of  patriotism  is  imt  in  the  political  club, 
nor  cabinet,  nor  legislature,  but  by  the 
firesides  of  freemen.  After  the  barba- 
rians ovenau  Euro|>e  agriculture  rapidly 
declined,  and  with  one  exception  did  not 
begin  to  recover  until  about  the  17th 
century.  The  exception  was  in  the  case 
of  Spain  after  her  subjugation  by  the 
Saracen,  who  established  an  extensive 
system  of  irigation.  and  so  developed 
the  agricultural  resources  of  Spain  that 
her  annual  revenues  were  raised  to  thir- 
ty million  dollars,  a  sum,  says  Gibbon, 
which  in  the  10th  century  probably  sur- 
passed the  united  revenues  of  nil  the 
christian  monarchs  of  Europe.  We  can 
easily  judge  of  the  backward  state  of  ag- 
riculture in  England,  even  as  late  as  the 
17th  century,  from  the  fact  that  up  to 
that  time  what  are  now  common  vegetji- 
bles  were  imported  to  supply  the  royal 
table. 

The  first  English  book  on  agriculture 
was  published  in  15-23,  by  Fitzherbert, 
and  entitled  the  "Boke  of  Husbandiie." 
It  was  followed  by  "Five  Hundred 
Points  in  Good  Husbandrie."  in  dog- 
gerel verse,  and  after  that  by  the  "Whole 
Xvt  of  Husbandrie,"  by  Harnaby  Googe. 
Says  a  good  authority,  "The  experiments 
and  writings  of  Jelhro  TuU  in  the  early 
part  of  the  ISth  century  are  among  the 
first  important  attempts  in  r<al  progress 
in  modern  agriculture."  Tull  invented 
the  horse  hoe  and  drill  husbandry  in 
England,  also  the  threshing  machine, 
according  to  some  authorities. 

Tull  was  followed  by  .\rthur  Young, 
to  whom  the  world  is  greatly  indebted 
for  the  spread  of  agricultural  knowledge. 
He  was  born  in  1741.  He  travelled  ex- 
tensively and  observed  closely,  and  es- 
tablished among  other  facts  the  value  of 
common  salt  as  a  manure,  besides  mak- 
ing valuable  experiments  to  ascertain  the 
efl'ect  of  the  sun's  rays  on  soil.  The 
most  important   movement,  however,  in 


favor  of  agriculture,  about  that  time, 
took  pla(te  in  17'JJ,  by  the  org.inizati<m 
of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  in  England. 
Encouraged  by  this  body,  Sir  Hum- 
phrey Davey  began  his  celebrated  inve-- 
ti'.^alioii8.  He  siiow.  d  how  plants,  soils 
and  MianureK  could  be  analized,  and  ma- 
nur<  s  Keleeted  which  woulil  furnish  the 
elem.  Ills,  ami  made  experiments  with 
amiiiouia,  spi  cimeiis  of  guan-i,  etc. 

The  ancient  iuii>lcmeiits  ot  agri<ultur. 
among  the  Greeks.  Egyptians  ami  Ro 
mans  were  tli  liarroA-,  hoe,  roller, 
plow,  etc. 

A  plow  similar  to  the  modern  one  wa- 
uled iu  Greece  one  tiioiisand  years  B.  C. 
In  Egypt  th  •  shadoof  and  Persi.m  vheel 
have  bein  us' d  in  agriculluri-  for  five 
thou-.aud  years.  Duiiiig  the  last  half 
century  aLjriciilture  his  advjiueed  to  th^ 
rank  of  a  science.  Chemistry  tells  us 
how  to  select  and  renew  soils,  steam 
plows  tear  up  the  prairie  and  plain,  and 
sieam  is  employed  to  thresh  our  annual 
millions  of  bushels,  while  labor-saving 
machines  are  multiplying  so  rapiilly  that 
the  name  "field  lai)i>rer"  may  become  a 
misnomer. 


cL'i.Ti'BlsT  an  indispensable  companion 
and  relerence  la)ok  for  the  farmer,  gar- 
dener, orchardist,  stock  grower,  poultry 
raiser,  and  f.imily.  wet  or  dry,  and  es- 
pecially "if  it  doesn't  rain." 


Numerous  En  uiries  are  made  about 
the  young  man,  Hamilton,  who  once 
ciinviisscd  for  the  Cal.  AonictTi.TrnisT, 
ind  wh'i  lias  later  published  the  Journal 
iif  Edur/ilini,,  in  .San  Juse.  He  is  a  first 
class  bilk.  He  •'.■  friuded  the  publishers 
.f  the  Aoi  I  cltcr:st  out  of  between  $30 
.ml  $10.  and  »u  o-lievc  that  he  started 
his  .Jnuriint  of  Kilacilion  on  purpose  to 
defraud  til"  jienple.  Many  who  have 
paid  subscriptions,  have  not  received  a 
paper.  Riiwell's  yucn/Mptr  HepotUrr  an- 
nounces its  suspension.  Hamilton's  real 
uauie  is  .said  to  be  O  Grady.  We  advise 
our  read'  rs  to  have  nothing  to  do  wiih 
him. 


"If  it  doesn't  rain,"— Well,  what 

then?  It  beg;ns  to  look  serii'Us,  as  we 
go  to  press.  N<J  rain  yet  to  ilo  any  goovi, 
to  start  grain  or  nourish  its  growth. 

For  the  last  two  years  we  predicted  dry 
seasons,  but  got  wet  ones.  We  made  the 
prediction  on  the  ground  that,  according 
to  records,  about  once  iu  a  decade  there 
are  two  or  three  dry  seasons  in  succes- 
sion. Look  at  18G'2,  '63,  and'G4.  Since 
then  we  have  had  very  good  seasons,  and 
may  expect  a  heavy  dose  of  dry  when  the 
dry  seasons  do  come  again. 

.\s  we  insisted  last  tail  that  farmers 
shiuild  hold  their  wheat  for  2  cts.  before 
selling,  we  now  say:  hold  on  to  your 
wheat  at  any  price,  if  you  can  afford  to. 
Don't  sell  it  till  yon  know  whether  it 
will  rain  enough  to  bring  another  crop. 
If  it  doesn't  you  will  do  a  nice  thing  to 
hold,  for  it  will  all  be  needed  at  home. 
If  it  does  rain  it  will  still  be  worth  a  fair 
price,  as  it  cannot  lower  in  price  much 
before  another  cro]i  is  harvested. 

If  it  doesn't  rain  to  bring  a  crop,  sum- 
mer fallow  every  acre  of  land  that  you 
can.  Get  rid  of  all  surplus  stock,  sell  or 
kill  the  animals  of  least  value,  and  save 
the  best  young  stock  and  best  breeders 
only.  Husband  your  straw  and  hay 
carefully.  The  wise  farmer  has  two  or 
three  years'  straw  stacked  and  <m  hand, 
to  carry  his  stock  thr^nigh  a  dry  season. 

Prepare  to  irrigate  with  windmills  and 
em^ines,  and  cultivate  a  small  jilace  any- 
how, to  such  products  as  will  grow  the 
most  needed  food  to  the  acre.  It  is  time 
to  begin  to  prepare  for  the  werst,  al- 
though the  best  may  be  hoped  for. 

Now  one  piece  of  advice  iu  which  we 
are  specially  interested.  Whether  it  is 
wet  or  dry,  renew  your  subscriptions  to 
the  Califoknia  AoBicuxiritisT,  and  we 
promise  to  give  you  such  a  fund  of  val- 
uable information  on  all  most  needed 
points  as  will  pay  yon  ten  times  over. 
We  are  interested  in   making  the  Agbi- 


The  Spirited  Center  Piece,  in  first 

page  .1.'  ii.ver,  engraved  by  our  special 
artist,  is  chsracteristic  of  the  times.  It 
illustrates  at  uuce  the  work  of  the  sen- 
son,  the  sort  of  a  team  that  is  the  most 
profitable  for  farmers  to  raise  and  nse, 
and  that  the  agriculturist  of  the  present 
ilay  has  an  easi.  r  time  with  his  modem 
gang,  wh'-re  he  can  riile  and  direct  the 
work,  than  the  old-time  plowman  at  his 
plowtiil.  f'onlrast  that  picture  with 
this,  and  be  th  mkful  that  you  live  in  an 
age  of  mechanical  as  well  as  agricultural 
improvement. 


A  Grand  Barbacue  was  given  hist 

monili  at  UenyeMiji  aiHiricl.foiir  miles  east  of 
S»ui  Jese,  l»y  the  Helllurs  :  a  rejoicing  over  the 
lill.d  tiefeat  of  a  lio;;ilij  .Mexican  lallii  claim 
lI'Bl  hail  liee  1  liHULiim;  over  ibeui  for  many 
iiiaiiy  yeani  There  were  many  liunies  of  wel- 
der* ill  ili^pule  imw  rendered  peaceful  by  a 
JM8i  ilei'lKioii  cif  (I  c  Suprenie  Court.  Half  a 
iiiitlinn  dollars  woi'tli  of  real  estate  was  iu- 
volvetl.  ill  H  true!  reachin^r  fruni  the  euiniuitof 
ilie  nieiinlaiuB  caKi  to  the  river  limning  the 
city  lands.  We  were  there  mid  feasted  with 
the  itoimI  )>C4tple  nil  ihe  (lecaaioa,  and  rejoiced 
I  Willi  li.em  with  a  j'tyfnl  heart. 


Pumpkin  Flour.— The  .\lden  Fruit 
Drying  Co.,  of  San  Jose,  have  this  sea- 
son made  a  quantity  of  pumpkin  flonr. 
The  jnimkin  or  sqnash  is  first  dried  and 
then  ;;round  fine.  This  preparation  is 
certainly  very  excellent  for  pies,  pud- 
dings, mixing  with  bread,  and  for  kitchen 
use  iu  many  ways.  Try  it  once  and  you 
will  want  more. 


Wheat  Cuiture.  in  a  dry  season, 
should  be  adapted  to  the  necessities  of 
the  occasion.  Thin  sowing,  not  over  50 
pounds  to  the  acre,  and  very  thorough 
surface  tillage,  should  be  the  mle. 


Errata. — in  our  article  on  orcharding 
last  mouth  the  peach  called  "George 
4th"  should  read  "George's  Cling." 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^ve  ghchijo  tin  full 


PTTBLISHED  MONTHLY   BY   THE 

CAL.     AGRICULTTOIST      PUB.      CO. 

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ard for  all. 


EDITORIAL     NOTES. 


Mr.  A.  Clock,  of  St.  Helena,  Napa 
coiiiily,  li;is  been  notified  that  lie  was  award- 
cd  the  lirst  iiremiiira  for  California  hops,  at 
the  Centennial  Exposition. 


Late  Plums.— Mr.  G.  W.  Tarletou  of 
Sun  Jcse,  sliipped  40  boxes  of  Coe's  Late 
lied  phims  East  the  first  week  in  November. 
They  were  packed  withont  wrapping,  simply 
in  layers  between  paper.  Ssome  boxes  of  tlieni 
were  opened  on  Thanksgiving  day  and 
found  to  be  sound  and  fresh  as  when  packed 
li-om  the  trees,  without  a  sign  of  decay  or 
defect. 


Shipping  Pears.— 'Within  the  last  two 
ycarti  tliert^  has  been  more  oi  a  demand  tlian 
snpi>ly  for  late-lteeplug  pears  to  ship  East. 
The  Winter  Nellis  and  Buerre  Easter  are 
most  in  demand.  The  consoiinence  is,  that 
our  nurserymen  have  had  a  run  on  them  for 
all  their  pear  trees  by  parties  setting  out  new 
pear  orchards  to  raise  fruit  for  the  Eastern 
markets. 


This   month  ^ve   have   devoted  much 

spate  to  forest  ami  to  grape  culture,  as  being 
seasonable  topics,  requiring  a  good  deal  of 
attention.  Tliese  have  pressed  out  several 
departments,  which  may  be  expected  in  fu- 
ture numbers  with  regularity.  We  propose 
to  make  our  City  Gai-dening  Depai'tment, 
this  year,  as  attractive  as  it  was  last.  Also 
to  make  poultry  and  pet  sfock  something  of 
a  specialty,  while  all  departments,  for  in 
i>0()us  .\N1>  OUT,  will  be  as  C(unplete  as  our 
sjiace  will  admit. 


ORCHARDING. 
Questions  and  Answers. 

Pomona,  Los  Angeles  Co.,     "l 

Nov.  22,  1876.  J 
Editor  A<;rk'ultitri8T:  —  Availing  myself  of 
your  invitation  in  yfiur  Nbvember  number,  which 
accidentally  fell  into  my  hands.  I  desire  to  consult 
you  as  to  the  "beat  fruits  for  an  orchard"  in  South- 
ern California,  I  will  state  my  case  as  briefly  aa 
Iiossible:  I  am  a  novice,  and  know  nothing  about  the 
management  of  fruit  trees,  or  fai-ming;  have  twelve 
acres  of  deep  gravelly  loam,  irrigating  facilities; 
land  irregularly  worked  for  twt^nty  years  by  native 
( 'alifoniians,  but  excellent  for  all  kinds  of  fruit;  four 
acres  in  cultivation  with  orange,  lime,  and  northern 
trees,  alfalfa  and  raisin  grapes,  leaving  eight  acres  to 
be  B6t  out  in  notbem  fruits  this  season.  To  begin 
wrong,  would  cause  a  failure,  and  prove  fatal,  and  I 
would  thank  you  sincerely  for  your  advice  on  the 
following  points:  1st— Proper  preparation  of  tho 
soil,  how  deep  to  lie  plowed,  etc;  in  barley  this 
.Spring-  2d— Best  varieties  of  Winter  apples,  suita- 
ble to  this  chmate.  Earliest  peaches  and  pears,  and 
the  proper  proportion  to  be  planted-  3d— Proper 
distances,  and  as  to  the  advisability  of  planting 
peach  treen  between  apples  with  a  view  of  cutting 
them  down  when  the  apple  trees  come  in  full  bear- 
ing As  to  distance  there  is  a  great  difference  of 
opinion.  In  fact  I  have  not  found  two  opinions  that 
were  not  cnuflietiug  on  any  point  relating  to  fruit 
culture:  ponie  adhpre  to  25  feet  square,  while  a  new 
school  bringi  it  down  to  20  and  18  feet  for  apple— to 
shade  the  gromid.  -tth-^rroper  manner  of  setting 
out,  arrangement  of  roots,  depth.  &c.  5th--Orchard 
clean,  or  in  grass— and  what  kmd.  6th— The  l>eBt 
time  for  planting.  7th— The  value  of  small  fniits  as 
compared  with  large,  where  the  market  is  distant, 
8th  — Best  and  earliest  varieties  of  Ijlack-  and  rasp- 
berries, and  where  obtainable.  9th— Cuttings  of  the 
true  Muscatel  and  Zante  grape  vines,  where  obtaiua- 
ble.  10th— Muscat.  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  Musca- 
tel and  Malaga  -  these  terms  are  confomided,  what 
is  the  difference?  lltli— The  most  extensive  and  re- 
liable nursery  of  clmice  fruits  in  Califomia.  or  in  the 
East  if  shipment  is  preferable.  12th— Anyhints  that 
may  suggest  themselves  to  you,  I  would  extend  my 
imiuiries  still  further,  but  have  already  presented  bo 
much,  and  the  only  apology  I  can  offer  is  that  of  a 
beginner  who  is  compelled  to  rely  upon  the  advice 
and  counsel  of  men  of  experience.  But  as  the  ma- 
jority of  settlers  in  this  section  find  themselves  in 
the  same  predicament,  information  on  the  subjects 
referred  to  Is  of  general  interest  and  value.  Lastly, 
Ik  there  any  publication  treating  practically  on  fruit 
cultine  in  Cahfornia? 

Very  Respectfully  Yours. 

CHAS.  WEILE. 

Answers  to  several  of  the  questions 
asked  by  our  correspondent  will  be  found  iu 
our  article  on  orcharding  in  ibe  December 
number.  We  will,  however,  give  such  advice 
as  we  are  able,  in  ihe  order  in  which  the 
(jueations  aro   presented: 

1.  The  soil  should  be  thoronghly  pulverized 
to  a  depth  of  four  to  six  inches  at  least,  if  not 
already  in  that  couditiou. 

2.  We  refer  you  to  our  list  of  apples  given 
last  moutli.  Your  climate  may  refjnire  a  lit- 
tle diflereut  selection,  but  we  think  not.  The 
libt  of  peaches  we  gave  last  month  is  suitable 
for  San  Jose.  The  earliest  peach  ia  Briggs' 
New  Red  May — wliich  originated  at  Marys- 
viile  in  this  State,  and  is  ahead  of  any  other. 
The  earliest  pears  are  Dearborn's  Seedling, 
Madaline,  Buerre  Gifford,  Bloodgood.  These 
are  valued  principally  because  they  are 
early.  The  first  really  valuable  early  pear 
is  the  Bnrtlett. 

3.  We  are  satisfied  that  18  to  50  feet  is  far 
enough  apart  to  plant  your  trees,  not  so  much 
to  shade  the  gmund,  thongli  that  is  well 
enough,  as  to  best  economize  tlie  land  and 
produce  the  most  good  fruit  to  the  acre.  Plant 
all  trees  equally  distant,  to  facilitate  cultiva- 
tion. To  be  sure  some  trees  will  bear  closer 
planting  than  others,  but  a  general  average 
should  be  decided  upon.  We  do  not  advice 
mixing  the  different  sorts  of  trees  together, 
though  there  is  no  reason  why  they  will  not 
do  very  well  that  way.  You  will  find  it 
handier  to  get  at  your  fruit  to  have  all  ditler- 
ent  kinds  and  varieties  by  themselves. 

4.  The  manner  of  Betting  out  trees  was 
given  last  month. 

5.  Never  allow  grass,  gniin  or  weeds  of 
any  kind  to  grow  in  your  orchard,  whclhcr 
you  irrigate  or  not,  and  particularly  if  yon 
do  nnt  irrigate.  Notliing  will  sooner  ruin  an 
orchard  than  to  grow  grass  or  grain  in  it. 
The  surface  soil  should  be  kept  light,  clear  of 
weeds,  and  be  niannrod  every  two  or  three 
years  at  least,  if  you  want  to  produce  fine, 
.arge,   high-priced    fruit.      When     irrigation 


can  be  resorted  to,  low,  hoed  crops  may  be 
cultivated  between  the  rows  two  or  three 
years;  but  allow  no  com,  grain,  nor  grass,  to 
grow  in  your  orohard. 

6.  The  best  time,  is  as  soon  as  the  lains 
wet  the  soil!  enough  to  make  it  handle  nicely, 
and  the  frosts  have  caused  the  leaves  of  the 
trees  to  begin  to  fall.  Early  planting  in  Cal- 
ifornia, for  all  deciduous  trees  is  beat. 

7.  The  value  of  small  fruits  as  compared 
with  large,  where  tlie  market  is  distant  Js  not 
much,  particularly  if  you  depend  upon  ship- 
ping it  green.  Do  not  think  ot  shipping  per 
ishable  fruits  a  long  distance  to  market  in 
competition  with  the  same  produced  nearer 
the  same  market. 

8.  Our  market  fruit  gardeners  produce  the 
Wilson,  Kittatinny,  and  Lawton  blackber- 
ries! and  the  Falstaff',  Kuevitt's  Giant  and 
Ked  Antwerp  raspberries. 

9.  We  must  advise  you  to  enter  into  com- 
munication with  some  of  the  leading  raisin 
growers.  Will  any  subscriber  who  has  cut- 
tings for  sf.le.  true  to  name,  please  answer? 

10.  We  think  there  is  "  a  distinction  with- 
out a  difference "  between  several  of  the 
muscat  family  of  grapes.  Some  reference  to 
them  can  be  seen  under  the  Vineyard  De 
partment  in  this  issue  of  the  Aoriculturist. 

U  W  cannot  advise  the  purchase  of  trees 
fi'ora  the  East.  Our  California  nurseries  can 
produce  better  trees  for  orchard  planting.  If 
you  were  going  into  the  nursery  business,  it 
might  be  well  to  get  quantities  of  small  stock 
and  seedlings  from  Eastern  nurseries  for  a 
starter,  but  for  an  orchard,  take  California 
grown  trees  by  all  means,  and  buy  them  too 
of  RELi.VELE  nurserymen — not  agents  or  tree 
peddlers.  This  is  our  advice  all  the  time. 
There  are  several  very  reliable  nurserymen 
who  have  extensive  nurseries  in  this  State. 
At  the  risk  of  showing  favoritism,  we  will 
mention  John  Rock,  of  San  Jose,  as  one  of 
that  sort.     We  know  him  to  be  reliable. 

12  As  to  hints,  wo  cannot  chiim  to  know 
all  about  your  special  locality,  as  to  what 
varieties  of  fruits  are  best  adapted  to  your 
climate  and  to  your  market.  Each  locality 
must  determine  these  things  for  itself. 
Were  we  going  into  orcharding  in  your  lo- 
cality, we  would  take  the  precaution  to  go 
to  every  intelligent  orchardist  there  and  get 
their  special  opinions,  and  reasons,  on  these 
points,  take  notes,  and  by  comparison,  deter- 
mine as  well  as  we  could  what  varieties  are 
best,  etc.  Tlien  you  must  take  into  consider- 
ation that  the  building  of  railroads  will  pro 
duce  new  market  i,  and  re(|nire  a  ditierent 
class  of  fruits  for  profit  from  your  local  mar- 
ket. The  new  road  finished  last  year  con- 
necting you  with  San  Francisco,  Sacramento, 
and  the  East,  must  change  things  in  these 
particulars.  A  road  opened  across  the  south- 
ern plains  to  tlie  East,  will  open  another  new 
market,  and  you  will  do  well  to  consider  this 
fact  also.  We  AviU  say  that  our  best . -ship- 
ping fruits  from  this  point  {San  Jose)  are 
Winter  pears  and  best  keeping  pluuis  and 
prunes.  There  is  also  a  demand  for  a  portion 
of  the  grape  crop— select  table  grapes — at 
paying  figures. 

No  book  on  fruit  tullure  in  t'iiliforuia  has 
yet  been  written.  Fruit  growers  are  just  be- 
ginning to  accvnuulate  reliable  data  for  such 
a  work,  iu  their  experience.  It  would  be  an 
easier  matter  to  write  up  their  mistakes  than 
to  frame  out  a  really  reliable  work  for  fruit 
growers'  guidance  in  California. today. 

The  inforinaiion  we  gave  htst  month  con- 
tains more  reliable  matter,  from  parctical  ex- 
perience, than  any  other  one  article  ever 
published  on  this  Coast 


RED     SPIDER. 

1st— Can  you  tell  me  how  to  rid  house  plants  of  a 
amall.  red  insect,  very  destructive,  and  not  larger 
than  the  point  of  a  pin?  I  had  a  beatitifid  and  a 
very  thrifty  rose,  that  I  brought  indoors  when  the 
winter  weather  came;  I  soon  noticed  a  change,  but 
supposed  it  resulted  from  an  indoor  atmosphere. 
The  leaves  withered,  and  one  by  one  the  tiny  buds 
dropped  off,  One  day  d  friend  called  my  attention 
to  the  insects,  which  I  had  not  noticed.  They  were 
numerous  on  the  few  remaining  leaves,  and  a  web 
like  that  of  a  spider  enveloped  the  bush.  I  removed 
the  plant  srom  anong  others,  as  a  means  of  preven- 
tion; but  in  case  of  trouble  again  would  like  to  know 
how  to  destroy.the  pe.«!ts  without  injm-y  to  the  plant. 

SETTING     MILK. 

2d— Does  it  make  any  difference  with  milk  in  re- 
gard to  the  cream  rising,  wliether  pans  are  covered  or 
not?  I  once  hved  in  the  cotuitry  and  ma<le  butter 
and  cheese;  but  never  thought  to  notice  such  things, 
I  now  have  the  milk  from  one  good  cow  to  manage, 
and  have  noticed  on  several  occasions  that  when  I 
covered  the  pans  I  did  not  get  nearly  so  much  cream 
as  when  left  uncovered.  I  mean  close'* covers,  such 
as  a  naughty  rat  that  loved  cream  would  compel  one 
to  use.  Have  I  just  discovered  what  'others  may 
have  known  for  ages,  or  has  anybody  else  thought 
anything  aliout  it '(  M.  E.  T. 

1.  The  insect  our  correspondent  refers  to  is 
the  red  spider.  It  is  a  very  annoying  pest, 
and  is  getting  to  be  very  plentiful  and  trou- 
blesome in  California,  on  many  kinds  of 
plants,  in  doors  and  out.  Tobacco  smoke  will 
kill  them,  also  a  soap  suds  and  cayenne  pep- 
per. Fumigation  with  tobacco^or  sulphur  is 
the  resort  f  Ji  their  destruction  by  gardeners 
when  they  infest  plants  in  green  houses. 

2.  It  is  a  well  known  tact  that  cream  will 
raise  better  in  open  vessels  in  a  well  venti- 
lated room,  than  in  close  rooms,  or  in  cov- 
ered vessels-  The  milk  ehould  be  exposed  to 
the  air,  always,  until  the  animal  heat  is  en- 
tirely out  of  it,  and  the  peculiar  smell  of  new 
milk  has  evaporated.  After  that  the  cream 
will  raise  very  well  if  the  pans  are  covered, 
but  the  cream  will  be  softer  and  more  oily 
than  if  left  exposed  to  the  air;  will  not  seem 
to  be  as  thick  as  it  really  is.  Exposed  to  the 
air,  the  evaporation  from  the  surface  toughens 
the  cream  and  makes  it  appear  thick.  Expo- 
sure to  a  pure  atmosphere  is  quite  necessary 
to  the  formation  of  a  thick,  rich  and  sweet 
cream,  devoid  of  all  taint  or  disagreeable 
odor  and  taste.  If  you  cover  from  rats,  first 
allow  the  milk  to  get  thoroughly  cold  and  to 
lose  the  animal  odor. 


The  scholarly  article  ou  otir  first  page 
this  month  is  by  our  business  agent,  Mr. 
John  Chamberlain,  who  has  taken  the  field 
this  year  to  travel  over  the  State  in  the  inter- 
est of  this  journal.  We  trust  that,  with  the 
aid  of  our  friends  everywhere,  he  will  be 
able  to  contribute  such  reports  from  different 
sections  as  will  make  the  Aoriculturist  at 
once  attractive  and  valuable  to  readers  at 
homa  and  abroad. 


The  Editor  has  been  somewhat  re- 
miss in  his  duties  during  the  last  month,  ow- 
ing to  the  severe  illness  of  his  baby,  who 
caniG  near  dying  with  diptheria.  He  felt  it  a 
first  duty  to  try  to  save  him,  even  if  he  ne- 
glected everything  else,  and  lost  subscribers. 
For  days  and  nights  his  unreuiitting  attention 
was  required,  while  letters  accumulated  and 
went  unanswered.  The  baby's  life  has  been 
8[)arnd,  only  because  it  was  under  the  treat- 
ment of  a  mother  who  had  knowledge  of  tho 
disease,  and  of  how  to  treat  the  child  intel- 
ligently for  it.  He  was  not  dosed  with  medi- 
cines, but  Natur(!  was  aided  in  resisting  the 
disease  and  rewtoring  the  bai)y  to  its  normal, 
healthy  condition,  in  a  rational,  common 
sense  manner. 

Next  month,  Jeweul  will  tell  mothers  how 
she  treated  the  disease,  if   nothing  prevents. 


Thk  RnR.\L  New  Y'ork?:r,  one  of  the 
loading  agricultural  papers  ia  as  progres- 
sive and  enterprising  as  ever.  It  is  a 
splendid  paper  to  havo  in  the  family. 
Terms,  $'2.50  a  year.  Rural  Publishing 
Co.,  78  Dnane  Street,  New  York. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


I0cfvtr, 


[For  the  Cal,  Agriculturist.] 

Florida  to  California. 


BY    MINNIE   H.  RIZER. 

^ipi' RIGHT  land  Of  the  Bunset,  my  heart  turns 
to  thee. 
Sweetest  home  of  the  orange  and  vinel 
Thy  fame  hath  been  wafted  in  fragrance 
to  me, 

Like  an  incense  from  some  hallowed  shrine; 
I  have  breathed  the  sweet  breath  of  thy  bridal 
blooms 
When  not  many  days  plucked  from  the  bou^h. 
And  dreamed  that  I  stood    in   a  valley  whuro 
looms 
The  tall  mountain  with  Buow-covered  brow. 

While  yet  in  the  Northland,  where  winter's  chill 
breath 

Blights  the  labors  of  Nature's  kind  hand, 
I  read  of  thy  shores,  where  no  annual  death 

Spreads  its  gloom,  like  a  pall,  o'er  the  land,— 
And  longed  so  to  dwell  in  some  beautiful  vale. 

Busking  there  between  mountain  and  wave, 
In  a  home  where  the  breath  of  blooms  on  the 
gale 

Is  the  sweetest  that  earth  ever  gave. 

Since  then  to  this  far  away  Southland  I  came, 

In  vaiu  search  of  a  climate  like  thine, — 
A  winter  I've  passed,  and  a  summer  of  flame, 

While  King  Sol  in  his  veugeiiuce  did  shine; 
In  this  famed  "Land  of  Flowers"  more  than  a 
year 

I  have  watched  and  I've  waited  to  see 
What  allurement  it  claims  to  hold  the  heart  here, 

And  in  what  its  attraction  can  be. 

*Ti8  not  like  the  beautiful  land  of  the  West, 

With  its  broad,  fertile  acres  of  mould. 
Where  all  sowing  seed  on  the  dark  earth  are  blest 

With  a  crop  yielding  riches  untold; 
The  health-beaming  eye    and    the    rose-tinted 
cheek 

But  few  natives  here  ever  may  claim. — 
Nor  light-springing  step,  for  the  frame  is  too 
weak— 

What  is  health  here  is  only  a  name. 

Then  may  the  kind  Fates  bear  me  yet  to  thy 
shore. 

Where  the  soft,  fragrant  air,  like  a  balm, 
Can  to  beauty  and  health  the  feeble  restore. 

While  in  orange  grove  singing  its  psalm; 
For  gale  of  the  mountain,  or  breeze  of  the  sea. 

Or  sweet  zephyr  of  vale,  'tis  as  pure 
As  Eden's  first  breath,  when  from  evil  yet  free, 

And  fuUmauy  earth-ills  it  can  cure. 

Sweet  land  of  the  sunseil  my  hearts's  only  home, 

Still  I  visit  thee  oft  in  my  dreams. 
And  through  thy  fair  vales,  and  o'er  mcxintaiuB, 
I  roam, 

And  rejoice  by  thy  musical  streams; 
Clime  of  climes!  land  of  landsl  no  other  below, 

Can  to  me  seem  so  dear,  and  so  fair, — 
To  others  farewell,  when  to  thee  I  can  go, 

For  I  feel  that  my  life-work  is  there. 

WiLBORN,  Fla.,  Nov.  20, 1876. 


For  the  California  Agriculturist. 

Falling'  of  the  Xieaves. 

BT  J.   BELL. 

How  silently  they  fall,  without  a  sound 
Save  a  faint  rustle,  as  they  one  by  one 

In  swift  succession  strew  the  frosty  groxmd. 
Mingling  their  colors  In  the  morning  sun. 

And  far  and  wide  what  beauty  they  unfold. 
The  forests  glowing  In  their  autumn  dress. 

Their  pathways  carpeted  in  green  and  gold! 
Spread  to  our  view  »  scene  of  loveliness. 

We  -watched  their  coming  in  the  early  Spring, 
We  saw  their  freshness  in  the    Simimer's 
prime, 


When  'neath  their  shade  the  feathered  tribes 

would  sing, 
Now,  changed  and  withered  by  the  hand  of 
time. 

The  falling  leaves  are  whieperiug  "ieath  is 
High. 

All  earthly  objects  perish  or  decay." 
This  solemn  warning  brings  a  pensive  sigh. 

Knowing  that  we  too,  soon  must  (pass  away. 

But  glorious  thought!  we  perish  not  as  these. 
The  mortal  dies,  the  immortal  lives  again, 
"  Dust  unto  dust  "—the  Spirit  upward  fleen, 
To  heavenly  joys,  where  death   can  never 
reign. 

Our  Father's  sovereign  care  ts  over  uUl 
Each  little  pi  ant,  or  strong  aspiring  tree. 

Is  watched  and  tended— not  a  leaf  durst  fall 
Unnumbered  or  unknown,  0  God  to  thee! 

Then,  let  me  pass  away,  'ere  Winter's  gloom, 

Enfolds  the  earth  within  his  icy  shroud, 
In  Nature's  freshness,  while  the  dowers  still 

bloom, 
And  heaven  invites  to    rest — undlmmed    by 

cloud! 
San  Jose,  1876. 


In  the  VToods. 

How  changed  the  scene  from  that  I  lately  sang, 

Of  suushiue  in  the  woodn! 
When  all  the  leafy  coverts  rang, 

Down  to  the  deepest  Bolitudes, 
With  sweet  bird  harmonies  uf  song 
From  the  wild-feathered  throng. 
Bvit  now  the  furious  wind's  sonorous  bass 
Sounds  through  the  naked  trees; 
Musing  spreads  forth  her  wing 
And  in  the  air  float  melodies,  which  chase 
Each  other  as  they  please 
And  gambol  as  in  ecstasies; 
Each  tree  a  harp,  and  every  branch  a  string. 
Touched  by  a  hand  unseen,  now  low,  now  high, 

Outringing  rapturous  refrains, 
And  with  great  heaven's  own  minstrelsy 

Flooding  the  hills  and  plains. 
Some  tremulous  leaves    still    hand    upon  the 
boughs. 

Quivering  "twixt  life  and  death. 
And  yonder  willow  sways,  and  sighs  and  bows 

Before  the  frost  hath  breathed    her    wintry 
breath, 
And  the  last  leaf  falls  flickering  to  its  tomb- 
Relic  of  brightness  and  of  bloom. 
Walk  through  the  wood,  thrilled  to  the  utmost 
core. 

By  the  wild  concert  of  celestial  sounds 
In  God's  cathedral.    Hear  the  wondrous  roar 

Of  nature's  organ,  echoing  in  rounds 
From  the  high  headland  to  the  ocean  shore, 

Magnificently  grand! 
This  is  God's  minster-choir. 

By  the  blue  heavens  o'erspanned. 
And  now  the  song  bursts  forth   the  harp  and 
lyre, 

A  hallelujah  chorus  loud, 
A  hurricane  of  noise  which  sweeps 

Triumphant  from  cloud  to  cloud. 

As  though  the  very  heavens  were  bowed; 
And  then  in  silence  sleeps. 
Sweet  silence!  like  the  cadence  of  a  psalm: 
The  storm  was  sudden,  and  the  hallowing  calm 

A  sudden  as  thf  storm; 
Not  a  breath  stirs,  and  ze^thyrs  soft  as  balm 

brings  peace  in  its  most  lovely  form. 
Only  the  whispering  rill  I  hear. 

With  its  mild  vet-per  hymn  the  trees  among, 
And,  beautifully  clear. 

The  robin's  plaintiff  song. 


After  the  Storm. 

After  the  storm,  a  calm; 
After  the  bruise,  a  balm; 
For  the  ill  brings  good,  in  the  Lord's  own  time. 
And  the  sigh  becomes  a  psalm. 

After  the  drought,  the  dew; 
After  the  cloud,  the  bhie; 
From  the  sky  will  smile,  in  the  sun's  good  time. 
And  the  earth  grow  glad  and  new. 

Bloom  is  the  heir  of  blight. 
Dawn  is  the  child  of  night, 
And  the  ^-oiling  change  of  the  busy  world 

Bids  the  wrong  yield  back  the  right. 

Under  the  font  of  ill 
Many  a  cup  doth  fill. 
And  the  patient  lip.  though  it  drinketh  oft. 
Finds  only  the  bitter  still. 

Truth- seemed  oft  to  sleep, 
Blessings  slow  to  reap. 
Till  the  hours  of  waiting  are  weary  to  bear. 
And  the  courage  is  hard  to  keep. 

Nevertheless,  I  know 
Out  of  the  dark  must  grow, 
Sooner  or  later,  whatever  is  fair, 

Since  the  heavens  have  willed  it  so< 


Be  Sure  Ton're  &i^ht,    Then 
Oo  Ahead. 

Ado]>t  this  beautiful  motto — 

Write  it  in  letters  of  gold; 
'Tis  a  Baying  uttered  in  wisdom. 

Applies  to  the  young  and  the  old. 
'Twill  help  US  along  in  life's  journey; 

Nothing  like  Htartiug  aright; 
Such  aetitm  is  pleiiHing  to  others       ^ 

And  Alls  us  with  inward  delight. 

Who  can  compute  all  the  trouble, 

Tlie  error.,  disasters  and  woe. 
That  occur  from  neglect  of  this  duly? 

Their  number  but  few  of  us  know. 
Tblnk  and  reflect  before  acting. 

Weigh  well  the  project  In  view; 
Be  sure  of  righteous  decision 

On  whate'er  you  wish  to  pursue. 

Those  who've  adopted  this  motto 

Seldom  have  cause  to  regret. 
It  saves  us  a  deal  of  misfortune, 

Releivffl  us  from  worry  and  fret. 
We  jog  along  easy  and  happy, 

On  a  wide  and  definite  plan. 
Assured  of  success  in  our  labor. 

By  doing  the  best  that  we  can. 


The  Harvest  Xiand. 

The  daylight  waning  and  the  darkness  near; 

So  little  done,  and  still  so  much  to  do! 
Before  me  the  long  nij^ht  of  cloud  and  fear, 
Withoutone  star  to  pierce  the  shadows  through. 

1  hear  the  rumbling  of  the  swaggering  wains; 

I  hear  the  burden  of  the  harvest  sung; 
And,  thruubrh  the  hazy  light  In  happy  lanes. 

I  see  the  sun-browned  reapers  pass  along. 

,-\.nd  1  must  lay  my  sickle  down  and  go 
From  th9  dim  fields  that  look  so  drear  and 
lone; 

Alas!  that  I  have  so  few  sheaves  to  showl 
I  shall  not  hear  the  Master  say  "Well  done!" 

With  what  regret  I  look  back  to  the  past. 
When  the  long  shadows  loomed  so  far  away; 

And  Morning  seemed  on  every  wakening  blast, 
To  waft  the  whispers  of  an  endless  day! 

Su  many  misspent  moments,  wasted  hours. 
Playing  with  pebbles  on  tho  sea-washed  strand; 

Searching  for  butterflies,  or  gathering  tiowers. 
Instead  of  toiling  in  the  harvest  land. 

And  now  the  night  stole'u  on  me  like  a  thief. 
While  yet  I  dreampt  that  it  was  scarcolynoon; 

Sad  that  the  sunshine  is  so  very  brief! 
Sad  that  the  shadows  tall  so  very  sooni 

O  for  one  other  hour  of  God's  bright  day 

In  which  to  work  with  sinew,  heart  and  will. 

Ere  yet  I  leave  the  fields  and  pass  away 
Tu  that  mysterious  sleep  where  all  is  stilll 

—[William  Leighton. 


The  Threshing  Floor. 


BY  AUGUSTA  LAUNSS. 

Come,  Jenny,  into  the  barn,  dear. 
Where  Jack  slings  high  the  flail; 

The  golden  stalks  dance  far  and  near. 
The  blows  fall  thick  as  hail. 

So  rich  the  tan  upon  his  cheek, 

So  firm  the  graceful  lines. 
He  stands  like  some  inspired  athlete, 

In  Sparta's  ancient  times. 

The  flail  beats  out  upon  the  ground 
A  song  that  fills  his  ears; 
"  'Tis  love  that  makes  the  world  go  round," 
This  happy  thresher  hears. 

The  sun  steals  pnst  the  old  barn  door 
'rhat  frames  this  upland  wide. 

Ana  o'er  tho  beams  and  on  the  floor 
It  plays  at  seek  and  hide. 

The  woods  are  caught  in  silver  streams, 
The  meads  are  fresh  and  fair, 

As  through  the  vision  of  our  dreams 
Blue  moimtains  rise  in  air. 

And  angels  seem  to  walk  in  bands. 

Along  yon  cloudy  pile; 
There  may  we  fold  our  work-worn  bauds, 

And  rest  within  God's  smile. 

Two  gray  doves  on  the  ridge-pole  sit, 

Aud  !-im  their  l><>s*m»'s  pride, 
While  swallows  sfeim,  and  dive,  and  dip 

In  circles  lar  and  wide. 

And  white  clouds  pause  the  barn  above 

Like  seraphs  in  the  air; 
For  all  the  powers  of  peace  and  love 

Surround  a  happy  pair. 

The  earth  is  verdant  for  your  sake. 

The  hills  are  fair  to  see; 
The  cautious  echoes  viill  not  wake 

To  brtathe  love's  myst<^ry. 


Jsck's  stout  flail  on  the  yellow  grain 
Will  chaunt  of  home  and  rest: 

The  bread  that's  won  to  that  refrain 
Is  sweetest  to  the  taste. 

And  while  you  stand  to  knead  the  bread. 

Aud  Jack  swings  high  the  flail, 
No  cloud  fcball  shade  your  golden  head. 

The  love-lfght  shall  not  foil. 

Come.  Jenny,  into  the  bam,  dear; 

As  trip  your  lightsome  feet. 
Our  Jack  shall  cease  the  flail  to  hear, 

And  list  bis  own  heart  beat. 


The    Ideal    Farmer    And   His 
Wife. 

The  American  farmer— son  of  the  Sun! 
bronzed  with  a  glnw  from  Its  glorj-  won; 
As  the  fnu  air  it  in  heaven  tu  Inbalo. 
Aud  strong  as  the  st«;udB  of  the  prairie  gale; 
Lord  of  his  castle  and  broad  domain. 
The  herd  bis  vassals,  the  flock  his  train. 
And  rich  In  the  coin  his  graneries  hoard, 
He  sits  at  the  head  of  his  bountiful  board. 
And  laughs  at  the  crowded  world  afar. 
Buzzing  with  ceasekss  commercial  life. 

Behold  him  at  morn!  his  polished  plow 
Traces  dark  lines  with  Its  silver  prow, 
Writing  the  verse  iu  alluvial  mould 
The  Summer  shall  print  In  letters  of  gold; 
And  wt  to  the  trill  of  the  oriole's  tunc. 
Behold  him  at  rest  in  the  languid  noon, 
Stretched   on  the  gross  and  cooled  by  tho 

breeze. 
His  klnyly  pavllUon  the  glittering  treos. 
Behold  him  at  eve;— the  evening  hie  own. 
Home  jrfVR  an.'  bis  that  to  few  are  known: 
Tho  rusMet  is  brought  from  his  lost  year's 

store. 
His  fruity-faced  children  play  on  the  floi  r. 
And  her  wife,  her  cheek  Hko  orchard  blocm 
Is  tho  crown,  the  qnecn,  of  the  cfaeerlul 

room. 

That  mine  of  richoR— that  farmer's  wife! 
How  busy  and  happy  and  proud  bt-r  life  I 
From  her  pans  she  "  pans  uui "  her  ruUs  of 

gold. 
And  her  eggs  are  alt  nest-eggs  of  wealth  m.- 

told: 
It  tries  not  her  patience  to  try  out  her  lard. 
And  her  lot,  like  her  bed  is  scMoui  hard; 
She  knits  her  Ptockingi*,but  never  her  brows— 
Gives  the  fowluadresblog.butnol  her  spouse. 
O!  busy  and  happy  and  proud  the  life 
The  fiirmer  lives,  and  the  fanurr'b  wife. 


How  TXTe  O-row  Old. 

A  broken  toy:  a  task  that  held  away 

A  yearning  child-heart  from  an  hour  of  pl.iy; 

A  Christmas  that  no  Christmax  idols  brought; 

A  tangled  lesson,  full  of  tnigletl  thuught; 

A  homesick  boy;  a  senior  go\\-nt-d  aud  wise; 

A  glimpse  of  life,  when  lo!  the  curtains  rise 

Fold  over  fold — 

And  hangs  tbc  picture,  like  a  boundless  sea- 

The  world,  all  action  and  reality— 

So  we  grow  old. 

A  wadding,  and  a  tender  wife's  caress; 
A  prattling  bjibe  the  parents'  life  to  bIcEB; 
A  home  of  joys  and  cares  in  e()ual  part; 
A  dreary  watching  with  a  heavy  heart; 
Aud  Death's  dn  ad  angel   knocking  at  the  gate. 
And  Hope  and  Courage  bidding  Sorrow  wait 
Or  loo8«  her  hold; 

A  ucw-uiads  grave,  and  then  a  brave  return 
To  where  the  flres  .of  life  triumphant  bum- 
So  we  grow  old. 

A  fortune  and  a  gen'rous  meed  of  fame. 

Or  direful  ntin  and  a  t.-tmished  name, 

A  slipping  C'ff  of  week  and  month  and  year. 

Faster  aud  faster  as  the  close  draws  near: 

A  grief  to-day.  and  with  to-morrow's  light 

A  ple&suro  that  transforms  the  sullen  night 

From  lead  to  gold; 

A  chilling  Winter  of  unchanging  storm; 

A  Spring  replete  with  dawns  and  sunsets  warm, 

So  wo  grow  old. 

Old  to  ourselves,  but  children  yet  to  bo 
In  the  strange  cities  of  eternity. 

-{N.  Y.EvaningPost. 


Says  the  Ventura  Siqnal:  A  man  in 
Santa  Clara  valley,  on  the  Briggs  ranch, 
two  yeaas  ago  bought  $2,000  worth  of 
hogs,  and  has  sold  from  the  increase 
$12,000  worth  and  has  $8,000  worth  of 
hoga  on  hand.  Another  party  of  the 
same  ranch  commenced  with  fifty  hogs 
and  kept  a  strict  account  of  all  the  ex- 
penses of  keeping  the.  hogs,  and  of  all 
that  he  had  sold  during  the  year.  At 
the  end  of  the  year,  with  what  he  had 
sold  aud  stock  on  hand,  he  had  over 
three  hundred  dollars  clear  of  every 
dollar  invested.  Who  will  say  this  is 
not  a  good  coaotr>  for  hog  lai&ing? 


S?^2^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


®Iic  ^iiunavrt. 


GRAPE  CULTURE. 

'RAPE  culture  may  be  lookwl  npou 
in  California  as  an  ustablislieil  in- 
dustry, as  much  sn  as  cuttuii  is  in 
the  Southei'n  States.  There  is  uo 
question  as  to  the  supeiior  size, 
beauty  and  excellence  oi  California 
grapes,  and  the  tine  growth  and  health- 
fuluess  of  the  vines.  Tliere  is  a  ques- 
tion as  to  what  varieties  to  plant,  and 
for  what  purpose,  to  insure  the  greatest 
profits.  This  question  may  be  settled  in 
the  minds  of  some,  but  deserves  to  be 
V>etter  understood  by  the  masses.  It  is 
certain  that  wine  makiut;  in  California 
has  not,  as  yet,  prov.d  very  remunera- 
tive, and  many  thousands  ol  i;allons  ol 
the  wines  in  casks  to-day  w.juld  not 
brini;  as  much  as  the  casks  are  worth, 
and  many  holders  ot  wine  vineyards  are 
bankrupt,  or  have  th-ii-  propeity  ii  avily 
mortxag-d. 

There  may  be  som  •  parlicul.ir  varii - 
ties  of  yrapes  that  will,  in  so.ue  special 
localities,  make  what  is  called  "choi-e 
wines."  and  readily  sell  at  p.iymi;  pnC'  s. 
But  so  far,  at  least,  this  has  proved  the 
exception.  Fine  varit  ties  ot  tabl.- •grapes 
grown  in  favorable  localities  near,  easy 
transportation  to  markets  have  invaria- 
bly paid  well,  and  in  many  instances 
have  made  ownei-s  ot  small  vineyards 
independent.  We  know  of  a  number  o 
owners  of  vineyards  who  have  grafted 
their  so-called  wice  grape  vines  to  table 
and  raisin  gr.apes  with  satistactoiy  re- 
sults. Every  season  the  demand  right 
at  home  for  eating  grapes  is  iucreiising, 
and  during  a  season  like  the  present  one 
when  the  rains  have  held  ott',  and  the 
season  has  been  prolonged  to  Christmas, 
jhere  are  hardly  enough  to  supply  the 
demand  at  reasonable  prices. 

Shipping  fresh  grapes  East  must  con- 
tinue to  ba  a  growing  business  for  many 
years,  as  under  our  genial  suns  we  can 
produce  earlier  and  finer  grapes  than 
will  grow  out  of  doors  in  the  rainy  and 
uncertain  climate  east  of  the  Kocky 
Mountains;  but  for  permanent  and  relia- 
ble jirotits,  the  raisin  grape,  in  suitable 
localities  for  early  maturing  and  ready 
curing,  must  prove  the  best.  The  best 
raisin  districts  appear  to  be  far  enough 
inland  to  be  beyond  the  chilly  sea  air, 
which  tends  to  retard  ripening,  and  upon 
deep,  line  soils,  such  as  are  favorable  to 
the  production  of  large  as  well  as  sweet 
grapes.  The  very  dryest  and  hottest^ 
portions  of  our  State  will  make  very 
sweet  grapes,  but  they  are  likely  to  be 
quite  small  unless  the  vines  are  irrigated. 
The  regions  along  the  coast  where  the 
sea  air  affects  them,  produce  beautiful 
large  grapes,  but  they  lack  the  sweetness 
for  raisins,  and  ripen  two  weeks  to  two 
mouths  later.  "While  they  are  line  for 
market,  and  come  alter  the  rush  from 
interior  vineyards  is  over,  and  bring  fair 
prices  for  the  table,  they  are  not  as  suit- 
able for  raisins. 

There  is  a  raisin  belt,  so  to  speak,  oc- 
cupying a  medium  climate  between  the 
extreme  heat  of  the  interior  and  eastern 
portions  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joa- 
quin valleys,  for  iu,stance,  and  the  coast 
counties;  a  portion  of  country  where  the 
climate  is  so  tempered  and  softened  by 
a  conimingliug  of  dry  heat  and  damp 
sea  breezes  as  to  produce  large,  luscious 
fruit,  and  ripen  them,  and  cure  them  in 
good  season. 

The  mountain  region  above  the  hot 
valleys  and  below  the  snow  line,  all 
along  the  Sierras,  and  some  other  ranges 
of  mountains,  will  prove  excellent  raisin 
regions.  It  would  not  be  dillicult  for  an 
experienced  culturist,  who  has  a  fund  of 


observations  as  data,  to  determine  at 
once  a  suitable  location  for  a  successful  I 
raisin  vineyard.  We  do  not  pretend  that 
raisins  cannot  be  made  in  any  locality  | 
where  gr.ipes  will  grow,  but  simply  that 
th'  re  are  localities  as  to  soil  and  climate 
iiatur>dly  b.  st  ad.ipted  to  raisiu  culture. 
In  sh'-ltered  spots  near  the  sea,  and  by 
irrigation  in  dry.  hot  districts,  good  rais- 
in* can  be  produced  and  the  business  of 
making  them  will  pay. 

To  any  one  desiring  to  engage  in  grape 
culture  we  unhesitatingly  advise  the  busi- 
ness of  raisin  growing  as  the  branch  that 
promises  the  best  pay  and  most  perma- 
nent prosperity.  It  has  already  been 
made  a  success,  and  there  is  a  splendid 
prospect  for  it  in  the  future.  There  is 
absolutely  an  unlimited  demand  for  the 
product,  for  many  years  to  come,  and  it 
is  lair  to  presume  that  were  the  present 
supplv  met.  that  an  increasing  demand  i 
would  justify  doubling  it  within  a  few  : 
years. 

This  has  been  the  case  with  otli.- r 
fruiti  within  our  memory  and  yearly  the 
denian  1  ''or  t  d)'o  use  if  dl  nntri-'O'is 
fruits  is  inereasiug 

Of  all  fruits  ther>  is  n.^ii-  rnori-  In— 
cious  and  nutricious  than  the  grarie.  It  ! 
comes  neitrer  beiui;  a  perfect  fruit  for  the 
sustenance  of  man  than  any  other  one.  ] 
Men  and  animals  can  live  and  thrive  up- 
on arapes  or  raisins  alone,  without  other 
food.  It  is  attractive  to  the  eye,  accept- 
able to  the  palate,  and  satj^fying  to  the 
appetite.  Made  a  good  use  of  it  is  a  real 
blessing  to  the  world.  But  where  is  there 
a  surr  stepping  stone  to  woe  than  the 
sparkling  wine  which  entices  by  exhile- 
rating  nectar,  and  its  promise  of  joy, 
only  to  deceive  and  to  disappoint,  and  at 
last  to  .sting  like  an  adder,  leaving  a 
depth  of  appetite  craving  for  stronger 
drink  which  cannot  be  quenched,  but 
only  leads  nearer  to  destruction  and 
death.  Were  it  simply  a  poison  it  were 
better,  but  it  not  alone  kills,  it  demoral- 
izes its  victim,  makes  him  a  demon,  to 
despise  himself,  hate  mankind,  and  abuse 
his  best  and  only  friends,  often  with 
curses  and  blows.  Wine  is  not  a  product 
of  growth,  but  of  decay.  Alcohol  is  the 
product  of  rottenness,  and  its  touch  is 
pollution. 

We  do  not  regret  there  is  so  little  profit 
in  the  wine  making  and  liquor  part  of 
the  business,  and  are  thankful  that  the 
better  uses  of  the  grape  does  p.ay,  l)oth 
in  material  prosperity  to  the  whole  peo- 
ple and  to  the  producer.  Old  vineyards 
can  be  grafted  with  raisin  and  table  va- 
rieties, and  the  second  year  they  will  bear 
fine  crops  of  fruit. 

It  is  not  a  very  great  job  to  plant  a 
vineyard  in  California.  No  deep  digging 
and  handling  of  the  soil  is  necessary. 
The  laud  should  be  laid  out  in  rows, 
some  seven  or  eight  feet  apart,  both  ways. 
This  may  be  done  by  furrowing  both 
lines  with  a  plow.  Cuttings  eighteen 
inches  or  two  feet  long  are  as  good  as 
rooted  vines  to  plant,  and  where  the 
fuiTowg  cross  a  man  with  a  stTong,  loug- 
hanilled  spade  can  remove  the  earth  the 
depth  of  the  bhide  below  the  furrow  and 
put  the  cutting  in  slanting,  pressing  it 
in  firmly,  leaving  one  or  two  buds  above 
the  surface.  In  one  day,  two  men  can 
easily  plant  a  thousand  cuttings  in  good 
shape.  A  stake  should  be  stuck  by  each 
plant  to  show  where  it  is,  and  to  tie  the 
shoot  to  when  it  grows.  Thorough  sur- 
lace  cultiuation  to  keep  the  surface  clean 
of  weeds,  and  light  and  loose,  will  bo  all 
that  is  necessary  the  first  season. 

VABtETlKS  op  RAISIN  ORAPKS. 

Till'  White  Muscat  of  Alexandria  is 
the  best  raisin  grape  known.  The  only 
olijection  to  it  is  large  needs  and  thick 
skin. 

The  Muscatel  Gordo   Blanco,  (White 


Muscatel,')  is  large  sized,  with  thin  skin 
and  small  seeds — a  good  raisin  gi'ape, 
but  light  bearer. 

The  White  Malaga  is  also  a  good  raisin 
grape,  nearly  the  same  as,  (some  say 
identical  with,)  the  Muscat  of  Alexan- 
drian—has small  seeds. 

The  Uva  Larga  is  a  long  white  grape 
ot  the  Muscatel  family, — good  in  locali- 
ties removed  from  the  const. 

The  Fiber  Zagos  is  not  fit  for  raisins 
near  the  sea  coast,  but  in  the  hot  interior 
will  do  fairly,  making  a  small,  delicate 
raisin. 

The  Cannon  Hall  Muscat  is  so  near 
like  the  White  Muscat  of  Alexandria 
that  it  might  be  taken  for  it.  A  large 
grape,  will  do  well  in  rich,  moist  soils,  in 
warm  localities. 

The  Sultana,  (seedless  raisin,)  grape 
is  small,  but  quite  a  favorite  in  choice 
localities  near  the  coast. 

The  Ziiiite  Currant  or  Corinth  varie- 
ties do  splendidly  in  California.  The 
Z.irite  Iinportecl  Currants,  (so  called. )  are 
made  ;rOin  th  se.  Every  vineyard  should 
h.ive  .1  lew  ViUes  ol  black  and  white  Co- 
r.iith  grapes.  \V:  lielieve  a  vineyard  de- 
vote! exclusively  to  J;hem  wouhl  pay 
well. 

Of  talile  varii  ties  the  Black  Hamburg, 
Rose  Peiu,  Flame  Tokay,  and  Verdel  are 
exeelleiit  and  beautiful  varieties,  and 
should  be  planted  as  leading  sorts.  Sev- 
eral of  the  so-called  wine  grapes  are 
good  for  table  use,  but  most  of  them  are 
in  some  way  objectionable. 

On  rich,  dark  soils  the  vines  grow 
much  stronger  than  on  light  soils,  and 
should  be  planted  farther  apart.  Also 
on  moist  soils,  where  there  is  danger  of 
mildewing,  the  vines  should  bo  trained 
higher  than  on  dry  soils,  and  when  in 
bearing  the  soil  should  be  allowed  to  drj' 
out  in  sun  and  wind. 


-I 

the 


GRAPE  SUGAR  AND  SYRUP. 

Experiments  in  making  grape  syrup 
and  even  good  sugar,  have  been  quite 
successful  during  the  last  season,  and 
this  branch  of  grape  culture  promises  to 
be  one  of  considerable  -importance. 
Thi-ee  years  ago  a  five-gallon  keg  of 
grape  syrup  was  sent  to  us  from  Butte 
county.  It  was  of  good  quality,  and  a 
sample  of  it  kept  good  nearly  three 
years,  and  until  used  up,  exposed  during 
the  time  to  changes  of  heat  and  cold. 

Bees  will  fill  their  hives  with  a  good 
quality  of  honey  from  grapes  that  have 
been  picked  by  birds  and  broken  into  by 
yellow  jackets,  but  they  are  powerless  to 
injure  whole  fruit.  Grapes  grown  in 
dry,  hot  localities,  .are  rich  in  saccharine 
properties,  and  produce  a  large  percent- 
age of  syrup  and  sugar. 

Sugar  makers  and  scientists  have  often 
pronounced  it  impossible  to  make  a  good 
quality  of  sugar  from  fruits  which  also 
cimtaiu  ay  acid,  as  the  ,acid  cannot  be 
neutralized  without  destroying  the  sugar. 
But  we  believe  there  is  a  difference  in 
sugars  of  this  character  and  the  down 
grade  grape  sugars  extracted  from  other 
sul).stances,  and  that  a  process  of  refining 
and  granulating  grape  sugar,  or  sugar  of 
gapes,  will  soon  be  discovered.  Should 
such  be  the  case,  sugar  making  from 
grapes  will  some  time  be  a  grand  industry. 
The  nearer  to  iierfection  of  maturity  and 
ripening  a  gr.ipe  gi'ts,  the  more  sugar  and 
less  acid  it  contains;  so  by  still  further 
completing  th(^  n.itur.il  process  of  ripen- 
ing by  artificial  means  the  sugar  attains 
a  hiL;li  degree  of  perfection. 

The  acid  in  common  grape  fruit  sugar 
prevents  granulation,  but  it  is  he.dthfiil, 
and  for  nianydoiuesticpurposesisequ.il- 
ly  as  good  as  cane,  or  pure  sweet  sugars. 
A  process  that  will  perfect  the  sugar  of 
grapes  will  make  the  discoverer  indepen- 


dently rich,  and  also  enrich  the  grower? 
and  largely  benefit  the  country  and 
world.  But  even  a  good  common  qual- 
ity of  sugar  and  syrup,  from  grape  fruit, 
will  pay,  and  we  are  glad  to  see  it  be- 
coming a  permanent  industry. 

RAISINS  IN  STORE. 

There  are  at  present  about  eighty  tons 
of  fine  California  raisins  in  the  store- 
rooms of  the  Grangers'  Business  Asso- 
ciation, at  San  Francisco.  Upwards  of 
forty-five  tons  were  put  up  by  S.  K. 
Chandler,  of  Yuba  City,  Sutter  Co.,  and 
the  remainder  by  various  parties  in  the 
southern  counties,  and  elsewhere. 


Raisin  Grapes. — Among  other  produc- 
tions of  this  valley  that  doubtless  will 
attract  much  attention  in  the  future,  is 
the  raisin  grape.  That  the  cultivating 
of  this  grape  in  this  county  is  a  success, 
is  known  by  actual  experiment.  Raisins 
produced  in  this  county  were  sent  to 
New  York  city  last  year,  which  were  pro- 
nounced the  best  raisins  that  had  ever 
lieeii  in  that  market.  Why  should  we 
let  other  countries  grow  rich  from  a  pro- 
duction when  we  cau  produce  a  superior 
kind.  Much  money  is  paid,  not  only 
fro  u  other  States,  but  also  from  this 
State  to  other  countries  and  the  island 
trade  annually  for  raisins,  when  we  have 
every  tacdity  for  producing  the  same,  of 
a  better  quality,  at  home.  We  are  glad 
to  see  that  some  of  our  citizens  are  tak- 
ing an  interest  in  this  respect  and  start- 
ing vineyards  of  the  regular  raisin  grape. 
When  agriculture  is  brought  to  a  higher 
standard  this  will  be  a  source  of  much 
wealth. — Tulare  Times. 


Raisin"  making  is  no  longer  an  experi- 
ment in  this  State.  That  good  raisins 
can  be  made  here,  and  that  the  business 
can  be  made  to  pay  well,  is  fully  settled, 
and  California  raisins  are  already  a  stan- 
dard commercial  article.  Nor  does  it 
require  any  great  outlay  of  money  to 
prepare  for  raisin  making.  The  prepa- 
ration is  within  the  means  of  the  small- 
est grower,  and  the  process  is  simple 
and  easily  learned,  and  may  be  carried 
on  in  a  small  way  just  as  successfully  as 
on  a  larger  scale.  Indeed,  the  small  op- 
erators generally  succeed  the  best,  as 
they  generally  give  to  the  business  their 
immediate  care  and  attention,  and  care 
and  attention  are  the  principal  requisites 
to  success,  the  proper  variety  of  grapes 
being  possessed.  In  all  raisin  making 
countries  nature  furnishes  the  nesessary 
hftit,  while  man  provides  the  means  of 
exposure  of  the  fruit  in  such  a  way  as  to 
secure  the  heat  in  the  most  effective 
mannor. — liecord-  Uitioii. 


The  consumption  op  raisins  in  this 
State  is  estimated  at  from  15,000  to  IS,- 
000  boxes.  If  this  estimate  be  correct, 
there  will  be  a  surplus  of  from  2,000  to 
5,000  boxes  from  this  year's  crop  for  ex- 
port. The  cost  of  production  and  mar- 
keting the  native  raisin  is  about  as  fol- 
lows: 
Tlir.'tJ  pounds  uf  Grapes  tu  one  of  Raibiiia,  nt 

■.!  i-.ut- 

Oust  ot  evwing  Bud  pucldug  

Boxes  

Ki-iinh'  t.i  nmi  ImuaUat;  at  .San  Fraueisco.. . 
FreiHl't   overlnntl,    in    iilVfiilJackB,  l^i,  and 

cenunissltUlK  East 

Thus  the  total  cost  of  curing  and  plac- 
ing California  raisins  in  the  markets  of 
the  East  docs  not  exceed  11  cents  per 
|)ound. — S.  F.  Bulletin. 

TiiK  RAISINS  produced  in  our  State  are 
im-etiug  with  great  favor  in  the  Eastern 
States,  aud  hav  been  pnmounced  by  a 
conve'.jtion  of  h-ading  deaU'rs  to  be  full 
weight  aud  superior  in  quality  to  the 
imported  Malagas. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


5 ; 

^1 


History  of  the  Angora  Coat  In  the 
United  States. 

By  R.  PETEK8,  ESQ.,  ATLANTA,  Oi. 

[From  the  Americau  Agriculturist  ] 
INTRODUCTION  INTO  THE  UNITED 
STATES. 

^lURING  the  adniiuistration  of  Prea- 
j  til  ident  Polk,  the  Sultan  of  Turkey 
Jtjjl  requested  that  a  suital)lo  person  bo 
sent  to  that  country  to  experiment 
in  the  eiilture  of  cotton.  Dr.  Jas. 
B.  Davis,  of  South  Carolina,  was  selected 
and  commissioned  to  perform  this  im- 
portant service.  On  his  return,  in  1848, 
the  Sultan,  desiring  to  reciprocate  the 
courtesy  of  the  President,  caused  nine 
head  of  the  choicest  fleece-bearing  goats 
in  his  dominions,  to  be  selected  and  pre- 
sented to  Dr.  Davis.  These  doubt- 
less were  selected  from  the  herds  of 
Angora,  a  district  of  country  lying 
among  the  Taurus  Mountains,  which 
traverse  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  which 
derives  its  name  from  its  principal 
city,  situated  about  two  hundred 
miles  east  of  Constantinople.  In 
1854  I  visited  the  farm  of  Dr.  Davis 
near  Columbia,  S.  C,  and  found  his 
stock  of  pure-bred  Angoras,  (thest 
goats  are  called  by  the  Arabs  C'Uainal 
or  Camel-goat,  meaning  "soft,"  oi 
"  silky,")  to  consist  of  seven  females 
and  two  males.  Besides  these  he 
had  one  pure-bred  Thibet  ewe,  sev- 
eral head  of  one-half  Thibet  and  one- 
half  Angora,  and  quite  a  number  of 
grade  females,  bred  from  the  com- 
mon short  haired  ewe  goats  of  tht 
country,  and  his  Angora  bucks.  1 
purchased  all  the  pure-bred  Angoras, 
and  several  of  the  Thibet-Angoras. 
Dr.  Davis  had  fallen  into  error  as  to 
the  native  country  of  his  goats;  and 
and  believing  them  to  bi?  Cashiimre, 
quoted  their  fleeces  as  being  worth 
from  six  to  eight  dollars  per  pound, 
while  in  reality  they  were  Angoras, 
whose  fleece,  known  to  commerce  as 
"mohair,"  has  been  an  article  of  import 
into  Great  Britain  and  this  country  for 
years,  and  held  at  from  sixty  cents  to 
one  dollar  per  pound. 

CHAKACTERISTICS    AND    HABITS. 

I  have  owned  Angoras  selected  from 
six  distinct  importations  from  .\.sia,  and 
have  found  them  to  difl'er  greatly  in  size, 
fleece,  and  horns,  and  the  shape  of  the 
ears.  It  is  easy  to  trace  several  varieties 
of  crosses  in  many  of  the  importations, 
occasioned,  doubtless,  by  the  fact  that 
stock-breeders,  in  their  native  country, 
are  ignorant  of  the  system  prevailing 
here,  of  breeding  up  from  point  to  point, 
and  more  generally  to  the  admission  of 
stray  bucks  from  distant  localities  into 
the  various  flocks.  In  fact,  it  may  bu 
safely  asserted  that  we  have  in  this 
country,  any  quantity  of  grade  goats  far 
superior  to  many  that  have  been  import- 
ed. In  the  absence  of  any  other  stand- 
ard than  that  suggested  by  my  own  judg- 
ment, founded  on  my  experience  with 
these  valuable  animals,  I  have  for  twen- 
ty years  observed  the  following  rules  in 
selecting  a  stock  buck.  1st.  Pedigree 
dating  back  to  ancestors  imported  from 
Asia.  2d.  Weight  and  length  of  the 
long,  silky,  ringletted,  white  fleece,  and 
its  freedom  from  kemp  and  mane  on  the 
back  and  neck.  3d.  Form,  size,  and 
vigor.  4th.  Long,  pendent  ears,  and 
upright,  spiral  horns. 

By  a  persevering  and  studious  adher- 
ence to  this  system  of  selection,  I  have 
obtained  a  flock  of  great  uniformity. 
The  Angora  is  a  hardy,  industrious,  and 


nearly  self-sustaining  animal — subsists 
in  its  Asiatic  mountain  homo  almost-eu- 
tirely  by  browsing — and  may  be  classed 
as  herbivorous.  Being  active  and  vig- 
orous, they  roam  over  wide  ranges  of 
wild,  rugged  country,  in  search  of  food, 
utilizing  and  giving  value  to  worthless 
vegetation,  refused  by  most  other  ani- 
mals, and  will  feed  and  fatten  double  the 
distance  from  water  that  sheep  can,  as 
they  travel  much  faster,  and  can  endure 
more.  The  Angora  seems  not  to  succeed 
well  in  the  Middle  and  Eastern  States, 
where  they  are  imprisoned  (as  it  were) 
in  small  enclosures,  and  kept  on  grass  in 
summer,  and  in  closed  barns  in  winter. 
.Mthough  from  a  locality  on  the  fortieth 
parallel  of  latitude,  north,  they  thrive 
best  below  that  lino  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
though  they  do  surprisingly  well  on  the 
Pacific  coast,  as  far  as  introduced,  but 
especially  in  California,  New  Mexico, 
Colorado,  and  Arizona,  whose  climate 
and  topography  is  said  to  closely  resem- 


pound  clip  from  a  celebrated  no-horned 
Costaniboul  buck,  the  property  of  Mr. 
Landrum,  of  California.  The  general 
uniformity  of  the  yield  is  is  indicated 
by  the  fact  thatiu  1854  I  sheared  six  and 
a-half  pounds  of  "mohair"  from  a  buck 
of  the  Davis  importation,  referred  to 
above,  and  in  187B  I  sheared  exactly  the 
same  quantity  from  one  of  his  descend- 
ants. 

VALUE  OF  THK  FLEECB. 

The  market  value  of  mohair,  like  all 
other  commercial  commodities,  may  be 
expected  to  fluctuate  in  accordance  with 
the  laws  of  supply  and  demand.  But  as 
the  production  is  now,  and  for  many 
years  must  continue  to  be  unequal  to 
the  demand,  prices  must  remain  at,  or 
approximate  those  now  current.  In  the 
meantime  improvement  may  reasonably 
be  expected  in  the  yield,  the  quality,  and 
its  preparation  for  market,  at  an  inaj)- 
preijiable  increase  of  cost.  I  have  al- 
ready quoted  it  at  from  CO  cents  to  one 


THE  FEMALE  ANOOBA  GOAT. 


ble  that  of  their  Asiatic  home,  with  its 
wet  and  dry  seasons.  It  cannot  brook — 
scarcely  endure — confinement,  but  loves 
to  roam  at  will  over  the  highest  moun- 
tain peaks,  thriving  and  yielding  its  rap- 
id increase  of  progeny,  and  its  ringletted, 
silkj'  fleece,  where  other  stock  will  starve. 
It  is  ft  singular  fact  that  while  the  .Ango- 
ra will  live  in  the  snow  all  winter,  in  the 
southern  l-.ititudes,  and  do  well  on 
browse,  they  will  die  in  a  northern  lati- 
tude, housed  and  fed,  or  in  a  very  wet 
climate.  Efforts  have  been  made  to  ac- 
climate them  in  England,  and  signally 
failed;  while  in  France,  after  an  expen- 
diture of  $350,000,  they  are  likely  to 
succeed  in  but  one  locality  of  limited 
extent.  If  not  sooner  sheared,  the  .An- 
goras shed  their  overcoat  of  "mohair," 
in  March  or  April  of  each  year.  Their 
winter  coating  then  grows  slowly  until 
about  July,  when  the  "mohair"  starts 
and  grows  very  rapidly,  until  January, 
when  it  gains  its  full  growth,  averaging 
about  nine  inches  in  length.  The  .An- 1 
goras  live  to  a  greater  age  than  Merino  I 
sheep,  and  are  more  prolific.  I  have 
three  ewes  in  my  flock,  numbered  by  the 
Randall  system  of  notches  in  the  ears, 
so  there  can  be  no  mistjike  as  to  their 
identity.  No.  53  was  dropped  in  18G1. 
She  has  raised  21  kids,  brought  her  first 
in  18G2,  and  her  last  in  1875,  is  now  I 
ver}'  feeble  and  on  the  decline.  No.  68  . 
was  dropped  in  1863,  and  No.  69  in  1863,  i 
both  brought  fine  kids  in  March,  1870, 
at  the  age  of  14  and  13  years. 

AVERAGE    ANNUAL    CLIP. 

Pure-bred  .Angoras  will  yield  from  five 
to  eight  pounds  oi  "mohair"  per  clip, 
with   one   notable  exception   of  a    ten- 


dollar  per  pound.  But  the  shrinkage  in 
all  values  within  the  last  twelve  months, 
has  affecfed  "  mohair"  also.  As  to  pres- 
ent [.August]  prices  the  following  re- 
turns of  a  small  shipment  to  the  James- 
town, N.  Y.,  Manufacturing  Company 
are  respectfully  presented: 
jAalKsTOWM  Alpapa  Mills, 

Jamwtown,  N,  Y..  July  18th,  1876. 

RiCUAHD  PETKBb,  .AtlHUU,  (ia.. 

Sold  t.)  Hall  1:  Tue-skb. 
(Mohnirs,  Alpaoas,  Poplins  and  Worsteds.) 

18.5  tbs.  1st  quality  Mohair  (g>  75c $103  00 

So  lbs.  2d        do  do       (9«0c..     33.00 

10  ths.  3d        do  do       (a*^5c.., 6.»0 

7  !b«.  black  do       a  .Wc 3  8.. 

43  tbd.  H  grade  do       (sD  20c g.GO 

USES  OF  ANOOBA  OOAT  PBODUCTS. 

"Mohair,"  the  commercial  name  of 
the  fleece  of  the  Angora  goat,  is  used  for 
the  manufactures  of  which  wool  may 
form  a  part — but  its  length, great  strength, 
and  silkiness  of  fiber,  and  its  beautiful 
luster,  and  the  fact  that  it  readily  re- 
ceives dyes,  which,  once  set,  are  indeli- 
ble, gives  it  a  higher  market  value,  ac- 
companied by  a  rapidly  increasing  de- 
mand. It  is  manufactured  principally 
into  poplins  and  alpaca  goods,  that  are 
known  as  mohair  goods,  and  into  plushes 
and  braids. 

In  California  and  other  of  the  Pacific 
States,  large  flocks  of  grade  .Angoras  are 
being  bred  for  their  skins,  for  which 
there  is  an  increasing  demand  at  San 
Jose,  California,  by  the  .Angora  Robe, 
Glove  and  Mat  Manufactory.  The  car- 
cass is  highly  prized,  wherever  intro- 
duced, as  food,  while  the  milk  is  highly 
esteemed  for  domestic  use  and  the  sick 
room.  Taken  altogether,  the  Angora 
may  be  regarded  as  a  very  valuable  ac- 
quisition,   and   an  addition    to    the  re- 


sources of  our  husbandry — especially 
the  Middle,  South  Atlantic,  Western  and  i 
Pacific  States.  The  great  hardiness  and  > 
beauty  of  the  animal,  its  almost  entire 
freedom  from  disease,  its  self-sustaining 
qualities,  and  the  rapidity  with  which  it 
multiplies  itself  and  grows,  must  make 
it  u  universal  favorite. 

CAN  IT  BE  CBOSSED  WITH  SHEEP? 

Prior  to  the  year  1860  I  tried  many 
experiments,  in  hopes  of  obtaining  a 
cross  between  the  goat  ami  sheep,  and 
failed  in  every  instance.  Extensive  cor- 
respondence with  other  breeders  hascou- 
viuced  me  that  the  cross  cannot  be  ol>- 
taiued.  Dr.  John  Bachmau,  the  cele- 
brated naturalist  of  Charleston,  S.  C, 
who  was  in  correspondence  with  the 
most  distinguished  naturalists  of  Europe, 
informed  lue  that  he  had  no  faith  in  the 
theory,  and  did  not  believe  the  cross  ob- 
tainable. He  stated,  however,  that  Cu- 
vier,  the  renowned  French  naturalist, 
claimed  to  have  examined  a  specimen  of 
such  a  hybrid,  but  Dr.  Bachmau  himself 
believed  that  Cuvier  had  been  deceived, 
or  had  made  a  mistake. 

ISTEOUCCTION  INTO  CALIFOBNIA. 

In  the  spring  of  1861  I  shipped,  by 
Adams  Express,  to  St.  Louis,  two  16- 
months'-old  bucks  to  Mr.  Wm.  M.  Lan- 
drum, then  of  Joaquin  county,  Cali- 
fornia, who,  at  the  ensuing  State  Fair, 
in  September,  received  a  special  premium 
for  the  introduction  of  the  .\ngora,  or 
"  Cashmere"  goat — a  large  size  silver 
goblet.  From  St.  Louis  they  were  trans- 
ported by  steamer  to  Fort  Leavenworth. 
Thence  they  traveled  on  foot  with  the 
wagon  train,  browsing  on  what  was  re- 
j-cted  by  other  animals,  and  arrived  un- 
injured, and  in  good  condition,  at  their 
new  home.  One  died  of  snake-bite,  after 
siring  about  thirty  kids.  The  other, 
widely  and  popularly  known  on  the  Pa- 
cific Coast  as  "Billy  .Atlanta,"  (and 
"  King  of  the  Cashmere  Goats,")  lived  to 
be  ten  vears  old,  (when  be  was  accident- 
ally killed,)  and  sired  about  2,000  kids. 
This  buck  won  the  sweepstake  prize, 
against  all  competion,  at  every  fair  down 
to  that  preceding  his  death;  his  nu- 
merous descendants  are  scattered  all 
along  the  Pacific  Coa.st,  and  his  blood 
courses  in  the  veins  of  over  one-half  the 
.Angora  flock,  j  ure-bred  and  grades,  ia 
that  part  of  the  Union,  estimated  to  ap- 
proximate 70,000  head. 

In  November,  1867,  Mr.  Landnim  im- 
ported eight  bead,  and  these  were  fol- 
lowed in  December  by  seven  imported 
by  Gray  i  Gilmore;  and  these  by  three 
importe'd  by  Sir.  Flint.  In  1868  Gray 
&  Gilmore  imported  seven  more,  and 
Messrs.  Landnim,  Butterfield  A  Son  im- 
ported two  bucks  —one  of  which  was  the 
celebrated  no-horned  Costaniboul  already 
mentioned.  Soon  after,  in  the  same  year, 
(1868,)  I  sent  out  25  head  of  choice  pure- 
bred goats  by  Mr.  E.  Holland,  of  .Atlanla, 
17  of  which  were  bought  by  Landrum, 
Bntterfield  k  Son,  and  the  other  eight  by 
various  parties  in  California. 

In  1870  Diehl  4  Brown  shipped  out 
most  of  their  stock,  60  of  which  sur- 
vived, and  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Butterfield  4  Son.  In  1871-72,  Shear- 
land  ct  Thomas  imported  the  larger  por- 
tion of  the  Eutychides  flock,  and  in  1872 
Landrum  i  Rogers  bought  the  greater 
portion  of  my  pure-bred  stock.  Thus  it 
will  be  observed  that  about  one-third  of 
the  pure-breds  introduced  into  California, 
was  contributed  from  the  first  and  origi- 
nal (Davis)  importation  of  1848;  and 
that  its  blood  is  present  in  probably  two- 
thirds  or  three-fonrths  of  the  Angora 
stock  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

SUGGESTIONS  AS  TO  FUTCBE    IMPOBTATIOK3. 

As  already  intimated,  the  importation 
of  Asiatic  goats  has  been  promiscuous. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


and  in  many  cases  from  chance  lots  of 
ill-bred,  ill-assorted  stock.  Few  have 
been  imported  direct  from  their  native 
mountain  country;  the  greater  portion 
having  been  purchased  near  the  coast  by 
persons  unacquainted  with  the  business, 
and  more  interested  in  speculation,  than 
regard  for,  or  a  desire  to  improve  the 
stock.  Mr.  John  M.  Harris,  of  California, 
is  an  exception,  he  having,  last  year, 
visited  both  Casemere  and  Angora,  and 
after  observation  and  inquiry,  decided  in 
favor  of  the  last  named  as  the  best  adapt- 
ed to  this  country.  He  purchased  and 
imported  two  bucks  and  ten  ewes,  (all 
yearlings, )  which,  with  their  increase  on 
the  way,  cost  him  at  the  time  of  landing 
over  five  hundred  dollars  each. 

To  obtain  the  finest  specimens  of  pure- 
bred Angoras,  I  am  clearly  of  opinion 
that  some  experienced  breeder  should  go 
direct  to  the  native  home  of  the  goat  and 
remain  one  or  more  years,  select  and 
breed  there,  and  thus  by  securing  an  im- 
proved stock,  obtain  animals  which 
would  be  a  decided  improvement  on 
many  of  the  previous  importations,  and 
prove  a  really  valuable  addition  to  our 
Angora  stock. 

THE  GOAT  OF  THIBET  THE  TRUE  CASHMEHE. 

The  came  "Cashmere"  is  derived  from 
that  of  the  city  where  the  far-famed 
Cashmere  shawl  is  made,  but  the  wool 
entering  into  its  manufacture  is  obtained 
from  the  undercoat  of  the  goat  of  Thibet 
— the  home  of  which  goat  is  among  and 
between  the  principal  and  secondary 
ranges  of  the  Himalayas,  near  the  re- 
gions of  perjjetual  snow,  from  10,000  to 
22,000  feet  above  the  ocean,  distant 
northwesterly  about  1,.500  miles  from 
Calcutta,  and  2,500  miles  east  of  Angora. 

Dr.  Davis  brought  with  him  from  Asia, 
in  184y,  besides  the  Angoras,  a  pair  of 
Thibet  goats.  The  male  died  soon  after 
his  arrival  in  this  country.  The  female 
was  smaller  than  Angoras,  narrow  in  the 
chest,  with  fox-ears,  and  rather  short, 
upright,  spiral  horns.  She  had  an  un- 
dercoat of  downy  wool,  and  an  overcoat 
of  white  hair  about  four  inches  long. 
This  undercoat  is  combed  out  by  the  na- 
tives as  it  starts  to  shed  in  the  spring, 
and  is  used  by  them  in  the  manufacture 
of  the  Cashmere  shawls. 

In  18.59  I  bought  a  male  Thibet  goat, 
and  three  females  having  the  apiJearance 
of  being  half  Thibet  and  half  Angora. 
The  Thibet  male  bore  a  strong  resem- 
blance to  the  Thibet  female  imported  by 
Dr.  Davis.  I  combed  out  his  undercoat 
of  wool  early  in  April,  18-'J9,  but  could 
luake  no  practical  use  of  it. 

In  1854,  when  about  to  invest  in  Thibet 
and  Angora  goats,  I  was  advised  by  Dr. 
Bachman  not  to  purchase  the  Thibet 
goats,  but  to  rely  on  the  Angoras,  as,  in 
his  opinion,  the  Thibet  goats,  like  the 
Llamas  of  the  Andes,  could  not  be  suc- 
cessfully acclimated  in  a  locality  under 
10,000  feet  above  the  ocean.  His  opinion 
proved  to  be  correct  in  my  case,  as  all 
the  Thibet  goats  in  my  iiock,  pure  and 
graded,  died  in  a  few  years  after  I  pur- 
chased them,  from  a  disease  of  the  lungs 
combined  with  dysentery,  and  I  have 
heard  of  no  one  having  been  successful 
in  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  with  the  Thibets  or  Llamas. 
I  am  inclined  to  believe,  however,  that 
with  care  and  attention,  both  can  be 
acclimated  and  profitably  bred  on  the 
elevated  plateaus  of  California,  Colorado, 
and  New  Mexico,  and  perhaps  other  por- 
tions of  that  highly  favored  jjortion  of 
the  Union. 


i         TuERE  are  six  bearing  orange  trees  in 
I     Marysvillo    within    a    distance   of    two 
'    blocks.     They  range   from   50  to  100  to 
the  tree. 


^n^^i  Ciiltuve, 


Fallen  Zieaves. 

The  wiutry  breeze  disrobefi  the  trees 
And  leaves  them  sad  and  cheerless, 
Whose  lean  arms  dread  no  alarms. 
Like  {i^iauts  bold  and  fearless. 
The  withering  blast  comes  rushinp  past 
And  Rrasps  tlie  leaves  in  cold  embrace, 
Till  on  the  ground  the  glow  is  found — 
Their  beauty  perished  in  its  place. 
The  summer  flew  aud  autumn  too, 
Then  chilly  night  and  mciruiug. 
Came  down  amain,  with  ice-cold  rain, 
And  smote  them  without  warning. 
Tliey  trembling  pass  across  the  grass. 
Or  on  the  path  of  gravel, — 
Making  a  bed  soft  to  the  tread, 
Where  children  like  to  revel. 
The  rustling  noise  delights  the  boyB, 
Who  are  in  but  life's  dawning; 
While  from  the  trees  by  slow  degrees. 
Come  signs  of  death-like  warning. 
Like  flocks  of  quail,  away  they  sail, 
A  whirling,  golden  column, 
Leaving  all  pale  to  meet  the  gale, 
The  maples  bare  and  solenm. 
They  pile  the  ground  in  heaps  around; 
I  hear  in  walking  through  them, 
A  wrestling  voice,  as'if  they  called 
To  one  who  loved  and  knew  them. 


FORESTRY. 

AN,  in  an  uncivilized  and  in  a 
half  civilized  condition,  depends 
upon  the  wild  forests  that  nature 
in  some  localities  has  bestowed 
with  a  lavish  hand,  for  all  the 
fuel  and  timber  that  he  has  found  it  ne- 
cessary or  convenient  to  use.  As  civil- 
ization has.  advanced  and  population  in- 
creased, the  increased  demand  for  timber 
in  many  industrial  directions  have  de- 
nuded vast  tracts  of  laud  of  timber  trees, 
and  caused  a  scarcity  while  the  demand 
has  proportionately  increased.  Other 
vast  tracts  of  land,  rich  in  soil  and  pro- 
ductive cajjacity,  but  naturally  destitute 
of  timber  or  other  trees,  have  become 
settled  uji  and  cultivated  to  food-produc- 
ing plants,  to  stock  raising,  etc.,  still 
further  increasing  the  demand  for  tim- 
ber. 

Forest  culture  has  not  kept  pace  with 
this  demand,  nor  has  it  met  with  the 
encouragement  nor  been  given  the  atten- 
tion that  it  deserves.  In  this  respect 
our  civilization  seems  not  in  a  very  ad- 
vanced state  to-day.  To  be  sure  iron, 
and  some  other  materials,  have  sup- 
planted and  taken  the  place  of  wood  in 
the  manufacture  of  many  implements, 
and  in  uses  where,  were  wood  more 
abundant  and  cheap,  it  would  have  re- 
tained its  supremacy'.  But  certain  it  is 
that  this  branch  of  culture  has  not  at- 
tained to  the  importance  in  the  general 
estimate  of  farmers  that  it  deserves. 
There  is  great  need  of  this  subject  beiug 
often  discussed,  and  constantly  kept  be- 
fore the  public,  that  the  masses  may  be 
educated,  as  it  were,  to  a  realization  of 
its  importance  in  our  domestic  economy, 
and  of  its  sure  return  of  jirofit  to  the 
cultivator.  Also  our  farmers,  who  are 
generally  ignorant  upon  the  subject  of 
propagation  and  culture  of  the  different 
kinds  of  the  valuable  forest  trees  need 
to  be  instructed  therein,  and  many  of 
them  really  desire  a  complete  knowledge 
upon  this  subject,  and  would  venture 
upon  the  same  as  a  diversion  at  least, 
had  they  the  requisite  information  and 
data  upon  which  to  make  a  beginning. 

It  is  in  the  beginning  that  knowledge 
and  care  of  tree  culture  is  especially  re- 
quired. Once  started,  and  two  or  three 
years  grown,  and  but  little  knowledge 
would  be  needed,  and  no  more  care  than 
any  person  of  ordinary  intelligence  could 
give.  Our  nurserymen  would  confer  a 
favor  upon  the  public  by  giving,  through 
our  columns,  directions  for  planting 
seeds  and  cuttings  of  forest  trees,  and 
how  to  cultivate  until  the  trees  are  estab- 


lished in  the  soil.  They  would  also  do 
well  to  keep  a  stock  of  such  material  in 
the  way  of  seeds  and  cheap  seedlings  as 
are  best  to  plant  for  forests.  Trees  that 
have  been  gi-own  two  or  three  years  in 
the  nursery  are  generally  held  at  too  high 
prices  to  plant  for  a  forest  and  are  not  so 
fit  for  the  purpose  as  trees  not  over  six 
months  or  one  year  in  the  seed  bed, 
while  some  liinds  are  better  planted  at 
once  where  they  are  to  grow.  The  best 
arrangement  that  the  farmers  of  any  sec- 
tion could  make  would  be  to  co-operate 
together  to  start  forests  employing  a  suit- 
able person  to  oversee  the  whole,  to 
start  seedlings  and  cuttings  by  the  whole- 
sale, under  favorable  conditions,  and  ap- 
portion them  to  planters. 

One  man  could  start  and  care  for  the 
stock  of  seedlings  and  young  trees  for 
twenty  or  more  farmers,  and  his  wages 
divided  among  so  many  would  be  but  a 
trifle  to  each.  But  as  our  farmers  and 
communities  are  generally  as  backward 
iu  co-operative  movements  as  they  are 
in  tree  planting,  we  fear  that  this  advice, 
however  rational  it  may  be  regarded,  will 
fall  upon  poor  soil  and  be  lost.  A  higher 
civilization  that  will  exclude  some  of  the 
selfishness  and  indifference  that  neigh- 
bors usually  hold  towards  each  other 
must  first  be  cultivated  before  men  will 
associate  together  in  many  economical 
ways  to  their  individual  and  social  ad- 
vantages. 

Leading  the  question  of  "how  to 
grow  a  forest,"  is  the  all  important  one, 
"is  there  money  in  it?"  Statistics  upon 
this  point  are  already  abundant  and  con- 
clusive. It  will  pay  any  farmer  to  culti- 
vate a  few  acres  of  forest  and  in  «nauy 
localities  the  soil  can  be  put  to  no  more 
remunerative  use. 

The  best  sorts  and  varieties  of  trees  to 
cultivate  for  timber  and  fuel  is  another 
important  matter.  Of  course  this  will 
largely  depend  upon  the  foil,  climate, 
and  demand  for  special  classes  of  timber. 
The  same  judgment  is  required  in  this 
regard  as  in  any  other  branch  of  culture 
upon  the  farm.  There  is  always  a  best 
kind  of  everything,  best  suited  to  locali- 
ties and  conditions,  and  it  takes  a  good 
farmer  to  always  know  what  is  best. 
But  it  is  safe  to  plant  out  a  variety,  and 
as  the  trees  grow,  extend  the  culture  of 
such  as  prove  the  best  adapted  to  j-our 
locality.  Almost  any  kind  of  a  tree  is 
better  than  none,  and  will  pay  for  cul- 
ture. 

The  conditions  favorable  to  the  gi-owth 
of  seeds  and  young  trees  are  light  soil — 
either  naturally  light  or  made  so  by  cul- 
tivation— moisture,  and  a  surface  shelter 
of  mulching  composed  of  leaves  or 
strawy  manure.  Forest  tree  seeds  of  all 
kinds  are  best  sprouted  in  beds  before 
planting,  and  some  kinds  should  be  al- 
lowed to  grow  in  beds  a  whole  season 
and  then  be  transplanted. 

The  seeds  of  nut  bearing  trees,  such 
as  pecans,  walnuts  and  acorns,  should 
be  sprouted  in  compost  beds  of  sand  and 
half  decomposed  leaves  or  rotted  straw. 
When  the  sprouts  are  an  inch  long  the 
nuts  should  each.be  cai'ofully  planted 
where  they  are  to  grow,  in  a  shovelfull 
of  the  same  compost.  The  sprouted 
seeds  must  be  carefully  handled  and 
transplanted  by  hand,  pressing  the  soft 
soil  firmly  about  it,  and  coveiing  with 
mulch  or  compost  only.  The  ground 
can  be  laid  out  with  furrows  the  same 
as  for  potatoes  or  corn,  with  crosss  fur- 
rows, planting  the  seeds  where  the  fur- 
rows cross,  thus  insuring  straight  lines 
and  cqu.al  distances  lor  convenience  iu 
cultivating.  The  trees  of  this  species 
send  down  deep  tap  roots  the  first  sea- 
son, and  will  grow  in  quite  dry  soil,  liut 
better  in  moist.  No  weeds  should  bo 
allowed  to  grow  among  them   to  absorb 


away  the  moisture,  but  the  surface 
should  be  kept  light  to  retain  it.  Trees 
of  the  maple  family  should  be  grown  one 
j'ear  in  seed  beds,  made  of  rich  earth, 
sand  and  decomposed  vegetable  matter, 
thoroughly  spaded  together,  and  then 
be  transplanted  where  they  are  to  grow. 
The  willow  and  Cottonwood  family  can 
be  grown  fi-om  cuttings  as  well  as  from 
seeds.  These  may  be  planted  at  once 
where  thej'  are  to  grow  if  the  soil  is  irri- 
gated or  quite  moist,  or  they  may  be 
grown  a  year  or  two  in  nursery. 

Evergreens,  such  as  pines,  cypresses, 
firs,  spruces,  etc.,  are  best  started  from 
seeds  in  seed  beds,  or  boxes,  and  grown 
a  few  months,  or  a  whole  year,  before 
they  are  planted  out  in  forest.  They 
may  be  grown  in  nursery  a  year  or  two 
and  then  be  transplanted,  but  this  would 
require  extra  labor.  The  same  may  be 
said  of  the  eucalyptus  and  other  ever- 
greens. 

Where  the  soil  can  be  irrigated  vege- 
tables may  be  grown  on  the  same  ground 
a  year  or  two,  until  the  trees  get  large 
enough  to  occupy  the  ground. 

A  forest  should  be  planted  out  a  good 
deal  closer  than  the  trees  are  expected 
to  stand.  We  would  plant  the  trees  not 
over  four  feet  apart.  In  a  few  years 
when  they  get  crowded  and  want  more 
room,  remove  every  other  one,  and  so 
on,  until  the  requisite  size  and  distance 
is  attained.  Several  sorts  of  trees  may 
be  planted  together,  for  the  purpose  of 
removing  a  portion  of  them  at  different 
ages  for  fuel,  fence  poles,  posts  timber, 
etc.,  leaving  at  last  whatever  trees  were 
preferred. ' 

Trees  growing  pretty  closely  together 
make  straighter  trunks  and  are  clearer 
of  large  limbs,  such  as  would  injure  for 
timber.  Trees  growing  in  the  wild  for- 
ests in  our  climate  are  so  deeply  rooted 
that  it  almost  impossible  to  remove  them 
with  success  for  transplanting,  and  it 
is  better  to  depend  ujjon  growing  them 
from  the  seed  or  cuttings.  In  the  East, 
where  the  roots  are  kept  near  the  sur- 
face by  a  shallow  soil  and  much  mois- 
ture, the  case  is  somewhat  different. 
Our  nurserymen  in  this  State  have  to  ir- 
rigate to  keep  the  root  growth  near 
enough  to  the  surface  to  make  the  re- 
moval of  the  trees  with  good  roots  and 
with  ease  possible. 

These  few  suggestions  we  offer  as  a 
preliminary  to  much  that  we  propose  to 
publish  on  this  subject  in  future  num- 
bers of  this  journal. 


The  Value  of  Forest  Trees  for  a 
Shelter. 

No  farm  can  be  considered  complete 
without  at  least  a  shelter  of  trees;  enough 
to  break  the  winds  and  furnish  fuel  and 
timber  for  home  consumption.  The  West- 
ern Adcerliscr  says : 

"We  have  often  urged  the  -nisdom  of 
having  a  grove  at  the  rear  of  the  farm- 
house to  shelter  the  back  premises  and 
protect  the  outbuildings  from  storms. 
The  other  day  we  saw  our  ideal  in  this 
respect  realized.  A  farmer  in  Nassage- 
weya  has  had  the  good  sense  to  reserve 
about  an  acre  of  wood-laud,  mostly 
second  growth,  at  the  rear  of  his  dwelling- 
house.  It  consists  partly  of  diciduous 
and  jiartly  of  evergreen  trees,  and  even 
at  this  season  of  the  year  has  u  cosy, 
comfortable  look.  Here  the  chickens 
wander  about,  and  here  the  children 
])lay.  A  sonp-lea.  h,  oven,  and  various 
domestic  conveniences  are  partially  hid- 
den and  sheltered.  The  best  of  all  is 
the  complete  protection  afforded  from 
the  cold  northwestern  winds.  Both  the 
stock  and  the  human  beings  on  the  place 
will  feel  the  gotd  of  this  during  the  cold 
seasou  of  the  year." 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


The  Counli-y  Geniieman  says  that  "Smith 
i-  Powell  of  Syracuse  have  for  many 
years  employ^ed  evergreen  screens  on  a 
portion  of  their  nursery  grounds  to  much 
advantage.  Plants  on  the  lee  side  of  a 
screen  thirty  feet  high,  are  visibly  bene- 
fitted by  the  protection  to  a  distance  of 
forty  or  fifty  rods,  and  more  distinctly 
for  twenty  rods.  In  one  instance,  a  fif- 
teen acre  wheat  field  thus  protected  bore 
an  excellent  and  even  crop ;  while  in  an- 
other field  exposed  to  the  sweep  of  w'inds, 
it  was  killed  in  patches,  and,  as  was  esti- 
mated, yielded  only  one-half  as  much  as 
on  the  sheltered  land.  Grass  near  the 
screen  furnishes  earlier  pasturage  than 
on  the  exposed  surfaces." 

Mr.  C.  S.  Abbott,  of  Salinas,  uttered 
the  following  on  this  subject  in  an  ad- 
dress before  the  Agricultural  Association 
of  his  county  last  fall:  "The  subject  of 
shelter  has  not  been  sufiSciontly  con- 
sidered or  discussed  in  this  country. 
When  you  cut  down  a  large  piece  of 
woodland,  you  change  the  climate  of  the 
tract  of  laud  which  has  been  sheltered 
by  it  from  the  force  of  the  prevailing 
winds.  When  you  clothe  apiece  of  land 
with  timber,  you  make  a  milder  climate 
for  the  land  lying  to  leeward  and  shel- 
tered by  it.  Who  has  not  observed  that 
the  vegetation  was  much  the  rankest  on 
the  lee-side  of  a  fence,  as  our  winds  in 
summer  time  always  blow  in  the  same 
direction?  Instead  of  a  fence,  suppose  a 
belt  of  gum  trees,  (say  twenty  or  thirty 
feet  wide)  were  planted  across  the  valley 
every  half  mile,  which  in  ten  or  fifteen 
years  would  be  from  GO  to  100  feet  high. 
This  would  not  only  furnish  fuel  for  the 
entire  population,  but  would  entirely 
break  the  raw  coast  winds  from  the  val- 
ley. Then  the  light  showers  that  fall 
during  the  night  at  the  close  of  the  rainy 
season  would  have  the  desired  effect  on 
the  growing  crops  instead  of  being  licked 
up  by  ten  o'clock  the  next  morning  by  a 
gale  from  the  northwest.  The  roots  of 
the  trees  would  strike  deep  into  the  soil. 
sap  the  moisture  from  the'  earth  and 
diffuse  it  through  the  jiores  of  the  earth 
into  the  atmosphere.  A  large  percentage 
of  the  tree  itself  is  water;  moisture  at- 
tracts moisture,  hence  it  is  more  likely 
to  rain  in  timbered  countries  than  on 
arid  plains.  Take  for  example  the 
amount  of  rainfall  from  Cape  St.  Lucas 
to  Puget  Sound,  and  you  will  find  that 
it  varies  from  sixty  inches  to  nothing, 
according  to  the  density  of  the  foliage." 

The  Stockton /ac/e^jf lu/eH/ says:  "There 
is  every  reason  and  argument  in  favor  of, 
and  no  objection  against  it.  If  cordons 
of  trees  a  few  miles  apart  were  planted 
across  the  valley,  a  perfect  barrier  and 
wind-break  would  be  formed,  to  prevent 
the  disastrous  results  that  are  frequently 
felt  in  the  grainfields  from  the  drying, 
withering,  scorching  north  winds  that 
come  in  that  critical  jieriod  when  the 
young  grain  is  in  milk  and  before  it  has 
reached  a  safe  maturity.  A  single  year's 
loss  in  grain  in  this  valley  from  the 
effects  of  the  north  wind  would  be  suffi- 
cient to  plant  all  the  trees  that  could  be 
induced  to  live  for  years  to  come.  The 
lack  of  firewood  is  another  inducement 
to  tree-planting,  and  the  shade  that  they 
would  give  to  stock  w-ould  go  far  to  alle- 
viate their  sufferings  in  the  heated  term, 
when  the  valley  is  like  a  fiery  furnace. 
Trees  plentifully  and  systematically 
planted  would  also  effect  such  a  change 
in  the  climate  of  the  valley  that  its 
barrenness  would  be  transformed  to  fruit- 
fulness,  and  moisture  would  be  retained 
in  the  soil  throughout  the  year.  The 
present  is  the  most  favorable  season  of 
the  year  for  tree  jjlanting,  and  its  prose- 
t'Ution  thould  be  given  every  encourage- 
ment. Large  areas  in  France  have  lately 
been  planted   with   forest  trees  on  tracts 


of  land  that  have  become  unfruitful  for 
other  purposes,  and  it  is  said  that  they 
are  nourishing  finely.  It  is  said  that 
5,000,U00  hectares,  or  I'i.a.'iO.OOO  acres— 
about  one-half  the  area  of  Ohio— have 
become  unproductive  as  agricultural 
lands.  Pine  trees,  without  any  cultiva- 
tion and  a  very  inexpensive  supervision, 
can  be  made  to  grow  upon  these  barren 
acres,  netting  about  S30. 000,000  per 
annum.  Other  trees  have  been  planted 
with  similar  economic  results,  and  now 
landed  proprietors  are  looking  to  tree 
planting  as  a  means  of  utilizing  their  un- 
productive acres." 


THE   EUCALYPTTTS. 

The  Eucalyptus,  or  Australian  gum 
tree,  is  so  well  and  favorably  known  in 
California,  that  little  need  be  said  in  its 
favor.  It  is  bound  to  bo  the  forest  tree 
on  this  coast,  owing  to  its  rapid  growth, 
tall,  straight  trunk,  strength  and  elastic- 
ity of  timber,  value  as  fuel,  and  general 
usefulness  as  timber.  For  the  first  ten 
years  of  gi-owth,  the  blue  gum  will  aver- 
age ten  feet  a  year,  or  100  feet  high  in 
ten  years,  when  grown  on  deep,  rich, 
moist  soils,  and  it  will  grow  very  fairly 
on  dry  soil.  Here  is  a  description  of  the 
four  principal  and  most  valuable  varie- 
ties of  this  tree,  as  given  by  Baron  Fer- 
dinand Von  Mueller,  of  Australia: 

EUCALYPTUS    (ILORULUS. 

(Blue-gum  tree  of  Victoria  and  Tasma- 
na) — This  tree  is  of  extremely  rajiid 
growth,  and  attains  a  hight  of  four  hun- 
dred feet,  furnishing  a  first-class  wood. 
Shipbuilders  get  keels  of  this  timber  1-20 
feet  long;  they  also  use  it  extensively 
for  planking  and  other  parts  of  the 
ship. 

It  is  considered  superior  to  American 
Rock  Elm.  A  test  of  strength  made 
between  some  bhie-gura, English  oak  and 
Indian  teak,  showed  that  the  blue  gum 
carried  H  pounds  weight  more  than  than 
the  oak  and  17  pounds  i  ounces  more 
than  teak  upon  the  square  inch.  It  is 
extensixely  used  by  carpenters  for  all 
all  kinds  of  out-door  work,  for  fence 
rails,  shafts  and  spokes  of  drays,  and  a 
variety  of  other  purposes. 

For  railway  sleepers  it  lasts  about  nine 
years.  The  wood  is  of  a  yellowish  grey 
tint,  with  a  close,  straight  grain.  'The 
seeds  are  extremely  minute,  an  ounce 
containing  several  thmisauds.  As  an 
absorbent  or  ueutralizer  of  malaria  the 
Eucalyptus  Globuls  is  believed  to  pos- 
sess rem.arkable  qualities.  Pestiferous 
swamps  in  Algiers  and  other  countries 
have  been  planted  ■with  it  and  have  be- 
come healthy  localities. 

Through  the  efforts  of  the  Italian  Pa- 
triot, General  Garabaldi,  the  deadly 
Campagna,  near  Ii()me,  is  about  to  be 
planted  with  Australian  blue  gum. 

EUCVLITTUS   KOSTRATA. 

(The  red  gum-tree  of  Victoria,  South 
Australia,  and  many  river  flats  in  the 
interior  of  the  Australian  Continent.)  — 
It  is  a  hard,  dense  wood  with  a  hand- 
some, curly,  but  rather  short  grain.  It 
is  almost  entirely  free  from  the  tendency 
to  longitudinal  shrinkage  which  is  the  in- 
variable characteristic  of  all  the  other 
varieties  of  Eucalyptus.  It  is  of  extra- 
ordinary endurance  underground,  and 
therefore,  highly  valued  for  fence-posts, 
piles  and  railway  sleepers.  It  is  exten- 
sively used  by  shipbuilders  for  main- 
sterns,  inner-posts,  dead-wood,  floor 
timbers,  futtocks,  trausomes,  knight- 
heads,  hawse-pieces,  cant,  stern,  quar- 
ter, and  fashion  timber,  windlass,  bow- 
rails,  etc.  It  should  be  steamed  before 
it  is  worked  for  planking.  Next  to  the 
Jarrab,  from  western  Australia,  it  is  the 
best  wood  for  resisting  the  attacks  of  the 


sea  worms  and  white  ants.  Its  possible 
uses  are  almost  too  various  for  enumera- 
tion, as  an  instance  of  which  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  it  is  used  with  great  ad- 
vantage and  economy  for  the  bearings  of 
machinery,  the  cost  being  almost  nomi- 
nal as  compared  with  brass,  whilst  the 
material  is  equally  serviceable  and  al- 
most indestructible. 

KL'CAI.YI>T08  AMYODAIiINA: 

(In  the  sheltered,  springy  forest  glens  of 
Victoria  attaining  not  uufrequently  a 
highth  of  over  four  hundred  feet.)  The 
wood  splits  easily  and  in  a  straight  di- 
rection. It  is  well  adapted  for  shingles, 
rails,  house  building,  for  the  keelson 
and  planking  of  shijjs,  and  for  other 
purposes. 

Seedlings  raised  on  rather  barren 
ground  near  Melbourne,  have  shown  the 
same  amazing  rapidity  of  growth  as 
those  of  the  Eucalyptus  Globulous,  but 
not  BO  easily  satisfied  with  any  soil. 
Baron  Von  Mueller  notes  a  fallen  tree 
of  the  Eucalyptus  Amygdalina,  which 
measured  420  feet;  one  on  the  Black 
Spur,  near  Ilealsville,  of  -180  feet  in 
hight;  and  another  one  of  which  the 
length  of  stem  from  the  base  to  the  first 
branch  was  29.5  feet,  girth  of  stem  at 
three  feet  from  the  surface  41  feet,  di- 
ameter of  stem  a  first  branch  4  feet, 
length  of  stem  from  first  branch  to 
where  its  top  was  bi'okeu  off,  70;  diame- 
ter of  stem  where  broken  off,  3  feet. 

EDCALYPTUS    SIDEKOXVLOX. 

(Iron  bark  tree.) — It  attains  a  bight  of 
100  feet,  and  affords  a  valuable  timber, 
possessing  great  strength  and  hardness. 
It  is  largely  employed  by  wagon  build- 
ers, for  wheels,  poles,  etc. ;  and  is  also 
used  by  turners,  for  rough  work.  It  ia 
considered  the  strongest  wood  in  the 
Colony,  and  is  extensively  used  in  un- 
derground mining  work. 


The  Forests  of  the  World. 

The  forests  of  Europe  are  estsmated  as 
being  .500,000,000  acres  in  e.\teut,  or 
about  20  per  cent,  of  the  whole  area  of 
the  continent.  In  North  -Vmerica  it  is 
reckoned  that  1,400,000,000  acres  are 
covered  with  trees,  of  which  000.000,000 
are  in  British  North  America.  In  South 
America  the  forests  occupy  700,000,000 
acres.  The  total  amount  (or  the  two 
continents  of  the  New  World  and  Europe 
gives  6,000,000,000  geographical  miles. 
I'he  proportion  of  forest  laud  to  the 
whole  area  of  Europe,  as  above  stated, 
is  computed  at  20  per  cent.:  in  America 
21  per  cent.  Supposing,  therefore,  20 
p?r  cent,  to  be  the  proportion  in  Asia, 
Africa  and  Australia,  the  grand  total  of 
the  forests  of  the  world  would  cover  a 
space  of  over  7,734,000,000  geographical 
miles.  The  areas  of  State  forests  and 
woodlands  are  estimated  at  the  following 
figures  in  the  following  European  coun- 
tries: Prussia,  (),200,000  acres;  Bavaria, 
3,294.000  acres;  France,  2.7t)0,000  acres; 
.\ustria,  2,230,000  acres;  Hanover,  900,- 
000  acres;  Wurtemburg,  409,007  acres; 
Saxony,  394,000  acres;  Enghind,  112,376 
acres. 

The  range  in  the  height  of  trees  varies 
from  the  miniature  alpine  willows  of  a 
few  inches  in  height  to  the  stupendous 
Wellingtonia,  which  grows  to  the  height 
of  3.50  feet,  although  it  is  stated  that  one 
of  the  eucalypti  often  reaches  a  height  of 
4-50  feet  in  Victoria.  In  Sclavonja,  a 
tree  called  the  sapin  attains  a  height  of 
275  feet,  and  the  umbrella  pines  of  Italy 
200  feet.  The  California  big  tree  is  said 
to  girth  96  feet. 

■The  destruction  of  woods  and  forests, 
however,  is  very  enormous,  and  in  the 
majority  of  instances  no  attempts  are 
being  made  for  their  reproduction.  In 
South    Africa,    we    are    told,  countless 


numbers  of  beautiful  forest  trees  are  de- 
stroyed and  laid  waste  annually.  In  New 
Zealand  the  30  per  cent,  of  forests  exist- 
ing in  1830  had  sunk  to  28  in  1867,  and 
to  18  in  1873,  which  rate  of  reduction,  if 
continued,  would  result  in  the  total  de- 
struction of  New  Zealand  forestsby  1889. 
In  America,  in  the  United  States  espe- 
cially, the  consumption  of  timber  is 
enormous,  and  although  public  attention 
has  been  called  to  the  matter,  and  the 
United  States  statute  of  March,  1875, 
imposes  a  fine  of  $500  or  a  year's  im- 
prisonment for  wanton  injury  or  destruc- 
tion of  trees,  and  also  a  fine  of  $200  or 
six  month's  imprisonment  for  allowing 
cattle  to  injure  trees  "on  national 
grounds,"  the  yearly  consumption  and 
improvident  use  of  timber  is  almost  in- 
credible.--/>/«</ 'Did  IPu/er. 


THE   PECAN. 

This  is  a  variety  of  walnut,  a  native  of 
the  warmer  portions  of  the  United 
States,  and  flourishes  in  a  natural  cou- 
tUtiou  on  the  alluvial  soils  along  creeks 
and  river  bottoms.  We  have  seen  it 
growing  in  Texas  in  forests,  as  the  oak 
grows  in  the  Northern  States,  and  have 
gathered  bushels  of  the  nuts.  They  are 
very  rich — we  think  superior  to  any 
walnut.  The  trees  produce  abundantly 
and  grow  large.  The  timber  Is  excellent 
for  all  purposes  where  ash  and  walnut 
are  used.  It  is  not  so  tough  as  the  hic- 
ory,  but  is  strong,  elastic  and  servicea- 
ble. The  tree  is  a  rapid  grower,  soon 
attaining  a  size  for  use  as  timber.  We 
are  of  the  opinion  that  this  is  the  most 
valuable  nnt  and  timber  tree  combined, 
that  can  be  cultivated  in  California,  and 
we  desire  to  see  it  become  popular  and 
extensively  cultivated,  The  following 
we  qnote  from  the  I'rairU  Furiuer,  as  it 
contains  the  sort  of  information  most 
desirable : 

THE    COMING    TIMBEB    TREE. 

For  several  years  I  was  casting  about 
for  a  tree  to  plant  (or  timber,  for  fnel, 
fencing,  etc.,  upon  the  prairies;  one 
that  should  be  hardy,  easily  transplant- 
ed and  of  tolerably  'rapidj  growth.  I 
watched  with  much  interest  experiments 
made  by  other  parties  having  the  same 
end  in  view,  and  felt  equal  disappoint- 
ment with  them  at  their  ill  success  in 
obtaining  the  object  of  their  search, 
namely,  the  best  tree,  all  things  consid- 
ered, for  the  western  prairie. 

The  Cottonwood  was  hardy  and  of 
rapid  growth,  but  worthless  as  a  timber 
tree,  and  very  inferior jas  fuel.  The  lo- 
cust would  sprout  from  the  root  so  as  to 
become  a  nuisance,  and  the  borers  ruin- 
ed the  groves.  The  gray  willow  did  not 
realize  the  anticipations  formed  of  it, 
even  as  a  fencing  material.  The  soft 
maple  w.as  valuable  for  wind-breaks  and 
for  fuel,  but  was  not  a  timber  tree.  At 
this  point  I  thought  of  the  pecan  (Carya 
oliff  fonnvi)  a  species  of  hickory,  a  na- 
tive of  the  niiuois  and  Mississippi  val- 
leys. I  satisfied  myself,  by  experiment 
and  investigation,  of  its  value  as  a  tim- 
ber tree;  wagon  and  carriage  makers, 
wherever  they  had  used  it,  testifying  o( 
its  value  as  being  equal  to  the  best  of 
white  ash,  (or  all  purposes  o(  buggy  or 
carriage  mannfactnre;  possessing  equal 
durability,  and  greater  strength  and  elas- 
ticity. .\t  various  points  on  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  steamboat  carpenters  who 
had  used  it,  found  it  a  valuable  timber 
in  boat  building.  As  a  fnel  it  has  no 
superior.  Bnt  would  it  grow  and  thrive 
on  our  prairies? 

To  test  this,  in  the  fall  of  1871  I  dug 
up  in  the  bottom  land,  along  the  Illinois 
river,  a  dozen  or  two  young  trees,  heeled 
them  in  my  garden  for  the  winter,  and  in 
the  spring  removed  them  to  my  farm  on 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


the  prairie.  The  summer  of  1872  was  hot 
ami  dry,  but  all  the  trees  grew  and  did 
finely.  Next  year  I  increased  my  plant- 
ing, and  thus  far  have  three  different 
settings  of  trees.  I  find  it  as  easily 
transplanted  as  any  tree  I  ever  handled, 
having  never  lost  a  tree.  Of  vigorous 
growth,  clean  and  healthy. 

By  my  advice  several  of  my  friends 
have  procured  and  planted  this  tree,  and 
I  have  five  hundred  more  which  I  intend 
to  plant  the  coming  spring. 

The  pecan  tree  ordinarily  commences 
bearing  at  about  eight  years  of  age.  It 
bears  one  of  our  finest  nuts,  which  sold 
in  the  Cincinnati  market,  for  the  past 
six  years,  at  an ,  average  price  of  five 
dollars  per  bushel. 

A  gentleman  in  the  southern  part  of 
this  State,  who  has  a  pecan  orchard, 
partly  natural,  which  he  has  increased 
by  further  planting,  says  "  it  is  of  more 
value  to  him  yearly  than  his  apple  or- 
ch.u'd." 

The  pecan  tree  is  grown  readily  from 
the  nut,  if  it  is  not  allowed  to  become 
dry  before  planting.  But  to  those  who 
are  so  situated  as  to  be  able  to  procure 
thrifty  young  trees,  of  one  or  two  years' 
growth,  I  would  say  get  the  trees.  And 
to  the  farmer  who  is  contemplating 
planting  trees  on  the  prairie  for  shade, 
for  timber,  nuts  or  fuel,  or  for  an  inheri- 
tance for  his  children,  I  would  say  plant 
the  pecan,  and  future  generations  shall 
bless  thee.  L.  Harrison. 

Peoria,  111. 


German  Forestry. — The  aim  of  scien- 
tific forestry,  in  its  present  most  ad- 
vanced state,  is  to  convert  the  regular 
growth  of  a  woodland  district  into  what 
is  called  a  ijescfUossener  Bestand,  or  com- 
pact forest;  divided  into  distinct  blocks 
of  trees  of  equal  age.  The  usual  Umirieh, 
or  ortation,  for  beech,  llochwalrl,  or  high 
forest  in  Hanover,  which  may  be  taken 
as  the  model  state,  is  120  years.  The 
forest  is  so  divided  that  there  shall  be  as 
nearly  as  possible  six  equal  areas,  allotted 
to  as  many  periods  of  20  years  growth. 
Thus  one  block  will  be  full  of  trees,  not 
exceeding  20  years  old;  a  second,  trees 
from  20  to  40  years  old,  and  so  ou. 
When  a  block  arrives  at  the  last  periods 
felling  commences  by  a  Vorbereilung  or 
preliminary  clearing,  which  is  little  more 
than  the  ordinary  thinning  carried  on 
from  time  to  time  in  former  periods. 
Ttie  beech  in  these  woods  only  ripens  its 
seed  everj'  third  or  fourth  year.  After 
the  first  seed  year  in  the  final  period,  a 
Lichtschlriij,  or  clearing  for  light,  takes 
place,  in  order  to  afford  light  for  the 
germination  of  young  seedlings;  the 
finest  trees  being  left  standing.  When 
the  ground  is  well  covered  with  seedlings 
the  old  trees  are  felled  and  carefully  re- 
moved, and  the  block  recommences 
growth.  The  tendency  to  a  gradual  re- 
moval of  the  old  trees  appears  to  be  ou 
the  increase,  so  as  to  make  the  culture 
approach  as  nearly  as  possible  to  the 
natural  growth   of   a  wild  forest. — Edin- 


Walnut  Ldmber. — Of  all  timber  trees, 
the  black  walnut  is  at   the  present  time 
believed    to  be   most  profitable.     Prices 
have  been  so  tempting  that  in  many  lo- 
calities no  more  of   any  consequence  are 
found.     Ohio  and  Indiana  have  of  late 
years  been  the  great  sources  of   supply. 
From  these  States  large  quantities  have 
been  sent  to  the  furniture  factories  East. 
At  the  present  time  Kentucky  is  shipping 
walnut  timber  largely.     While,  however, 
,      the   older   States  are  being  depleted  of 
)     this  vahiuble  wood,  the  States  that  may 
I    bo  called  timber-planting  ones  are  rapid- 
»     ly  coming  up  with  a  supply.      It  is  found 
(     to  grow  with  great  rapidity  in  some  of 


them,  and  especially  in  Nebraska.  In 
this  State  several  acres  set  out  within  the 
last  ten  years  are  already  producing  nuts 
in  abundance,  and  these,  it  is  said,  have 
already  paid  the  expense  of  planting  and 
care.  Many  people,  in  view  of  the  grow- 
ing scarcity  of  walnut,  fear  its  disappear- 
ance from  market  in  a  short  time.  It 
would  be  no  matter  for  alarm  if  the  ex- 
tensive Western  plantations  were  known. 
— Forney's  Weekly  Press. 


The  Eucalyptus  in  Algeria. — After 
successful  plantings  of  this  tree  at  Fou- 
douk,  Roniba,  and  Hussein-dey,  in  Al- 
geria, its  culture  was  commenced  on  a 
large  scarle  in  ISfiT.  The  first  plantings 
have  already  produced  wood  that  can  be 
utilized  in  carpentry  and  wheel-wrighting. 
Planks  over  40  feet  long  have  been  cut, 
showing  that  after  eight  years  of  growth 
this  tree  will  produce  timber  of  great 
value  and  utility.  A  proprietor,  on  his 
own  account  and  for  other  parties,  has, 
since  1867,  planted  about  200,000  trees 
of  this  variety,  and  has  already  sold  50,- 
000.  The  hygienic  qualities  of  this  tree, 
claimed  by  writers  in  other  countries,  do 
not  appear  to  have  been  realized  in  Al- 
geria. The  plantations  have  had  a  re- 
markably thrifty  growth,  yet  no  diminu- 
tion in  the  cases  of  malarial  fever  are 
noted.  The  wood  is  harder  than  that  of 
any  other  species  growing  in  that  region, 
and  its  production  promises  great  profit 
to  the  growers,  meeting,  as  it  does,  a 
specific  necessity  of  the  people. — April 
Report,  Departmenl  Agriculture. 


Ten  millions  of  acres  of  wood  lands 
are  said  to  be  swept  off  every  year  by 
our  present  population,  and  the  destruc- 
tion is  constantly  increasing.  This  must 
eventually  make  some  impression  even 
upon  a  continent.  Alaska  and  St.  Do- 
mingo will  not  supply  us  with  timber. 
For  the  good  of  the  whole  country,  for 
its  highest  productiveness,  we  want  at 
least  one-fifth  of  its  whole  surface  cov- 
ered with  forest.  A  wise  regard  to  his 
own  pecuniary  interests  should  lead  ev- 
ery farmer  to  retain  at  least  a  fifth  part 
of  his  land  in  wood.  Timber  is  con- 
stantly appreciating  in  value.  He  can- 
not better  provide  for  his  old  age,  or 
leave  a  safer  inheritance  for  his  children. 


Cows.— There  are  $500,000,000  invest- 
ed in  cows  in  the  United  States.  Unfor- 
tunately, a  great  deal  of  this  money  is 
not  well  used.  It  does  not  bring  in  the 
yearly  interest  which  it  might  and  ought 
to  yield.-  The  average  pirofit  which  the 
ordinary  farmer  receives  from  his  cows 
is  quite  small.  But  they  ought  to  pay 
well.  If  they  do  not,  it  shows  either  a 
lack  of  skill,  or  else  of  care  and  atten- 
tion on  the  part  of  our  owners.  A  great 
perhaps  the  greatest,  cause  of  loss  is, 
most  farmers  keep  poor  cows.  A  poor 
cow  hardly  pays,  while  a  good  one  pays 
a  handsome  profit.  It  will  cost  but  little 
more  to  keep  a  good  cow  than  a  poor 
one.  The  former  will  make  from  six  to 
eight  pounds  of  butter  per  week  for  for- 
ty-two weeks,  worth  say  thirty-five  cents 
per  pound,  realizing  an  income  of  from 
$88  to  $117,  while  the  latter,  making 
only  three  or  four  pounds  a  week  for 
forty-two  weeks,  will  bring  only  from 
$44  to  $00  per  year.  Farmers  and  dairy- 
men should  study  these  facts  carefully 
when  selecting  their  stock. — i,'x. 


The  three  year  old  almond  trees  at 
Santa  Barbara  have  this  year  borne  about 
3J^  pounds  of  almnnds,  on  the  average, 
while  the  two  year  olds  yielded  about  a 
quarter  of  a  pound.  The  crop  on  Colonel 
Hollister's  place  amounted  to  17,000 
pounds. 


FLAX  FOR  FIBRE. 

Our  article  in  last  month's  issue,  on 
flax  culture,  has  attracted  the  attention 
of  man}'  farmers  to  the  profits  of  raising 
flax  for  seed.  In  that  article  we  said 
nothing  about  its  value  for  fibre.  As 
good  fibre  can  be  produced  on  this  coast 
as  anywhere  in  the  world,  and  at  as 
little  expense.  What  we  have  to  contend 
with  in  high-priced  labor  is  more  than 
made  up  by  easily  tilled  soil  and  supe- 
rior working  implements  to  cultivate  it 
and  harvest  the  crop.  We  quote  a  few 
facts  from  the  New  York  Mercaniile 
Journal  of  interest  to  our  readers : 

"During  twenty  years  ending  1874, 
the  exports  of  wheat  from  America  to 
England  were  more  than  doubled,  rising 
from  27  to  58  per  cent  of  the  whole  re- 
ceived in  England,  while  the  exports  from 
Russia  decreased  more  than  one-half, 
fall  from  23  to  11  per  cent,  of  England's 
receipts.  In  the  same  decade,  America 
received  7  per  cent,  more  per  bushel  for 
its  wheat  sent  to  England  than  Russia, 
demonstrating  the  sujieriority  of  Amer- 
ican over  ■  Russian  wheat.  America 
excels  Russia  in  wheat;  it  could  also 
surpass  Russia  in  flax.  It  could  supply 
the  world  with  flax.  During  twenty  vears 
America  imported  345,000,000  doilurs' 
worth    of    flax    and    its   manufacturers! 

"  Russia's  flax  mills — situated  in  Po- 
land— employ  300,000  hands,  and  pro- 
duced in  1875  $120,000,000  worth,  while 
in  1870  America's  production  of  flax 
goods  was  under  $3,000,000.  Russia 
ships  American  cotton,  while  America 
spins  Russian  flax.  There  may  be  a 
good  reason  for  Russia's  course  in  this 
respect,  there  is  none  for  America's. 

'■  The  organization  in  Belfast  of  the 
Flax  Supply  Association  was  instrmental 
in  the  successful  development  of  Irish 
flax.  Flax  is  in  Ireland  what  it  should 
be  in  America,  a  principal  means  of  pub- 
lic and  i^rivate  prosperity.  In  America 
there  are  thousands  of  Irish  and  Ger- 
mans whose  dormant  skilled  knowledge 
of  flax  might  be  utilized  through  a  simi- 
lar society  to  that  in  Belfast.  Why 
should  not  one  be  organized  in  New 
York? 

'•Political  economists  attribute  En- 
gland's greatness  to  its  factories  and 
mines,  and  write  of  the  brilliant  pros- 
pect before  America  when  these  give  out, 
indicating  the  time  when  the  blasts  of 
Birmingham  and  Sheffield,  and  the  mills 
of  Dundee  and  Lancashire,  are  trans- 
ferred to  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi, 
as  the  period  when  we  shall  become  the 
merchants  and  manufacturers  of  the 
world.  There  certainly  is  no  need  to 
wait  for  England's  dark  hour;  now  is 
the  time  for  a  new  departure  in  the  race 
for  pre-eminence." 

The  Pacific  coast  is  the  place  for  es- 
tablishing factories  for  working  up  the 
fibre  of  flax,  for  here  it  can  be  produced 
in  great  abundance,  and  cheaply  pro- 
duced, too.  The  following  from  the 
Wilkmietlc  Farmer,  Oregon,  shows  what 
has  been  done  there,  and  what  may  be 
done  here  as  well.  We  hope  it  will  set 
our  California  wheat-growers  to  thinking 
that  there  is  possibly  a  better  way  than 
growing  nil  wheat: 

"Messrs.  Jesse  Parrish  and  Charles 
Miller,  two  well-to-do  and  energetic 
farmers  living  near  Jitt'ersou,  have  raised 
two  large  crops  of  remarkable  excellence, 
which  was  established  by  the  award  of  n 
medal  at  the  Centennial,  to  their  pro- 
duct. 


"We  are  glad  to  learn  that  they  have 
disposed  of  their  lint — tor  they  have 
manufactured  it  themselves — at  a  very 
satisfactory  price,  $300  per  ton,  which  is 
15  cents  per  pound,  to  Mr.  Crane,  who 
has  located  at  -  San  Francisco,  to  engage 
in  the  manufacture  of  twine,  thread,  etc. 
They  have  to  refuse  an  offer  for  10  tons 
to  be  shipped  to  Dundee,  Scotland,  for 
the  reason  that  their  stock  is  all  pre- 
engaged.  Their  flax  mill  is  now  turning 
out  300  pounds  of  liut  every  day,  and 
they  feel  every  encouragement  to  con- 
tinue the  business  on  a  large  scale.  Mr. 
Crane,  of  San  Francisco,  pronounces 
their  lint  a  first  rate  article. 

"Fifty  pounds  of  their  flax  was  shipped 
to  Dundee,  Scotland,  through  the  agency 
of  Mr.  William  Reid,  Portland,  where  it 
was  manufactured  into  linen  and  pro- 
nounced by  the  manufacturers  as  good 
as  any  in  the  world.  The  same  company 
that  worked  up  this  sample  and  made 
this  report,  wrote  to  Mr.  Reid  that  they 
would  send  machinery  here  to  manufac- 
ture linen,  provided  they  could  be  sup- 
plied with  sufficient  lint  to  run  the  first 
year.  All  these  facts  combine  to  show 
that  flax  fibre  can  be  made  a  leading  in- 
dustry in  Oregon,  and  lead  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  important  manufacturing  in- 
terests in  this  State. 

"Mr.  MiUer  also  informs  us  that  a 
company  is  organizing  in  New  York 
State  for  the  purpose  of  sending  an  agent 
to  Oregon  to  secure  the  raising  of  flax 
fibre  to  be  sent  back  East  and  supply 
factories  there.  Those  who  are  engaged 
in  manufacturing  flax  there  think  there 
is  no  such  flax  raised  anywhere  as  they 
have  received  from  Oregon.  We  have 
then  what  seems  certain  to  prove  a  per- 
manent paying  product  that  our  farmers 
can  depend  upon  for  a  change  of  crops, 
and  which  can  be  manufactured  into  lint 
here,  and  will  eventually  lead  to  the  es- 
tablishment of  linen  manufactories  in 
Oregon.  The  permanence  of  this  pro- 
duction and  manufacture  can  be  judged 
from  the  history  of  flax  culture  and  linen 
manufacture  for  100  years  past  in  the 
north  of  Ireland,  where  great  cities  and 
immense  manufactories  have  grown  up, 
permanently  sustained  by  the  successful 
cultivation  of  flax  in  the  surrounding 
country,  which  cultivation  and  manu- 
facture have  been  a  source  and  means  of 
lasting  wealth  and  prosperitj'.  We  pos- 
sess at  least  equal  facilities  for  growth 
and  manufacture  and  can  therefor  count 
ou  equally  successful  results." 

ExpEBiMENTS  show  that  the  amount  of 
meat  obtained  from  the  domestic  animals 
varies  greatly,  some  yielding  as  much  as 
eighty  per  cent,  while  others  give  only 
fifty  per  cent.  The  average  is  calculated 
at  fifty-eight  per  cent,  of  the  live  weight 
of  beef  cattle.  Sheep  give  forty  to  fifty 
per  cent.  The  different  products  of  cat- 
tle and  of  sheep  are  shown  by  the  fol- 
lowing; 

CATTLE.     BHEEP. 

Meat    771  66 

Skin 120  7 

Greaes 87  6 

Blood 5.1  5 

Feet  and  Uoofs 2S  3 

Htud 11  4 

Tougue,   liver,    heart,    spleen  and 

lungs 43  4 

luteBtiues 67  6 

LoBfi  and  evaporation  166  20 

Total 1342  no 

While  this  estimate  may  not  apply  to 
every  case  it  gives  the  average  result  of 
many  experiments  and  may  be  relied 
upon  in  most  cases. 

It  requires  talent  to  so  arrange  the 
work  of  the  farm  th.it  every  portion  of  it 
shall  be  done  at  precisely  the  right  time. 
Work  done  out  of  season  is  almost  al- 
ways expensive.  In  the  hurry  to  catch 
up  there  is  loss. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


[For  the  CiLiFonNiA  Aoriculturist.] 

A     TALE     FOR     THE 
NEW   YEAR. 

BY  NELL  VAN. 

"  Hftppy  New  Year,    little  one,"  said 
mamma,  as    Amy  opened   her  blue  eyes 
on  the  first  day  of  the  year  18 — .     "Oh, 
dear;  is  it  really,   truly,  New  Year's  day 
at  last?"    euijuired    the  child,  springing 
out  of  bed  and  hurrying  on  her  clothes. 
"Yes,  my  dear;  New  Year's  day  has  come 
at  last,  and  how  will  this  little  girl  spend 
the  day  to  make  it  a  hapjiy  one  to  be  re- 
membered?"    "  Oh,  I  always  love    New 
Year's  day  better  than  any  other  day  in 
the  whole  year,   I   do  believe.      AVe  are 
going  to  have  such  fun.     Cousiu  Minnie 
and  Emma   are   coming,  you  know ;  and 
you  will   have  callers   all  day,  with  a  big 
table  set  out  in  the  back  parlor  with  lots 
of  goodies.  I  saw  cook  fix  the  big  turkey 
yesterday  and   stick   cloves    all  over  the 
boiled  ham  before  she    set  it  in  the  oven 
to  brown.     And  then  the  pickled  oysters 
and  cefi'ee  always  smell  so  nice;  crullers 
and  mince-pie,  besides  nuts  and  candies, 
cake  and    wine,    and    everything    nice. 
Mayn't  we  have  a  little  table  of  our  own 
set  out  in  the  basement,  and  have  Ralph 
and   Johnny  and    the    other   little    boys 
come  in  to  call?     And  Mayn't  I  wear  my 
blue  dress  and  sash  all  day  long  without 
any  apron  to   hide  it?    and  twist  Vip  my 
hair  with   a  comb  so  as   to  look  exactly 
like  a  big   lady?"     "One  question  at  a 
time,  Amy.     You  know  I  will  be  busy  in 
the  parlor  all  day  with  company.   I  shall 
therefore  dress  you  this  morning  in  your 
blue  dress  and  sash,   but  you  must  wear 
a  big  apron  till  your  cousins  come,  when 
the  house  will  be  thoroughly  warm.  You 
cannot  wear  your  hair  in  a  comb;  it  will 
spoil  your  curls,  which   are  becoming  to 
a  child  of   your  age.     Not  crying!     Fie, 
Amy!    for   shame!     To    begin   the    year 
with    tears!     Looking    up  through    her 
tear-dimmed    eyes    the  little    lady   said, 
poutingly,   "  When  1  am  a  big  lady  and 
you  are    my  little   girl,    I'll   never  make 
you  wear  big  aprons;  you  see  if  I  do." 
"Why,  Amy  child,  do  you  suppose  lean 
grow  into  a  little  girl  again?     Do  you 
forget  that  I  was  once  your  grandma's 
little   child,    just    as   j'ou    are    mine?" 
"But,  mamma,"  persisted  the  child,    "  I 
heard  the    miuister   say  once  something 
about   folks   being   born   again    and  be- 
coming  like  Utile   children   before  they 
could  die  and  go   to  the  good  place.     Of 
course  you'll  be    my  own   little  girl  then 
when   you   get   born    again.     Who    else 
could   I   love   as   well   as   you  my  dear, 
dear  mamma?" 

The  door  suddenly  opened  and  Amy's 
father  entered  with  a  laugh,  saying: 
"That's  so.  Amy  darling,  who  else  could 
you  love  as  well  as  dear,  dear  mamma? 
You  are  both  my  little  girls  now,  so  I'll 
toss  one  upon  my  back  and  tuck  the 
other  under  my  arm,  and  away  we'll  go 
down  stairs  to  see  grandma  and  the  pussy 

Mr.  Burchard  was  a  successful  New 
York  merchant.  His  h'ome  was  located 
in  an  aristocratic  quarter  near  Gram- 
mercy  Park,  and  he  was  one  of  the  very 
few  whom  prosperity  did  not  spoil.  Amy 
was  an  only  child,  tenderly  reared  yet 
well  governed.  She  seldom  rebelled, 
though  exceedingly  active,  and  usually 
strove  to  please  her  kind  parents  and 
grandmother.  New  Year's  day  in  New 
York  City  is  given  up  to  the  good  old 
Knickerbocker  custom  of  giving  and  re- 
ceiving calls.  From  morning  till  night 
"entlemen  may  be  seen  paying  their  re- 
spects to  lady  friends,  who  honor  the 
occasion  by  appearing  in  holiday  attire 
and  offering  the  compliments  of  the  sea- 
son in  a  glass  of  good  wine.     Mrs.  Bur- 


chard was  young  and  lively.  Her  hus- 
band being  foruJ  of  society  they  enter- 
tained a  deal  of  company,  and  were 
capable  of  exerting  an  influence  of  which 
they  seemed  wholly  unaware.  The  mod- 
erate use  of  the  social  glass  among  friends 
was  by  them  considered  unobjectionable, 
they  holding  that  temperance  truly 
meant  keeping  the  ai)petite  at  all  times 
within  bounds.  Judging  only  by  their 
own  standpoint,  they  little  knew  the 
false  reasoning  this  wfts  to  one  with  per- 
verted tastes. 

But  two  return  to  my  story.  The  two 
cousins  had  come,  and  Amy  was  in  an 
ecstacy  of  dehght.  New  books  were 
added  to  her  store  of  presents,  and  her 
indulgent  mamnia  had  given  h<r  permis- 
sion to  keep  open  house  on  her  own  ac- 
count in  the  basement  dining-room. 
Ralph  and  Johnny  had  been  notified, 
and  they  were  to  tell  the  rest  of  the  lads 
in  the  row  to  call  on  Amy  and  Minnie 
without  fail. 

Just  before  noon  a  small  group  of 
young  men  entered  Mrs.  Burchard's 
iieautiful  home,  among  them  Charles 
Mallory,  a  fine-looking  youth,  who  knew 
well  his  one  great  failing,  and  had  times 
of  manfully  struggling  against  it.  It  was 
an  inordinate  love  for  liquor.  The  smell 
of  wine  was  delicious  to  him,  and  he  had 
that  morning  inwardly  resolved  not  to 
taste  one  drop  of  anything  stimulating. 
He  even  denied  himself  the  pleasure  of 
accompanying  Jack  Burton  and  a  couple 
of  congenial  friends  in  a  carriage  because 
he  feared  the  result.  And  here  at  the 
outset  he  was  met  on  the  steps  by  Foster 
and  two  young  Southern  bloods.  They 
entered  together,  were  introduced  to  Mr. 
Burchard's  pretty  neice,  .and  he  found 
there  was  no  resisting  the  urgent  solici- 
tations of  his  kind  hostess,  who  said  en- 
treatiugly:  "You  surely  will  not  refuse 
to  drink  Miss  Emma's  health  in  this 
harmless  glass  of  sherry?"  The  same 
old  story,  thought  Mallory.  He  said 
aloud:  "Pray  excuse  me,  madam,  the 
day  is  scarcely  begun,  and  I  have  many 
calls  to  make.  A  first  glass  often  paves 
the  way  for  more,  and  I  begin  the  year 
with  good  resolutions,  which  you  should 
help  me  to  keep."  Don't  preach  tem- 
perance on  New  Y'ear's  day,  Mallory," 
cried  Foster,  flippantly;  "you'll  be  put- 
ting ;.  way  the  egg-nog  at  Mrs.  L.'sby- 
and-bye  without  a  qualm  of  conscience; 
see  if  you  don't;  eh,  Charley?"  "New 
Y'ear's  comes  but  once  a  year,"  said  an- 
other, bowing,  while  another  looked  in- 
dignant at  this  breach  of  etiquette  in  thus 
openly  declining  the  hospitalities  of  the 
fair  hostess.  "  No,  wecan't  excuse  you, 
Charley,"  said  Foster;  "you  are  always 
in  the  dumps  till  you  get  a  glass  of 
wine,"  he  whispered.  "Comeou."  Thus 
importuned,  was  it  any  wonder  that  good 
resolutions  were  cast  to  the  winds?  The 
whole  party  clicked  glasses  and  drank  to 
the  health  "of  the  ladies. 

There  was  silence  for  a  few  moments 
after  they  had  left,  and  Emma  remarked 
upon  Mr.  Mallory 's  reluctance  to  take 
wine:  "Y'es,  poor  youth!  he  bids  fair  to 
follow  in  his  father's  footsteps.  Ik  al- 
ways took  wine  with  his  dinner,  and 
several  glasses  a  day  besides,  and  died  a 
victim  to  delirium  tremens.  His  son  in- 
herits the  same  taste  for  drink,  and 
though  he  tries  hard  to  break  up  the 
habit  he  invariably  fails,  as  you  saw  him 
just  now.  Why,  aunt,  don't  you  help 
save  him,  instead  of  urging  him  to  drink? 
And  to  nty  health,  too!  I  could  have 
cried  with  vexation."  "But,  my  dear," 
said  the  worldly  aunt,  "  what  am  I  to  do 
when  society  demands  that  hospitality 
consists  in  offering  cake  and  wine  to  our 
guests  on  certain  occasions?" 

More  visitors  were  announced,  and  the 
incident  of  the  morning  was  soon  for- 


gotten. The  smell  of  burnt  clothing 
came  up  from  below.  The  cry  of  "Fire!" 
was  heard ;  the  rush  and  hurry  of  many 
feet,  and  loud  voices  of  men.  k  carriage 
conveyed  the  ladies  and  children  to  the 
nearest  hotel.  It  was  impossible  to  im- 
agine where  Mr.  Burchard  could  be 
found,  so  little  .\my  could  only  content 
herself  by  sitting  at  one  of  the  long  win- 
dows of  the  hotel  watching  for  him  to 
pass  that  way.  Fancying  she  saw  him, 
she  begged  leave  to  go  with  her  cousin 
to  the  door;  but  it  was  not  he.  A 
neighbor's  boy  passed  on  the  other  side 
of  the  street,  and  beckoned  Amy  to  come 
over.  "  I'll  be  back  in  a  little  minute, 
Minnie,"  she  said,  skipping  away.  The 
boy  promised  to  find  her  papa  for  her  if 
she  would  go  with  him;  but  stopping  at 
a  fruit  store  to  buy  some  peanuts.  Amy 
wandered  on  alone,  saying  to  herself,  "I 
know  I  can  find  my  papa  alone.  I  know 
him  better  than  any  one."  The  boy, 
supposing  she  had  gone  back  to  the 
hotel,  took  no  notice  of  her  absence;  but 
Minnie  strained  her  eyes  to  catch  a 
glimpse  of  the  little  blue  dress  of  her 
cousin,  but  in  vain.  She  returned  to  tlie 
parlor  to  tell  the  tale  of  Amy's  new  ex- 
])loit.  "Gone  to  find  her  father!  Im- 
possible!" exclaimed  the  terrified  mother 
starting  to  her  feet.  "Go,  somebody, 
and  bring  back  the  child."  "She  is  safe 
with  Willie  Jones;  he  will  let  nothing 
harm  her,  and  she  was  well  wrapped  up, 
you  know,"  said  Emma,  tenderly.  As 
the  day  wore  on  and  Amy  did  not  return, 
more  than  one  anxious  heart  throbbed 
with  impatient  suspense. 

In  the  meantime,  how  fared  the  young 
wanderer?  Worn  out  with  fatigue,  she 
sank  crying  upon  the  steps  of  a  dwelling. 
"  Poor  little  dear,"  said  a  kindly  voice, 
and  looking  up  she  saw  bending  over 
her  an  old  gentlemen  with  glasses,  who 
enquired  her  name  and  where  she  lived. 
"I'm  Amy  Bunch,  sir,  that's  what  they 
call  me;  and  I  live  on — oh,  I  don't  live 
anywhere,  'cause  our  house  was  afire 
and  we  went  away,  and  I  can't  find  my 
papa  to  tell  him  about  it."  "Who  is 
your  papa,  child?"  enquired  the  stran- 
ger. "He  is  only  papa,  and  mamma  calls 
him  "idea."  "But  what  is  his  name? 
and  does  he  keep  an  office  or  a  store?" 
"Oh,  I  don't  know,  sir;  be  only  goes 
down  town,  and  to-day  went  out  to  make 
calls.  Oh,  dmr,  what  iri((  become  of  me? 
I  want  my  mamma  and  papa  so  bad." 
"Come  with  me,"  said  the  stranger, 
kindly, leading  her  to  the  nearest  station, 
and  begging  the  officials  to  see  that  the 
lost  child  was  restored  to  her  parents 
went  his  way.  As  night  came  on,  the 
unclaimed  children,  of  which  there  are 
always    a   number,    were    sent    to    the 


and  their  hopefulness  colors  the  future 
with  rainbow  tints.     Mary  was  glad  to 
leave  the  Home   after  the  good-byes  had 
been  said,  for  the  big  world  outside  the 
walls  of  the  playground  seemed  inviting. 
Her  early  life  was  shrouded  in  mystery. 
She   had  a  faint    remembrance  of  a  life 
amid     luxury;     downy    beds     and    soft 
cushions;    dainty  carpets  and  fine  pic- 
tures; books,  toys,  and  of  being   petted 
and  caressed    by  kind,     loving    parent. 
She  could  remember  a  day  when  all  this 
ceased,   and  then  a  blank.     Poor  child! 
She  was  now  riding   with   her  new  mis- 
tress in  the  capacity  of  child's  nurse,  and 
was  to  be  taught  to  make  her  way  in  the 
world  like  many  another  of  gentle  birth. 
It  has  been  said   "  There  is  n  skeleton 
in  cverj'  home,"  and  the  time  came  when 
Mary  was    to    discover   the  one  in   the 
Mallory  household.     Intemperance,  like 
a  grim  spectre,  haunts   the  earth,    delu- 
ding its  victims  and  blighting  innocence 
with  its  foul  and  loathsome  breath.     The 
youth   who  strove   to  resist  the  tempting 
glass   in    Mrs.   Burchard's    parlor    that 
eventful  New  Y'ear's  day,  from  that  hour 
lost  comnmnd  of  his  appetite.     He  mar- 
ried a  simple-hearted  girl  of  inferior  po- 
sition, and  her  invariable  excuse  for  his 
one  great  faiUng  was:  "  He  is  only  like 
other    men,  and  there  is  always  a  some- 
thing."    They  sat  one  evening,  her  mis- 
tress and  Mary,  watching  beside  the  crib 
of  the  sick  child,  when  loud  noises  were 
heard  at  the  hall  door  and  an  angry  voice 
demanded  admittance.     "You   sit  here, 
Mary,  and  I'll  go,"  said  Mrs.  Mallory. 
Poor  Mary,    trembling   with    fear,    said 
within  her  heart,  "What  dreadful  beings 
men  are!     I'm  almost  glad  I  never  knew 
my  father,  for  fear  he  was  like  the  rest." 
Hurried  steps   were  beard  approaching, 
and  the  loud  voice  said:  "  Where  is  the 
brat  ?     It  has  stood  between  yon  and  I 
long  enough,   and  this  will   end  it  now 
and   here."     Ho  rushed  into  the  room 
brandishing  over  his  head  a  long  knife. 
With    sudden    presence  of    mind  Mary 
sprang  to  the  crib,   and  lifting  the  child 
in  her  arms  with  its   blankets  about  it 
she   rushed  through  the  open  door  out 
into  the  night  air,  and  ran  she  know  not 
where,  till  overcome  with  fatigue  she  fell 
and  struck  her  head   against  the    curb- 
stone.    A  crowd  collected,  and  the  girl 
and  her  sleeping  burden  were  carried  into 
a  house,  where  a  physician  was  sent  for. 
Stunned  by  the  fall,  it  was  some  lime  be- 
fore she  recovered  herself.     When    she 
opened  her  eyes  they  met  those  of  a  lady 
who  sat  watching  beside  the  lounge.  Her 
soft  white  hair  was  banded  back  from  her 
brow,    and    her  countenance    expressed 
sympathy.     There  had  been  a  trinket, 
which  Mary  had  always  worn  on  a  gold 


Foundling's  Home   till  they   should   be  I  chain  around    her  throat  ever  since  leav- 
fouud  by  "their  friends.     Among  a  crowd  j  ing  the  Home,  when  the  Matron  clasped 


of  little  oius  Amy  was  placed  under  the 
kind  guardianship  of  Mother  Bond,  who 
enquired  their  names,  gave  them  some 
supper  and  clean  beds  to  sleep  in;  but 
Amy  could  not  eat,  and  wept  herself  to 
sleep. 

We  must  now  pass  over  a  period  of  six 
years,  during  which  time  the  sad-hearted 
parents  had  exhausted  every  means  for 
discovering  the  whereabouts  of  their 
darling,  except  that  of  visiting  the  Found- 
ling's Homo.  From  time  to  time  chil- 
dren were  apprenticed  out  from  the 
Home  till  they  should  become  of  age. 

When  good  Mrs.  Mallory  sought  there 
a  nurse  girl  to  mind  her  baby  boy,  she 
selected  .\my  from  the  rest,  and  as  the 
child's  early  answer  to  the  question, 
"  What's  your  name?"  was  invariably, 
"I'm  Amy  Bunch,  ma'am,"  her  name 
was  put  down  on  the  Iwoks  as  "Mamie 
Bunch,"  and  as  she  grew  out  of  child- 
hood she  was  called  "Mary." 

Any  change  is  grateful  to  the  yonng, 


it  there  and  told  her  it  was  the  only  link 
between  her  and  her  mother.  This  had 
snapped  and  fallen  to  the  floor  as  they 
brought  her  in,  and  her  first  impulse 
upon  returning  to  conscienses  was  to  pnt 
her  baud  to  her  throat.  "  Here  it  is," 
said  the  lady,  tenderly;  "  how  came  yoo 
by  this?"  "Oh,  ma'am,  "  sobbed  Mary, 
"I  had  a  mother  once,  and  this  is  all  I 
have  left.  Where's  baby?  Did  it  get 
hurt,  too?  Oh,  but  my  poor  mistress 
will  be  wondering  where  I  am."  "  'Tis 
Amy!  Oh,  come,  father,  see!  Our  lost 
child  bos  come  back  to  us!  The  old 
childish  look  is  in  her  eyes!  Poor  dove! 
She  has  flown  from  the  persecutions  of 
the  drunkard  I  in  my  blindness  helped 
to  make,  straight  into  the  old  home 
nest!" 


W.  D.  F.  RicHiEDs  of  Ventura  coun- 
ty, realized  $G,500  on  '200  acres  of  flax, 
or  $32  00  per  acre. 


10 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


fym^mtUixu. 


Letter  from  Lorn poc  Temperance 
Colony. 

Editor  AoEicuLTnEisT ; — I  am  a  close 
reader  of  your  valuable  paper,  and  have 
not  seen  an3-thiug  from  this  section  of 
late.  I  said  "valuable"  paper,  but  hesi- 
tated about  using  so  hackneyed  a  term. 
But  I  speak  it  conscientiously.  Your 
columns  do  contain  such  varied,  reliable 
and  instructive  reading  matter,  alike  for 
the  farmer,  his  wife  and  his  children, 
and  the  moral  tone  is  so  sound  and 
strong,  without  any  whining  or  cant, 
that  I  feel  free  to  use  the  word  "  valua- 
ble" advisedly.  In  this  "Temperance" 
Colony  your  paper  is,  and  ought  to  be, 
appreciated  for  the  noble  stand  you  take 
against  advocating,  countenancing  or 
advertising  intoxicating  liquors  as  nec- 
essary to  the  public  good  or  as  any  part 
of  so  honorable  a  calling  as  agriculture. 
God  speed  you,  say  many  of  us,  in  your 
denunciation  of  those  who  i^rostitute 
what  should  be  useful  Agricultural  Fairs 
into  gambling,  horse-racing,  pool-selling, 
black-leg  institutions.  I  am  truly  glad 
to  see  you  and  other  agricultural  papers 
advocating  the  drying  of  grapes  for 
raisins,  making  of  syrup,  jellies,  etc.,  or 
even  feeding  them  to  hogs,  instead  of 
making  of  them  liquor,  the  curse  of  our 
age  and  country.  I  must  think  you  are 
thus  doiug  the  State  a  substantial  ser- 
vice, and  not  less  the  grape-raisers  than 
the  consumers.  There  must  be  a  great 
and  increasing  demand  for  all  dried  and 
preserved  fruits.  Take  new  territory  like 
this,  filling  up  so  rapidly;  until  our  trees 
and  vines  bear  sufficient  for  home  con- 
sumption we  afford  a  good  market  for 
green,  dried  and  preserved  fruits.  I 
often  wonder  that  those  who  produce 
these  wholesome  and  desirable  strples  do 
not  commtiuicate  with  some  merchants, 
or  grangers,  and  supply,  direct,  the  com- 
muuity,  without  first  selling  to  San 
Francisco  merchants,  from  whom  the 
local  storekeepers  of  each  community 
must  buy,  at  an  increased  cost  to  the 
last,  the  retail  purchaser. 

We  are  raising  an  immense  amount  of 
produce  in  this  vallej',  beans,  potatoes, 
pumpkins  etc.  being  the  principal.  Con- 
siderable grain  was  put  in  and  did  well. 
Fruit  trees  ai'e  making  a  vigorous  growth. 
Special  attention  is  being  paid  to  hog 
raising.  We  can  raise  ample  food,  and 
the  climate  just  suits  for  making  bacon. 
They  have  fetched  a  fine  price,  seven  to 
ten  cents,  on  foot,  to  those  who  were 
fortunate  enough  to  have  a  stock  to  sell 
to  others  who  were  determined  to  have 
a  start  in  these  prolific  and  profitable 
animals.  A  good  deal  of  our  tine  dairy 
laud  is  sold  and  settled.  We  have  a  con- 
tinual influx  of  new  comers,  which  "  as- 
tonishes the  natives"  of  surrounding 
places,  especially  those  croakers  who 
boldly  asserted,  and  were  anxious  to 
"bet  money"  that  it  would  be  imijossible 
to  keep  out  saloons  and  the  sale  of 
whisky,  and  who  confidently  predicted 
the  valley  would  never  settle  up,  nor  the 
town  amount  to  anything  without  liquor 
selliug.  If  Lompoc  be  a  failui-e  I  would 
rejoice  to  see  a  thousand  such  failures  m 
our  glorious  State  to-day.  We  are  not 
without  our  misfortunes.  We  had  a 
touch  of  potato  blight,  but  we  were 
worse  scared  than  hurt  by  far.  The 
most  of  jieople  will  hold  their  potatoes 
for  a  higher  price.  The  elements  have 
been  against  us.  During  a  recent  north- 
west gale  a  considerable  portion  of  our 
wharf  was  moved  off  bodily,  as  the  floor- 
ing WHS  spiked  down  hard  and  fast  on 
to  the  piling,  which  proved  not  to  have 
been  sufficiently  high.     The   experience 


is  rather  «xpensive,  but  it  is  hoped  that 
the  rejjairs  will  stand,  as  we  have  abund- 
ance of  long  piling  to  raise  the  floor 
above  the  reach  of  the  upward  pressure 
of  incoming  waves.  The  workmen  have 
already  commenced  repairing.  The  large 
warehouse  is  about  comjjleted,  and  is 
filling  up  with  produce  awaiting  ship- 
ment and  good  prices.  We  still  load 
schooners  at  the  part  of  the  wharf  re- 
maining, which  runs  out  abjut  'JUU  feet, 
I  understand.  We  have  had  no  rain  yet 
to  damage  anything.  If  plenty  comes 
hereafter  it  suits  us  best,  as  it  gives  us  a 
longer  season  in  which  to  harvest  the 
large  crop  raised.  A  company  has  just 
been  incorporated  for  the  purchase  of 
adjacent  ranches,  for  the  formation  of 
another  temperance  colony,  to  be  called 
"New  Vinelaud."  If  itbe  fully  launched, 
I  have  no  doubt  your  advertising  columns 
will  give  information  in  general,  and  tell 
where  all  details  can  be  ascertained. 
Elder  J.  W.  Webb,  well  known  as  a  lead- 
ing spirit  in  Lompoc,  and  a  public 
worker  in  the  temperance  cause,  is  Presi- 
dent, and  Charles  Maltby,  formerly 
Revenue  and  Indian  Agent  in  California, 
is  Secretary.  In  the  Los  Alamos  Valley 
a  large  amount  of  laud  has  been  leased 
to  farmers  at  very  reasonable  rates.  All 
this  country  will  be  settled  up  ere  long. 
I  hear  the  "College  Grant"  is  being  sur- 
veyed. I  do  not  think  of  further  items 
of  interest,  and  this  letter  is,  maybe,  too 
long  already.     Respectfully, 

J.  W.  W. 
Lompoc,  December,  187G. 

Gkowth  of  the  Lompoc  Tempekance 
Colony. — Says  the  Record  :  In  Novem- 
ber, 1S74,  the  Lompoc  raneho,  where 
now  is  centred  near  fifteen  hundred  in- 
habitants, was  a  common  California 
sheep  or  stock  ranch,  known  only  to  the 
stock  men  of  the  State  as  a  superior 
grass  2iroduciug  region  and  occupied  by 
some  thirty  or  forty  thousand  head  of 
sheep.  Since  that  time  the  major  i).art 
of  over  40,000  acres  of  the  finest  valley 
and  hill  lands  in  the  State  have  been 
sold  to  four  or  five  hundred  different  per- 
sons, mostly  heads  of  families,  who  are 
either  here  or  intend  coming  as  soon  as 
convenient,  in  tracts  to  suit  their  means, 
and  on  the  installment  plan  which  ena- 
bles the  poor  man  to  woi-k  out  his  salva- 
tion and  secure  a  home.  In  two  years 
and  a  half  our  colony  will  have  built 
three  school  edifices,  one  costing  over 
S5,000,  affording  school  facilities  for 
over  three  hundred  pupils  as  per  last  re- 
port of  Census  Marshal.  The  business 
of  the  colony  has  grown  to  quite  respect- 
able proportions.  Five  mercantile 
houses,  a  drug  store,  livery  stable,  two 
blacksmith  and  wagon  shops,  one  furni- 
ture store,  two  tailor  shops,  one  shoe- 
maker shop,  two  hotels,  two  confection- 
ery establishments  and  postoffice  and 
telegraph,  two  lumber  yards,  and  parties 
now  among  us  intending  to  open  in  trade 
soon  as  suitable  buildings  can  be  erected. 
Our  people  have  made  many  fine  im- 
provements, such  as  erecting  tasty  dwell- 
ings, etc. 

TRIAL    OF   SEEDS  SENT    OUT    BY 
THE  AC.  DEPT.,  WASHINGTON. 


Lompoc,  Nov.  27,  1870. 
Ed.  Agricultukist: — I  have  to-d.ay 
sent  a  report  to  the  Clerk  of  the  Agri- 
cultural Department  of  the  seed  you 
gave  me.  The  bearded  spring  wheat 
was  very  productive;  1(10  lbs.  from  a 
ipiart  The  Chevalier  biu-ley,  light,  55 
lbs.  The  white  oats,  good,  55  lbs.  from 
the  quart.  The  Turban  squash,  splen- 
did for  pies,  too  dry  for  baking.  The 
large  smooth  tomatoes,  a  mistake.  The 
cantaloupes,    watermelons,     beets,    etc., 


good,  but 
used. 


not   superior  to  those  already 
Yours  Truly, ' 
Ievino  p.  Hennino, 

Sec.  L.  V.  P.  Co. 


Saratoga,  Nov.  2'lth. 
Friend  Herring: — As  was  promised, 
here  is  the  rejjort  of  the  planting,  growth 
and  final  result  of  the  seeds  obtained 
through  your  office  last  season.  The 
first  planted  were  the  peas,  McLean's 
Little  Gem  and  the  Philadelphia  Early. 
I  can  recommend  both  these  as  being 
tender  and  well  flavored;  they  are  both 
prolific  bearers,  the  first  named  being 
about  ten  days  earlier  than  the  Philadel- 
Jjhia  Early.  They  received  no  irriga- 
tion. The  silver-skin  onion  proved  to 
be  small  and  very  mild.  The  cauliflow- 
er (Asiatic)  seed  came  up  slowly,  the 
plants  grew  reluctantly,  and  died  after 
transplanting;  were  well  watered  and 
cultivated.  I  am  not  at  all  acquainted 
with  the  nature  and  habits  of  this  plant, 
and  treated  it  the  same  as  I  did  cab- 
bage. Was  that  right?  [Yes— Ed.] 
The  black  wax  bean  is  a  sturdy  plant, 
and  the  beans  are  good  either  green  or 
dry.  The  brown  Valentine  beans  were 
received  so  late  I  did  not  plant  them. 
Will  report  on  them  next  season.  Of 
corn,  I  had  two  varieties,  Stowell's  Ev- 
ergreen and  Early  Minnesota.  Of  the 
former,  a  little  came  up,  but  did  not 
amount  to  much.  The  latter  did  not 
make  its  appearance  above  ground.  Both 
these  varieties  were  well  spoken  of  in 
the  Eastern  papers  a  year  or  two  ago; 
but  judging  from  the  appearance  of  the 
seed  I  hacl,  it  was  not  fully  ripe.  Of 
cucumbers,  there  were  the  long  green 
Spine  and  early  white  Spine.  The  last 
mentioned  did  not  germinate  at  all,  and 
the  birds  pulled  the  others  up  almost  as 
fast  as  they  showed  themselves.  The 
melon  seeds,  of  which  there  were  the 
Orange  watermelon  and  Pineapple  musk- 
melon,  did  not  come  up.  The  seed  was 
very  light.  The  Boston  Marrow  and 
Early  Bush  squash  came  up  and  did 
well.  The  Early  Bush  is  good  and  ten- 
der, but  must  not  remain  a  day  too  long 
on  the  vine,  or  it  will  be  too  strong. 
I  had  Cook's  Favorite  and  Improved 
Trophy  tomatoes,  and  can  speak  highly 
in  their  favor.  Cook's  Favorite  is 
smaller  than  the  Tro[)hy,  but  is  smooth 
and  fuUv  as  well  flavored.  The  vines 
are  still"  full  of  fruit  (Nov.  24th),  but 
the  cold  weather  allows  it  to  ripen  so 
slowly  that  it  is  rather  insipid.  'VVe  are 
obliged  to  contend  with  birds  and  rab- 
bits to  such  an  extent  that  unless  every- 
thing is  planted  close  by  the  house,  it 
does  not  amount  to  much.  I  was 
obliged  to  do  all  the  planting  and  culti- 
vating this  season,  and  as  I  was  a  per- 
fect novice  at  such  things,  perhaps  I  was 
partly  the  cause  of  such  ill  success. 
Next  season  I  hope  to  do  better. 

E.  L.  HoppELL. 


Let  it  be  remembered  that  the  finer 
we  make  the  soil,  the  nicer  the  bed  in 
which  to  put  the  seed,  the  easier  and 
faster  the  plants  can  obtain  their  food. 
The  more  we  cultivate  the  soil  the  finer 
we  make  it,  and  the  faster  our  crops 
grow.  This  principle  we  ought  to  under- 
stand and  apply,  since  it  lies  at  the  foun- 
dation of  economical  and  successful  cul- 
tivation. 


"Funny  monkey,"  said  Mrs.  Parting- 
ton as  she  saw  him  patiently  sitting, 
"  but  he  sets  as  if  ho  had  the  plumbago 
in  the  back,  and  I  could  wish  there  was 
more  hair  on  his  reprehensible  tail.  I 
cannot  yet  believe,  neither,  that  they're 
our  posterity." 


Bee-Keeping  in  Southern  Califor- 
nia. 

^1  

""'"HE  California  bee  season,  Mr.  Har- 
bison says,  begins  by  February  1. 
In  March  or  April  the  bees  swarm, 
and  the  bee-culturist  has  lively 
^  times  in  saving  the  swarms.  The 
science  has  become  so  systematized  now 
that  the  apiculturist  knows  within  a  day 
or  two  when  a  given  hive  may  be  expect- 
ed to  swarm,  and  as  the  j-oung  bees  al- 
ways settle  somewhere  near  the  parent 
hive  at  least  once  before  selecting  their 
new  quarters,  a  swarni  is  seldom  lost. 
The  flowers  are  at  the  height  of  their 
luxuriance  in  May  and  June,  and  the 
taking  of  honey  is  begun  usually  about 
May  20,  and  the  bees  are  kept  at  work  as 
long  as  the  flowers  last.  They  cease  to 
bloom  in  sufficient  quantities  to  more 
than  subsist  the  bees  in  the  early  part  of 
August;  but  the  little  workers  are  able 
to  find  enough  to  live  ou  without  con- 
suming their  stores  as  late  .as  October. 
It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  harvest  time 
is  never  longer  than  three  months,  and 
is  often  much  less.  After  October  be- 
gins, although  the  air  is  still  mild  and 
spring-like,  the  bees  cease  to  work,  and 
retire  into  a  semi-dormant  condition. 
Once  every  eight  or  ten  days  a  colony 
will  turn  out  at  midday  and  fly  around 
for  an  hour  or  two  in  the  sunshine,  but 
they  never  fly  far  from  the  hive,  and  are 
never  seen  at  work. 

The  food  of  the  bees  in  the  bee  belt  is 
generally  the  flowers  of  the  white  sage,  a 
plant  that  closely  resembles  the  garden 
sage.  This  is  not  to  be  confounded  with 
the  sage  brush  of  Nevada  and  Utah, 
which  is  of  the  wormwood  species,  and 
has  the  family  bitterness.  Next  to  the 
sage  in  importance  as  bee  food  is  the 
sumac,  a  shrub  that  grows  in  California 
without  poisonous  quality.  In  fact, 
there  is  no  poisonous  flowering  plant  in 
the  bee  range,  and  the  honey  has  none 
of  the  colicky  qualities  that  make  East- 
ern-grown honey  objectionable.  The 
honey  is  gi-aded  by  the  culturist  accord- 
ing to  the  plant  from  which  it  is  derived. 
That  made  from  sage  flowers  being 
clearest  and  most  aromatic,  is  most  val- 
uable.— .V^ic  York  Sioi. 


Bees  in  California. 

Moths  have  been  a  source  of  annoy- 
ance in  our  apiary  for  years,  having  lost 
many  stands  by  their  ravages.  Mice,  liz- 
ards, spiders,  etc.,  have  sometimes  ob- 
tained possession  of  our  hives,  but  such 
will  not  be  the  case  in  the  future.  Moths 
are  not  going  to  be  tolerated  as  hereto- 
fore; more  care  will  be  observed  in 
watching  the  hives,  and  eveiy  precaution 
will  be  used  to  avoid  their  being  in  the 
hives  unmolested;  also  so  of  spiders, 
toads,  &c. 

We  consider  it  pure  negligence  to  lose 
a  stand  of  bees  in  this  state  by  starva- 
tion, moths,  etc.  As  for  us.  we  never 
took  a  hive  oft'  the  summer  stand  to  pro- 
tect it  from  the  rain,  frost,  etc.,  for  the 
winters  are  never  so  cold  as  to  freeze  the 
bees.  The  only  protection  required  is 
to  keep  the  water  from  entering  the 
hives,  which  would  cause  the  combs  to 
mould,  and  if  any  litter  should. have  ac- 
cumulated ou  the  bottom  board  it  would 
become  decayed  and  would  cause  disease. 
It  is  a  rarity  here  for  dirt  and  dead  bees 
to  remain  for  any  length  of  time  inside 
the  hive  if  the  stock  is  in  a  strong  con- 
dition and  it  is  well  to  always  have  the 
hive  well  stocked  with  inmates,  (not 
moths  and  other  vermin,)    for   when   so 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


kept  bees  will  see  that  the  iuskle  is  clean. 
Although  it  is  a  common  custom  in  the 
northern  part  o!  this  State  to  leave  hives 
unprotected,  we  strongly  recommend  a 
neat,  cheap,  and  durable  covering,  to 
protect  them,  not  so  much  from  the  rain, 
etc.,  of  winter,  but  more  from  the  heat 
of  summer.  We  find  that  hives  placed 
in  a  cool  location,  the  bees  do  much  bet- 
ter than  those  that  are  exposed  to  heat. 
(r_  x_  X.,  in  Bee-Keeper's  ^^a<^a^lne. 


A  Few  Words  from  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. 


I  feel  as  though  I  must   enter  my  pro- 
test against  some  of    the  sweeping  asser- 
tions made  in  the  July  number,  by  K.  J. 
Colburn,  of    Chicago,    in    regard   to  the 
bees  and  honey  of   Southern   California. 
After  giving  to  that  section  the  prefer- 
ence   as    the    greatest   honey-producing 
country  of   equal   area  in  the  world,   he 
says;    "I    am    further   satisfied  that  its 
distance  from  good   markets,  and  liabili- 
ties to  the  disease  known  as  '  foul  brood,' 
as  well  as   ravages   from   the  moth,  may 
reduce   the   high   estimate   some  people 
have  of  it."     True,    we  are  quite  a  dis- 
tance from  market,  but  we  cannot  always 
get   producers   and  consumers  together 
California   wheat   is    the   best  the  world 
produces,  and  it  pays  to  ship  to  Europe; 
that   may   yet  be    our   best   market  for 
honey;  and  at  paying  prices  too.    Then, 
the  yield  of   honey  is  so  abundant  here, 
(in  good  seasons)  and  our  losses  of  bees 
so  small,  that   we   can   as  well  aftbrd  to 
ship  our  honey  to  Chicago  or  New  York, 
as  those  who   live   nearer,  and  lose  from 
one-quarter    to  three-quarters   of    their 
colonies     every    winter.     As     to    '  foul 
brood, '  it  is  something  I  know  nothing 
about,  never  having  seen  any  of  it,  nor 
met  with  any  one  who  has  in  Southern 
Cahfornia;  but  I  have  heard  that  there 
was  some  of   it   in   Los  Angeles  county; 
and  I  am  of   the    opinion   that  it  will  be 
found  (if  found  at  all)  on  low,  wet  lauds, 
or  near   wine  vats.     I  often  hear  the  re- 
mark, that    the    two   great  drawbacks  to 
successful   bee-culture   in    the  "States 
we  do    not   have  to  contend  with  here  - 
foul  brood  and  wintering. 

As  for  the  moth,  occasionally  we  hud 
a  worm  in  the  hive,  but  not  often;  and  I 
believe,  with  Mr.  Longstrcth,  that  a 
strong  colony,  with  a  prolific  queen, 
need  never  fear  the  ravages  of  the  moth; 
but  a  queenless  one  is  almost  sure  to  fall 
a  prev  to  them  here  or  elsewhere. 

Again,  he  says;  "In  regard  to  the 
quality  of  California  honey,  it  seems  to 
be  the  opinion  of  every  person  who  has 
tasted  it,  with  whom  I  have  talked,  that 
it  cannot  compare  with  our  white  clover, 
except  in  looks,  '  Novice'  to  the  contrary 
notwithstanding.  But  its  looks  sells  it 
There  is  quite  a  ditlereuce  in  the  quality 
of  honey  m  different  localities  in  South- 
ern California.  In  the  neighborhood  of 
Santa  Barbara-where  we  lived  five 
years,  and  had  some  experience  with 
bees-the  early  honey,  gathered  argely 
from  altillarilla  (tilarei— commonly  call- 
ed) is  very  fine;  but  the  late  honey 
gathered  from  the  "  tar-weed, "  niostly, 
IS  dark  in  color  and  strong  in  flavor. 
The  eastern  part  of  this  county,  where 
there  is  abundance  of  white  sage  and 
sumac,  produces  as  fine  honey  as  the 
world  ever  saw.  The  early  honey  is 
equal  to  that  gathered  in  Santa  Barbara 
county,  from  nearly  the  same  plants; 
and  the  later,  gathered  from  the  white 
sa^e,  I  would  venture  to  place  b.  side  axy 
white  clover  honey  to  be  found  by  «»»/ 
bees  in  any  State  in  the  Union.  It  is 
clear  as  water,  thick,  and  of  a  flavor  to 
tempt-mortals.  Apiarists,  who  have 
kept  bees  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  in   California,    give  the  palm  to  the 


white  sage  honey  above  the  white  clover. 
The  honey  gathered   from   the   sumac— 
not  the  eastern   sumac— I   think  is  not 
quite  so  light-colored,   though  it  is  hard 
to  determine,  as  it  commences  to  flower 
before  the  white  sage  is  gone.  The  white 
sage  harvest  commenced  about  the  third 
week  in  May  and  closed  about  the  middle 
of     July.     The    sumac    commenced    to 
flower  the  middle    of   June,    and  closed 
about  the   third   week   in  July.     I  have 
conversed  with   those   who  have  been  m 
Los   Angeles   and   Han  Diego    counties, 
and  they  say  that   the    white  sago  grows 
in  great  abundance  in  most  of  the  moun- 
tain regions;    so,   I   cannot  but   believe 
that   the   bee-keepers   there  get   just  as 
good  honey  as  we  do.     I  saw  a  statement 
in    the     liee- Keepers'    Magazine,    several 
months   ago,    that   a   large    shipment  of 
honoy  had  been   made   from    California; 
but  it  was  of  inferior  quality,  and  would 
probably  remain  long  on  the   market.     I 
understand  that  that  honey  was  gathered 
in    the   neighborhood    of    Sacramento— 
how  near  I  know  not— on  "  tulc"  lands. 
Now,    it   may  be,    that   those  persons 
who    passed     judgment    on    California 
honey,    "  tasted"  of   this  honey;   if  so, 
according  to   all  I   hc>ar,  the  taste  of  it 
must  be   in  their  mouths    yet.     I  do  not 
want  to  see  California  honey  condemned 
on  account  of  it,    either.     I  am  satisfied 
they  never   tasted   white  sage  honey,  or 
they  would  never  say  "its  looks  sells  it." 
I  am  sorry  to  see  in  G.  F.  M.'s  commu- 
niciftion,    in   the   August   number,    that 
most   bee-keepers    in    this    locality   are 
losing  money.     Such  is  not  the  case  hero; 
and  I  do  not  "think  the  whole  business 
overdrawn."     A   person  cannot  go  into 
the  bee-business  in  a  comparatively  new 
country,    like    this,    and   tire   i,i  the  citi/, 
where  his  family  can  have  all  the  advan- 
tages of    society,    and  make  money.     If 
he°  wants  his  "bees   to  gather   the  best 
honey,  he  must   30  where  it  is,  if  it  takes 
him  to  the   foot  of   a   mountain,  or  up  a 
canyon.     If  he  is  able  to  keep  his  family 
in  town,  well  and  good;  if   not,  let  them 
share   the   hardships   and   deprivations, 
and  get   rich,  (and  I  believe  they  will,  if 
they   stick    to   the   business   here)  then 
move  to   the   city  and  to  society.     Land 
in  this   or    Santa   Barbara  counties  does 
not   have    to    be   irrigated   to   produce  a 
crop,  but  if   well  farmed  produces  splen- 
didly. ,„      , 

\Ve  started  in  this  year  with  80  colo- 
nies of  bees  in  the  Langstrothhive;  have 
taken  off  850  boxes  of  hcmey,  averaging 
5%  to  e  lbs.  each;  shall  probably  take 
off' 50  more.  Have  not  got  through  ex- 
tracting from  the  lower  part  of  the  hive, 
but  have  averaged  over  33  lbs.  to  the 
hive  as  far  as  extracted.  Have  increased 
8'J  colonies.  That  will  make  about  lj.j 
tons  extracted  honey,  and  over  2?^  tons 
box  honey.  If  this  is  a  failure,  I  hope  I 
may  never  make  a  worse  one. 

This  has  been  a  very  poor  season,  not 
havin.'  any  rain  since  January  Gth,  to 
amount  to  a  shower.  We  had  a  frost  in 
April  that  did  considerable  damage  to 
the  bee  pasture,  and  a  dry,  hot  wind  the 
9th  and  10th  of  May  that  dru'd  up  the 
flowers  to  such  an  extent  as  to  nearly 
stop  the  gathering  of  honey,  and  the 
bees  tore  down  all  their  queen  cells.  I 
have  already  made  this  letter  too  long  to 
be  acceptable,  I  fear,  so  will  close.— i. 
G.  A'.,  Ventura  County,  Cut.,  in  American 
Bee  journal  for  December. 


The  bees  will  fasten  the  pieces  nicely  in 
a  short  time,  if  it  is  done  while  the 
weather  is  warm.— yl»ieric«n  Bee  Journal. 


PHOSPHORUS     WHEAT     TO     DE- 
STOY  SQUIRRELS. 

An  Easy  Way  to  Mix  and  How  to 
Use. 


Mr.    H.  G.   Batty,    of    Milpitas,   the 

Sciuirrel  Inspector  for  that  district,  fur- 
nishes us  with  his  way  of  preparing  and 
using  phosphorus  poison  for  squirrels: 

Take  a  five-gallon  square  kerosene  can; 
cut  out  a  side,  clean  it;  punch  a  hole  in 
each  end  of  can  and  tie  in  rope  for  bail. 
This  makes  it  convenient   to  carry,  and 
it  is  the  best  handy  vessel   for  the   pur- 
pose that  I  have  seen.     Fill  can  to  depth 
of  half  an  inch  with  boiling  water;   add 
one-half   teacupful  hot  syrup,    and  one 
full  stick  (or  more)  of  phosjihorus.    Mix 
to  a  thick  gruel  with   middlings  or   gra- 
ham flour.   .\.dd  your  wheat  now,  a  quart  . 
at  a  time.     Stir  well  until  the  can  is  full 
as   is   convenient   to  mix.     If   it  is   too  | 
sticky,  mix  until  dry  with    middlings  or 
graham,  till  the   wheal  will  scatter  when 
thrown  in  front   of   the  holes.     I   have 
poisoned   f"r  the  the  last  six  years  with  | 
success  in  this  way.     A  tablespoonful  at 
each  hole,  scattered,  is  the  way  I  use  it. 
My  stock   has   run  in  the  field  all   the 
time,  often  a  hundred  head,  without  the  1 
least  injury.     By  scattering  the  poisoned 
wheat,  stock  cannot  pick  it  up,   and  the 
squirrels   will  eat  it    better.     Vew   few- 
B(Miinels  will  be  found   dead  outside  of 
their  holes.     I  have  seen  fields  that  were 
alive  with  squirrels  when  the  phosphorus 
wheat   was   put  out,   and    the  next    day 
hardly  one  was  to  bo  seen.     We  think 
that  this  is  the  cheapest  poison  to  use  at 
this  time  of  the  vear.     I  have  had  greater 
success    with    it    than    with  Wakelee's 
poison.     In  handling  the  phosphorus  in 
the  stick,  be  very  careful  to   keep  it  cov- 
ered with  cold  water.     A  good,  safe  way 
to  keep  phosphorus  is  to  set  the  can  in 
another  can  filled  with  water,  away  from 
any  building.     In  mixing,  do  not  inhale 
the   smoke.     We    prefer  to  mix  in    the 
open  air,  setting  the  can  on  hot  bncks  or 
stone  covers  will   tend  to  keep  it  warm 
while  mixing. 

rWe  invite  further  reports  upon  this 
subject.  Wo  approve  of  Mr.  Batty's 
wav  of  preparing  the  phosphorus  wheat 
for" poisoning  squirrels;  but  we  wonder 
that  he  has  not  poisoned  stock  by  scat- 
terin"  it  outside  about  the  holes.  Sheep 
or  ho"s  would  certainly  be  in  danger  to 
run  where  phosphorus  was  thus  scattered, 
also  birds  and  ganio  are  likely  to  be 
poisoned.  We  once  saw,  m  Sidinas  A  al- 
ley dozens  of  hogs  lying  dead  from 
noi'son  bv  eating  the  dead  squirrels 
poisoned  with  phosphorus  The  squir- 
rels were  poisoned  in  an  adjoining  heltl, 
and  went  for  water  into  the  enclosure 
where  the  hogs  were  running.  ^\  e  thiul; 
a  word  of  caution  here  necessary,  and 
would  advise  throwing  the  poisoned 
r-rain  into  the  holes,  out  of  the  reach  of 
other  animals,  birds  and  game.— Editob 
jVoricultcuist.] 


competition  on  lands  where  water  has  to 
be  supplied  by  power,  with  much  profit, 
is  out  of  the  question.  The  average 
depth  of  good  flowing  wells  is  about 
201)  feet,  although  the  range  is  from  60 
to  over  500  foet.  The  general  charge 
for  boring  is — 

.First  one  hundred  feet 40  Cents  rer  foot 

Becoml"        "  •■   "5       

TUird 90        "      ' 

And  so  on  in  hke  proportion.  The  cost 
of  seven-inch- the  usual  size— is  seven- 
ty .five  cents  per  running  foot  (double). 
This  would  make  a  200-foot  well  cost 
$310  complete.  A  500-foot  wtdl  costs 
$1,500,  or  more  if  the  pipe  has  to  be  re- 
newed. These  figures  wo  take  from  Mr. 
Geo.  Byrou,  of  Alviso,  who  has  just 
completed  a  200-foot  well,  which  will 
supply  u  large  plantation  of  strawberries. 
j  The  artesian  region  is  thu  strawberry 
I  field  of  California.  Several  large,  new 
!  plantations  are  being  set  out  this  season. 
The  finest  berries  in  the  State  are  grown 
in  our  valley. 


Cheap  Storage  of  Tools. 

.\   few   years   ago,    in   company  with 
several  brother   farmers,  I  visi^d  one  of 
our  State  premium  farms,  located  in  this 
(Knox)    county.    111.     Among  the  many 
things  worthy  of  commendation,  was  his 
cheap   and   simple   store-room    for  farm 
implements,  which  stood  a  few  rods  from 
the  barn,  away  by  itself  in  the  corner  of 
a  grove  of  young  growing  timber.     Posts 
were  set  in  the  ground  on  the  back  sidt 
some   five  or  six  feet  high.     The  front 
posts  were  some  two  feet  higher,  and  thi 
room  was  about  12  by  20  feet.     The  root 
boards  were  matched  and  battened;  thi 
side  boards  of  common  stiifl'.     The  floor 
was  made   of   loose    boards.     The   door 
was  8    feet   wide   and  i  feet  high,  hung 
with  heavy  strap  hinges  on  top,  all  safe 
against  snow,  rain  and  sun.     Here  were 
i  his  reaper,  mower,  roller,  wire-tooth  hay 
rake,     walking     two-horse     cultivators, 
I  (riding  cultivators  out  of  date),  harrows, 
plows,  and  room   for  a  .sled   and   cutter 
during  the  summer.     The  hen  roost  was 
in  another  building — none  were  allowed 
there  day  or  night.     Here,  nt  an  expense 
of  600   or  800   feet  of  coarse   lumber,  a 
few  pounAs  of  nails,  a  set  of  heavy  strap 
hinges,  and  one  day's  work  in  puttingui> 
the  building,  at  a  total  cost  of  about  $15, 
he   had   all   that  was  necessary  for  the 
object  desired.— C.   G.    T.,    in   Comilnj 
Gentlemen. 


ARTESIAN    WELLS 
RIES. 


STRAWBER- 


How  TO  Fit  Empty  Combs  into  Honey 
Boxes.— Take  the  combs  carefully  from 
the  frames  and  lay  them  on  a  folded 
cloth,  as  in  transferring;  cut  into  pieces 
a  little  larger  than  the  box,  slide  and 
crowd  them  carefully  into  it.  Put  m  the 
glass  and  set  the  box  over  a  strong 
colony  whose   hive  is   filled  with  honey. 


The  lands  Iving  between  San  Jose  and 
the  bay,  witiiiu  the  artesian  basin  are 
fast  being  converted  into  vegetable  and 
fruit  lands.  On  lands  where  water  has 
to  be  raised  by  wind,  horse  or  steam 
TOwer,  above  the  artesian  basin  the  cul- 
ture of  such  fruits  Hud  vegetables  a.s  re- 
quire a  good  deal  of  water,  has  yearly 
contracted.  An  abundant  supply  of  ar- 
tesian water  on  lower  lands  has  so 
cheapened  the  cost  of  production   that 


Benevolence  at  a  Discount. 

In  our  views  of  things,  whatever  baa 
a  directly  beneficial  influence  upon  the 
physical  healtli  of  people  should  not  be 
hedged  in  by  iron-bound  restrictions,  so 
that  they  who  would  trj-  to  adapt  it  can 
not  unless  they  submit  to  the  exactions 
of  the  monopolists.  When  we  meet 
with  a  paragraph  like  this  in  a  periodical 
of  general  circulation, — 

"  Patterns  are  not  for  sale  AU  these 
garments  are  fully  covered  by  patents, 
and  infringements  will  be  rigorously 
prosecuted  by  law." 

— with  the  fact  before  us  that  this  cast- 
iron  policy  relates  to  an  improved  meth- 
od of  dress  for  women  by  which  comfon; 
and  movement  are  promoted,  we  are  in- 
clined to  believe  that  the  persons  who 
'  maintain  such  a  policy  in  business 
would  bottle  up  the  atmosphere  if  they 
could,  and  institute  legal  proceedings 
against  all  found  uncorking  it  without 
having  previously  bought  the  privilege 
of  doing  so. 

Our  habits  of   thought  and  business 

may  be  all  wrong  in  the  matter,   but  we 

'  have  always  believed  that  in  things  of  so 

much  importance  as  the  preparation  of 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


foot!  aud  the  construction  of  clothing,  it 
was  a  principle  of  duty  and  benevolence 
to  give  as  wide  circulation  as  possible  to 
methods — new  or  old — which  will  tend 
to  promote  health.  We  supposed  that, 
ia  the  matter  of  "dress  reform,"  all  its 
advocates  were  philanthropically  in- 
clined, but  the  paragraph  above  shows 
how  easy  it  is  to  mistake,  and  that  some 
people,  who  have  a  "  good  thing, "  will 
obtain  a  government  privdego  for  its  ex- 
clusive sale.  Doubtless  "  there's  money 
in  it." 

Thus  justly  says  the  Phrenological 
Journal  and  Science  of  Beallh,  referring 
to  some  eastern  reform  under-garments. 
Now,  be  it  known  to  all  good  jjeople, 
that  the  C.  C.  C.  Company  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, have  beiler  .slylis  of  reform  under- 
clothing--the  invention  of  a  philan- 
thropic California  lady  well  known  to  the 
editor — and  they  offer  to  sell  patterns  to 
everybody.  They  also  manufacture  to 
order,  when  desired.  See  advertisement 
in  this  issue  of  the  AoKicnLTnnisT,  aud 
profit  by  it  and  be  happy.  Benevolence 
7iot  at  a  discount  in  this  case. — [Ed.  Ag. 


Imaginary  Sorrows  the  Cause 
of  "the  Blues." 

The  old  story  of  '■  The  Smoke  HouBe,"  is  thus 
put  into  rhyme  by  Mr.  H.  H-  Tdttle,  of  San 
Jose. 

An  old  lady  sat  at  tho  smoke  house  door, 

While  she  wept,  as  women  have  wept  before. 

Her  husband  came,  with  a  heavy  heart, 

Real  peace  and  comfori,  to  impart. 

Says  he  "my  darling,  dtjarest  wife. 

You've  beeu  my  comfort  ali  my  life. 

Lean  now  on  me,  your  troubles  tell; 

I'll  bring  relief  and  make  you  well." 

At  these  kind  words  she  i-aised  her  head 

And  heaved  a  sigh,  aud  thus  sue  said; 

"  Our  Sally  dear  is  sm;ill  you  know. 

But  large  in  time  is  sure  to  grow; 

And  married  then  she'll  likely  be. 

And  live  the  same  as  you  an;i  me. 

In  time  a  little  boy  will  grow, 

Mark  well  my  word,  it  will  be  so; 

And  full  of  auticr',  full  of  tricks, 

His  horse  he'll  play  with  whip  and  sticks. 

And  in  this  house  I  now  do  see 

The  little  fellow,  full  of  glee; 

That  ham  you  see  a  swiugiug  there. 

Suspended  now  in  open  air. 

Is  fjUing  on  his  little  head! — 

My  God!  dear  man,  the  rhild  Is  dead! 

And  into  grief  tho  woman  flew. 

As  tho'  the  thiug  were  real  and  true. 


The  Object  of  Manueino. — The  ob- 
ject of  manuring  is  to  keep  the  crops 
abundantly  supplied  in  available  forms 
with  all  the  kinds  of  food  they  require 
throughout  their  growth.  All  our  crops 
recpiiro  the  same  kinds  of  food,  although 
in  soiuewliat  different  proportions. 

Farmyard  manure  is,  and  apparently 
must  iilwaj's  be,  our  stable  manure.  It 
contains  all  the  elements  our  crops  re- 
quire, and  is  the  cheapest  form  in  ■which 
tho  whole  of  them  can  be  obtained. 

More  than  half  of  tho  weight  of  all 
plants  is  made  tip  of  elements  which  the 
phuits  get  from  water  and  from  tho  at- 
mosphere— the  loaves  being  imt  out  by 
the  plant  to  absorb  food  from  the  air 
just  as  the  rootlets  absorb  it  from  the 
soil. — \ortli  Britiah  AtjiiouUurist. 


Look  to  the  water  supply  for  your 
stock,  see  that  it  is  pure  and  plentiful, 
and  by  so  doing  kee|)  them  heidthy,  and 
they  will  reward  you  for  the  feed  which 
they  consume.  See  to  the  winter  quar- 
ters for  your  stock,  have  them  well  sup- 
jilicd  with  good  food,  and  so  keep  your 
stock  iu  good  condition.  Yoii  will  gain 
by  every  attention  you  can  pay  to  your 
stock  in  keeping  them  warm  aud  com- 
fortable. 


[For  the  AoiurULTUltlST.l 

DOTTINCS  AND   JOTTINGS. 

BY  ISAAC    KINLEY. 

'HESE  sermons  in  stone:  The  earth 
has  daguerreotyped  its  history  on 
the  rock,  full  of  instructive  lessons 
aj,  for  those  who  will  take  the  trouble 
y^  to  read. 

This  little  fossil,  not  so  large  as  a  wal- 
nut, is  a  petrified  organism  that  lived,  I 
dare  not  guess  how  many  ages  ago. 
Buried  in  its  rock-built  mausoleum,  tho 
depcsit  of  ancient  ocean,  it  has  lain 
under  these  Silurian  rocks  for  uncounted 
ages.  During  long,  long  years,  rolled 
over  it  the  waters  of  a  mighty  ocean. 
During  long,  long  ages,  strange  wild 
beasts,  such  as  live  not  now  on  tho 
e.arth,  roamed,  and  howded,  and  preyed 
on  one  another  in  a  primeval  forest. 
During  thousands  and  thousands  of 
years,  this  river  has  been  widening  aud 
deepening  its  channel  in  the  solid  rock. 
For  unknown  ages  a  race  of  men  whose 
very  traditions  have  been  lost,  lived  and 
loved  and  hunted  on  its  banks.  And  for 
an  unrecorded  time  the  red  Indian 
roamed  the  denizen  and  lord  of  this 
wilderness. 

A  new  race  of  men — a  new  civilization 
is  here.  Aud  is  it  not  strange,  almost 
to  bewilderment,  that  geologic  cycles, 
men,  nations,  whole  races,  pass  like  a 
figment  away  and  this  moilusk  endures'? 

And  I  can  look  upon  it,  handle  it,  nay, 
reason  about  it,  and  learn  from  it  the 
races  that  far  back  iu  the  dim  twilight  of 
time  peopled  this  primeval  ocean. 

At  creation  s  early  dawn,  when  matter 
first  assumed  organic  form,  this  little 
stone  was  a  living  being — a  type,  perhaps 
the  highest,  of  the  then  existing  life,  and 
a  prophecy  of  the  higher  developments 
during  the  millennial  ages  to  come. 


I  hear  of  human  reason  as  something 
in  contradistinction  aud  antagonistic  to 
the  divine.  The  power  to  distinguish 
the  relation  of  things,  to  perceive  truth, 
aud  to  deduce  cause  from  efl'cct  or  eft'ect 
from  cause,  is  indeed  a  human  power, 
the  crowning  one  Of  the  human  facul- 
ties. 

Whatever  be  the  nature  of  truth — 
call  it  human  or  divine — it  is  a  human 
faculty  which  perceives  and  comprehends 
it,  and  this  clamorous  denunciation  of 
human  reason  is  but  human  stultifica- 
tion. Whatever  you  know,  my  reader, 
whether  it  be  a  revelation  from  God,  or 
of  the  discoveries  of  science,  you  know 
through  your  powers  of  reason,  aud  you 
could  as  well  disparage  the  human  hand 
that  earns  your  bread  as  the  human  rea- 
son that  thinks  your  thoughts. 

Keason  is  the  sword  of  truth,  its  buck- 
ler, and  its  shield.  Distrust  it  not.  Put 
on  the  armor  and  meet  boldly  the  issue. 

In  the  commonwealth  of  reason  prop- 
erty is  secure,  and  action  free.  No  one 
can  say  of  the  deductions  of  reason  or 
thf>  precepts  of  truth,  "This  is  my  prop- 
erty to  the  exclusion  of  my  neighbor;" 
nor  to  the  free  mind,  "Thus  far  shalt 
thou  go  aud  no  farther."  God  has  given 
us  the  Viist  territory  of  truth.  We  have 
but  to  explore,  and  subdue,  and  it  is 
ours.  All  known  truth  is  jiroperty  in 
possession.  All  unknown,  but  know- 
able,  truth  is  property  in  abeyance.  The 
mind's  dominion  is  bounded  only  by  tho 
imi^ossible  and  the  inlinito. 

Save  ms  from  those  who  laioic.  When 
one  only  believes,    ho   is  likely  to  have  a 


reason  for  the  faith  that  is  in  him;  but 
if  he  knows,  his  assurance  cuts  ofi'  inves- 
tigation, though  his  assumptions  are 
■without  a  sustaining  fact  or  argument. 

But  there  are  those  who  will  believe  a 
positive  man  without  a  reason  rather 
than  a  modest  one  whose  reasons  are 
demonstrations.  The  dogmatist  has  fol- 
lowers, and  the  Mormon  prophet  builds 
up  a  church  while  the  philosopher  has 
only  here  and  there  a  listener. 

Nature  lives,  and  by  an  innate  energy 
is  ever  struggling  to  higher  life. 

Plants,  animals,  and  the  human  race 
itself,  grow;  not  only  as  individuals,  but 
develop  a.%  races. 

The  works  of  God  are  no  failure. 
During  the  infinity  of  geologic  cycles, 
from  the  birth  of  the  first  monad,  na- 
ture's motto  has  been,  "Higher  aud  still 
higher." 

Upward  and  upieard  is  nature's  law, 
and  the  history  of  her  march  is  written 
in  her  own  vernacular  on  the  rocks,  and 
aU  who  will  may  read. 

Pain,  physical  pain — struggle  as  one 
ma}',  long  years  of  bodily  suffering  will 
conquer  at  last,  and,  in  spite  of  him, 
groove  the  face  with  lines  of  agony. 

Philosophy  is   indeed   a   good    thing,  j 
and  dogged  endurance   even   better;  but 
both  must  succumb.     Aud  though  there 
be  not  a  whit  of  good   in   it,  one  groans 
through  his  very  resolution  to  endure. 

As  sledging  gives  muscle  to  the  black- 
smith's arm;  so  thinking  increases  the 
power  to  think.  He  who  masters  one 
subject  gains  thereby  in  mental  capacity 
and  is  the  more  able  to  grapple  with 
other  and  more  difficult  ones.  The  mind 
as  well  as  the  body  needs  its  gymnasium. 
All  the  faculties  clamor  for  exercise. 

Drink,  it  you  will — drink  deeply — 
drink  to  the  very  dregs  the  cup  of  bitter- 
ness. 

Is  it  sweet?  Is  there  joy  in  it?  Then 
fill  and  quaff  again;  aud  when  your 
breath  is  a  pollution,  and  you  have  be- 
come a  putrescence,  stinking  with  moral 
rottenness,  enjoy  whatsoever  there  is  of 
joy  in  the  reflection  that  all  this  abomin- 
ation  is  j'our  own  work — this  hell  on 
earth  your  own  creation. 


Those  persons  who  are  ever  suspecting 
Ouhers — who  ascribe  good  deeds  to  bad 
and  sinister  motives;  it  is  their  own  pe- 
culiar devil  that  in.spires.  Do  not  trust 
them;  they  will  deceive  you.  Do  not 
confide  in  them ;  they  will  betray  you. 


"  now.'ver  darkly  sin  may  twine 
Its  tlireiids  around  tlie  human  heart. 

The  impress  of  the  hand  divine 
Can  never  utterly  depart. 

And  though  the  taint  of  every  ill 
Hub  marred  the  spirit  with  its  blight. 

Some  leaves  are  pure  aud  stainless  still — 
On  these  at  times  the  angels  wrile." 

No  one  is  so  good  but  he  has  some 
alloy  of  badness.  No  one  is  so  bad  but 
he  has  a  tnvce  of  goodness.  \A'hat  is  bad 
in  another  is  like  unto  your  badness. 
What  is  good  in  another  is  like  unto 
your  goodness.  And  you  two  are  simili- 
tudes only  a  little  removed. 


The  foundation  of  our  political  edifice 
rests  on  the  solid  rock  of  political  truth 
— the  durable  granite  of  human  eciuality. 
If  wo  build  to  this  foundation  our  system 
will  secure  e(jual  aud  exact  justice  to  all, 
with  a  resulting  civilization  such  as  the 
earth  has  never  before  witnessed. 

The  battle  of  liberty  is  forever  being 
fought.  Selfish  aud  dishonorable  men 
there  will  always  be,  ready  to  carry  their 
j)urposes  of   personal  promotion  and  ag- 


grandizement at  the  cost  of  the  rights  of 
the  citizen.  Always  will  there  be  those 
who,  while  they  shout  freedom  to  the 
people,  will  seek  to  link  the  chains^  that 
bind  them. 

San  Jose,  December,  1876. 

FAMILIAR  TALKS— No.  I. 

BY    LtJIP. 
"TO    TOIIj    ANT)   TO    SPIN." 

Lookihg  over  a  Southern  paper  not 
long  since,  the  following  passage  arrested 
my  attention; 

"  There  are  among  us  now  young  peo- 
ple who  are  growing  up  in  that  saddest 
phase  of  life  for  the  young,  "  old  before 
their  time;"  who  have  to  bake  and 
brew,  to  toil  and  to  spin ;  across  whose 
fair  j'oung  brows  no  shadows  should 
have  come,  yet  their  daily  lives  are  har- 
rassed  by  carping  cares  and  petty  anxie- 
ties, whose  desires  are  thwarted,  whose 
hopes  are  baffled  and  aspirations  chilled. ' ' 

Why  should  those  who  have  to  bake, 
brew  and  spin,  grow  ■  old  before  their 
time?  Why  should  household  work 
throw  such  shadows  across  their  fair 
young  brows?  Why  should  such  work 
be  designated  as  "  carping  cares  "  and 
"petty  anxieties"  and  harrass  their  lives? 
Suppose  some  desires  are  thwarted,  and 
seme  hopes  b.afBed,  is  it  more  than 
Northern  girls  have  to  bear  with?  They 
do  not  become  "  mere  drudges  "  because 
they  can  not  have  everything  just  as  they 
wish.  Because  they  must  learn  to  "look 
well  to  the  ways  of  their  households," 
they  are  .  not  looked  upon  as  being  ill- 
treated  by  Fortune.  And  if  they  are 
girls  of  good  sense,  they  do  not  consider 
themselves  mistreated.  It  was  a  queer 
position  for  the  editor  of  an  agricultural 
paper  to  assume.  He,  and  those 
"daughters  of  the  South,"  perhaps, 
never  heard,  or  have  forgotten  that 
"labor  conquers  all  things,"  aud  the 
motto  so  often  seen — "  Labor  is  wor- 
ship." 

Surely,  in  most  cases  at  least,  the 
mere  fact  that  one  must  wait  on  herself, 
and  others  too,  perhaps,  and  learn  to  do 
with  little,  and  help  keep  the  home  neat 
and  tidy,  need  not  interfere  with  one's 
education.  True,  one  may  be  unable  to 
attend  school  constantly,  and  take  a  long 
collegiate  course  when  the  public  school 
studies  are  ended;  but  more  really  use- 
ful knowledge  is  to  be  gained  out  of 
school  than  some  may  imagine.  Many 
of  the  courses  of  study  pursued  in  the 
higher  schools  and  colleges  are  of  no 
real  benefit  to  those  iu  the  humble  walks 
of  life.  And  these  grow  more  in  quan- 
tiiq  every  year.  Dio  Lewis  thinks  a  re- 
turn to  the  public  schools  of  fifty  years 
ago  would  be  an  improvement.  Then 
the  child  studied  the  spellinR-book,  read- 
ar,  common  arithmetic,  and  the  writing- 
book,  thoroughly,  and  went  out  from 
the  school  with  a  constitution  sufficient- 
ly good  to  enable  him  or  her  to  work 
and  earn  a  respectable  living,  and  to  at- 
tend college  in  after  years,  or  to  gain  a 
good  education  during  leisure  hours. 
Some  of  the  brightest  stars  in  the  liter- 
ary world,  aud  some  of  the  smartest  men 
that  ever  lived  have  been  self-taught. 

But  there  are  two  ways  of  looking  at 
the  work  that  falls  to  women  generally : 
the  American  women  as  a  class,  I  mi  an, 
aud  those  especially  who  have  fariiui 
husbands.  One  is,  that  duty  in  itself  is 
a  pleasure,  and  brings  its  own  reward. 
Another  is  tho  idea  that  some  womni 
have  that  they  are  fitted  for  better  thin-ti 
than  to  be,  as  they  term  it,  more  house- 
hold drudges.  But  sometimes  the  good- 
man  is  more  to  blame  than  the  wife. 
He  in,  too  often,  apt  to  forget,  that  his 
wife  is  much  farther  out  of  tho  world  as 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


regards  society  than  he  is.  For  him 
there  is  the  trip  to  town  once  or  twice  a 
week  for  groceries  or  to  the  post  ofBce. 
And  then  there  is  lodge-night,  when  he 
is  enjoying  himself  with  his  friends,  she 
is  at  home,  it  may  be  entirely  alone. 
Then  there  is  such  a  difference  between 
their  works.  Every  stroke  the  farmer 
makes,  counts  one,  in  appearance  as 
well  as  det-d.  Every  day  sees  new  fur- 
rows turned,  more  grain  sowed  and 
springing  up  to  tell  of  work  that  he  has 
done.  And  so  with  everything  that  he 
has  to  do.  With  the  wife  it  is  different. 
Three  times  each  day  the  dishes  must  be 
taken  from  the  cupboard,  placed  upon 
the  table,  only  to  be  gathered  up,  washed 
and  put  away  again.  The  same  floors 
to  be  swept,  the  beds  to  be  made  each 
morning,  the  clothes  to  be  washed  and 
ironed  every  week,  and  patched  and 
darned.  It  makes  no  show  after  it  is  all 
done,  and  if  the  husband  grows  cureless 
it  is  doubly  hard;  and  it  is  not  to  be 
wondered  at  that  so  many  women  seem 
to  have  no  thought  for  anything  but 
their  housework.  That  "their  lives  are 
harrassed  by  carping  care  and  petty  anx- 
ieties," should  not  be;  and  it  is  in  the 
power  of  every  one  to  remedy  it.  But 
of  this,  I  will,  with  the  editor's  consent, 
speak  in  the  future. 


ALMOND    CULTURE. 

For  a  number  of  years,  almond  cul- 
ture was  regarded  as  a  veutuie  in  the 
whole  northern  portion  of  California, 
owing  to  the  prevalence  of  late  frosts, 
which  it  was  thought  must  blight  the 
blossoms  five  years  in  six  at  least.  The 
Almond  blooms  in  March  or  Aijril,  and 
the  frosts  at  that  season  are  frequently 
quite  heavy.  But  experience  has  proved 
that  it  is  the  exception— not  rule— when 
the  almond  crop  is  seriously  injured  by 
Spring  frosts. 

Extensive  orchards  of  almonds  have 
been  planted  in  this  valley  within  the 
last  five  years,  and  the  young  trees  are 
bearing  exceedingly  well. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  E.  L. 
Bradley,"  of  San  Jose,  wo  took  a  ride 
with  him  to  his  fine  young  almond  or- 
chard during  the  harvesting  of  his  first 
crop.  This  orchai'd  consists  of  2170 
trees',  covering  10%  acres  of  gravelly 
but  ricn  soil.  It  is  situated  near  the 
County  Infirmary;  was  planted  in  Janu- 
ary ISli.  The  trees  were  of  two  years 
growth  in  nursery  when  planted,  and 
are  consequently  now  five  years  old 
from  the  ground.  The  trees  are  planted 
pretty  closely— li  feet  apart.  They  will 
average  three  to  four  inches  iu  diameter, 
and  Ten  to  twelve  feet  in  hight,  with  a 
finely  proportioned  form  of  head.  Some 
of  the  trees  produced  three  to  five  lbs. 
of  nuts  each;  but  the  average  will  be 
about  one  pound  of  fine  nuts  to  the 
tree  this  vear.  This  is  a  really  good 
yield  for  the  age  of  the  trees.  There  is  ( 
not  a  finer  almond  orchard  of  its  age  in 
this  part  of  the  State,  and  we  doubt  if 
there  is  a  finer  one  in  the  world  than 
this  one  of  Mr.  Bradley's.  Mr.  Brad- 
ley's system  of  culture  has  been  to  keep 
the  surface  soil  clean  and  light  by  thor- 
ough cultivatiou.  He  runs  a  pftw  about 
four  inches  deep  among  them;  does  not 
irrigate  at  all,  but  preserves  the  moisture 
that  the  rains  supply  for  the  use  of  the 
trees  The  roots  run  deeply,  and  the 
growth  and  healthfulness  of  the  trees 
show  that  they  have  not  suffered  for  want 
of  moisture.  Another  idea:  Ble  has 
never  pruned  his  trees  at  all,  but  let 
Nature  do  her  own  forming  of  hmbs  and 
ballauciug  of  forms.  The  results  show 
the  wisdom  of  Mr.  B.,  and  of  Dame 
Nature,  for  the  trees  are  superior  to  any 


that  have  been  trained  under  the  relent- 
less knife.  There  are  a  few  limbs  that 
may  be  removed  with  benefit  to  the  tree, 
but  generally,  only  a  slight  shorteuing- 
in  of  some  leading  limbs  is  now  neces- 
sary. 

We  have  advocated  letting  young  trees, 
and  old  ones,  grow  without  much  pru- 
ning, and  Mr.  Bradley's  success  with 
his  almond  orchard  is  a  strong  argument 
in  favor  of  m/-pruniiig.  It  is  ci-rtaiu  to 
our  under.stauduig  that  more  tribes  are 
injured  than  benefitted  by  the  modern 
systems  of  pruning.  Had  we  a  youu;.; 
orchard,  our  prayer  would  be,  Spare  it 
from  the  professional  pruner! 

The  close  planting,  is  to  get  a  fair 
sized,  well  balanced,  rather  than  a  very 
large  tree.  The  object  is  to  get  as  full  a 
yield  from  the  acre  as  possible,  with  the 
least  cost.  Trees  growing  pretty  closely 
together  in  our  windy  chinate  seem  to 
thrive  best,  as  they  are  sheltered  by  each 
other  more  than  when  planted  at  a  great- 
er distance. 

Next  to  the  public  road  Mr.  B.  has 
planted  a  row  of  almond  trees  only  eight 
feet  apart  to  catch  tlie  dust  and  break 
the  wind  from  the  orchard.  This  he  has 
also  done  around  a  young  prune  orchard 
of  2,5.50  trees  set  last  winter. 

In  planting  Mr.  Bradley  had  holes  dug 
three  feet  across  and  as  deep,  and  tilled 
in  with  surface  soil  when  the  trees  were 
planted,  scattering  the  earth  taken  from 
the  holes  over  the  surface  between  the 
rows.  His  almond  trees  cost  him  30  cts. 
each,  setting  out  10  cts.  each.  The  land 
upon  which  the  trees  set  cost  $120.00  an 
acre,  although  it  is  worth  more  than  that 
now. 

Ten  and  one-half  acres  would  be 

Foilan.l $1.260  00 

Trees  ami  planting  .     868  OU 

$2,128.(10 
.      60O  00 


These  are  set  in  the  front  of  the  hole, 
covered  with  paper  and  earthed  over 
with  grains  of  wheat  scattered  about. 
Gophers  he  fights  with  traps.  Ho  re- 
joices that  there  is  a  law  compelling  oth- 
ers to  kill  their  squirrels. 


Call  tlie  cost  of  cultHro  $200  per  year 
T"tali'ost 


28  00 


$■ 

The  nuts  raised  this  year  will  pay 
more  than  the  cost  of  culture  for  a  year. 
The  trees  as  they  now  stand  will  pay 
as  an  investment  $10  to  the  tree— that  is, 
they  will  pay  for  the  next  titty  years  the 
iutt"rest  on  $20,000  and  the  priecipal  be- 
sides. This  on  less  than  $3,000  in- 
vested. 

A  KKTIEED  MINER. 

Jlr.  Bradley  is  not  orcharding  or  farm- 
ing for  a  living,  but  as  a  pastime.  He 
is  one  of  the  few  "fortunate  miners" 
who  accumulated  a  pile  at  the  expense  of 
his  physical  health,  by  hard  work  and 
exposure,  and  has  fin.dly  chosen  this 
garden  spot  of  the  world  for  a  residence 
and  home.  His  magnificent  mansion  in 
San  Jose,  erected  under  his  own  and 
wife's  direct  supervision,  shows  a  degree 
of  taste  and  good  judgment  in  making  a 
home,  as  well  as  the  liberal  character  of 
the  man.  Happily,  he  is  one  of  the  few 
not  p\ift'ed  up  by  riches,  nor  vanity  but 
sensible  and  every-day  in  thought,  senti- 
ment and  manner.  Would  that  there 
were  many  more  of  the  same  sort. 

We  noticed  that  his  place  was  well 
stocked  with  such  animals  as  he  needs, 
fine  Durham  cattle,  good  horses,  splen- 
did mules,  Berkshire  pigs,  etc.,  als,'  the 
best  farming  and  other  tools  needed 
about  a  farm.  His  barns  are  tilled  with 
hay,  his  straw  is  all  stacked  and  shel- 
tered, and  economy  worthy  of  being 
copied  is  shown  in  every  department  of 
his  farming. 

SQUIRRELS. 

Mr.  B.  has  had  to  contend  with  squir- 
rels bred  on  his  neighbors'  lauds.  They 
have  completely  girdled  and  killed  some 
of  his  almond  trees.  He  poisons  with 
strychnine  in  sweet  apples.  Also  catches 
with  traps— the  common  steel  rat  ti-aps. 


DIRECT    DEALING. 

FBOM    OUR    APIARY    CORRESPONDENT. 

Ed.  Agricui.turlst:-  -As  bees  are  quiet 
and  there-  s-em  little  to  say  iu  regard  to 
that  industry,  and  for  fear  that  that  lit- 
tle would   be    out   of  place  in  these  dry 
times,  I  take    another   theme,   and   talk 
of  that  portion  of  the  farming  commu- 
nity   who  style   themselves   Patrons,  or 
Grangers.     They  have  just   organized  a 
Pomona   Grange    in    this    county,   nnd 
though  we  know   that   but    few  Pomona 
Granges   in    this   State  have  met  the  ex- 
pectations   of    their   member.s,  we  have 
faith  to  believe   that  ours  at  least  will  be 
a  success,  meeting  a  want   long    felt  for 
concentrating  the  powers   of  the  organi- 
zation in  this  county  at  a  single  fulcrum 
and  enable  us  through  it  to  communicate 
our  needs  to  our   fellow   workers   in  the 
land,  and    arrange   for   the   exchange  of 
the  productions  of  one  part  of  the  State 
for  the  produce  of  another  without  pay- 
ing tribute  to  any  one  outside  of  the  or- 
ganization.    For  instance,  some  of  the 
upper   counties   are   engaged  largely  in 
fruit  production,  green  and  dried,  while 
we    produce   as   yet  but  a  small  propor- 
tion of  what  we  consume.     But  we   do 
produce  larye  QKaidilks  of  honey,  and  of  a 
much  finer  quality   than  from  any  other 
section.     Why  may  not  we,  through  the 
medium  of  the  Grange,  exchange  these 
commodities   much   to    the  advanUnje  of 
both  sectiom  ?    I  believe  we  could,  and  I 
trust   the   time   is   not  far  distant  when 
the  Granges  of  one   county,  or   section, 
will    make    their   wants   known   though 
some  proper  channel  of  communication, 
and  there  will  be  some  other  section  that 
can  fill  that  want  much  to  the  advantage 
of  both.    In  making  these  suggestions,  I 
do  not  claim  to   advance  a  new  idea,  but 
only   that  it  is   one  that   has  not  been 
acted  upon,  at  least  with  us.  Jcs. 

Bernardo,  Sau  Diego  Co.,  Dec.  17. 


Corn. 

Today  the  woods  are  trembliug  through   and 

thrc>u;!li 
With  shiviriug  foriuB,  that  flash  before  my  view, 
Then  iii-  It  in  t;reen  88  dawn  etars  melt  in  blue. 
The  have*;  that  wave  againet  my  cheek  carees 
Like   wnmeu'B  liaudb;  the  embraeiug  bouyhs 
txpretis 

A  Biibtlcty  of  mighty  tendemeBS. 
The  cop8t.do])lhB  liit.t  little  noiw-B  start. 
That  Bound  anon  like  l)t.atini;B  of  a  heart. 
Anon  like  talk  'twixt  \i\>*.  not  far  apait. 
The  be-  cb  dreams  balm,  as  a  dreamer  hums  a 

book: 
Thronith    that    vague    wafture,   expirations 

►trong 
Throb  irom  youug   hickories  breathing  deep 
and  long 
With  BtreBB  and  urgence  bold  of  priBoned  spring 
And  ecBtaBy  of  being. 
Now,  Binee  the  dew-ptabhed  road  of  morn  is 

dry. 
Forth  venture  odorB  of  more  quality 
And    heaveuUer    giving.     Like   Jove's  locks 
awry. 

Long  muBcadiues 
Rich. wreath   the    BpaciotiB    foreheads  of   great 

jiiuea 
And  breailte  ambrosial  paBi-ion  from  their  vines. 
I  pray  with  nioBBi-B.  feruB,  and  Uowi-rB  shy 
TtiHt  Iil'le  like  gentle  DuuB  from  human  eye 
Tm  lift  ud'tllng  perfumeB  to  the  Bky. 
I  hear  faiiit  bri'lal.BliihB  of  brown  and  green 
Dying  t<>  Bih-nt  htntB  of  kiBSea  kt.«.n, 
As  far  lights  fringe-  iiit-*a  plttiiBant  Bheen, 
I  Blart  at  fragmentary  whlBix-n*.  blown 
I-'roin  untb-rtaUsof  leafy  houIb  unknown, 
Vague  purpotB  sweet,  of  inarticulate  tone. 

—(Lanier. 


Fruit  Profits. — Five  acres  of  prunes 
eight  years  old,  yielded  a  net  profit  of 
$2,000;  two  acres  of  Bartlett  pears, 
twelve  vears  old,  shipped  East,  a  net 
profit  of  $1,300;  two  acres  of  prunes 
dried  and  packed,  a  net  profit  of  $900. 
Kt  the  prices  paid  for  strawberries 
last  year,  they  would  net  the  producer 
something  over  $300  per  acre;  blackber- 
ries about  $450  to  $500  per  acre;  pie 
plant,  which  is  extensively  grown  on  the 
garden  lands  adjacent  to  Sau  Jose  and 
Santa  Clara,  will  net  about  $200  per 
acre;  asparagus,  also  extensively  culti- 
vated for  the  San  Francisco  market, 
$200  per  acre;  grapes,  eight  years  old, 
from  $100  to  $300  per  acre;  currants 
and  raspberries,  of  which  the  S.anta 
Clara  Valley  produces  enormous  quanti- 
ties, $300.  The  cherry  crop  is  the  finest 
in  the  State.— San  Jose  Arijus. 


When  to  Paint  Your  House.  —  The 
TechuiitiKii'it,  n  good  authority,  states  that 
paint  ajjplied  to  the  exterior  of  buildings 
iu  autumn  or  winter  will  endure  twice  as 
long  us  when  applied  iu  early  summer  or 
in  hot  weather.  In  the  former  it  dries 
slowly  and  becomes  hard,  like  a  glazed 
surface,  not  easily  afifectcd  afterwards  by 
the  weather,  or  worn  off  by  the  beating 
of  storms.  But  iu  very  hot  weather  the 
oil  iu  the  paint  soaks  into  the  wood  at 
once,  as  in  a  sponge,  leaving  the  lead 
nearly  dry  and  ready  to  crumble  off. 
This  last  difficulty,  however,  might  in  a 
measure  be  guarded  against,  though  at 
an  increased  expense,  by  first  going  over 
the  surface  with  raw  oil.  Furthermore, 
by  painting  iu  cold  weather  yon  escape 
the  annoyance  of  small  tlies  which  in- 
variably collect  during  the  warm  season 
on  fresh  paint. 

POPITLATION  OF  THE    WoRtD. — But    (eW 

persons  have  anything  like  a  correct  idea 
of  the  number  of  people  iu  the  world,  ^ 
moving  around,  eating  hash,  ruuuing 
in  debt,  talking  about  their  neighbors, 
strugliug  for  life,  falling  in  love,  taking 
quinine,  having  tlieir  teeth  pulled,  guz- 
zling whisky,  chewing  gum,  wearing  out 
old  clothes,  trying  to  make  money.  In 
1870,  according  to  census  returns,  the 
total  population  of  the  world  was  as  fol- 
lows; 


The  bust  for  the  Greeley  memorial 
monument  was  cast  at  Wood's  foundry, 
Philadelphia.  It  is  of  bronze,  and  of 
a  size  proportionate  to  a  figure  of 
about  ten  and  a  half  feet.  The  pedestal 
and  base  is  made  of  Quincy  and  Maine 
granite,  bearing  a  has  relief  in  bronze, 
with  the  following  inscription:  "Horace 
Greeley,  born  February  3,  ISll;  died, 
November  2y,  1872,  The  founder  of  the 
New  York  Tribune."  The  entire  cost  was 
over  $5,000.  The  uuveihng  took  place 
last  mouth, 


Siberia,  Asia, 

China, 

Europe, 

.\frica, 

North  .America, 

South  .\merica, 


798,000,000 
447,000,000 
301,000,000 
203,000,000 
52,000,000 
26,000,000 


Profttaele  Crop. —  Frank  Kleckner 
reports  that  on  twenty  six  acres  he  pro- 
duced 800  sacks  of  beans  each  sack  aver- 
aging sixty-five  pounds.  This  yeald 
aggregates  one  ton  per  acre  and  the  class 
of  beatis  produced  are  quoted  at  '2'yi  cents 
per  lb.  This  brings  the  returns  iu  gross 
at  $50.00  per  acre.  The  laud  on  which 
this  crop  was  produced  cost  less  than  $25 
per  acre.  What  must  be  the  profit  to  this 
people  another  year  when  all  this  vast 
area  is  farmed  judiciously?  A  climate 
and  soil  that  will  produce  in  a  single 
year  double  the  fii-st  cost  of  farm  lands  is 
certainly  an  enviable  place  for  the  indus- 
trious husbandman.  The  beau  crop  here 
reported  was  not  the  product  of  the  best 
land  in  our  valley  by  any  means. — ioni- 
poc  Record. 


14 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


f  ogj?  mul  ©ivb. 


The  Seed. 

The  farmer  planted  a  seed, 
A  little,  dry,  black  seed; 

And  ofl'  he  went  to  other  work. 

For  the  farmer  was  never  known  to  shirk, 
And  cared  for  what  he  had  need. 

The  Di*,'Ut  came  with  its  dew, 
The  eoul  and  silent  dew; 

The  dawn  came  and  the  day. 

And  the  farmer  worked  away 
At  labors  not  a  few. 

Home  from  his  work  one  day. 

One  glowing  summer  day; 
His  children  showed  him  a  perfect  flower. 
It  had  burst  its  bloom  that  very  hour. 

How,  I  cannot  say. 

But  I  know  if  the  smallest  seed 

In  tho  soil  of  love  be  cast. 
Both  day  and  night  will  do  their  part. 
And  the  sower  who  works  with  a  trusting 
heart 

Will  find  the  flower  at  last. 


Xhe  Farm  and  the  City. 

An  old  farmhouse,  with  meadows  wide, 
And  sweet  with  clover  on  each  tide; 
A  bright-eyed  boy,  who  looks  from  out 
The  door  with  woodbine  wreathed  about. 
And  wishes  his  one  thought  all  day: 
"Oh!  if  I  could  but  fly  away 

From  this  dull  spot  the  world  to  see. 
How  happy,  happy,  happy. 
How  happj'  1  should  be!" 

Amid  the  city's  constant  din, 
A  man  who  round  the  world  has  been, 
Who  'mid  the  tumult  and  the  throng, 
Is  thinking,  thinking  all  day  long; 
"Oh!  could  I  only  trace  once  more 

The  field  path  to  the  farmhouse  door. 
The  old  green  meadow  could  I  see. 
How  happy,  happy,  happy. 
How  happy  should  I  be  I" 


Our  Baby. 

Do  you  see  our  baby, 
Sitting  in  his  chair? 

Many  funny  tricks 
He  plays  when  there. 

Darling  little  baby. 

Oh,  so  full  of  fun. 
Very  soon  we  hope 

That  he'll  begin  to  run. 

Now  sister  Eose  and  I 
Must  hold  each  tiny  hand. 

For  otir  darling  baby 
Cannot  safely  stand. 

OUR  CORNER. 


AUNT    POLLY  S    NEW    YEAK    OEEETINO. 

..ANIIABY,    the    first 
month,  the  usher  in  of 
another   New  Year,  is 
here!     It  always  brings 
a   Happy    New   Year's 
greeting.     How    fortu 
nate  it  is  that  the  holi- 
days come  in  luiJ-win- 
ter,  to  dispel  some   of 
the     gloom     that     the 
storms,  winds  and  frost 
of  Winter  always  shad- 
ow over  the  earth.      How  eheerful    the 
smiles  are  that  accompany  the  gifts,  and 
merry  words   so    freely  given  by  friends 
during  the  holidays.     Annt  Polly  wishes 
that  every  day  iu  the  year  was  a  holiday, 


so  that  only  smiles,  and  good  will,  and 
joyful  words  and  looks,  and  happy  faces, 
could  be  seen  at  any  time,  and  every- 
where! How  happy  we  should  all  be 
then.  Well,  let  us  who  belong  to  "  Our 
Corner"  have  a  holiday  all  this  new 
year.  We  can  make  "Our  Corner"  a 
happy  place  of  meeting  every  month, 
and  e.xchange  the  gifts  of  letters  and 
puzzles  and  joyful  words,  and  let  only 
the  sunshine  in  to  show  how  eheerful  we 
can  be.  Instead  of  letting  the  holidays 
end  with  "A  Happy  New  Year,"  let's 
commence  a  year  of  holidays! 

Aunt  Polly  has  lots  of  presents  for  all 
of  you,  and  means  to  give  them  to  all 
who  write  good  letters,  make  good  puz- 
zles, and  find  out  the  good  puzzles. 
Won't  we  be  jolly!  So  come  on  now, 
every  child  that  wants  to  be  a  cousin, 
and  see  if  your  Aunt  Polly  is  not  as 
goood  as  her  word.  Try  your  very  best 
to  write  nice  letters  for  OuK  Corneb,  and 
we  will  show  the  older  folks  that  we  can 
make  our  part  of  the  Agkicultueist  bet- 
ter than  all  the  rest  of  it   put  together. 

"Our  Corner"  goes  to  press  this  month 
before  many  letters  come  in.  The  Ed- 
itor thinks  it  rather  silly,  any  way,  to 
take  up  too  much  room  with  our  letters, 
but  then,  as  "old  fogy"  as  he  is,  he  has 
promised  Auut  Polly  a  liberal  amount  of 
space  for  the  present  year,  and  we  will 
fill  it,  too,  wont  we?  Now  send  a  bushel 
of  letters  for  next  month.  Here  are  the 
few  we  have  on  hand  now : 

THAT   BOY. 

I  saw  him  on  the  street  with  a  cigar 
in  his  mouth,  and  reeling  as  if  under 
the  influence  of  intoxicating  drinks. 
About  ten  years  of  age,  with  a  bright 
eye  and  good  features,  he  is  a  bright  lad 
with  very  good  capacities.  "What  an  or- 
nament to  society,  and  what  a  comfort 
to  his  parents  when  they  shall  begin  to 
travel  the  down-hill  grade  of  life — what 
possibilities  are  within  his  grasj)! 

His  father  and  mother  are  church-go- 
ing people  in  their  habits,  a  blessing  is 
asked  at  the  table,  and  they  partake  of 
communion  in  the  church  once  a  month. 
Of  additional  evidence  of  their  piety  I 
am  not  informed. 

The  conduct  of  their  son  would  pain 
them  very  deeply  if  they  knew  anything 
of  it;  but  they  are  in  blissful  ignorance 
of  his  movements  of  evenings.  They 
know  that  he  is  out,  but  they  never 
dream  of  haunts  of  dissipation,  of  dens 
of  infamy,  in  which  he  may  frequently 
be  found.  Though  he  is  yet  in  child- 
hood's tender  years,  he  is  old  in  ini- 
quity. Aye,  he  is  able  to  give  expres- 
sion to  language  that  should  burn  the 
cheek  of  innocence  to  a  blister.  At 
present  I  withhold  his  name  from  the 
public. 

Mrs.  L.  Wbight. 


A    GREEDY   FROG. 

Dear  Aunt  Polly; — Your  "Corner" 
in  the  December  number  is  indeed  splen- 
did— interesting  as  well  as  instructive  to 
us  older  ones.  My  neighbor,  Mrs.  Z, 
told  me  such  a  funny  frog  story  the  oth- 
er day  that  I  am  sure  your  neices  and 
nephews  would  all  like  to  have  a  laugh 
over  it  too.  So  I  will  tell  it  you,  though 
I  wish  they  might  have  heard  it  in  her 
own  language,  as  I  did.  Did  you  ever 
hear  that  holding  a  frog  in  the  hands 
when  one  has  the  chills  and  fever,  until 
the  chill  stops,  will  insure  a  cure?  Well, 
several  years  ago,  she  sent  one  of  her 
two  children  some  two  miles  in  the 
country  for  a  frog,  as  her  boy  was  sick 
with  chills.  The  child  brought  home 
five  little  frogs,  one  medium-sized  and 
one  big  bull-frog,  in  the  jiail.  She  set 
the  pail  on  the  shelf  in  the  kitchen  un- 
til the  chill  should  come  on  next  di\v. 
About  ton  at  night  there  was  heard  such 


a  jumping  and  thumping  among  the 
frogs  iu  the  pail!  She  went  to  see  what 
was  the  matter;  there  sat  Mr.  Bullfrog 
in  the  pail  alone  struggling  with  the 
medium-sized  frog  half  down  his  throat, 
trying  to  make  a  meal  olf  him.  She 
called  for  help,  and  while  one  held  Mr. 
Bullfrog  she  pulled  young  Mr.  Bullfrog 
out;  but  the  five  littlo  ones  were  gone 
too  far  down  to  recover  them!  Mr. 
Bullfrog  had  turned  cannibal,  and  eaten 
up  a  whole  family  at  one  meal.  This  is 
a  true  story.  What  effect  this  glutton 
had  upon  the  chills  next  day  we  did  not 
learn.  "Jewell." 

letter  from  natividad. 

Dear  Aunt  Polly; — Not  having  any- 
thing to  do,  I  thought  I  would  drop  you 
a  few  lines.  I  will  tell  you  how  two  of 
our  smart  young  men  went  out  hunting 
rabbits  and  little  birds  back  of  Nativi- 
dad one  day  lately  and  got  lost,  They 
hunted  all  day,  and  night  was  coming 
on,  and  it  was  getting  dark  and  foggy. 
It  got  so  dark  that  they  got  down  on 
their  knees  and  prayed  and  bawled  for- 
evermore,  and  shot  off  their  shotguns, 
and  hollered,  and  got  the  people  of  Na- 
tividad "skeart,"  and  Gen.  H.'s  cavalry 
started  after  them,  (it  must  have  been 
about  9  o'clock  at  night),  and  after  the 
cavalry  came  Capt.  J.  S.,  armed  with 
lanterns  and  cannons.  Gen.  H.  got  np 
in  the  hills  first  with  his  cavalry,  (as 
the  hills  are  only  half  a  mile  from  town.) 
Capt.  S.'s  First  Regiment  came  up  in 
the  rear,  and  the  whole  command  made 
a  halt  near  by  where  they  supposed  the 
hollowing  and  shouting  came  from,  (as 
the  sounds  were  in  a  deep  canyon.)  The 
smart  young  men  saw  the  lanterns  and 
hollowed  for  mercy — and  kept  on  shoot- 
ing. Gen.  H.  turned  his  cannon  loose 
and  shot  in  the  air,  and  then  they  stop- 
ped their  hollering  and  shooting.  Then 
Gen.  H.,  and  Commander  J.  P.  of  the 
same  cavalry,  went  up  to  them  and 
made  the  smart  young  men  surrender — 
took  them  prisoners  —brought  them  to 
Natividad,  and  sent  them  home  to  their 
respective  parients.  Gen.  II.  said  that 
he  found  C.  B.  with  his  hair  tangled  in 
the  brush,  and  his  companion  could  not 
loosen  him. 

I  send  my  love  to  all  the  cousins,  and 
also  to  Aunt  Polly.  I  wish  you  all  a 
Happy  New  Y'ear.  Aunt  Polly,  I  have 
got  a  pair  of  doves,  the  prettiest  little 
things  you  ever  saw. 

I  am  only  ten  years  old.  How  do 
you  like  my  writing?  One  of  my  friends 
says  she  is  going  to  write  to  you. 

Bettie. 

P.  S. — Here  is  one  verse  of  poetry 
that  a  little  boy  taught  me  to  say  to  my 
little  dog: 

I  had  a  little  dog. 

His  name  is  Nebudcauneezer; 
Vou'd  stick  a  feather  in  his  nose. 

And  he'd  be  sure  to  sneezer. 


Good  bye. 


B. 


Aunt  Polly  thanks  Betty  for  her  funny 
letter,  but  requests  her  to  be  sure  and 
not  make  personal  allusions  that  will 
hurt  any  one's  feelings.  It  is  easy  to 
cast  ridicule  upon  anyone.  But  there  is 
nothing  meaner  than  to  injure  others. 
We  trust  our  Betty  is  innocent  of  such 
iuteutious. 

ANOTHER    letter    FROM    NiTITIDAD. 

Dear  Acnt  Polly; — We  could  not  let 
this  day  pass  without  writing  you  a  few 
lines,  as  we  see  that  you  are  publishing 
letters  from  the  little  folks.  We  are  not 
very  smart,  as  you  may  think,  but  I 
guess  we  can  write  just  as  good  a  letter 
as  anybody.  We  ain't  got  much  news 
to  tell  you,  only  that  we  are  not  going 
to  have  a  Christmas  tree  here  in  Nativi- 
dad. The  folks  here  are  getting  too 
high-toned,  and   some  are  going  to  Sali- 


nas, Gonzales  and  Santa  Rita  to  enjoy 
the  Christmas  trees  and  trip  the  light 
fantastic  toe  (as  school  teachers  say), 
and,  for  our  part,  we  are  going  hunting 
goosos  to  eat  New  Years.  We  asked 
Uncle  George  to  come  and   eat   with  us, 

but  he  said  that  Miss asked  him  to 

go  and  dine  at  her  dinner  party.  She 
was  too  stingy  to  ask  us  to  go ;  but  we 
will  get  even — we  won't  ask  her  to  come 
to  our  dinner  [  arty  New  Years. 

OcK  &  Chub. 

OCR  POETRY. 

We  had  a  little  dog,  his  name  was  Clover, 
Fell  in  the  slop-pail,  and  died  all  over. 
We  had  a  little  pig,  his  name  was  Jim  Brown, 
Turned  a  double  somerset  and  broke  his  crown. 

Aunt  Polly  thanks  O.  and  C.  for  their 
spicy  letter,  but  has  had  to  cut  out  some 
of  it  as  a  little  too  rough.  Please  try  to 
be  funny  without  being  rude.  There  is 
plenty  of  room  for  jolity  in  this  world 
we  live  in  without  being  a  bit  uncouth. 
Aunt  Polly  enjoys  fun  and  frolic,  but  no 
real  good  person  can  admire  or  enjoy 
that  which  is  not  refined  in  principle. 

yetta's  poems. 
Here  are  two  more  of  Yetta's  first  po- 
ems. Remember,  Yetta  is  only  10  years 
old,  and  is  going  to  write  better  and  bet- 
ter till  she  can  make  a  nice  book  of  pfl- 
ems,  with  blue  cover  and  gold  edges. 

Mi'  NELLIE  IS  DEAD. 

My  darling,  my  little  Nellie, 
Has  just  been  laid  beneath  the  earth; 

When  again  I  visit  the  homestead. 
No  face  will  greet  me  by  the  hearth. 

When  little  playmates  together. 
We  often  played  upon  the  green, 

She  promised  me  when  older. 
To  be  my  pretty  little  queen. 

But  alas,  my  darling  Nellie, 
Will  never,  never  be  my  bride. 

And  when  my  time  for  death  comes, 
111  ask  to  be  laid  by  her  side. 

There  was  sorrow  in  the  household. 
When  my  jjoor  darling  Nellie  died. 

Her  father  and  mother  were  anxious 
For  her  to  live  to  be  my  bride. 

TO  MY  BaoTHEB  WHO  HAS  COME  BACK. 

Brother,  since  you  came  back. 

How  happy  we  all  feel. 
To  have  our  brother  beside  us 

When  in  prayer  we  kneel. 

Dear  brother,  how  sad  you  made  us. 
When  you  fled  from  your  parental  wing, 

I  know  you  sought  for  employment, 
And  to  merit  the  honor  of  a  king. 

But  many  years  must  elapse,  dear, 
Before  you  will  find  such  honor, 

But  while  you  are  young  be  content 
At  your  father's  store  on  the  corner. 

To  grow  up  good  and  honest 
Is  better  than  all  king's  wealth; 

I  hope  you'll  have  a  happy  life. 
And  with  it  childhood's  health. 


LETTER   FROM   SALINAS. 

Dear  Aunt  Polly: — This  is  the  second 
time  I  have  written  to  you.  The  last 
time  I  wrote  a  short  letter;  this  time  I 
will  try  to  do  better.  It  is  now  drawing 
near  Christmas.  My  little  sisters  and 
lirother  and  I  expect  to  have  a  good 
time.  I  hope  you  will  enjoy  Christmas 
and  have  a  good  time,  too.  Dear  Aunt 
Polly,  I  hope  you  are  getting  stronger 
now.  The  last  time  I  wrote  to  you,  you 
were  sick.  I  enjoy  to  sit  and  read  the 
"Cornfer, "  when  the  Aqriculturist 
comes.  I  am  going  to  send  fiO  cents  to 
get  the  chromo  called  "The  Refreshing 
Surprise."  Don't  forget  our  address, 
Salinas  City,  Monterey  Co.,  California. 
Aunt  Polly,  I  cannot  think  of  anything 
more  to  say  in  this  letter.  I  will  try  to 
do  better  next  time.  I  am  still  ten  yt'ai'S 
old.  I  hope  I  will  see  this  letter  printed 
iu  the  .\oRictiLTnEisT.  I  have  blotted 
this  letter  very  much,  but  I  guess  you 
can  read  it.  Please  excuse  the  blots. 
Mamma  has  lots  of  turkt>ys  and  I  guess 
wo  will  have   one   for    Christmas.       Mv 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


15 


I  father  is  waiting  for  the  rain  to  come,  as 
he  has  a  large  farm  to  cultivate.  I  was 
trying  to  make  out  some  of  the  puzzles, 
but  I  cannot.  I  remain,  as  ever,  your 
neice,  Annie  Williams. 

December,  1876. 

LETTER    FBOM    LIVERMOBE. 

Dear  Aunt  Polly: — I  am  not  much  of 
a  letter-writer,  but  I  do  like  to  make 
puzzles,  and  guess  them  too.  The  an- 
swer to  Fannie  Barkway's  enigma  is, 
"  The  Consolidated  Virginia;"  to  Yetta's, 
"You  are  Extremely  Handsome."  I 
would  suggest  that  she  change  the  first 
Y  to  U.  The  answer  to  the  square  puz- 
zle is,  "John  Underwood,  Audover, 
Massachusetts."  .  It  is  not  original — I 
have  seen  it  before.  I  send  an  enigma. 
Tom  Clark. 


P0ZZLES   NOT  ANSWERED. 

Chromos  have  been  sent  to  Tommy 
and  Mary  Clark,  for  puzzles  which  they 
sent  to  Aunt  Polly  which  none  of  our 
little  cousins  could  answer.  Any  others 
who  have  sent  puzzles  thathavenot  been 
answered,  or  who  are  entitled  to  chro- 
mos, should  send  for  them  at  once. 
Aunt  Polly  wants  every  one  of  the  cous- 
ins to  work  for  these  premiums,  and  to 
get  what  they  are  entitled  to. 


A  GREETING  FROM  THE  EDITOR. 

Dear  Children: — The  Editor  has  so 
many  pressing  cares  that  he  hopes  the 
children  will  excuse  him  if  he  doesn't 
write  much  for  their  department.  But 
as  Aunt  Polly  has  at  our  expense  got  a 
fine  picture  of  herself  engraved  for  this 
New  Y'ears  number,  and  bids  j'ou  all  such 
a  nice  "  Happy  New  Year,"  we  thought 
WE  would  get  our  artist  to  make  a  real 
nice  picture  of  ns — that  is,  we,  the  Ed- 
itor. We  think  the  artist  has  rather  flat- 
tered Aunt  Polly,  as  she  is  not  quite  so 
handsome  as  the  picture  makes  her,  but 
as  she  is  a  little  proud,  it's  all  right,  any 
way.  Now  as  we  have  to  be  gone  into 
the  country  for  a  few  days,  we  will  get 
our  printer  to  attend  to  i>utting  in  our 
picture,  which,  by  the  way,  is  not  fin- 
ished as  we  leave ;  but  as  our  artist  is 
first  class,  we  have  no  doubt  he  will  flat- 
ter ns,  as  well  as  Aunt  Polly.  So  now, 
hoping  you  will  be  pleased  ^^ith  our  pic- 
ture, and  wishing  you  A  HAPPY  NEW 
YEAE,  too,  good  bye  all. 

The  Editor. 


THE  printer  S   GREETING. 

Dear  Children:  — The  Printer  now 
has  a  word  to  ofi'er.  The  Editor  is  away 
and  his  artist  took  a  good  picture  of  him 
as  ho  was  going  out  of  the  office,  with 
his  umbrella  under  his  arm,  wondering 
what  in  the  world  would  become  of  us 
all  "  if  it  doesn't  rain  !"  Of  course  the 
picture  flatters  the  Editor,  who,  by  the 
way,  is  extremely  handsome  (?)  He 
scolded  Aunt  Polly  awfully  for  calling 
him  "old  fogy,"  and  wo  expect  fits  for 
daring  to  put  this  in  about  him.  If  we 
only  dared  we  would  say  more.  But 
here  is  the  Editor's  picture,  true  to  na- 
ture. 


One  Help  foe  Hard  Times. — To  in- 
crease the  product  of  one's  labor,  and 
make  the  best  use  of  what  is  obtained, 
will  be  helpful  these  hard  times,  Thc 
hints  and  suggestions  of  intelligent, 
practical  men  and  women,  who  devote 
themselves  to  studj*  and  observation, 
must  bo  of  utility.  We  do  our  readers 
a  favor  by  directing  their  attention  to 
the  Atnerican  Agricullurist,  which  is  now 
entering  upon  its  3Kth  year.  It  is  full 
of  information,  that  cannot  fail  to  be 
helpful  to  every  family,  and  to  every 
man,  whatever  his  calling.  Each  volume 
gives  from  600  to  700  fine  original  en- 
gravings, pleasing  and  instructive  to  all 
classes.  Its  house  plans  and  improve- 
ments, with  full  particulars  of  cost,  etc., 
its  fearless  exposure  of  humbugs  and 
quackery,  indeed  its  whole  make  up  and 
reliable  character,  render  it  worthy  of  a 
place  in  every  household.  The  publish- 
ers supply  it  at  the  low  cost  of  $1.60  a 
year,  post-paid,  or  four  copies  for  $.').40. 
Orange  Judd  Company,  publishers,  2V> 
Broadway,  New  Y'ork  City. 


W?*i>--rA'"^rp^-'cr  ,^;rv- 


f  To  Our  Subscribers,  | 


TO    TEACHERS. 

— p — 

We  have  made  arranf^ementa 

so  tliat  for  the  Biiiii  of  six  <i;nts.  In  cur- 
rucncy  or  potitafte  Mlainpn.  sent  with  ymir 
Postofflce  AddresH  in  full  t«>  the  umler- 
Higncd,  they  will  rtjtuni  by  mail,  P"«t  paid, 
a  vi'O'  neat.  li^ht  aud  Htmng 

BAMBOO    FOOT    RULE, 

.luKt  the  ht-Bt  thing  for  School.  Offlco  or 
Draughtemann  \wv  Thin  is  a  ttnc  nped- 
iiicii  of  .Tapauoau  manufacture,  well  worth 
25  Cfntfi  each.  One  dozen  will  l>e  jient  for 
only  60  cent*,  which  in  the  lowtwt  wholeflalo 
price  in  large  ^luantities.    A<Mreiw. 

CAL.  FINE  ART  PUB.  CO. 
Box  686  San  Francisco. 


The  Anndal  Register. — We  are  in  re- 
ceipt of  a  copy  of  the  Armual  Jle<jislpr  of 
Ilural  Afnirs  for  1H77,  published'  at  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.,  by  Luther  Tucker  &  Sou, 
and  mailed  to  any  address  for  30  cents. 
It  is  the  oldest  (and  only)  publication  of 
the  kind,  and  contains  150  pages  of  prac- 
tical matter,  interesting  to  every  resident 
in  the  country,  illustrated  with  no  less 
than  140  beautiful  engravings,  almost  all 
original.  We  notice  particularly  a  capi- 
tal article  on  "Practical  Yen''l»tioi." 
which  discusses  this  all  important  topic 
in  a  clear  and  at  the  same  time  scientific 
manner  giving  fully  illustrated  descrip- 
tions of  all  the  improved  systems. 

The  Country  Genlleman,  published  by 
the  same  firm,  is  one  of  the  best  agricul- 
tural papers  in  America. 


Stockton,  Dec.  9th,  1876. 
To  live  Cat.  Farmers'  Mutual  hisurance 
Co.,  S.  F. — Gentlemen:  Herewith  allow 
me  to  express  my  thanks  to  you  and 
your  company  for  the  promptness  you 
have  manifested  in  adjusting  my  loss  by 
fire,  which  occurred  on  the  morning  of 
Nov.  Uth,  1876,  and  the  payment  of  the 
same  in  full,  amounting  to  $6.50.00.  I 
shall  never  fail  to  recommend  your  com- 
pany to  the  farmers  of  California  desir- 
ing insurance,  as  being  a  fair  and  equit- 
able company  to  do  business  with.  Trust- 
ing that  your  company  may  continue  to 
prosper,  and  retain  the  confidence  of  the 
public  which  it  so  richly  merits,  I  remain, 
dear  sirs,  respectfully  yours, 

Wm.  Presbury. 


Best  Book  for  Everybody. — The  new 
illustrated  edition  of  Webster's  Diction- 
ary containing  three  thousand  engrav- 
ings, is  the  best  book  for  ereryliod;/  that 
the  press  has  produced  in  the  present 
century,  and  should  be  regarded  as  in- 
dispensable to  the  well  regulated  home, 
reading  room,  library  and  place  of  busi- 
ness.— Golden  Era. 


Keep  none  but  the  best  stock.  Poor 
stock  does  not  pay,  and  whatever  does 
not  pay,  makes  the  owner  poorer.  .\ 
poor  iuilk  cow  makes  a  poor  owner. 
Always  buy  the  best  cows,  sheep  and 
hogs  your  means  will  allow,  und  then 
give  good  feed  and  the  best  care,  and 
thns  avoid  becoming  poor  by  means  of 
poor  stock. 

.^ 

The  market  for  our  farm  products  is 
widening.  Since  last  July  .•Vmerican 
cattle  have  been  received  at  Glasgow  to 
the  number  of  from  1.50  to  250  head  per 
week.  Meat,  also  has  been  imported 
there  regularly,  the  average  quantity 
being  150  carcases  weekly. 


NO  LiBm  mmi  mmi 

The  Best  English  Dictionary. 


5>ce0^^e\\cc\v,^l 


Webster's 

Unabridged. 

■'Every  Farmkr  shtmld  give  his  son**  two  or  three 
B'tuare  rods  of  (rroun'l.  well  prepareil.  with  the  avails 
of  which  they  may  buy  it.  Kvery  Mki  Hanic  should 
put  a  receiving  box  in  some  conspicuouH  place  in  the 
house,  to  catch  the  stray  pennies  for  the  tike  purpoee 

Lay  it  upon  your  table  by  the  side  of  the  Bible  -  it 
IB  a  better  expounder  than  many  which  claim  to  be 
exprmnderB.  It  is  a  great  lalx^r-saver  it  has  saved 
us  time  enough  in  one  year's  uge  Uy  pay  for  itjielf;  and 
Ihat  must  be  good  property  which  will  clear  it'^elf 
<>n«  a  ytar  ■■     fMa-'^s.  LiH*  I'.'-at 

FOUR  PAGES  COLORED  PLATES. 

MEKlilAMS.    ri'lii.lsilKRS.-  SoM  ever>-whcro 


HERE,    BOYS! 


SAN   JOSE 

IITSTITUTE 

AND 

BUSINESS    COLLEGi:. 

A  Day  and  Boarding  School  for 
Both  Sezes. 

THE  THIRTIETH   SE.SSIOK   OF  THIS  IN- 
htltiitiuu  will  couinu'li*^'-  .lanusrj-  Stli.  1877. 

PROF.  A.  c.  iiAXirsoir, 

Late  of  AUburaa,  an  pxperiencwl  Teacher  and 
thorough  Scholar,  baa  lK'»«»iue  one  of  the  joint 
partnere  of  the  School— thue  reudkhug  it  practi- 
cally co-operative 

The  Course  of  Htudy  iHoxtensiveand  thorough, 
ini-luding  Ancient  and  M'Mlern  LannuaK'****.  HiKli- 
ermatheuiaticH.   Mu-ie.  Drawinc.  I'uiiitmg.  etc. 

THE  BUSINESS  COLLEGE 

Occupten  a  larce  and  conimfKlloua  room  fM*parat*j 
from  the  iMniu  InBtitute  biiiltliDgs,  and  jvfSM'h^icR 
all  the  nccepnary  convenience*  and  facilltlea  for 
luipartinK  iostnictlon. 

The  Gounie  of  Study  in  tbiB  DipartnK-nt  in- 
eludes  Book  Keeping  (Single  and  l>onbleKntry) . 
Commercial  Calmlati'-nK.  C'TrtRpondencf.  Pon- 
maoHhlp,  Actual  Prnctice  in  WhoU-Ksle  and  Iletail 
M'TcliantliHlng.  Jobbing.  C«miuisi>lon,  Banking, 
and  Telegraphy. 

Students  of  the  BufdneRR  College  have  the 
privilege  of  the  other  Department**  without  ad- 
ditional charge. 

Teachers,  desiring  to  prepare  for  examination, 
will  find  special  opportuniiicfl  at  the  InHtitule. 

Personii  vbose  early  education  baH  been  ne- 
glected, can  receive  private  Instruction. 

J>.   a.   STSFHENS, 

GENERAL  COMMISSION  MERCHANT 

.\li<l    I>enl4r    In    F«-.-<l, 

211  Davis  St..  corner  Commercial, 

SAX  FKANTISCO. 


DR.  C.  R,  SPAW, 

Resident  Dentist, 

Comer  of   Firrt   and 

Santa  Clara  strecti^. 

n  Mc(>augfa]in  k  Ry- 

Kind's  building, 

San  J*-**.  Cal. 


Sraetling  Td  Try  Fw!  igri:iiral  Ifflplsids 


Splendid  Premium  | 

To  tlio  lioy  v.h<>   will  Kvt  us 

4:0    New    Subscriptions  i 

TO    THE 

CALIFORNIA  AGEICULTUEIST 

AT  SI.BO   EACH. 

For  only  40  New  Sub^ribere.  which  you  c»n 
gf  t  iu  your  lUstricl  in  a  short  time,  wo  will  give 
the  Hall  Troadlo 

jifi  m  AND  mm  machine, 

PRICE,     S45. 


SEASON   OF   1876 


THE  FARMERS'  UNION 

.\T    SAX    .TOSE. 

^nd  Branch.  Stores 

.\re  now  deltios  all  the  most  superior  and  dotlrahle 
M- d  time  Imrlement*,  among  which  we  call  special 


RUPTURE 


r     Use    no    more  Metallr  Trnsaea  ! 

I  No  more  siifVering  from  Ir.m  Hoops  or 
c  8toel  SpriUKs!  Our  M.\GNETIC  ELAS-  • 
VTIC  TRI'SS  ie  worn  with  ea*;e  and  com-  :, 
.Tfort.  Sight  and  Day.  and  will,  and  h»e.  ■ 
fperf«imied  radical  cures  when  all  others  .*. 
,  have  failed.  Reader,  if  you  are  ruptured  ' 
1  try  one  of  our  Comfortable  Elastic  Ap-  < 
■jpliances.    Vou  will  never  regret  it.  ,:'J 

y     CE^  Examinations  Free.  .'^X 

/      MAGNETIC  ELASTIC  TRUSS  CO  ,       -JO 
609  Saciuuento  street,  S.  F.  ^'ap 


altcntinn  to 

T^e  Job  Oesrsb^ind  Single  Plows, 
The  Gorhn;  Sedsr  and  Drill, 
Jh  h  Du  Lao  Harrow, 
Tlio  Nash  Units  Separator, 
Tl:eCa}ioonS3od'Sowor,Etc, 

The  fK>RHAM  has  prored  to  be  the  Drill  heat 
adapte<l  to  California  Fanning;  la  juKt  the  tbinj;  that 
erery  gno.!  farmer  should  have. 

The  Fon  du  Lac  Harrow  Is  the  besU  mtv\e  of  Wis- 
consin o«k.  angular  steel  teeth,  free  couplings— needs 
only  to  be  seen  tn  be  appreciated. 

FOR  THE  BEST  SELECTED 

Faming  Implements  &  Supplies 

At  BED  ROCK  PRICES,  tra-le  at 

THE  FAHMEES'  UFIOIT. 


16 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


> 


\^< 


'AN  FRANCISCO, 


p.   O.   Box    OSfi. 

lySend  for  Catalogue. ,.S 


HOLSTEIITS  FOE  SALE ! 

Yearlings  and  calves  of  both  sexes,  bred  from  my 
imported  cows,  "Dowager,"  "Cr.  Princess "  and 
"Fraulein."  The  l>est  tlaily  yield  of  these  cows  is 
62^  lbs.,  76  Iba.  and  70  lbs.  of  milk,  respectively.  Best 
annual  yields:  Dowager,  12,68U  lbs  ;  Or,  Princess, 
14,027  lbs,  OEilRIT  S.   MILLER, 

ui)v2m  Peterlioro,  IVIadison  Co.,  N.  Y. 


SMITH  &  RYDER, 

Commercial      Bank      Eviilding, 

307  Fird  Slmi,  .S'«n  June,  Cal. 


/ 


^0"^' 


R.    G      ICIIIHY     c*;;    CO., 

TANNERS ! 


SANTA  CRUZ  OAK-TANNED  SOLE 
LEATHER. 

WHOLKSALE     DEALERS. 

Office  406  Sffarket  Street, 

^Ay    FRANOJSCO. 


My  Aninml  f'ahtlujjue  of  Vegetable  and  Flower 
Seed  fur  1877  will  be  ready  by  Januaiy,  and  sent 
FKKK  to  all  who  ain>Iy.  (Aifitomers  of  last  Reason 
need  not  write-  lur  it.  I  offer  one  of  the  largest  col- 
lections of  vegetable  soeil  over  Bent  out  by  any  seed 
house  in  Anuriai,  a  large  portion  ,of  which  were 
gi-own  on  my  six  set-d  fiiniis.  Printed  directions  for 
cultivation  on  every  prurkage.  All  .seed  sold  from  my 
establiKhmtnt  warranted  to  be  both  fresh  au<l  Irii.'  tn 
nanie;  ho  far,  that  slioidd  it  prove  otherwise  1  will 
retill  the  order  jjratiH.  As  tlie  original  introdncir  I'f 
the  Hnlibard  an<l  Marblehead  Kqnashes,  the  MiiMc 
hi.ail  <'iibbagt;».  and  a  score  of  otlicr  new  vegit:iM  s. 
[  invite  the  pJitmniige  of  all  who  arc  anxioiiH  tn  li.m 
tlmir  Beeil  fresh,  tiue,  and  of  the  very  best  strain. 
New  Vegetables  a  specialty, 

JAMEl^  J.  H    CRKdORY. 


Marblehead,  Mass. 


MORTON    HOUSE, 

(Formerly  ORLEiNS  HOTEL,) 

Post  st,  above  Kearny,  San  Francisco 

PKOPRIETOR, 

Forni'Tly  of    the  Biy  Treep,  Calnveran  County: 

Pacific  ConKress  SpriURB,  Santa  Clara 

County;  and  late  of  ViBulia. 


V  IC  K'S 

Illustrated  Priced  Catalogue. 

Fifty  pages  -300  Illustrations,  with  drsc  riiiliuns  tif 
thousands  of  the  best  Flowtrs  and  Vegetables  in  the 
world,  and  the  way  to  giow  them— all  tor  a  two  cent 
postage  stamp.  Printed  in  German  and  English. 
Vii'K'9  Floral  Gun>K,  (Quarterly.  25  cts.  a  year 
Viuk's  Flower  anp  ViciiKTAULK  tiAuuKN,  50 
cents  in  paper;  in  elegant  cloth  covers  :^1,00, 

Address.         JAMES  VICK,  Rochester.  N.  Y. 

FIFTY  HEAD 

OF  ITKK  IlKF.l) 

Ayrsh ires  for  Sale. 

■    Pedigrees  trace  directly  to  iuipoi-tation.     Heinl  lor 
Catalogue.  S.  M.  &  1>.  WELLS. 

WetliersUeld,  Conn. 


J.  C.  BLAND  ^  CO., 
Real    Estate    Agents 

— AND — 

GENESAL   AUCTIONEERS, 

312  Market  St.,  San  Jose, 

HATE  FOR  SALE.  IN  SANTA  CLARA  AND 
adjoining  Couutiee,  a  very  fine  list  of  Grain 
and  Stoeli  Farms,  improved  and  unimproved,  in 
in  tracts  fmm  10  acree  to  10.000,  which  they  offer 
upon  easy  terms  and  at  low  prices;  also,  a  large 
list  of  Business  and  Residence  property  in  Santa 
Clara  and  San  Jose.  We  append  a  partial  list. 
Having  resided  in  this  county  for  26  ^earK,  and 
bfing  thoroughly  posted  as  regards  Real  Estate 
Values,  we  respectfully  eolieit  all  in  search  of 
Homes,  Stook,  or  business  of  any  kind  to  give  u8 
a  call. 


10  Acres  near  the  town  of  Santa 
Clara,  with  fine  House  and  Ont-buildings,  good 
Orchard,  Ornamental  Trees,  etc.    Price,  $10,000. 


20  Acres  of  Uuiuiproved  Laud  in  the 
Willnws,  being  part  of  the  Lupton  Estate.    Price 

*:i,QUO. 


80  Acres,  under  fence,  till  in  ciiltiva- 
tion;  has  a  House  of  4  rooms.  Barn  and  stable- 
room  for  15  horses,  good  Well,  splendid  water. 
Also,  52  acres  adjoining,  with  Redwood  House, 
Barn,  etc.,  good  Well;  all  under  cultivation. 
Price,  $55  per  acre. 


2X  Acres  of  tine  laud,  3  miles  from 
San  Jose,  east  of  Coyote,  well  enclosed,  good 
Adobe  House,  Large  Barn,  etc.    Price,  $4,000. 


38  Acres  of  fine  laud,  2  miles  south 
of  San  Jose,  lying  betw(  en  the  Monterey  Road 
;md  the  Coyote  Creek.  The  soil  is  unsurpassed, 
:iud  the  lucation*beaTititul  Will  be  sold  as  a 
whole,  or  in  thn  e  subdivisions:  22  acres  front- 
iag  on  Coyote,  at  $225  per  acre;  8  acres  between 
tiic  two  residence  lots,  at  $J00  per  acre  ;  IG  acres 
including  the  fine  improvementB  for  $5,000. 


60  Acres  of  as  fine  land  as  can  be 
found  in  the  county,  with  fine  imijrovement. 
Will  sell  low  if  called  for  within  next  90  days; 
must  be  sold  in  that  time.  Situate  one  mile 
from  Lawrence  Station.  S.  P.  R.  R. 


18  Acres  fine  Vegetable  Land,  3  miles 
southeast  of  San  Jose,  on  east  side  of  Fully 
Road;  has  a  Dwelling  of  6  rooms  (two-story 
house):  Barn,  etc.;  Orchard  and  Vineyard  of  5 
acres;  Cows,  Wagons,  Farming  Implements,  etc. 
Price  of  whole,  $4,500. 


1,000  Acres  of  fine  Grain  and  Fruit 
Land,  located  near  Los  Catos:  will  be  sold  in 
trarts  tosuitat  from  40  to  lOOO  acres.  Terms 
easy;  prices  low:  must  be  sold  within  90  days. 


76  Acres  rolling  land  8  miles  west  of 
San  Jose,  adjoining  Reynolds'  farm  Small 
house  of  5  rooms;  nice  running  stream  of  water; 
well  fenced;  with  plenty  of  wood  on  the  prem- 
ises.   Prica,  $2,800. 


108  Acres  laud  on  San  Jose  and 
.S;nita  Cruz  road,  near  Los  (jatos,  5  mib  s  fmni 
San  Jost;  excellent  land,  and  will  produce  any- 
thing; improvements  consist  of  adwellingwhich 
rust  $2,000.  a  good  barn,  also  orchaad  and  vine- 
yard; good  well,  wind  mill  and  large  tank. 
Terms,  hi  cash;  balance  on  time.  Price,  $0.")  per 
acre. 


88  Acres  fine  laud  6  miles  west  of 
San  Jose,  near  Lawrence  Station;  well  improved. 
Price,  $100  per  acre,  on  reasonable  terms. 


290  Acres  5  miles  west  of  Oilroy; 
:iO  acres  vineyard;  10  acres  orchard,  all  kinds  of 
fruits;  3  living  streams  of  water;  all  under  fence; 
has  a  good  house,  ba  n  and  other  ont-buildings; 
wine  cellars.    Terms  easy.    Price,  $10,000. 


Stock  farm  of  2,000  acres,  enclosed 
with  brush  ftnce  and  natural  boundari-s,  locat- 
ed about  10  miles  e.Hst  of  the  IH-mile  house,  near 
Bennett's  stock  farm;  well  improved;  has  a  good 
dwelling,  barn, corrals, etc.;  HO  head  of  American 
cattle,  45  of  which  are  cows,  balance  one  and  two 
year  olds.    Terms  easy.    Price,  $3,000. 


42  31-100  Acres  land  on  the  road 
(iaudnlujir  Mines,  near  the  Los  (iatos  road,  ad- 
loiiiing    lands   of    F.    Richmond.     Terms  easy. 

rriee,  $;(.0i)0. 


242  Acres  fine  land,* near  Sau  Jose; 
will  boS(dd  nn  a  long  credit.  $(1.(KM)  cash:  bal- 
ance in  C.  ycaiH,  eciual  annual  payments,  with  in- 
terest at  10  per  cent  per  ann\un. 


200  Acres  of  excellent  fruit  and  berry 
land  near  Santa   Clara  dejjot.     Price   per  acre, 

$200. 


200  Acres  in  Alameda  county,  on 
west  side  of  county  road  leading  to  Oakland, 
about  one  mile  from  Warm  Springs,  near  Mis- 
sion San  Jose.  It  is  fine  black  loam  soil,  well 
fenced.  Has  a  good  house  and  barn,  etc.  Price, 
$00  per  acre;  one-fourth  cash;  balance  in  one.two 
and  three  years,  approved  paper  bearing  one  per 
cent,  interest. 


500  Acres  of  extra  fine  grain  lAud 
5  miles  southwest  of  Watsonville  and  IX  miles 
from  shipping  point,  will  yield  40  to  (iO  bushels 
per  acre.  Terms  to  suit  ptirchaeers.  Price,  $50 
per  acre. 


160  Acres  of  pre-emption  claim  35 
miles  southwest  of  Salinas  City.  10  miles  west  of 
railroad  terminus.  Small  house,  good  fence, 
out-houses,  etc.;  with  an  outside  range  of  800 
acres,  all  finely  watered.  This  is  one  of  the  fin- 
est hay  ranches  to  be  found  in  the  country. 
Price,  $1000;  or  will  exchange  for  San  Jose  pro- 
perty. 


160  Acres  of  fine  timbered  land  lo- 
cated just  on  the  line  between  Santa  Clara  and 
Santa  Cniz  ccnmties.  No  piece  of  proi>erty  <iu 
Santa  Cruz  mountains  to  excel  it.    Price,  $ii.Oi)0. 


120  Acres  fine  laud  adjoining  village 
of  Saratoga;  enclosed;  title  perfect  Price  per 
acre.  $')0.  Also,  a  farm  of  160  acres  IH  miles 
south  of  i^aratoga;  good  dwelling,  barn,  orchard 
and  vineyard.    Price,  $4000. 


81-Acre  farm  4  miles  northeast  of 
San  Jose;  is  a  choice  piece  of  land,  with  house 
18x24  feet,  small  barn,  etc.    Price,  $7,000. 


Auction  Sales  of  Stock,  Carriages.  Furniture, 
etc.,  in  front  of  Salesroom.  No.  '6V2  Market  St., 
every  SATURDAY,  at  10  a.  m. 

(tj*"  Special  attention  given  to  Auction  Sales 
in  any  portion  of  the  State,  at  short  notice 

J.  C.  BLAND  &  CO., 

Real  Estate  Agents  and  GenerMl  Auctioneers. 


C>  So 


enwise, 


(CARRIAGE     MAKER.        PIONISER 
J  Carriage  Shop. 

314  SECOND  STREET, 

Between    Santa     Clai  a     street    and    Fountain 

Alley,  San  Jose. 

A£;ent  for  Fish  Bro.  ^s  Wajg^ons. 


KLEIN,       Surgeon  Dentist- 


aAliI>EN    CITY 

COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE. 

MUSIC  HALL  BUILDING. 
CONA'OR  it  HENXING,  Proiirietors. 


BUSINESS 

T  U  A  I  N  1   N  G 

SCHOOL 


For  the  Youug  and  Middle- Aged  of  toth 
Se^cs. 

open  day  and  eveniiit'  thronh'hout  the  year. 
The  BUSINESS  COURSE  embraces  Penmanship, 
Business  Corres]iondence.  Commercial  Arithmetic, 
Cniniioflitiou  of  Business  Paper.  Commercial  Calcu- 
lations, Mercantile  Law,  JiooKK tailing  in  all  its 
(ornis,  ami  actual  practice  in  Wliolt-s:ile  jind  Retail 
Mrrch:indis;n^',  Jobbing,  Ctunuiicsion,  Real  Estate;, 
Insurance  and  Bankiuy.  The  student  buys,  sells, 
shii's,  consigns,  discounts,  xusures,  draws  checks, 
notes,  drafts,  bills  of  exchange,  and  goes  through 
the  enlirt- routine  of  niercjuitue  atfairs  Tliera  are 
nochissif^:  trjuh  stiuleut  receives  individual  uistruc- 
tion,  StiuUnt:;  m.iy  enter  on  any  secular  day  or  eve- 
ning in  tlic  year,  Saturdays  excepted, 

Thorough  limtrtictinik   ^fiven  in  Prae- 
tU-iil   ntitl  Oriianit'iital 


For  further  information  and  .sin'ciuieu  ><i  penniim- 
ship,  adtlress 

E.  P.  CONNOR, 

Salt  .loNf. 


California  Agriculturist  ar\d  Live  Stock  Journal 


Umm  NATIONAL  HOLD  SANK, 

....OF  .. 

SASr    JOSE. 

Paid  up  Capital  (goldcoiu) $.30U,000 

Authorized  Capital 81,  OOO,  000 

John  W.  Hinds.  President;  E.  C.  SinL'Ii.tary, 
^  ice-President;  W.  D.  Tisdale,  Cashier  and  Sec 
retary;  L.  G.  Xesmith,  Assistant  Cashier. 

Directors!— C.  Burrel,  Wm.  D.  Tisdale.  E. 
L.  Bradley,  C.  G.Harrison,  E.  C.  Siugletary,  Wni. 
I..  Tisdale,  John  Vi.  Hinds,  W.  H.  Wing,  T.  B 
Edwards. 

Correspondents:-  .\nglo-Californian  Bank 
llimitedl,  San  Francisco;  First  National  Gold 
Bank,  S.  F.;  First  National  Bank,  New  York; 
Auglo-Calilornian  Bank  (limited)  London. 

■\TriLL  ALLOW  INTEREST  ON  DEPOSITS, 
t  »  buy  and  sell  Exchange,  make  collections, 
loan  money,  and  transact  a  General  Banking 
Business.  Special  inducements  offered  to  mer- 
chants, mechanics,  and  all  classes  for  commer- 
cial  accounts. 

S.  W.  Cor.  First  and  Santa  Clara  Sts., 

SAir  JOSE. 


SA.^  JOSE 
SAVINGS  BANK, 

286  Sayita  Clara  Street. 


EEEEEESS'    DIRECTORY. 


CAPITAL  STOCK 

Paid  in  Capital  (Gold  Coiu) 


S6U0. 000 

$:too,ouo 


Officers :—Piesi(leut,  John  H.  Moore;  Vice- 
President,  Cary  Peebles;  Casliier,  H.  H.  Reynolds ; 
H.  L.  Cutter,  Secretaty. 

Directors:— John  H.Moore,  Dr.  li.Biyant,  S. 
A.  Bishop.  Dr.  W.  H.  Stone,  Gary  Peebles,  S.  A. 
Clark,  H.  Messing. 

NEW   FEATVKE: 

This  Bank  iesiies  "  Deposit  Keceipts."  bearing 
intereetat  tJ,  8aud  10  percent  per  auuiim;  iutci'- 
est  payable  promptly  at  the  end  of  eix  months 
from  date  of  deposit.  The  "Receipt"  maybe 
transferred  by  indorsement  and  the  principle 
with  interest  paid  to  holder.  Interest  also  al- 
lowed on  Book  Accounts,  beginning  at  date  of 
deposit.  Our  vaults  are  large  and  strong  as  any 
in  the  State,  aud  specially  adapted  for  the  safe 
keeping  of  Bonds.  Stocks,  Papers.  Jewelry, 
Silverware,  Cash  Boxes,  etc.,  at  trifling  cost. 
Draw  Exchange  on  Sau  Francisco  and  New  York, 
in  Gold  or  Currency,  at  reasonable  rates.  Buy 
and  Bell  Legal  Tender  Notes  and  transact  a  Gen- 
eral Banking  BuBiuess, 


FARMERS'     UNION. 

(Successors  to  A.  Phister  &  Co.) 
Cor.     Second    and    Santa    Clara    Sts. 

SAN   JOSE. 


CAPITAL 


WILLIAM  ERKSON 
H.  E.  HILLS 


SI  00,000. 


President 
Manager. 


DIRECTORS J 

\Vm.  Erkson.  J.  P.  Dudley. 

L.  F.  Chipman,  David  Campbell. 

Horace  Little,  -James  Singleton, 

C.  T.  Settle,  E.  A.  Braley, 

Thomas  E.  Suell. 

1^"  Will  do  a  General  Mercantile  Business. 
Also,  receive  deposits,  on  which  such  interest 
Vfill  be  allowed  as  may  be  agreed  upon,  and 
make  loans  on  approved  security. 


Just  What  You  Want  for  Your- 
self and  Children. 

DON'T  FAIL  to  SEND  FOR  a  PAim 


Parties  desiring?  tt^i  purchaBO  Live  Stock  will 
And  in  this  Directory  the  names  of  some  of  the 
most  reliable  Breeders. 

Our  Rates.— Cards  of  two  lines  or  less  will  be 
inserted  in  this  Directory  at  the  rate  of  50 
cents  per  montb,  payable  annually. 

A  line  will  average  about  seven  words.  Count 
I  five  words  for  the  lirst  line. 


CATTLE. 


Comfortable  Combination 

Clothing. 


SB.  EMERSON,  Mountain  View.  Santa 
•  Clara  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Sbort-Hom 
and  HoIsteiD  Cattle  aud  Cotswold  Hheep. 

C1HARKES  CI..ARK,  Milpitos,  Santa  Clar& 
Coimty.  Cal.— liree<ltT  of  Sh<irt-H« 


and  Swine. 


lorn  CattlL- 


''pHESE  SUITS  ARE  CALCULATED  FOR 
X  Healthfulness,  Comfort  and  Convenience, 
and  will  lit  the  most  fistidious  peraou.  Expla- 
nations accompany  each  Pattern.  Patterns  of 
fi>nr  difftrent  styles  of  Suits  are  now  supplied, 
viz.: 

IVew  Price  Iiist: 

1 — Cal.  Combination  Suit,  tor  tlannel. . .  .55  cts. 

;3— Combination  Suit,  Muslin . .  65    '* 

;{— Excelsior  Suit,  Muslin HO    " 

4— Bodice  with  Yoke 65    *' 

5— Yoke  Baud  for  Skirts 25    " 

THESE  STYLES  OF  I'NDERCLOTHING  FOR 

Ladies  have  been  found  by  all  who  have  used 
tbeni,  the  most  convenient  and  comfortable, 
as  well  as  economical  of  any  now  in  use.  Models 
were  exhibited  aud  attracted  much  commenda- 
tion at  the  late  Fair. 

Patterns  can  be  had  by  applying  to  9Irs . 
Herrinfif,  east  side  of  Ninth  street,  between  St. 
John  and  St.  James  streets,  S«n  Jose,  (where 
samples  can  be  seen.)  or  by  addrcKOiiis^ 

C.  C.  C.  Company, 

Box  C86  San  Francisco.  .    *  " 


(COLEMAN  YOVX6ER,    San  -Tosc,  itenta 
J  Clan  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle. 


c 


B.    POLHEMUS,  Sail  Jose,  Santa  Clara 

•  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Hr»m  Cat- 


CARR  <k  CHAPMAN,   Gabilan,  Monterey 
County,   Cal.— Breeders  of  Trotting  Horses, 


Short-Horn  Cattle  and  Swine. 


WL.  OVERHISER,  Stockton.  San  Joa- 
•  quin  County,  Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn 
Cattle  and  Swine. 


M 


OSES    WICK,    Oroville.  Butte  County 
Cal.— Breeder  of  Short-Horn  Cattle. 


SHEEP  AND  GOATS. 


B 


F.  WATKINS,  SantA  Clara,  Bneder 

I    of4tboroughbred  Spanish  Merino  Sheep. 


This  reform  underclothing  has  been  worn  by 
the  Editor's  wife  and  children  for  the  past  two 
seasons,  and  is  certwinly  superior  in  points  of 
comfort,  healthfulness.  and  economy  of  wear 
and  material  of  any  ever  invented.  They  are  the 
invention  of  a  California  lady  who  makes  every 
pattern  her-elf  and  writes  full  directions  upon 
each.  No  family  that  once  tries  these  styles  of 
clothing  will  ever  go  back  to  the  others. 


Choice !     Charmin.y ! !     Cheap ! ! ! 


CP,  BAILEV,  San  Jose  Cal.— Importer 
a  breeder,  and  dealer  in  Cashmere  or  An- 
gora Goats.  Fine  Pure-bred  and  Orade  Goats  for 
sale. 

MCCRACKEN  «b  LEWIS,  San  Jose,  Gal.— 
Importers  and  breeders  of  fine  Angora  Goats ; 

also,  flue  Cotswold  graded  bucks  for  sale. 

MRS.  ROBERT  BLACOW,  Center^lUe. 
near  Niles  Station,  Alameda  County,  Cal.— 
Pure-blooded  French  Merino  Rams  and  Ewee 
lor  Bale. 


SWINE, 


LW.TakrS.Co., 

No.  26  Montgomery  Street, 
SAN  FEANCISCO, 

Invite    the    ittleiiiioii    ut  th«'  pulilic    (o 

(licir    \fiv    jiiifl    Hfuiidful  C'liro- 

iiiiitU-  Pliolii^rupliM  ill  ('ol«»rN. 

.Als<»    to    fli<- 

Spherical  Photograph 

I    !•■  1,1.    I  I  >  tl,.  r,,    .f'lj,.   LTlli    1^7•.  1 

(irrnt  siicctks  in  liikiii?  PiclureKur  Chililrrii 

CBblneta,         -        SO  and  $7  pa-r  iloz. 
Ciirte«  €!<■  Vlnilm  9:1  and  84  p.-!-  ilui. 

IMPORTEKS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

Stoves, 
Pumps, 
Iron  Pipe, 
Ranges, 
Tinware, &c. 
Marbleized  Iron  Mantels, 

ENAMELED   GRATES, 

OS.  no.  112  and  114  Battj     street. 


L    Hi 

I'A  !'i;\L'Ki:. 

TurbineWindmilli 

—  I 

.Mills  Built  toOrdrinnd  | 
AVarranted  5  years. 

'XVlTitui-j-  for  aak  outside  of  V.wV 
ifornia. 
.^I'PERIOR  BR.\S.S  pr.MPS  Cheap  as  Iioli  ones. 

VIIMECARa  li.  .ui "'  f  I'.'.m  '  (  ".'le.-, 
W'iln-  <ir  Si.r-huiii  uitli-mt  iisin^'  ilniK>^  Xiliiif  I'apcr 
aii.ni.l.lrcss  K    1    SAi;):    S|.riii^.|iclil.  M;ls«. 

A.   O.  Hooker, 

DENTIST. 

Omce:— 359    Fii-st    Btrool.    over    lihoiles  A: 
Lfwis'  Drug  Store. 


!         THE  NURSERY.         i 

I  ' 

A  Magazine  lor  Yoimiicsl  Readers 

'  GtJPEItBLY   ILLUSTEATED. -PUBLISHED    JIOSTTELr.  ' 

SuBscitiPTiox  Prick  ^postnge  iucluded)  $1.G0  , 
iu  advance.  OS^^-cnd  10  (-tK.for  Sample  Number. 

'  Xoiv  is  (he  linif  to  Siiliscribe. 

TOHMT  I..  SHOREV, 

I  36  Eroomiield  Street,  Boston. 

rffTt-'AI..    -VolU'  I  l.ll   ni^T    siil.s,iiU^-ls    fiiii   Kct    it 

at  Club  r.lti-s,  ¥1.211  only      Ail.luss      Tiil.v    '':il   .\f- 
licultuiist.  Sau  Josf.   L'al  " 

The  Nurseryman's  Directory' 

\   KKFKKKXCE  liooK 

OF  THK 

Nursery  III*' II,  Florists    .Seeilsiiieii,    Tre«' 

Dealers   Hovtieiiltiiriil  Iinple- 

lueiit  Maikera,   ^c, 

<l  V     T  UK     r   N  I  T  K  T'     S  T  .A  T  K  S  . 

Volume  II  Ready  January  1,  1877. 

Advertisiiit;  vat*;s  h>\\  .-Vdiiicss  tlii'  Pul»lishfl>  fur  . 
space  and  price.s.  Tht:  bonk  is  iudispcnsaMe  for  i-vcry 
Ntirserj-niiui.  Florist,  or  Seedsimui  in  tlu-  Couutr> 
It  give.';  tlie  Name.  Post  office  and  Busint-ss  of  tln'x 
engaged  in  any  of  the  depart uient.-^  of  tlie  Nurserj 
Tr.tde.  alphal't'tiailly  arraiitr^-d  by  States  and  Post 
Otlicfs  making  the  IJook  of  easiest  refort-uce.  Prici 
vini>fipei<-..|.v  Address.  D.  W.  SCOTT  &  CO,, 
I'lit.lishers.  (ialena.  Illinois 

"THOSE  RIXKS.'* 

GiLKov.  (let.  25th.  1876. 
I      t'AL.  Fine  Art.  Pvb.  Co.~lJent,s:  Inclosed plea.se 
find  stamps  for  four  dozen  more  of  those  rules.  .Send 
at  your  enrlieat  convenience.    The  children  are  inipa-  j 
j  tient.    The  dozen  1  tirst  obtained  aiv  all   s<dd.  and  ' 
the  scholars  are  nuich  pleasetl.  I 

llespectfully  y(tui"s, 

AXNIK  TIIOMA.SSON.  Tea^lier. 


POULTRY. 


MRS.  U  J.  WATKINS,  Santo  Clain— 
Premium  Fowls.  White  and  Brown  Leg- 
horn. S.  S.  Hamburg.L.  Brahmas,  B.  B.Red  Qamo, 
Game  Bantams.    Also,  Eggs. 


rE.    MATTESOX,    Stockton,  Cal..  Im- 
j*     ]>orter.  Breeder  and  Shipper  of  Purebred 

•  auie  Fowls. 


MISCELLANEO  US. 


OPLENDID  CARD  PHOTOeR.\PHS, 

kl  oulv  S*i  a  dozou.  and  Cabiuets  94  a  dozen, 
at  HOWX.\ND'S  CTSllery  (Hetring's  old  stand) 
No.  3.'ii)  First  etroot,  Sau  Jose. 


WAL.L.ACE  •&  CO.,  No.  386  First 
street — Handsome  turnouts  always  on  hand 
at  fair  prices.  Fine  Hearse  for  Funet«l8.  Car- 
riages for  sale.    Give  ns  a  trial. 


sA\  yn  \Ni  is(  <». 


CHARLES  CLARK,  Milpitas,  SanU  Clara 
County,  Cal.— Breidcr  of    Pure- bred  Berk-  ' 
Bhirc  Swine. 


Buyers'Commission  Agency. 


W'f  have  addefl 


RETAIL  DEPARTMENT 

To  oiir  btiHtneiwi,  oiid  can  hereafter  attend  iu  all  or- 
ders. buKe 'Jr  «iuall,  «ith  |>rnm|itiiem  We  Ha^  nc- 
cure<l  the  Kcrriceft  of  n  Udy  of  exiwricnoe  Co  attcixl 
to 

SHOPPING, 

And  am  ^ituroiitee  haliKfaction  to  all  favoring  un 
with  their  <mlerH.  <  hir  cliarKiiH  will  Ite  5  in-r  cent  on 
all  retail  )iiirch»k.-?<  Nn  coniniiMiuii  attend(.-d  to  for 
less  than  2.1  oent*(.  ^mnhU  iiuitclie<l  Sampler  of 
piece  KO<Mbt  of  any  kind  M:ut  out,  Htatiiic  width  ->«■.( 
price**,  etc.    Trj-  iw.    Addretw, 

BrVERS-  rOMMISSION  \(iE\n, 


p.  O.  Bo»  ij:!.-. 


SAN  FR.VNCISCO. 


H.    S.    I..AMKIN, 

4  ■rTORNEY-.\T-I.AW— ROOMS    3  AND    *, 

xV  Stone's lluilding  (opposite  Auzerais  House), 
Santa  Clara  .'Street,  San  Jose. 


Reliably  Seeds. 

YELLOW  DANVERS  ONION, 
WHITE  BELGIAN  CARROT. 

Kresli  growth  of  ISTti;  >electe»l  and  forovni  with  extra  i 
caie.     WARKAXTKI)  TKIK  TO  NAME.         I 

M.,ilyt..  ll„- 

CAL.  AGRICULTURIST  PUB.  CO.. 

I  SAX    .TOSE. 

2£"  Packages  sent  by  mail  at  Wholesale  Kates  to 
9ub3cribenv  postage  imid.    ttni'Ui  ."^h-.!.    *1,.tO  |K'r  lb. 
I  Carrot  .'ieeil.  *]  00  iier  lli. 


•y  The  Nalional  Gold  Medal  wag  awarded  to 
Bradely  i  Bulofs.jn  for  the  b<«t  Photoipiphs  in 
the  United  States,  and  the  Vienna  medal  for  the 
best  in  the  world. 

429  Montgoiuerj- street,  San  Francisco. 


Meriefee  &  Gastoq 

DENTISTS, 

S.  W.I'or.Saiila  Ham  ami  UrsI  Sis 

ov.r  Farm.rs' National  «;..l.!  Itsnk, 
SAN  JOSE. 

t^  SiK-cial  attention  given  to  Fine 
Gold  Fillings.  Lan^^ltint;  fJas  Adniints. 
ter<il. 


SPECIAL    NOTICE    TO    SUBSCRIBERS. 


Mffe  propose  to  promptly  discontinue  sending  this  Journal  to  persons  whose  time  of  subscription  has  expired 
unless  subscriptions  are  renewed  or  we  are  specially  requested  by  subscribers  to  continue.  This  copy  is  the 
last  that  subscribers  in  arrears,  or  whose  payments  have  expired,  may  expect,  until  we  hear  from  them. 

|j^  A  blue  X  at  the  end  of  your  name  will  show  that  your  subscription  is  now  due.  Please  communi- 
cate at  once  your  desire  to  continue,  that  you  may  not  miss  any  numbers  of  the  New  Volume. 

Respectfully,  CAXi.    AG-B-ICUXiTV&IST   FT7B.    CO. 


THIRD  Street, 


BEAR  CREEK 
LUMBER  CO., 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 
^"^  ALL  KINDS  OF  LUMBER, 

Moody's  Mills,  Posts,  Shakes,  Shingles,  Etc 

SAN  JOSH.      California  and  Oregon  LumbeP, 

Constantly  on  hand. 

P.  o.  Box  509.   ^,1  o^tiers  Promptly  Filled 


V     M  .MII.I.IN. 


BORIITG  Si  McMILLIlT, 

Heal  Estate  Agents. 

OKFICK-  No,  324  Santa  Clara  Street. 

Kirk>8  Buildinjir*  SAIV  JOSE,   CAL. 

Farms  ami  Oity  Property  for  Sale,  Rent  or  Kxchauge, 
Loans  Negotiatt-.l  ami  Rents  Collected. 

S.  Ur.  BORXSre,  irotary  Fnblic. 


Graiu 


Dealer. 


J.  S.  CARTER, 

GRAIN    DEALER, 

»^r  First  Street. 
THE  HIGHEST  CASH   PRICE 

PAID  FOB 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Other  &rains. 


IsthclarKAst.  handsomest,  nnd  best  monthly  of  its  class 
in  the  world.  It  is  beautifnlly  illustrated  with  portraits 
of  premium  birds  and  noted  breeders,  and  has  a  large 
cnr^B  oi  jirartir.il  hrf^.i^rt  as  editors.  Only  $1.25  per 
year,  in  advance.  Volume  six  commences  Januar>',t877. 
Specimen  copies  13  cts.    Address 

WARD  A  DARRAH,  182  Clark  St..  Chicago,  111. 


SXKCOSXIVG  CHIMHrElTS  CXTRZID 

The  GOTHIC  VENTILM  and  CHIMNEV  TOP 

HAS  PROVED  A  COMPLETE 
Success  in  curiog  the  most  ob- 
atinate,  ehiggiBh  and  smoky  eliim- 
ueys.  It  stands  on  the  top  of  the 
chimney,  and  does  not  require  a 
smokestack  to  carry  it  above  the  sur- 
rounding buildings. 

It  is  the  only  Chimney  top  that  will 
work  satisfactorily  when  surrounded 
by  high  buildings.  For  ventilating 
Elevators,  Machine  Shops,  R.  R.  De- 
pots, Car  Shops,  etc.,  it  is  unrivaled. 

N.  B.— Send  inside  measurement  of   \ 
top  of  chimney  or  ventilating  shaft.    ' 

All  Chimnev  Tops    guaranteed  to    ; 
give  entire    satisfaction,  and  if  any 
should  fail  after  a  trial  of  two  months 
we  will  cheerfully  refund  the  money. 

r.    KiiEiir, 

aar  santa  clara  street, 

SAN  .JOSE. 


A  licautiful  Quarterly  Joimial.  finely  illustrated,  and  con 
tamnig  im  elegant  colored  Flower  Plate  with  the  first  nuni- 
lier.  Price  only  25  cents  for  the  year.  The  first  No.  for 
1877  jiLst  i.ssued  in  (German  and  English. 

VICKS  FLOWER  AND  VECIETABLE  GARDEN,  in 
paper  50  cents;  with  elegant  cloth  covers.  Sll.OO. 

VICK'S  (!ATAI.I)<arK-3l»  Illustrations,  only  2  cents. 
Ad.lres.5.  .JA.VIES  VICK.  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


HANNAY   BROS. 

EAST  SAN  JOSE 

Nurseries ! 

ESTABLISHED     1865. ) 

We  offer  this  Season  a  very 

Lar^e  and  Complete  Stock 


E.    J.    WILCOX, 

Wilco.xBlock,?io.19iPirstSt., 

SAnr  JOSE,   CA&. 

Oalifonna  and  Eastern  Made 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

A  Large  and  Superior  .Assortment. 

IVo.    394     First    Street, 

Wilrox  lilo.-k.  San  .Jose. 

OARDEN  CITV 

DRUG  STORE 

gcubchc 

H.  PIESSHECKEH, 

Proprietor, 

No.  320  Santa  Clara  St. 


Be  .    Ist   and    2d 
an    Jose. 


FRUIT    TREES 

OF   FINE   GKOWTH, 

Including  all  approved  kinds  .ind  varieties  ^    ■  ■ 

Of^Seiid  IVtrour  Price  List. or  call  ait<l 
examine  our  .Stock,  Prices  and  terms. 

We  liave  also  a  large  Stock  of  tile  leading  kinds  of 

OrnamenUl  and  Ever^rsen  Trees, 


C.  E.  CAMPBELL, 

Till   and  Stove    Store, 
No.  330  First  Street,  SAN  JOSE. 

STOVE8.    VUMPH,    WELL-PIPE    and 
j    House  Funiialiing  Wares  of  every  descrip- 
tion. 

JOHN   BALBACH, 

BLAGKSxMITH, 

Pioneer  Blackamith  and  Carriage  Shop. 
Balbacli^g  New   Brick,  cor.    Sec- 
ond St.  aiifl  Foantain  Alley, 
SAN    JOSE, 
Agfent  for   Fisb   Bro. 'a  Waggons. 

New  Work  and  repairing  of  Agricultural 
Implements,  etc. 

We8t*i4      Aiiterican     Tire-Setter, 


RHODES  &.  LEWIS, 

APOTHECARIES, 

\o.    :J.>.>  First   Street, 

SAN   JOSE 


Nonuan  Ranges, 

Good  News  Ranjje.^. 

Fanners'  Boilers. 

Iron  Pipe, 

Brass  Oood.s, 

HydrauUc  Rams.  Jitc 


Blacksmith. 


GET  YOUR 


Pictures  Fiamed 


mm  i  mmm 

319  Santa  Clara  St. 


y^A^cC-vY^    ^4.^"^*^^ 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


J.  ROCK'S 


IT 


I^ILriTAS   ROAD. 

Ci<y  I>e)iot   on    First    Street,    opposite 
Ne^v  Vork  Kxcliange. 

We  otYer  tliin  fieiisnii  a  full  mid  i-'omplete  t^tock  uf 

mil  and  mmmi  mil 

FLOWEKINO    SHRUBS, 

AUSTRALIAN  p;V'ERGREEiVS, 
ROSE*,    PALMS, 

FLOWKRING  BIXBS, 

AND    PLANTS. 
Ne^v    and    Rare   Fruits, 

Graftt>t1  Oranges  and  Lemons, 
Aiuerifun   and 

J;ipaii   Persimmons, 
Italian  I'ltestnuts, 
Medlars,    Loqiiats, 

Guavas,  Olives,  etc. 
Wiih  mauy  other  Ntw  and  Kare  TREES  antl 
PLANTS 

San  JuBe,  Cal,  JOHN  ROCK. 

KING'S  PATENT 


lloves. 


TEUEMAIT&WOODIIOW 


UNDERTAKERS, 

408  First  Street,        San  Jose. 

F>VERYTH1NG  IN  THE  LINE  FURNISHED 
J  prumptly,  and  on  the  MoKt  Ileayunable 
Terms.  We  are  also  prepared  to  furnish  two  of 
the  finest  HEAKSES  on  the  Coast,  incliuling  n 
Beautiful,  GLOSS  WHITE  CHILD'.S  HEARSE, 
Persons  in  need  of  anything  in  our  line  will  find 
it  to  their  interest  tu  call  on  us. 

TUREM.\N  <fc  WOODROW, 
408  First  street,  San  Jose,  Cal. 


thp:  angora 


I\.      J.      TRUMBULL, 

Grower,  Importer,  Wholesale  and 
Retail  Dealer  in 

VEGETABLE, 


FLOWER, 


FIELD, 


and  TREE 


BOILER  AND  ENGINE, 


Just  Keceived, 

A  Full  Carload  ! 

TO  MEET  THE  DEMAND. 


One  of  these  engiues  can  be  eeeu  at  work  at 
each  of  the  following  named  places: 

Wm.  a.  Januaby  &  Co.,  (Argue  Office)  First  gt. 

Wm.  Berkingee.  (Feed  Yard.)  Market  St. 

KovAL  Cottle  and  W.  W.  Cozzess,  each  ouo, 
in  the  WilluwB,  Sun  Jose. 

J.  D.  AnMSTKONti.  San  Luis  Obispo. 

Deadwood  Mining  Co.,  Furbstown. 

GtTiDE  Publishing  Company,  521  Clay  st.,S.F. 

Judge  Abcheh  aud  F.  T.  Holland,  of  San 
Juee.  have  ordered  one  each. 

Wnrei'ooius,  No.  23  Central  Market^ 
San  Jose. 

B..  E.  XtriXiBER, 

Sole  Af^ent  i'<»r  (lie  Paciiic  Coast. 


SAN    JOSE 

DRUG  STORE 

In  McLaughlin  &  Ryland's  Bank 
Building, 

309   FIRST    STREET, 

SAN  JOSE,  CAL. 

J.  A.    Chittenden. 


Qilham's  &reen  Ointment, 

For  all  cxttrual  diseasee  of  the  Horse,  has  no 
equal.  For  sale  by  Traders,  Druggists,  Harnesfr- 
makers,  and  Main  &  Winchester,    214  and 

21C  Battery  street,  San  Francisco. 

T.W.  Mitchell, 

Porter's   Block,    cor.    Santa 
Clara  and  Second  Sts, 

SAN    JOSE. 

SEEDSMAN  and  FLORIST 

And  Deiilnr  in  FlowerJng'Plants, 

Ornamental    SUrnbH,     Bulbs 

and  FloAveringr    Roots  In 

Variety. Hanging'  Bus- 

ketSf    Ortt^d  Grasses, 

French  Inkmortelles  of  Assorted 

Colors,   l-lItCj  Etc. 

09"  deeds.  Fresh  and  Reliable. 


aaE/^ 


Capital  Stock  $50,000 


C,  P,  BAILEY,  President. 
JACKSON  LEWIS,  Secretary. 
JOHN  W.  HINDS,  Treasurer. 


SEEDS. 


FLOWERING  BDLBS  and  PLANTS, 


SAN    JOSE 
ASEESTIAN  STONE  WOEKS 

THE  ASBESTIAN  IS  AN  ARTIFICIAL  STONE 
superior  to  any  other  for  Cemetery  Work, 
Building  Fronts,  aud  substantial  aud  fine  work 
generally.  Elegant  designs  can  be  moulded  so 
as  to  resemble  the  finest  Out  Stone.  It  is  war- 
ranted to  be  Stronger  aud  More  Durable  than 
Sandstone  or  Marble. 

IMCR.    J.   IV.    COIMEBS, 

(Late  of  the  Excelsior  Marble  Works)  has  en- 
gaged in  its  manufacture  in  San  Jose,  and  can 
be  found  in  the  same  building  occupied  by  Al- 
bert Lake's  Box  Factory,  near  the  C.  I.  R.  R. 
Depot.  B^"  Fine  Sculpture  Work  in  Marble  a 
Specialty.  J.  W.  COMBS. 


Get  the  best. 

Wetsler's  Unabridged  Diotkarj. 

10,000  Words  aud  Meauiugs  not  in  other  Diction- 
aries. 3000  Engravings ;  1840  pages  quarto.  Price 
$12.00. 

WEBSTER  now  is  gloriaus— it  leaves  noch- 
iug  to  be  desired. 

(Pres,  Raymond,  Vassar  College. 

Every  scholar  knows  the  value  of  the  work. 
(W.  H.  Prescott,  the  Historian. 

Believe  it  to  be  the  most  perfect  Dictionary  of 
the  language.  (Dr.  J.  G.  Holland. 


uperior  in  most  respects  to  any  other  known 
to  me.  (Geo.  P.  Marsh. 

Ihe  standard  authority  for  printing  in  this 
office.     (A.  H.Clapp,  Government  Printer. 

xcels  all  others  in  giving  and  defining  scien- 
tific terms.  {President  HitchcocL. 


s 


E 


Remarkable  compendium  of  human  knowl- 
edge.         (W.  S.  Clark,  Pres't  Ag.  College. 

"The  Best  Practical  Eniilish  Diutionaey 
EXT.A-NT.'"— (London  Quarterly  Review,  Oct.,  1873. 

A  New  Feature. 

To  the  3000  Illustratinns    Iu-n.-t<.tore   m   Websters 
Unabridged  we  have  reci'iitly  ihidnl  four  pages  of 
Ct^LORED  ILLCSTUATIONS, 

Engraved  expressly  for  the  work   at  large  expense. 
-ALSO 

^rational  Pictorial  Dictionary. 

1040  Pages  <_k-tavo.     WiO  Kngraviiigs      Price  i<5. 

a^The  National  Standard. 
PROOF. --'20  TO  1. 

The  sales  of  Webster's  Dictiiiiiarie«  throughout  the 
country  m  1873  were  20  times  a^i  large  as  the  sales  of 
any  other  Dictionaries.  In  proof,  we  will  send  to  any 
jieraoii  on  application,  the  statements  of  more  than 
100  Booksellers,  from  every  section  of  the  counti-y. 
Published  by  G.  &  C.  MERRIAM,  Springfleld,  Mass. 
Sold  by  all  Booksellei-H. 


SANTA  mk  mmi 

JACOB  EBERHARDT  -  ■  Prop'r. 

ALJ.  KINDS  OF  L.RATHER,    SHKEP- 
Bklu8    and  wooL    Highost   pric     va''l    tur 
Sheep  SkinB.  Tallow.  Wool,  etc. 


THIS  COMPANY  is  making  a  siiecialty  of  man- 
ufacturing all  styles  of 

GLOVES,  EGBES,  MATS,  RUGS, 
Lace-Leather  and. 

PEBBLE  GOAT  LEATHER, 

FROM 

Angora  Goat  Skir\s. 

They  claim  for  the  gloves  ' 

1st.    They  are  cheaper  than  buckskin  gloves.  1 

2d,     The  skins  are  tanned  with  the  gram  on,  and  | 

are  very  nearly  water-proof,  and  when,  from  long  es-  \ 

posure.  they  are  wet,  they  dry  out  perfectly  soft— as  i 

good  as  new.  j 

4th.    For  a  harvest  glove  they  have  no  equal- 

They    also    manufacture    all    varieties  of  bucksin  j 

Gloves  and  Mittens  as  good  as  the  best. 

The  Gloves.   Robes,   and  Lace-Leather  manufac-  ) 
tured  by  this  Company  have  taken   Fhst  Premiums  i 
in  1876  overall  competitors  at  the  Nevada  State  Fair, 
California  State  Fair,  and  Santa  Clara  Comity  Fair,  i 


FRUIT  and  ORNAMENTAL  TREES. 

GARDEN  HARDWARE.  ETC. 

On  hand,  a  Large  Stock  of 

BVRR    CLOVER    SEED, 

For  sowing  on  Worn-out  Pasture  Lands. 


Manufacturer's  Agent  for  the  Celebrated 

Central    Park     Lawn     Mower, 

WTiich  is  superior  to  any  other  on  the 
Pacific  Coast. 


*#*  My  Bulb  Catalogue  will  be  out  in  Septem- 
ber, and  sent  anywhere  on  application. 

R.  J.  TRUMBULL, 
419  aud  4:^1  Sansome  St.,  San  Francisco 


CAUTION. — Certam  unprincipled  parties  are  mau- 
ufacturiug  gloves  from  sheep-skins,  and  stamping  the 
same  "Goat  Skin  Gloves." 

^g"Look  for  our  trade  mark,  stamped  in  the  glove, 
before  purchasing.,gy 

For  sale  by  the  trade  generally. 


SFECXAL  FREIKEIUMS. 

For  4  New  Subscriptions— A  Good,  Second- 
hand Five-Keyed  Flute,  well  worth  $5. 

For6  New  Subscriptions— Darwin's  Variations 
in  Domestic  Plants  and  Animals.  New,  valua- 
able  work,  2  volumes.    Price  $6. 

CAL.    AamCULTUEIST    PUB.  CO. 


HUNTER'S    and    TRAPPER'S     Illub 
trated  Practical  Guide.— Gunning  and  rifle  | 
shooting;  making  and  using  traps,   snares  and  j 
nets;  baits  and  baiting  ;  preseniug,  stretching, 
dressing,  tanning  aud  dyeing  skins  aud  furs,  fish-  j 
ing.  &c.    With  fifty  engravings.      2U   cts.      Tax- 
idermist's Manual,  50.     Dog  Training,  25.    Hu-  ; 
mors  of  Ventriloquism,    15.      Improvement  of  \ 
Memory,  15.    Of  booksellers  or  by  mail.    JESSE 
HANEY  &  CO.,  119  Nassau  St.,  N.  Y. 


$     ONE    DOLLAR.     $ 

Spooner's  Gardening  Guide  for  1877,  | 

And  Spooner's  special  ccdlection,  1(0  varie- 
ties choice  Flower  Seeds,  or  5i5  varieties 
selected  Vegetable  Seeds,  mailed  to  any  ad- 
drees  on  receipt  uf  $1.00;  or  the  Guide  free  to 
applicants. 

WM.  H.  SPOONER,  Boston,  Mass. 

VICK'S 

Flower    and    Vegetable 

G  AI^D  E  N 

Is  the  most  Ijeautiful  m ork  of  tlie  kind  in  the  world. 
It  contains  uearly  150  pa^is,  hiuidreds  of  fine  ilhis- 
tratioiis,  aud  six  cbromo  plates  of  flowers.  l)eautifullj' 
dr;niii  and  colored  from  nature.  Price  50  cents  in 
piijin  covers;  -sl.OO  in  elegant  cloth.  Printed  m  Ger- 
toiin  and  Kiit^bsh. 
VICK'S  FLOK.'VL  GUIDE,  Quaitcrly  25  cents  a 

VICK'S  CATALOGUE— 300  illustrations,  only  2 

'^'^"  Address,        JAMES  VIOK,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

^rr  4-^  Ann  a  Week  to  Agents.  $10  Outfit  Free. 
JdOO  id  v//     ^-  ^-  VICKERY,  Augusta,  Maine. 


I  To    tHe   Memory   of 

mPERISHABLE! 

I  More  Beautiful  than  the  Finest  Mar- 
hie,  and  at  half  the  Cost! 

mmm,  heabsiones,  etc. 

Moulded  anil  cast  from  pure  New  Jersey  Zinc, 
equal  in  THICKNESS  and  DUR.\BIUTY  to 
BRONZE  STATUARY  -which  has  stood  for 
THOUSANDS  OF  YEAKS. 

Call  at  323  Santa  Clara  St.,  San  Jose,  and  ex- 
amine samples  of  work  and  book  of  designs,  or 
send  for  our  illustrated  circular. 

I,.  C.  ADAMS, 
Agent  for  Santa  Clara  and  Santa  Cruz  Co*b. 

Commercial  Bureau  of  California, 

ALLEN  RKECK  &  CO..   Mauaeei-s. 

CAMPBELL,  FOX  &  CAMPBELL.  Att  > 

Head  Office,  52S  California  Street, 
SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Collections  made  on  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
antl  Territories 

lbuea\i  Attorney  at  San  Jose,  Jas.  R.  Lowe,  Esq. 


i^"  For  70  subscriptions  to  the  Califor- 
nia Agriculturist,  at  $1.50  each,  the 
publishors  will  give  a  $70  New  Davis 
Serving  Machine.  Here  is  an  oi)portunIty 
for  some  energetic  lady  to  get  the  beet  Sewing 
Machine  for  a  little  time  well  employed.  The 
DAVIS  took  the  first  premium  at  the  Santa 
Clara  Valley  Agricultural  Society's  Exhibition 
last  Fall. 

Posters,  Dodgers, 
Handbills,  Books, 
Catalogues,  Clrcu- 
lai-8, Programmes, 
Bills  of  Fare,  luvitatitms,  Receipts.  Labels, 
Blanks,  Billhemls.  Statements,  Cards,  Tags,  eto., 
together  with  every  description  of  Job  Printing 
exectited  promptly  and  In  a  workmanlike  man- 
ner by  COTTLE  &  >\ltIGHT.No.  338  First  at. 


PRINTING. 


Agriculturist 


E*iirE 


i-oon^  jrciTLyiRwrAX* 


Vol.  8— No.  2, 


SAN  JOSE  AND  SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL,,  FEBROARY,  18]?, 


J  SoBBCuiiTioN  PmcE.  $1.60  a  TeiT. 
\  Siiiglv  Coplen,  15  OnU, 


®itw  fi>iudcuiuj). 


GARDENING  FOR  FEBRUARY. 


TA  VEGETABLE  GARDEN. 

(«! F  uot  already  done,  prepare  the  soil 
2|l  at  ouce  for  the  garden.  Stift'  soil 
ll[  should  be  covered  with  sand,  where 
sf  obtainable,  and  at  anj'  rate  should 
Kg  be  very  completely  pulverized  seve- 
ral inches  in  depth,  and  well  manured. 
Plant  peas,  onions,  beets,  carrots,  pars- 
nips, lettuce,  cress,  radish,  turnips,  etc., 
■where  they  are  to  grow,  also  potatoes, 
and  set  out  cabbage  and  cauliflower 
plants  if  you  have  or  can  get  them.  If 
not,  start  some  in  beds  at  once.  Also, 
start  tomatoes,  egg  plauts,  sweet  pota- 
toes and  peppers,  in  beds  or  boxes, 
where  they  can  be  well  sheltered  from 
frosts.  Delay  planting  corn  till  the  mid- 
dle of  March,  and  squashes,  beans  and 
cucumbers  and  melons  until  near  the 
first  of  May,  when  there  is  little  danger 
of  frost.  Then  tomatoes,  etc.,  can  be 
transplanted  with  safety. 

FLOWEK  GARDEN. 

If  not   already  attended   to,  plant  out 
your  flowering  bulbs,  such  as  lilies,  glad- 
iolus, amaryllis,  tuberoses,  dahlias,  peo- 
nies,  agapanthus,  etc.     Trim   back  your 
geraniums  for  a  new  start,  also  petunias, 
and   other   half-hardy    perennials.     Cut 
back  rose  bushes  at   once.       Divide    up 
the   sweet-williams,   pinks,    chrysanthe- 
mums,   violets,  .etc.,    and   give    enough 
room  to  spread  in  rich  soil.     This  is   an 
excellent  season  for  dividing  most  plants 
at  the  roots,  and  to  start  cuttings  in  sand 
in  a   moist   sheltered    place,  in  garden 
beds  or  in  boxes.     Plant  hardy  and  half- 
hardy  annuals  of  all    kinds.      We   refer 
you  to  catalogues,  which  can  be  had  for 
the  asking,    for  the   varieties  you  want. 
But  don't  forget  that  a  few  showy  vane- 
ties  are  better  than  too  many  kinds.    The 
alyssums,    asters,    balsam,   cockscombs, 
daturas,  amaranths,  nasturtiums,  phlox, 
portulacas,    salvias,    zinnias,    etc.,   etc., 
are  especially  fine  in  variety.     If  you  did 
not  plant  biennials   and   perennials  last 
fall,  plant    at    once,    and   they  will  give 
you  some  flowers  this   season;  if  a  little 
late  they  will   make   a  fine   show  when 
many  others    are   out   of  bloom,  if  they 
get  plenty  of  water  and  care. 

Make  war  against  weeds  of  all  kinds; 
hoe  or  pull  them  out.  Also,  look  out 
for  slugs  and  cut-worms,  and  other  in- 
sects. Don't  crowd  too  many  plants  to- 
gether. Where  too  thick,  thin  out. 
Group  together  for  color  and  effect,  but 
do  not  plant  tall  growing  plants  so  as  to 
hide  the  short  ones.  Do  not  give  very 
much  water  until  hot,  dry  weather,  but 
let  the  plants  grow  in  a  light,  dry,  warm 
soil,  during  spring  weather.  This  is  im- 
portant. 

THE  FKDIT  GARDEN. 


divided  at  the  roots  and  transplanted, 
when  desirable  to  increase  their  number 
Cut  scions  now  for  grafting,  pack  in 
sand  in  boxes,  keep  under  shelter,  and 
use  in  March  or  April.  Nurserymen 
rootgraft  young  trees  and  small  plants 
this  month,  and  until  May.  Scions 
saved  now  in  sand  will  keep  til!  June, 
as  will  cuttings  of  most  kinds. 

This  should  be  a  busy  month  in  the 
garden.  Overhaul  your  house  plants, 
re-pot  all  that  do  not  look  thrifty,  re- 
placing the  soil  with  fresh,  rich  loam. 
Start  hanging  baskets.  Chinese  prim- 
roses and  French  violets,  with  wild 
strawberries,  lobelias,  sedums,  madeira 
vines,  smilax,  ivys,  wandorering  Jew, 
stone  crock,  and  many  other  creeping 
plants  of  tine  foliage,  in  fact  almost  any 
good  plants  look  fine  in  hanging  baskets. 
Moss  and  ferns  should  be  used  also  when 
obtainable. 


ANGORAS  vs.  SHEEP  DURING  A 
DROUTH. 


Trim  your  blackberry,  raspberry,  cur- 
rant and  gooseberry  bushes,  if  not  al- 
ready attended  to.  Delay  pruning  grape 
vines  until  danger  of  frost  is  past.  Thin 
out  and  hoe  your  strawberries.  Grape 
and  other  cuttings  may  be  planted  this 
and  next  month,  and  all   small  fruits  be 


While  the  sheep  suffered  and  much 
loss  was  sustained  during  the  late  short 
season  of  drought,  the  Angoras  got  along 
as  well  as  ever,  and  were  fat,  with  plenty 
to  eat  upon  their  natural  ranges.  The 
reason  for  this  is  plain.  The  sheep  is  a 
grass  eating  animal,  and  the  grass  being 
annual,  gave  out.  The  Angora  is  a 
brousing  animal,  subsisting  largely  on 
herbaceous  shrubs.  It  can  live  indepen- 
dently of  grass,  while  a  sheep  would 
perish  upon  the  same  range. 

In  this  respect  it  is  more  nearly  re- 
lated to  the  deer  and  girafi'e.  Its  flesh 
also  resembles  the  deer's,  and  is  more 
like  venison  than  mutton.  There  is  a 
similar  difference  in  its  habits  from  the 
sheep,  as  the  camel  is  diflerent  from  the 
horse.  The  camel  is  a  shrub  eater,  the 
horse  a  grass  eater. 

There  is  an  immense  deal  of  feed  on 
this  coast  suitable  for  the  Angora.  The 
many  uses  to  which  the  beautiful  fleece, 
the  pelts  and  skins  can  bo  put,  are  con- 
stantly increasing,  and  the  price  of  the 
skins  and  pelts  are  advancing.  Lately 
the  Angora  Robe  and  Glove  Company, 
of  San  Jose,  have  added  whiplash  braid- 
ing to  their  industries,  and  they  are  now 
tanning  the  real  pebble  kid  for  gloves, 
etc.  The  fleece  of  pelts  make  the  best 
dusters  in  the  world— superior  to  feath- 
ers for  all  nice  furniture,  etc. 

The  Company  is  selling  all  the  gloves, 
robes,  etc.,  as  fast  as  they  can  make 
them. 

Auother  industry  is  now  inaugurated, 
and  will  in  future  be  pushed  right  along. 
This  is  the  cauning  of  .\ngora  venison. 
Ht-retofere  there  has  been  some  difliucul- 
ty  experienced  in  disposing  of  the  meat 
to  butchers  at  paying  rates.  Now  Mr. 
C.  P.  Bailey  has  demonstrated  that  the 
meat  can  be  put  up  in  cans  and  sold  at 
good  prices.  This  will  give  an  increased 
value  to  these  animals.  When  once 
popular,  the  Angora  venison  will  be  in 
great  demand.  We  have  eaten  of  the 
meat  at  m.any  a  meal,  and  must  say  that 
we  prefer  fre'sh  Angora  meat  to  mutton. 
There  is  no  healthier  meat,  or  sweeter, 
cooked  in  any  way. 


SHEEP    STRAW    STOCK  FARM- 
ING. 

During  the   late  winter  drought  many  , 
thousands  of  sheep  perished   from  bun-  | 
ger.     The  grass   upon   the   ntngee   pave 
out,  and  no  provision  had  been  made  to 
feed   them    with   either   hay    or    straw.  | 
There  is  annually  enough    straw  burned  j 
by  farmers,  to  get  rid  of  it,  to  winter  all  i 
the  sheep  in  the  htate    were   it  properly 
stacked  and  saved  for  that  purpose.     \ 
little  co-oporative  understanding  and  ar- 
rangement between  stock  men  and  grain 
farmers  would  benefit  both  parties.     Ev- 
ery good  grain  farmer   should   save   his 
straw.     Well  stacked  it  will   last  good  a 
dozen  years,  and   feed  his  own  or  some- 
body's stock    in    time    of    need.     Every 
owner  of  live    stock    upon   large  ranges 
should    make    arrangements  with    some 
convenient   grain  producer  to  have  the 
straw    saved    for   the  use  of   his   stock. 
Of  course  a  still    better  way  is  for  every 
farmer    to    diversity    his    farming   with 
grain,  hay,  stock,  etc.,  and  thus  econom- 
ically manage  his  affairs.     Only  the  best 
stock   pays    much    anyway,    and    where 
each   farmer  keeps  a   few  head   he   can 
have  the  best,  and  also  best  conduct  his 
farming  to  his  own  advantage. 


CHIPS  FROM  CORRESPONDENTS 

Mr.     Woodward,     of      the    Mountain 
House,  Contra  Costa   county,    has   per- 
fected a  model  of  a  machine  for  loading 
and    unloading    vessels   with    sacks    of 
grain  or   other  material,  coal,  lumber  or 
heavy    timbers.       The    work    is   accom- 
plished by  means  of  a  geared  belt  mov- 
ing upon  rollers.     The  power  may  be 
applied  at  either  end  of  the   belt,    or  at 
any   convenient  point,  and  the  machine 
can  be  readily  adjusted  to   convey  cargo 
to  or  from  the  deck  or  hold  of  a  ship  or 
barge   at   almost   any    angles   less   than 
perpendicular.     Your  correspondent  was 
favored  with  a  private    exhibition  of  its 
capacity  and   adaptability,  whereat  min- 
ture  sacks  of    wheat,  liliputian  sticks  of 
timber,  were  rapidly  conveyed   from  im- 
aginary barges  to  tlie  holds  of  imaginary 
ships  on  docks,  and  vice  versa.     The  in- 
ventor, who  was  formerly  captiiin  of  a 
bay  and    river    steamer    here,  claims  for 
his  method,  economy  of  time,  labor  and 
power,  over  any   otliers    now   employed 
for  taking  or   discharging   cargo    of  the 
kind  above  mentioned,  or  for  storiog  the 
same   in   elevated   places,    or   removing 
therefrom.     It  is  understood  that  cer- 
tain parties   have   become    interested  in 
Mr.  Woodward's  plan,  and  will  test  it. 

C. 

"If  some  ingenious  misanthrope 
should  set  about  devising  a  place  of  tor- 
ture far  a  fellow  being,  a  place  forlorn, 
where  not  a  blade  of  grass  nor  living, 
shrub  nor  green  thing  should  be.  where 
neglect,  decay  and  dry-rot  should  reign, 
and  solitude  and  desolation  combine  to 
crush  the  spirits,  strangle  hope  and  in- 
duce the  keenest  pangs  of  remorse,  a 
place  where  every  object  and  prospect 
would  call  to  mind  and  fearfully  magnify 
some  misdeed  or  folly   of  the  victim's 


past  life,  and  preclude  the  faintest  hope 
for  repi-ntance  or  forgiveness,  a  place 
where  his  meat  should  be  Pharoah's 
lean  kiue,  his  Mocha  bilge  water,  and 
his  consolation  the  weed  of  bitterness, 
so  that  he  might  hate  all  human  kind — 
bimaelf  most  of  all,  in  short,  a  place  of 
mental  anguish  and  soul's  torment; 
still,  in  the  writer's  opinion  the  misan- 
thrope's ingenuity  and  maliiniity  could 
not  contrive  anything  comparable  to  a 
Calforuia  second-rate  rural  hotel  in  a 
dtoughthy  season.  Mabtyb." 

'       "Martyr"  might  have   added:   Whir. 
charges  are  eiorbitant   in   proportion   i 
poorness  of  accommodations,  and  unl' 
the   visitor   will    treat    all    hands  to  vii.- 
whisky,    he  is  counted   no   gentleman,     i 
and  is  open  ts   insult   and  abuse.— [Ed. 

From  Bishop's  Creek,  Inyo  Co.,  a 
subscriber  writes;  "  We  have  a  fine  little 
valley  here  in  this  remote  corner  of  the 
country,  where  farming  is  principally 
conducted  by  main  strength  and  awk- 
wardness, and  we  have  the  best  market 
lor  everything  we  raise  that  I  know  of 
on  this  coast." 

The  Alden  fruit   drying  estoblishiui  at 
at  San  Lorenzo,  owned   by   u  couip»ny    . 
composed  of  Messrs.  Meek,  Crane,  Lew- 
elen,    and   others  of  that  vicinity,  was    '< 
uot  in  operation  last  season.     The  estab- 
lishment is  located   in  the  heart  of  a  fa-     ■ 
inous  fruit  region.     The   expense  o(  the 
Alden  process  of   curing   fruit,   together 
with  the  low  price    (or  the  product,  cou- 
pled  with    the  fact   that   green   frnit  so 
near  the  market  brings  ready  sale,  |s  the 
reason  why.  C. 


J.  W.  Dongherty  reports  that  S.  B. 
Martin,  John  Jonston  and  himself,  of 
Murray  township,  Amador  Valley,  have 
imported  nineteen  studs  from  clydesdalc, 
Scotland,  and  that  they  have  upwards  of 
three  hundred  half-breeds,  three-fourths, 
and  a  few  fnll  bloods  each,  also  fonr  or 
five  young  studs,  (or  sale.  They  ought 
to  advertise.  C. 


Stop! 

Stop  depreciating  property   and  labor, 
and  appreciating   debts.     Do   justice  to 
(he   debtor,    and   no    injustice    to    the 
creditor.     Stop   the    piracy    of    makiug 
the  commodity  a   debt  is   to  be  paid  in, 
impossible  of  being  obtained.     Stoj)  the 
conspiracy  that  has  been   going   on   for 
the  last  few  years,  of  turning  this   gresit 
land  and  its  uoble  men  and  women  over 
into  the  hands  of  a  few  bankers  who  con- 
trol the  gold  of  the  world.     The  scheme 
is  too  murderous  of   the   rights   of  men 
to  be  tolerated  any  longer.     Stop  pass- 
ing laws  by  Congress   that  only  a  fey 
desperate  rascals  know    anything  aboni, 
the  others    sitting  like  basswood  men, 
while  the  crime  against   the   country  is 
being    perpetrated.     Thus  it   was  with 
the  demonetizing  of  silver.     Stop  all  this 
— stop  this  villainous  law-making!" 


jy  See  the  notice  of  arrival  of  a  car- 
load of  King's  Boilers  and  Engines. 
Prepare  for  irrigation,  by  getting  one. 


'i   18 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


■0  AND 

give  ghck^onnfid 

PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY  THE 

CAL.     AGKICULTUEIST      PUB.      CO. 

9.  HARRIS  HERRING.  Editor. 

OFFICE— No.  338  First  Street,  with  Cottle  ts  Wright's  Job 
Printing  OfBco. 

RATES    OF    ADVERTISING: 

Per  one  Column S;i2  00  Ptr  Month 

"    half  Column 6  00     "         •* 

•'    tourth  Column 3  00    "        " 

"    eit^'hth  Column 2  00     "         " 

"    Bixteenth  Column.....  ..      1  00    "        •' 

tt^  We  are  determined  to  adhere  to  our  resolu- 
tion to  admi^  none  but  worthy  business  advertis- 
ing in  our  columns,  and  to  keep  clear  of  patent 
medicine,  liquor,  and  other  advertisements  of 
doubtful  influence. 

The  large  circulation,  the  desirable  class  of 
readers,  and  the  neat  and  convenient  form,  rend- 
ers this  Journal  a  choice  medium  for  reaching 
the  attention  of  the  masses. 

$1.50  Per  Ai\i\un\. 

San    Jose     Office— 338  First  Street 
San    Francisco  Business  Office  (tempora- 
rily)— 406  Market  Street. 

P.  0.  Box  in  San  Francisco,  805. 

Notice  to  Eastern  Advertisers  and 
Advertising  Agencies. 

ttSf  Hereafter  no  proposition  for  advertifiinK 
in  this  journal  will  be  entertained  without  pay 
In  advance.  Our  published  rates  are  the  Btaud- 
arc  for  all. 


EDITORIAL    NOTES. 


An  Interest  in  the  Califoknia  Agei- 
CDLrijKiST  for  sale.  Aii))ly  to  or  address 
Joseph  Pekkins,  406  Market  Street,  San 
Frantisco. 


See  our  December  and  January  num- 
bers for  instruction  in  tree  planting,  etc. 


Beatrice  Cenci.  —  To  accommodate 
many  new  .subscribers  we  have  made  ar- 
rangements with  the  Cal.  Art  Pnb.  Co.  to  con- 
tinue the  premium  cerliticate  No.  3  to  April 
J  St,  187r. 


Selfish  Interests  control  the  wisdom 

anil  ri'ason  <:t  most  persons— else  smart  men 
are  generally  fools.  The  San  Francisco 
Cliamber  of  Commerce  claims  to  represent 
the  intelligence  of  the  business  men  of  the 
Pacific  Coast.  At  a  single  meeting  they  pass 
ed  the  two  following  resolutioiis.  The  lirat 
we  think  a  sensible  one,  but  the  last  in  the 
interest  of  Shylocks,  is  totally  at  variance 
witli  it,  and  both  together  mean  just  nothing 
at  all: 

Resolved.  That  the  introduction  of  legal  tender 
notes  a.1  a  mufonn  currency  Is  especiaUy  recom- 
muiided  for  conBidenitlon, 

h.S."?!'''"',''''"''  '"  "■"  "Pinion  "f  this  Chamher  the 
c  mK'„ni ,  """inerce  and  the  prosperity  of  the 
a»    I^JL    i    ""T'='l''>'  n"»i"taiuing  gold   c.in 

First  blowing  hot  and  then  blowing  c  )ld, 
They  pKiy  for  legal  lenders,  but  hug  IheGod 
of  Ooldl 


While  there  has  been  less  than  four 
inches  of  rain,  up  to  February  1st,  for  the 
season,  in  .'•'an  Jose,  there  lias  been  ten  inches 
in  the  hills  ten  miles  distant.  The  same  rule 
will  apply  to  other  districts.  But  the  rain-fall 
in  San  Jose  is  above  the  average  in  the  grain 
growing  districts  of  the  State.  Fine,  warm 
weather,  heavy  dews  at  night,  and  no  drying, 
cold  winds,  are  all  favorable  to  rapid  growth 
of  grain  and  hay  crops.  These  conditions 
may  continue,  and  occasional  rains  insure 
fair  hay  and  light  grain  crops.  But  the 
chances  are,  that  there  will  be  but  little  grain 
and  light  hay  crops.  It  is  always  wise  to 
hope  and  work  for  the  best  but  be  prepared 
for  the  worst  in  doubtful  seasons  like  the 
present. 

Hops.  —  -^  correspondent  in  Elhi, 
Washington  Territory,  info  -ms  us  that  sec- 
tion i  i  a  large  farming  district,  and  that  two- 
thirds  of  the  farmers  are  raising  hops.  The 
great  hop  growing  districts  East  are  in  West- 
ern New  York  and  Wisconsin.  The  prices 
for  the  last  year  have  averaged  27  eta  per  lb. 
In  1875,  60,000  bales  of  200  lbs.  each  vpere  ex- 
ported. The  crop  of  1876  will  exceed  that 
crop,  and  pay  growers  S250  t^'  S300  per  acre. 
Owing  to  the  pi'evalence  of  disease  in  Europe 
and  the  Eastern  States,  hop  growing  is  a  pre- 
carious business,  one  year  with  another.  But 
on  this  coast,  and  especially  in  Washington 
Territory,  the  yield  is  very  large,  the  vires 
healthy,  and  hops  very  superior 

As  there  is  more  speculation  and  fluc- 
tuation in  hops  than  in  any  other  product, 
there  is  more  need  of  producers  to  form  asso- 
ciations, and  to  use  every  means  to  keep 
posted,  so  as  to  control  prices,  instead  of  be- 
ing controlled  as  heretofore.  The  importance 
of  this  matter  is  very  apparent,  and  should 
be  strongly  urged  upon  producers.  The  pro- 
duction of  hops  in  the  United  States,  accord- 
ing to  the  census  reports  of  1870,  was  nearly 
Iwenty-tive  million  pounds,  the  State  of  New 
York  producing  about  seventy  per  cent,  of  the 
whole,  Wisconsin  nineteen  per  cent.,  Michi- 
gan three  per  cent.,  California  two  and  one- 
half  per  cent.,  Vermont  two  per  cent.,  Min- 
nesota and  Maine  one  per  cent  each,  all  oth- 
er States  about  one  and  one-half  per  cent. 

With  a  batch  of  new  <!ubscribers  from 
Petaluma  comeb  a  cheering  letter,  which  reads 
thus : 

*"Wc  have  had  a  fine  rain ;  a  few  more  like 
it  will  give  us  good  crttps  this  season.  Our 
Grange  is  making  some  good  moves  on  the 
currency  question, — it  ought  to  have  been  dis- 
cussed by  all  the  Granges  years  ago. 

Fheeman  Parker. 

That's  just  what  we  thiuk. — Ed.  AcR.cnL- 

TCRIST.  '■      "■   '" 


ANSWERS  TO  QUERIES. 

ASPAKAGL'S   ROIlT.S. 

Ed.  Aghicllturist:  Our  Redwood  friend. 
M.  E  O.  W.,can  get  all  the  Asparagus  roots,  7 
years  old,  desired,  by  conferring  with  the 
Writer.  It  is  indeed  a  luxury  on  the  table, 
and  I  discover  she  knows  how  it  sliould  be 
prepared,  a  secret  I  have  taught  many,  aitd 
one  that  is  still  unknown  in  restaurants.  It 
would  surely  become  moie  extensively  culti- 
vated in  farm  gardens,  if  all  the  farmers  vvilii 
their  wives  and  grown  up  sons  and  d.tuglilers 
were  to  happen  around  and  dine  with  our 
friend  some  day  \\  hen  she  had  .asparagu.s  for 
dinner  served  up  in  tlie  way  she  knows  so 
well. 

POI.Arll   CHINA    SI'  INK. 

Mr.  J.  Raihget  can  learn  alt  he  desires,  and 
I  lliink,  procure  the  de^ired  slock  of  hogs  by 
ciuiferriug  with  Messrs.  Culver  &  Merrill, 
San  Gregories,  San  Mateo  county,  as  they  im- 


ported what  was  reputed  thoroughbreds,  di- 
rect froiu  Ohio  Am  sure  they  are  aa  good  as 
any,  tliongh  I  don't  believe  that  a  thorough- 
bred exitts  in  any  kind  of  stock. 

Wm.  S.  Dow  ing. 
Half  Moon  Bay,  San  Mateo  county. 


The  Pacific  Specimen,  by  Marder, 

Luse  &.  Co.,  type  loiiiiders.  San  Francisco,  is 
a  beautiful  sheet,  and  ably  edited  by  au  en- 
terprising firm. 

Some  People  seem  to  think  that  it 
costs  nothing  to  run  a  paper — and  they 
pay  uji  accordingly.  We  have  paid  out 
for  the  one  item  of  postage  alone  over 
$60.00  since  January  1st,  all  within  one 
month. 


Rainfall. 

Following  is  the  rainfall  for  this  sec- 
tion to  the  end  of  January  for  the  pres- 
ent season,  as  kept  by  Mr.  Ethell,  of 
San  Jose  Bank  Building: 


Sept.ie 

•■     29 

Oct.    16 

.01  inches 
.09      •■ 
.60      " 

•■     17 

"     18  

•■     27     

■'     28 

••     29 

Not.  16 

••■,• 

::":::'?■  Lr. :;:■■; 

.06       " 

■  iki-  «'"'■ 
.28      " 
.06       •• 
.08      " 

'■     27 

Jan.  16 

.01       " 
.20       " 

"     17 

.76       ■' 

■■     18  

.48      ■• 

"     19   

.17      " 

"     21 

.07       " 

"     28 

"     29 

"     30 

Total 

•.:r:c[ 

.25,      " 
.26      " 

S  77       " 

Table  for  Orchard    Planters   and 
Gardeners. 

43,560  square  feet  make  an  acre. 
2ao  feet  by  about  208  feet  make  one  acre. 
'27  trees  to  the  acre,  40  feet  apart. 

48 30        " 

108  "  "  "  20 
135  "  '*  "  18 
200  "     "    "   15 

358 11 

432     "  **         "       10 

534  *•  1."  r.-i.'V  ■■  9:-r^i«»  : 
676  "  .  ffut  ■.Vr...-8,,l»  V-  ■' 
882     "  "        "7         " 

1.2-jO     "  "         ••        6 

1.764     "  '•  "         5         " 

4.808     "  "  •"        -3         " 

10,800    "  "         '*         2 

43.560     "  "         "  1  " 

To  find  the  number  of  plants  for  an  acre  at  a 
given  distance,  divide  the  number  of  square 
ftet  in  au  acre  by  the  number  of  square  leet 
given  to  each  plant. 

To  find  the  circumference,  multiply  the  diam- 
eter by  3.1416. 

To  fiud  the  diameter,  multiply  the  circumfer- 
ence by  .3183. 
4  ioos  is  a  hand  for  measuring  horses. 
6  feet  is  a  fathom. 
3  geographical  miles  is  a  league. 


Scientific. —  Herbert  Speucer  sends 
the  following  conundrum  to  the  readers 
of  the  California  Ageicttltctbist: 

Can  the  oscilations  of  a  molecule  he 
presented  in  consciousness  side  by  side 
with  a  nervous  shock,  and  the  two  he 
recot^nized  as  one? 

The  only  clue  the  author  ^ives  is,  that 
feeling  and  nervous  action  are  two  faces 
of  the  same  outological  something. 

A  prize  will  be  given  for  the  correct 
answer. 


I^^  Please  notice  the  advertisement  of 
the  sale  of  the  entire  Avenne  herd  ()f 
Short-horns.  This  is  the  most  valuable 
herd  in  California,  or  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.  They  were  brou{.;ht  here  by  ex- 
perienced brci'ders,  not  as  a  speculation, 
but  as  a  permanent  enterprise.  Two  of 
the  partners  have  since  died,  and  Mr. 
Jom;s  and  administrators,  have  to  sell  to 
chose  up  aflTairs.  No  such  opportunity 
has  ever  before  otfered  to  secure  the 
finest  i)ure  bred  stock  in  America. 


NEW    PUBLICATIONS. 

"  Islimael,  or  In  the  Di-ptbe,"  is  the  name 
of  Mrs.  Emma  D.  E.  N.  Scutbwortli's  best 
work,  just  published  in  book  form,  for  the 
first  time,  by  T.  B.  Peterson  &.  Brcthere, 
Phil  delphia.  Pa.  It  is  having  an  immense 
sale.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fascinating  sto- 
ries. The  life  of  "  Ishniael  Worth  "  as  here 
portrayed,  is  a  ^.-niding  star  to  the  youth  of 
every  land,  to  bIiow  them  that  there  is  no 
depth  ot  human  misery  from  which  ihey  may 
not,  by  virtue,  energy  and  perseverance,  rise 
to  earthly  honors,  as  well  as  to  eternal  glory. 
The  story  is  founded  on  the  life  and  career  of 
one  of  tlie  noblest  of  our  countrymen,  wh 
really  lived,  toiled,  and  triumphed  in  this  land 
and  by  his  own  energy  arose  from  the  deep- 
est obscurity  to  the  highest  fame.  "Ishmael" 
is  published  in  a  large  duodecimo  volume,  of 
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*'  Ropp's  Commercial  Calculator,"  is  a 
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"  Mr.  Gregory,  the  Harblehead,  Mass., 
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"Fragaculture."' — Felix  Oillett,  of  Nevada, 
Cal.,  has  written  a  very  good  work  nu  the 
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little  we  have  examined  the  work  we  feel 
alje  to  recunimend  it  as  a  practical  jjuide  for 
all  who  would  cultivate  ihisdelicions  *'rnit  for 
the  table. 

•'The  Pioneer,"  is  a  ne\v  weekly  publica- 
tion, the  oryan  of  the  Santa  (Mara  (-(unity 
Pioneers,  tilled  with  interesting  reMlini^cen- 
ees,  a  cheap  and  popular  journal,  ably  con- 
ducted,  by  Alex.  P.  Murgotten,  San  Joso. 
Terms,  i^'lS>0  per  annum. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


19 


factvg. 


To  IWly  IVife, 

On   tUe  Annivttrsary  of  Our  Boy'*8 
Ueutli. 


BT   SBTH    HOLMES. 

f'HE  following  lines  were  written  from  the 
depths  of  woe  by  a  gentleman  Reveuty 
years  of  age,  who  has  laid  his  boy,  the 
tT^y  hope  of  hib  life,  in  a  druukard's  grave, 
J^  "murdered,"  as  he  expretised  it.  in  a  pri- 
vate note  to  UB,  "murdered  by  the  rumsellers," 

Come  eit  thee  down  to-niyht,  wife, 

And  draw  thy  chair  to  mine; 
My  soul  80  sad  to-night,  wife, 

Needs  now  thnt  love  uf  thine; 
For  thou  iu  all  life's  troubles,  wife, 

To  me  hath  been  a  guide,. 
To  cheer  me  when  great  sorrow  came. 

My  own  sweet,  darling  wife. 

Then  sit  thee  close  beside  me,  wife, 

And  tell  of  years  gone  by- 
How  in  the  rosy  morn  of  life, 

Our  hearts  with  hope  beat  high, 
And  children  to  our  cottage  came. 

Rich  blessings  to  bestow; 
But,  darling  wife,  those  happy  days 

Were  iu  the  long  ago. 

Since  then  we've  seen,  my  dear  wife, 

Hope's  brightest  vi^'ions  fade, 
And  one  we  loved  so  well,  wife. 

In  manhood's  prime  was  laid 
Where  the  weary  rest  in  quiet,  wife, 

Free  from  the  tempter's  snare; 
But  God  will  judge  the  wrong,  wife. 

Let  whisky  men  bewarel 

Our  stftlf  and  stay  has  gone,  wife, 

But  still  we'll  hoi^e  and  try 
Our  duties  to  perform,  wife, 

And  in  the  by  and  by 
We  may  together  go,  wife. 

And  meet  uur  darling  boy. 
Where  heart  will  throb  to  heart,  wife. 

Where  nothing  can  annoy. 

I  see  your  tears  are  falling,  wife. 

Your  mother-heart  has  bled — 
'Tifl  better  as  it  is,  wife. 

That  our  dear  boy  is  dead. 
They  can  no  lunger  harm  him,  wife, 

His  spirit  now  is  free — 
And  in  a  few  more  years,  wife. 

He'll  welcome  you  and  me. 
Lower  Lake.  January,  '77. 


Flow,  Hammer  and  Fen, 

From  the  West  leaps  out  a  thunder  shout 

That  thrills  the  nation's  ht-art — 
The  plodding  chief  and  the  It-gal  thief 

Grow  white  iu  the  public  mart; 
And  shaineU'ss  fraud  that  walks  abroad. 

And  rules  with  an  iron  hand. 
Whose  ueiB  are  throwti  from  zone  to  zone 

Over  all  the  toi  tured  land; — 
All  the  legioury  of  Monopoly 

That  gr;ipple  the  penpln's  life. 
Things  foul  that  feed,  with  insatiate  greed, 

And  fatten  >m  peace  or  i-trife. 
Now  blanch  and  cower  at  this  mighty  power 

Which  com-  ti>  judge  and  smite — 
Hurrah  for  men  of  Plow,  Hammer  and  Pen, 

Who  lead  iu  the  baitle  for  Right! 

When  war's  fierce  fray  had  swept  away 

Our  sons  at  th<;  cannon's  umuth, 
And  their  countless  graves,  like  Ked  Sea  waves, 

Had  billowed  the  fields  of  the^outh. 
We  fondly  thought  they  had  fnUen  and  fought. 

That  tralhc.  iu  men  should  cease. 
But  we  are  sold  and  bartered  for  gold 

In  the  devil's  marts  of  peace; 
The  slaves  of  slaves,  of  liuckstering  knaves, 

WhoBe  cunning  dev<airs  our  toil  I 
Bv  Heaven  at  length  they  shall  feel  the  strength 

Of  the  tillers  of  the  soil. 
Hurrah  for  the  Men  of  Plow,  Hammer  and  Pen 

Whose  limbs  no  gyves  can  bind — 
Thnt.  was  a  fight  of  Ihew  and  might, 

But  this,  in  the  fight  of  the  mind. 

We've  beaded  the  wood's  grim  solitudes. 
We've  buried  the  waste  in  tlowers, 

Woo'd  the  wild  earth  into  fruitful  birth. 
And  "couched  her  in  fairy  bowers, 


^ill  the  young  wind  rolled  over  seas  of  gold 

And  died  in  the  fragrant  hay. 
Till  the  wanton  rills,  by  rlatt'ring  mills, 

Han  muhidal  thnnigh  the  day. 
The  Bougs  i>{  the  birds,  the  rattle  of  words 

From  our  children  romping  about. 
The  women  within,  with  their  houwjhold  din, 

<ind'8  beauty  and  bounty  without! 
Till  the  very  air  Keenied  palpable  prayer, 

And  our  sidritH  rose  refreshed: 
Till,  when  the  day  hail  died  away 

T(t  a  gleam  in  tho  lutdlow  west. 
We  Baid,  "No  lord,  nor  rubber  horde. 

Can  desecrate  our  toll," 
And  we  blessed  the  hind  where  the  tolling  hand 

Was  master  ot  the  soil. 

But  all  our  dreams  were  mirage  gleams. 

Bright  phantoms  of  the  sunl 
We  plowed  and  sowed,  we  reaped  and  mowed, 

But  when  our  \v<irR  was  done, 
Tho  spoiler  came,  in  freed<un'K  name, 

And  swept  us  of  all  but  land. 
Canre  like  a  thief,  with  high  belief 

And  law  in  IiIk  di.i.itv  hand; 
And  he.  whose  brood  never  tilled  a  rood, 

RnliH  by  iu  his  vulgar  pride. 
While  hin  lordly  train,  bedizened  and  valu, 

Bidep  by  his  pU  thoric  ^^ide; 
Wliile  we  and  »<ur»i,  who've  woven  the  hours 

Intu  labor,  and  love  and  care. 
Can  only  mopo   while  our  Ktars  of  hope 

Are  betting  in  black  despair. 
Plow  and  sowl  harrow  and  luowl 

And  gather!  ye  clods  of  the  soil. 
That  running  aad  frau<l,  may  revel  abroad 

And  fatten  upon  your  toll. 

What  avails  that  he  who  assails 

Is  <leiiif)crat.  not  lord? 
Is't  Kweeter  to  be  in  slavfry 

To  cunidngihan  the  sword? 
When  every  right  is  crushed  by  might. 

All  manhood  beaten  down. 
What  victim  cares  if  the  despot  wears 

A  bonm:t  or  a  crown? 
Not  all  the  speech  the  maetrrs  teach 

Can  save  the  hlave  from  shame. 
Away  with  cant!  we  freed  lUi  want 

The  substance,  not  the  name. 
Oh,  liberty,  thou  soon  t%hall  be 

Redeemed  from  city  marts, 
And  protily  crowned,  when  girded  round 

Wiih  loyal  granger  hearts! 

And  now,  at  length,  our  giant  strength 

Shall  smite  the  plotting  knaves. 
Our  deep  Reform,  lashed  by  the  etorra. 

Shall  'gult*  them  in  its  wuvck. 
Can  cent  per  tent  brave  our  dibcontent, 

Or  range  his  puny  crew 
To  meet  the  shock,  the  wild  Siroc, 

Of  our  men  of  mind  and  thew? 
Hu  rah  for  men  of  the  I'low,  Iliimmer  and  Pen, 

Strong  hearts  and  bniin  combined; 
What  foe  can  stay  the  headlong  sway 

Of  our  miglity  niarch  of  mind? 
Hand  claspeil  iu  han<l    we  firmly  stand. 

Secure  in  our  myriad  might, 
Our  battle  cry  is  "  Victory, 

And  God  defend  the  rightl" 

— [Scanlan. 


A  Song  for  the  Greenback. 

BY    MB3    8.  M     SMITH. 

Whpq  the  soldier  starved  in  the  trenches. 

And  knew,  while  he  waiting  lay, 
That  his  children  plead,  in  vain  for  bread 

In  his  cotta^^e  far  away; 
While  up  m  the  halls  of  Congress 

Stood  men  who;  day  by  day. 
Turn  back  bread  from  handi*  that  plead, 

Turned  back  ihe  soldier's  pay; 
For  the  usurers'  specious  logic 

And  sophistries  false  and  old, 
The  army  did  wait,  while  th*-  long  debato 

Went  on  for  the  rights  of  gold. 
Till  the  very  Senate  echoed 

The  roar  of  the  Southern  gun. 
And  the  ttern  command,  came  up  thro"  the  land, 

•■  Let  the  fEOPLK's  will  he  doue." 
Then,  tlie  gr.  enback  sped  on  its  mission, 

Hurrah!  lur  the  Greenback  tru>'. 
It  saved  the  day.  when  hope  gave  way. 

It  won  for  the  boys  in  blue. 
But.  ah!  when  the  war  is  over. 

And  homeward  the  soldiers  throng. 
When  at  peace  we  thrive,  and  the  land  is  alive, 

With  the  sound  of  the  workman's  song. 
Once  more  in  the  halls  of  Congress, 

The  usurer's  voice  is  hold. 
The  strife  returns,  and  the  greenback  bums 

At  the  shrine  of  the  god  of  Gold. 
The  hope  of  the  poor  may  perish, 

The  workman's  song  be  stilled. 
And  ruin  wide,  the  land  betide. 

Till  the  shylocks  vaults  are  filled, 
The  busy  places  of  labor 

Deserted  and  silent  grow. 
And  up  and  down,  thnugh  country  and  town. 

The  tramp  and  the  beggar  go. 
And  the  soldier,  living,  envies 

The  fate  of  his  comrade,  dead. 
As  weary  he  waits,  at  the  rich  man's  gates. 

To  beg  for  work  or  bread. 
How  long,  ye  toiling  many. 

Will  you  bow  to  the  cunning  few? 
Up!  now,  and  strike,  for  a  freeman's  right. 

With  a  freeman  s  weapon,  too. 


The  ballot,  not  the  b'ulletl 

'Tis  the  only  power  to  save 
From  blotidy  strife,  or  the  slavish  life 

That  ends  in  the  pauper's  grave. 
Then  a  cheer  for  the  jwople's  money! 

And  its  foes  shall  now  give  way. 
It  gave  us  power,  in  our  darkeet  hour, 

It  gives  us  power,  to-day. 


Men  of  America. 

Men  of  America,  look  where  you  stand  r 

The  cnrse  of  moDopoly  coverw  your  land! 

In  the  north,  in  the  south,  the  eas   aud  the  west. 

Behold  the  <lread  march  of  this  terrible  j>eat! 

From  the  jjreat  vital  centers  of    cummerce  and 

tnide 
Monopolies  swarm  of  every  grade; 
With  their  network  of  iron  aixl  g(dd  stcommand 
They  are  crushing  the   life  Irom  your  beautiful 

land; 
Thi-y  are  last  gaining  power  ne'er  dream 't  of  1k-- 

fore. 
Transcending  the  proud  feudal  barons  of  yore. 
And  all  their  K^ent  we.tlth— deny  It  who  can! 
Is  wrung  troiii  tht;  Unl  of  the  poor  wurkingman. 
Men  of  Auk  rica.  look  where  you  stand! 
A  darkness  of  Kgypt  now  covers  ynir  land; 
A  cormorant  swarm,  from  all  points  they  fly. 
Like  carrion  crows  they  darken  the  sky. 
Soon  the  soul  ol  your  freedom  and  lawa  will  be 

fled 
And  vour  children  be  crying  and  dying  for  br«ad. 
Men  of  America,  rise  in  your  might, 
('ry  out  for  justiire.  and  strke  for  the  right. 
By  ballot— not  bullet— the  work  may  be  done. 
And   shame  on  the  slave  who   his  duty  would 

shun. 
Lr  t  us  all  to  our  cause  be  honest  and  true. 
And  Hing  to  the  breeze  our  Bed,  White  and  Blae: 
Bed  fi)r  the  vultures  that  feed  on  the  poor, 
Blue  for  our  faith  in  the  fatliers  of  yore. 
Aud  white  for  the  pure,  the  honest  and  good. 
Emblem  most  fit  for  our  great  Brotherhood. 


'Business"    in    Mississippi. 


Why.  howtVy.  Moas'r  Johnny!  iB  you  gone  to 

beepin'  store? 
Well,  sah.  I  is  surprised!    I  neber  heard  ob  dat 

afore. 
Say,  ain't  you  gwine  to  gib  mo  piece  o*  good  to- 
bacco, p]eHH^ 1 

I'fl  long  wid  you  iu  Georgia,  lime  we  all  was  re- 
fugees. 

X  know'd   you  would;  I  alluz  t-Us  de  people 

white  an'  black, 
That  you's  a  raal  geu'l'man,  an  dat's  dc  llhin 

fac,— 
Yes.   sah.  dat's  what  I  tells  'em.  an'  its  nuffin' 

else  but  true. 
An"  all  de  cullud  people  t'iukfl  a  mighty  heap  ob 

you. 

Look  heah.  sah:  don't  you  want  to  buy  some 

cotton?     Yes.  you  do; 
Derc's  oder  parties  wants  it,  but  I'd  rather  sell 

to  you. 
How  much?  Oh,  jea'  a  bale-  dat  on  de  wagon  In 

de  str.-et — 
Dls  here's  de  sample— dls  is  cotton  mighty  hard 

to  beatt 

You'll  find  it  on  de  paper  wliat  de  offers  Is  dat's 

made; 
They'sallde  same  seditions;  half  in  cash  an' 

half  in  trade — 
Dey's  mighty  low,  sah— Come,  now.  can't  you' 

pr-'Ve  upon  de  nites 
Dat    Birrot   Brudders  offers;    only   twelbe  an* 

seben  eights? 

Lord:    Mass'r    Johnny,    raise    It!       Don't    you 

knows  dat  IVe  a  frieu' 
An*  wheu  I   has  de  money  I  is  wiUtn'  for  to 

ppen"? 
My  customs  wuf  a  heap,   sah;  jes;  you  buy  de 

b:de  an'  se«» — 
Dere  didn't  nebbcr  nobody  lose  nuffln'  oil  o'me. 

Now,  what's  de  good  ob  gwine  dan  an'  azam- 

inin'  de  bale? 
When  people  trades  wid  ma   day  alius  gits  a 

hones'  sale; 
I  ain't  no  hand  for  cbeatln.' Ibelicbes  in  actin' 

far. 
An'  everylM^dy'U  tell  you  dat  dey  alluz  foun'  me 

squar'. 

I  isn't  like  some  niggers;  I  deelar'  it  is  a  shame 
De  way  some  ob'  em  swin'les— what,  de  cotton 

ain*t  de  same 
As  din  dats  in  de  sample!   Well  I-m  blest  sir  if 

it  is] 
Dia  he.-ih  must  be  my  brudder's  sample— 7es  sah 

dis  is  his. 

If  dat  don't  beat  creation!    Hero  I've  done  been 

totin'  Touiv 
A  sample  different  from  de  ^-otton!    I— will— be 

— consound! 
Mass'r  Johnny,  you   mus'  sense  me.    Take  de 

cotton  as  it  Stan's. 
An'  tell  rae  if  your  willin'  for  to  take  it  off  my 

ban's. 


Sho!  nebber  raind  de  auger!  'taint  a  bit  o'  use 
to  bure. 

De  bale  is  all  de  same  as  dis  heah  piece  de  bag- 
gin's  tore; 

You  oughtn't  to  go  pullin'  out  de  cotton  dat  a 
wav. 

It  spiles  de  beauty  ob  de— what,  sah!  rocks  iu 
dar  you  say? 

Rocks  in  daf    'ar  cotton*    How  de  debble  kin 

ttiat  be? 
I  packed  dat  bale  mysel'— hoi'  on  a  minnit,  le' 

me  we — 
My  stars!  T  mns'  be  crazy!    Mass'r  Johnny,  dls 

is  fine — 

I'se  gone  an'  faiuled  my  btudder's  cotton  in- 
stead of  mine! 


The  Canesteo  XtTagoner. 


UY    JEFFttET  OIFFOnD. 


The  forest  paths  were  decked  with  flowers. 
And  dnnng  the  h>ng  summer  hours 

The  Wagoner  drove  on; 
His  do<-ll<f  t<.-ani,  heavy  of  limb. 
Were  ktout  aud  true,  aud  'twas  his  whim 

Their  backs  to  ride  upon. 

n. 

The  wagon,  very  large  and  strong. 
Was  built  gnat  louils  to  move  along; 

And,   mid  the  gn-en-wood  glades. 
Slowly  aud  carefully,  their  way 
They  thrvaded  each  eventful  day. 

With  gooda  uf  various  grades. 

m. 

Long  ribbons,  with  their  varied  hue, 
Of  crimson,  scarlet,  brovrn.  or  blue. 

Suepi  fri>m  thehoFM-b'  boftds; 
And  happily  ihey  trudg>-d  away. 
Servant  •nd  master,  both  felt  gay; 

Pleasure  unconscious  spreads. 

IT. 

Small  tinkling  bells,  with  mosfc  sweet, 
Kept  measun-  with  the  hnrwfi'  te*t, 

Aud  Httunded  low.  but  clear; 
While  all  along  the  devious  way 
A  wreath  of  sunbeams  fell  Id  sjiray. 

Charms  fur  Ixjth  eye  and  car. 

V. 
Bright  plumaged  birds  among  the  trees, 
The  murmur  of  the  balmy  breeze. 

And  eeh-'lng  wa^  rfalts, 
Alt  lent  a  pasKonaie  deliu'lit 
To  these  eompanioDs.  U'TU  or  night, 

While  on  their  varied  calls. 

VI. 
On  each  lapel,  upon  his  brpast. 
And  buttoD-lndt  of  coat  or  rest. 

The  wagoner  won-  flowers. 
Aye!  blythe  as  any  lark  was  he. 
A  life  of  toil  andjolity 

Eulibted  ail  his  powers. 

VII. 
The  welcome  inn  was  gained  at  last, 
.Ml  thoughts  of  trials  in  the  past 

Kled  frt>m  the  wagoner's  mind; 
He  seemed  the  happiest  of  all 
Who  gathered  in  the  tavrm  hall 

Iu  bear  how  fjired  mankind. 

vin. 

For.  with  bis  India  silks,  as  well. 

He  brought  the  news,  and  loved  tn  tell 

Of  thinga  tx>th  (Strange  and  true; 
Marvels  of  tlixxl,  and  fl-ld.  and  hkles. 
The  ruptlcs  heard  with  keen  surprise; 

Meanwhile  amazement  grew. 

IX. 

And,  Interspersed  with  drink  and  song. 
These  tales  went  round  the  whole  nightlong. 

And  wonderful  they  wi*re. 
The  oftener  told— for  such  is  famfr— 
They  grew  unlike  in  form  and  name; 

Such  tidings  gossips  1>car. 

X. 

Along  the  road  were  short  relays. 

And  thus,  throughout  the  long,  long  days. 

The  wagoner  found  rt-et; 
Fresh  teams,  refref"hnient  and  repose, 
A  place  ir>  drink,  or  smoke,  or  doze. 

And  aU  the  while  feel  blest. 

XI. 
.\long  the  roads,  too.  rosy  maids. 
Buxom  with  bemlth.  won  fr(>m  the  glades. 

Did  shyly  look  their  love. 
Handsome  wsb  he,  erect  and  trim. 
And  Tig-.rous  in  everr  limb. 

Hero  beside  the  dove. 

XII. 

But  timefi  have  greatly  changed  since  then, 
When,  slowly  through  the  woodland  glen. 

The  wagoner  drove  past . 
Steam  hurries  by  with  lightning  speed, 
The  telegraph  proclaims  each  need; 

Tnose  old  days  are  the  last. 


^0 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


PUBLIC  LAND  MATTERS. 

Mr.  Lane  of  Oregon  has  introduced  a 
jill  for  the  sale  of  desert  lands  in  certain 
itates  and  Territories.  The  bill  is  so 
ramed  as  to  allow  any  citizen,  or  person 
vho  has  filed  a  declaration  to  become  a 
•itizen,  to  take  up  and  hold  a  mile  square 
)f  laud  by  conducting  water  upon  the 
;ame  vrithiu  three  years  thereafter,  and 
he  privilege  of  purchasing  the  same  at 
'yl.25  per  acre. 

"All  lands,  exclusive  of  timber  lands 
ind  mineral  lands,  which  will  not,  with- 
lut  irrigation,  produce  some  agricultural 
roil,  shall  be  deemed  desert  lands  with- 
u  the  meaning  of  this  act. 

To  take  effect  in  the  States  of  Califor- 
lia,  Oregon  and  Nevada,  and  the  Terri- 
nries  of  Washington,  Idaho,  Montana, 
Jtah,  Wyoming,  Arizona,  New  Mexico 
ud  Dakota." 

It  is  wonderful  how  anxious  some  of 
ur  dear  law-makets  are  to  have  all  the 
loverumeut  lauds  gobbled  up,  in  large 
uantities.  We  can  see  no  good  to  come 
rom  such  a  law;  but  discover  that  there 
i  a  great  opportunity  for  laud  grabbers 
1  get  hold  of  the  best  remaining  por- 
ious  of  our  lands  which  require  irriga- 
ion,  under  the  pretense  of  settling  and 
eclaiming  the  same.  There  is  no  hon- 
st  call  for  such  an  act  by  the  people, 
ud  they  do  not  need  it;  but  they  do 
eed  and  ask  for  a  law,  or  amendment 
)  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
liat  will  forever  prevent  the  acquisition 
f  Government  lauds  in  large  bodies  by 
uy  one  person  or  association. 

^Ir.  Lane  has  also  introduced  another 
ill  providing  that  any  settlement  made 
y  a  person  entitled  to  the  benefits  of 
ae  Homestead  and  Pre-emption  laws 
hall  give  him  a  vested  right,  forfeitable 
uly  by  his  failure  to  comply  with  the 
iw  under  which  he  claims;  and  in  case 
uch  settlemeut  is  on  surveyed  laud,  his 
ight  to  enter  a  quarter  of  a  section 
hall  date  from  the  actual  settlement, 
nt  without  requiring  the  papers  to  be 
led  until  the  survey  is  made. 

This  seems  to  be  made  in  oi'der  to 
Uutch  the  nail.  Of  course  it  is  right 
y  itself,  and  only   wrong  in  connection 

ith  the  power  to  control  large  tracts  of 
uids. 

Aud  now  comes 

DILL  TO  GOBBLE  UP  THE  TIMBER  ON  GOT- 
EKNMENT  LANDS, 

utroduced  by  Mr.  Chafiee,  providing 
Uat  all  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
ud  other  persons  bona  fide  residents  of 
lie  State  of  Colorado  or  Nevada,  or 
he  Temtories  of  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
Jtah,  Wyoming,  Dakota,  Idaho,  Wash- 
iigton  aud  Montana,  shall  be,  aud  are 
uthorized  and  permitted  to  fell  aud  re- 
Jove,  for  buildiug,  agricultural,  miuing, 
r  domestic  purposes,  any  timber  or 
ther  trees  growing  or  being  on  the  pub- 
ic lauds  of  the  United  States  in  cither 
f  said  States  or  Territories  of  which 
uch  citizens  or  persons  may  be  at  the 
iuie  bona  fide  residents.  As  it  now  is, 
aany  poor  men  can  have  homes  aud 
business  by  taking  up  and  purchasing 
hcse  lands  for  his  own  use.  Open  them 
ip  to  the  despoilers,  and  a  few  rich  men 
i-ould  coutrol  the  whole  thing.  We  saw 
iiough  of  this  business  in  Nevada  the 
hreo  years  we  were  there,  to  have  an 
dea  of  the  matter. 

But  the  most  open-faced  and  outra- 
;eous  monopoly  of  all,  on  its  face,  is 
ho  bill  ottered  by  Mr.  Piper  of  Califor- 
lii!,  "  grunting  to  the  Alaska  Shipbuild- 
"g  and  Lumber  Company  the  right  to 
iccupy  and  purchase  certain  lauds  in 
he  Territory  of  Alaska  upon  paying  the 
-ioverunient  price  therefor.  Forthe  pur- 
)ose  of  encouraging  shipbuilding  aud 
leveloping   the   territory  of  Alaska,  the 


Alaska  Ship-building  and  Lumber  Com- 
pany, a  corporation  formed  and  existing 
under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Calitor- 
uia,  aud  its  successors  and  assigns,  are 
hereby  granted  the  right  to  enter  upon 
aud  take  possession  of  the  islaud  of 
Kou,  situated  in  the  waters  of-  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Alaska.  »  »  «  »  ^^^  (jjg 
said  Alaska  Ship-building  and  Lumber 
Company,  its  successors  and  assigns, 
may  purchase  timber  lands  upon  the 
shores  and  inlets  of  the  adjacent  waters 
ol  Christian  and  Prince  Frederick  sounds 
aud  Chatham,  Duke  of  Clarence  aud 
Kekou  Straits,  upon  giving  notice  of  its 
intention  so  to  do,  describing  therein 
generally  the  lands  and  giving  security 
for  the  payment  of  the  expense  of  mak- 
ing the  necessary  surveys,  and  upon  the 
completion  aud  return  of  such  surveys, 
paying  for  such  laud  one  dollar  and 
twenty-five  cents  per  acre;  such  pur- 
chase to  be  made  from  time  to  time  aud 
in  such  quantities  as  may  be  required." 
Here  is  a  graud  attempt  to  monopo- 
lize a  whole  sectiou  of  valuable  country 
uuder  a  most  shallow  pretense,  which 
would  virtually  exclude  any  otherpersou 
or  company  from  "ship-building"  in 
that  Territory.  The  introduction  of 
this  bill  by  Mr.  Piper  should  consign 
him  to  a  political  grave.  What  right- 
thinking  man  can  ever  vote  for  him 
again?  It  is  time  that  the  people  watch 
the  acts  of  Representatives  and  Sena- 
tors, and  stamp  each  with  a  seal  of  merit 
or  demerit  as  each  deserves,  irrespective 
of  party  affinities.  Not  another  acre  of 
Government  lauds  should  ever  be  voted 
away  from  the  people  under  any  pre- 
tense whatever.  Leave  it  open  to  hon- 
est pre-emption,  and  throw  every  guard 
around  it  to  secure  its  bona  tide  settle- 
meut by  actual  settlers.  Then  leave  the 
matter  to  the  good  sense  and  to  the  ne- 
cessities of  the  people,  aud  let  them 
settle  it  as  fast  or  as  slow  as  they  choose, 
in  a  legitimate  way.  There  is  no  neces- 
sity for  the  Government  to  sell  the  lauds 
any  faster  than  they  are  pre-emi^ted. 
To  do  so,  is  wrong  in  principle,  and 
worse  in  practice. 

DECISIONS    BY     SECEETARY     OF     INTERIOR — 
CASE    OF   FRANCOIS   LACOMBE. 

January  13 — Certificates  of  location 
issued  by  Surveyor-General  in  confirmed 
provate  land  claims  under  act  of  Con- 
gress of  June  2,  1858,  are  assignable. 

FROM  REPORT  OF  LAND  OFFICE,  1876,  P.  50. 

"Another  very  important  question 
has  been  for  some  years  before  the  courts 
aud  the  Department,  respecting  lands 
within  frauilulent  and  rejected  exterior 
limits  of  Mexican  and  other  private 
grants  in  California.  This  question  re- 
lates to  the  condition  of  the  lauds  thus 
embraced  during  the  period  of  alleged 
reservation  and  prior  to  the  date  of  de- 
termination of  the  Depaitmeut  or  courts 
of  the  true  limits  aud  area  of  the  pri- 
vate grants.  It  was  finally  settled  by 
the  Supreme  Court  in  Newhall  vs.  San- 
ger, (October  term,  1875,;  whereiu  it 
was  declared  that  these  lauds  were  '  >e- 
served  '  and  not  '  public  lands, '  aud  that 
m  consequence  thereof  did  not  pass  to 
the  railroad  companies  uuder  their  grants 
made  during  such  reservation,  reversing 
the  decree  of  the  circuit  court  of  the 
United  States  for  the  district  of  Califor- 
nia, and  decisively  aonidin;/  tht.  Vepart- 
metdal  decision  of  Mr.  Secrelary  Delano  in 
Ihe  case  of  the  iVes'ern  Pacific  liailruad 
Company  vs.  II.  E.  VilliH</liii)n,  et  al." 
Applications  for  patents  for  homesteads 
and  pre-emi)tious  within  exterior  limits 
of  invalid  Mexican  grants  are  tlicnfore 
<^!((  loose,  aud  the  applicants  should  have 
their  patents. 

SUPREME    COURT    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES, 

October  term,  1876;  Antonia  Beryessa, 


administrator  of  Nicholas  Berryessa,  de- 
ceased, appellant,  vs.  the  United  States; 
appeal  from  District  Court  of  the  United 
States  for  the  ditrict  of  Cal.;  Waite, 
C.  Z. :  The  Supreme  Court  has  decided 
adversely  upon  claims  under  Mexican 
grants  where  a  grant  from  the  Mexican 
government  has  not  been  "  deposited 
and  recorded  in  the  proper  public  office 
among  the  public  archives  of  the  Repub- 
lic." Cites:  U.  S.  vs.  Camburton,  20 
How.,  64;  U.  S.  vs.  Castro,  24  How., 
349;  U.  S.  vs.  Knight,  1  Black,  25;  Per- 
alta  vs.  U.  S.,  3  Wall.,  440.  Decree  of 
district  court  affirmed. 

The  farmers  have  lately  gained  the 
suit  against  the  miners  for  overrunning 
their  land  with  debris,  and  ruining  them 
for  agricultural  purposes.  Probably  the 
matter  will  be  taken  before  a  higher 
court,  but  the  agriculturists  must  event- 
ually be  protected. 


AN    EPISTLE     BY    OUR    DREAMY 
CANVASSER. 

In  answer  to  my  timid  request  to  sub- 
scribe, a  California  granger  as  tall  as  the 
eucalyptus,  aud  with  a  beard  like  a  red- 
wood top,  advanced  a  stride  in  my  direc- 
tion, rested  one  loot  on  the  summit  of 
his  gatepost,  placed  the  palm  ol  his  hand 
carelessly  on  the  top  of  a  telegraph  pole, 
took  a  bird's-eye  view  of  your  correspon- 
dent's outfit,  ejected  a  narcotic  Hood 
from  his  mouth,  submerging  some  colo- 
nies of  ants  and  a  beetle  ranch,  aud  ex- 
claimed, with  a  startling  abruptness, 
"  What's  that,  young  manV"  I  dare  say 
I  felt  like  Gulliver  at  Brobdignag,  aud 
for  purposes  of  easy  conversation  I 
would  fain  have  sat  upon  the  giant's  hat 
brim.  However,  I  managed  to  titilate 
his  tympanum  at  a  safe  distance. 

"Your  agricultural  papers  be  blanked!" 
said  he,  alarmingly  emphatic  in  word 
and  gesture;  "It  makes  me  mad  to  see 
what  blamed  fools  them  fellers  be  who 
write  agricultural  papers  and  books,  any- 
how. Now,"  said  he,  twanging  the  tel- 
egraph wire  with  his  little  finger,  "what 
d'ye  they  know  'bout  time  for  plowin', 
or  puttiu'  in  crops,  or  pruiiin'  vines,  out 
here."  I  interrupted  him  with  a  feeble 
remark,  and  intimated  that  very  likely 
he  had  been  reading  an  arctic  rural, 
adapted  to  a  soil  and  climate,  remote 
from  the  laud  of  the  perennial  straw- 
berry aud  pea  vine,  and  that  suggestions 
for  cultivating  and  transplanting  the 
lichen,  subsoiling  on  ice  floes,  and  im- 
proving the  breed  of  polar  bears  and 
walruses,  cannot  be  safely  followed  by 
the  California  farmer,  the  conditions  in 
the  two  sections  not  being  exactly  iden- 
tical. He  gave  me  a  contemiituous  look 
and  continued  volubly,  citing  numerous 
instances  going  to  show  the  worse  than 
Egyptian  darkuess  pervading  the  minds 
of  agricultural  writers  aud  editors  in 
general,  aud  Mr.  Greeley  in  particular. 
Agaiu  I  remonstrated,  arguing  that 
"What  I  Know  About  Farming,"  though 
an  invaluable  agricultural  treatise,  doubt- 
less, yet  is  not  uuiversally  regarded  by 
our  farmers  as  the  most  reliable  author- 
ity on  California  husbandry;  that  hus- 
bandmeu  who  experiment  by  eastern  and 
foreigu  journals  aud  have  an  abiding 
Mr.  Billings  almanac  as  a  wtather  guide 
f,  r  our  coast,  will  occasionally  miscalcu- 
late; that  California  publications,  espe- 
cially the  California  Agriculturist,  are 
more  reliable  and  much  safer  guides  for 
our  farmers  in  agriculture  aud  horticul- 
ture than  the  aforesaid  authorities;  that 
some  chaff  is  invariably  mixed  with  the 
wheat  ill  spite  of  the  most  careful  wiu- 
uowiug  by  the  editor;  that  even  editors 
have  been  sometimes  deemed  fallible  by 
rash  aud  irreverent  readers;  that  no  per. 
son  should  imagine  his  little  acre  and  af- 


fairs the  obj'^ct  of  our  special  and  exclu- 
sive solicitude,  and  that  whoever  deems 
knowledge  useless  which  does  not  refer 
directly  to  the  crops  aud  flocks  within 
his  own  gates,  is  no  wiser  than  an  oyster 
in  his  unopened  shell;  that  I  should  ad- 
vise him  to  take  the .  Here  the  tel- 
egraph wire  snapped  with  a  vicious 
twang,  the  ponderous  foot  of  Brobdignag 
came  down  with  a  dreadful  thud,  another 
narcotic  rolled  from  his  mouth  and 
roared  past  me.  At  this  crisis,  fortu- 
nately, I  awoke  in  the  comfortable  bed 
of  a  hospitable  farmer,  to  realize  that 
my  frequent  wrestle  with  the  cynical  and 
skeptical  granger  had  been  renewed  in 
my  dreams.  C. 


STOCKTON  LETTER. 

irrigation — GRAPE    CUTTINGS. 

Ed.  Agriculturist:  Many  farmers  liv- 
ing on  the  Calaveras  and  Mormon  Chan- 
nels, which  are  the  two  principal  outlets 
of  the  Calaveras  river,  are  engaged  in 
danuning,  in  anticipation  that  Spring 
rains  will  come;  in  which  case  four  to  five 
thousand  acres  of  land  will  be  flooded  by 
means  of  these  dams.  At  present  water 
enough  to  irrigate  twenty  acres  a  day  is 
utilized.  The  flow  is  decreasing  because 
there  is  no  snow  to  feed  the  stream.  I 
have  6000  Muscat  of  Alexandria  vines. 
I  grafted  iu  500  of  that  variety  last  year 
by  the  underground  process,  using  two 
cuttings;  nine-tenths  of  them  lived.  In 
case  both  grafts  grow  I  dig  down  and 
saw  off  one  of  them. 

I  propose  now  to  graft  1,500  with  Mus- 
cats and  White  Corinth.  The  latter  va- 
riety are  seedless  and  very  difficult  to 
procure  here.  Of  the  Mucat  of  Alexan- 
dria I  could  sell  twice  as  many  as  I  did 
last  year,  which  was  13,000.  Orders  re- 
ceived before  March,  with  cash,  will  be 
filled  at  the  rate  of  $5.00  per  M.,  and 
shipped  in  order.  I  want  to  buy  some 
Gordo  Blanco  aud  Sultana  for  trial.  1 
believe  at  Stockton  we  have  one  of  the 
best  places  in  the  world  for  grape  culture 
and  raisin  making. 

D.  A.  Learned. 

Jan.  15,  '77. 


Estimate  of  Seeds  for  an  Acre. 

POUNDa. 

Beets  and  Mangold  Wiirtzel 4  to    6 

Cabbage 1  to    1  }4 

Carrut  2  to    3 

Cut-umber,  ill  hiU8 1  to    2 

Clover,  red.  broHdrast  alone         15  to  20 

Clover,  mixed  witli  \i  bushel  Timothy 

and  1  bushel  Red  Top  10 

Clover,  white,  broadcast  alone 10  to  15 

Alfalfa 16 

Lucerne 15 

Onion,  iu  drills  4  to    5 

Parsnip,  in  drills 4  to    6 

Radiish.  in  drill 5  to    8 

Radish,  broadcast 12  to  16 

Salsify .  iu  drills 6  to    8 

Spinach 8  to  10 

Turnip  and  Ruta  Baga.  broadcHSt  ..    .  IH 

Turnip  and  Ruta  Baga.  in  drills 1 

QUARTS. 

Beans,  pole,  in  hills  3x4        ,.  8  to  12 

Coru,  in  hills  .         8  to  12 

Broom  Corn,  iu  hills 10  to  12 

Mustard,  broadcast   12 

Sorghum,  or  Chinese  Sugar  Cane  ..   ..  2  to    3 

BUSH£LS. 

Beans,  bush,  in  drillB2H  feet  apart...  1?^ 

Corn  furfodder 3  to  4 

Barley,  broadcast 2  to  3 

Barley,  iu  drills l!^to  2 

Buckwheat    , 1  to  1  Jfi 

Hungaiian   Grass 34 

Kentucky  Blue  Grass 2  to  3 

Lawn  Grass     2  to  3 

Millet,  broadcast >6to       % 

Oats        2  to  3 

Orchard  Grass   ' 2  to  3 

Pens,  in  drills 2  to  3 

Potatoes,  in  drills  or  hills,  cut  tubers  10 

Potatoes,  cut  to  siugle  eyes fi 

Rye,  broadcast 1  to  2 

Rid  Top   2  to  3 

Rye  Grass 2 

Sainfoin  2  to  3 

Timothy )^ 

Vetches  2  to  3 

"Wheat,  broadcast 1  to  2 

Wheat,  iu  drills Hto  1 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


21 


m\t  f  oultvn  ^\ml 


PRACTICAL  POULTRY  KEEPING 

'E  find  the  following  verj' practical 

article  in  the  Russian  River  Flag. 

It  is  just  such  information  as  our 

readers  will  appreciate. 

Flag: — At  your  request  I  give 
some  of  my  experience  with  poultry,  to- 
gether with  hints  and  items  which  may 
be  of  interest  and  possible  benefit  to  a 
portion  of  your  readers,  as  now-a-days 
nearly  every  fa.uily  that  has  the  room 
keeps  more  or  less  fowls,  if  only  to  sup- 
ply their  table  with  undoubtedly  (resh 
eggs  and  occasionally  a  broiled  or  a  roast 
chicken. 

LEGHOEN   FOWLS. 

It  is  now  well  established  that  pure 
Leghorn  fowls  far  exceed  any  other  va- 
riety in  laying  qualities.  They  are  har- 
dy, easy  to  raise,  mature  early,  and  when 
well  cared  for  will  lay  at  six  mouths  of 
age.  I  have  frequently  had  March- 
hatched  Leghorn  pullets  commence  lay- 
ing in  August,  ami  continue  more  or  less 
regularly  all  through  the  following  Win- 
ter. I  have,  first  and  last,  bred  twenty 
diflerent  varieties  of  fowls,  and  my  ex- 
perience proves  the  White  Leghorn,  in 
comparison  to  others,  to  mature  earlier, 
lay  earlier,  produce  more  eggs,  consume 
less  food,  and  ,ire  the  most  beautiful  and 
profitable  of  all  fowls.  They  lay  a  large 
white  egg,  and  are  docile  and  easily  re- 
strained— seldom  or  never  want  to  set. 

TO  INCKEASE    EGG  PRODUCTION, 

And  keep  hens  of  any  breed  in  good  lay- 
ing condition,  they  require  careful  and 
constant  attention.  My  manner  of  feed- 
ing to  ensure  the  greatest  amount  of  eggs 
is  about  as  follows:  At  daybreak  in  win- 
ter, and  five  o'clock  in  summer,  I  give 
warm  scalded  ground  food,  either  bran, 
shorts,  cracked  corn,  ground  wheat,  or 
barley,  and  grain  at  night,  a  change  oc- 
casionally being  necessary.  In  this  food 
once  in  ten  days  I  mix  -a  teaspoon ful  of 
sulphur  to  a  dozen  fowls — and  two  or 
three  times  a  week  the  same  proportion 
of  cayenne  pepper.  Jleat  is  supplied 
twice  a  week,  and  if  there  is  no  grass 
that  the  fowls  can  get  I  feed  turnip  tops, 
cabbage,  or  onions,  cut  up,  every  day ; 
give  them  pounded  oyster  shells,  and 
ground  bone  or  bone  meal,  which  is  pre- 
pared especially  for  poultry.  I  expe- 
rienced some  trouble  at  first  in  getting 
the  latter  article  on  this  coast,  but  now 
receive  it  from  the  mills  in  large  quanti- 
ties. It  costs  five  or  six  cents  a  pound, 
and  is  not  only  the  most  convenient  to 
use,  but  is  the  best  article  known  to 
stimulate  hens  to  lay  and  encourage 
growth  in  chicks.  One  spoonful  a  day 
to  a  dozen  or  fifteen  hens,  mixed  in  their 
morcing  feed,  or  one-third  the  amount 
to  the  same  number  of  growing  chicks. 
I  consider  this  the  most  profitable  feed  I 
give. 

Hens  will  lay  and  lay  well  at  certain 
seasons  ot  the  year  without  the  above 
extra  care.  But  with  it  good  laying 
breeds  will  lay  the  year  around  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  days'  rest,  say  five 
to  nine,  at  the  end  of  each  litter  of  20  to 
30  eggs.  I  have  had  Leghorn  hens  pro- 
duce 250  eggs  in  a  year,  with  extra  care, 
while  common  stock  with  common  care 
will  not  lay  more  than  75  to  100.  I  never 
keep  hens  for  laying  to  more  than  IS  or 
20  mouths  of  age,  or  to  their  second 
moult,  but  good  stock  birds  three  to  five 
years;  the.se,  however,  I  never  feed  pep- 
per or  other  stimulating  food. 

TO  PKEVENT  VEKMIN 

If  sulpher   is   fed   as   before   directed 


and  coal  oil  oceasionlly  applied  to  the 
perches,  houses  kept  white  washed  out- 
side and  in,  vermin  will  not  trouble  the 
fowls.  When  a  hen  is  placed  to  set, 
sprinkle  a  spoonful  of  sulphur  or  car- 
bolic powder  in  the  nest,  and  again  at 
the  end  of  ton  days,  and  also  dust  some 
under  the  wings  and  feathers.  With 
this  treatment  my  hens  never  suffer 
from  insects. 

SEASON  TO  RAISE  CHICKS. 

Young  chicks  cannot  be  raised  to 
any  advantage  in  the  dryer  parts  of 
California,  from  June  to  October,  but 
at  all  other  seasons  they  do  well  if  prop- 
erly cared  for.  My  mode  of  caring 
for  them  is  as  follows,  and  I  lose  very 
few:  My  breeding  fowls,  to  commence 
with,  are  healthy  and  vigorous  from 
having  fresh  blood  introduced  as  often 
as  necessary. 

THE  CHICKS    WHEN  HATCHED 

.\re  left  undisturbed  for  twenty-four 
hours,  then  removed  to  a  comfortable 
coop  with  the  hen  mother,  and  fed  a 
hard-boiled  egg,  chopped  fine,  with 
about  the  same  weight  of  white  bread; 
after  the  second  day,  white  bread  and 
baked  corn-cake  crumbled  fine.  After 
the  first  week  corn-cake  ahrne,  and  after 
the  second  week,  scalded  meal  and  bran 
or  shorts,  and  the  last  thing  at  night, 
cracked  corn  with  the  fine  part  sifted 
out,  or  a  few  grains  of  wheat.  Pure 
fresh  water  is  kept  before  them  all  the 
time. 

With  this  manner  of  feeding  my 
young  chicks  never  have  the  diarrhea 
(i.  e.,  excrement  adhering  to  the  fluff), 
but  when  fed  at  first  with  wet  or  soft 
food,  this  is  apt  to  be  the  case;  they  get 
dumpy,  wings  droop  and  finally  die. 
Milk,  either  sour  or  sweet,  is  most  ex- 
cellent for  chicks,  as  well  as  grown 
fowls.  When  insects  are  scarce  I  give 
them  meat  two  or  three  times  a  week; 
this  is  not  a  necessity,  but  it  makes  them 
grow  faster  and  larger. 

GREEN    FOOD 

Must  be  had  in  order  to  have  them  do 
well,  so  I  endeavor  to  raise  them  during 
the  grass  season,  which  supplies  all  they 
need.  There  are  other  items  in  regard 
to  the  setting  of  hens;  diseases  peculiar 
to  this  coast,  and  their  treatment,  etc., 
which  I  would  be  glad  to  give  if  a  suflB- 
cieut  desire  is  indicated  by  your  many 
readers,  but  as  this  article  is  already  too 
long,  I  must  omit  further  reference  to 
them  here. 

rOULTRV  PAYS. 

There  is  no  question  in  my  mind  but 
poultry  can  be  made  to  pay  better  than 
any  other  live  stock  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
in  proportion  to  the  cnpital  invested. 
Prices  of  eggs  and  poultry  are  always 
high  compared  with  the  Kiisteru  market; 
the  demand  is  unlimited  and  will  always 
exceed  the  supply,  as  may  be  seen  by  the 
European  markets,  where  prices  are  con- 
stautlv  increasing.  Eggs  in  London  and 
Paris"  are  at  lea»t  fifty  per  cent  higher 
than  twenty  years  ago.  In  order  to  pay, 
fowls  must  have  constiiut  attention,  and 
can  never  be  allowed  to  sufl'er  from  a 
day's  neglect,  which  may  take  several 
days'  close  care  -to  recover;  now  blood 
should  be  mingled  yearly,  to  ensure 
health,  size  and  stamina;  if  kept  for  eggs 
the  progeny  of  common  hens  crossed 
with  Leghorn 


The  "editor  of  the  Flag  adds  the  follow- 
ing : 

Mr.  Stone's  hen-houses  are  located  in 
different  parts  of  a  T-acre  lot,  50  fowls 
being  the  maximum  allowed  to  each 
house.  The  setting  houses  are  (urnished 
with  portable  boxes  containing  two  nesta 
each;  this  arrangement  prevents  the 
hens  from  quarreling  over  their  nests, 
and  at  the  same  lime  enables  each  one 
to  find  her  own  without  difficulty.  These 
setting  boxes  are  thoroughly  ventilated, 
but  protected  from  the  weather.  After 
hatching,  the  hens  and  chickens  are  re- 
moved to  Toomy  coops  with  wooden 
floors,  covered  with  several  inches  of  dry 
earth.  These  are  located  and  conven- 
iently arranged  in  a  one-acre  lot,  where 
they  are  free  from  any  annoyance  from 
other  fowls,  until  they  are  able  to  take 
care  of  themselves,  when  they  are  re- 
moved to  the  larger  lot.  Near  the  time 
for  hatching  the  Brahma  eggs  are  moist- 
ened daily  in  warm  water  for  the  purpose 
hf  softening  the  shell  and  membrane  in- 
side, so  that  the  chicks  can  easily  force 
their  way  through.  The  feed  used  is 
ground  barley,  wheat,  cracked  corn  and 
chopped  vegetables.  Cracklings  as  a 
substitute  for  meat  are  procured  from  the 
lard  factories  in  San  Francisco. 

Mr.  Stone  has  had  fifteen  years'  expe- 
rience in  the  business  in  different  locali- 
ties, both  in  the  Atlantic  States  and  on 
this  coast.  He  considers  the  White  Leg- 
horn the  most  profitable  variety  for  pro- 
ducing eggs,  while  the  Brahma  is  pre- 
fered  for  the  table,  being  of  much  quick- 
er growth,  and  attaining  a  much  larger 
size;  he  finds  no  difficulty  in  disposing 
of  all  the  eggs  at  $2  per  dozen,  and  the 
fowls  at  §2  each.  Mr.  Stone  paid  for 
Brahmas  at  the  rate  of  $17  per  trio, 
and  for  Leghorns  at  the  rate  of  $15  per 
trio. 


has  to  be  studied  and  practiced  to  be 
made  profitable,  and  it  will  then  be 
found  to  be  one  of  the  best  for  the 
amount  of  investment  and  labor.  The 
profit  is  first  in  having  the  very  best  food 
in  eggs  and  meat  that  can  be  for  the 
family  use;  and  next  in  raising  what  is 
always  ready  sale  at  good  prices  the  year 
roand,  bringing  in  a  continuous  stream 
of  money.  The  little  boys  and  girls 
can  be  well  and  profitably  employed  in. 
this  work,  and  it  all  tells  in  summing 
up  the  family  work  and  earnings.  Let 
our  jieople  have  more  fowls  and  fewer 
foul  chicken  houses. 


It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  a  hawk 
will  always  light  on  some  conspicuous 
place  close  to  the  poultry  yard,  from 
which  to  swoop  down  on  his  victims. 
Taking  advantage  of  this,  erect  a  pole 
with  a  flat  surface  at  the  top  just  largo 
enough  to  hold  a  strong  steel  trap.  Fas- 
ten this  trap  with  a  chain  to  a  staple  in 
the  pole  and  await  results.  No  bait  will 
be  needed,  for  the  hawk  will  be  quite 
certain  to  light  on  the  trap  and  be 
canght.  A  gentleman  who  has  tried 
this  method  has  succeeded  in  killing  all 
the  hawks  in  his  neighborhood,  and  now 
can  raise  poultry  u-ithout  loss,  except  by 
accident. 


cocks,    will   increase   the 


quaUty  of  eggs  at  least  fifty  per  cent; 
and  this  without  auy  extra  expense  of 
keeping.  Common  fowls  crossed  with 
light  Bnihraas  make  a  splendid  market 
o? table  bird,  the  size  being  increased 
nearly  one-half;  of  course  they  consume 
more  than  a  smaller  breed,  but  they  al- 
ways bring  the  largest  price. 

C.  P.  Stons. 
Healdsburg,  Dec.  19,  1876. 


Raising  Fowls. 

The  following  article,  which  we  clip 
from  the  Tenn.  Rural  Him,  is  exactly 
suited  to  California,  and  is  just  as  good 
as  though  ice  wrote  it.  Now  is  the  time 
to  begin  to  think  about  s.me  business 
that  will  pay,  when  crops— not  the 
chickens',  but  the  grain  crops— may  be 
short: 

"It  may  be  safely  asserted  that  the 
people  of  America,  with  all  their  advan- 
tages of  climate  and  variety  of  soil, 
have  never  learned  to  raise  one  fowl 
where  France  produces  one  hundred. 
There  are  more  fowls  consumed  in  that 
country  than  any  other  in  the  world  ac- 
cording to  population.  There,  raising 
poultry  is  a  regular  business,  and  they 
make  it  pay.  The  two  great  staples  in 
that  country  may  be  said  to  be  fotel  aud 
grape,  anA  that  "they  live  by  and  upon 
these  two.  We  possess  facilities  for  the 
production  of  both  of  these  in  richest 
abundance,  and  the  inquiry  is  simply 
our  people  are  not  willing  to  raise  fowls, 
becftuse  two  many  of  ihem  feel  and 
think  it  too  small  a  business  to  be  en- 
gaged in.  Each  family  raises  some;  very 
few  families  raise  enough  for  their  own 
family  use;  aud  it  is  a  very  rare  thing 
to  find  one  where  enough  is  raised  to 
make  it  profitable  as  a  business.  In  or- 
der to  conduct  poultry  raising  profitably 
it  is  important  to  have  the  best  varieties 
for  this  section,  with  arrangements  for 
keeping  in  separate  yards,  scattered 
about  the  farm,  so  as  not  to  engender 
disease  by  too  many  in  a  flock,  and  all 
their  quarters  kept  in  order,  and  plenty 
of  good,  pure  water,  with  choice  suita- 
ble food.  In  raising  fowls  very  great 
care  must  be  had  not  to  crowd  too  many 
togethir,  cleansing  and  fumigating  the 
establishment. 

The  whole  economy  of  this  industry 


Eofis  TOR  Hatching.— An  English  ag- 
ricultural paper  says  that  eggs  intended 
for  setting  should"  be  stored  with  th 
large  end  down,  because  the  air  bnbb. 
does  not  spread  so  much  as  when  the 
small  end  is  down — this  spreading  of 
the  air  bubble  being  known  to  affect  the 
freshness  and  vitality  of  the  egg. 

A  comparison  of  the  weight  and  co-' 
of  a  passenger  train  on  the  eastern,  stand 
ard  gauge,  and  on  the  Boston,  Keveiti 
Beach,  and  Lynn  Railroad,  narrow  gauge 
respectivly,  has  been  made.  These  two 
roads  ran'  nearly  side  by  side  and  the 
carrying  capacity  of  the  two  trains  is 
practically  the  same.  The  heavy  Pull- 
man car  is  a  disadvantage  to  the  East- 
em  Koad,  gives  capacity  for  230  passen- 
gers, weigh  138  tons,  and  cost  $63,000; 
one  locomotive  and  six  passenger  cars  ou 
the  Revere  Beach  and  Lyan  Boad  give 
capaeitv  for  272  passengers,  weigh  5:t 
tons,  and  cost  $18,000. 

. m 

Grapes  for  Hogs. — It  will  uke  more 
pounds  of  grapes  to  make  a  pound  of 
pork  than  it  will  of  corn,  but  grapes  will 
fatten  hogs  faster  than  corn,  and  they  are 
much  belter  than  barley  or  corn  to  feed 
young  pigs  when  weaning  them  from 
"the  milk  of  their  mothers.  lndee<l,  they 
are  the  best  substitute  for  milk  to  feed 
young  pigs  on  we  have  ever  found. 
Those  who  have  grapes  and  pigs  will  sell 
their  grapes  much  better  by  turning  their 
pigs  into  the  vineyard  than  by  picking 
and  freighting  the  grapes  to  market  at 
the  present  price.— /Record- fiiion. 
m    

Califobnia  is  the  Spain  and  Portugal 
and  France  of  .^^raerica.  and  may  one  day 
rival  those  countries  in  the  production 
of  raisins  and  »-ine.  The  samples  sent 
East  last  year,  to  Chicago,  New  York, 
etc.,  exceeded  expectation,  and  were 
▼iewed  very  favorably  by  connoisseurs. 
In  New  York  a  box  was  placed  side  by 
side  with  a  box  of  imported  fruit,  and 
lost  nothing  by  the  comparison — was 
even  pronounced  fresher,  of  better  flavor 
and  finer  bloom,  and  Shylock  himself 
could  not  have  found  fault  with  the 
weight.— -4ni.  droctr. 

Salabibs  must  be  made  large  enough 
to  support  th  dignity  ( ?)  of  our  govern- 
ment officials  in  the  style  of  European 
princes  and  nobles,  though  the  people 
starve. 


22 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


Is  Production  Declining. 

GKICULTURAL  speakers  and  wri- 
'j^%  tera  often  give  the  impression, 
witliout  positive  assertion,  that  we 
produce  less  in  proportion  to  pop- 
''/ff^  ulation  than  formerly.  If  this  is 
so  we  eat  less  than  formerly,  for  we  ex- 
j)ort  more.  But  no  intelligent  person, 
after  due  deliberation,  will  assert  that  we 
feed  less  to  farm  animals  or  live  less  gen- 
erously ourselves  than  our  fathers  fed 
and  fared.  A  statistical  answer  in  the 
negative  has  been  made  by  the  Statisti- 
eiau  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
in  an  address  delivered  before  the  Agri- 
cultural Congress  at  its  last  session  in 
Philadelphia,  as  follows: 

There  are  problems  presented  daily 
which  only  agricultural  statistics  can 
solve,  and  upon  which  largely  depends 
the  future  prosperity  of  the  farming  in- 
terest. We  cannot  here  enumerate  them 
but  a  reference  to  one  or  two  may  suffice. 
The  inquiry  has  been  often  made  of  late. 
Is  production  declining?  It  has  been 
assumed  that  we  produce  in  proportion 
to  population  less  of  the  great  staples  of 
production  than  formerly.  It  is  the 
province  of  agricultural  statistics  to  de- 
cide the  question.  The  census  alone 
cannot  determine  it.  Such  is  the  fluctu- 
ation in  rate  of  yield,  that  the  supply  of 
a  given  staple  may  be  actually  increas- 
ing, while  the  product  of  the  census- 
year  may  be  less  than  its  predecessor  ten 
years    before.       For   instance,    corn  for 

1869  was  returned  760,944,549  bushels, 
and  in  1859  the  figures  were  838,792,742. 
It  has  often  been  asserted  on  the  strength 
of  these  returns,  that  corn  production 
was  declining,  not  only  per  capita,  but 
in  absolute  comparison  of  quantity.  Is 
it  so?  The  year  1869  witnessed  what  in 
country  parlance  is  called  "a  failure"  of 
the  corn  crop.  It  is  plainly  folly  to  take 
such  a  crop  for  comparison.  And  this 
fact  illustrates  the  absolute  necessity  of 
annual  estimates  to  supplement  decen- 
nial returns.  Since  1869  there  have  been 
six  harvests  exclusive  of  the  present  one. 
Of  these  six,  the  largest  and  smallest 
stand  in  juxtaposition:  the  one  in  1875, 
the  largest  ever  made,  is  1,331,000,000 
bushels;  and  the  other,  another  failure, 
in  1874,  850,000,000  bushels.  The  in- 
crease in  a  single  year  is  56  per  cent.    In 

1870  and  1872  the  product  was  nearly 
1,100,000,000;  the  average  of  annual  es- 
timates, for  the  six  years  since  the  cen- 
sus, 1,047,000,000  bushels;  and  this  con- 
firms the  opinion,  founded  on  careful 
study  of  the  history  of  cropping  in  1869, 
that  it  was  scarcely  more  than  three- 
fourths  of  a  full  crop.  Now,  let  us  ex- 
amine a  period  of  twenty-six  years.  We 
find  that  the  yield  per  capita  in  1849  was 
•25.5  bushels;  in  1859,  26. <!  bushels;  and 
in  1869,  the  year  of  a  three-fourths  crop, 
19.7  bushels — the  same  result  as  that  de- 
duced from  the  period  since  that  census. 
If  we  take  the  year  1875,  the  result  is 
excessive,  30  bushels  per  capita,  but  in- 
clude it  in  the  period  of  six  years   past, 

•and  we  have  25.5 — precisely  the  supply 
of  1819. 

As  to  wheat,  a  general  deduction  from 
comparison  of  census  exhibits  is  less  er- 
roncuns.  The  increase  in  round  num- 
bers was  from  100,000,000  to  173,000,- 
000,  and  again  in  1869  to  287,000,000. 
Now,  the  latter  was  a  large  crop,  yet  the 
average  for  the  six  subsequent  crops  is 
266,000,000,  while  the  estimate  for  the 
last  year  of  the  six  was  292,000,000. 
Distributed  according  to  population, 
there  were  4.3  bushels  per  head  in  1H49, 
5.5  in  1859,  7.46  in  1869,  aud  for  the  pe- 


riod since  6.6  bushels.  This  shows  an 
increase  of  more  than  50  per  cent,  in  the 
proportion  of  supply  in  twenty-six  years, 
and  is  exactly  in  accordance  with  the 
history  of  the  several  crop  years,  and  is 
a  proof  of  the  substantial  correctness  of 
these  estimates. 

The  export  figures  illustrate  further  the 
fact  of  the  large  increase  of  wheat-pro- 
duction. The  total  export  of  wheat  and 
flour  in  fifty  years  is  equivalent  to  1,062, - 
000,000  bushels  of  wheat,  while  91,000,- 
000  were  shipped  dviring  a  single  year, 
1874.  The  exports  of  one-half  of  this 
period  up  to  1850  were  onlf  178,000,000 
— less  than  twice  those  of  1874.  The 
heav}'  increase  during  recent  years  is  es- 
pecially noteworthy,  nearly  half  of  this 
semi-centennial  aggregate  having  been 
shipped  in  ten  years.  While  our  popu- 
lation has  nearly  doubled  siuce  1849.  the 
quantity  of  all  cereals  taken  together 
has  more  than  doubled.  The  census  re- 
ported 867,000,000  bushels.  Allowing 
something  for  incompleteness  of  that 
enumeration.  2,000,000,000  bushels  pro- 
duced in  1875  allow  a  distribution  of  46 
bushels  to  each  inhabitant,  in  place  of 
37.4  census-bushels,  or  possibly  40,  with 
a  complete  enumeration.  Our  average 
supply  since  the  last  census  exceeds  40 
bushels;  and  thus  is  demonsti-ated  the 
remarkable  fact  that,  with  our  rapid  in- 
crease in  numbers,  perhaps  without  a 
parallel,  we  not  only  keep  up  our  high 
standard  of  cereal  production,  but  actu- 
ally advance  it.  This  is  owing  to  our 
vast  areas  in  instant  readiness  for  the 
plow,  to  our  advance  in  variety  and  per- 
fection of  agricultural  machinery,  and  to 
the  stimulus  of  a  foreign  demand,  which 
has  never  been  so  pressing  as  during  the 
last  ten  yeare.  It  is  possible  to  double 
our  present  population  without  diminish- 
ing this  high  rate  of  supply.  There  is 
more  danger  at  present  of  overproduction 
and  unremunerative  prices  than  of  scarc- 
ity. The  proportion  engaged  in  agricul- 
ture in  the  West  is  still  too  large,  and 
far  too  large  in  the  South;  aud  the  with- 
drawal of  workers  from  rural  to  other 
industial  arts  would  not  only  greatly  fa- 
cilitate the  creation  of  wealth,  but  would 
stimulate  invention,  labor-saving  skill, 
and  industry  in  agi-iculture. 

Having  reached  the  conclusion  that 
corn-production  is  not  declining,  and  that 
the  supply  of  wheat  has  increased  50  per 
cent,  what  can  we  say  as  to  the  meat- 
supply  and  the  number  of  horses?  As 
to  the  latter,  it  is  not  found,  according 
to  the  fears  of  too  conservative  farmers 
a  former  generation,  that  multiplying 
railroads  tends  to  diminish  the  use  of 
horses.  More  horses  are  now  used  in 
taking  people  to  the  train  than  were 
formerly  required  to  perform  the  whole 
journey.  The  census  reports  only  the 
horses  of  the  farm,  without  reference  to 
those  of  the  town  or  city;  but,  for  com- 
parison, taking  the  numbers  in  propor- 
tion to  pojiulation,  there  were  nearly  20 
to  each  one  hundred  people  in  1850, 
quite  twenty  in  1860,  and,  notwithstand- 
ing the  waste  of  the  war,  eighteen  in 
1870.  The  increase  since  has  at  least 
equaled  the  advance  in  population. 
Coming  to  cattle,  %vhile  wo  know  that  the 
numbers  in  the  census  are  too  low,  es- 
pecially for  Texas,  California,  and  the 
Territories,  we  may  use  them  for  com- 
parative purposes.  F\-om  1850  to  1860 
we  find  the  number  of  all  kinds  of  cattle 
slightly  increasing,  from  77  to  81  to  each 
hundred  of  the  population,  and  then 
witness  a  decline  to  62  in  1870.  Since 
that  date  the  numbers  have  increased, 
but  not  materially  faster  than  the  i)opu- 
lation.  The  consumption  in  ihe  war 
was  a  prominent  cause  of  the  decline, 
and  a  growing  proferenco  to  horses  as  a 
substitute   for  working  oxen   ti'uded   to 


further  reduction.  The  supply  of  sheep 
per  capita  was  somewhat  greater  in  1870 
than  in  1860,  the  ratio  rising  from  70  to 
to  73,  but  less  than  in  1850,  when  there 
were  93  per  hundred  of  population.  But 
the  most  marked  decline  in  supply  has 
been  in  swine;  the  figures  in  these  de- 
cennial periods  being  respectively  129, 
105,  and  65.  The  tendency  is  to  still 
further  decline  in  some  of  the  principal 
swine  districts. 

There  is  another  statistical  point  of 
especial  interest  in  this  connection. 
While  numbers  have  declined  in  propor- 
tion to  population,  the  value  of  all  farm 
animals  divided  among  the  population 
would  give  about  $24  per  head  in  1850, 
$34  in  1860,  and  $44  in  1870.  Not  only 
has  scarcity  increased  the  value,  but  im- 
provement in  breeds  has  added  size  aud 
weight,  so  that  with  smaller  relative 
numbers  we  are  able  to  feed  our  jieople 
and  ship  more  beef  aud  pork  and  lard 
than  ever.  Here  is  food  for  reflection. 
Here  is  the  cause  of  advancing  prices  of 
beef  aud  pork.  And  it  is  fortunate  that 
increase  in  meat  production  is  consonant 
with  a  higher  and  more  intensive  agri- 
culture; that  it  is,  in  fact,  one  of  the  es- 
sential conditions  of  such  improvement. 
If  we  act  upon  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Har- 
ris, ana  perfect  breeds  of  meat  produc- 
ers that  shall  be  able  to  assimilate  a 
larger  proportion  of  the  fat  and  meat 
producing  elements  contained  in  the  food 
supplied,  we  shall  hasten  the  adoption 
of  a  system  of  agriculture  that  shall  be 
restorative  and  not  exhaustive. 

We  thus  learn  from  statistics  that 
grain-growing  exclusively,  though  re- 
munerative as  a  temporary  expedient,  is 
a  speculation  and  not  ti"ue  farming. 
Land  in  the  prairies  worth  $50  per  acre 
is  bought  for  $5,  and  its  true  value  is 
discounted  in  installments;  i.  e.,  the  soil 
is  plundered  piecemeal,  and  converted 
into  wheat  and  cash  to  furnish  means 
for  fencing  and  house-building,  and  to 
supply  capital  to  the  pioneer  farmer.  In 
this  point  of  view,  it  has  been  remune- 
rative as  a  pioneer  expedient;  but  with  a 
farm  equipped  for  the  work  of  a  long 
future,  the  superior  profit  of  a  restora- 
tive system,  in  which  domestic  animals 
fill  an  important  part,  cannot  be  ques- 
tioned. 


Investigations   in   Seeds — The 

Seed-Control  System  in 

Germany. 

Of  the  many  new  ways  in  which  sci- 
ence has,  during  the  past  few  years,  been 
applied  to  agriculture,  one  of  the  most 
interesting  aud  useful  is  in  the  examina- 
tion of  seeds.  In  1869,  Dr.  Nobbe,  di- 
rector at  the  station  at  Tharand,  in  Sax- 
ony, commenced  the  study  of  the  seeds 
in  common  use  in  German  agriculture, 
.and  founded  the  first  "seed-control  sta- 
tion." How  much  good  has  come  from 
this  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that 
during  the  seven  years  that  have  since 
intervened,  over  4,000  samples  of  seeds 
have  been  examined  at  Tharand;  that  an 
astonishing  amount  of  adulteration  has 
been  discovered,  so  much  so  as  to  exert 
a  by  no  means  inconsiderable  effect  <ipon 
the  agriculture  of  the  country;  aud  that 
the  importance  of  the  work  has  come  to 
be  recognized  so  fully  as  to  induce  the 
establishment  of  a  number  of  seed-con- 
trol stations  in  Gernumy  aud  other  Eu- 
ropean countries.  Various  kinds  of 
adulterations  have  been  discovered. 
Sometimes  these  consist  merely  in  seeds 
of  weeds  and  other  extraneotis  plants, 
either  of  inferior  value  or  positively 
harmful,  which  have  been  gathered  with 
the  genuine  seeds;  sometimes  they  con- 
sist of  inferior  seeds  purposely  added  to 
increase    the    bulk    aud    weight   of    the 


wares  sold.  In  some  cases  the  seeds 
used  for  adulteration  are  deprived  of  vi- 
tality by  previous  steaming,  roasting  or 
boiling;  in  others,  so  base  are  the  prac- 
tices to  which  the  love  of  unlawful  gain  , 
will  stoop,  not  even  this  means  is  used 
to  prevent  the  injury  which  must  be 
brought  upon  the  consumer  by  raising 
useless  or  noxious  plants,  instead  of  the 
useful  ones  he  seeks.  Genuine  seeds 
which  have  lost  their  vitality  by  age  are 
often  mixed  with  fresh  seeds.  The  most 
barefaced,  though  not  the  most  harmful 
seed-swindling  discovered  by  Professor 
Nobbe,  consists  in  grinding  quartz  rock, 
sifting  out  jiarticles  of  the  proper  size, 
dyeing  them  in  proper  colors,  and  mix- 
ing them  with  clover  seeds.  Samples  of 
clover  seed  containing  25  per  cent  by 
weight  of  this  admixture  of  colored  grains 
of  quartz  can  be  distinguished  only  by 
very  close  aud  careful  examination  from 
the  unadulterated  seed. 

So  patient,  ingenious,  and  successful 
have  been  Dr.  Nobbe's  investigations, 
that  he  is  able  to  distinguish  with  accu- 
racy the  seeds  of  the  common  cultivated 
pkants  and  weeds,  and  to  determine  as 
well  the  percentages  of  pure  seeds  and 
adulteuatious,  as  what  proportion  of  the 
genuine  seeds  are  capable  of  germinating 
and  thus  producing  vigorous  plants. 

One  outgrowth  of  Dr.  Nobbe's  work 
at  Tharand,  is  his  lately  completed  Haml- 
huch  dfr  Samenkiincle,  volume  of  642 
pages,  of  which  366  pages  are  devoted 
to  the  physiology  of  seeds,  138  to  the 
means  of  determining  their  agricultural 
value,  and  the  rest  to  the  means  of  pre- 
venting frauds,  and  other  topics. 

Dr.  Nobbe  points  with  pride  to  the 
fact  that  at  the  time  of  the  completion  of 
this  work  there  were  already  established 
in  Germany  some  twenty  seed-control 
stations,  whose  directors  had  almost 
without  exception  spent  more  or  less 
time  at  the  station  at  Tharand  in  prepar- 
ing for  their  work,  that  still  more  sta- 
tions were  to  be  established  in  Germany, 
and  that  similar  institutions  were  found- 
ed or  proposed  in  Denmark,  Austria, 
Hungary,  Holland,  Belgium,  and  Italy. 
A  similar  arrangement  should  be  estab- 
lished in  the  United  States. 


Words  of  Pkaise.  —  The  New  York 
Eceninq  Mail  has  an  article  on  raisin  cur- 
ing in  California,  endorsing  the  general 
belief  that  it  is  destined  to  become  agreat 
industry,  which  it  concludes  with  the 
annexed  paragraph: 

With  her  mines  of  precious  metals 
still  adding  their  stores  to  the  wealth  of 
the  world;  with  her  wheat  successfully 
rivalling  that  of  any  other  clime;  with 
her  cigars  and  tobacco  equal  to  the  best 
that  Havana  sends  us;  with  her  magnifi- 
cent fruits,  extorting  the  admiration  of 
all  who  see  them  or  taste  them;  and  now, 
with  her  new  raisin-producing  industry, 
surely  our  sister  of  the  Pacific  slope  has 
almost  an  embarrassment  of  riches,  aud, 
perhaps,  more  than  her  fair  share. 

GiiAPEs  at  ten  dollars  a  ton  pay  big  in 
old,  established  vineyards,  jlr.  I.  De- 
Turk,  of  Sonoma  county,  has  thirty  acres 
of  vines,  young  and  old,  which  averaged 
six  and  one-half  Urns  to  the  aero,  or  two 
hundred  tons  to  the  whole  vineyard,  this 
year,  making  about  60,000  gallons  of 
wine,  equal,  it  not  superior,  to  the  vint- 
age of  any  previous  year  since  he  has 
been  in  the  business.  Even  at  the  ex- 
treme low  price  of  grapes — $10  per  ton — 
it  will  be  readtly  seen  that  a  well  culti- 
vated viueyard  is  profitable — more  so 
than  staple  crops.  Sixty-five  dollars  an 
aero  leaves  a  net  profit  of  $55  per  acre. 
At  any  figui-e  above  $10  a  ton,  grape  cul- 
ture is  enormously  profitable. —  I'ooi-UUl 
Tidings. 


~^^- 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


®hc  %Mmt 


Work,  IVork,  IVork. 

Work,  work,  work. 

Is  ever  the  farmer's  song. 
There's  never  a  time  to  stop  antl  think. 

Be  the  evenings  ever  so  long. 

Yes,  work,  work,  work. 

Till  your  hands  are  hard  and  rough; 
Work,  ami  wring,  and  scrape. 

Till  your  finger  nails  wear  ofT. 

And  then  sit  down  and  write 
Of  the  joye  of  a  farmer's  life; 

'Tis  Oh,  to  be  a  slave. 
Or  a  modern  farmer's  wife. 

Oh  no.  tUo  men  are  not  to  blame, 

I'or  they  do  all  thoy  can; 
But  then  there  are  ii  hundred  things 

That  are  beyond  ajuan. 

They  do  their  work,  then  go  to  sleep, 
No  "yeast"  is  on  their  minds; 

If  all  the  babies  wake  and  weep. 
It  ne'er  disturbs  a  man. 

It's  work,  work,  work. 

Yes,  cook,  and  weed,  and  hoe. 
Till  our  lady-like  and  dimpled  hands 

Are  NOT  "as  white  as  snow." 

I  would  that  I  were  dead. 

And  buried  in  a  "row;" 
llnder  a  fragrant  cabbage  head. 

And  at  my  feet  a  "hoe." 

A  "mushroom"  planted  at  my  head. 

So  that  its  VERDANT  shade 
Might  wof)  the  birds  to  come  and  sing 

About  my  lonely  grave. 

But  I  cnn't  die,  I  have  no  time, 

'Twould  take  a  day  or  two, 
And  stop  the  plow,  so  I  must  wait 

'Till  the  busy  time  is  through. 

—  [Prairie  Farmer. 


them  completely  dry;  but,  if  the  slice  be 
not  too  thin,  wo  find  the  interior  layers 
delicionsly  soft  and  palatablf.  It  in  the 
water  in  tlie  bread  which  provents  the 
loaf  becoming  all  crust.  In  an  oven  with 
a  teraperaturi)  of  -"JOO  degrees,  the  loaf 
gets  baked  or  browned  outside,  and  the 
crust  is  formed;  but  the  iusido  never  has 
a  temperature  aViOve  one  hundred  de- 
ttees. 

If  the  inside  is  thus  slow  to  heat,  it  is 
also  alow  to  cool.  Everyone  Isnowc  how 
lonf^  th(^  crumb  of  a  roll  continues  warm, 
and  the  loaf  taken  from  the  oven  at  one, 
even  on  a  cold  winter  morning,  comes 
warm  to  the  breakfast  table  at  seven. 

Does  it  not  seem  that  the  difference 
between  fresh  liread  and  stale  bread  is 
only  the  diS'ereuce  botweou  hot,  bread  and 
cold  bread;  especially  when  we  reflect 
that  wo  have  only  to  warm  tlio  stale 
bread  to  nialie  it  fresh  again.  Hut  there 
is  this  fact  that  stands  in  the  way  of  such 
an  explanation;  the  broad  which  has  been 
rcbaked,  although  hardly  distinguishable 
from  bread  which  has  been  recently 
baked,  is  only  so  for  a  very  short  time — 
it  rapidly  becomes  stale  again.  Were 
this  not  the  ease  wo  need  never  have  to 
complain  of  stale  bread. 

The  conclusion  drawn  from  experi- 
ments is,  that  staloneas  depends  on  a  pe- 
culiar condition  of  the  broad,  and  this 
condition  is  itself  dependent  on  a  fall  of 
temperature.  —Dr.  Lockridqe. 


Bread— Stale  and  Fresh. 

DON'T  like  stale  bread — do  you? 
Ilf  My  reason  for  disliking  it  is  very 
much  the  reason  why  I  don't  like 
Dr.  Pell ;  your  reason  is  really  thf 
same,  but  you  proViably  cheat  j'our- 
self  into  the  belief  that  it  is  something 
else — namely:  because  the  bread  is  "so 
dry."  Allow  me  to  undeceive  you.  No 
bread  is  dry ;  bread  just  baked  is  nearly 
half  water;  and  the  stalest  of  stale  loaves 
has  not  more  than  a  hundredth  part  of 
this  water. 

The  fact  that  bread  contains  nearly 
half  its  weight  of  water,  is  surprising, 
but  not  so  surprising  as  that  your  own 
body  contains  a  considerably  larger  pro- 
portion— nearly  three-fourths.  The  flour 
from  which  bread  is  made  is  dry  enough, 
containing  not  more  than  sixteen  per 
cent  of  water;  but  it  has  a  great  ten- 
dency to  absorb  water,  and  in  the  process 
of  baking  it  absorbs  it  rapidly.  The 
gum  which  is  produced  from  the  starch 
of  the  flour  in  baking,  holds  this  water 
firmly,  and  the  gluten  which  forms  a 
coating  round  every  little  hollow  in  the 
bread,  resists  evaporation,  and  thus  bread 
becomes  moist,  and  keeps  moist,  let  it  be 
ever  so  stale. 

But  if  stale  bread  be  not  dry  bread, 
what  is  it ':'  What  makes  that  familiar 
difference  between  the  soft,  spongy 
crumb  of  yesterday's  baking,  and  the 
harsh,  crumbling  morsel  of  six  days  old? 
There  is  no  difference  of  moisture;  every 
cook  or  baker  will  tell  us  there  is  no  use 
of  placing  bread  in  a  moist  cellar  to  keei) 
it  fresh  or  prevent  evaporation  of  its 
water,  since  it  will  assuredly  become 
stale  as  the  hours  roll  on. 

On  the  other  hand,  every  baker  and 
every  cook  will  also  tell  us,  that  if  a  stale 
loaf  be  placed  in  the  oven  again  for  a  few 
minutes,  it  will  come  out  having,  for  a 
time  at  least,  all  the  characters  of  fresh 
bread. 

Who  does  not  know  the  effect  of  toast- 
ing a  slice  of  stale  bread?  The  lire 
scorches  the  outside  layers  and  renders 


Usefuful  Hints. 

In  copper  utensils,  if  the  tin  has  worn 
off,  have  it  immediately  replaced. 

Be  clean  in  your  person,  paying  pai-- 
ticular  attention  to  the  hands,  which 
should  always  be  clean. 

Empty  soups  or  gravies  into  a  basin  as 
they  are  done ;  never  allow  them  to  re- 
main all  night  in  the  stock  pot. 

Cleanliness  is  the  most  essential  in- 
gredient in  the  art  of  cooking;  a  dirty 
kitchen  being  a  disgrace  to  both  mistress 
and  maid. 

Be  very  particular  in  cleaning  all  veg- 
etables free  from  grit.  Nothing  is  so 
unpleasant,  and  nothing  so  easily  avoid- 
ed, if  but  common  care  be  exercised. 

Do  not  go  about  slipshod.      Provide 

yourself  with  good,  well-fitting  boots. 
You  will  find  them  less  fatiguing  in  a 
warm  kitchen,  than  loose,  untidy  slip- 
pers. 

If  you  have  a  spare  kitchen  cupboard, 
keep  your  baked  pastry  in  it;  it  preserves 
it  crisp,  and  prevents  it  from  getting  wet 
and  heavy,  which  it  is  liable  to  do  in  the 
larker. 

If  you  have  a  lai'ge  dinner  to  prepare, 
much  may  be  got  ready  the  day  before, 
and  many  dishes  are  a  great  deal  better 
for  being  thus  made  early.  To  soups 
and  gravies  this  remark  is  particularly 
applicable. 

Provide  yourself  with  a  dozen  good- 
sized  serviceable  cooking  aprons,  made 
with  bibs.  These  will  save  your  gowns, 
and  keep  you  neat  and  clean.  Have 
them  made  large  enough  around  so  as  to 
nearly  meet  behind. 

Clean  your  tins  with  soap  and  whiten- 
ing rubbed  on  with  a  flannel;  wipe  them 
with  a  clean,  dry,  soft  cloth,  and  polisn 
with  a  dry  leather  and  powder  whitening. 
Mind  that  neither  the  cloth  nor  the 
leather  is  greasy. 


Never  let  your  stock  of  spices,  salt, 
seasonings,  etc.,  dwindle  down  so  low 
that  some  day,  in  the  midst  of  preparing 
a  lai'go  dinner,  you  will  find  yourself 
minus  a  very  important  ingredient, 
thereby  causing  much  confusion  and  an- 
noyance. 

Do  not  scrub  the  inside  of  your  frying 
pan,  as  after  this  operation  any  prepara- 
tion fried  is  liable  to  catch  or  burn  in 
the  pan.  If  the  pan  has  become  black 
inside,  rub  it  with  a  hard  crust  of  bread, 
and  wash  in  hot  water  mixed  with  a  lit- 
tle soda. 

Pudding  cloths  and  jelly  bags  should 
have  your  immediate  attention  after  be- 
ing used  ;  the  former  should  be  well 
washed,  scalded,  and  hung  up  to  dry. 
Let  them  be  perfectly  aired  before  folded 
up  and  put  in  the  drawer,  or  they  will 
have  a  disagreeable  smell  when  next 
wanted. 

Do  not  be  afraid  of  hot  water  in  wash- 
ing tip  dishes  or  dirty  cooking  utensils. 
As  they  are  essentially  greasy,  lukei»-arm 
water  cannot  possibly  have  the  effect  of 
cleaning  them  effectually.  Do  not  be 
chary  also  of  changing  and  renewing  the 
water  occasionally.  You  will  thus  sare 
yourself  much  time  and  labor  in  the  long 
run. 

When  you  have  done  peeling  onions, 
wash  the  knife  at  once,  and  put  it  away 
to  bo  cU  aned,  and  do  not  use  it  for  any- 
thing else  until  it  has  been  cleaned. 
Nothing  is  nastier  or  more  indicative  of 
a  slovenly  or  untidy  cook  than  to  use  an 
oniony  knife  in  the  preparation  of  any 
dish  where  the  flavor  of  the  onion  is  a 
disagreeable  surprise. 

After  you  have  washed  your  saucepans, 
fish  kettles,  etc.,  stand  them  before  the 
fire  for  a  few  minutes,  to  get  thoroughly 
dry  inside,  before  putting  them  away. 
They  should  then  bo  kept  in  a  dry  place, 
in  order  that  the}'  may  escape  the  dete- 
I'iorating  influence  of  rust,  and  thereby 
be  quickly  destroyed. 


Iiaui5fh0ld 


"Domestic  Economy." — Miss  Sedg- 
wick has  asserted  th;tt  "the  more  intelli- 
gent a  woman  becomes,  other  things  be- 
ing equal,  the  more  judiciously  she  will 
manage  her  domestic  concerns."  And 
we  add  that  the  more  knowledge  a  wo- 
man possesses  of  the  great  principles  of 
morals,  philosophy,  and  human  happi- 
ness, the  more  importance  she  will  at- 
tach to  her  stntion  and  to  the  name  of  a 
good  housekeeper.  It  is  only  those  who 
have  been  superficially  educated,  or  in- 
structed only  in  showy  accomplishments, 
who  despise  the  ordinary  duties  of  life 
as  beneath  their  notice.  Such  persons 
have  not  sufficient  clearness  of  reason  to 
see  that  "Domestic  Economy"  includes 
everything  which  is  calculated  to  make 
people  love  home  and  be  happy  there. 

ORIGINAL,  BECIPES  BY  COELIA. 

Apple  Blancmamjc.  —  Pare  and  core 
enough  sour  and  juicy  apples  to  fill  an 
ordinary  pudding  dish  three-quarters 
full;  sugar  and  cinnamon  to  suit  the 
taste;  add  one  pinch  of  salt;  take  four 
heaping  spoonfuls  of  corn  starch,  wet  it 
with  coKl  water,  and  then  mix  it  rapidly 
with  one  quart  of  boiling  water;  add 
three  quarters  of  a  cup  of  sugar,  and 
boil  five  minutes.  Pour  this  over  the 
apples,  beating  the  mixttire  well,  then 
bake  in  a  slow  oven  six  hours.  It  is  best 
eaten  cold. 

Excellent  Veal  Loaf. —  Three  pounds 
veal  cutlets  and  a  small  piece  of  salt 
pork  (uncooked)  chopped  together  very 
tine;  one  teacup  of  cracker  crumbs 
moistened  with  a  little  water;  one  egg; 
season  with  salt  and  pepper;  add  sage  or 
savory  if  you  like.  IJake  one  and  a  half 
hours  and  slice  when  cold. 


The  Use  and  Care  of  Lamps. 

LL  explosions  of  petroleum  lamps 
^  are  caused  by  the  vapor  or  gas  that 
collects  in  the  space  above  the  oil. 
When  full  of  oil,  of  course  the 
lamp  contains  no  gas,  but  immedi- 
ately on  lighting  the  lamp  consumption 
of  the  oil  begins,  soon  leaving  a  space 
for  gas,  which  commences  to  form  as  the 
lamp  warms  up,  and  after  burniug  a 
short  time,  sufficient  gas  will  accumulate 
to  form  an  explosion.  The  gas  in  a 
lamp  will  explode  only  when  ignited. 
In  this  respect  it  is  like  gunpowder. 
Cheap  or  inferior  oil  is  always  most  dan- 
gerous. 

The  flame  is  communicated  to  the  gas 
in  the  following  manner:  The  wick  tube 
in  all  lamp  burners  is  made  larger  than 
the  wick  which  is  to  pass  through  it.  It 
would  not  do  to  have  the  wick  work 
tightly  in  the  burner;  on  the  contrary,  it 
is  essential  that  it  move  up  and  down 
with  perfect  case.  In  this  way  it  is  un- 
avoidable that  space  in  the  tube  is  left 
along  the  sides  of  the  wick  snfficient  for 
the  flame  from  the  burner  to  pass  down 
into  the  lamp  and  explode  the  gas. 

Many  things  occur  to  cause  the  flame 
to  go  down  the  wick  and  explode  the 
lamp:  First,  a  lamp  may  be  standing  on 
a  table  or  mantel,  and  a  slight  pufl'  of 
air  from  an  open  window  or  door  may 
cause  an  explosion;  second,  a  lamp  may 
be  taken  up  quickly  from  a  table  or  man- 
tel and  instantly  exploded;  third,  a  lamp 
is  taken  into  an  entry  where  there  is  a 
drught,  or  out  of  doors  and  an  explosion 
ensues;  fourth,  a  lighted  lamp  is  taken 
up  a  flight  of  stairs,  or  is  raised  quickly 
to  place  it  on  the  mant«l,  resulting  in  an 
explosion.  In  these  cases  the  mischief 
is  done  by  the  air  movement— either  by 
suddenly  checking  the  draught,  or  forc- 
ing air  down  the  chimney  against  the 
flame;  fifth,  blowing  down  the  chimney 
to  extinguish  the  light  is  a  frequent  cause 
of  explosion;  sixth,  lamp  explosions  have 
been  caused  by  using  a  chimney  broken 
off  at  the  top,  or  one  that  has  a  piece 
broken  out.  whereby  the  draught  is  va- 
riable and  the  flame  unsteady;  seventh, 
sometimes  a  thoughtless  person  puts  a 
small  size  wick  in  a  large  burner,  thus 
leaving  considerable  space  along  the 
edges  of  the  wick.  An  old  burner,  with 
its  air  draughts  clogged  up,  which  right- 
fully should  be  thrown  away,  is  some- 
times continued  in  use,  and  the  final  re- 
sult is  an  explosion. 

The  following  directions  for  using  ker- 
osene lamps  are  issued  by  a  famous  lamp 
manufacttircr,  and  seem  worth  ptiblish- 
ing  for  general  information: 

1.  Dry  the  wick  before  the  fire. 

2.  Use  none  but  the  best  oil. 

3.  Fill  the  container  with  oil  each  time 
before  lighting.  Cut  the  wick  the  same 
curve  as  top  of  cone. 

4.  W'hen  the  wick  is  well  saturated 
with  oil,  light  with  wax  taper,  turn  it 
below  the  cone  until  the  flame  appears 
only  about  half  an  inch  above  the  cone, 
pvit  on  the  chimney,  and  then  turn  the 
pinion  slowly  until  the  flame  is  the  re- 
quired height. 

5.  The  wick  must  be  always  below 
the  cone  when  burning. 

6.  The  flame  mnst  never  be  allowed 
to  remain  less  than  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  above  the  cone,  or  the  lamp  will 
smell. 

7.  Cleanliness  is  imperative  to  the  well 
burning  of  the  lamp.  Keep  all  perfora- 
tions perfectly  free  from  wick  cuttings, 
paper  ash,  etc.;  all  burners  take  to  pieces 
to  gain  access  to  interior. 

8.  To  extinguish  the  light  turn  it  down 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


until  a  small  blue  flame  appears;  it  will 
Uipn  begin  to  flicker,  and  eventually  go 
out. 

Sometimes  the  wick  becomes  too  short 
ti)  carry  up  the  kerosene,  and  the  lamp 
(,'nes  out.  If  you  have  not  time  to  put 
in  new  wick,  a  piece  of  cotton  rag  pinned 
on  below  will  answer  every  purpose,  and 
become  a  good  feeder.  If  a  hole  should 
become  broken  in  the  glass  chimney, 
paste  on  a  piece  of  paper,  which  may 
often  be  done  in  a  moment,  and  it  will 
auswer  its  purpose  well  for  a  long  time, 
or  until  you  get  a  new  chimney.  Some- 
times the  burners  of  lamps  become  gum- 
my, and  prevent  the  wicks  moving  free- 
ly. Boil  them  up  in  suds  over  the  fire 
a  short  time,  and  they  will  become  en- 
tirely clean  and  work  well. 

To  Extinguish  Kebosene  Flames. — 
Oue  of  the  most  ready  means  is  to  throw 
a  cloth  of  some  kind  over  the  flames, 
iind  thus  stifle  them;  but  as  the  cloth  is 
not  always  convenient  to  the  kitchen, 
where  such  accidents  ai-e  most  likely  to 
occur,  some  one  recommends  flour  as  a 
substitute,  which,  it  is  said,  promptly 
extinguishes  the  flames.  It  rapidly  ab- 
sorbs the  fluid,  deadens  the  flame,  and 
can  be  readily  gathered  up  and  thrown 
out  of  doors  when  the  fire  is  out. 


Prevention  of  Piee. — Keep  matches 
iu  metal  boxes,  and  out  of  the  reach  of 
children;  wax  matches  are  particularly 
dangerous,  and  should  be  kept  out  of 
th«  way  of  rats  and  mice.  Be  careful  in 
making  fires  with  shavings  and  other 
light  kindlings.  Do  not  deposit  ashes 
iu  a  wooden  vessel,  and  be  sure  that 
burning  cinders  are  extinguished  before 
they  ai-6  deposited.  Never  put  firewood 
upon  the  stove  to  dry,  and  never  put 
ashes  or  a  light  under  a  staircase.  Fill 
fluid  or  spirit  (or  kerosene)  lamps  only 
by  daylight,  and  never  near  a  fire  or 
light.  Do  not  leave  a  candle  burning  on 
a  bureau  or  a  chest.  Always  be  cautious 
about  extinguishing  matches  or  other 
lighters  before  throwing  them  away. 
Never  throw  a  cigar  stump  upon  the 
floor,  or  into  a  spit-box  containing  saw- 
dust or  trash,  without  being  certain  that 
it  contains  no  fire.  After  blowing  out  a 
candle,  never  put  it  away  until  sure  that 
the  snuff  is  out. 


Farmers'  Shoe  Crease. 

Put  into  some  fire-proof  vessel  one- 
fourth  pound  of  lard  or  soft  grease,  like 
lard,  one-fourth  pound  of  tallow — beef 
or  mutton  tallow — one-fourth  pound  ol 
bees-wax,  half  a  pound  of  neatsfoot  oil, 
three  or  four  tabUspoonfuls  of  lampblack 
aud  a  piece  of  gum  camphor  as  large  as 
a  hen's  egg.  Melt  the  ingredients  over 
a  slow  fire,  aud  stir  them  thoroughly  al- 
they  are  melted.  Never  heat  it  so  hot  as 
to  make  it  boil.  Soft  grease  which  has 
salt  in  it  will  not  injure  the  leather.  Now 
have  the  leather  warm,  and  warm  the 
grease,  not  so  it  will  flow,  but  have  it  so 
soft  that  it  may  be  put  on  with  a  brush. 
Should  the  leather  seem  to  need  it,  give 
(lie  shoes  or  boots  an  oiling  occasionally. 
It  is  not  best  to  dry  this  grease  all  iu  be- 
fore the  tire,  but  allow  it  to  remain  on 
the  surface  of  the  leather.  A  light  coat 
of  this  kind  will  exclude  the  water  even 
if  the  boots  are  exposed  to  the  wet  all 
day.  This  shoe-f^rease  will  not  injure 
leather  by  making  it  hard  and  inelastic. 
A\'hen  a  man's  boots  are  exposed  to  the 
wet  he  shoidd  hang  them  up  iu  the  kitch- 
en where  the  leather  will  gradually  dry, 


and  put  on  a  little  grease  every  morning. 
It  is  far  better  to  grease  a  little  often, 
than  to  grease  boutifully  every  ten  or 
twelve  days.  Leather  should  not  be  al- 
lowed to  become  very  dry  before  greas- 
ing. Always  apply  the  grease  as  soon  as 
the  leather  is  almost  dry,  then  the  leather 
will  be  mellow  aud  never  become  hard. 
Nothing  injures  shoes  or  boots  more  than 
to  set  them  aside  to  dry  when  covered 
with  dirt.  Keep  boots  and  shoes  away 
from  the  fiie  when  they  are  liable  to  be- 
come heated.  Heating  injures  the 
leather. 

Another:  Take  one  i^art  (by  weight) 
rosin,  one  part  beeswax,  and  four  parts 
good,  fresh  lard,  Mix  and  melt  together 
over  the  fire,  so  as  to  be  sure  not  to  burn 
the  mixture.  It  makes  an  ointment  that 
is  superior  to  anything  I  have  ever  seen 
tried,  for  the  flesh  of  either  horses  or 
cattle,  for  either  fresh  or  old  sores,  and 
is  especially  good  to  remove  old,  dry 
scabs. 

The  mixture  is  the  best  thing  I  ever 
used  for  boots  or  shoes  for  out-door  wear, 
as  it  makes  the  spongy  leather  water- 
proof, and  the  hard  leather  soft. 

Cement  foe  Mending  India  Rubber. — 
Cut  virgin  or  native  India-rubber  with  a 
wet  knife,  into  the  thinnest  possible 
slices,  and  with  shears  divide  these  into 
threads  as  fine  as  fine  yarn.  Put  a  small 
quantity  of  the  shreds  (say  one-tenth  or 
less  of  the  capacity  of  the  bottle)  into  a 
wide-mouthed  bottle,  and  till  it  three- 
quarters  full  of  benzine  of  good  quality, 
perfectly  free  from  oil.  The  rubber  will 
swell  up  almost  immediately,  and  in  a 
few  days,  especially  if  olten  shaken,  as- 
sumes the  consistency  of  honey.  If  it 
inclines  to  remain  in  undissolved  masses 
more  benzine  must  be  added;  but  if  too 
thin  and  watery,  it  needs  more  rubber. 
A  piece  of  solid  rubber  the  size  of  a  wal- 
nut will  make  a  pint  of  the  cement.  This 
cement  dries  in  a  few  minutes. 

Chapped  Hands.  —  A  writer  in  the 
American  Orocer  asserts  that  to  preserve 
the  smoothness  and  softness  of  the 
hands,  keep  a  small  bottle  of  glycerine 
near  the  place  where  you  habitually  wash 
them,  and  whenever  you  have  finished 
washing,  and  before  wiping  them,  put 
one  or  two  drops  of  glycerine  on  the  wet 
palm  aud  rub  the  hands  thoroughly  with 
it  as  if  it  were  soap,  then  dry  lightly 
with  a  towel.  Household  work  and  bad 
weather  will  not  prevent  your  skin  from 
being  smooth  aud  soft,  if  this  plan  of 
using  glycerine  is  followed. 


Damp  Closets. — For  damp  closets  and 
cupboards  generating  mildew,  a  trayful 
of  quicklime  will  be  found  to  absorb  the 
moisture  and  render  the  air  pure,  but  of 
course  it  is  necessary  to  renew  the  lime 
from  time  to  time  as  it  becomes  fully 
slaked.  This  last  remedy  will  bo  found 
useful  in  safes  and  strong  rooms,  the 
damp  air  of  which  acts  frequently  most 
injuriously  on  the  valuable  deeds  and 
documents  which  they  contain. 

To  Fasten  Loose  Window-Sashes. — 
The  convenient  way  to  prevent  loose 
window-sashes  from  rattling  unpleasant- 
ly when  the  wind  blows,  is  to  make  four 
one-sided  buttons  of  wood,  and  screw 
them  to  the  beading  whicfi  is  nailed  to 
the  casings  of  the  window,  making  each 
button  of  proper  length  to  press  the  side 
of  the  sash  outward  when  the  end  of  the 
button  is  turned  down  horizontally. 

Soap  Bits — To  put  to  use  bits  of  soaj) 
which  are  still  too  good  to  throw  away, 
but  are  a  nuisance  in  the  soap  dish,  place 
all,  even  to  the  smallest  pieces,  in  a 
small   bag   of  flannel,  aud    they  will   be 


found  to  make  the  most  delicious  lather 
for  the  bath. 

To  FILL  Ceacks  in  Stoves  oe  Stove- 
pipes.— Use  stove  polish  wet  with  tur- 
pentine; it  should  be  used  when  the 
stove  is  cold. 


fiocicultuve. 


Experience  in  Fish  Culture. 

BY  SETH  GEEEN,  IN    THE  CHICAGO  TRIBUNE. 

m  — 

af  N  the  fall  of  the  year  1837,  while  I 
T  t  was  trout  fishing  in  Canada,  I  saw 
J  '■  some  salmon  make  their  nests  in 
yj\  the  gravel,  and  cast  their  spawn, 
iS^  and  cover  them  up  with  gravel.  I 
watched  them  two  days,  and  made  up 
my  mind  that  fish  eggs  could  be  hatched 
artificially  and  at  some  future  day  I 
would  try  my  hand  at  it.  I  watched  the 
habits  of  diiierent  kinds  of  fish,  when- 
ever an  opportunity  presented  itself.  In 
the  summer  of  18(34  I  bought  a  part  of 
Caledonia  Creek,  which  is  celebrated  as 
a  brook  trout  stream,  and  immediately 
began  the  construction  of  ponds,  rice- 
ways,  etc.,  in  preparation  for  the  ap- 
proaching spawning  season.  When  the 
time  arrived,  October  '20lh,  I  took  my 
first  spawn.  At  my  first  attempt  I  filled 
a  milk-pan  half  full  of  water,  and 
stripped  the  milt  and  spawn  of  the  male 
and  female  in  it.  I  examined  them  ev- 
erj'  day,  and  November  6th  I  could  tell 
the  eggs  that  were  impregnated,  and,  by 
carefully  counting,  found  that  there  was 
25  per  cent  impregnated.  I  consulted 
Mr.  Stephen  Ainsworth,  a  gentleman 
who,  I  knew,  had  had  as  much  experi- 
ence in,  and  was  as  well  read  on,  the 
subject  as  any  one  up  to  that  time.  I 
told  him  what  I  had  done,  the  per  cent- 
age  I  had  impregnated,  etc. ;  and  he  told 
me  that  was  as  good  a  per  centage  as  had 
ever  been  impregnated  in  any  country. 
I  made  up  my  mind  that  if  I  had  to  pick 
out  75  per  cent  of  the  eggs  I  took,  I 
should  not  propagate  many  fish.  I  had 
a  good  many  difficulties  to  overcome,  and 
I  thought  to  overcome  this  by  experi- 
menting. I  tried  first  on  the  belief  that 
one  drop  of  milt  was  sufficient  to  im- 
pregnate a  pan  of  eggs,  which  I  found 
was  a  mistaken  idea.  I  continued  tak- 
ing spawn  in  the  same  way  till  November 
7th,  when  it  occurred  to  me 'that,  by 
using  little  or  no  water,  the  milt  would 
have  a  better  chance  to  act  on  the  spawn. 
I  accordingly  took  some  spawn  in  the 
above  way,  and,  November  23d,  I  found 
that,  instead  of  25  per  cent  impregnated, 
I  had  97  per  cent.  That  was  the  first 
improvement  I  had  made,  and  I  felt  very 
much  gratified,  as  I  had  accomplished 
something  which  had  never  been  accom- 
plished before,  the  thirty-second  day  I 
had  been  taking  spawn.  I  practiced  this 
dry  impregnation  for  four  years  before  I 
told  any  one.  I  sold  the  spawn  for  from 
$8  to  $10  per  1,0(IU.  and  it  was  as  safe  to 
me  as  though  I  had  a  jniteut  right  on  it. 
During  the  four  years  my  success  had 
gone  the  rounds  of  the  papers,  aud  the 
Fish  Commissioners  of  the  New  England 
States,  hearing  of  my  success,  came  to 
me  and  made  arrnngemeuts  with  me  to 
come  to  the  Connecticut  river  and  under- 
take the  artificial  iiropagatioii  of  shad. 
As  Holyoke,  Massachusetts,  was  thought 
to  be  the  best  point  to  begin  operations, 
I  accordingly  went  there.  I  arrived  there 
June  2!1th,  18li7.  and  as  this  was  my  first 
attempt  at  shad-hatching,  my  troubles 
\^ere  not  few.  My  first  experiment  was 
to  hatch  the  sitawn  on  gravel-  -the  same 
as  I  did  trout;  but  as  they  were  so  much 
lighter  than    trout-spawn,  it  would   not 


work.  I  tried  numerous  other  experi- 
ments. Among  my  experiments  I  had  a 
box  with  a  sieve  bottom,  and  as  I  was 
examining  the  spawn,  I  accidentally  in- 
clined the  box  GO  that  the  current,  strik- 
ing the  lower  edge  of  the  box,  caused  a 
back-action,  and  the  eggs  began  to  boil 
up.  This  was  just  what  I  had  been  look- 
ing for,  and  I  nailed  cleats  on  the  sides 
to  keep  it  in  the  iuclined  position.  This 
was  the  fifth  day  after  I  had  arrived  at 
Holkoke,  and  by  this  simple  contrivance 
I  hatched  15,000,000  in  ten  days.  There 
had  been  a  number  of  attempts  to  hatch 
shad  by  different  parties  years  before, 
but  all  had  failed  because  the  spawn 
were  so  light  they  could  not  find  any 
hatching  apparatus  that  would  hold  them 
and  give  them  circulation  enough.  This 
was  my  next  great  success,  and  it  is 
worth  millions  of  dollars  to  the  country. 
There  will  be  plenty  of  shad  for  all  fu- 
ture time,  and,  if  it  had  not  been  dis- 
covered, they  were  as  sure  to  become  ex- 
tinct as  all  kinds  of  game.  It  will  not 
be  many  years  before  all  kinds  of  game 
will  be  gone  in  this  country. 

In  18B7,  aud  for  years  'previous,  shad 
had  been  selling  for  $40  per  hundred. 
In  the  year  1870  shad  were  very  plenty, 
and  have  been  every  year  since.  They 
have  been  sold  as  low  as  $3  per  hundred 
during  the  last  four  years.  I  will  copy 
an  extract  from  the  Fish  Commissioner's 
report  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts  for 
the  year  1871: 

"The  season  was  remarkable  for  the 
great  take  of  fish  in  the  river,  which  was 
the  more  striking  because  of  the  gradual 
decrease  of  the  fishery  for  many  years. 
On  Sunday,  May  21st,  vessels  in  Long 
Island  Sound  observed  the  unusual  spec- 
tacle of  vast  shoals  of  shad.  The  next 
day  they  struck  in  at  about  the  mouth  of 
the  river,  and  filled  the  nets.  At  Lin- 
coln, ten  miles  from  the  mouth,  and  on 
the  coast,  3,560  fish  were  taken  in  one 
pound,  (500  is  usually  a  large  catch), 
and  the  total  yield  for  the  pounds  for 
that  day  was  over  25,000.  At  Haddam 
Island,  a  short  distance  up  the  river,  700 
were  taken  at  one  sweep  of  the  seine, 
which  is  more  than  one-third  the  yield  of 
a  similar  seine  (or  the  whole  of  a  previ- 
ous season.  A  seine  four  miles  below 
Hartford  took  900  shad  the  same  day. 
As  this  is  some  fifty  miles  up  the  river, 
it  is  plain  that  the  schools  struck  in  all 
at  once,  and  that  those  which  headed  for 
the  stream  kept  ou  with  great  rapidity. 
Now,  it  does  not  appear  that  in  the  Hud- 
son to  the  west,  or  in  the  Merrimac  to 
the  east,  the  run  of  shad  was  unusual. 
On  the  contrary,  both  rivers  report  a 
small  average. 

"  Whence,  then,  this  local  phenome- 
non? The  Connecticut  people  call  them 
"Green's  shad,"  attributing  the  increase 
to  the  artificial  hatching  of  Seth  Green 
at  Iladley's  Falls  in  186'?;  and  this  opin- 
ion gets  color  from  the  fact  that  in  1868 
the  small  yearling  fish  were  unusually 
plenty." 

Again,  I  copy  from  the  Fish  Commis- 
sioner's report  of  Connecticut  for  the 
year  1873: 

"The  number  of  shad  annually  run- 
ning into  the  Ccrauecticut  river  has  in- 
creased to  such  an  extent  that  the  com- 
plaint of  the  fisherman  is  no  longer  of  a 
paucity  of  fish,  but  that  the  market  is  so 
overstocked  that  they  do  not  obtain  a  re- 
munerative price  for  them." 

Again,  the  Massachusetts  report  for 
the  year  1873  says: 

"Speaking  of  the  past  season,  1872, 
shad  were  more  plenty  aud  cheaper  than 
ever.  The  New  Ycn-k  m.arket  was  so 
completely  glutted  with  them  that  the 
dealers  refused  to  receive  m(n-e  than  a  ■ 
certain  number  at  any  jirice;  the  price 
was  reduced  from  $18  to  $3  per  hun- 
dred." 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


25 


In  the  fall  of  1867  I  hatched  whitefish 
and  herring,  and  iu  the  spring  of  1868  I 
hatched  the  spawn  of  the  wall-eyed  pike 
and  red  sides;  the  fall  of  the  same  year 
I  hatched  salmon  tront,  and  stocked 
many  waters  with  them,  and  have  con- 
tinued every  year  since  I  commenced  to 
stock  the  small  lakes  with  all  kinds  of 
bass  and  wall-eyed  pike.  I  get  gfiod  re- 
ports from  nearly  all  of  thera.  \Vc  have 
647  lakes  and  ponds  iu  this  State,  (New 
York,)  and  every  one  of  them  is  capable 
of  furnishing  a  fish  dinner  for  every 
family  living  within  five  miles  of  any 
one  of  them.  When  I  commenced  ex- 
perimenting on  hatching  fish  on  the  Con- 
necticut and  Hndsou  rivers,  I  was  called 
a  lunatic,  and  was  treated  aeconliiigly. 
I  have  had  a  dozen  men  standing  on  the 
banks  of  the  river,  hooting  and  calling 
me  all  sorts  of  names,  and  they  would 
break  any  of  my  apparatus  that  I  was 
experimenting  with,  if  they  could  do  so 
witht)ut  my  seeing  them.  I  have  lived 
to  see  the  day  that  I  am  not  called  a  lu- 
natic in  the  above  mentioned  places. 

I  believe  artificial  propagation  of  fish- 
eggs  will  be  practiced  for  all  time  to 
come,  and  all  our  rivers  and  lakes,  great 
and  small,  and  the  ocean,  will  be  stocked 
equal  to  the  best,  by  the  above  method. 


fomalagical 


PRODUCING      AND      MARKETING 
FRUITS. 

fE.  J.  M.  PATTERSON,  one  of  the 
most  experienced,  practical  and 
successful  prune  orchardists  in 
our  State,  writes  the  following 
chatty  and  instructive  letter 
about  producing  and  ai-irketing  fruits. 
He  knows  whereof  he  speaks  in  this 
matter,  and  his  word  may  be  regarded  as 
authority; 

.  Editor  Agricdltubi.st: — I  noticed  in 
the  November  number,  Mr.  Settle's  ex- 
perience in  fruit  drying  with  the  Aldeu 
fruit  dryer.  I  think  at  the  time  I  made 
out  that  the  Drying  Company  made  five 
hundred  dollars  more  than  the  producer 
on  the  Petit  prune.  Now  I  think  that 
amount  ought  to  have  been  divided  be- 
tween the  producer  and  the  dryer,  as 
one  cent  and  a  half  is  pretty  low  to  pay 
for  our  fruit.  I  wish,  also,  that  Mr. 
Settle  had  given  the  price  of  land,  and 
how  many  years  it  took  those  trees  to 
come  into  bearing  to  bring  the  amount 
there  stated  per  acre;  also,  the  interest 
on  the  money  invested  in  the  laud,  and 
what  could  be  raised  between  the  trees 
until  they  came  into  bearing.  It  would 
have  been  what  a  great  many  who  are 
coming  here  want  to  know.  I  think 
none  of  the  land  those  prunes  were  raised 
on  could  be  bought  for  less  than  four 
hundred  dollars  per  acre,  unimproved. 
1  had  the  privilege  of  examining  the  i 
prunes  after  they  were  dried,  and  pro- 
nounce them  a  good  article — the  best  I 
ever  saw  dried  with  hot  air.  They  ought 
to  bring  not  less  than  15  to  '20e  per  lb., 
as  such  retail  for  25  cts.  per  pound. 
There  ought  to  be  three  or  four  such 
dryers  in  San  Jose. 

I  dried  quite  a  lot  of  the  Petit  prune 
in  the  sun,  also  the  Gross  prune,  that 
were  too  ripe  to  ship  to  San  Francisco. 
I  will  send  you  a  sample,  and  would  like 
to  have  your  better  half  break  them  open 
and  examine  them  before  cooking.  They 
must  be  put  on  the  back  of  the  stove,  to 
simmer,  they  should  never  boil,  as  they 
were  ripe;    Ijoiling  spoils  the  flavor. 

Some  object  to  sun-dried  fruit,  as  the 
worms  get  into  it.  I  have  kept  such 
three  years  and  no  worms  ever  got  into 


them.  Keep  out  of  a  sack,  out  of  the 
house,  away  from  moths,  in  a  place 
where  the  light  and  sun  can  get  in,  and 
there  will  be  no  worms  iu  sun-dried 
fniit.  To  be  sure,  I  let  on  steam  from  a 
boiler  for  a  few  minutes  before  packing; 
this  makes  the  fruit  look  nice,  and  d»- 
stroys  any  larva>  that  might  be  there.  I 
don't  want  it  uudcrstoud  that  I  have  any- 
thing to  say  against  hot-air  dried  fruit, 
as  we  want  more  of  it,  and  dealers  only 
want  to  know  where  they  can  get  a  sup- 
ply for  their  customers. 

A  great  many  are  crying:  "  The  fruit 
business  is  overdone."  Why,  Mr.  Edi- 
tor, we  as  a  State  are  only  in  our  in- 
fancy in  trtiit  raising.  First  raise  the 
right  variety  for  shipping,  then  put  it  up 
in  good  shajx!  for  market  and  it  will  al- 
ways sell.  I  noticed  a  great  man)  of 
our  papers  this  year  told  about  so  much 
fruit  rotting  on  the  ground.  I  think  I 
had  not  over  one  box  go  to  waste  this 
year  of  the  immense  crop  I  had.  I  got, 
even  in  SeptfUilier,  when  the  market 
was  glutted  with  fruit,  one  dollar  a  box 
of  20  lbs.,  for  the 

FKLLENBERO    PRUNE. 

In  speaking  of  this  variety,  I  would  say 
they  will  ship  East  without  being  wrap- 
ed  in  paper;  only  put  a  sheet  of  paper 
between  the  layers,  and  they  will  keep 
three  weeks  after  they  arrive  there.  Thin 
has  been  tested  «his  summer,  and  as  soon 
as  the  people  East  find  out  its  qualities, 
there  will  be  a  large  demand  for  it.  For 
drying,  there  is  none  better,  as  it  pits 
nicely,  being  a  free-stone,  and  of  excel- 
lent flavor.     The 

GROSS     IMtUNK 

Is  also  saleable.  Although  a  cling,  yet 
with  Mr.  Tarleton's  pitter  this  will  pay 
well  to  dry,  even  should  the  market  gel 
glutted  with  them.  On  my  trip  East 
this  year  I  took  a  great  deal  of  pains  in 
making  inquiry  which  variety  of  plum 
or  prune  is  iu  most  demand.  The  an- 
swer always  was,  the  gross  prune,  as  it 
was  the  largest  size.  This  year  this  va- 
riety has  been  tested  and  will  carry  nice 
and  in  good  order  by  freight  train,  al- 
ways admitting  that  they  are  just  right 
and  beginning  to  color  when  picked,  are 
handled  care.'ully,  and  are  a  No.  1  arti- 
cle. 

Here  let  me  say,  Porter  &  Brother, 
Chicago,  get  fifty  cents  per  box  more  than 
any  other  shippers  East,  as  their  fruit 
is  all  selected.  This  is  almost  enough 
above  the  average;  to  pay  the  producer 
for  the  fruit!  1  would  also  say,  they  do 
not  want  dried  prunes  East  with  pits  in. 
They  want  pilled  fruit,  and  a  No.  1  arti- 
cle, and  there  is  no  end  to  the  demand 
for  best  dried  prunes.  There  is  too 
much  poor  trash  dried  and  put  on  the 
market.  There  is  no  use  of  having  a 
poor  article.  Graft  the  trees  now  bear- 
ing poor  varieties,  and  in  two  years  you 
can  have  a  No.  1  article. 

There  is  no  use  in  orchardists  in  Santa 
Clara  valley  raising  early  pears,  or  Bart- 
letts,  for  shipping  East,  as  they  are  too 
late,  and  come  in  competition  with  the 
peach  market.  Here,  for  profit,  we 
must  raise  lale  pears — a  few  varieties 
only — Winter  Nellis,  Easter  Buerre, 
and  Beurre  Claergeau.  The  Easter 
Buerre  must  have  soil  adapted  to  its 
wants,  as  they  don't  do  on  every  soil. 
This  can  be  ascertained  before  planting 
from  those  that  have  them.  The  Easter 
Buerre  stands  high  in  market,  as  they 
are  large,  and  can  be  kept  through  the 
winter  in  cellars  and  ripened  up  as 
wanted.  They  must  be  produced  iu  the 
coast  counties  to  keep  long.  I  found 
Bartlett  pears  selling  East  for  California 
pears  that  were  raised  in  the  Southern 
States.  One  glance  showed  that  they 
were  not  Cahfornia  fruit.  We  should 
produce  nothing,   and  put  up  nothing. 


but  A  No.    1   articles,   either  dried  or 

green. 

BEST   VABIETIEB. 

For  shipping,  a  tew  varieties  only.  For 
drying  plums,  the  Columbia  and  Gen. 
Hand.  Prunes,  the  Gross  d'  Argcu  and 
Fellenberg.  The  Petit  they  don't  want 
East,  owing  to  its  inferior  size.  The 
beat  plums  for  cunning  to  ship  East  are 
the  Green  Ciage  and  Magnum  Bonnm. 
They  paid  me  at  the  San  Jose  Canning 
Factory,  in  '76.  one  cent  per  pound  on 
the  tree  for  Green  Gape— not  very  en- 
conraging.  Magnum  Bonum  two  cents 
per  pound.  The  reason  of  this  is,  the 
oanuerieg  put  up  the  Imperial  (iage,  a 
very  inferior  article,  and  mark  it  Green 
Gage.  Of  course  our  eastern  merchautB 
will  Boon  find  that  out,  as  I  found  some 
had  already.  Such  a  thing,  Mr.  Editor, 
is  what  is  g'ling  to  jmt  a  dumper  on  the 
fruit  business. 

I  saw  a  few  days  ago  some  Green  Gage 
plums  that  werc^  put  np  in  London  and 
«lii|ip(il  to  California!  and  the  cry  ia, 
"the  scarcity  of  money  and  the  hard 
times."  The  same  can  be  said  of  rais- 
ins, niitfi,  ami  all  kinds  of  fruits.  Thin 
State  can  raise  all  such  things  to  supply 
all  of  the  United  States,  and  will,  as  soon 
as  the  farmers  East  can  take  their  tjrfen- 
b'lct,-!!  and  come  here.  That  is  all  they 
are  waiting  for.  Nearly  every  one  I  con- 
versed with  East,  told  me  that  was  the 
trouble  about  coming  here,  Here  is  u 
chance  to  settle  the  Chinese  question. 
If  our  government  is  not  better  than 
gold,  it  is  not  worth  mnch. 

I  noticed  an  article  in  the  San  Jose 
Mercury  of  December  23d,  from  the  San 
Francisco  JiuUclin,  saying  that  old-time 
shippers  objected  to  the 

refrigerator  cars, 
As  what  fruit  that  would  pay  to  ship 
East  could  be  shipped  in  the  common 
cars,  and  would  do  away  with  the  ice. 
As  far  as  pears  are  concerned,  they  will 
go  very  well;  but  for  peaches,  plums, 
apricots,  prunes,  and  grapes,  it  will  pay 
to  send  in  ice,  and  the  ice  can  be  put  in 
at  the  stations  while  the  cars  are  oiling 
up,  say  three  or  four  times  between  here 
and  Chicago.  I  took  the  trouble  to  en- 
quire at  the  stations  the  price  of  ice,  and 
find  it  can  be  bought,  after  being  iced  on 
starting,  on  an  average  at  $6  per  ton. 
If  put  iu  at  diflcrent  .stations,  ten  tons 
of  fruit  can  bo  carried  in  a  car  with  ice. 
The  fruit  should  hang  on  the  tree  nntil 
nearly  ripe,  and  can  be  carried  through 
at  a  temperature  of  from  34  to  3.5  de- 
grees, and  if  obliged  to  lay  on  a  side- 
track for  some  time  it  will  make  little 
difference  as  long  as  the  ice  is  kept  in. 
I  mean  in  the  refrigerator  that  was  on 
exhibition  at  the  Centennial.  .■VUegrctti, 
an  Italian,  is  the  inventor,  and  I  under- 
stood that  Wheeler  ,t  Wilson,  the  sewing 
machine  men,  were  helping  with  means 
to  introduce  it.  The  fruit  carried  in  this 
refrigerator  car  will  have  its  natural  fla- 
vor when  its  gets  there.  This  refrigera- 
tor has  no  blower,  and  as  for  the  fniit 
sent  in  ice  not  keeping  after  it  arrives 
there  that  has  also  been  attended  to,  and 
there  are  stores  prepared  with  refrigera- 
tors where  the  cars  can  run  alongside 
and  discharge.  A  sample  of  the  fruit 
can  be  seen  by  buyers.  So  don't  let  ns 
hear  that  the  change  of  temperature  is 
too  great  for  fruit  to  keepafter  it  arrives, 
as  it  can  be  kept  almost  any  length  of 
time.  •  The  only  trouble  is  to  get  the 
railroad  company  to  put  the  freight  down 
so  low  that  trains  of  these  cars  can  be 
run  over  the  road,  and  the  merchant  can 


Pears  worth  here  70  cents  to  $1  per  box, 
sold  there  at  $6,  i}7,  and  $8  per  box.  I 
mean  a  No.  1  article. 

REMARKS    ABE   USELESS. 

Of  course  it  will  take  some  time  to 
regulate  these  things.  When  freight  gets 
to  Omaha  it  is  all  right  as  to  time,  as 
there  are  four  companies  waiting  and 
anxious  to  get  the  first  hold.  Even  the 
passenger  trains  are  switched  off  and  the 
cattle  cars  go  ahead,  there  is  so  much 
competition  to  get  freight.  Those  com- 
panies are  willing  to  pay  a  fair  rate  per 
mile  to  bring  these  cars  over  the  C.  P. 
and  r.  P.  roads. 


hiUic  iijcouomu. 


THE  PEOPLE  S  BEST  INTERESTS 

more  iinpor- 
masses,  that 
and  just  gov- 
,.  ledge  of  how 

J  i  to  produce  wealth':'  Of  what  advan- 
tage is  wealth  Ui  the  man  who  has  pro- 
duced it,  not  for  himself,  but  for  some 
money  lords  who  hold  him  as  completely 
in  their  power  as  though  he  were  their 
slave':'  Is  it  not  time  that  the  people  be- 
come awake  to  the  great  issues  of  the 
day.  and  comprehend  the  true  condition 
of  things  as  their  own  interests  are  af-  • 
fected'/  Is  it  not  time  that  we  all  strive 
to  inform  ourselves  as  to  our  duties  to 
ourselves  as  citizens,  and  to  onr  go%-em- 
ment,  which  means  to  onr  whole  peo- 
ple ? 

As  sure  as  a  free  and  just  government 
depends  upon  the  people  theniBelves,  bo 
sure  are  the  people  responsible  for  all  the 
wrongs  and  abuses  that  they  will  either 
tolerate,  submit  to.  or  neglect  to  correct. 
We  have  faith  that  there  is  enongh  vir- 
tuons  desire  for  a  good  government  rest- 
ing with  the  people,  to  correct  the  evilg 
that  have  grown  into  power,  if  the  need- 
ed, intelligence  upon  such  matters  be 
sought,  and  the  facts  of  our  present  con- 
dition and  needs  be  comprehended. 

We  propose  to  devote  a  department 
each  month  to  this  object,  believing  that 
it  is  onr  duty,  and  the  desire  of  the  hon- 
est masses. 

Must  the  People  Starve. 

"A  note  of  discord  in  the  festivities  of 
the  holidays.  The  wolf  gaunt  and  hun- 
gry lingere  round  the  doors  of  hundreds 
of  our  city  homes,  and  stalks  grimly  be- 
hind the  garish  show  of  wealth  on"  onr 
streetjs. 

"There  are  10,000  people  out  of  work 
and  bread  in  this  city,  with  nothing  in 
the  world  to  keep  soul  and  body  togeth- 
er. It  is  a  stcnj  grim  fact  that  iciU  not 
doirn. 

"The  notes  of  suffering,  at  first  hejird 
faintly  are  harsher  and  louder. " 

The  above  is  from  a  Buflfalo,  (N.  Y.,) 
paper,  and  a  similar  cry  is  echoed  from 
every  city  in  the  Eastern  .States. 

And  this  breaks  in  upon  the  music 
swelhng  merrier  and  louder  in  the  halls 
of  revelry  in  our  national  capital.  Here 
in  the  frozen  winds  of  winter  flutter  the 
thin  rags  of  the  starving  mnltitndes. 
There,  the  only  care  is  a  rivalry  in  dia- 
monds and  laces,  wines,  costly  as  Cleo- 
patra's pearl.s.  cordial,  flowers  worth  the 
homes  and  lives  of  many  an  American 
citizen:  luxury  nnboonded. 


Salaries  are  still  too  low  for  onr  offi- 
sell  the  fruit  so  low  that  the  people  can  ^  cials.     Some  new  tax  must  be   contrived    . 
aflford   to   buy  it.      Here  is  where  the  ,  to  wring  a  little  more  from  the   aching    \ 
trouble  now  lies.     For  instance,  prunes  [  hands  of  toil.    On  with  the  dance!   Draw     I 
that  sold  in  San   Jose   for   50   cents  per  i  the  silken  curtains;  shut  out   the  groans    l, 
box  of  20  pounds  each,  I  saw  sold  East   of  the  hungry;  feast  your  eyes  on  th<- 
at  from   four  to  five  dollars  per  box.  |  glitter  of  costly  apparel.     Hush!    Hark 


26 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


You  have  mietaken  the  time  for  imperial 
■usurpation  and  costly  display. 

The  people  are  jiatient,  very  patient 
with  the  ridiculous  follies  of  our  Repub- 
lican apes  of  royalty,  but  it  has  come  to 
earnest  crime:  all  this  robbery  of  the 
people  has  come  to  munlrr;  yes  cruel 
murder  at  last,  by  the  most  miserable  of 
deaths,  starvation. 

Famine  cannot  be  chained  by  statuteB. 

Never  say  "It  is  not  I."  Thou  art  the 
man. 

The  millions  of  money  the  toiling  mul- 
titudes have  paid  to  bondholders  would 
have  saved  them  this  great  wrong:  not 
only  the  pains  of  hunger,  but  the  humil- 
iation of  becoming  the  recipients  of  doled 
out  charity.  Oh  if  you,  and  you  Con- 
gressmen, could  only  be  compelled  to 
Uve,  day  after  day,  on  the  scanty  dole  of 
Boup,  pompously  dealt  to  your  out- 
stretched, begging  hand,  it  would  be  but 
poetic  justice! 

What  did  you  do?  You  sold,  mort- 
gaged the  toil  of  the  people,  the  indus- 
tries of  the  whole  country  to  the  money- 
lenders, for  a  bribe.  Thieves,  swindlers, 
yow  have  robbed  toil  of  its  just  returns, 
md  yet  you  dare  appeal  to  the  people 
who  arc  your  victims  to  keep  your  part 
3f  the  contract  with  your  bribers,  and 
j'et  farther  to  starve  and  toil  to  make 
;ood  your  promises  that  no  money  but 
jold  sh.all  be  legal,  and  they  who  have 
ihe  gold  to  sell  are  your  masters. — Oak- 
'and  Val.  Zegal  Tender. 


The  grasping  gold  lords  of  Europe 
jovern  this  country  in  all  things  which 
iffect  their  interests,  and  it  is  to  their 
nterest  to  be  continually  "on  the  make." 
rhey  have  succeeded  in  demonetizing 
everything  but  gold,  and  they  control  all 
n-  nearly  all  there  is  in  the  world  of  that, 
3r,  in  the  slang  of  the  day,  they  have 
"cornered"  it,  and  now  have  laid  their 
)Ians  to  control  or  own  every  other  pro- 
luetion  or  kind  of  property,  and  direct 
he  legislation  of  the  States  in  such  a 
nanuer,  through  the  instrumentality  of 
>onds  and  banking  institutions,  as  to 
bsolutely,  for  all  practical  purposes, 
)wn  the  country. 


rhe    Future    Legislation    of    the 
Country. 

The  people  of  the  United  States  are 
ppressed  to  death  with  taxes,  tariffs, 
ligh  rates  of  interest,  patent  ofHce  roj-- 
Ities,  and  monopolies  created  by  class 
egislation  by  the  Federal  and  State  gov- 
rnments. 

No  people  on  earth  are  more  governed 
md  pay  so  high  for  it.  It  costs  every 
iraerican  citizen  in  our  States  about 
sighteeu  dollars  per  head  for  the  privil- 
sge  of  living  in  the  country  one  year. 
This  is  a  grievious  burden  to  put  on  ev- 
ery man,  woman,  child,  Indian  and 
negro  who  claims  to  be  a  citizen.  It 
akes,  consequently,  about  eighty  dol- 
ars  to  every  head  of  a  family  to  clear 
lis  tithes  for  being  governed.  In  Eng- 
ind,  the  people,  on  the  same  basis,  pay 
about  six  and  three-fourth  dollars  per 
head;  in  France,  seven  and  one-fourth 
dolUivs;  in  Prussia,  about  eight  dollars; 
u  .Vustria  and  Russia  about  eight  and 
;hree-fo\irth  dollars. 

The  exports  of  the  United  States, 
which  represents  the  surplus  of  the  coun- 
ti-y,  is  in  round  numbers  about  six  hun- 
Ired  and  forty-five  millions  of  dollars  a 
year — that  is,  the  entire  surjdus  of  the 
country  only  pnys  about  ten  mouths  of 
b  4xes,  and  leaves  two  months  each 
^ev  unpaid  for. .  This  two  mouths'  de- 
ficit, or  oni'  hundred  aiul  twenty-two 
millions  of  dciUars,  is  obtained  by  the 
moneyed  tax  receivers,  who  are  to  be 
bond  holders,  by  forced  sales  of  lands, 


houses,  mules,  horses,  cattle  and  other 
property  each  year.  It  is  not  at  all  as- 
tonishing when  we  view  these  figures 
that  we  hear  "hard  times,"  "hard 
times  "  repeated  everywhere  among  the 
laboring  classes. 

The  tax  burdens  are  not  much  more 
oppressive  to  the  working  man  than  the 
unjust  tariff  laws  that  forces  every  man 
to  give  a  full  tithe  of  his  labor  to  certain 
pampered  industries,  under  the  pretence 
of  protecting  manufactories.  But  even 
the  tariff  is  less  burdensome  than  the 
royalty  taken  from  the  people  each  year 
by  the  action  of  the  patent  office  laws. 
The  people  pay  royalty  enough  each 
year  to  pay  off  one-fourth  of  the  national 
debt. 

As  they  suffer  from  the  patent  office 
laws,  so  they  equally  suffer  from  other 
monopolies,  among  which  are  giant  rail- 
roads and  national  banks,  each  of  which 
every  year  rob  the  labor  of  the  country 
of  enough  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  na- 
tional debt  twice  over. 

But  perhaps  the  most  grievious  evil  of 
all  is  the  high  rates  of  interest  allowed 
in  the  different  States  for  the  use  of 
money,  and  ujion  bonded  debts  and  ac- 
counts. 

The  injury  to  the  laboring  classes  from 
this  source  are  absolutely  appalling.  A 
moneyed  aristocracy  has  already  grown 
up  in  our  New  World,  through  the  in- 
fluence of  usurious  laws,  which  in  power 
has  now  become  so  great  as  to  sen-ibly 
influence  every  branch  of  our  law-mak- 
ing machinery.  The  judiciary,  by  this 
same  raonej'  power,  is  so  far  influenced 
that  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  get  a  de- 
cision on  any  constitutional  or  statutory 
question  which  is  detrimental  to  the  in- 
terests of  the  money  cliques  and  dealers 
of  the  nation. 

Now,  what  the  peopled  want,  above  all 
things  else,  is  reform  on  all  these  points, 
and  the  subordination  of  the  monej'ed 
cliques  and  monopolies  to  the  public 
good. 

We  want,  as  nearly  as  we  can  get  it, 
free  trade,  low  taxes,  a  sound  national 
paper  currency,  with  no  issues  of  money 
except  by  the  National  Government.  A 
patent  office  wherein  all  royalties  on  in- 
ventions or  discoveries  shall  be  controll- 
ed by  law,  and  a  rate  of  interest  or  usury 
not  to  exceed  in  any  State  of  the  Union 
four  per  cent.,  or  the  average  net  gains 
of  the  leading  industries  of  the  country. 

It  behooves  our  voters  everywhere  to 
study  these  questions  attentively,  and 
then  to  act  wiselj',  and  then  to  see  that 
no  man  is  elected  to  any  law-making  of- 
fice unles  he  stands  pledged  to  carry  out 
the  views  which  are  to  benefit  the  great 
working  classes,  and  not  the  moneyed 
sharks  of  our  large  cities.  We  do  hope 
the  people  everywhere  will  think  well  on 
every  vote  they  give  hereafter,  until  low 
taxation,  low  rates  of  interest,  free  trade 
and  just  laws,  administered  with  rigid 
economy,  will  make  us  the  most  pros- 
perous and  wealthy  people  on  earth. — 
New  York  Mercantile  Journal. 


A  Great  Want. — "A  great  want  of 
cheap  labor. "  What  for?  Why,  quite 
a  number  of  capitalists  are  hankering 
after  the  proceeds  of  other  men's  toil, 
and  if  men  earn  enough  to  live  well  they 
get  strong  and  saucy.  It  is  better  to 
have  gangs  of  weaklings  who  will  work 
for  little  and  remain  too  hungry  and  ab- 
ject to  desire  a  voice  in  the  government! 
There  is  a  great  want  of  servile,  cheap, 
ombruted  men—  a  great  want  of  cheap 
labor!  Who  wants  it?  Is  it  the  work- 
ing men?  They  are  the  majority,  and 
should  have  the  aay-so.— Legal  Tvnda: 


One  halk  the  world  is   not  spurred 
and  booted  to  ride  the  other  half.     The 


half  which  would  stand  back  with  folded 
hands  giving  words  of  command  are 
cheating  themselves  when  they  endeavor 
to  cheapen  the  wages  of  the  other  half. 
They  are  reaUy  in  doing  so  sowing  the 
seeds  of  their  own  destruction.  Nothing 
is  so  dangerous  in  society  as  the  ignorant 
class.  Cheap  labor  means  cheap  food, 
which  dwarfs  men  morally  and  intellectu- 
allj'.  Cheap  labor  forces  men  into  ig- 
norance, which  is  the  mother  of  vice. 
Cheap  labor  means  that  the  tax  for  sup- 
port of  penitentiaries  must  be  increased; 
that  reform  schools  shall  multiply.  We 
not  only  do  not  want  cheap  labor,  we 
want  less  hours  of  it.  Cheap  labor 
brings  in  its  train  of  evils  a  disposition 
to  grab  large  tracts  of  land.  Cheap  Chi- 
nese labor  will  make  rich  men  richer 
and  poor  men  poorer.  For  perfect  de- 
velopment of  the  race  each  man  must 
labor,  each  man  must  do  his  individual 
share  in  the  muscle  work  of  society. 
There  ought  to  be  no  mudsill.  It  cost 
this  country  thousands  of  lives  to  de- 
stroy the  .sj'stem  of  slavery  in  this 
country,  which  was  built  upon  the  mud- 
sill theory.  If  in  a  comuurnity  of  100 
citizens  50  arrogate  to  themselves  the 
brains  and  seek  to  control  the  muscles  of 
the  other  .50,  they  will  in  the  end  either 
have  an  abject  race  or  they  will  have  re- 
volution. 


INDEPENDET  OF  DROUTH. 

'^''-  PRODUCT  that  is  not  affected  by 
the  drouth,  on  this  coast,  one 
that  can  be  relied  upon  in  any 
season,  is  something  that,  on  this 
account  alone,  should  commend  it 
attention  of  farmers  generally. 
The  grape  vine  will  flourish  equally  well 
in  wet  or  dry  years,  and  the  fruit  is  even 
richer  in  sacharine  qualities  in  di-y  sea- 
sons. A  good  vineyard  on  every  farm 
would  be  a  source  of  profit  at  all  times, 
and  to  be  relied  upon  when  all  other 
crops  fail.  The  value  of  grapes  for  food 
while  fresh,  and  put  up  fresh  in  cans, 
and  cured  into  raisins,  is  not  yet  gener- 
ally appreciated  by  our  people.  In 
some  parts  of  Arabia,  grapes  are  often 
the  principal  food  of  men  and  domestic 
animals.  Long  journeys  are  performed 
by  men  and  horses  with  little  or  no  oth- 
er food.  There  are  few  single  products 
of  greater  value  as  food  than  the  grape, 
containing  as  it  does  all  the  elements  of 
nutrition  needed  to  sustain  life  and 
strength.  A  good  raisin  vineyard  on 
any  farm,  where  grapes  will  do  well,  can 
be  made  to  pay  as  well  as  or  better  than 
any  crop  upon  the  same  acreage,  and 
while  civilization  exists  there  will  al- 
ways be  a  market  for  raisins  at  good 
paying  rates.  With  such  a  vineyard,  of 
fair  proportions,  no  matter  how  dry  the 
seasons,  a  farmer  need  never  be  without 
a  revenue  that  will  insure  him  from 
want. 

We  will  here  call  attention  to  the  mat- 
ter of  planting  vines,  especially  to  raise 
grapes  for  swine.  Those  could  he  culti- 
vated in  convenient  places  in  grain  fields 
where  hogs  are  pastured  and  fattened. 
If  the  porkers  can  have  grapes  to  run  to 
while  fattening  on  the  grain,  they  will 
increase  in  weight  much  faster,  be 
healthier  and  make  better  pork,  than 
upon  dry  grain  alone.  The  common 
Jlission  grape  wouUl  probably  be  as 
good  as  any  for  this  purpose,  as  the 
vines  are  vigorous  and  the  production  of 
rich  fruit  is  large.  Whenever  we  go  out 
among  the  farmers,  it  is  a  wonder  to  us 
why  the  majority  of  thorn  have  no  or- 
chards or  vineyards.     It  seems  as  though 


they  have  not  yet  commenced  to  know 
that  they  are  in  a  civilized  country  and 
have  the  power  and  right  to  partake  of 
fruits  "under  their  own  vine  and  fig 
Iree." 

If  the  season  prove  too  dry  to  plant 
an  orchard,  plant  vines  anyway,  this 
season,  and  have  a  vineyard  of  j'our 
own.  Cuttings  should  be  planted  deeper 
in  a  dry  than  a  wet  soil,  but  will  grow  if 
properly  planted. 


A  Model  Raisin  Vineyard- 

Saj's  the  Stockton  Independeni:  We  re- 
cently paid  a  visit  to  the  vineyard  of  the 
California  Raisin  Company,  in  Placer 
county,  a  few  miles  north  of  Rocklin. 
The  company  started  some  three  years 
ago  among  a  number  of  San  Francico 
capitalists,  who  propose  to  test  to  the 
utmost  the  capabilities  of  California 
for  producing  raisins,  and  in  order  to  do 
everything  with  all  proper  thoroughness 
no  money  has  been  or  will  be  spared  in 
perfecting  all  the  conditions  for  success. 
The  first  step  was  to  lease  a  tract  of  land 
in  a  favorable  spot  for  fourteen  years, 
the  owner  of  the  land  taking  one-fourth 
of  the  stock,  and,  as  President  of  the 
comjiany,  overseeing  all  the  arrange- 
ments. The  spot  selected  could  scarcely 
have  been  better.  It  is  a  long,  narrow 
valley,  with  a  southwestern  exposure, 
surrounded  by  high  hills  that  completely 
shelter  it  from  severe  storms  or  high 
winds.  When  the  company  began  work 
the  valley  was  covered  with  a  heavy 
growth  of  oak  trees,  which  required  to 
be  cleared  away.  They  first  commenced 
with  225  acres,  which  they  surrounded 
with  a  rabbit-proof  fence.  On  the  hill- 
sides above  the  fence  a  benne  ditch  was 
dug  to  prevent  the  storm  waters  from  de- 
luging the  vineyard.  The  plowing  was 
most  thoroughly  done.  The  first  break- 
ing was  done  with  a  single  plow  to  the 
depth  of  eight  or  ten  inches.  It  was 
then  cross  plowed  a  little  deeper,  and 
followed  up  with  a  subsoil  plow  that 
stirred  the  ground 

TO  a  depth  of  two  feet 
It  was  pretty  well  pulverized  by  this 
time,  but  it  was  then  cultivated  and  har- 
rowed. The  value  of  this  treatment  is 
manifest  in  the  fact  that  at  the  time  we 
visited  the  vineyard,  just  before  the  first 
rain  of  the  season,  when  there  had  been 
no  rain  or  dew  for  six  months,  we  could 
kick  up  moist  earth  but  a  few  inches 
from  the  sui-face,  and  the  soil  was  light 
and  fluffy,  while  in  the  same  soil  just 
outside  the  vineyard  one  might  dig  down 
to  bed-rock  without  finding  any  mois- 
ture. This  thorough  plowing  was  given 
three  years  ago,  and  it  has  never  re- 
quired anything  but  light  cultivation 
since  to  maintain  the  pulverized,  loamy 
condition  of  the  soil.  The  soil,  which 
is  about  six  feet  deep  over  the  rock,  is 
doubtless  formed  of  disintegrated  gran- 
ite, enriched  by  the  growth  of  the  trees 
upon  it.  After  this  thorough  prepara- 
tion of  the  soil  the  vineyard  was  care- 
fully laid  out  for  a  convenient 

KAISIN    VINEYAKD, 

By  leaving  about  twenty  acres  for  dry- 
ing ground  in  jialehes  of  about  one  acre 
each,  taking  advantage  of  every  knoll 
with  a  sunny  exposure.  The  vines  are 
laid  out  with  the  utmost  precision,  the 
rows  being  eight  feet  apart  and  as 
straight  as  a  chalk  mark,  with  roadways 
of  greater  width  at  sluut  intervals.  The 
vines  seh^cted,  which  were  started  from 
cuttings,  are  of  the  variety  known  as 
White  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  which  they 
consider  the  best  for  raisins.  Many  of 
the  vines  bore  fruit  this  year,  and  next 
year  the  company  can  begin  to  "dry  rai- 
sins. The  preparation  of  the  drying 
grounds  is  the  next  consideration   to   be 


ffi 


"ii<^;> 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


27 


attended  to,  and  will  involve  considera- 
ble expense.  The  plan  to  be  adopted  is 
that  pursued  in  Spain,  the  borne  of  the 
raisin.  The  grounds  are  to  be  subdivi- 
ded into  coniparraents  of  perhaps  SxlC 
feet,  each  to  be  surroounded  liy  an 
adobe  wall  about  two  feet  hij^h,  the  floor 
to  be  prepared  and  made  smooth  with 
adobe,  and  each  compartment  covered 
with  a  canvass  drawn  over  at  night. 
The  adobe  will  thus  retain  the  heat  of  the 
sun  duriuftthe  day  and  by  covering  it  up 
the  heat  will  be  longer  retained  and  the 
raisins  continue  drying  through  the  night. 
This  vineyard  has  already  cost  about  $70 
per  acre,  and  will  jjerhaps  cost  $30  or 
$40  more  before  any  revenue  is  derived 
from  it.  The  experiment  ou  the  thor- 
ough and  extensive  scale  pursued  in  this 
undertaking  is  an  interesting  one,  and  if 
successful  should  be  eargerly  watched 
by  all  the  vineyardists  of  the  State. 
There  is  one  lesson  shown  by  the  lusty 
growth  of  the  vines  and  the  moist  and 
pulverized  condition  of  the  soil  through- 
out the  .year,  which  can  be  of  use  to  ev- 
ery farmer  or  tiller  of  the  soil  in  the 
State,  no  matter  what  his  occupation, 
that  is,  the  dread  of  drouths  can  be  ob- 
viated by  thorough  cultivation  of  the 
soil,  and  the  urgent  need  of  irrigation 
can  in  many  places  be  entirely  done 
away  with  by  thorough  and  deep  tillage. 

MAKING    KAISINS. 

There  is  much  encouragement  in  the 
good  results  of  attention  to  the  business 
of  the  past  season  or  two,  to  believe 
that  the  raisin-making  interest  will  soon 
be  one  of  the  most  important  industries 
of  California.  Mentioning  the  failure  of 
the  San  Joaquin  foothill  vineyardists  to 
find  profit  in  wine  making,  the  Stockton 
Independent  says:  During  the  last  two  or 
three  years,  however,  several  owners  of 
mountain  vineyards  have  turned  their 
attention  to  the  production  of  the  rai- 
sin grape,  and  in  most  cases  the  experi- 
ments have  been  successful.  We  lately 
visited  the  ranch  of  L.  F.  Jarvis,  near 
Columbia,  Tuolumne  county,  and  saw  a 
large  quantity  of  raisins  made  from  this 
year's  crop  of  grapes  that  would  coni- 
l^are  favorably  with  the  imported  article. 
Mr.  Jarvis  finds  that  he  White  Muscat 
grape  is  the  best  for  raisins,  and  he 
this  year  raised  about  ninety  tons  of  this 
variety,  all  of  which  he  converted  into 
raisins  by  drying  the  grapes  in  the  sun. 
He  has  extensive  platforms  erected  on 
the  hillside,  sloping  toward  the  south, 
on  which  be  spreads  the  grapes,  and  if 
the  weather  remains  pleasant  nothing 
more  is  necessary  until  the  grapes  are 
dried  ready  for  boxing.  In  case  of  early 
rain,  svich  as  we  have  had  this  year,  he 
is  prepared  to  throw  a  temporary  roof 
over  his  platform  to  protect  the  drying 
grapes  from  the  storm.  His  grapes  have 
dried  without  any  difficulty  and  the  rai- 
sins produced  will  sell  readily  in  mar- 
ket. Mr.  Jarvis  is,  however,  of  the 
opinion  of  most  of  those  advocating  the 
developement  of  this  industry  have 
overestimated  the  product  of  raisins 
from  a  given  quantity  of  grapes,  his 
experience  proving  to  him  that  it  will 
take  about  five  pounds  of  grapes  to  make 
one  of  raisins,  yet  the  grapes  are  then 
more  valuable  for  raisins  than  for  any- 
thing else. 


(&(luQtiaual 


Canning  beef  is  becoming  quite  an  iiu- 
portfint  industry  in  Oregon  and  serve  to 
keep  the  salmon  canneries  employed  dur- 
ing what  would  otherwise  be  the  dull 
season.  A  corespondent  of  the  Oregon- 
Ian  says:  The  Cutting  Packing  Company 
are  packing  beef  in  cans.  Under  a  con- 
tract from  England,  they  are  packing 
daily  from  40  to  50  beeves-  supplied  by 
the  Portland  slaughterers. 


^!^?^^~ 


Boil  it  Down. 

Wliatcvrr  you  may  hiive  to  Buy,  my  friend, 
WlKitluT  witty,  or  nvuvo,  or  nuy. 

Condense  an  much  as  ever  ynu  can, 
And  sny  it  in  Uw  rr-iidiest  way; 

And  \vhi'llii-r  you  wrlt't  of  rural"  uflairK, 
Or  of  mnttcra  and  tliiuRS  in  town, 

JuHt  take  u  word  of  friendly  advit-c— 
Boil  it  down. 

For  if  you  i'o  ^^pluttp^inK  ovfr  a  i)ftKe 
Whf-n  a  couple  of  lineH  would  do. 

Your  Ijutter  is  Kproad  ho  much,  you  Ken, 
Tliat  tbf  bread  look-  plainly  through. 

So,  wh  n  you  huvo  a  Kfory  tr)  t<dl. 
And  would  like  u  little  renown. 

To  make  quite  sure  of  your  wish,  my  friend. 
Bull  it  down. 

Wlieii  writing  an  article  for  thn  preBS, 
Whither  proso  or  vcrno,  junt  try 

To  hcttlc  your  thnuKhfn  In  the  feweat  words, 
And  let  them  lie  crisp'anddry; 

And  when  it  is  fininhi-d  and  you  stippOBO 
It  iw  done  exactly  brown. 

Just  look  it  over  ii^aln,  and  then. 
Boll  it  down. 

For  editors  do  not  liki?  to  print 

An  article  lazily  lonp. 
Anrl  tin-  tieinrul  reader  doen  not  care 

E'or  a  couple  of  yards  of  sonf;; 
So  Rather  your  wits  in  the  smallest  space 

If  you  want  a  littb  renown. 
And  every  time  you  write,  my  friend. 
Boll  it  down. 


THE  FREE  AND    INDEPENDENT 
NEWSPAPER. 


^ 


BY    A.  GAYLORD  SPALDING. 


E.VR  EDITOR:  Yoii  will  please  ac- 
cept the  friendly  greeting  of  u  once 
nctive  typo  brother,  now  for  some 
JiT'ij  dreary  years  prostrated  by  cruel  ca- 
'XtH  laniity,  and  laid  on  the  low  couch 
of  helpless  retirement.  An  editor  is  apt 
to  find  "Jordan  is  a  hard  road  to  trabel, 
I  believe;"  especially  if  ho  ventures  to 
run  a  wide-awake,  forcible,  free  and  in- 
dependent, greenback,  labor  reform,  tem- 
perance journal,  iu  a  new  country,  of 
wild  land,  wild  game,  and  fast  people, 
against  the  rushing  tide  of  blind  and 
reckless  money  power  and  popularity, 
amidst  the  dense  fogs  of  party  and  scct- 
ism,  ignorance,  prejudice,  antiquated 
custom  and  old  Madam  Grundy;  and  he 
naturally  craves  the  warm  sympathy  of 
his  fellow  craftsmen,  and  of  all  high 
thinking  minds.  Who  can  possibly  ever 
be  a  bit  free  and  independent,  or  how 
shall  we  win  our  luuiest  bread  and  but- 
ter?    It  is  a  serious  conundrum. 

It  takes  a  hero  for  a  pioneer  iu  the 
type  wilderness,  as  well  as  with  the  plow, 
to  break  the  grubby  field,  and  no  puny 
or  timid  hand  can  ever  accipmplish  great 
things.      Few  have  the  nerve  to  strike. 

And  realizing  this  most  discouragiug 
fact,  you  probably,  at  the  outset,  couuti'd 
the  heavy  cost,  and  made  up  your  mind 
for  manly  struggle  and  a  valiant  battle. 
We  fight  the  idol-gods  of  party,  sect  and 
monopoly,  iu  defense  of 

I.ABOl!    AND    THE  WOKKINGMAN. 

The  newspaper  is  a  universal  necessity, 
if  Hotteutotism  is  not  the  settled  law  nnil 
gospel:  and,  wherever  yon  find  retine- 
ment  iu  society,  with  mental  develop- 
ment and  moral  rectitude,  and  external 
polish  and  attraction  iu  houses  and  lands, 
you  may  be  quiie  sure  the  good  newspa- 
per is  scattered  freely  arouud. 

And,  furthermore,  if  new  departures 
are  opening  up,  on  finance,  trade,  poli- 
tics, government,  social  philosophy,  sci- 
ence, sensible  religion,  temperance, 
woman's  freedom,  Sunday  freedom,  and 
labor  reform,  with  a  new  century,  new 
clothes,  new  ideas  and  new  "everydiugs" 
to  correspond,  it  is  ju'ctty  evident  that 
the  lively,  audacious,  independent,  truth- 
telling  editor   is   making  things  boiling 


hot  generally,  and  stirring  up  the  dry 
bones  of  rusty  old-fogyisra,  ancient  hard- 
shell superstition,  Ueecherism,  bloated 
and  rotten  monopoly,  and  supercilious, 
self-styled  uppertendom.  So,  if  your 
toiling  millions  are  proud  of  themselves, 
and  of  their  homes  and  country,  and 
ambitious  to  shine  and  excel  in  the  ele- 
ments of  true  civilization  and  laudable 
aggrandizement,  they  will  be  very  proud 
of  your  heroic  and  beautiful  magazine, 
and  subscribe  liberally  and  write  abun- 
dantly. C'ome  on,  then,  friends;  come 
on  now  !  Your  clean,  bright  and  burning 
columns,  never  choked  up  with  fawning 
toadyism,  party  cowardice,  selfish  com- 
))romise,  or  bigotry  or  prejudi(!e  of  any 
kind,  will  welcome  and  encourage  a  most 
free  and  fearless  correspondence,  whiiU 
should  characterize  all  American  journal- 
ism in  the  present  glorious  opening  new 
century  of  our  proud  national  history. 

I  jihice  the  newspaper,  always,  at  the 
very  head  and  front  of  every  public  en- 
terprise and  institution;  and,  say  what 
yoii  will  of  professions  or  professional 
men,  in  any  department  of  civil  life, 
ers,  the  newspape'r  ranks  far  above  and 
outdoes  them  all;  because  it  eompre- 
\v  nds,  includes  and  represents  them  all. 
It  is  king  of  kings  and  lord  of  lords; 
for  it  is,  indeed,  the  brains  of  the  world, 
condensed  —  a  real  live  schoolmaster 
obroad,  and  mighty  educator  in  every 
family,  as  well  as 

PKEACHEB,  LAWYER,  AND    DOCTOIl, 

And  missionary  at  large.  It  is,  in  fact, 
the  grand  brain  ventilator  and  brain  ther- 
mometer of  all  humanity — mental,  mor- 
al, and  social — and  is  so  extra  cheap,  that 
none  but  very  foolish  or  careless  men  or 
women  will  ever  consent  to  pay  any  pro- 
fessional fee,  or  kiss  the  great  Toe:  be- 
cause the  really  sharp,  free  and  indepen- 
dent newspaper  naturally  makes  every 
live,  earnest  and  wakeful  reader  also  in- 
dependent. Then  read,  read,  read,  ev- 
ery one,  and  think;  think,  THINK  I 

Wonderful  upheavals,  evolutions  and 
revolutions,  are  marking  ovir  period,  with 
the  convulsive  throes  of  regeneration, 
gestation,  and  a  new  birth,  social  and 
national.     It  is  the 

world's  mighty  labor  epoch. 
And  the  working  class  everywhere,  (the 
true,  practical  democracy,)  are  called  to 
dignity,  honor,  self-respect,  and  a  spirit 
of  iudipendencc. 

Human  toil  is  no  longer  classed  with 
the  forced  draft  of  the  horse  and  the  ox. 
but  is  the  voluntary  choice  of  the  highest 
manhood,  which  scorns  the  sneers  of 
haughty  wealth,  pride  and  ignorance, 
and  stands  up  indeijendent  —  making 
tabor,  not  money,  the  enduring  corner- 
stone of  all  government  and  soci**ty,  and 
the  chief  virtue  .of  all  politics  and  re- 
ligion. 

Workingmen  and  women  claim  all  that 
salary-grab  presidents,  or  congressional, 
or  cabinet,  or  lobby  thieves  steal,  eat, 
wear  and  waste;  and  may  the  time  soon 
come  when  the  blue-blood  money  aris- 
tocracy must  step  down  and  out,  because 
it  will  be  out-voted.  All  the  world  be- 
longs to  the  workers,  and  the  shining 
newspaper  is  their 

grand  Gabriel's  trumpet. 
With  co-operation  for  the  magical  pass- 
word! The  best  interests  of  honest  men 
and  women  will  be  advocated,  and  the 
evils  that  oppress  us  will  be  as  boldly  at- 
tacked. Let  real  reform  be  triumphantly 
advanced.  So,  now,  bravo  for  the  rush- 
ing nation  emancipated!  Dear,  toiling 
brothers  and  sisters,  just  save  up  your 
loose  dimes,  and  subscribe  at  once  for 
the  free,  brave  and  independent  news- 
paper— the 

CALIFORNIA   AGIUCtJLTUEIST  ! 

It  is  now   the  bright   morning  of  the 


new  century  and  of  new-born  indepen- 
dence, and  the  happy  year  of  jubilee  for  t 
independent  manhood,  independent  la-  ' 
bor,  independent  temperance,  indepen- 
dent religion,  independent  greenbacks, 
and  independent  farmer's  and  working- 
men's  homes. 

Champliu,  Minn.,  Jan.  '77> 


Farmers  and  Newspapers. 

I  have  been  frequently  surprised  to  see 
how  many  well-to-do  farmers  neglect  or 
refuse  to  take  some  good  newspaper  for 
the  benefit  of  themselves  and  families. 
They  seem  to  think  that  they  have  no 
interest  in  the  doings  of  the  outside 
world;  that  they  have  to  deal  with  noth- 
ing except  the  land  they  plow,  the  stock 
they  feed,  and  the  children  they  are  rear- 
ing in  ignorance.  They  forget  that  they 
are  a  part  of  the  great  human  family, 
jilaccd  u|)on  this  orb  to  work  out  the 
plans  of  the  Creator,  and  as  such  have 
no  right  to  dam  up  the  stream  of  pro- 
gress. The  laws  of  progrussiou  are  as 
unalterable  as  are  any  others  iu  nature, 
and  that  man  who  impedes  these  laws 
with  an  offspring  of  unedncated  children, 
commits  a  sin  which  reacts  not  only  on 
himself,  but  on  his  descendants  for  long 
years  in  the  future.  Newspapers  are 
made  to  spread  intelligence  and  improve 
morals.  To  the  farmer,  above  all  men, 
they  should  be  a  necessity,  from  the  fact 
that  they  afford  him  in  bis  isolated  con- 
dition the  only  means  of  mixing  in  the 
busy  scenes  of  life.  Man  in  a  hermit 
state  becomes  a  personification  of  selfish- 
ness— caring  for  nobody  and  nobody  car- 
ing for  him.  Development  comes  alone 
from  associating  with  our  fellow  men, 
and  appropriating  to  ourselves  the  ad- 
vancement which  they  make.  No  farmer 
should  do  without  this  social  schooling, 
both  for  his  own  good  and  that  of  his 
children.  In  no  other  way  can  he  ob- 
tain it  80  fully  and  so  cheaply  as  through 
the  periodical  literature;  and  he  who 
neglects  to  receive  these  advantages  de- 
prives himself  of  light,  and  lives  out  his 
days  in  worse  than  heathen  darkness. — 
Otis  Tinkham  in  Country  Ijenileman. 


Knowledge  is  SrccEss. — Every  man 
must  feel  that  the  greater  the  amount  of 
knowledge  he  can  bring  to  bear  on  his 
business,  the  greater  will  be  his  snccess, 
provided  the  same  exertion  is  used  in  the 
one  case  as  in  the  other.  It  is  absurd  to 
say  that  it  is  a  disadvantage  to  one's  bu- 
siness to  learn  all  he  can  abont  his  busi- 
ness, and  yet  there  many  persons  who 
maintain  that  reading  about  farming  is 
of  no  profit,  though  the  same  persons 
will  ask  and  follow  the  advice  of  compe- 
tent farmers  in  their  owni  neighborhoods. 
In  other  words,  according  to  them,  the 
advice  is  good  if  communicated  orally, 
but  if  conveyed  through  a  newspaper  it 
is  worthless.  This  unreasoning  and 
senseless  prejudice,  we  are  glad  to  know, 
is  rapidly  passing  away,  and  many  men 
who.  ten  years  ago.  felt  au  opposition  to 
and  spoke  in  derision  cf  agricultural 
works,  are  now  the  most  ardent  support- 
ers of  them.  As  the  light  of  knowledge 
advances,  the  clouds  of  ignorance,  error 
and  prejudice  are  dispelled,  and  science, 
with  its  ever-widening  and  ever-varying 
horizon,  throws  forth  light  upon  every 
department  of  human  industry,  and  most 
of  all  upon  the  business  of  agriculture. 


Mothers  are  the  Beai,  Teachers.^ 
They  have  in  their  hands  the  moral 
guidance  of  their  boys  till  the  latter  are 
at  least  twelve  years  old,  and  of  their  ^ 
daughters  till  the  latter  marry.  If 
mothers  do  their  duty,  their  sous,  in  all 
but  exceptional  cases,  will  grow  up  good 
and  honorable  men.     It  is  because  lads 


i  ^^^^r ''^^a?***^ ' 


28 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal, 


are  not  taught  at  home,  and  taught  by 
example  as  well  ns  by  precept  what  is 
noble  and  right,  that  they  so  often  go 
astray.  But  even  if  there  Is  some  excuse 
for  a  son  not  turning  out  well,  there  is 
hardly  any  in  the  case  of  a  daughter. 
Bring  up  the  girl  to  be  a  good  wife  and 
mother;  give  her  the  solid  acquirements 
that  will  enable  her  to  fill  those  posi- 
tions properly,  and  she  will  make  her- 
self and  others  happy.  But  devote  too 
much  time  to  mere  accomplishments,  and 
you  render  her  vain  and  frivolous.  Of 
course,  a  girl  ought  to  know  how  to  attract 
as  well  as  how  to  keep;  how  to  win  love 
as  well  as  to  retain  it.  Do  not,  there- 
fore, make  her  too  prosaic.  But  on  the 
other  hand,  remember  that  accomplish- 
ments are  not  everythaug. 


C-Jii 


icuk; 


HOW    I    TREATED    MY    BABY    IN 
DIPHTHERIA. 

BY      "JEWELL." 

Y/fV  URS  was  a  very  bad  and  dangerous 
'  case.  The  baby,  oul}' seven  mouths 
old,  when  first  taken  with  sore 
throat  was  feverish  and  fretful.  A 
hot  bath,  Hanuels  about  the  throat, 
and  a  day  of  qiiiet  and  careful  nursing — 
keeping  him  as  comfortable  as  possible — 
seemed  to  break  up  all  symptoms,  and 
the  little  one  appeared  well.  A  change  of 
weather,  and  the  little  fellow  took  a  se- 
vere cold,  and  three  days  after,  the  diph- 
theria in  a  most  violent  form — a  relapse 
— was  the  result. 

Even  now  I  tremble  as  I  recall  the 
days  and  nights  of  anxiety  and  watching, 
— yes,  and  prayer,  too — for  guidance  to 
apply  remedies  best  suited  to  the  symp- 
toms, and  in  this  way  save  my  darling's 
life!  Having  been  successful  in  one  of 
the  worst  cases,  complicated  with  inflam- 
mation of  the  lungs,  I  feel  it  a  duty  to 
tell  other  mothers,  that  they  may  do 
likewise,  in  case  of  like  disease,  and  save 
the  lives  of  their  children,  perhaps,  for 
few  doctors  are  successful  in  the  treat- 
ment of  diptheiria,  and  everythuig  de- 
pends upon  the  careful,  discreet  nursing 
of  the  mothers,  after  all. 

To  begin  with,  watch  your  children 
closely,  and  if  the  throat  begins  to  swell 
or  the  glands  behind  the  ears,  and  under 
the  jaw,  apply  hot  fomentations  of  salt 
water. 

A  THROAT  WEAPPEB 

Of  flannel,  made  by  sewing  one  or  more 
square  pieces  of  thick  flannel  to  a  longer 
piece,  so  as  to  go  about  the  neck  in  the 
form  of  an  apron  is  an  excellent  thing. 
Under  this  you  can  ajjply  either  cold  or 
hot  as  the  case  may  be.  Two  are  needed 
that  one  may  always  be  dry.  In  foment- 
ing use  flannel  wrung  out  of  hot  water. 
By  placing  a  towel  outside  the  wet  cloth 
you  will  find  your  bands  will  not  come 
in  contact  witn  the  heat  as  you  wring  it 
and  it  can  be  wrung  much  drj'er.  It  is 
not  the  moisture  so  much  as  the  heal  and 
steam  that  we  want.  In  cold  applications 
use  old  linen — wring  dry,  and  apply  fre- 
quently— of  very  cold  water. 

iSee  thai  tlw  fed  and  liands  are  kept  warm 
— give  a  hot  bath  (103°)  once  a  day, 
and  if  there  is  much  general  fever,  a 
sponge  oil'  under  the  clothing  with  tepid 
water  is  very  refreshing. 

Don't  fail  to  give  the  child,  or  even  a 
ntirsing  baby,  ptenly  and  frerpieid  drinks 
of  cold  imtet .  My  baby  preferred  water, 
ice  water  at  that,  to  the  breast,  and  when 
I  could  hear  the  phlegm  rattling  in  the 
throat  and  a  difficulty  of  breathing,  I 
would  put  a  piece  of  ice  in  his  mouth, 
which  would   gag   him   and   mako   him 


throw  up.  Be  ready  then  to  take  all  the 
mucus  out  of  the  mouth  with  the  finger, 
as  infants  have  a  tendency  to  swallow 
everything  in  the  mouth.  A  very  good 
gargle  is  made  of  borax  water,  salt  water 
or  chloride  of  potassia  water,  with  one-, 
half  glycerine.  Make  a  swab  of  soft 
linen,  tied  on  the  end  of  a  penholder  or 
stick,  and  after  swabbing  the  throat  oui 
every  two  hours  or  so,  rinse  the  swab  in 
fresh  cold  water  before  putting  back  in 
the  gargle  mixture — no  matter  if  a  little 
is  swallowed. 

CojiipHcatioits  of  various  kinds  mil  occur. 
Retaining  the  urine,  or  painful  urination, 
is  one,  for  which  use  hot  fomentations 
over  the  bladder,  or  dry  hot  flannels,  are 
good — also,  use  a  tea  made  of  steeped 
watermelon  seeds,  which  is  simple  and 
eft'fCtive. 

I  would  be  impossible  to  enumerate  all 
the  symptoms  of  diphtheria  in  this  arti- 
cle, as  they  vary  according  to  the  condi- 
tion of  the  patient;  but  most  mothers 
can  read  the  symptoms  in  their  little 
ones  if  they  will  be  watchful,  and  a  very 
safe  way  to  do  is  to  give  a  Jiol  balk,  no 
matter  what  ails  the  little  one,  and  next 
an  injection  of  tepid  water,  thus  freeing 
the  skin  and  bowels,  then  wait  and  see 
what  symptoms  follow.  Keep  tlie  chihl 
quiet  and  let  it  sleep  all  it  loill.  For  two 
weeks  we  did  not  speak  aloud  where  our 
baby  was.  Keep  the  ieiiiperatare  even, 
about  70  °  ,  night  and  day,  though  have 
abundance  of  fresh  air  wilhoid  draughts 
in  the  apartment. 

Let  there  be  but  one  mirse,  and  plenty  of 
assistants,  that  she  may  be  waited  on,  and 
be  able  to  sleep  when  the  patient  sleeps. 
Above  all,  keep  up  good  courage  and 
have  faith.  Re)neniher,  drugs  do  nol  save 
life — it  is  good  nursing  and  care.  The 
best  of  physicians  admit  this. 

When  the  fever  was  finally  broken,  the 
perfect  prostration  was  like  unto  death 
in  appearance.  An  abundance  of  pure 
air,  warm  clothing  and  wrapijing,  keep- 
ing the  feet  and  hands  warm,  and  allow- 
ing the  child  to  rest,  was  all  we  could  do 
— all  that  was  then  necessary.  Aiding 
nature,  by  making  all  conditions  as  fa- 
vorable us  possible,  is  proper  treatment 
in  auy  case.  Depend  upon  good  treat- 
ment, not  medicines,  and  there  will  be 
much  less  danger  of  loss  of  life  from  any 
class  of  diseases. 


1776 — "Farmer  at  the  plow,  wife  milk- 
ing the  cow,  daughter  spinning  yarn,  son 
threshing  in  the  barn,  all  happy  to  a 
charm." — 1876 — "Farmer  goes  to  see  a 
show,  daughter  at  the  piano,  Madame 
gaily  dressed  in  satin, all  the  boys  learn- 
ing Latin,  with  a  mortgage  on  the  farm." 


■Work  has  commenced  on  a  canal 
thirty  miles  long  and  VU)  feet  wide,  for 
irrigation  and  navigation  south  of  Tu- 
lare Lake.  The  grade  is  to  be  an  inch 
pnd  a  half  to  the  mile,  but  halt  an  inch 
would  be  much  better  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  banks  in  a  soil  of  sandy 
loam.  It  is  to  irrigate  60,000  acres  of 
land,  and  is  to  cost  $150,000.  There 
are  few  places  where  so  many  acres  can 
be  irrigated  at  so  little  expense. 


The  results  of  irrigation  along  the 
Fresno  river  near  Borden  have  been 
satisfactory  in  the  highest  degree,  and 
tend  to  prove  the  wisdom  of  the  policy 
of  flooding  the  land  with  water  in  the 
winter  season,  when  the  rain  fall^  are 
light.  It  is  the  belief  of  farmers  who 
note  results  carefully  that  the  system  of 
irrigation  is  gradually  working  a  change 
In  the  climate,  by  producing  heavy  dews 
at  night  and  adding  to  the  moisture  of 
the  atmosphere  throughout  tlie  dry  sea- 
son. 


FAMILIAR  talks—No.  2. 

BY  M.  E.  T. 

"out    of    the    wilderness." 

i/^ELL,  here  is  hope  at  last,"  said 
Annie,    lifting  her   tired  hands, 

r,.,  and  emphasizing  her  words  by  a 
'  ^  downward  thud  on  the  open 
pages  of  the  Agriculturist. 
Poor  child,  she  had  been  working  hard 
all  day,  and  was  just  then  enjoying  a 
momentary  rest. 

"Yes,"  I  said  wearily,  and  sought  for 
myself  a  more  comfortable  jjosition  on 
the  lounge,  "  is  it  some  sure  and  speedy 
cure  for  diptheria?"  for  I  was  verj'siek 
and  had  a  bad  sore  throat,  and  was  con- 
sequently thinking  more  of  that  than 
anything  else.  For  answer,  she  read 
me  from  Luip's  pen  January  njindjer, 
"  To  Toil  and  to  Spin,"  and,  in  conclu- 
sion, she  said: 

"I  shall  certainly  call  into  exercise 
this  wonderful  power  of  which,  at  pres- 
ent, I  am  so  ignorantly  possessed.  I 
hope  the  editor,  for  the  sake  of  suft'ering 
humanit}',  will  permit  our  friend  to  tell 
us  how  this  great  remedy  is  made  practi- 
cal. I  am  only  twenty  and  already  gray 
hairs  are  found  on  mj'  head — hairs  that 
'cari^iug  cares,  baffled  hopes  and  chilled 
aspirations'  have  whitened  before  their 
time." 

The  door  opened  and  shut.  I  heard 
click  of  dinner  dishes,  and  knew  that  the 
the  tired  hands  were  again  busy.  My 
thoughts  ran  back  over  the  dear  child's 
life,  so  kind,  so  patient  and  true.  I 
thought  of  her  cherished  hopes  and  de- 
sires, of  her  consuming  thirst  for  knowl- 
edge, of  her  love  for  everything  beautiful, 
her  lofty  ideas  and  sensitive  nature,  and 
I  did  not  wonder  that  the  signs  of  war- 
fare were  visible,  fighting  as  she  does 
against  such  mighty  odds,  and  still  this 
brave  girls  says,  "I  thank  God  that  I  am 
what  I  am,"  and  goes  on  working  and 
struggling  and  hoping. 

That  these  things  are  all  right  and  best 
I  know  not;  but  I  do  know  that  uncon- 
trollable circumstances  are  shading  a 
thousand  brows  to-daj',  no  doubt  many 
of  them  young  and  fair,  while  we  are 
jjowerless  to  direct  them,  simply  because 
we  can  see  from  but  one  stand-point,  and 
that  one  our  own.  Then  I  think  we  all 
know  that  children  must  suft'er  for  the 
sins  of  their  parents.  My  pitying  heart 
tells  me  that  there  are  hundreds  of  fair 
Southern  maidens,  bright  in  intellect, 
whose  prospects  are  blighted  through  no 
fault  of  theirs. 

Go  back  through  generations  and  let 
history  show  who  thrust  the  curse  of 
slavery  upon  our  fair  laud.  No  doubt, 
had  slave  labor  been  profitable  in  nor- 
thern States,  we  should  to-day  be  equally 
guilty.  While  I  thank  God  day  and 
night  that  such  a  wicked  practice  no 
longer  exists,  I  can  feel  in  my  heart  only 
pity  for  those  Southern  people  who  have 
yet  to  learn  what  our  N<u'thern  people 
are  bred  and  burn  to,  viz:  to  help  them- 
selves; but  so  far  as  I  know  I  think  our 
Southern  sisters  are  doing  wonderfully, 
and  we  should  love  to  anl  them  through 
our  advice  and  longer  experience.  It  is 
time  that  onvy  and  malice  wero  buried 
forever  out  of  sight. 

As  to  "drudges"  and  ways  of  looking 
at  hot'ischohl  work,  there  seems  to  be 
very  muddled  up  opinions  concerning 
them  that  are  more  or  less  distressing  to 
women  everywhere,  both  North  and 
South,  East  and  West.  But  of  course 
those  who  can  bring  to  bear  the  greatest 
amount  of  common  .smsc  in  dealing  with 


the  realities  of  life,  are  surest  of  settling 
matters  to  best  advantage. 


UP-COUNTRY  LETTERS— NO.    I  O, 

BY  BACHEL  A.  ELY. 
A    LECTURE    TO    MOTHERS. 

Back  to  the  noise  and  confusion  of  the 
city — to  the  smoke,  dust,  smells  and  fogs 
that  so  many  hundred  endure  daily  and 
know  it  not,  never  think  of  the  sweet 
mountain  air,  gay  singing  birds  and 
elastic,  untrodden  grass,  for  carpets. 
Poor  souls!  how  my  heart  aches  for 
such.  And  another  Summer,  if  my  feet 
stray  mountain-ward,  I  trust  my  feeble 
pen-sketches  may  so  arouse  the  souls 
within  my  readers,  that  they,  too,  will 
prefer  the  pure,  mountain  air  to  the  sti- 
fling atmosphere  of  the  many  haunts  of 
pleasure-seekers,  where  the  "  society 
ways"  destroy  the  germ  of  good  that 
might  come  to  poor,  tired  humanity, 
were  it  allowed.  Here  l^t  me  ask,  why 
the  masses  so  resemble  a  floek  of  sheep? 
If  one  goes  to  the  seaside  or  springs, 
croicrfe  go.  One  has  a  pin-back  skirt, 
and  forthwith  dozens  appear  clad  in  like 
manner.  Men  are  less  imitative,  and 
yet  how  many  smoke  or  drink  merely 
because  others  do'?  and  the  long  or  short 
coats,  tight  or  loose  pants,  are  but  evi- 
dences of  a  soft  spot  in  their  heads,  in- 
herited, it  may  be,  from  their  mothers! 
How  necessary  for  each  to  set  a  good  ex- 
ample, kno-ning  the  human  preference 
for  evil  to  good — and  how  especially,  so 
that  mothers  should,  as  their  example 
will  live  to  the  third  or  fourth  genera- 
tion. Poor  mothers!  tired,  weary,  anx- 
ious, overburdened  mothers!  Every- 
where you  see  them,  and  yet  I  would  add 
one  more  straw  to  their  load,  hoping  it 
may  break  the  back,  and  so  free  them 
from  the  rest — from  burdens  that  are 
useless  and  hurtful,  and  come  through 
ignorance  of  the  true  life,  and  pursuit 
of  happiness  for  self  and  family.  The 
greatest  burden  comes  from  unselfishness 
on  the  part  of  the  mother.  Let  me  ex- 
plain: She  takes  the  hardest  tasks  on 
herself,  to  save  husband  and  children; 
all  care  and  responsibility,  all  dirty,  dis- 
agreeable work  is  her  share,  while  hus- 
band, finding  home  cares  few  and  wife 
never  fit  nor  able  to  go  out,  takes  one 
of  the  girls,  or  a  lady  friend,  or  worse 
still,  goes  alone  to  lecture,  concert  or 
club.  The  children  stoutly  decline  to 
help,  thinking  drudgery  is  mother's  work 
and  company  is  only  for  them,  and  their 
part  of  the  house  and  themselves  must 
be  in  better  order  than  the  kitchen,  and 
mother;  and  finally  a  feeling  of  disre- 
spect grows  up  for  the  dearest  friend, 
their,  mother,  simply  because  she  can 
not  satisfy  their  souls  and  stomachs 
too!  Poor  soul,  how  can  she,  when  her 
hands  are  full  to  overflowing  with  house- 
work; her  head  as  full  of  cooking  and 
summer  and  winter  sewing  as  it  can  be. 

And  here  is  what  I  want  mothers  to 
do:  Set  the  young  folks  a  good  example, 
by  planninq  the  work,  setting  the  young 
h  .nds  to  execute  it.  Mothers  could 
thus  keep  themselves  fresh  and  hand- 
some, so  that  the  husband  will  not  be 
able  to  find  a  pleasanter  companion  nor 
the  young  folks  a  more  instructive  one, 
and  she  can  be  a  companion  to  not 
alone  her  own  children,  but  to  the  visi- 
tors coming  to  the  house,  so  that  no 
game  nor  amusement  will  bo  complete 
without  Mothtr  and  Father  take  part  in 
it.  Mothers,  try  it.  Believe  me,  it  will 
keep  you  old  folks  young,  and  the  young 
folks  steady. 

Let  your  children  find  you  an  agreea- 
ble companion  ever,  and  ready  to  sym- 
pathize dnd  counsel  in  their  troubles, 
and  you  will  see  them  ever  ready  to  give 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


^ou  their  confidence.  One  of  the  great- 
est burdens  will  be  lifted,  and  home 
made  far  happier  than  if  poor,  tired 
uoTHEK  was  drudging  her  life  away  that 
her  children  might  have  white  bauds 
and  begin  life  ignorant  of  how  to  make 
their  homes  truly   happy  and  charming. 

FAMILIAR   TALKS— NO.    2. 

(New  Series.) 


SOME  MORE  "MASCULINE  SUPKEMACT. 

I  cannot  quite  agree  with  all  the  senti- 
ments expressed  in  luglewood'a  last  let- 
ter. Towards  the  close  he  says  he  is 
|"seekiug  a  helpmeet  in  all  the  depart- 
ments of  our  natures;  the  physical  and 
intellectual;  the  moral  and  spiritual. 
Concerning  the  last  two  the  supremacy 
ever  rests  with  the  feminine.  The  for- 
mer with  the  masculine."  I  admit  the 
superiority  of  the  masculine  physical 
strength,  but  that  the  husband  must  be, 
lor  is  always  more  intellectual  than  the 
wife,  I  do  not  think.  Were  it  so,  the 
mutual  counsel  and  advice  would  be  rath- 
er a  onesided  argument  generally.  The 
husband  would  express  his  opinions,  and 
act  in  accordance  with  them.  Why 
should  a  man  require  a  greater  degree  of 
moral  strength  in  his  wife  than  he  him- 
self possesses?  I  hold  that  one  should 
be  just  as  moral  as  the  other.  How  can 
there  be  mutual  confidence  otherwise? 
Still,  I  think  Grandpa  did  not  attach  this 
meaning  to  the  word  confidence  here. 
Why  should  not  a  man  be  just  as  spirit- 
ual as  his  wife?  But  I  am  not  quite  sure 
I  understand  just  what  is  meant  hy  the 
word  "spiritual"  in  its  connection  with 
this  subject. 

After  the  report  of  the  seeds  obtained 
at  the  Agriculturist  office  had  been 
sent,  I  saw  in  "Washburn's  Cultivator's 
Guide"  a  statement  to  the  effect  that 
watermelon  seeds  should  be  two  years 
old  before  being  planted.  Is  there  any 
truth  in  this? 

Mrs.  Wood  writes  of  Ijaff  Fieur  de  Lis. 
I  have  the  blue  and  the  white,  which  is 
I  purely  white;  could  not  by  any  stretch 
of  imagination  be  called  bufi'.  But  if 
1  there  is  a  purely  huff  variety  I  would 
like  to  get  some.  AVill  Mrs.  W.  i)lease 
inform  me  where  I  can  procure  them? 

In  the  December  number  of  the  Agri- 
culturist, a  call  was  made  for  a  report 
of  the  sumach  seed  sent  out  from  that 
office.  We  planted  seed  at  two  diii'ereut 
times,  but  not  a  plant  put  in  an  appear- 
ance. A  neighbor  was  furnished  with 
some  of  the  seed,  but  makes  the  same 
report.  Is  there  any  special  treatment 
of  the  seed  uec<>ssary?  It  is  a  little  dis- 
couraging to  send  so  many  reports  of 
such  ill  success,  but  "what  can't  be  cured 
must  be  endured." 


^op  and  o^ivb* 


The  SAinuet. 


BY  MRa.  MARY  MAPES  DODGE. 

Grandma  told  me  all  about  it, 
Told  uie  so  I  couldu't  dtpubt  it. 
How  she  dauced — my  gniudma  danced  ! 

How  she  held  lier  pr.  tty  head. 
Huw  her  diiiut.v  ekirt  r-lie  spread. 
How  fche  turued  her  liitle  toes  — 
Sujiliiig  little  human  rose  ! — 
Long  ago. 

Grandma's  hair  was  bright  and  sunny; 
iJimpled  cheeks,   too— iih,  how  fuuuy! 
Really  quite  a  prulty  girl, 
Liiu;4  ago. 
Bless  her!  why.  she  wears  a  cap, 
Graiulmu  doc^.  bnd  tabes  a  nap 
Every  siugle  day;  and  yet 
Grandma  danced  the  minuet 
Long  ago. 


Now  she  sits  therp,  rocking,  rocking, 
Always  knitting  Grandpan  Ktockiiig— 
{Every  girl  was  taught  tu  knit, 

Long  ago  ) 
Yet  her  figure  is  so  iiciit. 
Ancl  h'-r  way  so  staid  and  sweet, 
I  can  aliaoht  me  h»r  nnw 
Bending  to  her  partner's  bow. 

Long  ago. 

Grandma  says  our  modern  jumping, 
Hopping,  rushing,  whirling,  bnuiping, 
Would  have  stiocki-d  the  goutio  folk 

Lonu  ago. 
No— they  moved  with  stutely  (jrace, 
Everything  in  proper  plai'e. 
Gliding  slowly  l<irward,  then 
Slowly  courtseying  bat-k  again. 

Long  ago. 

Modern  ways  are  quite  alarming. 
Grandma  says;  but  boyH  were  charming- 
Girls  and  boys,  I  mean,  of  course — 

Long  iigo. 
Bravely  modest,  grandly  shy — 
■What  if  all  of  UK  should  try 
Just  to  fi-el  like  those  who  met 
In  the  graceful  minuet. 

Long  ago. 

With  the  minuet  in  fashion, 
WJjo  could  fly  into  a  pasnliui? 

All  would  wear  the  calm  tliey  wore 

Long  ago. 
In  time  to  come,  if  I,  perchance. 
Should  tell  my  grau'lchild  of  our  dance, 
I  shall  really  like  to  say, 
'•We  did  it,  dear.  In  8(»mo  such  way, 

Long  ago." 
— [St.  Nicholas  for  January. 


garden  of  your  own.  Papa  and  Mamma, 
or  your  bigf^er  brothers  or  sisters  will  as- 
sist you,  and  you  can  see  how  the  beau- 
tiful plants  will  love  to  grow  from  your 
hands.  It  is  joy  to  watch  the  seeds 
si)rout  uj)  through  the  soil  and  grow  into 
plants,  ami  blossom,  or  bear  fruit. 

Auut  Polly  will    not  weary  you  with  a 


The  Boy  That  laughs, 

BY  GKOROE  COOPEB. 

I  know  a  funny  little  boy, 

The  happiest  ever  born; 
His  face  is  like  a  beam  of  joy. 

Although  his  clothes  are  torn. 

I  saw  him  tumble  on  his  nose, 

And  waite  I  fur  a  groan; 
But  how  he  laughed!    Do  you  suppose 

He  struck  hits  funny  bone  ? 

There's  sunshine  in  each  word   he  speaks. 

His  langh  is  something  grand; 
Its  ripples  overrun  his  cheeks. 

Like  waves  on  snowy  sand. 

He  Innghs  the  moment  he  awakes. 

And  till  the  d'ly  is  di^ne: 
The  sehool-rooni  for  a  joke  he  takes. 

His  lessons  arc*  but  fun. 

No  matter  how  the  day  may  go, 

Yi'u  c:iuuot  make  him  cry; 
He's  worth  a  dozen  boys  I  know. 

Who  pout,  and  mope,  and  sigh. 


EBKUARY  is  Spring, 
in  California,  and  par- 
ticularly so  this  year. 
Tho  late  beautiful  rains 
and  warm  days,  have 
made  the  grass  and  grain 
spring  forth  in  tender 
green,  covering  the  val- 
ley and  distant  hills  with 
loveliness.  The  early- 
blossoniing  flowers  now 
grace  the  garden  beds,  the  sweet  violets 
and  most  delicate  lillies  and  tube  roses 
fill  the  air  with  delicious  perfumes.  We 
must  expect  some  cold,  windy,  eleerless 
days  yet,  but  really,  our  Spring  is  come. 
Now,  dear  Neices  and  Nephews,  plant 
the  little  seeds,  and  set  the  cuttings  of 
plants,  and  plant  out  such  flowers  and 
shrubs  as  you  can   get,  and  make  a  little 


to  them  were:  "Herring,"  and  "Mar- 
tha's Vineyiird."  If  you  think  they  are 
able  to  get  the  Premium,  my  choice 
would  be  Romeo  and  Juliet. 

Your  Neice,  Tillie. 

The  chronio  has  been  sent  to  Tillie, 
and   Aunt   Polly    hopes   she    will    write 
i  i-  1    li  ■  .1       ,1-^  -        ,,"7  T    again,  and  send  more  hard  puzzles,  that 

onp  article  tliisoionth.     ^Ve  are  all  glad  i  „obody  can  guess.  ^ 

tr.nr,.n,..r    „„,i   «,ii    try  to  eujoy  this  glo- 


togethcr,    and  will 

rious  Spring,  and  make  the  most  of  our 

opportunities. 

And   now   for   our   letters,  several   of 
which  are  from  new  contributors: 


San  Benito,  Jan.  28,  1877. 
Dear  Adnt  Polly: — I  have  never  writ- 
ten to  you,  or  thought  much  about  it  un- 
til the  January   No.  came.     Whi-n  I  saw 
your   picture,    I   afked   uiy   mother  if  I 
might  write  and    ti  11   you    that  I  hid  no 
idea  that  you  were  so  pretty,     I  thought 
you  wer«  old   and    wrinkled,  and  wore  a 
wide   cap    border  and  spectacles;  uud  I 
love  you  ever  so  much  now,  (although  I 
know  that  we  ought   to    love   old    ladies 
too,  for  we  will  all  get  old  if  we  livelong 
enough);     But  I  do  not  think  much  of 
the  editor  if  he  looks   like   that   picture,  j  q^^  ("amily 
Why,  he  has  the  hiij  kead.     He  was  wise 
to  take  his  umbrella,  for  he  would  nei-d 
it  before  this  time.     Please  publish  this 
yourself,   so   he    will    not   see  it.     But, 
mother  says  she   thinks   his  artist  is  not 
so  good  as  yours.     Papa  has  taken  the 
A<iHic(jLTUBisi  for  a  short  time,   and  we 
all  like  to  read  it  so  well  that  we  are  go- 
ing to  take  it  another  year,  and,  I  hope, 
always.     I  feel  so  sorry  for  little  Amy, 
in  the  Christmas  story.     How  lonely  she 
must  have  been,  so  long  away  from  her 
kind  friends!     I  should  have  cried 
self  to  death,  I   believe. 
W'ltsonville  two  weeks  last  Summer,  and 
I  tell  you  I  was  glad  to   get   home  again 
to  see  my  mother  and  papa  and  little  sii- 
year-old   Zena,    and   darling  three-year- 
old  brother,    Walter.     I  am   eleven  years 
old,  and  go  to    school,  and   I   could  tell 
you  a  long  story  about  our  singing  school 
and  concert   and   Christmas   tree;  but  I 
am   afraid  if  I  make  this  letter  too   long 
that    you    would   not   publish    it,  and   I 
would  like  to  have  you  do  so,  for  I  want 
to  be        One  of  Your  Loving  Neices, 
E.MiLV  W.  Page. 

P.  S. — The  answer  to  Fannie  B.'s 
puzzle  is,  "Bread." 

Here  is  a  puzzle,  which  I  have  just 
composed: 

My  1  is  in  ride  but  not  in  walk. 

My  2  is  in  tongue,  also  in  talk. 

My  3  is  in  give  but  not  in  lend. 

My  -1  is  in  sew  but  not  in  mend. 

My  .5  is  in  river  but  not  in  lake.  " 

My  f>  is  in  ti_>ad,  also  in  snake. 

My  7  is  in  their  but  not  in  hour. 

My  8  is  in  minute  but  not  in  hour. 

My  1'  is  in  fish  but  not  in  trout. 

My  10  is  in  in  but  not  in  out. 

My  1 1  is  in  sing  but  not  in  shout. 

My  whole  is  a  great  blessing,  for  which 
we  should  be  thankful.  E.  w.  p. 

Emily's  letter  is  rather  long,  but  then 
it  is  so  interesting  that  we  give  it  all. 
Write  often,  Em. 


Santa  Cbpz,  Jan.  29,  1877. 
Deab  ArsT  Polly:— I  thought  I  would 
accept  your  kind  invitation,  and  write 
you  a  letter.  I  see  by  your  paper  that 
you  give  cbromos  to  all  those  who  send 
puzzles  that  are  not  answered,  and  I 
thought  that  I  would  see  what  I  could  do. 
I  am  thirteen  years  old.  My  puzzle  is 
original.  Yours  Truly, 

Jack. 

PtJZZLE. 

I  am  composed  of  six  letters. 

My  4  you  will  liud  in  will. 

My  ;i  and  G  you  will  find  in  every. 

My  second  you  will  Ijnd  in  cousin. 

My  fifth  you  will  find  in  welcome. 

My  first  you  will  find  iu  Jack. 

My  whole  is  the  first  name  of  one  of 

Jack. 

We  think  that  Jack's  puzzle  will  be  a 
hard  one  to  gness,  and  we  expect  he  will 
get  a  cbromo,  sure. 


San  Felipe,  Jan.  21,  1H77. 
Dear  Kvht  Polly:— This   is  the   first 
time  that  I  have  written   to  you.     I    am 
only  ten  years  old,  and   my  sister  Jennie 
is  eight  years  old,  and  my  brother  Willie 
is    six   years   old.     I    had   a   nice    time 
Christmas;  we  had  a  Christmas  tree    at 
^        our   school    house.     Mamma    takes    the 
I  was  away  to    ••^<'"JcCLTuriiKT,  and  I    always  read   Our 
Corner,   and   think  it   is  very  nice.     We 
have  got  a  little  dog,  and  we  coll  her  Pet. 
If  you  think  this  worth   puUishiqg,  I 
will  write  again,  and  try  and  do  better. 
Good  bye,  from         Your  Neice, 

Blancbk  McLeod. 
Well  done,  Blanch;  hope  you  will  let 
the  cousins  hear  from  you  again. 


MiLPiT.4s,  Jan.  17,  1877, 
Dear  Aunt  Polly: — Wishing  you  a 
happy  new  year,  I  thought  I  would  try 
and  write  to  the  AoBicrLTCBisT  this 
tncmth.  We  have  been  so  busy  for 
Christmas  and  New  Y'ears,  that  I  did 
not  have  time  to  write. 

The  answer  to  Fannie  B.'s  puzzle  is 
"Bread."  I  made  out  the  answers  to 
the  others,  but  was  too  late  in  sending 
them.  I  received  a  great  many  Christ- 
mas presents,  and  I  hope  Aunt  Polly 
did  too.  There  were  too  of  my  puzzles 
not  made  out.  They  appeared  in  the 
Agkiccltcrist  last  June.     The  answers 


San  Benito,  Dee.  29,  '7C. 
Dear  .^itnt  Polly:— I  always  like  to 
read  Our  Corner,  so  I  thought  I  would 
try  to  contribute  something.  I  live  in 
Hernandez  valley,  on  the  Sao  Benito 
river.  I  will  send  two  puzzles,  which  1 
composed : 

PCZZLES. 

Take  B  from  a  city  in  Europe,  and 
leave  what  a  tired  man  loves  to  do. 

Take  S  from  a  country  iu  Europe,  and 
leave  what  we  all  dread. 

Take  .4  from  a  city  in  Califomia,  and 
leave  what  we  often  do. 

Take  L  from  a  river  in  the  Western 
States,  and  leave  a  fruit. 

Take  O  from  a  river  in  the  Western 
States,  and  leave  an  herb. 

Take  K  from  from  an  island,  and  leave 
a  young  animal.  x.  a.  8. 

WORD    PrZZLE. 

My  first  is  in  tree  but  not  in  leaf. 

My  second  is  in  hay  but  not  in  grass. 

Jly  third  is  in  ray  but  not  in  shine. 

My  fourth  is  iu  new  but  not  in  old. 

My  fifth  is  in  rake  but  not  in  mow. 

My  sixth  is  in  lose  but  not  iu  find. 

My  seventh  is  in  go  but  not  iu  stay. 

My  eighth  is  in  bird  but  not  in  bill. 

My  ninth  is  in    verb  but  not  in  nonn. 

My  tenth  is  iu  sit  but  not  in  stand. 

My  eleventh  is  in   near  but  not  in  far. 

My  twelfth  is  in  good  but  not  in  bad. 

My  whole  is  something  we  all  owe  to 
God.  Minnie  A..  Short. 

Minnie  has  .\unt  Polly's  thanks  for 
her  nice  letter  and  pnzzles. 


% 


Dear  Atrxr  Polly :^I  thought  I  ought 
to  write  a  letter  to   you  this  month.     I 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


have  a  pretty  little  pigeon  at  home. 
To-morrow  a  boy  is  going  to  give  me 
two  more. 

With  the  above  letter  came  a  rebus, 
which  Aiiut  Polly  regrets  that  she  cauaot 
give,  as  she  has  not  the  pictures  to  go 
with  it.  The  writer  forgot  to  sign  a 
name  to  the  letter,  so  we  don't  know 
who  wrote  it. 

Salinas  Valley,  Jan.,  1877. 

Deah  Aunt  Pollt: — I  wish  you  many 
hajipy  returns  of  the  season,  as  this  is 
tlie  first  letter  of  the  new  year  I  have 
written  to  you.  Our  Corner,  in  Decem- 
ber, was  splendid.  I  think  the  chromo 
I  scut  for  is  splendid.  Also  the  editor's 
picture,  with  his  umbrella  under  his  arm. 
I  am  very  sorry  to  say  that  I  caunotsend 
you  a  puzzle.  There  is  no  sigu  of  rain 
in  Salinas  Valley  yet.  My  two  sisters 
and  I  take  music  lessons  twice  a  week. 
If  you  ever  come  to  Salinas,  j'ou  will 
please  call  and  see  me.  I  hope  in  my 
next  lefter  I  will  have  better  news  to  tell 
you,  as  it  may  rain,  and  that  will  be  good 
news  to  all.  Dear  Aunt  Polly,  I  would 
like  to  see  your  photograph.  I  would 
like  to  have  it  in  my  albiam.  I  will  tell 
you  what  I  got  off  the  Episcopal  Church 
Christmas  tree:  my  sister  and  I  got  gold 
cuff-pins.  We  attend  the  Sabbath  School 
there.  Aunt  Polly,  this  is  enough  for 
this  time;  the  next  time  I  will  try  to  do 
better.    .1  remain,     Your  Neice, 

Annie  Williams. 

We  thank  yon  for  your  nice  letter. 
Annie  should  be  satisfied  with  Aunt 
Polly's  picture  in  print.  Glad  you  had 
such  a  nice  Christmas;  but  do  not  let 
the  gold  i")ins  make  you  proud,  will  you? 


San  Benito,  Jan.  17,  1877. 

Dear  Aunt  Polly: — I  am  so  glad  you 
sent  us  your  picture.  I  always  wanted 
to  see  you,  but  now  I  know  just  how  you 
look.  I  think  your  hair  is  pretty,  and 
you  have  such  bright  eyes!  No  wonder 
you  can  tell  us  country  children  so  many 
funny  things,  and  you  are  right  in  town, 
where  so  many  folks  live,  and  where  so 
many  things  are  done  every  day,  you  can 
go  to  the  Post  Office  or  to  market  just 
when  you  wish,  while  we  in  the  country 
do  not  have  either  to  go  to  nearer  than 
four  or  five  miles,  and  do  not  go  there 
very  often.  Oh  yes,  and  the  editor's 
picture,  too.  We  children  look  at  it  and 
are  glad  to  have  the  chance,  but  we 
thought  he  was  a  larger  man  than  he 
looks  to  be,  and  he  has  such  a  big  nose! 
He  must  have  good  judgment,  for  they 
say  that  is  a  sign.  It  has  liegun  to  rain, 
and  we  need  not  worry  any  more,  but 
trust  in  Providence  for  the  future. 
You  little  Neice, 

Sallie  Mooke. 

Sallie  must  write  again.  The  editor 
must  certainly  feel  flattered  by  such 
complimentary  remarks  from  the  cousins. 


A  ponny  dance. 

A  gentleman  writing  from  Graham's 
Town,  Africa,  relates  his  oliservation  of 
a  curious  circumstance:  "  We  entered 
through  a  locked  gate  into  a  large  enclo- 
sure or  paddock,  in  which  were  fifty- 
eight  one  and  two-year-old  ostriches. 
They  all  looked  exceedingly  well,  and, 
though  they  did  not  dance,  seemed  full 
of  life.  They  do,  sometimes,  favor  the 
spectators  with  a  dance,  and  it  is  one  of 
the  fuiniiest  of  all  the  freaks  or  habits 
of  animals  that  evidence  a  sense  of  the 
jokeful  we  ever  beheld.  We  once  saw 
some  twenty  nearly  full  grown  birds 
waltzing  together.  They  began  with  a 
sort  of  sliding,  slow  revolution  on  tlieir 
toes,  moving  their  wings  gently  uj)  and 
down,  and  ju-escutly  they  seemed  to  get 
into  tlu^  sjiirit  of  the   thing  without    the 


aid  of  any  fiddler  that  we  saw,  and  spun 
round  at  a  rate  that  would  have  aston- 
ished any  one  but  a  dancing  dervish. 
In  dancing  they  swept  round  and  round, 
without  ever  coming  into  contact  with 
each  other." 

This  story  of  the  ostriches  reminds 
Aunt  Polly  of  a  splendid  lot  of  over  a 
hundred  young  turkeys  that  she  once 
saw.  They  were  all  raised  together  on  a 
farm  where  there  was  nice  open  ground 
to  parade  on.  When  about  full  grown, 
they  would  often  strut  around  and  all 
form  a  ring  and  run  around  and  jump 
and  gooble,  gobble,  gobble,  with  as  much 
time  and  fun  aud  merriment  as  a  troop 
of  school  children  on  a  holiday  frolic. 


THE   EDITOR  S  REVENGE. 

Dear  Children:  Do  you  suppose  for 
one  moment  that  a  gentleman  of  brains 
aud  dignity  like  ourself  is  going  to  stand 
any  such  scandalous  abuse  as  Aunt  Polly 
and  the  printers  g.ave  us  last  month? 
Not  a  bit  of  it,  while  we  occupy  the 
sanctum.  Now  we  assure  you  that  we 
are  good  looking — in  fact,  the  best  look- 
ing one  in  or  about  the  ofiice.  We  have 
turned  that  artist  off,  without  a  cent  in 
his  pocket,  and  got  another  one  who  will 
do  our  bidding. 

Aunt  Polly  is  not  so  handsome  as  her 
picture  looks,  by  a  good  deal.  But  she 
has  apologized  to  us  for  saying  we  are 
"old  fogy,"  so  we  wont  retaliate  too  se- 
verely. 

Now  we  will  show  you  just  ho.w  she 
looked  to  us  the  next  day  after  the  paper 
pame  out,  when  she  came  into  the  office 
with  a  gay  bouquet  for  us,  and  with  a 
smile  that  was  childlike  and  bland,  she 
courtesied,  with  a  "Good  morning,  sir; 
accept  this  bouquet." 


LOOK  AT  her 


As  to  the  printer,  who  was  once  a  Devil 
with  a  tail,  like  any  other  poUywog — a 
printer's  "devil,"  we  mean, — he  still 
shows  his  bringing  up  in  the  bogs,  among 
bulliushes  and  mushrooms.  He  is  a  gen- 
uine green-back,  as  green  as  grass,  the 
biggest  toad  in  the  puddle,  and  a  regular 
croaker  at  that.  We  will  show  j'ou  how 
he  looked  to  us,  as  he  came  up  with  a 
type  on  his  shoulder,  offering  us  "the 
olive  branch  of  peace. ' '  Isn't  he  a  beauty  ? 


OUR   SAUOY    PRINTER. 


'Jiind  fttouopolu. 


Investigation   in  Order. 

A  HONDA  GRANGE,  San  Mateo 
county  has  passed  the  following 
resolutions,  and  appointed  a  com- 
mittee in  accordance  therewith: 
'^  Whereas,  The  titles  to  the  pub- 
lic lands  of  this  State,  known  as  "lieu 
or  indemnity  lands, "  are  in  a  very  dis- 
turbed and  unsettled  condition,  and 

Whereas,  A  large  number  of  Patrons 
of  Husbandry  and  other  farmers  have  in 
good  faith  become  actual  settlers  upon 
said  lands,  and  whose  titles  are  now  se- 
riously affected  by  this  unsettled  condi- 
tiou,  therefore  be  it 

liesolved.  That  a  committee  of  three  be 
appointed  by  this  Grange  to  investigate 
this  matter  and  report  as  soon  as  possi- 
Ijle  to  this  Grange  or  its  Executive  Com- 
mittee some  plan  or  measure  by  which 
the  evil  maybe  alleviated  or  corrected. 

This  committee,  says  the  San  Francis- 
co Bulklin,  certainly  has  an  arduous  task 
before  them,  one  that  will  require  montns 
to  carry  out,  and  before  they  can  remedy 
the  matter,  they  will  have  to  send  none 
but  honest  men  to  make  the  laws,  for 
heretofore  all  laws  bearing  upon  this  sub- 
ject have  either  been  directly  in  the  in^ 
terests  of  land  speculators,  or  so  plas- 
tered with  amendments  as  to  confuse 
their  meaning,  and  render  them  capable 
of  almost  any  construction  dishonest 
men  saw  fit  to  put  upon  them.  The 
Grange  is  right  in  one  thing,  certainly, 
that  a  large  number  of  farmers  have 
clouds  upon  their  titles,  which  would 
never  have  been  the  case  had  the  school 
grant  never  been  made.  The  title  to  the 
Act  is  a  misnomer,  and  should  have  read, 
"An  Act  to  grant  speculators  every  six- 
teenth and  thirty-sixth  section  for  graz- 
ing purposes,  and  defining  the  rights  of 
the  grantees  against  the  encroachments 
of  the  people  of  the  State  of  California." 
This  is  w-hat  the  grant  has  amounted  to, 
aud  it  is  a  pity  that  the  enactin^'  clause 
and  title  do  not  conform  more  nearly  to 
the  Act  itself. 

The  State  Land  Commissioners  have 
undertaken  the  arduous  task  of  ascer- 
taining the  names  of  all  persons  who 
have  been  possessing  themselves  of  large 
quantities  of  State  lands,  together  with 
the  amount  obtained  and  manner  of  pro- 
curing title.  It  is  probable  that  the  re- 
sult of  that  single  line  of  investigation, 
when  made  public,  will  astonish  even  the 
San  Mateo  Grangers.  They  will  find  two 
ex-Surveyor-Generals  with  a  tract  of  land 
almost  large  enough  to  cover  the  State  of 
Rbode  Island.  By  consulting  the  Asses- 
sors' books  in  the  various  counties  they 
could  write  a  very  interesting  chapter  on 
unequal  taxation.  They  need  not  be  sur- 
prised to  find  that  certain  large  land  mo- 
ncjpolists  are  paying,  taxes  at  the  rate  of 
$1  per  acre  on  lands  which  they  are  now 
offering  and  selling  at  $'20  to  If  30  an  acre. 
They  will  find  in  Ventura  county  -200,000 
acres  of  land  in  large  tracts,  paying  taxes 
at  the  rate  of  SL.'JO  an  acre,  while  the 
land  all  around  and  between  is  assessed 
at  five  times  that  sum.  They  find  in 
Sacramento  a  tract  of  land  paying  at  the 
rate  of  $(i  an  acre,  portions  ol  which 
are  now  rented  at  $25  an  acre  a  year, 
producing  from  sixty  to  ninety  bushels 
of  corn  per  acre.  If  the  Grangers,  or 
any  other  organization  or  association, 
can  remedy  this,  they  can  strike  a  blow 
at  land  monopoly  more  poti^nt  than  all 
the  resolutions  and  laws  that  Congress 
can  enact.  Whenever  these  large  tracts 
can  be  made  to  contribute  their  just  share 
of  taxation  towards  the  support  of  State, 
county  and  General  Government,  then 
will  they  bo    speedily  be    put   upon    the 


market.  The  first  and  most  necessary 
step  is  to  procure  County  Assessors  who 
are  bold  enough  and  honest  enough  to 
obey  their  oath  of  office  and  levy  taxes 
on  the  market  value  ol  all  land,  without 
fear  or  favor.  When  this  is  accomplshed 
the  rest  is  easy.  It  is  not  the  farmers 
alone  who  are  interested  in  equalizing 
taxation.  Every  industry,  trade  or  call- 
ing in  the  country  is  oppressed. 

Of  the  600.000  acres  of  land  already 
listed  to  the  State,  a  very  small  portion 
has  been  purchased  by  settlers,  except 
through  the  land  speculators.  With  hon- 
est administration  of  the  affairs  of  the 
State  Land  Office,  nearly  all  would  have 
been  sold  to  settlers  in  good  faith,  but 
through  connivance  with  the  land  officers 
speculators  have  become  possessed  o(  the 
lion's  share,  through  the  infamous  "lieu 
pot"  system.  Surveyor-General  Minnis, 
on  finding  such  a  sorry  state  of  attairs, 
put  his  foot  peremptorily  down,  and  re- 
fused to  receive  any  more  applications 
on  lands  not  listed  to  the  State,  on  the 
ground  that  more  land  had  already  been 
applied  for  than  the  State  is  entitled  to. 
In  doing  this  he  called  down  upon  his 
gray  head  the  wrath  of  all  the  laud- 
sharks,  but  his  prompt  action  will  have 
the  efl'ect  of  stopping  further  wholesale 
depredations,  and  reserve  the  remaining 
lieu  for  those  applications  which  are  de- 
fective. Heretofore  no  one  outside  of 
the  land  ring  had  any  chance  of  getting 
a  piece  of  land  unless  by  the  merest  ac- 
cident. These  large  land-grabbing  firms 
had  men  with  the  field  surveyors,  and 
the  moment  the  transit  disclosed  a  10th 
or  .30th  section  upon  which  a  United 
States  settler  had  pitched  his  cabin,  or  a 
school  section  that  was  worth  the  taking, 
they  wiuld  make  a  tour  along  the  wharves 
of  San  Francisco,  pick  up  enough  "bum- 
mers" for  their  purpose,  who  tor  a  mess 
of  porridge  and  a  glass  of  bad  whisky, 
would  sell  the  birthright  which  a  gen- 
erous government  has  granted  to  every 
citizen,  and  at  t'ue  same  time  assign  it 
over  to  the  speculator.  When  the  plats 
came  to  be  filed  in  the  Laud  Office  a  dil- 
igent search  would  fail  to  discover  any 
vacant  state  lands.  As  showing  how  a 
few  men  have,  by  means  of  dummies  and 
collusion  with  the  State  and  government 
offices,  olitaiued  possession  of  thousands 
of  acres  of  these  lands,  it  may  be  men- 
tioned that  Miller  &  Lux,  the  land  kings 
of  California,  have  had  patented  to  them 
over  200,000  acres  of  land  in  Merced, 
Fresno  and  Stanislaus  counties,  in  di- 
rect violation  of  the  law  which  provides 
that  no  one  shall  acquire  title  to  more 
than  .320  acres.  John  Smiths  and  Wil- 
liam Johnson's  and  George  Jrmeses  ap- 
pear as  the  applicants  in  these  cases,  but 
the  patent  books  invariably  show  that 
Miller  .\-  Lux  own  the  laud  and  procured 
the  patents.  W.  S.  Chapman,  the  enter- 
prising land  dealer  who  in  former  times 
controlled  one  of  the  local  laud  offices, 
has  acquired  title  to  nearly  10,000  acres 
in  Merced  and  Fresno  cimntics,  through 
the  agency  of  dummies.  And  this  is 
only  three  counties  in  the  State.  The 
title  has  jiasseil  aud  is  vested  in  these 
men,  and  no  statute  can  now  deprive 
them  of  it.  This  is  independent  of  the 
enormous  amount  of  lands  located  by 
other  means,  whereby  these  men  obtained 
])ossession  of  the  fairest  portions  of  the 
great  San  Joaquin  Valley.  *        *        ' 

Lux  .t  Miller  own  000,0(10  acres  in  round 
numbers,  and  there  are  hundreds  of  oth- 
ers equally  land  hurtheiieil.  Could  these 
lauds  be  forced  to  Jiay  taxes  on  their 
market  value,  or  what  they  would  bring 
under  the  hammer,  it  would  make  vast 
diUcrence  in  the  rate  of  taxation,  while 
it  would  compel  the  sale  of  millious  of 
acres  to  settlers  at  rates  that  would  in- 
vite immigration. 

Says  the  San  Francisco  Ommide  :  How 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal. 


does  sound  for  a  landed  aristocracy? 
Sauta  Clara  county  contains  7U0,000 
acres,  of  which  tn'enty-seveu  persons 
own  200,000;  Santa  Cru-z  county  con- 
tains 3'20, 000  iicres,  and  thirty-one  men 
own  112,000  acres  of  that;  Monterey 
county  coutains2,5Q0,000  acres,  of  which 
thirty  persons  own  716,000  acres;  San 
Luis  Obispo  county  contains  1,500,000 
acres,  of  which  sixty-four  men  have  gob- 
bled up  810,000  acres;  Santa  Barbara 
county  contains  1,500,000  acres,  and  six- 
ty-seven men  own  of  that  1,216,000  acres; 
Los  Angeles  county  has  2,060,000  acres, 
of  which  seventy  persons  own  800,000 
acres;  San  Diego  has  8.500,000  acres, 
and  fifty-six  persons  own  600,000  acres. 
These  are  only  a  few  sample  counties. 

There  is  one  question  in  this  land 
monopoly  business  that  we  would  like  to 
see  agitated.  It  is  this:  Hav"  parlies 
who  have  obtained  lands  fraudulently, 
through  or  in  collusion  with  government 
agents,  a  vested  right  in  such  lands  that 
cannot  be  overthrown?  Ought  they  to 
be  allowed  to  hold  peaceable  possession 
of  lands  so  obtained?  If  the  govern- 
ment permits  such  peculation,  does  it  not 
offer  a  premium  on  rascality,  and  become 
the  aider  and  abettor  of  land  thieves  and 
swindlers. — Ed.  Ageicdltdeist. 


The  Wild  American  Sumac. 


Persons  who  have  thought  anything 
about  cultivating  sumac  on  this  coast, 
will  most  likely  be  interested  in  what 
the  Shoe  and  Leather  Jtieporier  tells  us 
about  American  sumac: 

"  The  demand  for  American  sumac 
has  increased  largely  of  late  years  among 
morocco  manufacturers  and  dyers,  and 
many  impi-ovements  have  been  made  in 
its  preparation.  The  quality  of  the  na- 
tive article  has  now  arrived  at  great  per- 
fection, and  mills  for  grinding  have 
sprung  up  through  the  southern  and 
middle  States.  It  has  not  been  a  profit- 
able business  for  the  past  years,  having 
suffered  from  the  depression  incident  to 
all  branches  of  trade. 

Sumac  grows  all  over  the  Uujted 
States,  but  that  best  suited  for  tanning 
and  dyeing  purposes  grows  spontaneous- 
ly in  a  belt  of  country  running  from 
Maryland  duwn  through  Virginia  and 
the  Caroliuas,  thence  through  the  north- 
ern sections  of  Georgia,  Alalama  and 
Mississippi,  and  in  portions  of  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee.  The  northern  climate 
seems  too  cold  to  develop  the  tanning 
properties  of  this  plant,  but  large  quan- 
tities of  Pennsylvania  and  New  York 
sumac  are  sold  in  the  leaf  to  tanners  of 
goat  skins,  who  put  it  in  the  vats  to 
strengthen  up  aud  keep  the  sewed  skins 
from  leaking,  and  it  is  also  used  by  many 
tanners  who  wish  to  brighten  the  color 
of  their  leather. 

The  Indian  name  of  sumac  is  kilikin- 
ick;  they  use  it,  aud  it  is  still  used,  to 
mix  with  tobacco  for  smoking  purposes. 

Virginia  stands  at  the  head  of  all  the 
States  in  producing  sumac,  and  owiug 
to  the  care  taken  here  in  selecting  aud 
grinding,  its  quality  is  unsurpassed. 
The  towns  famous  lor  the  sumac  trade 
are  Lynchburg,  Richmond,  Fredericks- 
burg, Alexandria  and  Winchester. 

The  season  for  picking  sumac  com- 
mences with  the  1st  of  July  and  ends 
the  last  of  September,  or  with  the  first 
frost,  for  this  turns  the  leaf  red,  and 
then  it  is  worthless.  The  stems,  except 
the  leaf  stems,  have  no  strength,  aud 
should  not  be  gathered.  They  are  full 
of  pith,  and  if  ground  they  only  absorb 
the  strength  of  the  leaf  and  depreciate 
the  value  of  the  article.  Sumac  should 
be  gathered  in  this  way,  viz:  Break  off 
the  parts  of  the  bush  containing  the 
leaves,  but  do  not   gather   the  blossoms 


or  berries.  Some  sumac  gatherers  allow 
the  leaves  to  wilt  a  few  hours  in  the 
sun,  while  others  convey  them  imme- 
diately into  the  shade  or  under  cover. 
Cure  it  under  shelter  to  preserve  its 
color  and  strength;  when  it  is  dry,  put 
it  in  bulk,  and  when  dry  and  windy  days 
set  in,  spread  it  out  in  liedsasynu  would 
wheat  or  oats  on  a  cli'an  plank  floor. 
Theu  thresh  it  with  a  Hail,  when  the 
leaves  and  stems  will  break  up  tine,  and 
rake  out  the  large  stems  and  Ihrnw  them 
away.  In  ^.O'liK  before  thri'shing,  it 
should  be  frequently  thrown  over  with  a 
pitchfork  to  let  the  air  get  to  every  part 
of  it.  Remember  to  take  out  all  the 
sticks,  stems  and  berries.  The  strength 
is  in  the  leaf  and  leaf  stems. 

The  grinders  of  sumac  are  obliged  to 
have  ample  storage  room,  as  they  pur- 
chase their  supply  for  a  year's  grinding 
in  the  months  of  July,  .\ugust  and  Sep- 
tember. Care  must  be  taken  to  have  it 
thoroughly  dry  before  packing,  to  avoid 
spontaneous  combustion.  Good  venti- 
lation should  always  be  secured  after  it 
is  packed. 

Help  in  Acquimng  KNowt,KDr.K. — In 
acquiring  a  knowledge  of  the  English 
Languane,  and  especially  in  learning  the 
meaning  of  words,  probably  no  other 
work,  nor  many  other  books  altogether, 
can  afford  so  much  aid  as  Webster's 
XTnabriilged  Dictionay,  with  its  3000 
Pictorial  Illustrations,  its  precise  and 
full  definitions,  its  careful  discrimin- 
ation of  synonymous  words,  and  its 
many  valuable  tables.  Let  one  family 
have  a  copy  of  this  work,  and  use  it 
faithfully,  and  another  be  with  out  it, — 
the  difffi'ence  in  the  progress  of  the  two 
families  in  getting  knowledge  will  be 
very  great. 

ly  No  imposition,  no  humbugging, 
but  fair  and  honorable  dealinc,  in  the 
undertaking  line,  can  be  had  a  Tnieman 
&  Woodrow's.  They  are  not  only  gen- 
tlemen, and  old  hands  at  the  business, 
but  understand  it  in  all  its  details,  and 
know  how  to  perform  their  duties,  and 
can  and  will  give  satisfaction  in  every 
case.  Jot  this  down  in  your  memory, 
aud  it  may  serve  you  in  time  of  need. 
No  smoking,  drinking,  or  horse-racing, 
while  attending  funerals. 


|r^  If  you  want  a  home,  read  the  ad- 
vertisement of  the  new  Temperance  Col- 
ony.         

E^Mr.  Salisbury,  the  sewing  machine 
man.  has  a  fine  variety  of  machines,  at 
low  prices.     Give  him  a  call. 


GARDEN  CITY 

lliL  COME 


(FOkMERLY   ViNSONHALEB'S   ErslNE'iS   COLLEGK.) 

CONNOE  &  HENNINQ, 

PUOPBtETOIiS. 
First  Street,        ...      SAN  JOSE, 

tt^^E^■D  F.'R   CiRCCLAR.'xa 


RUPTURE ! 


Vse    no    more  3Ie«iilic   Trusses  .'J 

■  V'Xnmoiv   sufierint;    ivin    Iron    Htn-ps   vr 

,",>;;tet-l  S[iriiit;s!     Our     MAGNEnC  ELAS- 

A'TiC  TUl  SS  is  worn    with    ease  and  com-j 

T fort,  Xi^iUt  ami    Day.  ami   -ftill.an.l    has.i 

E  perfuniitdtl  radiual  cures   when   all  others  I 

have  failed.     Reader,  if  yuu  are  ruptured  f 

trv  one  of   our   Comfortable    Elastic    Ap-^ 

piirtDces.     Vi'u  will  never  regret  it. 

K^  Examinati.'us  Fne. 

MAGNETIC  ELASTIC  TRUSS  CO  » 

609  Sacramento  street,  S.  F. 


PUBLIC  SALE 

Short-Horn  Cattle       ''^'^  ''  California. 


TO  BE  SOLD 
OX  THURSDAY',    APRIK  5tli,   1^77, 

AT  THE 

Fair  O-round,    near   Saa  Jose* 


CaRCI'MSTANCES  RESDER  IT  NECESSARY  ; 
/  fi>r  UH  to  clow  up  our  pannerwhlp  nflairH,  | 
W'-  hlmll  th'Ti-fore  wll  fit  public  Bale  the  tiitiro  ) 
•Avenue  Riinch  Herd  "  of  Short  Horn  Cuttle.        I 

'I  he  propiictorK  bollcvti  thiit  thin  will  b<!!  one 
of  th<3  moht  nttraiUive  KsIeK  that  baK  ever  bf i  d 
made  on  th"'  pHcHlr  Goant.  We  shall  thus  offt-r 
to  the  jfcublic  all  the  choice  Hnimals  we  hiive 
bnd  flnd  roHeoIed  at  an  ininicnwcoHt.  including 
thoi4P  flne  Allow  bullH.  MaHon  Duke  14875.  Oxford 
Duke,  and  the  fine  Rogc  of  8haron  Bull,  Maitt^r 
Muynanl  UKHI,  and,  iu  fa<-t,  the  entire  hi-rd. 
without  reserve  to  the  hitfhcKt  respoDflble  bid- 
der, KivItiK  a  rare  opportuniry  to  bnedc-n*.  and 
all  partieH  winhiug  to  purcbaec  bigh-bred  Short- 
HnrnB, 

ff7"Sale  CatalogueH  furnlshod  on   application. 
CYRUS  JONES    &  CO. 


NEW  DEPARTURE. 

My  headquarterH  here«ft<'r  will  be  lu  the  Pbo- 
toKHinhic  Konms  fonn<  rly  occupI>-d  by  Jas. 
Mitcnulny.  No.  307  Firnt  Street,  San  Jvee.  where 
I  Bhall  be  pleased  to  meet  all  my  old  friends  and 
evt-ry  one  who  may  want  pictures  of  any  kind. 
We  are  prepared  to  uiakoPhtt  >grjiphd  and  Ferre- 
otypee  of  all  eizeB.  Pictureh  copied,  enlari^ed  or 
reduced  to  any  Hi:te,  aud  finished  in  India  Ink, 
Water  Colors  or  Crayon. 

If  you  want  pictures  of  your  houRcs,  horses 
carriages,  titock,  machinery,  ur  any  outside  work, 
give  us  a  call. 

We  guarantee  Batisfft^-IIon  In  price  and  quality 
of  work.  .lAY  E.  FILLER.  Artiwt. 


JOSEPH   WOLF, 

No.    3(10    Kiriit    Sliicl,  SA.\   .lOSK. 

MASCFAOTCRER  OF 

Trusses.  Shoulder  Bwwe.  Supporter  for  Fulling 
of  the  Womb.  DiiibillioTrueses,  etc.    Keeps  nlJ 

kinrts  of  Elastic  StocKliigs. 

B5^  Lfldie^  WHit«'iI  upon   by  Mrs.  Wolf.     V.esi- 
dent-.-.  IM  Siii.  Fernau.l  <  St. 


zTzhzzz's  Broom~Corn 

.\  lipw  variety.  Iiev^-r  U't^  re.l-  Loii^,'.  wtrniu'lit. 
and  free  fr>aii  eurl.  liipeus  earlier,  jields  bet- 
ter, and  will  briuK  H  more  than  any  other  kind. 
Bv  mail.  50c  per  qt  :  bv  eippess  tl..io  p»r  perk 
$i  per  bu«liel  Addres-s  S.\MLKL  WILSON. 
Mechaniesville,  Buckb  Co.,  Pa. 

The  American  Bee  Journal, 

KBtiilili.slied  ill  l-lOl  by  the  late  Saliuiel  W.ii;ner, 
is  publislied  m.mtlily  at  Chf.ai;o,  111.,  at  $J.O<J  a 
year.  Its  coutriliutors  are  the  best,  niont  expe- 
rienced, and  suceessfnl  Api:»ristf.  Ill  America  and 
Kurope.  It  is  the  oldi  Bt,  liirgcKt.  b.  st  and  most 
relialde  Bee  Paper  in  the  Eiisllisb  InhKnaRe. 
Address  TUoMAS  li-  NEWMAN. 

l.li  Clark  St.  Chleat!".  111. 


New  Vin:h!ii  Ten:psrin:e  Colony, 

lucurpurated  Nuveiuber  Gtli,  187C. 

One  humlrtd  snu-ire  miks  of  valuahU*  Kanu  and 
OnizinK  Lands  to  1«  s.il.l  to  actual  settlers  ut  a  small 
adviuice  i>ii  first  cost,  on  eight  ywar*'  time,  interest  at 
seven  per  cent,  per  annum. 

Valuable  l.uuLs  for  fruits,  Tegetables  and  cereals, 
and  re»|uiring  no  Irrigation. 

Nona  but  stockholders  to  be  purchaaera  of  tlic 
lands.  . 

In  Bubscriliing  for  the  stock,  ton  per  cent  is  re- 
quireil  at  time  oi  sulwcrihin^-,  ?100  ou  each  share  of 
sloek  of  the  i>ar  vahie  of  tfl.OOO. 

All  percentoiits  v*A\<l  in  on  stock  arc  recelrea  on 
first  payment  tor  lands. 

Ample  provisiun  is  made  for  Schools.  Library. 
Churclua,  etc 

The  mami  actnre  and  sale  of  mtoxicatmg  hquors 
will  not  W  alloweil  on  tlio  lands  of  the  Colony, 

These  lands  are  located  in  Santa  Barbara  County. 
Cal..  near  the  Lompoc  Tenii>erance  CoI.hij-.  and  situ- 
ate^l  for  twelve  miles  on  the  Santa  Ynex  River. 

Full  particulars,  containe-l  in  the  regidar  Proapec- 
tus,  will  be  mailed  to  all  persons  addressing  the  offi- 
cers of  the  Compaii>-  at  Lomi^oc,  SanU  Biirbara 
County.  Cat  JAMKS  W    WEBB.  President. 

Charles  iLviTBY,  Secretary. 


STATE  CENTRAL  COMMITTEE. 

A.  E  HEDSTONE.  CBAiBMaM Oakliod 

s.  HARRH  HKRRINO.  Sfcretaby.  ..  Ann  Jnse 

W.  n  AYRES.  ^on.  Kecbbtabt Berkley 

OaIT  C.  B.  WMfTH San  Franrlnco 

■r<  RM  M.  HonMKB WasblngtoD,  Alameda  Co 

JoHM  CoNDB.* Riverside 

Ai-rnED  CniiHiE..... ......San  B^-rnardlno 

B.  K.  I>*WE B^rk.ley 

Joel  Rra-tcLL Haywood 


FORM  OF  ORGANIZATION. 

Th<'  Niitii.tihl  In<le|>i  inlent  (ir:-<'iihai-k  party  ia 
Ir  coDipoHed  of  Otheera  for  th*-  niip«vltve  stat<  b 
and  Terrlto-l'  a  and  the  Di^trirt  >■{  C<duu.bla. 

The  Mate  Kxeeutlve  O'tniiditee^  arc  rAWlxiu  d 
of  Executive  Oflletrs  of  the  C<>ntfrt-HNlorii1  Di8- 
tiirtrt.  two  at  lanre  for  each  Sute  and  Territory 
and  one  fiT  each  Oui^'rr-RKlftiinl  Di^triet. 

The  County  Executive  O'lnuiitt- ea  are  min- 
pofl^d  of  as  niaoy  Chalnnen  aa  there  may  he 
ClubK  In  thv  rerp'  etive  CountirB.  apr*oii  ted  and 
couuulMiioued  bjr  tb<ir  Couitty  Kxe*  utive.  aub- 
J»-ct  to  the  appH'val  of  the  Dii'trli  t  Kxi-cntjve. 

Tbo  ^  xeeulive  Office  r  for  each  Si*U\  re-jMi-rt- 
iv*lv.  Ih  Chalriuan  of  the  Ktate  Executive  Cmcd- 
mittec. 

The  Executive  Officer  for  eaeb  Diatrlet  respect- 
ively, irt  Chainuau  of  the  Diatrict  Eftocuilve 
C-»nirnttt»^*. 

Thf  Ex**cutiv«  Officer  for  each  County,  is 
Chninnun  of  the  County  Cominitt' e. 

£a*-h  Club  ia  organized  under  tlic  fomi  ckf  the 
Independent  Party. 

temporahy  platfoem. 

Whereas,  The  ImluBtrie*  of  tmr  c/»uDtry  are 
pro^truted  by  a  falae  flDaDelal  ayatem  whit  b  baa 
hotoniy  deprived  labor  of  ita  juat  reward,  but 
ba8  rend  red  our  wltiluK  l»b<.)rerti  pouerlf-^h  to 
Secure  work,  driving  them  to  cniuluahty  or 
Htnrvatlon.  aud  [o^t•  rv-d  g>-ueral  dit>h'7ije^ty  lo 
•  ■ffiolal  places  nnd  a  conr>(qu'-nt  luiHUianageiuent 
of  »l]  our  public  lnt»-reiiln.  and 

\VHEiiE.Kfi  The  Kepuhllcan  and  Demoeratlc 
partiei"  havr  utt'  rly  failed  to  afford  any  rein'-dy 
and  an-  now  t>>)th  pled^'ed  to  the  int'  r«  at^  of  Uw 
Nailoual  Banks  and  ^o Id  ajjeculaiurs,  wIh*  exu- 
hunilnti  the  wh"Iv  xurplun  product  (if  indu>4r7 
and  ar«.'  Ubinu  it  to  subvert  n  pubhcBn  iuhlitutlons 
aud  ceutrabzo  the  powen<  <  f  Qovemuient  iu  the 
bandtt  of  a  money  i<bluarchy.  therefore 

ReMdved.  That  the  ftdloMing  declanUioD  of 
PriuctpleM  and  hitiht<i  hf  deoianded: 

l»t— Thi-  mime.ii:ite  and  une.,n.liiU'nal  rep-'al 
of  the  Spe^'ie  Resnnipii^n  Act,  of  Jantury  Hth, 
1875,  (and  all  other  a*  ts  having  a  tmdency  to  lu- 
rrea»ie  our  Natluual  debt  or  decn-SMc  our  free 
enrrencjj  and  ibere>^u«uf  onriudn>tnes  from 
the  ruin  nunltinjj  f  r.  m  n*-  enfTc«-uient, 

2uil— V\'e  re<-<>iam' nd  thoruuji^b  and  conir'1'-t« 
■  rgnnixatiou  with  the  view  of  ch.t;iu:  hcprt- 
aeut-itives  to  Congnwi  who  will  liRt^late  lor. 
Ml. da  Prexlderit  who  will  carry  out  <hc  wlabes  of 
the  jK-^ipIe  iu  thU  r«n*rd. 

3<l_\Vf  drmantl  the  it  fiUe  of  Leffal  Tender 
N..t.(i  by  the  (.t.'Vernment.  n-ceiv»hlf  f..r  all 
purpi-se^.  instead  of  the  Bank  n<-t««,  aud  the 
whole  ciri  ulation  n:&t<)n:d  to  the  UuTeruiuest, 
ubere  it  U-long^. 

4th— That  the  Oovenimeat  bas  no  right  to  Is- 
sue any  money  which  in  uot  a  full  legal  tender 
fur  all  par]>t>t>*''<  *^^  1^*^  ^PJ  atlt lupt  to  depre- 
ciate the  <^ov«-runieut  cuirency  abould  be  ood- 
pitiend  irtas*  naLle. 

5th— It  ic  the  paramount  duty  of  the  Govern- 
ment iu  all  its  lc*{ihIation  to  kwp  In  \lcw  tilt- 
full  development  of  all  legitimate  b*:f4li«U(,  s^'- 
ricultural,  nduinft.  manufacturlug,  rominirrcial 
and  imbltc  imprnvt  menta, 

tth~Wi-  nn^t  earu»-»-tJy  ppdest  afislnst  any 
further  iii-tie  of  «old  boids  for  sal",  in  foreign 
mtirk<  tti,  by  nieaUh  of  which  we  would  be  made 
for  a  longer  p<.riod  hewen*  of  wood  and  drawers 
tf  Water  for  fort-i+jn  nationa.  and  we  further 
protibt  aK»rIl^t  the  hale  of  Government  bonds 
i..r  th''  1  urpo(ie  of  bujirig  filver  t-.  be  u^ed  a»  a 
vubstitut*.-  for  .  ur  mor».-  convcni*  nt  and  Its* 
flucliUitioR  fractioual  currency,  whieb,  altbongh 
well  caUulaU-d  to  enrich  the  owmen*  of  ntlver 
miueit.  yet  in  oixralion  will  -till  furthtr  oppress 
through  uxatiou  an  already  overburdened  peo- 
ple. 

Ttb— That  the  Government  hag  nc  right  to  .^is- 
()of^  of  the  public  lands  except  to  actual  Be :tler« 
and  then  only  iu  limited  quantiiies 

8th— A  geiH-ral  law  dh<>uld  be  enacted  ei^Dipt- 
ing  fr-'m  all  debt  and  frum  compulsory  "^al*^  » 
uniform  and  gufficieut  homestead,  to  l>e  ^rt  apart 
and  enten  d  of  record  and  proportion-d  to  the 
number  and  conditi->n  of  those  poawDly  depen- 
dent on  it  for  supp  rt. 

9th- That  ev.  ry  Auieiican  cit^i^n  of  proper 
age  without  regard  to  sex  shoiv'd  be  allowed  the 
full  right  of  franchise. 


California  Agriculturist  and  Live  Stock  Journal.^ 


J.  C.  BLAND  &  CO., 
Real    Estate    Agents 

— AND— 

GEKEIiAL   AUCTIONEERS, 

312  Market  St.,  Sau  Jose, 

nAVE  FOR  RALE,  IN  SANTA  CLARA  AND 
adjoiuini^  Counties,  a  very  fine  list  of  Grain 
and  Stock  Farms,  improved  and  unimproved,  iu 
in  tracts  fr'-ra  10  acres  to  10.000,  which  they  offer 
upon  eaey  tcnns  and  at  low  prices;  also,  a  lar^^e 
list  ot  BusiiicHS  and  Residence  property  in  Santa 
Clara  and  San  Jose.  We  append  a  partial  list 
Having  resided  in  this  county  for  26  \ears,  and 
being  thoroughly  posted  as  regards  Real  Estate 
ValueB,  we  respectfully  solicit  all  in  search  of 
Homes,  Stoak,  or  business  of  any  kind  to  give  us 
a  call. 


10  Acres  near  the  town 'of  Santa 
Clara,  with  fine  House  and  Ont-buildings.  good 
Orchard,  Ornamental  Trees,  etc.     Price,  $10,000. 


20  Acres  of  Unimproved  Land  in  the 
"WilliiWH,  being  part  of  the  Luptuu  Estate.   Price 

$3,000. 

80  Acres,  under  fence,  all  in  cnltiva- 
ti'in;  liMR  a  House  of  4  rooms.  Barn  and  Stable- 
roiim  for  15  horses,  good  Well,  splendid  Wfiter. 
Also.  52  acres  adjoining,  with  Redwood  House, 
Bnru.  etc-,  good  Well;  all  under  cultivation. 
Price,  $55  per  acre. 


2X  Acres  of  fine  land,  3  miles  from 
San  Jose,  east  of  Coyote,  well  enclused,  good 
Adobe  House.  Large  Barn.  etc.    Price,  $4,000. 


38  Acres  of  tine  land,  2  miles  south 
of  San  Ji'se,  lying  between  the  Munterey  Road 
and  the  Coyote  Creek.  The  soil  is  unsurpassed, 
and  the  location  beautiful  Will  be  sold  as  a 
■whole,  or  in  thrt  e  subdivisions;  22  acres  front 
itig  on  Coyote,  at  $225  per  acre;  8  acres  between 
the  two  residence  lots,  at  $  too  per  acre;  16  acres 
including  the  fine  improvements  for  $5,000. 


60  Acres   of    as  fine  land  as  can  be 

found  iu  the  county,  with  fine  improvement. 
Will  sell  low  if  called  for  within  next  90  days; 
iuut>t  be  sold  ill  that  time.  Situate  one  mile 
from  Lawrence  Station,  S.  P.  R.  R. 


1 8  Acres  fine  Vegetable  Land,  3  miles 
southeast  of  San  Jose,  on  east  side  of  PuUy 
Road;  has  a  Dwelling  of  6  rooms  (two-story 
house) ;  Barn,  etc.;  Orchard  and  Viut-yard  of  5 
acres;  Cows.  Wagons,  Farming  Implements,  etc. 
Price  of  whole,  $4,500. 


X,000  Acres  of  fine  Grain  and  Fruit 
Land,  located  near  Los  Gatos;  will  be  sold  iu 
tracts  to  suit  at  from  40  to  lOUO  acres.  Terms 
easy;  prices  low:  must  be  stdd  within  90  days. 


76  Acres  rolling  land  8  miles  west  of 
San  Juse,  adjoining  Rejuoldn'  furin  Small 
house  of  5  rooms;  nice  running  stream  of  w.iter; 
well  fenced;  with  plenty  of  wood  on  the  prem- 
ises.    Price,  $J,800. 


108     Acres    land  on    San  Jose    and 

Santa  Crnz  road,  near  Los  Gatog,  5  mil.  s  from 
San  Jos<-;  excellent  laud,  and  will  produce  any- 
thing: improvements  couh^istof  adweliing  which 
cost  $2,000,  a  good  barn,  also  orchajd  and  vine- 
yard; good  well,  _wiud  mill  and  large  tank. 
Terms,  >6  cash;  balance  on  time.  Price, $35  per 
acre. 


88  Acres  fine  laud  G  miles  west  of 
Sau  Jose,  near  Lawrence  Station;  well  improved. 
Price,  $100  per  acre,  on  reasonable  terma. 


290  Acres  5  miles  west  of  Gilroy; 
no  acres  vineyard;  10  acres  orchard,  all  kinds  of 
fruits;  3  living  streams  of  water;  all  under  fenire; 
has  a  good  house,  barn  and  oth^r  out  buildiugB; 
wine  cellars.     Terms  easy.     Price,  $10,000. 


Stock  farm  of  2,000  acres,  enclosed 
with  brush  fence  ai>d  natural  boundaries,  locat- 
ed ab(uit  10  miles  east  of  the  18-mile  house,  near 
llennett's  stock  farm;  well  improved;  has  n  good 
dwelling,  barn, corrals, etc.;  80  he.<id  of  American 
Ciittle,  45  of  which  tire  cows,  balance  one  and  two 
yew  olds.    Terms  easy.    Price,  $3,000. 


^2  31-100  Acres  land  on  the  road 
Gauftjiiupi.  Mines,  near  the  Los  Gatos  road,  ad- 
juininK  lands  of  F.  Kichmoud.  Terms  easy. 
Price,  $b^joo. 

242  Acres  fine  land,  near  San  Jose; 
will  hi-  mdd  on  i^long  credit.  $r,.OilO  cash;  bal- 
ance in  (i  yeaiB.  equM  annual  payments,  with  in- 
ere«t  at  10  per  cent  per  annum. 


200  Acres  of  excellent  fruit  and  berry 
land  near  Santa  Clara  depot.  Price  per  acre, 
$200. 


200  Acres  in  Alameda  county,  on 
west  side  of  county  road  leading  to  Oakland, 
ablaut  one  mile  from  Warm  Springs,  near  Mis- 
sion San  Jose.  It  is  fine  black  loam  soil,  well 
fenced.  Has  a  good  house  and  barn,  etc.  Price, 
$00  per  acre;  one-fourth  caeh;  balance  iu  one, two 
aud  three  years,  approved  paper  bearing  one  per 
cent,  interest. 


500  Acres  of  extra  fine  grain  land 
5  miles  southwest  of  Watsonville  and  IM  miles 
from  ship]'ing  point,  will  yield  40  to  fio  bushels 
per  acre.  Terms  to  suit  purchasers.  Price,  $50 
per  acre. 


160  Acres  of  pre-emption  claim  35 
miles  sfiutliwcst  of  Salinas  City.  10  miles  west  of 
railroad  terminus.  Small  house,  good  fence, 
out-houses,  etc.;  with  an  outside  range  of  800 
acres,  all  liuely  watered.  This  is  one  qf  the  fin- 
est hay  ranches  to  be  found  iu  the  counti-y. 
Price.  $1000;  or  will  exchange  for  San  Jose  pro- 
perty . 

X60  Acres  of  fine  timbered  land  lo- 
cated just  on  the  line  between  Santa  Clara  and 
S:mta  Cruz  counties.  Ko  piece  of  jjroperty  on 
Santa  Cruz  mountains  to  excel  it.    Price,  $t3,000. 


X20  Acres  fine  land  adjoining  village 
of  S;irnt(tga;  enclosed;  title  perfect  Price  per 
acre.  $50.  Also,  a  farm  of  160  acres  1!^  miles 
South  of  ^-'aratoga;  good  dwelling,  barn,  orchard 
aud  vineyard.    Price,  $4000. 


81-Acre  farm  4  miles  northeast  of 
San  Jose;  is  a  choice  piece  of  land,  with  house 
18x24  feet,  small  barn,  etc.     Price,  $7,000. 


Aiictinn  Sales  of  Stock,  Carriages,  Furniture, 
etc.,  in  front  of  Salesroom,  No.  312  Market  st., 
every  SATURDAY,  at  10  a.  m. 

D^"  Speci'il  attention  given  to  Auction  Sales 
in  any  portion  vf  the  State,  at  short  notice. 

J.  C.  BLAND  Sl  CO., 

Real  Estate  Agents  aud  Gener.Tl  Auctioneers. 


HERE,    BOYS! 


Imihi  To  Try  M 

Splendid  Premium 

To  the  Boy  v  ho  will  get  us 

40    New    SulDScriptions 

TO    THE 

CALIFORNIA  AGEICULTURIST 

AT  $1.50    EACH. 


For  only  40  New  Subscribers,  which  you  cjin 
get  iu  your  district  iu  a  short  time,  we  will  t^ivc 
the  Hall  Treadle 

jifi  m  m  mm  machine, 

PUICE,     $43. 


DR.  C.  R.  SPAW, 

Resident  Dentist, 
Corner   of    First    and 

Santa  Clara  streets. 

In  McLaUghiin  &  Ry- 

laud'H  building, 

Sau  Juse,  Cal. 


CAARPKXTKR'S  MANUAL..— A  practical 
/  guide  to  all  operations  of  the  trade;  draw- 
iug  fnr  ciirpenters,  forms  of  contracts,  specirtca- 
tions.  phius.  &c.,  illustratid,  50  ctri.  P.vlN  T- 
ER'S  MAN  [TAL.— House  and  sign  painting, 
graining,  varnishing,  polishing.  kalKomining, 
papering,  lettering,  staming.  gilding,  &c.,  50  cts. 
IJook  of  Alphabets.  5U.  ScroUb  and  Ornameiiis, 
?1.  Watclnuiiker  and  Jeweh-r,  .'■)0.  SoapmuUer. 
'25.  Taxidermist,  50,  Hunter  and  Trapper's 
(inide,  'ill.  Dog  Training.  25.  Of  booUselh-rn 
or  by  miiil.  JKSSE  UANEY  &  CO..  ll'.t  Nassau 
Street,  N.  Y. 


My  Annual  Catalogue  of  Vegetable  and  Flower 
Seed  for  1877  ^viil  be  ready  by  January,  and  sent 
FREE  tu  all  who  apply.  Customers  of  last  season 
need  not  write  for  it,  I  offer  one  of  the  largest  col- 
lections of  vegetable  seed  ever  sent  out  by  any  seed 
house  iu  America,  a  large  portion  of  which  were 
gi'own  on  my  six  seed  farms.  Printed  directions  for 
cultivation  on  every  package.  All  seed  sold  from  my 
estabhshment  warranted  to  be  both  fresh  and  true  to 
name;  so  far,  that  should  it  prove  otherwise  I  will 
refill  the  order  gratis.  As  the  original  introducer  of 
the  Hubbard  and  Marblehead  Squashes,  the  Marble- 
head  Cabbages,  aud  a  score  of  other  new  vegetables. 
I  invite  the  patronage  of  all  who  are  anxioiis  to  hiive 
their  seed  fresh,  tiue,  aud  of  the  veiy  best  strain. 
New  Vegetables  a  specialty. 
J  A 


AMES  J    H    GREGORY, 

Marblehead,  Mass. 


i  To  Our  Subscribers, 


TO    TEACHERS. 


We  Ikave  made  arrang-enients 

80  that  for  the  sum  of  srx  cents,  in  cur- 
ruency  or  postage  stauips,  sent  with  your 
Postoffice  Address  m  full  to  the  under- 
signed, they  will  return  by  mail,  post  paid, 
a  very  neat,  Ught  aud  strong 

BAMBOO    FOOT    EULE, 

Just  the  best  thing  for  School.  Oftice  or 
Draughtsman  s  use.  This  is  a  fine  speci- 
men of  Japanese  manufacture,  well  worth 
25  cents  each  One  dozen  will  be  sent  for 
only  60  cents,  which  is  the  lowest  wholesale 
price  in  large  quantities.     Address, 

CAL.  FINE  ART  PUB.  CO., 
Box  6S6  San  Francisco. 


SMITH  &  RYDER, 

Commercial      Bank      Building, 

307  P'^^t  Street,  San  Jose,  Cat. 


D.   G.   STEf  KENS, 

GENERAL  COMMISSION  MERCHANT 

And  l>ei»l»'i'    ill    Fe«Ml, 

211  Davis  St.,  corner  Commercial, 

SAX  PHAXCISCO 

Dr.  N,  KLEIN,       Surgeon  Dentist- 


K.Kiiu 

ntxt 

to 
Wri^htH 

1^:: 

PhoUi 

j,'r:ipliii' 

IJnlliTV. 

Santa- 

-  I 

CliiriiSt, 


-U.xi_ 


C.  S.  Crydenwise, 

CAARIIIAGK     niAKt]K.        PIONKKR 
J   Carriage  Shop. 

314  SECOND  STREET, 

Between    Santa     ('laia     Btreot    aud    Fountain 

Alley,  San  Jose. 

Ai^ciit  for  Fish  Bro.  ^s  Wag-oiis. 


MORTON    HOUSE, 

(Formerly  ORLEANS   HOTEL,) 

Post  st,  above  Kearny,  San  Francisco 

w.  a.  ORAri^JNi, 

PROPRIETOR, 

Formerly  of    the  Big  Trees,  Calaveras  County; 

Paeific  Congress   SprinjiS,  Santa  Clara 

County;  and  late  of  ViBalia. 


N3  mm  m\m  mmi 

The  Best  English  Dictionary, 

Webster's 

Unabridged. 

"  Every  Farmku  should  give  his  sous  two  or  tluvi- 
square  rods  of  ground,  well  prepared,  with  tin-  avaUs 
of  wliieh  thwy  may  buy  it  Kver>'  Mkcuanu-  shoul.i 
put  u  receiving  box  in  some  conspicuous  phiec  in  tht' 
house,  to  catch  the  stray  pennies  for  the  like  pinpttSL' 

l.iiy  it  upon  your  table  by  the  eide  of  tho  lliMf  it 
is  a  bL'tU-r  rxiii'iuidei  than  numy  which  claim  to  In- 
expi'tnidcrs.  It  is  a  yreat  labor-saver— it  iia.-^  sa\til 
us  timn  euduyh  in  i»nc  year's  use  to  payfi'r  itsolf.  loid 
that  must  be  K'H'tl  propt-rty  wliich  will  ekar  its.  It 
one  a  ycivr."— iMims  Ijife  Boat 
FOUR  PACES  COLORED  PLATES. 

MKUUIAMS,  Fum.lsUKlis.-Sold  everywhere. 


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