CAUFDRNIA
FISH-GAME
"CONSERVATION OF WILDUFE THROUGH EDUCATION"
California Fish and Game is a journal devoted to the conser-
vation of wildlife. If its contents are reproduced elsewhere, the
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Please direct correspondence to:
LEO SHAPOVALOV, Editor
Department of Fish and Game
1416 9th Street
Sacramento, California 95814
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u
D
VOLUME 52
JULY 1966
NUMBER 3
Published Quarterly by
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE RESOURCES AGENCY
DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
EDMUND G. BROWN, Governor
THE RESOURCES AGENCY
HUGO FISHER, Adminhfraior
FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
WILLIAM P. ELSER, Presidenf, San Diego
HENRY CLINESCHMIDT, Vice Presidenf THOMAS H. RICHARDS, JR., Member
Redding Sacramento
DANTE J. NOMELLINI, Member
Stockton
DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
WALTER T. SHANNON, Director
1416 9th Street
Sacramento 95814
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
Editorial Staff
LEO SHAPOVALOV, Editor-in-Chief Sacramento
ROBERT F. ELWELL, Editor for Inland Fisheries— .._ Sacramento
CAROL M. FERREL, Editor for Game Sacramento
HERBERT W. FREY, Editor for Marine Resources Terminal Island
DONALD H. FRY, JR., Editor for Salmon and Steelhead Sacramento
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Change of Editorship 132
Age, Length Com])().siti()ii, and (';itch Localities of Sardine Land-
ings on liic I'acific Coast of Ihc ruitcd States and Mexico in
1963-64 C. a;. Ill II lit, Jr. and Mahnli, Kimura 133
Sk'iKisli, K)il(})is zonifer ( Lockiiigton ), in Calil'onnan and Pacific
Xoi-thwcst Waters -/. B. Vhillips 151
IJcsults of the lltlil to LMi.') LisiMo Clam Censuses
John (}. rarJhlc.Jr. L")?
Addition of Adult Anglerfish, Chacnophryne parricomis Kegan
and Trcwaxas (Pisces: ( )iirii'odidae ) , to the Eastern Subai'ctie
Pacific Ocean Uichard li. Grinols 161
Expcfiiueutai Prown Trout Management in T^ower Saidiue Lake,
California llitlhtt I). Ilolis aiid Darid P. Boryeson 166
Toxa|)h('ii(' 'i'l-cjilHicMt of Pig Lcjif Lake ('alifoniia
17. C. Jolmson 173
Serological Evidence for iuhreeding of Lalioutan Cuttliroat
Trout, S(dmo chirhii JiotsJuiwi, in Sunnnit Lake, Nevada
Ft(d M. I'ffer, (hartp ./ . h'idipvdii. (iiid ./(iiiK s \V. Win'ren 180
First C()()i)erative Survey of the California Coudoc
hohirl n. Mdlhtfc (I lid John ('. lUniii man 185
Notes
A Possible Record-sized Ponito Shark, Isiifiis oxijy'nivhus.
Pafines(|ue. from Southei'ii ( 'alifoiiiifi Sliclfoii I'. A pph gate 204
The Unicornfish, Euiik vicliflnis fiski (Giinther), in the Eastern
Tropical Pacific John E. Fitch 208
New Records of Cataetyx ruhrirostris Gilbert fi-om tlie North-
eastern Pacific Ocean
Richard B. Grinols and David W. Greenfield 211
A Marine Catfish, Bagre ):ananiensis (Gill), Added to the
P^'auna of California, and Other Anomalous Fish Occurrences
off Southern California in 1965 John E. Fitch 214
Fishes and Other Marine Organisms Taken During Deep Trawl-
ing- off Santa Catalina Island, March 8-4, 1962 John E. Fitch 216
The Final Introduction of the Opossum Shrimp (Mysis relicta
Loven) into California and Nevada Jacl: A. Hanson 220
Bool- Reviews \ 221
( 131 )
CHANGE OF EDITORSHIP
AVitli tliis issiio. Leo SluipdxjildV. Senior Fislicry Biologist and As-
.sistaiit Chief of tlie Iiilaiul Fisliei-ies J^>ranch, assumes the duties of
Editor-iii-(Miief of Califomia Fish and Game. This is his second assign-
ment to lliis iiii|»(ii-i;iiit post; he servcd |)feviously fi'oiii iiiiil-1954 to
mid-irt.ls.
Mr. Sliapovah»v "s assumjitioii of the ('(Ijioi-ship !'()lh»\vs the depart-
ment's h)ng-standin<>' policy of i-ot;iliiii: the editoi'ifd direction of our
joiinuil Ix'tweeii sliiCl' iiieiiihci-s I'cprcsi'i 1 1 i 1 1 L!' Ahiriiie Kesoiii-ces, Inland
i'Msiiei'ies, and (iaiiie Manageiiienl .
Since his undergraduate days at Stantord Iniversity, where he
delil)erated between nuijors in English literature and biology, Mr.
Shapo\ahiv has biMMi a staunch adNoi-ate of clear and concise writing.
Throughoul his more ihaii :!4 year-s of ser\ice with our department he
has served as an outstajuling authoi-ity on matters of word usage,
style, and punctuation in botii |)opuhii' and scientific articles. In
addition to Ins talents for inspiring and guiding others, he has
authored more than 20 articles in our journal, Science, Copeia, Amer-
ican Fisheries Socidy Transactions, and others; coauthored 12 more;
has written 68 administrative reports and ccjauthored 7 more; and has
prepared a large number and variety of popular and semi-scientific
articles. His definitive classic on steelhead trout and silver salmon
won The "Wildlife Society's award in 1954-55 as the most outstanding
l)uhlieation in wildlife ecology and management.
He served on The "Wildlife Society's Fisheries Award Committee
in 1065 and is again a member this year.
Mr. Shapovalov will be assisted in his duties by four associate edi-
tors: Iiobert F. Elwell for Iidand Fisherii^s, Carol M. F^errel for Game
Management, Herbert AV. Frey for Marine Kesources, and Donald H.
Fry, Jr. for Salmon and Steelhead.
To Mr. John E. F'itch we express our thanks for so ably performing
the duties of Editor-in-Chief during the ])ast 4 years. — ^yalter T.
Shannon, Director, Calif oriiia Department of Fish and Game.
(132)
Calif. Fish and dame, 52(3) : 133-150. 1966.
AGE, LENGTH COMPOSITION, AND CATCH
LOCALITIES OF SARDINE LANDINGS ON THE PACIFIC
COAST OF THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO
IN 1963-64'
C. E. BLUNT, JR.
Marine Resources Operations, California Department of Fish and Game, and
MAKOTO KIMURA
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fishery-Oceanography Center
La Jolla, California
California landings of Pacific sarciines, Sardinops caeru/eus (Girard),
during the 1963-64 season amounted to only 2,032 tons, the poorest
catch in the history of the fishery. Baja California landings totaled 6,880
tons. Interseason landings for California and Baja California were 1,435
and 11,235 tons, respectively.
Lack of fish in central California caused purse seiners to shift opera-
tions to southern California shortly after the opening of the season.
Sardine landings in central California consisted primarily of large,
4- and 5-year-old fish. Southern California landings were dominated
by large fish, 4 and 5 years old, with significant quantities of 1- and 2-
year-olds at the end of the season. Three-, 4- and 5-year-old fish made
up most of the Baja California landings from north of Punta San Pablo.
Sardines were taken close to shore in central California, between
Monterey and Point Lopez. Southern California catches were made pri-
marily off the City of San Pedro and Santa Catalina and San Nicholas
Islands. Baja California catches were made in three distinct areas:
(i) Ensenada south to Punta Soledad, (iij Cedros Island vicinity, Punta
Santa Rosalia south to Punta San Pablo, and (iiij Magdalena Bay.
INTRODUCTION
Eacli year, since 1941, the California Department of Fish and Game
and the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries have cooperated in the
samplin<>- (Fi<i:ure 1) and age determination of sardine landings. Dur-
ing these years, basic data have been contributed concerning the
dynamics of the sardine fishery, commencing ^vith the period of peak
abundance in the early 1940 's and extending to the low population
levels of the 1950 's and 1960 's.
This report, the 18th of the series, summarizes the length and age
composition of the 1963-64 period landings. A discussion of the
fishery, economic factors affecting it, and yield per area of the Califor-
nia fishing grounds are also included.
Numerous people are involved in the sampling and scale-reading
program. A special acknowledgment is made to Anita E. Daugherty,
who retired from the California Department of Fish and Game in early
1964. Miss Daugherty was associated Avith sardine research for 23 years
and made significant contributions to the scale-reading program. The
assistance of Robert S. AVolf. U.8. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and
Harold Hyatt, California Department of Fish and Game, is also
gratefully acknowledged. William W. Hatton, California Academy of
1 Submitted for publication September 1965.
( 133 )
^■^\
(AI.IFOKMA IISII AM) CA.MK
Sciences, (lid tlic s;iiiipliii<^ jiiiil cdiiljict work willi llic iii(lii--t ly in Uaja
Calit'oi-iiia. (Jei-frnde ('uller worked on in;in\" of iIk- 1;di|rs ;ind Robert
]\Iiehand drew llie li<rnres. A|)|)reeiatinn is also exteiidrd to ilic cannery
personnel and fisliinf; boat skippei's wbo coopei-ated willi oiii' water-
front re])resentatives.
THE FISHERY
.Sardines bave dci-Jincd dr;ist ii-;dly in numbers ;nid iiiiporlance over
the years, l)nt are still iieavily exploited in c(iiijnnct ion witli the fishery
for jaek niaekerel {Trorlninis sifiiitin Iriciis) and I'aeifie niaekerel
(Sconibrr diff/f)). Historically, tlie mackerel fisliei-y in ("alifornia is a
year-arouiiij xciil iiii\ wliilc ^jn'dinc fi-liiuL;' I'oi- llic canneries is seasonal.
In recent years, the industry in J>a.ia California lias taken on added
sifrnifieanee by proeessin<r a jrreatei- poi-tion of 1lie total sai'dine cateh.
The lf)(i;^-(i4 fishinii- ])eriod extended from March "_*. lIKi;), Ihronyh
March 1. 1!M14. The jiei-iod consists of an interseason and a season, so
ajre and length data are summarized on this l)nsis. In central California
(Point Arfruello north), the interseason exlended fi'om ]\Iarch 2 throu*rh
July 31. and the season from Aujiust 1 tln-ou<rh ]Mai-eh ^. In stnithern
California, the season be-zan on September 1. thus extending the inter-
season in this area through Aii<:usi '■]]. Tlie season chased for both areas
at mirlnifrht on ]\Iarcli 1. but landinjzs were allowed on March 2.
Landin<is durin<r the season, sometimes referred to as the cannery
season, include both cannery ;in<l market deliveries. ^Market deliveries,
nsed primarily as bait in the San Francisco region strijDed bass sport
fishery, bring a considerably higher price than do sardines sold at the
canneries. The special pack privilege was used by <ine southern Califor-
nia processor during the 1963 interseason. This privilege was designed to
FIGURE 1 —Department waterfront representative, Robert Michaud, sampling fror
load of mackerel and sardines. Photograph by Richard Wood, June 1965.
<ed
SARDINE AGE AXD LENGTH (•O:\rP0SITI0N
135
give canners an opportunity to develop special packs in small cans
for competition with imported "sardines". Thus, the southern Cali-
ff)rnia interseason landinp-s consisted of both market and cannery
deliveries.
For the second consecutive year, California seasonal landings dropped
to an all-time low. Central California landings amounted to only 943
tons; southern California landings were only slightly higher at 1,089
tons. Interseason landings for central and southern California were 78
and 1,357 tons respectively, bringing the statewide total to 3,467 tons
for the 1963-64 period.
In Baja California, cannery processing is alU)wed throughout the
year, but age and length coui|)ositioii of the l!)63-64 hiiidiiigs are
summarized on the same interseason and season basis as in southern
California. Interseason and scasdii landings were 11.235 and 6,880
Ions respectively.
Central California
The season opened on August 1 after all segments of the industry
agreed to $60 per ton for sardines and .$47.50 for mixed sardines and
mackerel. During the last 4 days of the first dark (Table 1), only 107
tons were landed. The second dark, luiuir period 542, resulted in the
liighest catch of the season with 430 tons (Table 9). The majority of
this came from ^lonterey Bay, with the remainder taken off Point Lopez
TABLE I
Calendar Dates of Lunar Months During 1963—64 Period
Lunar iiKJiith
Lunar period
Dates
"February"
"March"
' ' .\prir'
"Mav" - - ...
536*
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
54S
549t
February 9-March 10
March ll-April 9
April 10-Maj- S
May 9- June 6
June 7-Julj' 5
"June"..
"July"
"August" .
" September"
"October"
July 6-August 4
August 5-September 2
September 3-October 2
October 3-October 31
' ' November"
' ' December"
" Januarv"
November 1-November 30
December 1 December 30
December 31-Januarv 28
" February"
Januarv 29— Februarv 27
"March"
February 28-March 28
* 1963—64 period began March 2. Lunar months numbered serially since "November"
1919.
t 1963—64 period ended March 1.
and San Simeon. The balance of the season was unproductive, with
fishermen choosing to remain in port rather than fight bad weather
and roam far from home searching for fish. The season ended on March
1 with a total of 943 tons landed, the lowest since the prolonged failure
of 1952-58.
During the season, only two plants packed sardines in central Cali-
fornia : one at Monterey and one at IMoss Landing. A San Francisco
plant ceased operations and moved to Oxuard shortly before the season.
I'M) ( \l.ll (ilv'MA I ISII AM) CAAll';
r('ii1i";il (';ilil"nriii;i (Ircl (>|){t;i1 ioiis wcfc iiiis1;il)l(\ with oiil}- five
l.irjic ( ()() I'crt 111' dvci' ) iiiid 1\\n siiiiill |nii-si' seiners ()])eratiiig tliiring
tlio first pni'l (if llic soasoii. ( iiiei-;!! ions were sliifted lo southern Cali-
i"iM'iii;i ill ■ ' Sepieinher" " ;iii(l ' " < Ktuhi'r " ' due In hnk iif fisli. Thirteen
liiin|);ir;i hojils (i|)er;ite(l s|)(ir;idie;ill y lhrnii<_;li(iu1 Ihc season.
Southern California
The season opened on Se|)teiiil)ei' 1. Iml tlie t'ull-uioou period kept
bojits ill jKirl unlil llie e\-euiu<:- of Se])teiul)('r <S. \'essel operators com-
lueueed iishiuL; ;it tlie |iriee ])rr Ion of the pi-cvious season, wliieh was
in etfect in eenir;il ( ';ili luiiiin. As expected, fishiup- was poor and only
a few siiijill |(i;i(|s of pure sjii'diiies were laiuled. Landings during the
fii'st luiuir period, "Sepleiiiher", auu>unt('(l to only ]27 tons (Table 9).
"Oe'tober"' was only sliglitly belter witli 488 tons. Succeeding lunar
periods resulted in smaller eatelies. i-eaching a low of 17 tons in "Feb-
nun-y". On th(> last dax' of 1he season. .Mai'eli 1, f.'Ui tons were taken
from the vicinity of S;in Xicolas Island. The season catch of 1,089 tons
was the smallest in the his1oi-y of the southern California sardine
fishery.
Boat limits, in ejfect at some canneries, and weather did not mate-
rially hold down the catch. Negotiations over the price of mackerel
tied the fleet up during January and February.
One cannery processed sardines at Oxnard and five in the Los An-
geles area.
Altogether, 70 boats operated in southern California during the sea-
son with 34 large purse seiners (60 feet or over) and 29 small purse
seiners and lampara boats fishing exclusively in the area. Five large and
two small purse seiners from centi-al California entered the southern
California fishery shortly after th(> season opened.
Baja California
Season landings in tlie Eusenada, Cedros Island, and Puerto Adolfo
Lopez Mateos areas amounted to 6,880 tons, and interseason landings
to 11,235 tons; the total Avas about the same as for the 1962-63
period.
Five canneries operated in the Eusenada area, one on Cedros Island,
and one at Puerto Adolfo Lopez Mateos. The price to fishermen for
sardines varied betweeii ii^32 and $42 per ton. Economic demand was
good and all fish were utilized by the canneries.
Weather conditions were generally favorable throughout the 1963-64
period except off Cedros Island, where poor spring weather reduced
landings.
The bulk of sardine catches off northern and central Baja California
were made within easy sailing distances from Ensenada and Cedros
Island canneries. Substantial tonnages taken in the Cedros Island area
were shipped in refrigerated vessels to Eusenada for processing. A
thriving fishery for sardines was conducted off southern Baja Califor-
nia. Most of the fish were taken from Magdalena Bay and processed
at Puerto Adolfo Lopez Mateos.
SARDINE AGE AND LENGTH COMPOSITION 137
AGE AND LENGTH COMPOSITION
Methods of estimating imnibers of sardines landed by region and
year-class are discussed by Felin and Phillips (1948, p. 11).
During the season 650 fish were measured in central California, 900
in southern California, 850 in northern Baja California, and 650 in
TABLE 2
Length Composition of Year-classes in Sardine Samples from the
Central California Commercial Catch, 1963—64 Season
Totals
Standanl Year-flass
length Meas-
(mm) 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 Aged ured
150
152
154
156
158 .. 1 .. .. .. _. .. 1 1
160 .. .. .. .. ._ ._ _. .. 1
162 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1
164 .. 2 1 .. .. .... 3 6
166 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ._ 2
168 .. 1 .. .. .. .... 1 2
170 .. 3
172 .. 1 .. .. _. .... 1 3
174 .. 1 .. .. .. .... 1 6
176 .. 1 1 2
178
180 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1
182
184 .. .. .. .. .. .. __ .. 1
186 .. .. _. .. .. .. .. .. 2
188 ._ .. .. .. 1
190
192 .. .. ._ ._ .. .. .. __ 1
194
196 -...._ . _ 2
198
200
202
204
206 _. .. 1
208 .. 1 .. 1
210
212
214 .. 1 .... .
216
218
220
222 .. .....
224
226 .. .. 1 ..
228
230 _-..... 11
232 _. .. 1
234 .. ._ .. . 1
236 ...... 1 4 2
238 ... 1 1
1
2
2
4
1
.
3
1
3
.
3
.
4
5
3
_
1
1
3
-
3
2
6
1
9
1
15
7
23
2
17
]I38 C.M.lFOl^MA IISII AM) OAAIK
TABLE 2-Continued
Length Composition of Year-classes in Sardine Samples from the
Central California Commercial Catch, 1963—64 Season—Continued
Totals
Standarri
Year-class
longtli
Meas
mm)
1902
1901
1960
1959
1958
1957
1956
Aged
ured-
240
1
3
2
6
23
242....
1
1
2
..
4
33
244....
1
4
8
1
..
14
49
246
2
4
6
1
1
14
54
248
--
--
--
3
3
3
2
11
64
250
3
6
9
55
252...
1
1
]
1
_.
4
46
254...
2
8
_.
..
10
47
256
1
5
2
._
8
35
258
--
--
--
1
3
1
--
5
28
260
1
3
1
5
24
262
3
2
__
1
6
21
264
._
..
..
..
1
1
11
266
__
__
__
1
1
1
3
4
268
--
--
--
--
1
--
--
1
3
270
4
272
..
..
._
4
274
._
._
__
__
__
276
__
__
__
__
__
1
278
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
280
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
1
Totals
9
9
30
59
15
5
127
650
Mean lengths.
--
178
229
248
249
247
253
243
243
TABLE 3
Len(
gth C
omposit
ion of Yeor-cl
lasses in
Sardine SampI
es from the
Soul
^hern Californi
a Commercial Catch,
1963-64
Season
Totals
Standard
Year-class
length
Meas-
(nnm)
1962
1961
1960
1959
1958
1957
1956
Aged
ured
168
2
170
..
1
..
1
7
172
174
176
1
--
--
--
--
--
--
1
6
7
6
1
1
--
--
--
--
--
2
178
1
1
--
--
--
--
--
1
1
6
180
3
182
_.
1
._
._
..
__
.,
1
7
184
2
2
3
186
188
190
192
--
1
--
--
--
--
--
1
3
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
1
194
--
--
.-
.-
--
--
--
--
196
.
1
SARDINE AGE AXD LENGTH COMPOSITION
139
TABLE 3— Continued
Length Composition of Year-classes in Sardine Samples from the
Southern California Commercial Catch, 1963—64 Season— Continued
Totals
Standard
Y
ear-class
length
Meas-
(mm)
1962
1961
1960
1959
1958
1957
1956
Aged
ured
198
3
200
202
204
206
--
1
--
--
--
--
-'
i
, 7
1
6
8
--
--
"i
-- -
--
--
--
1
20S_
1
1
5
2!0.
1
._
_.
..
..
..
1
6
212
._
_ _
1
_ _
_ _
_ _
_ _
1
5
214
..
_.
__
1
_.
_ _
_.
1
6
216
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
5
218. _,
4
220
..
_ _
I
_ _
_ _
_ _
1
3
222 -
._
_.
..
3
1
_ _
_.
4
6
224. _
..
..
..
1
1
1
__
3
11
226-.
--
--
1
2
1
--
--
4
18
228. .
2
2
4
25
230
..
..
1
o
1
..
..
4
26
232
..
._
2
9
2
1
._
14
58
234..
..
..
2
6
o
__
..
10
59
236 .
--
--
--
7
8
2
--
17
66
238..
1
6
3
1
1
12
76
240..
..
2
9
2
1
..
14
71
242
..
..
1
5
5
2
._
13
68
244
..
..
..
5
4
._
..
9
68
246
--
--
4
6
5
--
--
15
47
248
1
2
3
1
1
8
52
250
._
1
2
3
5
__
11
52
252
._
2
2
_.
__
4
28
254
o
1
1
..
4
19
256
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
14
258
1
1
14
260
._
..
1
..
..
1
5
262
264
266
270
--
--
--
1
--
--
1
4
1
1
Totals
3
9
21
72
48
15
2
170
900
Mean lengths
175
186
234
238
241
243
243
235
235
central Baja California (Tables 2-5). The average weights^ of sar-
dines taken from these areas were : central California 0.4476 ponncls,
southern California 0.3120 pounds, northern Baja California (Ense-
- Determined by dividing total seasonal catch in pounds by total estimated number of
sardines.
140
lALlFOKNlA risll AND GAME
TABLE 4
Length Composition of Year-classes in Sardine Samples from the
Northern Baja California Commercial Catch, 1963—64 Season
1962
Standard
length
(mm)
184
186
188
190
192_.-
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
Totals
Year-class
lUUl
1960 1959 1958 1957 l'J50 Aged
Meas-
ured
1
4
3
._
__
._
3
13
1
2
3
12
1
1
2
22
2
1
__
1
__
4
19
-
--
1
--
--
1
22
1
2
3
27
2
3
__
_.
5
33
.
1
2
__
._
3
27
2
2
2
6
34
1
2
1
--
--
4
27
1
3
1
5
42
2
3
2
__
1
8
35
_
4
2
__
__
6
55
2
6
4
2
._
14
53
1
2
4
--
--
7
52
1
3
1
1
6
43
1
7
4
12
55
1
5
4
1
11
46
6
3
1
10
38
3
6
3
--
--
12
62
1
4
3
8
40
4
1
5
21
1
2
4
..
_.
7
17
_
2
__
..
._
2
12
-
3
1
--
--
4
12
5
-
1
--
--
--
1
2
1
-
--
--
1
2
254
256
258
Totals
Mean lengths.
~
'
--
--
--
1
--
--
1
1
25
74
45
8
3
155
850
__
214
224
224
218
212
222
219
nada) 0.3389 pounds, and central Baja California (Cedros Island)
0.2233 pounds.
In central California, sardines sampled ranged from 158 mm to 280
mm SL with a mean of 243 mm. The 1958 year-class (5-year-olds)
dominated the central California catch, comprising 50 percent of the
SARDINE AGE AXD LENGTH COMPOSITION 141
TABLE 5
Length Composition of Year-classes in Sardine Samples from the
Central Baja California Commercial Catch, 1963—64 Season
Totals
Standard Year-class
length Meas-
(mm) 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 Aged urcd
160 . .. -- _- .- .. .. 3
162 .. ._ .. ._ .. _. 2
164
166__ .. -_ -_ -_ _. .. .. 3
168 -. .. _. ._ _. .. ._ 1
170 .. 1 .. 1 .. .. 2 6
172 .. 1 2 .- -_ -. 3 12
174 .. .. _. 4 .- .. 4 22
176 .. .. 1 .. .. __ 1 18
178 .. .. .. 1 _. .. 1 18
180 .. 1 4 2 1 ._ 8 27
182__ .. 4 3 1 ._ 8 44
184 _. 1 3 3 .. _. 7 54
186 .. .. 9 3.. 1 13 51
188 .. .. 8 10 1 .. 19 75
190.- 16 6 3.. 16 67
192 .... 5 6 1 .. 12 69
194 .... 5 7 2 ._ 14 67
196 .... 3 2 2 1 8 38
198 .... 3 5 .. .. 8 37
200 .... 3 1 __ .. 4 16
202 .. .. .. 1 _. .. 1 7
204 .. .. .. .. __ _- — 5
206 .. .. .... 1 __ 1 4
208 -. .. .. .. .. __ _. 4
210
Totals .- 5 56 55 12 2 130 650
Mean lengths .. 179 188 189 192 191 188 188
numbers landed (Table 9, Figure 2). This year-class dominated the
landings of the previous season as 4-year-olds. Since the 1961-62 sea-
son, central California landings have consisted primarily of large fish,
4, 5, and 6 years old. Two-year-olds have not contributed significantly
to the fishery since the 1958-59 season, the year of sardine resurgence
in central California.
Lengths of sardines sampled in southern California ranged from 168
to 270 mm with a mean of 235 mm. The 1958 and 1959 year-classes were
dominant and contributed over 50 percent of the numbers caught
(Table 9, Figure 2). The 1961 and 1962 year-classes, on the strength
of catches from San Nicolas Island on the last dav of the season,
accounted for 28 percent of the landings.
Sardine fishing for Baja California canneries is not restricted to
any one time of the year. For comparative purposes, the data have been
142
CALIF(II;MA I ISII AM) CAME
1963-1964 SEASON
250
280
2 3 4 5 6
FIGURE 2 — Length and age composition of 1963-64 sardine catch. Lengths are plotted by
10mm intervals and by perceniage of total numbers sampled. Ages plotted by percentage
of estimated numbers landed.
siiminai'ized on l\n- .saint- ba.si.s a.s those for soiitln'rn California. During
the 1963-64 season, sardines sampled from Baja California were smaller
than those from central and southern California (Figure 2). Histori-
cally, sardines from Baja California are much smaller per given age
and investigators have allied this with serological differences to sub-
stantiate the subpopulation theory (Vrooman. 1964).
The lengths of sardines in northern Baja California samples ranged
from 184 to 258 mm with a mean of 219 mm. Fish from central Baja
California were considerabh' smaller, ranging from 160 to 208 mm with
a mean of 188 mm (Tables 4 and 5). The 1958 and 1959 year-classes
(ages 5 and 4) w'ere major contributors to the catch in northern Baja
California (Figure 2). In contra] Baja California, the 1959 and 1960
A'ear-classes were dominant.
SARDINE AGE AXD LENGTH CO:\IPOSITION 143
TABLE 6
Length Composition of Year-classes in Sardine Samples from the
Southern California Interseason Catch, 1963 (April and May)
Totals
Stanrlard Year-class
Iciigtli Meas-
(mm) 1962 IQfil 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 Aged ured
210 .. ._ _ _ .. _. ._ .. 1
212
214
216 .. .. .. .. .. ._ .. .. 1
218 .. .. .. 1 .. .. ... 1 2
220 .. .. .. .. ._ .. .. .. 3
222 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1
224 .. _. _. ._ .. __ 3
226 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. '/. 3
228 .. .. 4
230 .... 2 1 .. .. 3 9
232 .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. 1 11
234 .. .. .. .. .. 8
236 .... 1 2 3 1 .. 7 13
238.^ ... .. .... 1 1 .. .. 2 9
2
-
2
.3
1
1
3
1
3
240 .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. 1 11
242 .. .. 1 .- 1 .. .. 2 10
244 ...... 3 1 .. 1 5 14
246 ...... 1 3 .. 1 5 11
248 .. _. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4
250 .. .. .. 2
252 .. .. .. ._ .. __ .. .. 3
254 . _. ._ _. 1 ._ . .. 1 2
256 •.... . .. .. .. ._ .. .. .. 1
258 . ..
260 L .. ...._. 1 1 ._ 2 2
262
264 .. .. _. ._ ._ ._ .. .. 1
Totals __ .. 2 11 13 2 2 30 129
Mean lonKths .. __ 239 237 242 248 245 241 238
Interseason landings in cpntral California were neoli<>-ibl(^ and ade-
quate samples were not obtained. Southern California interseason
landings were sampled dnrintr April and ]\Iay. Fish varied between 210
and 264 mm and consisted primarily of the 1958 and 1959 year-classes
(Table 6). These year-classes also dominated catches dnring the season.
Sardines sampled from northern Ba.ja California interseason catches
ranged in length from 156 to 246 mm with a mean of 213 mm (Table 7).
Central Baja California sardines ranged in length from 136 to 204 mm
and averaged 180 mm (Table 8). In northern and central Baja Cali-
fornia the 1959 and 1960 year-classes were dominant, contributing 81
percent of the total numbers landed (Table 10).
144 (ALlldKMA 1 ISIl AM) (iAME
TABLE 7
Length Composition of Year-classes in Sardine Samples from the
Northern Baja California Inter-season Catch, 1963
Totals
Staiidaril Yonr-class
loiiKth Moas-
(miii) 1902 1961 I'.tiio 1959 1958 1957 Aged iired
156 .. ... .. .. .. .. 2
158 -. .. .. ..... 1
100 .. .. .. .. .. .. 3
162 -. -. .. .. .. ..2
164
106 -- -. .. :.. _ ..
168 1
170
172 -. 1
174
170
17S -- 1
180
182 .. 1
184
186
188
190 1
192
194 -- 1
190
198 1
200
202
204
206
208 -- 1
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
220
228
230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
240
248
250
■-
--
--
--
1
2
■-
--
--
--
1
2
0
6
■-
--
--
1
]
2
3
1
--
--
--
--
1
3
_.
_.
4
1
2
n
__
12
1
--
1
--
3
19
2
I
3
17
1
_.
1
3
27
3
4
1
_
8
40
3
2
1
6
41
2
3
2
1
8
63
4
2
3
1
10
48
3
5
1
10
Go
4
6
2
12
78
S
5
3
If)
55
5
7
1
13
92
9
i
o
1
20
70
6
8
4
IS
70
o
7
3
15
70
5
7
.._
12
74
3
7
3
--
13
GO
1
7
2
10
38
5
4
3
12
40
4
1
2
7
34
2
5
2
__
9
26
-
2
1
--
3
17
_
..
1
1
11
_
1
3
1
5
12
_
2
__
2
8
1
1
2
3
_
__
2
Totals 3 5 77 95 42 5 227 1 143
Mean lengths 185 187 215 218 219 212 216 213
SARDINE AGE AXD LENGTH COMPOSITION
145
TABLE 8
Length Composition of Year-classes in Sardine Samples from Central
Baja California Interseason Catch, 1963
Standard
length
(mm)
Totals
Year-class
1962
1961
1960
1959
1958 1957
Meas-
Aged ured
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
Totals
Mean lengths.
--
::
--
--
1
1
—
—
—
1
--
--
--
--
--
--
1
;;
"" ""
— ~
** ~
—
—
1
2
9
1
1
--
--
--
2
8
5
19
--
2
--
--
--
2
12
4
9
--
1
--
--
--
1
1
1
13
_ _
3
..
._
3
20
2
3
..
..
5
23
1
4
2
__
__
7
49
--
2
5
2
--
9
54
5
8
2
1
16
69
9
12
3
24
103
2
8
4
4
18
91
1
13
3
17
S6
5
13
4
1
--
23
112
1
4
6
1
1
13
68
1
5
2
2
10
51
1
4
2
_.
..
7
43
0
4
2
12
43
1
2
1
--
--
4
16
1
3
1
1
6
12
4
1
_.
._
5
18
__
__
__
__
2
--
--
--
--
--
--
2
--
--
--
--
--
--
3
14
90
60
18
3
185
953
182
182
182
182
186
182
180
2 — 66S71
I4(i
CALllOKMA I'lhii AM) tIA.ME
TABLE 9
Age and Year-class Composition of the Sardine Catch in the 1963—64 Season
Central California
"July"*
"Aucu^t"
"September"
"October"
"November"
"December"
"January"
"Fcbniarv"
Total Central Cali-
fornia
Percent
Southern ' 'alifornia
"September"
"October"
"November"
"December"
"January"t
"February"
"Marcli"!
Total Southern Cali-
fornia
Percent
Total California
Percent
Baja Calilornial
"September"
"October"
"November"
"December"
"January"
"February"
"March"
Total Baja California
Percent
Catch
Tons
107
430
167
fl
Trace
37
44
149
943
127
48:?
1S5
101
40
17
136
1,089
2,032
957
931
1,166
1,034
884
357
5,329
Number
476
1.780
884
41
202
187
640
4,210
100.00
688
2,599
928
577
229
94
1,868
6,983
100.00
11,193
100.00
6,950
6,607
8.367
7,872
7,323
2,865
39,984
100.00
1
1962
635
635
9.09
635
5.67
Number of lish in thousands by age and year-class
2
1961
53
62
12
127
3.02
14
104
1,233
1,351
19.35
1,478
13.20
435
660
128
1,336
3.34
3
1960
214
53
5
10
11
299
7.10
191
208
6
25
21
451
6.46
750
6.70
1,736
1,686
3,249
2,707
3,732
1.453
14,563
36.42
4
1959
67
623
141
4
41
7
173
1,056
25.08
287
987
353
277
89
28
2,021
28.94
3,077
27.49
3,554
2,875
3,749
3,504
2,104
814
16,600
41.52
5
1958
409
730
407
IS
85
79
365
2,093
49.71
165
738
439
254
106
45
1,747
25.02
3,840
.34.31
1,316
1,277
532
1,.321
1.411
561
6,418
16.05
1957
160
177
2
4S
64
102
553
3.U
20
520
105
46
9
700
10.02
1,253
11.20
239
197
113
212
761
1.90
7
1956
44
12
26
82
1.95
9
42
25
76
1.09
158
1.41
105
137
64
306
0.77
1955
2
0.03
2
0.02
* AugiLSt 1—4
t Xo samples, Dec. and Feb. sampling u.'^ed.
t Feb. 2S-March 2 landings
§ Includes Cedros Island and Ensenada only-
not sampled.
-1,5.j1 tons from southern Baja cannery
TABLE 10
Age and Year-class Composition of the Sardine Catch in the
1963 Baja California Interseason
Baja California*
"February"t-
"March"
"April"
"May"
"June"
"July"
"August"!
Total
Percent
Catch
Tons
204
872
963
1,070
1,573
1,159
870
6,711
Number
1,776
7,160
7,430
8,416
11,358
10,060
6,281
52,481
100.00
Numbers of fish in thousands by age and year-cla;s
1
1962
1
4
76
32
113
0.22
2
1961
290
957
1,134
305
393
1,053
4,132
3
1960
957
3,836
3,722
3,350
4.014
5,224
1,892
22,995
43.82
4
1959
334
1,514
1,893
3,611
6,090
2,510
3,739
19,691
37.52
5
1958
112
543
645
987
861
1,097
457
4,702
8.96
6
1957
82
306
36
87
144
193
848
1.62
7
1956
* Includes Cedros Island and Ensenada
fornia cannery not sampled.
t March 3-10, no samples, "Alarch" used.
t September 1-2, no fish landed
only — 4,524 tons from southern Baja Cali-
SARDINE AGE AND LENGTH COMPOSITION
147
Catch Localities
Areas of catch are important to the fisheries scientist interested in the
relationships of the fish to its environment. The popnlation dynamieist
is interested in major shifts of catch areas that may be related to en-
>.s 1
462
•
A
452
SAN FRANCISCO
471
464
487
477
1963-1964 SEASON
483
>« SARDINE CATCH
545
506
. Santa cru? .^mc r^r-^T — c T/-\Kir
515
r
r^
^507 T = TRACE
524
■-■■■■;:
MO
546
531
527
Ci
NTEREY
537
\
S32
544
i
«PT. SUR
568
555
m?PT. LOPEZ
551
>
T
i
X"
56/
N
\ 560
649
606
\60)
613
h
&07
621
(
>.614
630
in
J62
^63
2
650
636
1
642
1
\637
<4PT ARGUELLO
64 8
1644
l^. ARGUELLO
663
\JX.
— i- J
LiV
^
-^t
^
FA E
^6=
ARBARA
1
U-' ■ -^' — -■ ■■^■■
(,77
\66
4
696
ci:^
^ r.
-^
i
^
yy
•Vi" r
^
6 79
717
ps
,
\
31
736
•
i
w.
PEDRO
r\7i8
777
7SS
':'•
•■
tS^^737
775
J-.
"M
hi''-
T
\^
\
7Sb
820
841
---.
K
^
t^
W.
80S^
•OCEANSIDE
n
T
\821
896
1
958
^
h^i.
})842
VSAN
■^[^DIEGO
376
,-
-V^
861
894
(
'■,^
ra77__
''-',897'.,
^.\
I
FIGURE 3-Sardine catch origins 1963-64 season. Dots are placed in approximate locations,
relative to land masses where fish are known to have been taken.
148
CAI.IIUKMA llsll AM) CAM K
viroiiniiMital cliangos result ii)^' in (lisphiccMnciit of snl)i)()iiiilat ions into
aroas of dill'cront fishin*:' i)rcssun'. Past r(>])orts on yield jxt area
(California Slate Fisheries Laboratory, 1!):](); Clark. 1937 a, b ; Piiikas,
1951; Clothier and (ii'cenhood, IDoH) covered the fishery dnriii^' its
inception, rai)id exi)ansion, and decline in the early 195()'s.
The data for this report are deri^•ed from the California ]iink ticket
.system, wliicii has been well documented (California IJurean of Marine
Fisheries, 1952) and consists of iish receipts (pink) filled in by the
d(>aler at the time he purchases fisli from tlie fishermen. The tickets list
the variety of fish, pounds landed, and block area of catch. Block areas
are K) nnnutes of latitude by 10 miirates of lonpitude (Figure 3). At
times, dealers do not enter the catch areas, but during the sardine
season "checkers" are employed by the Department to interview the
vessel captain at time of uidoading and insure that all data concerning
each catch are on a special checkcn-'s ticket. The system is also supple-
mented by scientific personnel who interview the vessel captains when
sampling sardine catches (Figure 4).
The 1963-64 season catch localities off: California consisted of three
major areas: the central California coast from iMonterey Bay to Point
Lopez ; the southern California coastal area off San Pedro ; and the off-
shore islands of southern California (Figure 3). The catch origins cor-
respond quite well to an eaidy analysis by Clark (1937), in which most
fisli Avere taken within 3-5 miles of shore and in areas shallower than
500 fathoms.
To examine major shifts in areas of catch, tonnages for individual
l)h)cks have been grouped into general fishing areas (Table 11). Season
and interseason tonnages were computed, and the tonnage of each gen-
FIGURE 4— Vessel personnel being interviewed on the activities of their vessel during the
previous night of fishing. Phoiograph by Richard Wood, June 1965.
SARDINE AGE AND LENGTH COMPOSITION
149
TABLE n
Sardine Catch by General Fishing Areas for 1963—1964 Period
General areas
Point Arena...
Kodega Head..
San Francisco.
Pigeon Point. .
Monterey
Point Sur
Piedras Blancas.
Point Buchon...
Point Sal
Santa Barbara..
Port Ilueneme.
Santa Cruz Island .
Point Vicente
Oceanside
Santa Catalina Island.
Santa Barbara Island..
San Nicolas Island
San Diego
San Clcmente Island
Tanner & Cortes Banks.
Block numbers
401-421.
422-445.
446-471.
472-506.
507-531-
532-552
553-606. __-
607-630
631-648
651-657, 665-671.
664, 680-683, 703-706, 722-
725
684-690, 707-713, 728-732
679,701,702,718-721,737-
742...-
756-758, 801-804, 821-825
759-762,805-808.
743-745, 763-765, 809-811
746-749, 766-769, 812-815,
833-836
842-846, 860-864, 877-882
826-832, 847-852, 865-869
853-855, 870-873, 888-891.
897__
Totals __
Pounds ol unknown origin not included above.
Total catch
Interseason*
Pounds
71,819
62,600
9,600
1,138,985
193,400
6,550
110,000
1,592,954
1,276,215
2,869J69^
Per-
cent
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
0.3
39.7
0.0
6.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
3.8
55.5
44.5
Wo
Season t
Pounds
668,938
843,725
123,420
5.950
246,800
296,347
470
893,696
2,900
264,050
50,707
60,450
32,200
3,489,653
574,515
"4;064;T68^
Per-
cent
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
16.5
20.8
3.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
6.1
7.3
T
22.0
6.5
1.3
1.5
0.8
85.9
14.1
100.0
Total
Pounds
740,757
843,725
123,420
68,550
256,400
1,435,332
470
1,087,096
2,900
264,0.50
50,7(17
67,000
142,200
5,082,607
1,850.730
6,933,337
Per-
cent
0 . 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.7
12.2
1.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
3.7
20.7
T
15.7
3.8
0.7
1.0
2.0
73.3
26.7
100.0
* Interseason — North of Pt. Arguello March 2-Julj- 31
— South of Pt. Arguello March 2-August 31
t Season — North of Pt. Arguello August 1-Maroh 1
— South of Pt. Arguello September 1-March 1
tn-al fisliiny area expressed as a percentage of the total for that time
period. These general areas are the same groupings used in past yield-
per-area reports (Pinkas, 1951) and provide a standard for comparing
area of catch.
Catch localities for the 1963-64 season were similar to the 1962-63
season. In 1963-64, 16 percent of the seasonal catch was taken in Mon-
terey Bay (Table 11) and only 2 percent in 1962-63. Santa Catalina
Island contributed 22 percent of the total catch in the 1963-64 season.
Compared to past years, this represents a significant change in the
relative contribution of the Santa Catalina Island area to the total
catch. This change resulted from the opening of the southeastern por-
tion of the island, blocks 806 and 807, to roundhaul and purse-seine nets
on September 23, 1963. Seiners concentrated on this area shortly after
the opening and approximately 200 tons of sardines were taken.
REFERENCES
California, Bureau of Marine Fisheries. 1952. The commercial fish catch of Cali-
fornia for the year 1950 with a description of methods used in collecting and
compiling the statistics. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Fish Bull., (86) : 120 p.
California State Fisheries Laboratory. 1930. Fishing areas along the California
coast for the sardine (Sardina caerulea). Calif. Div. Fish and Game, Fish Bull.,
(25) : 44 p.
l.")() CAl.lldH.MA IISII AM) (;A.\rE
Clark, Frances X. l!(.'37a. FisluiiR lf)calili<'s fm- tlic ( '.ilit'iprni.i siiiilinc. Sfirdiiiojis
caerulea, 1028-1930. Calif. Div. Fish and Came, Fish IJiill., (4Sj : 11 ii.
. lO.'JTb. Yield per area of the California sardine fishing gronnds 193")-
1937. Calif. Fish and Game, 23 (4) : 307-309.
Felin, Francis E., and .Tiilins P>. Phillips. 1948. Aj;e and length composition of
tlie sardine catch off the Pacific coasts of the T'nited States and Canada,
1941-1942 throimh 1946-1947. Calif. Div. Fish and (lame. Fish P.ull.. (09) :
122 p.
Clothier, Charles K., and Ivlward C. (JrecnlnHiil. I'.i.'pd. .lack mackerel .-ind snrdinc
yield per area from ("alifoi-nia waters, 1940—47 llu-ongh 1954-5.1. Calif. Dcpt.
Fish and Came, Fish I'.nll.. (102): 7-10.
Pinkas, Tjeo. 1951. Yield ],i-\- ai-ea of the California sardine fishing gronnds
1937-1949. Cnlif. Div. Fish and (Jame, Fish Bull., (80) : 9-14.
Vrooman, Andrew AI. 1964. Serologically differentiated snl)))opiil;il ions of the
Pacific sardine, Sardinops caerulea. Fish. Res. Rd. Canada. .Tour.. 21 (4) : 091-
701.
Calif. Fish and Game, 52 (.3) : 151-156. 1966.
SKILFISH, ERILEPIS ZONIFER (LOCKINGTON), IN
CALIFORNIAN AND PACIFIC NORTHWEST WATERS^
J. B. PHILLIPS
Marine Resources Operations
California Department of Fish and Game
A young skilfish 453 mm TL was trawled off Monterey Bay in
December 1963. This north PaciTic species attains a length of 6 feet and
a weight of 200 pounds. Young fish are taken mainly in the epipelagic
zone, usually far from shore, while large individuals are taken at greater
depths. Skilfish apparently represent a latent resource awaiting dis-
covery of major concentrations.
INTRODUCTION
A young- skilfisli, 17.8 inches long: and weighing 3.6 pounds (Table 1),
was taken in an otter trawl towed on the bottom in 9.") fathoms soutli-
west of Pt. Santa Cruz, ^lonterey Bay on December 4, 1963. Salvatore
Tringali, owner of the ^lonterey P'ish Company, discovered this un-
usual fish in a catch of rockfish (Sehastodes spp.) unloaded from the
trawler El Salvdtore. The specimen is deposited in the California Acad-
emy of Sciences fish collection (No. 27084).
Previously, only three specimens of Erilcpis zonifer have been re-
ported from California. The first, an 11.75-inch fish, was described as
a neAv species (Lockington, 1880). It was found in August 1879 at a
San Francisco market, in a catch of fish from ^Monterey Bay. The other
two were reported as "fat-priest fish" by Jordan (1918) who saw^ them
at a San Francisco market. lie gave no lengths or weights, but partook
of the flesh of one and pronounced it delicious.
SYNONOMY
Lockington (1880) described this species as Myriolepis zonifer, but
Gill (1894) pointed out that the generic name Myriolepis was already
in use for fossil fishes, and proposed Erilepis in its stead.
Not until 1900, 20 j-ears after its description, was a second specimen
noted. In that year, D. S. Jordan and J. 0. Snyder found a 6-foot
stuffed Erilepis in the Imperial ^Museum of Tokj^o which they mistook
for a giant sea bass. In fact, they described a 55-inch specimen caught
in the Sagami Sea as Ehisus saga)iiii(s, and placed it in the family
Serranidae (Jordan and Snyder, 1901). Later, Jordan (1917) recog-
nized Ehisus as the uniformly-colored adult of the skilfish. Originally
the skilfish was placed in a separate family, Erilepidae, but recent tax-
onomic practice has been to include Erilepis with Anoplopoma (sable-
fish) in the family Anoplopomatidae.
Numerous common names have been applied to skilfish, including:
giant skilfish, giant seabass, marine monk, and. priestfish, in North
America; and aburahozu (fat-priest), and aiurainagi (fat-bass), in
Japan.
^Submitted for publication February 1966.
(151)
1.V2
( AMI (iK'MA I ISII AM) (^VAIE
DISPARITY
In cjirlicr \c;irs. ;iii iiccasioiuil I;ii'l:(' skillisii ni;i\ luixc hccii dressed
and nniiitt'iiti(>iuill\' iiiarki^tcd as a saljjcfisli. Kell ;iiid (iharrett (1945)
stale tlial the <'ai)tain of tlic lialihiit xcssci Ftn'iraid rcpoi-ted wei<i]iiii<i'
out a blacUcod ( sahlefish) at T2(i pounds, head and (Mitrails removed,
tliat was cau.alit off soutlu'astci'u Alaska in 1916. This would represent
a whole tish weiuhinp- aboid In!) pounds — assuiuin<i' a wei<ilit loss of
approximately oue-thii-d. which noiMually (m-cui's when sahlefish are
di-essed and Ix'lieaded. This adjusted wei<iht (LS!) pounds] is acceptable
for the skilfish, which attains a round wei<iht of 200 pounds, but it is
much too lar<ie foi' a sahlefish.
Past surveys indicate that a sahlefish of .")() ]iounds is near-maximum
size. Swan (1885) notes: "Instances ai'e not uncommon of black cod
beinti- taken measui'in^' oO inches and wei^hiuo; .30 pounds, but the
averaj.!e is much less than this last. But it is the admitted rule that
the d(>eper the wafei' tlie laruer the fish." Johnston riDlT) reiioi'ts the
TABLE 1
Measurements and Meristic Counts of a Young Skilfish, Erilepis Zonifer,
Caught ofF Monterey Bay, December 4, 1963
Total Ipngtli ("ant. tip of jaws to tip of candal fin)
Standard length (tip of upper .i:;\v to end vertebral column) . .
Greatest vertical body depth
Greatest lateral body thickness
Length of head (tip of upper jaw to end of opercular flap)
Least interorbital width (top of head at mid-orbits)
Length of snout (median tip upper jaw to anterior rim orbit) _
Horizontal width of orbital cavit.\-
^'ertical height of orbital cavity
Length of upper jaw (median tip to end of maxillary)
Width of suborbital bone, between orbit and maxillary
Least dorso-ventral height of caudal peduncle
Length of base of first dorsal fin
Length of base of second dorsal fin
Length of base of anal fin, including spines
Width of pectoral fin base
Longest pectoral fin ray (from line bet. insertions to tip)
Longest ventral fin ray
Longest anal fin ray
Longest dorsal fin spine
Longest dorsal fin ray
Interspace between first and second dorsal fins
Distance from posterior of anus to origin of anal fin
Counts
First dorsal fin
Second dorsal fin
Anal fin
Ventral fin
Pectoral fin
Number of rakers on first gill arch
Number of pores in lateral line
453.0
382 . 0
120.5
71.0
114.5
48 . 5
37.0
20.0
15.5
1
.0
.0
.5
.0
2
5
40.
13.
36.
98.
100.
03.
31
88.5
56.0
51.0
42.0
49.5
10.0
7.5
Percent of
standard
length
31.5
18.6
30.0
12.7
9.7
5.2
4.1
12.1
3.4
9.4
25.8
26.2
16.5
8.3
23.2
14.7
13.4
11.0
13.0
2.6
2.0
XIII
I, 17
II, 12
I, 5
18 rays, each side
22 (6-1-16)
133
SKILFISH IN EASTERN PACIFIC 153
capture of 40- to 50-pound sablefish off Umatilla Lightship in 1!)15.
(Uemeiis jiikI Wilby (19-i()) ineiitiou tluit hirge individuals, 3 feet long
and 40 pounds in weight, liave been eaptured on North Pacific lialibut
banks. Coastwise sea surveys during the past decade have failed to yield
sablefish weighing over 40 pounds (Pacific Marine Pish. Comm., 1954;
Alverson, Pruter, and Ronholt, 1964). The largest authenticated sable-
fish from Pacific waters was a 5(i-pounder caught in 1930 oft' Fort
Bragg, California (Capt. C L. Larson, pers. connn.).
A readily observed dift'erence between skilfish and sablefish is that in
skilfish tlic first (spinous) dorsal (in is set in a shalh)\v groove, and the
space between the fii'st and secoiul doi-sal fins is less tiian the width of
tile orbit. In sabh^fish there is no dorsal fin groove and the dorsal inter-
space is several times the width of the orbit.
DISTRIBUTION
Skilfish have been taken occasionally from ^lonterey Bay noi-thward
into the (iulf of Alaska, along the Xorth American coast, and off the
fvurileaml -Japaiu'se islands, along the Asiatic coast. Tiicy have not been
rcpoi-ted in Puget Sound,- nor in the Pering Sea.
In the past decade, intensified research fishing, particularly for
salmon in Xorth l*acific waters, has resulted in many incidental cap-
tures of skilfish. Xeave (195!)) reported 14 individuals taken in surface
gill nets set well off the Canadian coast in .Inly 195(i, and May, June,
and .\u,i:iist 1!».')S. Parkins (19(i4) rei)orted 145 specimens taken in
surface gill nets set ovci-niul'.t during Alay through September, 1955-
1961, in waters off* the Pacific Northwest and in the Gulf of Alaska;
iu)ne was taken in nets set in the Pering Sea.
Young skilfish appai'cntly lead an epipelagic existence. Andriashev
(1955) repoiied tliat in August 1951 five young skilfish 3.6 to 7.0
inches long were caught at the surface from the Russian whaling ship
lih/ui-dl S5 miles east of the Kurile Islands. Another innnature fish 21.5
inches long was caught in August 1953, by a crew member using a
baited hook fished at the surface about 260 miles oft" the northern
Kuriles; the surface water temperature was 8.7°C (47.7°F) at that
time. In December 1965, the Vancouver Public Acpiarium received
three small, live skilfish, 10 to 12 inches long, that had been caught
at the surface 900 miles west of Victoria the previous month. Crew
members of the weathership Stonetoini who had caught these three
fish said that juvenile skilfish are apparently curious because they
"poke their h.eads out of the water around the ship and can be dip-
netted by long handled nets" (Hewlett, 1966).
Early in May 1965, the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran-
cisco, placed on display two live young skilfish contributed by the
Fishery Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle. One
fish was 16 and the other 20 inches long Avhen caught at the surface,
April 20, 1965, on longline gear set for salmon, 1,100 miles off' the
southern Oregon coast. ^ The surface temperature was 10.3°C (50.5° F)
at the place of capture (Lillian Dempster, pers. comm.) .
2 Andriashev (1955) inadvertently lists skilfish from Pui?et Sound, citing Kincaid
(l!tl9). Kincaid, in noting- a distinction between skilfish and resident sablefish,
states: "No specimens have been taken within the limits of Puget Sound, but a
number of examples have been captured on the neighboring Canadian shore."
3 One of these fish was still alive at Steinhart Aquarium on April 14, 1966.
ir)4
CALIFOKXIA I'lSlI AND (iAME
Xoither Neave (IDof)) nor l.ai'kiiis (]9()4) listed the lengths or'
\V('i<:li1s of skilfisli lakcii in surl'aec <"ill nets in eastern Paeifie waters;!
however. Larkins Jiotcd lliat the net niesli sizes ^■aried from 2.0 to 5.5;
inelies, stretehed. This wonhl indicate retention of subordinate sizes:
of skilfish. In tlie IT.S-iiicli six'cimen from Monterey (Figure 1), thej
greatest vertical body (b'ptli is 4.75 inclies, and the greatest lateral
body thickness is 2. 80 inciies. Tliis fish, like those reported b}' Neavei
(1959) and Larkins (1964), couhl liave been caught near the surface.
An otter ti'awl has no chising (h>vice and fishes while being set and
retrieved, as well as on the bottom. j
Information concerning the depths at ^\llicJ^ large skilfish were
caught oflf Japan is lacking, but there are a few records for eastern]
racific Avaters. These indicate that individuals 44 to 70 inches long,!
anil weighing up to 175 pounds, have been caught on or near the bot-i
torn in 150 to 240 fathoms on baited halibut lines (Thomj^son, 1916,:
1917; Clemens and Wilby, 1946,
1961).
COLOR
The body of young skilfish is dark-gray or blue-black, conspicu-
ously blotched with white or light-gray (Figure 1). In large individ-
uals, the whitish blotches are obscured, and the body is uniformly
blackish above, and lighter below. The whitish blotches apparently
are retained until a fish reaches at least -i^) inches. Newman (1963)
rei)orted upon a skilfish exhibited at the Vancouver (British Colum-i
bia) Public Aquarium from July 1956 to September 1963, when it
died. During this period, it grew in length from 12 to 35 inches, but;
retained its pattern of white and light-gray marks for the entire 7
years. j
FIGURE 1— A young skilfish, Erilepsis zonifer, 17.8 inches long token off Monterey Boy,
December 4, 1963. Photograph by J. 6. Phillips.
LATENT RESOURCE
Andriashev (1955) notes that the Soviet fisheries industry is in-
terested in finding commercial concentrations of this large, fat fish,
both in surface and bathypelagic waters of the northwestern Pacific
area. Apparently, skilfish are not common on grounds traditionallj^ ;
SKiLfish in eastern pacific 155
fished along' the North American coast. A few large individuals have
l)een taken on halibut gear, but none with dragnet gear, except for
the recent Monterey Bay specimen.
Alverson et al. (1964) made no mention of skilfish catches in bot-
tom trawling operations by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
in northeastern Pacific waters during 1940-1962. They evaluated
over 1,700 drags that were made from ( )regon northward into the Bering
and Chukchi Seas. Depths to 800 fathoms, and in some cases to 600
fathoms, were sampled. B.y contrast, sablefish were taken in all depths
from Oregon to the l)ering Sea. The capture of many young skilfish
in gill nets set at the surface several hundred miles from shore in
North Pacific waters, could signify a bathypelagic habitat for the
larger fish. If such is the case, harvesting could be accomplished wnth
mid-water trawls, which i-ecently have been used to capture commer-
cial quantities of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
T am indebted to "W. T. Follett and Lillian J. Dempster, California
Academy of Sciences, for sup])lying- information and literature on
Erilrpis. John E. Fitch was helpful in suggesting various references,
and he and John L. Baxter gave editorial counsel.
LITERATURE CITED
Alverson, I). L., A. T. I'rutcr, and T>. T;. Uoiiliolt. I!)64. A stndy of dfiiuTsal tislips
and fisheries of the northeastern Pacific Ocean. T'niv. Brit. Col.. Inst. Fish., Van-
couver, p. 134-136.
Andriasliev, A. P. 19r)."5. A fisli new to tlie fauna <>f the USSR — Erilcpis. Erilepis
zonifer (Lock.) Pisces. Anoiiloponiidae, from the Kanichatkan waters of the
Pacific Ocean. A^oprosv Ikhtioh)sii (4) : .3-9. [Knsl- transl. by T^aurence Penny,
edited by Bruce B. Co'llette, T.S. Fish and Wihll. Serv.. Wash., !►.(". 1
Bell, F. Reward, and John T. Gharrett. 1!)4.'). The Pacific ("oast blackcod. Ano-
ploponw finihiin. Copeia, 1045 (2) : 94-103.
Clemens. W. A., and G. V. Wilby. 1946. Fishes of the Pacific Coast of Canada.
Fish. Res. Jid. Canada, Bull., (68) : 239-242.
1961. Hid (2nd ed.), (68) : 2.39-242.
Gill, T. 1894 {Myriolepis zonifer Lockinston). Science 23(573) : 'A.
Hewlett, Gil. 1966. New skilfish. Aquarium Newsletter, ^'ancouver Publ. Aquar.,
10(1) :4.
Johnston, E. C. 1917. Survey of the fishinj;- j;rounds on the coasts of Washinf?ton
and Oregon in 1915. U.S. Comm. Fish., Rept. for 1915, app. 6, p. .5-20.
•Jordan, David Starr. 1917. Changes in names of American fishes. Copeia. 1917
(49) : 85-89.
• 1918. The "fat-priest fish" in California. Copeia. 1918 (54) : 29-30.
Jordan, David Starr, and .John O. Snyder. 1901. Descriptions of nine new species
of fishes contained in museums of Japan. Imper. Univ. Tokyo, Coll. Sci., Jour.,
15 : 301-311.
Ivincaid. Trevor. 1919. An annotated list of Puget Sound fishes. Wash. Dept. Fish.,
Olympia, p. 28.
Ijarkins, Herbert A. 1964. Some epipelagic fishes of the North Pacific Ocean.
Bering Sea, and Gulf of Alaska. Amer. Fish. Soc, Trans., 93(3) : 286-290.
Lockington, W. N. 1880. Description of a new chiroid fish, MyrioJepis zonifer. from
Monterey Bay, California. U.S. Natl. Mus., Proc, 3 : 248-251.
Neave, Ferris. 1959. Records of fishes from waters off the British Columbia coast.
Fish, Res. Bd. Canada, Jour., 16(3) : 383-384.
ir,(i
(• M.iroK'MA IISII AXn fiAME
NcwiiiMii. M. A. r.M;.'{. rnssiii}; of llic 'inx siciv fisli." A<|u;iriiiiii Newsletter, V;iii-
ciiiniT I'lililic Aiiiiiiriuiii, 7(8) : .'i.
r.'icilif M;irino Fislierics ('oiiiinission. 1!)."'>4. ( Snlilclisiri . Tac. M;ir. Kisli. ("oiuin..
I'.nll.. (.•{) : 1-1:10.
Swan. .1. (J. ISS."). Itcpoi-l on black cod of (lie \oilli I'.Mcific Ocean. T'.S. Fish.
Conim.. Hull.. 5(1.".): 'SJ'tS.'A.
Thonipson. ^Vi]l F. IHK!. A second occurrence of Erilepis in American wafers.
Copeia. 1016 (30) : 20-30.
1017. Further notes on Erilepis, the j^iant bass-like fish of the North i'a<ilic.
Copeia. 1017 (40) : 0-13.
Calif. Fish and Game, 52(3) : 157-160. 1966.
RESULTS OF THE 1961 TO 1965
PISMO CLAM CENSUSES^
JOHN G. CARLISLE, JR.
Marine Resources Operations
California Department of Fish and Game
Data for the Department's annual Pismo clam census are analyzed
and brought up to date for the years 1961 to 1965. Two of the 5 years,
1964 and 1965, were characterized by good recruitment at the three
Pismo locations sampled, but recruitment at Morro Bay was almost Sack-
ing. Although recruitment during 1961, 1962, and 1963 was poor at all
locations on both beaches, the censuses of the past 10 years revealed
an improved situation over the previous 10 except at Morro Bay.
An annual een.sus ul' the Pismo clam lias been taken by the Dcpai't-
ment of Fish and Game at three locations on Pismo Beach since 192:5
and at Morro Bav since 1949. Censuses prior to 19()() have been re-
ported by Baxter (19(51, V)(V2) and Fitcli (1950, Pl.l'i. P»r)4. 19.5."3).
The present paper brings census data up-to-date thi-ough liXi').
The reg-idar sections at LeGrande. Oceano, Pismo, and Morr-o (Bax-
ter. 1!)()1) wei-e sampled in eai-li of the ."> ycai's liKil thi'ough IDOf).
IJaxter (19(51) describes the census methods, gives a liistory of tlie reg-
ulations governing the utilization of the resource, and pi-esents nuips
of the census locations.
Kecrnil iiicnt was yrvv i^ood in 1!)()4 at tlic tliree I'ismo Beach locali-
ties and (luite good in V.Hh). The size of the 1964 year-class far
exceeded any since 19.17; the last outstanding set occurred in 1946.
During 1961, 1962. and 1968 recruitment was poor. Essentially no re-
cruitment has occurred at ^lorro Bay since 1944. During the 1965 cen-
sus, however, a few clams-of-the-year were washed out underfoot as the
otfshore end of the section was flooded by incoming waves, giving evi-
dence of a better set at Morro Bay than any since 1!»52.
As has been true for many years, very few large clams were dug in
the 6-inch-wide sections. Practically no clams older than 5 years were
found. Only a few clams have attained the legal size of 4^ inches
before this age. All sections combined vielded onlv three legals in
both 1961 and 1962, seven in 1963, and" two in both 1964 and 1965.
The 4^-inch size limit, however, allows ample time for reproduction;
most Pismo clams have reproduced four or five times before reaching
this size.
To obtain good clamming it is now necessary to dig in waist-deep
water during the better minus (below -1 foot) tides of the year.
LE GRANDE SECTION
This section is about 5 miles south of the Pismo Beach pier in an
area which was a clam refuge from 1929 to 1949 (Fitch, 1952). It is
the least productive of the three Pismo Beach sampling locations.
1 Submitted for publication February 1966.
( 157 )
158
CAl.IIOK.MA FISH AND GAME
TABLE 1
Number of Cioms by Year-Class Taken in the Le Grande Section
1961-1965
Census year
Year-class
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1955-1-
1*
0
0
0
0
1956
0
0
0
0
0
1957
0
1
0
0
0
1958
3
4
0
1
0
1959
7
4
2
0
0
1960
7
6
5
7
1
1961
1-
1
4
1
2
1962
2
6
2
0
1963
4
8
14
1964
71.
41
1965
--
--
--
--
40
Total ___
19
18
21
90
98
* 1945 year-class
Only one age zero clam was clng in 1961, two in 1962, and four in 1963
(Table 1). In 196-1, a fair set occurred, indicated by tlie 71 zeros in the
section; this was followed by 40 zeros in 196."). The latter 2 years had
the best recruitment in this area since 1946.
OCEANO SECTION
The Oceano section was closed to digging from 1949 until 1955. A
good set in 1964, indicated by the 200 zeros taken in the section, ap-
TABLE 2
Number of CSams by Year-C!ass Taken in the Oceano Section
1961-1965
Census yeai
Year-class
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1955 + .
0
0
6
11
13
8
6
1*
0
2
7
11
5
18
36
1*
0
0
2
5
6
21
13
14
0
0
0
0
1
1
6
16
25
200
0
1956. _
0
1957...
0
1958...
(j
1959. .
0
1960
0
1961
1
1962 .
15
1963. .
''S
1964
141
1965
75
Total
44
80
62
249
257
* 1946 year-class
PISMO CLAM CENSUS I961-65
159
parently survived quite well because 141 l-year-olds were found in
1965. The set was fair in 1965, when 75 zero clams were taken, some-
what better than any year since 1957, except 1964. During 1961, 1962,
and 1963 recruitment was poor (Table 2).
Two legal-sized clams were dug in both 1962 and 1968, but none in
the other 3 years. Poor survival of the record 1957 set (Baxter, 1961)
is demonstrated by the fact that only one legal clam from this year-
class was dug during the 5 years 3961 to 1965.
PISMO SECTION
This section, just north of the Pismo Pcacli pier, is in an area never
closed to digging. Iiclatively good sets which occurred here in 1964
and 1965 were the best since 1959. Survival of the 1964 year-class has
been good; the section yielded 111 chiiiis as zeros in 1965, and 97 were
taken as 1-year-olds (Table 3). The 1!)63 year-class was stronger here
than at Le Grande or Oceano.
TABLE 3
Number of Clams by Year-Class Taken in the Pismo Section
1961-1965
Census year
Year-class
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1955-H -- -
1*
0
.3
13
IS
10
4
0
0
3
15
10
5
12
33
It
0
0
4
9
4
11
6
61
1
0
0
1
5
4
10
20
111
0
1956
1957..
0
0
195S..
0
1959
I960
0
4
1961
1962
0
21
1963
34
1964
1965 -
97
126
Total
49
78
96
179
282
* 1952 year-class
t 1945 year-class
MORRO SECTION
Except for evidence of weak recruitment in 1965 (previously noted),
few clams have set in the Morro area since 1959, and there have been
no sets of real consequence since 1944 (Table 4). The situation here
is extremely serious. Clams in this area need at least 7 years to reach
legal size, so even if a good set occurs in 1966, clammers would not
find digging very productive until after 1972. In the meantime a few
legal clams still can be dug in waist-deep water during most extreme
low tides (-1.0 foot or lower).
ICO
CAI.II(ii;\| A I'lSII AM) CAMK
TABLE 4
Niimber of Clams by Year-Class Taken in the Morro Section
1961-1965
Census > ear
Year-class
196!
1962
196.3
1961
1965
1955+
1*
0
0
1
2
0
0
2t
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
195()
0
1957. .- ...
0
195S . . . .
0
1959
0
1900 ...
0
1961 ...
0
1962
1983
1964
1
0
0
1965. . _ _ _
1
Total
4
4
5
1
2
* 1942 year-class
t 1942 and 1951 year-classes
DISCUSSION
Two .tiood ycais of recriiitniciit at I'isino ncadi since llXil, coupled
Avith 3 o'ood yeai's during the preeeding 5, have i)ro(Uieed a greatly
iiii])roved situation over that whicli existed during the 1946 to 1956
period. Provided there is a liood survival of tliese year-classes during
the next few years, there should be a steady increase in the take of
legal clams.
Survival of these 1964 and 1965 year-class clams will depend to a
large degree on whether the claminiug public reburies the undersized
elams they turn out in search of legals.
At Morro Bay, only the fortunate circunistance of several years of
good reci'uil I'lenl and survival can I'estore the resource. AVith each
passing year, such a revival appeal's luoi'e and luoi'c unlikely.
REFERENCES
Baxter, .John L. IDGl. Results of the l!i.".-"i In T.>.".".i I'isiiio clam censuses. Calif.
Fish and Game, 47 (2) : 153-162.
1002. The Pismo clam in lOtJO. Calif. Fish and (Janie, 48 (1) : :j.'3-.37.
Fitch, .John E. 19.10. The Pismo clam. Calif. Fish and Game, 36 (3) : 285-312.
19.52. The Pismo clam in 1951. Calif. Fish and Game, 38 (4) : 541-.547.
• 19.54. The Pismo Clam in 1952 and 1953. Calif. Fish and Game, 40 (2) :
199-201.
1955. Results of the 1954 Pismo clam census. Calif. Fi.sh and Game, 41 (3) :
209-211.
Calif. Fifth and flnmr, 52(0) : lfil-105. 1966.
ADDITION OF ADULT ANGLERFISH, CHAENOPHRYNE
PARVICONUS REGAN AND TREWAVAS (PISCES:
ONEIRODIDAE), TO THE EASTERN SUBARCTIC
PACIFIC OCEAN ^
RICHARD B. GRINOLS
Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Seattle, Washington 98102
Data on variation are presented for two anglerfish that were trawled
in deep water off the Columbia River in 1963 and 1964, and the escae of
two closely allied species are discussed briefly.
Although the primary distribution of ceratioids appears confined to
warm parts of the oceans, Bertelsen (1951) showed that adulls of some
species occasionally appear in subarctic and subantarctic re<»ions.
Adults of Ceralids, H)inaittf)l()j>Jnis, ('rripiosaraa, and Oneirodcs have
been recorded from northern latitudes in both the Atlantic and Pacific;
Oneirodes have been recorded as far noi-tli as the (Julf of Alaska in the
eastern north Pacific.
Two fully-developed unattached females of Cliaenopliripir parviconns
Regan and Trewavas were taken during daylight, offshore near the
Columbia River effluence, during 1963 and 1964 cooperative bottom
trawling studies by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Atomic
Energy Commission. These specimens represent the first records of
Chaenophrync in subarctic waters. Incidental captures of bathypelagic
organisms have not been unusual during these investigations ; Green-
wood (1959) described the gear utilized.
The largest sjiecimen, 82.8 mm tl (68.7 + 14.1) w^as taken from a
4()()-fathom station, September 2, 1964, at lat. 45° 50'N., long. 124°
51'W. The other, 48.3 mm tl (39.2-^9.1) came from a 275-fathom
station, August 27, 1963, at lat. 46° OO'X., long. 124° 49'W. The larger
of these establishes a record size for this genus; the previous record was
a 55 mm (41 + 14) C. longiceps Regan 1926 [= C. melanorhahdn>i
Regan and Trewavas 1932; —(7. parviconus, Beebe and Crane 1947]
from the Gulf of Panama (Bertelsen, 1951).
Both specimens from off the Columbia River were deposited in the
Fish ^luseum, Universitv of AVashington; the larger was catalogued as
UW 18208 (Figure 1, left) and the other, as UW 17442 (Figure 1,
right). Counts and measurements were taken from the left side of the
specimen whenever possible, after Ilubbs and Lagler (1958). Measure-
ments were made with dial calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm and meristic
data were supplemented with the aid of radiographs.
1 Submitted for publication December 1965.
( 161 )
3— 66S71
](i2 CALiFORXTA FisTi AND r;A:\rE
DISCUSSION
The following discussion of variations in C. parviconu.s is based pri-
marily on information acquired from the new records.
Bertelsen's (1951) diajrnosis of Chaenophrifuc adequately isolates
members of the C. draco-^^rowp (except for C. draco Beebe) on the basis
of escal components. Althou*ih UW 18208 has a more specialized esca
than I'W 1744:!. tlie two new specimens intensify the relationship
between C. parviconus and C draco. The esca of UW 18208 is similar
to that of tlif> above-mentioned 55 mm specimen except that the anterior
lilainent liiiiidles are replaced by variable-length, tapered, cylindrical
apjiendages with an accompanying: reduction in the number of filaments
arising from the anterior wing of the posterior appendage (Figure 1,
left). Although UW 17442 is a well-devoloped female, there are no
fringes or filaments on the esca (Figure 1, right). The 23 mm holotype
of C. draco has no fringes or filaments on the esca, but has distinct
short cvlindrical appendages laterallv extending from the base of the
distal papilla fBertelsen, 1951). Both I'W 18208 and VW 17442 have
iridescent basal swellings antero-lateral to the distal papilla ; pos-
teriorly these swellings give rise to the tapered cylindrical appendages
(Figure 1). Beebe and Crane (1947) and Bertelsen (1951) suggest
that these swellings, which were seen on most of their specimens, rep-
resent the precursors to filament formation. After examining the two
Columbia Eiver fish, I concur with Bertelsen (1951) that the cylindrical
extensions of the anterior basal-lateral swellings with terminal lumi-
nescent patches shown by C. macractis Kegan and Trewavas 1932 [=C.
parviconus] and possibly by C. draco may represent an advancement
over the rudimentary swollen state of this escal area preliminary to
formation of filament bundles or appendages. Of course, this does not
preclude that anterior cylindrical appendages could have been regen-
erated from filament bundles.
Although Bertelsen (1951) has shown various ontogenetic stages of
escal development, the absence or presence of a number of filaments
does not appear directly connected with growth as shown by the two
new records. Beebe and Crane (1947) note that fringe lengths of the
posterior bulb appendages vary regardless of age.
Morphomotrically the Cohunbia River specimens exhibit maximum
divergence in the width of the gill opening, length of anal base, length
of longest gill filament, relative lengths of the esca, and tip of the sub-
cutaneous appendage (Table 1, Figure 1). Most measurements, how-
ever, must be considered with caution because of the morphometric
inaccuracy resulting from the gelatinous globular specimens. The in-
crease in gill filament length and resultant filament surface could
accommodate the increased oxygen requirements for the larger speci-
men. The tip of the subcutaneous appendage and escal length differ-
ences may reflect allometric growth or the effects of preservation.
]\leristic differences are limited to dentition (Table 2), one of the most
variable ceratioid characters (Bertelsen, 1951; P. J. Struhsaker, in
litt.).
ANGLER FISH IX EASTERN PACIFIC
163
A
/RIS REYNOLDS
/RIS REYNOLDS
5 mr
5mm.
FIGURE 1— Frontal views of illicium of UW 18208 (left) with part of pigmented dermal layer
removed, demonstrating extent of subcutaneous appendage, and UW 17442 (right).
DISTRIBUTION
C. parviconus has been recorded from below lat. 37°N. in the north-
eastern Atlantic Ocean and from below lat. 13 °S. from the Indian and
Sonth Pacific Oceans. The most northerly previous record in the north
Pacific is the Gulf of Panama (Bertelsen, 1951). The two new records
extend the range of C. parviconus northward to a point offshore from
Tillamook Head, Oregon, in the eastern subarctic Pacific Ocean. These
northerly subarctic records suggest that this species also occurs in
adjacent California waters.
^Morphologically inferred as passive swimmers, anglerfishes must drift
within major oceanic current systems. Dodimead, Favorite, and Hirano
(1963) discuss the physical features of the variable subsurface Cali-
fornia Undercurrent as a northerly flowing water mass penetrating the
1G4
CALll-OKMA I'ISII AM) CA.MK
TABLE 1
Measurements of Body Parts (mm) and Proportions in Standard Length fror
C. parviconus, UW 17442 and UW 18208
If cms
Total Icnjrth
Standard Iciigtli
Head length (to post, edge of articular)
Maxirniiin body depth
Maxinmin hod\' width
Least dejith, caurlal peduncle
Predorsal length
Preanal length
Prepectora! length
Length of caudal
^^'idth of gill opening
Lengt h of dorsal base. .
Length of anal base
Width of pectoral base
Length of snout
Interorbital width
Eye diameter (cornea) .
Length of joined portion of first gill arch
Length of lower arm of first arch
Length of longest filament (second arch)
Length of illicium
Length of esca (from tip of distal papilla to base
of oval body — blackened portion)
Length of subcutaneous appendage
Length of white tip of subcutaneous appendage
* Taken from rie;ht side
t Poorly preserved
TABLE 2
Counts of Body Parts from C. parviconus, UW 17442 and UW 18208
Items
UW 17442
UW 18208
Dorsal
7
5
17
9
2 + 4
ca. 12
ca. 13
3
ca. G
ca. 8
7
Anal
5
Pectoral
Caudal.,
17
9
Branchiostegals
Dentition:
Premaxillary
Mandible _ . .
2 + 4
15
16
Vomer _ . . .
2
Upper pharygneal teeth
2nd arch
ca. 6
3rd arch _ .
ca. 12
Total vertebrae (including urostyle)
19
Tnnik vertebrae.
10
ANGLER FISH IN EASTERN PACIFIC 165
subarctic region from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Assuming the
Oregon specimens were members of a species complex extending along
the western North American continent, this undercurrent could provide
the physical continuum for such passive swimmers.
LITERATURE CITED
Beebe, William, and Jocelyn Crane. 1!»47. Eastern I'acilic pxpcditions of the Now
York Zoological Society. XXXVII. Deep-sea ceratioid fishes. Zoologica, 31 (4) :
ir)l-lSi>.
Bertelsen, E. 1!^.")1. The ceratioid lishes : ontogeny, taxonomy, disti-ibution, and
biology. Dana-Rep., (39) : l-27tj.
Dodimead. A. J.. F. Favorite, and T. Ilirano. 1963. Salmon of the North Pacific
Ocean. Part II. Review of oceanography of the sul)arctic Pacific region. Bnll. Int.
No. Pac. Fi.sh. Comm., (13) : 1-195.
Greenwood, ]\I(dvin R. 19.")9. Shrimp exidoration in central Ala.skan water.s by iM/V
John N. Vohh, .luly-August I'.t.'jS. ("omm. Fisli. Rev., 21 (7) : 1-13.
Hubbs, Carl L., and Karl F. Lagler. 19;j8. Fishes of the (Jreat Lakes region. P.nll.
Cranbrook Inst. Sci., (20) : 1-213.
Regan, C. Tate. 192(). Tlie pediculate fishes of the snhorder Ceratioidea. Danish
■•Dana"-E.\ped. 1920-22 Oceanogr. Rr|... 1 (2) : 1 1.".
Regan, C. Tate, and Ethehvynn Trewavas. r.t:;2. Deep-sea angler-fishes (Ceratioi-
dea). Dana-Rep., (2) : 1-113.
f'alif. Fish tniil (hi„i,. SZC!) :inr. 172. IPHf;.
EXPERIMENTAL BROWN TROUT MANAGEMENT IN
LOWER SARDINE LAKE, CALIFORNIA^
HALLETT D. BOLES ' and DAVID P. BORGESON
Inland Fisheries Branch
California Department of Fish and Game
Seven years were spent studying various sizes and strains of planted
brov/n and rair.bov^ trout in this high elevation, oligotrophic lake. AD
fingerlings tested produced wery lov/ angling returns. Domesticated strains
of catchable-sized brov/ns equalled the best strains of domesticated rain-
bows in returns to anglers. Both rainbows and browns produced better
angling returns when stocked early in the season than when stocked
late in the fall. All stocked trout grew slowly, and >*ery few grew larger
than 11 inches even after 4 or more years in the lake.
INTRODUCTION
From 1954 tlirough liJGU, Lower Sardine Lake was experimentally
managed with various strains of brown trout, tiaJmo triitfa, and rain-
bow trout, Salmo gairdnerii. The work was aimed at determining the
potential of brown trout management on waters of this type.
Lower Sardine Lake lies in a glaciated granitic basin at an elevation
of 5,968 feet in the Lakes Basin Recreation Area of Sierra County
(Figure 1). It is 48 surface acres in extent, has a volume of 1,390
acre-feet, a maximum depth of 76 feet, and a mean depth of 38 feet.
Summer surface temperatures reach 72° F. The lake is usually icebound
from December until ^lay.
Secchi disk readings average 38 feet during plankton maxima. Higher
aquatic plants are scarce. Total hardness averages 14 ppm.
Rainbows spawn witli limited success in one small tributary while
browns spawn, also with limited success, over the stream's submerged
alluvial fan. Meager fall flow^s prevent brown trout spawning in the
stream proper.
Tahoe suckers, Catostomus taJwensis, are the only rough fish present.
Dense vegetation and rugged terrain limit shore angling somewhat.
Rental boats are available.
The lake has a single access road, making it ideal for creel census
work.
Brown trout were introduced iji unknown numbers before 1927.
Rainbows or eastern brook trout, Salvelinus fontinuJis, were stocked
annually from 1930 through 1948. About 25,000 fingerling brook trout
were stocked annually for the 6 years preceding the study.
1 Submitted for publication January 1966. This work was performed as part of Din-
gell-Johnson Project California F-S-R, "Trout Management Study," supported by
Federal Aid to Fish Restoration funds.
2 Currently with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Maryville, Tennessee.
(ICG)
LOWER SARDINE LAKE BROWN TROUT
167
/#^:'^
»».-»
P^**^!!^
~-pt
FIGURE 1— Lower Sardine Lake. Pho/ogrop/i by Halleff D. Boles.
METHODS
Experimental trout Avere fin-elipped for identification and stocked
by truck. They were tranquilized with sodium amytal en route and
were, with the exception of one group, in good condition when released.
That group (the November 4, 1959, rainbow plant) suffered an 18
percent planting mortality.
The plants Avere evaluated by an 85- to 100-percent complete creel
census. Data for uncensused days were estimated by the method of
Best and Boles (1956).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fingerling Returns and Natural Reproduction
In 1954, 1955, and 1956, 10,000 fingerling browns from (i) wild
Convict Lake parents; (ii) Convict Lake stock domesticated one gen-
eration at Mt. Whitney Hatchery; (iii) long-domesticated Massachu-
setts strain; were stocked in Lower Sardine Lake. The fish averaged
168 CAI.n'dKMA I ISII AM) (lA.ME
3.2, 9A, aiul I'M i»i'r (uiuce, respectively, iiiid cxciilually wei'c reeaught
as follows :
Wild ("oiivict Lake (BN-C) 1.6 percent
One ^eiici'atioii doiiK^sticated (1^)X-W) 1.2 ])ereeiit
Loiig-doiueistieated ^lassachusctts (BN-Mass.) 2.7 percent
Tliey liad been stocked in Jnne. Jidy. and Anfrnst. which should
lia\c given them the greatest chance (tf sni'\i\al according to work on
similar lakes (Wales and Borgeson. l!)(il ; IJolcs, Meyer, and Borgeson,
1964; Boles and Borgeson, 1965). 'V\\r pdoi' overall return showed that
little could be achieved by continninL;- Id plant fingerling brown ti-out
in Lower Sardine liake.
A measure of the success of fingerling brook trout plants was gained
from the first year's creel census data. Despite six previous successive
annual plants of 25,000 brook fingerlings, oidy 38 were caught in 1954.
Thus, the returns from these plants averaged less than 0.2 percent.
Annually for 25 years prior to this study more than $500 worth of
fingerling ti'oiit were stocked in this water. Expand this to the many
similar waters in California and the potential of these simple findings
on fingerling survival becomes a])parent.
The possible reasons for poor fingerling returns will be discussed
under "Competition and Predation".
The 1954 census data showed that naturally-produced rainbows and
browns comprised 44 and 47 percent, respectively, of the catch of un-
marked trout (Avhich totaled 412 fish). Natural reproduction was pro-
viding a yield of about 3 pounds of 8- to 12-iiich trout per surface
acre.
Returns from Catchable- and Subcatchable-Sized Trout
In contrast to the poor survival of fingerlings, catchable-sized trout
gave consistently high returns (Table 1).
Four strains of broAvn trout were compared at catchable size (the
three tested as fingerlings plus a domesticated strain from New" Jersey,
BN-N.J.). Late in the study, three lots of catchable-sized rainbows of
domesticated stock were planted. Tln^se were the spring-spaw^iing Mt.
Whitney (RT-W) and the fall-spawning Mt. Shasta (RT-S) strains.
The results of the rainbow jilants agreed in principle with what is
now generally accepted as fact, namelv, tliat higher returns are realized
from spring or early summer plants of "catchables" than from fall
plants. Seventy-five percent of the IMay 7, 1959, plant of ]\It. Whitney
catchables were causht, compared with 36 percent of a November 4,
1959, plant of the same strain, and 50 percent of Mt. Shasta catchables
planted on September 1, 1960 (Table 1). The small size (10 per
pound) and poor condition (18 percent planting mortality) of the No-
vember 4 ]\rt. Whitney plant undoubtedly contributed to its poor show-
ing. Annual survival is so low for domesticated rainbow catchables
that even though this study wa.s terminated after 1960 the figures can
be considered ultimate returns (annnal snrvival of the ]\Iay 7 ]Mt.
Whitney plant was only 0.03, Table 2 ) .
The annual survival of brown trout ranged from 0.33 to 0.80, and
reflected the degree of domestication of the strains tested. The survival
of Mt. Whitney browns (only 1 or 2 generations removed from the
LOWER SARDINE LAKE BROWN TROUT
169
TABLE 1
Annual and Cumulative Percentage Returns from Planted Groups of Catchable-
and Subcatchable-sized Trout, Lower Sardine Lake, California
Year caught
Plant-
Number
Number
per
Cumu-
ing
lative
date
Species
stocked
pound
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
total
5/20/54
BN-C
3,000
7.2
8.8
18.8
12.8
5.6
2.9
3.3
2.0
54.2
7/6/55-.
BN-Mass.
5,000
4.4
50.6
18.9
1.9
0.5
0.6
0.2
72.7
5/15/56.
BN-N.J.
815
5.6
56.0
18.3
4.2
1.4
1.1
81.0
4/27/57,
B.\-W
1,315
5.3
33.2
15,4
7.8
4.6
61.0
5/10/58_
B.\-Mass.
2,227
3.2
59.0
13.8
3.2
..
76.0
5/10/58-
BN-W
1,173
6.8
39.1
12.3
5.0
_.
56.4
5/8/59--
BN-Mass.
1.998
3.0
43.1
20.0
63.1
5/8/59-.
BN-W
2,006
4.3
22.0
15.1
37.1
5/8/59.-
BN-C
2,002
6.5
12.8
10.9
23.7
5/8/59--
HT-W
2,013
5.4
73.4
2.0
75.4
11/4/59-
RT-W*
10,072
10.0
36.2
36.2
9/1/60..
RT-S
9,936
7.0
49.5
--
--
--
--
--
--
49.5
* Post-season plant; catch occurred in 1960.
TABLE 2
Percentage Return and Annual Survival of Test Plants of Catchable-sized
Trout, Lower Sardine Lake, California *
Species
Percentage
return
Annual
survival
BN-N.J..
81
75
61
54
75
30
50
.33
BN-Mass.
.36
BN-W
.48
BN-C
.6lt
RT-W
HT-Wt (Fall plant)
RT-S (Sept. plant)
.03
* Means used where appropriate.
t Because of incomplete first-year vulnerability of BN-C and low angling' effort in
i;t55, the 19.55 returns were not used to calculate survival.
t This group suffered an IS percent planting mortality.
wild) fell between that of the hig-hly-domesticated eastern strains and
the wild Convict Lake fish (Table 2). As one iniolit expect, the domes-
ticated strains, being more vulnerable to angling, gave higher returns
than either the Convict Lake or Mt. Whitney strains. Domesticated
browns eqnalled the spring plant of domesticated rainbows in this re-
spect (75-81 percent returns, Table 1). Their slower rate of retnrn,
moreover, could be nsed to advantage over rainbows in waters more
heavily fished than Lower Sardine.
About one-third of the returns from the New Jersey and Massa-
chusetts strains were caught 2 or more years after stocking. On many
waters, this would mean a substantial gain in weight returned, but
in Lower Sardine the gain was not impressive because of the small
maximum size reached (few fish grew larger than 11 inches). The po-
tential advantage over California's rainbow catchables is there, how-
ever, and should be tested in more fertile waters. Such plants might
170 CATJKOKXIA I'lSIl AM) <;AMK
serve the dual ])iii'pose of j)r(i\i(liii,u- iiiiincdiatc " ' ]ni1-aii(l-take" angling
as "well as larger oarryover troui.
Because of the growth ])a1teni in Tjo-wci- Sardiix' Lake, a eoinparison
of u'iujhi harvested from tcsl plants Avas not made. Fish stocked at
four per i)ound, for example, could not malch the percentage weight
gains of those stocked at ,si\ jxt pound e\-eii lliongli an equal or
greater percentage of the former were taken 2 or more years after
planting. The percentage of a plant caught as carryovers is, in this
case, a more reliable index of its potential for high yields from fertile
waters.
With the exception of the first plant of Convict Lake browns, about
25 percent of each plant of catchable-sized brown trout was caught 2
or more years after ])lauting, so the data do not cleai-ly indicate that
any of the brown trout strains tested were superior in providing carrj"-
overs. Because of higher first-year returns and low^er production costs,
the domesticated strains appear better-suited for maintenance stocking
than browns of wild parentage.
Compared with the eastern strains, the wild Convict Lake browns
and nearly-wild Mt. Whitney fish grew slowly ami unevenly in the
hatchery. Hatchery survival Avas also less (partly, at least, because of
differential cannibalism). Mt. Whitne.y and Massachusetts strains were
marked as 12-per-onnce fingerlings and reared together to catchable
size. At planting time, 29 percent of the IMt. Whitney fish remained
and averaged 6.9 per ])ound. The hatchery survival of Massachusetts
fish was 56 percent and they were twice as large (3.2 per pound).
Thus, hatchery trout survived best in the hatchery but Avild trout
survived best in the wild. This oft-observed relationship is signifi-
cant to the fishery manager. Domesticated trout and Avild trout are
both valuable, but like wild and domesticated turkeys, they are different
animals and should be recognized as such.
Many workers have observed that the faster growing fish of a group
are more vulnerable to angling than the rest. To measure this, small
and large members of the 1957 plant of Mt. Whitney browns were
tagged before planting. Of 250 trout 8.5 to 9.5 inches long, 29 percent
were caught in 4 months compared to only 13 percent of a similar-
sized lot of 6.5- to 7.5-inch fish. This agrees in principle Avith the find-
ings of Butler and Boro-eson (1965). It appears that trout stocked for
put-and-take angling should be at least 8 inches long or longer to assure
maximum angling benefits per pound stocked.
Growth and Condition
FeAv trout greAV larger than 11 inches in Sardine Lake. Of 10,02-1
marked broAA'u trout measured during this study, 447 exceeded 10.9
inches, 52 exceeded 11.9, and only 2 AA^ere larger than 13.9. These tAA'o
were betAveen 19.0 and 20.0 inches. GroAA'th after 9 inches Avas A^ery
sloAV. For example, the mean length of Mt. Whitney strain broAvns
stocked as fingerlings in 1955 was 6.6 inches in 1956, and 8.7, 9.6, 9.9,
and 9.9 inches in the 4 subsequent years. This typifies the groAvth for
all plants. The 1954 plant of Convict Lake eatchables reached an aver-
age size of 10.9 inches after 7 years in the lake.
The groAvth picture is even darker than these figures indicate, since
condition became progressively poorer as length increased. The condi-
LOWER SARDINE LAKE BROWN TROUT
171
tion factor of wild Sardine Lake browns and rainbows fell steadily
from 40 for each species at 5.0 to 5.9 inches to 30 and 34, respectively,
for 11.0- to n. 9-inch fish. This trend, evidenced by all test plants, is
believed to reflect a gradual approach to the ceiling placed on growth
by food availability. The rare fish that made the transition from an
invertebrate diet to fish, exhibited renewed good growth and condi-
tion. Age apparently was of little importance in determining which
browns became piscivorous. In 1961, trout weighing 5.0 to 7.5 pounds
were recovered (by gill net) from the 1959 plant of Massachusetts
strain.
Angling EfFort and Success
As a result of stepped-up catchablc trout stocking, catch increased
from 1,400 trout in 1957 to 10,500 in 19(iO (almost eight-fold). Etfort
during this period only doubled to 10,500 angling hours, so catch per
hour climbed from 0.28 to 1.00 trout (Table 3). This weak response
of angling effort to increased stocking indicates a relatively low demand
for catchable trout at this water. T"^nti] this demand grows, the catch-
able trout allotment for Lower Sardine Lake should be set at a level
that will limit total catch to about 8,000 trout.
A catch of this magnitude will support about 2,000 angling days
per year (Table 3). The additional fish required to raise this eifort
by 1,500 angling days at Lower Sardine Lake would support over
4,000 days if stocked in lakes having a high demand (Butler and
Borgeson, 1965).
TABLE 3
Angling EfFort and Success at Lower Sardine Lake, 1954—1960
Year
Total
fish
caught
Total
angler
days
Successful
angler
days
Total
hours
fished
Average
catch per
successful
angler
day
Average
catch per
angler
hour
1954
1955
760
3,680
2,550
1,412
2,725
4,330
10,535
1,425
1,735
2,066
3,326
252
939
915
597
974
1,359
2,269
5,020
7,732
7,227
10,548
3.02
3.87
2.79
2.37
3.57
3.19
4.64
--
1956
1957
0.28
1958
0 35
1959
1960
0.60
1.00
Competition and Predation
Periodic gill netting in Lower Sardine Lake revealed an abundance
of Tahoe suckers less than 13 inches long and a few large (18-27
inches) brown trout. Six of the latter, caught shortly after a plant of
catchables, contained 12 trout, half of which had just been stocked.
Small browns are not noted for eating fish but, in our experience, they
are not above it if the opportunity arises. Four browns, 6.2 to 10.5
inches long, netted in a small pond below Lower Sardine Lake each
contained a small Tahoe sucker. The pond's suckers were lethargic
from an infestation of Ichthyopthirius sp. at the time. Newly-planted
172 CALIFOKXIA FISH AND CAMK
ti'otii fiii<ix'rliiio:s might also present smallri- hi'dwiis witli an unusual
()]i]i()rtuiiity. It is tempting because of, (i) tlie poor survival of finuci--
lings yet reasonably good growth np to 8 inches, (ii) good cateliable
trout survival, (iii) and evidence of brown trout predation, to conclude
that predation was the cause of pooi- tingcrliiig survival; however,
the diet of suckers is known to overlap that of trout (Bigelow, lf)28;
Nelson. 1955; Macphee. 1960). A limited study of 10 juveniles and
15 adults from Lower Sardine substantiated this. Nine, 1- to 2-inch
juveniles contained microcrustaceans and 8, !1 and 2 contained rotifers,
insects, and annelids, respectively. The 15, 4- to 9-inch adults con-
tained maiidy aquatic insects with some microcrustaceans, algae, and
detritus.
When Lower Sardine was treated with rotciione to eradicate suckers
in November 1963. suckers accounted for over 70 percent of the fish
recovered by sportsmen and department employees. Since the sports-
men selected only trout, and since large ninnbcrs of suckers were ob-
served on the bottom in deep water, this figure is believed minimal.
Because there is evidence of both predation and competition, no firm
conclusions can be made from our data on the true fate of stocked
fingerlings. Perhaps future studies will be strengthened b}' these find-
ings and in turn will help to interpret them.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Joseph H. AVales. Robert L. Butler, Don W. Kelley, and George H.
Warner gave direct supervision and advice which was appreciated.
Chemical treatment of the lake was conducted by James B. Richard.
Special thanks are given to Mr. and Mrs. George Browning, of the
Sardine Lakes Resort, for their assistance in the creel census when
necessary, and public relations.
REFERENCES
Best. E. A., and H. D. Boles. lO.'iG. An evaluation of creel census methods. Calif.
Fi.sh and Game, 42 ( 2 ) : 109-115.
Biselow, X. K. 1924. The food of young suckers. Cdfo-^tomus comniersonii, iu Lake
Xipigon. Pub. Ontario P'ish. Res. Lab., Xo. 21. Tniv. of Toronto Stud., Biol.
Ser., (24) : 83-115.
Boles, Hallett D., and David P. Borgeson. 1965. Upper Salmon Lake experimental
trout management. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Inland Fish.. Admin. Kept.
65-13.
Boles, Hallett D., Frederick A. Meyer, and David P. Borgeson. 1964. Packer Lake
experimental trout management. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Inland Fish.,
Admin. Kept. 64-12.
Butler. Robert L., and David P. Borgeson, 1965. California "catchable" trout fish-
eries. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game. Fish Bull., (127) : 1-47.
Macphee, Craig. 19()0. Post-larval development and diet of the large-scale sucker,
Catostomus macrocheilus, in Idaho. Copeia, 1960 (2) : 119-125.
Xelson. W. C. 1955. Green Mountain Reservoir studies 1949-1950. Colo. Fi.sh and
Game, mimeo rept. 214 p.
Wales, J. H., and D. P. Borgeson. 1961. Castle Lake investigation — third phase :
rainbow trout. Calif. Fish and Game, 47 (4) : 399-414.
Calif. Fi.«h and Game, 52 f?,) : 17.V179. 1906.
TOXAPHENE TREATMENT OF BIG BEAR LAKE,
CALIFORNIA^
W. C. JOHNSON -
Inland Fisheries, Region 5
California Department of Fish and Gome
Big Bear Lake was treated in 1960 to eradicate an abundant popula-
tion of goldfish, Carassius auratus, and an ectoparasitic copepod, lernaea
carassii. The treatment followed two unsuccessful rotenone applications.
Some goldfish survived the toxaphene treatment but their numbers were
drastically reduced.
INTRODUCTION
Bio; Bear T.ako, San B>oriiai»liii() (Oiiniy. was troatod witli toxaplione
in September 19GU to ei'adie-ate yolcliish, ('(urdsaiiis aioatus, and the
ectoparasitic copepod, Lernaea carassii. Two rotenone treatments, the
last one in 1959, had failed to eliminate <ioldfish, and a more potent
cliemical was considered necessar^^ T()xai)liene was chosen after a
Icn^ithy literature review. It is an insecticide patented by tlie Ilercnles
Powder Company, Wilminjrton, Delaware. The chemical used at the
lake was ])repared by tlie Pacific Guano Company, Berkeley, California.
One foi-mnlation used (JO percent toxapliene as tlie active ingredient,
and the otlier cS() percent. Tlie remainder in each formulation consisted
of an inert in<>redient and a ])etr()leum carrier. Toxaphene was ap-
plied at rates calculated to result in jiredetenniiied ratios, and all con-
centrations are expressed as parts per million (i)])m) actual toxaphene.
The lake's fish poi)ulation consisted of about 90 percent <i'oldfish, with
small percentages of black crappie, Pomoxis nigromacuUitus, brown
bullheads, Ictalurus nehulosus, and a few hatcher^' -reared rainbow
trout, SaJ))io gairdnerii. The goldfish compet<'d with trout for food and
were a nuisance to anglers.
Lernaea were endemic in the goldfish population but had not been a
problem until after the 19of) rotenone treatment. When that treatment
failed, the goldfish population suddenly exploded, allowing- Lernaea
to spread rapidly through the trout population in epizootic proportions.
The California Department of Public Health recommended that if
toxaphene were used, public fishing should not be allowed until 50
percent of trout held in live-cars in the lake lived at least 20 days.
This criterion was adopted and used to determine when the lake could
be restocked. A control station was established at Green Valley Lake.
a smaller but similar nearby reservoir. It was operated from May 19
through July 5, 1961, without significant mortalities in control fish.
DESCRIPTION OF AREA
Big Bear Lake is a reservoir about 100 miles east of the City of
Los Angeles. It is in mountainous terrain of the San Bernardino
1 Submitted for publication November 1964.
2 Now with Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Klamath Falls, Oregon.
(173)
174 CALIFORNIA FISlI AND GAME
National Forest at <i.()7() i'wl I'lcNatiuii. The Minnjuiidiiig inuuiitaiii
tops range from 1- to 2-thousaii(l feet above the lake. The watershed
totals 36 square miles. Streams within the watershed are intermittent.
The reservoir is wasp-sliapcd wlicii full, with tlic uppci- sliallow area
separated from the deeper lower area by the "narrows''. It lias a
surface area of 2.600 acres and a capacity of 72,400 acre-feet at spillway
elevation; hoAve\(T. tor thi' past 20 years its volume before the irri<i:ation
season has ranged t'l-oin oiie-ijuai'ter to two-thii'ds its cajDacity because
of drought conditions in southern California.
The fishery is popular, attracting' anglers from Los Angeles and other
southern cities. It depends entirely upon planted i-ainbow trout. At
the time of the toxaphene treatment, the reservoir's surface area was
1,200 acres and its volume 4,800 acre-feet. The maximum depth was
82 feet, at the dam. The mean deptli of the shallow reservoir above
the narrows was 2.5 feet, and the mean depth of the reservoir between
the narrows and the dam was 5 feet. The surface water temperature
was 52 to 60" F. during the treatment period. The pIT was 9.2; con-
ductivity was 223 micromhos cm at 23° C. Total dissolved solids (104
ppm) showed the lake was of the liai-d water series (Table 1). Zoo-
plankton was abundant in the lake during the summer before treatment.
It consisted of 95 to 99 percent Cifclop.<< and Dajjhnia. Other plankton
constituents were green algae {llotJiri.r }, protozoans {Manas), and
unidentified rotifers. The limit of visibility using a Secchi disk was
18 inches at the time of treatment.
TABLE 1
Water Chemistry of Big Bear Lake, September 6, 1960
Ionic constituents
-Amounts (ppm)*
Calcium
30
Magnesium
7
Sodium
14
Potassium
4
Carbonate
45
Bicarbonate
37
Sulphate- . ...
30
Chloride. _
7
Total Hardness
104
* "Water analyzed by San Bernardino County Flood Control District, San Bernardino.
METHODS
Because of diiferent physical cliaracteristics in the upper and lower
parts of the lake, an earth dike about 15 feet wide was placed across
the narrows a few days before treatment. An airplane was used to
treat the upper lake at 0.05 ppm on September 7, 0.05 ppm on Sep-
tember 16, and 0.10 ppm on September 26 (Table 2).
The lower lake was treated by airplane on September 13 and 28,
giving a concentration of 0.03 ppm. Additional toxaphene was applied
by boat in the lower lake from 30-gallon steel drums pressurized with
TOXAPHENE USE IX BIG BEAR LAKE
175
TABLE 2
Dates and Application Rates of Toxaphene Used in Big Bear Lake
Date
Treated
area
Concentration
(ppm)
Application
method
Water
temperature
(°F)
Remarks
September 7, 1960
September 13, 1960
September 16, 1960
Upper Lake
Lower Lake
Upper Lake
0.05
0.03
0.05
Airplane
Airplane
Airplane
58
54
56
Small goldfish dying
in 2 hours
Small goldfish dying
in 2 hours
Brown bullhead in
distress
Small goldfish dying
in 2 hours
Many large goldfish
September 26, 1960
Upper Lake
0.10
Airplane
60
seen
Small goldfish dying
in 2 hours
Many large goldfish
September 28, 1960
Lower Lake
0.10
Boat
52
seen
Small goldfish dying
in 3 hours
Many large goldfish
seen
compressed air. The airplane simply sprayed toxaphene on the surface,
while the boat pumped it below the surface.
The lake tributaries were dry at the time of treatment. Several
ornamental fish ponds within a mile of the lake were treated Avith
li(|nid rotenone exceeding' 10 ppm to eliminate i)opulations of goldfish.
Tlie water, fish, and phmkton collected throughout the detoxifying
]ieriod were in most cases analyzed by the California De])artment of
Public Health, but the T'.Si. Fish and Wildlife Service Pesticide Labora-
tory, Denver, Colorado, and two private laboratories assisted with the
analysis. Methods of the California Department of Public Health were
used to establish guidelines for measuring the toxaphene in the lake.
RESULTS
A few shore birds and Avaterfowl, mostly coots. Fnlica amcricana, died
during the treatment. The coots were killed by eating fish killed by
toxaphene or by being directly exposed to the toxaphene when it was
sprayed by the airplane. Concentrations of toxaphene ranging from
10 to 1,200 ppm were found in birds, as reported by the Department
of Fish and Game Disease Laboratory.
Fish Mortality
A monitoring program was started immediately after the first phase
of the treatment to determine when the lake could be restocked. Dead
and dying fish were seen 2 hours after the first treatment of both the
upper and lower lake. Fish were seen in distress from 2 to 3 days follow-
ing each phase of the treatment. Gill netting, rotenone cove sampling,
and beach seining located live goldfish in large nnmbers a week after
the first treatment. Most of the surviving goldfish were gold-colored
adults 3 to 7 inches fl.
An estimated 95 percent of the goldfish in the lake, and all other
fishes were eliminated. All fish life was eliminated in the small pools
in the vicinity of the lake. Xo estimate was made of the total fish kill,
170 calii(m;.\i.\ iisii and c.a.me
TABLE 3
Toxaphene Residue Found in Big Bear Lake Fish After Treatment
Days since
Days
Date
Condition
Toxaphene
lake was
exposed
collected
of
residue
last
in
1960-1961
Kind of fish
fish
(ppm)
treated
live-cars
October 4 and 5...
Brown bullhead
Fair
Flesh
Fat and flesh*
6
18
5
--
Flesh
3
5
Fat and flesh
21
October 4 and 5
(ioldfish
Good
Flesh
3
20
5
Fat and flesh
October 19
Cioldfish (composite)- --
(jood
Flesh
Fat
Liver
60
120
11
21
--
November 21
Goldfish
Good
Fat_..
22,5
51
._
January 20
Cioldfish, black
Good
Flesh
Fat
73
250
111
--
Januarv 20
(Ioldfish, red
Good
Flesh
Fat
4.5
208
111
March 9
("loldfish, green
Good
Flesh
Oil
73
185
162
March 9
(ioldfish. red
Good
Flesh
Oil
49
260
162
March 9
Goldfish, red
Good
Flesh
Oil
60
90
162
March 9-.. ..
Goldfish, red
Good
Flesh
Oil
75
137
162
March 14
Trout (composite) -
Dead . _ .
Flesh
16
167
4
Oil
72
Aprils
Trout (composite)
Fair
Flesh
10
187
4
April 3
Trout (composite)
Fair
Flesh
4
187
4
April 8
Trout (composite)
Fair
Flesh
2
192
4
Fat and flesh combined in sample
but the receding water in the reservoir left a beach about 10 to 20 feet
wide around the perimeter of the lake, depending' on the slope of the
shore, almost paved with goldfish. The toxaiihcne killed all insects feed-
ing on tills enormous mass of putrefying protein; tlius, the goldfish
bodies were quickly sun-dried and except for smell did not become a
public health problem. Attempts were made to bury the remains, but
the job proved too big. Sami^les of goldfish were collected, frozen, and
analyz(Ml for toxaphene residue throughout the study period (Table 3).
The live goldfish collected appeared to be in good condition before
they were sacrificed for analysis. They contained Avithin their body
tissues concentrations of toxaphene previously thought to be lethal.
Water Samples
Water samples were collected in 5-gallon glass carboys from different
surface locations around the lake after each phase of treatment, and
intermittently for 38 days after treatment. Although the toxaphene
apparently disappeared shortly after it was put in, we later discovered
that it was quickly absorbed within the lake biota. The toxaphene resi-
due decreased throughout the 10-month detoxification period. Apparent
increases of toxaphene residue indicated a natural cycling in tlie
ecosystem (Table 4) ; this was consistent with results of similar work
with toxaphene to eradicate fishes in Canada (Stringer and McMynn,
1960) and in New Mexico (Kallman, Cope, and Navarre, 1962). We
concluded that analysis of lake water was not a reliable index of tox-
icity to fish life.
TOXAPHENE USE IN BIG BEAR LAKE
177
TABLE 4
Toxaphene Residue Found In Organisms Other Than Fish at Big Bear Lake
(Lower Lake)
Date material collected
Type of organism
Toxaphene
residue
(ppm)
Days since
lake was
last treated
Laboratory
that analyzed
material*
October 4, 1960
Plankton
1.4
50
73
97
1.6 + 0.5
1.4 + 0.4
23
50
13
17
20
30
16
12
16
18
17
19
10
12
12
0
19
trace
2
2
2
5
21
114
114
154
154
160
160
194
194
194
194
204
204
204
213
225
227
258
258
264
264
264
264
265
265
265
3
October 19, 1960
1
January 20, 1961 ...
Plankton _
2
January 20, 1961
Plankton
2
March 1, 1961
Zooplankton .
Sessile algae
2
March 1, 1961
2
March 7, 1961
Sessile algae
2
March 7, 1961
April 10, 1961
Plankton
Sessile algae __ -_
2
2
April 10, 1961
Sessile algae
2
April 10, 1961
Plankton
2
April 10, 1961
Plankton
2
April 20, 1961
Plankton
2
April 20, 1961
2
April 20, 1961
Bottom mud
2
April 29, 1961
Bott^jm mud
2
May 11, 196U.
June 13, 1961
June 20, 1961
Plankton
Plankton
Plankton _ _ _
2
2
1
June 20, 1961
1
June 26, 1961
June 26, 1961
Plankton
Plankton
Plankton
Plankton
Plankton
Plankton
Plankton
2
1
June 26, 1961
June 26, 1961
June 27, 1961
June 27, 1961 __
June 27, 1961
2
4
5
5
5
Laboratories that analyzed material :
1. Terminal Testing- Laboratorie.'^, Los Angeles, California.
2. Department of I'ublie Health I..aboratory, IjOS Angeles, California.
3. Department of Public Health Laboratory, Berkeley, California
4. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pesticide Laboratory, Denver, Colorado.
5. Luckey Laboratories, San Bernardino, California.
Plankton Samples
Maero-plankton samples were collected dnriiig- the entire post-treat-
ment period. They were obtained by towing: a conical ^^ 2-inch stretched
mesh nylon cloth net, 3 feet in diameter and abont 8 feet long. The
l)lankt()n samples were put in plastic bags, frozen, and sent to labora-
tories for analysis. The most abnndant plankters were cladocerans.
Starting in January and throughout the remaining part of the bio-
assay program, large concentrations of Cladocera were observed in the
limnetic section (open water) and windward littoral areas. These in-
vertebrates appeared healthy in the lake's environment, while trout
died. This phenomenon was also observed in British Columbia (Stringer
and McMynn, 1960).
The public demand to re-establish the Big Bear Lake fishery as soon
as possible after the chemical treatment prompted an experiment to
speed up the detoxification by controlling the plankton. The plankton
contained high concentrations of toxaphene; therefore, we assumed
that if the plankton were reduced by copper sulphate, the toxicity of
the lake would also be reduced. Two copper sulphate treatments were
carried out in April and June. Live-car observations on trout survival
time after the copper sulphate treatment indicated that the toxicity
was reduced by controlling the plankton.
178
( \l.ll(ti;.\lA I-ISII AM) (lAME
Bioassays
llateliory-reai'cd I'aiiihow trout were used to evaluate tlie detoxifica-
tion of Biu- l>eai' Tiake. These 1)ioassays I'urinslied innnodiafc data on
effects of toxaplieue poisoniii<i- on ti'out. and \vei-e necessary to measure
survival times as required by tlie Public Health criterion. A few live-
car tests -were run in Xovember TOGO and January 1961. The trout died
within 12 hours. An intensive bioassay monitoring- program was started
in Marcli IHGl. fi montlis after the t i-eat meiit . Live-car stations were
established at docks along the slioi-e, and in the center of the lake at
tlie surface and also a fe-w feet below it.
The bioassay program was confined to tlie li»\ver area of Big Bear
Lake because the u)i)ier area had di-ied up. The toxaphene residue in
goldfish and confined trout slowly declined as tlie habitat improved
(Table 5). To protect the confined trout from meclianical damage, live-
ears were covered with fish netting in lieu of wire netting and some
cars were made semibuoyant to stay just below the surface.
Ten mouths after treatment, detoxification had proceeded sufficiently
to allow trout to be restocked and the lake opened to fishing.
TABLE 5
Toxaphene Residue Found in Big Bear Lake Fish After Treatment
Davs since
Days
Date
Condition
Toxaphene
lake was
exposed
collected
of
residue
last
m
1960-1961
Kind of fish
fish
(ppm)*
treated
live-cars
April 9
Trout (composite)
Fair
Flesh
4
193
5
April 9
Trout (composite)
Fair
Flesh
5
193
5
April 10
Trout (composite)
Fair
Flesh
14
194
6
April 10
Trout (composite)
Fair
Flesh
14
194
6
April 10
Trout (composite)
Fair
Flesh
Oil
11
50
194
8
April 12
Trout (composite)
Fair
Flesh
10
196
8
Oil
27
April 1:5
Trout (composite)
Fair
Flesh
Oil
9
55
197
9
April 29
(Soldfish (composite) ___
Oood
Flesh
25
213
Mav8
2 trout
Fair
Flesh
8
222
6
Mav 15
5 trout
Fair
Flesh
10
229
10
May 19
3 trout
Fair
Flesh
11
233
11
Mav 23
1 trout
Fair
Flesh
6
237
11
Nfav23
3 trout
Fair
Flesh
10
237
8
Mav 23
9 trout
Fair
Flesh
9
237
4
June 5.. -
1 trout -.
Dead (fresh)....
Flesh
12
250
11
June 5_
3 trout. _ _ _
Dead (fresh)
Flesh
2
250
11
June 5 _
2 trout
Fair
Flesh
10
250
11
June 5
2 trout
Fair
Flesh
17
250
11
June 13 _
3 trout
2 trout
2 trout
10 trout
10 trout
Fair
Fair
Fair
Fair
Fair
Flesh
Flesh
Flesh
Flesh
Flesh
12
16
7
0.1
3
258
258
258
273
273
8
June 13
19
June 13
19
June 28
12
June 28
15
* All samples analyzed by Department of Public Health Laboratory, Los Angeles.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Southern California had one of its driest winters during the post-
treatment period, and there was no inflow into Big Bear Lake. The
precipitation for the 1960/61 winter was only 2.76 inches; that for a
normal winter is 37.66 inches. Under these conditions the lake lost
rather than gained water. The toxaphene program Avas postulated on
the idea that winter runoff would dilute the treated water by more than
TOXAPHENE USE IK BIG BEAR LAKE l79
half and reduce the toxic period. This did not occur. As a result,
the lake remained toxic much longer than had been estimated.
When numbers of apparently healthy goldfish were located in Octo-
ber, a month after treatment, the treatment was considered incomplete.
No explanation was found for gold-colored goldfish being more hardy
to toxaphene than green-colored ones.
The toxaphene treatment at Big Bear Lake failed to destroy goldfish
because too small a quantity of toxajihene was used at the late date
selected for application.
Toxaphene was found to be a potent chemical that should be used
to control rough fish only after safer chemicals and methods luive been
ruled out. It detoxifies slowly and contaminates the biota of a lake or
reservoir for an unknown period. Based on results of this program, we
recommend against its use as a fish toxicant anywhere in California.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
T acknowledge witli thanks tlu^ advii-c and assistance of Kemo Navoni,
Laboratory Cliief, Department of Public Health, Los Angeles; his
assistant, Hyman Katz. for laborator>- analyses of samples for toxa-
phene; and Scott Soule, James St. Amant, Robert Ilulquist, Eugene
l>e(Miian, and Shoken Sasaki of the Department of Fisli and (!ame for
their untiring efforts on the project.
REFERENCES
Kallmaii, I'.urton J., Olivor B. Cupe, aud liichard Navarro. I'.Mil'. 1 )istril)ution
aud detoxitication of toxapheue in Claj'toii Lake, New Mexico. Amur. Fish. Soc,
Trans. 91 (1) : 14-22.
Stringer, (Jeorjic K.. and liolicrt G. ^rc^ryiiii. lOW. Tlirce years use of toxaphene
as a fish toxicant in British Columbia, ("anad. Fisii Cult. 28 : 37^4.
Calif. Fi.sli anil dawc. 52 (H) : 180-184. l!»(i().
SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR INBREEDING OF
LAHONTAN CUTTHROAT TROUT, SALMO CLARKII
HENSHAWI, IN SUMMIT LAKE, NEVADA^
FRED M. UTTER and GEORGE J. RIDGWAY
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Seattle, Washington, and
JAMES W. WARREN
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Hagerman, Idaho
Tests with isoimmune sera of rainbow trout, Safmo gasrdnerii, have
demonstrated blood types in Lahontan cutthroat trout. The more uniform
reactivity in cutthroat trout from Summit Lake than in those from Cat-
nip Reservoir indicated a greater degree of genetic homogeneity that
may have resulted from inbreeding in the Summit Lake population.
Blood typing techniques are applicable to trout breeding and manage-
ment practices.
INTRODUCTION
The effects of civilization and iiidiscriininatc stm-kiiii:' luivc di-astically
reduced the numbers of pure Lahontan cutthroat li-oiit. once a major
inland subspecies. Through historical research and mcristic evidence.
Ik'hnke (1960) concluded that the Lahontan cutthroat trout of Heenan
Lake, California (the major source foi' propagation in California and
Nevada), although superficially a ty])ical Lahontan fish, likely contains
some rainbow trout genes. Summit Lake, Nevada, contains what Behid\(>
considers a pure type of Lahontan cutthroat trout. The Summit Lake
cutthroat population is therefore a brood stock of ichthyologieal and
fish-cultural importance. In recent years, fry survival from matings
among Summit Tjake cutthroat trout l^as been poor; hoAvever, in out-
breedings of Summit Lake fish with other cutthroat varieties, fry sur-
vival has been excellent. This difference led biologists to suspect that
the Summit Lake strain might be iidn-ed to a dangerous extent.
The work described here Avas an attempt to investigate, through
blood-grouping techniques, the possibility of inbreeding. Research
among higher vertebrates has shown that blood groups may reflect indi-
vidual variations of a single locus, and that these blood groups usually
are resistant to environmental influences (Race and Sanger, 1962).
Similar advantages have been demonstrated in blood groups of fi.sh
where such data have been available (Cushing, 1964). Bingham (1963)
presented evidence for strain-specific blood-group antigens of cutthroat
trout using antisera from rainbow trout immunized witli tissue prepara-
tions of cutthroat trout. Ridgway (1962a, 1962b, 1964) demonstrated
the existence of numerous blood groups in rainbow trout and Pacific
salmon (Oncorhynchns spp.) by using rainbow trout isoimmune sera.
Calaprice and Cushing (1964) examined the antigenic diversity among
a number of species and strains of California trouts by using a variety
I Submitted for publication .January 1966.
(180)
LAHOXTAX CUTTHROAT SEROLOGY 181
of nonual and iniinune sera. They concluded that this diversity formed
recognizable markers which could be used to advantage in a number
of studies relating to the biology and management of California trouts.
Sanders and Wright (1962) also demonstrated the existence of blood
groups in several trout species, and i)ointed out their potential useful-
ness for management and bioh)gical studies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Selected isoinmiune sera of rainbow trout were used in this study
because of their ability to detect individual variations in various
salmonid species. Kidgway (1962b) presented evidence that antibody
specificities of isoimmune sera of rainbow trout are under simple
genetic control. We have accunndated additional evidence (unpub-
lished) supi)orting these observations. Since inbreeding leads to a
grealei- pi'oportion of homozygous individuals in a population, a more
uniform reaction may be anticipated when red blood cells from an
inbred poi)ulati()n are tested with these reagents; this uniformity
reflects the genetic homogeneity of tlie inbred group.
i\ed blood cells were tested from 19 fish from Sunnuit Lake and 2U
fish from Catnip Reservoir, which had been stocked in years past with
cutthroat trout from Ileenan Lake. Anesthetized adult fish Avere bled
by cardiac puncture. The colls were placed in a citrate solution and
kept on ice -1 days between collection and testing. Serological tests were
made by the capillary -tube agglutination method of Chown and Lewis
(1946).
RESULTS
Of 40 reagents screened for reactivity with the cutthroat trout cells,
24 eithei- did not react with any of the cells or reacted very weakly
with cells from a few indi\iduals. Six of the reagents reacted with all
cells tested. The remaining 10 reagents reacted variably with cells from
different trout. Of these 10 reagents, 6 were pools of numerous bleedings
of individual isoimmunized rainbow trout. These reagents had been
absorbed with selected rainbow trout cells so that most antibodies in
a given reagent were of a single specificity. The remaining four reagents
were single bleedings of isoimmunized rainbow trout which had not
been absorbed, so that multiple antibody specificities may have been
present (Ridgway, 1962b).
The cells from the Summit Lake cutthroat trout reacted much more
uniformly with a given reagent than did the cells of fish from Catnip
Reservoir. Seven of the 10 reagents reacted with cells of either all or
none of the Summit Lake trout. Only 1 of 19 fish differed in qualitative
reaction from the remainder with each of the other three reagents.
The reactive strengths of the cells of Summit Lake cutthroat trout were
also uniform. The reactive uniformity of the Catnip Reservoir trout
cells, both qualitatively and quantitatively, was less for each reagent
(Table 1).
The results of our research (Table 1) support the hypothesis of
inbreeding in Summit Lake cutthroat trout. The high or low frequency
of reaction with a given reagent indicates a high or low frequency of
the gene determining the presence of the component which that reagent
detects. Where reactions occur, the uniformity of reactive strengths
182
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LAHOXTAN CUTTHROAT SEROLOGY 183
suggests possible homozygous conditions through the absence of de-
tectable dosage effects. The Catnip Reservoir data reflect a mixture of
genotypes with intermediate reactive frequencies and considerable
quantitative fluctuations among individual fish with most reagents that
produced reactions.
Chi-scpiare tests were made between the two groups to compare the
frequency of reactions of the 10 reagents used (Table 1). Seven of the
tests were significant at the 1-percent level and the remaining three
were significant at the 5-percent level. Reagents 297 and 507 were
particularly discriminating for the two groups.
DISCUSSION
Tlie I'cagcnts and t('clnii({Ucs used in this work could Ijc applied use-
fully to similar problems. Indications of inbreeding of brood stock
could lie detected and i-emedial measures taken before excessive losses
of progeny developed. The differences in fi-cfiuencies of reaction be-
tween the two groups tested may have additional implications for man-
agement. Relative survival of fry or degree of interbi-eeding might be
estimated in areas where both Heenan Lake and Sununit Lake fish
have been planted.
An extension of blood-group testing for inbreeding in hateheries
could be the development of ''blo(»d lines'' where different lots of fish
are bred for particular blood-group patterns. Blood groups have proved
highly valuable in identification and registration of various domestic
animals ( Stormont, 1958). By selecting for given blood types in breed-
ing programs, hatcheries might identify individuals from various
strains by reactive patterns of red blood cells. Selection only for anti-
gens of red blood cells theoretically should have a minimal effect on
survival. The reactions of isoimmune reagents of many of the rainbow
ti-out with most salmonid species indicate that reagents can be produced
in the more hardy species for blood-grouping work throughout the
family.
This study demonstrates a further example of the rapidly expanding
use of serological methods in fishery research during the past 15 years.
We are continuing our research into the various specificities of the
isoimmune sera of rainbow trout and their genetic interrelationships.
We hope that the results presented here will lead to further application
of serological methods to fishery problems.
REFERENCES
Behnke. Robert J. 1960. Taxonomy of the cutthroat trout of the Great Basin.
M.A. Thesis. Univ. of Calif. Berkeley. Dept. of Zool.
Bingham. Barrel A. 1963. Identification of serological variants in Wyoming cut-
throat trout. Proc. Western Assn. State Game and Fish Comm., .Tuly 10-12.
p. 224-2.33.
Calaprice, John R., and John E. Cushing. 1964. Erythrocyte antigens of California
trouts. California Fish and Game, 50(3) : 152-157.
Chown. B., and ^I. Lewis. 1946. Further experience with the slanted capillary
method for the Rh typing of red blood cells. J. Canad. Med. Assn., 55 : 66—69.
Cushing. John F>. 1964. The blood groups of marine animals. Adv. Mar. Biol..
(2) : 8.5-1.31.
Race, R. R.. and Ruth Sanger. 1962. Blood groups in man. 4th ed., Oxford, Black-
well Sei. Publ., 456 p.
184 rATJFORNIA IISII AM) (lAME
Rid^wny. (Jcoruo J. lIMiL'n. 'I'lu' .•iii|ili(;il inn <<( sdino six'cial iiiiniiiiuil()j;ital nielliods
ici iiinriiic iKppulal ion iirolilcnis, Anicr. \ai.. 96 (889) : 21!)-224.
llM'il'li. I >(Mii()ns( ration of lilood jii-oups in li-oul aiul salmon liy isoinnnnni/.a-
tiou. Ann. .\.V. A<a<]. S.i.. 97 ( 1 ) : 111 11.1.
]0()-4. Salmon scrolo-.v. Ann. \{c\i. Inl. X. I'ac. Fisli. Conini. r.t(i2.
Sanders, I>ol» G., and Janio.s E. AN'rislit. l".l'>2. Iniinnno^^cnetic stndies in two trout
species of the Renns i<(i})iiri. Ann. X.Y. Acad. Sci., 97(1) : 11f'>-loO.
Stormont. ( "lyde. 1058. On tiio applications of blood uroujis in animal lirccdiiif;.
Proc. Tentli Int.Tn. Confer. Ccnet., (1) : 200-224.
Calif. Fiah ami <liu,ir. 52(3) : 1.S5-2U3. l'J6(J.
FIRST COOPERATIVE SURVEY OF THE
CALIFORNIA CONDOR^
ROBERT D. MALLETTE-
California Department of Fish and Game and
JOHN C. BORNEMAN
Notional Audubon Society
A California Condor Survey Committee was formed on Juiy 21, 1965
to determine the feasibility of a condor survey and to conduct, analyze,
and report the results of such a survey. An experimental 2-day survey
was conducted on October 16 and 17, 1965. Forty-eight sightings were
reported by 16 of the 69 observation stations manned on October 16,
1965. Fifty-eight sightings were reported by 1 6 of the 63 observation
stations manned on October 17, 1965. These sightings, by on evaluation
of the reports, were reduced to a population index of 33 and 38 indi-
vidual birds, respectively, for the 2-day survey. In the opinion of the
authors and committee members, the count of 38 condors made on
October 17, 1965, was the more reliable population index. No attempt
was made to project the index figure to estimate the total condor
population. Observations of young condors were of particular importance
as an indicator of continuing nesting success. The annual survey will
be continued to determine trends in the condor population.
INTRODUCTION
The California condor {Gynuwyyps californianns) has aroused the
scientific and aesthetic interest of man since the first si<rhtiii<jr was re-
corded in 1GU2 bv Fr. Antonio de la Ascension at ^lonterev Bav,
Monterey County, California. In tlie 1800 's condors were reported as
far north as the Columbia Kiver in Washinjrton and as far south as
200 miles into Baja California. The present-day raiifje extends north
into San Benito and Fresno counties, California, and south into Ven-
tura and Los Ang-eles counties, California (Figure 1).
In l!).5."i the condor population was estimated by Koford (1953) at 60
birds. A follow-up report was pnblished by Miller, ]\IcMillan, and
McMillan (1965), and the fiindings indicated a population of about 40
birds. This apparent decrease in birds brought into focus the need for
more information about this rare and endangered species. Interest and
concern for the condor is felt nationwide.
The California Department of Fish and Game, recognizing the need
for information for better management of the species, invited interested
agencies and individuals to meet July 21, 1965, to discuss condor man-
agement problems. Participants agreed unanimously at this meeting
that an annual condor survey should be conducted to obtain data on
trends in population. A California Condor Survey Committee was
1 Submitted for publication March 1966. A contribution of Federal Aid in Wildlife
Restoration Project "^^-47-R, "Upland Game Investigations."
- Prepared for and with approval of the Condor Survey Committee : Chairman, Alden
H. Miller, Professor of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California. Following
the untimely death of Dr. Miller just prior to the condor survey, Ben Glading,
Chief of Game Management Branch, California Department of Fish and Game,
acted as chairman. Committee members are Ian McMillan, rancher and conser-
vationist ; A. Starker Leopold, Professor of Zoology, University of California ;
William P. Dasmann, U.S. Forest Service ; John E. Chattin, U.S. Fish and Wild-
life Service ; John C. Borneman, National Audubon Society ; and Robert D. Mal-
lette, California Department of Fish and Game.
(185)
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REPORTING CONDOR SIGHTINGS
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CONDOR SANCTUARIES
FIGURE 1— Location of condor survey observation stations manned on October 16, 1965, in
relation to the range of the California condor. Drow/ng by Cliffa Corson.
CALIFORNIA CONDOR SURVEY 187
formed from representatives of the partieipatiug agencies and indi-
viduals. This committee undertook to determine the most feasible survey
method, conduct such a survey, evaluate the survey findings, and report
on the results. Objectives of the annual survey are to: (i) establish
periodic condor population counts which will provide an index to the
poi)ulation; (ii) gain an indication of nesting success based on the
age classification of birds observed; (iii) obtain more information on
the distribution of condors; (iv) foster public awareness of the pre-
carious status and problems related to the i)r()tection of the species;
and (v) gain oilier knowledge on condors and raptors as incidentally
provided by such surveys.
METHODS
Pre-Survey
Seventy observation stations were selected by Alden II. Miller. These
were selected because ol their vantage points in areas commonly fre-
quented by condors (Appendix A). AVherever possible, fire lookout
stations of the U. S. Forest Service, California Division of Forestry,
and county fire depai-tments were utilized as observation posts. They
were generally manned during the survey by their respective agency
personnel. Other stations were manned by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, California I)ei)artment of Fish and Game, National Audubon
Society, and private citizens. The Cuyama Valley and Anteloi)e Valley
areas were manned by roving patrols.
Two training sessions of 4 days each were held i)rioi' to the survey
for Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, and Department of
Fish and Game ])ersonnel. The first session on September 27-30, 1965,
was to train observer-insti-uctors. The second session on October 4-7,
1!)65, was for training eondor observers who would man stations during
the 2-day survej^ period. .lohn C. Borneman, Condor Warden for the
National Audubon Society, conducted the training sessions, assisted
by observer instructors trained in the first session.
The two training sessions were similar and were designed to acquaint
the instructors and observers with the biology of the condor and com-
parative flight characteristics of condors, golden eagles, turkey vultures,
and other raptors. A film, slides, and diagrams were used as training
aids. T'vvo days were spent in the field, observing condors and other
raptors, while acquainting instructors and observers with some of the
condor range topography. Additional training sessions were conducted
by instructors for National Audubon Society and Forest Service per-
sonnel.
Each observer was provided w'ith a set of survey instructions and
report forms (Appendix B). Observers were instructed to record the
time any condor observations were made, direction in which birds were
flying, and comments pertinent in the evaluation of the reports. This
aided in following movements of condors if they passed near other
stations. Observers were asked to report any irregularities in the plum-
age of condors and determine the age classification by plumage charac-
teristics when possible. This was intended to stimulate accuracy in
observations as well as to aid in evaluating reports. Other raptors
were recorded to obtain a population index and encourage observers
to be more conscious of those raptors which may be confused with
condors.
188 CALIFORXIA FISH AND GAME
Survey Procedures
The condor siirvoy was condncled tlii^ weekend ol' October l(i and
17, 1965. A 2-day ])eriod was selected to reduce the chances of both
days being a loss due to liad wcjitliri'. to determine the possibility of
combining the 2 days into one survey, and if possible to conij)ai-e tlie
results of one day with the other. Tlie committee chose October for
the survey because road access to icinote observation sites was gen-
erally assured at this tiiiir of year, 'i'lic l-'orest Service reported that
oi'diiiaiily in smit Ihmh California fewer large fires occur during Oc-
tober than ill Sr|iiciiil)ri'. Xovember, or Dpcember. It was expected
that tlie Forest .Ser\ ice c(jukl i^rovide greater participation during an
October condor survey with less interference from fire suppression
activities. A somewhat better distribution of condors might occur in
January, and consideration was given to liaving the census at that
time; however, considering all other factors, October was selected. The
committee also thought that participation would be better during a
weekend census for National Audubon Society members, other agen-
cies, and interested people.
Communications with many of tlie observation stations were main-
tained (lui-ing the survey by using a short-wave radio and telephone
network in i\v<< iiiajoi' condor concent I'atioii areas of Ventura and
Kern counties. In these areas the observers used radio-equipped ve-
hicles provided by the Department of Fish and Game, Fish and Wild-
life Service, and Forest Service. Additional communications were
maintained between the Forest Service coordinator and Forest Service
lookout stations by phone and, or radio.
Observers in key locations were contacted by radio or phone at the
close of each survey day to obtain preliminary survey results. This in-
formation was relayed to the central survey coordinator for evaluation
and distribution to interested agencies and th" press.
Observers were equipped with binoculars of 7X magnification or
more, and many were also equipped with 20 X spotting scopes. All ob-
servation stations were manned from 8 A~Sl to 6 P]\I, Pacific Daylight
Saving Time, for the 2-flay period. Observers were encouraged to sub-
mit comments to assist the committee in improving survey procedures.
At the close of the 2-day sur^-ey period, all observers forwarded com-
pleted report forms to the Condor Survey Committee for evaluation.
Survey Evaluation
A subcommittee was appointed to evaluate the results of the survey
and arrive at an accurate condor population index for use as a base
figure for comparison with future surveys.
A condor "sighting" is defined as a reported observation for each
condor identified by the observers. Since one condor could be "sighted"
several times, duplicate sightings could and did oceur.
In a general evaluation of the reports, the committee determined
that the 2-day survey was in effect two separate surveys. There was
no way to determine duplication of sightings from one day to another.
Condor sightings were analyzed for '"ach day of the survey in chron-
ological order. Observer comments and notes on the reports played an
important part in the evaluation of the results. When an observer
CALIFORNIA CONDOR SURVEY 189
reported a number of condor sightings and his comments indicated
that in the observer's judgment duplication had occurred, the Evalua-
tion Subcommittee generally accepted that jurlgment.
Du})lication of condors sighted from one or more stations was deter-
mined by evaluating the reports for each condor sighting. Criteria for
ruling out duplications were ba.sed on: time of observations, direction
of flight, gi'oupiiig of birds of known age ami plumage characteristics,
distance between stations, normal condor flight patterns, and resting
and roosting locations. The following example is a typical case of how
duplicate sightings were eliminated (Appendix D) :
On October 17, 1965. an adult condor (observation Xo. 35) w^as
first sighted at 2:46 PM from the observation Station 19 on Reyes
Peak, Ventura County. This bird was soaring from east to west up
the Sespe Canyon. It passed within an estimated 300 yards of the
observer, which allowed good classification of its age. fStatioii 14 at
AVest Big Pine ^Mountain lookout in Santa liarbara County, approx-
imately 20 air miles in a westerly direction from Station 19, reported
an adult coiulor at 3:22 P]\I. It was fii-.st classified at a distance of
1| miles, moving in a westerly direction. No other condor activity
was reported in this area after the 3 :22 PM sighting at Station 14.
Thus we assumed the condor leaving Station 19 was the same bird
observed at Station 14 approximately 35 minutes later. The average
flight speed of a condor is estimated by Koford (1953) at 30 miles
per hour.
WEATHER
A number of Forest Service lookout stations in the survey area
recorded daily weathei- infoi'mation during the survey period, and
five of these were used as condor sui'vey stations (Table 1).
The weather on October 16. 1965, was generally cold ami Avindy
throughout the census area. The temperature stayed in the high 40 's
and low 50 's throughout most of the day. AVind velocities were 15-25
miles per hour all day.
Winds diminished on October 17. 1965, and temperatures reached a
high of 80° F. at one condor survey station.
RESULTS
On the first day of the survey, 69 stations were manned by 98 ob-
servers (Figure 1 and Appendix A). Forty-eight condor sightings were
reported from 16 stations (Appendix C). An evaluation of these sight-
ings indicated that 33 individual birds were seen. The age classification
of these birds was : 1 juvenile, 2 juveniles or immatures, 2 immatures,
3 sub-adults. 22 adults, and 3 unknown. Other raptors reported during
the survey- included an estimated 485 birds of 12 species (Table 2).
On the second day of the survey, 63 stations were manned by 91 ob-
servers (Figure 2 and Appendix A). Fifty-eight condor sightings were
reported from 16 stations (Appendix D). An evaluation of these sight-
ings indicated that 38 individual birds were seen. The age classification
of these birds was : 2 juveniles, 1 immature. 6 sub-adults, 17 adults, and
12 unknown. Observers classified 233 raptors of 13 other species (Table
2).
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191
TABLE 2
Raptors Reported During Condor Survey
October 16-17, 1965
Date reported
Species
Oct. 10
Oct. 17
Turhey vu\tuTe (Cathartes aura)-. -_l- ._
300
46
1
1
3
17
89
7
1
9
10
1
72
( lolden eagle ( . 1 qiiila chrysaetos)
Bald eagle {HalUiertiis leucocephalus) _ __
48
1
CiOsh'dvvli {Accipiler gentilis) _
3
Sharp-shinned hawk {A. striatus)
Cooper's hawk (.4 . cooperii)
Red-tailed ha wk (Jiiitco jamaicensis)
SwaiiisoMs hawk (B. nuainnoiii)
5
12
61
8
Rough-legged hawk (^B. lagopus) _.
Pigeon hawk (Falco coluinbarius) -
1
Sparrow hawk {F. sparverius) __ __
10
Miscellaneous hawks .
10
Barn owl {I'yto ulha)
1
Pygnij' owl {Cilaucidiiim. (jnoma)
1
Total -
485
2.33
DISCUSSION
No attempt is made to estimate the total condor population from the
population index. A number of variables occur which prevent us from
projecting this index to a number representing the total population.
Chief among these is the fact tliat tlie condor range includes some
extremely rugged terrain, which makes it difficult to detect and count
all condors moving through or roosting in the area (Figure 3).
It is imperative that a survey method which will provide data that
are comparable from year to year be used. Assuming that the judg-
ment factor in eliminating duplication is similar and that the intensive-
ness of survey effort is roughly the same, we can expect a reasonably
good population index which will be comparable from one year to the
next.
The distribution of condors during the survey period was as expected
for this time of year. Birds were concentrated in the lower portion of
their range (Figures 1 and 2). If the distribution of birds remains
similar in future years, a number of stations may be eliminated.
The presence of young condors observed during the survey is of
particular interest because it is indicative of some nesting success for
years represented by age classes. The age classes are difficult to distin-
guish unless birds are observed at close range. Birds in a transition
phase from one age class to another present an added difficulty. Data
from subsequent annual surveys wall clarify the significance of such
observations.
Based on w^eather conditions during the 2-day survey, the largest
of the tw^o survey counts. October 17, 1965. was in the opinion of the
authors and committee members the more reliable of the two population
192
CAI.IFOK'XIA I 1>I1 AXn CAAFE
FIGURE 2 — Location of condor survey observation stations monned on October 17, 1965, in
relation to the range of the California condor. Drawing by Cliffa Corson.
CALIFOKXIA COXDOR SURVEY
193
FIGURE 3— Condor observer manning station along one of the major condor flyways, October,
1965, Ventura County. Phofograph by W. C. Dillinger, Deportment of Fish and Game.
indices. Condor soaring conditions were better on this day, and activity
was tliouglit to be more nearly normal.
Condoi- sightings were reported by interested people who were not
l)art of the survey team. These observations wei-e not included in the
survey evaluation, since the purpose of this count is toestablisli an index
for the (•(iiiddi- population and not to make a total count. However, these
reports further stress the possibility that some condors were not seen
and reported by survey observers.
The survey method of Ivoford (1953) Avas used by ^liller et al.
(1965). This method simply consists of getting acquainted with people
who are considered reliable condor observers, watching condors with
them, verifying their estimates and soundness of observations, evaluat-
ing simultaneous reports of separate groups of birds, and evaluating
many assembled reports of single or small groups of birds.
The survey method and results used by the Condor Survey Commit-
tee, a planned simultaneous count, are not comparable to those of Ko-
ford and Miller. The Koford method and results were designed to
estimate the total condor population, while results of the Condor Sur-
vey Committee survey constitute a condor population index. However,
the tigures gathered on the October 16 and 17, 1965, survey were not
inconsistent with the recent National Audubon Society' survey b}' Miller
et al. (1965).
Recommendations
Seven suggestions for improving subsequent condor surveys are :
1) To maintain interest and enthusiasm of participants at a higher
level, training sessions for observer-instructors and/or squad leaders
1114 CALIFORNIA FISH AM) GAME
should lie different from tlie sessions conducted iui' observers. Ob-
server-instructor and or squad leader training programs should be
slanted toward a team leader role.
2) Improved observer training' on reporting condor and raptor
sightings is needed. j\Iore detailed observer comments are needed foi"
for evaluating coiulor sightings. Other raptor sightings require addi-
tioiiid <il)server comments for evaluation.
3) Annual coiulor surveys should be conducted during the middle
of the week. A weekend survey is often in conflict with opening dates
of hunting seasons and more intensive public use in the survey area.
Man}- volunteer observers were not able to devote the weekend to the
survey because of other responsibilities.
4) Observation stations in key locations should be manned by
teams of two observers. This would provide some relief from con-
stantly scanning a large expanse of area and should, improve area
coverage.
5) Supervision for all observers is needed. A squad system, eight
observers per squad, should be put into effect. Districts for super-
vision would be decided on the basis of the area and not by agency
jurisdiction. The squad leader woidd be responsible for :
a) distributing materials, equipment and supplies ;
b) manning the observation stations at the proper time ;
e) connuunicating between stations and survey headquarters;
d) reporting results daily and submitting surve}'' report forms
to survey headquarters.
6) A rapid reporting system is needed to report pertinent infor-
mation daily to survey headquarters. A complete and accurate daily
survey evaluation is needed for prompt release of information to the
press and interested agencies. It is important to maintain control
over survey information to prevent premature or inaccurate releases.
7) The mid-October annual survey should l)e continued.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Condoi- Survey Committee wisjics lo tlumk all the people who
participated in the condor survey; without them this survey could not
have been possible. Appendix E lists the names which the com-
mittee could obtain from survey reports. The cooperation from
the National Audubon Society, I". S. Forest Service, U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, California Department of Fish and Game, California
Division of Forestry, and interested ranchers and conservationists is
greatly appreciated. Information provided freely from knowledge and
experience by Alden II. ]\Iiller, Ian ]Mc]\Iillan. and Eben ]\Ic]\Iillan. to
select only a few from many who contributed so generously, is especially'
appreciated.
REFERENCES
Koford, Ciirl B. 19.53. The California condor. New York. X;itioii,il Aiuliilnpn Society.
Res. rept., (4) : 1-154.
Miller, Alden H., Eben McMillan, and Ian :\IcMillan. I9G.5. The status and welfare
of the California condor. New York. National Audubon Society, Res. rept..
(6) : 1-61.
CALIFORNIA CONDOR SURVEY 195
APPENDIX A
Condor Survey Observation Stations October 16 and 17, 1965
(Sfafions were manned bofh dafes unless nofed oiberwise. Those marked wifh asterisk
observed condors)
San Benito County
1. 1 mile south oT JJillerwatLT Store oii llie Alagyiui liaueli.
San Luis Obispo County
2. Cliolaiiie Flat near San Luis Obispo-Monterey county line.
*3. Ehen McMillan Ranch, in the Palo Prieto area (Sat. only).
4. 1 mile east of the La Panza Raneli lid(|rs. at San Juan Creek
road crossiufi'.
5. Beartrap Canyon on the La Panza Ranch.
6. La Panza Kaiicli, 2 miles south of Beartrap Canyon.
7. Black Mtn. Lookout.
8. High Mtn. Lookout.
Santa Barbara County
!). I\Iiranda Pine ^Itn., northwest end of Sierra Madre Rid<ie.
10. 31(d*herson Peak.
*11. Cuyania Peak Lookout.
12. Figueroa Mtn.
*13. Sisquoc Sanctuary area, 2 miles east of the South Fork Guard
Station and 200 yards up slope from Sistiuoc Canyon Trail
across the eanyon from Sisquoc P^alls.
*14. West Big Pine Lookout.
]4a. Cuyania Valley and Foothill Road.
Ventura County
*15. Frazier Mtn. Lookout.
*16. ]\Iaxe\- Raneh in Hungry Valley, 5 miles southwest of Gorman.
17. Alamo ]\ltn. Summit Road.
*18. Mutah \Un\d near San Guillermo Mtn.
*19. Reyes Peak.
20. Thorn Point Lookout.
*21. Head of Agua l>lanca Canyon on trail about 1 mile north of
Bucksnort Camp.
21a. McDonald Peak.
*22. Squaw Flat Road near Squaw Flat.
*23. Hopper Mtn.
*23a. Hopper Mtn.
*2-4. Domerguis Ranch in Reasoner Canyon area on ridge west of
ranch headquarters at head of Dominguez Canyon.
24a. Reasoner Canyon.
25. Lower Agua Blanca Creek at Hollister Cabin Camp.
26. San Cayetano Peak and Pine Canyon w^here San Cayetano
Road crosses saddle midway down ridge leading east from
peak to Sespe Creek.
*27. Hines Peak area at end of road in saddle on northw'est side
of peak.
*28. Santa Paula Canvon on trail 1 mile north of Cross Camp.
29. Nordhoflf Peak.
30. Strathearn Ranch in Simi Vallej-.
106 CALIFORNIA IISII AM) OAMK
Los Angeles Couniy
ol. Wliitakcr Pi'uk Lookoul.
*32. West Liebre Tjookout.
32a. Antelope \;ill.y (Sat. only).
Fresno County
33. Delilah Tiookout, 5 miles north of Duiilap.
33a. Fence Meadow Lookout.
33b. Stony Flat. 2 miles north of Piiichui-st (Sat. only).
Tulare Couniy
34. ^lilk IJaneh T.onknnt.
35. BluL' Iviclge Lookout.
36. Solo Peak, 8 miles southeast of Springville.
36a. Solo Peak near Rogers Camp.
37. Mule Peak.
38. Tobias Peak.
38a. Lindcove area on the Mehrten Ranch (Sat. only).
Kern County
39. Blue ]\lln. Lookout. 5 miles northeast of AVoody.
40. Farnsworth Ranch, 2 miles south of Glennville (Sat. only).
41. Dead Ox Ridge about 4 nules south of Woody.
42. Round i\Itn., 3 miles northeast of Cxranite Station.
43. Rattlesnake Ridge on the John Rofer Rancli. 4 miles Avest of
Oak Flat Lookout.
44. Oak Flat Lookout.
45. Breckenridge Mtn.
46. Tollgate Lookout.
*47. White Wolf Corrals.
*48. Commanche Pt., 4 miles southeast of Arvin on Tejon Ranch.
*49. Two miles east of Grapevine Station and 4 miles southeast of
Wheeler Ridge on Tejon Ranch ostrich farm.
*50. 2 miles east of Fort Tejon at Tejon Ranch airline beacon.
50a. Lopez Flats on Tejon Ranch.
*51. Ridge Overlook about | mile south of old Tejon Ranch build-
ings on Tejon Ranch.
*52. Pleito Hills overlooking Wheeler Ridge and Salt Creek on San
Emigdio Ranch.
53. Near mouth of Pleito Canyon on San Emigdio Ranch. (Deleted
as an observation station. )
54. Ridge to the west of big flat at head of Pleitito Canyon on
San Emigdio Ranch (Sat. only).
*55. Tecuva Ridge, 2 miles north of Lake of Woods in Cuddy
Valley.
*56. Mt. Pinos, east end of summit.
57. Mt. Pinos, west end of summit.
58. Mt. Abel (Cerro Noroest) on southwest side (Sun. only).
59. Brush Mtn., 4 miles north of Mt. Abel.
60. Santiago Canyon on Snedden Ranch (Sat. only).
61. Apache Potrero on Snedden Ranch.
CALIFORNIA CONDOR SURVEY
197
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CALIFORNIA CONDOR SURVEY
203
APPENDIX E
Observers Participating in Condor
A. Warren Ahlstrom, Sacramento, Calif.
Minnie Barkley, Woodlake, Calif.
Tony Barton, Miramonte, Calif.
Mr. & Mrs. Harold Baxter, Arcadia.
Calif.
Grant H. Birmingham, Fresno, Calif.
Mr. & Mrs. Robert Blackstone, I.os An-
geles, (\ilif.
John Blake, San Luis Oljispo, Calif.
John f'. liorneman, Ventura. Ciilif.
Joe Burnett, Tulare, Calif.
Mr. & Mrs. Herbert Clarke ( Jlciidal.'.
Calif.
Eugene Cofer, Bakersfi(dd, Calif.
G. B. Coigny, Miramonte. Calif.
Fred L. Cook, Sacramento. Calif.
Leslie Cook, Carpinteria, Calif.
Ray Dalen, Santa Barbara. Calif.
Merritt S. Dunlap, Clen.lale, Calif.
Gene Durney, Solvang. Calif.
Robert ICaston. Santa Barbara, Calif.
A. W. Elder, Pasadena, Calif.
Evalyn Farnesworth. T'orterville. Calif.
James Fazio, Newhall, Calif.
John Feazelle. Frazier I'lirk, (^ilif.
Reno Ferreri, San Luis (Jbispo, Calif.
Robert G. Fischer, Taft, Calif.
Leon Fisher, Ojai, Calif.
Robert L. Fordice. Orcutt. Calif.
George Franldin. I'orterville. (^alif.
Gene Tj. (Jerdes, Monterey, Calif.
Ken Gouff, Ojai, Calif.
Walter Charles Graves, Bakersfield,
Calif.
James (ireenhill, Ojai, Calif.
Charles G. Hansen, Las Vegas, Nevada
T. L. Hansen, New Cuyama, Calif.
Charles Harper
William J. Harvev, Santa Barbara,
Calif.
Harry Hayden, Santa Maria. Calif.
Thomas Hoots, Frazier Park, Calif.
Betty Hudson, New Cuyama. Calif.
James W. Huffman, ]Manhattan Beach,
Calif.
Thomas Ingersoll, Frazier Park, Calif.
Norval J. Jeffries, Yucca Valley, Calif.
Betty Jenner, Los Angeles. Calif.
Laura Lou Jenner, Los Angeles, Calif.
Roger A. Johnson, Frazier Park, Calif.
Ed Jones, Fresno, Calif.
Lenard Jordan, New Cuyama, Calif.
Dale B. King, Sr., Piru, Calif.
Survey October 16 and 17, 1965
Richard Kramer, San Juan Capistrauo,
Calif.
Holger S. Larsen, Pasadena, Calif.
Tamsen Lilly, San Luis Obispo, Calif.
John A. Lorenzana. Santa P.arbara,
Calif.
John ^Laggini, King City, Calif.
Robert D. Mallette, Sacramento, Calif.
Mv. & Mrs. Vernon ^Lingold and Ste-
fanie Mangold, Los Angeles. Calif,
William W. McGuire. Ojai, Calif.
(Jreg ]\Ic^Iillan, Cholame, Calif.
Ralph W. Mehrten, Exeter. Calif.
Yulan D. Miller, Ojai, Calif.
Jaiii.'s G. Mills, Santa Barbara, Calif.
Mr. & Mrs. Frank K. .Mires, Springville,
Calif.
Gary Morgan, Ojai, Calif.
Guy Noel. Fillmore, Calif.
T{ib'y D. Patter.son. Bakersfield, Calif.
Ihigene F. I'ercy, Fillmore, Calif.
Donald S. Pine," King City. Calif.
Harry Plisco, Frazier Park. Calif.
T{on E. Powell. Bisliop, Calif.
Jnlin n 1. Bakersfield. Calif.
Alice G. Kieinan, (Jleiinville, Calif.
John F. Rofer, Bakersfield, Calif.
Marshall !>. Schultz, Frazier Pai'k.
Calif.
Hal Seyden, Mirainonte, Calif.
C. R. Shepard, Sacramento, Calif.
Paul Shields, Fresno, Calif.
Arnold Small, Los Angeles, Calif.
Richard Smith. Santa P.arbara, Calif.
Gary Snow, Bakersfield, Calif.
Kenneth Stager, Los Angeles, Calif.
Norman Stevens, Santa Barbara, Calif.
Carl C. Tegen, Palmdale, Calif.
Ronald A. Thompson. Riverside, Calif.
AVilliam H. Thomson, San Francisco,
Calif.
Wesley P. Turner, Santa Barbara,
Calif.
Hazel Upham, Frazier Park, Calif.
Sanford R. Wilbur, Willows, Calif.
'Sir. & Mrs. Jim Ben Williams, Bakers-
field, Calif.
Lawrence C. Wills, Fresno, Calif.
Mr. & Mrs. Russell Wilson, No. Holly-
wood, Calif.
Francis A. Winter, Pasadena, Calif.
ALirie Woodman.see, Ojai, Calif.
NOTES
A POSSIBLE RECORD-SIZED BONITO SHARK, ISURUS
OXYRINCHUS RAFINESQUE, FROM SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
(Ml -Inly 4. l!)!)."), -Jcriy Cherzaney, a commercial fisherman, caught
an ll-foot long- (3866 mm tl) bonito shark at Eagle Rock Cove, off the
west end of Santa Catalina Island, California (Figure 1). It had been
canght in 3 fathoms of water with a 6-inch mesh gill net, and when
brought to tlie surface, it was found rolled up in the net and was dead.
The carcass, after being hauled aboard, was taken to Pierpoint Land-
ing, Long Beach, where it was frozen ciud exhibited the following week-
end. John E. P'itch, California Department of Fish and Game, helped
make the necessary arrangements with J. E. McClintock, General Man-
ager of the Landing, who generously donated this unusual specimen to
the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History for study and
dissection. Charles Grover, Marineland of the Pacdfic, put the facilities
of the Marineland laboratory at our disposal and furnished transpor-
tation to move the specimen. Grover, Dennis Yeomans, and Stephanie
Ilowells aided in measuring and dissecting the shark. Avhich was an
adult female (Table 1).
J. A. F. Garrick (pers. commun.) has told me that his studies have
convinced him there are only two valid species of Isunis, and Isunis
(jlaucns is not one of these. Proportional differences such as used by
Bigelow and Schroeder (1948) to separate Isurus oxyrinchus from
Isurus glaucus are not of specific significance. Garrick plans to discuss
this point at some length in a forthcoming paper. In my researches, I
have failed to find any discernable diff'erences between Atlantic and
Pacific bonito sharks, so I consider (jlaucns a synonym of oxyrinchus.
The shark weighed 850 pounds on the Marineland scales. The greater
part of the body cavity was filled by the liver. The stomach contents
weighed approximately 10 pounds, and consisted of the remains of three
carcharinid sharks, probably blue sharks, Prionace glauca (Linnaeus).
The vertebral centra of these sharks were intact and attached to one
another, although the chondrocrania w^ere almost completely digested.
The vertebrae in each case had been severed in the area just below the
second dorsal fin. From vertebral sizes and the lengths of these re-
mains, I estimated that the blue sharks had measured between 4 and 5
feet when alive.
The uterus of the bonito shark was empty and flaccid. One large egg,
2 inches in diameter, was found in one ovary. Blood and mucus in the
uterus would indicate that this female had just given birth to young, or
had aborted them on capture.
( 2M )
NOTES
205
FIGURE 1— Jerry Cherzaney and the 1 1 -foot bonito shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, taken ofF Santa
Catalina Island, California. Phofograph courtesy of Pierpoint Landing, Long Beach.
Although a number of teeth had been removed by spectators before
the Museum obtained the shark, the folloAving dental formula (as de-
fined by Applegate, 1965) was noted :
P3
L7 11
A2
A2
11 L7
P3
P3
L7
A3
A3
L7
P3
'2(h;
CALIKORXIA riSIl AM) CAME
TABLE 1
Measurements of Body Parts and Proportions in Length Without
Caudal (parts per mille) of 11-Foot Isurus oxyrhinchus from
Santa Catalina Island, California
Total k'listh
Length withoiit caudal (to pit)
Trunk width over pectoral origins
M out h width
Mouth length (lower jaw)
Eye diameter, horizontal
vertical
Preoral length
Prenarial length
Preorbital length
Internarial distance (least)
Length 1st gill slit
2nd gill slit
3rd gill slit
4th gill slit
5th gill slit
1st dorsal fin height (perpendicular)
overall length
length base
length posterior margin
2nd dorsal fin height
overall length
length base
length posterior margin
Anal fin height
overall length
length base
height posterior margin
Pectoral fin anterior margin
posterior margin
length base
Pelvic fin overall length
length anterior margin _
length distal margin
length base
Caudal fin length dorsal lobe
length ventral lobe
dorsal tip to notch
depth notch
Tip of snout to 1st dorsal origin
2nd dorsal origin
anal origin
lower caudal origin
Distance between bases 1st and 2nd dorsals
2nd dorsal and caudal
pectoral and pelvic
pelvic and anal
anal and caudal
Measurement
(mm)
3366
2835
512
270
190
43
45
142
128
227
130
350
320
310
300
300
320
380
320
50
58
96
38
58
64
99
35
58
850
560
35
260
140
210
150
635
515
65
155
1338
2434
2611
2830
883
275
935
390
235
Proportion
1 . 187
.181
.095
.067
.015
.016
.050
.045
.080
.046
.123
.113
.109
.106
.106
.113
.134
.113
.018
.020
.034
.013
.020
. 023
.035
.012
.020
.300
.198
.012
.092
.049
.074
.053
224
.182
.023
.055
.472
.859
.921
.998
.312
.097
.329
.138
.083
Th(^ outermost tooth row sliows a <i'reat den] of wear, whicli may
indicate a slowing of tooth replacement with age. The teeth are much
smaller than those of the fossil Isnrus from Miocene rocks of Cali-
fornia, apparently indicating that the fossil members of this genus
NOTES 207
attained much larger sizes than anything alive today. Lengths of
selected teeth, measured at riglit angles from the center of a line across
the ends of the roots to the tip of the tooth, are :
2nd upper left anterior : 88.4 nun
1st upper left intermediate : 16.5 nun
1st upper left lateral : 22.8 mm
2nd lower left anterior : 52.0 mm
3rd lower left anterior : 30.6 mm
Bigelow and Sclii-oeder (1948:128) reported that the mako or bonito
shark reaches a length of 4 meters (13 feet), although this is evidently
based on hearsay evidence. A specimen said to have been 12 feet long
was estimated from jaw size, a highly questionabh^ procedure. The
largest authentic record they listed is an Isiinis taken off St. Peters-
burg, Florida, measuring 10 feet, 6 inches. The weight of this fish was
said to have been 1,00!) j)ounds, a most remarkable figure since it was
5J inches shorter than the present sluirk, yet weighed over 150 pounds
more. Recorded weights at differeiit lengths from other sources are more
in keeping with our specimen: 135 pounds at 6 feet; 230 pounds at 7
feet, 8 inches; and 300 pounds at 8 feet. Thus, the Santa Cataliua
Island bonito shark apparently constitutes a world's record in length
and perhaps weight if, as appears to be the case, the 1,009 pounds cited
for the St. Petersburg, Florida, mako are not accurate. It is certainly
much larger than is usually recorded for this species (7 or 8 feet) off
southern California (Roedel, 1953:15).
Since it was not possible to save this specimen in its entirety, the
jaws, vertebral colunni, fius, and choudrocrauium were removed and
deposited in the Vertebrate Paleontology reference collection of Keccnt
fish skeletal material at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural
History under VPF1059.
LITERATURE CITED
Applo^ate, Shelton P. ]90r». Tooth t»Tmiiiolnj;y juid variation in sharks with .special
reference to the sand shark, Carchtirias laiinis Kaliiiesciue. Los Angeles Connty
Mus. Cent. Sci., (86) : 1-18.
Bigelow, Henry B., and AVilliam C. Sr-hroeder. 1948. Fishes of the Western North
Atlantic. Sears Found. Mar. lies.. Mem. One, Part 1, no. 2, 57C p.
Roedel, Phil M. 1953. Common ocean lishes of the California coast. Calif. Dept.
Fish and Game, Fish Bull., (91) : 1-184.
— Shelton P. Applcgate, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural His-
tory, January 1966.
208 CALIFOK-NIA I'ISII AND OAME
THE UNICORNFISH, EUMECICHTHYS FISKI (GUNTHER),
IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC
A '27-ineh uiiieoriilisli (G2U mm sl, 682 mm tl) weighing 1 ounce
(28 g) "vvas eaiig-lit November 1.'}, 1965, in a ])ni-sc seine set made for
yellowfin tuna, TJiuidiks albucares, oil' llie Jiortlieast tip of Clarion
Island, Revillayigedos, Mexico. George Fukuzaki, owner and skipper of
the purse seiner Beverly Lynn, recognized it as different from the usual
ribl)onfisli ( Tradiipteridae) taken by purse seining in the eastern
Pacific, and made certain it was saved. The only previous Eiime-
cichihys fiski from our waters was a badly mangled specimen spit up
by a yellowfin tuna that was caught southwest of Acapulco, Mexico,
at lat*. 15°16'N., long. 99'^'8(nV. sometime prior to April 1960. The
1960 unicornfish was called to my attention by Frank Alverson, then
with the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, who found it
while studying yellowfin tuna food habits.
EiwiecicJithys fiski (Figure 1) is of sueh unique shape that a list
of proportional measurements would be superfluous ; however, meristic
counts, color notes, and a few notes on its distribution and biology
should be helpful to future workers. Walters and Fitch (1960), in
reviewing the family Lophotidae, presented characters and a key for
distinguishing Euniecichthys from LopJiotus, the only other genus in
the family. The Clarion Island specimen (deposited in the UCLA fish
collection as W65-46) has 5+305 dorsal, 13 pectoral (each side), 8
anal, and 12 caudal rays. Only one (the second) of the five rays making
up the pennant is produced; the other rays are either much-reduced
in length, or are no longer than succeeding dorsal fin rays (Figure 2).
There are no pelvic fins and no sign of a pelvic girdle in the X-ray
which was taken for me by Robert J. Lavenberg, Los Angeles County
Museum of Natural History. All fin rays except the pectorals were
counted from the X-ray with the aid of a binocular microscope at six
magnifications. It was difficult to determijie which vertebra contained
the anteriormost haemal spine, even with tlic microscope, but it seemed
to be the 57th. This gave a vertebral fonnuhi of 56+101=157 (pre-
caudal, caudal, and total).
The dorsal and caudal fins Avere crimson when the fish was first
caught, and remained quite red while frozen, but faded completely
upon preservation in formalin. The silver-colored body was banded
with about 40 dark, subvertical bars, most prominent dorsally (Figure
1). The ventral portions of these dusky bands were quite indistinct,
even when the fish was fresh, so-much-so that the ventral half of every
other band appeared to be lacking except upon very close scrutiny.
King and Ikehara (1956) did not give information regarding ma-
turity of the 590 mm sl specimen they reported from Hawaii, but the
slightly larger Clarion Island individual was a female with at least
two sizes of eggs in her ovaries. The largest of these were transparent
and ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter. These large eggs were not
loose enough to be spawned b}' exerting pressure along the sides of
the fish, but by their size and transparency the spawning season must
have been close Avhen the fish was captured.
NOTES
209
FIGURE 1— Clarion Island unicornfish, 620 mm SL, 682 mm TL, 28g. Photograph by Jack W.
Schoft.
FIGURE 2— Head and anterior trunk of Clarion Island unicornfish. Only one ray (broken at
its base) extends for the full length of the pennant. Photograph by Jack W. Schoit.
210 CALIFOK'XIA IISII AM) CAME
Several unieoi'iilisli from .|;i|);iiievc waters tiaxc iviiiticd upwafds to
88 ('111 in lellLltll. hut the hll'Lli'sl l-e| xil't ei 1 in the I i t el'a 1 1 1 1'e seems to
bi' the "oO-inch" type .speeiiiieii from Soiitli Africa.
The otoliths (sap'ittae) of the Clarion Island fish were examined
fur an indication of its a^-e. hut no ^ii'owtli rinys or annuli eould be
observed on tliese tiny structures (0.6 by ().•') mm).
The vt(iiii;irh of this fi-^h was empty.
REFERENCES
KillU'. .Insclill 1-",.. .•Illil Is;i;ic I. Ikrli;ir;i. I'.l.'ili. Sdiilf iniu>ual lisllcs I'rniii the cclllral
I'a< ilic. Vac. Sci.. lOi 1 ) : 17-24.
^\'a]t(M•s. ^'lalIiIllil•. and Jdhii ]•]. Kitch. l!t()<). The families and };enerii of the
lanipridiforni i allotrioynatli ) .•^nliorder Trachipteroidei. Calif. Fish and (Jamp,
46I-! I : 441-4.",!.
— folni E. Fitcli. M'ni)if Resources () ji> raf i(>iis. Cal if(/riiifi P/ /)(ni nn iit
of Fish (iikI diiiiK . JdinKD'ii 1!)(i().
NOTES
211
NEW RECORDS OF CATAETYX RUBRIROSTRIS GILBERT
FROM THE NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN
The deep-sea ophiclioid Cdtaetyx ruhrirostris has been recorded from
hauls made with iioii-cdosiiig gear fished from 161 to 510 fathoms oft'
southern California from southwest of South Coronado Island north
to the Santa Barbara channel (Gilbert 1890; 1895; 1915; Townsend,
1901; r. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1906 i. Mead, Bertelseu, and Cohen
(19()4) give recent southern California records of young specimens
from pelagic surveys in the Santa Catalina Basin.
Three specimens taken in upm. hdttom-sampling gear off the northern
Oregon coast extend the northern limit of this species to the eastern
subarctic Pacific region (as defined by Dodimead, Favorite, and Ilirano,
196:}). One is a female 91.5 mm sl from 368 to 370 fathoms at lat. 44°
23'X., long-. 124° 56'W., taken August 8, 1961. by the Department of
Oceanography, Oregon State Fniversity. The second, a male 105.5 nun
SI. from ;!25' fathoms at lat. 45° 57'X., long. 124" 48'W., was caught
January 24, 1963, by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Exploratory
Fishing and Gear Research Base, Seattle, Washington, in cooperation
with the r.S. Atomic Energy Connnission (Figure 1). A third specimen
;d)()Ut .^0 mm si., taken by the Oregon State University oceanography
program, was h)st before we could examine it but was identified as
('. ruhrirostris h\- a foi-iiier student, Don Day, who recorded it fnmi
350 to 400 fathoms, at lat. 44° 16'X., long. 125" OO'W., December 10-11,
1961. The male si)ecimen (UW 16743) is in the fish museum, University
of Washington, and the female (uncatalogued) is at the Oregon State
University, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife.
^^^M^^^^^^^^^S^'m-m^
**^SS**S!S*^*^*^
js^Sf-^
FIGURE 1— Drawing of Cataefyx rubrirosfris Gilbert (UW 16743) showing cephalic sensory
pore system and first gill arch (inset) removed from the left side of the specimen. Illusfrafion
by his Reynolds.
DESCRIPTION
Morphology of potential taxonomic usefulness is described, supple-
mentary to Gilbert's (1890) original description based on a series of
four specimens (largest 114.3 mm sl).
212 CAI.Il'MKXIA lisll AM) (JAME
]\rpasnrenionts ami counts 'Table 1) ^\•ol•e taken from the left side
wiienever iiossible, and lolluw iluljljs and La^'ler (1958). Measurements
were made with dial ('ali])ers (to the nearest 0.1 mm), and some meristic
data were taken from radiofiraplis. The scales are deciduous, and be-
cause they left nndefiiinble jvx-kets whei-e they were missin"-, counts
could not be made.
Most external morphology is illustrated in Fijzure 1, which empha-
sizes the cephalic papillae and ])reinaxillary and preopercular-mandib-
ular sensory series of seven pores each. A single pore at the apex of the
articular notch is adjacent to the second anteriormost pore in the pre-
opercular-mandibular series. There are four gill arches, with a restricted
slit behind the last; the tlu-ee developed gill rakers are short and
triangulai". the longest ecjual to alxiut one-half of oi-bital width: I'udi-
TABLE 1
Measurements (in mm) and Counts of Northern Oregon Cataetyx rubrirostris
Measurements /^ . U . Ilil'f.j O.8.L.
Standard length 10.")..") !(1.."
Depth at anal origin 11.2 11.1
Head length (to end of opercular flap) 24.4 20.2
Postorbital head length 15.0 13.2
Length of upper jaw 10.1 8.2
Length of lower jaw 5.9 5.7
Snout 4.2 4.0
Bony interorbital 2.7 1.9
Eye 4.5 3.2
Distance between anterior and posterior nostril 3.4 2.5
Greatest width of premaxillary tooth band .7 .5
Length of premaxillary tooth band 6.9 6.0
(ireatest width of mandibular tooth band .■> .3
Length of mandibular tooth band 6.5 6.0
Greatest width of vomerine tooth band .4 .4
Length of vomerine tooth band 1.7 1.5
Greatest width of palatine tooth band .5 .4
Length of palatine tooth l)and 5.6 4.0
Snout to dorsal origin 32.5 25.3
Snout to pelvic origin 17.2 15.3
Snout to anal origin 47.7 36.9
Pelvic origin to anal origin 31.2 22.5
Length of dorsal-anal overlap 17.2 12.0
Length of longest pelvic filament — 8.9
Length of pectoral fin 13.5 11.0
Cleithrum spine length (tip to angle formed by cleithrum
with ventral edge of spine) 1.6 1.1
Length of caudal fin - 8.1
Length of longest dorsal ray 6.7 6.0
(Greatest height of fleshy membrane on dorsal base 2.2 2.4
Snout to anus 43.3 35.2
Anus to caudal base 62.1 45.7
Opercular spine length (measured from tip of spine to angle
formed by posterior edge of opercle with ventral surface
of .spine) 3.5 2.5
Counts
Dorsal rays 102 109
Anal rays 76 82
Caudal rays 4-^ 5-4
Pectoral rays 25 25
Pelvic filaments 1 1
Vertebrae (urostyle counted as last vertebrate) 62 60
Dpveloped gill rakers 3 3
Branchiostegal rays 8 8
NOTES 213
mentary gill rakers appear as small rounded protrusions (Figure 1).
The longest gill filament is equal to about f of orbital width ; pseudo-
braiiehiae are absent. Pyloric caeca are not evident. Color in alcohol :
head and body cream-colored, overlain by silvery iridescence ; buccal
and branchial cavities lined with black, visible externalh' ; occipital
region translucent, exposing central nervous system from exterior ; black
peritoneum showing through translucent abdominal tissue : stomach
unpigmented ; intestine covered by darkly-pigmented epithelium; anal
(jrifice witli black emargination ; pectoral fins dusky; })elvics and anal
fin iiiii)igmented; dorsal and caudal fins witli dusky margins.
VARIATION
Our specimens basically agree with Gilbert's description, with the
following exceptions: a greater numbei- of i)ectoral rays (25 instead
of 23 j, fewer caudal rays (8 to 9 instead of 12), bony interorbital
width 9.0 to 10.6 instead of 7 in head ( (Albert's measurement may be
of flesh}' instead of bony interorbital j . Gilbert states tliat the eye ecpials
the snout, whereas in one of our specimens the eye is larger than the
snout, and in the other it is smaller (Table 1).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are indebted to Don Day, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Biological Laboratory at Seattle, for catch data and identification of
the misplaced specimen. Carl E. Bond, Oregon State University, loaned
us the female specimen. Daniel ^1. Cohen, U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Ichthyological Laboratory, "Washington, B.C., and J. D.
McPhail, College of Fisheries, University of Washington, reviewed the
manusci-ipf.
REFERENCES
Dodimead. A. .J., F. Favorite, and T. Ilhaiu.. T.lfi.S. Salmon of tlie North Pacific
Ocean. Pt. -. Review of oceanoi^raphy of the suharctic Pacific region. Inter. \o.
Pac. Fish. Conini., Bnll., (13) : 1-195.
Gilhert, Charles II. 1890. A preliminary i-eport on the fishes collected by the
steamer Albatrong on the Pacific Coast of Xorth America during: the year 18S9,
with descriptions of twelve new genera and ninety-two new species. U.S. Natl.
Mus., Proc, 13: 49-126.
189"). The ichthvological collections of the steamer Alhafross during the
years 1890 and 1891. U.S. Comm. Fish., Kept, for 1893, p. 393-47(J.
1915. Pushes collected bv the U.S. Fisheries steamer Alh<it»o.ss in southern
California in 1904. U.S. Natl. Mus., Proc, 48: .305-380.
llubbs, Carl L., and Karl F. Lagler. 1958. Fishes of the Great Lakes region.
Cranbrook Ins. Sol., Bull., (26) : 1-213.
Mead. Giles W., E. Bertelsen, and Daniel M. Cohen. 1904. Reproduction among
deep-sea fishes. Deep-sea Res., 11(4) : 569-596.
Townsend, C. H. 1901. Dredging and other records of the United States Fish
Commission Steamer Albatross with l)ibliography relative to the work of the
vessel. U.S. Comm. Fish., Rept. for 1900. p. 387-562.
I'.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 1906. Dredging and hydrngraphic records of the U.S.
Fisheries Steamer Albatross for 1904 and 1905. U.S. Comm. Fish., Rept. for 1905,
80 p. (Doc. 604).
— Richard B. Grinols, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Explora-
tory Fishi7ig and Gear Research Base, Seattle, Washington, 98102,
and David W. Greenfield, Department of Biological Sciences, Cali-
fornia State College at Fullerton, Fullerton, California, 92631,
Fehruary 1966.
214 CALIFORXTA FISH AND GA^FE
A MARINE CATFISH, BAGRE PANAMENSIS (GILL),
ADDED TO THE FAUNA OF CALIFORNIA, AND
OTHER ANOMALOUS FISH OCCURRENCES
OFF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA IN 1965
A iiijiriiic catfish was caiivlit in a liait net H to 2 miles off the luoutli
of tlic Santa Ana IJiver on XovchiIxm- :i, 196."). by Richard Soukup.
sidpper of the boat Eiiuore (\ This tisii, 24.1 nmi sl f:]l() nun ti.i. lias
been deposited in the fish collection of the I>os Angeles County Aluseniii
of Natural History (LAC'M (i,ss:M j. |1 appeared healthy when cap-
tured (it weijrhed 250 o;), and its stomach contained the remains of
two, .l-iiich ancho\-ies, Enf/raiilis min-dfi.r. The closest pre\ious record of
/>'. paiKiuKiisis to Califoi'iiia is .Ma^dalena Day, lia.ja California, where
it and anotlier marine catfi.sJi, yctiiina platypogon, are present in con-
siderable abundance.
Althoni-'h the marine catfishes on the Pacific coast are an extremely
difficult <i'roup to work with, and badly in need of a critical review,
only 2 of tlie 26 Pacific c(jast species belong;- to the genus Bagre, char-
acterized by having only one pair of barbels on the lower jaw. B. pin-
iiinKiriiliit IIS. the other species, has a long, flat filament extending from
the dorsal s])ine; it ranges from about ^Mazatlan to northern Peru.
Twelve species of marine catfishes in five geneia have been reported
from Mexican waters (Meek and Ilildebrand, 1!)2:}; Ilildebrand, 1940;
TABLE 1
Anomalous Occurrences of Marine Fishes off Southern California
During 1965 as Reported to California State Fisheries Laboratory
Species
Number
specimens
Date
of
capture
Locality of capture
Remarks
Southern Species
Pseudopriacanthus aerrula
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
many
many
1
1
several
1
1
1
early Feb.
June 4
mid June
Sept. 27
late Sept.
Nov. 3
Nov. 8
end Nov.
Nov. 28
Nov. 29
Jan. 14
Feb. 10
Apr. 17
Julv 19
Sept. 27
June-Sept.
Oct.-Dec.
Nov. 1
June 2
Aug.-Sept.
Sept. 20
Oct. 25
Dec. 16
Horseshoe Kelp
Rare off Calif.
Katsuicon us pelam is
Corona del Mar
Oxnard
Carpinteria
Newport Beach
Off Santa Ana R
3 months earlier than usual
Hermositla azurea
Strongylura eiilis
Strongylura eiilis. _ ..
Bagre panamensis
Strongylura eiilis
Pseudopriacanthus serrula _ _
Albula vulpes
Los Angeles Harbor
Malibu
Sunset Beach
Los .\ngelps Harbor
Ventura
Ventura. .
Albula vulpes.
Northern Species
Acipenser medirostris
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides
Reported by Schott, 1966
Alosa sapidissima
A losa sapidissima
.4 losa sapidissima
Los Angeles Harbor
Los Angeles Harbor
Carpinteria
Los Angeles-Orange Counties
Los Angeles-Orange Counties
Los Angeles Harbor
lat. 29° 29' N.,
long. 129' 23' W.
Oncorhynchus spp
Roccus saxatilis ..
Alosa sapidissima
Pelagic Species
Brama japonico-
South of usual range
Fewer than 10 Calif, records
Lampris regius
Lophotus sp
Assurger amac
San Diego-Morro Bay
Tanner Bank
Torrance Beach.-
Lagocephalus lagocephalus
Newport Harbor..
Fewer than 10 Calif, records
NOTES 215
Berdegue, 1956; and others;, l)ut only the two noted above are known
to occur on the outer coast of Baja California (Magdalena Bay). Thus,
the range for B. panamensis was extended northward approximately
650 linear miles by the capture of the 12-infh specimen off the Santa
Ana Kiver.
In order to check the plausibility of such a northward migration, 1
examined repcu'ts of anomalous occurrences of marine fishes during
lf»65 on file at California State Fisheries Laboratory (Table 1). Based
n])(>n tliese occurrences alone, it would appear tliat ocean temperatures
fluctuated widely off southern California during 1965, often within the
same month. When water temperatures were cold, shad, salmon, and
striped bass moved in from the north, but the southern and pelagic
species could have an-i\ed only by taking advantage of northerly-
moving currents of warm water. A few southern species, such as
Hermosilla azurea, apparently have established populations along mmli
of the southei-n Califoi'iiia coastline, but individuals are known to
migrate beyond the usual limits of their range when temperatures are
suitable. The occurrence of Bagre patio me nsis off southern California
apparently resulted from an intrusion of warm water which originated
somewhei'c in tlic vicinity of Magdal'Mia Bay. Baja California.
REFERENCES
BcrdofiiK' A.. Julio. lO.lf). Pecos <le iniitortancia comercial on la costa nor-occi-
(loiital (Ic Moxico. Sect. Mar.. Dir. (xou. Pe.><fa Indus. Concxas, 34."> p.
lliklfliraud. ^^anuiel F. liM<i. A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of I'eru.
Bull. U.S. Xatl. Mus., (189) : l-r,30.
Meek, Seth F.. and S. F. Hildelirand. t!>23. The marine fishes <if Panama. Part I.
Chicago, Field .Mus., Zuol. Soc, 15(215) : l-:«().
Schott, Jack W. 196G. A Greenland halihut. lleinhnnltiux hipiiof/lossoifles ( Wal-
liaum), recorded in southern California. Calif. Fish and Game, 52i 1 i : .".".
— John E. Fitch, Marine Resources Operations, California Department
of Fish anel Game, Januari/ 1966.
2ir,
CALll'OK'XlA 1 ISII AM) GAME
FISHES AND OTHER MARINE ORGANISMS TAKEN
DURING DEEP TRAWLING OFF SANTA
CATALINA ISLAND, MARCH 3-4, 1962
Attempts by a ])rivate t-oneern to retrieve Avitli an ollci- trawl a
valuable piece of electronic (seismic) equipment that broke loose and
sank in several Inindrod fathoms of water outside Santa Catalina Island.
California, afforded an excellent op])ort unity to examine the fislies and
other organisms that were captured. The equipment was lost where it is
TABLE 1
List of Organisms from Deep Trawling off Santa Catalina Island, California
March 3 & 4, 1962
Fishes
Scj'liorliinidae
Parmaturus xannirris
Apristurus brunneus
Rajidae
Ttaja rhina
Coryphaenoididae
Nezumin sMgidolepis
Merlucciidae
M erluccius product us
Scorpaenidae
Sebastolobus alascanus..
Sebastndes diploproa
Anoplopomatidae
Anoplopoma Jhnhria
Liparidae
Careproctus Tnclanurus . .
Pleuronectidae
Embassichthys balhybius
Microstomiis pneificus^-
Invertebrates
Porifera
Coelenterata
Echinodermata
Mollusca
Bathybembyx hairdi
Tectibranchs
Crustacea
Chionectes tanneri
Chorilia longipes
Tow 1
(315-340 fm)
14
30
10
V
V
40
Tow 2
(285-300 fm)
32
11
V
V
V
30-40
2
Tow 3
(294-315 fm)
10
18
2
23
V
V
30-40
Tow 5
(240-310 fm)
f} + 36
(38
32
V
V
70
2
40-50
NOTES 217
illegal to possess or operate a trawl net, so special permission had to be
obtained from the Fish and Game Commission to conduct the search.
A limitation of the permit called for a Department of Fish and Game
representative to be aboard during all tr'awling operations.
Biologist William L. Craig, California State Fisheries Laboratory,
was assigned the task of overseeing the search, conducted March 3 and
4, 19(32, from the trawler Christine, skippered by Harry Barrington.
Five tows were made in 240 to 860 fathoms (439-6o8m), but on one of
these (tow 4) the net became snagged and the catch was lost; the
electronic equipment was not recovered. All trawling was on the wiiul-
ward (offshore) side of Santa Catalina Island, 2..") to 8.25 miles offshore
between Ribbon Rock and Catalina Head at approximate lat. 88°28'N.,
long. n8"84'W. Most of the catcli was retained for i)focessing at Cali-
fornia State Fisheries Laboratory, where the fishes were identified,
measui'cd, and weighed hcfoi-i' Ix'ing discarded oi- saved. Tlie invevte-
brat(>s wer-e sent to varions specialists, primai'ily at the Allan Hancock
Fonndation (AHF), University of Sontliern California, in the ho])e
that identifications would be forthcoming at an early date.
The foni- successfnl tows yielded 1 1 s|)(vies of fishes belonging to eight
families (Table 1). Only five of the fish species (Pacific hake, shortspine
channel rockfish. splitnose i-ockfisii, sablefish, and Dover sole) might be
I'onsidered of commercial imjxjrtance (marketable for food), but none
of these seemed to be present in commercial quantities — at least none
was taken in commercial quantities.
A s|)ecies-by-species account follows:
rdrmahn'us j-anixiiis — filetail cat shark
Forty-six cat sharks were taken in tow 5, but oidy 10 of these were
sav(Ml: 8 filetails and 2 browns. Seven of the eight filetails were fenudes,
as were all six filetails taken in the other three siu-cessful tows. The
male filetail was 885 nun tl; the 13 females ranged from 330 to 505 mm
TL, but most were larger than 460 mm. The 14 specimens that were saved
were deposited in the UCLA fish collection.
ApristiiiHs hniiuK us — brown cat shark
Five of the six brown cat sharks saved were males, 384 to 555 mm tl ;
the single female was 515 mm tl. All were deposited in the UCLA fish
collection.
Baja rJiina — longnose skate
The three longnose skates for which sexes were noted were males, 550
to 765 mm tl ; the three unsexed specimens were 530 to 567 mm tl. All
six skates were deposited in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography
(SIO) collection.
Nezioiiia sfelgidolepis — California rattail (Figure 1)
Only the shortspine channel rockfish was more abundant than the
California rattail in the trawling area. The 99 N. stelgidolepis taken in
the four tows were relatively small for rattails, being 240 to 390 mm sl.
Most were deposited in the SIO collection.
218 (AI.IIOKMA llsll AM) GAME
■mMm^^
FIGURE 1— California rattail, Nezumia sfelgidolepis, 310 mm SL, from 240 to 310 fathoms,
Santo Cotalina Island, California. Phofograph by Jack W. Schoii.
M< )1i(ccii(s productus — Pacific hake
The six hake ranged from 247 to 495 iniu sl (278 to 543 inin tl) ; all
were discarded.
Sehastolobits alascaiiiis — shortspiiK^ chaiinel rockfisli
Shortspine channel rockfish were tlie most abundant fish captured,
the best tow yielding' 97 of the 177 caught. Altliongli they varied greatly
in size (100 to 430 mm sl; 125 to 536 mm tl), most Avere 200 to 300
mm SL. The largest individual, a spent female 536 mm tl, weighed
2045 g. Most of these rockfish were discarded.
IS cba stocks di phi proa — split nose rockfish
Only two splitnose rockfish were taken. l)Ut both were fair-sized adults
(273 and 295 mm sl; 332 and 357 mm tl).
xLitoplopouKi Jinihrla — sablefish
Sablefish were the tliird most abuiKhint fish taken, but none of the 76
was exceptionally large (395 to 538 mm sl ; 460 to 628 mm tl).
C(n-( p)'ociiis iiK hnnoiis — i)ink snailfish
Two good-sized, adult pink snailfish (230 and 245 mm tl) were taken,
but wcn-e not saved.
Emhassichthys bathyhius — deepsea sole
Both deepsea sole were caught in tow 5, the most productive haul.
They were 345 and 442 mm sl (395 and 510 mm tl). and the largest,
a female, weighed 1430 g. Since they represented a new southern dis-
tribution record for the species, the smaller of the two was deposited in
the UCLA fish collection.
Microstomns pacificus — Dover sole
The eight Dover sole taken in these operations also came from tow 5.
All were of a marketable size (265 to 340 mm sl; 315 to 400 tl), but
none was exceptionally large.
Porifera — sponges
Two sponges, representing two species, were taken in tow 2; both
were sent to the AHF for identification and curatiug.
NOTES
219
Coelenterata — sea anemones, gorgonians, sea pens
Coelenterates were not abnndant in the trawling area, bnt the few
sea anemones, gorgonians, and sea pens that came np in the net were
saved jiiid scut to the AIIF collection.
Echino(h'rniata — sea ciiciimb(n's, starfish, sea urchins
Sea cncnmbers were abundant iu all hauls, us were some of the star-
fishes aud sea urchins. Samples of all wei-e sa\('(l and sent to tlie AIIF
collections. One of the starfishes was new to science ( Fred Zieseidienne,
pel's, connuun. ).
3h)llusca — SI un Is, tectibranchs
Tow 5 yielded 70 faii-ly large, thin-shelled, greenish snails identified
as Bdfhiihfmhy.r bairdi by A. Myra Keen, Stanford Fniversity. These
snails seldom are captui'cd at depths sliallowei' than "J.")!) fathoms
(457 m) ; they are not uncommon between about Xewi)oi't Heach and
Eureka. The only othei- mollusks netted were two unidentified sea slugs
or tectibranchs that were sent to the AIIF collections.
Ci'ustacea — crabs
Every tow yielded fair nniid)ers of large Tanner ci-abs, Chioiu vi( s
fdinieri (Fignre 2). Although they were fairly large, there did not seem
to be mnch edible flesh in the legs or body, so they probably do not
represent a very choice latent resource. Two smaller crabs in tow 2
were identified as Chotilia lonyipcs by John S. Garth, Allan Hancock
Foundation.
FIGURE 2— Tanner crab, C/iionecfes tannen, trawled in 340 fathoms, Santa Catalina Island,
California. Photograph by Jack W. Schoff.
' — John E. Fitch, Marine Resources Operations, California Departnient
of Fish and Game, January 1966.
220
CALIFORNIA Ilsll AM) (iAMK
THE FINAL INTRODUCTION OF THE OPOSSUM SHRIMP
[MYSIS RELICT A LOVEN) INTO CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA
The filial introthictioii of the fresli water opossum shrimp into Califor-
nia and Nevada Avas made in September 1965. This and earlier intro-
ductions (Linn and Frantz. lOGro totah-d 442.000 shrimp (Table 1).
These introductions were made to improve the food supply for trout
(Linn and Frantz, 1965).
TABLE 1
Summary of Introductions of Mysis relicta into California
and Nevada in 1963, 1964, and 1965
Lake
Location
Surface
area
(acres)
Maximum
depth
(feet)
Total number
shrimp
planted
Lake Tahoe
Fallen Leaf Lake
California and Xevada
El Dorado County, California
El Dorado County, California
Nevada County, California
Fresno County, California
Humboldt County, Nevada
Elko County, Nevada
123,300
1,410
338
960
1,441
11
73^
1,645
1,100
1.50
200
150
48
22
333,000
30,000
27,000
Donner Lake
Huntington Lake
26,000
20,000
4,000
Island Lake
2,000
Total
442,000
LITERATURE CITED
Linn. Jack D.. and Ted C. Frantz. 1965. Introduction of the opos.sum shrimp
(^f!lsis reliftn Loven) into California and Xevada. Calif. Fish and Game,
51 1 1) : 4S-.",1.
— Jack A. Hanson. Inland Fisheries BranclK California Department of
Fish and Game, November 1965.
BOOK REVIEWS
McClane's Standard Fishing Encyclopedia and International Angling Guide
Edited by A. J. McClane; Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., Great Neck, New York, 1965;
1057 p., illustrated; S23.95.
This voluiiK' is an out.staiKiinK example of tlio various angling enoycloppdias
that have appeared on the marla't in recent years. Thonsli expensive, it exemplifies
quality from the colorful binding throughout all its six pounds.
As the versatile fishing editor for Field and Stream. A. J. MeClane is eminently
qualified to undertake this compilation. lie has u.sed his experience and training
wisely, both as a nuijor contributor and to select 141 angling experts and fishery
scientists as collaborators. The list of .scientific contributors does not include anyone
from the Pacific coast but this area has not been slighted and the species have been
reported upon accurately by qualified authorities. The contributor's initials follow
each entry, which allows an oiijiurt unity to evaluate the source of any statement.
All entries aiqx'ar alph:il)etically. as in a iiopular world encycloi>edia. Thus, the
user turns directly to his sidiject, eliminating the added step of consulting an index.
One might experience difficulty locating a particular subject if the crossreferencing
was not so thorough. For example, our grunion's description is listed under '"C"
for California grunion and not under "G."
Angling information and life histories for over 1,CMI0 species of fishes are included
and most of these are illustrated. General information about where to fish, with
what type of gear and what one might expect to catch is given for each of the 50
states and other important angling areas throughout the world. Fi.shing techniques
such as casting are described thoroughly both verbally and through the generous use
of illustrations. There are e(iually detailed sections on such subjects as: gear con-
struction, boat .selection, preserving the catch, as well as fresh and salt water
biology. Most impressive of all is the extensive, up-to-date bibliography arranged by
subject and by area. A few words borrowed from the flyleaf best describe the
overall content. '"There are 1,072 pages, more than 1,200 main entries, and over
5,000 secondary entries — nearly a million words — over 100 handsome illustra-
tions—."
Individual users will no doubt discover pet omissions, for it would be virtually
impossible to include all the vernacular from so vast a field. However, if one masters
all the contents any omissions will .seem minor.
This book represents a fine piece of workmanship deserving a prominent jdace in
every serious anglers' library. It should prove valuable as a ready reference for th«
fishery biologist as well. — WiUiani L. Cra'uj.
The California Deserts (Fourth Edition)
By Edmund C. Jaeger; Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 1965; x -f 208 p., Iltus
trated; $4.95.
With the exception of two added chapters, a few new photographs, and some
slight alterations in the text, this fourth edition is the same delightful book that
luiiny of us have been enjoying for more than 30 years. Scientific names and the
bibliography have been kept up-to-date, and Dr. jaeger has made it a point to
inform the reader of the changes that man has wrought upon the face of the aesert
(few for the best) .
Chapters entitled '"The aborigines of the desert" and "The preservation of des-
erts" add greatly to one's reading pleasure. A sketch map with shaded areas showing
the "home territories" of the various Indian tribes would have helped those who
are not familiar with all the localities mentioned, but its absence does not detract
from the chapter in any way.
I was surprised to see that the section on fishes failed to mention the changes
in the Salton Sea fauna that were brought about by the Department of Fish and
Game over a decade ago. Nor was the publication on this subject (edited by Boyd
W. Walker) listed among the references. Failure to include information from this
publication has resulted in the inclusion of the "humpbacked sucker . . . and the
Colorado River trout" among the Salton Sea's fish fauna.
( 221 )
222 TAUKOKXTA FISH AND r.AME
It wmild 111' iiii-c if ;i fiitiii'c rdition wiiuM iiii'liiilr iiiciil inn of llii' lii'fds of "wild"
Imri'iis wliicli iiuw inji.-iliil iii;iii.\ dcsi'i'l nrcns iiiidci' full prnl cm-I imi of I lie l;i\v. ;ind
wliicli iirt' idaiiifd li\ in;ni\ fur tlic |icrili>us di'cli: I ilic Im^Iiiiiii siirc]i |i()|iul;tl ions
in lln'sc nrciis. KcuMrdlcss of llicsc few omissions. I his is si ill one of the finest
;ind niosl |ih';isni-:lh!(' vohlincs on Ihi' ( ',i lifoi ni;i deserts lll;il is ;i\aihll)le. Anyone
w iio hasn't read tlie hool< or (hiesn't own a (I'liy siioiild make a resolution to rectify
tile oversiuJil imnu'dia lely. ■Iiijiii I'. F'llili.
Fish as Food, Vol. 3: Processing, Part I
Edited by Georg Borgstrom; Academic Press Inc., New York, 1965; xiv + 489 p.,
illustrated: $17.50.
This is not a book foi' the idle reader, iuit il slionid lie of ,i;i'eal \aliie as a ri'fer-
eiiee for fish jH'ocessoi-s and t eelniolo;;isI s.
Anihors from ma.ior lishini; nations eoni rilmled eh:i|ilers descriiiini;' methods of
IH'oeessinj; eij;]it ina.jor types of tisii iii'odn<-ls: dried, smoked, salted, marinated and
Asian fermented seafood, fish sausage, tisli solidiles, and fish meal, (ieiu' 'Iv, the
descriiitions mention fhe methods used with particular species, liisl- ■'• '
eontein]ioraril.v. Theoi-etical as])ects are dealt with e.\tensi\e]y in most :
.Most inip<irlant is the stress f^'i^'*'ll to qualit.\ control.
( )ne chaiiter summarizes the history and trends of tlie commercial
ma.jor tish-iiroducinj;- countries of the world. 'I'lie ina.joi- s|iecies, types
and the size of the fishery (numbers of boats, fishermen, jn-ocessor
rejiorted for each country. Thi.s pajier also lists the relati\-e amount.^
dnced for domestic use and export.
]My one complaint concerns the list of the world's common food fish
Strom states that "This list comprises the most important economi
species of the world's ocean and ma.ior fresh-water fishes." The list
fish, Alepisaiinis ferox, and lanternfish. Diaphiis voenileiis, but omits all ot the
important rockfishes { i<eh(isfoden sjip. ) of the eastei'n Pacific. In fact, the only
eastern Pacific rockfishes listed are the blue rocktish. SchiiNtodcs mi/stiiiiis (incor-
rectly listed as ^Schutosanniti iiii/xfiniis) . and the rosy rockfish. tSehnstodes rosaceus
(listed by the incorrect generic name Schnstohnis ) . Neither of these is of significant
commercial imixirtance.
I am impressed with the amount of information in tiiis book; it wouM be a valu-
able addition to the library of biologists interested in fish iirocessing-. — Daniel W.
(lottfhall.
Fisheries Year Book and Directory 7 965—66
Edited by Harry F. Tysser; British-Continental Trade Press Ltd., London, 1965; 471 p.,
illustrated: £2.
This book provides an int(>rnational reference and directory of fishing and fish
]irocessing industries for T.H!.">-<i(!. Data are incorporated from the World Fisheries
\((ir-Ho()k. North Atlaiiiic Fi-sJieries Yenr-Jlook. and Ilerriiuj F.rporfer's Manual.
The opening section on world catch anal.xsis presents fisher.y statistics for 31
countries. A 1964 record catch of riO million metric tons was produced, with Ger-
many and .laiian the only countries reiioi'ting lower catches than their ])revious
t.m;:; high.
Additional i-eferenc(> chapters summarize developments in the fish meal and oil
trade, and industrial achievements in freezing, storage, transport, and merchandis-
ing. A survey of new fishing vessels and equipment, and a list of new fishing
vessels completed or on order indicates an optimistic attitude toward future fisheries
expansion, except in the United States, which listed only 2 of the o.'^J.
Other aids to industry are the listings of organizations and trade associations,
trade journals, and a monthly fish supply calendar. One section presents common
names of fishes in eight languages, with corresponding scientific names.
In the world directory section, an index of more than .",000 firms includes ex-
porters, producers, trawler owners, importers, wholesalers, and eanners. Dealers in
machinery and equiiunent for processing and packing are also listed by national
origin. Although approximately 150 advertisers are listed, none is from the United
States.
It was alarming to see the United States, which is the fifth ranked fishing nation,
so poorly represente<l throughout the book. Editor T.vsser did not indicate the
(pialifications for representation in the .vearbouk-director.v, so the poor T'nited State
representation may be due to a lack of data, a lack of interest by American firms
or failure of the editors to contact American firms. — J. Gary i<mith.
REVIEWS 223
The Fisheries: Problems in Resource Management
Edited by James A. Crutchfield; Univ. Washington Press, Seattle, 1965; xvi + 1316 p.;
illustrated; $5.
The Common Wealth in Ocean Fisheries
By Francis T. Christy, Jr. and Anthony Scott; The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md.,
1966; xiii + 281 p.; $6.
()ur tni(lition;il jipin'onch to the utilizjition of tlio world's soa fisliorics lias h(>eii
throufjli the eyes of tlio fisheries scientist, with little rejcanl for sueli coiitrihutioiis
as might be made by the economist, the sociologist, or the lawyer. Optiniiun (or
maximum) sustainable yield in terms of tons of fish delivered was, and remains,
the )4oal iif most administrations concerned with management of the living marine
resources. This concei)t. ind('c(l, is tlie foundation of the recently imph'mented
(Jeneva Convention on Fishing and Conser\atiou uf the Living Resources of the
High Seas.
(tver the years however, those most deeply concerned with ocean fisheries have
'o recognize tile need for an intei-discii>linary aiiproach t<i management, if
)n is to lie truly rational.
aliforuia I )('partnient of Fish and (lame, for example, has rccenl l.\ , In its
•i Fish and Wildlife I'lan", recommended a sociological |)rinciiile (»f
■nt — in essence the view that when the stock of a gi\en sjiecies or species-
.^ insufiicient to fill botii recreational and commercial demands, jiriority
,e gi\t'n to satisfying the reasonable demands of the spoi't fishery. Very
'commendations lunc l)een made by a I'liixfrsity of ('aliforni.n iilanning
"California and I he I'se of the <)ci'an". and li.\' ;it le;ist one major ('ali-
'ug tii-ni.
books toward which I his re\iew is directed exemplify this broadened
<_v)iicepi, oi resource nianagement. anil are in fact edited in the one instance and co-
authored in the other by two of the leading e.\i)oneiits of an ecouomic approach to
fisheries management. James Crutchfield and Francis Christy.
The first of these books in time is Crutchfield's. It presents a series of lectures
given at the University of Washington under tiie auspices of the (Jradu.-ite School
of I'ui)lic Affairs as one of a series of interdisciplinary public jiolicy seminars. Two
of the seven lectures concern conser\'ation, three economics, and two law. The fish-
eries biologist will find Crutchfield's examination of economic objectives, and Robert
Fletcher's consideration of law and limited entry, particularly interesting, for
economic-i)ased nianagement with limited entry as a tool are now matters of con-
siderable debate. Crutchfield believes that limiting entry is a "vital first step" if
the fisheries are to be managed with tiie intent of producing maximum economic
profit as well as niaxiimim physical yield.
Fletcher, jirofessor of law at the I'niversity of ^^'ashington. iielieves that in fed-
eral court, at least, limited entry would lie deemed constitutional, lie is less cer-
tain of how state courts would rule, i>ut he feeds it luoiialile that they too woubl
rule favorably.
Ill other chapters, Royce and Bevan of the Fisheries Research Institute review
conser\atioii practices and regulations ( r.e\an's description of logging regulations
based on the assumption that the timber industry operated under the same ground
rules as fisheries brings home the point ) . Marion Marts, professor of geography,
considers the place of fisheries in the total economy of the Northwest, Richard Van
Cleve discusses the principle of abstention, and Ralph Johnson, professor of law,
high seas fisheries and international law.
Francis Christy, senior author of "The Common Wealth in Ocean Fisheries", is
a research associate for Resources of the Future and presently a member of Cali-
fornia's Governor's Advisory Commission on Ocean Resources, He has specialized
in the economics of resource use since college ; his doctoral dissertation concerned
the common projierty aspects of oystering in Maryland. Anthony Scott is professor
of economics at the I'niversity of British Columbia.
This is a thoughtful and detailed discussion of woi-ldwide fishery problems. Its
initial concern is with characteristics of common property resources. Chapters on
demand, productivity, the extent of the resource, the fishing process, supply, and
future demand follow. They may prove a bit tedious to the more casual reader, but
they are well worth the attention of the serious student.
Christy and Scott get to the nub of the situation in the final third of the book
which covers international law. fisheries treaties, the objecives of fisheries manage-
224 CAIJKOliXIA IISII AND (iAME
ment, and finnlly n coiisidcralion nt' whal cnii lie ddiic licsl In ulilizc iiiniinc re-
souroos in the fiitui'c.
They point out that scientists jicncrally wnnt to innxiniizc tlie ciitcii (viz., the
(}eiie\a Convention, wliere their viewpoint prevailed), vvlicreas economists would
rather maximize the "rent" or economic jrain. The optimum sustaiual)le yield
concept is not necessarily tlic "iirst" fur nil countries, for it is conceivable that
deliberate overexploitation to j;ain cai)ital for oth(>r enterprises might he in some
nation's interest. Their thesis is that the "rent" can be maximized, despite the great
differences among nations in their wage-iirice structures, through international
arrangements.
Rational exploitation can be attained in several ways : by extension of the rights
of the coastal states ; by management through national quotas ; by internationaliz-
ing marine resources under a central authority (ies) . But fundamentally, both
administrative and economic efficiency require limited entry. Slowly-instituted
"internationalization", recognizing national rights to an equity in the net proceeds
from the fisheries, perhaps comes closest to "the maximization of international wel-
fare". This presumably would put administration and harvesting itself under the
control of regional international bodies.
Many of these ideas, as well as those in Crutchfield's book, have already been
the subject of extensive debate; others are sure to be. There is a great deal of
danger in trying to comment on such theories (of which these represent only a
sampling) in the limits of a review, where paraphrase and out-of-context semi-
quotes cannot begin to express the philosophies involved. My purpose is to empha-
size the importance f)f the subject and hopefully to draw those concerned into an
in-depth study of the intricate relationships of economics and biology, law and so-
ciology, man and fish. To that end, I commend these volumes. — Philip M. Roedel.
History of the Sierra Nevada
By Francis P. Farquhar; Univ. California Press, Berkeley, 1965; xiv -|- 262 p., illustrated; $10.
Une does not have to read very far into the first chapter before he realizes that
this book was written by a man who knows, understands, and loves the Sierra
Nevada. This and his ability to write well have resulted in a remarkably lucid and
interesting volume.
Although this "history deals with human experiences in the Sierra Nevada from
the time the Spaniards first saw it in the latter jiart of the eighteenth century to
the present", it would not have been complete without some mention of the topog-
raphy, flora, and fauna. Unfortunately, the brevity with which these subjects were
treated (two pages for trees and flowers; one and one-half pages for mammals;
one-half page each for birds and trout ; and one tiny paragraph for insects, am-
phibians, and reptiles combined) left me with a feeling that I had been slighted
just a bit. After all, many of the "human experiences" that have occurred in the
Sierra Nevada were prompted by a quest for knowledge of the flora and fauna. I
do feel that the happy grasshoppers one sees everywhere above timberline in the
summer sun and the ever-present mosquitoes, at least, could have been mentioned
along with the butterflies. Then too. a few ainidiibians are endemic to the area,
and some snakes are rare and/or beautiful.
Actually, each of the 21 chapters is a complete story in itself, so that the book
can be opened to any one of these and read for pleasure, for enlightenment, or for
both. Notes and references at the end of each chapter offer additional background
information on a particular subject, or document a given statement.
The frontispiece, a painting, is in color but the remaining 49 illustrations are in
black-and-white. These illustrations, whether painting, sketch, or iihotograph. repre-
sent a well-balanced selection covering the History of the Sierra Nevada. — John E.
Fitch.
printed iti California office of state printing
66871 — 800 3-66 5,300
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