California fish and game

OMJPQRNIA
nSH-GAME

tONSERVATION OF WILD UFE THROUGH EDUCATIOIsf

Volume 16

San Francisco, July, 1930

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76961

DEPARTMENT OF NATUEAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME

San Francisco, California

Fish and Game Commissioners appointed by the Governor. Term at pleasure of

Governor. No compensation

I. ZELLERBACH, President San Francisco

REGINALD S. FERNALD, Commissioner Santa Barbara

JOHN JL. FARLEY. Executive Officer San Francisco

EUGENE D. BENNETT, Attorney San Francisco

Ralph W. Scott, Assistant Attorney San Francisco

510 Russ Building, San Francisco. Phone Sutter 6100.

BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE

W. H. SHEBLEY, In Charge__ San Francisco

J. H. Vogt, Assistant to Chief or" Bureau San Francisco

A. E. Burgliduff, Field Superintendent San Francisco

L. Phillips, Field Superintendent Sacramento

George A. Coleman, Biologist Berkeley

Alex Culver and A. E. Doney, Surveyors Sacramento

G. H. Lambsoii, Superintendent Mt. Shasta Hatchery and Klamath

River Stations Mt. Shasta

Geo. McCloud, Superintendent Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

J. C. Lewis, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery Alderpoint

E. V. Cassell. Foreman Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

Peter Topp, Foreman Yosemite Hatchery Yosemite

C. L. Frame, Foreman Big Creek Hatchery Swanton

J. W. Ricker, Foreman Cold Creek Hatchery Ukiah

J. J. Shebley, Foreman Feather River Hatchery Clio

Ed. Clessen, Foreman Kaweah Hatchery Three PJvers

George E. West, Foreman Tahoe Hatchery Tahoe

Wm. Berrian, Foreman Clear Creek Hatchery Westwood

D. A. Clanton, Foreman Bear Lake Hatchery Pine Knot

H. E. Cole, Foreman Mormon Creek Hatchery Sonora

K. H. Shebley, Foreman Burney Creek Hatchery Burney

Guy C. TaTDler, Foreman Kings River Hatchery Fresno

Raymond Hadden, Foreman Yuba River Hatchery Camptonville

John Marshall, Foreman Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

James L. Stinnett, Foreman Beaver Creek Station Gottville

Archie Thompson, Foreman at Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

Clarence A. Nixon. General Foreman at Mt. Shasta Hatchery Mt. Shasta

Donald Evins, Superintendent Distribution Car 01 Mt. Shasta

Ross McCloud, Superintendent Distribution Car 02 Mt. Shasta

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

H. B. Nidever, Supervising Captain Terminal Island

S. H. Dado, Supervising Captain San Francisco

C. H. Groat, Captain Terminal Island

R. F. Classic, Captain Monterey

Coburn F. Maddox, Captain San Diego

W. L. Scofield, Acting Director State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

W. F. Thompson, Consultant, State Fisheries Laboratories Terminal Island

Commercial Fisheries Patrol

Paul Bonnot San Francisco Ross W. Markley Terminal Island

R. S. Cleaveland Pismo Beach Tate F. Miller Terminal Island

N. C. Kunkel Terminal Island L. G. Van Vorhis Terminal Island

Launch Patrol

Walter Engelke Launch "Bluefln," Terminal Island

Jos. F. Childs Launch "Bluefln," Terminal Island

Glen F. Grant Launch "Bluefln," Terminal Island

L. F. Weseth Launch "Albacore," Monterey

Erol Greenleaf Launch "Albacore," Monterey

BUREAU OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS
H. R. DUNBAR, Assistant Executive Officer and In Charge Sacramento

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
LEO K. WILSON, Acting Director San Francisco

Earl Soto, Assistant to Director i^ San Francisco

Rodney S. Ellsworth, Educational Assistant San Francisco

D. D. McLean, Field Naturalist San Francisco

E. S. Cheney, Photographer Oakland

Paul A. Shaw, Toxicologist San Francisco

Mrs. Bessie W. Kibbe, Librarian San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

J. S. HUNTER, In Charge San Francisco

Jay C. Bruce, State Lion Hunter San Lorenzo

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS
JOHN SPENCER, In Charge San Francisco

Clarence Elliger, Assistant San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME FARMS

AUGUST BADE, In Charge Yountvllle

E. D. Piatt, Assistant in Charge Cbino

BUREAU OF FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION
GEORGE NEALE, In Charge Sacramento

California Fish and Game

••CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION. "

Volume 16 SACRAMENTO, .HILY 1930 No. .1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

WILD RICE FOIi WILD DUCKS W. W. Mackie 201

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GA.MK WARDENS— T.xhi.v .•md Yesterday

Waltpr R. Welch 2(»4

GAME CONSERVATION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA C. S. Hnudrr 211

CRAYFISH I'uiil Jionnot 212

THE FRENCH MACKEREL FISHERY Genevieve Corwin 217

A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CLEAR LAKE, LAKE COUNTY

(Jeorge A. Coleman 221

FEEDING YOUNG PHEASANTS AND QUAIT Aufjust Bade 227

CALIFORNIA BLUEFIN TUNA S. S. Whitehead 231

TAI AND CARP Lif,m-l A. Walford 'SU

LUMINESCENT FISHING Miltan J. Lindner 2:17

EDITORIALS 241

DIVISION ACTIVITIES 262

LIFE HISTORY NOTES 265

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 267

REPORTS—

Violations of Fish mikI (!aine Law.s 273

Fishery Products, January. February, March, 1930 274

Statement of Expenditures 278

Statement of Income 280

WILD RICE FOR WILD DUCKS

By W. W. Mackie

[With mic iilidtosraiili by the author]

The reduction in the nnmber of wild ducks, accordinj^ to federal
authorities, is due in a large measure to the reduction of their natural
feedin": grounds. These areas, usually swamps or lakes, have been
drained for agricultural purposes, many of them without profit to
agriculture. This situation particularly affects the fall and winter
feeding grounds of waterfowl. The wild goose is not so seriously
affected in his feeding habits as the wild duck, for the goose feeds in
the grain fields and uses the lakes and swamps for resting or loafing
places between flights. After providing a loafing place, it is largely a

76961

20-2

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

Fig. CI. Wild rice (Zizania aquutUa). UpptT portion ol" tlie panicle bears female,
or seed, llorets only, and the lower portion male, or stamlnate, florets only'
The female florets bloom much earlier than the male.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME 203

matter of protection from excessive hunting for him. With tlie excep-
tion of the sprig, or pintail, the (lucks do not, to any considerable
extent, follow the geese to the grain fields. The baiting of their feeding
grounds in protected areas of the gun clubs is therefore an easy way to
attract ducks, provided there are sufficient numbers of ducks to be
attracted. Large quantities of grain sorghum are fed to ducks by gun
clubs during the hunting season, b^^t this does not extend beyond into
the ]u-otected season. The prol)len ies in supplying this feed through
j)lants which naturally reproduce : lemselvcs. This condition is par-
ticularly pertinent for those areas now being set aside by the state for
perpetual protection of ducks and similar waterfowl.

The native feeds which support ducks are not sufficiently plentiful or
attractive to adequately meet the situation. Many coarse herbaceous
plants afford fair to good holding or carrying foods, but they do not
provide the concentrated food like seed-producing plants. Sago pond
plant, with its bulb-like seeds, frequently affords a good deal of fine
feed, especially for Mallard and Canvasbacks, but it demands pond or
lake conditions and may be entirely destroyed by excessive numbers of
undesirable mudhens.

IMillet, the barnyard grass (Echinoachloa crus-galli) is good duck
feed and is usually found abundantly in rice fields. Cleanings from
rice mills furnish cheaply large quantities of this seed, but the continu-
ous swamp condition of the feeding grounds of ducks does not favor the
growth of millet. Growing millet in areas adjacent to duck clubs or on
state protected areas in the same manner followed in growing rice
would produce this feed in abundance, even in localities not adapted to
cultivated rice. This procedure, however, calls for the expenditure of
money and energy. A naturally self-sown and perpetually reproducing
seed plant is desired.

Wild rice (Fig. 61) has frequently attracted Californians in their
efforts to secure a self-perpetuating duck food of good quality. The
high value placed on wild rice for duck food in the eastern, northern,
and even southern states has created a demand for wild rice seed which
supports several regular firms of seedsmen. For forty years or more
attempts have been made to establish wild rice in California, but entire
failure has resulted until recently. These failures were due, we now
know, to failure in keeping the wild rice seed cool and moist in transit
and until it was sown. If the seed dried out after the first two weeks
following harvest its viability is destroyed in a very few days. This is
why much of the wild rice purchased in the market will not grow. In
the natural habitat of the wild rice the seed shatters and falls into the
shallow water just before it has fully matured, much in the fashion
of our Avild oats. The seed does not rot, but remains fully protected in
the nuul until the spring season, when it sprouts and grows. Such wild
rice fields are covered with water continuously throughout the year.

Experiments made by the author to introduce wild rice into Cali-
fornia for the past three years were in part successful.* It was found
that wild rice seed secured in Wisconsin, expressed to California packed
damp in spagnum moss and kept cool in transit, arrived in good viable
coiulition. The seed which gave the best germination was placed in

* These te.sts were made possible tlirouKh the generosity of Major F. K. Burnliam,
>>f the State Park Commission of California.

204 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

cold storage and frozen at a temperature below 32° F. "Water was
added from time to time to prevent drying due to the evaporation of
the ice. The seed which grew best was sown in May. Wild rice does
not stand alkali or very brackish water, or stagnant water covered
with green scum or algae. A slight movement or drainage gives the
best results. The soil should be muddy and not sandy. The best depth
of water is about one foot, but wild rice will grow in less or in greater
depths, provided the water is kept continually over the land.

The adaptation of wild rice to California climatic conditions pre-
sents some obstacles. Tests made at Davis, Biggs, Williams, Clear
Lake, Berkelej^ and Shasta County, showed that rice planted in April
or May matured very early, beginning in the middle of July and com-
pleting development by the latter part of August. The rice seed
remains dormant in the mud, even in California, until the next spring,
when it sprouts. For many reasons these dates are too early. The
species of wild rice tested (Zizania aquatica) is indigenous to such
northern regions as northern Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Canada, and
must therefore mature in a very short season. A later maturing, taller,
and somewhat different species {Zizania palustris) is found on the
Atlantic seaboard in the vicinity of Washington and southward. This
variety matures into September, and has grown well at Berkeley.
Further experiments with this southern species may solve these diffi-
culties of too early maturity.

Wild rice outcrosses due to the arrangement of the female and male
florets in separate spikelets. The female florets mature later than the
male, and occupy the upper portion of the head or panicle, therefore
necessitating pollination by wind or insects from other ad.jacent plants.
This method of fertilization gives rise to considerable variation through
which new forms adapted to the altered conditions in California may be
secured.

The various recent attempts to establish wild rice in California have
been frustrated mainly by the voracious appetites of mudliens and carp.
These pests are always with us. Further attempts to establish wild rice
in spite of these disadvantages are being made.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME WARDENS
Today and Yesteryear

By Walter R. Welch

Not many years ago at a session of the legislature of the state of
Vermont, a member thereof arose in his place in the House of Repre-
sentatives and proposed to abolish all the game laws of that state
except those which were intended to protect song birds. This was,
indeed, an extraordinary manifestation of the spirit of the times, and
it is significant of the general lack of information on the subject of
wild life protection.

To think that in these days of general diffusion of knowledge, an
intelligent and probably conscientious legislator should favor such a
proposition is astonishing, and goes to show the absolute necessity of
educating the public on the vital problem of wild life protection, and

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

205

yet that act was not without its encouraging feature to game pro-
tectionists, as it proved that this legislator did appreciate the value of
the song and insectivorous birds at any rate, and we may now hope
that he has been convinced as to the value of all wild life.

After years of work, struggle, and sacrifice, the advocates of wild
life conservation have definitely agreed as to what is the most pressing
need at the present time to forward this great movement. That need
is the education of the masses of people as to the value of wild life and
the necessity of wise laws strictly enforced for its protection and
conservation.

Fig. 62. A fish and game deputy (W. H. Armstrong)
in 1900 in a costume often worn in those days.

It is difficult to ascertain in what year the first fish and game legisla-
tion was enacted by white men on this continent. It is known that the
Indians or aborigines long had tribunal laws in force regulating the
killing of wild life before the white man arrived here, and so important
did their wise chiefs consider such measures that in case of some
offenses, such as killing an albino or white deer, which was considered
sacred game, the penalty was fixed at death.

Of the Anglo-Saxon settlers, who established the original colonies in
Virginia and Massachusetts, we find little on record which tends to
prove that at the beginninjT as a jjeople they considered game legisla-
tion necessary. The fact that many of them came to this country for

206 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the distinct purpose of escaping tlie penalties of the harsh game laws
of the mother country, leads to the belief that they despised such meas-
ures. In their new homes they found game of all kinds in abundance,
and suffice it to say they took immediate advantage of their opportunity
and advantage, and soon became a veritable race of hunters and expert
marksmen.

The earliest authentic evidence of colonial legislation according to
the modern notion of game laws, was that of New Jersey in 1679, when
the general assembly of that province prohibited the export of any
dressed deer skins from deer killed by Indians.

From that time on. New Jersey continued in the enactment of game
laws of various kinds.

In the Massachusetts Bay Colony, an act to protect deer was passed
in 1698, and in New York deer received the first attention of the law
makers in 1705. In 1769 South Carolina passed an act protecting deer
by a regular closed season from January first to July first, while in
1797 Vermont enacted a similar law. In 1774 Tennessee forbade night
hunting for deer.

As showing the abundance of game in that state during the early
days of its settlement, we have the record of a legislative act of a
different cliaracter as a living witness. It seems that a portion of the
present state of Tennessee had later established itself as an independ-
ent, separate state, and was known by its natives as the state of
Franklin. In 1788 the legislature of the state of Franklin met. At
that time money was scarce with which to pay the officers of the new
state, so in October of that year the legislature of the state of Franklin
enacted the following law to provide for the compensation of their
officers :

"Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the slate of Franklin and it is
hereby enacted by the authority of the same, that, from the first day of
January. A. D. 1789, the salary of the Civil Officers of this Commonwealth
be as follows, to wit :

"His Excellency, the Governor, per annum, one thousand deer skins, his
Honor, the Chief Justice, five hundred deer skins, the Attorney General, five
hundred deer skins, the Secretary to his Excellency, the Governor, five hundred
raccoon skins, the Treasurer of the State, four hundred and fifty otter skins,
each County Clerk three hundred beaver skins, Clerk of the House of Com-
mons, two hundred raccoon skins, members of the assembly, per diem, three
raccoon skins, Justice fee for signinR a warrant, one muskrat skin, to the Con-
stable for serving a warrant, one mink skin,

"Enacted unto the law this 18th day of October, 1788, under the great seal
of the State."

The above not only shows the abundance of game which inhabited
that section of the country at that time, but also what a race of hunters
and trappers the settlers were ; in fact, hunting and fishing and trap-
ping seems to have been the principal occupation of the people ; also in
the absence of proi)er mea,sures to conserve the supply of wild life, we
can readily understand how and whither the wild game has gone from
the land.

Fish and game protection, as the term is understood, in this country
at this time, consists largely in the enactment and enforcement of laws
regulating the time when, the manner and means by which, and the
amount of fish or game that may be legally taken, caught, killed, or
had in possession by the public.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 207

These laws are eiiactetl by the state legislature and are enforced by
reeoonized officers of the state commonly called <i;ame wardens.

While laws for the protection of <?ame in California were enacted as
early as 1852, and while as early as 1870, by the ci'eation of a state
board of fish eoiumissioners, provision was made for tlie enforcement of
the laws enacted for the protection of fish, and while in 1878, the juris-
diction of the fish commission was extended to include same, it Avas
not until 181)5 that a law was enacted providing: for the appointment of
fish and game wardens by county boards of supervisors. Under the
provisions of this law, the salaries of county fish and game wardens was
fixed at from $50 to $100 per month, according to the classification of
the various counties. In addition to a salary, the wardens were allowed
not to exceed $25 per month for expenses.

As an indication of how little the people in general were interested
in the protection of fish and game, and in the enforcement of the fish
and game laws at that time, we find that during the five years next
succeeding the passage of this law, only six counties within the state,
viz : Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Mendocino, Sacramento, Los Angeles,
and Fresno, took advantage of it and appointed county fish and game
wardens.

To these county fish and game wardens, and about an equal number
of regular salaried deputy fish commissioners, employed by the state
fish commissioners, augmented by the help of a few men who volun-
teered their services prior to 1907, and the enactment of the Hunting
License Act, were entrusted the enforcement of the fish and game laws
in the State of California.

When we recall the fact that prior to 1907, the salary of game
wardens in this state did not exceed $100 per month, from which it
was necessary for the M^arden to defray all of his expenses, we must
realize that those who sought appointment to the position did so more
from their desire to protect wald life than in the hope of increasing
their bank account.

In those days it was necessary for game wardens to maintain horses
and rigs as a means of transportation, and to camp out in the hills, and
cook their meals along the bank of some stream, in order to curtail
their expenses.

In the past, the mission of game wardens seems to have been mis-
understood. They w-ere criticized, abused, and misrepresented in a
shameful manner by the very people who were most benefited by their
services, and their work has indeed been onerous and difficult.

In the first place, game wardens, although expected to be on the job
day and night in all kinds of weather, are the poorest paid officials in
the state, and three-quarters of them receive no compensation whatever
for their services.

The work of game wardens is decidedly of the most difficult and
strenuous character, and there is no glory in it. either. To be success-
ful, he must possess all the qualities of an accomplished detective and
at the same time be tireless, energetic, honest, courageous, and enthusi-
astic for the cause he represents.

What are some of the handicaps that confront game wardens? We
must remember that very few violations of the fish and game laws
occur in the cities or populous sections of the state. They are com-

208

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

initted where fish and game are to be found, in the lonely forests and
along the isolated streams and lakes. A game warden is necessarily,
.h Tefore, an executive and a prosecuting officer in one, for he must
secure his e\adence and produce his man in court before a conviction
can be had.

It is hard to secure evidence of a violation of the fish or game laws
in sparsely .settled districts. The natives, or "hill billies," in these
districts do not like to testify in court against a fish or game law
violator, and in many instances are themselves opposed to the fish and
game laws in general and sympathize with the violators of these laws,
so we find that the game warden must depend almost wholly upon him-
self in enforcing the law.

Fig. 63. A deputy on patrol — Walter R. Welch, game warden, Santa Cruz County,
1915. Photograph by W. W. Richards.

If a game warden is slow and timid about making arrests for vio-
lators of the fish and game laws, he is ridiculed and called "spineless."
If the warden is active and enforces the laws rigidly, he is abused by
those he prosecutes and is criticised by others for being " overzealous. "

While these are some, they are not all of a game warden's troubles,
for he must often face violators of the fish and game laws, who are
heavily armed, and who would take advantage of him and shoot him
down if he is not careful.

If the sportsman, who sits in his comfortable home and complains of
the inactivity or incompetence of the game warden, would undertake
the enforcement of the fish and game laws himself, he might have a
very different story to tell.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 209

As the writer was appointed a volunteer deputy of the State Pish
Commission in iSiHj, county tish and {^ame warden of Santa Cruz
County, under a salary of $50 pci- month in 11)00, and Deputy State
Pish Commissioner under a salary of $1()0 per month in 1901, he was
among- those of the game wardens who pioneered in fish and game law
legislation and in the enforcement of these laws in California during
the early days, and believes he knows whereof he speaks.

While prior to 11)07 there were only about a dozen regular salaried
game wardens for the enforcement of the fish and game laws in Cali-
fornia, and while at that time the appointment of these wardens was
more or less influenced by polities, the activities of a majority of
them were not under any direct control or supervision. At the present
time there are about one hundred and twenty-five regular salaried
deputies of the Division of Fish and Game, including captains.

The regular deputies of the Division are required to pass state civil
service examination as to their qualifications to discharge the duties of
game wardens and are paid a regular monthly salary and traveling
expenses for their services. The regular deputies of the Division of
Fish and Game are required to wear a uniform, consisting of suit, hat,
shirt, tie, and shoes of like design, color, and material, and are located
in sections of the state where their services are most required for the
protection of fish and game and the enforcement of the laws.

The activities of the regular deputies of the Division are directed by
a chief of patrol through captains, who have control and supervision
of the deputies assigned to their respective districts.

In addition to the regular deputies of the Division, there are about
eight hundred and fifty volunteer deputies. About five hundred and
fifty of these deputies have been selected from the ranks of the sports-
men of the state, their appointment being sponsored by bona fide
fish and game protective associations and clubs located throughout the
state.

About three hundred of the volunteer deputies are federal forest
rangers, their appointment being sponsored by the U. S. Forest Service.

All volunteer deputies, except the federal forest rangers, whose
appointments are sponsored by the U. S. Forest Service, are bonded by
the state in the sum of $2,500 for the faithful discharge of their duties
as game wardens, the premium on the bond being paid by the state.

The status of the volunteer deputies of the Division as fish and game
law enforcement officials throughout the state is the same as that of
the regular patrol, and the rules which have been established for their
control and supervision of their activities are similar to those which
apply to the regular deputies of the Division.

The days of the pioneer game wardens of California, whose appoint-
ment was secured aiul maintained through political influence, whose
means of traveling the dusty roads and trails was horse and rig, who,
in order to be active in the discharge of their duties for the protection
of wild life, and in order to curtail expense, were compelled to cook
their meals along the bank of some stream or lake, and to camp out in
the hills wherever night overtook them, like the days of their pioneer
forefathers, are past and gone, and through the advance of time and
the progress made in the i)rotection and conservation of wild life, have
been cast into the discard, and relegated to the scrap pile.

2—76561

210

CALIFOKNIA FISil AND GAME

Today a thorough knowledge of the duties of game wardens and of
the fish and game laws, and not political influence, are required to
secure appointment, and activity and efficiency are required to main-
tain tlie position. Paved highways have taken the place of dusty roads
and trails, and the automohile has taken the place of the horse and rig,
thus making it possible for the present-day game wardens to wear neat
uniforms suitable to their official positions instead of overalls.

Fig. u4. a uniiurim-d and motorized patrol force is
the present day contribution to law enforcement.

The progress that has been made during the past thirty-five years
through educating the people as to the value of fish, game, song birds
and forests, and the necessity of protecting these great natural
resources and assets of the state by the enactment and strict enforce-
ment of wise laws, has resulted very beneficially to the cause.

Let us hope that the good work may continue to go forward
iininterrupted.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 211

GAME CONSERVATION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

By C. S. Bauder

It is doubtful if there is a section in the United States which can
show such a heavy concentration of hunters and anglers as the fish and
game districts in southern California. Los Angeles ranks fourth in
population of any city in the United States. Figures published in the
biennial reports reveal that during tlie period from July 1, 1916, to
June 30, 1917, there were $7,595 worth of hunting licenses sold in Los
Angeles County. During the same period in 1927, there were $48,474
worth of hunting licenses sold in the county. During the calendar
year in 1917, there were $1,939 worth of angling licenses sold in Los
Angeles County, while during the same period in 1927 there were
$46,411 worth of licenses sold in this county. These figures show
clearly the increase in the army of hunters and anglers in one county.
Our human population has increased, but there is nothing to indicate
that our game has increased ; in fact, there is abundant proof that it has
diminished.

Lands where we formerly hunted quail and doves have been subdi-
vided and their former habitats are now occupied with artistic homes.
The innermost recesses of the last remaining game areas have been
pierced with a network of highways, and even our game refuge districts
echo with the honk of automobiles. Although accurate figures are not
available, it is evident that the seasonal kill of upland game birds and
the catch of trout have reached such huge proportions that we are faced
with a serious problem in keeping abreast of the annual toll upon our
lisli and game, with artificial means of propagation. If we fail in these
efforts it is evident that we shall have to reconcile ourselves to shorter
seasons and lower bag limits. It is for these reasons, largely, that
special stress has been laid upon the importance of educational work
in southern California, for we realize that unless we direct our efforts
in every way possible to preventing violations, the amount of game
taken lawfully, added to what might be taken unlawfully, would be
more than tlie game would stand, and we would soon be faced with
inevitable signs of depletion.

We consider it a privilege as well as a duty to inform the stranger
within our gates about fish and game laws and in this manner we add a
new recruit to the cause of conservation.

As an example of what may happen we have only to consider the sage
hen, which has been reduced in such numbers in Fish and Game Dis-
trict 4^ as to cause alarm. As recent as ten years ago it was not
uncommon for riders on some of the ranches in Mono County to dash
among a flock of these birds, knocking one over occasionally with a quirt.
Today one may walk for miles over the sagebrush covered hills in east-
ern Mono County without seeing a sage hen. It is safe to predict that
unless sage hens are given total protection with a closed season that this
grand bird of the purple sage will soon be added to the extinct list —
at least as far as Inyo and Mono counties are concerned.

The most urgent need today when the subject of conservation is men-
tioned is education. We have too many hunters imbued with a desire
to kill everything within range of their guns. Too many judges
afflicted with sympathetic complexes, and last, but not least, we face a

212 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

barrier of indifference with which the general community greets the
problem of game itrott-ction. Our own Bureau of Education is engaged
in a herculean task, and it is largely due to the tireless efforts of Dr.
Bryant and his assistants that a growing sentiment in favor of added
conservation has been created. But it is up to us as deputies in the
field to assist in this work by extendintr our activities so that the general
public will more fully appreciate the importance of protecting our fish
and game.

When we succeed in enlisting the active support of the ma.sses to the
cause of conservation, we may expect saner laws, a more friendly atti-
tude from the courts and greater degree of coof)eration from the public.
And not until then can we hope to hand down to posterity more than a
remnant of the wild life resources of which we are the guardians.

Our educational endeavors, however, should be extended further than
preventing violations and apprehending lawbreakers, for it is only by
educating the sportsmen as well as the ardent conservationist that we
can avoid pa.st losses of fish planted in waters unsuitable for certain
species and stop the waste of game birds liberated in areas where con-
ditions are unfavorable. These losses can be prevented when we learn
more of the kind and abundance of fi.sh food in our waters and deter-
mine in advance what conditions exist in the field instead of relying
upon those whose interests seem to be confined to seeing something liber-
ated instead of making certain that the future will offer them something
for their game bags.

CRAYFISH

By Paul Bonxot
[With three photograph.'? by the author]

The fresh water crayfish is a crustacean, having as its nearest rela-
tions the salt water crayfish or "spiny lobster," and the true lobster.
Fresh water crayfish are found in all parts of the United States; in
Mexico, Central America, Europe and Asia. In the United States the
crayfish are divided into two genera. These are geographically sep-
arated by the Continental Divide. To the eas-t of the Rocky Mountains
are sixty-four species which belong to the genus Camharus. On the
western side of the mountains there are five species of the genus
Antaeus (Potambius). It is a curious fact that the common European
cravfish is also an Astacics. Two of the five western species, A.
klainathensis and A. nig re seen a, are native to California waters. A.
leniusculus is a naturalized species, imported from (Jregon in times
past for culinary purposes and as biological material. The eastern
cravfish has been introduced at several different places in California.
In the January, 1925, issue of California Fish and Game there is a
note to the eff'ect that Professor S. J. Holmes of the University of Cali-
fornia took several specimens of Cambarus clarkii near Pasadena, Cali-
fornia. The western limit of the natural range of this .species is west-
em Texas. In Vol. 13 of California Fish and Game is another note
bearing the date of August 13, 1926. This states that 15 specimens of
Cambarus blandingii acutus were taken from the Escondido River in
northern- San Diego County. It is not generally known that the Cali-
fornia law definitely prohibits the importation and planting of certain
species of animals. Section 628/i of the Penal Code reads as follows:
"Every person who places, plants, or causes to be placed or planted,

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

213

in any of the waters of this state, any live fish or the eggs of any fish,
any shellfish, crustacean or mollusk (except oysters), or any other fresh
or salt water animal, whether taken within or without the state without
first having submitted the same for inspection to and securing written
])ermission from the Board of Fish and Game Commissioners, is guilty
of a misdemeanor * * *_

Fig. C5. Astaciis Ifniusrnlus male (Oorsal). Taken in the San Ixrenzo River
at Brookdale, February' T, 1930. I'hotogxaph by Paul Bonnot.

According to Holmes (1900), the distribution of the genus Astacus
(Potamhius) is as follows:

Astacus gambelli — Utah, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming.

Astacus nigrescens — San Francisco County to Alaska (near the
coast).

214 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Astactis leninsculnn — Columbia River. San Francisco County.

Astacus trou'hriclgi — Columbia River.

Asta<:us klamathensis — Region about Klamath River and Lake.

The genera Astacvs and Camharus can readily be distinguished from
each other by the following characteristics: The Astacus has 18 gills,
while the Camhanis has but 17. The female Camharus has a false
pouch or annulus ventralis, for the reception and storage of the sperm,
while the female Astacus has the sperm deposited on the posterior part
of the thorax in spermatophores.

Crayfish are found in . nearly all the fresh Avater streams of Cali-
fornia, but because they are for the most part nocturnal, their presence
is not often noticed. They seldom move about during the day time, but
hide under logs and stones, or in natural cavities under the stream
banks. Some of the eastern Camharus depart from the usual burrow-
ing in stream banks. They live on low lying land and sink their bur-
rows to water level, piling up the mud dug from the burrows about
the entrance in towers, or ''chimneys." They live at the bottom of
their burroAvs, which always contain enough water to cover them.
Some species of crayfish are a great nuisance, as they riddle earth
dams and levees with their burrows and greatly weaken them. The
chimney builders sometimes are so abundant that they seriously inter-
fere with farming. Their burrows undermine the roots of the growing
plants and they eat quantities of the crops.

The California crayfish breed in the fall. The male deposits the
sperm on the under side of the thorax of the female, where it remains
until spring. The eggs of the female issue from the genital apertures
which are situated at the base of each third walking leg. The eggs
are covered with a viscous substance which draws out to a fine thread
and attaches itself to one of the swimmerets. An adult female will
l)roduce from 200 to 400 eggs. The eggs and later the young crayfish
are continually supplied with fresh water by the movements of the
abdomen.

The eggs hatch in from six to eight weeks. When the egg case splits
the young crayfish would fall to the bottom and be lost were it not that
a tough thread holds it suspended. This thread is attached at one end
to the inside of the ruptured egg case and at the other to the telson or
tail fin of the small crayfish. In a few hours the young crayfish climbs
up and fastens on to the thread, by which the egg ease is attached to a
swimmeret, by its chelae or claws. The chelae are tipped with recurved
points, which make it difficult for even the crayfish to withdraw the
claws after they have once secured a firm hold. As long as the thread
attached to the telson remains, the small crayfish is attached at both
ends. The thread attachment is lost with the first molt. The young
remain hanging to the swimmerets for about four weeks, during which
time they shed the shell twice. After the second molt they begin to
take short excursions aAvay from the female, returning, however, to the
protection of the sheltering abdomen. After gaining a little experience
they drift away on their own. During the first five months the
young crayfish molt a dozen times and grow to be two inches in length.
When molting the chitinous shell is shed in one piece, including the
teeth and the lining of the stomach. Females have been recorded carry-
ing eggs when one year old.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

215

As in tli(> case of the majority of the lower forms, erayfish can readily
regenerate lost parts. A claw, an antenna, or a walkin.t;- leg will be
entirely replaced in the course of a few months. The younger the
animal the more quickly will a lost part be replaced. The claws or
walking legs, if injured, are broken off by the crayfish at a natural joint
between the second aiul third segments. Tliis breaking point has a
muscular arrangement wliich acts in the same manner as a diaphrara

Fig. 66. Astacv.t leninsculus male (ventral). Taken in the San Lorenzo
River at Brookdale, February 7, 1930. rhotograph by Paul Bonnet.

and closes the open end of the break at once, preventing infection and
loss of blood. The new leg or claw which develops from the stump is
as large as the lost one.

Crayfish are scavengers as well as consumers of living organisms.
They keep the waters they inhabit free from much debris. They will
eat anything of an animal or vegetable nature, either alive or dead;
fresh or stale. They have been accused of destroying salmon and trout

216

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

spawn. They furnish a food supply for many fish, other crayfish, sala-
manders, snakes, turtles, kingfishes, raccoons, and man.

Crayfish have never fi<i-ured very extensively in a commercial
capacity, botli because of a lack of market and their relative scarcity.
Some years ago quite a few were consumed in San Francisco, the main
source of supj^ly being Coyote Creek near San Jose. A few are still
used for culinary purposes and by beginning biological students. Most
of these are im])orted from Oregon. The Russian River figured as a
source of supply at one time. In 1915 a fisherman on the Russian
River took about HOOO crayfish with hoop nets (crab nets) and shipped
them to San Francisco and San Jose. He found that the only bait
they would not take was a salt bait of any kind. Until the last meeting
of the legislature no legal protection was given to the fresh water cray-
fish. A law was ]iassed at that time at the behest of interested parties
in the southern part of tlie state, which reads as follows:

Spc. (t2.S/. Every person who in fisli and gnme district nnnilicr four takes,
catches, kills, destroys or has in his ])ossession any fresh w;iter crayfish
(Ecrevisse) hefoi-e the first day of .Tanuary, 19.'^2, is guilty of a misdemeanor.

As the natural supply of many of our commercially valuable species
has decreased before an ever increasing market, attention has been
turned to artificially ])roducing' those species which can show a profit.
Frogs and turtles have been raised experimentally, but as far as I can
find out no one has tried to raise crayfish except as a laboratory experi-
ment. If a reliable market could be had it seems to me that there
should be little or no trouble in supplying it with artificially reared
crayfish. The re(iuirements are simple; plenty of water, either clear or
muddy, a food supply and a minimum of enemies. Unlike frogs or
turtles which are not marketable for about five years, crayfish are
ready for market in a year's time. They are as prolific as the reptiles
and it is not necessary to fence them in, as they seldom leave the water,
and then only for a sliort distance. On the other hand, natural enemies
and diseases might render an attempt to rear crayfish abortive.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andrews, E. A. 1004. l?ice<linf,' Habits of Crayfish. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 38,
No. 447. pp. 165-206.

Chidester. F. E. 1912. The Biology of the Crayfish. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 46,
No. ~A't, pp. 279-298.

Hay. W. P. 1S99. Synojtsis of North -Vnierican Invertebrates Astacidae. Am.
Naturalist, Vol. 33, No. imi, pp. 957-966.

Holmes, S. J. 1900. Synopsis of Cal. Stalkeyed Crustacea. Uccasional I'apers
of Cal. Acad, of Science, No. 7, 262 pages.

Flc (i7. AstdciiN U iiiii.sculafi female. Taken hi San L(jrfnzo
River at Brookdale, February 7, 1930. This illus-
trates the legeneration of the right cheloe, which is
only about one-third as large as the left. Photograph
by I^aul Bonnot.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

217

THE FRENCH MACKEREL FISHERY*

Hi' CK.NliVIKVE Col'.UIN

[With one map]

An interesting paper, by Monsieur L. Bronkhorst, was acquired
recently by the library of the California State Fisheries Laboratory
and bears tlio imprint date 1928, and title "La Peelie du Macquereau."

}

f^arseille

SPAIN

F'IG. 68. The imiwrtant mackerel ports of FVance. Ostend (Belgium) and Plymouth
(Eng-lanrt) are also connected with the fishery. Les Sables d'Olonne, although
not particularly connected with the mackerel fishery, is indicated on the map
because it is an important fishing port.

The author, whose position is administrator of the first class of mari-
time registry, France, gives an interesting but sketchy account of the
French mackerel fishery. Certain points such as the boats called
"duiulees" and specialized types of gear are not described. Yet we get
a good picture of the small scale on which the fishery is operated, the
lack of mechanical aids and the resulting laborious work that must be
done by hand.

* Contriluiiidii Xn. SS from tlie Califoriiia State Fislieries l^ilMuatorv. Febriiar\-,
lO.'iO.

3—76961

218 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

Monsieur Bronkhorst states that the average size of the mackerel of
French waters is sixteen to twenty inches in length and about two
pounds in weight, and that they spawn from May to midsummer in
water of 12° C. and of less salinity than where fishing takes place.
The eggs, 500,000 to one large female, are first at the surface and
gradually sink. Incubation requires four to five days. He says that
some individuals spawn at the end of the third summer, but the
majority not until they are three or four years old. After they have
spawned they are voracious, and at this time the line fishing is most
successful. They migrate out to deep water, but probably do not leave
the continental shelf. Their return to shallow water is noticed first at
Plymouth about the first of April as the shoals pass eastward. Their
food in the spring is pelagic crustaceans (small floating shrimp-like
organisms), and later they pursue small fish, even their own fry.

The author discusses the fishery under three headings: the great
fishery for mackerel, the drift mackerel fishery and the small fishery for
mackerel.

The Great Fishery for Mackerel.

At Boulogne and Fecamp the main fishing season begins from March
15 to April 20, and at Douarnenez the end of January. The area fished
extends to the coast of Cornwall and up to the Thames estuary. From
September first to the middle of October the fishery is in the North Sea
and is called the Thames fishery.

The sailboats carry 15 to 24 men, receiving 90 to 95 francs ($3.60)
a month, and the steamboats 25 to 30, the men receiving 100 francs
($4) a month. At Fecamp each fisherman receives a bonus of 80 to
120 francs according to the value of his services. Besides the salary
and bonus the catch is divided into shares, depending upon the position
held by the man in the crew and on how much gear he furnished : for
instance, a man contributing 5 double lines is entitled to a half share.

The drift nets are 30 to 32 yards long and 6^ yards wide, of cotton,
and have a mesh of 1^ to If inches. The equipment of one boat con-
sists of 250 to 500 nets. Several of the nets are fastened together
and set at the surface with a line of cork floats at the upper edge and
weighted on the lower edge by a rope attached by lines 14 yards long,
the rope therefore paralleling the net 14 yards below it. The fish are
caught by the head as they swim into the meshes, which are too small
for them to pass on through. The steamers make seven trips during
the season, and the sailboats three, the length of each trip diminishing
toward the end of the season.

The fish that are to be salted are cleaned and cut twice transversely
and salt rubbed into them. They are placed loose in the hold, except
the small ones and those damaged, both of which are packed in barrels.
The roe is also salted.

In 1888 a fleet of fishing boats was organized with tenders provided
with ice, but on account of international complications this system was
discontinued. At present the boats operate separately. The fish that
are to be brought in fresh are packed in layers alternating with cracked
ice, in wooden boxes containing 40, 80 or 110 fish, according to size.

The port of Boulogne deals in fresh fish, while Fecamp specializes
in salted. Some of the drifters sell their catch at Fleetwood (the north-
west coast of England), Newlyn (southwest coast of England), Ostend,

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

219

Belgium, and Ijmuiden, Holland. The methods of sale are various:
by the case, as described above, by 110, by 100, or by weight. It appears
that the fi.sh are not canned, but are smoked or salted. The refuse is
used by fertilizer factories.

The following table shows the results of the fishery :

Year

No. of mackerel

Francs

Equivalent in dollars

1921 ___.

1922

1928

1924

11,000,000

9.200,000

5,276,000

21,fM)(),0(K)

23.000,000

6,000,000

6,400,000

5.9(X),(K)0

14,000,000

20,000,000

$240,000
256,000
236,000
560,000

1925 _ _

800,000

The year 1926 was also a good year, but the figures are not given,
nor for 1927, which on the contrary was a poor year.

The Drift Mackerel Fishery in Brittany.

This fishery extends to the coast of Ireland and employs 1500 men.
It is not as remunerative as the tuna and sardine fisheries, but is carried
on to fill in the time between these seasons. Douarnenez is the most
important port, with 75 boats called "dundees, " totaling 3279 tons.
The season starts in January or February and lasts until the sardine
and tuna seasons start (the last of June). The small boats are gradu-
ally being replaced by ones of larger size and greater seaworthiness.
Tlie loss of life has been reduced 95 per cent since this improvement
started. None of the boats have any apparatus for lifting the nets and
all of this work is done by the men. Only four of the boats at Douar-
nenez have an auxiliary motor. The boats are seldom owned by one
man, and rarely does the captain ("employer") own a share in the
boat.

Here again the fishermen furnish the nets, supplies and ice, and the
proceeds are shared accordingly. Sometimes a captain or employer will
t ake a set of seven nets from sick or disabled sailors, widows or orphans
and give them half the profit.

The nets are 1000 meshes long and 50 wide ( 43 by 4 yards), with 1^-
inch mesh and the cost is 128 francs ($5.12). To preserve them they
are dipped in catechu, a brown tanning substance. When the boats
come to the fishing banks the fishermen replace their masts with shorter
ones and put up a trysail which causes the boat to progress more
slowly. The ends and the middle of the net are marked with an
actyelene lamp and the name of the boat. In the morning at 2 or 3
o'clock they begin to lift the nets. The greatest loss to the fishermen
is from passing steamers. Each fishing boat makes about 10 trips a
season, with 3 to 8 days per trip.

The "dundees" take ice in blocks which are placed on shelves and the
fish laid on the blocks, but if the trip is to last not more than 72 hours
they do not take ice.

Douarnenez is the largest market in the province of Finistere, with
25 fish dealers, 23 factories and a large refrigerating plant. Up to 1923
the fish were sold by the "baker's" dozen, but now they are sold by
the hundred. The sales take place on the wharves by the auction
method, except that the captain of the boat starts out with a maximum

220 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

price and comes down until he finds a buyer. The fishermen wash the
fish and deliver them to the buyer. The season of 1926 brought 4000
francs ($160) per man and 16,000 francs ($640) for the boat.

The Small Fishery for Mackerel.

This is carried on in ^loroceo, Vendee, Tunis and Algeria. At Dieppe
the season is from May to October, between herring seasons, and at
Havre from July to September. Floating lines, drag lines, drift nets
and seines are all used in the fishery. In certain localities when the
weather is calm, set lines are used with nets paralleling them in between.
For trolling the lines are of linen or horsehair with two to six hooks
baited with marine worms, shrim])s, herring, cod tails, or the first
mackerel that was caught. Even pieces of red cloth or bits of rubber
are used with success. At Bone, Tunis, they use straw or white cloth.
On the Moroccan coast they use a piece of corn husk on the barbless
hooks. Each boat has several lines each weighted diiferently in order
to place it at a different depth. In some localities a basket of fish
refuse is lowered into the water to attract the fish to the spot. In
Provence linen lines are used with a wire leader and a one-pound
sinker from which hangs a series of hooks baited with crabs. Some-
times a bright .shiny spinner with a triple hook is used. The Brittany
fishermen usually employ a horsehair line with one hook, baited with
mackerel. A good catch is 1100 pounds for the smaller boats, or 1700
to 2000 pounds for the larger.

Pole fishing in the 3Iediterranean starts with "chumming" or attract-
ing the fish witli a meal composed of sardines, herring, beef or mutton
spleen, bran, cheese and asafetida.

The "turlutte" is an interesting piece of gear resembling the handle
of an umbrella with just one rib on which are soldered several hooks.
The fish are "chummed" and the apparatus is dragged through the
school to snag the fish. This method has been outlawed in some locali-
ties because it tears the fish. The "scoumbriere" used in the vicinity
of Marseille is a trammel net of horsehair 40 to 70 fathoms long and
widens from 70 to 100 meshes. The lower line carries only five leads
to a fathom, while the upper line has a float every two feet. This net
consists of three layers or curtains: the two on the outside are of large
size mesh and the one in the center of small mesh. The fi.sh pass through
the large mesh and shove the small mesh (through which they can not
go) on through the third layer of net and in their efforts to push
through entangle themselves. At JMarseille the fishermen string
together 10 nets of 70 fathoms length, or 80 of 40 fathoms. The ends
of the net are made of linen, with a rope attached. They are laid in
the same way as the drift nets mentioned above, by a boat using a try-
sail. The season for using this gear is from March to July when the
sea is rough. This type of gear is characterized as "very effective,"
bringing in over half a ton a day. This amount would be quite insig-
nificant compared with our catches of 10 tons a day.

A cone net, 2 feet in diameter, mounted on a wire hoop mth ^ to 1|
yard handle, is used successfully by some of the fishermen of Douar-
nenez.

The expenses and i)rofits are placed on a share basis as in the other
fisheries described. The fish are sold in some places "by the tail," by
twos, by the whole lot in the catch, by 100 or 1000, or by weight. In
most of the northern parts the fish are sold by auction.

CALIFORNIA FISTT AND GAME 221

Increasing? amounts of mackerel are being canned in oil oi- pickled
in white wine. The mackerel of 4 to 5 inches are usually canned whole
in olive oil, and the process is much the same as that used for the
sardine.

An interesting custom in Sud-Finistere allows the fishermen using
the set lines to go fishing for themselves Sundays during the month of
October.

Perhaps the most illmuiiial iiii; |)()iiit l)i'()ii,L;iit out 1)\' Monsieui- lli'oiik-
horst is the small-scale, tradition-bound methods used. The fact that
most of the fish is consumed within the country and that new methods
of preservation are therefore not in demand may account for the lack
of change in the industry. There are many points which the author
leaves quite vague, Imt we ai-e indebted to hiiu for an illuminating
article.

A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CLEAR LAKE, LAKE COUNTY

By George A. Coleman
fWitli <iiie iiluitosraph by the autlior]
Foreword.

During the months of January, February, March and April, 1925,
the author made a resident study of the entire Clear Lake District in
Lake County, establishing headquarters at Clear Lake Park on the
peninsula which separates the two lower arms of the lake.

An intensive survey and study was made on the southwest arm of
the lake (formerly called Lower Lake). Soundings and dredgings were
made at regular intervals of five hundred feet on survey lines estab-
lished one thousand feet apart across this arm of the lake for its entire
length of nine miles. The dredgings from the bottom were preserved
in pint jars as were also the plankton secured by towing plankton nets
of various meshes behind a rowboat for regular time intervals of thirty
minutes every day, varying the time of each day in order to obtain
the full daily cycle, during the entire four months of my residence.

The Clear Lake Park Company Icindly donated the use of their
engineers' cottage, which proved to be admirably adapted foi- a small
laboratory. Small aquaria and aquarium jars were established here for
the life history studies which were carried on simultaneously with the
survey. Specimens from the 7'egular mo7Tiing's dredging and plankton
collected were worked up in the afternoon and evenings while still fresh.
The company also donated the use of rowboats for my daily use. Other
residents of this section of the lake kindly donated the use of private
launches for the longer trips to other parts of the lake.

It was soon evident that a sniall-meshed seine would be necessary to
secure specimens of the enormous number of young fish of the various
species inhabiting the lake. As none of the regular seines in the market
seemed adapted, I designed a special seine of one-fourth inch mesh,
one hundred fifty feet in length and eight feet in depth, with a pocket
in the middle three by six feet wide by six feet deep. The leadline is
double-leaded, and in place of the brail sticks at the end usually used
on such a seine, a special leaden Aveight of five pounds, designed so as
to be readily attached and detached with a snap, was used on each
lower corner.

Since this seine requires four men to handle it properly. Deputy Don-
dero kindly volunteered his own services and that of three members of

222

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

the Lake County Game Protective Association, which crew worked it
very successfully on several occasions, securing many fine specimens of
fish, larger crustacean and insect life.

The lieavy deposits of diatoms, organic matter, silicious, clay and silt
over most of the bottom of this lake made it impossible to use the ordi-
nary dredging nets used for biological work, hence I designed a special
heavy dredging tool for this work (see photograph). This dredger is
made of thi'ee pieces of one-quarter inch by one inch iron, each piece
with four tooth, of tho same size and weight iron riveted on. Each piece
has holes in the lower edge for fastenings of a net and holes at the ends
for bolting together at the corners. When bolted together this makes
a triangular dredge with teeth, which, no matter how it turns in going
to the bottom, always strikes right side up and the teeth of one side
take hold on the bottom. Three iron rods, three-eighths inch by three
feet, are attaelied, one at each corner, for the handle. Cotton window
cord, 100 feet long, makes an excellent dredging line. The net can be

Fig. G'.i. The Coleman dredge and pan.

made of heavy unbleached muslin, or of light canvas, or other material,
depending upon the bottom to be worked over. The net may be sewed
fast to the dredge irons with a light fish cord in a few minutes.

Another piece of apparatus which I found indispensable is a special
pan made of heavy sheet iron, with the edges and one end turned up
for a distance of one inch. This pan is laid across the stern of the boat
to receive the dredge with its load. The water drains otf outside the
boat, leaving the mud, with its specimens of crustaceans, insects, plank-
ton, etc., spread out on the pan, where they can be readily seen and
picked up.

With this outfit I accomplished the dredging of this lake single
handed without a mishap, except getting lost in the heavy fogs
occasionally.

Topography.

Clear Lake occupies the major portion of what was once an extensive
volcanic region, with Mt. Knocti at about the center of the field, the

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 223

three largest extinct, craters being now occupied by the three arms of
the lake. Blue Lakes is anotlior part of this same series, occupying a
narrow gorge in the same mountain system.

Clear Lake, besides being the recipient of the run-off from an exten-
sive watershed surrounding it, is fed by four streams, viz : Kelsey
Creek, entering the southeast corner of the Upper Lake, while Scott
Creek, Middle Crook and Cold Creek all enter at the upper end of the
Upper Lake.

The two lower lakes are fed entirely from the upper lake through
"The Narrows," a very narroAv and deep passage at the southeast angle
of the upper lake. Cache Creek is the only outlet and formerly con-
nected with the Sacramento River. This connection is now, however,
intermittent.

Besides these streams there are a great many springs at different
points along the shore line, most all of which carry a mineral content :
borax, ii-on, soda and sulfur. In Soda Bay there arc a number of boil-
ing soda springs. Entering the lower part of the northeast arm of the
lake is a small stream which flows through the old sulfur banks at the
Cinabar Mine, which was worked for a great many years for quicksilver
and sulfur. This little stream is so strongly impregnated with sulfur,
iron and the minerals accompanying quicksilver ore, that it turns the
water milky white for some distance from the mouth. In the early
summer of 1926 there was an eruption in the bottom of this arm of the
lake, not far from the mouth of this little stream, which killed a con-
siderable number of fish. The then resident engineer in charge of the
old mine informed me that he made an analysis of the water from the
bottom just at the point of this eruption and found it to be strongly
impregnated with sulphuric acid. Evidently volcanic chemical action
has not entirely ceased in this region.

Shore Line.

The one hundred and thirty-five miles of shore line surrounding these
lakes offers a great variety : rocky, gravelly, pebbly, sandy, sandy-silty,
and loamy patches which are usually covered with a luxuriant growth
of fine salt grass and other plants. In many of the coves and small
bays the lake tule grows abundantly. There are a number of islands in
each arm of the lake, which exhibit the same variety of shore line as the
mainland. This great variety of shoreline offers many small bays and
coves with quiet water, in which certain species of fish spawn and where
their young find an abundance of food and shelter. The bass are par-
ticularly fond of the tules, especially around the islands where they
breed.

Bottom.

Extensive dredging of the bottom showed it to be, for the greater
portion, almost level and composed of a very fine silt. This silt is made
up of volcanic sand, diatoniaeeons earth, the silicioas spicules of the
fresh water sponges inhabiting the rocks along the shore and decaying
vegetable matter, mostly tule roots and stems. This bottom material
was most always heavily stocked with the various species of bacteria
which are concerned in the decay of such matter, so that it was rapidly
worked over into food for the plankton.

224 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

On all i)oiiits of land oxtendiny out into the lake there is a rocky
belt, forming: a rocky wall along the shore and rocks, varying in size
from small pebbles to good sized boulders, extending on the floor of the
lake to a distance of fifty to one hundred feet.

The lower end of the lake is a gradual decline from the shore to a
depth of fifteen feet at a distance of a mile from the outlet. In general,
however, the shore line drops off very abruptly a short distance from
the shore to a dei)th of thirty feet. There are a few depressions toward
Mt. Knocti, in Avhich the depth was found to be forty-five feet. The
upper lake bottom is very level, with a gradual slope from the shore to
a depth of fifteen feet, with an occasional de])ression where the depth is
twenty to twenty-five feet.

Temperature.

January temperatures of the surface water varied from 45 degrees
to 47 degrees P., while the bottom temperatures at thirty feet showed
only 2 degrees lowei-. There being no thermocline, owing to the shal-
low depth.

A spell of warm weather in February brought the temperature at the
surface to 50 degrees F. and for a short time to 52 degrees F. March
temperatures averaged 55 degrees F. Warm weather the early part of
A]>ril brought it up 57 degrees to 60 degrees F.

During the summer and fall, as I have noted on several visits, the
temperature varies according to the sea breezes. For the most part it
varies between 60 degrees and 70 degrees F., with an occasional spurt
up to 75 degrees F. or even 80 degrees F. for a short time.

With the strong daily breezes there is a constant circulation of the
water all over the lake and to the bottom.

Dissolved Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and General Acidity.

During Jainuuy the dissolved oxygen varied from 100 to 210 per cent
saturation, depending upon the circulation caused by the wind. At all
times the water showed a very high content of carbon dioxide (general
acidity), varying from 15 parts per million to as high as 45 parts per
million.

After the winter rains the dissolved oxvgen remained stationarv at
15 p.p.m as the water showed a general dilution and good circulation,
daily started by a strong wnnd at 11 o'clock a.m.

Rainfall.

For three seasons previous to 1925 there was a general drouth which
brought the watei- level to the lowest point in recorded history of these
lakes: 1.7 feet below the lowest level ever recorded.

Exceptional rainfall, however, during the winter of 1924-25, brought
the level back up again, raising the general level of the lake eight feet.

There seems, therefore, no reason to worry over the eft'ect of drouths
on the fish life in these lakes.

Plankton Survey.

The plankton collected daily from the open waters of the lake con-
sisted of a large number of species. However, the species which are
most abundant and ui)on which the young of the various species of fish
will depend for food are limited to about four species of Cladocerca and
Copepoda as follows:

CALIFORNIA FiSH AND GAME 225

Water Fleas — Cladocerca.

Daphnia lotijiixpina, var.— This is by far the most abiizidant species. Towing
the No. (5 phinktoii net for 30 niiiuiics would often result in a half pint of this
species and the following, in about iH|ual (luaiitities :

Cyclops hicuspidatus — As stated above, these two species are always associated.
At one time this species may be about equal in numbers to the above, but usually it
is much less in numbers. Collections of these two species always include tiiem in
all stages, showing that they breed almost continuously. They are not confined to
any particular section of the lake, but seem to be abundant anywhere in the open
water. I have taken them wherever collections of plankton were made.

Copepoda — Copepods.

Diaptomus hakcri — This species is very abundant and was taken in almost every
haul of the plankton.

Malacostraca — The Higher Crustaceans.

The most abundant species here is the "scud."

Hyalella knickerbockeri. Bate. — This crustacean was found abundantly all
along the entire shore line. It shows a wonderful adaptation to the circumstance
of its surroundings. I find it living in the mud in ten feet of water, in the tules, in
bunches of algae (particularly in Nitella), in holes in the volcanic tufa along some
shore line, on large boulders, and even in the sulfur water coming from the old
sulfur mine. It seems to breed equally well in all these places.

I made some extensive breeding experiments and found that it agreed very well
here with numbers of generations noted by Prof. Embody at Ithaca, N. Y., but the
breeding season is much longer and there seems to be spring and fall crop.

Their main food is the several species of diatoms growing in the lake, with
some fresh vegetable matter from tules, or algae. However, they can, on occasion,
become good scavengers. During June and July, when the great annual demise of
the carp and blackfish takes place and the thousands of bodies of these dead fish
wash up on shore, under every fish will be found quantities of "scuds," having a
royal feast.

As fish food they are par excellence. I found them in the stomach contents
of every species of fish examined, except of the carp.

The main food of this enormous population of water fleas and copepods consists
of the various species of diatoms. These are too numerous to name except for a
few of the most abundant genera :

Diatomaceae.

Navicula — Common.

Amphora — Scarce.

^tephanodiscus — Very abundant.

Synedra — A few.

CyclateUa — A few.

Coconcma — Common.

Nitzsch ia — Common.

Chlorophyceae.

Pediantrum — Common.
Botrycoccus — Common.
CycldlcUd — A few.
Atikisti-odesmus — Rare.
Hephryolatium — Rare.

Cyanophyceae.

Gleocapfid — Abundant on rocks

Osvillatoria — Abundant on rooks and sometimes open water.

Rotatoria. The Wheel Animalulae.

Ancura aculeata — The most abundant species.
Notops sp. Common.

Infusoria — The Ciliate Protozoa — Many and abundant species.

Mastigophora — The Flagellate Protozoans — -Vbunilant.

Porifera — Fresh Water Sponge.

TrochospoiujUla Icidy liowre.

A species of fresh water sponge, which I believe to be the above, is found
encrusting the rocks at a distance of about 2(X) feet from shore, opposite Clear Lake
Park, in about ten feet of water. This is a very beautiful little sponge and wortiiy
of an extended study, as to its life history and habits.

4—76961

226 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Quantitative Survey of Plankton.

The watur fleas and copi'ods are in such quantity in these lakes that it was a
very easj' matter to secure (luantities sufficient to dry and weigh. This amounted to
five grams per cubic foot of water sampled. Allowing for variations in quantity at
different depths, it is estimated there is at all times in these lakes in the neighbor-
hood of one thousand tons of this food available for young fish, and such adult fish
as take this plankton food.

Insect Life.

Caddis Fly — Several species breed among the tules, using the tule tissue for
their cases. Several small species al.so live on the rocks on rocky shore line.

Crane Fly — The larvae of two species were found on rocks, just at the edge of
groups of tules.

Chironomus — The re<l larvae found at the Itottom in mud in great abundance.
I found these in the stomachs of all catfish examined.

Burrowing Mayfly — The larvae of a number of species were found in the mud
along grass-fringed shores. The adults appear in quantity in May and June.

Gnats — *A most remarkable flight of gnats occurs during May, June, July and
sometimes continues into August. I hesitate to estimate the quantities of these
insects which are produced every year. Recently electric light-electric fan traps
have been placed at various places around the Upper Lake and a few of these traps
in 1929 captured IS pounds of gnats in a few nights. Mr. Burges, the University
of California students in charge, has estimated there are 125. (M)0 gnats to the jiound
and said that if he had 100 traps he could no doubt capture as many with each one.
There are, tiierefore, literally and truly billions of these gnats produced every year.
Mr. Ilicker, in chni-ge of the Cold Creek Hatchery, has bwu feeding them to the
young fry in the hatchery with apparent beneficial results.

Tule Gnats — Breed in among the tules and consist of several species. They are
in no way to be confused with the above described gnat, which breeds and the larvae
are found in countless millions in the open water.

As Fish Food.

The above species of insects furnish great quantities of food for the young of
all species of fish existing in the lake. It has been suggested that the introduction of
the mosquito fish might help to keep down the gnats. With the enormous numbers
of young fish already produced in the lake, it would not seem the addition of the
mosquito fish would make such an inroad on the gnats.

Fish.

There seem to be about ten species and varieties of fish which are
native to these waters, breeding abundantly :

Native Fisln.

Sacramento Perch — ArchopJites interruptus, Girard.

Abundant, found mostly in shallow coves where they breed, the j^oung appearing
the last of ISIarch and abundant the first week in April.

The "Hitch" or "Cliigli" — Lavina exilicmida, Baird and Girard.

The most abundant fish in all these lakes, including Blue Lakes. They run up
all the creeks, entering from the lakes in March, spawning on the shallow riffles.
They are then so abundant that one can hardly step without stepping on several.
They are excellent eating and people should be encoui-aged to use more of them.

"The Blackfish"- — Orthodon microlepidotiis, Ayres.

This fish grows to a length of 18 inches or more, and although it is very oUy, the
Indians around the lake esteem it highly and prepare great quantities by drying
every year, for food. This is the fish which dies every year in the spawning season.
Mr. Dondero says they die before spawning. If this were always true, however,
they would soon be extinct.

Sacramento Sucker — Catosiomus occidentalis, Ayres.

This fish seems to be quite abundant. I saw several specimens 12-18 inches
in length.

"Chapaul" or "S(iuawfish" — I'tychochcilus orc'nonensus. Richardson.

This fish, a fair food fish, the meat white and solid, but full of bones, is also
very abundant.

"Sacramento Chub" — Siboma crassicauda, Baird and Girard.

I saw a fine specimen which w;is hooked on a catfish line. Fishermen reiiort
catching them frequently.

"Split-Tail" — I'ofionichthys inacrolcpidotus, Ayres.

(Three color varieties.) Very abundant.

* Note. — Prof. S. Freeborn, of the Agricultural College, University of Cali-
fornia, worked on this gnat in 1926 and described it as a new species : Chaoboris
lacustris Freeborn. (A new Chaoborid Gnat, Stanley, Freeborn; Pan-Pacific Ento-
mologist, Vol. II, 4, pp. 161-163, April, 1926.)

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 227

Minnows — At least three species are abundant, none of which are identified, as
far as I know.

Silver Sides — One unidentified species.

Introduced Species of Fish.

European Cari> — Cyrpiiuia carpio.

By far tiie most abundant of any of tiie introduced species. The breeding of
this fish occurs mostly in (he shallow waters of the uppiT lake and the west side of
the lower lake. They collect in tlie tulc swamps at the upper end, where they die
in great numbers every year aloiifc with the blackfish.

Catfish— The Common Sacramento Catfisli — Ameinis ncbulosii.s, Le Suer.

Very abundant, growinj; to a length of ten to twelve inches.

The Brown-spotted Cat — Aineirus phili/crphnlus, (lirard.

A variety knt)wn to fishermen which is becoming (piiti' common.

The Great Blue, or Forked-Tail Cat — IctaluruH jiirratus, Cuv. and Vincen.

Tliese were planted a few years ago and .seem to be flourishing. The catfish
fishermen report they have caught and thrown back over three hundred during the
winter. I saw six specimens in an acpiarium in Tjakeport, which measured from
seven to twelve inches in length. The report of a seven and one-half pound blue
cat, I was unabl(> to verify.

The Bass — The Small-^NIouthed Black Bass — Microptcrus dolimieu, Lac.

Expert fishermen report these very scarce and hard to catch. Only live bait
will succeed. I caught one siiecimen which was in fine condition.

The Large-Mouthed Black Bass — Ilnro ftoridana, Le Seur.

This bass is much more abundant than the small mouth. They breed about the
islands and are caught among the tules.

The Calico Hass—Pomoxis annularis, Refin.

These are fairly abundant. I caught several in one morning's fishing. It is
an excellent pan fish.

"Crappie" — Fishermen report a "crajjpie" which has not been verified.

Blue Gill — Ilelioperoa incisor, Cuv. and Valencen.

These fish are quite abundant in all i)arts of the lake and were caught in the
seine quite often. The young appear in abundance in shallow coves the first week
in April.

Trout — European Brown — Salmo fario.

A number of different plantings of this trout have been made in the lakes.
Fishermen report them to be getting numerous and of large size.

Steelhead — .S'aA»io irideiis. Gibbons.

Fishermen report having taken good-sized specimens during the early summer.

Further Introductions Recommended.

The Orange Spottwl, Red Spotted, or Louisiana Sunfish — Lepoinis hiimilis.

This is the special food of the black ba,ss in the eastern and southern states. I
believe it would do w(dl in Clear Lake.

FEEDING YOUNG PHEASANTS AND QUAIL

By August Bade

Pheasants — Feeding young pheasants or young game birds of any
kind is one of the most important functions of the game breeder. If
the birds are not properly started they will never be right, no matter
how much time and energy is expended upon them later on.

A number of system have been found that will produce very good
re.sults. and these systems are usually varied to suit the climatic condi-
tion in which you may be working. Here is a formula or system that
will give the best results in this particular climate (California).

For the first thirty-six hours young birds subsist on the yolk of the
vgg that is contained in the egg sack of the bird. During this period
no feed is necessary and the birds need quietness as they are being
brooded by the foster mother lieu.

At the end of 36 hours give them their first feed of eggs (boiled at
a temperature of 180 degrees for lo minutes), finely grated after remov-
ing the shell. This grating is easily done by rubbing the egg through
a small mesh screen of hardware cloth. This netting or screen is
solidly tacked to a frame work of wood about 10 x 16 inches. You will

228 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

find this screen useful in many operations in making good bird food.
Cooked liver (a very good substitute for insect life) and cottage cheese
are also run through this screen before being placed in the food. This
operation makes the food of a nature that the small birds can handle it
nicel^y and it can at the same time be worked into the food mixture in
better proportions.

For the first few weeks it is advisable to feed four times a day. Birds
of all kinds are early risers and they make their lives conform to cer-
tain well-regulated habits. This is a point that it is well for the new
breeder to ponder over. If you are irregular in your feeding schedules
and disappoint the birds a few times, you will be the next to be disap-
pointed and the results will reflect badly on your judgment.

Most hatching is done in the months of May and June and a good
program of feeding times for these two months is as follows: Feed at
6 in the morning ; then at 10, 2.30 and 6 in the evening. Here is a good
rule to follow in starting with your birds : Feed often but little at a
time. A tablespoonful at first is sufficient for a brood of 15 birds.

If you experience difficulty in getting the little fellows to eat, kneel
down by the side of the coop and throw bits of feed in front of the
coop so that the hen can reach it and she will soon teach the birds to
eat. Once they are started there is no more trouble. This is the
natural way for the mother hen to feed her brood, and she will usually
do her part in the rearing of young game birds.

For the hen, it is well to provide whole corn as a diet, as this is
large enough so the little birds can not eat it, and by feeding the hen
in this way she will not be so anxious to eat the food that you have
prepared for the chicks.

After the little fellows have learned to eat the food prepared for
them, place it on a board about a foot square and far enough in front
of the coop so the hen can not reach it. Always keep this board clean
by using a brush and alternating the board by using one side today and
the other side tomorrow.

On the fourth day add to the egg food a little Spratt's Pheasant ]\Ieal,
No. 12. This meal is prepared by scalding it in boiling water or milk
and working it with the hands until every particle is well soaked with
moisture. As a rule tliis meal will absorb quite a bit of moisture. Use
three parts of water to four parts meal and this usually gives the right
consistency, known to game breeders as "crumbly moist." Don't, at
any time, feed sloppy food. If you get your feed too moist, dry it
down with corn meal by working the meal into the feed with the hands
until you have it the way you want it. Unsalted cracker crumbs can
also be used for drying the feed.

Another ingredient that can be added at this time to the food ration
is cottage cheese. Make the cheese in the usual way, but do not flavor
or color the cheese in any way. Run it thi-ongh the sieve that you use
for preparing the egg and mix it with the feed. And this is a good
time to add green food to the menu. Lettuce has been found ideal for
young birds. Cut it very fine with a large knife and you can either
mix it with the feed or carry it in a separate vessel and place a handful
(small) before each brood of birds. In mixing it in with the feed you
may get the feed too moist, so the practice of carrying it in a separate
vessel works out better.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 229

As the birds <?row and develop, add to the amount of feed given at
each meal, being careful not to overfeed. Always watch closely to see
that all feed is eaten. Keep the coop clean and watch your feed board
to see that it does not become dirty.

If the weather is warm begin to give water to the birds. The ordi-
nary quart drinking fountain is a good vessel to use, as it will provide
water for the hen as well as the birds. If this drinking fountain is
placed on a board it will tend to keep the water cleaner than if placed
en the ground. It is well to keep the water fountain shaded and not
allow the water to become stale.

Between the age of five and six weeks the birds begin to put on head
feathers, and it is at this time that particular attention must be given
tli(> food. [f the birds become listless and puny there is sure to be
something wrong with tlie feed. Try to correct it. A setback at this
time means slow maturing. As a usual thing a deficiency in insect life
or its equivalent (cooked liver or Spratt's Grissel, or meat scrap) is
lacking in the food.

The proportion of meat scrap is about 15 per cent and may be
increased or decreased according to the condition of your birds. No
hard and fast rule can be laid down, but the operator must be guided
by conditions as he finds them.

The same may be said of the use of egg in the food. Usually by the
end of the fourth week egg is cut out entirely and Spratt's Chic Grain
is substituted. All these operations and changes in the food are done
gradually and systematically. As one type of food is decreased, another
is increased until finally the birds are on a matured diet and being fed
but twice a day. System and regularity is the keynote in bird farming
and will give the required results in the majority of cases.

Quail — To those who have raised pheasants and other large game
birds there comes an additional thrill when tiny Bobwhite or California
valley quail hatch out. We know of no small bird more active than a
few hours old quail chick. It is small wonder the novice loses them
during the first few days. Even the experienced breeder at times has
trouble if he is the least bit inclined to be careless in banking the coop
and run so the smallest little hole is closed. You can not be too careful
in this matter.

FEEDING YOUNG QUAIL

Quail chicks feed sooner than pheasants and will let you know when
they are ready for their first meal. As the brooding period ends, they
will begin to prospect around the coop and this is the signal for the
breeder to prepare some food. The first feed wall consist of egg custard
or hard-boiled egg finely grated. This food is easily prepared by press-
ing it through a small mesh screen or hardware cloth. Either the egg
or custard should be prepared the day before it is to be used. If you use
eggs, do not boil tliem more than 20 minutes, as too much boiling tends
to make the food leathery anil it is not so easily digested.

The egg custard is made in the usual way with no seasoning of any
kind. Here is a good way to make it : Beat three eggs well and heat
to just below the boiling point. Heat one cup of milk to the same tem-
perature and add the three eggs. Continue to keep the mixture at just
below the boiling point until the custard hardens. Set it aside to cool
and keep in a cool place. When thoroughly cold it is ready to use. A

230 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

pint fruit jar and a half -g:al Ion or a gallon vessel of tin makes a good
ntensil for cooking custard.

COTTAGE CHEESE

Milk and its products have been found valuable in feeding all kinds
of animals and birds. Cottage cheese is especiallj^ recommended as a
good food for quail. Make it in the usual way with no seasoning or
coloring, and when it is quite dry pass it through the same sieve or
screen that you used for the egg or custard. This breaks it up into
small bits and makes it very easy to handle.

About the thii-d day begin to add a little cottage cheese to the egg
or custard and gradually increase the amount so that at the end of the
week you will be using about an equal amount of each. Finely chopped
lettuce can also be used at this time to good advantage. You will get
better results Avith your feed if you use a foot square board as a feeding
place. At the beginning of the second week, add to this mixture of egg,
custard and lettuce, a small amount of Spratt's Phea.sant Meal, No. 12.

SMALL GRIT IS NECESSARY

At the very first feed, place a small amount of clean building sand on
the feed board and always remember to keep a supply of this ingredient
before the birds. If building sand is not available use small creek sand.

When the birds are three weeks old begin to add a littl chic grain to
the food mixture. Spratt's Chick Grain has been found valuable in
that it is made up of a variety of small seeds and grains.

By this time you can cut down on the egg or custard and at the
beginning of the fifth week leave it out of the food entirely. You will
now be using cottage cheese, lettuce, pheasant meal No. 12, chic grain
and plenty of fine grit and clean water.

CLEAN WATER VERY ESSENTIAL

For the first week do not give any water at all unless the water is
very warm. The watering dish should be small, kept very clean and
removed from the coop ten or fifteen minutes after the birds have had
a drink. Do not allow the water to become stale from heat. Water
may be left in front of the birds a longer time if it is in the shade and
the vessel is kept very clean.

FEEDING AT REGULAR INTERVALS

Success in bird raising will depend largely on regular habits of feed-
ing and caring for the birds. To begin with, feed at 6.30, 10.30 and at
2.30 and 5.30 in the afternoon. Hold to this program for the first five
A\eeks, then drop the 10.30 feeding and at the end of eight weeks drop
the 2.30 feeding. If your birds have developed normally, two feeds
a day at this time will be sufficient. A wet mash of pheasant meal,
cottage cheese and a little chic grain in the morning and dry chic grain
in the evening. Also see that the birds have ample. green food at all
times, and do not try to keep too many birds in the same pen. Give
them as much room as possible. Remember they are creatures of the
open spaces.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

231

CALIFORNIA BLUEFIN TUNA'

r.y S. S. W i(i'ii:ii i:ai>

Bluefiii tuna {Thunnus thynnus) lias practically a world-wide dis-
tribution. Besides being fouiul in southern California waters it also
occurs in the Atlantic as far north as Newfoundland and Loffonden
Islands, in the Mediterranean and in Japan. In California waters the
range of bluefin in sufficient numbers to be of commercial importance,
is very small. The Californian-Mexican boundary line is practically
the southern limit and Santa Cruz Island the northern limit (a range
of about a hundred miles).

The California bluefin season is short in duration, for it opens around
the first of June and closes in September. We know nothing of from
where these bluefin come, or where they go when the season is over.
They generally appear off San Diego first, then hit Santa Catalina
Island a few weeks later, although some years they have missed the
San Diego area entirely.

»gr«l»'ih»iiiir»^|

Fig. 70. One of the smaller bluefin purse seine boats.
Length t,0 feet. Photograph by D. H. Fry, Jr.
December, 1928.

Because the bluefin (leaping tuna) are such hard and game fighters
w^hen caught on light sporting tackle, sportsmen fish them extensively.
In fact anglers come from all over the world to catch these tuna. In
order to protect the bluefin and other southern California game fish,
the southeast end of Santa Catalina Island has been closed to all com-
mercial fishing.

Bluefin is one of the four tunas canned extensively in southern
California. Yellowfin and skipjack in the last three or four years
(1926-1929) have ranked first and second, with bluefin third and alba-
core fourth. The canners since 1928 have depended almost entirely
upon importations of frozen albacore from Ja]ian and Hawaii. The
catch of bluefin varies widely, for in 1927 it was about 5,000,000 pounds,
14,000,000 in 1928, and 7,500,000 in 1929. Bluefin is the largest strictly
California tuna fishery of the four, as most of the yellowfin and skipjack

' Contribution No. 93 from the California State Fisheries Laboratory. May, 1930.

232

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Pig. 71. Mending a tuna purse seine at Terminal Island. Booms in
the background are on purse seine boats tied up at the wharf.
Photograph by R. S. Crocker. May, 1930.

are caught south of the international boundary, and albaeore imported
from Japan and Hawaii. By far the greatest part of the catch goes
to the canneries, but a small proportion is sold to the fresh fish markets,
where it is used in the fresh state.

All commercial blnefin are caught with purse seines, as they seldom
bite on live bait or the trolling gig. These purse seine boats are from
60 to 85 feet long, with a hold capacity of 30 to 100 tons, and they all

Fig. 72. Piling the purse seine on the turn table of the boat after
being mended. Photograph by D. H. Fry, Jr. June, 1929.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

233

carry the net in the stern on a turntable. The nets are curtain-shaped,
about 250 fathoms long and 25 fathoms deep, with 4^ to 6-inch mesh.
When a school of bluefin is located it is encircled and the bottom of the
net drawn together with a purse line run through purse rings fastened
to the bottom of the net. This operation of rapidly pursing the bottom
keeps the fish from sounding, and the corks fastened along the top
keep the fish from escaping over the top of the net. The bag is then
drawn alongside of the boat and the fish transferred from the net into
the boat with a mechanical brailing device.

Until 1928 the number of boats engaged in the fishery w^ere fairly
constant, with 15 in 1924. 1925, 1926 and 18 in 1927. In 1928 the
number mounted to 35, and 36 in 1929.

Fig. 73. Trend of the simple aiithmetic average boat catch per month
of the ten boats. Semi-logarithmic scale used to show actual rate
of change from year to year.

In order to determine the status of the bluefin fishery an analysis of
the boat catches was made. Ten boats that fished from 1924 through
1929 were used as a sample. A detailed analysis of boat catch per trip
and boat catch per month was made. Figure 4 illustrates the method
of using average boat catch per month as a criterion of the condition
of the fishery. Details of fishing methods for this species and a boat
catch analysis will be published in a forthcoming bulletin of the Cali-
fornia State Fisheries Laboratory.

Figure 73 indicates that under past conditions of fishing effort, blue-
fin tuna has not decreased in availability to the fishermen over the
period 1924 to 1929. Plowever, a greater degree of fishing effort in
future vears mav cause the fisherv to decline.

5—76901

234

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

TAI AND CARP ^

By Lionel A. Walford

The importation into California of albacore from Japan, which has
been going on since 1925, has ceased to be a novelty. Recently, how-
ever, another Japanese fish has been shipped in, this time not a fish of
any commercial significance whatever to Americans; in fact, one not
even known on this side of the Pacific. This fish is the Japanese tai
{Parargyrops edita), a small fish about the size of a salt-water perch,
beautifully colored with red and silver. The porgy family (Sparidae),
to which this fish belongs, is represented on this coast by a Mexican tai
(Calamus hrachysomus) which is imported during the winter months
for the Japansese trade. These fish are distinguished by the very steep

Fig. 74. The Mexican tai.

profile of the head; the outermost bone of the upper jaw (maxillary)
slipping for most of its length under the edge of the preorbital (large
membrane bone in front of the eye) ; the absence of teeth on the roof
of the mouth ; the presence of molar teeth on the sides of the jaws. The
color of the Mexican form is plain silvery, but the several Japanese
species are red, white or black.

It is the red one which is imported into the United States by
Japanese people for their own use, for the tai in Japan — a land where
fish are much respected and revered — is symbolic of happiness. In
fact, the last syllable of the Japanese word for merriment or happiness,
mendetai, is the same as the name of the fish. Moreover, the God of
Happiness is always portrayed holding a tai. At parties, weddings,
carnivals, and other auspicious occasions, this fish is the piece de
resistance, not only for its unsurpassed flavor, but also for its brilliant
red color — even after cooking. Apart from the fish itself, the colors
red and white are also sacred to the Japanese as a symbol of happiness.

1 Contribution No. 94 from the California State Fisheries Laboratory. May, 1930.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

235

Fig. 75. The Japanese red tai, imported from Japan for festivals and parties

Fig. 7G. Cloth flags made to re.semble carp (ly over each Japanese house where a
boy baby has been born during the year. I'hotograph by R. S. Croker.
May 5, 1U30.

236

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Japanese ladies, for example, wear white dresses with red ribbons to
special parties ; newly born babies are dressed in red ; even the national
flag is composed of red and white. It is said in Japan that if one acei-
dentallj' catches a tai when seeking something else, good fortune will
come his way. The black species is rarely used for parties, black being
a color symbolic of ominous events.

The subject of Japanese reverence of fish reminds us of the carp, fish
despised by so many California sportsmen, but by the Japanese admired
and respected. Terminal Island, which forms the east bank of the

Fig. 77. Close-up view of cloth carp flying over Japanese
house. Photograph by R. S. Croker. May .5, 1930.

main channel of Los Angeles Harbor, is the location of an interesting
and picturesque Japanese village, and the scene of many exotic Oriental
celebrations. Between April 25 and May 5 of each year are seen all
over the town hanging high above each house where a boy baby has
been born during the year, cloth flags made to resemble carp. These
flags, which cost from $2 to $15 each, are the gifts of friends and rela-
tives. Thus, some houses hang out as many as ten or more fish, which
doting aunts, cousins, uncles and friends have donated. The flags are
there to remind the people of the qualities which they want their boys

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 237

to emulate — the splendid qualities of the carp — strength, perseverance,
endurance. During this same season the shop windows display arrays
of brilliantly dressed dolls which are effiigies of legendary heroes and
warriors who have evidently observed the good traits of the carp.
Brass-armored, fieree-looking fighters about whom ancient generations
have woven tales of great deeds — giant slayings, tiger killings — figure
prominently in the displays. A fat naked baby, noted for his prodigious
strength, was Kiniohi, Avhose image is a prominent feature of the doll
collection. Another such baby was Momnturo, who achieved his birth
by stepping out of a peach which a surprised old lady cut open one day.
Such interesting fish symbolism is not peculiar to Japanese people.
Closely woven in the history of the ritualism and architecture of prac-
tically all of the religions and churches, including the Christian, and
in folklore throughout the world, are bits of symbolism in which fish
form an important pattern.

LUMINESCENT FISHING ^

By Milton J. LiNDNEm

Here we are on the Monterey wharf at 10.30 in the evening with
hip boots, slicker and a great number of warm clothes underneath.
There is a slight oifshore breeze gently fanning our face, stars shining

Fig. 78. Fishing boats and lig-hter.s anchored near the Monterey wharf waiting
for the sun to set so that they may start their search for the schools of
sardines. The lighters are the craft in the center foreground of the picture.
Photograph by J. B. Phillips, 1929.

brightly overhead, and the moon, a silver crescent, disappearing slowly
behind Huckleberry Hill, silhouetting the pines against its faint calm
glow. The swells are sliding smoothly by the piles underneath and
monotonously pounding themselves out on the white sandy beach at
our back. Swarthy, dark-skinned Sicilian and Japanese fishermen
are plodding by in their cumbersome boots and long, heavy sheep-skin
coats. Now and then a crew is made up and a skiff is launched which
soon fades away in the night. Boats are heard chugging out toward
the open waters, weaving their way dexterously through the maze of
moored launches and lighters.

Finally our crew is complete, thirteen strong, robust men. We are
going sardine fishing again tonight, with a Japanese lampara ^ crew
this time. Before long we are aboard the 35-foot fishing launch and
on our way to pick up the lighter which will carry the night's catch
of fish. With the lighter in tow we head out along the beach towards

' Contribution No. 92 from the California Stale Fisheries Laboratory. May, 1930.
' "Lampara" is the name given to a type of fishing net introduced by the Italians.
It is sometimes referred to as the "Italian round haul net." ♦

238 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Moss Landiiif?. The li«rhts of Monterey o-leam brilliantly over the stern
of the boat in lono-. even rows stretching up the liill like a garden of
yellow stars planted in perfect fnrr^^ws. These are soon forgotten as
lying in the bow of the boat near ll , captain, who stands like a duskv
statue, with his hands in his pockets, puffing at a rapidly diminishing
cigarette and peering intently into the murky waters ahead for\ iv
scliool ot tislu we gaze in rapt astonishment at the colorful arrav W^
glowing water that is revealed as the boat slashes through the l.riiie?
daslnng it relentlessly aside, causing millions of minute microscopic
plants and animals to flame up in pale green-white luminescent hues

^Marvelous ?

No, it is gorgeously niieaniiy to behold such a sight leap from
ajiparently untenable and inanimate sea water. A newspaper some-
times can be read from the light given off by the glow of these micro-
organisms. One i)onders on the incomprehensible billions of cells that
must be living in the sea to cause such an entrancing phenomenon.

Now and then the boat disturbs an occasional mackerel feedini,' near
the surface. Off it da.shes, leaving a fiery wake as a tell-tale memento
of its size and speed. Everything that moves in the water betrays
itself by the ever-present luminiscence. How extremely dangerous
this must be to the constantly hunted species, as darkness offers'' them
no refuge. Their least movements are visible to their enemies, who
may be lurking in the offing waiting for some sign of prey.

We forge ahead with only the necessary running lights burning, for
everything must be as dark as possible in order to see the luminescence
to Its best advantage, because the sardine schools are located most readily
by the luminescence they produce through their movements in the
waters. This is the reason the fishing is done only at night and only
during the dark of the moon.' No seining is carried on through the
full-moon period because even with this faint light it is almost impos-
sible to locate the schools. Sometimes if the night is foggy, the men
Avill fish during the light of the moon, but only when there is sufficient
darkness so that the luminescence is visible.

Soon a great milky patch looms in the water ahead as though someone
had carelessly spilled an enormous bottle of cream highly seasoned with
a radium compound. The captain waves his hands as a signal to slow
down. Sardines sure enough! A large school several hundred yards
in extent lies a trifle to starboard. The captain motions again and the
boat slowly plows forward. The school is circled once, then the captain
decides now is the time to make the haul. "Yetta" (let her go), he
shouts, and one end of the net to which is fastened a buoy and 'the
lighter IS east adrift. The boat is kicked into full speed ahead, the net
IS i)aid out rapidly, and soon a circle 1200 feet in circumference is sur-
rounded by netting.

boa^s^voul^searc^d'^;r!n'i•°h^^]^ ''■^}^^\^^r6me fishing was a new occupation, the
the men bocam^. heH^^^ both the night and the day, but as time progressed and
disco^tinu d %houLh th'.^ #.'r*'''^ '''"' ^^''- •'"^'^^ •'f *h^ fi^h the day seining was
school l,app,.nsm^tr^ A schoo^^ still will make a day haul if a

an.l s.a gull., llu tt.rinlr ?hon f n.tlv, J be recognized by the presence of pelicans
seen juinnintr Of cnnr«« t^i -^ .Patch of water. At other times the fisli nmv be
which te crew detSnesun'^^^ indicate some flsh other than sardines,

sels will pass bv a gX.V of sTrdIm « r-^^if ^ ^^;f '^^''^tion. Quite frequently the ves-
light. for It Is difficult f^./^L^l- I '^''•^^^'' ^^^" '"'^'^e a chance haul during day-
nfghi Ihese cL'^'b^e'oLrved Si"y.'''' "^*'"' ^"'^ compactness of the fish, while at

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 239

Now is when the work begins. Six men pull on each wing of the net
and one man lowers and raises a scarer * to discourage the fish from
passing under the boat in their attempt at eluding the net. Slowly the
circle of corks draws nearer and ..parer as the net, each strand glowing
like some white-hot molten filament, is piled on deck. The men all
heave in unison, gasping a bit with each tug. Althougli tlie night is
extremely cold and the nets are dripping with water, beads of perspira-
tion begin to appear on everyone's forehead. At last the wings are in
and the catch is impounded within the bag. Impossible for an escape
now; hence there is a sudden easing off in the rapidity with which the
mesh is being hauled aboard the launch. A few more fathoms are
gathered in, then the lighter is drawn alongside for the loading of the
sardines, which are threshing wildly about in their efforts to free them-
selves from this prison of twine.^

The brailing lights are switched on, revealing hundreds of fish excit-
edly churning the water in one last desperate effort at release.
Innumerable scales are slowly descending into the deep, swinging to
and fro, shining cheerfully, as all unmindful of their owner's plight,
Ihey disappear from view. We are surprised to behold several seagulls
hovering hungrily near waiting for a chance fish. Do they never sleep ?

As the lighter is pulled up several men jump aboard to assist in
scooping the fish from the net. With each dip of the brail nearly one
hundred pounds of squirming, vibrating fish are taken from the bag
and thrown into the lighter, where they soon expire through asphyxia-
tion.

This haul was disappointing, hardly more than three tons. ''Too
much fire," according to the captain. The fish had been frightened
by the gleaming net, most of them diving to escape from its folds. On
this occasion the luminiscence had been a boon to the sardines.

A few dozen squid also were captured among the fish. These are
seized with great pleasure by the fishermen, who halfheartedly clean
them and all chew upon these raw cephalopods apparently everyone
enjoying the repast, although they are rather glutinous morsels with a
sweetish tang.

With the three tons in the lighter and the net piled in the stern
of the launch, the lights are doused and off we start to try our luck
again. In about 45 minutes of intense searching another school is
spotted. Several boats have already laid their nets into the school and
one is brailing. The lights of the latter attracted us to this location.
As we approach we happen near the net of one of the vessels that is
making a haul. The crew sets up a terrific shout to inform us that
their gear is in the water close at hand and to keep clear. Some of the

* The scarer consists of a number of paddles a foot or two long fastened by one
end and about six or eight feet apart on a long rope. While the wings of the net
are being pulled in this scarer is lowered over the side of the vessel and jerked up
and down. The luminescence caused by the whirling paddles tends to frighten the
fish away from the boat, where they might escape by swimming under the hull.

° Even the lampara nets are constructed to take advantage of the luminescence.
If the entire seine was composed of the small mesh that appears in the bag the
weight would bo excessive and there would be difTiculty in handling. Several more
men would be needed to aid in pulling, and this would be expensive. Hence, the
wings of the seines are made of very largo mesh, in fact, so large that the sardines
could easily pass between the strands ; but they are frightened away by the bright
glare of the fibers. The fish upon approaching the glowing threads become alarmed
and turn back toward the center of the net, where they tend to remain until
encircled by the bag. Then their escape is impossible.

240

CALIFORNIA P'ISH AND GAME

words are none too compliinentarj% but such is the way of the fisherman.
We veer off and are soon making another attempt at a catch.

On tliis occasion our success is much better, for when the last scoop
of fish has been taken from the bag there are about 37 tons of sardines
in the lighter. In other words, we caught about 34 tons in this haul.
But for the remainder of the night the fishing is very poor. We make
two water hauls, and a third, just as the eastern sky is beginning to
turn grey, nets only five tons. Although we lay our net around large
schools, the fish are easily frightened by the flaming mesh and dive
under the wings, lea\dng us with an empty bag except for a hundred or
two pounds, which are freed because the amount is too small to trouble
over.

When the final haul is complete we head back toward Monterey to
unload the results of the night's labor. There is a slight mist hanging
low over the bay, hiding the distant hills under its veil, and at last I
discover why the fishermen call Mulligan Hill "The Island"! There
it stands near the beach, the hills in the background shut out by fog,
with the shore line invisible through the morning mist. What more
could one wish for an enchanted isle ; its feet bathed in snowy vapor, a
erown reaching to heaven, and billowy white seas all around ! But all
too soon our reverie is dispersed by the morning sun as it creeps slowly
over the hilltops, evaporating the whisps of moisture drops into an
invisible nothingness.'^

' A thorough description of sardine fishing methods, boats and nets may be
secured from Fish Bulletin No. 19 of the Division of Pish and Game of California,
"Sardine Fishing Methods at Monterey, California," by W. L. Scofleld. This bulletin
may be had free of charge by writing to the California State Fisheries Laboratory,
Terminal Island, California.

Fig. 79. Monterey lampara boat unloading its lighter of sardines into a suction
pump. The lighter may be seen low in the water between the launch and the
suction pump. At the extreme left of the picture is another lighter with about
35 tons of fish. Photograph by J. B, Phillips, January, 1930,

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

241

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conserva-
tion of wild life and published quarterly
by the California Division of Fish and
Game.

Sent free to citizens of the State of
California. Offered In exchange for
ornithological, mammalogical and similar
periodicals.

The articles published In Calikornia
Fish and Game are not copyriglited and
may be reproduced In other periodicals,
provided due credit is given the Cali-
fornia Division of Fish and Game. Edi-
tors of newspapers and periodicals are
Invited to make use of pertinent materia!.

All material for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant, 510 Russ Building,
San Francisco, California.

AUGUST 30, 1930

There is often a difference between
what laws the hunter and angler want
and what laws are most effective In in-
suring a state-wide supply of game and
fish for the hunter and angler.

VOLUNTEER WARDENS HOLD
CONVENTION

The second annual convention of the
volnnteer deputies of the Division of Fish
and Game was held in San Francisco on
April 26 and 27, 1930. All parts of the
state were represented. The morning
session on the opening day was devoted
to the registration of deputies and inter-
views and conferences with bureau heads
of the Division of Fish and Game.

In the afternoon a program of lectures
and discussion was held in the assembly

h;ill of the Merchants Exchange Building.
Various facts of conservation work wore
presented and the status of volunteer war-
dens as law enforcement officials ex-
plained.

The purpose of this convention was to
aci|uaint the volunteer deputies with tlieir
liutics in cooperating with the regular
l)MtroI force of the Division of Fish and
Game and to give them instruction in the
best methods for carrying out of these
duties.

A fine crowd of over a hundred gath-
ered at the banquet ball at the Commer-
cial Club. Albert Lindley of Stockton
acted as toastmaster and addresses were
given by Fred G. Stevenot, director of the
Department of Natural Resources; I. Zel-
lerbach, president of the Fish and Game
Commission ; Eugene Bennett, attorney
for the commission ; Irving ^lartin, presi-
dent of the Stockton Record, and by sev-
eral judges who showed their interest by
attending.

The convention ended with a competi-
tive pistol shoot held on the morning of
April 27 at the Presidio pistol range.

The system of volunteer deputies, in-
augurated in 1926, has grown in impor-
tance until at the present time there are
550 men engaged in this work, exclusive
of the 400 members of the U. S. Forest
Service, who are also in the ranks of the
volunteer game and conservation law en-
forcement ofiicers. These men are under
the direct control of the Division of Fish
and Game, and are required to make reg-
ular monthly reports to the captain in
charge of volunteer deputies.

Fig. 80. Volunteer wardens contesting at pistol shoot, April 27, 1930. Photograph

by E. S. Cheney.

242

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Fig. 81. Winners of volunteer deputies pistol shoot.
San Francisco, April 27, 1930, with cup awarded
as trophy. Captain Walter Welch, in charge of
volunteer wardens, at right. Photograph by E. S.
Cheney.

EDITOR ACCEPTS NEW POST
With this number, editorship of Oat.t-
FORXiA Fish and Game passes into
other hands. Dr. Harold C. Bryant, who
conceived and developed this magazine,
now in its sixteenth volume, has acceptetl
a position as Assistant Director of Na-
tional Parks and will have in charge the
educational and research work for the
park system.

Dr. Bryant began work for the Cali-
fornia Fish and Game Commission in
1911 when he undertook studies on the
I'conomic value of birds. In 1914 he was
placed in charge of of educational, re-
search and publicity work. Slowly this
phase of conservation work was developed
into a strong department with a i)ersonne]
of eleven. Through the medium of lec-

turers, publications and motion pictures,
Californians have been taught about nat-
ural resources and the need for conserv-
ing them. Dr. Bryant made his most
important contribution to conservation
through work in the schools and in sum-
mer resorts. Vacationists are hungry for
information on fish and game, and the
extensive educational program developed
in summer resorts is largely traceable to
Dr. Bryant. Retaining afl51iation with
the University of California, he helped to
]iopnlarize natural liistory through eve-
ning classes and field trips given under
university extension.

California Fish and Game carries to
the i)uhlic current news relative to activi-
ties and accomplishments. Emphasis has
always been placed on the issuance of de-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

243

pcndable information in order to closely
follow the motto "conservation tlirouKli
edncation." A new editorship will not
alter editorial policy.

BAND-TAIL PIGEONS CAUSE DAM-
AGE IN VINEYARDS

In tlic latter part of March word was
received that band-taihnl pigeons were
cansing damage to vineyarcls on the Di
Giorgio farm about 15 miles west of
Bakersfield, Kern County. The DiGiorgio
farm comprises approximately 5000 acres,
consisting of fruit orchards and vine-
yards.

I'igcons first began coming to the vine-
yards about the middle of December. The
nundiers increased until it was estimated
that there were from 150,000 to 200,000
pigeons feeding regularly in the vineyards.
The first flocks arrived at 5.50 a.m. and
the flight continued until approximately
9 o'clock. Damage resulted from the legs
and feet as the birds alighted on or took
off from the vines, in that the new
sprouts were only two or three inches
long. Damage was restricted to malaga
grape vines, since the trellis vineyards
were late in sprouting. Wherever the
birds fed, there was to be found beneath^
the vines thousands of broken-off shoots.
These shoots form the first crop of grapes
and so threatened the crop.

The main attractions in the vineyards
were dricd-up grajx'S which had not been
harvested the year berore. When the
stomachs of pigeons were examined they
were found crammed with raisins. The
number of raisins found varied from three
or four to seventy-six.

It was necessary for the horticultural
commissioner, the U. S. Bureau of Bio-
logical Survey and the Division of Fish
and Ciame to cooperate with the owners
in preventing damage. At first an air-
plane was retained, but this method
proved ineffective. Next the birds were
herded from the orchard by using shot-
guns. Koosting pLaces of the pigeons
were located in the neighboring moun-
tainous district and an effort made to hold
them near these roosts by artificial feed-
ing. Both raisins and grain were used,
but the numbers of birds that remained
to take the artificially placed food did not
adequately reduce the numbers which per-
sisted in going to the vineyards for food.
Failing in this, aid was asked from
sportsmen. Tiiis produced sufficient man
power to keep the birds moving. All con-
trol measures were carefully supervised
by wardens. What few birds were killed
were donated to hospitals.

On April 2 there were still thousands
f)f bii-ds in the air and the situation
seemed almost hopeless, but the following
day fewer birds appeared, and by April 7
the birds entirely disappeared. They left
their roosting places on Bear Mountain
at .-ibout th(! same time.

In attempts to control tlie situation
the Division of Fish and Game spent over
a thousand dollars and the Di CJiorgio
farm a similar amount.

Ljiter in the spring reports of damage
to prunes came from Santa Clara County.
In this instance pigeons were feeding
ui)()n the small green fruit. Though it
was recognized that a certain amount of
thinning is neede<l, yet the breaking of
the new shoots with their attached fruits
caused considerable damage.

Band-tailed i)igeons were first given
total protection by federal law in 191.3.
It has not been until the last few years
that the birds have apix>ared in noticeable
numbers. However, the past two years
there have been numerous reports of
pigeons having been seen in large numbers
in many parts of the state during the
winter season. Past reports of damage
have been restricted largely to cherry
growers. In some instances control meas-
ures have necessarily been instituted to
handle situations where the birds were
destroying crops of cherries.

Eastern newsi);ipers quickly took up
the news that pigef)ns had been found in
countless thousands in California and
intimated that the extinct passenger
pigeon was refound. Numerous letters
poured in to verify these newspaper
statements. The birds concerned were, of
course, western wild pigeons (Columha
fasciata fasciata) and not the species for
which there has been a standing reward
of some .%3,000 for a number of years.

These reports of severe damage have
naturally caused a demand for an open
season. Even though it will seem rea.son-
able to many to care for the situation in
this way. yet too great pressure on this
slow-breeding bird can easily bring back
conditions which existed in 1912 and
1913. The band-tailed pigeon is easily
killed and it can not Avithstand a heavy
toll. As a rule, it lays but a single egg
each year. There is but little evidence
that the birds nest more than once, al-
though the nesting season is spread over
several months. If the season slioidd be
opened, it should be for but a short time
in winter and there should be but a small
bag limit in order that pigeons may not
be diminished to such an extent that it
would take another twenty years to bring
them back in numbers.

244

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF SIZE OF
TROUT CONTROVERSY

For the past several years the sports-
men of the state have been advocating tlie
planting of large-size trout, some advocat-
ing the holding of trout until they are ten
inches in length. On the other hand,
others have continually pointed out the
disadvantages from the standpoint of cost
and loss of wild characteristics. In
order to gather data on this important
subject, the Division of Fish and Game
has planned and built two sets of holding
ponds in southern California. It is ex-
pected that results from careful experi-
ments will help in guiding future effort.
It is quite apparent that conditions vary
so in different parts of the state that tests
should be made before assuming added
costs or changed policies.

NEW PATROL BOAT

The Division's new patrol boat Bluefin,
one of the most completely equipped boats
of its type on the west coast, was
launched at San Diego on May 24, 1930.
Named for the bluefin tuna, one of the
best known game fishes of the waters of
southern California, the patrol boat is 86
feet in length, and while designed for
carrying on the work of patrolling the
ocean fisheries, it is especially equipped
for scientific investigations of marine life.
The boat was constructed at a total cost
of approximately $65,000. The Bluefin
was built by the San Diego Marine Con-
struction Company.

The new boat will be a most useful ad-
dition to the equipment of the Division of
Fish and Game in maintaining a patrol
in the interest of conservation, particu-
larly in checking up on the pollution of
ocean beaches in the southern ijart of the
state.

President I. Zellerbach of the Fish and
Game Commission, Commissioner R. G.
Fernald. N. B. Scofield, in charge of the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and
John L. Farley, executive officer of the
State Division of Fish and Game, were
present at the launching. In the ad-
dresses given, the keynote pertained to the
utilization, perpetuation and investiga-
tion of the fish resources of the sea.

NEW STUDIES ON SALMON AND

TROUT PLANNED
The budget for the next fiscal year will
^arry an item of $7,000 to cover a scien-
tific investigation of the cause of fish de-
pletion in northern California. The mi-
grations of salmon and trout will be stud-
ied. Fish will be trapped on both the
upward and downward movement and
tagged. Censuses covering a number of

years will be made in order to determine
the trend in abundance. Included also
will be studies as to the part played
by natural propagation. Racks have al-
ready been placed in the Shasta River
and i)reliminary plans laid. Scientists
from Leland Stanford Junior University
under the direction of Professor J. O.
Snyder will conduct these investigations.

QUAIL REFUGES BASIS OF
EXPERIMENT

The Fish and Game Commission has
approved a plan to test the part played
by predatory animals in the abundance
of game birds, such as quail. In further-
ance of a recommendation by the Game
Refuge Advisory Committee two quail
refuges will be established in San Diego
County. On one predatory animal con-
trol will be practiced ; on the other no
predatory animals will be killed. Cen-
suses will help determine the effect of
predators on game. This is an added at-
tempt being made to gather accurate data
on game bird problems.

JETTY WORK PROGRESSING

Funds for the construction of the break-
water at the mouth of the Navarro River
have now been transferred to the State
Department. The plans have been com-
pleted and the project was finished early
in the summer, in time to prevent any
stoppage of fish.

It is hoped the Salinas River project
will also be completed though many cir-
cumstances have delayed actual start.

The Russian River jetty funds which
were partially supplied by the fish and
game protection fund has been under con-
struction and will be completed this sum-
mer.

All these projects constitute efforts to
provide better conditions for fish. Migra-
tory species, like the steelhead and sal-
mon, are often unable to reach their
spawning stream during dry years be-
cause of bars of sand which form across
the mouths of rivers. It has been often
shown that the removal of these sand
bars allows the fish to enter the streams.
Sizable sums were appropriated by the
last session of the legislature to remedy
conditions at the mouths of these rivers
named above.

IMPORTANT SCREEN CASE IN COURT

From May 19 to 22, 1930, inclusive,
there was heard before the superior court
of Glenn Countj', Judge H. A. Gans of
Tehama County presiding, the case of
People vs. Glenn-Colusa Irrigation Dis-
trict. This was an action brought by the
Division of Fish and Game to require the

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

245

installation of a fish screen ahead of the
intake pumps of this district where water
is diverted from the Sacramento River.
Tiie matter was suhmitted on briefs.

Tile Commission showed tiiat in nettin;?
") per cent or less of the area of the canal
below the i)umps that several tiiousand
fish were caught, the varieties bein^ sal-
mon and shad, botii adults and tiiifjer-
lings. Over 50 per cent of tlie fish netted
were either injured or killed in goiiif;
through the pumps.

Further testimonj' .showed a gradual
decrease of salmon in the Sacramento
Kiver, with a statement of a witness that
much of this decrease was due to unpro-
tected diversions from the river.

Cost of screen installations were testi-
fied to by Commission witnesses and also
h.v those of the district, the latter present-
ing testimony that cost of installation of
a screen would be about three times that
estimated by the Commission witnesses.
The acreage in the district is 122,000 and
the water diversion considerable.

Since this action was first filed it has
attracted considerable attention, and it
has been referred to by certain parties as
being a test case wnth respect to the
screen bill. Subsequent to the filing of
the action, efforts were made at the last
session of the legislature to pass the cost
of screen installations on to the iJivision
of Fish and Game, relieving the diverters
of water of their obligations in that re-
spect as now covered in the law.

THE COST OF FISH RESTORATION

Nearly $300,000 is spent annually in
California in the production of fish for
stocking streams. Twenty-six hatcheries
and twelve egg-collecting stations are
operated. The angling license fund
rightly supports half the cost of patrol.
The authorized force is composed of 120
dei)uties. These men receive an average
of t$\'>0 per month and their average ex-
pense is ,$110. They should receive pay
more commensurate with the service de-
manded. This cost of patrol is therefore
approximately .$400,000 per annum. Half
is justly chargeable to patrol helpful in
conserving fish, making a total of .$.100,-
OOt), which is annually budgeted to fish
l)ropagation and protection and which is
in excess of the income from angling li-
censes. These figures do not include gen-
eral administration costs nor the cost of
the work on fish screens and ladders, wa-
ter pollution and other work designed to
improve fishing conditions. In the face
of these figures, it is apparent that choice
must be made between numerous recpiests
for new hatcheries, rearing ponds and an

increase in the patrol force, in order that
those things will be done which are most
I>otent in improving conditions. Experi-
ments are continually being made which
will help in making proper adjustments.
It is evident that large increases in ex-
penditure are not justified by the above
facts.

THE PROPOSED TOURIST ANGLER'S
LICENSE

Due to the tremendous influx of motor
tourists who enter California to enjoy the
state's varied glories, a tourist license has
been proposed. It is estimated tlnit in
1020 approximately one million tourists
from other states crossed California's
border. This huge figure is based on for-
eign cars passing through the twenty-
three border stations of the Department
of Agriculture. During June and .July
alone a horde of some 65,000 cars bearing
out-of-state licenses invaded the southern
part of the state, carrying about 208, (XM)
tourists, according to the Automobile
Club of Southern California. In Septem-
ber and October the total reached over
57.000 cars and 100,134 persons.

Advocates of the tourist license system
see in it an opportunity to hold this tre-
mendous tide of motorists within the
borders of the state for a longer period.
By granting these persons the special
consideration of a permit which would
entitle the holder to fish for thirty days at
a reduced rate it is thought that motor-
ists would be induced to remain for sev-
eral days or even a week in a locality
they would otherwise pass up. At the
same time they see increased revenue
from angling licenses.

Through the years the sale of non-
resident angling licenses has never been
great. For the year 1929 the total num-
ber of citizens' angling licenses sold was
224,.582, while but 1841 nonresident li-
censes were sold. This means that less
than two thousand out of a total of nearly
a million visitors were suflBciently inter-
ested in the fishing attractions of the
state to take out a license.

It is the contention of those opposed to
tourist licenses that the increased revenue
would in no wise be sufficient in amount
to offset the additional drain on the
state's angling resources. Under the
theory that every person who takes fish
from a stream must make a just contribu-
tion for restocking that sti-eam, the tour-
ist who takes as many or more fish than
an average resident of the state should
not be entitled to pay less for such a
luivilege. The smallest part of the ex-
pense of angling is the cost of a license.

246

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Two dozen flies or an ordinary trout line
at least cost $3 — the cost of a nonresident
iinfrling license.

Another objection against tourist li-
censes is that they would grant seemingly
unfair advantages due to tlie geographi-
cal nature of California. Take the case
of a citizen of Nevada wiio motors out
fifty miles to catch trout in Lake Tahoe
as against a resident angler in the soutli
who travels some seven hundred miles
northward to fish in the Klamath. It
seems unjust and discriminatory in the
face of such conditions to extend a cut-
rate i)rivilege to the Nevada angler.

Whether a tourist license would impair
fishing and whether it would increase or
decrease revenue are major i>oints to be
considered. So few states have tried it
that practically no data is at hand to
form a basis for even a surmise.

MINNOWS AS BAIT
Fishermen who use minnows as bait
for trout are urged to conform to the
state law which prohibits the use of such
bait except in those cases where the min-
nows have been taken from waters where
the fishing operations are carried on. Ac-
cording to section 632 of the Fish and
Game Laws, it is unlawful for any person
to use goldfish as bait for the purpose of
taking, catching or killing trout or white-
fish, and no person shall use minnows for
said purpose unless such minnows are
native to or have been introduced into the
waters so being fished.

It is of the utmost importance that this
regulation be strictly enforced, because of
the great danger of undesirable species of
fish becoming introduced into trout wa-
ters. Carelessness in the handling of
live minnows, the accidental upsetting of
a minnow pail or the thoughtless releas-
ing of surplus minnows after the comple-
tion of the fishing trip might result in the
introduction of some species, the pres-
ence of which might be most detrimental
to trout.

MINNOW SEINES ILLEGAL
Rlack l)ass fishermen who use li\e min-
nows for bait in the Sacramento-San
Joaquin Valley streams should remem-
ber that the use of minnow seines in the
taking of bait is illegal.

Section 030 of the Penal Code of the
State of California makes it illegal to use
seines for taking iionganie lisli for bait in
the inland waters. Through courtesy to
the sportsmen, this provision of the law
has never been strictly enforced. Recent
flagrant violations have caused officials to
demand that the existing law be rigidly
enforced.

The greatest damage done by the sein-
ers is the destruction of the nests of
spawning spiny-rayed fishes, which in-
clude the black bass and perch. These
fish si)awn in the .shallow areas where
minnows are most plentiful, and the
pulling of seines over the spawning beds
i-esults in the destruction of nests.

The enforcement of this law will not
work a hai'dsliip on tlie sjiortsmen who
depend upon the use of minnows for bait,
because it is legal to use dip nets in tak-
ing bait, provided the dip nets are not
greater than six feet in greatest breadth
and are not baited.

LOANING OF LICENSES DECRIED

At a recent meeting of the Klamath
Si)()i tsmen's Association a resolution was
p;iss(Hl condemning the i)ractice, which is
becoming rather prevalent in that section
of the state, of sportsmen owning a Cali-
fornia hunter's license loaning it to a
friend who desires to go across the state
line to hunt.

The practice not only is unsportsman-
like, but it is dangerous, exposing both
the borrower and the lender to prosecu-
tion if detected. The Klamath sportsmen
are to be commended for the action taken,
and it is to be expected that they will
follow up the resolution with a measur-
able amount of vigilance to see that those
who would thus "accommodate" a friend
are shown the error of their ways. — West-
ern Out-of-Doors, April, 1930.

PLENARY POWERS FOR DIVISION
PROPOSED INITIATIVE
MEASURE

During April there was filed with the
Att(n-ney General an initiative measure
seeking a complete reorganization of the
California Fish and (Jame Commission
and the granting of full plenary powers.
The measure is sponsored by "California
Conservationists." The Associated Sports-
men of California and the Izaak Walton
League have combined in supporting the
legislation.

Cnder the terms of the projiosed act. a
lisli and game commission of five, instead
of three members, would have the power
to shorten the open season in various dis-
tricts or to declare closed seasons for the
conservation of the wild life of the state.
(Jenei'al functions such as the i)ower to
fix hunting or fishing license fees would
be lift with the legislature. The maxi-
mum limits for open seasons in the vari-
ous i)arts of the state w^ould be set by
the legislature, but the new Fish and
(lame Commission would be empowered to
alter the limits.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

247

The commissioners, under the act, will
be named for six-year terms by the Gov-
ernor. No person wiio is connected in
any way with any business subject to
ri'jiuliitiun by the Coniniission will be eli-
gible to apiioiiitinent to that body.

To put the proposition on the ballot
will require 91,529 signatures, which is 8
per cent of the votes cast at the last
general election.

IN MEMORIAM

ALAN G. CURRY

Willi thf tragic passing of Alan G.
Curry on Ai)ril rJO. 193U, tlie Fish and
Game Coniniission lost a young, etticient
enforcement officer known and admired by
the whole force. A mother and brother
in San P"'rancisco mourn his loss.

Alan Curry was born in San Francisco
August 15, 1!)0(), and spent his boyjiood
days in his native city and at Hayward,
in Alameda County. Though delicate as
an infant, he developed into an active boj'
interested in animal life and devoted to
pigeon raising. Later he became a manu-
facturer's representative in San Fran-
cisco. In 1925 Curry was appointed a

volunteer warden and because of his out-
standing activity and interest was em-
ployed on the regular patrol force in 1928.
'i'lirougii his impartial enforcement of the
law he often made a friend out of tiie vio-
lator. He was admired by all for his
courage and fearlessness. Judges who
tiied his cases complimented him on the
evidence presente<l and the manner of con-
duct of the case.

Everyone admired his unusual energy
and unfailing cheerfulness. Few have put
more earnestness into the work or made
more true friends. One comforting
tlioiiglit is that he died in service doing a
work lie loved and in which he strongly
believed. A thought with opposite import
is that, his life was .sacrificed because a
violator did not wish to lose a new .$500
net.

GAME WARDENS LOSE LIVES DOING
DUTY

It was only two years ago that these
pages recorded the death of a deputy fish
and game commissioner shot down in ccdd
blood by a violator of game laws record-
ing the sixth murder of a state game
warden since 1913. Now there must be
added to tliis list of men who were shot
down while in performance of duty two
more — Deputy Alan G. Curry of San
Francisco and former Deputy John Burke
of San Mateo County.

On the night of April 29 Deputy Curry
and Burke, as volunteer helper, acting on
reliable information that a fisherman,
Anton J. Anderson of Crockett, a long-
time violator (convicted and fined six
times since 1918). was using nets illegally
in South San Francisco Bay, secured a
skilf and rounded up the violator. Ander-
son had a new $500 net and so hated to
have it confiscated that he killed both
officers. Curry was shot in the back
twice with a Browning automatic shot-
gun, apparently while he was attempting
to untie the skiff containing the net to
take it into South San Francisco. The
gun jammed, and, procuring a revolver.
Jack Burke was shot once through the
heart. Meantime, Anderson was shot four
times, twice through the lungs. Ander-
son, with the two dead bodies and se-
verely wounded himself, drove bis launch
to Fisiierman's Wharf, San Franci.sco,
where he arrived a few hours later. Here
he was arrested and removed to the
Emergency Hospital, where he showed
signs of recovery. In his deposition
given San Francisco police, he said that
Curry lived for a time and asked for a
drink of water and to bo taken to the

248

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

hospital. Burke was kUled instantly. An-
derson is a giant in stature and strength.
This alone enabled him to reach port.
Unfortunately, Anderson is the only liv-
ing witness of the shooting, and if he re-
covers San Mateo officials will set a trial.

San Francisco new.spapers intimated
that the fi.sherman might have been right
and the officers at fault. The law defi-
nitely states that it is the duty of the
Fish and Game Commission to inspect
regularly all boats and receptacles whei'e
game or fish may be stored and to confis-
cate nets use<l illegally. President Zel-
lerbach issued a statement explaining that
Curry was acting in the course of his
duty and had a legal right to search the
boat and arrest the owner for law viola-
tion.

Again it has been shown that though
tlie enforcement of fish and game laws is
dangerous, game wardens are fearless and
do their duty. The pity is that lives are
sacrificed in proving this statement.

CALIFORNIA GAME BREEDERS

An increased interest in the propaga-
tion of pheasants in captivity, under li-
cense from state authorities, is manifest
from recent reports. All breeders of game
birds are licensed and are i-equired to
make an annual report of their activities.

A check of the returns from licenses
granted during the year 1929 discloses
that 329 operators in the State of Cali-
fornia are engaged in the breeding of
game birds for profit. A marked increase
has been shown from year to year in the
number of applicants for licenses.

Quail, pheasants and ducks are the
species most commonly reared in captivity
by the breeders. At the end of the 1929
season owners throughout the state had
on hand 4240 quail, 5132 pheasants and
1049 ducks. The quail were representa-
tive of several species, including the na-
tive mountain and valley varieties, as
well as many exotic forms. Pheasants
in the possession of breeders were chiefly
ringneeks, but many of the rarer varieties
were also owned by the fanciers.

Most of the owners of ducks confine
their attentions to mallards, for a total
of 739 birds of that sp(>cies were reported.
In addition, many of the more migratory
species were represented. Breeders re-
ported that 75 of the beautiful wood
ducks, once so abundant in California,
were being held as breeding stock.

In conjunction with the state game
farms, the private breeders of game birds
are doing a fine work in the restocking of
game covers. A majority of the game
species sold by the breeders go to land-

owners who liberate them on their prem-
ises for the purpose of restocking shot-
out cover.

THE AGE OF STRIPED BASS

The determination of the age of fish by
a microscopic examination of the scales is
not a new idea, but the adoption of that
method to striped bass has only recently
been undertaken in California. Frank
Lamb, a San Francisco sportsman, re-
cently sent some scales from a forty-four
Iiouud striped bass to the Division of Fish
and Game to settle an argument as to the
age of the fish. The scales were turned
over to E. C. Scofield at the California
State Fisheries Laboratory at Terminal
Island, who made the examination. It
was determined that the striped bass from
which the scales were taken was in in its
seventeenth year. According to the re-
port from Scofield, this fish was one of
the oldest that has ever been examined
from local waters.

The big striped bass, from the informa-
tion received through Lamb, was forty-
seven and one-half inches long and twenty-
eight inches in girth. It was a female
and contained two and one-half pounds
of roe.

The Division of Fish and Game is par-
ticularly interested in this age demon-
stration of big striped bass, and anglers
who forward scales taken from the big
fish they have taken will receive a prompt
report on the age of the fish.

A SPORTSMAN'S VIEW OF THE DUCK
SITUATION

What has become of the ducks? Steward
Edward White is of the opinion that over-
shooting is the main cause. In The Sat-
urday Evening Post for May 10, 1930,
he writes as follows :

"Far down the long stretch of the val-
ley and the coast are thousands of entic-
ing ponds and sloughs and marshes now
inhabited solely by mud hens and grebes
and a few spatters. And this is im-
portant : In my own knowledge, and only
a few years ago, the ducks were as
abundant in all these now deserted places
as they are at the present concentration
points. I know what I am talking about,
for I have seen.

"This is a curious situation — an unfor-
tunate one, in that it tends to confuse the
issue. Other game, when overshot, thins
out. We find our quail distributed over
the same country, but in twos and threes
instead of in thousands. Ducks we have
still in the thousands, but in only a few
localities. If we visited only those lo-
calities we would believe them to be as

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

249

nbuiidant as ever. If we avoided those
localities we might conclude there were
no ducks at all. The concentrations, by
the way, are due jiartly to reclaiming of
larf;e areas of marshland, but n)ostly to
the planting of rice fields and to artificial
feeding. ^laps shaded to indicate wild-
fowl population at ten-year intervals
would show a shrinkage and a separation
of aroas analogous to the evaporation of
a body of water. To point out the con-
centration places as indicative of abund-
ance is lik(> itointing to two or three
shrunken puddles in the aridity of what
had once b(>eu a wide, unbroken sea, and
saying triumphantly : 'See ! The water
is just as wet as it ever was !' And as
the center of density of the ducks has
drawn in and concentrated, where before rt
was spread evenly over a great territory,
so, following them, the army of duck
shooters has drawn in and concentrated.
Men think nothing of driving hundreds of
miles to their blinds. Los Angeles shoot-
ers go regularly to points far north of San
Francisco. Airplanes are rapidly coming
into use. To make it complete, though
the numbers of the ducks have decreased,
that of the hunters has greatly aug-
mented. When I was a boy only a few
men of each community went afield. Now,
what with the motor car and fashion —
especially fashion — an incredible number
of the male and many of the female popu-
lation go a-ducking, and many of them do
not even know what a sportsman is, or
care. A hundred now hunt ducks where
yesterday was but one; today there is one
duck where yesterday there were a hun-
dred.

"It is a campaign of attrition. In over-
use of anything the cycle is plain. First
we get along on our income. Then there
comes a time when, in order to produce
our desired quota, we add to the amount
of the income a bit of the principal. The
reduced princijial naturally produces less
income next year; so we have to use a
little more principal to make up the re-
(piired sum. And so on. For a while,
if we are sufficiently chuckleheaded,
things seem all right, and, if questioned,
we stoutly maintain our complete sol-
vency. But the process has a disconcert-
ing acceleration to it at a certain point.
We seem to go broke over night, so to
speak, so that we are dazed by the appar-
ent suddenness of catastrophe, and can
not believe it attributable to natural
causes. We have been robbetl, and we
rush about shrieking random accusa-
tions."

ARE DEER HUNTERS DETERIO-
RATING?

The deer hunters of the State of Cali-
fornia were not such good shots during
the season of 1!)20 as they were during
the season of 1028, according to the fig-
ures compiled by the Division of Fish and
Oanie from the deer tags returned. Un-
der the state l:iw all hunters who are suc-
cessful in their efforts are required to
make a return to the state agency.

In 1928 the deer hunters of California
.accounted for 21,.^l.'j deer. In the season
just passed a total of 21.222 buck deer
were killed. I'.ased upon the supposi-
tion that each hunter only killed one deer,
which is not altogether true, since many
shooters were successful in getting the
two bucks allowed them by law, one deer
was killed by every 4.98 hunters in 1928.

During the season of 1929. however,
there was a marked falling off in the suc-
cess of the hunters. The ratio between
the number of deer killed and the num-
ber of hunters was one deer to every ~>A4
hunters. Since there was no marked dif-
ference in the total number of deer killed
in the state, the inference would be that
the shooters of the entire state were less
proficient during 1929 than they were in
1928.

QUAIL REFUGES URGED

In an effort to restock the game fields
of the State of California with the na-
tive California quail, Capt. Walter R.
Welch has appealed to the 550 volunteer
workers in his department to aid in the
establishment of inviolate sanctuaries
throughout the range of these birds.

All volunteer deputies have been asked
to call upon the farmers in their com-
munities and to urge them to voluntarily
set aside, as a quail sanctuary, at least
one ravine, gulch, or canyon on their
lands in which quail now exist, and where
water, feed and cover for the birds can be
found. No shooting is to be done on these
sanctuaries for a period of at least three
years.

It is believed that if a sufficient num-
ber of these quail sanctuaries can be es-
tablished, and if the birds are afforded
water, feed, cover and protection, many
acres of suitable quail habitat within the
state can be satisfactorily restocked with
(|uail within the next few years without
the necessity of chiinging the present law.
or the expense of establishing state quail
refuges or farms or importing quail.

If the farmers and landowners will es-
tablish quail sanctuaries on their lands

250

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

they can maintain a supply of quail, and
at tiic saino timo on joy quail shooting on
the lands surrounding their sanctuaries.
I'uder these circumstances quail will be
an asset to their property.

ADDITIONAL CLAMS NEED PROTEC-
TION

During my boyhood days it was an easy
matter to scrajjc out with a rake a couple
of hundred good-sized clams in almost
any tidal estuary along San Diego Bay.
Today clams are practically extinct, and
this appears to be due solely to the in-
vasion of indiscriminate clam diggers —
mainly foreigners.

The accompanying photograph is that
of 332 Chione fluctifrafia seized by Dep-
uty E. H. Glidden on March 17, 1930.
They proved to be not the species that
are protected by law. The law should be
extended to include all cockles, regardless
of their specific status. All are edible
and deserve protection. As it stands, the
one called Paphia staminea is the only
protected species and is incidentally one
of the rarest. It will be noted in the
picture the extreme size, both largest and
smallest, of the specimens taken. Appar-
ently the Japanese, from whom they were
taken, spared nothing in the shape of a
clam that was turned out by his rake.
Such severe combing of the clam popula-

tion along our sloughs and beaches un-
(|uestionably will exterminate all of the
species before long, and I feel that this
situation should be most strongly voiced
to the lawmakers and adequate protec-
tion taken for all species, not only pro-
tection regulating the size taken, but the
season in which they may be taken also.
— Laurence M. Iluey, San Diego, Cali-
fornia.

ANOTHER SHIPMENT OF HUNGARIAN
PARTRIDGES RECEIVED

There arrived at the State Game Farm
in February 523 Hungarian partridges.
Only eleven died en route. It will be re-
membered that a year ago a large ship-
ment was received at Los Angeles and
were distributed by airplane. The pres-
ent shipment were retained at the Yount-
ville Game Farm and then were released
in various suitable localities in the north-
( rn part of the state. One shipment of
birds was released on the Parrott Grant,
west of Chico, and another in the foot-
hills near Oroville.

LARGE TROUT GIVES RECORD NUM-
BER OF EGGS

It is reported that a large Klamath
River rainbow, length 35i inches, estim-
mated weight 25 pounds, caught on
Beaver Creek and spawned by James L.

Fig. 82. 332 cockles, Chiunc ftuctifraga, confiscated from cUim digger, south end
San Diego Bay, March 17, 1930, by Deputy E. H. Glidden. Like many other
species of clam this will disappear unless better protection is afforded it.
Photograph by L. M. Huey.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

251

Stinnott. Riivc 4.S oiincos of orks wliich iil
1!)() l<> I lie otincc makos 0120 okKs. The
fish, after liciti^' spawned, was i-ct iii-iic(l to
tlir stream.

DEPUTIES ISSUE INFORMATION
CARDS

Southern Califoinia (lei)Mties lieaded by
Capt. C. S. Bander believe that law en-
forcement can be lmi)roved throuKli mIu-
f-ation. Suiting action to the word, they
have had iirinted a TUiniber of cards, sam-
ples of which follow. Placed in the hands
of those whom the warden meets tiiey are
read, and thonght tnrned in the right di-
rection. Tlie reaction to this endeavor
lias Iieen most favorable.

Game fish are defined by the Fish
and Game Uiws of Galifornia, as tal-
lows: Tuna, yellow tail, jewfish or
black sea bass, albacorc, barracuda,
bonita, rock bass, California whiting
(also known as corbina and surf fish),
yellow-fin croker, spot-fin croaker, sal-
mon, steelhead and other trout, charr,
whitcfi.sh, striped bass, black bass,
crappie, calico bass, and all varieties
of sunfishes. It is a mi.sdemeanor to
fi.sh for or catch any of these fish with-
out first having obtained an angling
license. Failure to have a license will
subject you to arrest. Get a license
first and enjoy your fishing trip.

Funds to carry on fish and game
conservation work are obtained through
the licenses sold. Observe the fish and
game laws and help protect the wild
life resources.

DEPUTIES OF THE PATROL DEPT.,
CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF FISH
AND GAME.

Tel

Tel

No. 1

Licensed hunters reported 21,220
legal deer killed in California during
the 1929 season. If the fish and game
laws of this State are observed, com-
ing generations will enjoy the same
sport that we do noi\-. The work of
the Division of Fi.sh and Game is car-
ried on with funds obtained through
sale of licenses. If you see a violation
report it to the office of the Division of
Fish and Game, 1119 Associated Realty
Builiiing, Los Angeles, or to the near-
est deputy.

Your cooperation in apprehending

violators will be greatly appreciated by

DEPUTIES OF THE PATROL DEPT.,

CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF FISH

AND GAME.

Tel

Tel

No. 3

In 1910 the Fish and Game Laws of
California provided an open season of
four months for hunting valley quail.
Todav the quail season is limited to
one month. WHAT ABOUT TO-

MORROW? Do you want yr)ur out-
door sport confined to croquet and
golf?

The p-ish and Game Laws must be
observed to provide game for the fu-
ture. If you see a violation, report it
immediately to the office of the Di-
vision oT Fish and Game. 1119 Asso-
ciated Realty Building, Los Angeles,
or to the nearest deputy. Your cooper-
ation in apprehending violators will
he greatly appreciated.

DEPUTIES OF THE PATROL DEPT.,
CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF FISH
AND GAME.

Tel

Tel

No. 4

HUNTERS BAG 3428 KIABAB DEER

It will be renieml)ered tliat for se\eral
years a fight was made to improve condi-
tions on the Kiabab Plateau, where in-
vestigators learner] that there was an
overpopulation of deer and that a severe
winter would cause the deatii of many.
It was finally decided to allow hunters to
take the surplus of deer. Hunting cabins
were established and under tiie direction
of the Forest Service, hunters were per-
mitted to kill two deer. The 1020 season
was of ten weeks' duration, and only one
of the two deer allowed could be a buck.
An extra fee of $1.50 was charged, to
be used exclusively for expenses in con-
nection with the proper handling of the
hunt and tlie furnishing of salt for deer.
On the day before the opening of the .sea-
son there were 170 hunters waiting to be
checked in at the Ryan checking station.
Hunters experience<l little diflSculty in
securing their deer.

There were five camps establislied for
the hunters, and in each camj) a forest
officer as well as a deputy game warden
were in charge. Tlie hunters were en-
thusiastic about the deer and about the
method in which this hunt was conducted.
this being the only place in Arizona where
supervised hunting is held. The fact that
2M72 hunters bagged 3428 deer without a
single fatality and with but one accident
speaks very well for the efficiency of the
management of the hunt. There were
hunters from twenty-one different states.

252

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

SEEKS BETTER PROTECTION FOR
PHEASANTS

C. R. Bell of Los Angeles recently
wrote the Division of Fish and Game as
follows :

"I am extremely interested in the pro-
duction of Chinese pheasants, but solely
for the purpose of the liberation of the
birds. With my brother, in the Owens
Valley, just a short distance above Inde-
liondence. I have liberated 1000 birds
within the last three years. And, while
(lur experience was one of disappoint-
ment last year, as owing to changeable
w(>:ilher conditions we had a very ma-
terial loss in young birds, we hope to
produce and liberate in excess of 1000 this
coming season.

"The thought has occurred to me, how-
ever, that with the rapidly increasing
number of people who frequent the Owens
Valley, especially in the hunting season,
and with the lai-ge number of hunters
who really do not know what a Chinese
])h('asant or a Hungarian partridge is, it
would be a good idea to place some con-
spicuous sign along the roadside or ad-
jacent to the fields wherein the birds are
most abundant, reading something as fol-
lows :

WARNING !

CHINESE PHEASANT AND HUN-
GARIAN PARTRIDGES

Liberated in this District.

Severe Penalty for Killing

at any time.

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

Faithful to his promise, Mr. Bell erected
roadside signs as indicated in the accom-
panying photograph. What if everybody
took as much interest and followed his
words with suitable action ! The state is
indebted to this friend of birds.

CONCENTRATION LIMITS HUNTING
Tlie results of a survey of migratory
wild-fowl conditions prevailing during the
last hunting season, made by the Ameri-
can Wild Fowlers, has been compiled and
distributed and the information it con-
tains is particularly interesting because
of great variation of the reports, says the
American Game Protective Association
news service. The compilation contains
fifty-one reports, forty-two of them being
from wardens and other officers concerned
with game administration, and nine from
club members and others. Of the game
officers reporting, ten reported an increase
in waterfowl, twenty-two average con-
ditions, and ten a decrease. All others
reported a decrease. Reports wei-e re-
ceived from all parts of the country.

From the far west reports are uniformly
discouraging, the only encouragement be-
ing a statement that duck sickness, which
has been responsible for such a tremendous
loss of birds in that region, has not been
serious recently. In California several
reports coincide in the statement that
practically the only marshland left suit-
able for duck feeding areas is that which
is held by duck clubs for shooting pre-
serves. Unfortunately, most of the area
formerly used by ducks and now drained

'' # CHINESE PHEASANT /Sb HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE

LIBERATED IH THIS DISTRICT

SEVERE PENALTY fi KILLING

AT ANY TIME

CALIFORNIA FISH & GAME COMMISSION

IM

■■*■

Fio. 83. Sign erected In Inyo County to give better protection to pheasants.

Photograph by C. R. Bell.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

253

is used for agriculture and can never be
restored. Several club members, re-
ferring to the Imperial Valley, say that
the decrease in ducks has been tremendous.
One writes that they have now about live
birds to every hundred we had twenty-
five years ago ; another puts it as low as
three, and a third, more pessimistic than
the rest, places the ratio at one to one
thousand.

In the middle west region, embracing
states east of the Rocky Mountains and
west of the Mississippi Valley, reports
were general that there was a decrease,
except in Montana and a notable excep-
tion in Kansas, where birds resorted in
countless numbers, probably owing to im-
provetl feeding conditions.

In the north central region a more
nearly average flight was reported, al-
though a persistent decrease covering a
period of years was indicated.

In the southei-n Mississippi Valley re-
ports were most conflicting. Ducks evi-
dently resorted to especially favorable
feeding areas in great numbers, from some
of which distressing reports of slaughter
have come. A marked conflict occurs in
reports from Reelfoot Lake, U. S. game
protectors reporting the season's kill at
from 125,000 to 150,000 for the season
1927-28, which was reduced to from 100,-
000 to 120,(X)0 last season, while the state
game warden estimated the kill last sea-
son at about 300,000.

On the Atlantic coast the reports indi-
cate that good shooting was confined
largely to baited grounds. This practice
prevails throughout the entire Atlantic
coast, on the lUiinois River and the
.southern Mississippi Valley on ground
controlled by clubs. Complaints were
general that shooting was unsatisfactory
on unbaited grounds. It is argued by
those who favor baiting that where shoot-
ing is done in moderation it is better for
wild fowl to find feed than to find none.

These reports are obviously not to be
completely relied upon as indicating the
waterfowl situation accurately, but they
do indicate the general trend toward lim-
iting waterfowl shooting to smaller areas
coiitnilled by clubs and individuals. — The
American Field, September 28, 1929, p.
292.

MOUNTAIN LIONS NOT WHOLLY RE-
SPONSIBLE FOR LOSS OF DEER

Hunters and fishermen who find the
carcasses of dead deer in the mountains
should not jump at the conclusion tliat
these animals have been killed by moun-
tain lions, according to Jay C. Bruce,
lion hunter for the division. During the

winter season, when the food supply is
necessarily limited, many deer die from
natural causes and disease.

The estimate of the state fish and game
body on the number of deer in the state
is 400,000. It is also estimated that fully
one-half of the total numiier are does,
fully protected by law. If the natural
lifetime of a deer is ten years, it is as-
sumetl that thou.sands of deer die eact
year from natural death, aside from thos€
that succumb to disease or die from lack
of adequate food.

It too frequently happens that people
in the mountains come across the re-
mains of deer that have died from old age
or other natural causes and immediately
arrive at the conclusion that these ani-
mals have been killed by predatory
animals. While it is of the utmost im-
portance that the depredations of moun-
tain lions should be reported to hunters
at once, unmistakable evidence that lions
have been at work should be found before
calling for the help of the state lion
hunter.

WANTED— A HOME FOR ELK

In 1915 the California Academy of Sci-
ences attempted to better the condition
of the remaining herd of California val-
ley elk in Kern County by distributing
small herds to some nineteen different
parks and reservations in the state. At
this time a number of elk were placed on
the property of the Pacific Improvement
Company at Pacific Grove. Within two
or three years continual i-eports of dam-
age resulted in the capture of twenty of
these animals and their removal to the
Swanston property, northwest of Wood-
land. Mr. Swanston, a cattleman, had of-
fered a safe refuge for the animals.

Within the past year this property has
changed hands, and the new ovraer now
claims that the eighty head of elk on the
proi)erty eat so much forage and destroy
so much fence that he is anxious to be
rid of them.

We hate to believe it, but apparently a
fenced refuge, state owned, is the only
practical solution of caring for the rem-
nant of dwarf elk still left in the state.

A CODE OF ETHICS ADOPTED

The I'lumas-Sierra Fish. Game and
Forest Protective Association recently
adoi)ted a code of ethics. Each member
who voted for its adoption also subscribed
to it for his own personal guidance and
conduct, and no negative votes were cast.
Facli new member of the association is
presented with a ci)|iy with his menibei--
ship card.

254

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

This oiKunization is one having for its
main purpose cooperation with the Di-
vision of Fish and Game in conserving and
propagatin;; fisli and game, and the code
indicates that by cooperation this organi-
zation has in niiiul the literal application
of the term.

CODE OF ETHICS

Realizing that the above purposes and
objects can not be attained without the
higliest standards of true sportsmansliip,
our membersliip docs hereby adopt and
subscribe to tlie following Code of Ethics
for our personal guidance and conduct :

We pledge ourselves :

To obey all fish and game laws ;

To prevent violations by others when-
ever possible ;

To report any violations which may
cDnio to our attention ;

'J'o cDuperate with our game wardens
in (he performance of their duties. (Ke-
lucmbcr they are protecting our property,
working for our interests.) ;

To keeji informed on the fish and game
laws and lielp educate the other fellow;

To always give truthful information re-
garding fishing and hunting conditions to
anyone seeking such ;

To never take fish or game that we
have no use for (that is, for ourselves or
for our friends), and never waste fish or
game ;

To quit when our limit is taken and
never fill out the other fellow's ;

To buy a license before going fishing or
hunling, and deer tags before going after
a buck ;

To fish no closed waters ;

To return all fish under six inches in
length, unless they have been hooked too
badly to permit their surviving. (Wlien
returning fish, handle them with wet
hands.) ;

To abstain from the use of salmon eggs
or any fish roe or spawn as a bait when-
ever it is possible for us to catch fish on
any other lure. (The use of salmon eggs
and roe, etc., teaches trout to eat their
own eggs, thus cutting down natural re-
production.) ;

To abstain from fisliing spawning beds
or taking spawning fish. (Female trout
carry from 250 to 12,000 eggs, depending
on the species.) ;

To always kill all snakes, including
water snakes. These are the trout's worst
enemy ;

To refrain from using boats or prop-
erty of others without first securing per-
mission ;

To never shoot at any moving object
presuming it to be game. (Be sure, not
sorry.) ;

To slioot only when at a range assur-
ing a kill, trying not to cripple or maim
wild game ;

To refrain from "cleaning out" a covey
or natural game refuge, even though not
established by law ;

To consider firearms as loaded at all
times, and thereby avoid accidents ;

To lielp preserve our forests and pre-
vent fires ;

To clean up our camping grounds and
put out our camp fires before leaving;

To throw out no cigarettes or cigars
from our car or elsewhere when in the
forests ;

To remember to be a sportsman — a true
sjwrtsman — not just a meat hunter.

Keniember our slogan : "Sportsmen
true, whate'er you do, conserve."

MICHIGAN TROUT TAGGING REPORT

Brown trout are practically nonmigra-
tory ; brook trout are conservatory mi-
grants, and rainbow trout are migratory
to the point where they are essentially
"open-water" fish. These are three of
the many conclusions reached by the late
Dr. Jan Metzelaar, fisheries expert of
Michigan's department of conservation,
following a year of experiments with trout
tagging. The report was filed but two
days before Dr. Metzelaar was drowned
in Grand Lake, Presque Isle County, the
last week in September.

Since 192S, when the experiments be-
gan. 6721 trout were tagged and 120
have been recovered, less than 2 per cent.
Of those recovered (jO were brook trout,
25 were brown trout, and 44 were rain-
bows. Twenty-five records of recovered
drowned trout failed to show any migra-
tion. Sixty recovered brook trout show
that this species "is a very conservative
migrant and the extent of its travels
bears a certain relation to its age and
size."

The most spectacular feature of the ex-
periments occurred during the past sum-
mer with the recovery of three rainbows,
tagged in the Little Manistee River, on
the Wisconsin side of Lake Michigan sev-
eral hundred miles away. These records
tend to show "that the adult rainbows of
the Great Lakes are essentially fish of
the large open waters where they can ob-
tain abundant food."

Several additional conclusions were ob-
tained by Dr. Metzelaar through the re-
covery of tagged fish.

"All the rainbow trout were wild fish,
trapped while ascending certain streams
of western Michigan. On the other hand,
the majority of the brook and brown trout
used in these experiments were hatchery

CALIFORNIA FISU AND GAME

255

reared. All the brown trout and about
350 brook trout were lar^e tish ; the bal-
ance were yearling brook trout. The 'old'
brook trout ranged from thirteen to six-
teen inches and were all planted on De-
cember 12, 15)28, in the Au Sable »ys-
tem," Dr. Metzelaar said in his report,
explaining the source of the tagged fish.
"The validity of experiments on migra-
tion with hatchery tish may, of course, be
questioned. We have keenly realized tlie
objections against this method and have
tried to duplicate the work with wild
fish." Dr. Metzelaar succeeded in tagging
1:^4 wikl trout on the spawning bed, but
said this method was impractical for
wholesale purposes. "Whenever a brook
trout was recovered at a considerable dis-
tance from the point where it was re-
leased, it was invariably " large fish. 'In
other words,' said the report, "the tish
which had been reared in the hatchery for
the longest period showed the strongest
migrations. This fact did not prove true
with brown trout. Most of the recap-
tures of tagged fish occurred in heavily
fished western Michigan creeks. A single
fish was recovered in certain Upper Pe-
ninsula streams."

The fact that conspicuously few trout
have been recovered from certain streams
draining directly into Lake Superior
seems to indicate that migrational move-
ments among the trout of these streams
are much stronger developed than in
streams of lower latitude in Michigan,
according to the report.

Detailing migrations of brook trout, Dr.
Metzelaar's report shows that, of GO fish
recaptured, 6 were of large trout ; 5 of
these were caught from one and a half to
twelve miles down stream in the Au
Sable system ; 38 were recovered within
Dili' mile fi-um the place where planted,
and the remaining 15 fish had either
shifted slightly upstream or had moved
downstream not more than four miles.

Kainbows ascend certain western Mich-
igan streams to spawn, but just how long
the young ones dwell in these streams be-
fore following their parents to the lake
has not yet been determined, the report
indicates. Of 42 rainbows recovered. 2U
were males and 13 were females.

The trout were marked with a small
number tag of noncorrosive metal, the
length of which, when locke<l, is nine-
sixteenths of an inch. Trial attachments
of the tag to the caudal fin proved un-
.successful. The majority of the trout
were marked on the gill cover, provided
the texture of this part permitted the at-
tachment.— The American Field, October
19, 1929, p. 377.

SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON WILD LIFE
RESOURCES OF THE UNITED
STATES SENATE.

A special committee of the United
States Senate has been appointed to in-
vestigate all matters pertaining to the re-
placement and conservation of wild life
(including aquatic and bird life) with a
view to determining the most appropri-
ate methods for carrying out such pur-
poses, together with its recommendations
for the necessary legislation.

The committee has been instructed to
report its findings to the Senate as soon
as possible and not later than the begin-
ning of the first regular session of the'
next Congress. It has been given full
power to call witnesses and take testi-
mony under oath and also to call for the
production of all data in connection with
tlie subject. This action by the Senate is
the broadest and most comprehensive yet
taken to conserve the birds, fish and wild
animals of our nation.

The activities of the committee will
necessarily cover a vast range of subjects,
including federal game reservations, bird
sanctuaries, wild life in our national
liarks and forests, the problem of migra-
tory birds, of upland birds, of predatory
animals and of fishes of the Atlantic, Pa-
cific, gulf and inland waters. The study
will also have to deal with the seal indus-
try, the fish industry, the fur industry
and all others connected with wild ani-
mal, aquatic and bird life. The plan of
the committee is to make an exhaustive
study of all of these problems and of the
laws connected with them. To do this
they will call upon the Biological Survey
and the commissioners of bird sanctuaries
and game reservations of the Department
of Agriculture ; the Bureau of i^isheries
of the Department of Commerce; the na-
tional parks and national monuments of
the Department of the Interior ; the state .
depaitments of game and fisheries and all
national organizations in any way con-
nected with the subject.

This is a research work of very large
proportions and will probably require a
year or more to assemble, classify and di-
gest in facts. After all riH'ommendations
fnmi governmental, individual and private
sources have been assembled and studied,
it is the intention of the commission to
recommend to the United States Senate
any changes or additions that they con-
sider necessary in or to existing laws per-
taining to conservation.

The committee is strictly nonpartisan.
In the appointment of it, Vice President
Curtis chose not only those senators

256

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

whom he considered best qualified, but he
also endeavored to distribute his selection
{geographically. The Pacific states, the
Atlantic states, the mountainous states,
the central and southern states, and those
adjacent to the Canadian border are all
represented.

Senator Frederic C. Walcott is chair-
man. He was for seven years president
of the Connecticut State Board of Fish
and Game and was chairman of the State
Water Commission. He has been a leader
for many years in iiavestigations having
to do with the conservation and preserva-
tion of game in various parts of the
countrj'.

Senator Harry B. Hawes, vice chair-
man, has been a widely known authority
on fish and game for twenty-five years.
He is the author of the Upper Mississippi
Wild Life, Fish and Game Refuge Bill,
which was the first constructive measure
involving the direct expenditure of gov-
ernment money for reclamation and con-
servation of the waters of the upper Mis-
sissippi Itiver. He is also the author of
various other bills relating to the preser-
vation of fish and game and is a member
representing the Senate on the. Migratory
Bird Commission. As a member of Con-

gress he was spokesman for the Izaak
Walton League.

Senators Hawes and Walcott are the
authors of the present bill on wild life
resources. The other members of the
coniuiiitee are as follows:

Senator Key Pittman, who is now be-
ginning his eighteenth year in the United
States Senate, has been identified with
national legislation in relation to fish and
game conservation throughout his career.
Part of his early life was spent in Alaska,
where he took prominent part in the gold
rush as prosecuting attorney at Nome.
He is thoroughly familiar with the na-
tional park, national forest and game
sanctuaries of America.

Senator Charles L. McNary has uni-
formly supported wild life conservation.
He is the author of the Fish and Wild
Life Refuge Bill and the amended Alaska
game laws. Senator McNary is chair-
man of the Committee on Agriculture and
has in this capacity become an authority
on the farmers' needs in the matter of
conservation.

Senator Peter Norbeck is likewise with
Senator Hawes on the Migratory Bird
Commission. He is author of the bill
creating this commission. He was also

Fig. 84. I'rong-horned antelope, t'hotograph by E. S. Cheney, May, 1920.

CALIFORNIA FISH AXD OAME

257

till' iiiillior of the (iaiiic KefuKC Bill, the
rnilcctioii oC tlio Anu>ric;ni EiiRlc Hill
;in<l the I'rcdiitory Aiiiiiuil Control I'.ill.

Tlio coiiiinittcc liiis chosen as its secre-
tary Morris Leseiulre, a graduate of
Princeton and a Rhodes scholar to Oxford.
lie has made extensive studies of Avild
life not only in the IJnite<l States, hut
also as a meniher of scientific expeditions
to Africa, Asia, Alaska and tlie Soutii
Seas.

The coinniittee hopes that tlie exhiiust-
ive study it iilans to make will enahle it
to form a national Icsisl.-itive jxilicy for
the replacement and protection of wild
life resources of the nation that will en-
dure for many years, a jjolicy which has
for its purpose the perpetuation of the
wild life of our nation so that the future
generations may enjoy it.

Organizations and individuals who are
interested in this matter should address
their inquiries or suggestions to the com-
mittee. Room 207. Senate Office Building,
Washington, I). C.

SHALLOW - FEEDING WATERFOWL
COLLECT LETHAL DOSES OF
SPENT SHOT.

Lead poisoning, a deadly affliction he-
setting wild waterfowl, again showed
itself in the coastal region of Louisiana
during the latter part of the winter. E.
R. Kalmhach, a biologist of the Bureau of
Biological Survey of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, recently visited the
region and studitnl the causes of the mor-
tality reported among wild fowl there.
His report shows that though less dis-
astrous than the duck sickness of western
states, which has made heavy ini-oads on
ducks and other waterfowl during recent
years, lead poisoning is in some respects
even more unfortunate.

Tlie story is a simide one. lie s;iys, yet
particularly deplorable. Fm- many years
lead in the form of scatliTed pellets of
shot from hunters' guns has bee^n sprayed
about favorite shooting stands. These
stands naturally are in attractive feeding
areas, where the birds, imddling in the
mud bottom for seeds and tubers of
aquatic plants, come in contact with the
shot. To assist digestion they swallow
the leaden pellets along with sand and
bits of gravel. The lead is slowly ground
down by stomach action and they assimi-
late it.

The slow toxic action may not reveal
itself immediately, but when once a bird
takes a leth.il dose of lead there is no
chance that it may escape the effects.
The affliction usually lingers and the bird
gradually becomes weaker, first losing the

power of flight and then the ability to
walk. In this helpless condition, even
should it he able to survive the ravages
of the poison, the bird often becomes the
victim of the elements or of our preda-
tory creatures.

Willi regard to the recent lead-poison-
ing outbreak in A'erniillion I'arish. L;i.,
the Biologicjil Survey report says there is
little doubt that water levels have a dis-
tinct significance in the prevalence of lead
poisoning in this coastal area. Practically
all the ducks succumbing tlwre were
shallow-water feeders (pintails and mal-
lards) and in their feeding are able to
reach the bottom only when the water is
of moderate dejith.

("ommenting on the condition in which
the lead is found in the stomach, the re-
port says "the pellets of lead at times
were worn down to mere discs of small
size that easily might be overlooked in
a superficial examination. By syphon-
ing with an excess of water in a shallow
dish these small particles can be separated
from other material of lower specific
gravity. This condition, in which the
lead shot are almost, if not entirely, di-
gested, has raised doubts in the minds of|
some field observers as to the cause of the
mortality. If the bird has eaten only a
few shot (3 to G), it would be necessary
that these be ground down almost to the
vanishing point before the bird could
assimilate a lethal dose. On the other
hand, cases ari.se in which as many as 20
or more shot may he found in a single
stomach. In such instances it often will
be noted that none of the shot has been
worn down to a mere disc. Death is
caused by the assimilation of the compara-
tively thin outer surface worn from all
the shot. Since the toxic action of lead is
.slow and a bird may retain its power of
flight for two or three days after having
consumed a lethal dose of shot, cases in
which an apjiarently healthy bird is fouiul
carrying a considerable number of shot in
its stomach are explained."

Continuing, the report discusses field
conditions : "To visualize the conditions
under which ducks may obtain a lethal
dose of lead, even though the shot he
widely scattered, one needs only to recall
how thoroughly these birds work over an
attractive food area. A flock of 200 to
'M)() ducks may find sufficient food in the
stubble of one rice field to hold their atj
tention for successive nights over a period
of several weeks. They go over prac-
tically every square foot of this area, and
any shot overlooked by one bird is likely
to be picked up by another. Furthermore,
although a duck may find a single shot

258

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

only once every third or fourth day, the
process of assimilation of the lead is so
slow that in the course of a week or two
sufficient lead may be accuninlated to pro-
duce fatal results.

"Any doubts that may exist concerning
the prevalence of shot in quantities suf-
ficient to be a menace to wild fowl in this
coastal area vanish when it is realized
that lead was found in the stomach of
every one of 18 birds on which post-
mortem examinations were made. The
pellets of shot varied from 1 to 24 in
number, and in each instance character-
istic symptoms of post-mortem aspects of
lead poisoning were revealed."

The mortality in Louisiana this year
was not so great as last, according to Mr.
Kalmhach, and by no means equal to that
of 1921. when many thousands of water-
fowl died in this region, presumably from
lead poisoning. Deplorable as these re-
curring losses are, the most unfortunate
feature of the situation, it is pointed out,
lies in the fact that there is still deposited
not only in the marshes and shallow wa-
ters of Louisiana, but in those of many
other states as well," lead shot that will
continue to kill waterfowl for many years
to come. The Biological Survey called
attention to this menace in 1919 and
pointed out the hopelessnes sof any reme-
dial measures. As stated at that time,
"all that can be done is to call attention
to the prevalence of lead poisoning and to
describe the cause and symptoms, so that
persons finding birds affected may under-
stand."

SKINS WORTH MORE THAN $4,500,000
SHIPPED FROM ALASKA !N ^929

Skins of fur-bearing land animals to
the number of 297,448, and valued at
$4,513,863.76, were exported from Alaska
in 1929, a report from the Alaska Game
Commission to the Biological Survey of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture
shows. This is $215,226.63 more than the
amount of the 1928 sales, although 38,629
fewer furs were exported. The larger re-
turn during 1929 resulted from increased
market value of the individual furs. The
report is based on statements that fur
shippers are required to file with the
agents of the transportation companies
handling the shipments, or with post-
masters in case shipments are made by
parcel post. These in turn must forward
the statements to the Alaska Game Com-
mission.

Red fox skins to the number of 21.023
brought a return of $1,042,740.80; blue
fox skins, 7976, brought $808,208.08;
white fox skins, 12,179, brought $773,-

784; mink, 26,695, brought $552,586.50;
and lynx, 7575, brought $462,832.50.
The number of muskrat skins shipped in
1929 exceeded by far those of any other
-<l)ocies. A total of 190.377 muskrat skins
brought a return of $104,184.54. Only
1547 beaver skins were exported in 1929
because there was no open season on
beavers.

The kinds of skins of which there Avas
a notable increase in number exported
(luring 1929 over the number for 1928
are as follows : Red fox, 5884 increase ;
white fox, 7646; lynx, 2598; mink, 5658;
and weasel (ermine), 7214. Skins of
(ither species showed somewhat of a de-
crease.

The report also notes that more than
34,000 seal skins were taken on the
Pribilof Islands under the supervision of
the Department of Commerce, and netted
a gross return of $721,000 to the United
States as part of the proceeds.

TRAPPING AND HUNTING REGULA-
TIONS FOR 1930-31 APPROVED FOR
ALASKA.

New regulations concerning game and
land fur-bearing animals, game and non-
game birds, and nests and eggs of birds in
Alaska have been adopted by Secretary
of Agriculture Hyde. The regulations,
which were recommended by the Alaska
Game Commission and approved by the
Bureau of Biological Survey, become ef-
fective on July 1, 1930, and have just
been published as Circular 7-C of the
Alaska Game Commission.

Important among the changes in the
regulations is one providing that for resi-
dents of Alaska there shall be no close
season on large brown and grizzly bears
except on certain areas along the Gulf of
Alaska and on the Alaska Peninsula.
Residents, however, may kill bears at any
time when these animals are about to
attack or molest persons or property.
For nonresidents of the territory the open
season on these bears in the restricted
area will be from September 1 to June 20.
The restriction on the taking of bears
within the Kodiak-Afognak group of
islands has been removed, and under the
new regulations bears may be killed there
as elsewhere in the territory.

Under the new regulations, caribou
may be taken by residents and natives for
food at any time north of the Yukon
River, instead of north of the Arctic
Circle as heretofore. South of the Yukon
River the season will be from August 20
to December 31. The area between longi-
tudes 138 degrees and 141 degrees has
been added to the area closed to deer

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

259

lutntinf;. The season on buck deer in
southeastern Alaska east of lonRitude l'^8
degrees is slightly shortened from the
period September 1 to November 30 to tiie
period August 20 to November 15. Tiie
open season on mountain goats will be
extended 12 days — August 80 to Decem-
ber 31, instead of September 1 to Decem-
ber 31. In conformity with recent
amendments to the Federal Migratory
Bird Treaty Act regulations, the daily
bag limits on wild ducks in Alaska have
been reduced from 25 to 15 ; on geese
from 8 to 4 ; and the possession limit of
75 waterfowl was reduced to 50, wiiich.
however, may not include more than 30
ducks and 8 geese.

Another amendment, which will facili-
tate tlie enforcement of the Alaska regu-
lations, provides for the strict supervision
of trapping during the close season on
protected fur animals, by requiring per-
mits to trap wolves, coyotes, and other
predatory animals. The revised regula-
tions provide also for the trapping of
martens, as these animals have recovered
sufficiently from their formerly depleted
numbers to warrant opening the season
(one month), which has been closed since
1923-24. The department calls special
attention to the fact that the skins of
martens taken during the open season
must be tagged with a metal seal issued
by the Alaska Game Commission. An
amendment to the regulation requires
that marten skins imported into the terri-
tory must now be tagged in like manner
within thirty days after their importation,
instead of 90 days as heretofore. Changes
in local seasons on mink, land otter, and
weasel also have been made, and the use
of set guns of any kind for taking game
or fur-bearing animals is prohibited.

Copies of Circular No. 7-C of the Alaska
Game Commission, which, in addition to
presenting the new regulations, contains
extracts of the principal provisions of the
Alaska game law and other federal and
territorial laws relating to game and
birds in Alaska, may be obtained on re-
(juest addressed to the Alaska Game Com-
mission, Juneau, Alaska, or to the United
States Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C.

NOT ALL FOREIGN GAME BIRDS
SUITABLE FOR NATURALIZING

Because old-world stock as in the case
of the horse, the cow, the pig and most
of the high-ranking cultivated fruits, has
so often proved superior in hardiness and
adaptability, it is natural for one to turn
first to Europe and Asia when consider-
ing possible sources of game birds for

acclimatization in the United States,
says W. L. McAtee, senior bi(jl<)gist of
the U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey,
in a circular on the n.'ituralization of
jilien birds in the T'nitcd Stiites, just issued
by the U. S. Department of Agi-iculture.

"The chamois of the Alps, the ibex of
the Pyrenees, and the pheasants of
densely populated China have maintained
their existence in close contact with man
for centuries, while similar representa-
tives of American fauna, with uncounted
millions of acres to range over, have faded
away like mist before the morning sun,"
says Mr. McAtee. "Although the num-
ber of hunters and firearms in the old
world has never been very large, the few
hunters have customarily taken larger
bags, and snaring, trapping, and other
methods of securing game have been prac-
ticed for ages. The Eurasian game birds
and animals doubtless had time through
the centuries to develop defenses against
man's slowly improving armament and a
tolerance for the changes in natural con-
ditions resulting from increase in popula-
tion. American species, on the other
hand, adapted to conditions in a country
sparsely populated and primitively armed,
were suddenly called upon to face the de-
structive intlueiices of an effectively
armed and ever-growing population."
That is the reason why Mr. McAtee be-
lieves it is logical, when seeking game
birds for transplanting to a country that
is now well populated, to utilize species
that have been tested and tempered by
ages of close association with man.

The ring-necked pheasant and the Hun-
garian partridge are the two exotic game
birds that have responded most successfully
to naturalization in this country. The new
circular contains maps showing the pres-
ent ranges of these species in North
America. There are other maps showing
the world distribution of annual precipi-
tation, natural vegetation of the world,
areas of the United States physically
suited to forest only, and native vegeta-
tion of the United States — factors which
the author recommends should be care-
fully considered when a new game bird is
to be tried out, for in the case of a desir-
able bird, if the rainfall, temperature, and
vegetation of its native home can be fairly
well matched, other conditions can be so
altered and controlled in a given locality
as to make them favorable to naturaliza-
tion of it. Mr. McAttee has used these
factors as a basis in pointing out what
parts of the United States are best suited
for planting various exotic birds. He
states that "where native game birds are
abundant there is little or no need to plant

260

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

oxotic species; but where native spei-ies
do not supply the demand, foreiffn fiame
birds can well be introduced."

Some of the jiame birds bi'sides t lu-
ll uufjarian partridge and tlie riuK-nccked
I)heasant recommended in the new circu-
lar as suitable for naturalizing in the
I'nited States, are Reeves', golden. Lady
Amherst, brown eared. Elliot's, and cheer
jiheasants. all from China ; the .I.iiianese
pluasaiit; the Indian i)ear()wl ; ri'd-legged
l)artridges from southern I"]urope and
northern Africa ; guinea fowls fi-om west
Afiica ; and bustards and sand grouse
from Europe. Asia and Africa. Spe<,'ies
considered undesirable for introduction
are the red grouse of the British Isles;
the capercailzie from Europe ; the Hima-
layan snow cock ; the migratory European
quail ; and the European wood pigeon.

The new circular, Circular No. 9G-C,
entitled "Game Birds Suitable for Nat-
uralizing in the United States," may be
obtainwl from the Superintendent of Doc-
uments, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C, at 10 cents per copy.

OBSERVANCE OF GAME LAWS ES-
SENTIAL TO FUTURE HUNTING

The only immediate relief that can be
given the wild fowl of North America at
the present time is to limit the kill by re-
strictions on the hunting season. Such
limitation is one of three metiiods stated
as available to insure the welfare of the
migratory game birds of the country, by
W. C. Henderson, associate chief of the
Bureau of Biological Survey, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture, in an address
in Boston, Massachusetts, January 1(5
at the annual meeting of the Federation
of the Bird Clubs of New England. Other
methods are being followed, such as estab-
lishing Ijreeding refuges in the North, so
as to incre.-ise tiic pi-oduction oi the vari-
ous species, and providing resting and
feeding sanctuaries along migration
routes and in wintering grounds of the
birds in the southern states, for some
measure of j)rotecti(>n dui'ing the hunt-
ing season. Siiid Mr. Henderson. The.se
two methods, however, will require a
period of several years, but at present pro-
tection can be afforded only by reducing
the annual kill, he said. This, he de-
veloped, can be accomplished both
tjirough necessary amendments to the
l)resent i*egulations and by more ade-
(luately enforcing the existing laws.

"While the difficulties of enforcment
have greatly increaserl in the last ten
years." said ^Ir. Henderson, "there has
not been a pi'oportionate strengthening
of the enforcement ann to keep pace with
the increased cost of patrolling and in-

vestig.itional work of the federal game
protectors. In spite of an inadequate
force of protectors, however, their work
has brought about many noticeable bene-
fits.

"Studies made by the Biological Sur-
vey in the last three years indicate that
wild fowl have not been holding their
own. and that additional measures for
their protection must be adopted if their
numbers are to be maintained. This de-
crease is due in large measure," he said,
"to drainage of Avild-fowl concentration
areas and limiting of the breeding grounds
of birds by agricultural occupation, to the
ease with which gunners can reach wild-
fowl centers over improved roads and by
use of automobiles and motor boats, and
to the increasing effectiveness of devices
used in hunting.

"It is inevitable that agriculture and
human occupation will more and more
encroach on the wild-fowl breeding areas.
While we are awaiting the establishment
of bird refuges, however, we can meet
present emergencies by restrictions on
hunting.

"The recent amendments to the regula-
tions under the ^ligratory Bird Treaty
Act affecting bag limits, which were made
following recommendations of the Bio-
logical Survey, will lessen the kill on im-
jxirtant winter concentration areas of the
birds. During the coming hunting season
the effect of the new amendments will be
watched carefully by the Biological Sur-
vey. It is possible that additional re-
strictions may be found necessai-y to
safeguard the birds — contingent upon the
failure of these new regulations to ac-
complish the desired i-esult. Among
f)ther methods that have received the con-
sideration of the Biological Survey are :
Shortening the open seasons, establishing
rest days, making further restrictions in
the use of devices now allowed in the tak-
ing of ducks and geese, and limiting the
artificial methods of bringing birds within
I'ange of the shooting stands.

"If ;idditioiial changes should be recom-
mended, the country may be assured that
it will be only after the most careful at-
tention to all pha.ses of the situation.
In recommending the most recent changes
the Biological Survey was governed by
this jiolicy. and while extremists on both
sides of the question are in many respects
inclined to criticize the action taken, it
should be borne in mind that it has been
necessary for the bureau to proceed con-
servatively— not so rapidly as some would
urge and yet more drastically than many
opponents of hunting restrictions desire.

"The decision of the bureau to recom-
mend the changes i-ecently approved was

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

261

based on facts carefully gathered and
developed. At this time there is no
other organization in the country in
liossession of as much information re-
lating to wild-fowl conditions in N'orth
America as the Biological Survey. The
opponent.s of the present regulations and
others who are urging still more drasti(!
rcstrii-tioiis can be in possession of only
limited information by comparison. The
Biological Survey, however, must be
acquainted with all phases of the prob-
lem— phases that concern the food re-
sources of wild fowl their migratory
habits, and their abundance, and other
information that can be develo|)ed only
from reports of agents of the bureau and
other reliable observers widely distributed
throughout North America.

"We need sound public sentiment in
favor of the observance of the law, and
willingness on the part of sportsmen and
conservationists to adopt all the restric-
tions that are necessary to the preserva-
tion of the wild fowl," said Mr. Hender-
son.

BIOLOGISTS TO STUDY WILD LIFE
IN FORESTS

Two research specialists have been ap-
pointed to positions in the Bureau of
Biological Survey, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, effective at the beginning
of the year, in accordance with cooper-
ative plans to place qualified biologists at
various experiment stations of the Forest
Service. These scientists will study the
relation of. wild life to tlie forests, as
authorized by the recently enacted Mc-
Sweeney-^NIcNary Forestry Research Act.

Thomas D. Burleigh, for the last nine
years head of the division of forestry of
the Georgia State College of Agriculture
and one of the appointees, has been ap-
pointed to tiie position of associate biol-
ogist and will be stationed at the Appala-
chian Forest Experiment Station, Ashe-
vilie. N. r. He is a graduate of Pennsyl-
vania State College and the University
()f Washington. He has devoted consider-
able time to the study of the bird life of
Georgia.

Oliver L. Austin, Jr., of New York, a
graduate of Wesleyan University and
who has done three years' graduation
work in Harvard University, has been
ai'pointed assistant biologist to carry on
studies of wild-life and forest relation-
ships at the L.'ike State Forest Fx|)eri-
nient Station, St. Paul. Minn. lie spent
the summer of 102.") studying jungle
ecology in British Guiana, South Amer-
ica, .'ind has made three trips to

Labrador to study the distribution of the
vertebrate fauna of the region. On his
Lalirador trips he did notable work in
bird banding, particularly with Arctic
terms, in cooi)eration with the Biological
Survey. Two of the terns that were re-
covered, one in Franc*' and another in
South Africa, established rennirkable
flight records, the latter Hying the longest
dist;inc(> of any banded bird ever re-
captured, as far as any known recrn-ds
show.

NEW LEAFLET TELLS HOW TO
(VIAKE A CAT TRAP

Vagrant, unowned house cats are
a serious menace to song birds, insec-
tiverous birds, and game birds, to rab-
i)its, squirrels, and other small forms of
beneficial wild life, and to poultry, ami
therefore they should be destroyed, says a
le.-iHet just issued by the U. S. Dejiart-
ment of Agriculture on how to make a
cat trap.

Stray cats — usually hungry, mangy,
and diseased — abound in every city, town,
and rural community, and are the most
common carnivox'ous mammals in many
places far i-emoved from human habita-
tion, says the leaflet. Usually they have
been left unfed by their owners and are
forced to get a precarious living by hunt-
ing and scavenging. As they are abroad
mainly at night they are seldom seen and
it is not generally realized that they are
as niunerous as they actually are. The
leaflet says that in 18 mouths more than
ilO stray cats were caught in one trap
set in only two locations in a city, and
that in one city a humane society put to
death nearly a million vagrant cats in
four years.

Stray cats can be caught in any well-
constructed and baited trap. The one
described in the new leaflet, devised by
the Bureau of Biological Survey, has
proved satisfactory and is easily made.
It is merely a box with a drop door that
is held up by a i)rojecting wire, one end
of which is attached to a false floor or
treadle. The weight of the cat on the
treadle beyond the fulcrum pulls back
the wire and releases the door. The
leaflet shows, by picture and text, how
to make the trap, and it also tells how to
bait the trap and how to dispose of the
captured cats.

The Leaflet, No. 50-L, "How to Make
a Cat Trap," can be obtained free from
the Office of Information, Department of
Agriculture, Washington. D. C as long
as copies are available for free dis-
tribution.

262

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

DIVISION ACTIVITIES

Bureau of Patrol

Captain S. J. Ljons was transferred
from the Santa Barbara territory to the
Sacramento district, which transfer was
made effective February 25, 1930.

Three new appointments of deputies
were made in the patrol force during the
month of February, namely : Ed. Clements
at Klamath, Theo. Jolley, Indio, and J. C.
Schneider at King City.

Deputy Alan G. Curry of the San
Francisco office and former deputy John
Burke of San Mateo County were killed
in South San Francisco Bay during the
arrest of a commercial fisherman in the
early morning hours of April 30, 1930.
The fisherman is in a San Francisco hos-
pital with four wounds and has been
charged with murder by the San Mateo
County authorities.

John Burke worked for the Division
in San Mateo County from 1915 to 1928,
when he left the service. Deputy Alan G.
Curry was appointed a volunteer deputy
in 1925, and displayed so much activity
and intei-est that he was employed on
the regular patrol force in 1928, working
in the San Francisco territory.

Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries

The Terminal Island office of the
Division of Fish and Game, sold a total
of 2179 licenses for the commercial fish-
ing license year. These licenses brought
a revenue of $21,790. A total of 30
wholesale shellfish and fish packers'
licenses were sold during the same period.
This is a gain of 589 commercial fishing
licenses over the previous year.

At San Pedro 98 tons of spiny lobsters
were taken from local waters during the
past season, as comi)ared with 7G tons
the season before. The San Diego catch
of lobsters by fishermen fishing local
waters was reported as unusually poor
and San Diego dealers, who get most of
their lobsters from Mexico, advocate a two
year closed season on local lobsters. The
minimum size limit of lOi inches is sup-
posed to be sufficient protection, but it is
a very difficult law to enforce on others
than regular dealers.

The International Pacific Salmon Fed-
eration met at Stanford University on
March 2Stli and 29th. Fisheries repre-
sentatives from Canada and the U. S.
Bureau of Fisheries, British Columbia,
Oregon and California attended this meet-
ing. Of general interest was the resolu-
tion adopted recommending that Wash-
ington and Oregon adopt the same salmon
trolling season as that in effect at the
present time in California, which provides
a closed season except from June 1st to
September 15th.

AVhile doing collecting work at Monte-
rey on April 21st, the patrol boat Steel-
head struck a submerged rock about half
a mile off shore, in the vicinity of Lover's
Point. Pacific (Jrove, and tore two holes
in her bilge planking. With the assist-
ance of a passing fisherman, who took the
Steelhead in tow, the crew managed to
keep her afloat by hand bailing until they
got her to the Monterey Wharf, where she
was liauled out. Repairs were made at
once and she was ready for service
again on the 25th of April.

Bureau of Finance

The following is a table showing the
total amount of deer tag license sales,
total number of deer killed and the
ratio of the deer killed, assuming that no
hunter killed more than one deer, for the
past three years.

Year Total sales

1927__. 110,760

192S_._ 105,638

1929_-_ ll.i.472

Ratio of deer

Deer killed

killed

19,507

5.67

21,515

4.91

21,222

5.14

Bureau of Fish Culture

The Collection of rainbow trout eggs
from Klamath Kiver stations was very
disappointing, particularly in view of the
fact that there was an unusually large
run of trout in the river, probably larger
than for ten years past. This small egg
take was due to the fact that there was
very little rain along the Klamath dur-
ing March, although there were good
rains in other parts of the country. There
was a good fall of snow in the mountains
which gradually melted and held the
creeks at too low a temperature for any
very large runs. During the last week
in March the creeks warmed up and the
run started in fine shape ; then the weather

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

263

turned cold again. Low and cold water
in the streams caused the April egg tak-
ing operations to drop below what hud
been expected, the fish not ascending to
the traps.

George A. Coleman, biologist, made a
survey of fishing and conditions in Chico
Creek from its mouth to a point twelve
miles up stream through Bidwell Park,
Iron Canyon and beyond. The Shasta
rainbow and the European brown trout
were the only trout found. The Shasta
rainbow being the trout best adapted to
conditions in this stream, is the most
abundant, takes the fly readily and is
therefore very satisfactory to the fisher-
man.

Donald D. McLean, investigated reports
of damage by elk on the Swanston prop-
erty northwest of Woodland. Some
twenty Elk were moved to this property
about 1915 from the Pacific Improve-
ment companies property at Del Monte
where elk planted by the California
Academy of Sciences Avere causing con-
siderable damage. It now appears that
the Swanston property has changed hands
and the new owner feels that the eighty
head of elk now on the property are a
nuisance and wishes them removed.

Donald D. McLean, E. S. Cheney and
E. L. Sumner were sent to San Diego
County during the month of March to
investigate proposed quail refuges. Mc-
Lean was in charge of the census.

Cheney acted as ofiicial photographer and
as an aid in census taking, and Sumner
investigated predatory animals. Several
of tlie proposed refuges were found un-
suitable.

Bureau of Game Farms.

On Marcli -d, Tj^o Hungarian par-
tridges were received from New York. The
birds arrived in very good condition and
were rested for a period of three weeks
before being liberate<l for a period of
natural reijroduction. These birds were
liberated in Surprise Valley, Modoc
County ; Redding, Shasta County, Chico,
Fresno and tlie Jamieson Canyon Dis-
trict, Napa and Solano counties.

A check on conditions in the Brecken-
ridge Game Refuge made during the
month of March showed that out of 54
wild turkeys T'lanted there last fall, 52
are still alive and doing well. This is an
excellent showing and the Bakersfield
people are talking a real interest in this
project. The first young turkeys were
liatclied at the Yountville Farm this year
on March 27th.

Bureau of Game Refuges

Analysis of the reports of game breed-
ers that have been filed sjiow that at the
conclusion of the year 1920, breeders who
had at the beginning of the year 1929, a

Fig. 85. Section of brooder house, Yountville Game Farm. This equipment
recently installed permits the rearing of game birds entirely by electricity.

264

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

stock of 2805 ringneck pheasant had sold
during the year 2973 birds and had as
l)reeding stock on the 1st of January,
1930, 3932 birds, a net gain of 1840 for
the 127 breeders reporting pheasant
transactions, or less than fifteen birds on
the average. The bulk of the pheasants
sold were raised by three breeders who
sold respectively 060. 613 and 457 birds.

Quail breeders had on hand the 1st
day of January. 1929. 3352 birds and sold
during the year 1549 ; they held for breed-
ing stock 3483. a net gain of 1080 for the
139 breeders i*eporting sales. The three
most successful ipiail breeders sold re-
spectively 220, 72 and 67 quail. Ap-
parently California game breeders have
not yet solved the problem of raising quail
in large numbers in eonfinment.

Volunteer Deputies

The campaign for the establishment of
ipiail sanctuaries through the medium of
the Volunteer deputy is meeting with
state-wide cooperation of farmers, land-
owners and sportsmen, with the result
that many sucli refuges are being set
aside. The volunteer deputies in the San
Joaquin County report the establishment
of upw.-irds of ten scjuare miles of quail
sanctiuiries in that county.

-Many sijoi-tsmen's magazines and news-
papers, both city and country, have pub-
lished articles heartily supporting the
quail sanctuary movement.

The second annual convention. })an(iuet
and pistol shoot of the volunteer deputies
was held in San Francisco, April 26th
and 27th. Deputies to the number of
about 100 and representing upwards fif
25 counties within the state were present
at the convention.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

265

LIFE HISTORY NOTES

DEER IN SACRAMENTO VALLEY

Due generally figures tlie wliole of tlie
great central valley as being under culti-
vation and it is difficult to visualize deer
as liaving any chance at survival in tiiis
area. However, on several large ranches
west of Chico which border on the Sacra-
mento River there is sufficient cover and
protection to afford deer a suitable home.
On a trip to the Parrott Grant on March
lidfh two blacktail does were se(Mr drink-
ing in a small stream. Deer tracks lined
the levees everywhere.

Dei)uty A. .T. Stanley reports that sev-
eral hundred deer are to be found in
oak timber and willow bottoms in this
vicinity. — II. C. Bryant, 510 Kuss Build-
ing. San Francisco.

BLACK BRANT ON TOMALES BAY

Ai)out !!>()(» to 1!»0."» with a party of
fellow sportsmen I made several trips to
Bodega and Tomales bays in Marin
County after black brant to obtain some
specimens, which I had promised to an
eastern collector and also for the sport of
the shooting. Hunting was done from
small boats, one gun to each, anchored
before daylight in a line across the nar-
row strait connecting these two bays.
The geese as soon as it was daylight made
their morning flight jtassing across tlie
line of boats at a height of from twenty
to one hundred yards above the water.
There was a tremendous amount of
amnninition expended with but small re-
sult: the average for a days outing be-
ing two or three birds to the gun.

The black brant were in Hocks of one
or two hundred ; a total of appi-o.\imately
one or two thousand would be seen on the
two bays. Since ItX).!, brant have con-
tinued to return more or le.ss regularly to
Tomales Bay. some years large flocks as

above anil some seasons less, but there
average continuing practically un<-hanged.

The Audobon Association of the Pa-
cific keep a che<-k on the bird life in
this part of California and report for tlie
winter of l!»2!l .-is follows:

Feb. .'}. about li(M)0 black brant seen on
Tomales Bay.

Feb. -2. small flocks aggregating from
1 ()()(» to ir.(K) black brant .seen on Tomales
Bay.

Apr. 7, one migrating Mock, about KM)
black brjint seen on the ocean near the
mouth of Russian River. Sonoma County.

San Dit'go Bay and Mission Bay, which
is a large lagoon about a mile north of
San Diego Bay, is still visittnl by an oc-
casional flock of black brant. For the
last two winters a flock of about twenty
sjient the season on INIission Bay which
is now a bird refuge, or sanctuary ; but
the traffic of navy launches on the larger
bay keeps the brant moving and they go
south to San Quentin and Magdalena
bays off Mexico.

The birds in the i)icture were shot in
^lagdab'ua Bay and form a habitat group
in the San Diego ^Museum. — M. Hall .Mc-
Allister, San Francisco.

PHEASANT NESTS IN ARROYO
GRANDE VALLEY

A ring-necked pheasant, evidently from
the first plant made above Arroyo Grande
in northern Santa Barbara County made
a nest under sin .artichoke bush on the
(^heccetti Rancii. Mr. Checcetti took
I)recautions to protect the nest.

The accompanying photograph by
Frank Petri shows the bird at the nest
which contained fifteen eggs on May 11,
!!);>(». When the nest was visited on May
li). the eggs were just hatching. — -W. C
Blewett, San Luis Obispo, California.

266

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Fig. 86. Black sea brant, San Diego Museum habitat group. Photograph by

M. Hall McAllister, May 15, 1929.

Fig. 87. Ring-necked pheasant at nest, Chescetti Ranch, Arroyo Grande Valley,
May 11, 1930. Hatched May 19 (15 eggs in nest). Photograph by Frank
Petri.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

267

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES

N. B. ScoFiiiLD, Editor

CALIFORNIA SALMON FOR 1929

Sfvcrul latlier siiri)fisiiiK fiicts pre.si'iit
tlicmst'lves in n review of tiie 1!>2!> salmon
OMlchos. Ti>e total catch for tlie State
iiici-eascd over 1!>2S by r>l(K()()(> iiounds
only, although the aggregate of the ocean
caught tish (troll fish) amounted to
slightly over 4,000,000 pimnds, a rise over
ir2S of ."Si). (too pounds, while the total
river catches ( Sacramento, Klamath and
Smith rivers) fell off by .S.S,()()0 i)ounds
in I'.tl'!). We would have exi)ected the
river l.-inding to decline and the ocean
catches to enlarge, but what was not
expected was the sudden change of
amounts landed in some of the ocean dis-
tricts, i. e., Santa Cruz and Monterey.
The Monterey catches have increased
about 4.~0,000 Iiounds over 102S and the
Santa Cruz totals have increased by 200.-
000 itounds in 1020. Dr. J. O. Snyder
of Stanford T'niversity, in fi paper pre-
sented before the Pacific Salmon Fed.era-
tion. stated that the 1029 commercial
catch consisted to a great extent of small
fish of (wo and three years of age .-md
that this large catch might be the last
of profitable s.-ilmon fishing in tiie Mon-
terey region.

As for the r)th(>r districts of salmon
importance : the San Francisco catch
(ocean fish) fell off by l.~)0,(M)0 jiounds ■
the localities along the Mendocino coast
(Fort Bragg and Shelter f'ove) dimin-
ivh-d in the 1020 catch by HSO.OOO pounds :
and the ri^snlts of sea fishing off the coast
of Humboldt and Del Xo'-te counfes was
an increase of about 800.000 pounds over
1'52S. wli'ch obscures the decline for
Mendocino.

In the river areas the SaCramentu
catch dropned 80.000 pounds in 1020
wlrle the Klamath figui-es climbed ovcu"
102S totals for the region by about 18,-
000 pounds. The catch of salmon on
Smith River, while never very large, fell
off by 08,000 pounds.

The small increase for the state totals
is readily accounted for when the several
regions of salmon fishing are viewed
separatel.v, for an increase in one locality
is offset by a decline in .•mother. The
700.000 ]iounds increase of Montei-ey P>ay
over in2S figures and the 800.000 iiound
gjiin of the northern counties with the
slight rise of the Klamath make the total
increases about 1.0.S8,000 in 1021). The
decreases are made up of the falling off
on the Sacramento River and the Smith
River, and the decline of the two ocean

districts of Mendocino and San FraTicisco
nuule a loss of nearly ni.'J.OOO pounds for
1020, thus the total increase for the state
is only ;jlO,(K)0 pcninds. — G. H. Clark,
California State Fisheries Ijaboratory,
May, lO.-^.O.

WOLF FISH CAPTURED AT
MONTEREY

On April ."), 1080, a wolf fish {Alepi-
(iiirits arKriiluj)iiin ) , ;i species of lancet
fish was taken at Fan Shell beach on the
seventeen mile drive, between Pacific
drove and Carmel. Mr. C. W. Hibbard
caught this rare species of dce|) sea
lisb on one of his coll(>cting trii)s for the
Steinhai't Acpiarium .-it San Francisco.
This fish is taken only when it is forced
above its natural deep sea strata. Hib-
bard waded into the surf up to his waist,
in order to capture the wolf fish which
he siiotted on the crest of a high wave.

I'"l(;. NS. \\'(.ir lisli. Al'i>isinniis iitsrii-
lapiiis. taken in the surf between
Pacific Grove and Carmel, April 5,
1930. Photograph by J. B. Phillips.

268

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Tlie lisli iipiMNiri'ti e.\llau^^tlHl uiul liltle
trouble was experienced in tlie capture.
AltiiouKli in a weakened condition, due
pr()li;ilil\ to the Rrciit change in pressure,
the lisii remained alive for sixteen hours.
I{e<-ause of its deej) sea habitat, there
are only a few records of the taking of
this specimen. Selle rei)orted the capture
of a spec'imen in shallow water at Pacific
(Jrove on July IS, li)2.j (Calif. Fish and
<;ame. Vol. 11, j). 18S). According to
Selle, the earliest report of this fish in
California was a si)ecinien reported from
Kureka in ISiCJ; another at San Luis
Obispo in lS!t4. In l!t20 another speci-
men was obtained at Pacific Grove, but
was apparently not rejxjrted.

The specimen taken by Mr. Ililil)ar(l
was 4 feet 'A inches in length. The scale-
less body was bluish violet above, shading
to a silvery color on the sides and belly.
The high, delicate sail like dorsal fin ex-
tended about three-fifths of the length of
the Ixidy. Each eye was about the size
of a silver (hfllar. A Hange-like epider-
mal keel ran the length of the body on
either side. Several of the fang-like teeth
»\ere over an inch in length. These teeth,
set in huge, jpointed jaws, together with
the lance-like body indicate that the wolf
fish in its natural envii'oiiinent is a
voracious, predatory fish.

Inasmuch as the specimen was desired
intact by the Steinhart Aciuarium. no in-
ternal ex.-imination was made. Selle. how-
ever, made an inteiii.il examination of
his specimen. He found that all parts
of the body were very fragile ; the bones
ipiite feeble and loosely connected by
ligaments, so that the body could be con-
siderably strelr-hed. Dr. (Junlher. a well
known ichthyologist states: '"Tliis louse
connection of the parts of the body is
found in numerous deep sea fishes and is
merely the consecpience of their with-
drawal from the i)ressure of the water
to which they ;ire exposed in the depths
iiili.ibited by them. When witliin the
Hniits of their natural haunts, the os-
seus, mu.scular. and fibrous parts of the
'l)ody will have that solidity which is re-
tpiired for the rapid and powerful move-
jnents of a predatory fish. Tiiat the
fishes of this genus < Alrpitiaunis) be-
longs to the most ferocious of the class
is proved by their dentition and the con-
tents of their stomachs." — J. B. Phillips.
California Slate Fisliei'ies Tv.ibor.ilory

May. io:?n.

LARGE BLACK SEA BASS CAUGHT IN
MONTEREY BAY

A jewfisii weighing 4.~)() i)ouii<ls was re-
ceived by the Ilig.-isbi Fish Company at
Monterey on April 1L>. 1!t.'-;0. .lewfish is

another name for the California black
.sea bass (t^tereolepis gigas), found on the
Pacific coast, from San Diego nofth to
tbe Farallones, but in most abundance off
Santa Cat;iliiia Island. Although this is
not the first black sea bass l;inded at
Monterey it is undoubtedly the largest.
A jewfish was reported in 1"J2!J and be-
fore that an occasional one was landed
at Monterey.

The above specimen caught about 1()()((
yai'ds off the Pacific Grove beach, just
uortii of the bell-buoy, was taken on a
rock cod line by a market fisherman in
a skiff. The fisherman experienced
trouble in handling this monster, and re-
ipiired the aid of a neai-by gig launch,
which towed both skiff and fisii into
Monterey, The fish was shipped imme-
diately to a San Francisco market. — J. B.
Phillips. California State Fisheries Lab-
or.-itory. May. 1930.

SARDINE FISHING AT SAN DIEGO

III the past the sardine boats have lost
many of their catches when the schools
have escaped under the boat, as the net
was being pulled in. To overcome this
difficulty, a San Diego boat has installed
an electric light with a long cable. As
soon as the net is out. the light is lowered
into the water in the opening of the net.
.A. man stands by the switch, which is
located on deck, and when the school is
observed travelling towards the boat and
the opening between the wings, the
light is flashed on and off. Fishermen
claim that this is highly successfiU in
keeping th(> fish within the net. — H. C.
(Jodsil. California State Fisheries Lab-
oratory. :March "). 1930.

1929-1930 SEASON DISASTROUS FOR
MONTEREY SARDINE FLEET

A warning that the 1929-1930 sardine
season would be disastrous for the ]\Ionte-
rey sardine fleet was sounded when the
l)urse-s('ine bo.-it San Juan (Caiitains A.
Stanovich and (5. Enea) burned and sank
on the night of August 23, 1929, at Mon-
terey. The gasoline engine backfired, re-
sulting in an explosion which ignited the
vessel. The boat was valued at ."flS.OOO,
of which only $5,000 was insured.

On the night of November 8, 1929, the
purse-seine boat Lorenz (captained by P.
Sandanger) went on the rocks just north
<if Santa Cru/, during a heavy fog. It
was [(ullcd off at high tide the following
day. .inil three weeks' repair work, esti-
iii.ilcd .It .'<3,r)00, was done on it.

The launch of the S. Russo lampara
net crew also went on the rocks on the
same night as the Lorenz, and in the
same vicinity. It was also pulled off at

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

260

lii^li ( i<I«' IIh' followiii;; il;i.\-. .iiiil two

weeks' repair work, am iliii- (<> $2.(M)(>,

was spent to put il in siiapc for fisliinw
again.

On November 10. 1!»L><.). (lie purse-seinf-
boat Mahel CT. Beriistcii, captain) was
wrecked on the rocks between I'oint Ano
Nuevo and Pigeon Point during a heavy
fog while cruising around looking for sar-
dines. Tlie crew of nine m(>n and Cap-
tain Bernsten, after spending six hours
aboard the doomed vessel, floated to shore
with the incoming tide on the turntable
on which the net is piled. The vessel was
valued at $12,000 and llie net at $2.r)(M).
The purse-seiner Idaho (captained by
T. Oreb) sank about three miles north of
Point Pinos on the morning of December
2, 1920. The Idaho had a capacity of
sixty-five tons of sardines; this, coujiled
with the fact that the old vessel was
leaky and that the i>umi)s refused to work,
was the cause for the sinking. The crew
of nine men and Captain Oreb were
picked up by the purse-seine boat Florida
which had been following close by. The
loss was estimated at $15,000, the $").000
net being saved by the Florida. The
sixty-five tons of sardines would have
brought the crew $715 at the canneries.
On December 5, 1929, the launch of O.
Crivello No. 2 burned at Monterey, ^yhen
the gasoline engine backfired upon being
started. The loss was placed at $3,200.
no net being on board at the time.

When the gasoline engine backfired
upon being started, the purse-seine boat
Florida (captained by M. Vlahov) burned
and sank on .January 16, 19.30 at Mon-
terey. The boat was valued at $15,000.
of which $7,500 was covered by insur-
ance. The new purse-seine net, costing
$5,000, was also destroyed. The Florida
was the last of the purse-seine boats jit
Monterey with a gasoline engine. The
remaining purse-seine boats were all pow-
ered with Diesel engines.

When the tow line parted, the lighter
of T. Kamurie, ring-net fisherman, was
wn>cked on February '.',. V.)'M). near Pt.
I'inos Lighthouse. The lighter was val-
ued at .$2,000 and contained a capacity
load of forty-five tons of sardines, which
would liave brought .$495 at the can-
neries.

During this period, the abalone fishing
fieet also suffered when the Nagato cap-
sized off China (Mussel) Point, after
striking some rocks during a heavy fog.
The crew of five men. diving equipment,
and a load of 250 dozen market abalones
were thrown into the water. The men
were saved by another boat nearby. The
boat was repaired at a cost of $2,()(RK

'I'lie 250 dozen al);i!(>Mes wuiiM lia\c
brought the fisiiermen .$875 .-il ilie mar-
kets e(iuii)ped to handle them.

Xot so fortunate was the iih.j loni' boat
Tirt) linithrrK, which burned at Monterey
on December 19, 1929. The burning was
due to the ga.soline engine backfiring pre-
paratory to starting on a trip down the
coast. The total loss was estimated at
$12,0rM>, there being no salvage. — .T. B.
Phillips. California State Fisheries Lab-
oratory, February, 1930.

CHANGE IN FISHING FOR MONTEREY
SARDINES
The 1929-1!):!0 sardine season that
closed at Monterey on the 15th of Feb-
ruary, 1930, saw a decided change in the
fishing gear used by the lampara or
•'round-h.'iul" net fishermen. During the
season all but three of the sixty-two lam-
para or "round-haul" crews changed to
the "half-ring" or ring net. The ring net,
which is really a semi-purse net, differs
from the pur.se seine mainly in the lighter
webbing used and the tapered ends.
Whereas the purse-seine net is rectangular
in outline, the ring net tapers off at the
ends, starting four to twelve f.-ithoms from
the end (depending uix)n the length of
wing or large mesh), the lead and cork
lines meeting. The ring net works prac-
tically as does the purse seine. The net
is pursed by means of a rt>pe running
through rings suspended along the lead
line. The two ends of the pursing rope
are quickly reeled in, by means of a
gurdy winch powered by the engine,
thereby impounding the fish. The net is
then drawn in by hand until the fish are
all centered in the "sack" or heavier por-
tion of the net, from which they are
brailed. The brailing is accomplislnnl by
means of a large dip net working from a
boom, the winch being us(xl in lifting the
dip net.

The cost of a Monterey style ring net
when new is between $1,500 and $2,000.
the addition of the winch and boom to
the launch being $500 to .$(»00 more.
Some of the crews used the available
webbing from their lampara nets in mak-
ing the ring net, while others saved their
lampara net as a substitute and for scjuid
fishing.

The dimensions of the ring nets now
used by the former lampara crews are
between 125 and 16.5 fathoms along the
cork line, and between 2.5 and 32 fathoms
deep, stretched mesh. The ring net
requires three times as much webbing as
the old lampara or approximately 600
pounds. In the neighborhood of 450
pounds of leads are used along the lead

270

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

line, and between 25 and 35 six-inch
rings are fastened along the lead line by
short ropes. The net is buoyed up in
the water by means of about 2000 corks,
fastened to the upper side of the net.

When handled properly, the ring net is
a more efficient and labor-saving tyi>e of
gear than the old type lampara or
"round-haul" net, as all fishermen using
them will attest. More fish are captured
with fewer hauls and with less effort per
haul. The completion of the purse seine
was no doubt the compelling factor in this
change. During the 1929-1930 season
there were twenty-odd purse-seine boats
fishing at Monterey. In addition there
were from two to four of the purse-seine
boats that used ring nets instead of purse
seines. These ring nets used on purse-
seine boats were similar to the nets used
on the smaller boats, except that they
were longer, varying from 185 to 200
fathoms in length.— J. B. rhillips, Cali-
fornia State Fisheries Laboratory, Feb-
ruary, laso.

SALMON SPAWNING IN DRAINAGE
CANALS IN THE SAN JOAQUIN
VALLEY.

In December, 1929, a report was re-
ceived by the Division of Fish and Game
to the effect that a number of salmon was
stranded in some drainage canals in the
San Joaquin Valley in the vicinity of
Newman. These canals drain the irri-
gated land on the west side of the river
around Los Banos and Newman and
carry the drainage w\ater to the San Joa-
quin River at a point a few miles below
Newman. The river above this point is
dry in the late summer and fall ; conse-
quently, any salmon which ascend the
river during that time have to go up the
main canal and into the several branches.
All of the canals end in a blind ijond ; the
source of the drainage is seepage. The
salmon will not as a rule retrace their
route, so must spawn and die in these
blind canals. There is a rumor that these
trapped salmon do not spawn in these
canals, but wait until spring, at which
time they are able to reach the main
river through a cross-canal, and go up to
the natural spawning grounds in the
river where they deposit their eggs in the
early spring. To the writer's knowledge,
no salmon have ever been known to go
into a stream unless they were to spawn
that year. It will be seen in the follow-
ing paragraph that these salmon did
spawn and die in these canals.

On December 23, 1929, the writer went
to Newman to investigate the existing
conditions, where he was assisted by
Deputies Newsome and Gourley in secur-

ing specimens by using a small mesh seine
drawn over a distance of two hundred
yards at the head of the canal. Of the
ten salmon taken all were ripe males
except one, a female. The female and
only one male were saved ; the others
were returned to the canal. These two
fish were measured from the tip of the
snout to the end of the tail, the condition
of the reproductive organs (spent, ripe,
or very ripe) was noted, and a few scales
were taken from each specimen. The
female salmon examined was 74 cm. long ;
the eggs were all loose in the body cavity,
indicating that the fish was in a spawn-
ing condition ; the scales showed that the
specimen was in its third year at least,
but as the edges of the scales were badly
absorbed the fish may have been older.
The scales had an ocean type nucleus,
denoting that the fish migrated from fresh
water to the ocean in its first year. The
male salmon measured was 75 cm. long
and was in a spawning condition ; its
scales, also of the ocean nuclear type,
indicated that the fish was in its third
year, but may have been older as the
edges of the scales were also badly
absorbed.

In addition to the fish taken alive,
about twelve dead female salmon which
had spawned were found along the bank
of the slough. No male salmon were
found dead. The live fish were all in a
fair condition.

The drainage canal contained muddy
water, as the bank and bottom were
made up of very fine sand and soft mud,
l)erhaps two inches deep. A salmon was
found spawning on a small portion of
very fine sand, but as the mud was con-
stantly moving it is very doubtful if the
deposited eggs would ever hatch, since
they were soon covered with fine silt and
mud, and so may have died for want of
oxygen. From this actual spawning fish
and the numerous dead, spent female sal-
mon on the bank, a conclusion is derived
that the salmon do spawn in these canals
and do not wait until the following spring
to reach the main river before spawning.
It is not known whether the young if
hatched could reach the main river and
the sea in the spring by way of the drain-
age canals.

According to Deputies Newsome and
Gourley, this same condition existed at
the head of all the main and tributary
branches of the drainage canal system.
Since irrigation is so intensive in the
San Joaquin Valley, there is no way by
which the fish could be guided up the
river to their rightful spawning places. —
G. H. Clark, California State Fisheries
Laboratory, January 8, 1930.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

271

THE SARDINE FISHING INDUSTRY

The sardine fishoi-y at Monterey, Cali-
fornia, in lt)18 yielded approximately
5,0()(),()(H) pounds as compared to about
220,0(M),00() pounds land.'d in 192S, wliicli
demonstrates tiie important status that
this industry has reached. In the State
of California as a whole, the total catch
of sardines exceeds that of any other
species of fish exploited in these waters.
Everyone associated with or interested
in this important industry will want to
read a recent report published in pamph-
let form as Fish Bulletin No. 19 of the
Division of Fish and Game of the Depart-
ment of Natural Resources, entitled "Sar-
dine Fishing Methods at Monterey, Cali-
fornia," prepared by W. L. Scofield, who
is the Director of the California State
Fisheries Laboratory. This publication
places on record a description of the sar-
dine fishins methods at Monterey and the
economic conditions affecting the sardine
catch, which can be used as a basis for
judging future changes in this steadily in-
creasing fishery. The report deals with
the localities where Monterey fishermen
have made their catches, statistics and
value of the sardine landings, the fishing
launches, and the types of nets and meth-
ods used in catching sardines. The
author also discusses the installation of
reduction plants for manufacturing fish
oil and meal by utilizing sardine offal and
"overage" (fish exceeding the daily can-
ning capacity of a cannery).

This report is now being distributed
free of charge, and anyone who wishes to
secure a copy can do so by writing to the
California State Fisheries Laboratory,
Terminal Island, California.

THE COtVltVIERCIAL FISH CATCH OF
CALIFORNIA

Of interest to the general public and
particularly to those engaged in the busi-
ness of canning or handling the commer-
cial fish catch of the state is the fact that
there has just been released for distribu-
tion by the Division of Fish and Came,
Fish Bulletin No. 20, "The Commercial
Fish Catch of Califoniia for the year
1928." This is the second of a series of
catch bulletins published by the staff of
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries .nnd
developed from the state's statistical rec-
ords. The object in view is to bring out
in a simplified form the outstanding devel-
opments in the fisheries during recent
years as compared with the earlier years
of the industry. In addition to tables
giving the monthly figures of the catch by
districts, there are graphic pictures com-

paring the catch of one .\-ear, one season,
one species or one district with another,
or several others, as the case may be.
From these graphs even the uninitiated
can see at a glance the relative imiiort-
ance of (he various species and whether
more or le.ss of any partienlar fish, niul-
luslv or crustacean was taken during 1928
than in former years.

Supplementing the statistical tables and
charts there are articles which give in a
very pleasing manner a great deal of
interesting infornuilion concerning sijecific
developments in certain fisheries and
something of their history.

Southern California will be particularly
interested in "ISLackerer' and "The Cali-
fornia Spiny Lobster" by Donald H. Fry,
Jr.. "Swordfish" by Annie Gillespie.
"White Sea Bass" and "Yellowtail" by
S. S. Whitehead, and "Halibut" by (}. H.
Clark. The mackerel fishery has had a
most rapid development in recent years
due to the fact that it has entered the
lists of desirable cannery varieties.
Swordfish, prized by the sportsmen, is
becoming of importance in the commercial
catch.

The quest for the tunas has brought
about the development of boats of larg.-r
size in the southern fishing fleet and has
opened questions of international interest.
In "The Five Tunas and Mexico," Gerald-
ine Conner tells of the exploitation of the
marine resources off the coast of Mexico
and as far south as Costa Rica by Unite<l
States fishermen, and of the shiiunents of
iced albacore from Japan and Hawaii
which are packed in the California can-
neries.

Mr. W. L. Scofield's discussion of the
state's most important commercial species.
■"Sai-dines." is brief, since that subject has
been so thoroughly discussed in former
papers; but his story of the "S(]uid"
brings to light the facts about an im-
portant but little known fishery at
^lonlerey.

"Shrimps" by G. H. Clark will bring
back memories to old residents of the
San Francisco Bay region of the fantastic
Chinese junks which operated the shrimp
nets in the early days. Mr. Clark's
article on "Shad, Salmon and Striped
Bass" will interest persons familiar with
our river fisheries.

Under the title "Crabs," Geraldine Con-
ner gives an interesting history of that
choice crustacean which is found from
Monterey north to the Oregon line. The
catch figures for crabs in the San Fran-
cisco region are a fair example of the
results of intensive fishing with ideal pro-
tection.

272

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A list of scientific ii.-iiiics compiled by
I>i'. Fr:iiic(>s N. Ciiiriv is .•iiipeiided to the
hiiiletin to make clear exa<-tl.v what fisiies
are referred to in the text, and a niiniher
of {general articles hy the members of the
staff of the California State Fisheries
Laboratory completes the bulletin.

To our kno\vledf?e no other state or
country has as yet gone so thoroughly into

a general analysis of its catch figures or
attempted to bring out in a form of inter-
est to the ueneral public so nuich valuable
information concerning the statistics of
its fisiieries.

Co])ies of Fish Bulletin No. 20 may be
obtained without charge ui)on application
to the California State Fisheries Labora-
tory. Terminal Island, California.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

273

REPORTS

SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME
January, February, March, 1930

Abalone 1,170

Abalone, pounds — 106

Barracuda, pounds - 750

Bass, striped 73

Bass, black - — 3

Carp, pounds 200

Clams 1,131

Crabs 305

Herring, pounds — 9,530

Lobsters - -- 631

Salmon, pounds 2,091

Sturgeon, pounds 44

Spear, fish. -. 8

Seines, nets 1

Sunfish, perch, crappie 107

Trout, pounds 63

Deer 8

Deer meat, pounds

Deer bides and horns.

Doves.

Ducks ,

Geese

Grouse

Jacksnipes ,

Mudhens

N on-game birds

Pheasants

Pigeons

QuaU

Rabbits

Shorebirds ,

Squirrels

Bird net

GAME CASES
January, February, March, 1930

676

7

2

495

12

1

53

2

212

1

3

72

12

2

2

1

Offense

Number
arrests

Fines

JaU

sentences
(days)

Hunting License Act; violations of

Deer; closed se-ason; killing does; dogs running deer

Ducks; selling of; closed season

Geese; closed season

Mudhens; closed season.

Non-game birds; killing of

Pheasants; closed season..

Pigeons; closed season..

Quail, closed season; trapping of

Ilabbits; closed season

Shore birds; killing of

Squirrel; closed season

Firearms in refuge

Commercial Gun Club License Act

Nets, bird

Night hunting

Shooting from airplane

Trapping License Act; no license

Totals....

95

47

22

2

1

20

4

5

8

6

4

2

2

1

2

10
2
2

$2,335 00

2,375 00

1.215 00

50 00

560 00

100 00

275 00

370 00

75 00

100 00

205 00

50 00

55 00

110 00

250 00

55 00

35 00

600

10

16

235

$8,215 00

640

FISH CASES
January. February, March, 1930

Offense

Number
arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentenres

(days)

Angling License Act ; violations of

Abalones; small; overlimit; closed season

Barracuda; small

Bass, striped; small; oversized

Bass, black; closed season

Clams; small; overlimit

Cockles; small

Crabs; small.

Commercial Fishing License Act; violations of.

Crappie, perch, sunfish; small

Halibut; overlimit

Lobsters; small

Nets, Seines; illegal

Night fishing

Pollution

Salmon; closed season

Trout; selling of; closed season

Sturgeon; closed season

Young fish; destroying of

Illegal fishing apparatus

Reduction Act

Totals

30

105

2

8

1

47
4

17

40

13
1
8

14
4
4
4

42
1
2
7
4

$845 00

1,840 00

50 00

285 00

1,235 00

75 00

615 00

850 00

325 00

10 00

445 00

1,200 00

200 00

600 00

200 00

1,485 00

20 00

215 00
25 00

358

$10,520 00

80
5

20
100

100

305

274

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

z
o

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31,586

405,012

295

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3,332

96,276,725

192

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CALIFORNIA FISU AND GAME

275

C* 1 CJ t^ • 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 CO 1 . CO

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to 1 ^- -^ lO 1 1 ft 1 lusr- • t ?o

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33,797

1,954

""" 282"

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1 1 1"^- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1"-

1 1 i*^ 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I

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Skates

Skipjack

Smelt

Sole...

Splittail

Striped Bass

Suckers-

Tomcod

Tuna— Bluefin-

Tuna— Yellowfin

Turbot

Whitebait

Whitefish-

Yellowtail

Miscellaneous

s

o

111 ! ; ! :=' 1 1 s o !

1 :e i^TJo'^ 1 is-i 1
: :^ i-Sga^S 1 laa 1

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276

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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Total fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into California-

Fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into San Diego.

Fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into San Pedro.

Total.

San Diego, Imperial.

Orange.

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San Luis Obispo,
Santa Barbara, Ventura

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

277

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278

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 1929 to March 31, 1930 of the Eighty-first Fiscal Year

Function

Salaries

and

wages

Materials

and
supplies

Service

and
expense

Property
and

equipment

Total

Administration:
Executive and legal

$12,614 94
13,838 90

$24 70
733 91

$15 40
165 99

$12,655 04

15,670 20

9,712 10

206 87

Clerical and office

$931 40

9,712 10

188 87

Printing

Automobiles

18 00
3.512 74
3,423 87
3.474 68
1,721 11
12,385 62
221 33
3,432 02

Traveling

3,512 74

Postage

3,423 87

Telephone and telegraph

3,474 68
1 721 11

Freight, cartage and express

Rent—-

12,385 62
221 33

Heat, light and power

Accident and death claims

3,432 02

Accounting pro rata

3,600 00

3 600 00

LegaL

249 75
29 65

249 75

Publicity

29 65

Total administration

$30,053 84

$5,466 94
1,542 00

$10,832 37

$29,227 38

$10 00

168 59

2,389 25

208 75

56 29

40 00

$181 39

$6 46
340 01

$70,294 98

$5,483 40
2 ''12 85

Education and research:
Chief and assistant. .

Clerical and office .

$162 25

Traveling

2,389 25

Photographer

900 00
1,440 00

1,053 15

248 71

75 00

470 34

2,161 90
1 8'6 48

Librarian

81 48

Exhibits...

115 00

Research

3,012 54
276 00

287 90

260 71

34 80

3 770 78

State fair..

800 35

1,337 06

Printing

34 80

Lecturers...

2,145 00

2 145 00

Freight, cartage and express

2 00
38 75

2 00

Publicity

38 75

Total education and research

$14,782 48
$1,650 00

$827 14

$3,713 98

$253 61
39 40

$2,193 67

$21,517 27

Publicity:
Chief of Bureau

$1,903 61

Traveling

39 40

Total publicity

$1,650 00

$9,485 00
2,200 00

$293 01

$1,943 01
$9,496 55

Patrol and law enforcement:
Chief and assistants

$11 55

Clerical and office

$109 69
2,219 99

$20 97

1,147 74

103,683 00

1,516 10

998 00

2 330 66

Automobiles

3 367 73

TraveUng.

103,683 00

Captains and deputies . .

157,733 77

1,776 77

45 00

1,530 00

555 00

411 12
542 87

744 15
828 00

160,405 14

4,145 64

45 00

Fish planting .

Watchman

Launches

797 36
38 50

427 01

5 00

3,281 00

4 77

300 81

57 54

2,811 91
598 50

Volunteer deputies

Premiums on bonds

3,281 00

Freight, cartage and express

4 77

Rent

300 81

Total patrol and law enforcement

$173,325 54

$7,875 00
6,704 39

14,119 53

$111,384 40

$1,641 24

$7 47

31 24

506 02

$290,470 71

Commercial fisheries:
Chief and assistants

$7,882 47

Clerical and office

$152 99
181 91

$60 59

72 36

14,575 96

6,949 21
760 29

Automobiles .

TraveUng

14 575 96

Research

4,877 50

11,428 03

3,735 00

2,205 00

23,676 08

4,877 50

Captains and deputies

122 96
1,416 08
457 98
688 86
412 50

31 07
1,285 09

112 70
26 90

11,694 76

Launches

6,463 07

Statistics .

2 662 98

Laboratory

1,645 88

389 80

26.400 62
412 50

Fish tags

Botulism

11,250 00
750 00

11.250 00

Hydro-Biological Survey, Monterey Bay

750 00

Inspectors

28,289 50

28,289 50

Postage

20 00

57 71

7 49

20 00

Freight, cartage and express

57 71

Heat, hght and power

7 49

Total commercial fisheries 1

$88,790 50

$3,433 28 i

$29,756 15

$1,074 15

$123,054 06

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

279

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES— Conlluued
For the Period July 1, 1929, to March 31, 1930, of the Eighty-first Fiscal Year

Function

Salaries

and

wages

Materials

and
supplies

Service

and
expense

Property

and
equipment

Total

Fbh culture:
Chief and assistants

$4,950 00
2.925 00

$4,950 00

Clerical and office

$62 58
3,535 42

$14 00
1,632 12
9,486 36

633 59
1,005 13

620 61
2,123 23

$3 05

1,771 31

3,004 63

Automobiles

6,938 85

Traveling

9,486 36

Telephone and telegraph

633 59

Rent

1,005 13

Heat, light and power

620 61

Hatcheries

95,820 31

41,875 45

2,626 67
7,199 49

142,443 66

Hatcheries — additions and betterments

7,199 49

Special field investigations

8,675 00

18 97
127 21

218 08

1,203 84

1,035 56

8 00

8,912 05

Fish cars

1,331 05

Freight, cartage and express

1,035 56

Blue printing

8 00

Total fish culture

$112,370 31
$4,515 00

$45,617 63

$17,980 52

$18 37

27 25

125 15

1,102 84

38 25

15 88

$11,600 52

$187,568 98

Hydraulics:
Chief and assistants .

$4,533 37

Clerical and ofiice

$21 58
345 69

48 83

Automobiles

470 84

Traveling _ _ . , . -

1,102 84

Cooperative research

2,250 00

2 10

2,290 35

Blueprinting

15 88

Total hydraulics

$6,765 00
$3,635 00

$369 37

$1,327 74

$8,462 11

Game propagation:
Superintendents

$3,635 00

Automobiles

$241 08

$41 39

1,826 64

318 73

$864 51

1,146 98

Traveling

1,826 64

Heat, light and power

318 73

Laborers

5,488 79

5,488 79

6,858 47

936 09

-106 30

16 00

2,762 38

10,556 94

Telephone and telegraph

106 30

Freight, cartage and express

16 00

Total game propagation

$9,123 79
$3,544 00

$7,099 55
$3 69

$3,245 15

$102 60

1,294 72

93 00

$3,626 89
$4 10

$23,095 38

Fish rescue:
Chief and assistants ._-_.

$3,654 39

Traveling

1,294 72

Rent -

99 00

Total fish rescue

$3,544 00

$2,999 97
1,350 00

$3 69

$1,496 32

$4 10

$5,048 11

Game refuge:

Chief and assistants

$2,999 97

Clerical and office

$5 27
378 74

$1 25

262 82
999 26

1,356 52

Automobiles -_ __

641 56

Traveling

999 26

Lion hunters and trappers

5,309 12
2,104 71

5,309 12

Refuge posting ,

73 53
40 58

49 92

44 37

5,350 00

2,227 96

Game refuge supplies

84 95

Lion bounties . .

5,350 00

Total game refuge

$11,763 80

$497 92

$6,707 62
$42,801 71

$18,969 34

Lip^nsp rnmmi^siions

$42,801 71

Purchase of game refuges

4,334 25

Construction of Russian River jetties

17.750 00

Expenditures to pay claims for return of fish
and game licenses , .

83 50

658 50

Purchase of Hungarian partridges . _

4.439 73

Prior year

172.684 27

Grand total

$42,801 71

$993,175 91

280

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF INCOME
For the Period July 1, 1929 to March 31, 1930. of the Eighty-first Fiscal Year

Detail

Total

License sales:
Fish breeders' licenses, 1929

$75 00

6,038 00

393,407 95

10,620 00

447,716 87

1,16. 00

20 00

630 00

105 00

370 00

4,090 00

2,615 00

755 00

115,471 80

10 00

30 00

28,940 00

890 00

55 00

90 00

Angling, 1930

Angling, 1929

Hunting, 1930-

Hunting, 1929

WTiolesale fish packers and shell fish dealers', 1929-1930

Wholesale fish packers and shell fish dealers', 1928-1929...

Game breeders' licenses, 1930

Game breeders' Ucenses, 1929

Fish breeders' Ucenses, 1930

Trapping licenses, 1929-1930

Commercial hunting club, 1929-1930

Commercial hunting club operators, 1929-1930

Deer tag licenses, 1929 .

Kelp licenses, 1930

Market fishermen's Ucenses, 1930-1931

Fish importers' Ucenses, 1930

Total Ucense sales

$1,013,094 62

Other income:
Game tag sales . .

$34 98

70,047 81

131,556 87

90 52

2,539 29

902 03

4,151 92

Court fines . . .

Fish packers' tax

Kelp tax

MisceUaneous sales

209,323 42

$1,222,418 04

?6961 8-30 lOM

BUREAU OP PATEOL

E. L. MACAULAY, Chief of Patrol _ gan Pranolqpo

K. P. Allred, Assistant Chief of Patrol "__ " San Franc Ico

C. S. Bauder, Assistant Chief of Patrol _ los Anef-l«q

Walter R. Welch, Captain. In Charge Volunteer Warden3__::__::::""san FranSi«co

SAN FRANCISCO OFFICE

C. L. Bundock Holllster

J. L. Bundock Oakland

M. S. Clark Niles

T. K. Duncan Concord

C. E. Holladay Morgan Hill

M. F. Joy San Francisco

William F. Kaliher Monterey

I. L. Koppel San Jose

Mcpherson Loug^h Palo Alto

Forrest J. McDermott Santa Cruz

C. R. Peek San Francisco

Fred Post Salinas

J. C. Schneider King City

J. P. Vissiere Watsonville

8. H. LYONS Sacramento Office

E. I. Hiscox Nevada City

Nelson Poole Sacramento Office

Albert W. Sears Placerville

Chas. Slbeck Sacramento Office

R. L. Sinkey Woodland

A. H. WlUard Rocklln

WM. LIPPINCOTT Eureka

Scott Feland Fortuna

Wm. J. Harp Areata

John Hurley Crescent City

Ed. Clements Klamath

R. J. Yates Eureka

Ray Diamond Weavervllle

S. R. GILLOON Mt. Shasta

C. R. Love Redding

Brice Hammack Yreka

A. A. Jordan Alturas

Fred Starr Macdoel

S. J. CARPENTER Maxwell

Roy W. Anderson Orland

Lee Atkinson Arbuckle

Harry N. Brlttan Red Bluff

L. W. Dlnsdale Yuba City

Taylor London Orovllle

A. D. Miner Gridley

A. J. Stanley Chlco

J. D. DONDERO Lakeport

Earl Caldwell Covelo

Ovid Holmes Fort Bragg

Geo. N. Johnson Napa

Earl Macklln Uklah

R. C. Marshall Willits

L. A. Mitchell Point Arena

K. J. Ransdell Calistoga

HENRY LENCIONI Santa Rosa

J. H. Groves Cloverdale

V. E. Vox Arx Sebastopol

JOSEPH H. SANDERS Truckee

C. O. Fisher Susanville

W. I. Long Westwood

L. E. Mercer Portola

O. T. Schumacker Quincy

J. E. NEWSOME Newman

H. E. Black Madera

C. L. Brown Mariposa

C. L. Gourley Gustine

L. W. Longeway Sonora

Geo. W. Magladry Modesto

R. C. O'Connor Merced

H. I. Prltchard Atwater

R. A. Tinnin Newman

J. O'CONNELL Stockton

W. J. Black Jackson

C. M. Bouton San Rafael

Frank A. Carillo Murphys

Wm. A. Clark Vacaville

Alvin Granstrom Ryde

Wm. Hoppe Walnut Grove

Bert F. Laws San Rafael

Geo. R. Smalley Tracy

Lee Straight Vallejo

E. W. SMALLEY Hanford

F. A. Bullard Reedley

Ray C. Ellis Fresno

Ralph New.some Mendota

H. S. Vary Coalinga

O. P. BROWNLOW Vlsalla

A. R. Ainsworth Taft

Lester Arnold Bakersfleld

Ray J. Bullard Porterville

Vernon R. Sutton Kernville

Roswell C. Welch Tehachapi

E. C. Vail Dinuba

LOS ANGELES OFFICB

R. E. Bedwell Ventura

C. S. Donham Escondldo

Walter R. Emerlck Santa Paula

E. H. Glidden San Diego

J. H. Gyger Perris

T. R. JoUey Idyllwild

K. K. Langford Vlctorvllle

R. J. Little Banning

W. C. Malone San Bernardino

Webb Toms San Diego

L. T. WARD Santa Barbara

W. C. Blewett Arroyo Grande

Walter Goff Paso Roblea

E. H. OBER Big Pine

A. F. Crocker Bridgeport

W. S. Talbot Bishop

J. W. Thornburg Markleeville

C. J. Walters Independence

LARUE F. CHAPPELL Pasadena

W. E. Adklnson El Toro

E. A. Chan Long Beach

L. W. Hare Santa Ana

R. J. Sadler Venice

C. Savage Ontario

C. L. Towers Los Angeles

Launch Patrol

C. M. Bouton Launch "Qulnnat," San Rafael

Lee Straight Launch "Hunter," Vallejo

Wm. Hoppe Launch "Rainbow," Walnut Grov«

San Francisco Office Launch "Walter R. Welch," San Francisoo

Ed Clements Launch "Silverslde," Klamath

Captains Indicated In capitals.

CALIFORNIA STATE PBINTINa OFFICE
SACRAMENTO, 1930