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California. Dept. of Fish and GAme.
Biennial Report 1948-1950.

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California. Dept. of Fish and Gaji:e,
Biennial Report 1948-1950.

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DATE DUE

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California. Dept. of Fish and
Game.
Biennial Reoort 1948-1950.

(bound volume)

California Resources Agency Library

1416 9th Street, Room 117

Sacramento, California 95814

STATE OF CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

WARREN T. HANNUM, Director

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

OF THE

DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME

FOR THE YEARS 1948-1950

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
LETTER OP TRANSMITTAL 7

REPORTS

Fish and Game Commission 9

Executive Officer 17

Bureau of Game Conservation 24

Bureau of Marine Fisheries 39

Bureau of Licenses 67

Bureau of Fish Conservation 72

Bureau of Patrol and Law Enforcement 113

APPENDICES

A. Statements of Revenue and Expenditure 116

B. Game Statistics 121

C. Marine Fisheries Statistics 125

D. Fish Distribution and Rescue 128

E. Arrests, Fines and Seizures 137

(3)

Warren T. Hannum

DIRECTOR OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Harvey E. Hastain

PRESIDENT, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Lee F. Payne

COMMISSIONER

Edwin L. Carty

COMMISSIONER

William J. Silva

COMMISSIONER

Paul Denny

COMMISSIONER

E. L. Macaulay

EXECUTIVE OFFICER

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

July 1, 1950
To PIis Excellency, Earl Warren
Governor of the State of California
Sacramento, California

Sir: We, the members of the Fish and Game Commission, respect-
fully submit the Forty-first Biennial Report, covering the period July 1,
1948, through June 30, 1950.

The report contains a resume of the activities of the Fish and Game
Commission ; an account by the executive officer ; and detailed reports
on the functions of the various bureaus by their respective chiefs. There
also are included complete fiscal statements and tabulations on fish and
game management.

Respectfully submitted,

California Fish and Game Commission
Harvey E. Hastain, President
Lee F. Payne
Paul Denny
Edwin L. Carty
William J. Silva

(7)

REPORT OF THE FISH AND GAME
COMMISSION

At the start of this bienniuni, the members of the California Fish
and Game Commission were :

Harvey E. Hastain, President Brawley

William J. Silva Modesto

Lee F. Payne Los Angeles

Paul Denny Etna

Edwin L. Carty Oxnard

Following the expiration of their terms in office, the Governor
reappointed :

Edwin L. Carty, on Jannary 21, 1949
William J. Silva, on Febiaiary 8, 1950

Mr. Silva Avas president for the period from Jannary 15, 1949, to
January 27, 1950, and was foJluwed by Mr. Hastain on January 27, 1950.

At the close of the biennium, the membership of the commission was
as follows :

Harvey E. Hastain, President Term expires 1951

Lee F. Payne Term expires 1952

Paul Denny Term expires 1953

Edwin L. Carty Term expires 1955

William J. Silva Term expires 1956

E. L. Macaulay continued as executive officer of the commission
during the biennium.

LEGISLATION

The Legislature, during the 1949 session, made several changes in
the act granting regulatory powers to the commission (see Chapter 1045) ,
requiring that :

(1) two meetings must be held each year during January; at the
first meeting the commission shall receive recommendations as to seasons,
bag and possession limits for the taking of all kinds of game and sport
fish ; at the second meeting, the commission is to determine regulations,
and, within 10 days thereafter must make public announcement of orders
establishing such regulations for the ensuing seasons on fishing and
hunting. These meetings are to be held alternately in San Francisco and
Los Angeles;

(2) the commission hold scheduled open hearings in any area in
which the taking of female deer has been proposed ;

(3) the commission hold scheduled open hearings in any area in
which the opening of a game refuge has been proposed ;

(4) all orders and regulations of the commission are to be com-
piled, printed and distributed, with copies to "be mailed to each district
attorney, county clerk, and justice of the peace throughout the State."

(9)

lU FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

The act was extended for another two-year period.

Another act reqnired that, in lieu of payment of annual taxes, the
coiuniission must reimburse counties, annuall}', an amount equal to the
taxes assessed against such property as purchased at the time the land is
acquired and used for public shooting grounds. (Chapter 1046, Stats.
1949.)

In the future, all liunting and fishing licenses sliall have attached
thereto the number of shipping tags, as permitted by the commission ;
such tags will permit the licensee to ship by common carrier only limited
quantities of fish or game.

The fee for a nonresident hunting license was increased to $25; the
fee for a nonresident deer tag to $10 ; the fee for a noncitizen hunting
license to $50 ; the fee for a nonresident sport fishing license to $10 ; and
the fee for a noncitizen sport fishing license to $25.

The use of pheasant license tags was re-established, with a fee of $1
for the same number of tags as the number of pheasants a hunter might
legally possess.

Probably the most outstanding legislation was the act establishing
"Cooperative Hunting Areas," which should lead to more friendly
relationships between property owner, sportsman, and commission. The
owner supplies the land at no fee, the commission releases pheasants and
supervises and patrols each area, the sportsman has hunting privileges
at a fee not to exceed $2 per clay.

Several chapters were added to the State Water Code all relating
to pollution and its correction. A State Water Pollution Control Board
and nine regional water control boards were created, members were
appointed by the Governor, their powers and duties defined, and other
state agencies concerned with the beneficial uses of water were instructed
as to their parts in the over-all program.

This act provides the means for coordinating the actions of the
various state agencies and political subdivisions in the control of water
pollution, and for enforcing correction of conditions which are dangerous
to iniblic health, recreation and the best interests of the State.

Another valuable and much needed act was that defining the offshore
boundaries of the State. (Government Code, Chap. 65, Stats. 1949.)

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION BOARD PROJECTS

By the close of the biennium. tlie Wildlife Conservation Board had
allocated over $8,500,000 to 73 projects. The survey of these projects
which follows is taken from "California's Fish and Game Program"
(1950), a report prepared by Seth Gordon, consultant to the board.

SUMMARY OF APPROVED PROJECTS

Fish Hiitchery and Stockins Projects (18) $2,833,900

Warmwater and Other Fish Projects (6) 164,.500

Flow Maintenance and Stream Improvement Projects (14) 4.50,000

Screen and Ladder Projects (14) 352,140

State Game Farm Projects (4) 106,000

Other Upland Game Projects (4) 443,150

Waterfowl Management Projects (9) 1 4,177,376

General Projects (4) ^ 65,000

Total (78 projects) $8,592,066

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

FISH HATCHERY AND STOCKING PROJECTS

Name, Location and Sponsor

1. Black Hock Renriiu/ I'oiuls; Inyo

County, near Independence ; Div.
of Fish and Game. I'roject No. .30.

2. Cedar Creek Hafcheii/: Mendorinn

Co., near Cummings ; Div. of Fish
and Game. Project No. 29.

3. Crystal Lake Hatchery; Shasta Co.,

near Cassel ; Div. of Fish and
Game. Project No. 22.

4. Darrah Springs Hatchery; Shasta

Co., site tributary to N. Fork of
Battle Creelc; Div. of Fish and
Game. Project No. 23.

5. Deep Creek Stocking Trails (Little

Bear Creek and Mojave Camp-
ground); San Bdo. Co., San P>do.
Natl. Forest ; Inland F. & G. Cons.
Assn. Project No. 2.

6. Experimental Pond Construction :

state-wide; Div. of Fish and
Game. Project No. G(j.

7. Fillmore Hatchery; Ventura Co.,

approx. one mile from Fillmore ;
Div. of Fish and Game. Project
No. 38.

8. Fish Springs Rearing Ponds: Inyo

Co., between Independence and
Bispine on Hwy. 395 ; Div. of Fish
and Game. Project No. 37.

9. Glenn-Colusa Hatchery; Glenn or

Colusa Co. ; Item 245 from 1947-
48 Budget. Project No. 65.

10. Kern River Hatchery; Kern Co.,

six miles north of Kernville ; Div.
of Fish and Game. Project No. 33.

11. Moccasin Creek Hatchery ; Tuolumne

Co., near junction of Hwys. 49
and 120 ; Tuolumne Co. Fish and
Game Assn. Project No. 17.
J2. Mojave Hatchery; San Bdo. Co.,
near Victorville ; Div. of Fish and
Game and Inland Fish and Game
Conservation Assn. Project No. 39.

13. Moorehouse Springs Hatchery ; Tu-

lare Co., near Springville, Div. of
Fi.sh and Game. Project No. 64.

14. Mt. Shasta Hatchery; Siskiyou Co..

near Mt. Shasta City ; Div. of
Fish and Game. Project No. 21.

15. San Gabriel Hatchery; Los Angeles

Co., 2 miles north of Pico ; Div. of
Fish and Game. Project No. 40.
(Formerly listed as Whittier
Hatchery.)

Description

New housing facilities and plant improve-
ments. Operated in conjunction with
Mt. Whitney Hatchery. Est. produc-
tion 400,000 catchable trout.

lldqtrs. for coastal stream clearance and
improvement, also fish rescue opera-
tions. Incidental pi-oduction may be
10,000 catchable trout and 750,000
fingerlings.

New plant, partly completed. Est. pro-
duction 72,000 lbs., 450,000 catchable,
75,000 fingerlings.

New hatchery plant. Est. production
120,000 lbs., 1,800,000 catchable. An
exceptional site for efficient operation.

Access trails for fish stocking purposes
only.

Estal)lishing experimental ponds for test
purposes.

New well and pump to permit plant to
operate during drought periods. Est.
production 90,000 lbs., 1,400,000 catch-
able.

New installation. Est. production 80,000
lbs., 1,000,000 catchable.

Project held in abeyance pending further
investigation and development at Dar-
rah Springs.

Expansion of former plant. Est. produc-
tion 40,000 lbs., 300,000 catchable,
50,000 fingerlings.

New plant. A suitable site, but involving
difficult engineering problems. Est. pro-
duction 80,000 lbs., 1,000,000 catch-
able, 150,000 fingerlings.

New plant with exceptional growth of
trout possible. Est. ultimate produc-
tion 120,000 lbs., 1,800,000 catchable.

New plant. Est. production 20,000 lbs.,
120,000 catchable.

Rehabilitation of entire plant. Est. pro-
duction .50,000 lbs., 800,000 catchable,
2,500,000 fingerlings.

New installation. Est. production 90,000
lbs., 1,400,000 catchable. Size of devel-
opment will depend upon progress
made at Mojave Hatchery.

FISH AND GA:ME COMMIi^SION

FISH HATCHERY AND STOCKING PROJECTS— Continued

Name, Location and Sponsor
IG. San Joaquin Hatchery ; Fresno Co.,
downstream from Friant Dam ;
Sportsmen's Council of Central
Cal. and Div. of Fish and Game.
Project No. 19.

17. Tahoe Hatchery ; Placer Co., one
mile north of Tahoe City ; Div. of
Fish and Game. Project No. 25.

IS. Tide River Hatchenj ; Tulare Co.,
near Camp Wishon ; Sportsmen's
Council of Central Cal. and Div.
of Fish and Game. Project No. 18.

10. Willow .Creek Hatchery; Lassen
Co., north and east of Susanville ;
Div. of Fish and Game. Project
No. 68.

Description
New plant ; excellent site. Est. produc-
tion (iO.OOO lbs.. 900,000 catchable,
120,000 fingerlings.

Consolidation of Tallac with Tahoe
Hatchery and expansion of present
plant. When completed est. produc-
tion 75,000 lbs., 800,000 catchable,
200,000 fingerlings.

New installation. Est. production 40,000
lbs., 600,000 catchable.

Proposed new plant. Est. production
70,000 lbs., 1.000.000 catchable. 1,-
500,000 fingerlings.

WARMWATER AND OTHER FISH PROJECTS

Name, Location and Sponsor

1. Coachella Valley Public Fishing

Areas; Riverside Co., near Cities
of Indio, Coachella, Mecca and
Thermal ; Coachella Valley Wild
Game Propagation Club. Project
No. 74.

2. Linda Lake Puilic Fishing Area:

San Diego Co., east of Lakeside ;
Div. of Fish and Game at request
of Co. Depts. of Public Works and
Recreation. Project No. 77.

3. Ramer Lake Public Fishing Area;

Imperial Co., near Calipatria, on
property already owned by Div. of
Fish and Game ; Imperial Co.
Fish and Game Assn. Project
No. 72.

4. San Antonio Creek Public Fishing

Area; Santa Barbara Co., in the
Camp Cooke Military Reserva-
tion ; Santa Maria Valley Sports-
man's Assn. Project No. 86.

5. San Diego River Development Pro-

gram ; San Diego Co. ; San Diego
Co. Federated Sportsmen. Proj-
ect No. 57.

6. Shasta River Fish Counting Dam:

Siskiyou Co., near junction of
Shasta and Klamath Rivers ; Div.
of Fish and Game. Project No. 61.

Description

Three or four warmwater fishing ponds
or lakes in natural basins or eroded
areas. Sites made available without
cost to State.

Drilling well to restore water to dry
lake bed ; also deepening lake, approx.
15 acres in area.

Development of warmwater fishing lake
by constr. of proper dike and deepening
to provide approx. 275-acre lake on
N. side Alamo River.

Creation of a warmwater fishing lake
by constr. of a dam in San Antonio
Creek Canyon. (Originally submitted
as a waterfowl project.)

Development of warmwater fishing ponds
in former sand and gravel pits along
river bed.

Constr. of counting dam for salmon and
steelhead, to replace present poorly
located dam six miles upstream ; also
attendant's cottage.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

FLOW MAINTENANCE AND STREAM IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS

Name, Location and Sponsor

1. Cri/tital Lake Level Maintenance ;

Los Angeles Co., Angeles Natl.
Forest, Upper San Gabriel Can-
yon ; Messrs. W. P. Bryan and
Lupi Saldana and U. S. Forest
Service. Project No. 73.

2. Deep Greek Stream Improvement

(Holcomh Creek Dam) ; San Bdo.
Co., San Bdo. Natl. Forest; In-
land Fish and Game Conservation
Assn. Project No. 2.

3. Dry Lake Level Maintenance; San

Bdo. Co., San Bdo. Natl. Forest:
U. S. Forest Service and Div. of
Fish and Game. Project No. 82.

4. El Dorado Flow Maint. Dams; El

Dorado and Alpine Cos., El Dor-
ado Natl. Forest ; Mt. Ralston
Fish Planting Club. Project No. 1.

5. Emigrant Basin Flow Maint. Dam

and Stream Imp. Program ; Alpine,
Calaveras and Tuolumne Cos.,
Stanislaus Natl. Forest; U. S.
Forest Service. Project No. 16.

G. Granite Creek Floiv Maint. Dams;
Madera Co., Sierra Natl. Forest ;
Div. of Fish and Game. Project
No. 41-1.

7. .l/(/y.s/( Lake Level Maint.; Inyo Co. ;
Div. of Fish and Game. Project
No. 41-2.

S. Mendocino Natl. Forest Stream
Impr. and Flow Maint. Program;
Colusa and Glenn Cos. ; U. S. For-
est Service and Senator Louis G.
Sutton. Project No. 12.

!). Pine Creek Floio Maint. Dam; Las-
sen Co., Lassen Natl. Forest ; Div.
of Fish and Game. Project No. 4.

10. Sacramento River Weir (rough fish

barrier) ; Shasta Co., on Sacra-
mento River above Shasta Lake ;
Div. of Fish and Game. Project
No. 67.

11. San Bernardino National Forest

Stream Imp.; San Bdo. and River-
•side Cos. ; Div. of Fish and Game,
U. S. Forest Service and Inland
Council of Cons. Clubs. Project
No. 81.

12. San Diego County Floiv Maint. Dam

Program; San Diego Co. ; San Di-
ego Co. Federated Sportsmen. Pro-
ject No. 58.

13. Sequoia Natl. Forest Flotv Maint.

Program; Tulare and Kern Cos. ;
TJ. S. Forest Service. Project No.
51.
34. Tahoe Natl. Forest Flow Maint. and
Imp. Program; Nevada, Placer
and El Dorado Cos. ; U. S. Forest
Service. Project No. 49.

Description

Purchase of pipe to collect water now
wasted, to maintain proper lake level
and provide more public fishing. Forest
Service to install pipe.

Dam for reservoir of approx. six surface
acres to furnish a continuous flow of
water to Ilolcomb Creek, now intermit-
tent.

Sealing lake bottom with bentonite to
eliminate seepage losses, and increasing
height and providing adequate spillway
for existing dam.

Constr. of dams on some 46 high moun-
tain lakes to maintain stream flow and
fish life during annual dry periods.

Dams on 18 lakes, and on Summit and
Airola Creeks and the S. Fork of the
Mokelumne to maintain stream flow
and fish life during annual dry periods.

Dams on Lillian, Rainbow, Rutherford,
McClure and Lower Jackass Lakes to
maintain stream flow and fish life dur-
ing annual dry periods.

Dam to restore this heavily fished lake to
its original area of four acres.

Experimental plantings, particularly on
Thomes, Grindstone and Big and Little
Stony Creeks, to re-establish stream-
side cover destroyed by severe floods
during winter of 1937-38.

Dam, complete with fish ladder to permit
Eagle Lake trout to migrate to spawn-
ing areas.

Dam to prevent passage of rough fish
from Shasta Lake upstream, equipped
with fish ladder suitable for trout and
holding tank to permit segregation of
rough fish.

General stream improvement and flow
maintenance program on 14 s«'i>arate
streams.

Dams to maintain stream flow and fish
life during annual dry periods on 10
streams throughout county, totaling
approx. 92 miles.

Dams on 10 streams within forest to
maintain stream flow and fish life dur-
ing annual dry periods. Project re-
quires further detailed study.

Dams to control lake levels and maintain
stream flow and fish life during annual
dry periods. Includes Upper Truckee
River improvement.

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

FISH SCREEN AND LADDER PROJECTS

Name, Location and Sponsor

1. Battle Creek Screen; Shasta Co.

side of Battle Creek ; Div. of Fish
and Game. Project No. 44-9.

2. Bennett und S)nitk Dam Fish Lad-

der; Siskiyou Co., on S. Fork of
Salmon Kiver ; Div. of Fish and
Came. Project No. 44-3.
.">. Burnt Ranch Falls Fish Ladder:
Trinity Co., on main Trinity
River ; Div. of Fish and Game.
Project No. 44-2.

4. Canyon Creek Fish Ladder; Trinity

Co., four miles upstream from
junction of Canyon Creek and
Trinity River ; Trinity Co. Sports-
men. Project No. 62.

5. Central Headquarters for Stream

Improvement ; Sacramento Co., at
Central Valleys Hatchery. Elk
Grove ; Div. of Fish and Game.
Project No. 42.
(). iJagueire Point Fish Ladders; Yuba
Co.. at junction of Dry Creek and
Yuba River ; Div. of Fish and
Game. Project No. 3.

7. Deer Creek Falls Fish Ladder; one

mile upstream from Potato Patch
Camp Grounds, Tehama Co. ; As-
sociated Sportsmen of California.
Project No. 9.

8. Deer Creek Fish Screens; Tehama

Co., three miles NE. of Vina ; Div.
of Fish and Game. Project No.
44-5.

9. Glenn-Colusa Canal Screens; Gleun

Co., Sacramento River and Stony
Creek ; Div. of Fish and Game.
Project No. 43.

10. Men dot a Fish Ladder; Fresno Co.,

one mile NE. of Mendota ; Div. of
Fish and Game. Project No. 44-7.

11. Merced Fish Screen and Ladders;

Merced Co., in vicinity of Snelling,
about 15 miles E. of Merced ; Div.
of Fish and Game. Project No.
44-6.

12. Salt Slough Fish Ladder; Merced

Co., five miles E. of Los Banos ;
Div. of Fish and Game. Project
No. 44-8.

13. Saivyer's Bar Auxiliary Dam; Sisk-

iyou Co., on N. Fork of Salmon
River ; Div. of Fish and Game.
Project No. 63.

14. Sutter-Butte Fish way ; Butte Co.,

Feather River, 5 miles E. of Grid-
ley ; Div. of Fish and Game. Proj-
ect No. 45.

Description

Screening irrigation ditch intake about i
mile below Coleman Fed. Hatchery to
safeguard young salmon and steelhead
on way to ocean.

Replacement of present inadequate,
poorly located ladder.

Creation of fish ladder by blasting pools
out of the bedrocks in the more difficult
rapids.

Replacement of unsatisfactory wooden
ladder with better located ladder and
larger steps.

I'refabricated building to serve as equip-
ment warehouse and to house machine
shop for constr. of minor installations
and repairs.

Constr. of two fishways at opposite ends
of 750' Ig. Daguerre Pt. Dam, which
now blocks salmon from about 90% of
their spawning grounds.

Ladder approx. 25' high to permit salmon
to ascend to spawning grounds.

Three screens and by-passes on irrigation
ditches.

Mechanical screens to prevent heavy an-
nual losses of young salmon. Ditch at
max. carries over 2,200 c. f. s. Present
rack wholly unsatisfactory.

Fish ladder over dam at Mendota Pool on
San Joaciuin River.

Four fish ladders and one screen on Mer-
ced River.

Fish ladder from San Joaquin River into
Miller-Lux Canal to divert fish around
dried-up section of main stream
channel.

Present fish ladder at Sawyer's Bar Dam
unsatisfactory. Auxiliary dam to raise
water level in pool below existing
structure to allow fish to ascend.

To replace present inadequate fishway
which is responsible for heavy salmon
losses.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

GAME FARM PROJECTS

Name, Location and Sponsor

1. Binn-lcii Game Fnyui : Imperial Co.,

Div. of Fish and Game, Item 245,
1947-48 Budget. Proiect No. 519-
10.

2. Chico Game Farm : Butte Co. ; Div.

of Fish and Came, Item 245, 1947-
48 Budget. Project No. 519-7.

3. j\fnrysvnie Game Farm; Yuba Co.;

Div. of Fish and Game, Item 245,
1947-48 Budget. Pro.iect No. 519-8.

4. Poifcrville Game Farm ; Tulare Co. ;

Div. of Fish and Game, Item 245,
1947-48 Budget. Project No. 519 9.

Description

To expand game propagation facilities
and improve housing.

OTHER UPLAND GAME PROJECTS

Name, Location and Sponsor

1. Coast Counties Quail Hahitat Im-

provement; Central Coast Cos. ;
Div. of Fish and Game. Project
No. 549.

2. Desert Quail Development ; desert

region of Southern California ;
Div. of Fish and Game and Inland
Fish and Game Assn. Project No.
503.

3. Quail Hahitat Development ; all of

California S. of U. S. Hw.v. 40,
with major emphasis S. of the Te-
hachapi ; Div. of Fish and Gam(\
Pro'ect No. 554.

4. Doyle Winter Range; SE. corner of

Lassen Co.; Div. of Fish and
Game. Project No. 515.

Description

Provide watering places and other habitat
improvements.

Providing watering places and improved
habitat for quail and other game in re-
gions with insufficient water and cover
to maintain a game suppl.v.

Constructiim of residence, garage and
shop, fencing, etc.

WATERFOWL PROJECTS

Name, Location and Sponsor

1. Butte Sink Waterfowl Mgt. Area;

Colusa Co., in Lower Butte Basin,
bordered on the E. by Butte Cr(>ek
and extending westward toward
Sacramento River ; staff of Board
and Div. of Fish and Game. (Alt.
to Upper Butte Creek. Project No.
507.)

2. Delta Waterfowl Mgt. Area; Solano

Co., on the eastern side of Grizzly
Island, along Suisun Bay ; staff
of Board and Div. of Fish and
Game. Project No. 550.

3. Honey Lake Waterfowl Mgt. Area;

SE. Lassen Co. ; Div. of Fish and
Game. Project No. 523.

4. Imperial Valley Waterfowl Mgt.

Area; Imperial Co., near Salton
Sea ; Div. of Fish and Game. Proj-
ect No. 536.

Description

One of seven key waterfowl management
projects to provide feeding grounds,
I'csting areas, and pulilic shooting. Ap-
prox. 3,578 acres, plus possible 1,000
acres addl. (Orig. Upper Butte proj-
ect consisted of 5,760 acres located
farther north.)

One of seven key waterfowl management
units to provide feeding, resting, and
public shooting grounds. Approx. 8,600
acres.

Construction of ponds, canals, control
structures, etc.

One of seven key waterfowl management
units to provide feeding, resting, and
public shooting grounds.

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

WATERFOWL PROJECTS— Continued

Name, Location and Sponsor

5. Lower Butte Creek Waterfoivl Mgt.

Area; Butte Co., N. of Marysville
Biittes ; staff of Board and Div. of
Fish and Game. Project No. 548.

6. Lower San Joaquin Waterfowl Mgt.

Area; Merced Co.; staff of Board
and Div. of Fish and Game. Proj-
ect No. 506.

7. Madeline Plains Waterfowl Mgt.

Area; Lassen Co. ; Div. of Fish
and Game. Project No. 522.

8. Madera Waterfowl Mgt. Area; Ma-

dera Co., in the San Joaquin River
Valley ; staff of Board and Div. of
Fish and Game. Project No. 532.

9. Upper San Joaquin Waterfowl J\fgt.

Area ; Kern Co. ; Staff of Board
and Div. of Fish and Game. Proj-
ect No. 551.

Description

One of seven key waterfowl management
units. Expansion of present Gray
Lodge Refuge. 4,020 acres in area
originally proposed.

One of seven key waterfowl management
units. Expansion of Present Los Banos
Refuge. 0,678 acres to be purchased
on San Luis Island (alternate to
original area of 5,660 acres).

Equipment, construction of ponds, roads,
etc.

One of seven key waterfowl management
units to provide feeding, resting, and
public shooting grounds. Approx. 5,120
acres.

One of seven key waterfowl management
units. Tupman Elk Refuge plus 4,060
acres of adjacent lands.

GENERAL PROJECTS

Name, Location and Sponsor

1. Airplane Hangar; Sacramento Co.,

at the Sacramento Municipal Air-
port ; Div. of Fish and Game.
Project No. 1008.

2. Central Laboratorp and Statistical

Building: Alameda Co., Berkeley;
Div. of Fish and Game. Project
No. 1001.

3. Delta Fish and Game Operations

Base; Contra Costa Co., near S.
end of Antioch Bridge, four miles
E. of Antioch; Div. of Fish and
Game. Project No. 1010.

4. S. Humholdt Bay Public Recrea-

tional Area; Humboldt Co., ap-
prox. 5 miles SW. of Eureka ; Div.
of Fish and Game and Northern
Humboldt Fi.sh and Game Club.
Project No. 1006.

Description

Constr. of 60' x 80' hangar for two Div.
of Fish and Game planes, complete
with workshop and storage space.

Building to house statistical department,
now unsatisfactorily located on Ter-
minal Island, and to furnish laboratory
for all research w^n-kers of the Div. of
Fish and Game.

Construction of centrally looated field op-
erations base for Bureaus of .^lariiie
Fisheries, Fish Conservation, and Pa-
trol, including 40' x 60' warehouse and
net workshop, 40' x 40' net rack and
berthing facilities.

Acquisition of approx. 760 to 900 acres
of land along the bay for recreational
purposes, particularly surf fishing and
waterfowl shooting.

REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICER

The Fish and Game Commission requested the Department of
Finance, through its administrative analyst staff, to make an adminis-
trative survey of the Division of Fish and Game, with a view toward
reorganizing the division. Following submission of this report of survey
the executive officer held many conferences with representatives of the
U. S. Forest Service, the U. S." Fish and Wildlife Service, and the State
Division of Forestry, all of whose activities are similar to our own, to
determine the best plan for an administrative reorganization of the
Division of Fish and ({ame.

The recommended plan of the executive officer and the bureau chiefs,
which was submitted to and accepted by the commission on June 27,
1950, at Shasta Springs, California, is quoted herewith :

RECOMMENDED PLAN FOR ADMINISTRATIVE

REORGANIZATION OF THE DIVISION

OF FISH AND GAME

The last reorganization of the Fish and Game Division activities
took place in 1926, and the following comments published in the quarterly
magazine for January of that year are interesting :

COMMISSION'S WORK REORGANIZED

The work of consei'viiij; tlio fish and same resources of California is a sreat
undertaking and the numerous employees of the commission must work together if
real acoomiilishments are to l)e attained. Just as the efficient administration of any
larjie corporation is dependent upon a selected si'oup of department heads u])on whom
responsibility is fixed, so in the woi"k of the Fish and (Jame Commission similar
departmental orsanization has become necessary. In fulfillment of the promise to
give conservation work a thoroujjhly businesslike administration, the work of the
commission is to be accomi)lislieil throus'b certain departments and bureaus. The
main departments will be Administration, I'ati'ol. Fishculture, Ladders and Screens,
and Commercial Fisheries. Less important branches of the work will be desisiuated
as the Bureaus of Accounts, Education and Research, Publicity, and Game Farms.

At the time of this 1926 reorganization the division had approxi-
mately 200 employees with an annual budget slightly in excess of $800,-
000. Approximately one-quarter million hunting licenses were sold in
that year and slightly less than one-quarter million angling licenses. At
the present time the division has over 700 employees with an annual
budget of $5,500,000, not including Wildlife Conservation Board appro-
priations. The sale -of hunting licenses has increased to approximately
one-half million, while angling license sales have almost reached the
million mark. It is a]5]iarent that the system which was satisfactory
20-odd years ago cannot handle the tremendous increase in the work
load today.

The executive officer and the bureau chiefs have held many con-
ferences and have reached the conclusion, after discussions with repre-
sentatives from the U. S. Forest Service, the State Division of Forestry,
and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, whose activities more or less
correspond to our own, that a line and staff organizational setup, with
regional offices, will best suit our requirements.

(17)

18 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

I. FUNCTIONS OF THE DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME

The work of the Division of Fish and Game falls into several major functions:

A. Assistance in formulation and application of fish and game policies.

B. Fish and same management and habitat conti'ol.
C Law enforcement.

D. Propagation of fish and game.

E. Fisli and game research.

F. Conservation education and public information.

G. Jjicense sales.

H. Fiscal, budgetary and personnel controls.

II. DEFICIENCIES IN THE PRESENT ORGANIZATION

Several deficiencies in the present organization of the Division of Fish and Game
hinder the efficient accomplishment of the above functions. These can be listed as :

A. An important shortcoming in the present organization is the fact that the
chiefs and intermediate staffs of the present bureaus have a dual capacity ; policy
making and interpretation, atid the problem of actually administering this policy in
the field. Most modern organizations of the size and complexity of the Division of
Fish and Game separate the functions of policy leadership and interpretation under
one category which is generally designated as staff, and the administrative responsi-
bilities generally known as line authority. It is felt that an over-all organization
within the division of the line and staff type would go a long way toward overcoming
this deficiency in our present organization.

B. A second major deficiency in the present organization is the lack of coordi-
nation among the field personnel of the present bureaus. In general, coordination
among the functions of the present bureaus is fairly satisfactory at the bureau chief
level where constant contacts are made among the various chiefs in the San Francisco
ofiice. At the field level, however, there is in various areas of the State a lack of under-
standing of the problems that arise from the functions of the present bureaus. In
many cases staff and operating members of one bureau are fully aware of commission
policies and commission aims with respect to handling certain fish and game manage-
ment matters, whereas the personnel of another bureau lack such understanding, and
the resulting confusion, as far as statements to the public are concerned, puts the whole
division in a poor position. This is perhaps the greatest deficiency in our present
organization. Establishment of regional offices in which middle level personnel could
have daily contact and regional direction would aid materially in such coordination
and should be considered as a first step in any reorganization plan.

C. The public is unable to obtain information or a clear statement of commission
policy and activities on the local level. Established commission policy and activities
should be readily available to the public locally.

D. Many of the administrative difficulties of the Division of Fish and Game
result from the organizational set-up in Sacramento, both between the division and
the Department of Natural Resources, and between the division and the other agencies
of State Government through the department. Fiscal control and the processing of
personnel and other documents are unduly complicated and slow. Reorganization of
the Division of Fish and Game alone will not correct these shortcomings. It is, how-
ever, suggested that within the division itself many administrative procedures be
standardized and placed on a regional basis.

III. PROPOSALS FOR AN IMPROVED ORGANIZATION

It is proposed that the Division of Fish and Game be modified into a line and
staff type of organization together with the establishment of regional oflBces.

A. Regions

It is suggested that the State be divided into 11 administrative regions with
headquarters as follows :

I. Eureka VI. Modesto

II. Redding VII. Monterey

III. Chico VIII. Fresno

IV. Sacramento IX. Bishop

V. San Francisco X. Los Angeles

XI. San Diego

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 19

The basis for determining tliese regions is a dual one — taking care of tlie func-
tions of the division as listed in Section I above, and of being of service to the public.
The plan takes into consideration natural fish and game habitat zones, routes of travel
and conveniently spaced population centers that may serve as headquarters for regional
administrative offices. These offices must of necessity be of such size and nature that
they will serve adequately all executive, staff and administrative per.sonnel neces.sary
to the proper functioning of each region.

The division already maintains at least a small installation at each of the regional
headquarters proposed except for Modesto. Additional (luarters would be needed at
some but not all of these points.

The proposed regions would not be so large as to make proper administration
difficult. The regional staff would be able to visit all installations frequently and
maintain close touch with all personnel. Adequate administration would be possible
along the entire coast, justified by the importance of the ocean fisheries.

Aside from the division's administrative needs, one of the principal fund ions of
the regional offices will be to serve as centers of information for the pul)lic, and fiir
that reason alone they should be situated strategically and not too few in number. Tlie
U. S. Forest Service is responsible for the administration of about one-fourth the
land area of California, and has an organization similar to the one proposed herein.
This agency has found it necessary to divide its work among IS forest super-
visors. The State contains 11 higliway districts and several other state agencies
have districted the State on about the same basis for administrative puri^oses.

Creation of any lesser number of regions would result in such large adminis-
trative units that it would be necessary to subdivide the regions and establish bi-anch
offices with subordinate staff's. This would be cumbersome and expensive, and would
add one more link in the administrative chain.

B. Suggested Organization

The over-all pattern suggested for the reorganization of the division is a line
and staff organization wherein the various functions listed under Section I are admin-
istered as a result of staff advice and leadershij) through the various regions listed in
Section IIIA.

This organization is roughly the same type as that used in the U. S. Forest
Service, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Michigan Department of Conserva-
tion, the Pennsylvania Department of Game, and Washington Department of Game.
It has been adapted from these various plans to fit California conditions.

The California plan as herein presented involves a state administrative set-up
which has as its head a Chief of the Division of Fish and Game, aided by assistant
chiefs who will aid him in matters of policy as it affects various subheadings of his
over-all responsibilities. These assistant chiefs of the Division of Fish and Game are :

Assistant Chief, Game

Assistant Chief, Wildlife Protection

Assistant Chief, Inland Fisheries

Assistant Chief in charge of administr.'itive matters including finance and

fiscal matters, budgets and accounts, personnel matters, license distril)U-

tion
Assistant Chief, Marine Fisheries

Also responsible to the Chief of the Division of Fish and Game would be a
Supervisor of Conservation Education who would act as a staff advisor.

Responsible to the Chief of the Division of Fish and Game would be the 11
regional managers who would be in charge of the execution of all functions in their
regions. Each would be organized according to the rough pattern of the over-all state
organization. In other words, attached to each regional manager would be staff
assistants for game, inland fish, marine fish, law enforcement, and fiscal and personnel
matters as needed in each region. In some regions more tlian one function might be
handled by a single staff assistant.

Such functional enii)loyees as wardens, trappers, game farm iierscuuie], fish
hatchery personnel, upland game management crews, stream improvement crews, etc.,
as would be necessary to fulfill the action or line functions undertaken by the division
in each region would be responsible to the regional manager of the respective region.
The staff' of the regional manager would aid him in matters of policy and leadershi])
in carrying out the several functions within his region.

Research direction, being state-wide in its nature, would be carried on as a
function of the state level staff. Assistance in carrying on research would be given by
the regions as necessary.

20 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

C. Regional Managers

The whole success of the siigKested plan hinges upon the caliber of the men
selected as resional manafrers. The major change brought about by the adoption of
the line and staff organization would be the decentralization of the work of the division
and the delegation of responsibility to the regional manager for the work of the divi-
sion in each area. The selection of these regional managers and the size of the areas
they are called upon to administer thus become the major factors that will determine
the success or failure of the new organization.

The following are the main iiriuciples upon which the regional managers should
be selected :

1. The best opportunity for finding suitable men is among the TOO employees of
Fish and Game.

2. The examination for these positions should be open on a competitive basis to
all men with a reasonable amount of experience, maturity and previous re-
sponsibility, including men from outside the division who can qualify.

3. Salaries should be above those now paid to any of the men to be under the
regional manager's supervision.

4. The qualifications and knowledge required should give a fair opportunity for
men from all of the fields of law enforcement, management, research and
administration.

D. Statements of Commission Policies

No decentralized organization can function properly without established policies
for guidance. Without them the several regions might be administered quite differently,
resulting in uneven service to the public and inequities to the personnel, as well as
shortcomings in wild life management.

There is at present a lack of written commission policies on various phases of
fish and game management, accompanied by a poor distribution to men in the field of
such policies that do exist. Such lack of written policies has resulted in employees
making individual interpretations on fish and game matters that are quite often at
a variance with sound procedures both as far as the wild life itself is concerned and
as far as the public is concerned. Such firm policies should be adopted by the com-
mission dealing with each of the major species of fish and game as well as their major
management problems. Such policies should not be considered as fixed and unchanging,
but should be regarded as living policies subject to continual revision by the commission
upon recommendation of the staff and the public.

With the type of organization such as t)utlined herein, dissemination of policies
to all per.sonnel would be a simple matter. These policies would be made known to the
people of the entire State by the regional personnel uniformly ;ind without delay or
distortion.

,£. The Need for an In-Service Training Program

In order to implement the organizational plan presented herein and to insure its
success, it is recommended that the division institute an in-service training program.
Almost as important as the necessity for reorganization of the division is the need for
various pei-sonnel of the division to be informed on all fish and game matters since
virtually every employee of the division is called upon at some time or another to
explain the work of the division as a whole or he may be called upon to explain the
work of other members of the division, work with which he has no particular contact
in the ordinary course of his duties.

A well-planned, permanent in-service training program could do as much to put
the Division of Fish and Game and the Fish and Game Commission in a better position
to perform their services as would any reorganization that might be devised. It is
suggested, therefore, that some plan such as the following program be adopted. Five
in-service training officer positions should be set up as follows (one of these positions
is already in the budget) :

1. Law enforcement instruction.

2. Administrative, fiscal and personnel matters.

3. Game management.

4. Inland fisheries management.

5. Marine fisheries management.

These in-service training officers should be attached to the assistant chiefs in
charge of each of these functions and should in addition act together as a body, as

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAIj HKPORT 21

an in-service training: faculty to indoctrinate thoroushly all personnel of t!ie division,
and to conduct periodic schools for all permanent employees on a i)lanned, rotatinj;-
basis. It should he the responsibility of the in-service training staff to prc'pare maniials
of procedure and policy.

Corollary to the general need for an in-sei-vice program as outlined above is the
need for periodic inspections of field functions by state level staff as well as the need
for periodic, planned regional meetings of regional staffs at which state level staff
should be in attendance and take part in the program.

As soon as a determination is made by the commission of the number of regional
districts which would be most suitable, I recommend the proposed plan be submitted
to the Senate and Assembly Interim Committees, the Director of Finance, the Per-
sonnel Board, the Legislative Auditor, sportsmen groups, and the press for their study,
with a request that their suggestions or comments be returned at an early date.
(Signed)

E. L. Macaulay
Executive Officer

PERSONNEL CHANGES

DEATHS

Arthur L. Stager, Fish and Game Patrol Captain Oct. 28, 1948

August Bade, Chief, Bureau Game Farms (retired) Feb. 11, 1949

S. H. Dado, Assistant Chief, Bureau Marine PMsheries (retired) Mar. 12, 1949

Carl J. Walters, Fish and Game Warden June 9, 1949

Eugene Piatt. Game Farm Superintendent July 11, 1949

Ethel W. Murphy, Intermediate Stenogra])her-Clerk July 25, 1949

Abe Woodard, Fish H:itchery Man (retired) Sept. 15, 1949

C. S. Bander, Assistant Chief, Patrol (retired) Sept. 27, 1949

Earl Hiscox, Fish and Game Warden Nov. 3, 1949

Gen. H. H. Arnold, Former Commissioner Jan. 15, 1950

Fred Hecker, Fish and Game Patrol Captain Jan. 20, 1950

Henry Ocker, Fish and Game Warden Jan. 26, 1950

Frank Schuhneyer, Game Conservation Aid (retired) Jan. 30, 1950

Rudy Gerhardt, Fjsh and Game Warden Mar. 17, 1950

RETIREMENTS

Brian Curtis, Supervising Fisheries Biologist . Nov. 30, 1948

K. T. Hogan, Supervising Clerk, Grade 1 Sept. 1, 1948

J, H. Sanders, Fish and Game Patrol Captain Aug. 31, 1948

Abe Woodard, Fish Hatchery Man Oct. 31, 1948

Carlos O. Fisher, Fish and Game Warden May 4, 1949

C. S. Bauder, Assistant Chief, Patrol June 30, 1949

Cliff S. Donham, Fish and Game Warden June 30, 1949

Chas. Sibeck, Fish and Game Warden June 30, 1949

J. S. Hunter, Chief, Bureau of Game Conservation Aug. 31, 1949

Raymond Coons, Fish Hatchery Assistant Sept. 14, 1949

Frank Schulmeyer, Game Conservation Aid Dec. 16, 1949

W. C. Blewett, Fish and Game Warden Dec. 31, 1949

Elvin C. Anderson. Fish Hatchery Assistant Dec. 31, 1949

Charles Ledshaw, Hunter and Trapper Feb. 11, 1950

Ben R. Saunders, Senior Accountant April 30, 1950

Thos. J. Smith, Fish and Game Warden June 30, 1950

AVm. F. Kaliher, Fish and Game Warden June 30, 1950

Bessie W. Kibbe, Senior Librarian June 30, 1950

APPOINTMENTS

T. W. Schilling, Assistant Chief, Patrol July 1, 1948

Leo Shapovalov, Supervising Fisheries Biologist Jan. 1, 1949

J. F. Janssen, Jr., Assistant Chief, Marine Fisheries July 1, 1949

R. F. Classic, Assistant Chief, Patrol July 1, 1949

S. R. Gilloon, Assistant Chief, Patrol July 22, 1949

Ben Glading, Chief, Game Conservation Sept. 1, 1949

J. E. Chattin, Assistant Chief, Game Conservation Mar. 1, 1950

P. M. Roedel, Editor, "California Fish and Game" Mar. 10, 1950

22 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

CONSERVATION EDUCATION

Durinp- the hieniiium. greater em]^hasis was placed on better coojiera-
tion with the State Department of Edneation and the state colleges and
schools. Five leaflets were prepared and pid)lished: "California Valley
Quail, " " Beaver, " " Salmon, " " Trout, ' ' and ' ' Striped Bass. ' ' All were
written and stjded for the fourth and fifth grade levels, and each eon-
tains a color print of the species, and maps or sketches to illustrate the
text. Distribution is handled by the Bureau of Textbooks and Publica-
tions of the Department of Education. Response from teachers has been
tremendous, with requests for "more leaflets on more subjects."

Three of the division's motion pictures were re-edited and the nar-
rations rcAvritten, especially for use in schools. These have been given
"XX-Excellent" ratings by the Audio-Visual Division of the State De-
partment of Education and are being widely used.

Active participation by the supervisor in conservation educational
coiiferences, with lectures and pictures at workshops conducted by the
various state colleges, and at teachers' institutes held in many counties
has undoubtedly aided in furthering the proposed program of integrat-
ing the teaching of conservation of natural resources in the schools and
state colleges of California.

PUBLIC INFORMATION SECTION

Using primarily the mass information media, the public information
section attempts to inform and educate license buyers and the general
public concerning their obligations toward fish and game conservation.

To better fulfill this mission, headquarters of the public information
officer was transferred from Sacramento to San Francisco in March, 1949.
The new^ location permits easier contact and closer liaison with important
news media, division personnel, and the commercial fishing industry.

The 1949 Legislature authorized the appointment of an editorial
assistant in the information section. Partly because of a shortage of
eligibles willing to accept the comparatively low salary, the post was
not filled on a permanent basis.

A major step toward standardizing the information program was
accomplished in the spring of 1949. At that time, the public information
officer took over the duties of distributing publications which were for-
merly handled from five or more separate places. Aside from technical
matters, the section now handles state-wide distribution of bulletins,
publications, photographs, maps, and abstracts of regulations. In addi-
tion, most telephone calls and letters requesting general information re-
ceived at the San Francisco office are processed, as are requests for back
issues of California Fish and Game, the quarterly magazine. These
duties are performed by an intermediate stenographer-clerk at San
Francisco.

Since inaugurating the standardized distribution program, an aver-
age of 5,000 pieces of literature were distributed by the section each
month. Mail requests averaged 450 per month, telephone requests 125
per month, and personal requests at the counter, 200 per month. In
addition, literature was provided for distribution at division offices and
license agencies, and at fairs and sportsmen's shows.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 23

Starting' from seraleh. an exhibit program was undertaken in the
Slimmer of 1948. Portable display units, capable of being shipped or
carried with ease, have been assembled for exhibit use at sportsmen's
shows, county fairs, and schools.

Servicing the press remains the most important function of the
section. During the biennium, the mailing list of Outdoor California
weekly was brought up to date, and the quantity of information material
to the press increased. Response from publications of all types was
excellent, with the division receiving more newspaper clippings than
any other state agency.

The increase in the numbers of license buyers and the general inter-
est stimulated in fish and game matters throughout the State calls for
maintenance of a well-balanced information program. To assure con-
tinued acceptance of the commission's policies, and to gain ground in
the solving of complex public relations problems, it seems necessary to
expand these activities in keeping witii the increased activities of other
division functions.

LIBRARY

Early in 1949 direct supervision of the library was delegated by
the executive officer as a staff' function of the Public Information Section.
At the same time, the responsibility for filling certain types of outside
requests for publications and information was taken over by the latter
section, leaving the librarian with more time to devote to serving the
staff of the division, by mail and in person. The work load was also
eased by the employment of a clerk-typist in July, 1949. Crowded quarters
became the major problem, but a change of location is planned for July,
1950. Considerable attention was devoted to the binding of periodicals
and serials. During the biennium, the collection grew to a total of 4,500
bound books and periodicals and 10,752 pamphlets.

"CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME"

The eiglit issues of the quarterly journal California Fish and Game
published during the biennium contained a total of 670 pages, with 42
major articles and many shorter notes. The material included in the
magazine is largely technical or semitechnical and the subscription list
includes large numbers of professional biologists, educational institu-
tions, and libraries. The majority of the subscribers, however, are non-
professionals who are interested in the more technical aspects of con-
servation work. Demand for the magazine has increased steadily and
it was necessary to inci-ease press runs from 5,500 to 6,500 copies during
the two-year period.

FISCAL

Financial statements for the biennium appear in Appendix A. Total
revenue for the 1948-49 (100th) Fiscal Year was $5,529,046.65; for the
1949-50 (101st) year, $5,626,113.22. These receipts are substantially
greater than those for the preceding biennium : $3,556,426.26 in 1946-47,
and $4,335,994.15 in 1947-48. Expenditures were $4,291,873.67 in 1948-49
and $4,530,864.64 in 1949-50.

REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF GAME
CONSERVATION

Each year California's unattached hunters are finding fewer areas
on which to hunt, because trespass without permission and damage to
crops, livestock, fences and other property by a minority of unsports-
manlike hunters have created an unfriendly situation between sportsmen
and landowners. This hostile relationship between landowaiers and
hunters was especially prevalent in the rice-growing region of the Sac-
ramento Valley where most of the State's pheasant population is found.
Opening these areas to controlled pheasant hunting has been one of the
most urgent problems confronting the bureau.

An experimental pheasant study area, the Sartain Eancli, initiated
by bureau game biologists, w^as instrumental in the development of regu-
lated hunting on private lands in California. Hunting on this ranch was
successfully controlled in 1947 and 1948 by the bureau in cooperation
with the landowner. The experience gained during these two years led
to the development of a cooperative hunting plan in 1949. In this year
Senate Bill No. 677 establishing cooperative hunting areas was passed
by the State Legislature and was included in the Fish and Game Code
as Section 1159. Rules and regulations for the management and control
of these areas were then drawn up by bureau employees and enacted by
the Fish and Game Commission.

In order to minimize the problem of supervision and control, and
at the same time to accommodate a large number of hunters, it was
required that on any prospective area a minimum of 5,000 acres in a
continuous tract be open to public hunting. A provision was made to
allow the landowner to collect a daily fee not to exceed $2 per hunter
if he so desired, with the stipulation that 25 percent of the total collected
was to be used for wildlife maintenance and habitat improvement.
Three types of zones were provided for in 1949: Closed zones (for
protection of crops, buildings and livestock) on which no hunting was
permitted ; restricted zones, on which permission to hunt was granted
solely by landowners; and open zones, which were open to public hunt-
ing by permit. Restricted zones were limited in size to 20 percent of the
total area ; open zones had to be either a 5,000-acre tract or 50 percent
of the entire cooperative hunting area, whichever was larger. The maxi-
mum number of hunters allowed at any one time was one per five acres
of open land, with the stipulation that the number of hunters could be
decreased as conditions warranted.

During the 1949 pheasant hunting season, six cooperative hunting
areas were established by the bureau. On only one area (Sartain) was
a fee charged for hunting privileges. By maintaining checking stations
on each area, bureau personnel were able to control hunting, issue per-
mits, and gather pertinent information regarding the pheasant kill.
Reactions to this hunting plan were recorded and favorable responses
to this type of controlled shooting far exceeded unfavorable remarks.
On the Sartain area some criticism was directed toward the fee for
hunting. However, most of this censure was voiced by unsuccessful

(24)

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

COOPERITIVE !

nimm mu i

m^r-i^ H '^^K ^ I

ii 4>v ■Hv> *«.^^« 1

Figure 1. Cooperative hunting areas provide shooting for the unattached hunter

hunters. Nearly all hunters expressed wishes for cooperative hunting
areas.

Table 1 lists the areas with the amount of land open to hunting, and
it shows the number of hunters using these areas, their success and the
reaction to this type of hunting.

One of the most impressive points of the plan was that the 24
cooperating landowners, when contacted by questionnaires or in person,
were all in favor of this method of controlled hunting. Hunter damage
to cooperating landowners' property was negligible during the entire
season. The cooperative hunting area plan should do much to alleviate
one of the largest problems confronting the bureau, namely that of
opening land to hunter access where wild ring-necked pheasants are
plentiful.

TABLE 1. COOPERATIVE HUNTING AREAS IN USE DURING
1949 HUNTING SEASON

Area

Number of
acres open
to hunting

Number of

hunters
using area

Number of

pheasants

shot

Percentage

of successful

hunters

Reaction of hunters to
these areas by percent

Favorable

Unfavorable

Staten Island

Williams

Sutter Basin

Natomas

Grimes

Sartain*

7,500
5,000
8,900
8,800
15,800
12,450

5,717
3,906
6,726
10,922
9,377
4,518

1,556
1,193
2,330
2,122
3,518
2,733

27
31
35
19
38
60

94.2
96.2
97.4
95.7
92.5
76.4*

5.8
3.8
2.6
4.3
7.5
23.6

Totals

58,450

41,166

13,452

94.5

5.5

* Fee charged.

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION BOARD PROJECTS

During the biennium conservation activities in California received
greater impetus as a result of the Wildlife Conservation Act. This act,
authorized by the 1947 State Legislature, provided for a recreation
program, and for the acquisition and- construction of lands and facilities
for the propagation and conservation of wildlife. The Legislature also
provided for the creation of the AA'ildlif e Conservation Board to formu-
late a conservation program and authorized $9,000,000 for financing this
program. Once the plans for state-wide projects had been drafted, it
became the responsibility of the Division of Fish and Game to put the
program into effect by constructing, operating, managing and maintain-
ing the projects.

All projects that entailed game conservation activities are adminis-
tered by the Bureau of Game Conservation. Listed below are the Wildlife
Conservation Board projects now being managed by the bureau.

Project ^0.
519-7

519-8

519-9

519-10

549

503

521

554

515

GAME FARM PROJECTS

Name, location

Chico Game Farm
(Butte County)

Marysville Game Farm
(Yuba County)

Porterville Game Farm
(Tulare County)

Brawley Game Farm
(Imperial County)

Status
Project completed. Accounts closed with end

of 1949-1950 Fiscal Year.
Project completed. Accounts closed with end

of 1949-1950 Fiscal Year.

OTHER UPLAND GAME PROJECTS

Coast Counties Quail
Habitat Improvement
(Central Coast Coun-
ties)

Desert Quail Development
(Desert region of South-
ern California)

Owens Valley Pheasant
and Quail Development
Areas (Inyo County)

Quail Habitat Develop-
ment (all of California
south of U. S. Highway
40, with major empha-
sis south of the Tehach-
api)

Doyle Winter Range
(Lassen County)

Project completed. Merged with No. 554.

This project has been canceled due to oppo-
sition by lessees on City of Los Angeles
lands. Project funds of approximately
$45,000 have been restored to working
balance of WCB.

Equipment, materials and supplies for this
project are purchased by WCB. Salaries,
travel and vehicle mileage are paid from
federal aid in wildlife restoration funds.
At present, eight full crews are working.
This project will continue during the 1950-
1951 Fiscal Year on essentially the same
basis. During last year 401 quail "guzzlers"
were completed, numerous brushpiles were
constructed and springs were developed for
quail use.

Project completed except for construction of
residence. This has been deferred pending
final determination of area boundaries and
land acquisition under federal aid funds.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

WATERFOWL PROJECTS

Project No.
507

550

523

536

548

506

522

532

551

Name, location

Butte Sink Waterfowl
Management Area
(Colusa County)

Delta Waterfowl Man-
agement Area
(Solano County)

Honey Lake Waterfowl
Management Area
( Lassen County)

Imperial Waterfowl
Management Area
(Imperial County)

Lower Butte Creek
Waterfowl Manage-
ment Area
(Butte County)

Lower San Joaquin
AVaterfowl Manage-
ment Area
(Merced County)

Madeline Plains

Waterfowl Manage-
ment Area
(Lassen County)

Madera Waterfowl
INIanagement Area
(Madera County)

Upper San Joaquin
Waterfowl Manage-
ment Area
(Kern County)

Status '

Area not yet acquired. Acquisition in hands
of Public Works Board.

Land purchased March 30, UIHO. Ecpiipment
ordered. Supervisory personnel hired. Fed-
eral aid development project California
40D approvi'd effective July 1, 1950.

Project completed. Further developments cur-
rentlv being made with federal aid funds.
(California FA 38-D-2.)

Project completed. Further developments cur-
rently being made with federal aid funds.
(California FA 36-D.)

Area not yet acquired.

Project completed. Further development with
federal aid funds.

Area not yet acquired.

GAME INVENTORY POLLS

Another noteworthy event that occurred during the biennium was
the joint game inventory poll conducted by the Opinion Research Center
of the University of Denver and the bureau. Information gathered by
these two surveys was used to determine the annual kill of game species,
and evaluate the State's game resources. The information was obtained
by instigating a dual plan as follows :

1. The Opinion Research Center contracted to furnish state-wide
and regional records of the kill of the several game species. The method
employed was to interview 1,250 respondents randomly selected from
the 1948-49 hunting license stubs.

2. Bureau personnel selected a random sample of 2 percent of the
purchasers of 1948-49 hunting licenses, distinct from the personal inter-
view sample, which was used in mailing post card questionnaires. Infor-
mation derived from the cards returned was projected to obtain the game
kiU by counties and for the State as a whole. In order to minimize a.ny
error in the post card answers, either accidental or by intent, a portion
of the personal interview respondents were mailed coded questionnaires.

PISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Comparison of these questionnaires with the completed interviews should
indicate a correction factor which may be applied to the entire post card
sample. In theory this correction factor may be used in a few subsec^uent
years, unless there is a complete change in either the methods of hunting
or the general economy of the State. The results obtained by each sam-
pling method for the state-wide game kill are compared in Table 2.

TABLE 2. RESULTS OF GAME INVENTORY POLLS

Species

Total estimated take

Difference

O. R.'C.

Postcards

Actual

Percent

Quail, all species

Doves-- _. . .

1,902,400
2,359,300

554,800

347,100
2,853,300

344,300
90,300

761,000

1,150,600

2,800

104,300

r 1,683,400

2,486,000

575,100

318,700

3,075,500

354,800

100,000

575,700

790,600

2,200

75,900

219,000
126,700

20,300

28,400
222,200

10,500

9,700

185,300

360,000

600

28,400

—11.5
+5.4

Pheasants

Pigeons,. ..

+ 3.7
—8.2

Ducks

+ 7.8

Geese .

+ 3.0

Deer_ _ _ __ .

+ 10.7

Rabbits — Brush and cottontail

—24.3

Rabbits — Jack

—31.2

Bear.. __ _ . .

—21.4

Tree squirrels -

—27.2

Totals -__

10,470,200

10,037,900

432,300

— 4.1

UPLAND GAME BIRD PRODUCTION

The production of upland game birds by state game farms reached
an all-time high during the biennium when a total of 177,517 birds were
liberated. Of this number 172.217 were ring-necked pheasants, 166 Reeves
pheasants, 2,252 chukar partridge, 2,776 valley quail, and 106 wild stock
turkeys. A summary of the game bird liberations will be found in Appen-
dix b".

Part of this increase in upland game bird production can be attrib-
uted to the new game farms that were placed in operation. The two game
farms at Porterville and Brawley w^ere developed and enlarged from
former sportsmen's groups pens that were taken over by the bureau.
Three game farms of entirely new construction were placed in operation
at Chico, Marysville and Los Banos.

A policy for the distribution of pheasants has now been adopted by
the commission. This policy not only provides for planned releases to be
made on areas open for public hunting, but also includes lands that wull
be closed to all pheasant hunting for five years ; these closed lands are to
be considered as seed stock areas. It further states that releases will not
be made on lands considered to be totally unsuitable pheasant habitat.

Considerable time was spent by game farm personnel inspecting the
increased number of private game farms, and checking the operation of
game management areas. The work on the game management areas con-
sisted of inspection of each area, and the banding and liberation of birds
on these areas.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 29

GAME MANAGEMENT AREAS

The game inanaoeineiit area plan has now been in operation for 10
years. This plan was initiated in 1939 by the State Legislature as an
effort to stimulate the landowners' interest in the game crop. It was
intended to foster and increase the supply of upland game through land
management and stocking of game farm birds. Backers of the plan
believed that the income derived from the game crop would provide an
incentive to the landowner to manage his land for game production.
Since these areas were to be open to any licensed hunter, the income from
the game produced was to be obtained by charging hunters up to a
designated maximum fee for shooting privileges. Actually the income
received from the game crop could not compete with the high prices
being paid foi- farm crops which these areas could produce. The land-
owners also found it too difficult to control the public on these areas.

In 1947 the State Legislature modified the plan to allow for non-
commercial areas where the public was excluded. These private areas are
now supported by season memberships, or by a share-the-cost arrange-
ment with the operator. Most operators are now satisfied with the plan.

There are now 43 operators who control 44,556 acres of land. During
1949 they liberated 20,720 pheasants and killed 11,539 in 5,446 man-days
of hunting.

WATERFOWL MANAGEMENT AREAS

Waterfowl management areas were created not only to provide the
unattached hunting license-holder with a place to shoot, but also to pro-
vide waterfowl with areas where they could feed and rest. The second
part of this program includes management of land and water areas to
the degree where waterfowl would be attracted to these areas and forego
their depredations on the crops of surrounding agricultural lands. Until
this biennium, all development and farming operations on these areas
were carried out under service agreement with various contractors. This
arrangement proved wholly unsatisfactory, as certain seasonal agricul-
tural practices were not always performed at the opportune time. Start-
ing in July, 1949, when the necessary equipment became available, all
development work has been done by bureau personnel.

On these areas hunters were offered their choice of three types of
shooting grounds as follows :

1. Fully developed areas with blinds for a fee of $5 per shooter.

2. Partially developed areas with no blinds for a fee of $1 per
shooter.

3. Undeveloped or natural areas with no charge.

Hunting success varies with weather conditions and the waterfowl
migration, but on the whole hunters expressed satisfaction with the plan.

The waterfowl management areas and the extent of their use by
liunters are listed in Table 3.

30 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

TABLE 3. WATERFOWL MANAGEMENT AREAS IN USE, 1948-50

Area

Acreage
open to
hunting

Number of
hunters
checked

Number of

waterfowl

shot

Average
number of
waterfowl
per hunter

Imperial

1948-49 - - -- - -

3,580

1 ,358
1,216

586
558

2,078
1,992

425
518

37
161

1.53

1949-50 ___ - -__.-

1.64

Honey Lake

194"8-49 -. - - - ---

1,750

.73

1949-50 - - ______

.93

Madeline Plains

1948-49 _ _

4,775

.40

1949-50 __.. . . ______

2.15

Totals

10,105

3,886

5,211

1.34

GAME MANAGEMENT

During the bienninm the number of game management districts was
increased from five to seven. This expansion completed the state-wide
division into districts for better supervision of liabitat development and
control of game populations. These districts and the corresponding game
managers in charge were as follows : North Coast, Nathan Rogan ; North-
eastern California, Russell M. Bushey, Sr. ; Sacramento, Lawrence 11.
Cloyd; San Joaquin, David M. Solleck; Inyo, Arthur L. Hensley ; South
Coast, John Laughlin ; Southeast Desert, Fred Ross. It is the responsi-
bility of each game manager to investigate game problems and apply
corrective measures, also to administer bureau installations within his
district. Game Manager James D. Stokes supervises the district game
managers, and coordinates their efforts into a common program. Roland
E. Curtis, who formerly supervised this group is now on leave with the
Wildlife Conservation Board.

SPECIAL HUNTING SEASONS

ANTELOPE HUNT

The last antelope hunting season was held in 1945. From 1946
through 1948 aerial surveys showed that the number of adult male ante-
lope was not sufficient to warrant a hunting season. However, in 1949
the antelope population had again increased and a controlled hunt for
bucks only was held August 27th through September 5th in Modoc,
Lassen and Shasta Counties. As in previous hunts, permits selected by
lottery were issued to 500 hunters. A check of all hunters revealed that
349 antelope were shot during this season. Listed in Table 4 are the
results of recent antelope hunts, and the annual antelope population as
tallied from aerial surveys.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

TABLE 4. ESTIMATED ANTELOPE POPULATION AND RESULTS

OF HUNTS, 1942-1950

Year

Estimated

antelope

population

Number of hunting per-
mits issued

Number of

antelope

shot

Percentage

of successful

hunters

1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950

3,752
5,338
6,147
4,739
2,798
3,949
3,592
4,675
3,852

452

500

Hunting season closed

500
No hunting season planned.

405
362
322
307

349

90
80
64
61

Figure 2. A herd of antelope in a close-up view from a Division of
Fisli and Game airplane

ELK HUNT

The last special hunting season for reducing the Tule Elk herd in
Owens Valley of Inyo County had been held in 1943. That year 75 per-
mits were issued by lottery i'or taking 75 bulls. A check of all hunters
revealed that 43 bulls were" harvested. Since that time population counts
of this elk herd made by aerial surveys showed that the herd had been
steadily increasing in numbers. By 1949 cattle ranchers, maintaining
that the increase in the elk population was depleting the range, agitated
for a hunting season. Consequently, a controlled hunt was held from
December 2d through December 11th. A total of 125 permits was issued

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

by lottery for taking 75 bulls and 50 cows. Records kept at hunters'
checking stations showed that 61 bulls and 46 cows were shot, for a total
of 107 animals.

TABLE 5. ESTIMATED ELK POPULATION AND RESULTS
OF HUNTS, 1943-1949

Year

Estimated

elk
population

Number of

hunting permits

issued

Number
of elk shot

Percentage

successful

hunters

1943

1944

1945

189
129
268
305
324
450
495

75
No hunting season
No hunting season
No hunting season
No hunting season
No hunting season
125

43 bulls
107 (61 bulls and 46 cows)

1946

1947

1948

1949

CATALINA DEER HUNT

For a number of years the deer population on Santa Catalina Island
had been increasing until the range suffered from extreme overbrowsing.
In 1948 an attempt was made to control this population by trapping and
removing deer from the island. These operations accounted for 150 deer.
The deer population still remained high so in 1949 the Catalina Island
Company requested a controlled hunting season for taking deer of both
sexes.

A 13-week hunting season was set for November 1, 1949, to Januarj^
31, 1950, with a total of 1,950 hunting permits issued by lottery. Since
permits were only valid for a one-week period, they were issued at a
maximum rate of 150 per week. Checking station records showed that
724 hunters took part in this hunt, and that they bagged 246 bucks and
231 does for a total of 477 deer.

PREDATOR CONTROL

The predatory animal catch, which bad been previously recorded
for each fiscal year, has now been changed to a report for the calendar
3'ear. Reported here is the predatory animal catch for the 18-month
period of July 1, 1948, to December 31, 1949. The report for the six-month
period January 1-June 30, 1948, was presented in the last biennial report.

During this 18-month period a grand total of 5,193 coyotes and 2,081
bobcats was taken by our predatory animal hunters and trappers. A total
of 5,290 other lesser predators was taken during the same period. A
summary of the predatory animal catch will be found in Appendix B.

MOUNTAIN LION CONTROL

On May 18, 1948, the ten thousandth mountain lion was brought in
for bounty. This lion was taken by Charles W. Bucknell of Bell Springs
in Mendocino County. The first lion to be bountied was also taken in
Mendocino County on October 2, 1907, by Jake Newcomer. It was in 1907
that the first bounty on mountain lions was proposed by Commissioner
Fred Van Sicklen, and a payment of a $20 bounty was authorized. Com-

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 33

missioner Van Sieklen was very much interested in deer hunting, and he
believed that by rediieino- the number of lions in the State, deer could be
increased. The deer popidatioii had not yet recovered from the heavy
drain of early days brought on by tlie liide and market hunters. In 1917
the original bounty of $20 was increased to $30 on female lions. The
Legislature in 1945 authorized a further increase to $60 on females, and
$50 on males.

In 1918 Commissioner Bosque recommended that Jay Bruce be em-
ployed to devote his entire time to lion hunting. Later, Charles Ledshaw
was also employed. Both of these men have now retired from active lion
hunting. During their hunting days Bruce accounted for nearly 700 lions,
and Ledshaw 308. At the present time there are five lion hunters detailed
to different sections of the State.

A total of 199 mountain lions was taken during the calendar year of
1948, and 202 in the calendar year of 1949 ; for a grand total of 401 lions
during this two-year period. Of these 401 lions, 109 were taken by state
lion hunters and 292 were bountied by private persons. State trappers
operate where there have been com]i]aints by stock ranchers which usually
means they get into country that is not readily accessible to the general
public.

A summary of the mountain lions taken from 1907 through 1949
will be found in Appendix B. Over lialf of this lion kill has been taken
in the northwestern portion of the State. Other areas recording a high kill
are the four central coast counties from Monterey to Ventura, and in the
south Sierra from Fresno County south. Humboldt County (3,507 square
miles) has bountied 1,080 lions, the largest number taken for any one
county, but Lake County (1,332 square miles) with a take of 502 lions
has produced more lions per square mile than any other county.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LANDS
OTHER THAN GAME FARMS

Tehama Winter Deer Range with 42,896.90 acres was purchased
from 1943 to 1950, inclusive, to protect winter range from natural food
depletion by heavy stock-grazing. Additional purchases are pending.

Doyle Winter Deer Range with 13,429.15 acres was purchased from
1948 to 1950, inclusive, to protect winter range from natural food deple-
tion. Additional purchases are pending.

Honey Lake Waterfowl Management Area with 3,519.70 acres was
purchased from 1942 to 1944, inclusive. Additional purchases are now
pending.

Imperial Waterfowl Management Area with 535.24 acres was pur-
chased in 1948. Additional purchases are pending.

Madeline Plains Waterfowl Management Area with 5,176.10 acres
was purchased from 1945 to 1949, inclusive.

(xrav Lodge Waterfowl Refuge with 2,541.51 acres was purchased in
1931-32."

Imperial Waterfowd Refuge with 2,064.43 acres was purchased in
1931-32.

Los Banos Waterfowl Refuge with 3,000 acres was purchased in
1929.

Suisun Waterfowl Refuge with 1,887 acres was purchased in 1932.

2 — 49247

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION
(PITTMAN-ROBERTSON)

The Pittman-Robertson prof>rain has expanded during the biennium
until California now receives its maximum apportionment of federal aid.
For the Fiscal Year 1948-49 California received $496,627.81, and for
fiscal 1949-50, $478,548.26 was received. California's contribution, as
required by the act, broujiht the total available for expenditure during
the biennium to $1,300,280.75.

A total of 22 projects was in operation during all or part of the
biennium. Of these, nine were of the surveys and investigations category,
seven were development j^rojects, four provided for the acquisition of
lands, one was a maintenance project, and one a coordination project,
which directed and supervised the other projects. Following is an account
of the various projects which have been undertaken.

SURVEYS AND INVESTIGATIONS

Project 1!)-K. The Study of the Life History and Maiia^eineiit of Mtniiitaiii
Quail in California. Emphasis was placed on reproduction, effects of man, and the
food, water and cover requirements. This project was tei'miiiated as of June 80, 1050,
and a final report prepared hy project leader K. V. Miller.

Project 20-R, A Survey of Waterfowl Food Plants of California. This will
determine the location and abundance of waterfowl food plants, and decide on areas
where planting of natural foods would he feasible. The results of this study will l)e
published as an illustrated manual of California marsh plants. Through a service
agreement with the University of California, Dr. H. L. Mason is leader of this project.

Figure

This artificial quail roost not only provides roosting cover for quail, but
also furnishes shade for deer

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

I'roject 22-R. The Life History and Management of the Rin;;-necive(l IMieasant
in California. This project is evaluating;- the effects of agricultural practices on
pheasant populations, especially in the Butte Sink area. Also, the survival of released
same farm pheasants raised from wild stock is beins: compared with pheasant releases
made from regular game farm stock. Managi'ment practices lieing tested include food
and cover plautin.gs. water develojuncnt. and trap])ing wild pli(>asants in heavily
]iopulated areas for restocking depleted areas. Hunters are checked during the pheasant
hunting season to determine hunting pressure, the pheasant kill, crippling loss, and
the survival of relea.sed and wild birds. At the same time hunting season controls as
they ap])ly to hunters and land uses are l)eing studied to facilitate farmer-sportsmen
relationships. Harold T. Harper is the leader of this i)r<i.iect.

I'roject 25-R, A Study of the Food Habits of (California (Jame Birds and Mammals
and Species Affecting Their Welfare. As an integral part of wildlife management
studies now in progress in California, it is necessary to obtain information as to the
food iireferences of game and i)redatory species. C. .M. Ferrel is leader of this project.

Project 2S-R, A Study of Deei- Population and Management Problems in Cali-
fornia. These stiulies consist of an api)raisal of the management problems involved,
particularly in respect to range condition, deer numbers, agriculture and livestock
conflicts. This project is being conducted under service agreement with the University
of California with Dr. A. S. I>eopold as leader.

I'roject 30-R, A Stiuly of Production, ^Migration and Wintering Areas of Water-
fowl in California. An evaluation is being madi' of the production and wintering
grounds of the principal waterfowl areas of the State, which includes Suisun Marsh
and the Sacramento-San Joa(|uin Delta, the Inyo-]Mono and Owens Valley area, and
the northeastern section of California. These studies include large scale trapping and
banding o|»erations of resident and Tuigratory waterfowl. Also, an investigation is being
conducted on the effects of reclamation projects and land uses on waterfowl populations.
A. W. ^liller is the leader of this project.

Project 31-R, A Study of the p]ffects of Brush Removal on Game Ranges in
California, will determine sound methods for management of brush areas for wildlife
habitat imprcjvemeut. The project is under service agreement with the T'niversity of
California, with Dr. H. A. Biswell as leader.

Project 33-R, An p]valuation of Quail Development and Management Practices
in California. Studies are being conducted to determine the effects of cover planting
and water development on quail populations. Types of construction and the value of

r-r.^«3«'«ff' .'^V .<S "^JlM-t f«J^>^V^<

«.« HWAT«6™«ll«.'4-'-'.

Figure 4. Installing one of the new type plastic gallinaceous guzzlers

36 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

artificial roosts are being tested. Also, tlie effects of cover removal, grazing, cultivation,
controlled burning, rodent control, predator control, and hunting pressure on quail
populations are being investigated. This project is under the leadership of Wallace
G. Macgregor.

Project 35-R, A Study of Diseases of Wildlife Species in California, is concerned
especially with those diseases which are of definite known importance in respect to
wildlife, and which ap])ear to offer possibilities of being controlled by management
practices. Merton Rosen is leader of this project.

DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

Project 0-D, Suisun Waterfowl Refuge, involves 1887 acres of land to provide
waterfowl feeding and resting areas by construction of levees, ditches and tide gates.

Project 13-D, Gray Lodge Waterfowl Refuge, involves 2,542 acres of land to
provide waterfowl feeding and resting areas by construction of levees, ditches, roads
and buildings.

Project 2()-I), The Restoration of Valley Quail, Gambel Quail and Mountain
Quail in California. This project represents the major effort in habitat development
for California quail, and includes plantings for food and cover improvement, the erect-
ing of artificial quail roosts, and the construction of "gallinaceous guzzlers" or rain
catchment basins for providing quail with water. Through this habitat development
program, many ar(>as that were formerly unsuitable as quail range are now producing
quail for California's hunters. The program has received help through financial aid
from county fine moneys, and physical labor from sportsmen and other interested
groups.

The "gallinaceous guzzler" progr.-un has been accelerated by the use of prefabri-
cated plastic basins and glass mat (asphalt emulsion) catchment aprons. The installa-
tion of the plastic model requires about one-fifth the time needed for the construction
of the concrete type of guzzler. Another advantage gained by using the plastic model
is that it can readily be moved to a new site, if the original location proves unsatis-
factory.

During the I)iennium r)74 guzzlers were installed, bringing to 734 the number
now in operation.

Project 34-D, Game Trapping and Transplanting, to restock formerly occupied
habitat, to extend the range of a species, and to supplement remnant species. The work
consisted of live-trapping and transplanting game mammals where required. The
project operated periodically only wh(>n the need foi- this type of work arose.

Project oti-D, Development of Imi)erial Waterfowl Management Area, involving
12.000 acres of land, provided waterfowl feeding, resting, public shooting areas and
facilities for the in-oper management of the area by the construction of levees, ditches
and buildings, and by the development of the land for farming of waterfowl food crops.

Project 38-D, Development of the Honey Lake Waterfowl Management Area,
involves 3,520 acres of land for the provision of waterfowl feeding, resting and nest-
ing areas and facilities for the proper management of the area by construction of
levees, ditches, roads and buildings.

Project 39-D, Development of the Madeline Plains Waterfowl Management
Area, involving 4,776 acres of land, provided waterfowl feeding, resting and nesting
areas and facilities for the proper management of the area by construction of levees,
ditches, roads and buildings.

LAND ACQUISITION

Project 10-L, Tehama Winter Deer Range. This area provides winter feed for
deer migrating down from the mountains. To preserve this winter range 33,963 acres
have been acquired, and more land may l)e i)urchased if it becomes available.

Project 11-L, Honey Lake Waterfowl Management Area. An area of 3,520 acres
has been purchased for waterfowl feeding, resting, nesting, and to provide public
shooting areas. Additional segments of land will be purchased as they become available.

Project 17-L, Madeline Plains Waterfowl Management Area. To provide water-
fowl Avith feeding, resting and nesting areas and to furnish the public with hunting
grounds, 5,176 acres of land have been purchased. More land will be acquired as it
becomes available.

Project 21-L, Doyle Winter Deer Range. An area of 11,700 acres of land has
been purchased to provide winter feed for the migrating interstate deer herd. Further
purchases will be made as the land becomes available.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 37

MAINTENANCE

Project ;^7-M. Tliis project inspects and maintains the installations that have
been developed to provide cover, water and food for (piail.

COORDINATION

Project 29-C. It is the responsibility of this in-oject to select, idan, direct and
supervise the other I'ittinan-Rol)ertson jirojects and nniivc certain tlnit thes<' jirojects
are pi'odnctive of results,

DISEASE LABORATORY

Disease investigations, have been greatly enhanced by the addition
of a special mobile laboratory. This laboratory, built on a one-ton panel
truck, was desioned to till the need for rapid diagnosis of wildlife diseases
in the field. The emphasis was placed on mobility and maneuverability
so that the site of a disease outbreak could be reached quickly even in
areas that might be considered somewhat inaccessible. The laboratory
contains all the necessary facilities for complete diagnosis in the fields
of bacteriology and parasitology, making it a completely self-sustained
unit.

The mobile laboratory was first used at the south end of San Fran-
cisco Bay to diagnose an outbreak of avian cholera among waterfowl,
gulls and shorcbirds. KSeveral control measures were })ut into ett'ect, but
an estimated 40,000 waterfowl succumbed to this disease.

An extensive project is now in progress to determine the blood pic-
ture of deer, including blood chemistry, in the expectation of finding
reliable factors that can be used as an indicator of the animal's condition.
It is anticipated that the results of this study will form a base that can be
used as an index of the state of nutrition of the deer as it relates to range
management, and will incidentally classify the anemias that may occur
in these animals.

Perhaps the greatest progress in disease control has been made at
the state game farms. Pullorum, a bacterial disease of the intestinal
tract of gallinaceous birds, has been eradicated through a control pro-
gram. Other control methods have been used to eliminate avian tubercu-
losis in adult pheasants and chukar partridge. Studies are also in progress
on controlling gapeworm infections and ulcerative enteritis-quail disease.

PUBLICATIONS BY STAFF MEMBERS OF THE BUREAU
OF GAME CONSERVATION

Quarterly progress and final rejiorts are prepared on all work con-
ducted by the Pittman-Robertson projects. Summaries of these reports
are published by the United States Department of the Interior Fish
and Wildlife Service.

During the biennium other reports and ai'ticles w^ere published by
bureau personnel as follows:

Dasmann, William P.

1948. A critical review of range survey methods and their application to deer range
management. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 34, no. 4, p. 189-207.

1949. Deer-livestock forage studies on the interstate winter deer range in Cali-
fornia. Journ. of Range Management, vol. 2, p, 206-212.

38 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Fen-el, Carol M., and Howard R. Leach

IO.jO. p"'ood haliits of the prong-horn antelope of California. Calif. Fish and (Jaine,
vol. 3(i. no. 1. p. 21-26.

Ferrel. Carol M.. llarohl Harper and Jack Iliehle

15)4!). A progress report on pheasant hnnting season studies for the years l!)4(l.
1<.)47 and 1948. Calif. Fish and (ianie. vol. :!.->. no. 4. p. 301-322.

Ferrel, Carol .M.. Ilowai-d Twining and Xoi'nian 15. Hei'keidiain

1949. FoikI iialiits of the ring-necked iiheasant i I'lKiniaii ux colvhiciis) in the Sac-
i-aniento Valley, California. Calif. Fish and (Jame, vol. 35, no. 1, p. r)l-69.

Hensley, Arthur L., and B. C. Fox

1948. Experiments on the management of Coh)rado lii\er Ijeaver. Calif. Fish and
Game, vol. 34, no. 3, p. 115-131.

Herman, Carlton M.

1949. A new host for the eye worm 'riichi-ia ((ilifonnensis. Calif. Fish and (Jame,
vol. 35. no. 2, p. 139*

Herman, Carlton M., and Arthur I. IJisclioff

1949. The duration of Ilaeiiioi)rot(i(s infection in California (piail. C.-ilif. Fish and
Cami', vol. 35, no. 4, p. 293-299.

19.50. I'ai)ill()ma. skin tumors in deer. Calif. Fish and (;aTn(\ vol. .3(>, no. 1, ji. 19-20.

Herman, ('arlton M., and Richard Kramer

1950. Control of gajteworm infection in game farm hirds. Calif. Fish and (Jame,
vol. 3(), n<i. 1. p. 13-17.

Herman. Carlton M.. and [Nlerton N. Rosen

1949. Disease investigations on maininals and hirds hy the California Division of
Fish and (Jame. Calif. Fish and (Jame, vol. :;5, no. 3, p. 193-201.

Interstate Deer Herd Committee

1949a. Interstate winter deer range management plan. Calif. Fish :ind (Jame. vol. 35,
no. 2, p. 103-114.

1949h. 'I'iiii'd progress report on tiie coMpcraliNc study of the interstate deer herd
and its r:inge. Calif. I^'ish and (Jame. \ol. 35. no. 2, p. 115-134.

1950. P'oui-th in'ogress report on the cooperative study of the interstate deer hei'd
and its range. Calif. PMsh and (Jame, vol. 3(i, no. 1, i*. 27-52.

McLean, Dona hi D.

1950. Duck l)anding at Tulare Lake. Calif. Fish ;ind (lame, vol. 30. no. 2, p. 75-117.

Rosen, Merton X.

1948. Hermaphrorliti.sm in the Chinese ring-necked pheasant. Calif. Fish and (Jame,
vol. 34, no. 3. p. 135-136.

Rosen, Merton X., and Arthur I. Rischoff

1949. The 194S-49 out])reak of fowl cholera in hirds in the San Francisco Bay
area and surrounding counties. Calif. Fish and (Jame, vol. 35, no. 3, p.
185-192.

Rosen, Merton N., and Eugene D. Flatt

1949. The control of avian tuberculoses in :t state game farm. Calif. Fish and
Game, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 323-327.

Twining, Howard, Henry A. Hjersman and Wallace Macgregor

1948. Fertility of eggs of the ring-necked pheasant. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 34,
no. 4, ].. 209-210.

REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF MARINE

FISHERIES

The responsibility for the conservation and administration of the
ocean fisheries of California is in the hands of the Burean of Marine
Fisheries. The bnrean conducts biolouical and statistical studies of the
marine sport and commercial fisheries; and with the infoi-mation tlms
gathered and analyzed, is able to make recommendations to the Fish and
Game Commission and the Legislature for wise conservation measures.
The bureau works in close cooperation Avith the Pacific Marine Fisheries
Commission and the Marine Research Committee. Brief accounts of the
activities of these organizations are presented on pages 65 and 66.

During 1948 and 11)4!) California's fish catch was greater than it
had been in the biennial jieriod innnediately preceding, but compared
with the total landings in any of tlie 12 years from 1934 through 1945,
it can not be considered high. The catcli trend reflects the success or
failure of the sardine season, and the sardine fishery had not recovered
from the failure which was so marked in 1946 and 1947. Tn 1948 the total
catch was over 9()(),UU0,()UU pounds and in li)49 it reached 1,10(),00U,()()().

Among the cannery species three of the tunas surpassed previous
records. Yellowfin tuna landings in 1948 were over 191, ()()(), 000 pounds.
In 1949 ski]ijack jiassed the 78, 000, 000 jiouud mark and albacore totaled
more than 44,000,000. Although the mackerels did not break a record the
combined catch of jack and Pacific was over 112,000,000 pounds in 1948
and slightly less the following year. The 1949 sardine catch of 633,000,000
pounds was the best in four years but foi- the Pi-ycjir per-iod pi-ior to
1945 the yearly catch was in the neighborhood of 1,000,000,000 pounds.
Because sardines were scarce in the years immediately preceding
this biennium, a very high percentage of the fish went into cans, and
this, combined with the lieavy catches of tuna and mackerel, brought the
1948 case pack to 2,000,000 more than had been packed during any
previous year and in 1949 the pack exceeded 13,000,000 cases.

Important among tlu' market species, the 1948 catch of sole was
over 21,000,000 ])()unds or almost double the 1947 peak poundage. The
crab catch of 1 1,000,000 pounds for each year set a record for that species.
Salmon landings of approximately 7,000,000 pounds for each year were
lower than the record catches of the previous four years.

The value of the catch to the fisherman in 1948 was $80,500,000. The
high price of fish in general and the heavv landings of tuna (yellowfin
tuna, $32,000,000, skipjack, $9,000,000 and albacore, $11,000,000) com-
bined to make this a banner year, exceeding the peak 1947 value by
$2,000,000. In 1949 although the poundage was gi-eater, chiefly due
to an increased catch of sardines, the wholesale value to the fishermen
dropped to $73,000,000. Prices in general were lower and the high-priced
yellowfin tuna catch was less in poundage.

For the fourth year in succession the fishermen delivering to Eureka
and other ports along the northern coast received over $3,000,000 for
their catches; these were made up chiefly of sole, crabs, albacore and

( 3'J )

40 PISH AND GAME COMMISSION

1 1

- A

1 1 1

1600
1500

70
60

2 50

/ :

1400
1300
1200 1

o
O

^ /

1100

c
o

= 30

~ j^^

oS^i^^^"'"'

\ /
\ / _
\ /

c
1000 1

^^^^^

\ y -

900

10
0

1 1

1 1 1

800

7nn

O — CVJ

lO ^ If)

iD r^ CO (J»

"3- ^ ^

^ ^ <r

•3- ^ -a- <t

(T (Jl fft

ffl 01 0^

ffl 01 0^ ffi

Figure 5. Value and poundage of the California commercial fish catch, 1940-1949.
Value represents the amount paid to the fishermen.

salmon. San Francisco and Central California ports netted about $3,000,-
000 which was low for that region and was caused by the scarcity of
sardines. Monterey fisliermen received $5,000, 000 and $6,000,000 for the
two years, an improvement over tlie preceding' l)iennium when the sar-
dines failed to appear. The ports in the Santa IJarbara region had their
best year in 1948 when the total value of the landings was in the neigh-
borhood of $2,000,000. This area is growing in importance. Canneries
have been established in the vicinity of Port Hueneme and facilities
have been developed for receiving large loads of sardines for shipment
by truck to the canneries in Central and Southern California. Los
Angeles and San Diego had their best monetary year in 1948 when the
value of the deliveries was $29,000,000 and $87,700,000, respectively.
The 1949 value was slightly less. Tuna was in part responsible for this
prosperity, but it was also partially due to the fact that there was such a
large migration of northern vessels to the southern ports.

This period has been marked by an extensive movement of the
vessels in the fleet along the coast. Each year a greater number of boats
and fishermen from Alaska, Washington and Oregon come south during
the albacore season and remain to participate in other fisheries. In the
two-year period 2,000 additional fishermen were licensed to fish in Cali-
fornia waters (1949 — 14,962 fishermen) and there was an increase of over
1 ,000 boats in the fleet (1949 — 6,160 vessels) . Many of the vessels entering
the fleet were of larger sizes. In 1949 there were about 164 over 100 feet
in length, equipped with modern devices for more efficient fishing which
pei-mitted them to go farther afield and remain on the fishing grounds
for a greater length of time.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

SARDINE

The present bienninm saw an improvement in the sardine fishery
and a steady increase in tonnage landed. From the low of 121,000 tons
in 1947-48 the r-ateh went to 184,000 in 1948-49 and 336.000 in 1949-50.*
As a result the industry is in a much healthier condition than in the
previous biennium. Although more sardines were available on the San
Francisco and Monterey fishing grounds there were not enough fish to
meet the needs of the processors in these two ports. As a result the truck-
ing of sardines from Southern California, started in l!)46-47, was con-
tinued through 1949-50. To meet this demand unloading facilities were
improved at the ports of Santa Barbara and Hueneme. Most of the
sardines trucked to IMonterey and San Francisco were caught around the
northern Channel Islands and off the mainland north of Santa Monica
Bav.

Figure 0. Sardine lainling^.s at California poi'ts during: the past lu .sea.sonw

During 1948-49 about 80 percent of the sardines landed were used
for canning but in 1949-50 the proportion canned dropped to a third of
the total received. This was due to a strengthening in the price of meal
and oil and a major drop in the price of canned sardines.

As an experiment in regulation of the sardine fishery the Sardine
Industry Advisory Committee set up a temporary program of control
for the 1948-49 season which was carried out by the Division of Fish and
Game. Since this did not meet the expectations of the industry and
proved very difficult to administer, the regulations were dropped at the

* The.se totals include poundages used for bait and consumjJtion in a fresh state.
They represent the final records for 1947-48 and 1948-49 and the most accurate flgure.s
available at this time for 19 49-50.

42 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

end of the season. Tlie advisory eomniittee also diseontinned its efforts
to develop a lony-range program of iiiaiiagenient.

The increase during the last two seasons in the tonnages landed
resulted from the appearance on the fishing- grounds of two fairly
abundant groups of fish, those spawned in 1!)46 and 1947. During both
th(^ l!)48-49 and 1949-50 seasons, 80 percent of tlie fish came from these
two year classes. The 1947 group was more abundant than the 1946 and
will presumably continue to make a major contribution to the fishery in
the innnediately succeeding seasons. If no new abundant year classes
apjDcar on the fishing grounds, the present healthy condition in the indus-
try cannot continue for any great length of time.

As a result of the efforts of the industry a coordinated program for
expanded sardine studies was set up under the direction of the Marine
Research Committee during the P^ortieth Bicnnium. This unifies the work
of the California Academy of Sciences, California Division of Fish and
Game, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. Although initiated in the previous bicnnium the expanded work
at sea could not be started until vessels had been purchased and recon-
ditioned for the specialized studies.

Routine sea investigations were begun in February, 1949, and have
been continued on a monthly basis since that time. The division 's research
ship M. V. N. B. Scufield participated in the first three of these cruises in
1949 and occupied the station lines from Point Conception south to the
central part of Baja California. After this time Scripps Institution and
U. S. Fish and AYildlife Service had sufficient vessels to carry on the
regular physical, chemical and biological sampling at sea and the N. B.
S CO field turned to other activities of the division.

In September, 1949, the M. V. Yelloivfin was ready for operation
and she began the specific tasks assigned to the Division of Fish and
Game in the cooperative sardine investigations. From October until the
end of the biennium, with the use of sonar and recording fathometer, the
YeUowfin located schools of sardines in Southern and Central California
waters. Samples of the fish in these schools wei-e taker, and material for
age determinations and food studies collected. \Yhere schools were found
records of water temperatures, water samples and plankton samples were
taken. The purpose of this study is to determine the physical and chemical
conditions where sardine schools will be found, wliat kinds of food are
present and if the sardine shows a preference for particular types of
plaiiktonic food.

In addition to the work at sea the staff continued its routine collec-
tion of data for an analysis of the size and age composition of the catch
and a measure of the success of the fishing fleet. Results of studies of the
return to the fisherman based on his average monthl}^ or weekly catch
had been published through 1942. These former studies were reviewed,
continued through the 1948-49 season and published as Fish Bulletin
No. 76, in the last six months of the biennium. Through the cooperative
study carried on with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service the 1948-49
and 1949-50 sardine catches were compiled by tons and numbers of fish
taken in each age group. These tables were published in the July, 1949,
and July, 1950, issues of California Fish and Game.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

TUNA

Heavy exploitation of the tuna resources marked this biennium. The
general expansion of the tuna industry was on a cautious note, however,
as prices to the fishermen declined somewhat in January of 1950. After
reaching $340 for yellowfin and $320 for skipjack, the price dropped to
$310 and $290 respectively Amounts paid for other species were reduced
proportionately This was caused by the large holdings of canned tuna at
the end of 1949. Apparently the fast expanding industry had at least
temporarily supplied the market demand for tuna. Some of the smaller
canneries fell victim to this situation and w<u'e caught with no workinu'
capital to continue operations until thcur case pack carry-over w^as sold.
Larger units in the industi-y with the advantage of national advertising
had little difficulty.

Other items contributed to the anxiety of the industry, such as:
relaxation of the Japanese fishing restrictions which permitted ex])ansion
to practically the full area which that nation formerly exploited; shi])-
ments of tuna and tuna-like fishes from Australia, South America aiul
the Central Pacific, besides those from Ja]ian; talk of canneries being
built on tlie coast of the (Julf of Mexico; and threatened restriction of
bait fishing by Mexico and Central American countries. This was more
than a threat in Panama where our vessels were not allowed to take bait
for some months.

The stocks of tuna held good, although long trips to Central America
and the (Jalapagos Islands were necessary as tunas on the banks closer
to California failed to supply a large quantity of fish.

The size of the tuna bait fieet increased from 136 vessels and an
aggregate of 27,526 gross tons in li)46 to 225 vessels and approximately
45,540 gross tons in 1950. in addition to the purse seiners that fish tuna
during the spring and summer months, there were about 20 purse seine
vessels that jmrsued the tuna for the entire period.

Throughout the biennium the skipjack and albacore landings in-
creased; yellowfin showed a slight decliiK^ in 194!) and the bluefin fishery

leo

1 1

1 1 1

160

CALIFORNIA

TUNA LANDINGS

140

120

—

JlOO

\^^

c
o

.^'

= 60
S

-X>=^

:^_

.—

,^-^^'

,-•

1 1 1

""^1

5 - w

fO -* m
V 'J T

ff>

1948
1949

Figure 7. California landing.s of albacore, bluefin, skipjack and yellowfin, 1940-49

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

was almost a failure. The I!);")!) snninier fishery for bliiefin was equally
poor with practically no fish lauded by mid-siimuier.

Because of better facilities and an enlarged staff we were able to
expand our tuna investigations. One trip with the M. V. N. B. Scofield
was made to the Hawaiian Islands where much material was collected
for an analysis of auy differences between the mid-Pacific populations of
skipjack and yellowfin and these fishes taken oft' the coasts . of the
Americas.

Several trips were made offshore and along the California coast to
determine conditions which govern the presence or absence of albacore.
Fish were located offshore and just prior to the regular season but no
albacore have yet been taken during the winter months. On these cruises
gill net and long line fishing methods were used as well as trolling.

A regular system of sampling the catch of albacore, yellowfin and
skipjack has been set up to determine the sizes of fish in the catch. Pre-
liminary studies of tagging methods have been made. In October, 1949,
a meeting of all investigations studying tunas in the eastern Pacific was
held at our Tei-minal Island laboratory. Similar meetings are planned
annually to coordinate the work of all the agencies working on these fishes
in the Pacific area.

SALMON

After the peak years of 1945-46, the salmon catches of California
have dropped. The commercial catches of 1948-49 have been about the
average of the periods since 1916 (Figure 8). The ocean catches of these

Figure 8. California landings of commercially caugiit salmon, 1940-1949, showing
poundages tal^;en from the ocean and from the Central Valley rivers

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 45

two years were approximately equal, but the river landings of 1949 were
considerably lower. The difference in the river catches was primarily due
to a strike by the river fishermen in the fall of 1949. In the early part of the
1949 fall season before the salmon had begun to appear in any numbers,
the fishermen received about 18 cents for fish under 14 pounds and 20
cents for those over 14 pounds, and evidently expected that this price
would last through the entire season. However, on September 8th fish
began appearing in quantity ; on September 9th the dealers cut the price
to a fiat 18 cents per pound, and the fishermen promptly went out on
strike. This strike lasted through the entire remainder of the season ;
hence, the bulk of the fall run w^as lust to the industr.y. A few fish were
taken by non-striking fishermen. A somewhat larger number were taken
upon the orders of the union itself. Each day a few fishermen would be
assigned to go out, make their catches, and deliver these catches to the
union, which would in turn market the fish. The number of fishermen
operating at any one time was small. The total number of fish landed
during the strike was only a fraction of that which would have been
landed under normal fishing conditions; but, of course, it is impossible
to estimate how good the catches would have been had fishing operations
been normal. Catches of the few boats that were operating and of the
Division of Fish and Game boat Striper (which was catching salmon for
tagging purposes) are not at all conclusive, but such catches indicate that
the season would probably not have been much better or much worse than
that of 1948.

The future of the salmon run in the main stem of the San Joaquin
Kiver looks bleak indeed. This is due to an intensification of the water
supply problems which have ruined the runs for the past several years.
In the Fortieth Biennial Report of the Division of Fish and Game, there
is a brief description of fish rescue operations in which part of the spring
salmon run of the San Joaquin was trucked past a dry stretch in the San
Joa(iuin River. This turns out to have been a wasted effort, since it was
not possible to get enough water to enable the young of these salmon to
reach the sea in the spring of 1949. In order to avoid a repetition of this
waste of money and effort, the 1949 spring salmon run was diverted into
the Merced River instead of being trucked up the San Joaquin as was
done with the 1948 run. This diverting was done by stretching a net across
the San Joaquin River exactly at its junction with the Merced so that
fish coming up the San Joaquin would be diverted into the Merced in-
stead of having to back downstream any distance in order to find their
way to this river. The salmon accepted this rerouting with very little
fuss, probably because the small flow of return irrigation water coming
down the San Joaquin was so warm that it would have been fatal to
salmon to have had to stay in it for any prolonged length of time. Pre-
sumablj^ the fish realized this instinctively and were willing to accept the
cooler and more copious waters of the Merced River. Unfortunately, the
salmon ascending the Merced River did not have a high rate of survival.
This was because the fish ascended the river rather slowly and the great
majority of them were too far downstream at the time when the irri-
gators started diverting almost the entire flow of the Merced River. Sum-
mer flows in the Merced are so low that salmon cannot or will not try to
ascend the riffles from one pool to the next. As summer advances, water
temperatures in the lower Merced become so high that the salmon are

46 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

iuial)le to survive. The salmon Avliicli went farthest upstream found water
which remained relatively eool all summer. In previous years, the salmon
wliich went beyond the town of Snellino' found water cool enough so that
the survival was high. Ilowevei-, in 1!I4!) tlie survival was poor except
among the relatively few fish whieh got as far as the Merced Irrigation
District dam about four miles upstream from Snelling.

1950 started out to be a repetition of 1949 in that there was no water
available for salmon in the San Joa(|uin River, and in that the Bureau of
Marine Fisheries erected a diversionary net at the mouth of the Merced
River and started the run going up that stream. The course of events in
1950 was influenced by the outcome of a court trial in which the U. S.
Bureau of Reclamation w^as sued to compel them to allow a sufficient
flow of water to maintain the salmon runs in the San Joaciuin River below
P^'riant. Without going into the details of a very complex and confusing
trial, suffice it to say that the court arranged for the Bureau of Reclama-
tion to release a flow of 25 cubic feet of water per second which was to be
used by the Division of Fish and Game to get the salmon run upstream
through a series of irrigation canals. One of these canals (the Delta
Canal) crosses a body of water known as Salt Slough on a flume and
trestle. The desire of the court was for the Division of Fish and Game
to build a fish ladder at this point so that the salmon could climb from
Salt Slough into the Delta Canal at the point where the two crossed. Salt
Slough gathers a moderate flow of irrigation water from the farming land
in the vicinity of Los Banos. Eventually the slough flows into the San
Joa(|uin River a few miles above its junction with the Merced. The inten-
tion of the court was for a route to be ])r'epared by whicli the salmon could
swim up the San Joa(juin River into Salt Slough, up Salt Slongli to the
crossing of the Delta Canal through the fish ladder to be constructed by
the Division of Fish and Game and into the Delta Canal, up this canal
to its junction with the larger Arroyo Canal, and up the Arroyo Canal to
the point where it was diverted from the San -loacjuin River, thence up
the San Joaquin to the spawning grounds in the vicinity of Friant Dam.
ITnfortunately this court directive came too late to be effective as far as
the 1950 salmon run was concerned. The order was issued in mid-May.
Construction of a fish ladder of this height (12 feet) is a matter which
usually requires many months of red tape and construction time. On this
occasion the red tape was dispensed with in a matter of hours. Bids were
obtained, one was accepted, and the ladder was operating on June 16,
1950, about a month after the issuance of the court order. This was far
too late. To have been effective the ladder should have been in operating
condition about May 1st, a matter of several days before the court's
totally unexpected action. As it was, the bulk of the salmon run went up
the Merced River and only Sd fish availed themselves of the fish ladder
which was constructed for their use. By June 26th it was obvious that
the salmon run was over. Water temperatures in Salt Slough were so high
that there was no chance of any more fish getting upsteam to the ladder.
Hence, by agreement with the division, the Bureau of Reclamation
turned off the flow of water which was being used for these fish. The
spring run of 1950 was officially declared ended.

The program for the construction of fish screens and ladders has
received tremendous impetus from additional funds made available
under the Wildlife Conservation Act. However, as in any other long

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

range and large scale program the mechanics of operation have been
slow of achievement. The engineering help necessary for the drawing np
of plans for large projects is now more readily available than when the
Wildlife Board first began to make allocations of fnnds.

Detailed plans have bcH^n completed for the constrnction of two fish
ladders on the Dagnerre Point Dam on the Ynba River. This location is
abont 10 miles above Marysville. Plans also have jnst been finished for the
constrnction of a fishway on the Sutter-Bntte Dam on the Feather River.
This dam is located abont 10 miles below Oi-oville.

Figure !t. Mill Creek electric fish screen

The fish screen sliowii in Figui-c !) has been bnilt at tlie heading of
the Los Molinos Water Company on Mill Creek. This site was chosen
because of its suitability for f nrther experimentation on electrical screen-
ing. EU'ctric fish stops so far have not been very snccessful. This screen
incorporates several new ideas in its constrnction and hope is held that
a trnly etfective electric screen may yet be produced.

Four small wooden fish ladders were installed in gravel diversion
dams along the Pierced Kiver. Their efi:'ectiveness has been donbtfnl dne to
lack of water at the proper time. This lack of water during the salmon
run is not so much due to lack of runoff' as to the mismanagement of this
fiow. Almost the total flow of the river is imj^ounded early in the salmon
season often allowing sections of the stream bed to dry up. Later when
the dam is full, a larger spill occurs w'hich is often damaging to both
small diversion dams and their fish ladders. A more extended period of
water release would make a great difference in the salmon production
potential of the Merced River.

The Division of Fish and Game has worked closely with the U. S.
Bureau of Reclamation in the designing of a fish screen for the Tracy
pumping plant. When completed this diversion will be the largest in the

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

State ; and as it.s water will be drawn from salmon streams, a screen has
been considered necessary. This installation is also expected to save large
numbers of striped bass and other species of fish. Bids have already been
received for a pilot screen 200 feet lonp- to be located in a temporary chan-
nel. This structure will be adeiiuate for the diversion capacity of the first
three years of pump operation. The pilot screen wall contain several
types of debris-cleaning- mechanisms and should give the information
necessary for the designing of an effective permanent installation. Dur-
ing the life of the pilot screen it is planned to transport the small fish out
of the danger area by barge.

The construction of a building at Elk Grove has supplied a much
needed headquarters and shop for the men working on stream improve-
ment in the Central Valley. This shop when finished and eciuipped with
power tools will greatly increase the efficiency of the personnel working
in this area. This installation was constructed with funds provided by the
Wildlife Conservation Board.

As part of an interstate investigation involving California, Wash-
ington, and Oregon, the Bureau of Marine Fisheries has started tagging
salmon in the ocean. Taggers have been working out of San Francisco,
Fort Bragg, and Eureka. In addition, the bureau has tagged salmon in
the Sacramento-San Joacjuin Delta as part of an investigation which is
unconnected with the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission.

TABLE 6. NUMBERS OF SALMON TAGGED

Area

Silver

King

Total

1948

Eureka and Fort Bragg

143

662

2,573

805

San Francisco _

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

2,573

Totals

143

69
1

3,237

461
371
864

3,380

1949

Eureka and Fort Bragg-- _ -

530

372

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

864

Totals- .- -- ----

28
2

1,696

376
809

1,766

January 1-June 30, 1950

404

San Francisco

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

811

Totals

1,185

1,215

The numbers of fish tagged are shown in Table 6.

An innovation in tagging methods, tried for the first time in 1949,
was moderately successful, and was tried again in 1950. The second time
it was an overwhelming success. Sport fishing boats operating out of
San Francisco Bay were contacted before the salmon season opened.
Arrangements were made with 15 boats to donate their time and catch
salmon for tagging before the season was open. This included 11 charter
boats, three private boats, and one commercial troller. Each charter
boat's .skipper contacted some of his best customers and asked them if

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 49

they would like to p-o salmon fishinji' without charge, the reservation
being that they were to donate all fish for this tagging program. The
idea appealed to the sportsmen and the skippers had no trouble obtaining
full crews. The Division of Fish and Game furnished a minimum of one
tagger to go with each boat. On a few boats, two taggers went along.

On the twenty-sixth of March, 1949, this armada put to sea, and
spent the morning and early afternoon fishing for salmon. Fishing was
only fair and 69 fish were landed by the 15 boats. This operation did
a great deal to promote better understanding between the division and the
boat operators and the sportsmen, and it was decided to repeat in 1950.
The 1950 salmon season opened earlier, i.e., on March 1st; hence, it was
decided to hold "Tag Day" on February 26tli, the last Sunday before
the opening'of tlie season. Operations were much as in 1949, except that
the weather was a little better and the fishing was a great deal better.
Twenty boats tagged a total of 365 salmon during the day's operations.
Twelve fish were killed during the course of the tagging operation. These
were all turned over to charity.

The most important result of this ocean tagging has been to show
that the great bulk of California's king salmon originate in the Sacra-
mento-San Joaquin Kiver systems. An earlier tagging experiment con-
ducted from 1939 to 1942 also demonstrated this fact. The present
experiment confirms the older findings and conclusively demonstrates
that if we are going to have a salmon fishery either in the river or the
ocean, we are going to have to be very careful about what happens to
the spawning beds of the Sacrameuto-San Joacpiin River systems.

Interesting but much less important than the mass movements of
salmon into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Rivers are the occasional long
range and high speed movements shown by a few individual fish. One
king salmon went from San Francisco to southern Canada in 31 da.ys.
Another made the trip to the Columbia River in 22 days. One salmon
tagged ofl: Oregon was recovered in the Tuolumne River. Another tagged
off the Washington coast was recovered in the Sacramento River. One
tagged off southern Canada was recovered oft' New Years Point, between
San Francisco and Santa Cruz.

Silver salmon are much less important in the California fishery
than the kings. The landings of silvers amount to only about 10 percent
of the State's total catch. Tag returns show that the movements of silvers
in no way resemble those of kings. Most of the recoveries from Califor-
nia-tagged silvers were made in the waters off' Oregon or in Oregon
streams. This northward movement shows in returns from both the
1939-42 tagging and from the present tagging experiment.

Another experiment involving cooperation by the States of Cali-
fornia, Oregon, and AVashington was the marking of salmon in the
rivers of the three Pacific Coast states in order to determine what streams
were providing what percentage of the marine catches of salmon in what
specific areas. This work was started in 1950. California's share was to
include the marking of 200,000 hatchery-reared fish from Coleman
Hatchery on Battle Creek, 200,000 wild fish from the Sacramento River
and 200,000 fish from a coastal hatchery. As actually carried out, the
work included 234,000 wild fish from the Sacramento River (marked
by removing dorsal and left ventral fins) ; 235,000 from Coleman

50 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Hatchery (marked by ren]()vin<:' dorsal and riji'ht ventral fins) ; and
187, ()()() from Prairie Creek Hatchery near Oriek (marked bj" removing
anal and left ventral fins). It was expected that the wild fish could be
caught by the use of seines, since this method of catchino- younp; salmon
had proved quite successful in the American River and in some of the
rivers of the San Joaquin A'adey. IIoAvever, when seines were tried in the
Sacramento, they proved to be utterly inadequate as only a few hundred
fish per day could be obtained. The method of attack was immediateh'
shifted and 22 fyke nets mounted on rectauji'ular frames were built and
set in the riffles of the Sacramento River. These nets did the job, but
the proper setting of them proved to be quite a task. If they were placed
in water which flowed too slowlj^ they did not catch enough fish. But,
if they were ]ilaced in water which flowed too rapidly, they caught many
fish but killed most of them. Intensive experimenting was required to
find suitable places, but once these spots were found the nets produced
an entirely adequate supply of good healthy fish. The wild salmon were
carried to Coleman Hatchery, marked by the same crews tliat were
marking the hatchery fish, and then returned to the Sacramento River.
Coleman Hatchery is operated by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, which donated the hatchery fish and the facilities for marking-
hatchery and wild fish in tliat area. The C-oleman Hatchery staff took
an interest in this work, made suggestions of great value and gave us
a list of experienced fish markers residing in that area. The division
wishes to thank the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and John Pelnar, the
district supervisor who is in charge of Coleman Hatchery.

MACKEREL

The Pacific mackerel fisluny remained nt a relatively low level dur-
ing the biennium. The 1947 year-class, which formed a large portion of
the catch in 1947-48, continned to support the fishery in 1948-49 and
1949-50. Landings in the Los Anueles region, which acconnt for virtually
all of the State's catch, fell to less than ;:!7,0()(),000 pounds in 1948-4 li-
the lowest figure since the fishery became of major importance in 193)}.
In 1949-50, landings rose to nearlv 4!), 000, 000, a substantial gain but
still far below the record season "of 1!)85-;J() when about i:30,0()(),()()0
pounds were processed. Both scoop and seine boats were active. In
1948-49 scoop fishermen caught nearly 28,000,000 pounds and seine
fishermen 9,000,000. Preliminary figures for 1949-50 show roughly ecpial
catches for each tvpe of gear. State-wide landings were approximately
38,000,000 pounds" in 1948-49 and 50,000,000 in 1949-50.

Routine sampling of the commercial catch continued without in-
terruption. These samples provide the basic information regarding the
size and age of the fish which enter the fishery. Studies of the age com-
position of the catch for the period 1939-49 were completed. At the close
of the biennium the data were being compiled in manuscript form.
Results of the tagging program were published as Fish Bulletin 73 in
1949. This program was inaugurated in 1935 and the last tagged fisii
were recovered in 1947.

The fishery for jack mackerel is carried out almost exclusively
by seiners. Landings were substantial, though far short of the banner
1947-48 season when the catch passed 142,000,000 pounds. The state-wide

^ORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

140

—

1 1 1 1 1 1

CALIFORNIA MACKEREL LANDINGS

1 1

/ \

—

120

/ \
/ \

100

/ \

—

Pounds

Ol CD

o o

x/^'X^

/ \
/ \

c
o
_- 40

—

\.^ ^

"__

_^ _Jock ^^ocve-i -^ _ __ ^^ /
-^^^ 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

—

CM ro ^ in ^£l r--
^ ^J 'J -? ^ ■^

GO (T'

o
in

- OJ ro ^ in ID

^ ^ ^ "^ ^ ^

0^ <P (J> cr> (Ti CTi

1947-
1948-

KiGniiK 10. Landings (jf I'acific and jack mackerel Cur the past Id seascms. The
mackerel season Is considered to start in May and end in April.

cateli ill tlie 1948-1:9 season was nearly :)(i,()(){),()()() and in I!)!!)-.')!) about
(i(),(){)0, ()()(). Los Angeles region landings jjiodnced hv far the greatest
tonnage: a])ont 4:i()()(),()()() ponnds in li)4H-49 and over 54,()()(),()()() in
194f)-r)(). Tlic IMonterey I'egion re]i()rted landings of api^roxiinately
9 and 4 million pounds in the two seascuis and the (Santa Barbara region
i-oughly 4 and 1 million.

Investigations of the jack mackerel, begun on a limited basis in 1947,
were gradnally intensified. The original progi-am inelnded studies of
the size and age composition of the commercial catch. This work is being
continued on a routine basis. In 1948, a study of the i)ox)ulations in the
Central and Southern California areas was inaugurated. This led to a
broader study of the distribution of the s})ecies along the entire Pacific
Coast. A considerable body of data bearing on these problems was ob-
tained and was being analysed at the close of the biennium. Maturity
studies were started in 1949. These must be continued for at least another
year before any conclusions can be reached. Finally, a survey of fishing
localities is being made as time permits.

BOTTOM FISH

The otter trawl fishing for sole, sand dabs, flounder, turbot, rockfish,
and other bottom fish takes a greater tonnage of fish than any other fresh
fish industry of the State. The landings of flatfish and rockfish for the
last ten years are shown in Figure 11, but this graph does not tell the
entire story. Rockfish used to be taken primarily by means of hook and
line, but a type of trawl was developed which was quite satisfactory
for catching theme in quantity. This, combined with the almost unlimited
demand for fish products during World War II, resulted in the boom
of the rockfish fishery which reached its peak in 1945. The subsequent

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Figure 11. California landings of rockfish and flatfish (flounder, sole and turbot)

decline lias resulted partly from poor market conditions and partly from
a shortage of rockfish on some of the banks. The increase in catches of
sole has resulted from a steady increase in tlie number of boats, increase
in the efficiency of gear, development of new fishing grounds in waters
deeper than were formerly fished, and in the utilization of species for-
merly regarded as trash fish. For example, the previously unutilized
Dover sole now provides the largest poundage of any single species of
flatfish. The increased use of this species was largely responsible for
the fact that the cateh of flatfish in 1948 was the greatest ever recorded
in the State's history. The industry is just beginning to take large quan-
tities of scaly-fin (Bellingham) sole, another formerly unutilized species.
In spite of the increase in total landings, the trawl fishery is not
as healthy as it would seem. There has been a decided decline in the
catches of previously utilized fish and to some extent in the Dover sole,
a condition that has seriously worried the industry. Part of this has
doubtless been due to a great increase in the number of boats, but part
of it has also been due to unnecessary waste of small fish, and the resulting
decline in the numbers available. Prior to l!i40, the trawlers were com-
pany-owned, and there were relatively few companies. At the suggestion
of the Division of Fish and Game these companies voluntarily limited
themselves to the use of nets with a bag of five-inch mesh or greater.
This permitted the escape of large quantities of small nonsaleable flat-
fish. In more recent years the boats have been operated by individual
owners ; hence, the old agreement between the companies no longer held.
The boats have been using nets with a mesh as fine as 24 inches, and
the use of such gear resulted in the loss of large quantities of fish which

FORTY-P^IRST BIENNIAL REPORT 53

"would have <ii'o\vn enmip-h to be saleable in another year or so. A result
of this condition -was the industry's agreement to the passage of a law
limiting otter trawls to a mesh of 4^ inches. The 4^-inch mesh require-
ment now enforced corresponds quite closely to the pre-1940 five-inch
mesh volinitary agreement. This is because in the older agreement the
mesh size was measured from center of knot to center of knot ; whereas,
the modern law requires that the measurement be of the clear opening
between the knots. When the present law was passed, it stated that the
nets should be five inches clear opening between knots, but this was
later reduced to 4| inches at the request of the industry. It is too early
for this mesh-restriction law to have shown any results in the improve-
ment of the fishery.

Work on the trawl fishery by the Bureau of Marine Fisheries has
included a study of the trawl boat logs, going into some detail as to
the species caught, the catch localities, catch depths, and so on. All this
work: is necessary in order to keep an accurate track of the conditions of
the fishery and its progress from year to year.

Research work on the vessel N. B. ScofiehJ has included a study of
the effects of different sizes of trawl mesh on the release of young fish,
and some exploratory work to determine the fishing potential of the
deep sea off the coast of California.

Several species of bottom fish have been tagged in order to learn
something about their movements and rate of survival. We have been
getting excellent cooperation from fishing boat crews in the return
of these fish. This is especially gratifying in view of the fact that on
board a trawler fiatfish are definitely a bulk ]iroduct, and the fishermen
must keep their eyes open in order to spot the tagged individuals. In-
evitably some tags are missed by the fishermen. Many of these are found
and returned to us by the men and women in the fish processing plants.

Almost all of the returns of flatfish tags have been made within 20
miles of the place where the fish were released, showing that most of
the species move relatively little. Exceptions to this were two English
sole which w^re tagged off Eureka and recovered off San Francisco.

SABLEFISH

The sablefish (block cod) fishery of the Pacific Coast has shown
alarming signs of depletion. Concern for the future has led the industry
to request that the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission start an investi-
gation of the species. The commission in turn has asked that the biological
staffs of California, Oregon, and AVashington start this work.

Before a suitable conservation program can be developed, it is neces-
sary to know whether we are dealing with a single coastwide population
of sablefish or with a number of smaller populations each of which re-
mains in a somewhat restricted area. In order to answer this question
all three states are tagging sablefish to determine the extent of their
movements. As another way of getting at the same problem, the three
states, Canada, and Alaska are all collecting sablefish samples for ship-
ment to the California State Fisheries Laboratory at Terminal Island
where meristic counts are being taken and where a comparison is being
made between fish from the different areas.

FISH AXD ga:me com:s[isstok

Figure 12. Fishing- for sableflsh. Hauling- in a long- line from a depth of 40n fathoms,
with the aid of a line puller. Photoyraph hy J. B. Phillips. Monterey. California.

March 1, 19n0.

Work is also beiii^' done to determine the rate of orowth. weialit-
length relationship, size at maturity, and spawning season.

The California landings of sablefish in no way reflect the abundance
of the species. As a rule small individuals (under five pounds) are not
wanted by the markets, but during World War TT the markets were able
to sell such fish and the drag net boats brought in great quantities. The
postwar drop represents a return to normal marketing conditions.

Sablefish are marketed fresh, filleted and frozen, smoked, and salted,
and some recent canning of fillets has proved successful. The flesh is
oily and of pleasing texture. This species is found from Southern Cali-
fornia to Alaska. It is caught on baited long lines and is also caught by
use of drag nets. It has been taken commercially in water as deep as
400 fathoms and in shallow water, close to shore. In the winter, there
appears to be a greater concentration of larger individuals in deeper
water, while in the spring and summer there is a shifting into somewhat
shallower water, with the smallest fish in the shallowest water. Spawning
occurs mainly during the winter months.

CRABS

The crab fishery, although producing a luxury food, underwent, a
tremendous expansion during the last few- years. Shortly after re-estab-
lishment of the industry after the war, the total seasonal landings rose
to more than double those of prewar years. San Francisco has been sur-
passed by Eureka in total poundage of crabs landed beginning Avith the

FUKTV-FIKST HIKNNIAL REPORT 55

lf)45-46 season. This has been the result of increasing the total fishing
effort in the Eureka i-egion where prior to 1944 the resource had not been
fully harvested. During the same period more intense fisliing lias grad-
ually increased the seasonal landings at San Francisco to about five and
one-half million pounds which is about 2. ()()(). 0(10 |)()uuds al)ove the ])re-
war level.

Crab traps of stainless steel wire woven about circular frames have
become the principal fishing gear. However, there are still many smaller
boats in both the San Francisco and Eureka regions contributing to the
total laiulings through the use of the hoo]i nets which once were the
mainstay of the fishery.

Since there must exist a limit to the amount of exploitation of the
resource in relation to the natural ])roduction of the species, it became
advisable in 1!)48 to begin a biological investigation of the crab to deter-
mine if this resoui'ce can withstand the increased fishing pressure.

The existing protection of females and the minimum size limit restrict
fishing to a definite group of older male crabs. When these are taken
crabbing must cease — but only until after the ensuing molting season
which brings in a new group of legal-size crabs, rreliniinary studies of
the present biological investigation are yielding information on the rate
of growth and size at first maturity of the crab in California waters.
Crabs about to shed their shells are liekl in fresh circulating sea water
at tlie Steinhart Aquarium, San Francisco. The growth of these crabs
after molting gives increments of the various sizes. The seasons of molt-
ing for different size groups are being ascertained and considered with
periodic growth increases to give data for construction of the desired
growth curve. Determination of the size and age at first sexual nuiturity
will allow an estimation of the possibility of the intensive fishing oper-
ations i-esulting in iiTeparable tlamage to the resource. There is indica-
tion that legal-size crabs have passed through two mating seasons. Thus,
it seems, since natural production has opportunity for success, that
only a catastrophe for the females or the young stages could harni the
fishery for an extended period.

PISMO CLAM

After Sejitember, 1!)47, there was no legal commercial exploitation
of California Pismo clams but limited quantities have been imported into
the State from Mexican waters to meet the consumer demand. During
1948 there were no records of shipments into California from south of the
International Boundary. In 1949, however, the imports amoiuited to
about 045,000 pounds live weight. Reduced canning is the major factor
responsible for the drop in importations from a high of over 58,000,000
pounds in 1945.

In October, 1949, Fish and Game District ISA (the LeGrande sanc-
tuary just south of Pismo Beach ) was open to the sportsmen of the State
for the first time in 20 years. During a two and one-half month period
following this opening an estimated 4,000,000 pounds were removed
from this beach. At the same time that District 18A was opened, two
other areas (one at Pismo Beach and one at Morro Bay) were closed
to clam digging. It is anticipated that designated areas will be set up as
clam sanctuaries and alternately opened and closed approximately every

56 FISH AND GAME COMMIPSTON

five years, thus allowing a given population of clams limited protection
for short ]:)eriods.

Pismo clam investigations, re-established in l!)4(i, indicate that there
have been no exceptionally successful sets at Pismo Beach since 1946.
A review of available information about the Pismo clam was prepared
for publication in California Fish and Game, July, 1950, and a more
technical report on populations, maturity and local growth rates is being
prepared in conjunction with Dr. Wesley K. Coe of Scripps Institution
of Oceanography.

ABALONE

The production of abalones has increased slightly over that of the
last biennium. Because of the great increase of abalone divers after the
war, the drain on District 18 was excessive and practically all of the
legal-sized abalones were removed. Most of the abalones now come from
the Channel Islands. The present diving crews are the old timers who
have followed the fishery for years. Only a few of the postwar semi-
professionals have stayed in business. A newspecies (HaUotis sorensenii)
described from a few specimens taken near San Simeon has been dis-
covered in commercial quantities around San Clemente Island. The
center of the industry is at present at Santa Barbara Avhere a large
modern plant processes the abalones as they are landed from the islands.
Morro Bay has two processing plants wliich produce a small steady
supply.

OCEAN SPORT FISHING

Ocean sport fishing has shown a contiinial rise in numbers of boats
and fishermen since the end of the war. The increase in numbers of boats
and fishermen between 1947 and 1948 was 21 and 22 percent, respec-
tively, but the increase in total number of fish caught was only 8 per-
cent. If the stock of fish was sufficient, the total ocean sport catch could
be expected to increase in proportion to the number of fishermen.

Spot checks of sport boat lamlings, made continuously since 1947,
have revealed that the average catch of the nuirine angler is about five
fish of all species. The number of anglers catching 10 or more fish during
any one day of angling averaged less than 10 percent of the total anglers
throughout the season. Seventy-five percent of the anglers caught five or
less fish during an average fishing day. In fact, over half of the 234 boats
checked during 1948 and 1949 reported an average catch of three fish
or less per fisherman.

Before 1949, holders of sport fishing licenses were permitted to take
15 fish in the aggregate of certain species. Beginning in 1949, the regu-
lation was changed to a bag limit of 10 fish of certain species, and several
additional species were placed on a limit of 15 fish. This new regulation
was intended to perform two functions : to help eliminate some of the
waste of fish that often occurs when an angler returns with a heavy catch
and has difficulty in disposing of it, and also to distribute the available
fish more evenly among the anglers. This would be accomplished by
causing the higldy successful angler to give his overlimit fish to those
anglers that were less successful. Preferably, of course, it is better that
an angler cease fishing if he reaches his limit, or releases alive over-
limit fish.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

There has been little ('han<i'e in the species composition of the marine
sportcatch. The important ones are barracuda, the popular kelp and
sand bass (frequently called calico bass), the many species of rockfish,
halibut, white sea bass and yellowtail. Perhaps the backbone of the
Southern California sportfishery is the kelp and sand bass. TTntil the
spring' of 1950, very little research work on these fishes had been done.
At the present time an experimental tagging program is in effect and
a total of more than 1,200 fish have been tagged. This venture is a cooper-
ative one between several groups: the Bureau of Marine Fisheries, sport-
boat owners, boat landing operators, live bait dealers, a tackle manu-
facturer, the Southern Council of Conservation Clubs, and the Sporting
Goods Dealers Association of the Los Angeles area. Only because of the
friendly efforts of all of these groups, and many individuals as well, has
it been possible to put on this tagging )irogram to the extent necessary.

Figure 13. Tagging rock bass

It is far too early to explain any definite results, although information is
coming in at an unusual rate.

In keeping with a policy .set up in the summer of 1948, the bureau
has maintained monthly news releases summarizing- the marine sport-
catch all along the California coast. The value of such a policy is mani-
fold, but most important it does much to convince boat operators that
they personally profit by keeping and sending in catch records that will
be used as public information.

58 PISH AND GAME (COMMISSION

LIVE BAIT FISHERY

There has been little if any change in the past two years either in
the manner in which live bait fishermen operate or in the handling of
the eateh records that these fishermen maintain for the bnreau. The
kinds and amounts of fish taken daily by the fishermen have been reported
to ns and we have accompanied as many bait boats as possible during
each season. On these trips much information is gained that does not
appear on the catch records and at the same time good relationships are
maintained.

During this biennium, the bait reports indicated that practically
no small sardines were caught on the bait grounds of Southern Cali-
fornia. The total bait catch has increased and adult sardines form a
larger part of the total than was true in the 194(3-1948 Biennium.

SHARKS

Since before World War TT tlie sluirk fishery in California has been
primarily for the purpose of obtaining vitamin A from the liver oils.
Within the last few months, this industry has died a rather sudden death.
In California waters the vitamin fishery has depended primarily upon
soupfin sharks. Dogfish were of secondary consideration. The soupfiu
has been subject to a very intensive fishery and has shown signs of
extreme depletion. Soupfin liver prices advanced to a point where first-
quality male livers were bringing as nnicli as $1 per ounce. Even at this
fantastic price, the fish were so scarce that many fishermen were dropping
out of the business, being unable to make a living. Early in 1950, there
were extensive imports of much cheaper shark liver oils and the develop-
ment of artificial vitamin A. Between them, these two occurrences forced
the price of soupfin livers from $16 per ]K)und down to about $2.25 per
pound and made it impossible for the few remaining soupfin fishermen
to stay in business. A corresponding drop in dogfish liver prices has
made it a practical certainty that, barring a major economic upheaval,
there will be no dogfish fishery when tlie species becomes available to the
trawlers this coming winter.

SEA LIONS, SEA ELEPHANTS AND SEA OTTERS

The sea lion population seems to have changed little in the past two
decades. A considerable increase in numbers has been noted at Santa
Barbara and San Nicolas Islands which is offset by a decrease in other
places. The increased activity of the Navy at San Miguel and San Cle-
mente Islands has caused most of the animals that previously used those
islands to move away.

The protection given the sea elephants for many years in Mexican
and California waters is beginning to show results. Several hundred can
usually be found about the Channel Islands. Sea lion surveys in the
late twenties did not reveal a single sea elephant in California waters.

The sea otters, inhabiting the stretch of coast between Monterey and
San Simeon, appear to be maintaining their numbers. Several of the
animals can usually be observed in many of the protected coves in this
area.

VORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 59

KELP

Of the several seaweeds occasionally gathered, only one, the giant
kelp, is utilized in quantity. Two firms are engaged in harvesting giant
kelp. One is located at San Diego and ])r()duces alginates which are in
denia id for a number of industrial purposes. Tlie second, at San Pedro,
produces some medicinal products but the bulk of its output is powdered
kelp used in mixture for stockfoods, esjoecially for ]^oultry, hogs and
dairy stock.

The financial return to the State from tlie tonnage tax on harvested
kelp and the leasing of beds is small. In recent years the harvest has
averaged about 57,000 wet tons of kelp per year. This is but a small
fraction of the amounts cut dui-ing AVoi'ld War T. Tlie interests of the
State are fully protected by detailed laws governing the leasing of beds
and methods of harvesting. It is noteworthy that through the years no
court actions have been necessary.

The effects of kelj") harvesting have been studied hy various agencies
over the past 80 years and the results liave been reported in Federal and
State publications. This natural resource is unique in that utilization
tends to improve the original supply. Supervised harvesting results in
a more healthy growth in the beds with less breakage from wave action
and less litter to wash ashore. \'aluable products are being produced
from this resoui-ce without injury to the beds, to the fisheries, or to the
i-ecreatioii;il ai-c.is of Soutlicni Oalifornia.

FISHERIES STATISTICS

Accomplishment in the statistical unit during the past two years
has been possible because for the first time in many years the clerical
staff quota was filled and there were men placed in training for the field
work which had long been neglected. AVith the weight of detail lifted the
supervising staff had time to devote to an overhaul of the tools for col-
lecting and the mechanics for handling the record of the billion pound
catch. Conditions had changed rapidly in the fisheries, in the fleet and
in the industry in recent years and the demand for statistical summaries
was increasing.

After careful stiuly re\isions were made in most of the forms from
which the fisheries statistics are compiled. Because these simple forms
had been carefully planned they had met many of the gradual changes
in conditions and given ade(]uate information over a long period of
years. We were reluctant to make them more complex but the postwar
adjustments in the fisheries and the industry had brought changes that
could not be recorded on the simpler form. On the fish receipts, for
example, it was necessary to get a record of gear on every catch because
the fishermen were using so many kinds and changing gear so often that
the yearly boat registration which recorded gear for each vessel could
not give sufficient information to enable us to follow these changes. It
was also necessary to ask for three locality records ; the water area where
the fish were caught, the place of first landing and the final destination
of the fish. At times the vessels do not unload at the cannery or market
dock as they did in the past but deliver their catch hundreds of miles
away to a barge anchored on the fishing grounds or to a truck at a

60 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

remote wliarf. For similar reasons changes were necessary in nearly
every form that was in use.

The serial number on the Pish and Game boat plate acts as an identi-
fying code ill tlie statistical system. The first boat plates were issued
in 1931 and many of these were lost or painted over so that the serial
number could not be read. During the war it had been impossible to get
rust proof metals and the plates made during that time had quickly
deteriorated when exposed to the salt water. In 1949, therefore, the boat
plates in the series from 1 through 7000 were replaced without cost to
the boat owner provided the vessel was properly registered for com-
mercial fishing or had a party permit for sport fishing.

Renewing the boat plates came at an opportune time to stress the
importance of the boat identification on the fish receipts and the need
for proper registration of the vessels. Dealers had become careless about
identifying the vessels by Fish and Game number on the fish receipts;
owners had neglected to register their vessels each year. Replacing the
boat plates has produced most beneficial results to the statistical system.
By stressing the identification of the boat by number on the fish receipts
it has improved the records we get from tlie fish dealers and therefore
reduced the clerical work ; it has stimulated interest in the boat registra-
tions and the necessity for boat plates.

In 1949-1950 there were 1,000 more vessels in the active fishing fleet
than had ever fished in California waters before. Among these were
100 additional sport fishing boats; there was a high percentage of larger
vessels (164 over 100 ft. long) and more than the usual number {VJ.A)
had come from Alaska, Washington and Oregon to join the local fleet.
There was also a more noticeable movement of the vessels up and down
the coast and the records of individual vessels were getting more compli-
cated.

Fish Bulletin No. 74, eleventh in a series of catch bulletins fostered
by the statistical unit, was published in 1949. This bulletin presented the
detailed catch statistics for the year 1947 which was routine, and in
addition a review of statistics for the period 1916-1947. This gathered
into one convenient place comparable records gleaned from many former
publications. Members of the research staff analyzed the graphs and
tables presented for both minor and major species and told the historical
story of each fishery. Because of the scope of this bulletin it has many
uses, one of which is as a source of ready reference for information con-
cerning the less important species which receive little attention elsewhere.

In addition to the record of first sale of fish to a dealer, the Bureau
of Marine Fisheries receives monthly reports from the processors of
the State. These show details of kinds of fish handled and the amounts of
canned fish, fish meal and oil and other products produced. Formerly
the data from these reports had been compiled into monthly summaries
by the San Francisco office and released to interested persons. During
1949 the handling of these reports was transferred to the Terminal Island
laboratory and changes were made in the monthly summaries issued.
These changes were based on suggestions received from members of the
industry.

Circular 23, compiled from the processors' reports for 1948 sepa-
rated the record of the packs of jack and Pacific mackerels and gave more

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

detail on the tuna packs than was eustomary. Circular No. 24 which
covered the processed fisli for 1949 added a recapitulation of the case
pack of tuna, bonito and yellowtail for the period 1918-1949. This sum-
mary was presented at a time when the industry and the Federal Food
and Drug Administration were cooperating on a program for standard-
izing the tuna pack and this information was needed in their work.

The catch in 1948 of 9()(),()()(),0()0 pounds was valued at $80,r)()0,()00,
exceeding the value for any former year by $20,000,000. In 1949 although
the catch was over one billion pounds the value to the fishermen was
only $73,000,000. This reduction in value was due to a general reduction
in the price of fish from 1948 to 1949.

RESEARCH VESSELS

The M. V. N.B. Scopchl was in service throughout the biennium and
made the following cruises :

Date

Locality

Investigation

June 29-July 7, 1948

July 20-September 13, 1948

October 26-November 1, 1948

November 5-22, 1948

November 28-December 1, 1948-

February 22-24, 1949

February 28-March 15, 1949

March 28-April 14, 1949

April 28-May 14, 1949

June 6-30, 1949

August 8-September 9, 1949

September 26-November 17, 1949

February 21-28, 1950

March 7-25, 1950

April 8-23, 1950

May 12-June 15, 1950

Off California

To Hawaiian Islands

Off California

Off Mexican coast '

Off Southern California

Off Southern California and

Mexico

Off Southern California and

Mexico

Off Southern California and

Mexico

Off Northern California

Off Central and Northern Cali-
fornia

Off Southern California

Off Southern California and

Mexico

Off Southern California

Off Northern California

Albacore

Tuna

Albacore, mackerel and sardine

Tuna, mackerel and sardine

Tuna

Sardine

Sardine
Salmon
Bottom fish and salmon

Bottom fish
Albacore

Albacore
Albacore
Salmon

The M. V. Yelloivfin conversion was completed in September, 1949,

and the vessel made the following cruises :

Date

Locality

Investigation

September 26-October 14, 1949. __

October 21-November 4, 1949

November 21-23, 1949

Off Southern California and
Mexico

Off Central California

Off Southern California

Off Central California

Mackerel and sardine

Sardine

November 28-December 9, 1949__
December 19-23, 1949

Sardine
Sardine

January 9-19, 1950

February 20-24, 1950

Sardine
Sardine

February 27-March 3, 1950

March 13-24, 1950

Sardine
Sardine

April 3-20, 1950. .

Off Mexico

Mackerel and sardine

May 8-24, 1950.

Off Southern California

Sardine

June 6-18, 1950

Off Central Califorixia

Sardine

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

The investigations in the 8an Joaquin Delta have been o-reatly facili-
tated by the construction of the new Fish and Game researcli vessel.
Striper. This vessel is owned by the Bureau of Pish Conservation and is
manned by a netman and boatswain employed by the Bureau of ]\Iarine
Fisheries. His time is divided about e(|ually between the two bureaus.

Tlie Sf>-ipcr is a 28-foot Frazer River tyi)e <>ill-net boat witli a power
reel for windinji' up gill nets. Tt is equipped with bunks and facilities
for cooking'. When used by Fish Conservation, most of the Striper's

KicJLKK 14. Fish and Game boat .s7;-(;jf)- jointly ii.'^ed liy tlie Bureau of ^Aiarine Fislieries
and the Bureau of Fish Con.servation for research in tlie Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.

Photoyruph h>/ Ktamrr Adams.

time is spent working on striped bass. Marine Fisheries uses most of its
share of the boat's time on salmon investigation but has done some work
on crabs. The boat has been used for tow net hauls, for the dragging of
small trawds and dredges, and for gill-netting to obtain striped bass and
salmon for tagging. The power-operated net reel makes this last opera-
tion far easier and more efficient. The use of this power reel makes it
possible for the operators to make as many as six comparatively short
gill-net drifts wdiere a crew w^ith a hand-pulled gill net would find it
possible to make no more than two long drifts. This means that the fish
spend a relatively shoi't time tangled in our nets, hence are much less
weakened by being held. A net is strung out in an appropriate place and
allowed to drift for wdiatever length of time seems most desirable, usually
about an hour, and then is picked up. To pick up the net, one operator
steps on a treadle in the rear of the boat. This starts the big reel turning
slowl.y and brings in the net until a fish is reached. One man can fish
with this type of boat ; two men can both fish and tag if the fish are not
very abundant. In the event of a heavy run of either salmon or striped
bass, three men are desirable.

FOKTY-FIKST BIENNIAL REPORT ()'■)

UNDERSEA OIL EXPLORATION

Tlie major oil companies continued their exploration for undersea
oil deposits until mid-July, 1949. By that time all of the areas in whicli
the companies were interested liad been explored by seismic methods and
tlie connnission denied applications for more work south of Point Con-
ception prior to 1952.

The commission required that all exploratory work carried on be a
joint project of all companies concerned. This prevented re-exploration
l)y each individual company and did much to reduce the kill of fish.
The Bureau of Marine Fisheries maintained an observer with eacli
seismic crew during' all operations. The cost of the observers was borne
by the oil comjianies.

PUBLICATIONS BY STAFF MEMBERS OF THE
BUREAU OF MARINE FISHERIES

fliroular No. 23. Statistical Report of Fresh and Canned l''islier,\ I'mducts, Year T.MS.
Cii'cular No. 24. Statistical Hejiort ul' Fresh and Canned I'^isiieiy I'rddnets, Year 1!)4!).
Fish Bulletin No. (iS. ConinKin .M.-iiine Fishes of California. 15.V I'hil M. Koedel. 1<.»4S;

ino p.

Fish Bulletin No. (•;». A,i;e and Lenf^tii Composition of the Sardine Catch Off the
Pacific Coast of the Fuited States and Canada, 1941-42 throiiuh 1940-47. By Frances
E. Felin * and Julius B. Phillips. 1!>4S ; 122 p.

Fish Bulletin No. 70. A Preliminary I'opulation Study of the i'ellowfin Tuna and the
Albacore. By H. C. (iodsil. 1948 ; 90 p.

Fish I'.ulletin No. 71. Growth of the Sardine, Sardiiioiin raenilca, 1941-42 tliroui;h
194t)-47. By Julius B. Phillips. 194S ; IVA p.

Fish Bulletin No. 72. Trawling Gear in California. I'.y W. L. Scotield. 194s ; (id i,.

Fish Bulletin No. 7'!. Tasgins' Experiments on the Pacific Mackerel, Pmuhiiilophorus
diego. By Donald H. Fry. Jr.. and Phil M. Roedel. 1949 ; C.l p.

Fisli liulletin No. 74. The Conunercial Fish Catch of Calif(nnia for the Yeai' 1947
With an Historical Review, 191t)-1947. By the Staff of the Bureau of Marine
Fisheries. 1949 ; 2G7 p.

Fish Bidletiu No. 75. California Sharks and Rays. I'.y Phil M. Roedel and \\m. Elli.s
Ripley. 1950; 88 p.

Fish Bulletin No. 76. A\erage Lunar Month Catch \\\ California Sai-dine Fishermen,
1932-33 through 1948-49. By Frances N. Clark and Anita E. Daugherty. 1950; 28 p.

Bonnot. I'aul

1948. The Ahalones of California. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. .•^4, no. 4, p. 141-109.

P>onnot, Paul, and Wm. Ellis Ripley

1948. The California Sea Lion Census for 1947. Calif. Fish an<l Game. vol. 34, no. 3,
p. 89-92.

Clark, Frances N.

1948. Problems Connected With the Management of the Sardine Fishery. Thir-
teenth North Amer. Wild, Conference, Transactions, p. 339-347.

Felin. Frances E.,* Julius B. Phillips and Anita E. Daugheity

1949. Age and Length Composition of the Sardine Catch Off the Pacific Coast of
the T^nited States and Canada in 194S-49. Calif. Fish and (Jame, vol. .",5, no. 3,
p. 1()5-1S3.

* With U. S. Fish and WMldlife Service.

64 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Fitch, John E.

194S. Some New ;uul I'luisual Fishes From Southei'ii Califoniiu. Calif. Fish and
Game. vol. :U, no. 'A. p. i:«-13."..

Use of DUKW's in the Fishery For liaskinj; Sharlvs, Cetorhinus maximus.
Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 34, no. 4, p. 219-220.

1949. Some Unusual Occurrences of Fish on the Pacific Coast. Calif. Fish and
Game, vol. 35, no. 1. p. 41-49.

The Great White Shark, Carcharotlon ctirrltdiias (Linnaeus) in California
Waters During 1948. Calif. Fish and Game. vol. :',.'., no. 2. p. 135-138.
Observations and Notes on Some California Marine Fishes. Calif. Fish and
Game, v<d. 35, no. 3, p. 155-158.

1950. Life History Notes and the Early Development of the Bonefish, Albiila vulpes
(Linnaeus). Calif. Fish and Game, vol. .'!(), no. 1, p. 3-6.

Notes on Some Pacific Fishes. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 36, no. 2, p. 65-73.

Fitch, John E., and A. O. Flechsig

1949. A Brief Account of the Monterey Spanish Mackerel {t<eomheromorus con-
color). Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 275-280.

Fitch, John E., and Robert C. Wilson

1949. Observations on the Northern lOlephant Seal, Miroiuiga aiigustirostris.
Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 192-194.

Godsil, H. C.

1949. A Progress Report on the Tuna Investigations. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 35,
no. 1, p. 5-9.

Hagerman, Fred B.

1949. Large Dover Sole Taken Off Eureka. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 35, no. 3,
p. 202.

Tagged Flatfish Recovered at Eureka. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 35, no. 4,
p. 328.

1950. The Extension of the Range of the Deep Sea Flounder, Embassichthi/s hathy-
hiiis (Gilbert). Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 36, no. 2, p. 165-166.

Holmberg, Edwin K.

1948. Deep Dragging by Eureka Otter Trawlers. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 34,
no. 4, p. 218-219.

McCuUy, Howard

1949." New Type of Field Key Applied to the Flatfishes of California. Calif. Fish
and Game, vol. 35, no. 1, p. 11-13.

Mosher, Kenneth H.,* Frances E. Felin * and Julius B. Phillips

1949. Age and Length Composition of the Sardine Catch Off the Pacific Coast of
the United States and Canada in 1947-48. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 35,
no. 1, p. 15-40.

Ripley, Wm. Ellis

1949. Tagging Salmon With Blowgun Darts. Copeia, no. 2, p. 97-100. '

Roedel, Phil M.

1948. Pacific Mackerel in the Gulf of California. Copeia, no. 3, p. 224-225.

1949. Notes on the Spawning Grounds and Early Life History of the Pacific
Mackerel. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 35, no. 3, p. 147-153.

Movements of Pacific Mackerel as Demonstrated by Tag Recoveries. Calif.
Fish and Game, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 281-291.

Scofield, W. L.

1948. Do Lobsters Shrink When Cooked? Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 34, no. 4,
p. 217-218.

1950. Small Boat Stabilizers. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 36, no. 1, p. 53-54.

* With U. S. Pish and Wildlife Service.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 65

PACIFIC MARINE FISHERIES COMPACT

As mentioned in the Fortieth Biennial Report, the state legislatures
of Washiiio-ton, Orepon, and California enacted legislation authorizing
the execution of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Compact during their
1947 sessions. The governors of the three states executed the compact.
The Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission was organized at meetings in
Portland, Oregon, in November, 1947, and January, 1948. The purposes
of the compact are to promote the better utilization of fish which are of
mutual concern, and to develop a joint program of protection and pre-
vention of waste of such fisheries in all those areas of the Pacific Ocean
over which the states have jurisdiction. The fishery biologists of the
three states serve as the investigative body of the Marine Fisheries Com-
mission. Since its organization, the commission has had meetings in all
three states which have been attended by the fishing industry, by official
representatives of the three states, by the IT. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
and by unofficial representatives from Canada and Alaska. Since its
organization, the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission has :

1. Published a 64-page bulletin on history and development of the
commission and coordinated jilans for the management of the
fisheries of the Pacific Coast.

2. Organized an interstate investigation of the ocean salmon fish-
eries of the Pacific Coast, including a tagging program of troll-
caught salmon in the ocean and a marking program of salmon
fry in the streams of the three states.

3. Recommended workable sets of laws on troll-caught salmon for
the three states. These laws were passed as recommended by all
three states.

4. Recommended legislation for the protection of the soupfin shark.
The recommended legislation was approved by Oregon and Wash-
ington but did not pass the California Legislature. Subsecjuent
development of artificial vitamin A and tlie importation of less
expensive foreign liver oils have combined to eliminate the need
for soupfin livers, killed the soupfin industry, and eliminated
the need for any further conservation measures.

5. Inaugurated a sablefish investigation by the three states and with
unofficial participation by Canadian and Alaskan investigators.

6. Helped coordinate the bottom fish studies of the three states.

7. Made numerous minor recommendations to the investigative
staffs of the three states.

A great deal of benefit has resulted from these interstate meetings,
from the development of mutual understanding and interchange of ideas
between the biologists and the industry and among the biologists from
the different states.

MARINE RESEARCH COMMITTEE

In 1947 the California Legislature created a Marine Research Com-
mittee to administer funds collected through a special tax of 50 cents per
ton on all sardines landed in California. This committee comprises the

3 — 49247

66 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

President of the Fish and Game Commission, the Executive Officer of the
Fish and Game Commission, the Chief of the Bureau of Marine Fisheries,
five members representing the fish processors and one representing the
public at large.

The committee was organized during the biennium and functioned
smoothly throughout. It helped to coordinate the sardine investigations
being carried out by four agencies, California Academy of Sciences,
California Division of Fish and Game, Scripps Institution of Oceanog-
raphy and V. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Funds administered by the committee were expended to further the
work of these agencies and used where most needed to supplement regular
budgets. In the second fiscal year $97,500 was budgeted and the major
part of this fund was expended on the various sardine research projects,
with a small balance being carried over to the next year.

In addition to furthering the sardine studies both by furnishing
financial aid and by helping to encourage and coordinate the work of the
investigating agencies, the committee held a general meeting in San
Francisco on April 18, 1950. At this time the biologists explained to the
industry at large the type of work being done and the findings to date.

REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF LICENSES

As the work of this bureau consists chiefly of supervising the print-
ing of all licenses, their distribution to approximately 3,200 agencies
throughout the State, controlling the remittances and closing out the
license accounts at the end of each season, and other work in connection
with license distribution, there have been very few changes during the
past biennium. The work is chiefly of a routine nature.

There have been a few changes in the law so that we could better
control license agents in their handling of license funds, etc., and also
a few changes in license fees. The nonresident hunting license fee has
been changed from a $10 reciprocal basis to a straight $25 fee. The
duplicate license, which previously sold for 50 cents, has been eliminated
and the law now provides that all licenses or tags provided by the Fish
and Game Code issued as duplicates require the payment of the original
fee. The nonresident angling license fee has been changed from a $5
reciprocal basis to a $10 fee. A new nonresident angling license has
been established which permits the applicant to fish for a period of 10
days from the day of issue for a fee of $8. This law has become quite
popular with nonresident anglers, although the bulk of our nonresident
fishing licenses are sold to the residents of Nevada, our neighboring
state, and most of these persons purchase a full season license. A non-
resident and alien deer tag was also established by law, the fee for which
is $10. The fish packers and shellfish dealers law was amended, and now
provides that only persons or firms dealing in fish on a wholesale basis
are required to purchase a fishpacker's license. The old law provided that
every person or firm who dealt in fresh fish was required to purchase
a license. This law created a hardship on many of the fresh fish dealers
and butcher shops who handled fresh fish only one or two days a week
and they did not sell enough fish to warrant their taking out a license.

The principal reason for changing the nonresident fishing and hunt-
ing licenses from a reciprocal to a flat fee basis was that, although we
had properly advised all of the agents as to the correct fee to be collected
from applicants from the various states, they inadvertently were neglect-
ing to collect these proper fees and invariably would charge the applicant
the minimum fee, necessitating that our offices penalize the agents and
require them to pay the difference between the amount that was collected
and the amount provided by law. This created considerable difficulty
on the part of the agent and it became very unpopular ; therefore it was
believed that a flat fee would be more satisfactory. The nonresident fee
now charged by California for both hunting and fishing licenses is no
greater than that charged nonresidents by the states of Oregon, Wash-
ington, and Nevada. Ninety-six percent of the nonresident hunting
licenses were sold to residents of Nevada and Oregon. Sixty-five percent
of the nonresident angling licenses were sold to residents of Nevada
alone. The three bordering states — Arizona, Nevada, and Oregon —
accounted for approximately 78 percent of all nonresident hunting and
angling licenses.

(67)

68 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

During the bienniiim tlie Fish and Game Commission rescinded the
order requiring the wearing of licenses on the outside of the clothing
above the waistline when hunthig and fishing. No money had been pro-
vided for the purchase of license holders so that the sportsmen could
wear the license on the outside of their clothing. Many complaints were
received from the license agents because we did not furnish the holders,
and it had been recommended to the commission that this order be
rescinded. However, many of the license agents are now purchasing the
holders from the manufacturer and these agents are either selling them
to the license buyers for a very small fee or are giving them away free
of charge.

At the 1948 Session of the Statp Legislature a new law was passed
providing that every person who hunted pheasants must have in addi-
tion to the regular hunting license a pheasant tag, the fee for which
was $1. Due to the short time elapsing between the time that the Gov-
ernor signed the bill and the opening of the pheasant season it was not
possible to obtain a completely satisfactory pheasant tag, although the
one procured was fairly satisfactory. The sale of the pheasant tags in
1948 was not as great as had been expected, the total sales amounting
to 171,352.

During the 1948 hunting season for waterfowl the waterfowl man-
agement area regulations went into effect. This act permitted the hunters
to shoot on waterfowl management areas provided by the Fish and
Game Commission. There were three types of areas established : the
developed area where hunters were charged $5 per shoot; partly devel-
oped areas, where the fee was $1 ; and undeveloped areas where no
blinds were furnished and hunters were permitted to hunt free of charge.
Boys under 16 years of age, when accompanied by a permittee on a
developed area could hunt for $2.50. The number of permits issued is
shown at the end of this report.

During the biennium we experienced very little difficulty with our
license agents in requiring full settlement on all license sales, and in
closing out accounts. The amended law, providing that all agents must
remit on all books completely sold not later than the tenth of the follow-
ing month, greatly assisted our offices in controlling these agents.
Although we do have laws governing the manner in which agents must
account for their license money, the fact that we have 3,200 agents
scattered throughout the State and that our personnel is cpiite small
makes it difficult to supervise all of them properly.

The premium on our deer meat permit bonds was reduced to $1
for each $500 sold, and we have in excess of 500 locker plants and cold
storage plants holding deer meat after the legal time that deer meat may
be possessed by the hunter.

ANTELOPE DRAWING

In 1949, the commission provided that there should be a special
hunt for antelope in the northeastern part of the State and that 500
permits should be issued. The law providing for these special antelope
hunts had previously been amended to provide that no person could
apply for a permit who had received a permit in any one of the 10 years
previous. This made it necessary that every application received in 1949
be carefully screened — with 2,000 cards for persons to whom permits had

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 69

been issued in previous years. The drawing was held at Sacramento on
July 27th. There were 7,548 applications received. Of the first 500 per-
sons who were eligible to apply for a pernut, 418 applied for and were
issued permits, and 82 permits were issued to alternates — the last alter-
nate to be issued a permit had a drawing number of 632. The number
of applicants for the years in which there have been hunts were :

1942 2,811

1943 3,653

1944 3,910

1945 4,675

1949 7,548

CATALINA DEER DRAWING

A special deer hunt was provided for Santa Catalina Island, at the
request of the owners who claimed that there were too many deer there.
The last day to file an application was September 28, 1949. The drawing
was held at Los Angeles on October 5th. There were 7,919 applications
received. Permits were issued on a weekly basis ; 150 ])ermits were issued
for each weekly hunt for a ])eriod of 13 weeks. There were 100 alternates
drawn for each weekly group in order to complete the issuance of the
full 150 permits for each week's quota. In all there were 1,950 jiermits
issued.

ELK DRAWING

There was also a special drawing for an elk hunt in Inyo and Mono
Counties in 1949. There were 15,258 applications received. The last day
to file was October 26th, and the drawing was held at Los Angeles on
November 2, 1949. There were 125 permits issued, 75 for bull elk and 50
for cow elk.

The following tabulation shows the value of the various types of
licenses sold in recent years.

HUNTING

Value Numher

$626.6.S4.00 318.910

780.10()..50 39.S.282

'.Mri.mc.OO 487,.307

l.()U>.G(l()..")U 507,068

1,482,442.00 .504,021

1,440.172.00 496,975

ANGLING

Year Value Number Year Value Number

1938 $705,611.00 348,227 1944 $883,841.00 436,940

1939 746,061.00 366.4.52 1945 1,120,661.50 557,536

1940 791,472.00 390,-342 1946 1,-553,706.00 768,816

1941 933,586.00 460,715 1947 1,793,368.-50 884,772

1942 876,003.00 4-33,4-31 1948 2,931,724.00 960,146

1943 - 899,782.00 447,352 1949 3,023,579.00 991,903

Year

Value

Number

Year

1938-.39

$487,763.-50

252,117

1944-45

1939-40

528,952.00

270,095

1945-46

1940-41

-565,395.00

291.507

1946-47

1941-42

643,700.00

331,878

1947-48

1942-43

522,985.00

268,128

1948-49

1943-44

557,254.00

284,370

1949-50

1944:::::::: i7s:25o.oo :::: i"*' 318.748.(k.

70 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

DEER TAGS

Year Value Numier Year Value Numier

1938 $141,598.00 1945 $214,662.00

1989 1.52.924.00 1946 282.0<;().()0

1940 163.2S5.00 1947 299,610.00

1941 173.699.00 1948 300..384.00

1942 116.121.00 ( Citizen.

1943 147.795.00 ,„„, o-,o^<onA .) 308.8.38

Xun-Res.

991

MARKET

Year Value Number Year Value Nuiiiher

1948-49 $142..520.00 14,252 1949-50 $149,670.00 14.670

PHEASANT TAGS
Year Value NuiiiDer

1949 $171,352.00 171,352

TRAPPING

Year ]'alitc Number

1948-49 $1,272.00 Citizen 1,2.58

Alien 7

1,265

1949-50 1.176.00 Citizen 1,162

Alien 7

1,169
ARCHERY HUNTING
Year Value Nuniher

1948-49 $1.981.00 Citizen. 6.52. Alien. .5— Total 657

1949-50 2.6<.)0.00 (Mtizen. ,S75. Alien, 1.5— Total 890

ARCHERY DEER TAGS

Year \'iilue Nuinher

1948-49 $665.00 665

1949-50 882.00 882

DEER MEAT LOCKER PERMITS

Year Value Nuwier

Cold storage

1948 $17,875.50 35,751

1949 10,311.50 20,623

Wardens

1948 $1,241.00 1,241

1949 1,196.00 1.196

FISH DEALERS AND FISH PACKERS
Year Value Numher

1948-49 $16,265.00 Citizen 3.141

Alien 28

3,169

1949-50 2,515.00 Citizen 499

Alien 1

500

FORTY-PIRST BIENNIAL KKPORT 71

GAME MANAGEMENT AREAS

Yenr Vnlue Nuinher

11)48 .$470.00 47

1949 420.00 42

COMMERCIAL HUNTING CLUB

Year \'<iliie Nionher

104S-49 .$700.00 28

1949-50 7r.0.00 SO

COMMERCIAL HUNTING CLUB OPERATOR

Year Wiliic Niimher

1948-49 .$2S0.()0 46

1949-50 215.00 43

WATERFOWL MANAGEMENT AREA PERMITS

Year Value Nuinher

1948-49 ,$2,.510.00 developed 502

64:;. 00 inutly developed 643

45.00 junior 18

Total .$3,198.00 , 1,163

1949.50 .$3,460.00 developed 692

49:!.00 partly developed 493

7-5.00 junior 30

Total .$4,028.00 1,215

REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF FISH
CONSERVATION

The number of California anglers continues to grow but at a decreas-
ing rate. In 1940 the number of licenses sold was 388,742 as compared
with 060,146 in 1948 and 991,914 in 1949. It is obvious that the big surge
is over for the time being but the increase is still substantial. If continued
for another 10 years at the present rate the total number added will be
approximately 300,000, more than the total number licensed in 1930.

In 1948 the increase in the price of an angling license from $2 to $3
brought an immediate increase of 50 percent in revenue. This change has
only partially been reflected in the money made available for the work of
the Bureau of Fish Conservation. In 1940 and 1948 the bureau received
for expenditure about $1 for each license sold and in 1949-1950 the
budget provided about $1.43 for the bureau's use in serving each angler.
A similar ratio is expected for the next fiscal year. So far the Wildlife
Conservation Board has in addition provided $3,800,540 for capital im-
provement, which is being expended over a period of years. It is obvious
that the service that can be rendered to each angler for $1.50 is very
limited. As will be seen from the report that follows, the work of the
Bureau involves a wide range of activities.

From the angling catch estimates based on carefully handled and
tested postal card surveys it appears that in 1949 there have been very
few statistically significant changes in the total number of fresh-water
and anaclromous fish taken as compared with 1948. The numbers of
various categories in 1949 are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7.

1949

CATCHES

LEADING SPORT

FISH

Total

Mean catch
per angler

Trout .. . _ -- -.-

16,700,000
1,750,000
1,160,000
2,430,000
4,020,000
3,930,000
298,000

38.7

Striped bass _ - _ - _

10.6

Black bass --

10.0

23.1

Sunfish

Catfish .- - -

35.3

24.4

Salmon

4.4

As derived from the Opinion Kesearch Center Survey of 1949 the
interest in different types of fishing is as follows on a percentage basis :

Trout and salmon 50.7 percent

Striped bass 13.0 percent

Warm-water species 16.4 percent

Marine 15.3 percent

No preference 4.6 percent

An interesting by-product of the angling catch estimates is the
probable number of license buyers resident in each county. Trinity

(72)

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 73

County is high with 32 percent of the residents having licenses, based
on the 1950 census.

In the 20 to 25 percent group are other mountain counties such as
Siskiyou, Del Norte, Humboldt, Inyo, Plumas, Modoc, and Lassen. Most
other rural counties fall in the 10 to 15 percent group. The lowest per-
centages of license buyers are found in the metropolitan counties of San
Francisco and Los Angeles, with only 6 to 7 percent buying licenses.
All in all, about 10 percent of Californians now buy licenses and this
compares favorably with other populous states where fishing is a favorite
recreation.

The annual production of trout has changed very little in numbers
in the last few years. In 1949, 18,791,000 trout weighing 488,000 pounds
were planted, which is about the total weight that can be achieved with
present facilities. Of these trout 2,424,000 were of catchable size running
from 4 to 10 to the pound. As was pointed out in a recent publication,
although 83 percent of these larger fish are planted in the southern part
of the State, the catch and the number of trout anglers is about ecjually
tlivided between the two sections of the State and the total number of
trout taken, both wild and planted, is about equal north and south. The
ueAV ponds and hatcheries now being constructed will greatly increase
the number of catchable trout and the areas in which they can be dis-
tributed.

The number of fish rescued was considerably less than in years gone
by. There are no longer great numbers of catfish and sunfish in receding
waters in the Central Valleys. In part because of dry years and in part
because of water control at Shasta and P^riant dams there are few^er
seasonal waters and fewer resulting fish to be rescued. It is very doubtful
whether the rescue of these prolific species for planting in waters already
carrying their capacity load was a paying proposition anyway. In South-
ern California the greatest amount of rescue salvage and transfer of
warm- water fish is required in order to supply stock for ponds and new
and transitory lakes.

REPORT OF HATCHERY OPERATIONS

With hatcheries and residential buildings suffering considerable
depreciation during the previous biennium, it became apparent that a
large amount of repair and new construction must be done in order to
keep existing facilities in operation and to add new hatchery facilities
necessary to cope with the ever-increasing number of anglers in Cali-
fornia. It was hoped that with the enactment of the Wildlife Conserva-
tion Act in 1947 and the subsequent allocation by that board of $2,187,200
for fish hatchery projects that a sound planned hatchery expansion and
rehabilitation program could be undertaken. This was only partly the
case, mainly because the Division of Fish and Game does not have its
own engineering staff and must rely upon the Department of Public
Works, Division of Architecture, for its engineering services. When re-
quest was first made to the Division of Architecture for engineering
assistance it was found that the division was completely occupied with
work for other state agencies having a higher priority. It was not until
the middle of 1950 that the Division of Architecture could undertake our
first fish hatchery projects.

74 f'lSH AND GAME COMMISSION

Fish hatcheries operated during the period covered by this report
are as follows :

El Dorado County

Mt. Tallac Hatchery near Camp Richardson (seasonal). 52 troughs, 16 tanks
4' X 1(3' X 30".

Fresno County

Huntington Lalie Hatchery near Lakeshore (seasonal). 6 tanks, 16' long; three
are standard width of 4' and three are less than 4' in width.

Kings River Hatchery, 56 miles east of Fresno. 100 troughs, no tanks or ponds.

Humboldt County

Prairie Creek Hatchery near Orick. 80 troughs, five redwood tanks, 4' x 16' x 30",
located outside of hatchery building.

Inyo County

Mt. AVhitney Hatchery and Black Rock rearing ponds near Independence.
120 troughs, two circular ponds, and three rectangular ponds at hatchery, used largely
for spring spawning rainbow brood stock. Two large rearing ponds and one brood
stock pond are maintained at Black Rock Springs.

Kern County

Kern Hatchery near Kernville. 20 troughs, six round redwood tanks 14' in
diameter, 30" deep. Eight concrete ponds, 80' x 12' x 36", 13 earth raceways.

Lassen County

Lake Almanor Hatchery near Westwood. 96 troughs, eight redwood tanks,
4' X 16' X 30". located in hatcheiy building, and three cement ponds approximately
8'x 30' X 30".

Los Angeles County

Whittier Hatchery. Six ponds, 100' x 12'.

Madera County

Madera Hatchery near Bass Lake. Six troughs, 10 tanks, 16' x 4' x 30".

Mariposa County

Yosemite Hatchery in Yosemite National Park. 52 troughs, six circular ponds.

Mono County

Hot Creek Hatchery near Bishop. 64 troughs, 35 rearing ponds, two brood stock
ponds.

Napa County

East Side rearing reservoir in Napa. Placed in operation October, 1948.

Placer County

Tahoe Hatchery near Tahoe City. 64 troughs, no ponds or tanks.

Plumas County

Feather River Hatchery near Clio. 60 troughs, four circular ponds, 20' in
diameter, concrete construction.

Sacramento County

Central Valleys Hatchery near Elk Grove. 21 bass ponds, 19 daphnia tanks.
Devoted to the rearing of warm-water fish during the spring and summer months, and
trout during the fall and winter.

San Bernardino County

Mojave River Hatchery near A^ictorville. 20 ponds. First four ponds placed in
operation June, 1947. Construction of 16 additional ponds started May, 1950.

Santa Cruz County

Brookdale Hatchery near Brookdale. 40 troughs, six circular concrete ponds
16' in diameter with an average depth of about 16". One rectangular pond, concrete
construction, approximately 35' long, 12' wide, average depth about 16".

Shasta County

Burney Creek Hatchery near Burney. 100 troughs, no ponds.

Crystal Lake Hatchery. 24 ponds constructed and put in operation October, 1947.

Darrah Springs Hatchery near Paynes Creek. Five ponds. First operated July,
1949.

Sierra County

Yuba River Hatchery near Camptonville. .30 troughs. There are no ponds or
tanks at this hatchery.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 75

Siskiyou County

Fall Creek Hatchery near Copco. IIG troughs, nine ponds. Last operated 1948.
Officially closed Deceml)er. 1949.

Mt. Shasta Hatchery near Mt. Shasta City. 248 troughs. Construction of 16
raceway type ponds started in May, 1950. Plans have been made for adding a new
feed room and hatchery building having 120 troughs.

Tulare County

Mooreliouse Spring Hatchery near Springville. Six redwood tanks 14' in
diameter, 30" deep. 18 natural earth-fill ponds. Put in operation June, 1947.

Kaweah Hatchery near Three Rivers. 60 troughs, no tanks or ponds.

Sequoia Hatchery near Visalia. 10 14' round redwood tanks, 30" deep. One rec-
tangular pond api)roximately 8' x 200'.

Tuolumne County

Basin Creek Hatchery near Tuolumne. 80 troughs, nine tanks 16' long, 4' wide,
30" in depth.

Ventura County

Fillmore Hatchery near Fillmore. Eight troughs, six circular tanks, 30 rearing
ponds.

HATCHERY ADDITIONS AND BETTERMENTS

Darrah Springs Hatchery, Shasta County. Experimental opera-
tions started July, 1949. Operations have been very satisfactory and five
earth-fill ponds constructed. Plans have been made to purchase the
hatchery site presently under lease and it is expected this location will
eventually be developed into one of the largest hatcheries in the State.
A constant water supply of approximately 30 c.f.s. at temperatures
ranging from 56 degrees to 60 degrees makes this site especially adapt-
able to the production of eggs and the rearing of catchable-size trout.

Moorehouse Sjmng Hatchery, Tulare County. Experimental oper-
ations started 1947. A spring-fed water supply of approximately 60
degrees, while limited in volume, makes this station adaptable to the
rearing of trout. During the biennium two dw^elling houses, a four-stall
garage and a refrigerated food preparation room were built and other
minor improvements were made.

Mojave River Hatchery, San Bernardino County. Experimental
operations, consisting of four rearing ponds, were started at this location
in June, 1947. The number of ponds was increased to 20. This work
was started by the contractor in May, 1950, and nearly completed at the
end of the biennium. Two new electrically operated pumps with auxiliary
gasoline engines were installed.

Mt. Shasta Hatchery, Shasta County. Rehabilitation of this hatch-
ery, which has been in constant operation since 1888, was undertaken
during the latter part of the period covered by this report. This con-
sisted of removing nearly the entire outmoded pond system and installing
16 earth-fill raceway type ponds. A contract covering this pond construc-
tion in the amount of $68,402 was let on July 18, 1950. Additional plans
for installing a new feed room and a hatchery building with 120 troughs
have been completed. Funds for this project were provided by the Wild-
life Conservation Board.

Mt. Whitney Hatchery, Inyo County. Additions to this hatchery
consisted of a new feed room W'ith 60,000-pound capacity refrigerator,
three new dwelling units and extensive repairs to ponds and water supply
system.

76 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Black Bock Bearing Ponds, Inyo County. A long term lease on this
rearing pond site was obtained from the City of Los Angeles on May 20,
1949. Improvements consisted of two four-room dwelling houses with
pressure system water supply and electric distribution system. Addi-
tional improvements, consisting mainly of a by-pass ditch w^hich will
facilitate operations, will be undertaken early during the coming bien-
nium.

Kern Hatchery, Kern County. Expansion and improvement of the
Kern Hatchery was carried on throughout nearly the entire two-year
period. The work was accomplished with Wildlife Conservation Board
funds under the direction of hatchery personnel. It consisted mainly of
building two new dwelling units, an extension to the hatchery building,
and a new feed room with refrigeration facilities, and improving the
water distribution system.

Fillmore Hatchery, Ventura County. The water supply at this
hatchery failed entirely when the Santa Clara River went dry in Sep-
tember, 1948. In order to continue operations, it was necessary to drill
two wells — one in January, 1948, and the other in June, 1949. Other
improvements included four new houses, a garage and new hatchery
building.

Hot Creek Hatchery, Mono County. This hatchery is not served by
a public utility, and electricity for lighting and food preparation was
until recently provided by several small butane-operated Kohler light-
ing plants. These units w^ere discontinued in 1949 when a 30 k.v.a. Diesel
generator w^as installed. The hatchery building, containing 30 troughs
and formerly located in Alpine County, was moved to this location to
provide additional incubating and rearing facilities.

Yosemite Hatchery, Mariposa County. Improvements at the
Yosemite Hatchery consisted of removing the old deteriorated wood floor
and replacing it with one of reinforced concrete. A new feed room and
six circular ponds were constructed, a new roof was placed on the
hatchery building, and improvements were made in the bachelor quarters.

EXPERIMENTAL HATCHERIES

In order to test the suitability of the water for fish rearing purposes
before a permanent installation is made at proposed hatchery sites, the
following experimental hatcheries were operated :

Moccasin Creek, Tuolumne County. Experiment started December,

1949. Indications are the w^ater supply is satisfactory and a lease for use
of the property is being negotiated with the City of San Francisco, De-
partment of Water and Power. Preliminary plans for a complete hatch-
ery unit are being prepared by the Division of Architecture.

Willow Creek, Lassen County. Fish rearing experiment at this sta-
tion got under w^ay in June, 1949, and the experiment was discontinued
in December, 1949. The high alkalinity of the water at this location,
where temperatures were favorable, made fish rearing activities impos-
sible. The site has been permanently abandoned.

Cedar Creek, Mendocino County. Experiment started July, 1949,
but interrupted when heavy storms damaged the installation in January,

1950. Sufficient experimenting was done before interruption, however,
to indicate that the water supply is suitable.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

Tide Biver, Tulare County. Experiment started June, 1950, and
being continued at the close of the biennium. Indications are this water
supply is probably unsuitable for fish rearing purposes.

HATCHERIES CLOSED

Alpine Hatchery near Markleeville, Alpine County. Last operated
1941. Hatchery abandoned and buildings dismantled and moved to Hot
Creek, September, 1949.

Fall Creek Hatchery near Copro, Siskiyou County. One hundred
sixteen troughs, nine ponds. Last operated 1948. Officially closed De-
cember, 1949. Buildings are in poor condition but station is being kept
intact pending further studies of the salmon and steelhead situation in
the Klamath River.

Burney Creek Hatchery near Burney, Shasta County. One hun-
dred troughs, no ponds. Last operated September, 1949. Poor condition of
hatchery building does not permit further use. Living quarters remain
occupied by personnel assigned to Crystal Ijake Hatchery.

FISH PLANTING

Increased hatchery production and the rearing of larger fish has
created problems in fish distribution which were satisfactorily met by
developing fish planting equipment, consisting of specially constructed

Figure 15. Planting trout by airplane has been found to be a safe and satisfactory

method of stocking lakes in remote areas. It is more economical and takes much less

time than planting by means of pack stock. Photograph by Kramer Adams.

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

tanks of standard mannfaetnre and employing- an improved type aerating
sj^stem, utilizing the Venturi type aspirator. Long range transportation
of catchable fish with these new units is now possible. The stocking of
remotely located lakes in the high mountainous areas of California has
for many years presented a difficult task, since this was always done by
man and pack animal. Early in 1947 the Bureau experimented with
planting fish by airplane. Experiments were continued during 1948.

Figure 16. Loading trout for stocking'. The pickup truck is equipped with a recently
developed 150-gallon aerated planting tank. Photograph by Kramer Adams.

The use of a C-45 Beechcraft plane in aerial trout planting was
started in 1949 and greatly expanded in 1950. The plane is e(|uipped with
a tank with a trip valve seated in the aerial camera port. Fish are trans-
ported in 12 light aluminum cans and the plants for each lake, of which
three to five may be covered in a single trip, are loaded into the larger
tank successively. The crew consists of two pilots and a planter in the
cabin.

All checks so far made both from the air and on the ground indicate
almost complete success. Two barren lakes planted in 1949 were checked
in 1950 and very good survival was apparent. In 1950 a total of 426
lakes from Siskiyou to Inyo Countj^ was planted with 1,633,275 trout.
The cost for the use of the plane was $2,477.50 — less than was sometimes
paid to one packer in previous years.

Tables showing the total numbers of fish reared and planted in each
county and obtained through rescue work will be found in Appendix D.

It has been found necessary to change the period of accounting for
hatchery production from the calendar year to the fiscal year in order

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 79

to make satisfactory cost analyses. Figures on costs of operation are only
available to the bureau on a fiscal year basis. Although this causes a break
in the middle of the peak of the ])lanting- season it was deemed advisable
to make the change by taking an inventory of fish on hand as of July 1st
in order to relate the production to cost of operation. Two of the tables
given therefore cover the calendar years 1948 and 1949 and a third covers
the period January 1 to June 30, 1950.

REPORT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE
BIOLOGICAL STAFF

The preceding biennium, that of 1946-48, had witnessed the organi-
zation of the biological and pollution control work of the Bureau of Fish
Conservation into essentially its present form. During that period the
division of the State into eight administrative districts had been com-
pleted, with a biologist in charge of all fresh-water fisheries investiga-
tions and an assistant hatchery supervisor in charge of all hatchery
activities in each district. Man,y major and minor projects which had
been put aside because of the severe limitations on both manpower and
materials imposed by World AVar II were initiated or reactivated.

With tlie basic organization completed, the activities of the biological
and pollution control staff were accelerated all along the line during the
1948-50 Biennium to meet the tremendous problems arising in the post-
war period and at the same time to take advantage of the large sums of
money made available for capital expenditures through the California
Wildlife Conservation Act. These problems arise from two main sources :
(1) Fishing pressures on angling waters resulting from a phenomenal rise
in the numbers of anglers, and (2) removal of fishing waters for power,
irrigation, domestic, and flood control purposes.

In the postwar period the biological staff has faced a series of new
kinds of problems which had to be met with new techniques and methods
and in large part by personnel with little actual field experience. It is
inevitable that under these circumstances considerable time was first
devoted to an acquaintance with conditions by new personnel and to
basic fact-finding. Of course, new problems continue to arise and addi-
tional fact-finding will be necessary to meet these new problems and
also to understand better the old ones, but already it has been possible
to make major recommendations regarding both immediate and long-
range problems and to start carrying out these recommendations.

As the members of the biological staff have become acquainted wdth
the problems in their respective districts they have been assigned an
increasing share of administrative responsibility, so that in most areas
they are now in charge of not only investigative work but also such
phases of applied fisheries management as fish rescue, stream and lake
improvement, and screening of water diversions.

Obviously, it would be physically impossible for the two to three
permanent members of the biological staff in each district to carry out
by themselves the necessary field surveys of streams and lakes and other
fact-finding phases of the work, to study and analyze and report on their
own field investigations and those of other agencies (e.g., the voluminous
data presented for comment and recommendations by federal agencies

80 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

engaged in large-scale dam constrnction), to answer the numerous in-
quiries which are addressed to them, to plan and carry out applied
fisheries management, and to carry out various purely administrative
duties.

Rather than attempting to enlarge appreciably the personnel of
the permanent biological staff to meet this work load, it lias been deemed
best to furnish other help as needed. This help has come from two sources :
(1) permanent employees from the hatchery staff, who carry out mainly
such fact-finding work as counting spawning runs of salmon and steel-
head and such ajiplied management work as fish rescue, stream and lake
improvement, and screening of diversions, and (2) temporary employees
consisting of Fish and Game Seasonal Aids and Student Biologists. Stu-
dent Biologists are used to assist the permanent staff members in con-
ducting stream and lake surveys and other routine field and laboratory
investigations and in the case of well-qualified men occasionally also to
carry out certain fact-finding projects more or less independently. Sea-
sonal aids are used as needed in various phases of both the investigative
and applied phases of fisheries management.

During the biennium the biological staff was increased from 15 full-
time employees to 28. The publications and administrative reports listed
at the end of this report indicate by their titles and by accompanying
abstracts some of the work of the staff; further description follows.

STREAM AND LAKE SURVEYS

Biological surveys of our streams and lakes may be termed an inven-
tory of the waters of California carried out to secure the information
necessary for their proper management. Such surveys are a continuing
function of the biological staff' and form tlie backbone of the long-range
program. In general, they are carried out as other duties pernut, but
during the biennium intensive surveys were made in some areas, notably
the following :

Siskii/ou Couniy. The survey of the high moniit;iiii hikes of the Miu-l)]e ^loiiii-
taiii Wilderness Area, started in 15)47, was completed during the summer of
1949. In all, 79 lakes that have possibilities of providing trout fishing were
surveyed.

Tfinity County. The survey of the hikes of the Trinity Alps Wilderness Area
was begun during the summer of 1950.

Lassen County. During part of the summer a survey was made of the many
small lakes in the Caribou Primiti\e Area and recommendations for manage-
ment submitted for 36 of them.

District 3. Surveys were made of 92 lakes and 42 streams during the biennium.

District 6. In addition to checks on previously surveyed waters, new surveys
were made of 127 lakes and 20 streams.

District 7. During the biennium 134 lakes and 20 streams in Mono and Inyo
Counties were surveyed.

District 8. Detailed surveys were made of appi-oximately 75 waters.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAIj REPORT 81

STUDIES ON SPECIAL WATERS

In addition to the foregoing snrveys to provide general information,

special studies were carried out on the following waters, not including

Wildlife Conservation Board Projects, which are discussed in a special

section of this report :

Castle Lake, Siskiyou County. The pruj;raiii at ("astlo Lake is designed to find
out what species of trout should be planted in similar lakes, and to study the
costs of planting various species and sizes in terms of yield to the angler.

Sacramento River Test Stream, Siskiyou County. The present objective of this
investigation is to determine the effectiveness of planting fingerling trout in
similar streams. Marked hatchery trout are planted and the returns checked by
creel census and electric shocking. Results to date show that a very small
percentage of planted fingerlings reach a length of six inches.
Klamath River Investigation, Siskiyou County. This program consists of a long-
range study of the factors affecting the survival of salmonids in the Klamath
River system. One year is being devoted to the study of each principal supposed
factor.

Eagle Lake, Lassen County. This study was initiated to find ways to prevent
the extinction of the Eagle Lake trout and to restore trout fishing.

Lake Almanor, Plumas County. The study of this lake was started in 1041 to
determine causes for the reported poor trout production and to measure the
yield to the angler from plants of hatchery-reared fingerling ti'out. The study
was discontinued during the war, before any results could be obtained, but was
resumed in 1946 with tiie planting of marked trout fingerlings. Catch data are
now being analyzed.

Lake Tahoe Fishery Survey, Placer and El Dorado Counties. Field studies were
conducted on Lake Tahoe during the summer seasons of 194S and 1949 by a
college graduate student employed as a Student Biologist, in partial fulfill-
ment of his requirements toward a Ph.D. degree. This work included studies
of the food and haliits of the various species of fishes present and of their
physical environment.

Echo Lakes. El Dorado County. The very low trout catch despite heavy stocking
in these lakes has been the subject of a continuing investigation by the personnel
of District 3. Early in the biennium, limnological and population studies were
conducted and in the fall of 1949 a fish trap was constructed in the outlet.
Marked rainbow trout have been planted and it is hoped that recoveries of both
marked and unmarked fish in the trai) will yield valuable information on losses
through the outlet.

Clear Lake, Lake County. A detailed study of the fishes and fishery of Clear Lake
was completed during the biennium. This work resulted in definitive reports on
the food of young black bass and on the life histories of the greaser blackfish,
Sacramento perch, hitch, and Sacramento squawfish. Of immediate interest was
an intensive study of the possible value of a closed season on warmwater fishes.
This study was done largely at Clear Lake, but drew upon data from other
waters. Tlie study concluded that there was no management value in a closed
season. The Clear Lake investigation also led to the conclusion that the game
fish population could be increased if the forage fish supply was augmented. The
golden shiner was selected for introduction and a rearing pond was constructed
and stocked with shiners from San Diego County. A detailed study of the effect
of TDE on fish life and other aquatic organisms led to recommendations that
insured a minimum loss to sport fishing when Clear Lake was treated with this
chemical in 1949 to eliminate the Clear Lake gnat.

Millerton Lake, Fresno/ Madera Counties. An intensive study of the Millerton
Lake warm-water fishery, as a typical example of the large fluctuating reservoirs
along the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, was started in 1949. Present evidence
indicates a lack of forage fish to be the main factor limiting the fishery. At the
request of sportsmen, and in an attempt to improve the deficiency of food for
bass, a subimpoundment in which to raise bluegill fingerlings was tried, but
without appreciable success.

82 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Rush Creeh Test i^irenm. Mono Count i/. Oi^oration of this project was continued
through the hiennium. Results denioiistrate a high survival (SO percent or
more) to the creel from in-season plants of catchable rainbow and a low survival
(less than 10 percent) from fall plants of rainbow fingerlings.

Fock Creek Stream Use Census, Mono and Inyo Comities. A stream-use survey
and creel check was carried out on portions of Rock Creek throughout the
fishing season of 1948. in order to obtain facts to support a protest by the
Division of Fish and Game against the diversion of Rock Creek above Tom's
Place. Information obtained indicated a total stream use of 29,548 angler days
and an average use of 2.3.4 anglers per day for each mile of stream.

Owens River Development Project, Mono and Ini/o Counties. Investigations into
the possibilities for further fishery development of the Owens River were begun
in May, 1949. and have been continued through the biennium. Findings to date
indicate that this 150-mile long stream could receive much heavier utilization.

Colorado River Program. Preliminary meetings with representatives from Ari-
zona were held during the latter part of the biennium and resulted in the
establishment of a joint fisheries study program in .lune, 1950, with one man
from each state assigned to the program.

^^alton »S'e«, Imperial County. An investigation of the commercial mullet fishery
was continued through the biennium. A program for the introduction of game
fish and the necessary forage fish to support them was outlined and eifectuated,
with three introductions of forage fish and an introduction of game fish from
Mexican waters ; the latter was made jointly with the Bureau of Marine
Fisheries.

STATE-WIDE ANGLING SURVEYS

A very intensive double survey of 1948 angling was made. It con-
sisted of the usual postal card survey and an additional personal inter-
view survey. Results showed conclusively that iionresponse to postal card
questionnaires in the routine annual postal card survey was not a source
of major error, which placed these surveys on a much firmer foundation.
A restricted postal card survey of 1949 angling was made to maintain
continuity in state-wide catch and angling trends. Results of these two
surveys have been published in California Fish and Game.

CREEL CENSUSES

Creel censuses are a common method of finding out the results being
obtained by stocking, of measuring the trends in the quality of angling
in a given water, and of obtaining' similar information useful in laying
out management policies. During the biennium, principal creel censuses
were carried out on the following waters :

Name of water County Name of ivater County

Klamath River Siskiyou County Conn Valley Reservoir Napa County

Shasta River Siskiyou County Millerton Lake

Shasta Lake Shasta County Fresno and Madera Counties

Lake Almanor Plumas County Rock Creek Inyo and Mono Counties

Truckee River Nevada County Crowley Lake Mono County

Upper Truckee River_El Dorado County Tapper Rush Creek Mono County

Donner Lake Nevada County Hume Lake Fresno County

Bowman Lake Area Nevada County Sequoia Lake Fresno County

Lake Pillsbury Lake County

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 83

TEST WATERS

Although much useful information can be obtained from creel cen-
suses of the type previously described, it is usually difficult to contact
all anglers throughout the season and so obtain information on total
yields from different lots of planted fish. 8uch information must be
obtained at "test" waters: streams and lakes where studies can be made
under controlled conditions.

The major test lake studied during the biennium was Castle Lake
in Siskiyou County. A summary of results obtained there and at other
lakes in California will be published in a forthcoming issue of California
Fish and Game.

fStudies at Rush Creek Test Stream in Mono County and Sacramento
River Test Stream in Siskiyou County, initiated in 1947 and 1948,
respectively, were continued during the biennium.

STREAM AND LAKE IMPROVEMENT

FISH SCREENS

The stream improvement headquarters at Yreka, Siskiyou County,
continued as the center of fisli screen activities conducted by the Bureau
of Fish Conservation. This has been supplemented by a small screen
maintenance shop in Weaverville, to service installations in Trinity
C'Ounty.

The Yreka shoji instaHed screens mainly in the Klamatii and Trinity
drainages, but also constructed a few screens for use in other parts of
the State.

Perhaps the outstanding achievement of the Yreka shop has been
the creation and development of a new type of fish screen known as
the "perforated plate screen." This type of screen is fully described
in an article in the October, 1950, issue of California Fish and Game.
It has now been thoroughly tested and is widely recognized as the best
type which has ever been devised for irrigation diversions. Screens of
this type are now being installed in all diversions in Bureau of Fish
Conservation District 1.

An office building for use by the fish screen foreman and the local
biologist was constructed at the Yreka headquarters during the biennium.

FISHWAYS

Existing fishways in District 1 were maintained by personnel from
the Yreka headquarters and the Weaverville shop, and plans were drawn
for three new fishways which will be constructed in the near future.
Tests were made of fishway models of a new type, which may be useful
at certain obstructions. Repairs and minor alterations were also made
to a few fishways by other personnel of the Bureau.

BARRIER REMOVAL

The removal of abandoned dams to permit salmon and steelhead to
reach important spawning areas has progressed very satisfactorily in
tributaries of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers, with five dams removed
during the biennium. In addition, two log jam barriers were removed
from these tributaries.

84 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

The stream clearance prog'ram of the Bureau of Fish Conservation,
wliich in the main previously had been confined to District 1, was ex-
panded considerably during the biennium. A general stream clearance
program was started in the northern part of District 5 during the sum-
mer of 1950 and the crew doing this work is being equipped with equip-
ment as rapidly as funds permit. The most important project of this
creAv during its first season consisted of the removal of the dam on the
Elk River at Falk. Humboldt County. This dam was built in 1883 and
some of the logs were four feet in diameter and 25 feet long. In the
entire ►State, seven dams were removed, 11 barriers were reduced, and
seven log jams were removed during the biennium.

IMPROVEMENT DEVICES

Structures such as deflectors in streams and brush shelters in lakes
have not been generally built in California, since considerable doubt has
existed that such devices produce economically justifiable results. How-
ever, some counties appropriated funds from their share of fish and
game fine moneys for stream improvement and our personnel cooperated
with sportsmen's groups and other local interests in designing, install-
ing, and testing small rock and masonry dams in streams with low
summer flows. For example, a series of 57 sucli dams was built in Holy
Jim Creek, Orange County, principally to create pool areas. Advice was
also furnished to the Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, re-
garding utilization of existing trees to create brush shelters in pi-oposed
large reservoirs.

AQUATIC WEED CONTROL

Aquatic weeds do not form a problem in the great majority of
California fishing waters. However, members of the biological staff were
called upon for advice and assistance in a number of troublesome in-
stances, especially in Southern California. At Twin Lakes near Mam-
moth, Mono County, personnel of District 7 applied 900 pounds of
sodium arsenite to dense plant masses choking areas which were untreated
in the initial control work during the fall of 1947.

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION BOARD STREAM AND LAKE
IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS

In addition to the work described above, some stream and lake
improvement was initiated or completed M'ith funds allocated by the
Wildlife Conservation Board, including two barrier dams and two flow
maintenance dams at the outlets of lakes. For further information,
refer to the section on AVildlife Conservation Board Projects.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF LAKES

During the biennium approximately 1,755 acres in total lake area
and over 70 miles of tributary streams were chemically treated to elim-
inate rough fish which had so overrun these waters that sport fishing
was practically destroyed in them and were then restocked with game
fish. Some of the waters treated were reservoirs which had been drawn
down far below their maximum and normal levels, so in effect a much

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

greater amount of water was rehabilitated. Tlie following waters were
treated :

Name of water

County

Surface area in acres

Date

Little Medicine Lake

Siskiyou

Nevada.. .

3.6

5 (est.)
12
40
20*

2
21
7.5
1.5
37.4
12

24.2

233

175

375

1.2

600

July 25, 30, 1948
Aug. 21, 1948
Aug. 29, 1948
Sept. 9-10, 1948
Oct. 16-17, 1948
Nov. 1948

Little Catfish Lake

Catfish Lake .. _

Lola Montez Lakes _ _ _.

Nevada

Morris Lake

Jenks Lake . . _ .

Plumas

San Bernardino

Marin

Los Angeles

Bon Tempe Reservoir

San Gabriel Reservoir

Jackson Lake

Nov. 8, 1948
Nov. 9, 1948
Nov 23-24 1948

Lake Hinman

Crystal Lake

Richardson Lake. . _

Napa

Shasta

El Dorado

July 1, 1949
July 12-15, 1949
Aug. 20, 1949
Aug. 21, 1949
Sept. 12, 1949
Sept. 21-23, 1949
Oct. 1949
Oct. 18-22, 1949

Miller Lake

Placer

Mono

Lassen

San Francisco

San Bernardino

Mono

Los Angeles

Upper Twin Lake

Tamarack Lake

Blue Lake

Lakes Merced . _

Dollar Lake

Bridgeport Reservoir

Lake Elizabeth

Nov. 2, 1949
Nov. 7-9, 1949
Nov. 25-26, 1949

Lake Hughes

Lake Munz

Nov. 25-26, 1949
Nov 25-26 1949

1,755.4

* One-fourth acre-foot when treated.

Rock masonry barrier dams were constructed on the outlet streams
of Richardson and Miller Lakes, to prevent re-entry of rough fish into
the lakes.

FISH RESCUE

The rescue of game fish from drying waters and their transfer to
safe waters is carried on each year throughout the State. In some areas
such work is needed only occasionally, as when a reservoir is drained for
repair or examination of the outlet structure at the dam. Unusual or
isolated cases of this sort are assigned to crews recruited from one of
the hatcheries, or are taken care of by state wardens or sportsmen in
cooperation with the Bureau of Fish Conservation. In other areas, how-
ever, large-scale fish rescue is required annually and forms a regular
part of the program of the Bureau. This is true in some of the steelhead
and salmon waters, and here this work has been placed under the super-
vision of the biological staff. The fish rescued are tabulated in Appen-
dix D.

FISH INTRODUCTIONS

If an existing fishery is not producing results commensurate with
expectations, there frequently arises a great hue and cry for the intro-
duction of some exotic species. Some sad experiences resulting from such
introductions many years ago have taught us to exercise extreme caution
in making any new ones. It is therefore the policy of the Bureau of Fish
Conservation to seek first other means of producing satisfactory angling
and to introduce a new kind of fish into a body of water only if the facts
indicate that it will fill a previously unoccupied niche in the economy

8(3 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

of that water. In several studies all available evidence has indicated that

addition of a species Avonld improve aiioiing, and dnring the bienninm

the following important introductions were made :

Largemouth black bass into Shasta Lake, Shasta County, to provide a suitable
warm-water game fish (April. 1040). These fish are now spawning in the
lake, growing satisfactorily, and already producing some fishing.

Kamloops rainbow trout into Shasta Lake, Shasta County, carried out by the
local sportsmen with the aid of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the
California Division of Fish and Game ; the sportsmen believed that this sub-
species of rainbow would grow faster and be a better game fish than the native
rainbows.

Kokanee red salmon into Lake Tahoe, Placer and El Dorado Counties, to pro-
vide forage for the lake trout (mackinaw) (1040 and 1050).

Greaser blackfish into East Park Reservoir, Colusa County, to provide forage
for the warm-water game fishes present.

Five lakes of the Hooper Creek drainage, Fresno County, were planted with
wild, adult golden trout obtained from the adjacent Bear Creek drainage. This
plant was made at the expense of the Southern California Edison Company
as part of its special use permit to divert Hooper Creek.

WATER USE PROJECTS

The continued rapid expansion of activity in the hydroelectric,
irrigation storage, and flood control fields by governmental agencies and
corporations in California has provided the fishery interests with a host
of problems. With water as vital as it is to the economy of the State, it
is small wojider tiiat the agencies coustructhig major dams and reservoirs
have been reluctant to look with favor on the release or reservation of
water for fish and fishing. However, during the bienninm encouraging
progress has been made toward the recognition of fisheries interests in
the utilization of water. For example, a release of a minimum flow of
20 second-feet of water was secured below a new dam on the San Joaquin
River, whereas the release below an old dam just 11 miles upstream is
only 3 second-feet. In most recent projects the protection of fish life has
been included as an integral part of the planning, instead of being thrown
in as an afterthought, as was so often the case in the past.

Some of the major developments which have received study by the
biological staff and for which we have submitted recommendations for
fishery protection during the bienninm are the following :

Klamath River, Siskiyou County. California-Oregon Power Company. Hydro-
electric power production causing fluctuation of river level and subsequent
stranding of salmonid fishes.

Trinity River, Trinity County. U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Proposed dams
at Fairview and Lewiston for diversion of water to Sacramento River. Such
diversion would greatly affect salmonid fishes below.

Feather River, Butte County. Oroville (or Bidwell Bar) Dam site. Hydro-
electric and irrigation water storage dam with powerhouse and canals. Will
affect sections of the North, Middle, and South Forks of the Feather River
and will cut off considerable salmon and steelhead spawning grounds.

Feather River, North Fork, Plumas County. Pacific Gas and Electric Com-
pany. Cre.sta and Rock Creek hydroelectric power dams and tunnels, affecting
sections of the North Fork of the Feather River.

Feather River, South Fork, Butte County. Oroville-Wyandotte Diversion Dam.
Barrier to salmon and steelhead. Recommendations made for ladder.

PORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 87

Feather Ifirer. South Fork. PlumiiH Voiinti/. Wyandotte Irrigation District.
Hydroelectric power ;nid irrigation project involving tvi'O dams (at Little
Grass Valley and above present Lost Creek Reservoir) with storage capacity
of 120,000 acre feet with accompanying conduits and powerhouses.

Lake AJmanor, Plumas County. Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Dam
forming Lake Almanor, a storage reservoir on the North Fork of the Feather
River. The company plans to raise this reservoir to an elevation of 4,500 feet
if conditions are found to be safe. Exploration drilling at the dam now in
progress.

Sacramento River Canals, Tehama, Glenn and Butte Counties. U. S. Bureau
of Reclamation. Irrigation project with power and pumping features. A study
of the possibility of utilizing about 120 miles of proposed canals diverting
water from the Sacramento River for producti\e trout water open to public
fishing is being cniKluctcd in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and
the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Sacramento River, Tehama County. U. S. Corps of Engineers. Storage reser-
voir at Iron Canyon.

Keswick Dam, Shasta County. U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Fluctuation
control dam for Shasta Dam. This problem is complicated by copper pollution.

Silver Creek, El Dorado County. U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Union Valley
dam, Ice House Diversion dam, several power houses and minor diversion
dams which would affect South Fork Silver, Big Silver, and main Silver
creeks have been pi'uposed.

Middle Fork Stairislaus River, Tuolumne County. South San Joaquin and
Oakdale Irrigation Districts. Hydroelectric power and irrigation projects
involving large dams and reservoirs at Beardsley and Donnells Flats, with
accompanying conduits and powerhouses, which would affect sections of the
Middle Fork Stanislaus River.

Park Creek, El Dorado County. U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Proposed Sly
Park Reservoir and Camp Creek diversion for irrigation and domestic water
supplies.

North Fork Stanislaus River, Tuolumne County. Pacific Gas and Electric
Company. Involving Federal Power Commission licensing of existing dams at
Lake Alpine, Union, I'tica, and Hunters Reservoirs for hydroelectric power
purposes.

Cache Creek and Clear Lake, Lake County. U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers.
Dams on Kelsey Creek, Cache Creek, and North Fork Cache Creek for flood
control and irrigation. Will affect creeks named and Clear Lake.

Middle Fork Eel River, Mendocino County. G. L. Carrico. Hydroelectric and
irrigation project involving large dams on the Middle Fork Eel River, a tribu-
tary of the North Fork Eel River, and a tributary of the Middle Fork Eel
River, with accompanying conduits. Would affect sections of the Middle Fork
Eel River and tributaries of the Middle and North Forks.

South Fork Eel River, Mendocino County. U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers.
Flood control and summer flow maintenance dam. Would affect South Fork
Eel River and Eel River.

San Joaquin River, Fresno/Madera Counties. Southern California Edison Com-
pany. Hydroelectric power project involving a large dam (No. 7) and reservoir
above the mouth of W^illow Creek, with accompanying conduit and powerhouse
(No. 4), which would affect 11 miles of the San Joaquin River.

Big Dry Creek, Fresno County. U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers. The Big Dry
Creek flood control project involves a dam, dikes and reservoir for which a
permanent pool for warm-water fish was recommended.

Mono Creek, Fresno County. Southern California Edison Company. Hydro-
electric power project involving a large dam and reservoir at Vermilion Valley,
which would affect most of the easily accessible section of Mono Creek.

Kings River, Fresno County. U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers. The Pine Flat
multiple purpose project, predominantly flood control, involves a large dam
and reservoir at I'ine Flat which will affect directly the lower portion of the
Kings River, but which through re-regulation of discharge permits hydro-
electric development upstream and thus indirectly will affect the entire Kings
River drainage.

88 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Kinys River, North Fork, Fresno County. Pacific Gas and Electric Company or
Fresno Irrigation District or U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Hydroelectric
power projects involvinj,' large dams and reservoirs at Coolidge Meadow and
Sand Meadows (Ilelm (Jreek), with accompanying conduits and powerhouses
which would affect the entire North Fork Kings River and many of its tribu-
taries.

Kings River and Middle and South Forks. Fresno County. City of Los An-
geles or U. S. Bureau of Reclamation or Francis X. Dlouhy. Hydroelectric
power projects involving large dams and reservoirs at various sites including :
Paradise Valley, Zumwalt Meadows (Sentinel site), and Cedar Grove on the
South Fork ; Simpson Meadow and Tehipite Valley on the Middle Fork ; and
at the junction of the Middle and South Forks. The dams and reservoirs, to-
gether with accompanying conduits and reservoirs, would affect the major sec-
tions of the Kings River and its Middle and South Forks.

Kaiveah River, Tulare County. U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers. The Terminus
flood control and irrigation benefit project, involving a large dam and reser-
voir which would affect the lower section of the Kaweah River.

Tule River, Tulare County. U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers. The Success
flood control and irrigation benefit project, consisting of a large dam and
reservoir which wovdd affect the lowermost section of the Tule River.

Kern River, Kern County. U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers. The Isabella flood
control and irrigation benefit project, involving a large dam and reservoir at
Isabella which would affect sections of the Kern River.

Oioens River, Inyo and Mono Counties. Hydroelectric power project in the
Owens River Gorge affecting some five miles of river above Birchim Canyon.

Colorado River, San Bernardino-Riverside Counties. U. S. Bureau of Reclama-
tion.

A. Upper section affecting Nevada, Arizona and California from Davis
Dam, Arizona to Needles, California. Davis Dam, a hydroelectric booster
plant for Hoover and Parker Dams power i)lants — created a 65-mile long
fishing reservoir. Studies were ijrimarily on the effects of cold water releases
to the river section below the dam.

B. Upper section from Needles, California, to Topock, Arizona. River
channelization over a 10-mile strip isolating and draining ox-bow lakes and
sloughs with relative destruction to fish life present.

C. Middle section from Taylor's Ferry to Palo Verde Lake in Cibola
Valleys. Channelization to drain and reclass slough areas for agricultural uses
and to drop elevations of outlets of waste irrigation drains with accompanying
distress to fishes utilizing this habitat.

Santa Ynez River, Santa Barhara County. Construction of Cachuma Dam by
Bureau of Reclamation creates a l):irrier across the present steelhead stream
in Southern California. The impoundment which provides domestic and irri-
gation water for Santa Barbara and Central Coastal areas, may be utilized
for public fishing.

Santa Clara River Drainage. Flood control project.

Santa Ana River Drainage.

Of smaller individual proportions than the above major projects,
but in the aggregate of considerable importance to fish life, are the
numerous small diversions from our streams and rivers. All new applica-
tions for permission to appropriate water are filed with the State Division
of Water Resources and are reviewed by the Division of Fish and Game.
In cases where there is definite threat of injury to fish, the Division of
Fish and Game enters a protest, with a statement of the conditions under
which the protest may be dismissed. In most instances these conditions
consist of the release of a certain flow of water to the stream below the
diversion for the preservation of fish life. The disposition of protests
made by the Division of Fish and Game during tlie biennium and during
the preceding biennium is shown in Table 8.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

TABLE 8. DISPOSITION OF PROTESTS BY CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF FISH

AND GAME AGAINST APPLICATIONS TO APPROPRIATE

WATER IN 1946-48 AND 1948-50

Total number of applications to appropriate water

Number of applications protested by Division of Fish and Game

Protest accepted

Protest pending

Applications cancelled

Protest withdrawn after further investigation

Informal hearing — settlement by agreement

Informal hearing — action pending

Formal hearing — compromised

1948-50

1946-48

1,248

1,126

The importance of water in the economy of California is well appre-
ciated by the Division of Fish and Game, and in the cases of all protests
that we have entered we have carried out careful field investigations to
avoid protests that cannot be justified. The wisdom of this policy is borne
out by the fact that during- the period covered informal field hearings
have been necessary in only three cases and only one formal hearing has
been re(iuired. In the latter case there were a number of protestants other
than the Division of Fish and Game.

FISH DISEASE STUDIES

During the biennium a trained parasitologist was added to the staff
to cope wnth the many and often complex and puzzling problems created
by fish diseases.

AVork of the disease unit is divided into two parts : (1) the diagnosis
and treatment of diseases of hatchery and wild fish, and (2) research
concerned with diseases and nutrition of fish.

The major portion of diagnosis and treatment has been done at the
state fish hatcheries. Correct diagnosis has enabled the selection of
proper treatments which when used promptly have prevented the occur-
rence of heavy losses. In addition to hatchery disease problems, diseased
fish submitted by fishermen and commercial trout farms were examined
and diagnoses made.

Research problems being carried on are the following :

1. The study of Crypiohia sp., a blood inhabiting protozoan found in salmonid
fish. This investigation is concerned with the distribution of the parasite and
its possible role in the fluctuating runs of anadromous fishes.

2. The study of a myxosporidian parasite has been carried on and work is con-
tinuing on attempts to discover a resistant species of trout, with encouraging
results to date.

3. Various drugs and chemicals have been screened for possible use in the treat-
ment of fish diseases. Among the more promising drugs are phenothiazine,
sulfamerazine, and pyridylmercuric acetate.

90 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

POLLUTION CONTROL

Considerable progress in the abatement of pollution affecting fish
and wildlife has been shown during the biennium. In 1948, critical condi-
tions led to the apjiointment by the Division of Fish and Game of two
sanitary engineers for surveys and to supply technical assistance in the
prosecution of pollution cases. By this time in a number of places in the
State, the w^artime and postwar expansion of population and industry
had seriously overloaded the existing waste treatment facilities. At other
locations disposal facilities had never been constructed and the resulting
water pollution w^as more serious than even before, particularly in the
Central Valley and San Francisco Bay areas.

The primary pollution problems of interest to the Division of Fish
and Game have occurred on the Central Valley salmon rivers, particu-
larly the Tuolumne, San Joaquin, and Mokelumne. Following court
action instituted by the Division of Fish and Game against the City of
Modesto in 1947, sewage disposal facilities have been constructed, but a
considerable organic load is still discharged to the river. In both 1948 and
1949 water releases were required to get the salmon runs up the river.
The salmon of the Tuolumne have not yet been completely protected from
the dangers of pollution and a survey has recently been completed to
evaluate tlie effects of the wastes now going into the river and those that
are proposed for future discharge. Conditions for the salmon run in 1950
are satisfactory because of the small tonnage of tomatoes processed this
year.

A great deal of improvement has been observed on the Mokekunne
since 1948. All of the wineries in the vicinity of Lodi now have facilities
for impounding their wastes and no fish mortality or severe oxygen
depletion has been observed for the past two years. Severe pollution still
exists at Stockton in the ship channel and in the San Joaquin Kiver, but
conditions are not nearly as bad as before 1949. A court action similar
to that taken against the City of Modesto was instituted against the City
of Stockton in that year and stipulations were obtained whereby the city
will construct a certain amount of additional treatment facilities each
year until complete treatment is provided in 1954. The length of the San
Joaquin River that is septic during the canning season has been reduced
from about 10 to less than three miles as a result of the construction
during the last two years.

A study was made of the feasibility of using bottom organisms as
indexes of jpoUution along the water front between Martinez and the
Antioch Bridge. The rapid expansion of heavy industry in this area can
be counted upon to present increasing pollution problems in the future
as the load of industrial wastes builds up. Unfortunately so few macro-
scopic bottom organisms were present in these waters that the above
approach appears to hold little promise. This scarcity of bottom organ-
isms has tentatively been attributed to the continual changes in salinity
which characterize the area.

In 1949 the Assembly Interim Committee on Water Pollution pro-
posed a sweeping series of changes in the existing laws. The resulting
legislation established a State Water Pollution Control Board and nine
regional boards for the purpose of coordinating pollution control activi-
ties and establishing pollution policies at the local level. The Division of

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 91

Fish and Game was directly affected by the addition of Section 481.5 to
the Fish and Game Code, which provides that all continuing and chronic
cases of water pollution be turned over to tlie local boards for action. The
1949 laws also provide that any persons desiring' to discharge sewage or
industrial waste apply to the regional boards for requirements that will
have to be maintained by the operator of the disposal system. The regional
boards establish these requirements after consultation witli the state and
local agencies interested in the problem. The Division of Fish and Game
has the responsibility of furnishing any technical information or investi-
gations on the fish and wildlife aspects of any case of pollution requested
by the regional boards. The boards are now begiiniing to realize the im-
portance of recreation, fish, and wildlife insofar as pollution and water
use are concerned. The intention of the Legislature was for these boards
to have small staffs and to utilize existing state departments and facilities.
Until now the various boards have ju-ocessed only applications for new
waste discharges and very little has been done with the chronic cases of
stream pollution. Within a short time it is anticipated that the regional
boards will be in a position to begin to abate some of the conditions which
are the source of complaints at the present time.

The number of requests for investigations and surveys that come in
from both the regional boards and field personnel of the Division of Fish
and Game far exceed the load that can be carried by the available person-
nel. The State Water Pollution Control r>oard recognizes that the interest
of the Department of Natural llesources in pollution control is as great
as that of any other state agency, but this recognition is not widespread.
The pollution control investigations carried on by the three state depart-
ments interested in the problem have now been grouped and the entire
pollution investigation program of the State is administered by a coordi-
nating committee composed of three representatives, one each from the
Department of Public Health, the Department of Public Works, and the
Division of Fish and Game.

In the past, agencies dealing with water use have not recognized the
fish and game aspects or the magnitude of the industry they support,
partly because of the limited program of the Division of Fish and Game
as compared with those of the other state de|)artments. Tliis attitude is
unfortunate, particularly insofar as pollution is concerned, because of
the extreme interest of the sportsman in clean M^aters and the vital need
of using all waters possible for recreation in our existing society. It is
regrettable that any waters that could be used for fisli, wildlife, and
recreation in this day of water shortages should be befouled by sewage
beyond the point of any possible use.

The years 1948-50 have seen a great deal of construction for domestic
sewage treatment. The postwar building programs of cities have finally
produced results and treatment plants are being completed and put into
operation. A good example is the eastern side of San Francisco Bay.
Plans were started before the war, the bond issue was passed in 1947, and
construction will be completed in 1951. This will relieve the septic con-
ditions along the bay and estuary and also the odors along the Eastshore
Freeway.

Much work needs to be done before the industrial waste problems in
the State can be solved. The food processing industry has installed a
number of screens and in cases where the city disposal plant accepts the

92 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

waste a considerable amount of treatment is provided, for example at
Stockton and Modesto. The San Jose-Santa Clara area has passed a bond
issue for construction of treatment facilities, but the plant will not be
completed for two or three years. It seems likely that we will soon see
additional pulp mills in the State ; in fact, preliminary negotiations have
begun with the builders of a proposed pulp mill on the McCloud River.
A great deal of work remains to be done by the lumber industry all over
the State. The cutting and hauling operations result in a large amount
of debris being deposited in the streams, with resultant obstructions to
migrating fish and pollution due to sawdust and bark. The problem of
the effluent from millponds entering streams and killing fish is also
serious and an educational campaign is being carried out in order that
sawmill operators will drain ponds only during periods of high flow.

One of the most common causes of complaint is the recurring prob-
lem of oil spills, particularly from ships. The number of cases has de-
creased considerably since the years before the war, probably due to the
patrol activities of the Division of Fish and Oame. The prosecution of
oil pollution cases may take place under either federal or state statutes,
but in practice the majority of cases are handled in tlie local state courts
by local patrol personnel.

Probabh^ the most encouraging development during the last bien-
nium has been the increased number of potential pollution cases that
have been taken care of before j)ol]ution has occurred. This has been
made possible by the increased public attention being given to water
pollution and is the ' ' payoff ' ' of many years work by agencies and organi-
zations, such as sportsmen's groups interested in water pollution control.
With the establishment of the regional water pollution control boards,
it is anticipated that no new sources of pollution will be allowed to dis-
charge into state waters to the detriment of fish and aquatic life. Our
experience has shown that the best time for pollution prevention is while
plans are in the formative state, not after the treatment plant or the
new industrial plant is completed.

Two recent instances demonstrate this point. The Masonite Corpo-
ration has recently completed a new plant at Ukiah. Originally it was
proposed to use the Russian River for waste disposal and it was apparent
that this would create intolerable conditions in the river. After nearly
two years of negotiations the problem was solved by the installation of
evaporators before the plant went into operation, thus creating a "tight"
plant with no waste discharge. Another example of this predischarge
control occurred at the City of Gridley. Without realizing the conse-
quences the city proposed to put a series of sewer ponds immediately
adjacent to the Gray Lodge Waterfowl Refuge. The hazard of botulism
to waterfowl feeding in septic ponds is extremely serious, and any pro-
posal to locate sewage disposal ponds in close proximity to any concen-
tration of ducks must be treated with extreme caution. In this instance
negotiations wdth the city and the consulting engineer resulted in the
removal of the treatment plant site to the other side of town, near the
Feather River, where gravel deposits are much more suited to pond
construction because of the additional percolation. By this planning the
hazard to waterfowl was eliminated and when final plans were completed
the cost to the treatment plant had been reduced.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

The state program for pollution abatement is based on preventing
all new sources of pollution and then setting requirements to be met by
the existing cases. The first portion of this program is well under way and
the second phase is getting started. It is hoped that progress will continue
until the present hazard to our fisheries resources is removed and the large
areas of streams and bays now unsuitable for recreational use are restored
to a useful condition.

INTERSTATE WATERS

In addition to the program on the Colorado River being conducted
jointly with the State of Arizona, several conferences were held with
personnel of the Nevada Fish and Game Commission, resulting in co-
operative working plans for interstate waters which should assist both
states in better management of these waters.

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION BOARD PROJECTS

At its 1947 Session the State Legislature adopted an act known as
the AVildlife Conservation Act of 1947 and transferred $9,000,000 due
the State from horse racing operations from the General Fund to the
Wildlife Restoration Fund. This fund, to be used for capital expendi-
tures, is administered by the Wildlife Conservation Board. The board
receives proposals for projects from sportsmen's and other conservation
groups, federal and state agencies, and individuals and passes on their
worth. Approved projects are allocated funds, which are then transferred
to the Fish and Game Commission, which carries out the actual construc-
tion, operation, management, and maintenance of the projects.

Figure 17. Right wing of flow maintenance dam at Stony Ridge Lake, El Dorado
County. Note outlet box in left center of photograph, at end of dam, to regulate flow

in stream below dam.

94 FISH AND OAME COMMISSION

It is obvious that such a comprehensive- program must draw heavily
on the services of Division of Fish and Game personnel at all stages.
As projects involving the inland sports fisheries, other than hatchery
projects, have been submitted during the biennium the members of the
biological staff have been called upon for field investigations, planning,
and preparation of reports and recommendations. A summary of the
status of Wildlife Conservation Board nonhatchery fish projects at the
end of the biennium is presented hei-ewith :

PROJECT 1. EL DORADO FLOW MAINTENANCE DAMS

Board allocated $3-5,000 6/.3/40 and $65,000 8/2.3/49 ; Fish and Game Commis-
sion approved 9/2.3/49. Barrier dam at Richardson Lake and flow maintenance dams
at Stony Ridge and Crag Lakes completed in 1949. Active plans are under way for
the construction of three flow maintenance dams in the Ruhicon River drainage,
scheduled for compli>ti<>n this summer. District Fisheries Biologist J. C. Fraser is now
working on contracts for pack stock. $2,000 was transferred from this project to the
Division of Water Resources in .June to cover costs of survey investigations.

PROJECT 2. DEEP CREEK STREAM IMPROVEMENT
(HOLCOMB CREEK DAM)

Board allocated $25,000 1/26/50 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 1/28/50.
$1,500 has been transferred from 7XD.52 to Division of Water Resources for plans and
sui'veys. Mr. Norris of the Division of Water Resources and District Fisheries
Biologist W. A. Evans are scheduled to make a field inspection on or about July 14,
1950, in order to reach a final decision regarding location of the dam site.

PROJECT 4. PINE CREEK FLOW MAINTENANCE DAM

Board allocated $43,.")00 6/3/49 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 9/23/49.
A fish trap was constructed in 1950 for counts and studies of migrating fish. Studies
are now being conducted by District Fisheries Biologist H. A. Hanson and project
held in abeyance.

PROJECT 12. MENDOCINO FOREST STREAM IMPROVEMENT

Board allocated $5,000 5/18/.j0. A reconnaissance of stream improvement possi-
bilities on Stony, Grindstone, and Thomes Creeks was made by District Fisheries
Biologist G. I. Murphy and Dr. P. R. Needham of the University of California in
June, 1950, and the results of their investigation are now being studied.

PROJECT 16. EMIGRANT BASIN FLOW MAINTENANCE DAM
AND STREAM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM

Board allocated $50,000 8/25/49 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 9/23/49.
$2,000 was transferred from 7XD32.1 to the Divi.sion of Water Resources for plans
and investigations in June, 1950.

PROJECT 41. GRANITE CREEK FLOW MAINTENANCE

Board allocated $30,000 8/25/49 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 9/23/49.
A cooperative agreement is being drawn up by the U. S. Forest Service and should be
transmitted shortly. The Forest Service is prepared to start construction at the close
of engineering studies.

PROJECT 42. MARSH LAKE LEVEL MAINTENANCE
Board allocated $4,000 8/25/49 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 9/23/49.
Final report and plans needed before any construction can be undertaken, but it is
hoped to complete the work in 1950.

PROJECT 43. BENNETT AND SMITH FISH LADDER

Board allocated $6,000 8/25/49 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 9/23/49.
Division of Architecture is working on plans and specifications, and permission was
received on June 12th from the owner to go ahead with construction.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 95

PROJECT 44-2. BURNT RANCH FALLS FISH LADDER

Board allocated $8,000 8/25/49 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 9/23/49.
Studies to date indicate that feasibility of this project is somewhat doubtful. Division
i)f Architecture requested to make study and report.

PROJECT 49. TAHOE FOREST FLOW MAINTENANCE
AND IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM

Board allocated $40,000 8/25/49 to initiate program and couii)lete essential work.
Fish and Game Commission approved 9/23/49. Barrier dam at Miller Lake completed
in 1949. $1,000 was transferred in June from 7XD35.2 to the Division of Water
iiesources for plans and investigations.

PROJECT 5 1. SEQUOIA NATIONAL FOREST FLOW
MAINTENANCE PROGRAM

Board allocated $50,000 8/25/49 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 9/23/49.
Sample agreements for the construction of Millwood and Indian Basin Lakes w^ere
received from tlu' V. S. Forest Service on June 2(;. The sample agreements were very
satisfactory and the signed agreements are expected shortly for submission to the
Department of Finance.

PROJECT 5 7. SAK DIEGO RIVER FLOW MAINTENANCE
AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

Board allocated $35,000 8/25/49 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 9/23/49.
Progress in the investigation of this project has been delayed pending receipt of basic
information from the County of San Diego.

PROJECT 5 8. SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOW MAINTENANCE PROGRAM

I'.oanl a!h>cated $25,000 8/25/49 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 9/23/49.
Project requires further detailed study.

PROJECT 61. SHASTA RIVER FISH COUNTING DAM

Board allocated $10,000 8/2.5/49 ; Fish and (Jann- Commission approved 9/23/49.
A lease for site has not yet been approved in Sacramento. Project was turned over to
the Division of Architecture and Public Works Board. Approval was asked on June
22, 1950.

PROJECT 62. CANYON CREEK FISH LADDER

Board allocated $10,000 12/13/49 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 1/6/50.
The Goldfield Consolidated Mining Corporation is giving up their lease on this prop-
erty on June 30, 1950. During the month of June, District Fisheries Biologist J. H.
Wales investigated this project with the general objective of removing the dam com-
])l('tt'ly or building a smaller dam some distance upstream, since the estinuited cost
of a tishway was excessive. Negotiations will be undertaken with the owner of the
dam to achieve one of these objectives.

PROJECT 63. SAWYER'S BAR AUXILIARY DAM

Board allocated .$3. .500 (J/3/49 ; Fisii and (iame Commission ai)proved 9/23/49.
Division of Architecture is drawing up plans and specifications, and permission for
preliminai-y planning was received from the owner on June 20, 1950.

PROJECT 67. SACRAMENTO RIVER WEIR (ROUGH
FISH CONTROL BARRIER)

Board allocated $18,000 3/19/49 ; Fish and Game Commission approved. Project
being further studied. Construction ])eing defei-red.

PROJECT 7 2. RAMER LAKE
This project is completely authorized and Public Works Board approval was
requested on June 5, 1950. An inspection by an engineer from the Division of Water
Resources and District Fisheries Biologist W. A. Evans is pending.

PROJECT 73. CRYSTAL LAKE LEVEL MAINTENANCE

Board allocated $20,000 8/25/49 ; Fish and Game Conunissiou approved 9/23/49.
Forest Service will make installation for the Division of Fish and Game during the
summer of 1950 under an approved cooperative agreement.

96 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

PROJECT 74. COACHELLA VALLEY PUBLIC FISHING AREAS

Board allocated $32,500 1/26/50 ; Fish and Game Cominis.sion approved 1/28/50.
No water supply commitment has been received as yet. Maintenance has been tenta-
tively accepted by the Board of Supervisors of Riverside County. District Fisheries
Biologist W. A. Evans is planning a meeting for field inspection.

PROJECT 7 6. CLEAR LAKE REARING POND
Project completed.

PROJECT 77. LINDO LAKE PUBLIC FISHING AREA

Board allocated $11,000 1/26/50; Fish and Game Commission approved 1/28/50.
Agreement was received from the County of San Diego on .June 20tli and forwarded
to Sacramento for approval. On June 29th the agreement was sent back not approved
because the amount of money to be expended was apparently over the $10,000 limit
on projects that may be performed with the services of the Division of Architecture.
Attempts are being made to straighten out this difficulty.

PROJECT 7 9. SULPHUR CREEK DAM

The original cost estimate of $22,000 received from Division of Architecture was
too high and it has been requested to resurvey the site at lower water flows.

PROJECT 81. SAN BERNARDINO NATIONAL FOREST
Board allocated $.35,000 1/26/50 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 1/28/50.
Field investigations are under way.

PROJECT 82. DRY LAKE LEVEL MAINTENANCE

Board allocated $4,500 1/2G/50 ; Fish ami Game Commissiuu approved 1/28/50.
Conferences with the U. S. Forest Service are planned.

PROJECT 83. BIXBY SLOUGH PUBLIC FISHING AREA

Board tentatively approved allocation of $100,000 at April, 1950, meeting, for
a cooperative development of Bixby Slough. Necessary data and commitments from
local interests being awaited.

PROJECT 86. SAN ANTONIO CREEK PUBLIC FISHING AREA

Board allocated $20,000 5/18/50 ; Fish and Game Commission approved 5/19/50.
Field investigations being conducted.

PROJECT 1010. DELTA FISH AND GAME OPERATIONS BASE

Board allocated $27,000 5/18/50 ; Fish and Game Commission api)roved 5/19/50.
Negotiations to secure site under way.

CHILDREN'S FISHING WATERS

Many municipalities were aided in establishing permanent fishing
ponds for children. For example, the Los Angeles City Park and Rec-
reation Department was assisted in establishing its successful fishing
program in the city park lakes, and catch data were obtained.

STEELHEAD AND SALMON

The steelhead trout and salmon of California represent a tremen-
dous resource. This resource, of the greatest importance in the economy
of the State, is under constant threat from large-scale dam construction.
One of the main goals of the Bureau of Fish Conservation, therefore, has
been to acquire as rapidly as possible the essential facts necessary for
the preservation and management of our steelhead and salmon fisheries
in our expanding and changing economy.

The present applied steelhead and salmon management program of
the bureau includes rescue of fish from drying streams, removal of

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 97

abandoned dams and other barriers, construction of fishways, and stock-
ing with hatchery fish. The activities of the biological staff in connec-
tion with these phases of the program are described elsewhere in the
report. ►Some of the important special fact-finding investigations carried
on during the biennium are summarized herewith.

For some years the Bureau of Fish Conservation has carried out
counts of spawning steelhead and salmon at various stations. Such counts
provide a basis for legislative and management programs and for rec-
ommendations in connection with proposed large dams. In 1950, all
such work not already under the direction of the district biologists in
the respective districts was placed under their supervision. Listed below
are the counting stations operated by the Bureau of Fish Conservation :
Station Name of stream County River system

Klamathon Racks Klamath River Siskiyou Ivlamath River

Shasta Racks Shasta River Siskiyou Klamath River

Sweasy Dam Mad River Humboldt Mad River

Benbow Dam Eel River, S. Fk Humboldt Eel River

On November 1, 1948, a graduate college student working as a stu-
dent biologist began a study of the efficiency of natural propagation of
our steelhead and salmon and the factors affecting it. This study is being
carried out in the Prairie Creek drainage, Humboldt County, and will
include two -winter seasons of field work. The first of these seasons was
that of 1948-49 and the second will be that of 1950-51.

Another study which will in part complement the above was started
at Fall Creek, Siskiyou County, in 1949. In this study different numbers
of king salmon will be allowed to enter and spawn in Fall Creek each
year. The resulting offspring will then be counted on their downstream
migration to the Klamath River. From known numbers of parents and
known numbers of offspring we hope to determine the most effective
number of king salmon for a spawning tributary such as Fall Creek.

The planting of steelhead in the Sacramento River from the federal
hatchery at Coleman was supervised by the biologist in charge of Dis-
trict 2. A number of these steelhead were tagged with celluloid disk
tags in an attempt to determine the return to the angler before and
after the fish had gone to sea.

INLAND TROUT

Although existing evidence indicates that the bulk of the trout
caught by anglers in California as a whole result from natural propaga-
tion, the hatcheries of the State play a very important role in supplying
fish to a number of waters which otherwise would be incapable of pro-
ducing satisfactory angling.

In this program it is one of the principal functions of the biological
staff to make the necessary initial surveys of waters and then to check
them as necessary in order to keep stocking and general management
policies in line with existing conditions. The records and policies for
each managed water are kept current by means of a state-wide system
of "hatchery management binders." These are permanent records in
loose-leaf form, kept at each hatchery, with duplicate copies at the dis-
trict office, which show the essential survey data for the managed water,

4 — 49247

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

a summary record of past stocking, and the basic stocking and general
management policy as determined in conference between the biological
and hatcherj^ staffs.

Special investigations dealing with the inland trout fisheries car-
ried on by the biological staff include studies of hatchery diets and fish
diseases, test water programs, and studies of important individual bodies
of water. These are described elsewhere in this report.

In order to test the value of stocking interior-stock fall-spawning
rainbows in steelhead and salmon waters, 50.000 advanced fingerlings
were marked and planted in several streams along the Mendocino County
coast. Less than 12 authenticated returns to the angler in the year after
stocking indicate that such stocking in coastal streams is not justified.

Figure 18. Marking rainbow trout at San Joaquin Experimental Hatchery, Fresno
County. One of two fins is removed with clippers, so that after stocking the marked fish
can be recognized as belonging to the particular group regarding which information is

needed. Photoc/raph by Scott Soule.

WARM-WATER FISHES

The warm-water fisheries program of the Bureau of Fish Conserva-
tion was greatly intensified and expanded near the beginning of the
biennium. Two members of the biological staff were assigned to warm-
water fisheries investigations on practically a full-time basis, and other
members of the staff have devoted considerable time to the program.

Following initial exploratory studies, several typical problem w^aters
were selected for intensive study. These included Clear Lake in Lake
County, Millerton Lake in Fresno and Madera Counties, and Don Pedro
Reservoir in Tuolumne County. The intensive studies at these waters
have been followed by widespread sampling of the populations of young
fish in a large series of reservoirs throughout the State. Results gen-
erally have indicated adequate largemouth black bass reproduction
coupled with very inadequate forage for the bass of the year's hatch.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

Steps to correct this situation by introducing golden shiners and other
forage fishes were being taken at the end of the biennium. Other work
in connection with the warm-water fisheries is described elsewhere in
this report.

Figure 19. Fish tagging at Millerton Lake, Fresno and Madera Counties. A num-
bered metal strap tag is being attached to the upper jaw of a largemouth blaclt bass.
Tags are used when information regarding individual flsh is needed. Photograph by

C. K. Fisher.

STRIPED BASS

The catch record system for this important fishery was coordinated
and placed on a firm foundation. A large volume of party boat records
which had accumulated since 1938 was analyzed and interpreted. The
handling of records of this type was put on a routine maintenance basis.
Together with the statewide postal card estimates they now provide a
continuous, up-to-date inventory of the fishery.

A fairly ambitious tagging program aimed at evaluating the rate of
harvesting by anglers was begun early in 1950. It was made possible by
the acquisition of the 28-foot boat ''Striper." A total of 1,899 striped
bass was tagged late in the biennium. Special studies were also made to
test the resistance to corrosion of various metals used with disk tags.
Such corrosion has proved to be a serious problem.

Surveys of the abundance of fingerling striped bass on the nursery
grounds in June and July revealed the presence of large numbers in
1948, 1949, and 1950. There have not been enough of these surveys to
establish a norm, but there is every indication that spawning and survival

100 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

to the fingerling stage has been average or better in the three years
mentioned.

Liaison was maintained with the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation in
connection with the Delta Mendota Diversion near Tracy. This diversion
threatens to destroy significant numbers of striped bass. The Bureau of
Reclamation has agreed to install complete fish screens at the initial
temporary small-scale diversion and to carry on intensive studies of fish
losses there. The Bureau will also investigate the practicability of the
various remedial measures which have been suggested.

FARM POND PROGRAM

It is the policy of the Division of Fish and Game to supply an initial
stock of warm-water fishes to private ponds too small to support public
fishing and which meet certain other requirements. Trout for such ponds
must be purchased from a Licensed Domestic Fish Breeder.

The usual combination of largemouth black bass and bluegill sunfish
has not worked out well in some ponds, and so we have initiated some
experiments with other combinations in a few scattered ponds repre-
sentative of the area in which they are located.

In all, the biologists spend about 5 percent of their time on the farm
pond program. They process applications for fish and inspect the pond
if there is doubt as to its qualifications or there is possibility of escape
of bass and sunfish into trout waters.

In summary, during the biennium 467 applications for stocking of
private ponds were processed, 222 ponds were visited, and 325 ponds
were stocked with fish.

LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS

Recommendations for changes in fishing laws and regulations, based
on survey data on their general knowledge, have been submitted by
members of the biological staff as required.

PUBLIC INFORMATION

Personnel of the biological staff devoted considerable time to appear-
ances before sportsmen's clubs and other conservation groups and on
radio and television programs, as well as to the preparation of printed
information. About 280 talks were made at meetings throughout the
State, plus 22 radio and 6 television appearances. In addition, conserva-
tion motion pictures were shown many times. Numerous conferences in
connection with fishery protection and development were attended and
advice was rendered to sportsmen in connection with a number of club
projects.

The printed material consisted of published articles, which are
listed in this report, and also of mimeographed information leaflets,
pamphlets for school children prepared in cooperation with the State
Department of Education, and fishing maps. The latter, issued as folders
with the map on one side and informational material on the other, have
proved very popular. The ' ' Striped Bass Fishing Map ' ' was published
during the biennium and maps of the Colorado River area, the Marble
Mountains Wilderness Area, and black bass fishing waters were prepared
and will be issued shortly.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 101

PUBLICATIONS BY STAFF MEMBERS OF THE BUREAU

OF FISH CX)NSERVATlON

Calhoun, A. J.

1949. California striped bass catch records from the party boat fishery : 1938-1948.
Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 211-253.

Trout in San Francisco's backyard. West Coast Sportsman, vol. 6, no. 12,
p. 40.

1950. California's striped bass. Outdoor West Magazine, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 6-7, 28-29,
May-June.

Calhoun, A. J., and C. A. Woodhull

1948. Progress report on studies of striped bass reproduction in relation to the
Central Valley Project. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 34, no. 4, p. 171-187.

Calhoun, A. J., C. A. Woodhull and Wm. C. Johnson

1950. Striped bass reproduction in the Sacramento River system in 1948. Calif.
Fish and Game, vol. 3G, no. 2, p. 135-145.

Curtis, Brian

1949. The warm-water game fishes of California. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 35,
no. 4, p. 255-273.

Curtis, Brian, and J. C. Fraser

1948. Kokanee in California. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. .34, no. 3, p. 111-114.

Evans, Willis A.

1950. Aquatic weed control and fi.sh life. Report Second California Weed Con-
ference, p. 85-87.

Evans, W. A., and O. L. Wallis

1949. Fishes of Yosemite National Park. Yosemite Nature Notes, vol. 23, no. 1,
1944. 2d edition, revised 1949. 32 p.

Murphy, Garth I.

1948. A contribution to the life history of the Sacramento perch (Archoplites
interruptus) in Clear Lake, Lake County, California. Calif. Fish and
Game, vol. 34, no. 3, p. 93-100.

Notes on the biology of the Sacramento hitch (Lavinia e. exilicauda) of
Clear Lake, Lake County, California. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 34, no. 3,
p. 101-110.

1949. The food of young largemouth black bass (Micropterns salmoides) in Clear
Lake, California. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 35, no. 3, p. 159-163.

1950. The closed season in warm-water fish management. Trans. 15th North
American Wildlife Conf., p. 235-251.

The life history of the greaser blackfish {Orthodon microlepidotus) of Clear
Lake, Lake County, California. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 36, no. 2,
p. 119-133.

Taft, Alan C, and Garth I. Murphy

1950. The life history of the Sacramento squawfish {Ptychocheilus grandis) .
Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 36, no. 2, p. 147-164.

Soule, S. M.

1950. Initial planting of golden trout in Hooper Creek drainage, Fresno County,
California. Central California Sportsman, vol. 9, no. 7, p. 132-133, 136-137.

Vestal, Elden H.

1949. A Piute trout transplant. Central California Sportsman, vol. 8, no. 10,
p. 164-166.

102 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

TITLES AND ABSTRACTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS

SUBMITTED BY THE BIOLOGICAL STAFF

July 1, 1948, to June 30, 1950
Beck, Ralph V.

Creel Returns From Crowley Lake, Mono County, California, Season of 1949.
Submitted November 18, 1949. 10 pp., including 7 figures and 4 tables.

Abstract : A creel count was made at Crowley Lake by members of the fish-
eries staff during five four-day periods in the 92-day fishing season. During the 20
days of census 3,930 anglers fished 21,313 hours and caught 2,925 fish, including 2,349
rainbow (80.3 percent), 219 brown trout (7.5 percent), and 357 Tahoe cutthroat
trout (12.2 percent). The average catch was 0.74 and the average catch per angler
per hour was 0.14. In 1947 the average catch and average catch per angler per hour
was 1.2 and 0.19 respectively, and in 1946 they were 2.0 and 0.33, indicating a
gradual decline in the fishery. The percentage of brown trout and Tahoe cutthroat
trout caught was greater in 1949 than in the two previous years. It is estimated that
52,249 people fished Crowley Lake during the entire 92-day season and caught a
total of 38,887 trout of all species.

Calhoun, Alexander J.

1946 Angling Catch Records. Submitted July 28, 1948. 80 pp., 26 tables, 10
figures.

Abstract : Angling catch questionnaires were .sent to a random sample of
3.9 percent of the 766,75.3 licensed anglers in California in 1946. Total catch trends
in recent years appear to have been relatively stable for trout, salmon and catfish.
They appear to have decreased slightly for striped bass, and to have increased for
black bass, sunfish and crappie. Numbers of anglers have increased sharply for all
species, and there has been a corresponding decrease in the mean annual catch of
all species, least extreme in the case of spiny rays. The validity of estimates derived
from postal card survey, the county of residence distribution of licensed anglers, and
migrations of trout and striped bass anglers from county of residence to county
of catch are discussed in the report.

Calhoun, Alexander J., and G. M. Christman

Migration of California Trout Anglers in 1948. Submitted September, 1949.
5 pp., 10 figures and 2 appendixes.

Abstract : The 1948 migrations of licensed California trout anglers from six
residence areas to eight trout fishing regions within the State are outlined in a series
of tables and diagrams. Estimates of the numbers of trout caught by anglers making
the various migrations are included.

Calhoun, Alexander J., and Charles E. Warren

The Effect of Increased Towing Speed Upon Tow-net Catches of Small Striped
Bass. Submitted August 2, 1949. 8 pp.

Abstract : The tow-net used in studies of striped bass fry is described. Results
of a series of test toAvs at different speeds indicated decreasing efficiency of the net
at speeds over 2.7 feet per second. No significant difference in length frequencies was
apparent at the different speeds used, ranging from 2.7 to 6.6 feet per second.

Coots, Millard

Fish Rescue 1949. Stream Improvement Headquartei-s, Treka. Submitted
April 3, 1950. 2 pp. including one table.

Abstract : During the summer of 1949, 56,688 young salmonids, consisting of
21,832 silver salmon and 34,856 steelhead, were rescued from drying streams and
irrigation ditches tributary to the Scott and Klamath Rivers. This work was done
by a biological aid with assistance from the Stream Improvement Headquarters staff.

Creel Census — April 29, 1950. Klamath River, Siskiyou County. Submitted
May 16, 1950. 3 pp.

Abstract : Angling activity on the Klamath River was checked on this date.
222 anglers were counted between Copco and the Scott River, a river distance
of about 53 miles. 87 anglers were interviewed, including 42 who had completed
their angling effort. The average fishing time was 3.5 hours, the average catch 9.4
fish, catch per angler hour 2.7, estimated total catch 2,082. The catch consisted
mostly of immature steelhead, plus a few spent adult steelhead, immature salmon,
and yellow perch. 261 trout were measured, ranging from 4.0 inches to 13.9 inches
(fork length). The mean length was 6.58 inches.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 103

Curtis, Brian

Report of the Activities of the Biological Staff of the Bureau of Fish Con-
servation for the Fortieth Biennium, July 1, 1946, to June 30, 1948.

Abstract : Describes the activities of the staff. Printed in large part in
"Fortieth Biennial Report of the Division of Fish and Game" as part of the report
of the Bureau of Fish Conservation.

Douglas, Philip A.

Rough Fish Control in Elizabeth Lake Canyon Drainage, Los Angeles County.
Submitted December 28, 1949. 21 pp., including 13 figures, 6 tables, 1 graph, plus
Appendix A and 2 sketch maps.

Abstract : A decline in the fishing success for largemouth black bass, bluegill,
erappie, catfish in the Elizabeth Lake Canyon drainage, Los Angeles County,
necessitated a study of causative factors.

A heavy population of greaser blackfish Ortliodon microlepidotus (Ayres)
was found to be present in the four major bodies of water in the drainage, and
stomach analyses indicated that they were of little forage value to the largemouth
black bass in the area.

Plans were laid for a 2-day treatment program distributing 1,600 pounds of
cube root-33 percent rotenone, over 160 surface acres or 655 acre-feet of water, or a
concentration of 0.90 p. p.m. of the chemical was used. (A high concentration of
rotenone was used due to the alkaline waters involved.) The blackfish was found
to be the most susceptible to the chemical, appearing in distress within thirty
minutes following application of the rotenone. An estimated kill in waters treated
was 605,601 rough fish (95 percent) and 26,017 game fish (5 percent). One lake
had a natural kill October 12, 1949, and no new fish appeared following treatment.

A restocking program for 1950 for the public lakes is based on a comparative
basis of percentage compositions by species of the original stocking between 1938
and 1945 of Lake Hughes, and the percentage composition of the same fish popu-
lation estimated following the chemical treatment of November 26, 1949.

From the above figures the following was noted : Largemouth black bass
decreased slightly ; bluegill decreased considerably ; catfish increased moderately ;
and black erappie increased considerably.

A stocking program for the public waters has been proposed for 1950.

p]vans, Willis A.

A survey of the city park lakes of Los Angeles in relation to their proposed
use for children's fishing recreation, Los Angeles County. Submitted March 20,
1949. 22 pp., including eight figures and five maps.

Abstract : A survey of the five Los Angeles City park lakes was made during
January, 1949, to determine their adaptability to a children's fishing program. Thi*ee
out of the five lakes are believed suitable for development and use within the year.
The other two may be utilized as brood ponds to serve the other three. Fishing
should be carried on under as natural conditions as possible. Physical and biological
characteristics of the individual lakes are briefly discussed and recommendations
for fish management in each presented.

Fraser, J. C.

Supplementary Report No. 1 on the Emigrant Basin Flow Maintenance Dam
and Stream Improvement Program (Wildlife Conservation Board Project No. 16),
Tuolumne County. Submitted January 6, 1950. 23 pp., including three tables, 1
photograph.

Abstract : Describes certain subprojects, including 4 new ones, and gives a
revised status of subprojects in this program based on field sui'veys made in 1949.

1949 Lake Tahoe Party Boat Catch Records, Placer/El Dorado Counties.
Submitted January 9, 1950. 8 pp., 3 tables.

Abstract : Seven guide fishermen operated from California ports in 1949,
making 357 trips with a total of 587 anglers. Catch consisted of 1,009 mackinaw,
6 rainbow trout, and 5 brown trout, total weight of all trout 3,433.5 pounds ; average
weight of all trout 3.4 pounds ; average catch per angler 1.7 ; average catch per
hour .37 ; average catch by weight per angler 5.8 pounds.

104 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

The Frog Lake (Nevada County) Fishery in 1948. Submitted March 7, 1949.
5 pp., 5 tables.

Abstract : Discusses and summarizes the 1948 catch returns from this test
lake. Catch records for 1938 through 1949 are tabulated. Practically negligible
returns of a marked plant of 15,000 rainbow (2.5-13.0 per ounce) made in 1947
is discussed.

A Report on the Emigrant Basin Flow Maintenance and Stream Improvement
Program (Wildlife Conservation Board Project No. 16). Submitted March 18, 1949.
74 pp., 16 sketch maps.

Abstract: Describes, discusses and evaluates the nineteen individual retain-
ing and check dam projects within the program. Lists additional information needed
for some of the projects. Sketch maps of the project area are given for 16 of the
projects. No cost estimates are given.

Report on Proposed Power Projects, Middle Fork Stanislaus River, Tuolumne
County. Submitted September 28, 1949. 15 pp., 7 figures, 4 tables.

Abstract : Gives description, present status, or probable effects on the fish-
eries of the proposed Beardsley and Donnells Dam projects on the Middle Fork
Stanislaus River, Tuolumne County, applied for under Federal Power Commission
Project Nos. 2005 and 2018 by the Oakdale and South San Joaquin Irrigation
Districts. Recommendations for protection of the fisheries to be afEected are given.

German, Eugene R.

Creel Census at McCloud River Mouth, Shasta County, May 1, 1949. Sub-
mitted May 15, 1949. 6 pp., including 3 tables.

Abstract : The fifth annual creel census at the mouth of the McCloud River
was conducted on May 1, 1949. Of 61 anglers, 11 fished the river and took 36 trout
(mostly small rainbow), while 50 fished Shasta Lake and took 58 trout (lai-ger
rainbow, brown and Dolly Varden). There were more dollies than in other years.
Angling was better than in 1948.

Aerial Fish Planting in District No. 1. Submitted October 31, 1949. 12 pp.,
including 2 tables.

Abstract : Describes first full scale aerial fish plants and problems involved.
Rough figures show planting costs per fingerling to be $0,004 by air and $0.02 by
pack stock.

Creel Census at McCloud River Mouth, Shasta County, April 29, 1950. Sub-
mitted June 15, 1950. 3 pp., including 1 table.

Abstract : The sixth annual creel census at the mouth of the McCloud River,
on Shasta Lake, was made on April 29, 1950. 35 of 41 anglers fished the lake itself.
Catch per hour from shore was .41 and by boat was .14. No fish over 14 inches were
taken, but fish were in excellent condition. The catch consisted mainly of rainbow,
only 2 Dolly Varden being taken.

Handley, John G.

Progress Report on a New Type of Fish Screen Tested in Trinity County.
Submitted November 14, 1949. 9 pp., including 6 figures.

Abstract : The history of the bar and rotary type fish screens is told briefly.
The new perforated plate fish screen is described and its advantages given. Note is
made of the importance of the by-pass flow. The tests made by Handley and Coots
on the perforated plate screen on the Jim Lee Ditch, Trinity County, are described.
These tests showed that during the 1949 irrigation season approximately 8,280
steelhead and salmon fingerlings were stopped by the screen, diverted through the
by-pass opening, and carried back to the river.

Hanson, Harry A., and H. P. Chandler

Dispersing Rotenone at Morris Lake, Plumas County, California. Submitted
February 10, 1949. 5 pp., including 1 map, 1 sketch of equipment and 1 photo of
operation.

Abstract : Report of method used to disperse 1,000 pounds cube root powder
(4.9 percent rotenone content) in a forty-acre lake having a volume of approxi-
mately 750 acre-feet. Apparatus used : Two 10-foot light metal row boats, one used
as a towboat and the other as a barge. Mixing was done in a 60-gallon oak barrel by
means of a 2J h.p. Lausen air-cooled outboard motor. Dispersion was by gravity
through two one-inch garden hoses of 8- and 20-foot lengths. Rate of dispersion was
about 200 pounds of powder per hour by two men. Suggested improvements in the
method included by the authors.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 105

Johnson, William C.

A Bottom Dredge for the Striped Bass Investigation. Submitted September
16, 1949. 7 pp., including 5 figures.

Abstract : A bottom dredge was designed to survey shallow water areas where
the standard tow net could not be used for the striped bass investigation. A descrip-
tion of the net and its construction is given in detail ; dimensional drawings and
photographs are also included.

Analysis of 1949 Striped Bass Party Boat Fishing Effort. Submitted June
14, 1950. 7 pp., including 1 table, 1 exhibit.

Abstract : This is a routine report analyzing the fishing effort of the striped
bass party boat operators during 1949. The analysis is made up from the daily logs
the operators have submitted and other methods of contacting them for reports.

Kersnar, Frank J.

Chlorination of Crystal Lake. Submitted September 15, 1949. 21 pp., includ-
ing 8 figures.

Abstract: Crystal Lake was chlorinated in an effort to eradicate all aquatic
life. Plan was to chlorinate so that residuals of 10 p. p.m. were obtained, but
mechanical difficulties encountered prevented reaching this standard. Residuals
slightly greater than 2.5 p. p.m. were obtained throughout the lake. Results achieved
were good, although higher residuals would have given better results. Description
given of apparatus and method used.

Kimsey, J. B.

Wildlife Conservation Board Project No. 49 FT(0), Tahoe National Forest
Flow Maintenance and Improvement Program. Report of Surveys in 1949. Sub-
mitted March 20, 1950. 46 pp., including 4 maps, 8 photos, 2 tables, and appendix.

Abstract : Report of surveys made in 1949. Five units listed, two unsatis-
factory. Unit 1. Two check dams proposed. Dams on three other lakes tentatively
recommended pending work in 1950. Unit 2. Chemical treatment of lakes — not rec-
ommended. Unit 3. Barrier removal on south fork Yuba River, Nevada County.
Recommended removal three impassable falls in first two miles of stream. Unit 4.
Chemical treatment of lakes — not recommended. Unit 6. Retained dams recom-
mended on Lower and Middle Loch Leven Lakes.

Chemical Treatment of Miller Lake, Placer County, August 21, 1949. Sub-
mitted March 27, 1950. 4 pp. plus map, 2 photos, blueprint.

Abstract : A description of the lake, its fishery and past stocking is given.
The survey and subsequent chemical treatment is described. The treatment appears
to have been successful and thousands of suckers and only one large brown trout
were removed. A barrier dam was designed and constructed to prevent entry of
rough fish from outlet waters. The lake will be restocked in 1950 with 15,000 rain-
bow trout.

Chemical Treatment of Richardson Lake, El Dorado County, August 20, 1949.
Submitted March 27, 1950. 4 pp. plus map, 2 photos, blueprint.

Abstract : A description of the lake, its past stocking and fishery is given.
The chemical treatment was successful with thousands of introduced minnows and
suckers being killed and only one eastern brook and one rainbow trout killed. A bar-
rier dam to prevent rough fish migrations into the lake was designed and constructed.
The lake will be restocked in 1950 with 8,000 eastern brook trout.

Notes on Kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi) spawning in Donner
Lake, Nevada County, 1949. Submitted June 30, 1950. 18 pp., including 6 figures.

Abstract : Spawning Kokanee and their nests were observed periodically
from November, 1949, to February, 1950. Drawdown of lake by power and irriga-
tion companies exposed nests. Most of eggs were killed by prolonged freezing. Some
eggs which were frozen for only short periods continued development as did eggs in
seepage areas. It appears successful natural reproduction of Kokanee in Donner
Lake is possible, providing water levels can be manipulated reasonably. Discussion
of possible remedies, including moving gravels into deeper water.

Miller, Richard G.

A Study of the Food of Lake Tahoe Fishes. Progress Report: 1948. Sub-
mitted April 29, 1949. 27 pp., including 11 tables and 2 figures.

Abstract: Summarizes findings of first half of proposed two-year program
investigating ecology of Lake Tahoe fishes. Lists 10 species present, with lake chub
and sculpin as principally utilized forage fishes, whitefish and sucker as incidental

106 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

forage, and red-sided shiner and speckled dace as unutilized. Tables of stomach
sample analyses given for 8 species, including mackinaw trout, the principal preda-
ceous fish. Interrelationships noted include : rainbow-mackinaw, cutthroat-
mackinaw, brown trout-forage species. Historical account of fishery summarizes pos-
sible causes for disappearance of Lake Tahoe cutthroat. Natural reproduction ap-
pears to be perpetuating mackinaw and brown trout in the lake. Appendix (pp. 2'A-
27) partially discusses effects of season, wind, and temperature, with thermoclines
of two stations graphed. Table A (p. 25) breaks down the total sport catch logged
at one station (2,947 pounds for 131 days) into monthly data for mackinaw, rain-
bow% and brown trout, including: average weight per fish (4.25 pou;ids), average
number catches per day, and average number fish caught per day (5.4). Conclu-
sions expressed are tentative, pending final report. Bibliography of 9 titles.

Outline of Work to Be Done on the Food Habits of the Forage Fishes of Lake
Tahoe in 1949. Submitted April 29, 1949. 8 pp.

Abstract : Proposed study of Lake Tahoe ecology, with special emphasis on
food relationships of 5 species of forage fishes, is intended to reveal the kinds of
organisms utilized and their volumes. Seven sections outline the methods and pro-
cedures for sampling, size of samples, location of sample stations, and supplemental
observations proposed for determining : (1) food habits of 5 species of fish at 3 sta-
tions (by statistical analyses of stomachs), (2) seasonal dietary change, (3) food
habits of various sizes of a species, (4) diurnal variation in feeding and (5) inter-
relationships. Appendix lists equipment needed, its source, and estimated cost.

Murphy, Garth I.

Experiments on the Tolerance of Sacramento Perch to Copper Sulphate.
Submitted November 29, 1948. 3 pp.

Abstract : A series of aquarium experiments indicate that Sacramento Perch
{Archoplites interrupt us) can stand copper sulphate in quantities up to 0.5 p. p.m. in
Clear Lake, Lake County, water (pH 7.8-8.1, total alkalinity 16 p. p.m.).

The 1947 and 1948 Fishery of Conn Valley Reservoir, Napa County. Sub-
mitted January 11, 1949. 23 pp.

Abstract : Conn Valley Reservoir, constructed in 1945, has a depth of 110
feet and a surface area of 950 acres when full. Ecological conditions in the lake are
bordei'line for rainbow trout. Rainbow trout and green sunfish are the principal con-
stituents of the lake population. In 1947, the catch consisted of 30 percent hatchery
trout planted at 25 to the ounce in April, 1945, and 70 percent wild trout. In 1948,
the catch was 96 percent catchable trout planted in March, 1948, and 4 percent wild
trout. Factors responsible for the lack of wild trout in the 1948 catch, and recom-
mendations for future management and research, are discussed.

The 1948 Fishery of Clear Lake, Lake County. Submitted February 17,
1949. 13 pp., Appendix A, 2 figures.

Abstract: In 1948, the catfishery was about one-third better than in 1947
in terms of catch per angler by number, apparently through the appearance of a
stronger year class (1947) in the fishery. A good forage fish crop was produced in
1948 and probably because of this survival of young bass, Sacramento perch, and
catfish to the early fall was exceptionally good. The outlook for an improving fishery
at Clear Lake is good.

Fish tagging. Submitted March 16, 1950. 26 p.

Abstract: This report is an annotated partial survey of the literature on fish
tagging. 110 papers are cited.

Fish rescue and stream improvement work in the North Coast Area in 1949.
Submitted April 15, 1950. pp. 1-2, 7 tables.

Abstract : In 1949 4 fish rescue crews were in operation. One was stationed
at Prairie Creek Hatchery, one in Humboldt County, and two in Mendocino County.
One of the Mendocino County crews was financed by Mendocino County. The four
crews combined rescued 783,313 trout and salmon.

Returns from marked fall spawning rainbow trout planted in several Mendo-
cino County coastal streams in 1948. Submitted May 12, 1950. pp. 1-6, 4 tables.

Abstract : 50,000 rainbow trout were planted in 9 streams, at approximately
6,000 to a stream. Plants were made in September and October. No serious effort was
made to obtain returns. Spot checks and reports from w'ardens and sportsmen re-
corded 8 of the marked fish in angler's catches in 1949. Reasons for the poor returns
are discussed.

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 107

Shapovalov, Leo

Fish rescue and stream improvement work in the North Coast Area in 1045.
Submitted June 7, 1949. 11 pp., including 6 tables.

Abstract : In 1945. 2 State fish rescue crews operated 173 man-days from
May 8 through October 26 and rescued 842,200 trout and salmon in Del Norte,
Mendocino, and Lake Counties. These fish weighed 34,872 ounces and averaged 24.2
fish per ounce. They were planted in streams and lakes in Del Norte, Mendocino,
Lake, Napa, and Sonoma Counties. On the basis of 1945 Prairie Creek Hatchery
costs, the total cost of producing and planting the rescued fish at a hatchery would
have been $4,588.74.

Fish rescue and stream improvement work in the North Coast Area in 1940.
Submitted June 10, 1949. 12 pp., including 6 tables.

Abstract : In 1940, State fish rescue crews operated 206 man-days from May
2 through October 3 and rescued 981,544 trout and salmon in Del Norte, Mendocino,
and Lake Counties. This is the largest number taken in any season in this area.
These fish weighed 38,719 ounces and averaged 24.4 fish per ounce. They were planted
in sti-eanis and lakes in Del Norte, Mendocino, Lake, and Sonoma Counties. On the
basis of 1946 Prairie Creek Hatchery costs, the total cost of producing and planting
the rescued fish at a hatchery would have been $7,326.75.

Fish rescue and stream improvement work in the North Coast Area in 1948.
Submitted April 7, 1950. 14 pp., including 9 tables and appendices.

Abstract : In 1948, State crews rescued 326,626 trout and salmon and the
jNIendocino County crew 108,750, a total of 435,376, in Del Norte, Humboldt, Men-
docino, and Lake Counties. The fish were planted in various streams and lakes in
these counties. The State crews operated a total of 132 man-days, from May 17
through September 29. The combined fish rescues weighed 35,309 ounces and averaged
12.3 fish per ounce. On the basis of 1948 Prairie Creek Hatchery costs, the total cost
of producing and planting the rescued fish at a hatchery would have been $12,578.70.
A limited amount of stream improvement work, mostly of an annual nature, was
also done by the Upper Eel River crew.

Fish rescue and stream improvement work in the North Coast Area in 1947.
Submitted April 3, 1950. 15 pp., including 10 tables and appendices.

Abstract : In 1947, State fish rescue crews operated 206 man-days from May
16 through August 2 and rescued 381,700 trout and salmon in Del Norte, Mendocino,
and Lake Counties. These fish weighed 12,270 ounces and averaged 31.1 fish per
ounce. They were planted in streams and lakes in Del Norte, Mendocino, Lake, and
Sonoma Counties. On the basis of 1947 Prairie Creek Hatchery costs, the total cost
of producing and planting the rescued fish at a hatchery would have been $2,345.80,
A considerable amount of stream improvement work, mostly of an annual nature,
was also done by two of the crews. Trout and salmon rescue operations in Napa,
Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz Counties are included in the appendices.

Soule, Scott M.

Power development in Kings River drainage, Fresno County, California.
Report Number 1 : General description. Submitted May 27, 1949. 1 plus 21 pp.,
including 1 figure.

Abstract : Describes Kings River drainage, water supply, existing irrigation
and power developments, access roads and trails, and recreational development and
potentialities. Upstream power development — long delayed because of interference
with downstream irrigation rights — is now possible through reregulation of river
flow by new Pine Flat Reservoir. Gives a brief account of present development plans
proposed by Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Fresno Irrigation District, Francis
N. Dlouhy, City of Los Angeles, and U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, and describes
the fishery threatened thereby. A summary of pertinent correspondence and reference
literature together with a table showing partial recreational use is appended.

Creel census at Hume Lake, Fresno County, May 1, 1949. Submitted May 27,
1949. 11 plus 22 pp., including 5 figures and 6 tables.

Abstract: Gives a brief description of Hume Lake (surface area, 94 acres)
and its past fishery, including 1940 and 1947 poisonings and summary of stocking
since 1940. Out of 914 anglers checked out between 7 a.m. and 8 p.m. on only road
leaving lake, completed records were obtained for 886, who caught 4,939 trout, 4,931
rainbow and 8 brown, for an average of 5.46 trout per fisherman-day or an average
of 0.75 trout per fisherman-hour. The rainbow trout averaged Si inches fork length.
10.7 percent of all anglers made limit catches (15 trout) ; 17.4 percent made licro

108 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

catches. About 60 percent of total anglers fished from shore and accounted for 49
percent of total catch, as against 40 percent who fished from boats and made 51
percent of total catch. Estimated total number of anglers was 1,044 and total catch
was 5,683 trout. Recommends further creel studies at Hume Lake and a comparative
study of Hume and Sequoia Lakes, stocked with spring and fall spawn stock rain-
bow respectively.

Power development of Kings River drainage, Fresno County. California. Re-
port Number 2 : North Fork of Kings River. Submitted October 21, 1949, viii plus
56 pp., including 19 figures and 3 tables.

Abstract : Describes the North Fork Kings River, its present trout fishery
and power development. Lists the proposed power developments as planned by Pacific
Gas and Electric Company, Fresno Irrigation District, and the U. S. Bureau of
Reclamation. Discusses the probable effect of these developments on the fishery. Con-
cludes that the fishery can be partially saved by water releases of between 3 and 4
percent of the mean annual flow of the river, or that it could be replaced in kind by
improving or creating other fishing waters at the expense of the agency developing
the power resources and that the fishery should be saved by one of these two means.
Recommends that the Division of Fish and Game notify all interested agencies of
the threatened loss of fisheries value and negotiate to save the fishery by obtaining
water releases or by a replacement of the fisheries value to be lost by having agency
developing power improve other waters.

Occasional creel censuses at Hume Lake, Fresno County, during 1949. Sub-
mitted April 7, 1950. 1 plus 31 pp., including 14 tables.

Abstract : Describes Hume Lake (94 acres) briefly ; gives summary of stock-
ing since 1947 (i.e. after last poisoning) . Results of 8 creel checks show fishing good
early May but poor late May through mid-September, then picked up to fair by
season's close (October 31). The estimated total season's catch was 17,000 rainbow
trout, by an estimated 7,000 angler-days of fishing (estimated average catch/day
of 2.4 and estimated average catch/hour of 0.51). Season's pressure estimated at 74
anglers/acre ; season's catch estimated at 180 rainbow trout/acre. Angling pressure,
catch and stocking data are compared with same for Castle, Crystal, and June Lakes.
Concludes that nearly all of the 1949 catch was of planted rainbow trout and
discusses their age, growth and condition. Estimated about 75 percent of basic
annual plant (30,000 spring-spawn rainbow trout at 4i inches in September) was
harvested in 1949, and on basis of estimated $35/M planting cost, each creeled
rainbow trout cost slightly over 6 cents. Recommend continuation of present basic
stocking policy and trial planting of 10,000 catchable rainbow trout spaced during
summer. Concludes that unless trial planting of catchable rainbow trout succeeds,
there is little hope of raising the quality of angling during mid-season months when
the lake temperature attains or exceeds 70 degrees F. Recommends further O2 and
temperature studies and investigation of success of spawning in tributary streams.

Soule, Scott M. and William A. Dill

Pine Flat Reservoir, Fresno County. Submitted July 12, 1949. 15 pp. plus
1 table and 1 plate.

Abstract : Chronological summary of all developments re permits and protests
on Corps of Engineer's Flood Control Project on Kings River near Piedra. Describes :
river and fishery in project area ; projected dam, reservoir and its operation ; effect
on fishery. Dam will store 1 million acre-feet with surface area of 5,900 acres.
Fluctuation may be 393 feet annually, and no provision is made for dead storage.
Report gives recommendations for minimum pools, impoundments outside reservoir
area if minimum pools are not provided, construction of borrow pits to provide fishing
ponds, screens, minimum flows below dam. Suggests these recommendations be put
into form of a resolution by California Fish and Game Commission.

Vestal, Elden H.

The creel census at Rush Creek Test Stream, Mono County, California, season
of 1948. Submitted November 30, 1948. 15 pp., 5 tables, 2 figui-es, 1 photo.

Abstract : Tlie creel project at Rush Creek was operated for a total of 169
fishing days. All plantings were doubled over 1947 and a 3-day post-planting closure
following each catchable plant was tried. From April 28 to August 11, 1948, 19,945
rainbow trout averaging 7 inches long (marked right ventral) were planted. (5
spaced plants each of about 4,000 rainbows were made). On October 13, 1948, the
second winter carryover plant of 8,000 rainbows (average 4 J inches) was made; as
in 1947 these plants were made in two groups of 4,000 each : fall-spawned from

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 109

1947 eggs (marked dorsal and adipose) and spring-spawned from 1948 eggs (marked
adipose) . In addition, two 1948 summer plants of fingerling brown trout (4,000) and
rainbow trout (4,000) were made for an additional carryover test. During the 1948
season, 8,384 anglers fished 31,962 hours for a total of 20,379 wild and planted fish.
Marked hatchery fish contributed 93.6 percent of total catch. Out of the 19,945
catchable rainbow trout planted, 18,362 (92.1 percent) were caught. Only 72 (3.8
percent) of the fall-spawned 1947 carryover plant and 175 (8.8 percent) of the
spring-spawned 1947 carryover plant showed in 1948 creels. No 1947 carryover fish
were taken after August 14. Wild fish contributed 6.4 percent of total 1948 catch :
1,131 (87.6 percent) were brown trout, 140 (10.8 percent) were rainbow trout, and
21 (1.6 percent) were eastern brook. Average angler catch per hour for the season
was 0.63. Sixty percent of the right ventral fish were taken in only 20 fishing days
(4-day samplings following the post-planting closures).

Additional treatment of aquatic plant beds at Twin Lakes, Mammoth, Mono
County, California. Submitted December 28, 1948. 6 pp., 1 figure.

Abstract : An area of 2.8 acres between center and lower Twin Lakes, in the
Mammoth Lake Recreation Area, choked by dense growths of chiefly Anacharis, was
treated with 885 pounds of sodium arsenite powder (75 percent arsenious oxide)
giving an initial concentration of 21.2 p. p.m. arsenious oxide ; partial collapse and
a "burn" of plant growth down to a depth of 6 inches was observed a week later.
The high concentration used forms a test of sodium arsenite in a disturbed water
situation where wave action, stream flow, and ground seepages might easily nullify
caustic action of the poison at lower concentration. Control of plants in the interlake
area will restore the area to angling, interlake boat travel, and to recreational use
of hundreds of vacationers using the Twin Lakes camp grounds.

Creel inventory at Rush Creek Test Stream, Mono County, California, 1949.
Submitted December 19, 1949. 13 pp., 2 figures, 4 tables.

Abstract : The creel inventory was conducted for 179 fishing days. From April
29 to August 29, 19,975 rainbow trout averaging 7^ inches long (marked VV) were
planted at six intervals. Two special summer plants of fingerling browns (3,003)
and rainbow (3,000) were made for a further carryover test. During the 1949 season,
10,004 anglers fished 36,417 hours for a total of 18,020 wild and planted fish. Marked
hatchery fish contributed 90.8 percent of the total. Out of 19,975 catchable rainbow
(marked VV) planted, 15,995 (80.0 percent) were taken. Only 54 of the fall-spawned

1948 cari-yover plant and 114 of the spring-spawned 1948 carryover plant (2.2
percent combined) were taken in 1949 creels. Wild fish contributed 9.2 percent of the

1949 total catch ; 1,373 (83.0 pereeent) were brown, 279 (16.7 percent) were rainbow
and 5 (0.3 percent) were eastern brook. Average catch per angler hour for the
season was 0.49 with the catch per angler day at 1.8.

Chemical treatment of Upper Twin Lake, Robinson Creek, Mono County, Cali-
fornia. Submitted April 15, 1950. 41 pp., including 14 figures, 9 photos, 3 maps,
6 tables, 2 graphs.

Abstract : Upper Twin Lake, Robinson Creek, Mono County, 14 miles south-
west of Bridgeport, was treated September 8, 1949, with 16,835 pounds of cube,
rotenone averaging about 5 percent, to remove a large population of chubs, sandbar
suckers, shiners, and sculpins. The lake at spill has 265 surface acres with a maxi-
mum depth of 112 feet ; maximum temperature is 65° F., and there is unusually high
oxygen deep into the hypolimnion. Plan of the project is described and embodied in
Figure 5, p. 8A. Only 194 trout were reported from the lake, while over 100,000
rough fish were killed. End concentration of cube used was approximately 0.68
p. p.m. ; 15,200 pounds of cube was used in lake treatment and 1,635 pounds in treat-
ment of about 4 miles of tributaries. Spill from the lake was nontoxic to trout and
whitefish 75 days after treatment. Restocking and proposed management program
is discussed and recommendations presented.

Chemical treatment of Tamarack Lake, Mono County, California, 1949. Sub-
mitted January 26, 1950. 8 pp., 2 figures.

Abstract : Tamarack Lake, 12.7 acres at an elevation of 9,700 feet near
Bridgeport, Mono County, California, was infested with sand-bar suckers (Catosto-
mus arenarius ) , introduced about 1879 by pioneers of the Bridgeport Valley as for-
age for trout in the lake. Elimination of the sucker population was accomplished
September 21-23, 1949, with 535 pounds of cube (rotenone 3.9 percent) as a necessary
step in preparation for the proposed chemical treatment of Lower Twin Lake as
well as for restoration of Tamarack Lake as a trout water.

110 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Vestal, Elden H. and Ralph Y. Beck

Preliminary report on the proposed chemical reclamation of Bridgeport Reser-
voir, Mono County, California. Submitted August 23, 19-48. 14 pp., 1 figure.

Abstract : The Bridgeport Reservoir, of the Walker River Irrigation District,
is located near Bridgeport. Mono County. It has a capacity at spill of 42,460 acre-
feet with a surface area of 3,070 acres and maximum depth of about 49 feet. The
reservoir at one time produced reasonably good trout fishing, but since about 1934
has become overrun with carp. Exceptionally dry seasons of 1947-48 have created
the first opportunity for carp removal from the reservoir and tributaries in 15 years ;
and feasibility for the project is expected by late September or eai-ly October this
year. The method of continuous distribution of rotenone at 1 p. p.m. in the tributaries
with backpump treatment of nonflowing "pockets" is outlined. Treatment of the
reservoir will follow methods used at Gull Lake, with a concentration of rotenone
of 1 p. p.m. Fish rescue is not considered practical and it is desired that dead fish
be left to refertilize the reservoir. It is recommended that 200,000 brown trout finger-
lings be used to restore the sport fishery.

Report on the stream-use census at Rock Creek, luyo and ]\Iono Counties,
California, 1948. Submitted December 17, 1948. 22 pp., 1 figure, 4 tables, 1 graph.

Abstract : A stream-use census was conducted over chiefly 6.3 miles of Rock
Creek during the entire 1948 angling season of 184 days. The project was in support
of a protest by the Division of Fish and Game against application of the City of Los
Angeles to divert 50 c.f.s. and 40,000 acre-feet from a point 0.9 miles above Tom's
Place, Mono County. Special car samples totaling 120 in June, July, and August
showed an average of 2.86 persons per car, of which 73.2 percent were anglers. Some
14,114 cars were recorded in the project area in 1948 ; the total number of recrea-
tional days was estimated at 40,366. indicating an estimated 29,548 angler days in
the 6.3 miles during the season. Average daily use per mile per day was about 25.4
anglers. Angler use was greatest in July with 9,851 angler days (50.4 per mile per
day) and least in October with 2,037 angler days (10.4 per mile per day). Assuming
a cost per angler of 20 dollars, the 6. .3 miles of stream were valued at $590,960 in
1948 to fishermen. Possible developments for the future in Rock Creek Gorge might
provide for 9.347 more angler days. The 1948 creel count showed that 3,963 anglers
fished 6,119 hours for a total of 11.956 trout; 9,956 (83.2 percent) were rainbow
trout, 2,004 (16.7 percent) were brown trout, and 5 (0.04 percent) were eastern
brook. Zero catches totaled 990 (32.5 percent). Average catch per angler per day
was 3.0 and average catch per angler per hour was 1.9.

Vestal, Elden H. and Leon A. Talbott

Aerial fi.sh-planting in the High Sierra, Season of 1949. Submitted March 7,
1950. 16 pp., including 2 tables.

Abstract : A report of the first large-scale airplane fish planting in the
High Sierra Region of California. July 20 to 29, 1949. Includes tabulation and
discussion of a series of practical fish-planting tests at Virginia Lakes. ^Nlono County,
as well as a detailed list (Table 2) of all plants made. Estimated cost of the planting
work is discussed. A summary of the planting is provided on page 11.

Wales, J. H.

Some thoughts on trout management. Submitted May 27, 1949. 16 pp., in-
cluding 2 figures.

Abstract : Ideas are expressed regarding : 1. Improvement of environment.
2. Reduction of predation. 3. Introduction of new species. 4. Planting of native
species.

Creel census. May 1, 1949, Shasta River, Siskiyou Countv. Submitted May 31,
1949. 3 pp., including 2 tables.

Abstract : Second annual creel census of angling iu a section of Shasta
River from highway 99 crossing near Treka downstream. Anglers checked — 36.
Catch 140 fish or 3.9 per angler day. All immature steelhead, average length 7.1
inches.

Klamath River fish count, Klamathon Racks. Submitted February 23, 1950.
11 pp., including 2 tables and 1 figure.

Abstract : The racks were placed in the Klamath River on August 15 and
removed on November 17, 1949. During this period 11,212 king salmon, 541 silver
salmon, and 2,836 steelhead adults were counted through on their spawning migra-
tion upstream. This is the first year that a complete count of the silver salmon has

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 111

been kept. Since 1925 there have been 16 years in which the king salmon have
been counted. The average annual count for this period is 12,068. An electric eye
counting device was tested and found reasonably successful. It is recommended that
next year the racks be left in the river until the silver salmon run is completed and
longer if possible.

Shasta River fish count, Siskiyou County, 1949-50. Submitted March 10, 1950.

4 pp., including 2 tables.

Abstract : The Shasta River counting station was put in operation on Sep-
tember 15 and was maintained until January 19, when high water caused a rotten
timber to give way and several sections of the racks were washed away. The first
king salmon passed through the racks on September 28, the last October 14 ;
total king salmon count was 193. The first silver salmon was counted on October 24,
the last on December 20; total 312. The first steelhead apjieared on Octol)er 3 and
to the time the racks washtul out 401 fish were counted through ; probably the
greatest part of the run occurred after this. It is recommended that if a new station
can be established before September, 1950 the present station be abandoned; if this
cannot be done the present station should be used to count the king salmon run
only.

Creel census, Shasta River, Siskiyou County, April 29, 1950. Submitted June 8,
1950. 6 pp., including 3 tables.

Abstract: On the opening day of the 1950 fishing season a creel census wa.s
made on the lower 7 miles of the Shasta River. 48 anglers were interviewed
and 63 fish measured. 109 anglers were counted and 200 estimated to have fished
the section on the opening day. The estimated catch per day was 11.5 and the catch
per hour was 4.35. All fish seen were immature steelhead ranging in length from
4.5 to 9.5 inches, with an average of 7.0 inches. Rough estimates of the pressure
on this section of the river indicate that while fishing lasted (April 29-May 21) the
total catch in this section was 8,500 fish, largely 2-year old steelhead.

Sacramento River Experimental Streard, 1949 report. Sul)mitted May 22,
1950. 21 pp., 11 tallies.

Abstract : Results of the creel census on the South and Middle Forks of
the Sacramento River and on 14 lakes and 2 tributary streams are reported. Results
of shocking experiments on the South Fork are given. Following is a brief summary
for the 2 forks : South Fork — 439 anglers ; 2,581 total catch ; catch per hour 2.59 ;
wild rainbow trout 2,077 ; hatchery rainbow trout 470 ; eastern brook 14. Middle
Fork — 179 anglers; 1,555 total catch; catch per hour 2.55; wild rainbow trout
1,184 ; hatchei-y rainbow trout 371.

Pine Creek Basin, Modoc County, Stream Improvement Project. Submitted
June 16, 1950. 4 pp.

Abstract : Recommendations are made for lake and stream improvement
in Pine Creek Basin, Modoc ("ounty. The following projects are recommended :

1. A rock and dirt fill dam to form a 15-acre lake in Pine Basin meadow.

2. A rock and dirt fill dam to deepen a small lake already in existence.

3. Several small dams to form pools in Pine Creek itself. Up to 10 such small
dams could be constructed.

Wales, J. H., and M. Coots

Creel census. May 1, 1949. Klamath River, Siskiyou Countv. Submitted June 6,
1949. 3 pp.

Abstract : The Klamath River was checked on opening day from Copco
to Humboldt line, a distance of 134 miles. Anglers counted, 357. Estimated catch

5 fish per angler or 1,785 fish. All immature steelhead, average length 7.0 inches.

Wales, J. H., and E. R. German

Castle Lake trout investigation, 1949 season. Second phase : Eastern brook
trout. Submitted May 16, 1950. 23 pp., including 20 tables.

Abstract : Catch for 1949 was 4,928 trout in 1,067 angler days ; 4.6 fish
per day ; 1.78 fish per hour. Of yearling eastern brook planted in 1947, 48 percent
had been caught by end of 1949 season. Of fingerling eastern brook planted in 1947,
21 percent had been taken by end of 1949 season. Of the eastern brook fingerlings
planted in 1948, significantly more were caught with mark of LV and Ad than of
Ad mark alone. High survival of plants has caused reduction in food and in growth.
Fingerling plant after two yeai's in lake averages only 6.7 inches.

112 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Castle Lake trout investigations — Report for 1948. Second phase : Eastern
brook trout. (Siskiyou County). Submitted May 24, 1949. 19 pp., including 20
tables.

Abstract : Anglers' catch for 1948 was 5,199 eastern brook trout by 1,213
anglers for an average of 4.3 per day and 1.36 per angler hour. Two year groups were
represented. Up to the end of the 1948 season 46 percent of the 1947 yearling plant
had been caught and 8.9 percent of the 1947 fingerling plant. 28 percent of the angler
days resulted in zero catches. The largest were continually being caught so that
no large fish ever developed. There was a large movement out of the lake with the
overflow in the fall. 1,653 fish went down the outlet stream in November. Growth
rate was relatively .slow, slower than in the Mt. Shasta Hatchery. The C. F. was
only medium, the lake may be slightly overcrowded. Plankton seemed to be returning
after having been killed out by rotenone. Pounds of bottom food was estimated at
149 per acre.

Sacramento River Test Stream report for 1948. Submitted July 22, 1949. 17
pp., 5 figures.

Abstract : Results of the creel census on the South and Middle Forks of
the Sacramento River and on 15 lakes of this basin are reported. Following is a
brief summary for the 2 forks : South Fork — 564 anglers ; 2,.500 total catch ; catch
per hour 1.44 ; wild rainbow 1,749 ; hatchery rainbow 696 ; eastern brook 54 ; brown
1. Middle Fork — 122 anglers ; 839 total catch ; catch per hour 2.40, wild rainbow
698, hatchery rainbow 140 ; eastern brook 1.

Warren, Charles E. (Student Biologist)

The extent and efEect of pollution resulting from the Modesto Sewage Farm
Levee Break. Submitted August .30, 1949. 12 pp., including 5 figures and 3 tables.
Abstract : A break occurred in a levee at the Modesto sewage farm on
August 21, 1949. This report covers an investigation of the extent and effect of
damage done as a result of the sewage break. Through oxygen depletion much fish
life was destroyed in the Tuolumne River ard down the San Joaquin River to Salmon
Slough. Here the main pollution passed into Salmon Slough, dissipating itself about
seven or eight miles below its mouth. Damage was inflicted on most species present,
but the loss of fork-tailed catfish was probably most important. The damage to the
sport fishery on this fish alone was estimated at $135,000.

WoodhuU, Chester

Observations on handling the sampling gill net. Submitted May 19, 1949. 8 pp.,
5 figures.

Abstract : Observations on methods for easy handling of the sampling gill
nets are noted. Directions are included for the construction. A gill net rack that
facilitates laying and hauling of the nets, especially for one man operation. Four
photos illustrate operation of the net and rack.

REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF PATROL AND
LAW ENFORCEMENT

The number of employees remained about the same as in the previous
biennium. Promotional and open examinations were held for wardens,
and as a result, some 30 assistant wardens were advanced to warden
positions. Further appointments of wardens authorized in the present
fiscal year from the open list created will be reflected in the next biennial
report.

Promotional examinations to fill captain vacancies created by
various causes were also held. These appointments will be made in the
1950-51 Fiscal Year.

The personnel of the bureau as of June 30, 1950, was as follows :

1 Chief of patrol 1 Intermediate stenograplier-clerk
6 Assistant chiefs of patrol 2 Intermediate clerks

10 Land captains 1 Master, fisheries vessel

2 Marine captains 1 Motor vessel engineman

2 Captains, fish patrol boat 2 Assistant motor vessel enginemen

173 Wardens and assistant wardens 4 Deckhands, fish patrol boat

2 Warden pilots 1 Ship's cook

2 Senior stenographer-clerks

No change in the general administrative program was made during the
present biennium. For patrol purposes, the State is divided into five land
districts and one marine district, with headquarters at San Francisco,
Redding, Sacramento, Fresno, Los Angeles and Terminal Island, each
in charge of an Assistant Chief of Patrol.

The Wardens' Reserve Force was increased during the period.
A unit was established in the San Francisco area, another in the Fresno
district. Appointments are made only after thorough training, the
applicant being required to attend a course of instruction in law enforce-
ment technique one night a week for a period of eight or ten weeks,
after which he must pass a satisfactory examination before being eligible
for appointment.

These units select their own captains and squad leaders. The leaders
are held strictly responsible for the conduct of their men to the local
patrol headquarters. They furnish their own uniforms and equipment,
and are instructed to work closely with the regular warden in the district.

These men have exhibited none of the selfish characteristics of some
of the old-time volunteer badge-holders, and are always willing to set
aside their personal desires to hunt and fish in order to assist the regular
warden in his duties of protecting fish and game.

No training schools were held for the regular patrol force during
the period of this report. Most of the men had this training in previous
classes. It is intended that a school will be set up early in 1951.

Six small power boats for patrol activities were acquired during the
period of this report, some being replacement units for boats which were
surveyed because of age and obsolescence. A 36-foot steel boat was built
for San Francisco Bay patrol. This proved to be unsatisfactory for patrol
work, and was transferred to the Bureau of Marine Fisheries for use in
coastal research work.

The two 63-foot A. C. R. boats purchased during the previous bien-
nium, equipped with radar, have proved most successful in patrolling
Southern California waters. Negotiations are now under way to acquire

(113)

114

PISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Figure 20. 63-foot Fish and Game patrol boat BLUEFIN. The commission operates
two of these vessels in Southern California waters. Equipped witli two 630-h.D. Hall
Scott Defender engines, radar, radio and full marine equipment. Photograph hy Vernon

M. Haden. San Pedro.

another vessel of this type to cover San Francisco Bay and ocean waters
adjacent as far south as Monterey. The next fiscal year's budget provides
for this purchase.

Considerable progress is being made with car and boat radio com-
munications for the warden service. A number of areas in the State
which in the past have not had this type of communications are operating
satisfactorily with either county sheriff's installations or state facilities.
In many instances the counties furnish the equipment.

We had hoped to report that arrests and convictions for the biennium
would have decreased over the previous period, but this is not the case.

Total arrests for the biennium were 12,947, an increase of 1,616
over the previous like period. The average fine was over $43, a slight
increase over the last biennium. A survey of arrests and fines throughout
the Nation indicates the average fine to be $21 for fish and game law
violations. The commission and the bureau at this time wish to thank
the California courts for their cooperation in assessing penalties more
than twice the general average for the Nation.

It will be noted that the arrests, fines and forfeitures were con-
siderably higher during the first fiscal year than in the second fiscal year
of this report; however, the jail sentences were more than two and
one-half times greater in the second fiscal year than in the first.

A recapitulation of arrests, fines and seizures will be found in
Appendix E.

APPENDICES

11(J

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

APPENDIX A

STATEMENTS OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

STATEMENT OF REVENUE

For the Period July 1 , 1 948, to June 30,1949

One Hundredth Fiscal Year

Revenue for fish and game preservation fund

1949 series

Angling

Hunting

Deer tags

Fish tags

Game tags

Market fisherman

Fish importer

Fish party boat permits

Fish breeder

Game breeder

Kelp license

Game management area license.

Game management area tags

Salmon tags

Total 1949 series.

1948 series

Angling

Hunting

Archery-resident

Archery-nonresident. -

Commercial hunting club

Commercial hunting club operator.

Trapping

Fish packer and shellfish dealers

Archery-deer tags

Deer tags

Fish tags

Game tags

Market fisherman

Fish importer

Fish party boat permits

Fish breeder

Game breeder

Game management area licenses

Game management area tags

Salmon tags

Deer meat agents — locker permits.

Deer meat agents — Wardens

Waterfowl permits

Total 1948 series.

1947 series
Angling

Debit

Hunting

Archery-deer tags
Debit

Total 1947 series

Total license revenue-

Detail

$1,699,074.35

64.00

15.00

6,337.75

165.15

73,300.00

80.00

647.00

535 . 00

2,865.00

30.00

330.00

.54

48.00

,445,847.55

,497,107.10

1,956.00

25.00

700.00

230.00

1,272.00

16,265.00

734 . 00

300,313.00

3,981.24

438.12

69,080.00

10.00

184.00

60.00

375.00

120.00

367.83

146.94

10,600.50

937.00

3,198.00

$59.00
958.50

10.00

Total

$1,783,491.79

3,353,948.28

889.50

$5,138,329.67

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

117

STATEMENT OF REVENUE — Continued

For the Period July 1 , 1 948, to June 30,1 949

One Hundredth Fiscal Year

Revenue for fish and game preservation fund

Other revenue

Fish packers tax

Sardine tax

Kelp tax revenue

Lease of kelp beds

Salmon tax

Confiscated fish

Miscellaneous revenue — undetermined

Miscellaneous revenue

Court fines

Interest on surplus money investment fund-

Total other revenue

Total Fish and Game Preservation Fund_
Less : License Commissions

Net fish and game preservation fund revenue-

Detail

5166,737.41

87,991.07

2,236.50

998.10

52,084.03

61,556.86

24,138.30

43,111.84!

177,273.301

23,198.64

Total

$639,336.15

$5,777,665.62
248,618.97

$5,529,046.65

118

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

STATEMENT OF REVENUE — Continued

For the Period July 1, 1949, to June 3 0, 19 50

One Hundred and First Fiscal Year

Revenue for fish and game preservation fund

1950 series

Angling

Hunting

Trapping

Fish packers and shell fish dealers-

Deer tags

Fish tags

Game tags

Market fishermen

Fish importers

Fish party boat permits

Fish breeders

Game breeders

Kelp license

Game management area licenses-.

Game management area tags

Salmon tags

Total 1950 series.

1949 series

Angling

Hunting

Archery-resident

Archery-nonresident

Commercial hunting club

Commercial hunting club operator.

Trapping

Fish packers and shell fish dealers..

Archery deer tags

Fish tags

Game tags

Deer tags

Alien nonresident deer tags

Market fishermen

Fish importers

Fish party boat permits

Fish breeder

Game breeder

Kelp license

Game management area licenses

Game management area tags

Antelope permits

Salmon tags

Pheasant tags

Catalina deer permits

Deer meat agents — locker permits.

Deer meat agents — wardens

Waterfowl permits

Elk permits

Total 1949 series.

] 948 series

Angling

Hunting

Deer tags

Deer meat agents — locker permits-
Total 1948 series

Total license revenue.

Detail

$1,712,956.00

83.00

2.00

570.00

3.00

,332.15

121.80

,560.00

85.00

780.00

700.00

,465.00

20.00

460.00

14.85

160.00

10,;

80, i

,326,234.85

.451,298.03

2,625.00

65.00

750.00

215.00

1,176.00

2,515.00

882.00

6,535.50

479.76

308,773.00

9,910.00

76,370.00

5.00

170.00

110.00

505.00

10.00

90.00

518.58

3,500.00

37.51

170,190.00

1,918.00

10,311.50

1,196.00

4,028.00

1,250.00

$269.00

2,099.50

11.00

Total

,810,372.80

3,381,668.73

2,390.50

5,194,432.03

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

119

STATEMENT OF REVENUE — Continued

For the Period July 1, 1949, to June 3 0, 19 50

One Hundred and First Fiscal Year

Revenue for fish and game preservation fund

Detail

Total

Otiier revenue

Fish packers tax

Sardine packers tax

Salmon packers tax

Kelp tax

Lease of kelp beds

Miscellaneous

Confiscated fish

Court fines -

Interest on surplus money investment fund.

Total other revenue

Total Fish and Game Preservation Fund.
Less : license commissions

Net Fish and Game Preservation Fund revenue.

S295,431.79

168,540.64

33,098.57

2,861.25

1,934.90

16,703.24

8,336.22

60,724.56

94,569.83

$682,201.00

$5,876,633.03
250,519.81

.15,626,113.22

120

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES

(as of June 30, 1950)

For the Period July 1, 1948, to June 3 0, 1949 — One Hundredth Fiscal Year

Salaries and
wages

Operating
expenses

Equipment

Less reim-
bursement
for services
to em-
ployees

Total major
function

$67,851.81
776,005.06
251,193.16
526,710.16
486,854.45
44,006.31

16,018.88

$232,023.49
375,879.09
126,946.99
427,572.21
232,184.32
39,787.51

78,697.15

$5,072.96
76,221.23
30,848.80
111,303.79
96,587.71
225.45

3,276.70

$304,948.26

Patrol and law enforcement

Marine fisheries

—$20.00

1,228,085.38
408 988 95

Fish conservation

—13,813.78
—11,113.76

1,051,772.38

Game conservation

804,512.72

Licenses ._ _ -

84,019.27

Conservation education and
public information _

97,992.73

Pacific Marine Fisheries Com-
mission - --

12,500.00

Special item (administration)

435.60

Unallocated (administration)

3.35

Retirement (administration)

209,136.30

89,478.73

Total expenditures

$4,291,873.67

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES

(as of December 31, 1950)

For the Period July 1, 1949, to June 30, 1950 — One Hundred and First Fiscal Year

Salaries and
wages

Operating
expenses

Equipment

Total major
function

Administration .

$83,806.81

$290,071.84

$7,931.10

$381,809.75

Less reimbursement — rent and utilities

— 25,425 . 92

Less reimbursement — use of auto and op-

—58,037.43

Less reimbursement — subsistence

— 2,984.49

Patrol and law enforcement _ _

781,737.07
297,097.16
580,122.02
533,933.70
48,283.56
23,105.24

388,250.59
141,326.53
347,090.58
297,058.53
91,145.02
52,104.57

128,435.51

18,564.06

59,639.90

157,977.19

530.83

4,980.29

1,298,423.17

Marine fisheries

456,987.75

Fish conservation.. ...___ ...

986,852.50

Game conservation ._ .

988,969.42

Licenses _ .

139,959.41

Conservation education and public information
Retirement (administration)

80,190.10
270,080.56

1,539.82

Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission

12,500.00

Total expenditures

$4,530,864.64

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT
APPENDIX B

GAME STATISTICS

121

TABLE 1. GAME BIRD RELEASES
Liberation of Game Farm Birds, January 1, 1948, Through December 31, 1949

County

Ring-neck

Reeves

Turkey

Chukar

Valley
quail

Total

304
3,013
4,432

35
9,791
3,874

304

Amador

3 013

Butte - - .-_ ^

4,526
35

Colusa

9 791

Contra Costa

3 874

Del Norte

El Dorado. _-_ . _ _

Fresno

11,899
6,233

682
9,880
4,413
6,580
1,624

349
2,640
1,123
1,429

690
1 269

11 899

Glenn

6 258

Humboldt- .

682

193

10 073

Inyo --

4.413

451
60

7,071

1 684

Lake

349

Lassen - -____

2,640

429

1,572

1 429

Marin _ _

754

Mendocino

1 269

Merced

10,183
6,835

629

290
1,923

470

1,703

5,790

3,587

277

7,278

1,811

10,114

149
1,372
1,033

111
1,587
1,116
4,007
5,480

224
6,474
7,715
3,467
9,323

240
2,000
3,506
3,227

10 183

Modoc -

6 835

Mono .

629

Monterey

354

Napa

182
115

2 105

585

Placer .

1,703

Riverside

210

. 423

6,423

Sacramento

3,587

San Benito -

312

San Bernardino- - _

682
1,087

345
50

8,308

San Diego

2,948

San Joaquin

10,114

San Luis Obispo

156

1,372

Santa Clara _ .

1,033

Santa Cruz

111

Shasta

1,587

Sierra -

100

1,216

Siskiyou

4,007

Solano

5,480

Sonoma

224

Stanislaus ..

532

7,006

Sutter

7,715

Tehama

3,467

Tulare- _ .

9,323

Tuolumne _ _

240

Ventura

2,020

Yolo

3,506

Yuba

3,227

Totals

172,217

166

106

2,252

2,776

177,517

122

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

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C ^^ l^ "^ ^ ^*T''^^*^*T!<*T*^^:r'^--3 03 03 03 03 03 33-=.-.—

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FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

123

(N 00 t^ t>. O t^ 05

(N t>. CC C4 "^ Ol C^

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3) o s s
2 ""-^-^

AND GAME

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941 1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

10t7

1948

1949

Totals

•

. 1

I
2

......

""""4"i""""r

3
1

' ' V

6
8
3

8
2

6
19

......

1
2

7
12

1
6

224
229

189

9
24

U
25

5
Ifi

7
22

12
5

14
19

7
11

12
24

5
6

" i i

262

1 .osn

3
2

9 10

144

15 i 10

8 12

7 7

1
1
2

6
5

(

502
13

8
2

0 5 3 1 2

101

.| 3 4

i) '

102

""2

......

12 16

4
15

146

U 31

20 S

20 1 6

691

2
29

11
1
1

U iu 1 10 1 G

R46
4

-i i

)

— .

2
1
3

117

I'l

""""2"i::::::""T

115
1

2
6

4
14

4
4

15
11

8
10

6
0

7
2

5
9

3
10

172

275

::::::::::::

2 i 7

2(fi

2
22

.....

"is

1
II

11
5

18 i 5

4 1

9 4

6
3

9
4

43S

144

8 7 5

699

2 3

1
4

......

2
3

1
10

I
5

"JT

540
0

II
22
14

"2
16
15

18
8

9
50
13

3 4
38 24
17 12

1 6

6
19

2
23

15
26
18

I3H
933
505
185

0 1 0 '

165

2
5

3i 2

202

Ifl5

199

224

253

292

228 243 ! 162 ] 150

1 ;

177

143

219

10,324

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL, REPORT

125

APPENDIX C

MARINE FISHERIES STATISTICS

TABLE 1. CALIFORNIA FISHERIES

PRODUCTION

1948

1949

Total

Total landings, pounds. ._ __ . _

899,775,000

12,274,848

44,450

2,833,197

140,009

1,135,346,000

13,161,076

66,504

6, .591, 234

134,021

2,035,121,000

Cases of fish canned

25,435,924

Trips of fish menl prnHiif^pH

110,9.54

Gallons of fish oil produced

9,424,431

Gallons of liver oil produced

274,030

TABLE 2. POUNDS AND VALUE' OF COMMERCIAL FISH
LANDINGS IN CALIFORNIA

Species

1948

1949

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Yellowfin tuna-

191,724,000

.58,772,000

362,037,000

37,623,000

7,769,000

11,890,000

39,386,000

72,898,000

21,655,000

2,481,000

6,697,000

10,446,000

1,518,000

3,229,000

2,126,000

6,.541,000

1,114,000

1,307,000

19,256,000

9,135,000

2,068,000

2,059,000

426,000

1,114,000

10,836,000

15,668,000

$32,437,000

9,329,000

10,732,000

11,019,000

2,009,000

1,261,000

1,381,000

2,136,000

1,139,000

1,051,000

1,125,000

1,163,000

549,000

371,000

330,000

396,000

268,000

269,000

518,000

1,062,000

175,000

173,000

27,000

355,000

348,000

890,000

185,612,000

78,575,000

633,475,000

44,279,000

6,848,000

11,117,000

49,771,000

51,250,000

19,693,000

1,552,000

4,389,000

7,319,000

1,780,000

3,568,000

2,474,000

6,044,000

1,412,000

1,263,000

6,859,000

1,835,000

1,769,000

1,654,000

1,336,000

198,000

3,322,000

7,952,000

$30,295,000

Skipjack

11,655,000

Sardine .

10,757,000

8,192,000

Salmon - - - - _

1 678 000

Crab..

1,294,000

Pacific mackerel. . .

1,286,000

.Tack mackerel

1111 000

Sole

918,000

Shark

833,000

Bluefin tuna .

713,000

Yellowtail

686 000

Spiny lobster . .

686,000

Abalone. . .

398,000

Barracuda.

368,000

Rockfish . . .

340,000

Whitft Sep. bass

291,000

California halibut

238,000

Squid .

184,000

Bonito

179,000

Sablefish ... . .

135,000

Lingcod

125,000

Shad

107,000

BroadbiU swordfish

Anchovy .

88,000
56,000

All other

635,000

Totals. - -

899,775,000

$80,513,000

1,135,346,000

$73,248,000

1 Value to the fishermen.

126

FISH AXD GAME COMMISSION

TABLE 3.. YEARLY LANDINGS IN POUNDS — COMMERCIAL FISH
Exclusive of Mollusks and Crustaceans^

Year

Pounds

Year

Pounds

1916

88,390,465
202,987,474
254,238,270
256,120,774
215,431,810
129,086,209
176,216,485
246,383,030
325,948,382
425,695,707
382,602,891
471,210,260
572,070,120
841,149,549
680,858,788
491,083,110
542,060,362

1933

811,002,474
1 378 154 189

1917

19.34

1918

1935

1 433 616 046

1919

1936 ._

■ 1,753,632,108
1,354,050,220
1 298 036 943

1920

1937 ._.

1921

1938

1922

1939

1,472,988,721
1,284,881,633

1923

1940

1924

1925

1926

1941

1942

1943

1,517,533,106
1,166,614.194
1,215,161,305

1927

1944

1,430,202,850

1928

1945 --

1 138 943 309

1929

1946 .. .

855,997,768

1930

1947 .

763,324,829

1931

1948 .

862,258,458

1932

1949

1,110,151,411

^ Includes sardine deliveries to reduction ships and tuna importations.

TABLE 4.

COMMERCIAL

FISHING

FLEET

Home port

1948-1949

1949-19.50

Eureka

Sacramento

San Francisco _

546
394
750
406

244

2,230

845

307

581
369
800

Monterey . _ - .

434

Santa Barbara _ ..

244

Los Angeles. _

2,362

San Diego - .

946

Alaska, Oregon,

Washington

424

Totals .

5,722

6,160

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 127

TABLE 5. NATIONALITY OF LICENSED COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN

Nativity

1948-1949

1949-1950

10,152

10,734

1,386

1,401

772

690

446

523

414

468

204

194

143

170

185

205

14,261

14,962

United States

Italy

Jugoslavia

Norway

Portugal

Great Britain

Japan

Sweden

Mexico

Finland

Spain

Germany

Greece

Denmark

Costa Rica

Philippine Islands

Russia

All others

Totals

TABLE 6. RESIDENCE OF LICENSED COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN

Region of residence

1948-1949

1949-1950

929

917

665

619

1,292

1,325

1,267

1,319

622

594

5,832

5,961

2,914

3,273

716

918

14,261

14,962

Eureka

Sacramento

San Francisco

Monterey

Santa Barbara

Los Angeles

San Diego

Alaska, Oregon, Washington
Mexico

Totals

128

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Q
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ANTED — 1948
nted in Each County

26,540
9,500

68,793
257,420

36,000

01 o

122,264

2,000

15,000

2,310
397,500
215,434

9,510
182,970

109,700

163,081

112,300

425,582

316,742

149,290
74,369

1. FISH PL
eared Fish Pla

+->

139,120
147,345

TABLE
Hatchery R

25,600

33,768

o
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FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

129

OTOOOO^-^root-oojoo-Hoo
■^(NO'-ioooO'-^as-HOiO'oooiNco

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59,200
58,220

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San Diego

San Francisco

San Luis Obispo

San Mateo

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Sierra

Siskiyou

Tehama

Trinity

Tulare

Tuolumne

Ventura

Yuba

03
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130 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

TABLE 2. HATCHERY REARED WARM-WATER FISHES — 1948

Number of
fish

Smallmouth black bass

Largemouth black bass

Sacramento perch

Bluegill

24,432

399

5,006

13.781

Total ■

43,618

TABLE 3. FISH RESCUED — 1948

Trout

Rainbow 1,880

Eastern brook 500

Steelhead 272,271

Brown 561

Cutthroat ol

Total

Salmon

liing

Silver

Total

State-county cooperative
trout rescued

Steelhead

Salmon

Total 108,750

275,263

16,290
53,914

70,204

84,300
24,450

Warm-water fishes

Smafimouth black bass 34,300

Largemouth black bass 48,273

Striped bass — 2,157

Sacramento perch 6,021

Crappie 15,343

Brown bullhead 298,907

White catfish 2,509

Bluegill 51 ,652

deen sunfish 792

Warmouth 35

Total 459,989

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

131

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20,000

155,400
140,720

S
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132,150
15,950

432,861

130,080

25,000

15.000

8,000

464.500
171.681

117,612

53,600

108,046

35,550

429,054

289,062

104,542
106,733

1 1 1 1 i 1 1 i 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 o3 1

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312,799

9,388

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Placer '

Plumas

Riverside

San Diego ^

San Luis Obispp

132

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FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT
TABLE 5. HATCHERY REARED WARM- WATER FISHES — 1949

133

Number of
fish

Smallmouth black bass

Largemouth black bass

Sacramento perch

851

77,936

175

Bluegill

11,095

Total

90,057

TABLE 6. FISH RESCUED — 1949

Trout

Rainbow

Steelhead

Brown

Cutthroat

Golden

2,176

486,584

1,250

380

Total

Salmon

King -;

Silver

490,392

17,409
107,733

Total

State-county cooperative
trout rescued

Steelhead

Salmon

125,142

115,705
54,787

Total

170,492

Warm-water fishes

Smallmouth black bass.
Largemouth black bass.

Sacramento perch

Crappie

Brown bullhead

White catfish

Bluegill

Green sunfish

Warmouth

Carp

Blackfish

Fresh-water sculpin

Total

13,062

289,720

175

31,292

62,669

6,826

638,228

7,649

211

227

1,050,142

134

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

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FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

135

Oa3'-H;0OC<3t-<N-H>o-*O00O
■-D O 0_ IC CO >C '0_ !-<_ 0_ cq 03_ O •* O
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136

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

TABLE 8, HATCHERY REARED WARM- WATER FISHES
January 1 to June 30, 1950 (inclusive)

Number of
fish

Largemouth black bass

BluegUl

4,981
195

Total

5,176

TABLE 9. FISH RESCUED
January 1 to June 30, 1950 (inclusive)

Trout

Rainbow 2,080

Steelhead 242,741

Cutthroat 60

Brown 1,336

Total

Salmon

King

Silver

Total 38,159

246,217

1,365
36,794

Warm-water fishes

Smallmouth black bass 7,916

Largemouth black bass 15,932

Black baiss 1,338

Brown bullhead 166,693

White catfish 668

Bluegill 41,635

Green sunfish 4,060

Crappie 18,913

Golden shiners 7,504

Blackfish 97

Total 264,756

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

137

APPENDIX E
ARRESTS, FINES AND SEIZURES

TABLE 1. TOTAL ARRESTS FOR PERIOD OF 48 YEARS

1902-1904.
1904-1906.
1906-1908.
1908-1910-
1910-1912.
1912-1914.
1914-1916.
1916-1918.
1918-1920.
1920-1922-
1922-1924.
1924-1926-

550

1926-1928

774

1928-1930.

1,192

1930-1932 . ...

1,771

1932-1934

2,063

1934-1936.

1,993

1936-1938. . -

2.087

19.38-1940 .

1,797

1940-1942 ....

1,891

1942-1944.

2,258

1944-1946 ..

2,715

1946-1948

3,207

1948-1950

4,390
5,388
5,237
3,795
4,535
6,382
7,444
7,262
4,298
5,902
11,331
12,947

TABLE 2. ARRESTS AND CONVICTIONS — RECAPITULATION

Number of
arrests

Fines

Jail

sentences

(days)

Fish cases

1948-1949 .... ..

3,674
3,040

$161,879.13
$169,779.00

5121^
1,798H

Game cases

1948-1949 ..

Totals for 1948-1949

6,714
3,728
2,505

$331,658.13

$97,601.72

$132,645.20

2,311

Fish cases

1949-1950 .

753 H

Game cases

1949-1950 .

5,134

Totals for 1949-1950 : . . .

6,233

6,714
6,233

$230,246.92

$331,658.13
230,246.92

5,887H

Recapitulation:
1948-1949

2,311

1949-1950.

5,8873^

Totals.

12,947

$561,905.05

8,198J^

138

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
TABLE 3. SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME

Fish

July 1, 1948

to
June 30, 1949

July 1, 1949

to
Jime .30, 19.50

Total

Abalone .

3,839

6,691

10..530
2

Abalone, pounds _

Barracuda- _

207

168

1,362

1,400

303

116

15,775

23,522

87
■>07

Barracuda, pounds ._

Rock bass .. _

239

Sand bass

Striped bass _

1,840

2.50

493

521

8,909

3.202
64

Blacl: bass

White sea bass, pounds

1 650

Bass, pounds .

118
46

Carp .

Catfish

7Qfi

Catfish, pounds .

637

24,684

Clams

Clams, pounds _ .

Cockles

22,615
1

46.137
1

Corbina _

Crabs __

179

244

2.51

Crabs, poimds

244

Crappie.- . ._

101

• 158

110

546

5,023

TRQ

Frogs . .- -.

■^00

Halibut ___

Halibut, pounds _ .

110

1,374

682

1,675

1,920
5 705

Lobsters, pounds

1 675

Mullet : :

Octopus_ _.. .

31
16

Octopus, pounds _

139

Rockfish _- ..

Salmon _._

421

153,. 504

■'21

Salmon, pounds _

421

Sardines _. -

Sardines, pounds .

850,193

6971^

128

1 003 701

6971^
128

Scallops _.

Shad

3,747

7,198

10 945

Steelhead __

2,589

82,260

Sturgeon, pounds _ _

Trout ._.

2,582

195

3,142

8,298

5 171

Trout, pounds '__

199

85,402

Yellowfin, pounds.

8 298

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

139

TABLE 3. SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME — Continued

Game

Antelope

Bear

Bear meat, pounds .

Beaver

Coots

Deer

Deer meat, pounds.

Doves

Ducks

Elk

Elk meat, jars ...

Elk meat, pounds

Geese

Grebe

Grouse

Migratory waterfowl.
Moose meat, pounds.

Muskrats

Non-game

Pheasants

Pigeons

Pine marten

Quail

Rabbits

Sagehen

Shorebirds

Squirrels

Swans __:

Skins, beaver

Skins, mink

Skins, muskrat

Skins, sea otter

July 1, 1948

to
June 30, 1949

1
60

112

279

2,476

1,406

2,639

400

129

347

117

105

106

July 1, 1949

to
June 30, 1950

299

2,319

1,283

1,094

74
199

2
32
30

269

122

184

Total

112

578

4,795

2,689

3,733

474

328

101

616

134

227

290

140

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
TABLE 4. FISH CASES

July 1,

1948 to June 30, 1949

July 1,

1949 to June 30, 1950

Offense

Number

Fines

Jail

Number

Fines

Jail

of
arrests

imposed

sentences
(days)

of
arrests

imposed

sentences

(days)

Abalone- Undersize; overliinit; without permit; out

of shell; closed season; no license; failure to show

license on demand; using diving apparatus in

Dist. 19A; taking in marine life refuge; failure

to keep accurate books; failure to deliver tickets;

using another's license

375

$10,290.00

523

$13 fi.55 00

1971^

Angling: No license; late angling; failure to show

^ *TJ,'.*»JT^ , \J\J

1— ' , 2

license; possession of gaff; using artificial light;

night fishing; using another's Ucense; transferring

license; illegal spearing; more than one line; fishing

within 150 ft. of dam; closed waters; taking by use

of firearms; more than 2 attractor blades; false

statement in obtaining license; game fish for bait;

set hues; closed waters; using dip net; giU net;

blocking stream; illegal seining; backdating

license; chumming; trespassing to fish; using

salmon eggs; chumming in inland waters

1,468

24,564.00

64? 2

1,242
2

19,109.50

861/9

Albacore: Sale of undersized

175.00

OU/^

Bass, Black: Xo hcense; closed season; using set

lines; more than 1 pole; selling; possession of

undersize

185.00

655.00

Bass, Kelp: No license

25.00

Bass, Rock: Taking overlimit; no Ucense; using

another's license

125.00

230.00

Bass, Striped: Overlimit; undersize; set line; failure

to show on demand; night fishing; offering prizes;

taking with 2 rods; on commercial boat; sale;

resisting arrest; borrowed license; mutilated fish

and game plates

398

12,682.20

200

365

9,519.50

Bass, White Sea: Possession on purse seiner; under-

size; sale of undersize

25.00

100.00

Barracuda: Taking undersize; overlimit; selling from

sport boat

50.00

35.00

Carp: Closed season; fyke nets; night fishing; no

license ; no wholesale Ucense

300.00

135.00

Catfish: Overlimit; operating fish trap; undersize;

taking with fyke nets; taking without license;

taking at night; other than by angUng; in District

22; with more than 1 line; sale of undersize; taking

with spear ; failure to give receipt

2,208.00

2,210.00

Clams, Big Neck: Overlimit; no license

650.00

Clams, Cockle: OverUmit; undersize; no license;

taking in closed season; using another's license;

failure to show license on demand

1,610.00

1,885.00

Clams, Gaper: Overlimit; no license

125.00

Clams, Pismo: OverUmit; undersize; out of shell;

taking at night; no Ucense; possession of forks and

shovels in refuge; possession for commercial use;

possession undersize in refuge; failure to return

undersize to water; taking in refuge

482

12,250.50

115

448

11,887.00

250

Clams, Razor: OverUmit

25.00

Commercial: no license; failure to deUver reports;

illegal gill net; using drag net in less than 25

fathoms; fish wastage; closed area; round haul net

District 20; undersize fish; trawl nets in closed

district; no dealer license; no boat registration;

failure to issue receipts; no party boat Ucense;

resisting arrest; undersize sardines; no aUen

license; boat improperly numbered; failure to

259

9,215.00

343

9,107.50

Crabs: Undersize; taking females; failure to show

on demand; possession of over 500 lbs. on drag

boat ; closed season

155.00

675.00
10.00

Corbina: Spearing

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT
TABLE 4. FISH CASES — Continued

141

July 1, 1948 to June 30, 1949

July 1, 1949 to June 30, 1950

Offense

Number
of

arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences
(days)

Number
of

arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences

(days)

Crappie: Overlimit; possession closed season; taking

5
35

$95.00
875.00

$380.00

480.00
suspended

3,445.00

Frogs: Undersize; taking closed season; possession

of spears within 300 ft. of prohibited stream

Halibut' Failure to show license

Lobsters: Closed season; oversize; undersize; op-
erating traps in closed district; baiting traps with
abalone; failure to show on demand; wilfully dis-
turbing another's traps; use of traps in District
21" possession and sale of undersize

50
3

2,815.00
250.00

Mullet' Illegal nets

Miissfls' No license

1
1

72
29

25.00
25.00
10.00
10.00

4,065.00
10.00

2,225.00
1,575.00

Octopus: No license _-

25.00

Pollution: Oil; sawdust; bilge; fish refuse; copper
sulphate; bluestone; black leaf 40; clorax; cloro-

5,520.00

Rockfish* No license

Salmon: Illegally taken; snagging; overlimit; shoot-
ing; taking from spawning area; spearing; gaffing;
closed season; at night; mutilation; taking within
250 ft. of fish way; taking without license; using
fyke nets; using borrowed license; taking from
closed stream; possession untagged; possession gill
netted -

39
1

3,085.00

1,420.00
10.00

100

Sardines: Taking undersize; using illegal net in Dist.
16; no commercial license; taking for use by packer
in closed season; using purse seiner in Dist. 20;
canning sardines taken for bait

Sea Urchins: Taking from Pt. Lobos State Park

2
2
3

20.00

suspended

40.00

Shark: No license

Skipjack: Undersize

242
2

150.00

320.00

12.00

820.00

9,656.00
300.00

Steelhead: Closed season; taking other than by

Sturgeon: Possession; taken in gill net; possession of
roe

Sunfish, Bluegill: Overlimit; taking other than by
angling; closed season; taken too close to dam

Trout: Using 2 rods; set lines; closed area; taking by
hand; overlimit; using 3 attractor blades; closed
season; no Ucense; snagging; chumming; taking at
night; taking in District 103.6; possession gaff
within 300 ft. of stream; using artificial light

Tuna, Yellowfin: Sale of undersize .

5
40

258
16

275.00
1,025.00

7,745.00
890.00

80.00

27>i
50

YeUowtail: Undersize and offering for sale; taking
overlimit; purchase of undersize and selling under-
size .

Totals

3,674

$99,052.70
62,826.43

5124

3,728

$97,601.72

753M

Court forfeitures (Sales of fish)

■ Grand Total

$161,879.13

142

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION-
TABLE 5. GAME CASES

OfTeiise

Antelope: Possession closed season; taking female;

using borrowed license; illegal possession

Bear: Closed season; taking with trap

Bear Meat: Possession closed season

Beaver and Mink Hides: Hides and illegal possession.

Commercial: No breeder's license

Coots: Closed season; overlimit

Deer: Failure to tag; closed season; doe; spike buck;
forked horn; spotted fawn; defacing tag; overlimit;
in refuge; night hunting; "A" tag in No. 1 deer
district; tag not validated; using another's tag;
spotlighting; no tag; failure to retain antlers;
transport without iier.nit; tagging another's deer;
taking in refuge; allowing dogs to run; using .22;
full metal jacketed bullets; removing sex evidence;
taking deer with Utah hcense (Calif, resident);
overlimit does; failure to show deer on demand;
taking another's deer; poss?ssi3n of guns and deer
in refuge; Calif. resiJent possessing deer on Mon-
tana license; no valil hunting license

Deer Meat; Unstamped; closed season; doe; posses-
sion illegally taken; possession more than 15 days
after closed season; Calif, resident possession deer
meat on Colorado resident license; no transport
permit; no evidence of sex; possessing deer meat
and gun in refuge 4F; failure to show meat on
demand; possessing parts of doe; purchase of deer

meat

Doves: Late shooting; .22 rifle; from auto; over-
limit; closed season; late shooting; illegal import;
poisoning; unplugged gun; possessing nest and

eggs; no license; using air i)istol

Ducks: Closed season; purchase; overlimit; taking
in refuge; unplugged gun; no stamp; poisoning;
failure to show; offer for sale; illegal import; late
shooting; shooting from motorboat; driving with
airplane; illegal license; failure to declare; Cahf.
resident using Utah license; using borrowed
license; shooting from car; bringing illegal ducks
into Calif.; making false statement on license;
using live decoys; possession wooden duck in
closed area; shooting at ducks with .22 rifle in

game refuge

Elk: Possession of meat; possession of elk; Calif,
resident possessing meat with Idaho resident
license; overlimit; taking of cow with bull
permit; no evidence of sex; possession by Calif,
resident on Wyoming license; no transport permit-
Geese: Closed season; late shooting; overlimit;
shooting from motorboat; unplugged gun; using
.22 rifle; no stamp; possessing gun and geese on
refuge; stealing game; night hunting; possession of
cackling goose; on closed area; hunting without

valid license

Grebe : Possession

Grouse; Possession closed season

July 1, 1948 to June 30, 1949

Number

of
arrests

520

Fines
imposed

S350.00

100.00

20.00

115

159

574

325.00

45,Ui().00

Jail

sentences

(days)

(13

July 1, 1949 to June 30, 1950

Number

of
arrests

Fines
imposed

$850.00
275.00

510

UI.IJIU.OU

5,668.00

31,365.00

625.00

1,540.00

50.00

425.00

410

365

120

145

374

400.00
25.00

46,066.00

11,791.00

5,555.00

Jail

sentences
fdays)

425

2,950

1,071

15,937.50

450.00

3,137.50

35.00

FORTY-FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT
TABLE 5. GAME CASES — Continued

143

July 1,

1948 to June 30, 1949

July 1,

1949 to June 30, 1950

Offense

Number

Fines

Jail

Number

Jail

of
arrests

imposed

sentences

(days)

of
arrests

imposed

sentences
(days)

Hunting; In refuge; late and early shooting; from

auto; at night; with .22; no license; from highway;

metal jacketed bullets; power boat; spotlighting;

unplugged gun; hunting on posted land; tres-

p)assing on Game Management Area; hunting in

closed zone in cooperative hunting area; illegal

importation of game; failure to show license on

demand; possessing arm band off cooperative

area; making false statement on license; failure to

return arm bands; non-resident using resident

license; permit hunting on Game Management

Area without dog in group; transferring license

and tags

1 0.33

$40,516.00

33 'o

546

SI 8,382. 70

366

Migratory Waterfowl; From motor boat; closed

season; taking fully protected bird; using .22; late

shootine' no license; earlv shootmc

110

3,375.00

Moose: Calif, resident possessing meat on Montana

100.00

Mudhens: Closed season

50.00

Muskrat" Closed season

13.00

Non-Game Birds; Killing; possession, no license;

822.00

621.00

Pheasants; Closed season; hen; from auto; trapping;

spotlighting; failure to tag; illegal importation;

no evidence of sex; no license; overlimit; unplugged

gun; taking in cooperative area without permit;

trespassing on cooperative hunting area; taking

cock pheasant on refuge; using .22 rifle; failure

to show on demand; transferred tag; shooting

from public highway; overlimit

278

21,384.00

164

295

15.572.50

275

Pigeons; Trapping; closed season; taking with rifle-

1,720.00

305.00

Pine Marten; Closed season .

ino.oo

Quai 1 ; Closed season ; from a uto ; with rifle ; trapping ;

using .22 rifle; holding valley quail without per-

mit; trespassing on restricted cooperative area;

taking in game refuge; taking with illega' gun;

failure to declare birds taken in Mexico; overIimit_

2,550.00

2,700.00

Rabbits: Closed season; night hunting; in refuge;

unplugged gun; snaring; no license; spotlighting;

early shooting; shooting from car; possessing and

transporting illegal game into Calif.

102

2,901.00

186

5.697.00

Sagehen: Possession

185.00
100.00

635.00

Sea Otter; Possession of skins

Shorebirds; Possession; killing; possessing curlew;

taking snipe, plover, avocet, loon __ ,.

409.00

225.00

Squirrels; Killing gray squirrel; possession in closed

season; possession tree squirrel; no license; illegal

possession _.- •_ . _ _ ._ . __

870.03

510.00

Swan; Possession

1,918.00

Totals..

3,040

S169,779.C0

1,798

2,505

$132,645.20

5,134

49241

8-51 4,500

printed in California state printing office

Date

Due

JA« li* '7

Library Bureau Cat. Ho. 1137

.'smaLfmf.^m

Calif. Dept. of %t

^Lui'Lil Ufeisour-ces

Biennial Repox-t, Ulst, 19i4.8-50^_of

the Division of Fish and Game.

Division of Fish and Game of
CaLifomia,
41st Reports.

1948-50

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