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Canadian Entomologist 


VOLAIM EE, X2ax rx. 


LOOW, 


EDITED BY 


eee. JS Bethune, M.A., D.C .FIR'S.C. 


Professor of Entomology, 


ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, (GUELPH. 


EDITING COMMITTEE : 


Dr. J. Fletcher, Ottawa ; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J. D. Evans, 
Trenton ; Prof. Lochhead, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, 
P.Q.; G. E. Fisher, Burlington ; and J. B. 
Williams, Toronto, 


London, Ontario: 


The London Printing and Lithographing Company, Limited 


1907. 


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO VOL. XXXIX. 


MARON, EUGENE MURRAY...........-2.0.0neccraenesceveceee Cuicaco. 
MMPI OMNIS occa cae vcs rece veces cee essen nanawaninemnetde snes Wasuinoton, 1). C. 
eM IES VMs Ce iccice wees ccc es eesine cinnmaninaingest eet SANTIAGO DE Las VgGas, CuRa, 
ee NENTS OM er Se eRe) 5 eoacnee East Fatits Cuurcn, VA. 
Rememers UT OIIAM, M. De... 2.5. ees sence ee sce eemmine cee’: Decatur, ILL. 
Beprunmorev. Cc. J. S. (The Editor) ..........:..c0s..0.- 525s GUELPH, ONTARIO. 

el gat Aa BEER, RUUTIN AIM ct ao 07 Se NEw York. 
EDs n Soo nw cnn wows noeles econ ss uv eaenaumaesns IE ONS ae 
BRADLEY, J. ‘CHESTER Bs es cars » Seth e «cre se eae IrHaca, N. Y. : 
SMITE ECD Fe, «co cig nin s cosets secon See's ccna eo wes wom emir. SAN Francisco, Carir. 
G3 BRE Be ene ee mnOmsemoc isso scr ioc oc NEWaRK, Ne J 

BUENO, J. R. DE LA BROR RIE 8... < cuits celrcahe ems New York. 

Sea EMIONESSCUIN 5.00. cic nec vwiviciin ec sie nfee'e o cin's emia elam elaine aeieiel GueELPnH, Onr. 

Ep OE (OE Cleese nensoneccdison: o—onada a= WASHINGTON, D. C. 
MMMM REIS oi son wie ow oc e cieseis voles oie cle nw eile nial tfelebics atin sie sie WasHINGTON, 1). C. 

sons She eer. 4 ae 0, eo > RARE rine: epiorPOpeoe BouLper, Coro. 
oo 2 LDS 0 ose SeceocnSnntenonon ie Sercsonnncn Kasto, B. C, 

COOK, Touin 2 in APR oo air re ata Bets Sav rEn Ee cll oer Arsany, N. Y. 
NE ICMIICUAUI TS Toe b= re te Ue len ce ereltinw widisleie ssa 6 Pato ALtTo, Ca.ir. 
BOOUILEBIT, Dl W... 22. cei ieee dene ie see ewe Wasuincton, D. C. 
aE MRSIN TE Pat hag te one co crn ale = Sie fatale Volar west eTayant we wial-'m crsiaje => WASHINGTON, D. C. 
SIMI OIMOR MAN... < oo clcu scab cee eee ccce re ccte esse ences ++ +/AWEME;, MAN, 
UII ee os onc care ete dalaleemiacnjefe's/elataietes «= as New BriGurTon, N. Y. 
TAM oe Nake Smee rh Soe os oti olaw cle /alotere 6 e.« cieteiensa ed MONTREAL. 

PTE PURO PS ELEN Y 8 on hace c cares vie ccs kana oe die deciles dele mec MILLARVILLE, ALBFERTA. 
DYAR, Sl (Cae LO ASO eel ale. ba oe ie ie eS en cet Wen WasHINctTon, D. C. 
NT PUT ee PS cic tha rio cok de ute » Omtimein DETEDSBURGH;. PA: 

FE MMEMC I EDELIN GD) 2 oii! oo bee e ale 5: SE ER Sate, Ore ere Rear .... TRENTON, ONT. 
NEI FR 5 Bineals Soe siis ciao ease sie dy Uhian ie etepiente PASADENA, CALIF. 
FELT..E. P. Oe Beco aay ett salen g day ua LB ANY ING? 
FLETCHER, 5) TS STA Ry cE a oe a SO i RL OTTawa. 

FROST, C. A.. ee Bee to ne | ee Ont Ee IOUDH LP RAMINGHAME NLAGS: 
SU STEN no a eC Orrawa, 

GILLETTE, PROF, C. P.. et aha e he art eee eae Se eeies ROR De GOLLING COLO: 
ST WS CN oS Df Se a Myrt_e, Ga. 

See MRR eens oh fo onic cial ove weiss seine sys Jabldie wlafeies soe KInGsTON, JAMAICA. 
rere r OI OR... oc. s cet ccc cceecc dc ce eens ered cares ASADENA, CALIn. 
eEE MAREN PCUEAIMR DN 22 erie) 2's de as Fasiauaren nit isle mle viajatd a eos New Brunswick, N. J. 
PETEIRNEUAUIN TN Vilas. . «3 ~ ose « -c'scc.o ms disie'sic'e been adie siesis.e ov1e BOSTON, MASS. 
UNNI Doe ei), ah cent e noe tas + Qestals eects cre eens Aprn, CALIr. 

PSEA UIC SS COINS «icicles oclc ccc score dn aaedidag ceca ceceaans CARTWRIGHT, Manirosa. 
HERRICK, ae RR IGDININ Wie. cicce ce cr cures dea ps csigasen oe os AGRICULTURAL, COLLEGE. Miss 
HINE, PROF. J. CPA ay». 2 HE ote iz .......CoLtumsus, Onto. 
HOWARD, DR. L oO. Bae oe : ....+.,- WASHINGTON, D. C. 
JARVIS, TENNYSON 1B: SSA Bh pdr EPR Er Eee e GUELPH, OnrT. 

Piya ob Ss aya Oa ee bi Mit bidet es dhavle Ih Jars ontdo sINCOLND NEBRASKA: 
RRPARPHOED WW. Do:.....-..:56... ot Pee Nee ae Monrcrair, N. J. 
IRN eS my waives wo teeadsivemne Gwe aes Honoruivu, Hawauan Isc. 
CL tr fe i AM Kuba ade atte aah cee Pare oe Wasuincton, D. C. 
Bo i. LE ps ec RSE ae eee eee baer Be ane chy be tier WaALpogoro, Maine. 
rea 59). 552° SC... oo. viele cole vars c cles le coin duwdaecss WASHINGTON, I, C. 
RUINS tt ee Le oat, cB atic Wea sland Sonudeee nies Cotp SprinG Harsour, N. Y. 
Pe Oe YELM Als... kc) oo etes sled wield Oly esses MONTREAL. 
DA POE. AL De oes ccc s aces oda tga cemecsccnseens IrHaca, N. Y. 
ECE EST Tee ei 0 re Do ck hee hgk sce Siaisin cera’ s IrHaca, N. Y. 
SS OV ELLYN Ges, 5s cccv'nc cde nmeleiecesve mcs WaASHINGTON, D. C. 
EUS END, a Ro SO IA Sa en : MONTREAL. 

No LE i ih ae ae Hype Park Corners, Onr. 
So OS 28 0 0 TE a See Brook Lyn, N. Y. 
IVS 9) lp lS A SPR Lonpon, ENGLAND. 
SSVI a en San a eee ca ne 1 CNN ARBOR SIGS 
AT LS a ae ee a ......LINCOLN, NEB. 

SMITH, PROF. JOHN B Pee, 2 : ......NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. 
SWAINE, J. W. aire eit ae Petites Hetaiads sel ict sys «orev RE ANNEWDE DELEEVUF. Ps. Od 
DIMIDIC MEMION EH... ,.. cso ve sess co ecdohees ee cl, Ee Lincoin, Nes. 
I Ns Marcel occ Gg oe slc ta a oho caches sishe bee a n'a Savane BEpForD, Mass. 
MERGES Rx WORGE Ws io. roe beccnesvevaldes velencs WELLINGTON, B. C. 
ESTA SS, Sle ehin oars peeice sects ele SRA a's a 5 oke Sa WasuHInGTON, D. C. 
Waeeer, ©. M., M.D .....;: RA Ne ei SARC ECE APES TORONTO. 
MELAMINE ot, IE, OR OS els ot wes ccleeen Meth St. ANTHONY Park, MINN. 
EE) ean bee Ne ns 3. Aa nss Shae New York. 

Ck TER ES Re SRE ee ae Sem ee CoLLece Park, Mp. 
EES. rin nad ie contcconelelescaiibes ‘ Puaaee TORONTO. 


LATE 


Ae € anadliay ¥ntomalogist. 


VoL. XXXIX. LONDON, JANUARY, £907. No. 1 


NEW MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY W. D. KEARFOTT, MONTCLAIR, N, J. 

New species of Micro-Lepidoptera are accumulating so rapidly that 
it seems a necessity to get them described and labelled in order to properly 
i. ke care of them. This is especially so in the case of species named for 
correspondents, and to overcome the objection of having numbers of 
MS. names in collections. 

Enarmonia Youngana, sp. nov.—Expanse, 8 to 11 mm. 

Head smoky-black, scales with a metallic reflection, tips paler. 
Palpi yellowish-gray. Antenne dark brown, obscurely annulated with 
shining yellow. Thorax blackish-brown, minutely dotted with metallic. 
Abdomen black, dotted with golden metallic scales. 

Fore wing shining bronzy-brown ; crossed at middie by a pair of 
shining bluish-white fasciz, and similar pair in the outer third of wing. 

The inner half of the dark basal area is heavily overlaid with the 
bluish-white metallic scales. There are three pairs of white costal spots, 
followed by a single one before the apex. The inner pair at inner third are 
the beginning of the first pair of metallic fascia, which curve outwardly to 
middle of wing, then drop directly to dorsal margin, where they are very much 
wider. The second pair of white costal spots are just beyond the middle, 
and from the two of them a single streak of blue-metallic runs, outward-y 
oblique, to the middle of the wing. The third pair of white costal spots 
are in outer fourth, and from each a blue-metallic fascia proceeds, outwardly 
oblique, to middle of wing, thence angles inward nearly to but not reaching 
dorsum at angle; between the two is a black ocellic spot, divided by three 
lines of golden scales into four horizontal bars ; opposite the ocellic spot 
and on inner side of this fascia is a similar velvety-black spot. From the 
seventh white costal spot is a short spur of metallic-blue defining a lunate 
yellowish-white apical spot. 

Beyond the middle of the wing the dark ground colour is overlaid 
with vertical wavy rows of golden-yellow scales. The three outer costal 
spots are each marked in the centre by a tiny black point. A line of black 


bo 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


scales defines the apex and outer margin, and is interrupted by two yellow 
dashes above the middle and a broader one me above anal angle. Cilia 
leaden-metallic. 

Hind wing smoky-brown, cilia bleached straw colour. Under side 
fore wing leaden-brown, with the costal spots and black terminal line 
repeated. 


Nine specimens, bred by Mr. C. H. Orang at Hurdman’s Bridge, 
Ottawa, Canada. Dr. Fletcher informs me that the larve are found 
during the winter in the centre of the cones of White Spruce, Picea alba, 
the moths emerging in the ensuing spring. 


Co-types in collections of Fletcher, Young and Kearfott. 


’ 

Venation: Fore wing, all veins separate, outer margin straight, but 
very much oblique. Hind wing, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximate to 4; 6 
and 7 very close at base. 


Named in honour of Mr. Young, whose industry and perseverance in 
working out obscure life-histories of insects, in many cases of extreme 
economic importance, is of the greatest scientific Value. 


Epagoge lycopodtana, sp. nov.—Expanse, 13 to 16 mm. 


Head, palpi, thorax ochreous-yellow. Palpi outwardly. shaded with 
red, a streak of the same colour on each side of the thorax and at base of 
patagia. Antenne reddish-yellow at base, becoming smoky-fuscous 
beyond. Abdomen smoky-fuscous, anal tuft yellowish. Legs pale 
ochreous, dusty with smoky-brown. ; 


Fore wing ochreous-yellow, evenly mottled with red. A deep Indian- 
red fascia begins at costa, between third and middle, and goes obliquely ~ 
to outer third of dorsum, where it joins a similar fascia, which runs 
obliquely outward to end of cell. From the costa at outer fourth a line of 
deep red scales curves outwardly to the anal angle ; beyond this is a short 
fascia from costa, just before apex, ending in middle of wing, and 
paralleling upper half of termen. These fasciz are overlaid with shining 
bluish scales. In some specimens the deep Indian-red colour aimost 
covers the entire outer part of the wing, from the inner fascia, and in these 
dark specimens there is only asmall patch of the ground colour above the 
end of cell, on the costa, with a slight shading of yellow before the anal 
angle. Cilia ochreous-yellow. 


Hind wing very dark smoky fuscous; cilia metallic-fuscous, under 
Side leaden black. - 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3 


Under side fore wing reddish-black, with a yellowish spot above end 
of cell ; extreme costal edge and cilia reddish-yellow. 

Twelve specimens, bred by Mr. C. H. Young, from larve feeding in 
Club Moss, Zycopodium, at Hurdman’s Bridge, Ottawa, Canada. 

Co-types in collections of Fletcher, Young and Kearfott. 

This species is very like Hpagoge sulfureana, Clem., and I have held 
it for over two years, thinking it possibly might be a variety. I have 
examples of the latter from nearly all of the Gulf and Eastern States, and 
while they exhibit a very wide range of variability, there is not one that 
even approximates this intensely-dark form. It is nearer FE. tunicana, 
Wlsm., but is a brighter red. 

Venation : Fore wing, 7 and 8 stalked, others separate ; hind wing, 3 
and 4 approximate, but not connate, 6 and 7 connate, not stalked. In 
Meyrick’s Handbook of British Lepidoptera, the synopsis of this genus 
states that 3 and 4 of hind wing are connate, and 6 and 7 stalked. 

Recurvaria contferella, sp. nov.— Expanse, 9 mm. 

Head opalescent-white, palpi pale cinereous, third joint ringed with 
black at base and tip. Antenne whitish, annulated with brown. 
Abdomen and legs pale cinereous, the latter heavily ringed with black. 

Fore wing yellowish-white or pale cinereous, overlaid with white in 
the middle of the wing from base to end of cell, and above the fold. There 
are the usnal three oblique fasciz, all much broken into spots. _The inner 
consists of a black dot on costa at base, and tuft of black and white raised 
scales below the fold at inner fifth. The second consists of a black dot on 
costa before the middle, hardly separated from a larger dot below it on 
the middle of the wing ; below this is a third distinctly separated dot 
above the dorsum. The outer fascia begins in outer third of costa, with a 
large dot; below it, towards base, is a small round dot, and another 
towards apex in the form of a short horizontal line ; below the first of 
these, above the dorsum, is another small dot. All of these dots, except 
on the costa, consist of tufts of black raised scales, bounded outwardly 
with white raised scales. The apex of wing is heavily powdered with 
black, obscurely forming four black marginal dots. Cilia gray, overlaid 
with black. 

Hind wing pale gray, cilia yellowish-gray. 

Two specimens, bred from larve on pine, Ottawa, Canada, by Mr. 
Arthur Gibson. Issued June 20, 1905. Type in my collection. Co- 
type in Dr. Fletcher’s collection, 


4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In general appearance this species most nearly resembles &. 
apicitripunctella, Clem., the larve of which are common on hemlock. 
Coniferella is smaller, the arrangement of spots different, and is a very 
much darker species. 


Recurvaria Gibsonella, sp. nov.—Expanse, 11 mm. 


Head opalescent-white, palpi whitish, clouded with light brown on 
inner sides of second joint, outer joint black, with a narrow white ring at - 
base, a broader one in the middle and a tiny point of white at apex. 
Antenne whitish, annulated with dark brown.. Thorax whitish-yellow, 
overlaid with black and brown. Abdomen opalescent-white and brown. 
Legs yellowish-white, heavily ringed with black. : 

Fore wing white, shaded with yellowish on apex and crossed by three 
broad oblique dark brown bands. The inner from costa at base, continu- 
ing to below the fold, but not reaching dorsal margin. The second from 
inner third at costa, broadens at the middle and sends a long spur into the 
outer fascia. The outer begins on costa at outer fourth, and is the 
broadest of the three ; it recurves inwardly to dorsum. The apex and 
outer margin are dark brown, enclosing an anti-marginal white spot, which 
is divided by a streak of dark scales. The usual tufts of raised scales 
occur on the dorsal half of the three dark fasciz. Cilia yellowish-white, 
heavily overlaid with black. 


Hind wing yellowish-gray, cilia the same. 


Three specimens, bred from larvee on Juniperus communis, by Mr. 
Arthur Gibson, Ottawa, Canada. Types in my collection, co-types in 
Dr. Fletcher’s collection. 

This species is not at all like the specimens I have bred from the 
same food-plant in New Jersey, and described in the Journal of the New 
York Entomological Society, September, 1903, but more nearly resembles 
the two species bred from Spruce and Arbor-vite. 


Recurvaria obscurella, new name.—I propose this name ‘in place of 
var. nigra, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XI., 1903, p. 156, as the latter is 
preoccupied. 

Symphysa simplicialis, sp. nov.—Expanse, 11 to 15 mm. 

Labial palpi upturned, second joint tufted in front, third joint 
acuminate ; maxillary palpi short, filiform, both pale cream colour, the 
former clouded with brownish on outside of second and third joints, 
Tongue long, concealed by well-developed tufts of creamy-white scales, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9) 


Antenne slightly serrate, cream colour at base, outer joints annulated 
with grayish-fuscous. Thorax grayish-white. Abdomen fuscous and 
tuft cream-white. Legs cream white, minutely dotted with brown. Tarsi 
annulated with brown. 

Fore wing dark gray, minutely dotted with blackish-gray, a darker 
shade across the wing at inner third, a short, narrow, outwardly oblique 
curved line from middle of costa to upper edge of cell, a similar fine white 
ante-terminal line from costa beyond outer fourth, curving under apex and 
down to dorsal margin, just before anai angle, slightly indented at lower 
third. A blackish preciliate line interrupted by the veins. Cilia paler. 

Hind wing pale fuscous, thickly dotted with black scales along dorsal 
and outer margins. An obscure whitish ante-terminal line, strongest 
towards dorsal margin ; slightly indented at upper third. 

Under side, both wings shining pale gray, the white lines faintly 
repeated. 

Two ¢ specimens, collected by Professor F. H. Snow, one Browns- 
ville, Texas, June, and one San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise Co., Arizona, 
3,750 feet elevation, August. 

One type in collection of Kansas Academy Sciences, and one in 
my collection. 

Differs from renicularis, Zell., in the absence of white discal spots, 
and from both renicularis and eripadis, Grote, in the outer white lines of 
both wings being very much closer to the outer margin. 

Prionapteryx baboquivariella, sp. nov.—Expanse, 22 to 28 mm. 

Head, palpi and thorax sordid white. Scales of outer joint of labial 
palpi leaden-gray, of maxillary palpi cinnamon-brown ; thorax heavily 
overlaid with brown, and much darker than the collar and_patagia. 
Abdomen and anal tuft creamy-white. Legs creamy-white. Anterior 
tibiz dotted with brown. Ail tarsi annulated with the same colour. 

Fore wing pale olivaceous-brown, with the lower median vein and the 
veins in the outer third of wing overlaid with white, below the white 
median vein is a much darker brown streak from base to anal angle, and 
a dark streak above it from base to end of cell. The outer half of costa 
is shaded with white, through which run four outwardly-oblique brown 
lines, the inner, at end of cell, runs into the brown lines above and below 
the median vein, forming an obscure dark dentate transverse line; a 
similar preciliate line of white from costa, outwardly oblique for one-third 
the width of wing, thence inwardly oblique to a third above dorsal margin, 


6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


thence obscurely dentate to margin, is inwardly outlined with darker 
brown ; a short white line from costa at apex to termen. In the middle 
of the outer margin is a small white ocellic dot, just below the incision, 
above is a short dark bar, and before it the ground colour is heavily. 
sprinkled with darker scales. Cilia sordid white, divided by a brown line 
above the incision. Hind wings pale cinereous, with a darker shade 
before the cilia, which are sordid white, with a slightly darker basal line.. 

Five specimens, four collected by Prof. F. H. Snow, Baboquivaria 
Mountains, Arizona, and one Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, O. C. 
Poling. Co-types in Kansas Academy of Sciences and my collection. 

Nearest to achatina, Zeil., but can be readily separated by the two 
fine white lines on costa just before apex, which are lacking in achatina, 
and in their place is a rather broad white streak. The four specimens 
from Prof. Snow are rather badly rubbed, especially over the middle of 
the wing, causing an impression of a broad white median band. 

Plutella yumaella, sp. nov.—Expanse, 16 to 27 mm. 

Head with loose scales ; antenne simple, basal joint with dense flaps ; 
labial palpi, second joint with short dense tuft above appressed to face, 
third joint short, obtuse ; both head, palpi and thorax grayish-white, mixed 
with black scales, patagia tipped with ochreous scales, posterior thoracic 
tuft white, stained at the ends with ochreous. 

Fore wing elongate ovate, whitish-gray, mottled with black. The 
basal area to one-fourth on costa and one-third on dorsal margin is heavily 
mottled with black, beyond is a narrow oblique whitish fascia, beyond this 
the wing is heavily mottled, but interrupted on upper half by a crescent- . 
shaped whitish fascia, which leaves costa at middle and regains it at outer 
fourth ; the apical fifth is whitish, less overlaid with black. Cilia whitish- 
gray, speckled with black. 

Hind wing and under side of both wings cinereous. Abdomen 
cinereous, with a tuft of ochreous scales on each side on the middle 
segments, anal tuft dark ochreous. Legs cinereous, anterior and middle 
and tarsi of posterior legs heavily speckled with black. 

Two specimens, San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise Co., Ariz., 3,750 
feet elevation, August (F. H. Snow). One, Brownsville, Texas, June 
(F. H. Snow). One, Gila Co., Ariz., June (O. C. Poling). One, 
Baboquivaria Mts., Pima Co., Ariz., July 15-30 (O. C. Poling). Two, So. 
Arizona (Poling). Nine specimens, Yuma Co., Arizona Desert, received 
from J. B. Smith, : 


—I 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Types: University of Kansas and my collection. 

Piaced in P/ute//a tentatively; agrees with Meyrick’s definition, except 
that 3 and 4 hind wings are not approximate, the palpi are tufted above 
and not beneath. 

Genus Dorota, Busck. 

The moths of this genus superficially resemble Crambids, on account 
of their long, extended labial palpi; so far they have only been taken in 
Arizona and California, and only a very few specimens are known. 

I have a fine specimen of “zeata, Wism. (virgate//a, Busck), from 
Cochise Co., Ariz., June 4, 1904, from Geo. Franck, and two very dis- 
tinctily marked species, which are described below. The four known 
species can be separated by the following table : 


eres with lighter median streak.) 0' i ee ee le Sees Tie 
Fore wing without lighter median streak .......... 0.4.0.5. ce eee ee 2. 
1. Ground colour light ochreous-brown................ = medioliniella. 
Pemaae GOIOUL ASHY-fTay.... 6. 5 - o's ye es ne nee eens = albastrigulella. 
peeere wing Marked with darker lines...) 2.5. 65000-. = lineata. 
Fore wing not marked with darker lines............... = inorratella. 


Dorota medioliniella, sp. nov.— 2. Expanse, 27 mm. 

Palpi, head and thorax pale yellowish-brown, speckled with gray- 
brown ; palpi long, about 4 mm., porrect, outer joint sharply bent down- 
ward. 

Fore wing 3% times as long as broad, lanceolate, pale yellowish- 
brown, a paler creamy-white streak from base to apex, interrupted at end 
of cell with a few dark scales, witha darker geminate-blackish streak above 
it. A slightly darker shade above dorsal margin, and a cluster of dark 
scales on fold at inner third. 

A number of black dots are scattered over the wing, notably a line of 
eight on inner half close to costa, becoming more widely separated out- 
wardly, one on upper edge of dark streak ‘near apex, about eight in 
pale streak, about fifteen in three irregular horizontal rows on outer third 
below middle, four of which are in the cilia, a line of six in two groups of 
three above fold in middle of wing and one above the fold. Extreme dorsal 
edge dotted with brown scales. 

Hind wing, fuscous-gray, slightly shining, cilia same. Under side 
both wings fuscous-gray, with a brassy tinge. Abdomen same, anal tuft 
paler. Legs cream-white. 

One specimen, Claremont, Cal. No. 3889. C.F. Baker. Type in 
my collection. 


8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Dorota albastrigulella, sp. nov.— g. Expanse, 21 mm. 

Palpi, head, thorax and fore wing fuscous, strigulated with pure white. 
Palpi porrect, 2.5 mm. long, outer joint not drooping, but bent outward, 
at an angle of about fifteen degrees, the brush from second joint 
extends as far as apex of third, but is porrect, and with the diverging 
outer joint forms a Y at end of each palpus. The white strigulations of 
fore wing are most heavily laid between one-third below costa and one- 
third above dorsal margin, but hardly in a well-defined streak; towards the 
apical margin some of the veins are bare of white scales, forming short, 
ill-defined dark streaks. A dark dot at end of cell and another at inner 
fourth, both about the middle of wing. Cilia white, divided by a fuscous 
line. Hind wing fuscous-gray, darker before cilia. Under side, both 
wings dark fuscous-gray. Abdomen the same, anal tuft paler. Legs 
yellowish-white, 

One specimen, Placer Co., Cal., June 1, 1904. * Arthur H. Vachell. 
Type in my collection. 

Hlolcocera Arizontiella, sp. nov.—Expanse, 15 to 18 mm. 

Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen,legs and fore wings creamy 
white ; hind wing shining gray-white, cilia cream-white, anal tuft ochreous- 
white. 

Three specimens, San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise Co., Arizona, 
3.750 feet elevation, August (F. H. Snow). Twelve specimens, Phoenix 
and Globe, Arizona, August and October (Kunzé). 

Types in University of Kansas and my collection. 

Lncurvaria Taylorella, sp. nov.—Expanse, 16 mm. 

Head hairy, pale straw-colour, darker above ; palpi same, with a few 
burnished scales on outside ; abdomen yellowish-white ; legs the same 
colour, but annulated with burnished scales; antenne pale-straw colour. 

Fore wing burnished purple, with a coppery reflection, with four pale 
yellow spots ; a triangular spot on outer third of costa, pointed on its 
lower end, which extends a trifle more than a third -across wing, curved 
obliquely inwards ; below this, on dorsal margin, a nearly square spot, 
extending upwards a third of the width of wing, and separated by the spot 
above it by a trifle less than one-third ; a larger dorsal spot at inner fourth 
broadest on dorsal margin, convex on its outer and concave on its inner 
edge, extends obliquely to within one-third of costa ; a spot in the apex 
with a spur running down through the cilia of the termen nearly to the 
anal angle. 

Hind wings fuscous, with a purplish reflection. Under side of both 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9 


wings same as upper, but lighter in colour, the spots of the fore wing 
faintly repeated. 

Two 2 specimens, Wellington, B. C., May 15, Rev. Geo. W. Taylor; 
Mt. Washington, N. H., Mrs. A. T. Slosson. 

Types in Mrs, Slosson’s and my collections. 

Closest to cafite//a, Clerck (Europe), which differs in the inner 
dorsal spot extending entirely across the wing ; the outer spots approach 
more closely together, and the apical spot is absent. This species belongs 
in group I of Dr. Dietz’s revision, and can readily be separated from the 
two American species by the inner dorsal mark, which in both extends 
from dorsal to costal margin. 

Named in honour of Rev. G. W. Taylor, to whom I am indebted for 
many interesting specimens. 

Amydria crescentella, sp. nov.—Expanse, 16 to 18 mm. 

Palpi, head, antennx and thorax very pale brown, dusted with dark 
brown, the latter predominant on external surfaces of palpi. Abdomen 
and legs pale cinereous, tarsi dusted with brown. 

Fore wing creamy white, slightly dusted with brown scales; this light 
ground-colour only occurs ina large triangular basal patch, extending to a 
quarter on costa and nearly to middle on dorsal margin. A curved 
oblique fascia from middle of costa to end of cell, a similar but narrower 
fascia from costa just before apex, curving inwardly towards but not 
reaching the middle fascia. These two fascias are so sharply defined 
against the dark brown of the balance of the wing that they appear as a 
crescent-shaped band, interrupted in the middle. 

The balance of the wing is cinnamon-brown, dotted with darker 
brown. In some specimens the pale basal area is rather heavily dusted 
with brown inwardly, leaving only the margin of the pale colour, forming 
a narrow oblique fascia. On the costa, within the crescent, are two pale 
dashes separated by a dark dot, and outwardly bounded by dark brown, 
which also extends below them. Before the middle of fascia the costa is 
cream colour, marked by anumber of brown dots. On the outer margin 
is a line of dark brown dots, separated by a few paler scales. Cilia same 
as dark portion of wing. 

Hind wing light cinnamon-brown, under side of both wings the same. 

Five specimens, all Baboquivaria. Mountains, Pima C., Arizona, July 
15 to 30; two collected by Prof. F. H. Snow, three by Mr. O. C. Poling. 

Types, University of Kansas and in my collection. 

(To be continued.) 


10 ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY WM. BARNES, S.B, M.D., DECATUR, ILLINUIS. 


Flolomelina calera, n. sp.—Allied to ostenta, H. Edw., and pomponia, 
Druce, especially the latter. : 

2. Expanse, 31 mm. 

Agrees with Druce’s figure, Biol. Centr. Amer. Het., plate 78, fig. & 
and with Hampson’s description, Cat. Brit. Mus, Vol III., page 190, with 
the exception that fore wings have a crimson fascia along the outer margin 
as well as along costa, while the inner black area on secondaries is not 
extended to apex, there being only a small black patch on outer margin, 
just above and almost separated from the inner black area. _ ; 

This insect will very likely prove to be a variety of pomponia, but as 
I do not know the range of variation of the latter I prefer for the present 
to consider it distinct. 

Type.—One 9. Huachuca Mts., Ariz., July. 

Kodiosoma otes0, ). sp.— 2. Expanse, 32 mm, 

Fore wings brownish-black, fringe white. Costa narrowly edged with 
white. Fore wing crossed by narrow white, slightly incurved band at the 
junction of outer and middle thirds. ‘This band is slightly constricted on 
median vein and just before reaching inner margin. 

Hind wings red, black along costa and outer margin, this border is 
widest at apex, and gradually narrows out before reaching inner angle, 
fringe whitish. 

Head and thorax black. Collar whitish. Abdomen red with black 
tip. A dorsal row of black spots. Thorax and abdomen black beneath. 
Legs black inwardly. Patagia red on outer side ; tarsi white outwardly. 

Type.—One 9. Babaquivera Mts., Ariz., August. 

Cerma cuerva, 0. Sp.— 6. Expanse, 27 mm. 

Fore wing powdery, dark brown, with an olive-green tinge, sprinkled 
more or less with biack and white scales. Basal half-line black, quite 
distinct, dentate. T. a. line dentate, almost transverse, blackish, the space 
between it and basal half-line somewhat paler than ground colour. T. p. 
black, edged outwardly with paler shade, extends outward along costa, 
then quite squarely across cell, thence inwardly to inner margin, quite 
irregular. Orbicular and reniform distinguished with difficulty, subequal, 
outlined by a few black scales. S. t. line very obscurely marked. Fringe 
checkered. Hind wing dark fuscous, with- faint mesial band and dot, 


January, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ll 


fringe a trifle paler, with slightly darker mesial line. Head and thorax 
concolorous with fore wing, abdomen with hind. Basal joints of palpi 
black, tip yellowish-white. 


Beneath all wings blackish-fuscous, with fairly distinct common mesial 
band. Fore wing shaded with yellow along costa towards apex. Hind 
wing with discal dot. 


Type.—One ¢. Victoria, B. C., from Mr. A. W. Hanham. 


It is possible this may turn out to be the same as Cerma fascia, 
Smith, though from the description and locality I do not think it likely. 


Cerma sarepta, n. sp.— g. Expanse, 22 mm. 


Fore wing from base to t. a. line, from t. p. to s. t. line, together with 
reniform, pale greenish, remainder of wing browa, with somewhat of a 
bronze cast. Small black point on costa at base ; basal half-line distinct, 
inclined outwardly, then inwardly. T. a. line rather far from base, black, 
almost transverse, scalloped. ‘TT. p. line rather widely removed, black, 
irregular. S. t. black, irregular, broken. Fringe checkered. Orbicular 
not apparent. Reniform pale green, outlined with blackish scales, open 
above. Head, collar and thorax pale green. Some of the scales, 
especially on the thorax posteriorly, black-tipped. Hind wing fuscous, 
with faint discal dot. 


Beneath, fore wings pale fuscous, with paler spots indicating position 
of reniform above. Hind wing paler than fore, rather poorly-marked 
discal dot and mesial band. 

Type.—One g. Wilgus, Ariz. 

Cerma canoa, n. sp.—Expanse, 22 mm. 

Fore wing gray, largely covered with darker gray and blackish-brown 
scales, not so powdery as most of the other species of this genus. Basal 
half-line only indicated by pale dot on costa, with a few black scales to 
inner side, - T. a. transverse, fragmentary, represented bya pale patch on 
costa, one in centre of wing and one on inner margin, each followed by a 
black shade. The space between basal and t. a. line is dark blackish- 
brown, cut by longitudinal paler shades into two or three patches. T. p. 
line white, beginning with short angle on costa to inner side of reniform, 
thence extending outwardly along costa, then quite squarely around cell, 
thence with slight inward curve to inner margin, this line is white, quite 
even and well defined. The space between t. a. and t. p. line is blackish- 
brown, cut by pale longitudinal shades, leaving a dark patch on costa, 


12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


another between ordinary spots, a third just below that and a fourth on 
inner margin. S. t. line pale, irregularly incised opposite cell and at lower 
third of wing, here cutting through quite to t. p. line ; the space between 
it and t. p. line is dark brownish-black, and, as just mentioned, is cut into 
three patches by the s. t. line. Beyond-s. t. line the wing is pale grayish. 
Fringe gray and white checkered, with well-marked line at base, which is 
evenly and neatly cut into short bars by the same white dashes which cut 
the fringe. Orbicular minute white point. Reniform white-ringed, darker 
centered, rather narrow. The markings on the fore wing are neat and 
distinct, giving a well-marked checkered appearance, quite different from 
any other species in the genus. Hind wing dark fuscous, with a very 
faint discal dot and mesial band. Fringe pale, with darker mesial band. 


Head and thorax concolorous with fore wing, abdomen with hind. 


Beneath, fore wings fuscous, with obscure discal mark. Hind wing 
paler, with distinct discal dot and weil-marked mesial band, 

Type.—One ¢. Redington, Ariz. 

Oligia ensina.n. sp.— Sg. Expanse, 28 mm. . 

Fore wing reddish-brown. Basal half-line distinct, double, pale-fillec. 
T. a. double, dark brownish-black, transverse across cell, then somewhat 
outwardly to inner margin, slightly scalloped. The upper half of wing, 
between basal half-line and t. a., dark blackish-brown, forming a_ strongly 
contrasting subquadrangular patch. Median shade not weil marked, 
somewhat irregular and dentate. ‘T. p. line double, pale-filled, inner 
portion more prominent, slightly scalloped. The space betweent. a, and 
t. p. line is quite evenly coloured, there being, however, some blackish 
scales along costa, above reniform and a blackish streak beyond it. S. t. 
line fragmentary, composed of pale blotches between veins, the space 
between it andt. p. line is slightly darkened, with a well-marked black 
dash across it below costa, and another beyond lower portion of cell. The 
terminal space is somewhat paler than subterminal, the veins, however, 
being rather broadly darkened. A rather faint dark terminal line. Fringe 
concolorous, somewhat paler at base.- Orbicular rather small, concolorous, 
pale-ringed. Reniform quite strongly inwardly oblique, more or less 
well-developed tooth projecting inward from lower portion, an outer pale 
ring, within which is a darker ring, the centre again becoming pale. 
Lower portion with some blackish scales. Hind wing pale blackish- 
fuscous, darker outwardly, with a well-marked discal dot. Fringe slightly 
paler, with slightly darker mesial band. -Head and lower half of collar 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, $3 


dark biackisi-brown, upper haif of collar and thorax reddish-brown, 
concolorous with fore wing. Beneath, fore wing fuscous centrally, with 
rather even terminal yellowish band. Discal dot and mesial band 
obscurely marked. Hind wing paler than fore, yellowish along costa and 
outer margin. Discal dot well marked. Mesial band rather irregular. 


In some specimens the inward projection from lower end of reniform 
is very slight. Otherwise there seems to be little variation in the species. 


Type.— ¢. Huachuca Mts., Arizona, August. 
Dypterygia minorata, n. sp.— ?. Expanse, 30 mm. 


Fore wing dead black, exactly the same shade as scabriuscula, which 
species the present one resembles ina general way. ‘The fore wing is 
crossed and marked witha number of velvety-black fragmentary lines, 
as well as blackish streaks along veins. A few whitish scales along the 
outer end of cell indicate position of reniform. ‘The s. t. line can be made 
out in an indefinite way, but is only well marked at inner margin. The 
outer portion of the wing is lightened with flesh-coloured shades, quite 
well marked at inner angle beyond t. p. line, and has a W mark in centre 
of wing, cutting through fringe. Inner margin also presents a narrow 
flesh-coloured band, crossed by a couple of black streaks. Fringe slightly 
scalloped, concolorous, with an admixture of flesh-coloured scales. Three 
minute flesh-coloured dots on costa before apex, preceding which are four 
or five outwardly oblique black bars, indicating the inception of ordinary 
lines. 


Hind wings blackish-fuscous, darker outwardly, with barely traceable 
pale mesial band, fringe pale, somewhat darkened from apex to middle. 


Beneath, fore wings smooth, even blackish-brown, gray, with a fleshy 
tinge along costa, somewhat paler at outer edge. The beginning of the 
mesial band can be seen, but not traced across wing. Hind wing 
yellowish-white towards base, reddish-brown along costa and beyond the 
well-marked mesial band. 


Head and collar gray, mixed with flesh-coloured scales. Well-marked 
narrow black band through middle of collar. Thorax concolorous with 
fore wings. Patagiz with some black scales along border. Thorax 
posteriorly with many flesh-coloured scales, forming a pale spot as in 
scabriuscuda, though not so distinct. 

Type—®?. Santa Catalina Mts., Ariz. Other specimens from 
Kerrville, Texas. 


14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Papatpemu peralta, n. s).—Expanse, 25 mm. 

Ground colour sea!-brown, with slight olivaceous tint. Ordinary mark- 
ings faintly indicated by fine delicate tracings of white scales. Remaining 
portions of fore wing are also sparingly dusted with white. Basal half- 
line scarcely to be distinguished. T. a. line rather straight, inclined — 
outwardly to middle of inner margin, slightly wavy.  T. p. line slightly 
outcurved over cell, thence almost in a straight line to inner margin, ‘wo 
or three millimeters beyond t. a. line. S. t. line faintly indicated. - A ~ 
scalloped terminal line and white line at base of fringes, which are in turn 
tipped with white. Orbicular moderate in size, round, concolorous. 
Reniform subquadrangular, rather large, concolorous, pale linear streak 
through centre. Several white points along costa. The wing is a trifle 
darker through the median space than either before or after it. Hind 
wings similar in colour to fore, though somewhat more blackish outwardly 
aud more yellowish inwardly. Discal bar obscurely marked. Fringe 
paler than wing, with dark mesial band. Head and thorax concolorous 
with fore wing, scales tipped with white. Abdomen concolorous with 
hind wing. Thoracic crest well marked in one specimen. 


Beneath, fore wing dark centrally, paler along inner and outer 
margins. Three or four pale dots on costa near apex. Hind wing paler 
than fore. Not very prominent discal dot and mesial band. Faint traces 
of mesial band also in fore wing. Body parts beneath concolorous with 
wings. 

Type.—Several specimens. Cochise Co., Ariz. Peralta is the 
smallest species of the genus known to me, and without the endorsement 
of Prof. J. B. Smith I should hardly have thought of placing it in this genus. 

Mamestra Antonito, vn. sp.— g. Expanse, 35 mm. 

Fore wings, ground colour rather: pale pearly-gray, with somewhat of 
a greenish-yellow cast. In most places largely obscured by dark brown 
and black shades and lines. Basal line double, fragmentary, pale-filled, 
indicated chiefly by dots on costa and below median vein. ‘T. a. slightly 
outwardly oblique, irregularly dentate, double, pale-filled, outer line 
distinct, inner only apparent as dot on costa. Black diffuse median shade. 
T. p. line moderately exserted beyond cell, thence with slight inward curve 
to inner margin. Inner portion black, distinct, scalloped, with outward 
projections on veins, outer portion scarcely traceable. A series of small 
black points on veins beyond line. _ S. t. line white, incomplete and rather 
fragmentary, preceded by some black scales and followed by well-marked 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15 


black shade, most distinct opposite cell and towards inner angle. The 
s. t. line is projected through to outer margin, forming a rather obscure 
W mark in centre of wing. The mesial portion of wing is more covered 
with black scales than the subterminal. Orbicular distinct, round, black- 
ringed, pale, -with dusky centre. Reniform, kidney-shaped, large, erect, 
distinct, filled with ground colour, somewhat darkened at upper and lower 
portion, Claviform short, outlined in black. A black wavy line at base 
of fringe, which is dark and cut with white at ends of veins. Hind wings 
fuscous brown, with rather distinct discal bar. Fringe slightly paler, with 
slightly darkened line at base. 

Beneath, fore wing grayish along costa and outer margin, else pale- 
fuscous. Mesial band extending partly across wing from costa. Orbicular 
and reniform evident as pale rings. Fringe checkered. Hind wings 
somewhat paler than fore, more grayish throughout. Discal bar and 
median band. Head, collar and thorax mottled, concolorous with fore 
wing, abdomen with hind wing. Antennz bipectinate in male. 

Types.—Huachuca Mts., Ariz. 

Mamestra Palmillo, n. sp.—-Expanse, 40 mm. 

Fore wings yellowish-brown, with darker purplish shades. Basal line 
barely traceable. T. a. line not discernible in the specimen before me, 
though possibly it would be so in a fresher specimen. T. p. line notice- 
ably exserted beyond cell, scalloped between veins. S. t. line indicated 
by a slight darkening of the wing before it. Veins darkened, especially 
in terminal portion of wing. The shade before s. t. line is emphasized 
in the intervenular spaces. Fringe concolorous, with well-marked darker 
blotches between ends of veins. Shallow dark lunules at edge of wing 
between veins. Orbicular round, dark-ringed, centre concolorous. 
Reniform of good size, upright, constricted in centre, dark-ringed, within 
which is a second dark ring, filling concolorous. Claviform present, 
moderate in ‘size, dark-ringed. Hind wing pale yellowish-white, fringe 
somewhat darker from adm‘xture of yellow and purplish-brown hairs. 

Head and thorax concolorous with fore wings, the patagiz being 


bordered with somewhat darker hairs, as is also the thorax posteriorly. 
Abdomen with somewhat more of a pinkish tinge than wings. 
Beneath, fore wings somewhat paler than above, slightly darkened 
towards costa and apex. Fringe checkered. Hind wings similar to fore, 
except the fringe is not checkered. 
Type.—-Southern Arizona. 


m (To be continued.) 


16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


INSECTS AS THE FOOD OF SQUIRRELS, 
BY WM. T. DAVIS, NEW BRIGHTON, N. Y. 

Toward the end of August and early in September many acorns, with 
their cups attached, fall from the oaks and lie beneath the parent trees. 
When first they reach the ground they look perfect, but directly the 
Balaninus l\arve begin to bore out through the cups and enter 
the ground, as is their habit. When they escape from hickory-nuts, the 
larvee of these long-snouted beetles choose the thin places between the 
ridges, which are so characteristic of the shell-bark nuts, for instance, and 
the easiest way out from an acorn must be through its base and cup. The 
larve, however, may be cut short at this part of their development, for 
they are much sought after by squirrels, who seem to esteem them highly. 
The problem that presents itself to the squirrel is to tell which acorns 
contain larve. He makes, considering the conditions, the simplest and 
most direct test. He bites a small part of the cup off so as to expose the 
base of the acorn, and then punctures it slightly. He can, no doubt, tell 
very quickly by the odour if there is a larva within, and if such proves to 
be the case, the hole is enlarged and the much-desired morsel secured. I 
Lave found on Staten Island scores of the large acorns of the red oak that. 
had been treated as mentioned above, and on another occasion many 


scarlet-oak acorns that had been treated in the same way, ail of which goes 
to show how enterprising and intelligent the squirrels really are. 


Another example of the insect-eating habit of a squirrel was observed 
at Lakehurst, N. J., where beneath a pitch-pine tree, mid the scattered 
remains of many cones, from which the seeds had been extracted, were 
found a number of C7/istocampa cocoons. ‘They had been brought froma 
near-by wild-cherry tree, that had been badly eaten by these larvee, and still 
contained some of their old tents. Each cocoon had been opened either at 
the end or side, and the pupa extracted. Certainly in this instance the 
squirrel did a good act, and also showed his liking for insects. 

On the 29th of June, some years ago, I saw a chipmunk catch a moth, 
pull off its wings, and eat it. I have often fed captive gray and flying 
squirrels bits of raw meat, so their fondness for Balaninus larve and other 
insects is not to be wondered at, but what is chiefly of interest is the 
intelligence shown in making their captures, ° 


January, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17 


A FEROCIOUS WATER-BUG. 
BY G. W. HARVEY, ADIN, CALIFORNIA. 


In the warmer streams and pools of California lives a creature whose 
character is very aptly portrayed by the above title. He is not only 
ferocious, but a cannibal as well. 

Among the boys and girls who go wading in the streams this fierce 
bug is known by the name of ‘toe pincher,” because he frequently 
mistakes their bare toes for lawful quarry, and thrusts savagely into them 
with his scimitar-like proboscis. They tell me that his bite is very painful, 
though not at all dangerous. 

Scientifically he bears the title of Pedinocoris macronyx, Mayr. He 
is of a uniform dull brown colour, with a barely perceptible mottling on 
the wing-sheaths or elytra. The females are possibly a shade darker 
than the males. He has prominent, you might say protruding, black 
beady eyes, and his head terminates in a long curved proboscis, seven 
mm. in length, which gives him a very odd and fiendish appearance. His 
legs are perceptibly hairy, and armed with sharp, curved claws, very long 
and prominent on the two front legs, which are strong and so_ placed that 
they work in a vertical plane, jointed at an acute angle, and might easily 
be mistaken for jaws or mandibles. The claws on these front legs are 
jointed so that they can be bent down upon the first joint of the leg, 
virtually clamping the prey in a vice, as it were. It is with these that he 
seizes his prey, and holds them in a herculean grip until devoured. He is 
three and a half centimetres long, with a reach of one and a half cm. 
more in his two front legs, and is two cm. broad across the widest part of 
the back. 

His range extends from northern California—possibly further north— 
to Central America, and very likely on into South America. 

He is gifted with a voracious appetite, and his aggressive prowess as 
a hunter is something appalling to the owner of an aquarium who chances 
to secure him as a specimen, without having made his previous 
acquaintance. I well remember my first experience. 

I had a beautiful collection of aquatic insects, fish and tadpoles from 
the streams about Watsonville, California, and it was on one of my 
collecting rambles that I discovered Mr. Pedinocoris. He was a wonder 
to me, and | took him home, highly elated over the prospect of a new 
creature to study. 


January, 1907 


18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


It was about nightfall when I placed him in the aquarium, and I was 
around early the next morning to see how he had fared in his new 
quarters. Imagine my surprise to find him sitting complacently on a 
stock of Sagittarius devouring the largest fish in my collection, a beautiful 
trout about three inches long, while all about his new quarters were 
scattered the skins of many victims, including young frogs, tadpoles, fish, 
snails and various other smaller fry. He had fared altogether too well, 
much like a weasel in a henhouse, with a propensity to kill everything in* 
sight. At that rate he would very soon totally depopulate my aquarium, 
so I removed him to Jess commodious and more sparsely populated 
quarters, and confined him to a diet of tadpoles and froglings. He would 
devour dozens of them in twenty-four hours, and have his quartérs fairly 
stinking with their remains. fe 

He captured his prey as they swam near him by a sudden dart 
forward. ‘The powerful hooked front legs were thrown over the victim, 
which was pinned fast more quickly than the eye could follow, and the 
sharp, curved, horny-pointed proboscis was thrust into its quivering sides, 
never to be withdrawn until the skin was a limp and. flabby sack of lifeless 
_ material perfectly depleted of all the nourishing liquids and elements 
pertaining to the body in life. His habit was to lurk in the more secluded 
and darkened places in the aquarium, backing up occasionally to the 
surface for a breath of fresh air, and quite often I would see him, after 
returning to his lurking place, raising and lowering the wing-sheaths as 
though breathing, and beneath them could be seen a large bubble of air, 
advancing and receding with the up and down motion of the wings, and 
looking for all the world like molten shining silver. The spiracles are 
quite prominent, and placed at the lower extremity of the abdomen, as is 
usual in water-beetles. 

Sometimes I would take him from the water, and then he would 
“ play possum ” for from three to seven minutes, but when he did wake 
up was full of life and action. If I caught him and held him securely, he 
would, after a moment or two, eject a few drops of clear liquid from the 
spiracles with such force that it often bespattered objects three and four 
feet distant. 

Occasionally he would entertain me with a semi-subaqueous serenade. 
He would come to the surface, where there was a thick mass of duck- 
weed floating, extrude the spiracles, and make a soft chirping noise, not 
wholly unlike a subdued cricket song. I puzzled over this a long time 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19 


before I could make out just where the noise came from, but I finally 
succeeded in observing him in the act, and verified it many times after- 
ward. That a song could emanate from so odd a source as the ventral 
spiracles of a water-bug seemed ultra-natural, but there was no disputing 
the facts. When engaged in his chirping, one had to look very closely 
among the duck-weed to discover the spiracles, but once found, a 
rhythmical contraction and relaxation could be distinctly noted with every 


note of the song, which was produced much more slowly than that of our 


crickets. 

The breeding season of this creature at Watsonville, California, where 
it is very abundant, is from April to June, and during this time trom two 
to four sets of eggs are hatched, and it is one of the most interesting 
insects to study in all the domain of entomology. 

The female glues the eggs of the clutch tight and fast to the back of 
the male, thereby sealing his wing-covers into a solid case, so that it is 
impossible for him to fly. Here they stay through the whole period of 
incubation, unless by some accident their bearer is removed from the 
water for some considerable time, when the whole mass of nidus and 
eggs sheds off, and leaves the male free to fly once more to his wonted 
element. 

In depositing the eggs, a translucent adhesive precedes the egg, 
which is partly incased within it, adheres to and stiffens upon the wing- 
sheath, holding the egg in a more or less perpendicular position upon the 
back of the male. I would be glad to know the composition of this 
mucilaginous adhesive, that will remain plastic at so low a temperature, 
harden and remain tenacicusly adherent in water. The eggs are deposited 
one at a time, close together, and stand at all angles, from perpendicular 
in the centre to a cant of forty-five degrees upon the outer edges of the 
nidus. They are not all deposited at one time. Part of them will be 
deposited one night and the rest the next night, or possibly it may be 
several days before they are all deposited. The female will lay anywhere 
from seventy to one hundred and seventy-five eggs upon the back of the 
male, and strangest of all, every egg is right end up, so that in hatching 
the young insect always escapes from the top of the egg. It very often 
happens that some of the eggs prove to be unfertile, and whenever they 
do, instead of remaining in the nidus in an addled condition until the others 
hatch, they loosen, and are shed off from among the mass of fertile eggs, 


20° THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and are replaced with fertile ones. This takes place as late even as the 
eighth day of incubation. 

The duration of incubation is from ten to twelve days, at the end of 
which time the egg-cases and adhesive nidus that holds them are cast off 


entire, providing there be no late-laid eggs, in which instance the whole 


mass, including empty eggs and nidus, remain attached to the back of the 
male until the last one is hatched. And just why it is that a few unfertile 
eggs will drop away from among the mass of fertile ones and leave the 
parent before incubation is complete, whereas, on the other hand, the empty 
egg cases and nidus remain until the very last laid egg is hatched, I cannot 
understand. - 


The eggs are a long oval, five mm. long by one mm. thick, and are 
the same colour as the parent bug. ‘The cast-off nidus and egg cases 
resemble a knobbed shield as nearly as anything that I can think off, being © 
an oblong oval, with concave surface to back of parent. 


During the period of incubation the male spends much of his time in 
aerating the eggs. This is done by gently raising and lowering the wings 
so that the air taken in at the surface, and held under the wing-cases, is 
moved back and forth beneath the mass of eggs, which take it up little at 
a time, as the needs of incubation require. The adhesive nidus into which 
the eggs are set must perform the same office or function for the gestating 
insect that the placenta in warm-blooded creatures performs for their 
gestating young, with this difference, that in warm-blooded animals air is 
taken into the blood from the lungs, and transferred to the piacenta 
through the circulation, while in the creature under discussion the air is 
absorbed directly through the pores of the wing-sheaths. 


At the end of incubation the male comes to the surface, and with his 
back partly out of the water, the young begin to appear. 


The first thing seen after the rupture of the egg.case is the beady- 
black eyes. Then the male continually raises and lowers the wing-sheaths 
and executes a jerking motion along with it, at regular intervals. The 
young insect is extruded from the egg-case by easy stages, and in a 
manner very similar to the birth of a mammal. I am not sure whether the 
power of extrusion lays wholly in the egg-case or not, but incline to the 
belief that some pneumatic pressure is brought to bear on the fcetal insect 
from the air beneath the wing-sheaths of the male, which is kept in 
constant motion, and which of necessity muSt exert more or less pressure, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. AA 


In from seven to twenty-five minutes the birth is accomplished, and 
you have before you a perfect counterpart of the parent, quickly swimming 
free and ready fora meal. At birth the insect is about five mm. long by 
two and a half mm. broad, of the purest white, rapidly changing to light 
straw-yellow and brown, and in two or three hours at most they are the 


same colour as the parent, and if prey be not abundant, very likely feasting 
on their younger brothers and sisters. This latter trait is evidently an 
hereditary one, because the parent very often makes a meal off his own 
offspring. 

I noticed one peculiar thing in regard to the birth of these insects, 
and that was, when the birth was forcibly terminated by my assistance they 
were not properly vivified. They would lie for many minutes apparently 
half dead, whereas those that were maturely born were lively and perfectly 
vivified. Nature’s ways are marvellous, and the birth of an insect is just 
as elaborately provided for as that of the higher animals. 


These creatures disdain nothing in the food line that they can handle, 
either dead or alive. They often come to the surface for floating insects, 
worms, caterpillars, moths, butterflies, dragon-flies, grasshoppers, crickets, 
etc., etc., and after extracting all the nourishing properties by suction, cast 
the empty skin aside. 


Their migrations are performed after night, as is the habit of the 
so-called “ electric-light bug.” 


So far I have discovered but two species of this insect, one inhabiting 
the warmer zones of California and countries further south, and which I 
have described in this article, and a smaller variety that inhabits the warm 
springs of Northern California, and which is hardly half the size of the one 
here reported. 


PREOCCUPIED NAMES OF BEES. 


Through the kindness of Prof. Cockerell I have learned that two 
names recently used by me are preoccupied, and therefore propose the 
following : 


Centris Costaricensis, n.n., for C. Friesei, Cwfd., in Trans. Am. Ent. 
Soc., XXXII, 158. 

Flalictus glabriventris,n.n., for H. Vachali, Cwfd., in Can. Enr., 
XXXVIII, 300.. J. C. CRAwForD, Dallas, Texas, 


bo 
bo 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NOMENIA AND EUCHCGCA FINALE. 


BY RICHARD F. PEARSALL, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


In replying to recent papers by Dr. Dyar' and Rev. G. W. Taylor,? 
my desire is to end a controversy, not prolong it. First, as to Nomenia. 
When this genus was established, it was understood by most entomolo- 
gists that the western species of Euchceca, which had been associated” 
with it, was a form of our eastern species, now known to be the comptaria 
of Walker, thus the name of 72-Zineata was affixed to the type. Later, 
when it became apparent, with more material at hand, that the western 


species of Euchceca was really distinct, it seemed to me that Dr. Packard’s 
description applied, with its reference to the antenne as ‘well ciliated ”’ 
to this Euchceca, not to Nomenia with its unipectinate antenne ; hence, I 
was using a preoccupied name, and described the Nomenia as wadfecta. 
My desire was to make the description fit best the species placed under it. 
To my mind the description wili cover either -species, excepting the 
antennal structure, yet, offsetting this come the two references on pages 
83 and 86 of the Monograph, where he states, first that they are pectinate, 
and again that they are not. But Dr. Dyar says I violated established 
usage in so doing, and though unconvinced, to close an argument, I will 
accept their decision, acknowledging the compliment extended by both, in 
using my name for the Euchceca species. 

As to Eucheeca: Dr. Dyar supposes I had gegcead the names of 
condensata and inclinataria, Walker, but I had learned through examples 
of Zucata, Guen., sent to Mr. L. B. Prout for comparison with Walker's type 
in the Brit. Mus., that cozdensata was the same. I quote his reply : 

‘“Kuchceca lucata, Guen. (teste, Packard) = condensata, Walk., 
certissime !” The absence of marginal black line in Zwcafa and in the 
Walker type makes this certain, if any doubtexisted. Znclinitaria is, vide 
Hulst (Entom.. News, Vol. 6, p. 70, 1895), a synonym of ferrugata, Clerk, 
and this has been confirmed. 

When Dr. Packard described fer/ineata in his Monograph, 1876, he 
assembled under it the original types described in 1873 from Albany, N. 
Y., May 4 (Lintner), Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef), West Virginia, April 
(Mead), Mt. Washington, N. H., July (Morrison). The dates given, as I 


_y. Can. EnT., Vol. 38, page Ifo. : 
2. CAN. ENT., Vol. 38, page 203. 


January, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23 


will show, are very important. /er/ineata flies very early, and is short- 
lived. The West Virginia types (co-types we would call them now) in 
April. I have it from New Brighton, Pa. April 13-May 5. In this 
locality I take it from April 21-May 2. The Albany types May 4. Last 


year I went to the Catskill Mts., fifty miles from Albany, on May 23, 
hoping to take it there. I saw none, and rashly published the statement 
that it was not found there. This year I went on May 2nd, and found it 
flying, taking up to May 14 some 17 specimens, after that only one worn- 
out. 2 on May 20, though I searched diligently. 

Exhumata did not make its appearance until two weeks later, June 
4, its usual time as shown by my dates of the past ten years, and was 
common until the second week of July. Now, eliminating from the group 
those from Brooklyn, N. Y. (Graef), as without date, the above record will 
show, with the exception of those from Mt. Washington, N. H., July 
(Morrison), they were, including the Albany types, all examples of 
perlineata, while the date (July) tells plainly that those from New Hamp- 
shire were as surely exhuwmata. These last were figured on plate, as Mr. 
Taylor points out, and if the statement that for thirty years we have given 
to this species the name of fer/ineata has any force, which it has not, I 
wouid point out that Dr. Packard committed an error precisely similar in 
the case of Caripeta angustiorata, recently published by Mr. Swett 
(Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. 14, page 128). 

Descriptions 1 do not underestimate, I trust, and in this case I have 
examples of per/ineata which answer well to it. If we are to be allowed 
to arbitrarily set aside the types or co-types upon which an author bases 
his description, as Mr. Taylor has done, it must be, in my judgment, for 
better reasons than exist in this case. 

Hence, I hold to my conviction that 72-d:meata having ‘“‘ gone west,” 
where it rightly belongs, that per/ineata, as represented by the co-types in 
the Packard collection, is the comptaria of Walker, and that exhumata is 
to remain a valid species. 


_ Note.—Since writing the above the thought occurred to me that 
perhaps the original types of per/ineata had been returned to Dr. Lintner. 
I addressed a query to Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entom., and his reply, ‘* The 
types of Larentia perlineata, Pack., are in the Lintner collection, and in 
excellent condition,” caused me to journey to Albany to inspect them. 
The types are the same with those in the Packard coll. from West Va, 


24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


(Mead), and bear the label in Dr.. Packard’s handwriting, ‘‘ Larentia 
perlineata, Pack., Albany (Lint.), type,” and another old label in Dr. 
Lintner’s hand, “ May 4, ’70.”. Dr. Packard had only this pair before 


him in 1873 when his description, which was copied almost verbatim in 
the Monograph, was made. In view of this fact, the contention of Mr. 
Taylor, that the description was made from another species, has no weight, 
and his argument, based upon description alone, though strongly and 
skillfully presented, is shown by these types to be worthless. Descriptions 
make the world acquainted with the type, but were never intended to take 
precedence of it, just decawse they are open to individual construction as to 
their meaning. : 
Exhumata is represented by five examples, one labeled White Mts., 
two from Schenectady, N. Y., July ro, 1876, and June 12, 1875. These 
three are called “ Oporabia 12-lineata, Pack.” The other two are from 
Stony Clove, Catskill Mts., June 26, 1874, and labeled “ Epirrhita 
12-lineata, Pack.” (note the date), though Mr. Taylor asserts that the 
species has universally been known as ferdineata for thirty years past. 
Really, no one knew what to call his specimen until now, and I feel 
that the thanks of the entomological fraternity are due the CANADIAN 
EnromoLocist for the valuable space it has accorded us _ in 
‘“‘ threshing out ” the real status of the members of this group. 
Incidentally, Caritpeta angustiorata is represented in the Lintner 
collection by three examples, two of which are the criminosa, Swett, a 
distinct and well-marked species. 
The species following will stand in the future as indicated : 


Nomenia duodecimlineata, Packard. 

= unipecta, Pearsall. 
Nomenia duodecimlineata, Pack. 

var. secunda, Pearsall. 
Eucheeca Pearsalli, Dyar. 

= 12-lineata, Auct. (western). 
Euchceca comptaria, Walker, 

= 12-lineata, Auct. (eastern). 

: = perlineata, Pack. 

= salienta, Pearsall. 
Euchceca exhumata, Pearsall. 
Euchececa lucata, Guenee. 

= condensata, Walk. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25 


NOTES ON SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM JAMAICA, WEST 
INDIES. 


BY M. GRABHAM, KINGSTON, JAMAICA. 


The following are brief notices of three new species of mosquitoes, 
full accounts of which will be published in the second edition of ‘ The 
Mosquitoes or Culicide of Jamaica,” now in course of preparation. 

Ades uncatus, 0. sp.—Close to Stegomyia mediovittata, Coq., from 
Santo Domingo (Can. Ent., Feb., 1906, p. 60), but the subdorsal thoracic 
lines are made up of light yellow scales throughout their whole length. 
Full-grown larva with six er seven separate comb scales, each scale with 
a simple stout curved spine arising from a pear-shaped base. (Fig. 1.) 
The larve of this form, collected from hollow trees, 
have been sent to me from several localities near 
Kingston (Waverley Estate, Constant Spring: woods above 
Rockfort). In all the specimens examined the comb scales 
had simple spines unlike the Santo Domingan form, which 
rene sete has trifid spines (Dyar and Knab, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 
Eee XIV, Pl. V, flg. 11). . I am indebted to Dr. H. G. Dyar 
for comparing the larve and adults of these two species. Bred specimens 
vary greatly in sizt, the largest attaining about 6 mm. in length. The 
females bite blood without hesitation. 

Mansonia Waverleyi, n. sp.—Close to MW. signifer, Coq., but with an 
additional curved line of white scales on each side of the mesothorax. 
(Fig. 2.) This line is usually somewhat broken, * T am likewise indebted 
to Dr. Dyar for examining the larve and adults of this 
species; he writes that the larve also differ in the 
arrangement of the abdominal plates. The larve were 
collected from thick coffee-like water found in hollow mango 
trees at Waverley Estate, Constant Spring, Jamaica. They 
are grayish-white in colour, and appear to be peculiarly 
inactive, lying at the bottom of the jar for long intervals. 


Fic. 2.—Thor- 
The pupa stage lasted five days. Length of adult 5.5 mm. — acic ornamenta- 


] J ; ; ion: Mansonia 
flowardina inequalis, n. sp.—Near H. aureostriata, Woe 
Gbm. (Can. Ent., May, 1906), but with somewhat broader 


thoracic lines. The face hairs of the larva are as follows: Anteantennal 


hair 5- to 8-rayed, upper epistomal hair double, lower about 10-rayed. 
The compound hair of the dorsal group in the terminal segment is about 


January, 1907 


26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


6-rayed. In /Z aureostriata the upper epistomal hair is usually single, 
and the compound hair of the dorsal group on the terminal segment is 


ro-12-rayed. The most notable differences are to-be observed in the anal 
gills, those of HZ. énegua/is being broadly lanceolate and pigmented, the 
lower pair only one-half the length of the upper pair, which are one-third 
the length of the longest hairs of the ventral hair group, while in AZ. 
aureostriata they are nearly equal in size, narrow, slender and transparent, 
and about as long as the hairs of the ventral tuft. The larve collected’ 
from hollow trees (chiefly Anona palustris. L.) by the seashore, Kingston, 
have long, slender, pale red bodies, covered with rayed hairs; a pair of 
large air vessels in the thorax are seen as two conspicuous silvery spots. 
The females are troublesome blood-suckers in the woods. ,Length of 


adult, 2.5 mm. 


NOTES ON THE SWARMING OF A SPECIES OF CRANE FLY. 
BY CHAS. N. AINSLIE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


The swarming habits of various families of flies, notably the Chirono- 
midz and Culicids, have been known to the word probably for centuries, 
since even unscientific people must have often been interested in the 
phenomenon, perhaps, indeed, alarmed at it, so prodigious have sometimes 
been the numbers of flies involved in these gatherings. Accounts of 
extraordinary swarms have been current in print for more than a hundred 
years, but these stories deal for the most part with the size and actions of 
the mass of flies, and rarely attempt an adequate explanation of the peculiar 
gathering, from the view-point of the individual insect. <A few species 
of the Tipulidz have been noted as celebrating the same sort of air dance — 
as the smaller forms, but I have been able to find nothing in print that 
describes in detail the mysterious performance. Having been fortunate 
enough recently to witness and study this feature of the life-history of one 
species of the Tipulide, Zréchocera bimacu/a, I venture to record the notes 
made at the time, in the hope that some more competent observer may 
write 2 more complete story than is possible for me. 

Nov. 2nd, 1906, was a clear, cool day, with a fresh Sie ee breeze. 
Toward sundown the wind died away to an occasional, hardly-perceptible 
breath, and the mercury fell to a point where it was quite chilly, perhaps 
to between 45 and 50 degrees above zero, Fahr. The writer chanced to 
be returning to Washington from Arlington on foot, and the way led along 
the steam car track, which at one point skirts the bank of the Potomac, 


January, 1907 : 
= . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27 


not more than a stone’s throw from the tide-water mark. The railway is 
here bordered by thickets of brush that fence both sides, and make an open 
lane not much wider than the roadbed. ‘The sun was just sinking behind 
the heights of Arlington, and the air was decidedly cool as I reached the 
track. In spite of the chill, or more properly, I suppose, because of it, 
the lane through the underbrush was occupied by dancing swarms of 
Trichocera that hovered at various heights from three feet to ten, each 
swarm maintaining itself in a fairly constant position, except when a whiff 
of air blew it about. Occasionally these assemblies would coalesce or 
subdivide, but not often. The swarms were of all sizes, from a dozen or 
two individuals up to hundreds. 


It required several minutes of close attention to get an intelligent idea 
of the individual movement within each coilection of dancers. ‘The first 
impression was of chaotic activity, a sort of delirious motion without order 
or purpose. And it was only by singling out and following an individual 
that the riddle was read. Each fly went through three movements, and 
repeated these continually, a slow curving rise for ten or fifteen inches, a 
rapid perpendicular fall, and a peculiar swaying flight that affected the 
exact position of the swarm in the air. Even after the movement had 
been analyzed, a look through the swarm at an object beyond gave the 
former effect of whirling atoms and rapid motion. 


A sweep of the net through a swarm revealed, as I had expected, that 
only maies were perforining the airy incantation. But the ‘‘canto” was 
unheard, probably because of the much slower wing-motion of the 
Tipulidz as compared with the smaller and more active midges, with their 
high-keyed song. At any rate, I was unable to hear any sound from even 
the largest swarm. 

Creeping cautiously beneath a well-defined body of dancers, I was 
able to watch them clearly outlined against the fast-darkening sky and see 
every movement. No females were observed to fly into the swarm, yet 
before I left for hone I was able to distinguish a difference in the swing 
of the flies, that indicated the presence of a female. Just what the differ- 
ence was is hard to describe, but somehow the dancers, instead of neatly 
avoiding each other as before, would interfere, the lines of flight seemed 
to be more angular and less graceful, a series of tackles could be 
distinguished as if a number of small fights were in progress, until finally 
a pair would drop from the swarm, clumsily steering for the grass and 
bushes that bordered the open. 


28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLUGIST. 


For some reason, either the scarcity of females, the coolness of the 
evening, or the lateness of the hour, these matings were infrequent, and 
during the hour I remained I saw less than a dozen pairs leave the throng. 
Several times I captured the pair as it was flying away, and except in one 
case, when the net engaged an extra male, evidently a straggler from the 
swarm, I took only a male and female. It might be remarked in passing 
that in this particular species at least the sexes are easily distinguished. 

The exact manner in which mating was accomplished could not be 
ascertained with any definiteness, the interval between pairing and disap- 
pearance being so extremely brief that extended observations were 
impossible. The claws of the species are simple, and if the same rule 
holds that Mr. Knab finds obtains among the Culicide, the aqt of mating 
is asimple embrace, without the swinging apart that has been observed 
among the tooth-clawed mosquitoes, 

As is probably the case with most, if not all, weak-winged flies when 
maintaining their equilibrium in a definite spot in mid-air, these Tipulide 
were observed always to face toward the light air-currents that from time 
to time came through their ranks and blew them gently about. ; 

An hour of close watching failed to discover any variations in the 
simple movements of their performance. The gathering darkness, while 
putting an end to observation, seemed to be no check to their gaiety, for 
their numbers were not diminishing when I left the scene. Possibly, after 
the manner often noticed among so-called sentient beings, the amusement 
may have lasted far into the night. 


Errata.—Vol. XXXVIIL, p. 400, line 12 from bottom, for “sickly” 
read “silky.” 

Page 425, line 7 from bottom, for “Xanthorhoe fossaria” read 
‘fossaria.” 


The Editor much regrets the delay in issuing this first number of a 
new volume of ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST” ; it has been caused by 
his absence from home attending the recent scientific meetings in New York. 


Subscribers are reminded that the annual subscription of one dollar 
is now due, and should be sent to the Treasurer by Post-office or Express 
money order (not by a cheque on a local bank) or by registered letter. As 
arule, the magazine is sent until ordered to be discontinued, so as to 
relieve subscribers of inconvenience. 


Mailed January 12th, 1907. 


a Canaan Fntomotogist 


VoL. XXXIX. LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1907. No. 2 


NOTES ON CHALCOLEPIDIUS AND THE ZOPHERINI. 
BY THOS. L, CASEY, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


The species and subspecies of Chadcolepidius having the side margins 
of the upper surface densely clothed with white or whitish scales, are very 
numerous in Arizona and northern Mexico, constituting one of the char- 
acteristic northern types of the genus. The recent appearance of a paper 
by Dr. Otto Schwarz (Deutsche Ent. Zeit., 1906, p. 97), describing two of 
these forms, has suggested the general revision here attempted, although, 
after careful study of these descriptions, I am forced to the conclusion 
that swbstriatus is nothing more than a slight modification of the typical 
Webbi, Lec., in which the lateral white vitte of the pronotum are some- 
times transversely coalescent at the middle of the length, and that 
parallelus is identical with tartarus Fall. Most of the new forms here 
described were taken by Prof. F. H. Snow, in the course of his many 
fruitful expeditions to Arizona. 

Because of the want of data which might in any way enable me to 
determine or even infer their true relationships with the material at hand, I 
have tentatively assumed all the forms described to have the weight of 
species, not attempting to indicate those that may prove ultimately to be 
more properly subspecies. A few new Mexican species are also included 
in the following table : 


tr. Scutellum triangular, flat, deflexed and evidently notched anteriorly... 2 
Scutellum triangular, deflexed but not evidently notched anteriorly ; 
antennz pectinate in the male, serrate in the female, the third joint 

but little longer than the second, the fourth longer than the two 
preceding together; body uniformly and more or less densely 
clothed with brilliant bluish, greenish or coppery squamules, except, 


as usual, along a denuded median line on the under surface ; form 
narrow, elongate, parallel, only moderately convex, black, shining, 
the basal angles of the prothorax not or only very feebly everted ; 
descriptions drawn from the female ......... i SS: 
Scutellum transverse, suboval, biimpressed, not emarginate anteriorly; F 
body uniformly clothed with minute close-set olivaceous squamules; 
antenne serrate in both sexes ; tibiz not ciliate in the male ....20 


30 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Antenne serrate in both sexes. ra ee ay haan 
Antenne pectinate in the rales, serrate 1n *étie ae ihe third joint 
about half as long as the fourth; body narrow, elongate, rather 
convex, the elytra moderately narrowed from base to apex; 
integuments black, shining, uniformly but not very densely clothed 
with minute olivaceous squamules ; elytral strize deeply impressed, 
strongly punctured, the intervals uniform and convex; scutellar 
notch feeble. Atlantic nearctic fauna ....... Bee meh 


. Epipleura in colour and vestiture similar to the marginal parts ae the 


Wppon SUaACe 2 cece oe ee «_* eneia oul 
Epipleura in colour and vestiture ilar i to othe fae ieee oss. os 16 


. Pronotum, and usually the elytra, margined at the sides with dense, 


closely-decumbent scales, which are larger, fiatter and more strigose 
than those clothing the remainder of the surface, which are very 
small, pointed, convex, feebly or not strigose and metallic in 
coloration, forming a more or less pronounced bloom; integuments 
black throughout; anterior and middle tibiz generally ciliate beneath 
INWeheRNAC Se we 2 oe a 15.5 : mi 
Pronotum not vittate at the sides: Ba plage: the eights pee pipiens 
red ; anterior tibiz ciliate encanta in the male .<..: . Si./).- ees 
Elytral intervals flat or nearly so, sometimes feebly concave, the striz 
unimpressed or very feebly impressed and finely punctate .. ....6 


Elytral intervals evidently though moderately convex ; equal in width, 


the deeply impressed striz strongly punctured ...............13 
Elytral intervals very uneven in width, strongly elevated, the strize 
sulciform, with the punctures concealed by the dense vestiture of 
the sulci. Mexico ....... i : es 14 
Pale pronotal vitte pure mite augue broad. ‘dilated inane at 
the middle, where each is much wider than the intervening dark 
space, the white margin at the sides and base of the elytra unusually 
wide, the white scales having a tendency to invade also the intervals 
within the border, from the humeral regions posteriorly ; surface 
rather convex, the minute squamules olivaceous-green, rather dense 
and more persistent than usual; basal angles of the prothorax 
slightly everted, the sides becoming strongly convergent and rounded 
in apical third ; third antennal joint more than twice as long as the 
second, about two-thirds as long as the fourth. Length 25.0-29.0 


mm.; width 7.5-8.8 mm, Arizona (Yuma). [ =swdstriatus, O. Sch. | 
Webbi, Lec, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 31 


Pale pronotal vittee narrower, more or less nearly half as wide as the 
intervening dark space, distinctly dilated internally just behind the 
middle ; third antennal joint as in Weddz. EPA rere 7 ed | 

Pale vitte relatively very narrow, much less chan half as = as the 
intervening dark space, and never dilated internally near the middle; 
third antennal joint more elongate, about three times as long as the 
second and but slightly shorter than the fourth, except in szmuans; 
species larger in size, the elytral intervals alternating but slightly in 
width in the females, from which sex all the descriptions are taken ; 
minute squamules moderately close-set, forming a thin blue to 
olivaceous bloom, very readily denuded . oa thd JO 

7. Body stouter and strongly convex, the siyica feel rianroieea feta the 
base to about apical third, then more strongly, arcuately narrowed 
to the tip ; sides of the prothorax arcuately shouldered anteriorly ; 
minute squamules producing a thin cobalt-blue bloom ..........8 

Body narrow, less convex, the sides of the elytra gradually and almost 
evenly converging from the base nearly to the narrowly rounded 
apex, and feebly arcuate ; minute squamules easily denuded as 
usual, producing an olivaceous bloom as a rule, becoming blue in 
some cases ; elytral intervals slightly alternating in width .. .. 9 

8. Strial intervals of the elytra conspicuously alternating in width toward 
tip ; lateral vittze of the pronotum and elytra pure white, the under 
surface with a blue bloom, the hypomera with several widely 
scattered white scales. Length ( ¢) 29.0-32.0 mm.; width 9.0-10.0 
mm. Arizona (Bill Williams Fork) ...............S#owd, n. sp. 

Strial intervals uniform in width throughout or very nearly so ; lateral 
vittee yellowish-white, the under surface as in Sow? , elytra and 
prothorax more elongate. Length (?) 30.0 mm.; width 9.0 mm. 
Arizona (B. Wms. Fork)... ace Sid Aleve ann os SOONERS The SPs 

g. Sides of the prothorax apmaneks sotatied “and Syonidecedd anteriorly ; 
body smaller and more slender, the abdomen simple, the fourth 
segment (d¢ ) not at all impressed at the sides ; hypomera usually 
with numerous white scales clustered longitudinally at the centre. 
Length 27.0 mm.; width 7.5 mm. Arizona (B. Wms. Fork).. 

ida t n. sp. 


Sides of the prothorax evenly arcuate, and converging from the middle 
to the apex, the prothorax about a third longer than wide (2) or 
somewhat shorter (2 ); abdomen in both sexes with a pronounced 
and clearly limited impression at each side of the fourth segment ; 


32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


hypomera without white scales. Length 30.0-32.0 mm.; width 
8.8—9.1 mm. Arizona (B. Wms. Fork)...... ..abdominadis, n. sp. 
10. Elytra scarcely more than twice as long as wide, with the white lateral 
margin (?) about twice as wide as in the other three species, and 
one-fifth as wide as the elytron; third antennal joint two-thirds as 
long as the fourth; hypomera with same large scattered white 
scales in addition to the bluish or olivaceous squamules of the 
general surface ; male much smaller, with. the intervals alternating 
in width. Leones 29.0-35.0 mm.; width 8.8-11,.0 mm. Arizona 
(B. Wms. Fork) . ste ae a wise 20+. StMMaNS, D. Sp. 
Elytra very Hermeises more than twice as sleds as wide the pale lateral 
margin very narrow, even in the female, where it is usually a little 
wider than in the male ; hypomera without white scales........11 
11. Sides of the elytra strongly converging from the base to the narrowly 
rounded apex, and feebly arcuate; yeilowish-white lateral vitte 
of the pronotum extending to the lateral bead at apex; last 
abdominal segment (@) much less than twice as wide as long, the 
sides only moderately ee fe 39.0 mm.; width 12.4 mm. 
Arizona (near Fort Apache)........ Ea acuminata nh. sp. 
Sides of the elytra very feebly converging and Aigtitiy: arcuate to near 
apical fourth or fifth, then more strongly arcuate and converging to 
the apex ; marginal vittee of the pronotum flexed inward from the 
beaded edge toward apex ; last abdominal segment (@) strongly 
oblique at the sides, fully twice as wide as long..............12 
12, Scutellum wider than long ; pronotum strongly, irregularly foveate 
anteriorly and laterally as in acuminatus, the sides rather abruptly 
converging and rounded in apical third, parallel thence to the 
acute but virtually unreflexed basal angles ; marginal vitte pure 
white. Length 38.0 mm.; width 12.0 mm. Arizona (near Fort 
Apache) seuwe re sees eer eee gta .. Apacheanus, Csy. 
Scutellum (onpen tia ree peacceims more Sithols sculptured, the 
sides broadly arcuate and converging from the middle to the apex, 
very feebly diverging posteriorly to the slightly and very gradually 
everted basal angles ; side vitte pale straw-yellow. Length 42.0 
mm.; width 12.8 mm. Arizona (Cochise Co.)...... obidis, n. Sp. 


13. Body arate only moderately convex, the elytra aeeisatele narrowed 
toward tip, the prothorax rounded at the sides anteriorly, with the 
lateral vittee brownish, nearly half as wide as the broad dark space 

: and almost even ; minute squamules olivaceous, the under surface 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oo 


with pale scales on the hypomera and at the sides of the abdomen ; 
tibiz not ciliate in the male. Length 28.0-32.0 mm.; width 8.0-9.5 
mm. Arizona (Phoenix). [= paradlelus, O. Sch.]..tartarus, Fall 
14. Body elongate-oval, the elytra not distinctly wider than the prothorax, 
the latter narrowed very slightly from the large and feebly everted 
basal angles to apical third, then more strongly rounded to the. 
apex, the lateral vittze pale brown in colour, attenuate and retreating 
from the margin anteriorly, their width at apex a third that at base ; 
elytra without paler lateral margin, the scales pale brown, dense in 
the sulci, minute and sparser on the convex intervals; hypomera 
without larger pale scales. Length (@ ) 32.0 mm.; width 1o.o mm. 
Memco: (Gierrerdy 3. oe Ss ; cite rnarih «Ad SEECIES TSP 
Body much smaller and still more sieudics the elvtit not narrowing 
behind the middle only, as in Azfecus, but narrowed from base to 
apex, with feebly arcuate sides, the prothorax similar, but with the 
lateral vittze pure white and less attenuate anteriorly, their apical 
width about half the basal ; elytra with a narrow white margin, the 
other vestiture as in Astecus,; hypomera with a line of white scales 
along the central part. Length (9) 26.0 mm.; width 7.8 mm. 
Mexico (Guerrero) . Oe ak hs Uaete n. sp. 
15. Form parallel, siunelins convex, che pratioraw, scufellam and entire 
under surface densely clothed with green squamules, sometimes 
becoming bluish toward the sides of the first, which is elongate, 
parallel, broadly, arcuately narrowed in about apical half, with the 
basal angles strongly and acutely everted; elytra scarcely more than 
twice as long as wide, parallel, arcuately narrowed near the apex, 
the striz impressed, finely punctate, the intervals equal, feebly 
convex and clothed uniformly and sparsely with extremely minute 
grayish-blue squamules. oe 33.0- oe o mm.; width 10.5-13.0 
mm. Lower California. ae Scene: pe ipennis, Lec. 
16. Elongate-oval, sapherakelee convex, Black, “iglisledl densely clothed 
throughout above with large white scales, which thickly fill the sulci 
of the elytra, the prothorax elongate, moderately narrowed from the 
everted basal angles, more strongly and arcuately toward apex, the 


surface somewhat rugose, without lateral vitte ; elytra parallel, 
arcuately narrowed behind the middle, with deep sulci and convex 
subequal intervals ; entire under surface, except the usual glabrous 
median lice, densely clothed with rather smaller suberect brown 
scales. Length 37.0 mm.; width 11.6 mm. Honduras. amzctus, n. sp. 


34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


7. Elytra (2) nearly two and one-half times as long as wide, the strial 
punctures toward the sides moderately coarse and well separated ; 
basal angles of the prothorax gradually and feebly everted. Length 
24.0 mm.; width 6.2 mm. Pennsylvania. ....... viridipilis, Say 

Elytra (2) but little more than twice as long as wide, the sulci 
toward the sides very coarsely punctate or closely foveate ; basal 
angles of the prothorax abruptly ‘and feebly everted and more 
obtuse. Length 20.0-22.0 mm.; width 5.7-6.0 mm. - North 
Carolina and District of Columbia... ..~..43 .. .. «.d@ebilgs, my: Sp. 

18. Median part of the prosternum narrow, parallel and flat from the 
anterior lobe to the cox ; elytra parallel and straight at the sides 
from the base to slightly behind the middle, then but ‘just visibly 
converging to the rather broadly rounded tip; elytral striz very 
finely punctate, unimpressed ; last ventral segment (9) short and 
much more than twice as wide as long; tibiz not ciliate beneath in 
the male; vestiture only moderately dense, green, varying to 
coppery in colour. Length (¢ and 92) 26.0-29.0 mm.; width 
6.8-7.5 mm. Arizona (San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise Co.), 


SHOW, Geos inataa , * Tex .. rectus, N. Sp, 
Median = ait of he eaetennin Sea convex ‘intesrore near the 
apieal tobe... 2-2 Cah oe oe E eit .19 


The median part becoming narrow, = parallel and flat fram weirs the 
middle to the coxz; elytra shorter and broader than in rectus, 
parallel, rounded at the sides of the apex; striae scarcely impressed, 
the punctures fine; last ventral (?) relatively narrower and less 
abbreviated, less than twice as wide as long; vestiture dense, 
uniform and bright bluish-green in colour. Length 27.0 mm.; width 
4.3 Ama AniZONa:. 5 hee kone 2 .smaragdinus, Lec. 

The median part Grades famences aad. i pastenionls converging 
sides from very near the lobe to the coxe ; elytra still shorter and 
broader, parallel to slightly behind the middle, then rather strongly 
narrowed and with moderately arcuate sides to the tip, which is 
relatively narrower than in the two preceding species; sculpture 
similar ; last ventral (2) strongly trapezoidal, more than twice as 
wide as long; vestiture very dense, almost uniform greenish-blue, 
sometimes variegated with cobalt-blue; male much more slender 
than the female, as in the two preceding species. Length (g and 
2) 28.0-30.0 mm.; width 7.4-8.0 mm. Arizona (Bill Williams 
Fork and Congress Junction), Snow.............. ostentus, n. sp. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 35 


20. Form narrowly elongate-oval, rather strongly convex, the prothorax 
elongate, broadly rounded and narrowed toward tip, the sides 
slightly sinuate posteriorly just before the small and sharply everted 
basal angles ; elytra rather strongly narrowed and broadly, feebly 
arcuate from base to apex, the latter relatively narrow and arcuato- 
truncate; strice feebly impressed, finely punctate, the intervals nearly 
equal and but slightly convex, strongly so at the sides, minutely, 
not densely punctulate. Length (¢) 28.5 mm.; width 7.6 mm. 
Pezona-(penson), ‘Dunn. .25.....26. 22... +... +. beArenst, Cand. 


The form of the pale margin of the prothorax seems to be com-’ 
paratively constant and therefore useful in classifying the species as 
above. The species figured in the “ Biologia” as Webdi,; by Mr. 
Champion, and subsequently referred to Apacheanus, is distinct from both; 
it has the marginal pronotal vitte broader than in Apacheanus and allies, 
and slightly dilated inwardly near the middle, a character never observable 
in those forms. It may be named Sonoricus (n. sp.). In like manner the 
species published on Plate 12 of Vol. III, part 1, fig. 3, of the “Biologia,” 
appears to be more than a variety of wirgimadis, and it may take the name 
Championi (n. sp.). The form given in fig. 8 of the same plate, as a 
variety of Desmarestt, may take the name 4revicollis (n. sp.); it is narrower 
and more parallel than Desmares¢z, with a much shorter prothorax, having a 
broader median dark vitta and with much finer elytral ridges between the 
strie. Aztecus and soda/is, of the above table, are related to approxt- 
matus, Er., differing in their much narrower form, less anteriorly 
converging sides of the prothorax and less dilated elytra, among other 
characters, and amictus is related to fistorius, being very much more 
narrowly oval. The form identified above as Behrens?, Cand., may not be 
wholly identical, but it reasonably satisfies most of the characters of the 
very short description of that species. The species of Chalcolepidius are 
very local in distribution in the Sonoran regions, as in the case of many 
other genera. 

ZOPHERINI. 

The genera of this tribe are well defined in available works, and it is 
therefore unnecessary to repeat the table given by Leconte and Horn in the 
“Classification”; it should be mentioned, however, that the genus 
Zopherus, as at present organized, is composed of four genera, three of 
them at least very sharply delimited and distinct in structure and facies, 
These genera may be defined as follows ; 


36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


1. Elytra with distinct and entire epipleura defined by an acute edge ; 
antennal cavities rounded at tip; body ene aa. Type 
fn. Chategsts Otay: sc. aac Sree anne .. Megazopherus 

Elytra without clearly defined Pes ey Pave tie y sy 20 ee 

2. Antennal cavities posteriorly angulate at apex ; body rather large and 

strongly convex, always pale, witn black mottling; pronotum 


impunctate. [Type Z. Alexicanus, Gray] ..............Zopherus 
Antennal cavities rounded at tip; body small, strongly convex, the 
pronotum punctate ¢<.-1. << soa ante eee re se 3 


3. Elytra not impressed near the suture at apex, each with a large, 
rounded, flattened and abruptly formed tubercle at tip ; body black, 
sometimes with pale venation or general ground colour, usually only 
visible at the sides; sculpture very coarse. [Type Z. /imbatus, Csy.] 

Lopherinus 

Elytia impressed at each side of the suture at tip, each with a small 
oblique ridge at apex; body as far as known deep black, without pale 
maculation, the sculpture more or less fine. [Type Z. ¢ristis, Lec. ] 
Lopherodes 

The species described by G. H. Horn dnder the name Zopherus 
elegans, 1s very exceptional in having the lateral margins pale and the 
sculpture fine ; I have not seen it, but would infer that its structural char- 
acters may differ somewhat from those of either Zopherinus or 

ZLopherodes; it may be attached at present to Zopherodes. The type of 

Megazopherus (n. gen.) is the largest species of the tribe. Of ZoAherus, I 

have before me one nondescript form, which may be described as follows: 


Moderately stout, very convex, the prothorax as wide as the elytra, slightly 
wider than long, constricted at base, dilated and bisinuate at the sides, 
yellowish-white, with large spots of black, of which two elongate and 
approximate, from the base to the middle, sometimes confluent, one 
at each side before the middle, and the usual transverse spot at the 
apical margin are unusually distinct ; elytra nearly twice as long as 
wide, with a tolerably regular sutural series of small spots and a 
marginal series of about five, with other series of small spots much 
interrupted by very large irregular blotches of black; apex quadri- 
tuberculate ; under surface black, with numerous black-speckled white 
blotches. Length 18.0-24.0 mm.; width 7.0-9.0 mm. Mexico 
CG METEELO) ooo. 2's ies ete vie U's m= 5 «RRO eD wot ee UR AO 


Belongs near rveticu/atus, Ch., but less tuberculose beneath, and with 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 37 


much larger and more irregular black blotches on the elytra, about four 
or five on each, arranged without semblance of order. 
ZOPHERINUS, N. gen. 
This genus is represented before me by the two following species, of 
which the first may be regarded as the type: 
Elongate, convex, dull in lustre, the tubercles of the elytra feebiy shining 
black, the side margins of the pronotum and elytra finely veined with 


yellowish-white in about a fifth of the total width: prothorax slightly 
elongate, somewhat narrower than the elytra, narrowly rounded at the 
sides, constricted at base, the surface uneven, sparsely punctate, and 
with large, very flat tubercles toward the sides ; a quadrilateral of 
four median indentations usually distinct ; elytra nearly twice as long 
as wide, with rows of large flattened tubercles, the interspaces coarsely 
rugose ; under surface black throughout ; posterior ridge of the fifth 
ventral with a large and parallel-sided median spur projecting anteriorly ; 
the excavation with a tubercle at each side, Length 17.0-20.0 mm.; 
width 6.0-7.5 mm. Mexico (Amecameca)........../émbatus, n. Sp. 


Elongate, very convex, nearly as in /imbatus, but with a much more 
shining surface, the elytra less elongate, much wider than the prothorax, 
wholly black and with large irregular transverse tubercular folds, 
scarcely arranged in definite lines; prothorax black throughout, as long 
as wide, very convex, the surface uneven, with four large median 
depressions forming a square, strongly tuberculose toward the sides, 
the tubercles posteriorly abruptly elevated, the punctures sparse ; fifth 
ventral as in /imbatus. Length 19.0 mm.; width 7.0 mm. Mexico 
BURRS c,h, 2 cic ass aoe: pearehealolel Sita Rela's x 8 ho 2, LEDELDIL ES gi SO 


The specimen doubtfully referred to /evicol/is has the surface of the 
pronotum rather uneven, and the posterior ridge of the fifth ventral could 
scarcely be déscribed as “ trilobed’”; it is broadly, feebly sinuate, with 
a long abrupt parallel-sided spur projecting anteriorly from the bottom of 
the sinus. Venosus, of Champion, is peculiar in coloration, having the 
white indument covering the entire surface, excepting certain black macu- 
lation, as in the true Zopherus ; dimbatus is undoubtedly a very different 
species, which appears to have been overlooked. Specimens in this 
genus, as well as the other Zopherini, should be thoroughly soaked for at 
least a day in benzine before studying, as the exuded grease otherwise 
completely conceals their ornamentation. 


38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ZOPHERODES, n. gen. 

The species of this genus, so far as known to me, are all deep black, 
without pale ornamentation and with comparatively fine sculpture, the 
pronotum always punctate. Those in my cabinet may be readily known 
as follows 

Elytra subcylindrical, more abruptly narrowed at base and toward 

apex ; pronotum strongly convex....... , ae 

Elytra evenly oval in outline; pronotum aisicetly Mes CONVER. Lae lne Z 

2. Pronotal punctures not oes or denser toward the sides. Body 
moderately stout, dull in lustre, the prothorax as long as wide, 
angulate at the sides anteriorly, not strongly or muricately, sparsely 
and evenly punctate, each puncture with a short yellowish seta ; 
elytra rather wider than the prothorax, three-fourths longer than 
wide, with uneven series of large flattened elevations, the interstices 
with smaller elevations of the same kind, all with a small setulose 
puncture at their hind margins. Length 15.0 mm.; width 5.9 mm. 
Arizona, (Gila Valley), Dunn: 2.0). 6.45... 0-14 - 2s GOGRGMaa DEE 

Pronotal punctures strong but not muricate, uneven in distribution, 

denser and coarser toward the sides. Body nearly similar, the 
prothorax less strongly angulate at the sides anteriorly, the surface 
more coarsely punctate, the elytra not wider than the prothorax, 
the uneven tuberculose sculpture less definitely lineate; prosternum 
more clearly, very coarsely punctate ; abdomen similarly coarsely 
punctate. Length 12.0-16.0 mm.; width 4.5-6.4 mm. Arizona.. 

; tristis, Lec. 


3. FAytra tuberculose ss... << * : : ee ee 
Elytra without tubercles, the suraGe Saab ath aac with sparse 
vermiculate incised lines ; prosternum tuberculose . ..........01 


4. Integuments polished. Form moderately stout, very convex, the pro- 
thorax scarcely as long as wide, the sides very feebly angulate before 
the middle, constricted at base as usual, coarsely, sparsely, irregularly 
and simply punctate, closely toward the sides; elytra as wide as the 
prothorax, rather less than twice as long as wide, coarsely, very 
strongly, closely and more or less irregularly tuberculose; prosternum 
roughly punctured and tuberculose. Length 14.5—16.5 mm.; width 
5. 4-6. 4mm. New Mexico... 2.2.2... 6. cele ss CORCOLOR. ame 

Integuments more or less dull in lustre be ac ae 6 5... Ge 

5. Elytra but little more than one-half longer than wide: Form stout, 

the prothorax nearly as long as wide, rounded at the sides, the latter 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39 


slightly subangulate before the middle, the surface coarsely, sub- 
muricately punctate, only slightly more closely toward the sides ; 
elytra evidently wider than the prothorax, finely, strongly and 
unevenly tuberculose, the tubercles slightly shining ; prosternum 
irregularly, closely and muricately tuberculose. tages 16.5 mm.; 
width 7.0mm. California.. he cla sa la. tuduratus, Csy. 
Elytra at least twice as long as aiden im both 'sexesincs). 0... ..6 
6. Elytra evidently wider than the prothorax, greatly so in sis fenaale. 
Rather stout, the prothorax fully as long as wide, very coarsely and 
strongly (¢) or moderately (?.) muricately punctate, the surface 
(3) more shining than in the ¢, the punctures slightly closer 
toward the sides, which are rounded, only slightly prominent before 
the middle ; elytra rather finely but very irregularly, closely tuber- 
culose, the lustre very dull in the 9, rather shining in the ¢, the 
sculpture transversely and very unevenly rugulose in the latter ; 
prothorax very unevenly punctato-tuberculose. Length 18.0-19.0 
mm.; width 6.9-7.5 mm. California (southern). ..vemtriosus, n. sp. 
Elytra never distinctly wider than the prothorax in either sex .....7 
7. Elytral tubercles larger, strong, approximating half the thickness of 
the femora in diameter, sc ae more or less definitely in close 
RSE BN 6 8 es OK kt 29y al « Ree e Pom oA eS cao 
Elytral tubercles minute, sometimes very pinphle segue oals arranged.g 
8. Form rather slender, dull in lustre, the prothorax nearly as long as 
wide, parallel and broadly rounded at the sides, narrowing toward 
base, strongly, sparsely, non-muricately punctate, more closely and 
coarsely toward the sides ; elytra with the tubercles large, strongly 
convex and less dull, the interstices densely dull and with small, 
remote and perfectly simple punctures; prosternum coarsely 
punctato-tuberculose. Length 17.0 a width 6.2 mm. New 
MUR etait Fis 715d wings aie a Sh gs ne Nasa 10) »/a('n <UL AEER, SLOEN 
Form nearly similar, the eesti more uneven, males two more or 
less distinct medial indentations transversely arranged, the punctures 
coarser muricate, still larger toward the sides ; elytra with smaller 
tubercles, less than half the thickness of the femorain diameter, less 


opaque than the interstices, which are strongly, muricately punctate; 
prosternum with small, distinct and sharply elevated tubercies ; 
abdomen finely, sparsely punctate, more strongly toward base. 
Length 14.5-16.0 mm.; width 5.3-6.2 mm. New Mexico (Fort 
WR IgaR ONES ing iis og ois «omic s ayo shea) x GtiQSHS, D. SP. 


40) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


g. Punctures of the pronotum fine, sparse, very faintly muricate, much 
stronger, closer and muricate toward the sides, without trace of a 
median impunctate line. Body very slender, dull; prothorax as 
long as wide, rounded at the sides and slightly prominent just before 
the middle; elytra moderately opaque, the tubercles moderately 
small, in mutual contact, extremely feeble in elevation and separated 
by fine feeble lineiform depressions; prosternum rather finely, 
acutely tuberculose. Length 15.0 mm.; width 5.0mm. Arizona... 

Z pudens, Nn. Sp. 
Punctures of the pronotum coarser, strongly muricate, divided along the 
middle by a more or less incomplete narrow impunctate line ...10 

1o. Elytral tubercles in mutual contact, rather strongly elevated and some- 
what shining, the incised lines between them fine but distinct ; 
prothorax fully as long as wide, subcordate, coarsely and 
conspicuously muricato-punctate, very coarsely toward the sides, the 
latter only very obtusely prominent just before the middle; elytra 
elongate, each of the small muricate punctures, at the hind margins 
of the tubercles, bearing a rather distinct yellow seta ; prosternum 
strongly tuberculose. Length 17.5 mm.; width 5.9 mm. Utah 
(south-western), Weidt. Pt oc ta Les. . Uteanus, Ni. Sp. 

Elytral tubercles clearly isolated by fee acncet opaque interstices, 
very flat but very much more shining than the surface separating 
them, larger and smaller alternating in very obscure inconstant lines 
at some parts of the disk ; prothorax cordate, fully as long as wide, 
the punctures strongly muricate but not much larger or closer 
toward the sides, the latter rounded, only very obtusely prominent 
before the middle ; elytra elongate ; general form very slender ; 
prosternum tuberculose. Length 17.0 mm.; width 5.5 mm. Utah.. 

Mormon, n. sp. (Horn, MS.) 

Elytral tubercles very small, not larger than the muricate punctures of 
the pronotum ; entire surface very densely opaque as in Mormon, 
the body larger and less slender; prothorax formed nearly as in 
Mormon, the punctures strong and only slightly muricate on the 
median parts, becoming very coarse and muricate toward the sides; 
prosternum coarsely, deeply punctate, not tuberculose. Length 
18.8 mm.; width 6.5 mm. Utah’ ...°....2...-.. opacus, Hom 


1. Terminal grooves of the elytra very long, about+a fifth of the total 
length. Body very slender, dull in lustre ; prothorax a little longer 
than wide, the sides nearly straight and subparallel anteriorly, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 41 


strongly rounding to the apex and slightly prominent before the 
middle, thence strongly converging to the base, finely, sparsely 
punctate, the punctures rather abruptly coarse and slightly muricate 
near the sides; elytra with minute, sparse and simple punctures, 
much wrinkled toward base, and with some small tubercles near the 
humeral angles. Length 16.0 mm.; width 5.5 mm. Arizona .. 
caudalis, n. sp. 
Memmi! erooves very short. as usta. (5 eco). ier reiibars, = ete /s' ooo BZ 


12. Form very slender in the ¢ and nearly similar in the 9; prothorax 
as long as wide, or slightly longer ( 2 ), finely, feebly, rather sparsely 
and simply punctate, abruptly coarsely, densely and submuricately 
so very near the lateral edges, the latter converging and straight 
from the feeble ante-median prominences more than half way to 
the tip, then rounded to the apex, converging and broadly arcuate 
toward base ; elytra nearly as in cawda/is, but rather more rugulose. 
Length 18.0 mm.; width 5.8 mm. Arizona (Grand Canyon 
PUREE RU OHOLACO ).2 i she). 0 sf syste io, 8 is ars; 0 Gia ap 4 Ayes, 4 vies oe PAROLES aA SS 


Form moderately slender, larger and less slender than in Zugubris, 
similarly dull in lustre; prothorax fully as wide as long, in form and 
sculpture nearly similar to Zugudris, but less prominent at the sides 
just before the middle, and much more tuberculose on the flanks, 
thence to the base ; elytra nearly similar, but with coarser vermicu- 
late impressed lines and shorter, stronger apical tubercles ; pro- 
sternum much more strongly tuberculose, not evenly as in /uguédris, 
but in uneven transverse lines. Length 19.0 mm.; width 6.6 mm. 
Arizona (Grand Canyon of the Colorado), T. Mitchell Prudden.... 

Pruddent, 0. sp. 

Form stouter and more parallel than the two preceding, and less 
constricted at the junction of the elytra and prothorax, the latter 
nearly as in /ugubris, but with less converging straight sides 
anteriorly, which are more abruptly and briefly rounded to the apex 
at tip; similarly converging and arcuate, with the flanks tuber- 
culose, posteriorly ; surface minutely, sparsely, simply punctate, the 
punctures not noticeably coarser or denser toward the sides, except 
slightly along the immediate subprominent edge anteriorly ; elytra 
somewhat flattened above, almost smooth but dull as usual, with a 
few fine tubercles near the humeral angles. Length 20.0 mm.; 
WIE Ae EY SANIZODS. x6 2 aap sec 2 aise lve os cleo VCPHOSUS, Dy SP; 


42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The species described by Horn under the name gravicol/is is not at 
hand at present, and therefore cannot be inserted at its proper place in 
the table ; it is distinctly isolated in sculpture and can be readily identified 
from the original description. Gracidis Horn, is also unique as far as 
known ; it may be distinguished from cauda/is and allies by its shining 
surface and punctured, not tuberculate, prosternum. A/egans may be 
provisionally attached to this genus, as before remarked. 


PHL@ODES, Lec. 

Of the two described species of this genus, @adodicus, inhabiting the 
more northern regions of California, has dense pale vestiture on the apical 
declivity of the eiytra, while pustulosus, Lec., from San Diego, has no pale 
incrustation, and is a much larger insect. The species or subspecies are 
rather numerous, and those in my cabinet may be described in outline as 
follows : 


1. Elytra with more or less pale vestiture on the apical declivity ......2 
Elytra without paler vestiture at apex... 2... 2. 22 san 3 oe 4 

2. Form stout, the prothorax as wide as long,.very nearly as wide as the 
elytra ; velvety spot at the middle and base of each elytron small and 

very inconspicuous ; whitish vestiture forming a large solid patch at | 
each side of the apical declivity. Length 16.0-19:5 mm.; width 
6.4-7.5 mm. California (Mt. Diablo) ............d@éabolicus, Lec. 
Form. slender"... -.: 27. Pattie che Mere comin ater eget e Siemeaw tetiate: Rr ag 
3. Prothorax slightly longer than wide, sculptured nearly as in diabolicus, 
the head with small tubercles throughout, and not sparsely tuber- 
culose at the middle of the vertex as in that species; elytra oval, 
only very slightly wider than the prothorax, the pale vestiture more 
diffused between the rugosities of the apical declivity, the central 
velvety spot slightly arcuate and oblique, the basal short. Length 
14.0-16.0 mm.,; width 5.4—6.2 mm. California, Cab. Levette....-. 
ovipennis, N. Sp. 

Prothorax distinctly elongate, the finer tubercles aggregated in two 
longitudinal sinuous median lines more obviously than in dzadodicus, 

the head covered throughout with small tubercles which are close-set, 

and, as in ov/pennis, densely punctulate on their convex surfaces; elytra 
oblong-oval, with the pale vestiture confined to the apical parts of 

the declivity, the velvety spots large and distinct, the basal much 
elongated. Length 17.0 mm.; width 6.4 mm. California (Kern Co.) 
elongatus, n. Sp. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 


4. Prothorax as wide as the elytra ( f) or nearly so (2); sculpture very 
rugose ; colour deep black throughout; elytra oblong ; anterior 
femora tuberculose. Length 19.0-22.5 mm.; width 7.4-8.8 mm. 
California (San Diego).. Aa hau aR paiadisas, Lec. 

Prothorax much narrower tia the élyérasc.iichc PS path es 

5. Pronotum rather strongly elevated aiong median ited: oe rather 
narrow, elongate ; prothorax longer than wide, the slopes of the 
median elevation slightly concave and devoid of tubercles, the latter 
close along the sides of the elevation ; elytra evenly oval, about 
two-thirds longer than wide, rugose as usual. Length 19.5 mm.; 
width 7.2 mm. California (near San Diego), Dunn.. ..scader, n. sp. 

Pronotum but feebly elevated along the middle ..................6 

6, Elytra oblong, about one-half longer than wide, deeply Aan roughly 
sculptured, with the velvety spots well developed : prothorax slightly 
longer than wide, strongly and rather closely though unevenly 
tuberculose over the entire surface. Length 20.0 mm.; width 7.8 
mm. + California, Cab. Levette. 0. 000... 00... Tebipennis; fh. sp. 

Elytra oval, much narrower and more elongate, nearly three-fourths 
longer than wide, scabrous as usual, the velvety spots indistinct ; 
prothorax narrower and still more elongate, very unevenly and more 
sparsely tuberculose, with large areas along the middle and lateral 
third devoid of tubercles ; body much more elongate and narrower 
in form. Length 19.5 mm.; width 7.2 mm. California, Cab. 
BPG cy oy Secale td Ghent. eee ete els whe «ORR UELS TOS pis 


The forms above enumerated are mutually very similar in facies and 
sculpture and may prove to be subspecies of a single stock, but they are 
at least recognizable. 

Noserus, Lec. 

The three species in my cabinet may be known by the following 

characters : 


1. Prothorax evenly cordate, narrowed behind from near the apex .....2 
Prothorax parallel and rounded at the sides, narrowed posteriorly only 
emitted the. middle... 5... 3. : beet nip: 


2. Body broad in form, the préthoras lightly one Han nid vena 
at all convex, irregularly tuberculose and uneven, with two longi- 
tudinal ridges, angulate toward the median line, especially evident ; 
elytra slightly wider than the prothorax, oblong, flattened above, 
rapidly declivous at the sides, each with three large tumidities on 


44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


the strongly declivous apex, one oblique just behind the middle and 
a short longitudinal median ridge basally, the ground surface finely, 
sparsely tuberculose. Length 15.5-16.0 mm.; width 6.3 mm, 
California (Monterey), Dunn. BI cae Siete . plicatus, Lec. 
Body nearly similar but cruel sitiellen sa Hiasively narrower, the 
elongate prothorax with coarser tubercles toward the sides and finer 
and sparser elsewhere, the inequalities of the surface nearly as in 
plicatus, but with the elevations more pronounced; elytra not ( ¢) or 
but slightly (2) wider than the prothorax, with the principal 
elevations nearly as in p/icatus, but with the ground surface more 
coarsely pitted and still more minutely tuberculose. Length 
14.0-15.5 mm.; width 4.7-5.7 mm. California, Cab. Levette. 
: torvus, N. sp. 
3. Form relatively broader and more parallel, the prothorax less narrowed 
at base, flat above, and not longer than wide, with many unevenly 
disposed tubercles, the elevations of the same general form as in the 
two preceding but very much feebler; elytra not wider than the 
prothorax, scarcely more than one-half longer than wide, sculptured 
nearly as in the preceding, the longitudinal basal ridge more acutely 
elevated. Length 16.0 mm.; width 6.2 mim. California, Cab. 
Tee vette 255 6 face i cof mba oee Ila by lsas 2a nepal ae 


The species described by G. H. Horn under the name emarginatus | 
have not seen; it occurs in Texas. JVoserus greatly resembles Nosoderma 
in facies, but differs in its slightly grooved tarsi, and in having a feeble 
antennal groove anteriorly. 

PHELLOPsIs, Lec. 

This genus resembles JVosoderma in having the tarsi not grooved and 
the antennal cavities wholly wanting, but differs greatly in facies and -in 
having eleven free antennal joints. Dr. Horn surmises in the ‘ Classifi- 
cation,” that porcata, of LeConte, may be only a variety of obcordata, Kirby, 
and it is so indicated in the Henshaw list, but the two forms are in reality 
well differentiated species. The four species in my cabinet may be readily 
known as follows : 

1, Outer of the two discal ridges of each elytron: obsolete at about a fourth 
of the total length of the pei from the base; sides of the elytra 
AGOMC cts was ee , > ance 

Outer ridge obsolete much | nearer > the base, ‘this distance being a sixth 
or seventh of the total length ; sides of the elytra feebly converging 
from the rounded humeri to the subapical tumidity ... .......+.4 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 


2. Elytra much more than twice as long as wide, the general form more 
slender, with a relatively somewhat smaller prothorax, the sides of 
which are subparallel for more than half the length from the apex, 
then strongly converging to the base, the surface uneven, with an 
elevation at each side near the middle and a large elongate-oval 
median elevation in basal two-thirds, which is concave anteriorly 
and deeply foveate at base, the tubercles of the general surface 
moderate, not parted along the median line at the centre of the 
pronotum ; elytra each with two discal ridges and three strong 
subapical tumidities, coarsely foveato-punctate in series. Length 
12.0-13.5 mm.; width 4.2-4.9 mm. Oregon.........pforcata, Lec. 

ene MERIRE tMice BON AB WIDE: icc. od lok ee hie se ae a ns q 

3. Body nearly similar throughout to povcata but very much stouter, the 
elytral punctures more shallow and obscure, the pronotum with very 
coarse tubercles anteriorly, the basal pubescent fovea of psrcata 
replaced by a short nude sulcus, the central part of the disk not 
sulcate, but more coarsely tuberculose than in Jorcata; elytra nearly 
similar, except that the outer of the three subapical tumors is very 
much smaller and less prominent. Length 14.5 mm.; width 5.5 mm. 
Idaho (Cceur d’Alene).. avert Hh ahate PASTE n. sp. 

Body stouter than in denndth dia een Sia ial ana subprominent 
at the sides anteriorly, more strongly narrowed posteriorly from the 
middle or still more anteriorly ; elevations of the surface nearly as in 
porcata, but with the oval central inclosure much more open 
anteriorly and with very large tubercles ranged in series along a 
narrow nude longitudinal sulcus at the centre of the pronotal disk ; 
subapical tumors of the elytra large and conspicuous ; elytra nearly 
similar but with much deeper, more perforate and distinct serial 
fover. Length 1o.8-14.0 mm.; width 3.9-5.1 mm. New Hamp- 
shire (White Mts.) and Pennsylvania ............o0bcordata, Kirby 

4. Body generally similar to the preceding but with the prothorax 
rounded at the sides anteriorly and moderately narrowed in basal 
two-fifths, the general surface flatter, with less prominent elevations, 
the median basal oval elevation much shorter, not extending before 
the middle, with a narrow sulciform fovea at the centre of the 
pronotal disk, and a larger and more rounded pit at the base ; 
tubercles throughout strong and distinct ; elytra with the inner of 
the longitudinal ridges less obliterated behind basal fourth, almost 


46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


continuous, the punctiform serial fovez smaller, the lateral subapical 
_tumors rather smaller and less prominent than in forcata and | 
obcordata, but much more so than in robustuda. Length 12.0-14.5 
mm.; width 4.5—5.4 mm. California (Placer Co. and Lake Tahoe).. 
montana, 0. Sp. 
Other species of this genus probably exist in collections. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. 


The initial meeting of the Entomological Society of America was 
held in the American Museum of Natural History at New York City, 
Dec. 28, 1906. 

On the evening of December 28, Prof. Wm. M. Wheeler delivered 
before the Society an illustrated lecture on ‘‘ The Polymorphism of 
Insects.” Immediately after the lecture the business meeting took place. 
Prof. J. H. Comstock, of Ithaca, N. Y., was elected chairman, and E. S. 
G. Titus, of Washington, D. C., secretary of the meeting. The new 
Society then adopted a constitution and by-laws, and eiected officers and 
the other members of the Executive Committee. 

The following are the officers: President, J. H. Comstock, Ithaca, 
N. Y.; 1st Vice-President, James Fletcher, Ottawa, Can.; 2nd Vice- 
President, Henry Skinner, Philadelphia, Pa.; Sec.-Treasurer, J. Chester 
Bradley, Berkeley, Cal. 

The Executive Committee consists of the officers and the following: 
Wm. M. Wheeler, New York, N. Y.; John B. Smith; New Brunswick, N. 
J.; Herbert Osborn, Columbus, O.; C. J. S. Bethune, Guelph, Can.; F. 
M. Webster, Washington, D. C.; and Chas. W. Johnson, Boston, Mass. 

Following the business meeting, there was a smoker at the Hotel 
Endicott, given by the Brooklyn, Newark and New York Entomological 
Societies to the Association of Economic Entomologists and the Entomo- 
logical Society of America. 

The Executive Committee, at a meeting held December 29, decided 
to call a meeting of the Society at Boston, Mass., in connection with the 
meetings of the International Congress of Zoology in August, 1907. Full 
announcement will be made later. 

All persons interested in entomology, and residing anywhere in the 
Americas, are invited to apply for membership. The dues are one dollar 
a year. The membership now exceeds 250. The American Association 


for the Advancement of Science granted affiliation to the new Society at 
. their New York meeting. ; E. S. G. Titus, Secretary. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47 


ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MOSQUITOES, 
BY HARRISON G, DYAR AND FREDERICK KNAB. 


Now that Professor Williston has cleared the ground and destroyed 
the Theobaldian classification of Culicidze, let us try a little constructive 
work. We regard it as essential that all the groups, both generic and 
higher, should be based only on characters found in both sexes of the 
adults; that these characters should be fundamental as generally recognized 
by systematists, and that they should be supported by sound larval char- 
acters. We have only one cause of difference with Prof. Williston’s 
remarks, namely, his implied statement that the palpal characters are of 
value in generic definition. They are not, in the case of the mosquitoes. 
The differences consist in varying length and the number of joints. They 
seem at first sight interesting, and we were much attracted to them on 
beginning our generic studies. But they prove to be entirely secondary 
sexual characters, not correspondingly represented in both sexes, and are, 
therefore, ruled out. Moreover, the small terminal joint or joints of the 
female palpi, on the presence or absence of which Neveu-Lemaire’s 
classification is based, is variable within the limits of a single species 
(Culex tarsalis, Coq.), and is gradually evanescent in another series of 
species (#des, spp.), besides there being no modification in the male to 
correspond with it. The long palpi of the male have been developed 
independently in several groups (the short palpi being the generalized 
condition), and are therefore a parallel development without fundamental 
value. Therefore, the old classification, which Prof. Williston advises his 
readers to retain, is unsound, as it is based on these palpal characters. 
We may remark that the same condition appears to obtain in the Tipulide, 
since Loew says, speaking of the division of the family on the long and 
short palpi: ‘‘The division, indeed, is no natural one” (Dipt. No. Am., 
To, 1862). 

All the subfamilies of the Culicidee recognized by the Theobaldian 
school are untenable, including the Anopheline. We have found only 


two subfamilies, the Culicinze and Sabethine. We will not quarrel with 
Prof. Williston over the terminology, but hasten to call them tribes. The 
Culicini, then, have the metanotum devoid of sete; the larvee furnished 
with a median ventral brush on the anal segment ; the Sabethini have a 
group of set on the metanotum, and the larvae without a ventral brush 
on the analsegment. These are primary and essentiai divisions, the two 
groups showing a general dissimilarity in their appearance and habits, both 
as adults and larve, beside the structural points noted. 
February, 1907 


48 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In tabular form we recognize the following genera. We have 


employed one new character, the tibial comb or scraper, a microscopic 
structure situated at the end of the tibiee, and consisting of a row of fine 
spines. It apparently functions as a cleansing organ for the body parts 


or wings. : 
CULICINI. 
1. Scutelium evenly rounded, not lobed)... 2.0.5 200 sess we pue eee 
Scutellum distinctly trilobed. . sibie.s CGukb Rede eaten baw is 
2. First submarginal cell longer then its setinles She held ap _, achialen 
First submarginal cell less than half as long as its petiole. Alegarhinus. 
3. Hind tibial scraper with a row of 7 to 12 closely set sete.........4. 
Hind tibial scraper with none to 5 sparsely set sete ............ 13. 
4. Scutellum with central lobe elongate, collar-like, not tubercularly 
PIBMMeNE 2. 525.10. 2 ating 
Scutellum with central yoo dienes seat sal dsbenaalig el 
5. Terminal antennal joints slender, long .................-Mansonia. 
Terminal antennal joints short, broad.. ae 
6. Second joint of antenne very long, 14x 1.......-.5--. Deinocerites. 
Second joint of antennz moderate, less than 8X 1........-.++-++7- 
7. First submarginal cell less than half as long as its petiole. Uranotenia. 
First submarginal cell at least nearly as long as its petiole... ....8., 
8. Head with a distinct neck, the occiput broad and 
expmsed tee. Jace ice RATE. ile oe Psorophora. 
Head icin: a 1 distinct ss siiecsialal to the therax ......V pee 
g. Cross veins tending to lie in line, the third separated from the second 
by less than its own length.......... bic bee . Culiseta. 
Cross veins normal, widely separated, the third ipeecst from the 
second by its own length ............ Fee » er SAB 
10. 9 with the last segment of the abdomen not spemceusile ee wanna 
ended ; ¢ genitalia with the harpes slender, columnar with bent 
spined tip . Jee ite . Tentorhynchus. 
? with the int exiinerts wat ‘thee’ ekeuebis nites slender; ¢ 
genitalia with harpes broad, concavely curved .........-.. ..IT. 
bio Wc ly pews bate~.> 20. Gee 3 RE ir ks. hey eet le 72. 
Clypeus with dense appieesed sealed’ heb ete ae _ Stepomeyiae 
12.. Prothoracic lobes approximale .........+.s00++-ss5 0  Benagaae 
Prothoracic lobes-well separated... .. 2... -0 sen uvGe +s trea» Sees 
13. Feet with large empodia ....... «Sint a pie Saeipe ie a i vet le a 


Feet svith small empodia: .:.....'.c.~ <9. sou = 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49 


SABETHINI. 


. Clypeus without hairs. ed Mh ait nig dBc ea ae oon Ph 
Clypeus hairy on the sides! avi eee hint oa hia. 21 POOLOEIG. 
. Prothoracic lobes easton, deters fie Sai afi ea Sabethes. 
Memmemmere tees Wel) Separated . ci. Sch sn aecee be ce lk eee as 3 
. Eyes separated by a narrow wedge; proboscis rather short, swollen 
Dey as SRR N eSNSS R  he hs S 
PEMEMMEENTHOND Ol) YELLE Suro. PT u eG iy ic gyerere al oe la ee Be 
. Claws of hind tarsi two, normal ....................... Wyeomyia. 
Hind tarsi with but a single claw........ Deo a . Limatus. 
. No erect forked scales on occiput ; proboscis es than the 
body . “seeks Me Lhe PRO IIEY OE: 
With a row of erect Moree seas on eau proboscis not longer 
IR EEE Sees soe Le eee Ne es ites ate ne 
. Front of head normal, sianath vomee ahcaniact, Pils, sy a. cy RORY NO eR ERLE 
Front with a conical process dpowe the Aye Pere ts ele, Akh Runchomyia. 
List of American genera, with principal synonyms. 
Anopheles, Meigen. Conchyliastes, Coq. 
Myzomyia, Blanch. Grabhamia, Theob. 
Cycloleppteron, Theob. flowardina, Theob. 
LNototricha, Coq. Culiselsa, Felt. 
Cellia, Theob. Culicada, Felt. 
Arribalzagia, Theob. Ecculex, Felt. 
Celodiazesis, D. & K. Protoculex, Felt. 
Megarhinus, R.-D. Pseudoculex, Dyar. 
Mansonia, Blanch. Gymnometopa, Coq. 
Pneumaculex, Dyar. Lepidoplatys, Coq. 
AEdeomyia, Theob. feltidia, Dyar. 
Deinocerites, Theob. Ceratocystia, D. & K. 
Uranotzenia, Arrib. Heemagogus, Will. 
Psorophora, R.-D. Cacomyia, Coq. 
Culiseta, Felt. Stegoconops, Lutz. 
Theobaldinella, Blanch. Stegomyia, Theob. 
Teeniorhynchus, Arrib. Lutzia, Theob. 
Coguillettidia, Dyar. Culex, Linn. 
Edes, Meig. LNeoculex, Dyar. 
Ochlerotatus, Arrib. Culicella, Felt. 
LTeteronycha, Arrib. Melanoconion, Theob. 


Janthinosoma, Arrib. Tinolestes, Coq. 


50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


Micraedes, Coq. Limatus, Theob. 
Tsostomyia, Coq. Simondella, Laveran. 
Mochlostyrax, D. & K. Phoniomyia, Theob. 
Sabethes, R.-D. Lesticocampa, D. & K. 
Sabethoides, Theob. — . Runchomyia, Theob. 
Wyeomyia, Theob. Joblotia, Blanchard. 
Dendromyia, Theob. Trichoprosopon, Theob. 


A NEW SPECIES OF MEGARHINUS. 
BY FREDERICK KNAB, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


A small lot of mosquitoes which were recently received from Dr. W. 
F, Thornton, of Bluefields, Nicaragua, contains a single specimen of a 
Megarhinus, which represents a new species. It is related to the forms 
with white-ringed tarsi, recently dealt with in a paper by Dr. Dyar and 
myself (Smithonian Miscellaneous Collections, Quarterly Issue, x\viii, 
241-258, 1906), but differs from all the known species in that the white 
on the hind tarsi does not encircle them, but is upon the outer side only. 

Microscopic preparations show that the So-called second and third 
segments of the male palpus are really one, being only apparently divided 
by a false joint, a slight constriction accentuated by a difference in the 
coloration of the scales. The male palpus is, therefore, only four-jointed, 
consisting of a very short basal joint, a very long second joint (apparently 
homologous with the third joint of the males of the Culicine and 
Anopheline forms), a third shorter joint, and a fourth long and sabre-like. 
In the female there is a fifth very minute terminal joint, hidden beneath 
a dense vestiture of scales. What has been called the first abdominal 
segment in previous descriptions is in reality the post-scutellum, which 
overlaps the basal portion of the abdomen. In the following description, 
for the sake of uniformity, the palpi are treated as in previous descriptions. 

Megarhinus hypoptes, new species.—Male: Head behind the eyes 
velvety-black, the eyes broadly bordered with light metallic-blue, beneath 
and at the sides silvery. Antenne densely plumose ; the toruli with silvery 
lustre ; second segment long and stout, longer than the three succeeding 
ones, somewhat compressed jaterally, the heavy scaling of the crest 


condensed to a prominent iridescent blue patch on the anterior portion. 
Palpi metallic-blue and purple, segments 2 to 4 pale lilac at the tip, second 
and fourth segments nearly equal, the third longer, fitth twice as long as 
the fourth. Prothoracic lobes deep metallic-blue. Mesothorax greenish- 
black on the disk, with a few coppery scales intermixed ; the anterior and 


February, 1907 ‘8 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51 


posterior margins, an ill-defined median line and patches at the middle of 
the sides metallic-blue. Scutellum and post-scutellum bright metallic-blue. 
Pleura and coxe silvery. Abdomen above deep blue, passing from 
greenish to a violaceous-tinge towards the tip, segments 6, 7 and 8 
marked with gold at the hind angles, the seventh with a fine golden hind 
margin. Claspers violet-scaled. Sixth and seventh segments laterally 
expanded, reaching their greatest width at the tip of the seventh. No 
caudal tufts. Lateral abdominal cilia pale on all the segments but the 
last, dark on the eighth and the genitalia. Abdomen beneath yellowish- 
silvery, with a median blue stripe. The stripe is widest on the third and 
fourth segments, and narrows to a fine line on the sixth and seventh. 
Eighth segment violaceous beneath, tipped with gold. Legs deep violet 
and blue, the hind tarsi only white-marked._ Under surface of the femora 
bright brassy. On the hind legs the fourth and fifth tarsal joints are 
silvery-white on the outer side, black on the inner. Length, 9.5 mm. 
(exclusive of appendages). 
Type.—Cat. No. 10, 146, U. S. Nat. Mus. 
* Locality. —Bluefields, Nicaragua. (W. F. Thornton.) 


TWO NEW BEES OF THE GENUS TRIEPEOLUS. 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLO. 


Triepeolus grindeliea, n. sp.—Q. Length to-rr mm.; black, the 
legs red, with black spurs ; pubescence pale cinereous, with a slight 
yellow tint. Wings nearly clear ; tegule orange ferruginous ; mesothorax 
with two short longitudinal bands of pubescence ; antenne black except 
the third joint and extreme base of fourth, which are dull red; clypeus 
with very dense minute punctures, and scattered larger ones ; labrum 
black ; mandibles largely red ; lower part of pleura bare, densely punc- 
tured ; scutellum rather prominent, bilobed ; lateral teeth black, short but 
rather sharp ; broad apical bands on abdominal segments 1 to 4 entire ; 
transverse black area on first segment as in fhelianthi, occidentalis, etc ; 
oblique patches at sides of second segment pointed, and making an angle 
of about 45° with apical band ; apical segment reddened ; pygidial area 
large and circular ; last ventral segment curved downwards at apex. By 
the shape of the last ventral segment, and the comparatively small size, it 
is allied only to the Californian Z: ca//opus, Ckll., from which it differs by 
the larger size, grayer pubescence, circular (instead of oval) pygidial area, 


black labrum, more strongly bilobed scutellum, etc. 
February, 1907 


52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Hab.—RBoulder, Colorado, three at flowers of Grindelia, Aug. 7, 1906 
(W. P. Cockerell). 

Triepeolus Eldredi, n. sp.— $. Length, 12 mm.; black, including 
the legs, but the small joints of the tarsi are dark reddish, and there is a 
bright ferruginous patch on the flagellum in front near the base, occupying 
parts of the third and fourth antennal segments ; pubescence of thorax and 
abdomen above dull creamy, but of face, pleura and legs silvery-white ; 
mandibles with a reddish median spot; labrum black ; face and nearly all 
of clypeus covered with shining silvery hair ; pleura entirely covered with 
hair ; mesothorax dull and rough, deeply longitudinally sulcate, with a 
reniform black area, which is joined to the margin by a black band 
anteriorly ; anterior part of mesothorax with a transverse band of light 
hair, but there is a narrow black area between this, and the prothorax ; 
tegule black, punctured; third submarginal cell very broad above ; 
scutellum bigibbous, the lateral teeth very small ; abdomen 6-banded, the 
last one whiter than the others ; black area on first segment a transverse 
band ; bands on first and second segments quite entire ; band on second 
segment with a lobular projection at each extreme side, but this projection 
is not so high as the width of the band, and is not at all directed inwards. 
Very close to Z. Wyomingensis, Ckll., but differs from that species by the 
broad, clean-cut transverse black band on first abdominal segment, the 
third s. m. wider above, the broader and flatter scutellum, the duller 
mesothorax and tegulz, the pleura covered with hair, and the red spot on 
the antenne. 

Hab.—N. Yakima, Washington State, Aug. 7, 1903 (Eldred Jenne). 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 
MONTREAL BRANCH. 


Three meetings have been held since the summer recess, one during 
each month. At these the members exhibited their summer catches, and 


discussed them with each other. A certain genus was set aside at each 
meeting for comparison, and we have had discussions on Xylina, 
Acronycta and Datana, the members exhibiting any specimens that they 
had obtained ; Mr. Lyman gave his experience with each genus, and 
helped to clear up some of the difficulties. Mr. Chagnon read papers on 
Coleoptera, particularly one on the genus Chrysobothris, and exhibited all 
of the known Canadian species. Mr. Denny read a paper on ‘Collecting 
Catocalas in the daytime,” and exhibited a number of specimens that he 
had taken. Mr. Moore reported on Hemiptera taken at Como, P. Q, 
during the past summer, and exhibited specimens. Gro. A. Moore. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53 


NEW MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY W. D. KEARFOTT, MONTCLAIR, N, J. 


(Continued from page 9.) 


Eucosma fuscana, sp. nov.—Expanse, 23 to 30 mm. Head, palpi, 
thorax and fore wings, brownish-fuscous, finely irrorated with whitish scales; 
basal area darker, in middle extends two-fifths length of wing. 

Head rough, tuft on second joint of palpi flatly triangular, extending 
below beyond third joint, latter only exposed from above. Head, palpi 
and thorax grayish brown or brownish-fuscous, finely and closely irrorated 
with whitish scales, the tip or outer end cf each scale is whitish. Abdo- 
men whitish-cinereous, anal tuft cinereous, speckled with white. Legs 
cinereous, speckled with fuscous, fronts of femora and tibiz of anterior pair 
brownish-fuscous. 

Fore wing brownish-fuscous, finely and closely irrorated with whitish. 
The white irrorations are not evenly spread over the entire surface, their 
absence or partial absence in some places forms darker area; the most 
prominent of the dark shade is the basal area, which on the dorsum 
reaches beyond inner third, thence obliquely and somewhat concave to 
middle of wing at two-fifths from base, above the middle from base to apex 
the upper half is evenly irrorated, hence the basal dark area is only 
sharply defined on the dorsal half of wing. At outer third is a more or 
less obsolete darker angulated fascia ; from dorsal margin in the form of a 
narrow bar pointing toward middle of termen, but in length less than one- 
third the width of wing, directly above it a similar bar reaches to upper 
edge of cell; between this outer fascia and dark basal area the white 
irrorations are thickest, giving the appearance of a paler fascia between 
these darker shades. Paralleling the termen the white irrorations are 
arranged in irregular and broken lines. Male costal fold narrow, about 
one-third length of wing, appressed and darker brown. Cilia same as 
outer end of wing. . 


Hind wing above and beneath, and cilia uniformly pale fuscous. 

Under side fore wing, same shade of brownish-fuscous as above, but 
without the paler irrorations. 

Four specimens: Rounthwaite, Manitoba, July, Marmont; Iowa, 
Ac. Cat., No. 182, C. P. Gillette; Chicago, Illinois, C, H. Fernald, and 
one specimen from Prof. Fernald, bearing label ‘10733, Aug. 31,” but no 


locality. 
Co-types in U. S. Nat. Mus., Prof. Fernald’s and in my collection, 


In the four specimens before me quite a little variation is observable, 
February, 1907 


54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


caused by the more or less density of the white irrorations, in one speci- 
men the basal dark area can hardly be defined. 

Eucosma bilineana, sp. nov.—Expanse, ¢, 24 to 30 mm.; 2, 32mm. 
Fore wing pale clayish-ochre, with two horizontal black lines, one from 
base to middle, and one above it from middle to apex, the latter divided 
and more or less diffused on its outer half. 

Head rough, dull brown in front, shading into ochreish-brown on top. 
Palpi flattened, ovate, scales neither compressed nor loosely laid, apical 
joint exposed above, but hidden below by projecting tuft from second 
joint ; colour pale ochreish, darker on outer sides and below, apex brown. 
Antenne ochreish, lightly ciliated in both g¢ and 9. Thorax whitish- 
ochreous, shading into dark brownish-ochreous anteriorly. Abdomen and 
legs cinereous, tarsi and tibie marked and dotted with dark brown. 

Fore wing pale, terra-cotta or clayish-ochre ; palest along dorsal 
margin, and overlaid with a deeper ochreous shade along costa and outer 
third. A narrow black line through middle of wing from just beyond 
base, nearly to end of cell, where it diminishes to a hair streak and follows 
vein li nearly to angle. Above the outer end of the thickened part of this 
line, at two-thirds length of cell, another wide line begins, and continues 
to end of cell, where a narrow spur from its up edge continues in termen 
just below apex ; the inner end of this line is somewhat clavate, beyond 
its outer end, below the apical spur, is a cloud of whitish, dark brown and 
ochreous scales, between veins v and vii, and over the latter line is a 
second spur of black scales, but much broken. The costal fold is nearly 
half the length of wing, closely appressed at base, but rolled over at its 
outer end; colour, ground colour, but of a more sombre hue; costa 
beyond fold pale ochreous, with five evenly-spaced black dots, below 
these are five or six other black dots, not evenly spaced. On the dorsal 
margin are about the same number of black dots, closer together about 
the middle. A row of similar dots along the termen, and a few others 
scattered over the wing, several in the ocellic space, one below outer end 
of second horizontal line, and a faint line below and paralleling the inner 
half of the inner line. Cilia grayish-fuscous, paler basally and mottled 
with darker fuscous scales. Hind wing above and below smoky-ochreous, 
cilia paler. Under side fore wing smoky-fuscous, paler along costa, where 
the dark costal dots are repeated. Cilia paler. The above description 1s 
from an average 4, in other specimens the intensity of the dark lines and 


dots are less or greater. In one 4 specimen the dark markings are nearly 
obsolete, leaving only a faint basal and faint outer line, no dots at all, while 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55 


in another the dark marks are intensified and the whole outer upper half 
of wing is clouded with dark scales; the outer end of the outer line 
divides into three distinct lines or spurs. 

I have but one 9, which differs considerably from the g. All of the 
head, palpi and thorax colouring is much darker. The fore wing isa 
dull brown, overlaid on lower half below cell with whitish-gray scales, a 
line of these same scales are above and join the internal black line, and 
above this is a parallel line of gray-white scales, all the veins beyond the 
cell are overlaid with the same, and the intervening spaces rather closely 
speckled with them. The outer black line with its spurs is obsolete, but 
three or four black dots remain on outer half of costa, and a cluster of 
black dots on the ocellic space, of which four are in a vertical row along 
termen and three or four before them. 

Seven ¢ and one @ specimens. West Manitoba, July, Hanham ; 
Illiaois, Prof. Fernald ; Iowa, U.S. Nat. Mus. Ac. Cat. No. 383. 

Co-types in U.S. Nat. Mus., Prof. Fernald’s and my collections. 

Eucosma madderana, sp. nov.—Expanse, 13 to 14 mm. Fore wing 
grayish-white. A large rounded brown-madder spot on outer end of 
wing, interior of wing washed with fainter shades of this same colour, 
especially over the basal area, and an oblique semi-fascia from costa 
beyond middle. 

Head rough, rose-madder, palpi same, but a shade darker above and 
outwardly, tuft compressed, flattened, ovate ; outer joint not hidden, brown. 
Antenne cinereous, annulated with a darker shade. Thorax smooth, light 
brown-madder, posteriorly and tips of patagia paler. Abdomen pale 
fuscous, anal tuft cinereous. Legs steely-fuscous, tibize and tarsi streaked 
and spotted with brown-madder. 

Fore wing grayish-white, this ground colour is only distinct before 
the ovate terminal spot and on dorsal margin before ocellic space, on the 
latter space it is overiaid with darker scales. Basal area, which extends 
to inner third at middle and inner fourth on costal and dorsal margins, is 
a light pink-madder. From the costa just at and beyond middle, an 
oblique flattened ovate spot on fascia of brown-madder crosses wing 
towards anal angle, but terminates in a pointed end at vein iii. Between 
this spot and basal area the colour is a rosy-madder over the gray-white 


ground. A large, ovate brown-madder spot, its outer margin involving 
the termen from anal angle to apex, its inner margin curving easily inward 
from angle to end of cell, then outward to costa before apex; veins iv to 
viii where they cross this patch are overlaid with fuscous-brown, and where 


56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


each terminates on margin are a few yellowish scales, between these is a 
dark line on the termen, before the cilia. , 

Costal fold narrow, not closely appressed, about one-third length of 
wing, colour brown-madder. Costa beyond fold same colours as fascia 
and patches that touch it. Before the ovate terminal spot the ground 
colour is the whitest of any part of the wing, and offers a sharp contrast 
to the dark outer spot ; it is divided by a tae of a scales. Cilia 
grayish-white, tipped with fuscous. 

Hing wing pale smoky- fuscous, slightly darker at apex, where a few 
darker scales form a dot; cilia paler, preceded by a darker, then a paler 
line. Under side same, but darker. 

Under side fore wing dark smoky-fuscous, dark scales more intense 
at apex, shading narrowly into madder on costa before and at apex; cilia 
gray, preceded by a darker and paler line, an additional faint narrow 
dark line precedes these ciliate lines on the termen. 

Four specimens. Rounthwaite, July, Marmont ; West Manitoba, 
Hanham ; Ottawa, Quebec, vi, 26; Regina, Assiniboia, Willing. 

Tye in my collection. 

Eucosma Heathiana, sp. nov.—Expanse, 17 to.18 mm. Fore wing 
cream-white, with a dark fuscous dorsal blotch below fold, not touching 
base and ending before ocellic spot. 

Head, frontal tuft pure white, tuft between eyes tinged with very pale 
brown in some specimens, in others pure white. Palpi pure white, 
second joint loosely clothed below and above. Scales below 
longer than above, and the ends almost concealing tip at outer 
joint, which is obtuse and cream-white. Antenne white, annulated with 
light fuscous. Thorax smooth, white, posteriorly stained with fuscous, 
this darker shade concentrated in form of a dark dot on each side of 
dorsal line. Abdomen and legs cream-white, tarsi annulated with fuscous. 

Fore wing cream-white, a conspicuous dark fuscous blotch occupies 
all the space between fold and dorsal margin, except at extreme base and 
ocellic spot. In the most strongly-marked specimens the dark shade is 
sharply defined by the line of the fold as far as end of cell, beyond it 
slightly swells upward, terminating in a rounded spot before the ocellic 
space. In less strongly-marked specimens the white ground colour more 
or less overlaps the fold, reducing the width of the dark blotch. This 
fuscous blotch is more cr less overlaid with black scales ; the latter are 


more frequent in the rounded process at_ the outer end. Costa from 2 
fold to apex dotted with about ten brownish to black short dashes, nearly 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57 


evenly spaced; from each alternate dash a dark-cream or pale-brown line 
runs obliquely towards termen, the first merging into second before 
reaching termen, the three Outer ones merging and reaching termen just 
below apex ; the lines are nearly obsolete in some specimens. Between 
these lines, along costa, the white ground colour has a shining iridescent 
appearance. The ocellic spot is of the same shining white, enclosing a 
cream or very pale-brown centre, and contains three short, horizontal 
black dashes, vertical to each other, with two similar black dashes before 
the ocellus. These black dashes are easily removed, in some slightly 
rubbed specimens. Some or all are entirely missing. Cilia cream-white, 
thickly powdered with dark-gray atoms. Hind wing. above and beneath, 
very pale fuscous, cilia white, with a faint fuscous line beyond base. ~ 

Under side fore wing shining brassy-fuscous, costa narrowly white, 
cilia cream-white. 

Eleven specimens, f and 9. Cartwright, Manitoba, E. Firmstone 
Heath ; Washington Co., Arkansas, July and August, A. J. Brown. I 
take much pleasure in dedicating this species to the Dean of our Canadian 
entomologists. The species is one of the strongly protected kind, and 
doubtless when at rest on a leaf, with wings folded, it as closely resembles 
a bird-dropping as the well-known Stenoma Schlegeri, Zell., which it 
superficially resembles. 

Co-types: Mr. Heath’s and my collection. 

Thiodia ochrotermenana, sp. nov.—Expanse, ti to 15.5 mm. Fore 
wing, inner three-quarters mottled black, ocellic spot and termen, including 
apex, dull ochreous. 

Head rough, brownish-ochreous. __Palpi flattened, compressed, third 
joint not exposed, brownish-ochreous, stained with darker brown in front 
and below, and streaks of same colour on outer sides towards base. 
Antenne, basal joints light brown, outer joints dentatein ¢, simple in 9, 
dark fuscous. 

Thorax ochreous-brown anteriorly, patagia same, a dark brown streak 
on posterior half of thorax. Abdomen cinereous, anal tuft clearer yellow. 
Legs cinereous, tibiz and tarsi annulated and streaked with blackish- 
brown. 


Fore wing, inner two-thirds to three-quarters dull black, flecked with a 
few brown scales, and with darker-black lines, like watered silk. A few 
brown scales at extreme base, a few about middle of wing on lower half, 
and two paler spots on costa beyond middle, each enclosing a darker dot. 
The ocellic space and above it to apex, including the cilia, is dull ochreous, 


58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


This ochreous shade begins on costa about one-sixth before apex, as a 
light ochreous spot with black centre, the division line continues 
obliquely inward nearly to end of cell, thence to dorsal margin, which it 
reaches at outer three-quarters ; the internal boundary on the lower half 
is dark brown, the ocellic space beyond is defined by a large U-shaped 
mark of shining ochreous scales, a narrow horizontal bar and a few black 
specks of black cross this space, above it, to costa, the ochreous colour-is 
paler than the colour of extreme termen and cilia, but is more or less 
mottled with shining as well as darker scales. The extreme edge of costa, 
when viewed from the front, is ochreous its entire length, but interrupted 
by numerous black scales. The basal area is not defined. Hind wing 
smoky cinereous, darker towards apex and termen, cilia paler, preceded 
by a darker, then by a paler line; beneath cinereous. Fore wing beneath 
smoky black, with four geminated ochreous spots on outer half, and afew 
single spots of same colour on inner half of costa. Gray below the fold. 
Cilia ochreous, and a few ochreous scales are scattered along the termen. 
Thirty-five specimens, ¢ and 9. Rourthwaite, Manitoba, July, 
Marmont; Montreal, viil, 15, A. F. Winn; Chicago, Ills., September, J. H. 
Reading ; Winchenden, Mass., ix, 1, and New Brighton, Pa., viti, 6 to 
o, F. A. Merrick ; Nicholson, Pa., viii, 5, A. E. Lister ; Plummer’s Isl., 
Md., viii, 10, A. Busck ; Montclair and Essex Co., N. J., vili, 20 to 26, 
Kearfott. 
Co-types: U.S. Nat. Mus., and in collections of Merrick, Lister and 
Kearfott. 


Proteopteryx Criddleana, sp. nov.—Expanse, 13 to 17 mm. Fore. 


wing whitish-gray, with a bold blackish-gray basal area, sharply angulated 
outwardly, and a shade of dark colour from end of cell to apex. 
Head gray, speckled with fuscous above, face white, palpi, tuft on 
second joint fattened, rounded above and below, outer half of third joint 
exposed ; whitish-gray, speckled with fuscous above and on outer sides, a 
strong streak of blackish through middle of tuft from base on the outer 
side. Antenne grayish, annulated with fuscous. Thorax smooth, gray, 
heavily overlaid with black scales in some specimens, patagia same. 
Abdomen gray, anal tuft cinereous. Legs whitish, fore and middle pairs 


annulated and streaked with black. 

Fore wing: ¢ costal fold narrow, over one-third length of wing, not 
closely appressed, in several specimens the tuft is expanded fan-like in 
front of the costa, and fold bent under tthe costa. Colour whitish-gray, 
with wave-like shades of cinereous-gray on the outer two-thirds, nearly 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59 


paralleling the outer margin of basal area. ‘The latter is large, and is the 
only distinctly-defined marking on the wing; it consists of black scales 
heavily overlaying the ground colour, and on costa extends to inner 
fourth, angulated sharply outward to middle of cell, where it reaches inner 
third of wing, thence obliquely inward to dorsal margin; it is indented 
once above and twice below middle. The costal fold is ground colour, 
with four or five black spots. Costa beyond fold ground colour, with 
faint streaks of cinereous ; towards and at apex and before termen these 
streaks are more distinct and of an olivaceous cinereous shade. A more 
or less illy-defined shade of blackish scales begins in the extreme apex and 
runs obliquely to end of cell; in darkest specimens, usually females, the 
dark scales forming this shade are roughly grouped in two irregular spots, 
one involving the apex and nearly to end of cell, the other over end of 
cell and nearly reaching apex of basal area. Ocellic spot not clearly 
defined. An irregular vertical bar of lustrous-whitish scales before, and 
another shorter horizontal bar above the space, a few scales of the same 
below apex. On the darkest specimens the dorsal margin is dotted with 
black, in paler specimens these dots are cinereors. Cilia grayish-fuscous, 
preceded on upper half by a narrow black marginal line, twice interrupted, 
darker below middle. Hind wing, above and below, smoky-cinereous, 
darker towards apex, cilia a shade lighter, preceded by a darker, then a 
paler line. 

Under side fore wing smoky-fuscous, grayish-white along costa; cilia 
grayish-fuscous. 

Seventeen specimens, male and female, sixteen from Norman Criddle, 
Aweme, Manitoba, vil, 24, to vill, 13, and one from L. E. Marmont, 
Rounthwaite, Manitoba, July. I take great pleasure in giving Mr. 
Criddle’s name to this species, as a slight appreciation of his thorough and 
systematic work in these minute specimens. 

Co-types : Marmont’s, Criddle’s and Heath’s and in my collection. 

fHysterosta Merrickana, sp. nov.— Exyanse, ¢ 19to 25 mm., @ 22 
to 26 mm. Liight-brownish-fuscous, outer fourth of fore wing dark brown, 
an oblique streak of the darker colour arising from dorsum a fifth beyond 
base, and absorbed in ground colour between middle and upper edge of 
cell. 


Head cinereous, a dot of blackish above eye, beneath base of 
antenne. Palpi long, once and a half the length of head, slender, second 
joint rather closely clothed, above and beneath, tuft longer below, outer 
joint less than half length of second, exposed ; cinereous, dotted with 


60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


brown on outside. Antenne, basal joint large, black, outer joint pectinate 
in ¢, simple in ?, fuscous. ; 

Thorax smooth, cinereous, patagia brown. Abdomen and anal tuft 
cinereous ; legs same, thickly dotted and streaked with dark brown. — 

Fore wing: costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen straight. 
Colour in some specimens cinereous-brown to cinereous-gray, in others 
reticulated all over the surface with fine darker lines. A prominent 
dark-brown or blackish-brown patch involves the outer fourth, its inner 
edge begins on costa at three-quarters and proceeds: obliquely to anal 
angle, the division line is slightly concave inwardly. ¢ costal fold less 
than one-third length of wing, narrow, compressed dark brown. Costa 
between fold and dark outer patch with seven or eight obscure blackish 
dots. Sometimes two or three about the middle of*costa form a darker 
shade. From dorsum at inner fourth a streak of brown goes obliquely 
towards costa, and merges in this middle costal shade; this streak is 
sharply defined inwardly, but outwardly it is gradually lost in the ground 
colour ; width differs in different specimens, ip some it is a narrow band, 
in others it is distinctly defined for a space equal to a sixth the length of 
wing. Female specimens are generally several shades darker in all par- 
ticulars. Ocellic spot not defined, before the ocellic space a quadrate — 
spot of a darker shade than the ground colour, and above it a similar 
smaller spot. Dorsal margin dotted with black. | Two small black dots at 
end of cell, oblique to each other. The outer dark patch contains three 
darker dots on costa, and one below costa, a darker reticulation before its 
inner margin. The basal area is paler than any other portion of the wing. 
Cilia fuscous. 

Hind wing pale fuscous, closely reticulated with darker fuscous, cilia 
fuscous, preceded by a paler line, hind wing beneath the same, but 
reticulations more distinct, cilia cinereous. 

Fore wing beneath dark smoky-fuscous, costa dotted with cinereous, 
cilia latter colour. 

Eight males, five females.. Cartwright, Manitoba, villi, 3, Heath; 
Cincinnati, Ohio, viii, 30, Miss Braun ; Algonquin, Illinois, vin, 4-5, W. 
A. Nason, M. D.; Mt. Desert, Me., Fernald ; New Brighton, Penna., vii, 
22, to viii, 31, Frank A. Merrick, whose name I take pleasure in honouring. 

Co types: Collections of Fernald, Braun, Merrick, and Kearfott. 
This species is of the same general appearance as /Z. inopfiana, Haw. 
The latter, however, lacks the conspicuous terminal patch. 

(To be continued.) : 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 61 


ON RHAGOVELIA OBESA, UHLER. 
BY J. R. DE LA TORRE BUENO, NEW YORK. 


Rhagovelia, Mayr,* is well characterized by the long spindle-shaped 
deeply-cleft intermediate tarsi, a peculiarity noted by most of the authors 


who have referred to the genus. ‘This genus is found in Asia, Africa and 
the three Americas, but the larger part of the known species is native to 
the Western Hemisphere, no less than fifteen (including undescribed forms 
in my collection) being Central American. All the species are fluviatile, 
save two, which are marine. The marine forms are found in estuaries or 
along the coasts, and by some authors are held to form a different genus, 
known as Zrochopus. 

The one species to be found commonly in the Eastern United States 
is Ublers Rhagovelia obesa,t which can be found in almost any swift 
streamlet in little congregations, weaving zigzags where the current is 
most rapid, swimming against it, or else sheltered in the eddy behind 
some projecting rock, where, in the latitude of New York, the rare winged 
form is most likely to be found. My collection contains specimens from 
the following regions: New York, New Jersey, Washington, D. C., and 
North Carolina. The various local lists we have mention it as occurring 
in Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, Pennsyl- 
_ vania, Massachusetts, Ohio, New Jersey, and Ontario, Canada. Prof. 
Uhler states that it is found in the Atlantic States. 


In their generic characterization, Mayr, Stal (under the generic name 
Baecula){ and Uhler note the deeply-cleft intermediate tarsi, but it fell to 
Champion§ to refer to the tuft of hairs in the cleft in the following terms 
(which Distant quotes in “Fauna of British India, Rhynchota, Vol. IL, 
p. 171”): ‘‘Rhagovelia is well characterized by the 3-jointed tarsi, and 
the long, deeply-fissured terminal joint of the intermediate tarsi. In this 
fissure there is a series of long ciliated hairs arising from a common stem, 
which are probably extended fan-like when the insect moves about on the 
surface of the water ; these hairs are sometimes partly extended in dried 
specimens, but they are usually hidden within the fissure.” 


Champion’s remarks on the hairs are substantially correct, as can be 


*Verh. Zool., bot. Ges. Wien., XV., 445, 1865. Reise der Novara, Hem., 181. 
Fis7t.  Proc.-Bost. Soc. N: H.,: XIV.,.107. 

$1865. Hemiptera Africana, Vol. III., p. 167. 

$1901. Biologia Centrali Americana, Heteroptera, Vol. II., p. 131. 


February, 1907. 


62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


seen trom the accompanying figures (3, 4 and 5), but his surmise as to 
the manner of their employment is ambiguous in form, because under it 


Fic. 3.—Rhagovelia obesa, Uhler. Third joint of inter- 
mediate tarsus, showing cleft and swimming 
hairs, x 1o.. (Original.) 


a 4, > 
S Lyi X . “Das ~ 
/ BANOS 


FiG. 4.—Rhagovelia obesa, Uhler. Tarsus of intermediate, showing 
ciliated swimming hairs spread, Side view. x ro. (Original.) 


Fic. 5.—Rhagovelia obesa, Uhler. Ciliated hair from intermediate 
tarsus. x 82. (Original.) 


one may conclude that they are spread out upon the surface to support 
the bug, or else that they are employed in propelling the insect when 
moving about on the surface. At any rate, he merely states an 
hypothesis in vague terms, based on the appearance of the structures and 
in the absence of direct observations. The abundance of Rhagovelia 
obesa about New York has made it possible to study the living Hemip- 
teron on a number of individuals I secured for that purpose. I had over 
twenty living specimens in an aquarium this past summer (1906), under 
close observation, and the following notes are taken from my field-book, 
in which I noted the behaviour of the living bugs as I,watched them. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63 


The manner of using the tarsal hair tuft, it should be noticed, is very 
difficult to observe satisfactorily, as the active bug moves its legs very 
swiftly when swimming. At times, however, either through exhaustion 
from long-continued rowing, or through weakness in partly drowned 
individuals, they move the legs more slowly, so it is possible to see the 
use of the hairs plainly, of which, when swimming fast, it is possible to get 
only the merest glimpse. The ciliated hairs (figs. 3, 4 and 5), are extended 
fan-wise (fig. 4), as may sometimes be seen in dried specimens. 

The tarsus is in contact with the water along its entire length, with 
the slit vertical to the surface. When in this position the spread tuft of 
hairs projects beneath zvzfo the water, and is a powerful auxiliary in 
swimming. When swimming under water the hair tuft is also expanded, 
and is of great assistance. The necessity-for an aid in swimming at the 
surface is explained by the fact that Mhagovelia is to be found in the 
swiftest part of streams, where it may be seen zigzagging against the 
current in little schools, which in June and July are made up principally 
of the sexes in copulo. The very young nymphs betake themselves to 
sheltered and still nooks along the banks. > 

In cop. the ¢ is above, as is usual with insects. When the ¢ first 
seizes the 2 she endeavours to throw him off, and flings herself on her 
back with the g under her. After a moment’s struggle they right them- 
selves. During this the ¢ sets the hind femora at right angles to his 
body, bending the tibiz under, and, by means of them, holding the ?’s 
second and third pair of legs straight and close to her body. Once he is 
firmly on her, he releases this hold, but maintains his position by the 
anterior legs, which clasp the ¢ over the prothorax. He is not connected 
with the 2 continuously while on her back. To complete the act, he 
seizes her as at first, by means of the hind legs. At other times he merely 
lies on her back quiescent, with his second and third pairs of legs extended, 
but not touching the surface. As long as the ¢ is on her the @ does all 
the swimming. 

It is known that Riagovelia swims freely under water, and to my 
disgust the individuals I had persisted in diving. They were taken in the 
afternoon, and being put in an aquarium, when night came, they took to 
diving. By 11 p.m. they were all actively swimming under water. To 
penetrate the surface film they put the head down at the surface, and, by 


means of a few vigorous swimming-strokes with the intermediates, they 
force themselves under. When under water they swim about freely and 
rapidly by means of the intermediates, the tarsal swimming-tuft being fully 


64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


woe = - — —— - a a Oe —_——$ $$$ 


expanded. In order to come out they swim strongly upwards, and the 
head breaking through the surface film, the body is forced out by vigorous 
strokes. When the entire body has emerged it is still held by the surface 
film, but the dorsum is dry, the velvety pile which clothes: the insect 
shedding the water. Now, by main strength, the legs are lifted free from 
the prisoning film, and, when this is accomplished, a few strong heaves 
and jerks liberate the body, and the bug once more glides over the water. 
Under water Riagovelia appears to be made of silver, owing to the large 
quantity of air carried down by it enmeshed in its pile. 

Rhagovelia is predaceous ‘in common with all the Gerrids, and feeds 
on such insects as fall into the water, or on its own kind when there is no 
other food. The winged form is very rare in this latitude, although it is 
quite common in species from the tropics. The majority of the species 
of this genus have incrassate hind tarsi in the male, in some cases out of 
all proportion to the size of the bug. 


NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY WM. BARNES, S. B., N. D., DECATUR, ILLINOIS. 


(Continued from page 15.) 


Tricholita artega, n. sp.—Expanse, 40 mm. 

Fore wing reddish-brown, slightly hoary from a thin admixture of 
whitish scales. Markings distinct though not contrasting, except white 
scales on outer side of reniform and the pale orbicular. Basal half line 
present, dentate, double, pale filled. T.a. almost transverse, scalloped, 
double, pale filled. Median shade present though not prominent, rather 
darker brownish-red than rest of wing, as are the other lines. T. p. evenly 
excerted beyond cell, thence in rather a straight line to inner margin, 
scalloped between veins, the outer accompanying line barely indicated. 
The pale filling between the lines is specially indicated on costa and inner 
margin. Two or three pale points on costa beyond t. p. line. S. t. pale, 
irregular, rather diffuse, preceded by a slightly darker shading. Veins, 
especially through terminal and subterrainal space, slightly darker. Fringe 
yellowish-white at base, darkened outwardly. The wing is somewhat 


lighter along costa and inferior portion of median space, from the increase 
in number of white cells in these portions. Orbicular a somewhat round 
yellowish spot, pale contrasting with ground colour. Reniform long, 
slender, upright, with faint black ring, especially marked on outer side, 
filled through outer half and lower end with white scales, the remaining 
portion being of the ordinary ground colour. 


February, 1907 


- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65 


Hind wing rather even dark fuscous, with very faint trace of discal bar. 
Fringe with pale line at base, followed by dusky shade, whitish terminally. 


Beneath a well marked mesial band on both wings. Fore wings 
dusky centrally, yellowish-brown outwardly, along costa and inner margin. 
Head and collar concolorous with fore wing. (Quadrate tuft at base of 
abdomen, with whitish scales at tip. ~Abdomen fuscous, terminal segment 
with long pale yellowish-white hair, separated by sharp line from the 
fuscous tint of remainder. 


Male similar to female except the antennz, which are _ broadly 
pectinated, while simple in the female, and the terminal abdominal 
tufting, which is here yellowish-brown instead of white. 


Type, ¢ and 9, Santa Catalina Mts., Ariz., August. 
Xanthia cordova, n. sp.—Expanse, 25 mm. 
Resembles A/candra, Druce Biol. Centr. Amer., Plate 44, fig. 12. 


Fore wing yellow, with purplish-brown markings. ‘T. a. line somewhat 
outwardly oblique, dentate. T. p. line scalloped, moderately exserted over 
_cell, then with a gentle inward curve to inner margin. A row of intra- 
venular patches of purplish-brown scales represent the s. t. line. Broad 
purplish shade between reniform and t. p. line, another between ordinary 
spots, the two joining below reniform into a single band, which is cut 
squarely off before reaching inner margin. — Purplish patch in cell to inner 
side of orbicular. None of these shades quite reach costa. Three or 
four purplish spots on costa before apex. Fringe concolorous, with 
slightly darker line at base. Hind wings semi-translucent, pale-yellowish, 
slightly darker outwardly. Fringe concolorous, with slightly darker line 
at base. Head and thorax somewhat more brownish than fore wings. 
Abdomen somewhat paler shade of the same colour. 


Beneath, fore wings even pale-yellowish. The ordinary spots and 
surrounding darker area of upper surface transmitted through wing. 
Mesial band from costa to middle of wing yellowish-brown, angled below 
costa, some dark scales along costal edge, and shade of same from apex to 
angle of mesial band. Fringe concolorous with darker line at base, 
slightly checkered by some orange hairs between the veins. Hind wing 
with yellowish-brown mesial band from costa to middle of wing. A slight 
scattering of brownish scales along costa. Fringe concolorous with darker 
line at base. 


Types Chiricahua Mts., Ariz. 


lop) 
lor) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


Xanthodes amorata, n. sp.—Expanse, 28 mm. 

Fore wings pale straw colour, with yellowish-brown markings. 
Blackish spot on costa, about two millimetres from base. Wing between 
that and base brownish. Wing crossed by three narrow brown lines, the 
first slightly before middle of wing, outwardly oblique to celi, transverse 
across cell, thence inwardly oblique to inner margin ; the second strongly 
outwardly oblique from costa to beyond cell, thence making an acute 
angle inwardly oblique, with slight inward curve to inner margin. This 
line in upper portion somewhat heavier than the others. Third line 
parallel to second, and about midway between it and outer margin. From 
end of cell to outer margin there are two parallel brown dashes about a 
millimetre apart, the upper one passing through apex of angle of outer 
line. Submarginal row of small black dots. The wing, especially in the 
mesial portion, is thinly dusted with brownish scales ; these are somewhat 
more thickly grouped between the parallel dashes. Fringe brownish, with 
a darker line at base. Hind wing pale yellowish-white, fringe concolorous. 
Head, collar and thorax slightly darker than ground colour. Abdomen 
ground colour, slightly ringed with brownish. ; 

Beneath, fore wing yellowish-white, somewhat more yellow along costa 
and at apex. Fringe brownish-black. The second line above quite well 
marked below, and traces of the third can be made out. Hind wing pale 
yellowish-white, slightly more yellow along costal halt. Mesal band 
partially crossing wing from costa. 

Fore legs with tarsi heavily coated with long yellowish-brown hair. 

Type, 6 and 2, Babaquivera Mts., Ariz., August. 

Lythrodes arivaca, 0. sp.— 2. Expanse, 32 mm. 

Fore wings creamy-white, with faint yellowish tinge. Ordinary spots, 
a double band across middle of wing, and veins ochraceous-brown. 
Orbicular and reniform close together at end of cell, the former pale, 
centered with well-marked ring ; the reniform, which almost touches it, is 
lunate, with well-marked outer ring and dark centre. The inner of the 
two bands crossing wing is somewhat heavier than the outer. Beginning 
with rather a diffuse patch on costa, it passes, with a gentle curve, between 
the ordinary spots, then with a rather sharp angle downward and outward 
to inner margin. ‘The outer line is separated from the first about a 


millimetre. and is parallel to it below the ordinary spots; in the upper 
portion of the wing it diverges somewhat, passing around the reniform ; 
the space between the lines is filled with a paler shade of the same colour. 
There is a faint flush of the same shade beyond the reniform, and to a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67 


lesser extent beyond the median band in the lower half of the wing. A 
faint ochraceous curved band leaves costa, above orbicular, passing down- 
ward and inward to base, almost at inner margin, dividing this portion of 
wing in about two equal parts, the lower half being somewhat more tinged 
with ochraceous than the upper. Fringe white, with ochraceous blotches 
between veins. Hind wings yellowish-white, more or less tinged with 
fuscous, especially outwardly. Fringe white. 

Beneath, fore wing blackish centrally, paler along costa and outer 
margin. Hind wings pale yellowish-white. 

Collar, patagia and thorax creamy-white, with ochraceous shading. 
Thorax with posterior tuftings. Abdomen fuscous-yellow. 

Type, one 2, Southern New Mexico, from Mr. Poling. 

Chamaclea gladiola, n. sp.—Expanse, 28 mm. 

Fore wing, at base, beyond s. t. line and a large oval patch in the 
centre below costa, creamy-white. Remainder of wing dark olivaceous- 
brown, with an admixture of violet and paler olivaceous and yellow scales. 
Ordinary lines not distinctly marked. Basal portion of wing is creamy- 
white except along costa, where it is of the same shade as the median 
portion of wing. The reniform is present at outer edge of oval white 
patch, though not very plainly marked. It is pale-ringed, with dark centre, 
narrow and upright. Indications of a row of terminal black intravenular 
dots. Fringe white. Hind wings blackish-brown, with faint indications 
of mesial band and discal dot. Fringe white. 

Beneath, fore wings blackish, with central yellowish patch, yellowish 
along costa. Hind wings yellowish-white, with dusky mesial band. Collar 
yellowish at base, remainder of collar, patagia and thorax white. Thorax 
posteriorly with some olivaceons and violet scales. 

Types, ¢ and 9, Santa Catalina Mts., Ariz. 

This species should stand next to Anthecia scira, Druce, Biol. Centr. 
Amer. Het., Pl. 28, fig. 5. The type of maculation and colours are about 
the same, but the Mexican species entirely lacks the large white patch in 
centre of wing. 

Oxycnemis acuna, n. sp.—Expanse, 15 mm. 

Ground colour gray, more or less covered with brownish scales, 
markings black. Ornamentation similar to other species of the genus. 
Claviform long linear, gray, narrowly outlined in black, brownish centered. 
Orbicular similar in form and size to claviform, gray, narrowly outlined in 


black, brown centered, lying parallel to and extending a little beyond 
claviform. Reniform gray, with brown centre, surrounded by a few black 


68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


scales, especially on outer and inner sides. A whitish shade extends from — 
reniform superiorly to just before apex. _ S. t. line pale, irregular, broken, 
preceded by blackish markings, more pronounced at apex and towards 
inner angle, the remainder being broken into wedge-shaped markings. A 
neat, well-marked even terminal black line. Fringe concolorous, obscurely 
checkered, with paler basal and mesial line. Hind wings. soiled whitish, 
with faint discal dot. Fringe a trifle paler, with well-marked line at base. 
Head and thorax concolorous with fore wing. Abdomen yellowish- 
fuscous. Ԥ 

Beneath, fore wing pale fuscous, somewhat paler along costa. Hind 
wing whitish, somewhat yellow along costa. Yellowish-brown terminal 
line at base of fringe. 

Types San Antonia, Texas/ . 

Grotella calora, n. sp.—Expanse, 17 mm. 

Fore wing white. Black spot on costa at base, one at inner fourth, 
one on inner margin opposite to it, one in centre of wing between and a 
trifle inside of these, one on costa in middle of wing. An outer row of 
four spots: one on costa at outer fourth, one at end of cetl, one on inner 
margin, with another somewhat above and to outer side of it. Fringe 
white. Hind wing uniform dark fuscous, fringe white. 


(To be Continued.) 


SOUTHERN BUTTERFLIES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 


I should like to know whether any New England readers have noted 
the presence of Laertias philenor and Achlarus lycidas north of their 
usual haunts during the past season. . 

Both of these butterflies were extremely common this year at Melrose, 
Mass. (seven miles north of Boston). Laertias philenor larvee were 
everywhere noticeable on Aristolochia sipho: the first brood in June and a 


second in August and September. The butterfly itself was frequent in the 
gardens throughout the summer. 

Achlarus lycidas was easily captured during the early part of July in 
certain localities where its food-plant (Desmodium) was abundant, The 
females were readily detected laying their eggs singly upon the Trefoil or 
busily engaged feeding upon the wayside clover. 

I am interested to know whether these species are generally moving 
northward into New England, or is Melrose one of a very few favoured 
spots ? RoLanpD W. Harris, Boston, Mass. 


. Mailed February 14th, 1907. . 


CAN. ENT., VOL. XXXIX. PLATE 2 


: SOMATOCHLORA WILLIAMSONI (NEW SPECIES). 


The € anaiay Fontomalogist 


VoL. XXXIX. LONDON, MARCH, 1907. No 3. 


A NEW SOMATOCHLORA, WITH A NOTE ON THE SPECIES 
KNOWN FROM ONTARIO. 
BY E. M. WALKER, B. A., M. B., TORONTO. 


In my “First List of Ontario Odonata” (Can. Env., XXXVIII, 1906, 
p- 151), I recorded Somatochlora elongata (Scudd.) from Toronto, De 
Grassi Point (Lake Simcoe) and Algonquin Park, and remarked upon the 
fact that the superior appendages of the male were more incurved in the 
examples from Toronto and Lake Simcoe than in those from Algonquin 
Park. A further study of these specimens revealed other marks of distinc- 
tion, and led me to the conclusion that the two forms were specifically 
distinct, those from Algonquin Park belonging to true e/ongata, while the 
others represented a closely allied but apparently undescribed species. 
Mr. E. B. Williamson, to whom I sent sketches of the abdominal 
appendages of both forms, wrote that he had also taken them both, and 
was likewise of the opinion that the species in question was new. Dr. 
Calvert, to whom I sent a specimen, expressed the same opinion, and 
added that he had a pair of the same form from Sherbrooke, Que., taken 
by L’Abbé Begin. Since then I have examined these specimens myself. 

I also learned through Mr. Williamson that the description of the 
nymph of e/ongata, as given by Prof. Needham (Aquatic Insects in the 
Adirondacks, Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus., rgo1r, 499), probably belongs to 
the same new species. I have one of Needham’s specimens from the 
same locality before me, and it is certainly identical with my other 
specimens. Needham’s figures of the appendages are from specimens in 
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., and are those 
of true e/ongata. . 

Somatochlora Williamsont, sp. nov. 
1901. Somatochlora elongata, Needham, Aq. Ins. in the Ad., Bull. Aye Ne 

Y. State Mus., 499. 

1906. Somatochlora elongata, Walker, Can. Ent, XXXVIII, 15 r. 

Closely related to S. edongata (Scudd.), with which it agrees in size 
and proportions, but differs in the form of the superior abdominal 
appendages of the ¢ and in certain details of colour pattern. 


70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Vertex very dark metallic green, evenly punctate. Frons above and | 
in front dark metallic greenish-blue, bordered below and at the sides by a 
brownish-yellow band. The dark area, except a narrow median smooth 
space at the bottom of the depression above, is rather coarsely and 
irregularly pitted and covered by dark brown pile, while in the lighter 
yellowish parts the pits are much finer and the pile, as elsewhere in the 
face, paler. Anteclypeus and labrum pale yellow; postclypeus reddish- or 
yellowish-brown, generally much darker in its middle part, but not forming 
as distinct a dark band between the lighter parts above and below it as it 
does in e/ongata, in which the’ middle portion and sometimes the entire 
postclypeus forms a strong dark brown or black band between the paler 
parts of the frons and anteclypeus. Labrum black. Occiput shining 
reddish-brown, well rounded behind, bearing dense dark brown hairs 
above, pale brownish ones behind. Posterior surface of head shining 
black, with a submarginal dense row of long pale brownish hairs in line 
with those of the occiput. 


Prothorax black, anterior lobe broadly margined with very pale yel- 
low, posterior lobe dull metallic bronze-green, with pale brownish hairs, 
convex behind. Meso- and metathorax dull metallic green, with blue or _ 
violet-blue reflections, especially upon the epimera, covered with long pale 
yellowish-brown hairs, except upon the antealar sinus, where the hairs are 
dark brown, very short and denser than elsewhere. A few black hairs also 
about the bases of both pairs of wings. A dull yellow mesepimeral band 
usually 4-6 times as long as broad, and an elongate-oval metepimeral spot 
of the same colour. These markings may be very inconspicuous in old 
examples. Under parts of thorax pale yellowish brown. Legs black with 
the following parts yellowish-brown: the coxe, or greater part of them, 
first and upper surface of second trochanters, first femora, except near the 
knees and sometimes the under surface, upper surface of second femora 
except distally. 


Abdomen slightly more than 2% times as long as head and thorax, 
tumid at base, narrowest before middle of 3, thence expanding to apex of 
5, where width about equals base of 2, sides of 6 parallel, remaining 
segments very gradually narrowing. Colour dull dark bronzy-green, 
covered with fine short pale brownish hairs; sides of 2 and base of 3 
shining dark brown with conspicuous pale brownish hairs, genital lobe 
black. A: brownish yellow band on lateral surface of 2 in its lower half, 

. passing just above genital lobe, where-it is generally constricted and often 


¢ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 71 


divided into two spots and continued posteriorly as a ventro-lateral trian- 
gular spot on base of 3. Dorsum of 2 with a yellowish spot on each side 
distally, followed on dorsum of 3 by a smaller and sometimes obsolete 
basal spot which is often connected below with the ventro-lateral spot of 
the same segment. 

Superior appendages black, about as long as 9+ 10, separated at 
their origin by a space about equal in width to base of one of the ap- 
pendages ; the latter broadest at base, becoming narrower and somewhat 
incurved in proximal fourth, where both margins as seen from above are 
gently concave ; middle third gradually approaching middle line, some- 
what tumid and rounded, with sides parallel; distal third very slightly 
tapering, bent inwards, forming an angle of about 4o” with its fellow of the 
opposite side. Viewed from the side they appear distinctly but not 
strongly arched, with the apices strongly upturned and ending in a re- 
curved point. The outer margin is bent downwards and bears a large but 
obtuse basal tooth, usually followed before the middle by another very in- 
conspicuous one, after which it fades into the rounded lateral surface. 
Both teeth are usually visible from above. Ventral surface concave at 
base, beyond rounded and somewhat tumid. A slight ridge passes from the 
concavity obliquely backwards and inwards, forming a prominence which 
appears as a very obtuse and rounded angle when viewed from the side, 
thence continued as the slightly angular inner margin. The hairs on 
distal half above are long and dense, being much longer than depth of 
appendage. 

Inferior appendage about half as long as superiors, triangular, about 
24 as broad at base as long, sides slightly convex, apex rounded, lateral 
surfaces sulcate ; in profile view it forms a shallow curve with the con- 
cavity upwards, the upper and lower margins nearly parallel, apex sur- 
mounted by a short recurved tooth. 


9 differs from ¢ in markings as follows : The ventro-lateral spot 
on 2 is unbroken, well-defined above, but fades below into the dull yel- 
lowish brown which covers most of the ventral surface of 2 and 3. 
Dorsum of 3 is broadly margined with brownish yellow, most conspicuous 
on proximal half, and continued as a less distinct elongate spot on basal 
third of 4. Indistinct spots of same colour occupy antero-lateral angles 
of 5,6, 7 and 8. Abdomen broadest at middle of 2, where it is about 
twice as broad as at base of g, tapering equally to middle of 9, whose 
sides diverge in distal half so that breadth at apex is about 14 greater 


U2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


than at base. Apex of 10 nearly equal to base of 9. Ventro-latera] mar- 
gins of 8, 9 and ro and ventral surfaces of g and 10 yellowish, vulvar 
lamina rather longer than depth of 8 at apex, spout-shaped, elongate tri- 
angular in profile, with ventral surface slightly concave, apex rounded. 


Appendages ¥% longer than 9 + ro, black, evenly covered with short 
hairs, slender, subcylindrical, slightly bent inwards in proximal half, en- 
larging distally its proximal two-thirds, thence narrowing again very 
slightly, apex rounded. A slight carina runs along outer ventro-lateral 
margin in its proximal half. 


Wings (¢ 2) hyaline, yellow at base in 9, becoming somewhat 
suffused with brownish in old examples, venation black, pterostigma dark 
brown. 


Front-wings: Antecubitals 7-8, postcubitals 5-9, usually 7; triangles 
2-celled, internal triangles 3-celled, one submedian cross-vein on a level 
with the first antecubital ; 3 post-triangular cells, followed by 2 rows of 
cells to near the level of caparecen of the median and principal sectors, 
then 3 rows ; generally 4-5 cells at the margin ; membranula sooty-gray. 


Hind-wings:  Antecubitals commonly 5, sometimes 6, postcubitals 
6-10, generally 7-9 ; triangles 2-celled, internal triangles free, one other 
submedian cross-vein before the level of the first antecubital ; 3 post- 
triangular cells ( 1 @ has 2 on one side, 4 on the other) followed Hy 2 very 
short rows of cells, then 3 rows which divide and subdivide until at the 
margin there are g-r2 cells; anal triangle of ¢ 2-celled ; membranula 
sooty-gray, paler towards base, the pale area usually confined to a small 
spot at the immediate base, but sometimes diffused over the basal half. 

Dimensions: Abdomen (incl. apps.) ¢ 41-45, @ 45.5-46 ; sup. 
apps. ¢ 4, apps. 2 4.5—5.25 ; es wing ¢ 37-40, 2 39-40; tern 
stigma 2.6-3 ; hind femur ¢ 8.5-9, ¢ 8-8.5 mm. 

This species is most nearly related to S. elongata (Scudd.), from which 
it differs chiefly in the superior appendages of the male.” In e/ongata 
these appear, when viewed from above, slenderer, straighter and more 
regular in outline. The proximal half is slightly. bent inwards, but in the 
distal half they are parallel, with the apices well separated. The basal 
tooth is much smaller than in W7/Ziamsonz,and invisible from above, while 
there is no second tooth before the middle. On the other hand the carina 
on the under surface is much better developed, beginning as a prominent 
tooth, where in W7//amsoni only a rounded eminence occurs. In profile 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 73 


rT 


the appendage is less arched and the apices not so strongly recurved. 
The hairs on the upper surface are shorter and not so dense. The inferior 
appendage is a littie more than half as long as the superiors. E/ongata 
also differs in the much brighter and better defined yellow markings on 
- the sides of the thorax and second abdominal segment, which, however, 
have much the same form and distribution. The brown of the legs is 
reduced to the coxe and a streak along the proximal half or more of the 
upper surface of the first femora. 

The dorsal view of the ¢ appendages is in some respects more like 
that of S. minor, Calv., but the superiors in the latter are relatively shorter, 
more slender, and are more widely separated at base, the apices are not 
so much upcurved and the hairs are much shorter and more thinly and 
evenly distributed.. The basal tooth is smaller and the inferior carina 
bears a prominent tooth as in elongata. 

Of European species W7//iamsoni comes nearest to S. favomaculata 
(Lind.), but differs from it quite obvicusly in both appendages and colour- 
pattern. 

Described from to ¢ 6, 3 2%. Toronto, June, tg01, rt ¢ in 
heuse ; De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., June 29-Aug. 1,56 6, 3 
9 2; Temagami, Ont., Aug. 15, 1906, 1 ¢'(P. Hahn.); Oden, Mich., 
Aug. 11, 1906, 2 ¢ ¢ (E. B. Williamson) ; Bone Pond, Saranac Inn, N. 
Y., July 26, 1900, 1g (J. G. Needham). 

The known range of this species, including the Sherbrooke record, is 
thus from Quebec and north-eastern New York to northern Ontario and 
Michigan. It belongs, apparently, to the Canadian and Transition Zones, 
being evidently rare at Toronto, which lies towards the southern boundary 
of the Transition Zone, but much more numerous northward. 

I take pleasure in naming this insect after Mr. E. B. Williamson, who 
has shown me many favours of late and given me a great deal of valuable 
advice and assistance in my studies of dragon-fly life. 

He writes me that his specimens were taken about 4 p. m. on Aug. 
It, 1906, “‘at the mouth of the Minnehaha, a small stream flowing into 
Crooked Lake, Oden, Michigan. The Minnehaha, as it approaches 
Crooked Lake, pursues a circuitous course through a large prairie-like and 
marshy tract. The Somatochloras were observed feeding along the shore 
line among the rank cattail or Sparganium growth just at the water’s edge. 
They were leisurely in their movements, spending much time at a place, 


74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


before rising slightly and moving to another location.’ Earlier in the day 
a Somatochlora (?) of similar size was seen over a clearing near the lake, 
flying at an average height of possibly 20 feet.” ‘ 

At De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, they are quite numerous during 
the latter part of June and July, and are occasionally met with in August. ° 
Here they frequent woodland roads and glades, where I have most often 
seen them late in the afternoon, hovering in the sunshine in the manner 
described by Mr. Williamson, sometimes in considerable numbers. They 
seldom descend within reach of the net, however, flying usually at a 
height of 20-30 ft., the height increasing as evening advances and the 
shadows creep up the trees. They disappear at sundown. I have also 
occasionally seen them flying comparatively low over an open marsh at 
the mouth of a broad, sluggish, weed-grown creek, in which the nymphs 
probably breed, as it is the only suitable-looking place in the vicinity. 

Since my list was published I have added another species of Som- 
atochlora, S. Wailshit (Scudd.), to the Ontario fauna, and Mr. Williamson 
has taken a number of specimens of S. elongata (Scudd.) at Hayden’s, 
Algoma. So that the Ontario records for this genus now stand as 
follows :— 

S. elongata (Scudd.) Algonquin Park, Hayden’s, July 31, 1906. 

S. Williamsoni, n. sp. Toronto, L. Simcoe, Temagami. 

S. Walshit (Scudd.) De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Aug. 7, 1906.; 

1 2 flying leisurely over field near edge of wood. . 

S. forcipata (Scudd.) Algonquin Park. 

S. tenebrosa (Say.) Hamilton (?) 

Several other species will be sure to appear in the north. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. 


Fig. 1. Somatochlora Williamsoni, v. sp.—Lake Simcoe, Ont., dorsal 
view of ¢ abdominal appendages; 1a, lateral view of same ; 1b, dorsal 
view of 2 appendages ; rc, lateral view of same. 

Fig. 2. S. elongata (Scudd.)—Algonquin Park, Ont., dorsal view ¢ 
appendages ; 2a, same, laterai view. 

Fig. 3. S. minor, Calv.—Type specimen, Franconia, N. H., dorsal 
view ¢ appendages ; 3a, same, lateral view. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 75 


NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF DIPTERA. 
BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


CONDIDEA, new genus of Syrphide. 

Near Helophilus, but the antennal arista is plumose, the eyes con- 
tiguous in the male, etc. General aspect of a species of Didea. Head 
in profile very similar to that of Sericomyia militaris (Williston’s Synopsis 
N. Am. Syrphidz, Plate VII, fig. 36), except that the face is somewhat 
shorter ; antenne as in that figure except that the third joint is subquad- 
rate, with rounded angles ; body almost bare, abdomen noticeably wider 
than the thorax, subovate, greatly depressed ; legs unarmed, femora not 
thickened ; venation of wings as in He/ophilus conostomus (Williston, 1. c., 
Plate VIII, fig. 3a), Type, Condidea lata, new species. 

This interesting form is practically a Sericomyia with a pediform first 
posterior cell ; it thus forms a connecting link between the tribes Sericom- 
yini and Eristalini. 

Condidea /ata, new species.—Black, the thorax tinged with bronze, 
the face and cheeks except a stripe extending from each eye to the oral 
margin, the lower edge of the front and of the occiput, a pair of spots on 
abdominal segments two, three and four, also the venter except apically, 
light yellow, apex of abdomen reddish ; wings hyaline, stigma yellowish 
brown. The yellow spots on the abdomen do not tcuch the lateral mar- 
gin ; the first pair is very large and nearly circular ; second pair less than 
half as large, the outer posterior angle of each spot almost cut off by the 
black ground colour ; the third pair is much the smallest, each spot reni- 
form and placed obliquely. Length, 15 mm. 

North Saugus, Mass. A male specimen collected by Mr. F. H. 
Mosher. Type No. 10156, U. S. National Museum. 

ACHZ#TOMUS, new genus of Helomyzide. 

Near He/omyza, as restricted by Loew, but with only two pairs of 
dorsocentral bristles, propleural present, two pairs of fronto-orbitals, etc. 
Eyes circular, cheeks nearly as wide as the eye-height, third joint of 
antenne broader than long, arista dorsal, bare. Femora without bristles, 
tibie with apical and pre-apical bristles only. Venation as in Helomyza, 
spines of costa well-developed. Type: The following species : 

Achetomus pilosus, new species. —Reddish brown, the scutellum and 
legs yellow, bases of abdominal segments three to five dark brown, hairs 
and bristles black. Hairs of cheeks covering their lower half, no bristles 


near vibrissz. Pleura almost wholly covered with hairs except the portion 
March, 1907. 


76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


posterior to the sternopleura, one sternopleural bristle, no other pleural 
bristles present ; scutellum without hairs, four scutellar bristles. Wings 
hyaline, unmarked except the extreme base and the stigma, which are 
yellowish. Length, $8 mm. 

North Saugus, Mass. :A male specimen collected by Mr. H. M. 
Russell. Type No. 10157, U. S. National Museum. 

OMOMYTA, new genus of Phycodromide. 

Near Coelopa, but very hairy and having the scutellum greatly 
elongated, etc. Eyes ovate, longer than high, cheeks about as wide as 
the eye-height, no vibrissze, face straight, with a high median carina which 
is prolonged upward between the bases of the antennz: antenne nearly 
as long as the face, the first joint minute, the second as wide as long, the 
third ellipsoidal, nearly twice as long as wide, arista bare, thickened on 
the basal fourth, the first joint as long as wide, the second nearly twice as 
long, arista inserted near the base of the dorsal edge of the third antennal 
joint ; front sparsely covered with long hairs, from which the usual bristles, 
except the ocellars, are not distinctly differentiated ; occiput strongly con- 
vex. Thorax bearing one pair of dorsocentral Bristles, two supra-alar, one 
notopleural, one mesopleural, one propleural, and one sternopleural 
bristle. Scutellum bare, nearly one-half as long as the mesonotum, its 
sides emarginate, its apex subtruncated, two pairs of long lateral bristles. 
Abdomen narrower than the thorax, elongate ovate, somewhat depressed. 
Legs rather short and robust, without bristles, except on the middle tibiz, 
which are fringed along the outer side besides bearing several at the apex, 
a stout bristle at apex of inner side of each hind tibia, under side of tarsi 
beset with short spines, first tarsal joint longer than any of the following 
joints. Venation complete, auxiliary vein present, contiguous with the 
first, except toward its apex, costa beset with short spines, sixth vein pro- 
longed to the wing-margin, last section of the fourth vein parallel with the 
third, first vein distinctly dilated before its apex. Type, the following 
species : 

Omomyia hirsuta, new species-—Yellow, a tridentate spot on upper 
half of occiput, prolonged to include the ocelli, the thorax, except the 
lateral margins and several spots on the pleura, the base of scutellum and 
a crossband on each segment of the abdomen, black ; hind femora some- 
times partly brown ; thorax opaque, gray pruinose, abdomen polished ; 
hairs mixed, black and yellow ; wings hyaline, a circular brown cloud just 


before apex of second vein. Length, 5 mm. 
Lancaster, California. Eight specimens collected in April, by Mr. A. 
Koebele. Type No. 10158, U.S. National Museum. , 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, ai 


NEW MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY W. D. KEARFOTT, MONTCLAIR, N. J. 


(Continued from page 60.) 


Evetria Siskiyouana, sp. nov. 

Head pale ochreous, a dash of dark brown behind antenna and a 
darker shade above eye ; palpi pale ochreous within, dark brown outside, 
changing to black at apex ; antenna smoky-black, whitish between joints, 
basal joint ochreous-brown ; abdomen brownish-fuscous ; legs ochreous- 
white, heavily shaded and banded with blackish-brown. 


Fore wing evenly spotted with grayish-ochreous; the margins of the 
spots are usually shining, and are frequently overlaid with ochreous and 
ochreous-brown. They are separated by irregular horizontal and vertical 
black lines. There are four to five irregular vertical rows of spots; where 
each touches the costa they usually do so as a geminate spot, enclosing a 
dot of dark brown. Terminal line dark brown, preciliate Hine black, 
inwardly edged with whitish, cilia leaden-gray, cut by two dashes of 
whitish beneath apex. 


Hind wing smoky-brown, cilia dark gray ; under side dark brown, 
clouded with whitish, with dark brown spots on costa before apex 
and terminal line of same colour below apex. Under side fore wing 
smoky-brown, with dark brown costal spots, separated by cream-white. 
The description is of the Siskiyou specimen ; the one from Oregon is 
darker, head and palpi dark gray and brown, the spots on fore wing are 
more overlaid with brown, especially on upper half ; but I do not believe 
they are other than local races of the same species. 


Expanse, 21-22 mm. 

Two ¢ specimens: Siskiyou Co., California; Oregon, Koebele ; 
both from U. S. Natl. Mus. collections. 

Co-type U. S. Natl. Mus. 

The larve of this species are probably oars in the twigs or cones of 
Conifera. 


Eucosma Denverana, sp. nov. 5 

Head and palpi cream-white, the latter a shade darker outwardly and 
below ; antenna cream-white ; thorax light brown, finely speckled with 
white ; abdomen and legs creamy-white, latter dusted with dark brown. 

Fore wing light brassy-brown, speckled evenly all over with white 


scales, a darker shade on costa at base, and a faintly darker shade on 
March, 1907. 


78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


inner fourth of dorsum. Cilia very pale fuscous-brown, heavily dotted 
with whitish scales, with an indistinct darker line at base. 


Hind wing light smoky-brown, long hairs at base yellowish, cilia 
whitish, with a darker basal shade; under side the same, but whiter below 
middle of wing. Under side fore.wing brassy-gray, white below fold, cilia 
white. 

Expanse, 24-28 mm. 

Five specimens, all Denver, Colo., four from Dr. Barnes’s collection, 
received from U. S. Natl. Mus., and collected by i J. Oslar; one-collected 
by Dyar and Caudell. 


Lucosma tomonana, sp. nov. 

Head, palpi, antenna and thorax hoary-gray; abdomen and legs light 
cinereous-gray, latter dusted with coppery-brown. 

Fore wing hoary-gray, with two blackish-brown dorsal spots. Even 
under a lens the ground colour is almost uniform, with but very faint 
strigulations. The costa is streaked with long lines of grayish-brown; one 
from just beyond middle goes to anal angle, beyond this is a short dash, 
then a longer line that curves outwardly and ends in middle of termen, 
enclosing the rounded ocellic area ; between the latter line and apex are 
two shorter lines that join beneath costa, and continue as a single line to 
termen beneath apex. The gray ground separating these faint brown lines 
is slightly shining, and on the costa, in each of the gray interspaces, is a 
narrow darker dash. Below the middle the ocellic area is shining gray, in 
which are a few horizontal black dashes. The dorsal spots are very con- 
spicuous on the light ground colour; the inner is a flattened triangle with 
narrow base, on inner third of dorsum ; it curves obliquely outward, the 
upper end, as a fine line, reaching middle of wing ; the outer spot is 
ovate, with its broadest and flat side between outer third of dorsum and 
anal angle ; it does not extend beyond lower fourth. Cilia speckled gray 

Hind wing light smoky-gray, paler beneath costa, cilia whitish-gray ; 
under side the same, faintly reticulated at outer end. Under side fore wing 
smoky-fuscous, whitish beneath fold. 

Expanse, 12-15 mm. 

Eight specimens, Montclair and Essex Co.; Park, N. J., Light Trap, 
Aug. 21 to Sept. 11 ; one specimen, Westmount, Quebec, Canada. 


Eucosma gomonana, sp. nov. 
Head and palpi whitish-gray, latter a shade darker outside ; thorax 
whitish-gray, mottled with darker gray, ends of patagia white; antenna 


¢ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79 


whitish-gray ; abdomen light cinereous, upper side of middle segment 
gray, anal tuft yellowish ; legs whitish, dusted with dark brown. 


Fore wing fuscous-brown, crossed by shining gray fascie. The dark 
basal area on dorsum extends to inner third, goes slightly outward to 
middle, then inward to inner fourth of costa; it is somewhat mottled with 
lighter scales, which form an abbreviated fascia on the dorsal half. Beyond 
is a broad shining gray fascia, divided vertically by a fine line of brown, 
and on upper half of wing each side is subdivided by a brown line from 
costa ; its outer edge is slightly convex between costa and fold, widening 
below fold to dorsum, which it reaches just before anal angle. Beyond is 
a narrow fascia of brown, beginning as a line from costa and ending at 
anal angle, where it is half the width of the preceding gray fascia, and of 
about equal width to a gray fascia which follows it ; the latter begins as a 
geminate spot on outer third of costa, it is slightly constricted at upper 
third ; the ground colour on either side of its lower half contains a few 
black scales. Following is a broad brown spot on costa, diminishing to a 
line below middle and ending in lower third of termen. Before the apex 
is a broad gray costal spot, which curves into termen below apex, on its 
lower edge it connects with a gray spot in the ocellic area. The apical 
spot is brown, and a streak of the same colour runs before termen to anal 
angle. Cilia dark gray, with a darker basal line, which is followed by a 
thin whitish line. 

Hind wing light grayish-brown, cilia whitish, with a darker line near 
base ; under side the same. Under side fore wing smoky-black, gray 
below fold. 

Expanse, 8-11 mm. 

Twenty specimens: Essex Co. Park and Watchung Mountains, Essex 
and Passaic Counties, New Jersey, April 20 to May 15. 


Eucosma domonana, sp. nov. 

Head, palpi, thorax and antenna light cinereous-gray ; abdomen 
beneath and anal tuft same colour, above leaden-gray ; legs ringed and 
dusted with bronzy-brown. 

Fore wing bronzy-brown, finely speckled with whitish-yellow ; the few 
spots and fascia are of the ground colour, with the whitish scales absent. 
There is a dark spot between fold.and dorsum before middle; a narrow 
dark fascia from middle of costa to anal angle, three dark costal spots 
between the fascia and a dark spot in apex; between each two of the 
costal spots is a yellowish-white geminate dash. The terminal line is 


80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


black, bordered by a broader brown streak below the middle; the terminal 
line is cut by two white dashes below apex ; there are two similar whitish 
dashes, one above and one below the anal angle, but they do not cut 
through the terminal line. Between the inner dark spot and the fascia, in 
the lower half of wing, the whitish-specks are somewhat thickened, making 
a paler middle dorsal patch. Cilia dark gray, paler at base. 


Hind wing smoky-brown, cilia same, with a paler line at base; under 
side both wings the same, with whitish costal dashes repeated « on upper 
wing. 

Expanse, 11-12 mm. : 

Two SUES Framingham, Mass., ume L0, (Go. ErOske 


Lucosma zomonana, sp. Nov. _ 

Head and palpi cinereous-brown ; antenna grayish-white ; thorax 
cinereous-brown, whitish on posterior end and patagia ; abdomen grayish- 
brown, anal tuft yellowish ; legs gray, thickly dusted and banded with 


brown. 


Fore wing shining gray, with an outwardly oblique dark brown fascia 
from inner third of dorsum to middle of wing, a long, outwardly convex 
brown fascia from between inner third and middle of costa to anal angle ; 
the lower half is much darker than the upper; a brown shade from end of 
cell into apex, flatly triangular, the points being at end of cell and apex 
and the flattened base uppermost ; the inner end sometimes connects with 
the dark spot of the dark fascia ; this shade and the dark spot define 
inwardly and above a shining whitish-gray ocellic spot, in the middle of 
which are two or three horizontal dark brown lines. From outer third 
of costa are several shining whitish-gray oblique streaks; in the 
lightest specimens the streak before the apex cuts through the dark 
shade. The termen is bordered by a whitish-gray fascia. Cilia paler, 
shining gray. 


Hind wing smoky-gray, cilia lighter, preceded by a darker basal line; 
under side the same ; under side fore wing darker. 


Expanse, 11-15 mm. 


Five specimens : New Brighton, Beaver G6: Penna., May 22 to June 

6, and Aug. 23 to Sept. 14, F. A. Merrick. One of these specimens was 

identified at the U. S. National Museum, for Mr. Merrick, as &. 

abbreviatana, W\sm., and one as £. solicitana, Walk., but they do not 

~resemble either of these species. 


co 
— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Epinotia Watchungana, sp. nov. 


Head blackish-brown on sides and face, whitish-gray on top ; palpi 
whitish-gray, streaked with blackish-brown outside above, and speckled 
with same colour below ; apical joint black outside, with a grayish bloom 
within ; antenna brownish-gray ; thorax mottled whitish-gray and blackish- 
brown ; the base of patagia is dark anda dark spot before the whitish end 
of posterior tuft, a fine dark median line ; thorax light brown, with over- 
lapping rings of whitish scales ; legs whitish, banded and dusted with 
bronzy-black. 


Fore wing mottled light fuscous gray and black, the latter partly of a 
brownish tinge. The most conspicuous mark is the ocellus, which is large, 
rounded, and occupies the lower two-thirds of the outer fourth; it is 
grayish-white, vertical side bars shining, and is crossed by four or five 
horizontal short black lines. Below the apex on costa is a V-shaped 
whitish mark that connects with a geminate whitish dash in termen and 
cilia below apex, below costa this mark is shining ; it encloses a rounded 
pale brown, overlaid with fine black lines, apical spot. The costa from 
base to apex is marked with black and whitish spots and dashes, usually 
geminate ; from a larger one beyond the middle a black line runs beneath 
the outer costal spots, turning down below apex and merging in a pale 
brown streak, overlaid with fine black lines, that lies between upper edge of 
ocellus and termen. On the middle of dorsum there is an oblique whitish 
patch reaching above fold, but not to middle ; it is streaked with darker 
lines. Before this is a strong black shade, which on inner side obscurely 
connects with a circle of black scales on lower half of wing close to base. 
The extreme dorsal edge is gray, dotted with black. A brownish streak 
runs from outer third of costa to anal angle. Cilia at apex whitish, below 
the geminate dashes gray finely speckled with black. 


Hind wing whitish except around apex and termen, dark gray, cilia 
white, with a darker line near base ; under side whitish, with a few dark 
specks along costa. Under side fore wing smoky-brown, with costal spots 
and ciliate dashes repeated. 

Expanse, 12-16 mm. 

Thirty-five specimens, nearly all from Watchung Hills, Essex Co., N. 
J., April 21 to May 8; Gloucester Co., N. J., April 30, F. Haimbach ; 
Grimsby, Ont., J. Pettit; New Brighton, Pa., Mar. 22-April 18, F. A. 
Merrick ; Cincinnati, Ohio, April 22, Miss Braun. 

Co-type in U. S. Natl. Mus. 


§2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Tortrix Baboquavartana, sp. nov. 


Head, palpi, antenna and thorax shades, of ochreous-brown and 
yellowish-ochreous; abdomen grayish-fuscous above, pale ochreous on side 
and anal tuft ; legs pale ochreous. 


Fore wing light yellowish ochreous, somewhat shining and with a slight 
pinkish tinge; marked with well-defined ochreous-brown spots and narrow 
fascize; these are usually edged with darker brown, and occur as follows: 
A crescentiform fascia from lower half of base to above middle of wing, 
extending outward to inner fourth. A narrow diminishing fascia from middle 
of costa obliquely outward towards lower side of termen, but at lower 
quarter turning downward and reaching dorsum before anal angle. On 
the middle of dorsum is a large rounded spot, reaching nearly to middle 
of wing ; in some specimens a spur from its upper etd connects with the 
angle of the fascia. From costa before apex a fascia, slightly curving 
inward, ends at lower third of termen. The inner fourth of costa is shaded 
with dark brown, and a spot of same colour occurs in second quarter, also 
a dot of the same colour between the two fasciz. There are a few dark 
scales before the apex. Cilia concolorous, dotted with brown. 

Hind wing olivaceous-fuscous, with a fine yellowish terminal line, 
whitish above cell, cilia grayish-white; under side grayish-white; under side 
fore wing darker gray, with spots faintly repeated, cilia light ochreous. 

Expanse, 9-10 mm. 

Four specimens: Baboquavaria Mts., Pima Co., Arizona, July 15-30, 
1903, collected by O. C. Poling. | ; 

Tortrix lomonana, sp. nov. 

Head smoky-brown, antenna base black; palpi smoky-brown outside, 
cream colour inside, apical joint black ; antenna yellowish-white ; thorax 
black, transversely streaked with white; abdomen and legs light ochreous, 
latter banded with blackish-brown. 

Fore wing: Basal area and a large median costal spot dark fuscous, 
dotted with black, gray and whitish scales; an oblique middle fascia and 
large ovate terminal spot white. The outer edge of basal area starts at 
inner fourth of costa, proceeds obliquely outward to middle of wing, then 
nearly straight to dorsal margin between inner third and middle; the edge 
is very finely dentate. The outer dark spot is roughly triangular, on costa 
it extends from middle to outer seventh ; its inner edge is parallel with 
upper half of basal edge ; its lower point is about one-fifth above dorsum 
and nearly opposite anal angle; the outer edge curves inward at middle 


© 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83 


of wing, and the spot is crossed by a line of ochreous-yellow, over which 
are a few black scales. The upper half of the middle white fascia is rather 
heavily reticulated with fuscous and dirty white, the former colour starting 
as three streaks from costa. The outer white patch connects the fascia 
below the triangular dark spot ; itis marked with a few black dots on 
dorsum, and a streak of faint yellowish scales before the termen. There 
is a black terminal line, cut by two white dashes below apex, that ends 
above anal angle. Cili1 white, outwardly tipped with fuscous. 


Hind wing whitish, reticulated with very light fuscous ; under side 
the same. Under side fore wing smoky-black, paler on costa and dotted 
with black. 

Expanse, 18-19 mm. 

Two specimens, Victoria, B. C., Oct. 2, Dr. Wm. Barnes’s collection, 
received through U.S. Natl. Mus. One co-type returned to Natl. Mus. 

Phalonia romonana, sp. nov. 

Head bleached straw-yellow, faintly darker on sides; palpi same 
colour, shaded with light brown outside ; antenna light gray-fuscous ; 
thorax a shade darker than head ; abdomen dark gray, anal tuft tipped 
with yellowish ; legs bleached straw, shaded with blackish-brown. 

Fore wing ; an inner and outer fascia of shining light pinkish-yellow ; 
a basal patch, central fascia and terminal fascia of dull olivaceous-ochreous. 
The basal patch extends to inner fifth on costa and dorsum, its edge is 
irregular but nearly straight, close to base it is overlaid with shining scales. 
The four fascie beyond it are of nearly equal width and nearly parallel 
edges ; the divisional lines are oblique from costa inward, and curved 
outwardly below costa. There is a conspicuous patch of black scales from 
end of cell at middle, along outer edge of middle fascia to below fold, with 
a line of black across fascia, in fold. Beyond this black patch a streak of 
the dull colour crosses the outer shining fascia, obliquely to anal angle. 
The dorsal margin is dotted with black between inner fourth and outer 
fifth. The inner third of costal edge is black, also above the middle fascia, 
and with two black dots above the outer fascia ; there are one or two 
black dots before termen in middle of wing. The terminal dull fascia is 
outwardly streaked with shining lines. Cilia concolorous, shining. 


Hind wing purplish-gray, cilia whitish ; under side paler gray, lightly 
reticulated with darker lines below. costa and before termen. Under side 
fore wing dark purplish-gray, spotted with dull ochreous on costa, cilia 
dull ochreous, divided by a broad purplish line. 

Expanse, 7.5-11 mm. 


84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Thirty specimens: Essex Co., Park, N. J., August 13 to Sept. 17, 
Light Trap ; Chicago, Ill., Sept., J. H. Reading ; Aweme, Manitoba, July 
5, Norman Criddle ; Plummer’s Island, Md., August, A. Busck. 

Co-type in U. S. Natl. Mus. 


Phatonia nomonana, sp. nov.. 

Head and palpi dirty white, latter brownish outside ; thorax gray and 
brownish-black ; antenna fuscous, basal joint blackish-brown ; abdomen 
and legs yellowish-white, latter heavily powdered with leaden-black. 

Fore wing shining brownish-gray. There is a broad central semi-fascia, 
with parallel edges from inner third of dorsum to upper edge of cell, out- 
wardly oblique, and indented on upper edge outside, colour blackish- 
brown. This is the only conspicuous mark on the wing. The costa from 
base to outer third is a darker shade and closely.dotted with black ; 
between outer fifth and apex are three or four darker dots. ‘The dorsum 
is dotted with small blackish spots. There is an obscure streak of reddish- 
brown from beyond middle of cell to anal angle. There is a blackish 
narrow terminal line, with a few dark dots before it in the middle of wing. 
Cilia concolorous, divided by a darker middle Hine. 

Hind wing shining light gray, cilia same, with a darker line near base; 
under side the same, lightly reticulated before apex. Under side fore ~ 
wing shining smoky-black. 

Expanse, 15 mm. 

One ¢ specimen, Carmel, California, April, A. H. Vachell. 


[Ty sterosia homonana, sp. nov. 


Head, palpi, thorax and antenna cream-white, outside of palpi, base 
and upper side of antenna brown. Abdomen and legs light cinereous, 
latter shaded with brown. 

Fore wing: Male costal fold brown ; balance of wing creamy-yellow, 
very sparsely dotted with light brown, and strigulated in outer third with 
shining white ; between these lines the ground colour is a shade darker 
than on inner half of wing. A purplish-black dot in middle of wing at 
end of cell. Cilia concolorous. In several specimens the light brown 
specks are entirely wanting, the wing is immaculate except the brown costal 
fold, the discal dot and the shining strigulation beyond cell. 

Hind wing very light yellowish white, lightly strigulated in some 
specimens ; under side the same. Under side fore wing smoky-brown, 
costal edge and cilia light ochreous. 

Expanse, 19-23 mm, 

Twenty-three specimens, Verdi, Nev., June, all collected by Arthur 
H. Vachell. 

A (To be continued. ) 


Ou 


fHE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 8 


PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—NO. 19. 
How INSEcTS ARE DISTRIBUTED. 
BY L. CAESAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. 


We are all aware that there are many insects in our country to-day 
that were unknown here a few years ago. Even middle-aged men and 
women of our farming community can well remember the time when there 
were no Colorado beetles (potato bugs), no cabbage butterflies, no pea 
weevils, and no San José Scale to worry their minds. The fact is that 
the majority of our worst insect pests are not native, but have been intro- 
duced either from Europe or the United States, many of the latter coming 
originally from European or other foreign sources. The following very 
incomplete list of imported insects will make this point clear: Codling 
moth, cabbage butterfly, currant worm, Hessian fly} wheat midge, clover 
weevil, both kinds of asparagus beetles, Colorado beetle, horn fly, Buffalo 
carpet beetle, house cockroach, most of our plant lice or aphides, white fly, 
oyster-shell and San José scales, and most of our granary pests and meal 
worms, as they are commonly called. 

Of these injurious insects more than three-quarters have come to us 
from Europe through the United States, though one of the worst, the San 
José Scale, has been traced back to China. But even in the case of the 
European importations, it is probable that many of them had their 
original home in the still earlier civilized portion of the continents of Asia 
and Africa, whence they spread to Europe and now have come to us. 


How, then, has this world-wide distribution of insects been brought 
about? To answer this fully is impossible, but some of the chief means 
have been observed. There is no doubt that trans-oceanic insects have 
been brought to us through the channel of commerce. On_ nursery 
stock, especially before the days of compulsory fumigation, were carried 
from country to country, scale insects, Aphides (both in the egg and in 
later stages), borers and other orchard insects or their eggs. On green- 
house plants were carried the particular insects that trouble the floricul- 
turist, such as the red spider, mealy bugs, different kinds of Aphides, 
thrips, etc. In grain and various kinds of seeds and nuts. and in flour or 
meal, came the various granary and meal pests. On cattle, swine and 
sheep were brought the different kinds of flies, lice and ticks that infest 
these animals. In packed fruit were brought the eggs, larva, cocoons or 
adults of many of the fruit-destroying or other pests that frequent the 


March, 1907. 


S6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


orchards where the fruit was packed. In trunks, clothing, etc., were 
brought house-infesting insects. In fact, whateyer insect attacked any 
particular kind of commodity was almost certain, sooner or later, to be 
transported with that commodity. We should also remember that ships 


anchored in a harbour during the time of unloading and loading their carge 
form a natural alighting place for the numerous insects that fly around in 
the air, especially in the warm days and nights of spring and early sum- 
mer, when the mating season for many is at its height. it is naturai to 
suppose, therefore, that not a few such insects. would conceal themselves 
on board and be carried abroad. 

Having thus shown how commerce can convey insects across the 
ocean. from land to land, let us next consider how we-are to account for 
their wide and rapid spread in any country to which they may chance to 
have been brought and to have gained a foothold. 

We shall first mention some ways in which this is done, independ- 
ently of man’s agency. The first way that would naturally suggest itself 
is by means of their own powers of locomotion ; that is, by flying or 
crawling from place to place. But in the case of scale insects, which only 
move about for a day or two in all, and in that time can only traverse a 
few feet, their spread would be very slow indeed, if they had to trust 
solely to their own legs to convey them from place to place. Observa- 
tions have been made, however, which prove that they attach themselves 
to the bodies of other insects, such as beetles and black ants, and also to 
the feet and legs of birds, and by these are carried from one tree to 
another. This would seem the natural explanation of finding, as some of 
us have, oyster-shell scale on such trees as the red osier dogwood half a 
_ mile away from any other infested tree. aA 

A third method of distribution is by means of winds and storms. 
Gentle and constant winds. are of great assistance to insects in enabling 
them to scent their food at long distances, and, in corroboration of this, it 
has been observed that they come-to their food, in most cases, against the 
wind. Likewise, a light breeze aids the male insect, by his wonderful 
sense of smell, to find the female, and thus render the increase of the 
species more certain. On the other hand, strong witds have often been, 
known to convey such insects as butterflies and moths long distances. 
Examples of this are the encountering by ships of swarms of butterflies 
faxout at sea, whither they had been driven by the violence of the wind, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87 


and the discovery in Ontario, after three or four days of a strong, steady, 
southerly wind, of moths, such as the cotton moth, that breed only in the 
Southern States. Winds, too, often blow young scale insects from the 
topmost branches of one tree to those of another, or break off infested 
twigs and leaves and scatter them throughout the orchard. It is worth 
noting. in this connection, that the strongest and most frequent winds are 
from the south-west. This fact, to some extent, explains the direction of 
the spread of our worst insects. It has been observed that, if the San 
José Scale gets established in the south-west side of an orchard, it will 
spread over the whole orchard much more rapidly than if it has to begin 
at the north side and work south. 


Closely connected with the action of winds is that of rain’ storms. 
These wash many insects from wherever they may happen to be exposed to 
their fury, and sweep them along, either by themselves or on whatever 
floating material they may be able to attach themselves to,:for long dis- 
tances in the overflowing rivers and streams, to be cast up at last, still 
alive in many cases, here and there along the shore. 


Some German entomologists, who have made observations on the 
subject, tell us that the calm, sultry period just before a thunderstorm has 
a peculiar effect upon insects, causing a strange, nervous sort of activity, 
and drawing forth from their concealment both sexes. They say, more- 
over, that Aphides have been observed, during a violent thunderstorm, to 
crawl to the crown of a plant, and, at the proper moment, launch them- 
selves headlong into the vortex of the storm, to be whirled along possibly 
for miles. 


But, even though these different natural means will account for a 
gradual and continuous spread of insects, they are far from being the only 
or even the chief means of distribution. Just as we found that the intro- 
duction of transoceanic insects must be attributed to commerce, so also to 
commerce we,must attribute the main part in the rapid spread of insects 
on land. 


Of all the kinds of commerce that have been responsible for the 
carrying of insect pests from place to place, that in nursery stock has been 
the chief in the past, before the Government passed a law requiring that 
such stock should be thoroughly fumigated and disinfected before dis- 
tribution. It is to nursery stock that we can trace most of the rapid 


88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


spread of the oyster-shell, San José and other kinds of scale insects, also 


of many kinds of Aphides, some borers, and not a few of the other sorts 


of orchard-infesting insects. 

Greenhouses must be held largely responsible for the spread of many 
small pests, such as the red spider, meily bug, and Aphides which attack 
house plants especially. ‘Thé greenhouse men get these insects on stock 
received from different sources, and then, by retailing their plants to their 
numerous patrons, they distribute these troublesome creatures to almost 
every home in the country. As examples of. how easy it is to introduce 
such insects, and how difficult to get rid of them, may be mentioned the 
introduction of the chrysanthemum black Aphides, and of the white fly at 
the Agricultural College, Guelph. Up to three years ago there were no 
chrysanthemum ‘black Aphides here, but, about that time, Prof. Hunt re- 
ceived some cuttings from one of the United States greenhouses. He ex- 
amined the cuttings for insects, but so carefully had they concealed them- 
selves, from some cause or other, that he saw none, aud supposed the 
plants free from anything of this sort. A couple: of days afterwards, how- 
ever, when he happened to look at the chrysanthemums he saw many of 
the black Aphides on them, and, in spite of all his efforts to get rid of the 
pests, he has hitherto failed to do so. In the case of the white fly, a man 
living at some distance from Guelph, when on a visit to the college, 
brought along some leaves of cucumbers to find out what was injuring 
them. When the Professor had partly opened the parcel, he observed a 
few tiny insects fly out. He at once closed it tightly and sought to cap- 
ture the culprits, but in vain. ‘These few escaped individuals have been 
the progenitors of the numerous white flies that infest many plants around 
the college greenhouse. Such are merely two examples of many similar 
~ ones that every floriculturist could give from his own experience. 

Another extensive means of distributing insects is by shipments. of 
fruit. .In these times of cold storage and rapid transit, fruit can be con- 
veyed across the continent in a very few days, and whatever.insects are to 
be found in it will have a good chance to arrive at their destination unin-°* 
jured. Anyone who has ever packed apples knows how impossible it is 
to prevent at least a few of those infested by codling moth larve or other 
insects being sent in each shipment. The fact is that there is always a 
possibility of some individuals, of whatever species of insects infest the 
orchard, getting into the fruit boxes or barrels and escaping uninjured 

ic 


THE CANADIAN ENTUMOLOGIST. 80) 


when the shipments reach their journey’s end. - This is doubtless the chief 
means of the distribution of the codling moth which has been so destruc- 
tive this summer. The larve of these, being inside the shipped apples or 
pears, work their way out from cocoons in the corners or crevices of the 
boxes or barrels, and, when the fruit has been distributed, these are over- 
looked and so have a chance to come to maturity, and to emerge in due 
time and establish themselves in the neighbouring orchards. 


Every farmer knows how easy it is to ship pea weevils in seed peas, 
and so will readily understand that all beetles or moths that infest grain 
of any sort, flour or meal could easily be distributed in a similar way. 
That this is the chief means of the wide spreading of such insects there 
is no doubt. 

In connection with commerce, we might also mention, in passing, 
that it is very probable that great international exhibitions, such as those 
held in Chicago and Paris, are important factors in the spread of insects, 
but that any very serious pest has been introduced in this way does not 
seem to have been proved. Provincial and other exhibitions or fairs also 
act as distributors, but on a much more limited scale. 


Sufficient has now been said to show how very important commerce 
is as a means of insect distribution. There still remain a few factors that 
require to be taken into consideration. 

If we think over the question we shall find it but natural that in a 
new country like Canada or the United States, where much land is being 
brought under cultivation for the first time each year, insect spread should 
be more noticeable than in older countries, where there are no virgin 
lands to break up. _ By this opening up of new districts the balance be- 
tween insect and plant life is broken. ‘The plants that the insects lived 
upon are destroyed, and, consequently, the latter are forced to adapt 
themselves, wherever possible, to the new sources of food provided by the 
farmer’s crops, usually, of course, attacking plants of the same order as 
those which they had been accustomed to feed upon. Thus a once harm- 
less insect has gradually, or even suddenly in a few cases, changed into an 
injurious one. This is what happened in the case of the Colorado beetle. 

It has, moreover, been found that foreign insects brought into North 
America become, in most cases, more destructive, and increase more 
rapidly, than in their native land. ‘There are probably several reasons for 
this. In the first place, the climate of much of this continent is very 
fayourable to insects. In the second place, our plants, when first attacked 


90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


by imported insects, have not had time to acquire that degree of immunity 
which nature has enabled them gradually to acquire against older and 
familiar foes ; consequently they become an easier prey to these new 
enemies. In the last place, the parasites and other predaceous insects 
that kept these pests in control in. their native land very often fail to be 
introduced along with their hosts. 


We shall pass on now to the last put of our subject, namely, the 
intentional introduction by man of beneficial insects to help him in his 
struggle against the injurious ones. The subject of parasitic insects is 
attracting a great deal of attention to-day, but is by no means a new sub- 
ject. We find that fora good many years efforts have been made by 
entomologists to discover what were the particular parasites that con- 
trolled destructive insects in their native countries, ard to introduce such 
parasites to keep in check these same insects when imported. In this 
way ever year new species of parasites are brought from Australia, New 
Zealand, Europe, Asia and Africa, to the United States, and wice versa. 
Though most of these have disappointed the too sanguine expectations of 
their importers, yet several have proved of great service. Of these, two 
stand out pre-eminently, namely, Veda/ia cardinalis and Scutellista cyanea. 
The former is a species of ladybird beetle introduced from Australia to 
combat the white scale that was destroying the orange trees of California, 
the latter is an insect from South Africa meant to combat the black scale. 
Both have worked wonders in controlling the ravages of these respective 
pests. We have, of course, in our own country, many native species of 
parasites or predaceous insects, such as several kinds of ladybird beetles, 
Ichneumon flies, Aphis lions, etc. These are distributed throughout the 
country, either along with their host insects, or in similar ways to those 
mentioned above. 


Though this subject of insect distribution is far from being exhausted 
by what has been said, it is yet hoped that the different points dwelt upon 
may awaken a new interest in insects and the insect world among those 
who, though not trained entomologists, are yet lovers of nature in her 
different phases. It may interest such to mention that with the marvellous 
increase of commerce between all countries of the globe, and the bring- 
ing of continent into close contact with continent, by the ever-increasing 
speed of ocean vessels, the time appears to be rapidly approaching when 
practically all insects will, so far as climate will permit, become cos- 
mopolitan. “ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 91 


A REVIEW OF OUR GEOMETRID CLASSIFICATION.—No. 3. 


RICHARD F. PEARSALL, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 

The endeavour to place our species under genera based upon structural 
characters, easily observed, yet possessing stability, has resolved itself 
into an extensive study and rearrangement of the species themselves, 
especially of the type forms, which in a number of cases are found to 
differ from the generic requirements. I need not rehearse here the 
opinions set forth by Mr. Meyrick, Dr. Hulst and others as to the pro- 


priety of using certain characters, whether sexual or not, in defining 
genera. I have simply, through my own investigations, sought to deter- 
mine upon the value of those which in our fauna I have tested and found 
to be reliable, and these I intend to use in future descriptive. work, 
dividing them into basic and auxiliary groups. 


3asic GROUP. 
In this group the characters do not vary as between individuals, 
except in rarely aberrant forms, which will be noted. 
The antenne. YVhey may be filiform, flattened (Q), compressed (7), 
linipectinate, bipectinate, serrate, lamellate, or dentate, and smocth, ciliate, 


fasciculate, or spinose. They generaily differ between sexes of the same 


species. 

The palpi vary in length of joints often between sexes of the same 
species, but not between individuals of the same sex. Their position is 
not given, since it is not always natural after death. The comparative 
terms used to describe them may be thus limited as nearly as is possible : 

Short, when looking downward vertically their tips are not, or 
are just visible beyond the front. 
Moderate, when they project beyond the front equal to the 
width of it between the orbits. 
Long, when they exceed that limit. 
The frontal tubercles and tufts. 


The tongue. 
The claws on fore tibia. 


Veins 5 and & of hind wings, the former by its presence or absence, 
the latter by its connection with or separation from the discal cell, are 


important divisors of families, as well as genera. 
March, 1907. 


92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The frenulum. 
The tibial spurs. 


The hair pencil on hind tibize of male. Dr. Hulst used this asa 


reliable factor, and my experience fully warrants the value he placed 
upon it. | 
AUXILIARY GROUP. 

The characters here classed are not to be wholly relied upon. Many 
of them will be used as useful aids, but. will be omitted where found too 
unstable. 

The tufts of thorax, abdomen, and patagia, chiefly because of their 
liability to removal by abrasion. The same might seem applicable to the 
hair pencil, but in only one genus (Epimecis) have IT had any difficulty 
with it. 

Venation (except veins 5 and 8 of hind wings). 


The foveal gland beneath wings. In some Ennomine it is well 
developed, in others difficult of detection, or absent, and thus falls without 
the pale of fixed characters, but is useful in defining certain genera. 


The accessory cell. The extensive use which has been made of the 
accessory cell by Dr. Hulst in the separation of Geometrid genera, fol- 
lowing the assertion of Mr. Meyrick that it was an invariable structure, 
seems not to be warranted, at least so far as the American fauna is 
concerned. Selecting species in which I have considerable material, I 
give the result of an investigation, which it was not necessary to extend 
because here is enough evidence to effectually debar its future use. Of 
Cladara atroliturata, Walk., which, according to Hulst, should have two 
acc’y cells, out of 58 examples tested, 56 were normal and ¢wo had only 
one cell. Of Wyctobia Zimitaria, Walk., 158 examples divided as follows: 
28 had one cell, 21 had ove cell in one wing and /¢wo in the other, while 
10g were normal. Of Zephroclystia latipennis, Hulst, with one acc’y 
cell, 16 examples separated thus: 9 with one cell, 7 with ¢wo cells. 
Here the anomaly is shown, viz.: 9 specimens with one cell would go 
inte the genus Zephroclystia, while the other 7 of the same species would 
fall into Eucymatoge, an impossible situation, hence I have abandoned 
its use almost entirely, and by so doing it becomes imperative that there 
be a rearrangement of the genera and species of Hydriomenine. 

(To be continued.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93 


NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY WM. BARNES, S.B., M.D., DECATUR, ILLINOIS. 
(Continued from page 68.) 


Grotella calora, Nn. sp. . 

Beneath, fore wing quite uniformly fuscous. A small obscure blotch 
on costa before apex. Hind wing smoky, paler inwardly, centre dark. 
Mesial band common to both wings. Pale discal mark on hind wing. 
Face brownish. Head and thorax white. Abdomen concolorous with 
hind wing. 

Types Redington, Ariz. 

This species is much smaller than septempunctata, with outer row 
of spots farther out. These together with the dark secondaries will easily 
serve to distinguish it. The black points in this species are usually quite 
small and show a tendency to disappear. 


Specimens from Argus Mts., which I take to be the same species, 
show in some specimens an almost entire disappearance of the spots. 


Grotella sampita, n. sp.—Expanse, ¢ 22 mm., 2 24 mm. 

_ Fore wing chalky white, with black spot on costa at base, with a 
second one just below it. Black spot on costa at junction of inner and 
middle third, another one on inner margin opposite to it, a third in middle 
of wing, internal to the other two. Second row of black spots across 
wing at end of cell, the row being slightly outcurved and composed of 
four spots, one on costa, the second slightly below it, one on inner margin, 
the second slightly above it. This band begins at about the junction of 
middle and outer thirds of costa. A well-marked row of intervenular 
terminal black points. Fringe white. Secondaries pale fuscous, almost 
white along inner margin. Faint discal bar. Fringe white, with well. 
marked row of black points at base. Face black. Head and thorax 
white, the latter slightly creamy. 

Beneath, fore wings evenly fuscous. Fringe white with fuscous 
spots at base. Hind wing white, with distinct discal dot, with rather 
broad fuscous band aiong costa. Terminal fuscous broken line at base 
of fringe. 

Types ~ and 9, Colorado and Southern Arizona. 

Grotella binda, n. sp.—Expanse, 2 24mm., ~ 20 mm. 

Ground colour white, with very faint yellowish tinge. Black dot on 


shoulder and one on costa at base. T. a. line represented by a row of 
March, 1907. 


Q4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


black spots, irregular in size and shape, usually about four in number, the 
one on costa somewhat larger than the others, the third one club shaped. 
A spot on costa in middle of wing and one at end of cell. T. p. line 
represented by a row of spots, irregular in shape and ‘size, outwardly 
curved beyend cell, thence somewhat inwardly curved to inner margin. 
The spot on costa is considerably larger than the others and close to it 
on outer side is another similar in shape and size, with some black scales 
below it. A well-defined black terminal band evenly and neatly cut by 
pale at end of veins. Fringe slightly darkened. Hind wing soiled whitish 
fuscous towards apex, narrowing out as it approaches inner margin. In 
the female the whole wing is slightly darkened with fuscous. Fringe 
white. 

Beneath, fore wing yellowish fuscous, white along inner margin, 
narrowly yellowish along costal edge.. Yellowish patch at apex, followed 
by a rather narrow yellowish subterminal band. Terminal black band as 
above, cut with yellow. Hind wing white, with broad even yellow band 
along costal edge. Face slightly yellowish. Head and thorax whitish. 


Type ¢ and 9, Santa Catalina and Chiricahua Mts., Ariz. 
Stibadium olvello, n. sp.— 3. Expanse 28 mm. 


Fore wing, light and dark shades of olive brown, the median portion 
of wing darker, the costal and beyond s. t. line paler. The usual 
preapical triangular patch of the same shade as the median portion of 
wing. Three silvery white marks, as follows: first, a small spot at inner 
portion below costa, second, a large subquadrangular patch just beyond 
that in centre of wing, with a small sharp inward projection at the inner 
side. The patch occupies about one-half the width of the wing at the 
inner third. The third patch is external to and above the second at the 
end of cell, is crescentic in shape, with the concavity upwards. S. t. line 
rather paler than ground color, with rather sharp angular curve beyond 
cell, thence quite even to inner margin, following line of outer margin. 
Fringe concolorous with a slightly darker basal and somewhat lighter 
mesial band. Hind wing white, with a very faint yellowish tinge and 
slightly shaded with olivaceous along outer margin. Fringe concolorous 
with basal portion. A very slight trace of discal bar. 

Beneath, fore wing darker centrally, slightly paler along costal, 
external and inner margins. Fringe darker. The silvery ‘spots from 
above are indicated as paler patches beneath. The hollow of the crescent 
being filied with darker scales than any. other portion of the wing. Hind 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95 


wing pale, slightly stained along inner and outer margins. Head, coliar 
and thorax concolorous with fore wing. Abdomen more yellowish. 


Type one 2, Southern New Mexico, September ist, from Mr. Poling. 
Plusiodonta amado, n. sp.—Expanse 25 mm. _ 


Ground colour grayish brown, with a slight violaceous tinge, shadings 
from dark yellowish brown to brassy yellow. A dentate line across base 
of wing, irregular, broken, shaded with deep brown internally. ‘T. a. line 
strongly toothed, teeth filled with dark brown externally, internally with 
golden yellow or brassy yellow shading. The space between basal and 
t. a. line shaded with brown centrally, the upper portion mostly covered 
with brassy yellow scales not quite so metallic as those in compressipalpts. 
The brown shading following t. a. line is separated sharply from the 
violaceous central portion of wing, which runs down into the tooth on 
inner margin. The outer portion of the violaceous area is limited by a 
brownish line with a marked rounded outward projection in centre of 
wing; it starts some two or three mm. before apex and terminates just 
beyond tooth on inner margin, it is accompanied on the outer side by a 
second brown line parallel to it through upper two-thirds of wing, but 
which diverges towards inner angle in lower third. The space between 
the lines is more or less thickly coated with brownish scales. Beyond the 
t. p. line there is a yellowish brown shade, rather narrow in upper two- 
thirds of wing, thence broadening out to inner angle. The terminal space 
is violaceous, with a dark brown patch just below apex. A terminal row 
of brownish bars between veins, fringe concolorous with terminal area. 
The reniform can be made out as an indefinite pale ring with darker 
centre. Hind wing fuscous, fringe concolorous, with darker broken line 
at base. 


Beneath, wings pale yellowish brown, fore wing darkened centrally. 
Indications of mesial band. Hind wings somewhat more yellowish along 
costa, with faint traces of mesial band. Head and thorax coated with an 
admixture of violaceous and brown scales. Abdomen concolorous with 
hind wing. 

Type one 9, Babiquivera Mts., Ariz., August. 

Cirrhophanus papago, n. sp.—Expanse 28 mm. 

Fore wings yellow, with orange yellow markings, veins darkened, 
T. a. line well marked, rather broad, with weil-marked outward curve. 
T. p. line outwardly curved beyond cell, thence with gentle inward curve 
to inner margin. Fringe concolorous. Hind wings fuscous over yellow 


96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


in superior half, inner half more yellowish, fringe yellowish. Head, 
collar and thorax orange yellow. Abdomen more brownish yellow. 

Beneath, fore wings blackish centrally, yéllow along costa, inner 
margin, and more broadly so along outer margin. Hind wings paler 
yellow. ae , 
Types ¢ and 2, Southern New Mexico, September, from Mr. Poling: 

Ogdoconta moreno, Nn. sp. 

Ground colour a rather pale olive over a whitish base. Basal dine 
faintly indicated on costa. ‘T a. line pale, accompanied by outer darker 
shade, almost transverse, with a slight outward curve. T. p. almost 
directly across wing at junction of outer and middle third, following outer 
border, pale with an accompanying inner dark line. S. t. pale, irregular. 
Terminal row of intravenular lunules, not very distinct. Fringe a trifle 
paler than ground colour. Rather poorly defined pale spots mark the 
position of the orbicular anid reniform. The median space is a trifle 
darker than the subterminal and terminal. Hind wing pale fuscous, 
darkening outwardly, fringe paler. 

Beneath, fore wings fuscous centrally, pafer beyond the rather faint 
mesial band. Hind wing paler than fore, somewhat darkened along costa 
and outer third. Well marked mesial band, extending almost across the 
wing. Head and thorax concolorous with fore wings, abdomen with hind 
wings. ; 

Types ¢ and @, Babaquivera, Huachuca and Chiricahua Mts., 
Ariz., August. : 


Expanse 28 mm. 


Erastria ondo, n. sp.— d. Expanse 26 mm. 

Ground colour a pale brown, with slight yellowish tinge. Fore wings 
crossed by three lines, the first from costa somewhat before middle to 
inner margin at junction of inner and middle thirds, with short acute angle 
at costa, even and rigid through rest of course, somewhat darker shade 
than ground colour and accompanied by a slightly paler outer shade. 
Second line sub-parallel to first, beginning just before apex, reaching 
inner margin at junction of middle and outer third, brown, with 
outer pale accompanying shade. The third which represents thes. t. line, 
pale, somewhat wavy, following outer margin, Dark points on veins 
terminally. Fringe concolorous, with pale line at base. Reniform 
represented by a few blackish scales. Hind wing pale yellowish fuscous, 


with slightly darker terminal line. Fringe concolorous. Head and collar 
yellowish brown. Thorax and patagia somewhat paler. Abdomen 
yellowish fuscous. - 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97 


Beneath, fore wing fuscous centrally, yellowish along costal and outer 
margin. Hind wing whitish centrally, yellowish along costal and outer 
margin, with faint discal spot and mesial band. 


Type, Huachuca Mts., Ariz. 
Lsogona acuna, n. sp.— Expanse 28 mm. 


Ground colour pale brownish yellow. Head and collar dark umber 
‘brown. Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings. Ordinary markings 
rather faint lines running same as in other species of the genus. T. a. line 
with inward tooth on cell, thence inwardly oblique to inner margin. 
Median shade very faint. TT. p. slightly wavy towards inner margin, 
angled opposite cell as in other species. The projection from angle to 
apex faint though traceable. S. t. line pale, irregular, barely traceable, 
except towards costa. A few blackish scales on inner margin in subter- 
minal space and a black point above them. The apical triangle only 
slightly darkened. Reniform moderate in size, concolorous, with narrow 
defining, slightly darker ring. Orbicular scarcely to be distinguished in 
the specimens before me. Fringe slightly darker than wing, with dark 
line at base, followed by a slightly paler one. Hind wing concolorous 
with fore or a trifle paler. Well marked dark mesial band, followed by 
more or less evident dusky shade. 


Beneath, fore wings uniform even pale brownish yellow, with no traces 
whatever of any marking. 

Type, Babaquivera Mts., August, Redington, Ariz. 

Isogona segura, n. sp.—Expanse 28 mm. 

Wing form and general type of maculation same as natatrix. ‘The 
colour has, however, somewhat more of a reddish cast. Thet. a. line, 
instead of being even and rigid, is dentate, having three well-marked teeth. 
Orbicular a well marked black point, smaller and blacker than in its ally. 
Median shade and reniform about the same in the two species. The 
triangular patch on costa, before apex, considerably darker brown than 
rest of wing. T. p. line and spur running to apex, not quite so heavy. 
The crenulate subterminal line and pale line at base of fringe about the 
same, as is also the minute black point before inner angle. The space 
beyond t. p. line somewhat darker than rest of wing. The wing is also 
darkened somewhat in the angle of t. p. line. Hind wing concolorous 
with fore. Mesial band not quite so well marked as in watatrix. A 
broad dark shade following mesial line. Palpi, head and collar dark 
blackish brown. ‘Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wing. Beneath, 


98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


rather uniform pale yellowish brown, with very faint traces of common 
mesial band. 

This species can be recognized ata glance from natatrix by the 
strongly dentate t. a. line, from Parora Texana, with which it has been 
confused, by the character of t. p. line and reniform. In segura the t. 
p. line is even as in zatatrix, not crenulate and wavy as in Zexana. 


Types, Babaquivera Mts., Ariz., July. 
Eudela helveta, v. sp.—Expanse 18 mm. 


Head, thorax and wings yellow as in mendica. Fore wing with 
broad, semi-transparent fascia, almost reaching costa before apex and 
inner margin before inner angle. The margins are quite even. A large 
semi-transparent patch in base of cell, with another about twice as large 
below it, only separated by vein. Hind wing with broad semi- transparent 
fascia occupying about one-third of the wing. Under surface as above. 


Types, two 2, Kerrville, Texas. 


Vv 


RECORDS OF DIPTERA FROM LAKE. TEMAGAMI, ONT. 
BY JAMES S. HINE, COLUMBUS, OHIO. 


Mr. Frank B. Shuler, of Hamilton, Ohio, while with a camping party 
on Lake Temagami, Ontario, during the past summer, collected a number 
of species of Diptera, some of which are worthy of note as matters of 
record. 

Of most interest is the discovery of a second species of the genus 
Mesembrina for North America. It agrees so well with the European 
M. mystacea that I have given it that name. 

The nearctic species of this genus have not received much considera- 
tion, but Hough has given a short account of the results of his studies in 
Vol. I of the Biological Bulletin. He is of the opinion that we have 
only a single species of the genus, and this he determines as J/. Latrezilet, 
of which he makes vesplendens a synonym. 

The specimen I have called mystacea is larger than ZLatrezdder, fully 
15 millimetres in length and quite robust, the thorax is clothed above 
with golden-yellow pile, and so are the last two segments of the abdomen, 
but on the latter the colour is lighter than on the former. The apical cell 
of the wing is not so widely open, and the sides of the face are yellow in- 
stead of silvery. Some of the older authors placed mystacea in the 
Syrphidz, and I must confess the specimen before me Jooks very much 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9 


like one of those flies from superficial examination. In fact, i took it for 
a Syrphid myself until I examined the wing venation. 
The following species are represented in the collection :— 
TABANIDA. 
Tabanus actaeon, astutus, epistatus, microcephalus and nivosus ; 
Chrysops excitans and frigidus. 
BoMBYLIUD&. 
Anthrax alternata, fulviana and lateralis. 
SYRPHID. 
Syrphus arcuatus, diversipes, ribesii and xanthostoma ; Xantho- 
gramma felix ; Sphaerophoria cyiindrica ; Eristalis dimidiatus ; Helophilus 
latifrons and similis ; Xylota fraudulosa. 


CONOPID&. 
Physocephala furcillata. 

TACHINIDE. 
Gonia capitata ; Echinomyia algens ; Panzeria radicum. 

DEXID#. 
Ptilodexia tibialis. 
SARCOPHAGID. 

Lucilia Cesar. 

MUSCID-. 


Mesembrina mystacea. 


ON THE CORNICLES OF THE APHID. 
BY J. R. DE LA TORRE BUENO, NEW YORK. 


Among the many interesting matters discussed at the New York 
meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists, the question of 
the source of the so-called honey-dew of the Aphides was touched upon by 
some of the members present, and doubts were freely expressed as to its 
being ejected at the cornicles, although so stated in the majority of works. 
By a curious coincidence, I received, from Professor Geza von Horvath, 
of Buda-Pesth, a separate of a paper he published, in 1905, on the matter, 
(Sur les cornicules ou nectaires des Aphidien, C. R. 6me. Congr. intern. 
de Zool.), of which what follows is an abstract. 


The learned Hungarian briefly mentions the nature, position and 
dimensions of the tubes, and then proceeds to review the opinions of 


Reaumur, Bonnet, Linné, to whose great authority he attributes the prev- 
March, 1y07. 


100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


alence of the notion that the Aphides eject the honey-dew through the 
cornicles; Kyber, Kaltenbach, Forel and others, who held to the views of 
Bonnet. | 

It can, however, be easily ascertained that the honey-dew is excreted 
exclusively through the anus and never by the cornicles. When an ant 
strokes an Aphis with its antenne, a clear drop appears, always at the end 
of the abdomen, whilst the cornicles excrete nothing. On the other 
hand, if an Aphis be picked up in the fingers, or if it be touched .with a 
straw, a tiny drop at once appears at one or beth cornicles, which is 
always coloured. 

Certain authors have held that these appendages formed part of the 
respiratory system, a theory clearly erronerous. Witlaczil has even 
thought that they appertained to the urinary system, but, on the one hand, 
the product of the basal glands of the cornicles does not show any of the 
uric acid reactions ; and, on the other hand, Kowalevsky has demon- 
strated that in the Aphides the end of the intestine is functional as an 
urinary organ in the absence of the Malpighian tubes. Professor Knor’s 
analysis, published by Bisgen, proved that the viscous liquid excreted 
through the cornicles is a waxy substance, 


‘In order to understand the object of this waxy matter, one should 
observe a colony of living Aphides. It can then be seen that the colony 
rids itself of its excreta through the anus in the form of clear drops, 
especially when they are stroked by their friends the ants; during this 
operation their cornicles are quiescent and inactive and show no change. 
But if an aphidophagus insect, particularly a Coccinellid or the larva of a 
Chrysopa, approaches a plant louse, the latter puts out at the tip of one or 
the other cornicle a tiny viscous drop, aims the cornicle towards its enemy 
and endeavours to apply the drop to the head, the jaws or the thorax. ‘If 
this manceuvre is successful, the enemy retires at once and does all it can 
to rid itself of the adherent drop, which dries at once, and which is ap- 
parently extremely disagreeable to it.” Hence Dr. Horvath defines the 
cornicles thus : 


“‘ The cornicles of the Aphides are the excretory canals of wax-pro-_ 
ducing glands differentiated in a special manner, and the product of which 
is a means of defence against the Coccinellide and the Chrysopide.” 

Those unfurnished with cornicles do not need this protection, since 
some live underground and others are covered with a waxy secretion. 
There are few Apnides unprovided with either of these means of defence. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS?, 101 


NOTE ON PLATAEA CALIFORNIARIA, HERR.-SCH., AND 
ITS ALLIES. 
BY GEO. W. TAYLOR, WELLINGTON, B. C. 


Two species appear to be confused in our recent lists under the 
name P. Californiaria. The one species is properly entitled to the name, 
the other is the Gorytodes uncanaria of Guenée. 

Packard in one of his early papers! describes wacanaria from 
Californian specimens, but amongst them he had evidently a specimen of 
Californiaria, for that is the insect he figures in the photographic plate” 
accompanying the article. 

In the course of his description, too, he makes occasional reference 
to differences shown by certain specimens, which are just the differences 
that are seen in comparing the two forms. 

In the monograph* the same confusion exists. The description 
is mainly uzcanaria, while the figure is Ca/tforniaria. 

In this work Cadiforniaria is placed as a synomyn of wacanarta, 
although it is really the prior name. 

Henry Edwards* was the first to point out the fact that we have 
two species here, but he, taking it for granted, I suppose, that wacanarta 
properly included Ca/iforniaria, Herr.-Sch., renamed the latter form 
personaria. He points out the differences very clearly, and they can be 
readily seen if the two species are placed side by side. 

In Californiaria (=personaria) the intra-disca] line runs from the 
costa to the base of vein 2 before turning towards the inner margin. In 
uncanaria it runs ina straight line to the base of vein 3. In the first 
named the discal spot on the fore wing is d/ack, in uncanaria it is black 
pupilled with a lighter shade; and in the third place in Cadiforniaria the 
median band is much narrower on the costa and much more deeply 
toothed on its outer edge than the corresponding band in umcanarta. 

A third species belonging to the same group in the genus is P. diva, 
Hulst. This- agrees in wing shape with w#canaria, but is very different 
in colour, being (if I have rightly identified my specimen from Huist’s 
description) a very dark gray, with a much more regularly scalloped extra- 
discal line than has wacanaria, and with the dark submarginal shade on 


(1) Proc. Bost., Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, 221. 
(z) Plate I, fig. 24. 

(3) Page 201, pl. IX, fig. 32. 

(4) Papilio, vol. 1, p. 120. 

March, 1907. 


FOZ 5s: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


the fore wing fo//owing the faint submarginal white line instead of pre-. 
ceding it as it does in both wacanaria and Californiarta, 
Our species should stand as follows : 
(1) Plataea Californiaria, Herr.-Sch. 
=personaria, Hy. Edw. 


(2) ae. uncanaria, Guenée. 
(2)a2: diva, Hulst. 
(aj P trilinearia, Packard. 


=? dulcearia, Grote. ire 
Californiaria seems to be widely distributed in the State, and to be 
common in April and May. 


Uncanaria is not socommon. My specimens were taken in Sonoma 
County in May. 

Diva is rare in collections. The type was from the Argus Mountains 
(Riley), and my own specimen was received from Mr. F. Grinnell, who 
took it on the San Bernardino mountains, at an elevation of 8,500 feet. 

Trilinearia is the most abundant form. Dyar’s list gives Texas: 
Colorado, Arizona and Nevada as localities, and I can add to these 
California, Kansas, British Columbia and Alberta. 

Dulcearia, Grote, is placed by Hulst as a synomyn of ¢rz/imearia, 
and probably quite rightly. Grote, however, says that the two can readily 
be distinguished, and I must say I have never seen a specimen quite 
agreeing with Grote’s diagnosis. Possibly Grote may have been misled 
by the very faulty figure in Monograph. ; ; 

The Cleora demorsaria of Strecker,’ which is placed in the genus 
Plataea by Hulst, is said by Or. Dyar to be based on a specimen of 
Spodolepts substriatarta. 


A NEW CANADIAN SPECIES OF COPIDOSOMA. 
BY L. 0. HOWARD, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


The little Chalcidid parasites of Lepidopterous larve belonging to 
the genera Copidosoma, Litomastix and Ageniaspis, are of especial in- 
terest at this time, on account of the extraordinary discoveries in the de- 
velopment of these forms that have been made by Marchal and Silvestri. 
Mr. H. H. Lyman some time ago rearing a number of specimens of one 
of these insects from the larve of Anacampsts lupinella, Busck, taken on 
a species of Lupinus at Toronto, sent the reared specimens to the Depart- 


(5) Lep. Rhop. Het., suppl. 2, p. 9. 


March, 1907. - 
“ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103 


ment of Agriculture, at Washington, and Doctor Ashmead gave them the 
manuscript name of Copidosoma Lymani,n.sp. Dr. Ashmead’s sad and 
serious illness has stopped his work surely for a long time to come, and, 
at Mr. Lyman’s request, I have described the new form, and submit the 
description as follows : . 

Copidosoma Lymani, n.sp.—Female. Length, 0.92 mm,; expanse> 
2.1 mm.; antennz inserted quite at the mouth corner; cheeks about as 
long as the eyes ; vertex slightly rounded above eyes ; front well rounded. 
Facial depression beginning opposite lower third of eye, and continuing 
somewhat divergently to mouth border; a medianjfcarina beginning 
dorsad with a smooth, elevated tubercle, which is not distinct on its 
ventral aspect, and widening slightly towards mouth border. First funicle 
joint one-third length of pedicel and narrower ; other funicle*joints gradu- 
ally increasing in length and extremely gradually in width. Face and 
notum, including tegule, finely shagreened ; mesopleura faintly striate. 
Head and mesonotum metallic bluish-green ; mesoscutum brown, with 
brownish metallic reflections ; mesopleura dark metallic purplish, brownish 
and bronzy caudally ; antennal scape, dark brown, lighter at extremities ; 
flagellum dark honey-yellow, darker at joints; abdomen shining black ; 
all femora brown ; front tibiz and all tarsi light yellowish ; middle tibiz 
brown near base ; hind tibie with basal half brown. 

Described from nine specimens. Host, Anacampsis lupinella. 
Habitat, Toronto, Canada. Collector and breeder, H. H. Lyman. Type 
No. 9779, U. S. National Museum. 


CHIONEA VALGA IN MINNESOTA. 

On page 275, August, 1906, Can. Enr., is an article from C. N. 
Ainslie, of Rochester, Minn,, somewhat discrediting the finding of Chzonea 
valga in Minnesota previous to his finding it in December, 1905. 

I am just in receipt of aletter from Prof. J. M. Aldrich, in which he 
says that he has in his collection a specimen ‘of this insect with Dr. 
Lugger’s label on it. Further, that he distinctly remembers seeing, in 


Lugger’s collection, in 1888, at least two more specimens of this insect. 
It would seem, then, that Dr. Lugger was justified in figuring it in his 
Second Annual Report, and that it was found in Minnesota previous to 
1905. ; 

In making up our report for 1905 on the Diptera of Minnesota, we 
used a figure found among the cuts here, drawn by Miss Houenstein, 
which Dr. Lugger evidently intended to use had he lived to carry out his 
plans.—F L. WasHepurn, State Entomologist, St. Anthony Park, Minn. 


104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


THE OCCURRENCE OF ACHLARUS LYCIDAS AND LAERTIAS 
PHILENOR NEAR BOSTON, MASS. 


During the three years prior to 1994, I collected very frequently in 
the Middlesex Fells Reservation, which includes‘parts of Malden, Melrose, 
Medford, and Stoneham. I found A. Zycidas quite common, and in com- 
pany with Lpargyreus tityrus, on red clover blossoms at the south side 
of the Fells Reservoir and along the driveways near it.. The single 
remaining specimen of my captures from this locality is dated June 17, 
igo2.. I “do not remember taking it in any other locality, but Mr. J. H. 
Rogers, Jr., stated at a recent meeting of the Cambridge Entomological 
Club in Boston, that it was quite common in Medford. Mr. H.’H. New- 
comb, President of the Club, said that the occurrence of this ‘species in 
this locality had tong been known to Boston entomologists. 

While I have probably seen Laertias philenor flying, | have never 
yet taken it in Massachusetts. Mr. W. L. W. Field, in a short article on 
Varying Abundance of Certain Butterflies, published in Psyche, Vol. 
XII, p. 76, remarks: “ Zaertias phil/enor appears-occasionally in great 
numbers in the neighbourhood of Boston, but after a season of plentiful- 
ness it vanishes.” C. A. Frost, South Framingham, Mass. 


Mr. Harris’s query as to Papilio ( Laertias) philenor and A. lycidas, 
on page 68 of the February issue of the EN¢OMOLOGIST, is just noticed. 
There is nothing unusual in either of these at Melrose, Mass. Philenor 
has been taken by me at-Bar Harbor, Maine; it has been very common 
for years in the swamps near Greenwich, Conn., and I have twice seen it 
in the Berkshires. It naturally follows several introduced plants. 

While writing, I wish to add Winnetka, Illinois, just north of Chicago, 
as an unreported locality for Zerzas delia and Pamphila Aaroni. 

EuGENE Murray Aaron, Chicago. 


BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH—ENT. SOC. ONTARIO. 

The sixth annual meeting was held in Vancouver on the 25th of 
January. ‘The election of officers resulted as follows: Prestdent, Rey. G. 
W. Taylor ; Vice-President, Mr. A. S. Bush ; Secretary-Ti iis 3 Mr. 
R. V. Harvey: 

Mr. Harvey reviewed the work of the past year, and pointed out the 
value of the “Bulletin” as a permanent record of that work. He referred 
to the difficulty encountered by members in having their Hymenoptera 
and Coleoptera determined, and suggested that an effort should be made 
this season to obtain a more comple<e knowledge of local Coleoptera. He 
also asked for more hearty co-operation in keeping up the Bulletin. 

A discussion on labels followed, and it was recommended that green 
paper be used for all Vancouver Island labels, and rose-colour for 
Vancouver city and neighbourhood. Mr. Bryant described his collecting 
experiences on the Stikine and Taku rivers. A spring meeting will be 
held at Duncan’s about Aprii roth. 


Mailed March 7th, 1907. 


Oo. x wa KIX. LONDON, APRIL, 1907. No. 4. 


HABITS OF SOME MANITOBA “TIGER BEETLES” 
( CICINDELA ). 


BY NORMAN CRIDDLE, AWEME, MANITOBA. 


This paper is the result of two years’ study and a number of years’ 
collecting in the neighbourhood of Aweme, Manitoba. It has no pretence 
of being complete in all details or of taking in all the forms inhabiting the 
Province, a very small portion of which has yet been collected over. The 
species and varieties mentioned, with the exception of Airtico//is and 
pusilla, have been under personal observation, and all have been collected ° 
within twelve miles of Aweme, which is in latitude 49°, 42’; the height 
above the sea averaging about 1,180 feet. 


In working up the habits of these insects I have received much 
valuable information through the generous assistance of Prof. Wickham, 
to whom my grateful thanks are due. I am also under deep obligation to 
Mr. E. D. Harris for supplying me with much information. 


The species are arranged according to Dr. W. Horn’s Index. 


In habits, the Manitoba, and probably all the North American 
species, could be divided into two groups ; namely, those which hatch 
out in August, or thereabouts, and hibernate, and those species, such as 
lepida, which appear from pupz towards the end of June and die before 
winter sets in. 

This somewhat interesting difference in habit has not, so far as I am 
aware, received any marked attention, though I am inclined to believe 
that it has been a factor of some importance in the modification of a 
number of species. . 

The individuals of the first of these groups, at the approach of winter, 
search out a suitable situation and excavate a hole in which they pass the 
winter. ‘The depth of burrow varies considerably with the different 
species, and even toa marked extent in forms that are classed as sub- 
species. ‘The choice of a locality for hibernation varies according to the 
species, but all seem to prefer a situation in which there is a slant facing 
the south, so that they get full advantage of the sun. In investigating the 
methods of hibernation I have found that a shallow hole dug in the 


106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


vicinity of. a Cicindela locality always proves productive, and that large 
numbers will congregate from all parts to seek their winter homes in such 
places. The hole, however, should be dug a month or more before the 
hibernating season commences. 

In digging, the beetles loosen the earth with their mandibles, and use 
one leg at a time when kicking the earth back. For the first three to 
eight inches the hole is dug at an angle, after which it usually goes down 
in an almost perpendicular direction, though it often happens that when 
starting after an interval of rest the beetles will take a slightly different 
direction, so that the hole is never straight, but turns first one way and 
then another. For the first six to fifteen inches the earth is thrown out, 
but after this depth is reached the hole is gradually filled in moderately 
tightly. From four to ten inches being leit unfilled at the bottom to 
enable the beetle to work its way out. 

The hole is nearly always wide enough at all points to allow the 
beetle to turn round, and is always so at the bottom. When the hole is 
completed, the beetle turns round and faces the top, ready for digging its 
way out the next spring, when it emerges in. practically as perfect 
condition as when it went in. 

A few species, and these closely related, probably dig below the usual 
frost line, but many do not, as I have dug out several kinds that were in 
the solid frozen ground and were quite motionless, and which took fully 
half an hour to become even moderately active in a warm place. All the 
hibernating forms become sluggish, and eventually torpid as the earth gets 
cold and frozen. 

There are, no doubt, many belonging to this group that never leave. 
their winter homes, especially those kinds that inhabit localities close to 
water. In fact, itis by no means an uncommon occurrence to find dead 
specimens of the previous year when digging out live ones. Hundreds 
were found hibernating in 1906 only five feet above low-water mark in the 
banks of the Assiniboine River, which the rise of the water in the spring 
would almost surely totally destroy. 

The second of our groups contains strictly summer species, which do 
not pass the winter in the imago stage, but only as larvie, possibly as 
pup orova. There are, however, in the United States some species that 
are probably intermediate between the two groups, which either pass the 
winter In very shallow holes or under stones, fallen trees, etc., but these, 


though difficult to distinguish from the summer species, strictly belong to 
our-first group. z 


. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107 


In no case can I find any evidence to warrant the belief that any of 
our native forms are double-brooded, and it seems highly probable that 
the same could be said of all North American Cicindelide. From my 
investigations I was inclined to think that no specimens emerged from 
pupz in the springtime, but Mr. E. D. Harris writes that he has collected 
specimens in the early spring that “bear unmistakable evidence of very 
recent emergence from the pupa condition,” and he suggests that these 
are belated specimens which failed to appear at the usual time in the 
early autumn. 


I can give little information as to the habits of the larvae. Most of, 
and probably all, the Manitoba Cicindelas pass one winter as larvee, and 
indications point in some cases to two winters being passed in this 
condition. Unfortunately, [ am unable to write with exactitude in this 
matter, but think it well to draw attention to the subject. 


The larvee are by no means the helpless creatures out of their holes 
some writers think. ‘They can crawl readily, and, undoubtedly, in some 
cases leave one hole and dig another. At the approach of winter they 
commence deepening their holes, and, like those of the beetles, when 
completed the holes vary in depth with the different species. In digging, 
the insects loosen the earth with the mandibles, and then shove that flat 
shovel-like structure of the head and prothorax under the loosened earth 
until sufficient has been received to make a load, when the insect turns 
round and works its way up, holding the “shovei” in a horizontal position 
until it gets level with the top of the hole, when the head and “shovel” is 
suddenly jerked backwards, which throws the earth two or three inches 
away. lLarvee that were watched took from 70 to 113 seconds between 
each load of earth when the holes were about 14 inches deep. 


The plates of the head and prothorax form a most interesting 
Structure, which has apparently been specialty modified for the purpose 
of digging and carrying earth to the surface. 


For the first portion of the season most of the work is done at night 
or in the evening and early morning, but as the season advances digging 
is also done in the daytime, especially if the weather is cold. Usually 
larve are found digging a week or more later in the season than the 
imagoes. As the holes get deeper the sand becomes gradualiy piled up 
so that the insects are unable to throw it so far away, and at last the earth, 
by rolling back, blocks the entrance, though not, J believe, until the 
correct depth has been attained, as in some cases the hole is built up 


108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


through the loose sand. When finished the hole is usually blocked near 
the top, and in some cases further down, after which the larva retires to 
the bottom for the winter. 

. To a beginner the holes are much like those made by a burrowing- 
spider, for which they usually pass. They can, however, be at once 
distinguished from these by the absence of web at the entrance, and nearly 
always by the formation of the heaps of sand thrown out. Those of 
spiders are nearly always in a complete circle, while those of Cicindela 
larvee are either in one heap or in two opposite each other. 

The larvee are always enormously abundant in comparison with the 
beetles, which shows that large numbers must perish, though by what 
means I am unable to say. 

The beetles are sometimes destroyed in large numbers by badgers. 

The habits of each species, sub-species or aberration follow under 
separate headings. 

Cicindela formosa, aber. Manitoba, Leng.—The largest of our 
Manitoba tiger-beetles. This form is not very, well differentiated from 
generosa, and I have specimens of both before me that I am only able to 
separate with difficulty, though with the average specimen J/anitoba is 
easily distinguished by the broadness of the elytral markings, which in 
some cases cover nearly two-thirds of the elytra. Some specimens also 
run rather closely to formosa in colour and markings. In newly-hatched - 
specimens the anterior portion of the elytra is sparsely clothed with 
fine hairs. : ' 

These handsome beetles are strong fliers. They usually inhabit the 
edges of sandy blow-outs where the vegetation is straggling and far 
between. The new brood appears about the second week in August, and 
is overlapped by the old brood to the extent of about ten days. 

Manitoba is among the earlier kinds to commence winter quarters, 
choosing much the same locality as /¢mbata, but in places rather more 
sheltered. For depth of hole this form stands out alone. The average 
depth of burrow from the entrance is 38 inches, in soft sand the depth is ~ 
about 44 inches. The deepest hole measured was 47 inches, and the 
shallowest 25. Larvz holes that probably belonged to this form were 
from 30 to 48 inches deep. They were in rather denser vegetation than 
where the beetles are usually found, but were close to blow-outs inhabited 
by ALanitoba. 

_ Manitoba has been noted feeding upon Disonycha guinquevittata, 
and upon other Crysomelide, as well as upon ants. . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109 


Creindela venusta, Lec.—Dry sandy fields and smail blow-outs in 
which there is some vegetation are the favourite habitations of venzusta. 
This species is sometimes found in company with AZanitoba in Manitoba 
localities, but J/ansfoba is seldom found in the favourite hunting-ground 
of venusta. Venusta is a strong flier, though not quite as strong as 
Manitoba, It is among our most common species, and is found through- 
out the season. The old brood begins to disappear about the middle of July, 
and the new appears early in August. The old brood overlaps the new 
toa small extent. Small open places with a slope facing south are the 
spots most frequently selected for hibernation ; burrows are also found 
among vegetation on the edges of drifting sand. The average depth of 49 
specimens dug out was 19!% inches, the deepest 32 inches and the 
shallowest 12 inches. In soft sand about 22 inches is the average depth. 


I believe the larvee hibernate at greater depth than the beetles, but 
exact data are lacking owing to the similarity of some of the species. 


Cicixzdela limbata, Say.—One of the most abundant of our tiger- 
beetles, abounds on large sandy blow-outs where the vegetation is scanty. 
It is sometimes found on very small patches of drifting soil, but is always 
much more plentiful on white sand that is constantly drifting. After high 
winds they are sometimes found in large numbers in hollows or among 
grass on the opposite side from which the wind has been blowing. They 
are found copulating from early in June to quite late in July, often partly 
buried in the sand. ‘Towards the end of July a great many die off, but 
some remain in activity until after the new brood has made its appearance 
during the first and second week of August, specimens of the old brood 
being at once recognized by the hardness of the elytra, which are also 
often partly discoloured in old specimens, while in the new they are soft, 
and make poor cabinet specimens for two weeks or more after they appear, 
but in this they differ little from other species, 


Towards the end of August a few begin to dig out their winter homes, 
especially on small blow-outs where the ground is dark. By the tenth of 
September most of the specimens are at work in the above localities, but 
on white sand they remain tolerably numerous until the last of the month, 
In 1906 all had disappeared by the 6th of October. 

The places chosen for hibernation are at the edges of blow-outs, 
though, as a rule, in the soft sand. Slopes that are facing the sun at mid- 
day are much preferred. The holes average 11 inches from the entrance. 
The deepest measured was 17 inches, and the shallowest 7 inches. 


110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Limbata is one of the first species to make its appearance in the 
spring. They have been found in sunny spots on the 3rd of April. 
Doubuless their early appearance is due to the shallowness of their burrows 
and the warmth of the sand when exposed to the sun. 


The larve pass the winter in holes of about the same depth as the 
beetles. They can, however, stand much mote cold, and remain active 
for nearly a month later. In 1906 the last was found digging on the 26th 
of October, at a time when the ground was frozen to an inch in'depth 
and the temperature was below freezing. . A larva dug out on the 24th of 
October dug to a depth of 4% inches in 18 hours, with probably large 
intervals of rest. Larve are often found in the middle of blow-outs, 
though they prefer to dig near grass or weeds. 


Cicindela purpurea, sub-sp., Zimbalis, Klug.—Ii- summer inhabits 
damp ground. The hills of pocket-gophers (Geomy:de) in meadows 
are favourite haunts. It is also found in company with vepanda on wet 
roadways, and with 72-gutfafa on the banks of rivers. Copulation takes 
place in May. ‘This insect is nowhere common, and 1s nearly always 
found singly or in pairs. About the middle of September they seek out a 
somewhat drier spot than their usual summer hunting-ground in which to 
pass the winter, and they are then found in many odd places. Edges of 
sandy blow-outs, stubble fields, sand pits, dry roadways and clay banks 
are among the places where they have been discovered. In sand the 
depth of hole is about 16 inches, in clay it is 6 inches, and on the edge 
of roadways where the ground was hard and rooty two specimens were 
found hibernating only 3 inches below the surface, while in sand the 
deepest hole was 1g inches. 

Limbatis is rather a late form to appear in the spring. The beetles 
first emerge from pupz in August. =a 

Cicindela duodecimguttata, Dej.—An abundant species along river 
banks wherever there is mud or wet.sand. They differ from vepanda in 
preferring localities close to running streams, often going right to the 
water's edge in search of food. ‘The form collected at Aweme has much 
the same markings as repanda, excepting that they are narrower and do 
not extend as much at the margin, some also have the markings broken 
more like the typical form. 

I am indebted to Prof. Wickham for the determination of this species. 

The winter homes of 72-gu¢tata are usually close to their summer 
ones, being dug into the river banks where there are open spots, from 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Dit 


four to twelve feet from the level of the river. With these species that 
dig into banks of streams the holes are usually somewhat on the slant. 
One hundred and forty-eight specimens were dug out, and their holes 
measured. In sandy soil these averaged 16 inches, deepest 20 inches, 
shallowest to inches. In clay or gravel the average depth was 7 inches, 
deepest 10 and shallowest 2 inches. 


Two or three specimens were often found in the same hole, and 50 
or more might be dug out within the space of a square yard. 72-guttata 
is the latest of the Aweme tiger-beetles to hibernate, specimens in 1906 
being still numerous on the 14th of October, and a few were found quite 
active, just commencing to excavate burrows, as late as the 2oth of 
October, after heavy frosts. 


Larva holes are usually very numerous all up the river banks near 
where the adults hibernate. The holes generally slant obliquely into the 
banks. They average in depth from 6 to 15 inches, but in summer time - 
they are often only 4 or 5 inches deep. Both larve and imagoes must 
often perish in their winter homes when the water rises above them. 


C. 12-guttata, sub-sp., repanda, Dej.—Common along muddy road- 
ways and wet fields. I have found it in abundance along furrows and 
in wet spots in tall grain, and also on sand in wet localities, and in lesser 
numbers on rather muddy spots along river banks. 

Repanda appears in the spring with 72-gu¢fata, rather later than the 
other forms, probably owing to their habit of usually hibernating in cold, 
damp ground, which takes longer to warm up. ‘The old brood overlaps 
the new to the extent of about ten days... The new brood begins to 
appear late in July and during the beginning of August. ‘They are one 
of the later tigers to hibernate, and owing to their inhabiting wet spots 
they have often to seek winter quarters some distance away. ‘They have 
been found hibernating fully half a mile from their summer hunting- 
grounds, and, no doubt, in some cases go much farther. Hillsides or 
banks with little vegetation are usuaily chosen as winter quarters, In 
sandy localities repanda digs to an average depth of 19 inches, the 
deepest hole examined being 22 inches, shallowest 18. In clay the depth 
of hole is often only 6 or 8 inches, but when found in company with 
r2-guttata their holes average from 2 to 4 inches deeper than that 
species. Both s2-yuttata and tranguebarica have been found in the 
same hole as refanda while hibernating. 


1 ay THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Cicindela hirticollis, Say.—A single specimen has been collected 
at Aweme, which was confused with other species at the time. Unfor- 
tunately, no data are available as to habits or time of capture. From its 
appearance, however, I am convinced that it hibernates. Prof. Wickham 
says of this species: ‘‘Has much the same habits as repanda, but is less 
commonly found in the interior.”* _ 

Cicindela tranguebarica, Herbst.—Found on open spots in almost 
all localities in small numbers. Dry land and wet land, sand, mud or 
alkali seem to be alike suitable to its tastes. I have found this species 
hibernating in clay within five feet of the water of a river, and also in 
dryish sand fully a hundred feet above the water level, with no water in 
the vicinity. Roadways, stubble fields, muddy flats and pure sand blow-- 
outs are where it is found most plentiful, but itis always where the 
vegetation is very scanty. It has been feund in company with all the 
forms mentioned in this paper, and in the same hole as 72-guttata and 
/imbalis while hibernating. It has also been found hibernating near all 
the other hibernating kind. The average depth of the winter hole in 
sandy land is 18 inches, deepest 24 inches, shallowest 11 inches. In clay 
it averages 814 inches, deepest 12, shallowest 6 inches. 

This species appears from pupa during the middle and latter part of. 
August. In the spring it appears from its winter home.with wenusta as 
soon as the ground thaws out. It is one of the late species to hibernate. 

Ants, small beetles, aphides and cutworms are among its food. 

The form found in Manitoba is broadly marked, and has, until 
recently, been known as od/:guata. 

C. longilabris, aber. JJontana, \ec.—Black or bronze above, with 
only a slight indenture to show where the middle’ band has been. In 
some this band is partly visible. ai 

Montana inhabits bare spots on dark and dryish land ; roadways are 
seemingly preferred. It has also been taken on ploughed fields, but no- 
where plentifully. Unfortunately, I have been unable to secure this form 
in its winter home, though it undoubtedly hibernates. The new brood 
makes its appearance towards the end of July and begining of August. 
This form when disturbed usually flies into the grass, and is then easily 
captured. 

C. obscura, aber. Lecontet, Hald.—This form in Manitoba usually 
has the markings all united so as to form a white margin. The colour 
varies from bright green to an iridescent-wine colour. 


“Habits of American Cicindelide, p. 220, f 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 113 


Lecontei is found in dry situations. Sandy fields or the edges of 
drifting sand among sparse vegetation are its favourite spots. It is found 
in company with Manitoba, venusta and tranguebarica, but nowhere 
commonly. The new brood appears in August, and they begin to excavate 
their winter quarters early in September, being one of the first tiger-beetles 
to disappear. The burrows are nearly always made in very small open- 
ings, not more than a foot or so wide, surrounded by weeds, etc., being 
the least open locality of any of our forms or species, with the possible 
exception of Montana. The average depth of hole of a number measured, 
from the entrance, was 16 inches, the deepest being 22 inches and 
shallowest 10 inches. The beetles appear again in the spring in April, at 
about the same time as venusta, and disappear late in July, about a week 
before the new brood appears. This form has been seen feeding upon 
cutworms. 5 

C. punctulata, Oliv.—A summer species. Appears late in June and 
dies off towards the end of August. At Aweme it is found on old trails 
and on prairie where the grass is thin. Appears to be confined to a few 
spots, where it is usually plentiful. 

The larve were found in holes on the prairie in small mossy places 
between clumps of grass in dry situations, at an average depth of 21 inches, 
the deepest hole being 26 inches and the shallowest 18 inches. Most of 
the holes at this date (Oct. 7) were filled up tightly near the top, and again 
about four inches lower down, so that it was very difficult to push a grass- 
stalk down them. As with other species, the larve "greatly exceed the 
beetles in numbers. 

C. pusit/a, Say—This species is taken by Mr. L. E. Marmont, of 
Rounthwaite, which is only about 12 miles from Aweme. It occurs on 
roads and bare spots where the land is of a very black colour. Mr. 
Marmont takes pwsi//a in July and August. -One he collected as late as 
the 24th of August. No sign of the beetles could be found in June, and 
this fact, combined with the general appearance of the insect, leads me to 
the conclusion that it is probably a summer species that dies‘at the 
-approach of winter. 

Pusilla has also been taken by Mr. A. W. Hanham at Bird’s Hill, 
near Winnipeg. Mr. Hanham says, from his experience, js://a never 
flies, but runs very rapidly, “easily disappearing off the trail into the long 
grass and so away.” He adds that he only took two or three at the most. 
Mr. Marmont on one occasion caught a specimen in a pail of milk. 


114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The species varies in colour from dull green to black. There is also 
considerable variation in markings, some specimens being almost 
immaculate. 

C. lepida, Dej.—Only found on drifting sand planes,’ on sand, 
which they very closely resemble in colour. ‘This is the weakest flier of 
any Manitoba tiger-beetle that I have collected, and towards the end of 
their season, at about the time when eggs are being deposited, the females 
make no attempt to fly, but are obliged to trust entirely to their running 
powers as a means of escape. They are usually found on the sunny side 
of a drifting sand-bank, where they get blown by the wind. 

Lepida appears late in June, and is most numerous in July. It 
disappears towards the end of August. I have cnly once found it at al! 
plentiful. : 


NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF MEMBRACIDAL. 
BY C. F. BAKER, ESTACION AGRONOMICA, SANTIAGO DE LAS VEGAS, CUBA. 
CENTROTIDA. 

Gerridius abbreviatus, 0. sp. 

Length, 4.5 mm., male. General form na colour of G. scutellatus, 
but differing widely in the following characters: Legs mostly piceous ; the 
scutellar protuberance directed somewhat forward instead of backward ; 
marks of tegmina arranged in the same pattern, but the oblique band at 
the middle of tegmina very broad and heavy, being three times as broad 
at middle of tegmina as at tip of clavus; tegmina with apical margin 
entirely fuscous, the larger spot at outer tip much broader than long. The 
most distinctive character lies in the form of the tegmina, which are much 
shorter than in G. sewted/atus, the middle apical cell being two-thirds the 
length of the second discoidal cell, the same cell in G. scutellatus not 
being one-half of second discoidal. 

I collected this interesting species at San Marcos, an Indian pueblo 
well up in the western coast range of Nicaragua. 


. 


Ischnocentrus niger, Stal. 

The small dark males and the larger paler females lorietnally described 
as J. ferrugtnosus, Stal.) 1 found not uncommon at San Marcos, Grenada, 
and Chinandega in Nicaragua, these points all being far-north of the 
records given in Biol. Cent. Amer. 

SMILIDA. 

Cyrtolobus Vanduszei, Godg. 

This species was formerly described by Goding under the genus 
Smilia, a genus noted eps for thé great elevation, of the pronotum 

April, 1907 


© 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115 


over the lateral angles. But the present species has the form not of 
Smilia, but of Cyrtolobus. ‘These two genera cannot be separated by the 
presence or absence of a cross-vein between the two ulnar veins, since this 
cross-vein is frequently absent in Cy7/o/obus, and is commonly present or 
represented by rudiments in Smz/za; indeed, numerous specimens in both 
genera may be found that are Cyr/o/odus on one side and Smit/ia on the 
other, and this is a common condition in the species under discussion. 
However, Cyrto/odus rarely has the pronotum at all elevated so far forward 
as above the lateral angles. 


Telamonanthe Rileyi, Godg. 


During ail the days of collecting I was able to crowd into a busy three 
years on the West Coast, I was continually looking for the two species of 
Telamona described by Goding as Rileyi and Coguilletii. Though I 
collected some Zé/amona related to the rec/ivata of Fitch, still there were 
no Ze/amona that possessed the characters of these species. I had, how- 
ever, taken a series of specimens in Middle and Southern California, and 
received others from Oregon, of a species certainly as variable as any 
Telamona, but belonging in another group of the family. It possessed a 
petioled apical cell in the wings, and had, besides, the tegminal venation 
nearly, and also the very strongly produced shoulders of Antianthe. Its 
pronotal hump was more like that of certain Ze/amona than Antianthe, 
not being quite so evenly rounded in front, and rather deeply depressed 
behind. In two other important particulars it differs widely from 
Antianthe: the radial nervure is distant from the costa and quite close to 
the outer ulnar, leaving a broad costal area; almost the whole area-bounded 
by the costa and the inner ulnar, except at extreme apex just before the 
apical areas, is thick coriaceous and strongly punctate throughout. 


I had separated this as a new genus and species, and was about to 
describe it when, through the kindness of Dr. Howard and Mr. Heide- 
man, | was able to study authentic apecimens of Goding’s Zelamona 
Rileyi and 7; Coguilletii. In these specimens I found the very species 
with which I had been working, both representing merely such forms as [ 
possessed a number of within the same species limits, and such as might 
be found in considerable numbers in almost any eastern species of 
Cyrtolobus and Telamona. Goding was evidently misled by the general 
form and failed to examine the wing venation, or he would never have 
referred it to Ze/amona. [had named it Ze/amonanthe, and it may bear 
that name, with A7/ey/ as the type and Coyué//etu as a synonym. 


116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In the darker forms (the darkest from Oregon) there is a broad brown 
band with lighter margins, sometimes entirely involving the protuberance, 
and extending downward and backward to the margin of the pronotum. 
The anterior extremity of the brown mark, medially, where the. protuber- 
ance slopes down in front to the. level of the pronotum, persists as a 
characteristic brownish mark even in the palest southern forms, and is 
present as usual in both of the forms named by Goding. 

Micrutalis, sp. 

This genus might almost be called the dominant group of the super- 
family in Central. America and.the West Indies, as it is also in the 
Southern United States. But it is aiso widely distributed in the United 
States and Canada. One has only to collect considerable series in any 
species—say ca/va, which is common in the United States—to discover 
that like some other membracids ( Ze/amona or Cyrtolobus, for instance) 
these species possess a remarkable range of colour variation. Even 
Clastoptera proteus with all its forms is not more protean than some of 
these species of A/‘cru¢alis. But I cannot find in the literature that any 
account has been taken of these marvellous. variations, nor have I seen 
heretofore sufficiently large series in collections to properly illustrate them. 
Many of the A/icrutalis “ species ” of literature have been described from 
one or a few specimens, whereas but very few of the names represent 
more than the merest colour forms, as large series clearly prove. For 
instance, I have now before me from the Southern States, Mexico, Central 
America and the West Indies, a series of one hundred and seventy-two 
specimens, which evidently belong to the one specific group, daria, of 
Fairmaire, some from Belize representing the typical form. 

3ut in the lot there are scarcely two exactly alike, and the gradations 
extend in various directions. For some of these names can be found, like 
mutabilis, Fowler ; a@iscalis, Walker ; pallens, Fowler ; ugubrina, Stal ; 
Tilinotensis, Goding ; apicalis, Goding ; trifurcata, Goding ; occidentatts, 
Goding ; parva, Goding ; and dinotata, Goding. All of these are based 
on the merest colour characters. But we would need twice again as many 
names to designate the other forms which are equally distinct, and all of 
which present the same range of form, size and structural characters as 
the original d/zarva. ‘The relation of this species to ca/va, which appears 


to be generally larger and longer, and the variability of ca/va, are matters 
to be investigated by the many collectors living within the range of calva. 
Part, at any rate, of the South American species of Stal are the merest 
colour forms, and the relation of all of them to dézarza and more northern 


7 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 117 


forms must be established by the collection of large series, before a stable 
nomenclature for the group as a whole can be even suggested. For 
instance, the A/agtata of Stal and the madleifera of Fowler apparently 
belong to the same specific group, being very close, structurally. 
Malleifera as it occurs in Nicaragua, Mexico and Belize, is extremely 
variable. The species of true Acuta/is are also remarkably variable and 
equally worthy of collection and investigation. 
DARNID&. 

Darnoides flavescens, n. Sp. 

Length, about 4.5 mm. This is a pale yellowish-brown species with 
an evenly-rounded, not at all raised pronotum, which is evenly, coarsely 
punctate, and its acute point tipped with black. The sternum is 
blackened. The tip of pronotum reaches the end of clavus. The tegmina 
are glassy hyaline, the nervures are pale at base to dark at tip; at extreme 
base of clavus, and of corium between ulnar vein and costa, the substance 
of the tegmina is coriaceous and strongly punctate, the puncturing 
extending outward some distance along the veins. The claval 
nervure is not half the length of the clavus. The terminal veins are nearly 
Straight except the second from costal margin, which is distally bent 
towards the costa. There is a single large discoidal cell formed by a cross- 
vein between inner and outer ulnar veins before the middle of tegmina. 

This species was collected in Belize, British Honduras, by a former 
student of mine, Mr. J. D. Johnston. 

Darnoides semicrema, n. sp. 

There occurs not uncommonly in the vicinity of Havana, a small 
membracid which bears a remarkable resemblance to Acutalis semicrema, 
and possibly may be found in some collections under that name. It is, 
however, shorter and more robust, and differs wholly in its family and 
genus characters. I cannot find that it has been described. Even if | 
make a synonym, however, I trust that it will be a readily recognizable 
one. It is sometimes necessary to make a synonym in order to properly 
elucidate and bring to light some of the ancient and illy-defined species 
which would otherwise remain merely stumbling blocks in our literature. 

Length, 4.5 mm.; width across pronotum, 2.25 mm. Legs, sternum 
and abdomen of varying shades of shining piceous, lighter on dorsum and 


on tibize and tarsi. The abdominal segments are narrowly margined with 
paler. ‘The sternum anteriorly and a large spot on sides of metathorax 
are more or less white waxy pruinose, the latter spot showing through the 
costal base of tegmina. ‘The head is very short and broad, the vertex 


118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


entirely black to near the front margin of eyes, its surface sparsely and 
microscopically wrinkled and punctured; the remainder of the head is 
yellow. The ocelli are slightly farther from each other than from the 
eyes. The genal margins join the clypeus on either side almost in one 
straight line. The clypeus extends abruptly, evenly rounded, about as 
long as wide. ; 

The pronotum on anterior half is black, the posterior half and the 
sides extending to. shoulders are yellow. Over~-each eye is-a large 
triangular piceous blotch. The pronotum in front is nearly smooth, 
posteriorly dark punctate. Viewed from the side the upper margin of 


posterior half is nearly straight, the lower margin between shoulder and 


lip is trisinuate, the median sinus stronger, and between this and the 
margin a submarginal pitted groove. The tip of pronotum reaches nearly 
to end of first inner apical cell. 


‘The claval nervure is more than half the length of clavus. ‘There are 
three discoidal cells, due to a forking of the outer anteapical nervure and 
a cross-vein between the two ulnars. The basal cell is small and triangular, 
and scarcely half the length of the anteapical cell beyond it. The two 
outer terminal nervures are slightly curved towards the costa. ‘The 
tegmina are somewhat smoky, the nervures dark distally to nearly 
colourless at the base. The claval suture and commisural margin are 
blackened at the extreme base. ‘he corium at base is only punctured 
along the nervures, while one-fourth of the clavus is coriaceous and 
punctate. ‘The central apical cell of wings is long and narrow, the sides 
subparallel and the base truncate. 


MOSQUITO NOTES FOR 1906. 

It has been customary in the past to speak of mosquito larvee or 
wrigglers as dependent on atmospheric air, and to assert that they would 
drown if shut off from the surface for more than a few minutes. When it 
was discovered that some wrigglers with well-developed air-tubes were 
really aquatic, and rarely came to the surface at all until ready to pupate, 
it was necessary to modify that statement and to admit of numerous 
exceptions. Yet the statement is still a serviceable one when applied to 
the more troublesome species, and forms the basis upon which we 


April, 1907 . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 119 


recommend oiling stagnant pools to destroy mosquito life? [ven where it 
is generally true, however, mosquito larvee may, under exceptional condi- 
tions, survive complete submergence for some time. 

Late in the fall of 1905 (November) Mr. H. H. Brehme was collecting 
on the salt marshes under instructions to investigate ice-covered pools, and 
on that day the pools generally had an ice coating one-quarter of an inch 
or more thick. It was necessary to break through this cover to make 
collections, and among other things a number of larve of Culex salinarius 
were found, apparently dead and lying on the bottom. Put into a bottle 
of water they sank and remained there for a time. After a few minutes 
signs of life were observed and feeble movements were noted. Then came 
a few jerks and a feeble effort to reach the surface. After a short period of 


quiescence came another attempt, and yet another, until finally the surface 
was reached, and communication with the outer air was re-established. 
Again the larvee descended, remained below a few minutes, reascended, 
and in about an hour the creatures were as lively as ever. They had been 
cut off from the air for 12 hours at least, had not been caught in the 
freezing ice, but had apparently become torpid and sunk to the bottom. 
With the rise in temperature activity was renewed, and in the laboratory 
the specimens were neariy all brought to maturity. 


November 30, 1906, Mr. Brehme was again collecting on the marshes, 
and in pools covered with thin ice formed during the preceding night, he 
took a number of full-grown larve and two pup of Culex cantator. The 
larvee were scarce, only two or three to a pool, but all were active and 
developed normally. It is quite possible, therefore, that in a mild season 
like that of 1906, a salt-marsh brood might issue as late as December rst, 
and, indeed, a communication received from. Dr. Howard leads me to 
believe that locally such a brood did issue in a neighbouring State. If 
that was also the case in New Jersey it was not noticed, and the insects 
did not get off the marsh. 


We have also been in the habit of considering the adult mosquitoes as 
rather short-lived, and this turns out to be another error, as to quite a 
number of species at least. A striking case noticed in tgo6 was that of 
Culex abfitchi, which until that year was known from New Jersey by only 
a specimen or two as the result of three or four years of close collecting. 
In April of last year the larva was found locally in the Orange Mountains 


120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


in great numbers, and in early May the adult was the common woods 
mosquito, a fierce and persistent biter within its domain, from which it 
did not venture. Week after week these adults continued on, and not 
until late July did they decrease materially in numbers. The last captures 
were August 16, and as all the brood was out of the pools early in May, 
these specimens had lived well over three months, and the bulk of the 
brood had lived close to or quite three months. The possibility of a 
second brood is absolutely excluded, because the Jocal conditions were 
kept under constant observation during the entire period. We begin to 
hope that even in 1907 we may yet learn something new concerning these 


interesting creatures. Joun B. Smiru, New Brunswick, N. J. 


TO COLLECTORS OF NOCTUIDS. 


Sir George Hampson is now working at the Acronyctine for his “Cata- 
logue of the Lepidoptera Phalenz in the British Museum.” He writes 
that this group includes all the genera he has not yet dealt with in Dyar’s 
Catalogue down to page 197. He is very badly off for Canadian species, 
especially from Eastern Canada, in the genera -Apatela, Hadena, Papai- 
pema, Caradrina, etc., and large series of as many species as possible will 
just now be of great assistance to him. I therefore make an appeal to 
Canadian entomologists to help in this great work, and will gladly receive 
and forward free of all expense any specimens which Canadian collectors 
may be willing to send either as donations to the British Museum or as a 
loan for study. I shall be glad if those having duplicates for exchange in 
this genus will correspond with me. The above Catalogue is of special 
use to Lepidopterists of the whole world, and as we now know that 
Canadian specimens will be acceptable, I have little doubt that many 
Canadians will help in building up the collections in the British-Museum, 
which is a safe depository for insects, and where every facility for study is 
given to students from all parts of the world. Good specimens of all 
Noctuids, particularly from Eastern Canada, will also be acceptable, but 
at the present time the Acronyctine are most desired. Letters and 
parcels of specimens can be sent to me free of postage if addressed officially. 
- James FLercHER, Entomologist and Botanist. 

Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 121 


—————— 


NEW MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY W. D. KEARFOTT, MONTCLAIR, N, J. 


(Continued from page 84.) 


Hysterosia Merrickana, Kearf.---1 desire to limit the type of this 
species, ante page 59, to the specimens from New Brighton, Pa., 
consisting of four males and two females, the former expanding 24-26 
mm. and the latter 26-28 mm. I have two examples from Montclair, 
which seem to be identical with those from New Brighton, but there is 
sufficient variation in the specimens from the other localities to warrant 
separating them, al least for the present, or until longer series or breeding 
may prove them to be merely local races or distinct species. 


Until recently I have identified ali of the ochreous-gray and ochreous- 
brown specimens,. having the characteristic dark oblique line from the 
inner fourth to dorsal margin, and a paler basal area before it, as 7% 
inopiana, Haw.; but the accumulation of over one hundred specimens 
from many different localities makes it possible to separate them into a 
number of apparently different forms. The following may be added now, 
and later it may be thought advisable to characterize eight or ten 
additional forms which seem to be different : 

Hysterosia komonana, sp. nov. 

Head and palpi grayish-white, latter lightly shaded with brown outside, 
antenna gray, basal joint ochreous brown; thorax whitish-fawn; abdomen 
light yellowish-gray, segments 6 and 7 light fuscous, anal tuft whitish- 
fawn ; legs whitish-fawn, dusted and banded with bronzy-brown. 


Fore wing : Fold brown; an ochreous-brown shade from inner fifth of 
dorsum turns under costa at middle, without reaching it; before this shade 
the basal area is whitish-fawn ; beyond the shade the whitish-fawn ground 
colour is strigulated with light brown. <A darker dot at end of cell in 
middle of wing. ‘The dark strigulations are somewhat closer together in 
apical end of wing, but not sufficient to form the dark apical patch that is 
so characteristic of this genus. Cilia concolorous, but shining. 

Hind wing yellowish-gray, reticulated with light brown, cilia paler, 
with a darker line near base ; under side the same. Under side fore wing 
light ochreous-brown. 

Expanse, 22-26 mm. 

Nine specimens: Alma, Santa Clara Co., California, hi G. Grundel ; 
Stockton, Utah, Tom Spalding, 


April, 1go7 


122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOL( GIST. 


Flysterosta waracana, sp. Nov. 

Head, palpi and thorax cream-fawn, palpi darker on outside; antenna 
leaden-brown ; abdomen yellowish-white, fuscous on two segments before 
anal segment, with whitish lateral tufts, anal tuft ochreous ; legs whitish, 
dusted and banded with brown. aaa : ate 

Fore wing very pale yellowish-fawn, with only a suggestion of a paler 
oblique basal line. Cilia the same. 

Hind wing purplish-gray, not strigulated, cilia white, divided near base 
by a fuscous darker line; under side the same, but very faintly strigulated. 
Under side fore wing ochreous with a purplish tinge, lighter along costa. 

The females are darker than the males, fore wing ochreous-fawn ; 
hind wing darker purplish-gray. 

Expanse, 15-19 mm. : 

Two male and six female specimens: Regina, Assa., July 15, collected 
by Dr. James Fletcher ; Prince Albert, T. N. Willing. 

Hysterosta riscana, sp. nov. 

Head light yellowish-brown ; palpi cream-white inside and upper 
edge, fuscous brown outside and outer ends antenna yellowish-gray ; 
thorax light yellowish-brown, sides of tuft fuscous-brown, posterior end 
of tuft whitish ; abdomen grayish-fuscous, anal tuft pale ochreous ; legs 
ockreous-white, dusted and banded with dark fuscous-brown. 

Fore wing gray, heavily irrorated with bronzy-black. ‘There is an 
oblique narrow white streak from dorsum near base to upper end of cell, 
about inner third; before this streak the dark scales are lessened, causing a 
gray shade, beyond it they are increased, resulting in a darker shade. The 
apical area, from outer fourth of costa to anal angle, is darker than the rest 
of wing ; before it is a narrow fascia paler than the area before it ; this 
fascia broadens out on dorsal margin, with a spot of whitish scales on anal 
angle, with a few black dots on its outer edge. Cilia bronzy-gray. 

Hind wing bronzy-gray, strigulated with darker vertical lines, cilia 
whitish-gray, with a narrow light basal line, beyond which is a broader 
dark line ; under side very light brownish-white, with strigulations much 
stronger than upper side. Under side fore wing smoky-bronzy fuscous, 
paler on costa, with a dark spot at end of each vein, the one at vein 10 
the largest and darkest. 

Expanse, 14-19 mm. 

Three specimens: Essex Co., Park, New Jersey, Light Trap, July 2 ; 
Glenburn, Pa., July ro and 20, A. E. Lister, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123 


This is allied to & JWerrickana, Kk. It can be separated by the edge 
defining the dark apical area, which in Merrickana is straight, and in 
riscana at upper third turns, goes to costa vertically, making a hump at 
that point. ; 

fysterosia tiscana, sp. nov. 

Expanse, $ 15-18 mm, 9 17-19 mm. 

Head grayish-ochreous ;_ palpi grayish-white inside, bronzy-black 
outside ; antenna brownish-fuscous , middle of thorax and patagia bright 
ochreous-brown, edged on side with blackish-brown, the posterior tips of 


the scales whitish ; abdomen grayish-fuscous, anal tuft cinereous ; legs 
whitish, banded and dusted with bronzy-black. 


Fore wing mottled shades of gray, fuscous and bronzy-black. ‘The 
oblique line from dorsum at inner fourth is almost obsolete, being a more 
intense blackish shade on the dark ground colour ; it is, however, sharply 
outlined on basal side by streak of whitish, mixed with a few ochreous 
scales. ‘There are three black lines in the apical fourth, beginning on costa 
and coming nearly together at tornus. These lines are edged with 
ochreous, and vertical ochreous strigule cross the wing, especially on the 
lower half. between these lines and the base. At the end of cell ig an 
angulated cluster of black scales, margined with white, and between it and 
the inner of the three black lines is a parallel short black line in middle of 
wing. Between the middle black line and termen the ground colour is 
whitish-gray. ‘Terminal line black, cut by three dashes from as many small 
white spots in tornus. Cilia gray. 

Hind wing pale gray, cilia the same, with a darker basal line ; under 
side gray, heavily reticulated with bronzy-brown. Under side fore wing 
smoky-black, spotted with dull ochreous on costa, terminal line black, 
preceded by a dull ochreous line. ‘The females are much darker, thorax 
and fore wing almost uniform bronzy-black, without-any paler markings. 

Five males and four females, Essex County Park, N. J, Aug 1-22 ; 
Light trap. 

Hysterosia Cartwrightana, s}). nov. 

Expanse, 18-24 mm. 

Head and thorax light brownish-ochreous ; paipi whitish inside, light 
brownish-ochreous outside, shaded anteriorly with bronzy-brown ; antenna 


brownish-fuscous ; abdomen ochreous-fuscous ; legs whitish, banded and 
dusted with bronzy-black. 


124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Fore wing light ochreous-brown, shaded with yellowish-fawn below 
the fold, and with grayish on the outer half of wing. The dark shades and 
line are bronzy-black. The dorsal oblique shade from inner fourth is 
distinct, and ends in a horizontal dark dash in middle of cell. The basal 
shade before it is whitish. Beyond the middle the costa is marked with 
four dull ochreous spots and a fifth'in apex; from between each of these 
irregular lines of blackish scales cross the wing. From the end of the cell 
a dark shade extends to the termen, beginning as a point in the middle 
of wing, and increasing in width until at termen it extends from apex 
nearly to dorsum. The space above and below it~is by contrast paler. 
Cilia ochreous-gray; cut between each two veins by a lighter streak. 

Hind wing grayish-white to fuscous-gray, cilia paler, preceded by a 
darker line; under side ochreous-gray, heavily reticulated with dark 
brown. Under side fore wing smoky-brown, costa dotted with dull 
ochreous. 

Six specimens, Cartwright, Manitoba, E. Firmstone Heath. 


Hysterosia Pecosana, sp. nov. 

Expanse, 20-25 mm. 7 

Head and palpi ochreous-brown, latter paler inside; antenna grayish- 
fuscous; abdomen ochreous-brown, anal tuft whitish; legs whitish, banded 
with bronzy-black. 

Fore wing almost uniformly light ochreous-brown. There is a whitish 
shade before the dark oblique shade from inner fourth of dorsum; the dark 
shade is only conspicuous at its upper end, where it forms a dark spot in 
the middle of the wing ; there is a similar dark brown spot at end of cell; 


beyond which are some dark vertical strigulations. Cilia whitish-ochreous. 

Hind wing ochreous-gray, cilia paler, with a darker basal line; under 
side the same, very faintly strigulated with a darker shade. Under side 
fore wing smoky-brown. 

Three specimens, South-west Colorado, July 26, W. G. Dietz; 
Beulah, New Mexico, July, Cockerell ; Pecos, New Mexico, at light, Aug. 
16, Cockerell. 

The description is from the Colorado specimen. ‘The one from New 
Mexico is more distinctly marked on costa with blackish dots, and below 
fold with blackish strigulations. 

Carposina Ottawana, sp. nov. 

Expanse, 16-17 mm. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125 


Head dark gray, whitish in front ; palpi whitish inside, ochreous, 
dotted with bronzy-brown outside ; antenna bronzy-gray ; thorax bronzy- 
gray, posterior end whitish-gray ; abdomen dark shining fuscous above, 
anal tuft dull ochreous ; legs whitish, dusted and banded with bronzy- 
brown. 


Fore wing shades of gray and fuscous. There is a whitish-gray 
basal patch, extending in middle of wing to inner third, with a small 
bronzy-brown spot on dorsum at base, and another above it in middle of 
wing extending to costa. The costal edge is slightly darker gray, and is 
marked with six large bronzy-brown spots between inner third and apex. 
At the end of cell there are two spots, vertical to each other, of dark brown 
raised scales, shaded with whitish outwardly. In the fold beyond middle 
of wing is a short blackish line, above which is a cluster of grayish raised 
scales, edged outwardly with white. Below the fold, on inner third, is a 
small blackish dot. There are a few black dots on the outer fourth of 
wing, below the costal spois, and an irregular line of black dots before 
termen. Cilia dark, speckled gray. 


Hind wing smoky-gray, cilia same but shining ; under side _ paler. 
Under side fore wing dark smoky gray. 


One g and two @ specimens, Ottawa, Canada, June 20, C. H. 
Young. 

The fore wings of this species are narrow, but less pointed than 
crescentella, Wism.; it resembles crescente//a, but is generally darker, and 
the crescent-shaped row of black spots with the white character before 
them are entirely wanting. 


Proteopteryx momonana, sp. Nov. 

Expanse, 13.5-15 mm. 

Head ochreous-gray ; palpi cinereous brown outside and in front, 
inside dirty white; antenna ochreous-brown ; thorax. grayish-brown ; 
patagia ochreous-brown ; abdomen fuscous above, silvery-white below and 
on sides ; legs whitish, dusted and banded with dark brown. 

Fore wing dark bronzy-brown, somewhat overlaid with grayish-blue 
on the inner half, shading into ochreous-brown in the outer half; the 
ochreous shade is brighter in the apex. ‘There is a conspicuous pure 
white dorsal spot, between middle and outer fourth; the inner edge is 
slightly oblique and convex (the dark ground colour is more intense where 
it touches this spot); it extends to middle of wing, and is slightly angulated 
at the top ; the outer edge is angulated and outwardly oblique ; it sends a 


126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


spur towards the ocellic apot, and with the ocellic spot encloses a blackish- 
brown elongated dorsal spot; the latter contains a few whitish scales on 
dorsum, and the white spot is similarly marked with brown dots. The 
ocellus is large, the centre is ochreous, crossed by four short black lines ; 
below it is gray, and the vertical side bars are shining gray ;-at the upper 
end of the inner bar a gray prominence points toward the outer end of the 
white dorsal spot. Costa is marked with four black dots, between middle 
and apex, each outlined by whitish ochreous lines; below costa these lines 
are leaden-metallic, and proceed horizontally below costa towards 
termen. Below apex the black terminal line is eut bya white dash, and 
a similar interruption occurs at the tornus. Cilia leaden-cinereous. 


Hind wing whitish-gray at base, shaded with smoky-black outwardly ; 
cilia light gray, with a black basal line; under side grayish-white. Under 
side fore wing smoky-brown, costal spots repeated. ~ 

Eight 2 specimens, Ottawa, Canada, July 6 to Aug. 8,C. H. Young; 
Rounthwaite, Manitoba, July, L. E. Marmont. 1 

Fore wing: termen concave between veins 3 and 7, all veins free. 
Hind wing: 3 and 4 short-stalked, 5 close te base of 4. 

Epinotia fortunana, Sp. nov. 

Expanse, 13-17 mm. 

Head whitish-ochreous, face paler ; palpi cream-white inside, anterior 
end and outside darker; antenna pale fawn; thorax dark brown in middle, 
edged with pale fawn ; abdomen dark fuscous ; legs cream-white, banded 
with bronzy-brown. 

Fore wing cream-white, with basal area, fascia and spots of black 
everlaid with ochreous scales. ‘The basal area extends beyond inner 
fourth on costa, is obliquely outward to middle of wing, then angles 
slightly inward to dorsum, which it reaches beyond inner third; it contains 
a streak of cream-white on its inner half on the dorsal margin, which at the 
outer end sends a white shade above middle of wing; the outer edge 
touches margin of basal area below the costa, the upper edge of this 
shade connects with two whitish costal spots ; the dark spots, outlined by _ 
these white streaks, are ochreous in the middle and outlined with black. 
There is a cream-white, narrow, angulated fascia in middle of wing, divided 
by a line of shining pale ochreous. Where the fascia touches costa it is 
divided by a blackish-brown dash. Beyond the fascia are four large 
geminate whitish costal spots ; the second one is the beginning of an outer 
angulated fascia, which sends a spur to tornus, and above middle an 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 127 


inward streak, which connects with a similar outer spur from the middle 
fascia. ‘The.outer costal spot sends a white streak into termen below apex; 
and just below it a whitish line starts, which parallels termen and connects 
at the tornus with the spur from the outer fascia. The spots between these 
whitish bands are black, dusted with ochreous. ‘Terminal line black, cut 
below apex and in tornus, where the white bands touch these points. 
Cilia mottled leaden-gray, paler at base. 


Hind wing smoky-brown, cilia dark gray, with a darker basal line ; 
under side gray. Under side fore wing dark smoky-brown, costal spots 
repeated. 

Twelve specimens, Ottawa, Canada, June 24 to July 3, C. H. Young. 

Enarmonia Fleteherana, sp. nov. 

Expanse, 13-15 mm. 

Head, palpi and antenna cream-white ; thorax cream-white, smooth 
and shining, with an iridescent reflection; abdomen shining fuscous above, 
cream-white below; legs cream-white, the anterior pair lightly banded with 
light brown in front. 

Fore wing: Inner half of wing, including basal area, cream-white; the 
basal area is defined by a broken angulated line of black, starting as a 
short, outwardly oblique dash from inner fifth of costa to upper edge of 
cell; in middle of cell, about one-third from base, the line begins again, 
and continues obliquely to inner fourth of dorsum. In the white area the 
costa is marked with two or three dark dots, and as many on dorsum 
beyond the dark line. The white area extends to inner two-fifths on costa 
and to outer third on dorsum ; beyond it the outer half of wing is black, 
thickly mottled with metallic-blue scales. While the division is sharply 
marked, the edges of the white and dark areas are irregular. In the black 
area, at the end of cell, is a large patch of blue-metallic scales, some of 
which edge the white area ; there are a few whitish scales in this patch, 
and through its middle it sends a black line into the white area. The ter- 
minal line is black, preceded by an olivaceous- ochreous shade, and the same 
shade continues below costa, in the dark area, on which are three blackish- 
brown spots, edged with pale ochreous on inner, the larger spot on costa, 
marks the beginning of the dark area. From the pale ochreous costal 
lines the metallic-blue lines begin below the costa, where they touch the 
termen ; they cut the black terminal line with pale ochreous dashes, one 
below apex, one above tornus, and one in tornus ; these ochreous terminal 
dashes are of the same value as the costal ochreous dashes, All of the 


128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


large ocellic area is overlaid with lines of metallic-blue. Cilia grayish- 
fuscous, shading into pale-ochreous at base and around tornus. 

Hind wing light smoky-brown, paler toward base, cilia pale ochreous, 
preceded by a dark basal line ; under side darker, mottled along costa. 
Under side fore wing dark smoky-brown, costal spots repeated. 

Nine specimens, Ottawa, Canada, June 18 to July 3, C. H. Young. 

‘I take a great deal of pleasure in dedicating this most beautiful and 
distinctive species to my very good friend, Dr. James Fletcher. 

Enarmonia prosperana, sp. nov. 

Expanse, 13-17 mm. 

Head smoky-fuscous ; palpi white inside, fuscous outside, apical joint 
dark fuscous; antenna and thorax dark fuscous ; abdomen shining 
whitish-fuscous, anal tuft dull ochreous ; legs whitish, banded and dusted 
with bronzy-black. 5 

Fore wing : Inner three-fifths cream white, suffused on the basal half 
with broad grayish-fuscous strigule, becoming paler outwardly, and disap- 
pearing before the termination of the white area, and having an angulated 
white band in the middle of wing; the costa.in this area is fuscous, marked 
with four or five white dashes. he outer third of wing is fuscous, mottled 
with lighter scales; it encloses a large ocellic spot of three horizontal black | 
lines, and vertical inner and outer bars of metalic blue ; a few metallic 
dots of the same colour nearly join the lower ends of the bars ; between 
and below these dots are black dots, and a broken line of black is in the 
basal side of the inner bar, with a short line of black before it, in the edge 
of the white fascia. The outer half of costa is ochreous-fuscous, and 
marked with four large geminate white oblique lines, each sending belowa 
line of metallic-blue ; that from the inner joins the inner ocellic bar: the 
metallic lines from the second and fourth geminate dashes join and go into 
termen below apex, where they interrupt the black terminal line. There 
is a dot or small cluster of black scales between fold and middle of wing, 
about two-fifths from base ; there are a few black dots below the costa. 
Cilia leaden-metallic. 

Hind wing smoky-brown, paler at base; cilia white, with a darker line 
close to base, and a finer line between it and outer ends ; under side 
darker and blotched with bronzy-brown, especially below costa on: outer 
half. Under side fore wing bronzy-black, with a grayish reflection, costal 
spots repeated. 

Fifty or more specimens, Wellington, B. C., Taylor and Bryant ; 
Vernon, B. C., Venables ; San [Luis Obispo, Vachell ; etc., ete. 

‘This species is close to swcceedana, Schif., of Europe. 

(To be continued.) 


> 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129 


MOSQUITO NOTES.—No. 5.—ContTINUED. 
BY C. Ss. LUDLOW, M. SC., 

Laboratory of the Office of the Surgeon-General, U.S. Army, Washington, D. C. 

In the article describing Grabhamia nigromaculis* mihi, reference 
was made to a group of mosquitoes in the north-western part of the U. S., 
and probably occurring also in Canada, in which the species are closely 
related and the individuals show great variation, and to which xigroma- 
culis belonged. Two more of this group are described below, one of 
which lies close to G. Currie?, Coq., but the distinct, clean-cut abdominal 
markings and difference in colouring are characteristic ; though corre- 
sponding to the habit of the group, there is variation among the individuals. 


Grabhamia mediolineata, n. sp.—(Female.) 


Head dark brown or black, covered with long, curved, pale, almost 
white scales, a few ochraceous ones; bright brown flat lateral, and slender 
white forked scales on the occiput, some brown bristles between the eyes 
and around the eyes; antennze dark brown, verticels dark brown, 
pubescence white, first joint testaceous, and in some lights all the joints 
are apparently light banded, basal joint testaceous, with slender flat white 
scales on the median surface ; palpi black, a few white scales at the tip, 
and occasionally at the base of penultimate joint ; proboscis black and 
quite long, tip black ; clypeus black ; eyes black and silver. 


Thorax black, prothoracic lobes with long pale ochraceous curved 
scales (spatulate ?) ; mesonotum covered on the median third with bright 
brown slender curved scales for about two-thirds its length, the caudad 
third with slender pale curved scales ; immediately laterad of this median 
stripe is a broad pale stripe of rather broader curved scales, and exterior 
to this another stripe of brown curved scales extending to the wing joint ; 
scutellum black, covered with long slender curved scales ; pleura black, 
with long white spatulate scales ; metanotum black. 


Abdomen black, covered with black and white or “ dirty-white”’ 
scales, so arranged as to make a slender median light line, transverse white 
bands mostly basal, but involving both segments, and on the more caudad 
segments are almost entirely apical, the distal segments being in some 
cases mostly white ; white lateral spots, which are really extensions of the 


*A new American mosquito. 

The University Bulletin, The George Washington Univ., Washington, D. C., 
Jan., 1907. 

April, 1907 


130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


white scaling of the venter, and on most of the segments extend the whole 
length. 


Legs : coxee and trochanters light, and white-scaled ; femora white 
ventrally, speckled black and white dorsally, a narrow black ring just 
proximal to the tiny white knee spot ; fore and mid tibie white ventrally 
(on the hind legs this is reduced to a white line), speckled dorsally, a little 
darker near the apex, but the apex light, and in the hind legs there is a 
distinct dark band and light apex as on the femora ; metatarsi speckled, 
those of the fore legs having light apices, of the hind legs having both 
slightly lighter bases and light apices. On the fore legs the first tarsal 
joints are black, with basal light bands, all the other joints dark; on the 
mid leg the first and second joints are stili a little speckled, and have 
white basal bands and tiny white apical spots, sometimes unbanded, third 
and fourth joints dark ; on the hind legs the first and second joints are 
dark (black), with basal and apical light bands, the third has a basal light 
band, and the fourth is light ; all ungues equal and uniserrate. 


Wings clear, speckled with black and white scales, the costa being 
mostly black, and the sixth long vein white, first submarginal a little longer 
and more narrow than the second posterior cell, the petiole in each case 
about half as long as the cell; mid cross-vein twice as long as the 
“supernumerary,” and equal to the posterior cross-vein, which is about its - 
own length distant ; halteres, light stem and dark knobs. 

The leg banding involves both sides of most of the joints, and in this 
greatly resembles G. Curriez, the thoracic marking suggests G. /ativitatta, 
but the abdominal marking is clear, in some cases being only clean-cut 
lines, in others a little ragged. ‘The types do not, however, suggest either 
species more than to indicate their close relationship, having a peculiarly 
tidy appearance which the others lack. 

Length, 7.5 mm. 

Habitat, Fort Lincoln, N. D. Taken June, July, August. 


Grabhamia grisea, n. sp.—(Female.) 

Head dark, covered with slender curved scales, light ochraceous on 
the occiput, a triangular space of darker golden brown, scales just 
external, and ochraceous flat scales on the sides, no fork scales ; antennz 
brown, verticels brown, pubescence light, basal joint brown, covered with 
flat ochraceous scales ; palpi entirely brown scaled ;_ proboscis brown, a 
light band, narrow on the dorsal and wider on the ventral aspect, at the 
apex of the proximal half; clypeus brown ; eyes brown and gold. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 131 


Thorax dark brown, prothoracic lobes with slender curved light brown 
scales ; mesonotum with slender curved scales, a distinct bare (dark) 
median line, immediately laterad of which on either side is a broad stripe 


of bright brown scales, then a light golden brown or ochraceous stripe 
extending cephalad from the scutellum to nape, external to these on the 
caudad half are the darker brown scales, and the lateral portion of the 
dorsum is covered with the lighter brown scales; scutellum dark, with 
light brown or ochraceous scales, and long light bristles on the margin ; 
pleura ashy-brown, with white scales ; metanotum dark brown. 


Abdomen dark, heavily and closely covered by flat ochraceous scales; 
two tiny dark submedian points not large enough to call spots, and yet 
very distinct, on all the segments but the first, which has a large bunch of 
almost white scales and light hairs ; ventrally the abdomen is also covered 
with ochraceous scales, but not so heavily as dorsally. 


Legs: coxz and trochanters mostly light-scaled; femora dorsally 
sprinkled with dark brown and ochraceous scales, darker toward the apex, 
but the very apex white; ventrad, caudad and cephalad aspects 
ochraceous. ‘Tibize much like femora but darker, and on the hind legs 
_have a distinct dark apical band ; metatarsi on fore legs much like tibie, 
and all the following joints missing ; on mid legs also. much like tibie ; 
tarsal joints dark, the first and second with small ochraceous basal spots ; 
on the hind legs the metatarsi are quite dark but still slightly sprinkled 
with light scales, and it and all the tarsal joints except the fourth are 
heavily basally white-banded, the fourth dark ; all ungues uniserrate. 


Wings clear, mostly dark-scaled, especially near the costa, the sixth 
long vein mostly dark, first submarginal a little longer and about half the 
width of the second posterior cell, the stems in each case about two-thirds 
the length of the cell; cross-veins nearly equal in length, the posterior 
about its own length distant from the mid; halteres mostly light, a little 
darkened on the knobs. 


Length, 5-6 mm. 
Habitat, Boise Barracks, Idaho. ‘Taken July. 


This evidently lies near G. Fletchertt, but the abdominal marking is 
distinct, and the specimens of FV/efcherii which I have seen do not show a 
marked band on the hind metatarsi, nor a white band on. the proboscis. 


Both species were collected by the Surgeon U.S. Army, on duty at 
the respective places, but in one case the name was not sent in. 


162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NOTE ON EUCH@CA PERLINEATA, PACKARD. 
BY GEO. W. TAYLOR, WELLINGTON, B. C. 

In February of last year Mr. Pearsall described as a new species, under 
the name Eucheca exhumata, a moth standing in nearly all collections as 
E. perlineata, Packard ; and he is now,* in arder to justify his action, 
endeavouring to show that the original perdimeata cf Packard was not 
what we all supposed it to be, but something quite different. 

In the course of his researches he has found two specimens in .the 
late Dr. Lintner’s collection, labelled ZLavrentia perlineata. 

If these are really Packard’s original types, as Mr. Pearsall ‘assumes, 
and as, for the sake of argument, I am ready to admit; and if, further, they 
are really specimens of Zuchaca comptaria, Walker, as Mr. Pearsall 
asserts, and as is quite possibly the case, and for the sake of argument I 
will admit this too—though I think that in the face of the original 
description and original figures of fer//neata, and of the universal usage to 
which I have before called attention, and in view, further, of the fact that 
Mr. Pearsall has admittedly made some mistakes in his determinations in 
this genus, I might be justified in hesitating to accept his dictum in these 
points—what then? — 

It merely shows us that Packard had a very confused idea of Se own 
species ; that he had indeed two species mixed, which is quite probable, 
and that while he figured oné form, which had not previously been made 
known to science, and, as I believe, wrote his description from the same 
form, he placed his type labels on another quite distinct form (almost 
indistinguishable from a species of his own which he had described at the 
same time and on the same page) which had previously received the name 
Tephrosia ? comptaria from Walker. ; 

Under these circumstances, possibly Mr. Pearsall would be justified 
in giving the figured species a new name as he has done, but for my part I 
think it would be fairer to Packard, and much more convenient to 
students, to allow the old name to stand. 

I really cannot acknowledge the propriety or see the advantage of 
changing a well-known name backed up by a capital description and two 
unmistakable figures, and, I repeat once more, by a usage of 30 years, just 
because there is a possibility that two ancient specimens in a certain 
collection may have been the o.iginal types, and may have been correctly 
determined by Mr. Pearsall as specimens of another species. I shall, 


*CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, XXXV I, p: 36. 
April, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 133 


therefore, without, however, any desire to dictate to those who prefer to 
take a different view, continue to write : 
Euchceca perlineata, Packard. 
= exhumata, Pearsall. 

There are other points in Mr. Pearsall’s article upon which one might 
comment, but I am very reluctant to take up further space in discussing a 
question of which the readers of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST must by 
this time be very tired. 


NEW HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF ANTHONOMUS 
GRANDIS, BOH. 


BY J. C. CRAWFORD, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 


Torymus anthonomi, n. sp.—?. Dull greenish, showing purplish 
tinges, especially on abdomen; head and thorax with abundant whitish 
pubescence, finely, closely punctured, the prothorax rather indistinctly 
transversely aciculated ; temples narrow, making the head very narrow 
anterio-posteriorly; cheeks, from eyes to base of mandibles, carinate; scape 
light reddish, flagellum dark; femora aeneous, tibiz light reddish-testaceous, 
tarsi whitish, apically dark ; metathorax almost perpendicularly declivous, 
basally with short longitudinal rugee, the centre ones longer, median one 
reaching almost to insertion of abdomen, rest of surface finely shagreened; 
metathoracic spiracles long oval; wings hyaline, stigmal vein two-thirds 
the length of postmarginal; marginal twice as long as_postmarginal ; 
abdomen very finely transversely lineated. 

Length, 3 mm.; ovipositor, 1% mm. 

¢.— Differs from @ only in the usual sexual characters and in size. 
Length, 1.75 mm. 

Type locality, Waco, Tex., Aug. 29, 1906; also from Hallettsville, 
Tex., Aug. 9 and 30,1906, 2 ?. From Mexia, Tex., 1 ?, Sept. 29, 1905, 
bred from Brachytarsus in heads of Sideranthus rubiginosus. 

Type number rooqgo, U.S. Nat. Mus. 

Urosigalphus anthonomi, n. sp.— ?. Black, shiny ; legs red, thinly 
clothed with inconspicuous white hairs ; antennze and mandibles reddish, 
the antennz 14-jointed, reaching to base of abdomen ; antennal grooves 
very short ; between antennx the grooves distinctly carinated at edge, the 
outer edges not with distinct carine ; inter-ocellar area elevated to a 
truncate pyramid, the ocelli at the bases of the sides, face with strong close 


punctures, behind ocelli coarse ; median area of mesonotum rugose, not 
April, 1907 


134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


so coarse anteriorly, lateral areas finely punctured ; scutellum elevated, 
rugose, posteriorly a narrow, smooth shining border ; truncation of meta- 
thorax rounded by a strong salient rim, elevated,at centre dorsally, surface 
of truncature coarsely punctured ; base of metathorax with a few strong 
longitudinal rugze and a median longitudinal carina joining the median 
elevation of salient rim ; abdomen somewhat reddish toward base, rugose 
with coarse punctures, the intervening elevations forming longitudinal lines, 
especially in basal half; apex of abdomen with two long sharp spines, 
ovipositor hardly as long as the abdomen. : 


Length, 34% mm. 
Brownsville, Texas, Aug. 19, 1895, C. H. T. Townsend coll. 


ft .— Similar, the antenne longer, 14-jointed; no reddish on abdomen, 
carina of antennal grooves more distinct. Length, 3% mm. 


Brownsville, Texas, bred Sept. 20, 1906, W. D. Pierce. 

Type number roo4r, U.S. Nat. Mus. 

Urosigalphus Schwarst, n. sp.— 9. Black, shining, legs red, the 
hind tibiz and tarsi reddish-fuscous, head.,and thorax covered with 
abundant short white pubescence ; face finely, rather closely punctured ; 
antenne dark, 14-jointed, obscurely reddish, reaching to base of metathorax; 
antennal grooves deep, reaching to posterior ocelli; a narrow shallow 
depression from centre of front to insertion of antennz, broadening 
upwardly, the edges of upper part subcarinate; above insertion of 
antenne these carine become the carinz of the inner edges of antennal 
grooves ; mesothorax except lateral areas coarsely rugoso-punctate; lateral 
areas medially smooth, very shiny, finely sparsely punctured, scutellum 
elevated, postscutellum with a small median V-shaped elevation, the point 
caudad ; truncation of metathorax coarsely punctured, the surrounding 
carine elevated at dorsal centre ; wings slightly dusky, costa and stigma 
very dark, rest of nervures brown ; radius obsolete beyond basal third of 
marginal cell; abdomen coarsely, closely punctured, basally the intervening 
surface forming distinct longitudinal ridges. apex of abdomen with two 
short blunt spines ; ovipositor about as long as abdomen. Length, 3 mm. 


g¢.—Similar to ? except in sexual characters ; antenne reaching 
one-third of distance to tip of abdomen, r4-jointed. Length, 3 mm. 


Five females, one male, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, 
Guatemala, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber coll. 


Type number roo42, U. S. Nat. Mus. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 135 


NEW ANTHIDIINE BEES FROM COLORADO. 
BY T. D, A, COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLO. 

Anthidium tenuiflora, n. sp. 

2. Length about ro mm.; black, with pale pubescence, that on 
head and thorax above faintly yellowish; ventral scopa sepia-brown, 
except at the sides, where it is pale ; head with no pale markings, except 
a round cream-coloured spot above summit of each eye; mandibles 
6-dentate, the third to fifth teeth smallest ; lower edge of clypeus crenu- 
late, with a tooth on each side, followed by a smaller one ; clypeus very 
densely punctured ; scape all dark ; thorax without light markings ; tegulz 
cream-coloured in front, and with a small light spot behind ; legs black, 
tibiz with a light spot at extreme base, and hind tibie with more or less 
of a streak at apex; hair on inner side of hind tarsi coppery-red ; 
abdominal bands cream-colour, slightly interrupted in the middle, and 
broadly emarginate above laterally. 

¢. About the same size; clypeus, lateral marks (extending a little 
above clypeus), and most of outer surface of mandibles, as well as a stripe 
on scape, cream-colour ; stripe on middle of anterior tibie and outer side 
of basal joint of all the tarsi cream-colour ; tubercles and scutellum wholly 
dark ; lateral apical lobes of abdomen broadly rounded, not curved 
inwards or pointed, their breadth about equal to the space between them 
and the central spine. 

fab.— Boulder, Colo. (W. P. Cockerell); 1 3 June 12, 1905; 1 2 
same date; 1 ? Aug. 8, 1906, at flowers of Psoralea tenuiflora, Pursh. 

[ had confused this with 4. emarginatum, Say, to which it is very 
closely allied ; but it is easily distinguished by the colour of the scopa in 
the 9, and the dark tubercles and scutellum in the ¢. The general 
structure, venation, etc., agree with emarginatum. The real A. emargina- 
tum occurs at Ward, Colorado. 


Anthidium portere personulatum, n. sub-sp. 

?. Clypeus entirely black; lateral face-marks small, oblong, not 
nearly filling space between clypeus and eye; lateral marks on meso- 
thorax rudimentary. 

4. Ground colour of abdomen quite black ; apical lobes and spine 
entirely black ; yellow marks on scutellum smaller. 

ffab.—Boulder, Colo. (W. P. Cockere//); Doth sexes at flowers of 
Psoralea tenuiflora, Pursh., Aug. 8, 1906. 

The geniune A. porter, Ckll., is common at Boulder, visiting 
Psoralea tenuiflora and Grindelia. ‘Yhe males mostly have the abdomen 
very red (var. amadbi/e, Ckll.), but the females do not show this variation, 

April, 1907 


] 36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


Dianthidium Sayi, nv 

This is the Alegachile interrupta, Say, 1824; Anthidium interrup- 
tum (Say), Sm., but not 4. interruptum, Fabricius, of much earlier date.* 
It has been referred in recent years to 4. curvatum, Smith, but that is a 
species from Georgia, with the legs mainly yellow, whereas in Sayz they 
are red in both sexes. 2. Sayz is not uncommon in Colorado. I have 
before me specimens from Trinidad, Colo., July 13, 1890 ( Zitus), and 
Boulder, the male, Aug. 7, 1906, at flowers of Grinde/ia ; the female Aug. 
8, 1906, at flowers of Helianthus Jenticularis (both coll. W. P. Cockerell). 

In my original account of Dianthidium | cited D. curvatum as the 
type ; curvatum, Auctt. (not Smith) = Sayz, was intended. 

At Mesilla, New Mexico, Aug. 23, I took a female representing a new 
sub-species, D. Sayi xerophilum, in which the ferruginous colour has 
overspread practically all of the head and thorax, except the disc of 
mesothorax, and the abdomen above is bright yellow with narrow 
ferruginous bands, the basin of the first segment and most of the apical 
segment also ferruginous. There is a wedged-shaped black area below 
each antenna, and laterad of this a yellow suffusion. The legs are 
entirely red. 


A NOTE ON GENERIC TRANSFERS. 


In the December CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,. p. 415, Mr. Pearsall 
gives convincing reasons why the species of Za//egeda should be referred 
to Philopsia, but he does not provide the resulting names : Philopsia 
montanata (Packard) and Philopsia tabudata (Hulst). Similarly i in the 
December Extomo/ogical News, p. 370, Stilpon Houghii is said to belong 
to Chersodromia, but the name Chersodromia Houghii (Mel.), is not 
written. Entomologists are so busy with other matters that it never 
occurs to them, in the majority of cases, to pay attention to little details 
of this sort; yet, when we have adopted more exact bibliographical! 
methods, following the lead of the ornithologists and botanists, these 
omissions will be found to occasion a good deal of inconvenience. Thus, 
the first citation of a particular binomial will often have to be from some 
incidental mention, instead of from the place where the reason for the 
transfer is given. I cannot doubt that entomologists generally will see the 
advantage of the precise methods advocated if they consider them a little. 
Of course, if the number of species involved is large, the transfer of a few 
of the best known will give the appropriate clue to the user of a bibliography. 

Incidentally, I may suggest that Dr. Williston (Can. EntT., Dec, p. 
388) should have hesitated to print the names Stomoxiide, etc., even as 
awful examples, remembering Dr. Palmer’s solemn treatment of a similar 
venture of Rafinesque’s, in his recent index to the Genera of Mammals ! 

T. D. A. COCKERELL. 


*Nor JWegachile interrupta, Spinola, 1806, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Lor 


NEW HISTORIES IN PAPAIPEMA (HYDROKCIA). 
BY HENRY BIRD, RYE, N. Y. 
(Continued from Vol. XXXV, p. 94.) 


Just how far patient endeavours may go unrewarded without a 
complete despair attending, is often well brought out in entomological 
studies. The quest of such boring larve as the Noctuid genus Papazpema 
possess, gives us a good trial oftentimes, since their hidden whereabouts 
within some unexpected root or stem frequently leads one a merry chase 
indeed. Knowing, however, that a certain species has been apprehended 
in the moth state at a given locality, in the not too remote past, there is a 
reasonable assurance that somewhere here, in some unknown food-plant 
or underground root, there lurks the desired larva, no doubt in the goodly 
company of many others of its kind. To know this food-plant and to 
learn this habit are the questions which confront the seeker in Gortynid 
lore, and it is surprising how long we may look, and, for a tact, overlook 
such a species, the while a most critical search goes on for its apprehen- 
sion. Many years since an imago of Papatpema circumlucens was taken 
at Rye, and for the last-decade an unremitting search has been made for a 
discovery of its larva. But fortune smiles at last, though the final meeting 
is so unexpected and commonplace withal, that it savours more of care- 
lessness than of success. 

A slight resume touching this species may now be admissible, since 
the literature has but few references toit. Prof. J. B. Smith, in a revision 
of the genus (1897), first accords to it specific rank. The few examples 
in collections at that time, together with several other species, stood in an 
aggregation under the rwfz/a label. His differentiation is based on well- 
detected grounds, and the larva, now that it has come to light, aids still 
further the individuality. A few other citations of catalogue or locality 
reference are all else that pertain to the species. 

The imago shows some slight colour variation, the one bred locally 
being that in which the tone is dull red-brown, the ordinary spots large 
and pure white ; a very noticeable white scale is situated at the base of 
the primary, this the more so as the basal area is concolorous and barely 
defined. In the other direction specimens become redder, or the lower 
median field of primaries may be strongly sprinkled with yellowish scales, 
giving a powdered effect. Its early history was unknown. 

In July, 1904, the few accessible Hop-vines in the locality were 


examined for the borings of Gortyna tmmanis, this well-known species 
April, 1907 


138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


being desired in the larval state for comparisons both in the home and 
other collections. Investigations of the plant disclosed a fearful state of - 
insect depredation, quite enough to discourage any attempt at rearing the 


Hop here on a large scale. The root was our objective point for zmmants, 
as by this date the young larve should have left the extremities of the 
vine and sought the more bulky root-stock for an abode. No larve are to 
be found, however, and attention turns to the other insect foes which are 
so sadly in evidence. Broods of coleopterous larve, accompanied by 
their parents presumably, have the foliage half riddled, and later this work 
is complete. They were assisted by four different species of lepidopterous 
larvee, and a tiny Micro soon takes up an abode at the blossoming end, 
feeding upon forming seed-vesicles. A long cylindrical gall on a main 
stalk, upon being opened, discloses a nest of wriggling, yellow maggots, 
the young of the true gall-fly doubtless, since the growth seems to have 
been so recently formed. Surely the local Hop has enough to contend 
against without /mmants at hand to gnaw them off at the root, since this 
is one of its tricks, as chronicled by the economic writers, and there would 
be no chance for the vines at all if the latter occurred here plentifully. 
Not recalling that the Hop was listed as being given to any gall-maker, 
causes some attention to centre here. A number of the galls prove more 
tapering and of larger diameter than the one first opened, and one is seen to 
have the end gnawed out in a peculiarly suspicious manner. A _half- 
hearted search discloses a well-developed Gortynid larva, much discomfited 
at such reckless trespassing. And so this must be czmmanis, not working 
at the vine’s tip nor down by the root as we have been informed, but 
midway in a tidy gall, one which in no way interferes with the plant’s 
growth. Later on these larvee are found to still cling to their comfortable 
galls, maturing there and producing no visible harm in the growth of the 
stalk. From which it would appear zmmanis has been a much-maligned 
species at the hands of the economic writers. But this conclusion was 
hasty. 

Examples are secured for inflation, and a very few go'on to pup in 
the breeding cage. A short pupal stage is followed by an emergence, not 
of the Guenée species, but the long-sought c¢rcumlucens of Smith. It so 
happened thaf the plants examined locally were widely separated, yet in 
every case there were numerous galls containing the circumdlucens \arve 
upon each, and they are so evident and plentiful that it becomes at once 
a most easy species to apprehend. It is recalled how in exchanging for 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139 


immanis with distant collectors, cércum/ucens often accompanied the former 
as representative of the locality, confirming the fact that we have here a 
general and preferred food-plant. But why has this larva been overlooked 
so long, especially where Hop is raised fora business, and where the work 
of ¢mmanis is so well known and deplored? It seems expliinable only in 
that the circum/ucens larva has been mistaken for the other, and its 
transformation never fully observed. 

But while exploiting the doings of the gall-dwellers, a watch for the 
regulation procedure of ‘manis at the root was kept up, and while no 
larvee or indications of their work appeared, a pupa occurred at the base 
of one vine, and a female imago on the same occasion was disturbed in the 
foliage. At this time the gall larva had just passed the final moult, and it 
appeared there must be great irregularity somewhere. So the final results 
were not quite so unexpected, the surprise being that the species should 
prove the very evasive circum/ucens. 

During the two succeeding years the life-history has been fully 
observed, one of the characteristic features brought out being the early 
emergence of the imago and the very short time which elapses at this 
period. Thus in rgo5 a lot of twenty-two examples emerged in four days 
in the following order : two, sixteen, one and three respectively for the 
period named, and the same concerted appearance was noted in the brood 
of the succeeding year. With x/fedu, representing an opposite extreme, 
the emergence would likely run through twenty days in this number of 
examples. Under such circumstances, as might be expected, ova are 
deposited the first night, and are placed in clusters of three to six. ‘Their 
form is spherical, flattened at the micropyle so this diameter is one-sixth 
less than a lateral measurement, ang agrees with its congeners in sculpture 
and colour. The eggs are placed on and about the base of the vines, in 
any sufficient crevice, and pass the winter in this state. On May 28, 1995, 
the newly-hatched larvie were observed at to a.m. ascending the vines and 
taking up their quarters, well toward the tip, where the parts are tender. 
At this date vines have grown six feet or more, and occasionally three or 
four larve locate in one stalk withcut serious detriment to its growth. 
The plant immediately notices the intrusion, however, in that the gall-like 
swelling at once begins. Sometimes a leaf petiole is entered, and then 
there is trouble shortly, the leaf withers, its stem turns yellow, and the 
larva makes a change of base to more stable territory, further on up the 
stalk. Growing so rapidly as does the Hop, every few days offers a point 
of vantage at an increase of stem, so that a larva subsequently ascending 


140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


may drill a cavity further on than its predecessor. Twenty minutes proves 
sufficient for ensconcing themselves from view. 

The newly-hatched larva is of the usual delicate, semilooping char- 
acter. The second stage finds them in a well-developed gall, which 
lengthens and enlarges as subsequent conditions demand. - The third 
stage shows the typical Papaipema attributes in evidence, and we are able 
to place the larva in one of the three sections into which the group is 
divisible. The fourth stage is entered about July 1, and we find a larva 
belonging to the so-called méteZa series, in which the dorsal line alone is 
unbroken and continuous. ‘The colour is dark purple-lake, upon- which 
the usual longitudinal dorsal, subdorsal and substigmatal lines show con- 
trastingly drawn in white. ‘The two latter stop abruptly on either side of 
the first four abdominal segments. The general features are normal ; the 
thoracic shield edged with black, which continues as a noticeable line 
down the side of head. Spiracles black, tubercles not prominent. 

In the penultimate stage we have a larva showing considerable 
individuality. The body is less cylindrical than usual, and is much 
flattened ventrally, length 33 mm. Head normal, side line has 
disappeared. ‘The wrinkled skin on the three thoracic joints accentuates 
the slight constriction here. All tubercles bear well-developed set, 
plainly seen without a lens, and is a feature not equalled by other species. 
Tubercle iv a, on seventh abdominal segment, is wanting in this species. 
Neither spiracles nor tubercles are strongly shown, being nearly 
concolorous with the body, which is a pale brownish-clay colour. Dorsal 
line is alone unbroken. ; 

At maturity the insect larva measures from 38 to 40 mm., and 
attains full growth about July zoth. The colour has faded to a neutral 
translucence, the principal comparative feature being the absence of the 
accessory tubercle iv a on joint ten. Pupation occurs in the ground, and 
lasts about twenty-five days. 

The pupa is normal, more tapering posteriorly than some others ; at 
the anal extremity are two divergent, slightly-hooked spines. 

Considering the diameter of Hop-vines, the gall produced is rather 
singular. It takes the form of a cigar-shaped enlargement, from three to 
six inches in length and a haif inch in diameter. The twining propensity 
of the vine makes it assume a crescent shape usually, and the larva 
always maintains a very large aperture at the lower end for venulation and 


housecleaning. At maturity a large ragged opening is made at the upper 
end, through which the larva escapes. It is then eaten through to a very 


- 
. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 141 


—- —--- See eee —— —s 


thin shell in all places, for its bulk is really small to have sufficed for so 
lengthy a larval period. It is, in fact, one of those unexpected food-plants 
in which we occasionally meet our boring Gortyne. That they should 
choose the stems of our largest plants, as He/ianthus giganteus, Heracleum 
/anatum and such, appears fitting; or that a fleshy root like Aguilegia 
should be tempting is to be expected, but for a climbing vine, a delicate 
fern or the modest pitcher-plant to tempt them is beyond ordinary 
expectations. Notwithstanding, we have a major part of the life-histories 
of these borers now known, and at the price of eternal vigilance the others 
will be rounded-up some day. 

The author would take this occasion to correct a former inference 
whereby it was assumed that the young larve of Papaipema hibernated 
in the first stage. ‘The true facts are that the winter is passed in the egg 
state, and the young come forth about the first of June in this locality. 
The error occurred some years ago with the first ova ever obtained, when 
some minute mites ate out the contents. of the egg, leaving the empty 
shells, from which it was presumed the larvee had hatched. The following 
year the mites were caught in the act, and the true condition of affairs 
determined. 


GEOMETRID NOTES 
On THE GeNuUS SyNELys, HULsr. 
BY L. W. SWETT, BEDFORD, MASS. 

Having received so many different forms of Synelys alabastraria, 
Hub., from various collectors, I determined to straighten out the tangle in 
the group. ‘To start with, of course, it was necessary to know just what 
alabastraria of Hubner (Zutr. exot. Schmett, i, fig. 311, 1825 ?) was. 
In the first place, I found almost all writers on the subject had been guilty 
of spelling the name incorrectly; and secondly, that the plate differed from 
any Geometer known to me, as the three forms that occur with us have 
no ochreous under side, and the rust-brown markings on the upper side 
were different. At the beginning of my work I believe the various 
collectors placed the three forms as follows: 1, enxucleata, Gn., as the 
form with large dark blotches on the fore and hind wings. This species 
also has often been misspelled. 2, a/abastrarta, as the form without dark 
blotches on fore and hind wings. 3, the form with a single black patch 
on inner margin of fore wings, and figured by Guenée (Plate 12, fig. 3) as 
simply var. A of enucleata, without name. I determined, therefore, to 


send all three forms to the British Museum to see under what names of 


Walker they would be, 
April, 1907 


142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


Sir G. F. Hampson most kindly assisted me with the identifications, 
with the following reaults : that 1, the form with dark blotches on both sets 
of wings, is the exucleata of Guenée, the type being in Mr. R. Overthur’s, 
of France, collection; the description is so plain, and Packard has 
specimens compared with Guenée’s type in his own collection, which I 
have seen, therefore I believe this form is correct. In regard to S. 
alabastraria (2), which Rev. G. W. Taylor was the first, I think, to strike 
from our list correctly, Sir G. F. Hampson stated it to be a foreign noctuid 
of the genus Palindia, from South or Central America, which is accurate, 
despite Hiibner’s locality; as one can see, it does not belong to the 
Geometridz ; 2, the unspotted form, therefore, which was regarded as 
alabastraria, is left without varietal name, and going back we find the 
name restrictata, Walk. (Plate 13, fig. 52 of Packard’s Monograph), which, 
being the oldest, should stand; 3, the form with blotches on fore wings 
only was never named by Guenée or Walker, therefore I propose 
the varietal name ve/evata for it. ‘hus we have the three forms correctly 
placed. For information on the subject, | made use of Hulst’s notes on 
Walker’s types (Ent. News, Vol. vi, No. 3, p. 72); Grote (Trans. Am. Ent. 
Soc., ii, p. 82, 1868); Walker in Cat. Brit. Mus.; Guenée in Spec. Gen., 9, 
p. 505, 1857; Dyar in Psyche, 9, p. 165, 1901 ; Goodell, Can. Ent., XI, 
p. 194, 1879, and XII, p. 236, 1880; and lastly, Packard’s Monograph 
and Holland’s Moth Book. I am pleased to acknowledge the loan of 
specimens or help from the following gentlemen: Sir G. F. Hampson, 
Rev. G. W. Taylor, Dr. Dyar, Mr. Grossbeck, Mr. Broadwell, and Mr. 
Blackburn. I have a large series of specimens from southern, northern 
and western localities; my types of var. vedevata are &, New Windsor, N. 
Y., 2, vii, 1897: 9, New Windsor, N. Y., 22, vi, 1893; co-types g in 
British Museum, 2 in Boston Society Natural History. 

The synonymy is as follows : 

Synelys enucleata, Gn., Spec. Gen., IX, p. 505, 1857. 
( fig. 67, Plate 10, Packard’s Monograph. 
\ fig. 5, Plate 43, Holland’s Moth Book. 
var. a. restrictata, Wik., Cat. Brit. Mus., Vol. 22, p. 722, 186t. 


Ot a rs eRe ‘ «> 35,'p. 162", Beau. 
Syn. ~ continuaria, ‘ Remy 2 tsi. 35s Pe: 1022, Taare 
| reconditaria, “ ey 3 «23, p. 7o0, 156m 


[P. alabastraria, a noctuid, drops from lists. | 


var. 6. relevata {fig. by Gn., Pl. 12, fig. 3, var. A], nov. var. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143 


EUCH(CECA AGAIN. 

In my last paper listing these species, I contended that exiumata, 
Pears., being a valid species, the name should stand. Recently, in 
studying the types of Tephroclystia in the Hulst collection at New Bruns- 
wick, N. J., | made the unpleasant discovery that the type of cvornata, 
Hulst, isa worn specimen of Euchaca exhumata, Pears, My name must, 
therefore, give place to that of Hucheca inornata, Hulst, with exhumata, 
Pears., as its synonym. R. F. PEARSALL, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


GALL GNATS OR CECIDOMYIID. 


The Gall Gnats or Cecidomytide are best known on account of the 
ravages of certain species, such as the Hessian fly, wheat midge, pear 
midge, and others. These relatively few species have inflicted enormous 
losses upon American agriculture in the last century. Representatives of 
this family present many interesting morphological variations, and possess 
marked differences in habits. There must be a very large number of 
species in America, as a recently-issued catalogue of Diptera lists over 750 
European species referable to some 87 genera. We already have in oftr 
collections in the vicinity of 500 species of these small flies, and it would 
not be surprising were this number largely increased as a result of further 
collecting. The members of this family are all small, ranging in size from 
about .5 cm. to .5 mm. or even less. These insects have but few veins 


[awe 
a7 SS 


Pc. 6.—Typical Cecidomyiid Wings: 1, Campylomyza; 


2, Lasioptera; 3, Mayetiola ; 
4, Porricondyla. 


(fig. 6) ; the costal vein is continued along the posterior border of the 


wing, and is almost always narrower than the anterior border, while the 
April, 1907 


144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


tibie are unarmed. ‘The antenne have from six to twenty-eight segments. 
Members of this group have a characteristic appearance, which, once 
recognized, enables one to easily separate most of the species from allied 
forms. ‘The adults are usually yellowish or reddish, though some of the 
species are dark brown or even black. 


Representatives of this family may be found at almost all seasons of 
the year, and in nearly every conceivable place. Some breed in decaying 
wood or under bark, others subsist upon low plant forms, such as fungi 
and lichens, some upon decaying vegetable matter, while a number of 
our better known species produce the familiar vegetable deformities so 
frequently associated with this’ family. Gathering the galls at the time 
when the insects are nearly ready to transform, often results in obtaining 
excellent specimens, though special collecting from various food-plants has 
proved far more prolific in species, but this latter method does not permit 
the definite association of the insect with its food-plant. Certain species 
appear to be closely limited to one plant, while others are capable of 
subsisting upon a variety. Some forms require an entire year to complete 
the life cycle, and others may produce several generations in a season. 
Field collecting is most successful in sheltered spots, or when there is 
comparatively little wind, and is apt to be more productive a day or two 
after a rain. We have found a window in an open shed a very satisfactory 
collecting place, provided it was kept free from cobwebs, and have 
succeeded in taking 10 species therefrom in as many minutes. 


We have undertaken a serious study of this interesting group, and it is 
desired to enlist the co-operation of all interested in the advancement of 
science, aS we wish to secure specimens from different sections of the 
country, in order that our studies may more adequately représent the 
American fauna. Adults may be taken in a close net, and from this trans- 
ferred to a cyanide bottle, in the bottom-of which there is a loose wad’ of 
absorbent cotton so that the insects will not shake around ; they should 
then be put into either pill boxes containing absorbent cotton or placed in 
small vials with 50 per cent. alcohol. ‘The latter should be filled with 
fluid, or, better still, a small amount of cotton may be inserted so that 
the insects can not float about, and in this way lose the terminal 
segments of the appendages. 

E. P. Fett, State Entomologist, Albany, N. Y. 


Mailed April 5th, 1907. 


CAN. ENT., VOL. 


ALIA AUG 


NCIS 


| 


The anatliay Entomologist 


VoL. XXXIX. LONDON, MAY, 1907. No. 5. 


STUDIES IN THE GENUS INCISALIA. 


BY JOHN H. COOK, ALBANY, N. Y. 
INcISALIA AuGusTUs (continued from Vol. XXXVIII, p. 217, July, 1906). 


An Error Corrected.—In 1878 Henry Edwards! described the mature 
larva and chrysalis of Zacisalia troides as follows: 

“ Fam. Lycenide. 

“© Thecla irtoides (sic). 

“ Larva, full-grown: Carmine-red, covered with very short hair, each 
segment involute above, with deep double fovee. Length, 0.50 inch. 

“Chrysalis: Pitchy-brown, covered with very short bristly hair, swollen 
about the abdomen and much narrowed toward the head. Spiracles 
tuberculate. Wing-cases paler. Length, 0.40 inch.” 

The larve from which the above description was drawn were “ taken 
near Summit Station, Sierra Nevada, July r2, 1877.” 

Scudder, who recognized ¢voides merely as a geographical variety of 
augustus,” applied Edwards’s descriptions to the latter species. No one 
hitherto appears to have questioned the propriety of this procedure, and 
the error has been repeated in all subsequent literature dealing with these 
butterflies. Comstock,* evidently relying upon Scudder’s opinion con- 
cerning the value of the two forms, very naturally copies the mistake, and 
suggests that “it is quite possible that the larve of this species (augustus ) 
in the east may have a different colour.” Holland’ also gives these 
descriptions as applying to augustus, and does not mention iroides. 
Wright’ recognizes zrvoides as specifically distinct, but makes no mention of 


1. Pacific Coast Lep. No. 27, ‘* Transformations of Some Species not 
Hitherto Recorded.” Proceedings of the Calif. Acad. of Sciences, June 17th, 
1878. 

. Butterflies of the Eastern U. S. and Canada, p. 844. 
Ibid, p. 844. 

. How to Know the Butterflies, p. 232. 

The Butterfly Book, p. 247. 

. Butterflies of the West Coast, p. 210. 


An poe bv 


146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the larval or pupal stages observed by Edwards. Dyar (U.S. Nat. Mus. 
Bull. No. 52), Skinner (Synon. Cat. of the No. Am. Rhopalocera), and 
Smith, J. B. (List of Lep. of Boreal Am.) list zroides as a good species, © 


and presumably regard it as such. 

On a basis of the colours exhibited by the imago one might hesitate 
to separate zroides from augustus, so unreliable is the character of the 
ornamentation as a criterion for distinguishing between nearly related 
forms, especially when separated geographically. But where constant 
differences in size and coloration are correlated with other morphological 
differences, and where the larve are quite unlike-in some particular, we 
are hardly justified in trying to explain the facts by assuming that both 
caterpillar and butterfly are subject to geographical variation, and that, 
despite the correlation between larval and imaginal characters within a 
given area, the forms are specifically identical. Even were the early 
stages entirely unknown, it would still be of greater advantage to regard 
the forms as distinct until they had been conclusively proven the same, 
than to regard them as the same until some one accidentally stumbled upon 
the disproof. sS 

Troides is undoubtedly a good species, and the early stages described 
by Edwards do not apply to augustus. 

Previous Paper.—In 1904 I pubiished,’ in conjunction with Mr. H. 
Cook, a brief discussion of the larva and chrysalis of augustus, based upon 
a single specimen found on Vazcintum. The description of the mature 
larva there given was drawn from hasty notes made after a superficial 
examination during the evening of the day on which it was found, The 
examination was made with an ordinary reading glass, by gas light, and 
the notes were not referred to until the buttery emerged. The descrip- 
tion is faulty in two points. It was stated that the general colour was 
bright yellowish-green, the only markings being a faint, darker, dorsal 
stripe and a very minute coral-red spot in the middle of each segment just 
above the lateral fold. The ‘‘ minute spots” spoken of are the spiracles, 
and of course are not present on all the segments. Moreover, they are 
not ‘‘coral-red,” although they doubtless appeared so by contrast with the 
intense green surrounding them. It is further stated that the head was of 
a uniform light brown. This is also an error. The mandibles and labrum 
are indeed brown, but the ocellar fields are black, and the remainder of 


7. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol. XXXVI, p. 136 (May, 1904). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147 


the head is nearly transparent, any colour which it may appear to have 
being due to the internal organs behind it. 


Larva at Birth.—Pale yellow, with four series of long, recurved 
colourless hairs, two laterodorsal and two substigmatal ; a series of short, 
straight, dusky, backward-directed bristles accompanying the laterodorsal 
series. Spiracles brownish. Head dusky-yellow above, labrum and 
mandibles rich brown, ocellar fields black. Length, 1.24 mm. Breadth 
head, .19 mm. 


During the first instar the general appearance of the caterpillar alters 
but little. Being usually distended with food, the body appears to be 
nearly cylindrical, the segments smooth and rounded except for the sub- 
stigmatal fold. As the first moult approaches the colour becomes tinged 
with green. ; 


Second Stage.—Body onisciform, at first greenish-yellow, with a dusky 
dorsal stripe from the second thoracic to the eighth abdominal segment 
(in reality the dorsal blood vessel showing through the transparent skin) 
threaded by a light mediodorsal line extending to the seventh abdominal 
segment ; a lighter cloud on the top of the laterodorsal ridge and a similar 
though less pronounced one on the side of the substigmatal fold, on each 
segment excepting the first thoracic and last two abdominal. Covered 
with short red-brown pile. ‘Thoracic shield and spiracles brownish, the 
posterior edge of the former darker. Head (.54 mm. broad—from exuvie) 
much as before. 

During this stage the body becomes gradually greener until it is about 
the colour of young lettuce—a rather bright yellow-green quite unlike the 
watery pea-green of zrus larve. The lighter parts of the laterodorsal ridge 
and the substigmatal fold do not stand out sharply, but blend with the 
ground colour, and form vague longitudinal stripes. Similarly coloured 
spots appear faintly on the sides just above the spiracle line 

Ultimate Stage.—Not differing from preceding stage at first. Later 
the colour deepens and becomes a vivid, intense green, with the following 
markings of a green-yellow : the slender mediodorsal line, broader latero- 
dorsal and substigmatal lines—interrupted by the incisures—much as 
before. In addition, a series of short oblique lateral dashes, one to a 
segment except the first thoracic and last abdominal, fainter and usually 
much reduced on the second and third thoracic and on the seventh, eighth 
and ninth abdominal segments, elsewhere meeting the laterodorsal marks 
anteriorly, thus forming acute angles directed forwards ; a faint cloud 


148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


around each spiracle, probably the vestige of a stigmatal stripe, as a 
similar spot, in line with the others, is to be found on the thoracic segments 
without spiracles. Spiracles yellowish-brown or buff; dorsal shield 
(thoracic) white or yellowish anteriorly, near the ‘incisure livid. or with a 
rosy tinge (possibly by contrast with the green), and studded with dark 
brown, slight elevations. Head above gray-green or brownish-yellow, 
labrum and mandibles rich brown, ocellar fields black. Pile red (?) 
brown—possibly also by contrast. 


The body markings are evanescent, and are conspicuous for a day or 
two only, when the larva has attained its full growth, or a little before; they 
fade rapidly as the time for pupation approaches. The mediodorsal line 
grows fainter, and as it does so the indications of the stigmatal line 
appear. Then all the markings gradually fade, the line on the substig- 
matal fold being the last to disappear. While this-is taking place the 
caterpillar eats little or nothing at all, the body grows shorter, the 
segments fill out, obliterating the laterodorsal ridges and reducing the 
folds and fovez considerably. In one case the posterior half of the 
abdominal dorsum became tinged with dull russet-yellow, but as the 
chrysalis which was formed never disclosed an imago, this coloration was 
probably due to pathological conditions. 


The Change to Chrysalis.—Having found the emergence of the pupa 
instructive in tracing the life-history of other species, I took precautions to 
witness it in the case of augustus. Slight peristaltic movement was 
noticed shortly after midnight (June roth, 1906) in one of the larve 
fastened to its final mat. This was repeated at intervals for more than 
three hours, the peristalsis becoming more violent and the periods of rest 
less frequent, until at 3.23 a.m. the old skin split along the dorsimeson of 
the thorax. Three minutes-later the exuviz had been pushed beyond the 
body, the cremastral hooklets were fastened, and the insect was quiet. ; 


The Chrysalis.—The newly-formed chrysalis was bright green on the 
head, thorax and wing-covers, gray-green on the abdomen ventrally, 
yellowish-white dorsally ; the pulsating dorsal blood vessel (plainly visible 
on mesothorax, and second to seventh abdominal segments) dark green; 
incisures brownish-yellow ; spiracles nearly white. Six series of shallow 
pits on the abdomen represent the principal fovez of the larval skin; the 
lateral series largest, rounded; the infralateral smaller, elongate; the 
others minute. (See Plate 3.) The position of each pit is usually 
marked by a spot of black pigment beneath. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149 

Very gradually the pupal skin hardened and became opaque; a dusky 
appearance was first noted about 4.30 o'clock, and at 6 o’clock this had 
deepened to light brown, with scattered spots of darker brown showing 
here and there. The number of the latter increased rapidly until 7.15 
o’clock, when the pupa may be said to have attained its final characters. 
In studying the chrysalis of this species I have had five specimens for 
comparison with twenty-two zrus chrysalids, and from the material at hand 
I have been unable to discover any constant characters by which the two 
could be differentiated. The outline and general proportions differ in 
both with the sex of the inclosed insect, the female pupa being a trifle the 
larger, and relatively broader across the thorax. Of the two female 
augustus pupe before me, neither is as large as the majority of female zrus 
pupe ; but one of the latter is quite as small as either of the former. 
Perhaps the most obvious character, coloration, would be thought to 
present dependable criteria. This is, however, too variable to be of use; 
the chrysalis secured in 1903 was properly described as ‘‘ dull reddish- 
brown, profusely sprinkled with pitchy-brown spots and irregular blotches 


less numerous . . . . on the wing-cases than elsewhere.” I have 
represented in the plate a chrysalis which shows the maculation heavier 
on the wing-cases than elsewhere The colour of the spiracles is also of 
no value ; in some cases they are straw-yellow and conspicuous, in others 
brown like the ground colour, and in others black. The character and 
distribution of the hairs (not shown in the figures) is the same in both 
species, as is also the “raised reticulation” covering the whole surface. 
There is no ‘‘slender dorsal ridge ” on the thorax. 


THE PRESERVATION OF PAPERED SPECIMENS. 


The loss of antennz and other damage to papered specimens and the 
trouble of sorting out those desired when the papers are placed loose in a 
box, led me to devise ways and means of protecting them from damage. 
Thinking that some of our readers might be interested in a method of 
keeping specimens in good shape, I will describe how it may be done: 
Secure some shallow cigar boxes and cut pieces of card to fit loosely, 
over the card place a narrow strip of strong paper, about two inches from 
one end, and then other strips at about equal distances. The paper 


150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


strips should not be too tight ; under these strips the paper envelopes can 
be tucked. The advantages of this method are that the flap of the 
envelope always remains closed. ‘lhe name may be seen without the 
trouble of removing the envelope, and with a number of cards species can 
be filed away in their proper order. : 

When packing specimens for shipment a thin layer of cotton placed 
between each sheet will prevent much damage in transit. 

The most convenient way to keep paper for envelopes is to get it cut 
into the shape desired and then put up in pads. These can be carried 
conveniently in the collector’s bag, and are always ready for use. 

Trusting that these hints may be of use to some of our collectors. 

J. Wm. Cocke, Kaslo, B. C. 


PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 20. 
A HOMEMADE AND EFFECTIVE INSECT TRAP. 
BY JOHN D. EVANS, TRENTON. 
For several seasons past the writer has used an insect trap of simple 
construction, and with such good results that he offers the idea to anyone 
who may wish to try the experiment the coming season. 


The light used is an incandescent lamp of 16-candle power, suspended 
from the cornice in front of the porch, the entrances thereto being at the 
sides. 


The trap consists of a funnel made of a half-sheet of double elephant 
drawing-paper (other paper of like colour, strength and stiffness will 
probably answer), with the light so placed that it is just below the top of 
the funnel. The paper being translucent, the funnel becomes a large 
luminous object, and seems to be most attractive for myriads of insects of 
nearly all the orders. The lower part or small end of the funnel is inserted 
in the neck of a large wide-mouthed bottle or deep jar, into which it fits 
tightly and extends down about one-fourth of the depth of the bottle. In 
the bottle is placed a liberal supply of lump cyanide of potassium, 
sufficient, in fact, to cover the bottom, and then about one-third of the 
depth of the bottle is filled with cotton batting. Insects that once enter 
the bottle very rarely can escape again, and the strong fumes so quickly 


overpower them that fresh specimens are seldom, if ever, injured. 
May, 1907 


INSECT TRAP 


Narrow boar 


Incandescen/. laryp 


Paper funne/ 


(ait Jar 


= “ . 
Ariel 
/ 
| 


SIDE VieW FRONT VieW 


152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


The construction of the apparatus will readily be understood, and the 
application thereof, by the diagram and the following description: Take 
a strip of board four or five inches wide, or about as wide as the diameter 
of the jar, by one half inch or three-quarters inch thick, and long enough 
to reach up from the ground to the cornice, and when so placed it will be 
about five or six inches back from the suspended lamp. The funnel having 
been formed out of the sheet of paper, being about twelve or fourteen 
inches in diameter at the top and about one and one-quarter inches at the 
bottom and about fifteen to eighteen inches high, is secured to the strip of 
board with a thin narrow batten or lath nailed on the inside of the funnel 
and through to the board at such a height that when in place the light will 
be just below the top of the funnel. The bottle or jar is then put in place, 
with the mouth tightly fitting against the outside of the furinel, and is 
retained in its place by a narrow cleat nailed on the board and up against 
the bottom of the jar, and is kept rigid with an elastic rubber band passed 
around it from side to side, about half way up its height, and the band 
slipped over a nail driven into the edges of the board. The jar can be 
removed instantly at any time by simply disengaging the rubber band 
from the nails. ae 

The board, with funnel attached, may be kept in some suitable place 
when not in use. At the approach of dusk the bottle is slipped into its 
place and the board set up behind the lamp, if the board is of the proper 
length no other means is required to keep it in place except contact with 
the ground and cornice. The trap is left out all night to entice all winged 
inquisitive individuals, and is taken down in the morning, the jar removed 
and stopper put in. On the approach of the following evening the 
contents may be removed and the trap again set. The operator will have 
a full evening’s entertainment assorting the material of the previous night’s 
catch, taking care of the prized individuals and noting the common species. 

During some evenings insects may be much more numerous than 
upon others, but the writer has repeatedly noticed that no matter how 
unpropitious the early part of the evening may be, the morning may find 
some highly-prized object an inmate of the trap, and by keeping up the 
trap-setting nightly, from early until late in the season, one is enabled to 
capture not only the transient fliers, but also to note the dates of the 
coming and going of those species which are on the wing for a lengthened 
period. 


The details of installing the trap may of course be varied to suit the 
requirements of the situation. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153 


NEW MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY W. D. KEARFOTT, MONTCLAIR, N, J. 


(Continued from page 128.) 


Eucosma Hamptonana, sp. nov. 

Expanse, 12.5 to 14 mm. 

Head very pale fawn; palpi white fawn, with a darker dusting on 
outside ; antenna dark fuscous, fawn-white between joints ; thorax darker 
fawn than head, posterior half streaked with blackish ; abdomen grayish- 
fuscous, anal tuft with an ochreous tinge ; legs whitish-gray, anterior pair 
dusted with fawn above, and tarsi ringed with black, 

Fore wing light tawny-fawn, with a large white dorsal spot, white 
dashes on costa, and strigulated with black on costal and dorsal margins. 
The basal area is limited on lower half of wing by white dorsal mark, on 
upper half it is not clearly defined ; on the fold are two black dots, and 
the male costal fold, which extends to middle of wing, is marked with 
black dashes, with a corresponding line of blackish dots below ; the dorsal 
margin is similarly marked with black dashes, and the inner edge of the 
white patch is outlined with black. The white dorsal patch is large, 
extending from middle of dorsum to tornus, beneath ocellic spot, with two 
or three dark dots on lower edge; the inner edge curves obliquely 
outward to above middle of wing, it then follows fold to tornus; outwardly 
it is somewhat overlaid with fawn and black scales. Between the white 
patch and costa is a gray shade; beyond this the costa is marked with 
four long geminate lines, white on costa and shining gray below. Each 
encloses a small black costal dot, and is separated by a larger black spot ; 
the line below apex curves outward in termen, ending in a white dot below 
apex. The ocellic area is large, the vertical bars purplish-gray-metallic, 
the inner is double the width and length of the outer, and above connects 
with the inner pair of costal lines, below it expands outward beneath the 
ocellus ; in the fawn-coloured ocellus are four or five short black lines and 
dots, and there is a patch of black on the inner side of the inner bar. 
Terminal line black, cut with white below apex. Cilia shining leaden- 
gray. 

Hind wing smoky-gray, darker at apex. Cilia whitish, with a darker 
basal line. Under side yellowish-gray. Under side fore wing dark 
smoky-gray, blackish towards termen ; costal spots repeated. 

The description is from a ¢ specimen; the Q differs in that the 
dorsal patch is gray instead of white; the 9 is also darker, black and 
brown scales overlay the fawn. 

May, 1907 


154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Five specimens: Hampton, New Hampshire, July 7 to Aug. 5, S. 
Albert Shaw. 

Enarmonia Shawiana, sp. nov. 

Expanse, 6, 11.5 to r2 mm.; 9, 9.5 to 14.5°mm. 

Head light olivaceous brown on top, darker on sides, white in front ; 
palpi, ¢ pure white; 2 cream-white ; the outer end of tuft and apical 
joint smoky-brown; the 4 palpi are shorter than 9; antenna fuscous ; 
thorax dark brown in middle, the patagia and an anterior band of grayish- 
brown, a few whitish specks on postericr end; abdomen dark velvety- 
brown above, anal tuft gray ; legs grayish-white, shaded in front with 
blackish-brown. : 

Fore wing blackish-brown with a bronzy-tinge, a conspicuous white 
dorsal mark and four white costal dashes in outer half. The basal area 
extends to inner third, its outer edge is generally rounded with indentation 
at upper and lower fourths ; on this.lower half is a small patch of white 
scales, above which a streak of bluish-metallic nearly touches costa. The 
white dorsal mark is in middle of wing, it is irregular in form, in some 
specimens with a slight spur from its outer upper corner, in others it is 
somewhat bifurcated at the upper end with a féw dark scales on dorsum ; 
in ali specimens it slightly angles outward, and rarely reaches above fold ; 
an inwardly inclined fascia of shining-blue continues from its upper edge 
to costa, ending on costa as a geminate white spot. Beyond this is a broad 
fascia of the ground colour, thickly dotted with dull black on costa, and 
more sparsely on upper half below costa, and lightly with olivaceous-brown 
on lower half. The outer half of costa is marked with four large white 
oblique costal streaks, the one before apex is the largest, and in some 
specimens it is geminate; the inner costal dash sends a curved leaden- 
blue-metallic line to anal angle, its lower half broadening and forming the 
inner vertical ocellic bar, Beyond this metallic line the ground colour is 
coppery-brown, horizontally streaked with blick, between the white costal 
dashes the costa is narrowly edged with blick. From the second and 
third costal dashes a similar leaden-metallic line curves under the apex 
before the termen, and ends in termen as a white dash about a third above 
tornus. The outer costal dash is edged below with leaden-metallic scales, 
opposite its lower end, but not joining it is a white dash below apex. The 
ocellic area between the two metallic bars is bright coppery-brown, 
crossed by four or five horizontal black lines, with an indistinct metallic 
line below. Terminal line black, cut with white dashes below apex at 
lower third and twice on tornus. Cilia white at apex, leaden-gray below, 
preceded by a whitish basal line. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. $55 


Hind wing dark smoky brown, blackish-brown outwardly. Cilia 
whitish-gray, with a black basal line. Under side both wings grayish- 
brown, costal spots of fore wing repeated. 

Described from two ¢ and seven 9 specimens. Essex County Park, 
N. J., July 1 to 17; Newark, N. J., June 9, A. J. Weidt ; Hampton, 
N. H., June ro, S. Albert Shaw. 

The New Hampshire specimens are all large, the ¢ 11.5 to 12 mm., 
and the 2 14 to 14.5 mm. One of the New Jersey specimens, from 
Newark, a 2, is 13 mm., and seems to be of the same race as those from 
New Hampshire ; the other four New Jersey specimens, all 9’s, are of a 
much smaller race, expanding 9.5 to 10.5 mm.; I was inclined to separate 
them, but most minute examination fails to show any specific difference. 
This species is closest to &. dracteatana, Fern., and the larve are likely 
to be found in the cone scales of some of our eastern Conifera, as is the 
habit of Fernald’s species in California. 

Named in honour of Mr. S. Albert Shaw, of Hampton, New 
Hampshire, to whom I am indebted for a great many carefully-collected 
and exquisitely-mounted specimens. 

Proteopteryx Marmontana, sp. nov. 

Expanse, 12.5 to 18 mm. 

Head brownish-gray ; palpi dark gray, paler within; thorax bronzy- 
black, posterior end and patagia streaked with white; antenna and 
abdomen dark fuscous; legs whitish, dusted and banded with bronzy-black. 

Fore wing: Inner half bronzy-brown, heavily overlaid with gray, the 
ground colour gradually becomes lighter outwardly, until in the apical 
third it is bright coppery-brown or ochreous. There is a large white 
dorsal spot between inner and outer third on lower half of wing, dotted 
with blackish-brown on dorsal edge, and in some specimens a few dark 
scales above ; the inner edge is outwardly oblique and indented below 
fold, a short spur follows fold on its outer edge, but excavated beneath. 
Above this spot a broad double geminate gray fascia continues to costa. 
The basal area outlined by this fascia and dorsal spot is edged with black 
scales, in the middle of its lower half is a grayish shade. Beyond the 
fascia and dorsal spot is a curved coppery-brown fascia, blick on 
costal edge, dotted with black below fold and on dorsal edge, 
and a few black scales on its outer edge before the ocellus. Beyond 
this a pair of geminate costal spots send a double geminate band of shining- 
gray to ocellus, the latter pure white, shining on the sides and mixed with 
a few shining gray scales, the centre is tinged with ochreous and crossed 
by three horizontal black lines in the upper half. There are two other 


156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


geminate costal dashes between the above and apex, the inner sends a 
horizontal gray-metallic line to termen beneath apex, it nearly joins a 
shorter leaden line from the outer dash. The costal dashes are narrowly 
white on costal edge, each contains a small black costal dot, and between 

each two the costal edge is narrowly black. Cilia brown at apex, gray in 
middle of termen and whitish around tornus. 

Hind wing light smoky-gray, cilia whitish- -_gray, with a faint darter 
basal line ; under side the same. Under side fore wing dark gray, costal 
spots faiuily repeated. 

The description is from a ¢ specimen from Rounthwaite, Manitaaee 
The New Hampshire specimens are smaller, and more of a dark browish- 
hue inwardly and ochreous outwardly. Without a lens the Manitoba 
specimens look almost black in the inner half. 

Twenty-one specimens: Rounthwaite, Manitoba, July 11 to 15, L 
E. Marmont ; Aweme, Manitoba, July 12 to 24, Norman Criddle ; Prince 
Albert, Alberta, July 19, T. N. Willing; Regina, Assiniboine, July 15, 

Jas. Fletcher; Hampton, New Hampshire, Aug. 5 to ro. 

This species is nearest P. momonana, \Kearf., it can be separated by 
the ocellic spot, which in AZarmontana has a well defined dark dot in its 
upper half, also by the inner edge of the ocellus, which in AZarmontana 
is straight, while in somonana it sends a spur into the dark fascia before it. 

I take pleasure in naming this interesting and well-distributed species 
after Mr. L. E. Marmont, to whom I am indebted for a great many 
beautifully-prepared specimens of Micro-Lepidoptera. 

Epinotia Normanana, sp. nov. 

Expanse, 9 to 10.5 mm. 

Head and palpi whitish fawn, latter with blackish-brown shade on 
outside of second joint ; antenna grayish-white; thorax light fawn, a faint 
dark shade in middle of posterior half; abdomen silvery-gray, anal tuft 
light cinereous, with a few dark scales at its base; legs whitish-fawn, 
dusted and banded with dark brown. 

Fore wing very light fawn, mixed with whitish scales, with large, 
well-defined black costal dashes, terminal line and dusting. The basal 
area is only defined on the lower two-thirds of wing, when it reaches to 
inner third the area is pale fawn, with three vertical black lines on its outer 
half, the inner only reaching costa, and one black vertical line in the 
middle of the inner half, with a black dot between latter and base and a 


slight dusting of black between these lines on the dorsal half. The costa, 
from base to apex, is evenly marked with black dashes, the three before 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157 


apex being very large, triangular in shape and oblique ; they are separated 
by white costal spots, each containing a smail black costal dot; the outer 
white spot sends a white line into termen below apex, through black 
terminal line into cilia, it encloses a blackish apical spot. ‘The pearly- 
white, shining ocellic bars are joined together below, and enclose a 
narrow fawn space, dotted with black, above it is a larger black shade. 
On the outer third of dorsum is a shining pearly-white dot ; between it and 
the inner ocellic bar the ground colour is rather heavily powdered with 
black. There is a broad central fascia of ground colour, edged inwardly 
with white, and in middle near dorsum dotted with black, and a few 
blackish scales scattered through the centre. Terminal line black ; cilia 
leaden-metallic. 

Hind wing gray ; cilia paler gray, with a darker basal line. Under 
side the same. Under side fore wing darker gray, costal spots faintly 
repeated. Cilia leaden-metallic, with black basal and terminal lines. 

Fourteen specimens : Aweme, Manitoba, all collected june 27, 1905, 
by Mr. Norman Criddle, in whose honour the species is named. 

Epinotia Kennebecana, sp. nov.” 

Expanse, 13 to 15 mm. 

Head light fuscous ; palpi cream white inside, light fuscous outside, 
apical joint dark fuscous ; thorax dark fuscous, tips of patagia light gray ; 
abdomen fuscous, anal tuft cinereous; legs cream-white, shaded with 
dark brown. 

Fore wing: Basal area blackish-brown, a dark gray shade extends 
from basal area along costa to apex, and is continued as a narrow black 
terminal line to tornus. Enclosed in these dark and gray shades, the 
entire outer two-thirds of wing are white; the usual white dorsal spot and 
an abnormally large white ocellic spot joining together, but their relative 


positions indicated by a shade of scattered gray and black scales between 
them. The basal area on dorsum extends to inner third, its outer edge is 
slightly outwardly oblique to above middle of wing, then obliquely inward 
to costa ; the lower two-thirds is finely dentate. The gray costal shade 
is marked with four paler geminate spots on the outer half, and before the 
apex the gray and white is shaded with a yellowish-coppery tinge. The 
ocellic spot is defined on both sides by vertical shining white bars, each 
outlined with black scales. Cilia black, divided by a gray line on lower 
half. 

Hind wing light smoky-gray, cilia paler, with a gray basal line. Under 
side grayish-white, shaded with brown along costa. Under side fore wing 
smoky-black, costal spots faintly repeated, grayish-white below fold. 


158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Three specimens: Kennebunkport, Maine, August, coilected by G. 
H. Clapp. In collections of Carnegie Museum, Acc. Cat. No. 2351 and 
2861. 

Co-type in Carnegie Museum. 

Acleris albilineana, sp. nov. 

Expanse, 21-23 mm. 

Head, palpi, antenna and thorax dark hoary-gray, with a purple 
reflection; posterior end of thorax and patagia ferruginous-purple; abdomen 
gray, anal tuft dull ochreous ; legs grayish-white, dusted and banded with 
dark brown and ochreous. Ste 

Fore wing dark grayish-lavender, with a conspicuous pure white band 
from base to costa before apex, on the upper third of the wing. At the 
extreme base the band begins on the costa, but does not touch it again, 
except at the outer end ; the sides of the band are parallel, and it only 
diminishes in thickness just before the outer end. Above the white band 
is a costal band of ground colour of about the same width. Below the 
white band and outlining it the ground colour is darkened by deeper 
purple and black scales, and with four or five dots of black raised scales 
in the middle of cell, sometimes with a ferrugingqus shade. There are three 
black dots of raised scales in fold, the larger at inner third, another at 
outer third, and the smallest at outer end of fold. Cilia concolorous. 

Hind wing bright shining gray, with a yellowish hue, cilia the same ; 
under side the same, but speckled with dark brown. Under side fore 
wing shining cinereous-gray, paler along costa. 

Ten specimens, Ottawa, Canada, Sept. 23 and April 21, C. H. 
Young ; Hampton, N. H., Oct. 18 and 20 and Mar. 28 to May 2, S. 
Albert Shaw. 

This species is very much like Acleris divisana, Hbn. I have not 
seen the European species, but if Robinson’s figure 63, Pl. vii, Trans. Am. 
Ent. Soc., Vol. II, 1869, is a good representation of it, albcdineana can be 
separated by the following diffzrences: white band does not reach apex ; 
white band is straight on its lower edge, not angulated ; white band does 
not touch costa except at its two ends, 

Archips argyrospila, Walk., variety mortuana, var. nov. 


‘ 


Expanse, 18 to 20 mm. 

Head dark bronzy-gray, co!lar shaded with pale ochreous ; palpi pale 
ochreous inside, brown outside, terminal joint blackish ; antenna gray ; 
thorax shining-gray ; abdomen slightly paler than thorax, tuft whitish-gray ; 
legs ochreous-white, heavily dusted in front with bronzy-black. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 


Fore wing: Shades of light and dark gray. There is an inner fascia 
of shining-gray, beginning on costa as a quadrate white spot between inner 
fourth and third, below costa it widens, and at dorsal margin it extends 
from inner fourth to beyond middle ; in male specimens the dark grayish- 
brown costal fold partly hides the white spot. ‘There is a similar quadrate 
outwardly oblique white spot between costa and top of cell beyond middle, 
below cell it continues as a shining-gray fascia, and overspreads the outer 
third of wing. A smaller inwardly oblique white spot is on costa before 
apex ; these two white costal spots encluse a darker shade of gray, and in 
some specimens there is a paler shade connecting the two spots below the 
dark spot. Cilia pale, shining gray. 

Hind wings gray, cilia whitish; under side whitish. Under side fore 
wing smoky-gray, paler around margins, with costal spots repeated. 

Four specimens: Ottawa, Canada, July 3, C. H. Young; New 
Brighton, Pa., June 20, F. A. Merrick ; Wisconsin ; San Francisco, Cal. 
(Strecker collection). I have two other specimens, one from Algonquin, 
Ill., June 29, Dr. Nason, and one from So. Utah, July, Dr. Barnes, too 
badly rubbed to include in the type material. 

The: maculation does not differ from argyrosfi/a, but there is a total 
absence of red, brown or ochreous shades, these being entirely replaced by 
grays. The variety seems to be as widely distributed as the common form. 

Phatlonia Hollandana, sp. nov. 

Expanse, 13 to14 mm. 

Head, palpi and thorax cream-gray, dusted with light brown ; antenna 
gray ; abdomen dark gray, anal tuft dull ochreous ; legs cream white, 
dusted with brown in front. 

Fore wing: Basal area cream-white, mottled in the middle with light 
olivaceous and edged on costa with pale purplish-pink, in which are a 
few brown dots; its outer margin is nearly straight and very oblique, 
extending from inner fourth of dorsum to beyond inner third of costa. 
Beyond it is a black fascia, narrowest on costa, overlaid in middle with 
purplish-brown, and on lower end with pinkish and cream-white scales ; 
its outer edge is concave, and encloses a large round spot filling the outer 
third of wing, edged with shining-purple and interior dull reddish-purple, 
shaded with black outwardly and above. The outer half of costa is purple, 
interrupted by a black spot before apex, which sends a narrow black 
fascia into the round spot. ‘There is a black patch in apical cilia, and five 
others in the termen cilia ; between these black spots the cilia is ochreous- 
pink, and is preceded by a fine black line, before which is a whitish line. 


160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


Hind wing blackish-gray; cilia paler, with a broad darker line close 
to base ; under side dark gray, mottled outwardly with black in middle of - 
wing ; cilia preceded by a fine ochreous line. Under side fore wing 
smoky-black, dotted with cream-white on outer half of costa. 

Three specimens: Oak Station, Allegheny Co, Penn., Sept. 1, Fred. 
Marloff; Pittsburg, Penna., Sept. r2 and 21, Carnegie Museum, Acc. 
No. 2960, through Dr. W. G. Holland, in whose honour the species is 
named, and to whom I am indebted for the privilege of studying and 
identifying a large number of most interesting specimens of Micro- 
Lepidoptera. pee 

Commophila contrastana, sp. nov. = 

Expanse, ¢, 20mm.; 9, 21. mm. 

Head and palpi cream-white; antenna, basal joint white, shaded with 
brown ; outer joints light whitish-fuscous ; thorax and patagia purplish- 
black, with an iridescent blue and red reflection; abdomen and legs 
ochreous-cream, latter shaded in front with brown. 

Fore wing: Upper half and outer third cream-white; a sharply- 
defined band of bluish-black, with an iridescent reflection, as on the thorax, 
occupies the dorsal edge of the wing. This band begins on costa, cover- 
ing the inner sixth ; it covers the basal area, the outer edge, is outwardly 
oblique to lower third of wing, where it curves and continues parallel to 
dorsum; the band is slightly wider at outer end, and terminates before the 
ocellic space. Paralleling the apex in the outer fourth is a shade of light 
olivaceous-fuscous. with a cluster of leaden scales before apex, divided into 
four lines by shining-cream strigule from the costa. Between middle and 
outer third there is a quadrate spot of same shade on costa. Cilia cream- 
white. 

Hind wing light brownish-fuscous, darker around margin; cilia whitish; 
under side ochreous-white. Under side fore wing light ochreous-brown ; 
shining gray-white below fold. <e 

One ¢, Oak Station, Allegheny Co., Penn., May 23, Fred. Marloff; 
one 2, New Haven, Conn., June 7, A. E. Britton. 

This species is very closely allied to C. fuscodorsana, K., and may 
prove to be the eastern form of this western species. The dorsal band in 
fuscodorsana sends a spur up to end of cell at its outer end; the strigula- 
tions in apex are much darker and limited to two well-defined broader 
lines. The shade of the dorsal band is fuscous-brown. 

Correction.— On pages 5 and 6 ante read, ‘‘ University of Kansas ” 
in the place of ‘‘ Kansas Academy of Science.” 

(To be continued.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 161 


LIST OF HEMIPTERA TAKEN AT COMO, QUEBEC. 


BY GEO. A. MOORE, MONTREAL. 


The following list enumerates the Hemiptera taken by me at Como, 
Quebec, which is about 30 miles west of Montreal, from the rst of July to 
the 3rd of September, 1906. All these insects passed through the hands 
of Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, who kindly named them for me. The dates 
given are the first day the insect was seen or taken: 


HETERCPTERA. 
Pentatomide. 
Corimelna unicolor, P. B.—Aug. 19. Common on Golden-rod. 
Corimelzna pulicaria, Germ.—July 24. Common on Golden-rod. 
Eurygaster alternatus, Say.— July 26. Several. 
Sehirus cinctus, P. B.—July 24. One specimen. 
Euchistus fissilis, Uhl.—July 26.—Several. 
Euchistus tristigmus, Say.—July 2. Several. 
Pentatoma juniperina, Linn.—July 21.—One specimen. 
Mormidea lugens, Fab.—Aug. 1. Several. 
Ccenus delius, Say.—Aug. 4. One specimen. 
Neottiglossa undata, Say.—July 26. Several. 
Cosmopepla carnifex, Fab.—July 1. Common. 
Menecles insertus, Say.—July 26. One immature specimen. 
Banasa dimidiata, Say.— Aug. 12. One specimen. 
Podisus modestus, Dall.—Aug. 18. 
Elasmostethus atricornis, Van D.—Sept. 1. Common. 


Coreide. 
Alydus eurinus, Say.—July 20. Several sweeping. 
Alydus 5-spinosus, Say.—July 26. Three specimens taken sweeping. 
Protenor Belfragei, Hagl—Aug. 2. Two specimens taken sweeping. 
Corizus noveeboracensis, Sign.—July 27. Several sweeping. 
Corizus nigrosternum, Sign.—July 8 and Sept. 3. Several sweeping. 
Berytide. 
Zalysus muticus, Say.—July 26. Common on Raspberry. 
Lygaide. 
Nysius angustatus, Uhl.—July 24. Common. 
Nysius longiceps, Stal.—July 25. Two specimens taken sweeping 
meadow. 


Cymus claviculus, Halm.—July 2. Common in swampy places. 
May, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CEdancala dorsalis, Say.—July 15. Common sweeping railroad track. 
Ligyrocoris diffusus, Uh]l.—July 14, Aug. rr. Common. 
Ligyrocoris contractus, Say.—July 26. Several. 
Perigenes constrictus, Say.—Aug. 3. Three Specimens taken. 
Lygeus Kalmi, Stal.—Sept. 3. ‘Two specimens taken on milkweed. 
Phlegyas abbreviatus, Uhl.—July 26. Several sweeping railroad track, 
Scolopostethus Thomsoni, Reut.—July 2. One specimen. 
Tingitide. 
Corythuca juglandis, Fh.—July 24, Aug. 1. Common on Oak and 


Elm. 


Elm. 


Corythuca marmorata, Uhl.—July 26. Two specimens on Oak and 
Aradide. 
Aradus abbas, Prov.—July 1. Onespecimen. ~ 
Phymatide. 


Phymata erosa Pennsylvanica, Hand.—July 14. Common on 


Golden-rod. 


Reduviide. “é 
Coriscus subcoleoptratus, Kirby.—July 1, Aug. 4. Several. 
Coriscus ferus, Linn.—July 2. Very common. . 
Coriscus inscriptus, Kirby.—Aug. 14. One specimen 
Sinea diadema, Fabr.—July 26. Very common on Golden-rod. 
Diplodes luridus, Stal_—July 21. Immature on Elm trees. 
Reduvius personatus, Linn.—July 29. Three came to light. 


Anthocoride. 
Anthocoris musculus, Say.—July 25. Common on shrubs. 
Triphleps tristicolor, B. White.—July 2. 

Capside. 

Plagiognathus obscurus, Uh].—July 2. 
Plagiognathus politus, Uhl,—July 15. 
Plagiognathus annulatus, Uhl.—July 2. 
Rhinocapsus Vanduzei, Uhl,—July 25. 
Diaphnidia pellucida, Uhl.—July 15. 
Orthotylus chlorionis, Say.—July 8. 
Hyaliodes vitripennis, Say.—July 20. 
Dicyphus agilis, Uhl.—July 8. Common. 
Dicyphus famelicus, Uhl,—Aug. 3. Common. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163 


Suphrosoma stygica, Say.—July 1, Aug. 12. Common. 
Halticus bracteatus, Say.—July 18. Common. 
Pilophorus crassipes, Stal_—July 24. Two specimens. 
Pilophorus amcenus, Uhl.—Aug. 4. One specimen. 
Monolocoris filicis, L.—July 2. Very common. 
Resthenia insignis, Say.—Aug. 3. 
Lopidea media, Say.—July 26. One specimen. 
Phytocoris eximus, Reut.—July 15. Common. 
Phytocoris puella, Revt.—Aug. 2. 

Phytocoris pallidicornis, Reut.—July 14. 
Calacoris rapidus, Say.—July 1. Common. 
Melinna modesta, Uhl.—July 20, Aug. 1. 

Lygus pratensis, Linn.—July 1. Very common. 
Lygus invitus, Say.—July 14. Common. 

Lygus pabulinus, Linn.—Sept. 1. One specimen. 
Orthops scutellatus.—July 7. 

Peecilocapsus lineatus, Fabr.—July 1. Common. 
Peecilocapsus goniphorus, Say.—July 8. 
Peecilocapsus marginatus, Reut.—July 8. 
Camptobrochis nebulosus, Uhl.—July 2c. 
Neoborus saxeus, Dist.—July 21. 

Capsus ater, Linn.—July 8. 

Collaria Meuilleuri, Prov.—July 15. Common. 
Trigonotylus ruficornis, Fall.—July 2. 

Miris affinis, Reut.—July 2. Common. 
Leptoterna dolabrata, Linn.—July 1. Common. 
Fourteen species of Capsids not determined. 


Saldide. 
Salda pallipes, Fabr.—July 7. Common on shore. 
Notonectide. 
Plea striola, Fieb.—July 31. Common. 
Gerride. 


Microvelia Americana, Uhl. ?—July 31. Immature ; common. 
Gerris marginatus, Say.—July 23. Common. 

Gerris sulcatus, Uhi.—July 31. Common. 

Limnoporus rufoscutellatus, Lati.—July 31. Common. 
Mesovelia bisignata, Uhl.—Aug. 1. Common. 


(To be continued.) 


164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE EUPITHECLZ OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 
BY GEO, W. TAYLOR, WELLINGTON, B. C. 


In the present paper an attempt is made to enumerate the species of 
Eupithecia occurring in the eastern parts of North America. 


The species of this genus, being very numerous and not very easy to 
distinguish the one from the other, have been neglected by most 
entomologists, and in the majority of collections they are present in short 
series only, and usually under incorrect names. 


The Monograph of Dr. Packard, which for so many years was our 
only guide, enumerated but 17 species from the whole of North America, 
Naturally it was impossible to identify one’s captures from that work. 
Then came Dr. Hulst with 40 or 50 new species, but I am compelled to 
say that his descriptions are in most instances altogether inadequate, and 
the fact that in no single case was a description accompanied by a 
figure, makes the identification of Hulst’s species a matter of considerable 
difficulty. 

But even Hulst left many forms undescribed. Species of Aupithecia 
will, I believe, be found to be quite as numerous in North America as in 
Europe. I have already over 100 species in my-own cabinet, and I shall 
not be surprised if in the near future our list attains a total of 150 names. 


Coming from the district covered in tne present paper I recognize 
about 4o apparently distinct species. I have endeavoured to separate first 
the species described by Guenée, Grote, Packard and Hulst, and have 
ventured then to characterize the rest as new to science. I have tried to 
make my descriptions as full as possible, and have taken into considera- 
tion the under as well as the upper sides. Hulst usually omitted reference 
to the under sides, but I find that the arrangement of the lines on the fore’ 
and hind wings beneath often furnishes reliable and easily Tecgpized 
specific characters. 


I have to confess that I have not yet attempted to break up the 
genus into sections. I have, indeed, neglected so far the study of generic 
characters, believing it to be of greater importance first. to fix with 
certainty the specific status of the forms already described and to supply 
the undescribed ones with names. 

The generic nomenclature of our Geometride is in great confusion, 
and in danger of being made stiil worse if hasty revision is attempted. I 


believe that some of the characters (sexual ones) relied on by Dr. Hulst 
May, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165 


for the separation of genera will be discarded altogether by future 
systematists, but | am far from competent myself to undertake or even 
suggest reforms in that direction. 

As to the name adopted for this genus, I use Hupithecta because I 
agree with those who claim that Curtis’s name antedates that of Hubner. 
There are some, I know, who hold the contrary opinion, and they will 
continue to call the genus Zephroc/ystia, but it is to be hoped that the 
error, into which nearly all our modern American writers have fallen, of 
writing Zephroclystis will not be perpetuated. I am not sufficiently 
acquainted with European literature to know who first made the mistake, 
but certainly Meyrick in his ‘‘Hand-book” uses the wrong spelling, and I 
think that probably Hulst and others have erred by following him. 

With the species already described I shall deal in date order. 


The names proposed prior to 1896, the date of Hulst’s “Classification,” 
are 18 in number. 


In order of publication they are: 


1759, absynthiata, Clerck. 1867, luteata, Packard. 

1847, scriptaria, Herrich Schaeffer. 1873, geminata, Packard. 

1857, coagulata, Guenée. 1873, palpata, Packard. 

1860, gelidata, Moschler. 1873, interruptofasciata, Packard. 
1861, hyperboreata, Staudinger. 1873, strattonata, Packard. 

1862, anticaria, Walker. 1874, cretaceata, Packard. 

1862, implicata, Walker. 1876, albicapitata, Packard. 

1862, explanata, Walker. 1876, zygadeniata, Packard. 
1863, miserulata, Grote. 1876, ravocostaliata, Packard. 


Eup. absynthiata, Clerck, Icones, VI, 9, 1759.—This species is dealt 
with here, not because it occurs in North America, but because the zame 
has appeard on a!l our lists from the time of Packard to the present day. 


We have, it is true, several close allies to this species, which will be 
mentioned later, but the true adsynthiata has not yet, I believe, been 
found in America. We have no form nearly so ved as the genuine 
absynthiata is, and, moreover, in all our forms, so far as I known them, 
the fringes are checkered, while in the European moth the fringe is plain. 

Careful breeding of our forms and investigations as to their food- 
plants will be necessary to make certain their specific distinctness and 
limits. The larva of the supposed aédsynthiata has been found and 


166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


described in North America (See Goodell in Canapian ENTOMOLOGIST, 
Vol. IX, p. 62, food-plant, Cockscomb), but it is not possible now to say 
to which of our species this description will refer. The larva of the real 
absynthiata’ of Europe feeds on the flowers of species of Senecio, 
Eupatorium, Artemisia, Achillea and Soltdago. It is described by 
Packard (Monograph, p. 50), who quotes verbatim from Newman (British 
Moths, p. 136), but Newman is there quoting from Crewe (Entomologists’ 
Annual, 1861, p. 140) and has made some curious verbal alterations. 
The name adsynthiata must, I think, be struck off our lists. 

Eup. scriptaria, Herr. Sch., Schm. Eur., III, 121, 1847.—This is a 
mountain-loving species, said to have been found in Labrador, and for 
that reason is given a place on our list, 

Three species recently described by me, namely, Z. regina, £. 
modesta and E. obumbrata, are near allies of scriftaria, but I think quite 
distinct. I have a beautiful bred specimen from Switzerland in my 
cabinet, and should not have any difficulty in recognizing the species 
should it turn up in any of our northern localities. 

Eup. coagulata, Guenée, Spec. Gen., X, 339, 1857.-—This species is 
stated by Packard to be the same as his Z. geminata, and both are sunk 
in the Monograph as synonyms of adsynthiata. 

If I am correct in what 1 have said above as to absynthiata, it will 
follow, I think, that coagw/ata must stand for some American form very 
near to but distinct from that species. Guenée was familiar, of course, 
with the true adsynthiata, and could see the differences existing in the 
American form, and he has pointed out some of them in his descriptions. . 

It seems to me most probable that Guenée had before him a specimen 
of the smaller of the two forms which Packard confused under the name 
of geminata. This is that figured in the Monograph on Plate vill, fig. 2. 
The only objection to this use of the name seems to be that this form 
lacks the reddish tinge which coagu/ata is said to possess. There 1s, 
however, in British Columbia a form which is quite red enough to satisfy 
the description, and though it is not likely that Guenée’s type, said to be 
from Pennsylvania, could have been a western specimen, it is probable 
that it was conspecific. I have used the name coagu/ata for the western 
form, and I now use it also for the eastern, though not absolutely sure that 
Iam correct. It is just possible that still another form may be found in 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167 


Pennsylvania which will be better entitled to the name, and in that case 
the present species will want a new name. 


It has been suggested that the European £Z. assimilata and E. 
expallidata might occur here, but I am familiar with these two species, 
and they are certainly distinct from the one under consideration. 


£. coagulata as here determined does not seem to be very abundant, 
though widely distributed. 


My eastern specimens are all dated June. I have one from the 
Catskill Mountains (June 3, 1899). It is species No. ro of a series, kindly 
sent me some time ago by Mr. R. F. Pearsall. I have it also from 
Montreal, Ottawa and a number of other localities. 


Eup. gelidata, Moschler, Wien. Ent. Monats., IV, 47, 1860.—This 
species is placed on our lists on account of its occurrence in Labrador. 
According to Staudinger and Rebel (No. 3634), it also occurs in Green- 
land and the Shetland Islands. I have not seen it. 


It is said by the last named authors to be a variety of Z. nanata, 
Hubner, a common European (and British) species feeding on Erica and 
Calluna. ££. nanata is a Eupithecia, but Huist places ge/idata in 
Eucymatoge, relying on the supposed difference in number of accessory 
cells, or more likely making a mistake through not having had specimens 
for critical examination. 


The original description of Z. ge/idata is copied in the Monograph 
on pages 64 and 65. 

Lup. hyperboreata, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 400, 1861.—Another 
northern species that I have never seen. Apparently it is nearly allied to 
the last named. The localities given in Staudinger and Rebel’s Catalogue 
(No. 3635) are Norway, North Germany, Russia and Greenland. 


Eup. anticaria, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het., Br. Mus., XXIV, 1241, 
1862.—If it should turn out that the number of the accessory cells is a 
constant character in this genus, then azticaria will have to be placed in 
Eucymatoge, for it certainly possesses the two cells. Walker described 
this species and imp/icata and exp/anata all from Nova Scotia specimens, 
from the collection of Lieutenant Redman. 


It seems to me probable that the three constitute but one species. 
The description of anticarta comes first in Walker’s work, and it certainly 
applies to the common form which goes under that name in our collections, 
and which occurs almost everywhere, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 


168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Various attempts have been made by Hulst and others to identify 
implicata as something different to anticaria, but so far I have failed to 
find any form to fit the description better than does the ordinary 
anticarta. - 

Eup. miserulata, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., II, 32, 1863.—The 
type of this species is apparently lost. Packard, who had seen the type, 
placed his énterruptofasciata as a synonym, but expresses some doubts as 
to the correctness of this course (see Monograph, p. 54), and I think 
that anyone reading the two descriptions carefully will agree that they 
refer to different insects. I believe I have correctly identified Grote’s 
species. In the Packard collection, so Mr. Swett informs me, there is a 
specimen from the State of Virginia, whence the type came, which agrees 
exactly with specimens that I had named m/serudata after a careful study 
of the descriptions. There are, however, in the Hulst and some other 
collections specimens of a different species which were sent out by Grote 
himself as mzseru/ata. But it must be noted that Grote said that the only 
eastern Lufithecia known to him was this species. This being the case, 
it is clear that he could hardly be depended upon to accurately determine 
specimens in this genus, and I don’t think that-we should attach much 
weight to specimens sent out by him—some of them many years after the 
original specimen had been described, and which do not agree with the 
description. 

Several different species are usually confused together under this name 
in collections, but the real thing is arare insect and seldom found correctly 
identified. 

The larva has been described more than once, but it is very doubtful 
whether any of the descriptions really apply to true miserulata, It will. 
be better to ignore them all. 

My specimens of this species are from Mr. R. F. Pearsall (No.-2), 
Bronx, April, 1904, and from Mr. H. D. Merrick, New Brighton, Pa., also 
taken in April. It seems to be rare. 

The species may be easily recegnized by the ¢zear black discal and 
the very straight hind margins to the fore wings. (See note in Can, ENT., 
XXXVII, 262.) 

Von Gumppenberg described a variety Ca/iforniata, but it is in the 
highest degree unlikely that any variety of mseru/ata should occur in 


California. 
(To be continued.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169 


NOTES ON CHRYSOPHANUS HYPOPHLAZAS AND ITS ALLIES, 
WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES. 


BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MILLARVILLE, ALBERTA. 


Chrysophanus arethusa, n. sp.—Antenne black and white-ringed, 
clubs black above, white, black-tipped beneath. Palpi brown above, 
whitish at sides and beneath. Eyes ringed with white. Head and thorax 
dark brown. Abdomen dark brown above, whitish or cinereous beneath. 

g -—Primaries sharply acute at the apices, the outer margin almost 
straight. Dark smoky-brown, with a handsome bronze lustre, overlaying 
and sometimes almost completely obscuring a shining fulvous ground, 
which is most evident in the cell and outer central portion of the wing. In 
only one out of five specimens is there a well-defined brown outer marginal 
border. A large rectangular black discal spot on the cross vein at end of 
cell, a smaller one in the centre of cell, and sometimes a third, smaller 


and ill-defined, near the base. A transverse row of six interspaceal black 
spots beyond the cell, varying much in size and distinctness ; the upper 
three, the next two, and the sixth (geminate) in sets obliquely towards 
analangle. Secondaries dull fuscous-brown, with a broad fulvous marginal 
band from anal angle to about two-thirds of the way to apex. <A narrow 
black discal spot, and sometimes a black point in cell. An indistinct 
transverse row of small black spots just beyond the cell, another of larger 
spots on the inner edge of the fulvous band, and between these rows is 
sometimes a series of from two to five irregular metallic blue points. A 
marginal row of five black spots within the band. Fringes pale fuscous. 
Beneath, primaries pale yellowish-fulvous, apices and inner and outer 
margins cinereous. The spots of the upper side reproduced, but more 
clearly defined, and most ef them pale-ringed, and a small sub-basal one in 
cell present in all the specimens. A transverse submarginal row of 
irregular blackish blotches in lower half of wing. Secondaries cinereous, 
with sometimes a faint line or discal mark, and sub-basal, intermedial and 
postmedial transverse rows of minute brown or blackish points, rarely all 
distinct, and in most specimens partially obsolete. Sometimes some small 
paler dashes exterior to the outer row. A very faint orange-red, crenate 
submarginal line, narrow, sometimes edged anterioriy with ochreous. 
Fringes almost concolorous. 


? .—Primaries with apices less acute, and outer margin more convex 
May, 1907 


170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


than in the ¢, with much less of the brown suffusion, but a well-defined 
brown outer marginal band, and costal area somewhat broadly brown. 

Expanse: ¢ 30-35 mm:, 2? 29-33 mm. 

Described from. five males and eight females. One male from the 
foothills, ‘‘ Lineham’s lower log camp, south fork of Sheep Creek,” about 
thirty-five miles south-west of Calgary. Ail the rest from near the spruce 
woods about ten or fifteen miles nearer Calgary, July 5th-zoth, all but 
three of the males quite fresh, though one broken in the mail. Types, ¢ 
and @ in U.S. National Museum, the rest co-types. Of these a pair are 
in the collection of the Entomological Society of Ontario, another 
pair in that of Dr. Henry Skinner, and the rest in that of the author. 
Dr. Fletcher and Dr. Holland each have a few specimens. I know of no 
others. 


This may be looked upon as the Rocky Mountain representative of 
hypophteas, from which it shows some striking differences, particularly in 
the male sex. It is larger, has more acute apices, and straighter outer 
margin. The shining bronze of the dark smoky suffusion, which generally 
obliterates the margital band, renders some of the males far more hand- 
some than any of the long series of its alliés that I have from this 
continent, Europe or Asia. Beneath it differs in the strong tendency 
towards obsolescence of the spots and orange ‘submarginal line on 
secondaries. In the absence of any widely-accepted definition of what a 
“species” really is, from its well-marked form and apparently isolated 
position on the entomologically-explored portion of North America, it is 
at least as deserving of a specific name as a large number of well-known 
forms on our lists. It has, however, some much nearer allies in some of 
the so-called forms of pA/eas that I have from the Himalayas and from 
Syria under the names of e/eus and stygianus, which, according to the 
Staudinger Catalogue, refer to the same form, and occur throughout the 
south palearctic region. And were I treating of the butterflies of the 
world, in which a tendency to lump would be scarcely avoidable, I should 
have left the Calgary form undescribed, and probably followed European 
authors in treating our common eastern species as a varietal form of ph/eas. 

Hy pophieas was described by Boisduval in a French journal from 
North American specimens by comparison with p#/eas. A translation is: 
“ Very near pi/eas, but smaller, with the spots more distinct, the wings 
more rounded. The under side of secondaries of an ashy whiteness, with 
the fulvous marginal band well marked. North of California. It is found 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 171 


in all the Northern United States.” I have been unable to procure speci- 
mens from further west than Ontario or Illinois. In the Staudinger 
Catalogue, Lapland, Northern Scandinavia, Sajan-Geibet (Siberia), Amur 
and North America are quoted as localities for “ var. hypophleas,” and 
some that I have bearing labels of some of those Old World localities would 
pass anywhere as North American specimens, amongst which there is also 
an occasional tendency to lose the spots, and so assimilate the typical 
European form. Besides having more pointed wings, the majority of my 
European and Asiatic specimens show a more decided tendency to develop 
tails in the secondaries than either the old or new forms of our continent ; 
and it is a fact well worthy of observation that in some, though not all, of 
those most closely resembling ours in other respects, this tendency is 
least. Hypophleas is recorded by Capt. Gamble Geddes as occurring in 
the region of the Crow’s Nest Pass, in Southern Alberta. Dr. Fletcher 
tells me that if any such specimens were preserved they should be in the 
Geddes collection at Ottawa, but that he is unable to find any. With one 
or two small females only to hand, if the spots were unusually well 
developed, arethusa might have been passed as Aypophleas even by one 


well acquainted with that species withousk comment. The name I have 
chosen is purely fanciful. 


GEOMETRID NOTES—No. 2. 
BY RICHARD F. PEARSALL, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


In 1873 Dr. Packard described a species (5th Rep. Peabody Acad. 
Sci., 1878) under the name of C/eora pellucidaria, having before him two 
males, one from Maine (Pack.) and the other Albany (Lintner). If my 
memory serves me correctly, I saw the Maine specimen when at Cam- 
bridge in going over his collection. Shortly afterward, through the 
kindness of Mr. D. H. Haight, I received a female of the same species, 
taken near his home at Copper Cliff, Ont., Sept. 9, ’04, and, in a recent 
visit to Albany, N. Y., found in the Lintner coll. the original co-type 
described by Dr. Packard, bearing a label in his handwriting. In the 
Monograph, page 453, he refers to this species, having a doubt at that 
time of its validity. The species is a good one, and differs from sem/- 
clusaria, Walk., by its larger size, stouter build, its uniform soft gray 


colour, and by having the front a darker smoky hue, while in semic/usaria 
May, 1907 


172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the front is white or pale yellow, as also are the patagia at their bases. 
It belongs to the genus Nepytia, HIst, and seems to be rare. Dr. 
Strecker (Lep. Rhop. Het. Suppl., 2, 1899) has described as C/eora 
Jumosaria a species which I take to be the same, although I have not 
seen his type, but Dr. Packard’s name has priority. 


That Dr. Packard had not always a correct eye for species, Mr. 
Taylor has recently pointed out (CAN. ENnT., Vol. 38, p. 403) where he 
separates from Cleora umbrosaria, Pack., a species generically distinct 
under the name of Hnypiza Packardata, Taylor, and quite correctly, calling 
attention to the error in the plate (Mono. Plate x, fig. 33) as to the 
pectinate antenne. I will go yet further. Referring to my notes and 
drawings taken when at Cambridge, I find that three specimens were 
placed under C/eora umbrosaria, the first one, a ¢, was without antenne, 
but my note reads: ‘the stubs surely indicate simple antenne”; this is 
Packardata, Taylor. The next one was a 6, jpellucidaria or large 
semiclusaria, 1n bad condition, without body or legs, and only one 
pectinate antenna, also without label of any kind ; the third clearly a 9? 
of Enypia venata, Grote. It seems clear to me that, supposing them all 
to be the same, the plate of the first one was supplied with antenne to 
correspond with those of the second, hence the error. 


After my trip to Albany, I discovered it to have been Dr, Packard’s 
custom to return his types when described to their original owners, and 
since Cleora umbrosaria was described originally from a single ¢ taken 
in California by Hy. Edwards, I visited the Am. Mus. of Nat. History, 
N. Y., into whose possession his collection passed, in the hope of finding 
it. There I discovered a single ¢ specimen bearing an old No. 183, and 
labeled ‘‘ California,” and a new one, “No. 12963, Coll. of Hy. Edwards.” 


It answers in every particular to the excellent description of Dr. 
Packard, and there is not the slightest doubt in my mind that it is the ” 
type, but it proves to be a rather dark, well-covered ¢ of the species 
afterwards described by Packard (Mono., page 454) as Cleora nigro- 
venaria, having the extra-discal line heavier and the black dashes on the 
veins less numerous, though they are present. Of course it has the 
‘‘heavily pectinate antenne ” he especially notes. 

The female (Mono. Plate xi., fig. 35), to which he refers on page 453 
as unknown to him, is an excellent figure of Spodolepis substriataria, 
described some years later by Dr. Hulst. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 173 


A NEW TREE CRICKET FROM STATEN ISLAND AND NEW 
JERSEY. 


BY WILLIAM T. DAVIS, NEW BRIGHTON, STATEN ISLAND, N. Y. 


In my collection of tree crickets there is a species collected on 
Staten Isiand and at Cranford, Manasquan and Farmingdale, in New 
Jersey, that appears to be undescribed. It resembles Qcanthus angustt- 
pennis, Fitch, more than any of the other native species, but may be easily 
distinguished from it by its larger size, the marks on the first and second 
antennal joints, which taken together resemble an exclamation point, and 
by the absence of any clouded area on the top of the prothorax. My 
attention was first drawn to the species by collecting three examples 
together on Long Neck, Staten Island, and later I found that I had some 
others. It has not so far been found at Lakehurst, in the pine barrens of 
New Jersey, where @. angustipennis is common, 

Figure 7 shows the elevated black marks on the under side of the 
first and second antennal joints of angustipennis, while Fig. 8 represents 


the marks as they occur in the new species, 
which may be more particularly character- 
ized as follows : 


@eanthus exclamationts, n. sp. — Pale 
greenish-white, including the upper surface 
of the prothorax, with the top of the head 
occasionally a little darker. Antenne each 
with two elevated black marks on _ the 
under side ; the one on the first joint shaped 

like the upper part of an ! point. The mark on the second joint is oblong. 
Average length from the head to the tip of wing-covers 17 mm.; body, 12 
mm.; ovipositor, 5 mm.; width of male tegmina, 5 mm. 

Dr. Fitch, in 1856, mentions the black marks on the under side of 
the antennz of tree crickets, and in his description of @. niveus, De 
Geer, he notes six varieties, three of which he names. One of these is the 
species @. angustipennis, Fitch, as now considered by authors ; his var. 
“‘a” seems to be the new species above mentioned ; ‘‘b” is probably Mr. 
Beutenmuller’s fin, or possibly an example of his own fasciatus, and ‘‘c” 


is no doubt @. guadripunctatus, Beut. The other two (“‘e,” dscoloratus, 
May, 1907 


Fic. 7. Fic. 8. 


174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and “f,” fucipes) cannot be placed, but “f” is likely also a dark-coloured 
example of fasciatus. 

Another interesting tree cricket is a form kindly given me by Mr. 
Charles Scheffer, and collected by him at Brownsville, Texas, and in 
Southern Arizona. Itis of the same size as GZ. latipennis, Riley, and the 
head, as in that species, is also coloured pink, but in all but two examples 
examined there is a single narrow black line on each of the first two 
antennal joints. These two joints are light-coloured, and are generally 
pink ; the succeeding ten or twelve are black, and the remainder gradually 
shade off and are of a lighter. hue. This insect appears to be @. 
varicornis, Walker, an addition to the fauna of the United States, as it 
was originally described from Mexico. Walker characterizes the insect as 
having the fore wings very broad and the antenne “ black towards the 
base, testaceous at the base.” He further adds: ‘‘The colour of the 
antenne and the broader fore wings distinguish this species from @. 


niveus.” 


BOOK NOTICES. 


ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY.—With vocabularies in Latin and. English, 
and illustrations by L. F. Barker, M.D., Philadelphia: Blakiston’s 
Sons & Co. 8 vo., pp. 102. (Price $1.00.) 


Teachers and students alike of anatomy feel that the existing status 
of scientific nomenclature leaves much to be desired. Terms are dis- 
similar in construction, and often unnecessarily long, so that it is a matter 
of extreme difficulty to acquire familiarity with them. Even more ofa 
grievance is the unfortunate multiplicity of terms applied to one and the 
same part. Each text-book must burden the reader with synonymous 
names for many parts, or leave its references uncertain to all who know 
those parts under other names than the ones used. 


That this very real hindrance under which science labours is not 
insurmountable was the conviction with which the German Anatomical 
Society, an association of international scope and high repute, undertook 
the enterprise which resulted in the publication in 1895, after six years of 
labour, of the B. N. A. (Basle Anatomical Nomenclature). This Associa- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175 


tion appointed a commission of notable scientists from several countries 
to compile from the many thousands of terms in use, as applied to 
microscopical human anatomy, a list which should include only the term 
for each part which was decided to be most suitable. This commission 
set to work on the difficult and exacting task in hand, guided by certain 
principles to which they were able to adhere with but few digressions. 
The aims of the undertaking can be best made clear by quoting Prof. 
Barker’s own statement of these principles : 

“ (1) Each part shall have only one name. 

(2) Each term shall be in Latin, and shall be philologically correct. 

(3) Each term shall be as short and simple as possible. 

(4) The terms shall be merely memory signs, and need lay no claim 
to description or to speculative interpretation. 

(5) Related terms shall as far as possible be similar, e.g., Femur, 
Arteria femoralis, Vena femoralis, Nervus femoralis. 

(6) Adjectives in general shall be arranged as opposites, e.g., dexter 
and sinister ; major and minor; anterior and posterior ; superficialis and 
profundus.” 

The result of these labours was a systematized and selected list of 
Latin terms, which can be used in any country, either through a transla- 
tion or, better even, in the Latin form. It has been adopted as a basis of 
nomenclature in Europe to a large extent ; and in Great Britain and 
America has been employed in various medical schools and treatises on 
anatomical subjects with apparently good success. The publication of 
Prof. Barker’s book from the press of P. Blakiston’s Sons & Co., in which 
both Latin and an Anglicized list are presented, should do much to 
further the general adoption of the B. N. A. 

The general introduction of this list into the educational work of 
American institutions would, it is hoped, greatly facilitate research and 
progress in anatomy, by removing the unnecessary part of a most 
unscientific collection of technical terms, as 5,c00 accepted names would 


serve the purpose, for which there are now many times that number in 


use.—T. D. JARVIS. 


176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


TOWER’S EVOLUTION IN LEPTINOTARSA. 
BY FRANK E. LUTZ, COLD SPRING HARBOR, N. Y. 


One of the most important of the recent studies of evolution, and 
probably ¢e most important of the purely entomological works on this 
subject, is Wm. D. Tower’s “Investigation of Evolution in the Chrysomelid 
Beetles of the Genus Leptinotarsa.”* ‘‘In this contribution have been 
brought together data concerning evolution in the genus Leftinotarsa, 
Stal, as gathered from various sources [during 11 years], and in as far as 
it applies to the origin of species. In general, the evidence herein pre- 
sented has been derived from three sources: (tr) its natural. history, 
including distribution and cecology, variations, habits and instincts; (2) 
development ; (3) experiment.” It is the large number and thoroughness 
of the experiments which makes the work so valuable, and such a refreshing 
change from the numerous discussions of pin-stuck data that encumber 
but do not greatly elucidate the problems of evolution. 

Chapter I is an interesting discussion of the geographical distribution 
ofthe genus. By the use of four of the criteria given by Adams (Biol. 
Bull., 1902), the centre of origin of the genus is found to be Southern 
Mexico. The other six criteria are rather seVerely criticised. If space 
permitted, these might be profitably discussed, as some of the criticisms 
do not seem to be fully justified. Valuable detailed data concerning the 
spread of the Colorado potato beetle are collected and given here. 

Chapter II is a study of variation. A number of laws for the genus 
are deduced. Variation is found to be determinate. “In the elements 
of the colour pattern there is a tendency for the spots to spread out or 
contract peripherally, and the stripes and bands to extend or contract at 
their ends. The spots, stripes and bands are most variable in the posterior 
or distal portions of the structures on which they occur, and least variable 
in the anterior and proximal portions thereof. Increase of pigmentation or 
modification of colour pattern moves caudalward or distalward, while 
decrease moves cephalward or medianward.” “ Large or extreme varia- 
tions are determinate, and always occur in directions corresponding to the 
maximum lines of fluctuating variations.” ‘ All variations of colour and 
structural characters are strongly correlated, . . . . so that causes 
which produce a variation in one part bring-about either directly or 
indirectly corresponding variations in other parts.” 

*Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 48, Papers of the 


Station for Experimental Evolution No. 4. 
May, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 177 


A number of *‘extreme variates” are noted, which the author declines 
to call mutants, but in later discussions refers to as *“* mutants.” It seems 
to me the quotation marks might well have been left off. The author 
maintains ‘‘ that ‘ mutation’ is not a special kind of variability different 
from that of ‘ ordinary fluctuating variation,’ but it is a part of the normal 
variability, and the direct response of the germ plasm to stimuli.” If I 
understand the case correctly, these ‘‘extreme variates” are quite extreme ; 
they are rare, occurring only once in 6,000 cases ; and dreed true, a thing 
which ordinary variates do not do. This is my idea of a mutant. The 
mere question of terms, however, is relatively unimportant, ‘The fact is, 
Tower has given us one of the strongest arguments for the importance of 
mutations that has ever been presented, although he seems to think 
otherwise. He says: ‘‘The breeding ‘mutants’ in our gardens and 
laboratories can not tell us how they would succeed in nature ; my 
experience with these beetles is that they fare badly, and, as far as I can 
discover, that they play a minor role in the evolution of species.” How- 
ever, he had already stated (p. 273 ef seg.) that not only did fad/ida, one 
of the ‘‘ mutants,” breed absolutely true for six generations in the 
laboratory with ‘‘no tendency to revert to the parental species ” 
(decemlineata), but that from 14 males and 15 females allowed to shift for 
themselves in nature, 1,580 padiida offspring of the 6th generation were 
found, and he “felt that further experiment with this form unconfined in 
nature was neither safe nor desirable, and exterminated the entire lot,” 
It is true that 29 pa//ida is more than he ever found in nature at one time 
and place, but he did find 6 at Clifton, Ohio, and he noted that occasion- 
ally, as at Cabin John Bridge, Md., in 1go00, sports are relatively very 
abundant. /adlida is only one of a number of similar cases that ‘Tower 
found. If I had been so fortunate as to obtain his results I would have 
drawn quite the opposite conclusions, and would have supported the 
mutation theory most loyally, believing it to be the statement of one, at 
least, method of evolution. 


But the cream of Tower’s paper has not yet been noted. After 
discussing (Chap. III) the ontogeny, chemistry, etc., of coloration in 
Leptinotarsa, and showing that marked colour variations can be brought’ 
about by varying the environmental conditions during development, but that 
these variations are not inherited ; and after treating of habits, assortative 
mating, etc., in Chapter IV, he shows in Chapter V how uheritable 
variations can be brought about artificially. Selection alone is apparently 


178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


impotent to create new races until an individual, no different externally 
from the others, is found whose offspring do not revert as do offspring in 
general. However, if, after a female, for instance, has attained her 
final form and coloration, she be subjected to extreme temperature and 
moisture conditions, the germ plasm of the eggs then maturing is so 
affected that the beetles developing from them are, for the most part, 
entirely different from the parent form, even though their entire ontogeny 
is passed under perfectly normal conditions, and they will breed true, 
under normal conditions, to their new characters. If this same original 
female had been returned to a normal environment the eggs which mature 
under these conditions develop into normal offspring as though their 
mother had never been forced to give birth to abnormal children. To 
quote part of a single experiment : 

‘*In May, 1901, I subjected four males and four femalesfrom the hibernating 
population of decemlineata to extremely hot (average 35 °C.), dry (relative 
humidity, average 45 per cent.) conditions, accompanied by low atmospheric 
pressure (19-21 inches) during the growth and fertilization of the first three lots of 
eggs, which were placed as soon as laid in natural conditions and reared. The 
last two lots were laid and reared in normal conditions. The first I designated 
Lot A, the second Lot B. All were reared during their ontogeny from the earliest 
embryonic stage to adults innormalenvironment. From 506 larvz which hatched 
from Lot A I obtained 96 adult beetles, of which 82 were of the form pallida, two 
of the form immaculo-thorax, and 14 unmodified. From Lot B, of 319 eggs I got 
61 normal beetles.” : 

In another experiment the action of abnormal conditions on the 
forming germ plasm brought about inheritable physiological modifications. 
They had five instead of two or three generations a year, being normal in 
every other respect. This was kept up through three cycles, when the 
experiment was stopped. ‘‘In the rise of a five-brooded race there was a 
pure, perfectly constant inheritable character arising as the response to 
stimuli applied to the germ plasm. Eleven years of study of this and 
related genera have shown that éz none of the family, or relations of the 
family, are there traces of five-brooded races or species.” 

Unfortunately, further details of the data can not be given here. But 
an idea of the contents of the paper has perhaps been given. Not even 
all the conclusions can be quoted. The following, however, can not be 
passed over: ‘Variation is to be interpreted upon the basis of response to 
stimuli directed by the stage of development reached and the nature of 
the pre-existing stages. Variation is also epigenetic, and not a pre- 
determined character in organisms” (p. 307). ‘*‘ There is not at present 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, W779 


evidence to show the origin of any heritable variations in the soma. 
Moreover, [ have shown that in these beetles we can get new permanent 
variations by stimulating the germ cells, and in no other way” (p. 311). 
“Tam . . . . of the opinion that the evolution of the genus 
Leptinotarsa, and of animals in general, has been continuous and direct, 
developing new species in migrating races by direct response to the 
conditions of existence. In this evolution natural selection has acted 
to determine antecedent states and the persistence of new variations, but 
in each race or species it acts as the conservator of the race, keeping 
down extreme variations through their elimination in hibernation, larval 
life and selective mating.” 


UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT APPROPRIATIONS FOR 
ENTOMOLOGICAL PURPOSES FOR THE FISCAL 
YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1908. 


Bureau of Entomology, Washington......................$136,010 00 

Emergency appropriations : 
Cotton-boll Weevil investigations . ssi 4 <adeu LQO,000200 
Prevention of spread of Gypsy and Bese n- eail Moths. 150,000 00 
Bracication Cattle Nicks 5.5 ec.2 seri ns ase wae Ag +0. a CES O;000700 
$626,010 oo 


There is also an appropriation of $250,080 for the National Museum, 
a portion of which will be applied to the Collections of Insects. ‘The 
expense of printing bulletins, etc., for the Scientific Bureaus is covered by 
a further appropriation of $824,450. 


In the statement of expenditures at the end of the Report of the 


Experimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada for the year ending 


June, 1905 (the last we have access to), there is to be found the following 
item : 


‘“‘ Entomological and Botanical Division, including salaries of officers in 
Ea ea CR. SNMP te 1 De 3 a PS. OR, 28 


This amount may possibly have been increased to $5,000 for the 
current year. 

Dr. Howard has a staff of more than seventy-five men, and consider- 
ably over half a million of dollars at his disposal. 

Dr. Fletcher has two assistants and five thousand dollars, with nearly 
as large a territory to cover, and is expected to include botany as well as 


entomology in his sphere of work. Is not this a disgrace to the 
Dominion ? 


180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

The Curator begs to acknowledge, with grateful thanks, the gift to 
the Entomological Society of Ontario of a large, collection of Canadian 
and exotic Coleoptera, which are a welcome and valuable addition to the 
cabinets. The native specimens will be used to fill up blanks and replace 
imperfect examples in the collections, and will assist very materially in 
rendering more complete the Society’s representation of the insects of the 
Dominion. ‘Thanks are due to Mr. Henry S. Saunders, of Toronto, for 
this generous gift. 

He also thankfully acknowledges the receipt of a pair of co-types of 
Chrysophanus arethusa, new species, from Mr. Wolley Dod, of Millar- 
ville, Alberta. This form is described on page 169 above. 


A NEW GEOMETRID.  . 
BY WM. H. BROADWELL, NEWARK, N. J. 


Cleora areataria, n. sp.—Type, « 9. Antenne filiferm. Body and 
wings whitish-gray. Fore wings with three conspicuous, sinuous lines, 
discal dot faint. T. a. line beginning one-third outward on costa, rounded 
outwardly and denticulate, inner edge bordered: with dark gray ; a white 
patch at base. Middle of wings light gray, almost white, with a faint line 
running from lower margin to just below discal dot, then rounding outward 
to just below discal dot, and back to costa, where it ends in a conspicuous 
black elongated mark. 

T. p. line black and bent outward at middle of wings, then inward to 


costa ; between that and outer edge a white denticulate line of same shape 
as t. p. line. A marginal row of black dots at ends of veins. Area from 
t. p. line to outer edge dark gray. Fringe checkered white and gray. 
Lower wings with a faint trace of the inner line. 

Beneath pale whitish-gray. T. p. line showing on both wings. 
Discal dot large, prominent and with a white centre. Discal dot on lower 
wings smaller, black and solid. 

Legs dark gray. Fore legs darker and banded, white and black. 

Length of body, rt mm.; “of fore wings, [5 mm.; expanse, 30 mm. 

This species may be known by the broad light-coloured band in 
middle of wings, and white patch at base, equalling about one-half the 
area of fore wings. It is almost a replica of C. atrodinearia, Hulst, but 
smaller, and lacking the general brown cast bordering the lines of that 
species. 

Locality, Hemlock Falls, South Orange, N. J., April 22nd.° 

Nore.— Photo of C. areataria can be had by applying to me. 


Mailed May 4th. 1907. 


Fhe € anatiay Bentomalogist 


VoL. XXXIX. LONDON, JUNE, 1907. No. 6. 


STUDIES IN THE GENUS INCISALIA. 
BY JOHN H. COOK, ALBANY, N. Y. 
III.—INcISALIA HENRICI. 


Previous Paper.—In the CanaDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST for June, 1905 
(Vol. XXXVII, No. 6, p. 216), I published an article in which I pointed 
out the more obvious differences which serve to distinguish this species 
from /. ¢rus, with which it has been confused. In addition to the 
characters supplied by the coloration of the wings, I mentioned that the 
male /fenrici has no discal stigma,* a fact which seems to have been 
overlooked by other observers. I stated further that this furnished a 
reliable diagnostic character for the identification of the species, and, 
inasmuch as zvzs males invariably have the stigma, the specific validity of 
ffenrici should be recognized ‘‘ at least until the test of breeding could be 
applied.” Being, at the time, unacquainted with the life-history of either 
species, and being unwilling to express hasty and possibly premature 
conclusions, I did not feel wholly warranted in holding that W. H. Edwards 
was right and Dr. Scudder wrong in their respective opinions concerning 
the butterfly bred by the former. Edwards described the early stages as 
those of Henrici, but Scudder, not recognizing Henrict as a species, 
applied them (a// excepting the egg) to irus. I took the ground that we 
were justified in withholding judgment in the matter until further facts 
were discovered. Since there did not appear to be any strong probability 
that another would supply me with the necessary facts, I set about getting 
them for myself. Having succeeded in breeding both species side by side, 
from egg to imago, both parents being known in each case, I can now state 
positively that Edwards bred Henrici (as he stated) and not zrus, and that 
his descriptions of the early stages are correct to the minutest detail. 
Moreover, Scudder was in error in quotir s the descriptions of the larval 
and pupal instars under the caption zvvs. ‘The two species differ so 


*In his ‘** Bibliography of Canadian Entomology for the year 1905.’’ Dr. C. J. 
S. Bethune has credited me with having stated that ‘‘ some males .-+. . . are 
without the characteristic stigma.” A careful reading of the article will, I think, 


make it apparent that the statement was intended to cover a// the males, 
. 


182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


markedly as eggs, caterpillars and chrysalids, that a schoolboy collector 
could not fail to separate them properly. 

The Type.—This species was first described by Grote and Robinson 
in 1867 (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., I, 174), and the type specimen is now in 
the collection of the American Museum of Natural History in New York 
City. After a careful comparison with the butterflies in my own collection, 
I have no hesitation in affirming that 7¢ 7s a made,* although, the abdomen 
having. been lost, positive determination is impossible. 

An Error Corrected. —In his Catalogue of Butterflies (1878) Strecker 
places Henrici as variety b of érus, and adds: ‘Smaller. Inferiors 
tailless.” Since this characterization 1s altogether misleading, I have 
thought it worth while to direct attention to the error. It is true that 
averages made from a large number of specimens will show that Henrice 
is a trifle the smaller, but many of the larger Heurict have a broader alar 
expanse than the majority of /7ws, so the knowledge of averages is not of 
much assistance to the collector. As for the statement that the second- 
aries of Henrici are without tails, and the implication that tails are always 
to be found in ‘rus, I can only say that such is not the case. In this 
respect ‘rus is variable, occasional specimeas (bred) appearing from 
chrysalis, with merely a slight projection at the end of the nervule as in 
niphon ; again, though more rarely, the tails are quite pronounced. Fig. 
3 (Plate 4) represents the outline of érws wings usually met with ; fig. t is 
the male and fig. 2 the female of Henrici, showing that well-developed 
tails are present in both sexes.j Of this species no individuals with 
tailless inferiors have come to my attention except where the tails have 
obviously been lost. 

Time of Flight.—Species single-brooded, the butterflies appearing 
with zrus; 7. é., at the very end of April. Never so abundant (here) as the 
latter, and to be sought with greatest success in sunny spots in the open 
pine woods, where Vaccinium vacillans is the dominant shrub of the 
undergrowth, and around the edges of swamps where V. corymbosum is to 
be found. Its season of greatest abundance and time of disappearance 


*My determination is based principally on the fact that the type is marked 
with red-brown near the anal angle of the secondaries above, w hile the primaries 
are not suffused. In my series of nearly 200 butterflies this combination is found 
only in the males, the females showing more or less suffusion on all the wings, 
and when this is reduced on the primaries it is about equally reduced on the 
secondaries, never remaining, as in the males, a rather conspicuous patch near 
the angle. 


+These figures, natural size, are from blue prints made directly from the 
insects’ wings. 


, ; 
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 183 


appear to be the same as the corresponding seasons of zrus, the eee 
rarely enduring into June. From the observations of W. H. Edwards, 

is evident that the species is flying in West Virginia nearly a month eae 
it appears at Albany. 

Securing the Eggs.—Edwards was led to imprison a female over wild 
plum (Prunus Americana ?) by having once discovered an unknown 
Lycenid \arva boring into the fruit of that plant. He secured eggs. 
Since there are no plums, wild or cultivated, on the uninviting and almost 
uninhabited pine-barrens where /Yenricf is most abundant in ms region, 
the local food-plant had to be determined. 

During the spring of 1905 every female captured was confined over 
plum and Zupinus perennis (the food-plant of cus), but no eggs were laid. 
About noon on the 28th of May a worn specimen was observed flying 
weakly among the low shrubbery, and in the hope that it might prove to 
be a fertile female I followed it. Several times during the afternoon the 
insect alighted on Vaccinium vacillans, curled its abdomen and pressed 
the tip against some part of the plant, usually a bud, but no eggs were 
extruded. This and another fresh-looking female taken on the 24th were 
then confined over vaci//ans. The next day both were dead. Dissection 
showed that the abdomen of the worn butterfly contained a single egg, 
while that of the other contained fourteen. The ova were very soft, and 
it was impossible to determine more than that they differed considerably 
from zrus eggs 

flenrici first appeared in 1906, on the 28th of April, and on the 7th 
of May [ had the good fortune to disturba pair 7v copu/o. The flight was 
short, and the insects alighted on one of a number of long straws lying 
among the dry persistent stems of aclump of Ceanothus in such a position 
that it was not advisable to risk an attempt to cover them with the net. 
The posture of the butterflies during co’tuvs merits attention, as it doubtless 
explains or is explained by the peculiar modification of the genitalia found 
in the Thechdi. I have witnessed the costus of all our local Chryso- 
phanidi and Lycenidi, and in every instance the abdomens of the 
copulating insects were held approximately in the same line ; these 
butterflies held their abdomens high so that they formed an angle of about 
ninety degrees, as illustrated in the plate (fig. 4). The wings were closely 
appressed, the secondaries lifted away from the body, and the primaries 
dropped backward between them so that, excépt for the projecting apices, 
they were completely hidden. Whenever the female moved forward even 


184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


a little the male would immediately back up until the position described 
was regained, acting as though any other position was painful, or at least 
uncomfortable. 

I began cautiously to cut away the branches which would prevent my 
net rim from reaching the ground, intending to lower the bag over the pair 
so carefully that they would not take alarm and separate, and then te. sit 
quietly by until copulation was finished, or, if necessary, to leave them 
undisturbed overnight. I had succeeded in clearing away the incon- 
venient branches without frightening the butterflies, and had just laid hold 
of the net when my plans were suddenly upset by the male, who released 
the body of the female and flew to a dead twig a few yards away. This 
happened at 10.40 a.m., exactly ten minutes after I first sighted the pair. 
It was then an easy matter to capture the insects. Not being confident of 
the sex of either, I brought both to the laboratory alive, and after noting 
such differences as appeared on the visible wing surfaces, I put them 
together in a cage over a growing plant of vaci//ans.* On the 13th one of 
the butterflies died ; it proved to be the male. About noon on the rs5th I 
examined the plant as a lens without finding any eggs. Shortly before 
two o'clock I transferred the female to a cage containing twigs of plum 
(cultivated), V. corymbosum, V. vacillans and V. pennsylvanicum, and on 
looking over the plant from which she had been removed, I discovered an 
egg on the outside of one of the opening leaf-buds. _1 straightway turned 
my attention to the imprisoned butterfly. an 

Oviposition.—Observation began at 1.57 p.m., at which time she was 
resting quietly on the gauze. Four minutes later she began to walk about 
nervously, and at 2.05 dropped to a spray of vacil/ans, and almost 
immediately oviposited on the outer scale of an unopened bud. A few 
seconds afterward she returned to the gauze, but continued to move about 
actively as though seeking a way of escape. At 2.07 she again dropped 
to the plants, this time alighting on a plum leaf, from which she walked up 
the stem and over the flowers, jumped to an open flower of vace//ans, and, 


with more deliberation than before, oviposited on the calyx (2.08), returning 
shortly to the gauze. Wishing to determine the minimum interval between 
the laying ef two eggs, I removed two of the four uprights which held the 
netting in position, and by bringing the butterfly close | to the plants I was 


*The weather for the next few days may be of interest, as it possibly 
influences to some extent the length of time elapsing between coz/ws and 
ovipositing. ~May 8th, 9th and roth cold, cloudy, with rain at intervals; 1ith fair 
but cold ; 12th hazy, with keen wind, rain in afternoon ; 13th cold, rain; 14th 
fair and warm ; 15th fair and warm. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185 


able to induce her to walk on to them every thirty seconds. Six times she 
returned to the gauze immediately ; at the seventh trial she oviposited 
(2.12) on V. corymbosum (calyx). The same course was followed again, 
and resulted in seven returns to the gauze, and an egg (2.16) on waci//ans 
(corolla) ; then seven returns and another egg on vact//ans (calyx). The 
butterfly then refused twenty successive invitations to oviposit, and upon 
being left undisturbed took up a position on the netting, concealing the 
primary wings as far as possible between the secondaries, which also hid 
the abdomen. This appeared to signify that the performance was ended, 
and, as my duties called me away, i made note of the location of each of 
the five eggs, and brought my observation to a close. 

The growing plant oviposited upon between 11.40 a.m. and 
1.40 p.m. was searched (as was also the box and netting), with the result 
that seven eggs, besides the one first noticed, were found as follows : 
terminal leaf-bud of longer stem, 4 (2 at base of inner leaf,-on lower 
surface ; 2 close together at apex of outer leaf, on upper surface); terminal 
flower-bud of shorter stem, 2 (at base of cluster, on scales) ; next lower 
flower-bud, same stem, 1 (same position). 

Two days later another confined female laid an unfertilized egg on 
the calyx of a vaci//ans flower, and this may be assumed to be the location 
usually selected when the buds are sufficiently open, otherwise the eggs 
are placed on the scales of flower-buds, and possibly also on those of 
leaf-buds, 

Number of Eggs. —Kdwards obtained fifteen eggs; my female yielded 
thirteen, and the butterfly dissected’in 1905 contained fourteen. 

The Egg.—In my discussion of /ucisadia irus 1 stated* that the 
“only published account of the gel stages of that species, except Scudder’s 
description and figures of the egg” (and, I neglected to add, his description 
of the Jarva at birth, the figure of its head, and the codoured illustration of 
the chrysalis), was to be found in the work of Boisduval and Leconte. 
As I have pointed out, Scudder borrowed Edwards’s descriptions of the 
other larval instars and of the pupa of //ewric/, and applied them to rus 
under the impression that they were one and the same species. //e did 
not quote Edwards's description of the egg, but gave his own, based 
undoubtedly “upon pe rsonal examination. + ‘There would be nothing 


*CANADIAN iE NTOMOLOGIST, Vol. XXXV Ill, No. 6 (Funes Gear p. 181. 

'Dr. Scudder says that he has “in two instances known eggs to be laid by 
females (7rus) shut up in chip boxes.” Presumably one or more of these 
furnished the basis of the description and figures, 


186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


remarkable in this were it not for the fact that ¢z one vital point Edwards's 
description does not correspond to Scudder’s. And yet the discrepancy is 
not mentioned, and was probably overlooked, though it was presumptive 
evidence of error. The solution is that Scudder described and figured the 
egg of trus, while Edwards described the egg of Henrici. To assist any 
who may be inclined to doubt the worth of my judgment in-the 
matter, I have reproduced in the plate photomicrographs of the egg-shells 
of zrus (fig. 6) and Henrici (fig. 5).* - The shells are magnified equally. 


Edwards} described the egg of Henrict as follows : “Shaped like that 
of Lycena pseudargiolus ( Cyanirts ladon), and marked very much in the 
same manner ; the top flattened, and at the micropyle depressed ; about 
this last are three concentric rows of minute spaces, rhomboidal to irregu- 
larly pentagonal ; the remainder of the surface is covered with a frosted 
network, the meshes of which are triangular, and from each angle rises a 
low rounded knob ; colour whitish-green. Bs 

Comparison with Irus Egg.—YVhe value of a description is greater 
in proportion to the emphasis placed upon comparative characters, and 
although the egg of //enrtct has a greater general resemblance to that of 
niphon than to either augustus or irus, | have, for obvious reasons, chosen 
to contrast it with the egg of the last-named species. The most striking 
difference between them is that the primary ornamentation (consisting, in 
both, of bosses connected by slightly raised ridges), which in zrzs is clear, 
unobscured and easily made out, is in Hexrict covered and greatly obscured 
by a secondary ornamentation difficult to analyze, but rendering the shell 
nearly opaque, and giving the appearance described as “ frosted” by 
Edwards (and by Scudder in his description of mfhon). Under a 
moderate power the new-laid egg is green, flecked with minute white points 
where the irregular surface catches the light, and studded with large and 
prominent white bosses. New-laid 77s eggs are of about the same shade 
of green, the smooth surface not catching points of light, studded with 
small, more numerous bosses not at all prominent. As the embryo larva 
develops, the green colour is lost, but in zrus the colour of the caterpillar 
(yellowish) is visible through the transparent shell, while in /enrici this is 


*Since the photomicrographs have unavoidably lost somewhat in being 
reproduced, | have made arrangements with the maker, Mr. Jas. A. Glenn, 65 
North Pearl Street, Albany, N. Y., whereby any who may desire to do so can 
purchase prints from the negatives (slightly larger and showing detail more 
clearly) at ten cents each. 


| Papilio, I, 150, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187 


not the case, the whole surface appearing white and as though dusted over 
with microscopic grains of quartz. The bosses may be studied by reflected 
light ; the primary reticulation is visible as dark but well-defined, clear-cut 
lines when viewed under a moderate power by transmitted light ; and the 
secondary ornamentation can be satisfactorily made out in prepared 
sections only. Fig. 8 is a composite drawing made by combining the 
results of all three methods. 

Other and more important differences are these: (1) Henrici eggs 
are smaller than 7rws eggs in the proportion of 8 to g (equatorial diameter), 
and yet (2) the “ hexagons” (Scudder) formed by the roughly equilateral 
triangles of the reticulation are larger in Henrici in the proportion of 5 to 
3, and (3) the bosses are in /enrict broader in the proportion of 2 to r. 
These facts are brought out in fig. 9 (primary reticulation //enricz), and 
fig. 10 (outline ¢ws, and part of reticulation*). Moreover (4), the 
reticulation of Henrict is far more regular than that of zrws, which latter is 
often broken up by areas without or with greatly reduced bosses, and the 
“cells” (Scudder) not arranged in hexagons. Compare figs. 5 and 6. 
Again (5) the “‘cells” of Henrici are sunken so that the lines connecting 
the bosses are bowed inward, giving each boss the appearance of being 
raised on a rude pyramid. (6) In an érws egg the reticulation is continued 
(without bosses) over the bottom, while the bottom of the /enurict egg is 
nearly clear, transparent, and without reticulation. (7) The micropyle 
of rus is clear, and merges almost imperceptibly with the surrounding 
“cells.”+ That of /enrict (fig. 7) contains occasional refractive corpuscles 
(nobis), and is strongly demarked from the surrounding area by the 
rather ragged edge of the secondary ornamentation. 

(To be continued.) 


A FOSSIL CATERPILLAR. 
BY I. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLO, 

Among the materials obtained in the summer of 1906 in the Miocene 
shales of Florissant, Colorado, is a beautifully-preserved caterpillar. It was 
collected by my wife at Station 14 (of Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1907, 
p. 131). It appears to belong to a distinct genus, and may be character- 
ized as follows: 


*For a complete figure of 7rws egg see Scudder's Butterflies of the Eastern 
U. S. and Canada. 

+Figured in Scudder’s Butterflies of the Eastern U. S. and Canada, Plate 68, 
and in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol, XXXVIII, Plate 1 (May, 1906), 
June, 1907 ; 


188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


Phylledestes vorax, n. g.. 0. sp. (Fig. 9.) 
Length, 27 mm.; with the general proportions of a Noctuid larva, the 
body fairly stout, cylindrical, with the usual legs and stigmata; head round- 


ed, ordinary, not very 


i Wy Jarge, its vertical length 
sae ee "Of 1G, ‘ : 
a Eon 334 mm.; body smooth, 
oe C iga Ae iN" na as preserved rather light 
SS (' Nt \" ee reddish-brown, without 
———— =e t spots or lines, but pallid 
: z | I 


ventrally ; first body seg- 
ment, in the anterior sub- 
dorsal region on each side, with a patch of six or seven minute round 
spots resembling -ocelli, not bearing any hairs ; no sign of a prothoracic 
plate ; tubercles all absent (or not visible, though tle skin is very well 
preserved, showing the spiracles, etc., clearly) except tubercle 1 (as I take 
it to be, since it is always directly above the spiracle), which is recognizable 
on body-segments 2 to ro because it emits very stout bristles, those on seg- 
ments 2 and ro smaller and in bundles, of three on the former, two on the 
latter ; the others large, stout and black, a single one on each side of each 
segment. This armature may be expressed by a formula, 0, 3, I, 1, I, 1, I,: 
1,1,2,0. The bristles, though very stout, and the longer ones about 314 mm. 
long, are distinctly bristles, capable of bending, not spines; and they do 
not show the least spinulation or branching. ‘The distance between the 
spiracles and the bases of the bristles is on the middle abdominal segments 
a little over 2 mm. 


Fic. 9.—Tossil Caterpillar. 


In the figure I have represented the caterpillar as walking on a twig, 
and have enlarged it, but have shown nothing that is not plainly visible in 
the fossil. 


Scudder described eight species of butterflies trom the Florissant 
shales, finding them all to belong to extinct genera. J am totally unable 
to place the larva now described in any existing genus, and even the 
family remains in doubt. ‘There is an obvious superficial resemblance to 
some of the Nymphalids, but it appears to be only superficial. I should 
rather seek to place the insect somewhere in the neighbourhood of thé 
Arctiid-Noctuid stem, but just where I do not know. May I ask for the 
advice and criticism of those who have a better knowledge of lepidopterous 
larvee P 


. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189 


LIST OF HEMIPTERA TAKEN AT COMO, QUEBEC, DURING 
THE SUMMER OF 1906. 
BY GEO. A. MOORE, MONTREAL. 


(Continued from page 163.) 


HOMOPTERA. 

Membracide. 
Entilia bactriana, Germ.—July 8. Common on Thistle. 
Ceresa bubalus, Fabr.—July 23. Common. 
Ceresa brevicornis, Fitch.—July 27. Several. 
Ceresa diceros, Say.—July 26. Common. 
Thelia univittata, Harr.—July 27. One specimen. 
Archasia galeata, Fab.—July 7. One specimen. 
Acutalis dorsalis, Fitch,— Aug. 4. Scarce. 
Cyrtolobus varius, Godg. ?>—July 14. Oak, common. 
Ophiderma salamandra, Fairm.—Aug. 3. One specimen. 
Carynota marmorata, Say.—July 23. Several. 
Enchenopa binotata, Say.—July 25. Several. 
Campylenchia curvata, Fabr.—July rs. 

fulgoride. 

Bruchomorpha oculata, Newm.—July 25. Several. 
Lamenia vulgaris, Fh.—July 23. Common. 
Scolops sulcipes, Say.—July 24.—Common. 
Cixius stigmatus, Say.— Aug. 2. Three specimens. 
Cixius pini, Fh. ?—Aug. 2. One specimen. 
Otiarus 5-lineatus, Say.—July 26. One specimen. 
Pissonotus marginatus, V, ).—July 8. One specimen. 
Laccocera vittipennis, V. D.—July 25. One specimen. 
Phyllodinus nervatus, V. D.—July 14. One specimen. 
Liburnia pellucida, Fabr.—July 20. Several. 
Liburnia campestris, V. D.—July 6. 
Liburnia Jutulenta, V. D.—July 20. 
Liburnia puella, V. D.—Sept. 2. 
Liburnia furcata, Prov. ?—July 20. 

Cercopide. 
Aphrophora 4-notata, Say.—July 15. Common. 
Philzenus spumarius ustulatus, Fall.—July 8. Common. 
Philznus lineatus, Linn.—July 2.. Common. 
Clastoptera obtusa, Say.—July 15. Common, 


June, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Clastoptera proteus, Fh., var. flava, Ball.July 24. Several. 
Clastoptera proteus, Fh., var. vittata, Ball—July 25. Several. 
Clastoptera proteus, Fh., var. nigra, Ball.—July 25. Several. 

Bythoscopide. 
Bythoscopus variabilis, Fitch.—July 14, Several on Oak. 
Bythoscopus nigrinasi, Fitch.—July 15. 
Pediopsis viridis, Fitch.—July 25. Several. 
Pediopsis insignis, V. D.—July 20. 
Idiocerus Provancheri, V. D.—July 28. Several. 
Idiocerus alternatus, Fh._—July 26. 2 
Agallia 4-punctata, Prov..—July 15. 

Tettigonide. 

Oncometopia costalis, Fabr.—July 27. Two specimens. 
Tettigonia bifida, Say.—July 25. Common. 


Tettigonia gothica, Sign.—Aug. 4. Common. 


Diedrocephala coccinea, Forst.—July 14. Common. 

Dreeculacephala noveboracensis, litch.—July 2. Common. 

Helochara communis, Fitch. —July 14. Common. 

Eucanthus acuminatus, Fabr.—July 8. Ywo specimens. 

Gypona Quebecensis, Prov.—July 24. Common. 

Xestocephalus pulicarius, V. D —Sept. 2. One specimen. 
Jasside. 

Paramesus vitellinus, Fitch.—July 26. Several. 

Platymetopius acutus, Say.—July 20 and Aug. 4. 

Deltocephalus Sayi, Fitch.—July 8 and Sept. 3. 

Deltocephalus Minki, Fieb.—July 20. 

Deltocephalus inimicus, Say.—July 2. 

Scaphoideus auronitens, Prov.—July 30. One specimen. 

Scaphoideus immixtus, Say.—July 23. Common. 

Athysanus plutonius, Uhler.—July 2. 

Athysanus Curtisii, Fitch.—July 2. Common. 

Eutettix seminuda, Say.—July 8. One specimen. 

Phlepsius fulvidorsum, Fitch.—July 27. 

Thamnotettix clitellaria, Say.—July 2. Several. 

Chlorotettix unicolor, Fitch.—July 14. Several. 

Chlorotettix lusoria, Osb. and Ball.—July 25. 

Jassus olitorius, Say.—Aug. 12. 


Gnathodus punctatus, Thunb.—July 25. 
Gnathodus viridis, Osb.—July 2. 


' 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 


Typhlocybide. 
Dicraneura communis, Gill.—July 14. 
Empoasca atrolabes, Gill.— July 8. ° 
Empoasca mali, LeB.—July 23. Several. 
Emp pasca unicolor, Gill.—July 8. Two specimens. 
Empoasca viridescens, Walsh.—July 31. 
Eupteryx flavoscuta, Gill., and var.—July 15. Several. 
Typhlocyba tricincta, Fitch.—July 2. 
Typhlocyba bifasciata, G. and B.—July 21. 
Typhlocyba sp, near tenerrima, H. S.—Sept. 2. 
Typhlocyba comes, Say.—Sept. 2. Common on wild grape. 
Typhlocyba comes, Say, var. 8-notata, Walsh.—Sept. 1. Wild grape. 
Typhlocyba comes, Say, var. vitifex, Fh.—July 8. 
Typhlocvba comes, Say, var. vitis, Harr.—July 3¢. 
Typhlocyba comes, Say, var. ziczac. Walsh.—July 30. Wild grape. 
Typhlocyba vulnerata, Fitch.—July 31 and Sept. 1. 
Typhlocyba querci, Fh.—July 2. Oak. 
Typhlocyba sp., near querci, Fitch.—July 15. 
Typhlocyba rose, Linn,—July 7. 


Psyllide. 
Psylla carpini, Fh.—Aug. 2. 


PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 21. 
THE SCOLYTIDH OR ENGRAVER-BEETLES.* 
BY J. W. SWAINE, ITHACA, N. Y. 


Scolytidee have been described from almost every portion of this 
continent from Mexico to Alaska, and will probably be found wherever 
their food-plants occur. Many species are described from the West 
Indies, and a very large number from Central and South America, and 
from Europe. Many are known from Japan, Australia, Ceylon, South 
Africa and elsewhere. A few species seem almost world-wide in distribu- 
tion ; others are known only from small regions. A number of injurious 
species, ¢. g., Scolytus rugulosus and Xyleborus dispar, have been 
introduced into America from Europe. Over 1,400 species of Scolytids 
are already described. 

The North American members of the family Scolytidz are usually 
somewhat elongate and cylindrical in form, and brown or black in colour. 


*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Cornell University. 


June, tyo 7 


192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


They vary from one to a little over eight millimeters in length. 
Crypturgus pusillus is one of the smallest species, and Dendroctonus 
valens probably the largest. The legs are rather small and weak, as 
becomes their habits. The antenne are short and geniculate, with an 
extremely large club, which is usually annulated. The vast majority of 
Scolytids cut their breeding-tunnels in the bark or wood of trees or shrubs. 
The chief North American exceptions are referred to below. . 
The burrows of the Scolytide are of great interest, and often of 
remarkable regularity and beauty. The burrows of many species are so 
characteristic that it is often easy to guess which species has been at work 
from an examination of the tunnels and galleries alone. (Figs. 10 and 11.) 


About one-quarter of our North American species infest coniferous 
trees, the Pines and Spruces being especially subject to attack. Of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193 


deciduous trees, the Oak, Beech and Hickory suffer severely, and there is 
scarcely a northern tree but serves as food-plant for one or more species 
of this family. As a rule each species has a limited number of food-plants, 
but some few, like Pterocyclon malt, feed in many trees, both coniferous 
and deciduous. 


According to their habits, the North American Scolytids may be 
separated into four fairly well-marked groups: the Bark-beetles, the 
Timber- or Ambrosia-beetles, the Twig-beetles, and a fourth group 
containing a few species of varying habit. 


THE BARK-BEETLES.—The first of the above-named groups includes 
those forms which burrow in the bark, or between the bark and the wood. 
The adults enter through a hole in the bark, cut in many cases by the 
male, and drive a primary-tunnel, usually partly in the bark and partly in 
the wood, and generally either parallel with or at right angles to the wood- 
fibres. A few species burrow entirely in the bark, and a few species, 
included here in the Bark-beetles, cut their tunnels just below and parallel 
to the wood surface. ‘The length of the tunnels varies in the different 
species from less than an inch to more than a foot. The female, at least 
in many species, does the greater part of the work, while the male guards 
the opening and removes the chips and refuse. These main-tunnels are 
always kept strictly clean. In sweeping the tunnels the beetles move 
backwards, scraping the refuse with the mandibles back to the fore legs, 
which pass it on to the middle, and these to the hind pair. When the 
opening of the tunnel is reached the tip of the abdomen is protruded and 
the refuse passed up to the hind pair of legs in the manner just indicated, 
and by the hind legs pushed away from the opening. During this opera- 
tion the beetle turns in the burrow, thus distributing the refuse evenly 
about the opening. In cutting the tunnels also, the beetles constantly 
revolve, thus obtaining such perfectly cylindrical burrows. 

When not at work one beetle is usually guarding the entrance. By 
backing into the entrance-hole the declivity of the elytra plugs the opening, 
and thus presents a complete protection from many enemies. ‘The 
truncate character of the elytra serves well for this purpose, forming a 
continuation of the surface of the wood. 

In niches along the sides of the primary-tunnel the whitish, almost 
transparent, eggs are laid, usually one, though sometimes Several, in each 
niche. In some species, however, ¢. g., Dendroctonus terebrans, they 
are laid in clusters along the sides of the primary-tunnel. 


194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


When egg-laying is completed the adults usually die, and their 
remains may frequently be found long after in the tunnel. Some species, 
however, cut a new tunnel and rear a second brood. With certain species, 


é. g., Chramesus tcorie, one sex, usually the male, backs into the 


’ 


entrance-hole, and, dying in this position, helps to guard the larvee from 
such enemies as might wish to enter the burrow. 


In those species which lay the eggs in masses along the sides of the 
primary-tunnel, the larvee burrow in congress through the bark, forming 
irregular cavities extending laterally from the primary-tunnel. 


When the eggs are laid in niches the larva burrow separately through 
the bark or between the bark and the wood, at right angles to the primary- 
tunnels ; these side tunnels, larval galleries or mines thus formed increase 
in size as the larve grow, and are left completely filled with wood or bark 
fragments which have passed through the body of the~ larve. The latter 
feed entirely upon bark or wood. 


If the direction first assumed by the larvee is not parallel with the 
wood-fibres, the larval-mines are usually found to turn, tending to follow 
the direction of the fibres. The larve at and near the ends of the 
primary-tunnel swing around almost immediately, while those nearer the 
middle do so as rapidly as is possible without encroaching upon the mines 
of their neighbours. Usually the larvae keep carefully to their own pre- 
serves, only crossing a neighbour’s gallery when necessity compels them 
to doso. When the larval mines are entirely in the bark their direction 
has no definite relation to that of the wood-fibres. 


After the larval development has been passed, varying in length with 
the species, the ends of the larval mines_are enlarged and sometimes 
driven down into the wood to form the pupal chamber. In some species 
the pupal period lasts but a week or ten days, in others the winter is 
passed in this condition. After transformation is completed, the young 
adults cut their way out through the bark, forming the openings known 
as ‘* shot-holes.” , 

While the primary-tunnel and also the egg-niches are usually deeply 
engraved in the wood, the larval-mines are often entirely in the bark, or 
only cut the wood at the pupil-chambers. On Ash trunks, where the 
bark is thick, the larval-mines of /Zy/esizus acu/eatus but slightly engrave 
the wood surface, while on small branches, where the bark is thin, the 
mines ofien cut the wood as deeply as they do the bark. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195 


Frequenily a number of primary-tunnels, not always cut by the same 
individual, radiate froma common “nuptial-chamber” situated just beneath 
the common entrance-hole. In such cases, at least with some species, the 
male cuts the entrance-hole, the nuptial-chamber and often the beginnings 
of three or four primary-tunnels. The male is then joined by one or 
more females, which finish the primary-tunnels and the egg-niches ; the 
work of the male after the entrance of the females consists mainly in 
removing the chips and refuse and guarding the entrance-hole. 


When the primary-tunnel is long, as is the case, e. ¢., with several 
Pp ’ ’ 8» 

species of Tomicus, there may be one or more ‘‘ventilation holes” through 

the bark. 


After the labours of egg-laying are over, the adults of some species of 
Bark-beetles cut irregular, winding ‘‘ food-tunnels,” deeply engraving the 
sap-wood. Some species hibernate in their food-tunnels, and others in 
short burrows apparently cut for the purpose. 


A number of species hibernate as larve, some as pupe, others as 
adults, and with some species all three stages may be found in the burrows 
during the winter. 


The Bark-beetles include by far the largest number of our North 
American species. 
(To be continued. ) 
THE AMBROSIA BEETLE (XYLEBORUS XYLOGRAPHUS, 
SAY), AS AN ORCHARD: PEST. 
BY O. E. BREMNER, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. 


During the early spring of 1904 my attention was called to the injury 
being done to Peach and Prune trees in the Dry Creek Valley, Sonoma 
County, California, by a minute beetle which proved to be one of the 
Ambrosia Beetles, Xyleborus xylographus, Say. 

The most interesting fact to me was the nature of the attack, for 
contrary to all former reports of the depredations of this beetle, I found it 
attacking perfectly healthy Peach trees, and also Prune trees in a perfectly 
healthy state, as well as those which seem to be suffering from an excess of 
moisture, heat or cold, as the case might be. In the case of the Peach 
trees there was a marked exudation of gum, but this did not seem to 
hinder the onward work of the borer, but did, however, prevent the 


mouth of the gallery from being kept open, which resulted in the healing 
June, 1907 


196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of the wound, and no damage could be seen the following year from the 
attack. . 


With the Prunes it was different ; there was no gumming, and only 
the very small pin-hole, with its little trail of wood-dust to mark the spot 
where the little borer was industriously working within ; but six such 
holes were sufficient to cause the death of the tree. . 


The food of these beetles is a fungus grown cn the walls of the 
galleries and chambers made by the beetles, and develops only under 
certain conditions, namely, when the tree is in a diseased or dying con- 
dition, and in the case of these fruit trees this condition is brought about 
by the attack of the beetle itself. On each side of the hole for more than 
a quarter of an inch and extending up and down the body of the tree for 
from six inches to two feet, and continuing inward as far and as fast 
as the gallery progresses, the wood of the tree turns brown, and gives off 
an odour, exactly similar to those conditions arising from the so-called 
sour-sap disease, and under this condition the Ambrosia seems to develop 
even better than where the trees seemed to have been attacked, after 
having partially succumbed to some other cause. 


There seems to be no special time for attack, but from early spring 
until late fall I found trees being attacked, and galleries containing beetles 
in all the stages of development. As to remedies I found all those pre- 
scribed to be of no avail. Plugging, opening the galleries to the light, 
external and internal applications, seemed to have no effect. The only 
remedy, other than that of removing the affected trees and burning, 
would be a heavy fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas when the trees 
are dormant. ; 

The beetles always enter the tree from the north and east sides, and- 
rarely more than six feet from the ground. Another point of interest is : 
As soon as a gallery terminated in a chamber, an adult of the colony took 
up its station at the door of the gallery with the tip of the elytra just flush 
with the surface of the bark, where it suffered death rather than admit an. 
intruder, for in every case that I inserted a wire I found that this beetle 
died rather than escape, which it could easily have done by running along 
the gallery to the chamber. This sentinel also seems to act as garbage 
man for the colony, removing all excess of wood-dust and excreta not 
needed in the propagation of the Ambrosia 

A description of this beetle can be found in Bulletin 7, New Series 
Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197 


CECIDOMYIIDA!: A STATEMENT. 
BY E. P. FELT, ALBANY, N. Y. 

The Gall Midges, though extremely small in size and frequently of 
very uniform colouring, are, nevertheless, easily referable, for the most 
part, to family, genera and species, by characters found on the insects 
themselves. Inasmuch as two and sometimes three or four different 
species may inhabit the same gall or very similar galls on the same plants, 
it must be admitted that a system dependent largely upon plant deforma- 
tions is not entirely satisfactory. Moreover, a number of species, 
including in this category practically all the members of two important 
subfamilies, produce no vegetable deformations. Obviously these latter 
species, if identified at all, must be separated by characters presented by 
the insects themselves. The minute we allow this, there must be some 
method of distinguishing them from the host of other species with which 
they might be confused if taken in the field away from the galls in which 
many forms breed. Our correspondents may be interested te know that 
the preliminary descriptions issued from this office have, in every instance, 
been condensed from more detailed characterizations (not to mention 
numerous photomicrographs and other illustrations), all bearing the same 
number and easily associated with specimens similarly marked, 
consequently there can be no question later on as to the identity of the 
forms described. Furthermore, we are now engaged in a serious 
systematic and biologic study of this group, and have already well in hand 
a series of tables for the separation of not only subfamilies and genera, 
but also species, in such a manner that all may be recognized irrespective 
of the plant or material in which they breed. This, it seems to us, is the 
only logical basis for a classification, and something that is imperatively 
needed, particularly when it is remembered that very few of the published 
descriptions are sufficient for the identification of adults, unless they are 
taken in connection with the galls. Obviously, progress must be seriously 
hindered if this condition is allowed to persist, since many of the earlier 
described species can be identified only by securing the galls and breeding 
the insects therefrom. We would not imply by the above that the 
biological study of this group should be neglected, far from it; this phase 
should be pushed with all possible vigour. We do urge the necessity of a 
thorough study of the adults and the replacing of the present more or less 
insufficient descriptions by characterizations that will bring out the specific 
differences most clearly. 


The above statements are made at this time owing to the fact that 
June, 1907 


198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIBT. 


certain strictures* on our recent work have appeared. ‘The critic seems 
to have overlooked the fact that the descriptions referred to in particular . 
are simply preliminary ; he was presumably unaware that they are based 
upon detailed descriptions, and appears to have ignored the fact that 
most species bear excellent generic and specific characters, and that a 
number, at least, can under no circumstances be associated: with any 
vegetable deformation. There is.no reason why adults of this group 
sbould not be studied independently of the earlier stages any more than 
in the Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and other orders. It is regrettable that 
there must inevitably be some confusion between a system which, sooner 
or later, will break down on account of its own limitations, and the intro- 
duction of one based upon well-accepted systematic principles. The 
earlier the change is made, the better for this branch of entomology, and we 
hope shortly to have the pleasure of demonstrating the wisdom of this course. 


THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE CULICIDZ:. 
BY EVELYN GROESBEECK MITCHELL, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


In Dr. Williston’s article under the above head (Can. Enrt., Dec., 
1906), he advocates uniting the Corethridz and Dixide with the Culicide. 
Yet Schiner, praised by Dr. Williston as a model systematist, erected the 
family Dixide, while Brauer, whom Williston condemns, was in favour of 
its union with the Culicide. ‘ 


Why should the Corethridie, whose larve and pupze differ greatly in 
structure and habits from those of the Culicidz, be placed in the latter 
family 2? Not only do the early stages differ, but the mouth-parts of the 
adults, admittedly of importance in the classification of the Diptera, are not 
fitted for biting, and are comparatively short, in contradistinction to the 
long Culicid proboscis, which is so constructed as to enable not only 
the females but also males of certain genera to obtain blood. ‘The palpi of 
Corethride are slender, very flexible and strongly recurved, whereas in the 
Culicide the palpi are robust, almost straight, rigid and directed forward. 
Corethridz are said to deposit their eggs in a mass of gelatin, a method of 
oviposition unknown among the Culicidz, and their pupze float submerged 
or, in the case of Corethrella, on the surface, not being active like those 
of Culicids. 

Mr. M. T. Thompson, of Clark University, who has been making 
special comparative studies of the internal anatomy of the adults and larvee 
of many of the Diptera, the results of which he intends later to publish, 
has very kindly informed me of some of these results, giving permission to 


“1907.—Beutenmueller, Wm., new species of Gall-producing Cecidomyiide. 
Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist. Bull., Vol. 23, Art. 18, p. 385-400. 


June, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199 


quote them in this paper. The Diptera he has studied seem to fall into 
two groups, those where the antlia or pumping stomach is simple, and 
those in which it is divided by a semisphincter muscle into two parts, the 
latter being the case with the more primitive forms, while among the higher 
forms (Dolichopodidie, Muscoidea, etc.), the posterior division is wanting. 
In Corethra, Simulium, the Tabanide, Bombylidz, Therevide, Asilide, 
etc., the preneural and the postneural parts of the antlia are thus divided, 
no trace of the separating semisphincter muscle being found in Culex or 
Anopheles. There are in Corethra four anterodorsal dilator muscles 
instead of two as in Culex and Anopheles. It has, like these, three 
cesophageal diverticulz, but only four rectal papillee, where these possess 
five. Furthermore, Mr. Thompson finds that Corethra differs from Culex 
and Anopheles in having the _hypopharynx connate with the labium in 
both sexes ; possessing four instead of five malpighian tubules; simple 
instead of tripartite salivary glands ; no clypeus, this being replaced by 
an oval sclerite ; and no “ proboscis canal.” He remarks that the internal 
characters would seem to indicate that Corethra is neither a Culicid nor a 
Simuliid, but a lateral branch low down on’ the Culicid stem; the larve, 
which lack flabelle and differ in rostrum, place of attachment of antenne, 
presence of air floats, form of body, division of foregut, etc., tend to confirm 
this. He at present regards the evidence, while pointing to a close 


relationship of Corethra to Anopheles and Culex, and showing notable 
relationship between Corethra and Simulium, as indicating that Corethra 
and Anopheles have the same common ancestor, the former and more 
primitive branching off at a lower point on the ascending scale, while Culex 
may be derived from Anopheles. Would there be any gain by merging 
such heterogeneous elements as Culex and Corethra in the same family ? 

Likewise, why snould the Dixide, whose wing-veins are bare of scales, 
and whose larvie and pupe differso from those of the Culicidee, be included 
with the latter? Among the Dixidz the antennz of the adults are almost 
bare, and are quite similar in the two sexes, whereas in the Corethride, and 
with but one known exception in the Culicidee, they bear long hairs, which, 
except in a few Culicid cases, are longer and much more numerous in the 
antennze of the males than in those of the females. The subcosta of the 
Dixidz is short, reaching only to a point opposite the first branching of 
the radius ; in the other two families it is prolonged nearly half its length 
beyond the first branching of the radius. Moreover, the larve of the 
Dixidz are distinguished by having the three thoracic segments always 
distinct and by two pairs of fleshy appendages, resembling prolegs, on the 
first and second abdominal segments, no trace of anything like prolegs 
being found in either of the other two families. ‘The pupz are inactive, 
floating quietly on the surface, 


200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


Had Dr. Williston personally investigated the early stages of these 
insects before writing his criticism, I feel certain that his view would differ 
widely from that which he now holds. 

Admittedly, more than in any other order of ‘insects, the early stages 
in the Diptera assume unusual importance in separating the order into the 
higher groups. Thus the primary divisions, Orthorhapha and Cyclorhapha, 
are founded entirely on larval characters and manner of pupation. The 
adults possess not one character whereby they may be separated from those 
of the opposite group, yet no one doubts the validity of the two divisions. 
In judging, therefore, of the value of groups in this order, it should be borne 
in mind that although the adult characters may sometimes appear but slight, 
sull the group may be strongly marked as such by characters of the early 


stages. . 
This important fact Dr. Williston ignores, and overlooks also the 


serious disadvantages under which Mr. Theobald was working, in being 
obliged to deal almost entirely with the adult forms, and in not being a 
irained dipterologist. Under these circumstances it must be admitted that 
Mr. Theobald acquitted himself very creditably. 

In criticising Mr. Coquillett’s classificatiom, especially that portion of 
it dealing with the subfamilies Psorophorine and Culicine, Dr. Williston 
may be pardoned for not being aware of the fact that these two subfamilies 
were separated chiefly by characters of the early stages. These, or any 
other characters of early stages of Culicidz, however, Mr. Coquillett is 
forbidden to refer to or even to study further, in order that the field may be 
left clear for the nondipterologist, who claims it as.‘ pre-eminently his 
own,” and insists on its being reserved as such. Thus it happened that in 
Mr. Coquillett’s classification only the weakest characters, those derived 


from the adults, were given. In passing be it noted that it is the 
outstanding scales f/us the narrow wing scales which form the distinctive 
character of the adult of the Psorophorine, as well as the arrangement of 
the outstanding scales, not the narrow scaling a/one, as Dr. Williston seems 
to think was intended. Narrow or broad wing-scales alone would certainly 
not distinguish a subfamily. Also, I agree with Dr. Williston that natural 
genetic characters, such as palpal ones, should be used when present. 
But if they are difficult of detection, ana their finding involves the possible 
destruction of the specimen, it seems as if some other more prominent, 
even though artificial, character should be found if possible, to be used as 
an accessory character for easy identification, 

In order that the standing of the two subfamilies, Psorophorine and 
Culicine, may be more clearly understood, their chief characters are here 
appended : 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CULICIN. 

LaRv® never insectivorous, their 
mouth-parts fitted for directing 
current of water into mouth, for 
sifting and brushing, 

MourTHu-BRUSHES Of many spreading, 
slender hairs, some of which are, 
in some cases, lightly pectinate 
on about the distal sixth; the 
hairs project forward. 

MAXILL& conical, no hooked spines, 
but many long, movable hairs 
and short hairs. 

LATERAL comMB of mandible of 
many movable, long, triangular 
plates, their base at an acute 
angle with top of mandible. 

MARGINAL ComB of mandible 15~—20 
immovabie spines. 

BITING part small. 

ANTENN# near anterior margin of 
head, eyes near middle of sides of 
head. 

Pup# with anal flaps longer than 
broad. 

ApuLtTs with femora devoid of out- 
standing scales except in the 
genus A‘deomyia, they 
form a fringe along the upper and 
the lower side of the apices of the 
femora and the bases of the tibiz. 
The wing-scales of this genus are 


broad, and its larval and pupal 
characters typically Culicid. 


where 


201 


PSOROPHORIN. 
LaRv# insectivorous, their mouth- 
parts fitted for seizing and tear- 


ing. 


MouTH-BRUSHES a few appressed 
plates, heavily pectinate along the 
entire inner margin, and directed 
obliquely backward beneath head 
or held out at right angles to it. 

MaxiL_L& trapezoidal, with many 
curved spines, a few short hairs. 


LaTERAL comp of mandible a few 
heavy, immovable spines, their 
base almost at right angles with 
top of mandible. 

MARGINAL CoMB of mandible ab- 
sent. 

BITING part very large. 

ANTENN& near middle of sides of 
head, eyes near posterior margin. 


Pup# with anal flaps as broad as 
long. 

ADULTS femora and tibie 
bearing many outstanding scales 
irregularly and thickly arranged 
around them, fringe. 
Wing-scales narrow. 


with 


never a 


The eggs of Psorophora are distinctive, being symmetrically ovate 
and distinctly differing from the thirty-odd of the Culicid eggs which I 
have seen, but the difference is easier to see and illustrate than to describe. 
The others are not nearly so ovate, generally unsymmetrical, and their 
small diameters proportionately less as compared with the long diameter 


than in the Psorophora eggs. 


202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


A NEW BUTTERFLY OF THE GENUS INCISALIA. 

BY JOHN H. COOK, ALBANY, N. Y., AND FRANK E, WATSON, NEW YORK CITY. 
INCISALIA POLIOS* (new species). 

Type g¢: Abdomen and thorax brown above, the former ashen 
beneath ; antenne dark brown, ringed with white, the club tipped with 
rufous, the basal third white beneath; eyes narrowly edged with white. 
Upper surface of wings dark brown-(as in the congeneric species), with 
a little red-brown near the anal angle; fringes white, the long scales 


tipped with brown, interrupted with brown at the end of each nervule ; 
next to the fringe two fine, parallel brown lines, between which is a lighter 
line interrupted by the nervules, and within which is @ continuous, distinct 
white line. Secondaries somewhat produced at tips of nervules, but zo? 
tailed. Stigma present. Under surface of primaries warmer brown, with 
an irregular extramesial white stripe from the costa to the first median 
nervule, edged inwardly with dark brown; about midway between this and 
the outer margin a series of five small, distinct, dark brown, nearly circular 
spots, not more than one in any interspace ; outer half of area between 
these spots and the margin, hoary. Two obscure dark lines crossing the 
cell. Under surface of secondaries: Basal half nearly uniform pitch 
brown, limited exteriorly by a fine broken white litie (next to and within 
which the colour is deepest), obscurely variegated with lighter shades ; 
outer half of wing with an arcuate series of eight rich chestnut-brown dots 
paralleling the outer margin, one to each interspace, except between the 
first and second median nervules, where there are two, the outer roughly 
crescentic, with tips toward the inner, which is smailer and round, the 
space between them lighter brown. Basal area with greatest projection 
between the second and third median nervules. Beyond the spots the 
wing is ashen-gray as far as the inner of the two fine marginal lines, which 
are much as on the upper surface, except that near the outer angle the 
gray is present only near the margin. The same ashen colour fills the 
space between the dark basal area and the series of spots, from the third 
median nervule to the inner margin. At the end of each nervule this 
hoary border is indented by a small black triangle. Expanse, 29 mm. 


Type 2: Outer margins of all wings more strongly rounded than in 
¢; white parts of margin and fringe above less distinct, especially on 


*7zod Los = hoary. 


June, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203 


primaries. Beneath: Basal two-thirds of primaries darker than outer 
third, black lines in cell very faint; inner edge of hoary margin cleaner 
and in sharper contrast with the brown. Secondaries very much as in 
type ¢; white margin of basal area wanting, except for a dash near the 
costa ; hoariness between arcuate series of spots and basal area extending 
from inner margin to the free nervule ; basal area somewhat lighter near 
costa, and with a vague sprinkling of whitish scales. The browns of both 
wings brighter than in ¢. Expanse, 31 mm. 

Type g taken at Lakewood, N. J., on April 27, 1906; type 9 
taken at Lakewood, N. J., April 21, 1907. 

These types were selected from a series of 84 (all from the same 
locality) with a view to avoiding extremes of coloration. Of the lot, 45 
have been selected as paratypes, 32 males and 13 females. The following 


variations are found among them: The two fine, brown marginal lines 
are (rarely) merged into a single broad one (both sexes) ; the white line 
within these is (frequently) reduced, though never wholly absent ; some 
specimens have a bronze or olivaceous reflection in certain lights; the 
rufous suffusion is often quite absent, and, on the other hand, is sometimes 
conspicuous, in one exceptionally brilliant 9 (paratype No. 25) it extends 
to the primaries ; basal area of secondaries sprinkled with yellow scales 
(paratype No. 15); variegation of this area (always slight) sometimes a 
little less, sometimes a little more, obscure than in types ; extramesial 
stripe of primaries beneath variable in intensity, and in extension from 
costa (in paratype Nd. 25 it extends to the submedian vein); relative 
values of the browns beneath somewhat variable ; submarginal spots on 
primaries occasionally rather faint, especially among the males, but always 
present ; spots of the arcuate series on secondaries sometimes obscured 
or absent between the subcostal nervules. 


During the winter of 1904-5 Mr. Wm. T. Davis presented the junior 
author with two males (April 30)-and one female (April 26) of this species, 
taken at Lakehurst, N. J. The value of the form was not recognized by 
us until after two seasons of collecting, the constancy of the characteristic 
markings, coupled with the fact that each year these butterflies appeared 
with augustus,and from a week to ten days earlier than either trus or 
Henrici (both of which are found, though not commonly, at Lakewood), 
convinced us that it was entitled to specific distinction, 


204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


It is easily separated from Henrici by the presence of the discal 
stigma in the male, the absence of “tails” on the secondaries, the hoary 
margin and the prominence of the submarginal dots on the primaries — 
beneath. The latter are in Henrici missing (usual) or at most represented 
by blurred clouds slightly darker than the yellow- brown ground. 

From ‘rus it may be distinguished by the relatively uniform colour 
of the basal area of the secondaries beneath (in zrus this is strikingly 
variegated), the absence of tails, the hoary margin of the primaries, and 
by the almost total obliteration of the black-pupiled eye-spot, which in 


irus is a salient feature of: the wing ornamentation, occupying the 
interspace between the first and second median nervules of the secondaries 
beneath. 


Polios most nearly resembles AZossé (Hy. Edwards), from which it 
differs in the presence of the hoary margin of the primaries, the broad 
hoary area of the secondaries (in the type JZoss/ these whitish scales are 
confined to a small space along the inner margin, and elsewhere replaced 
by large chestnut-brown spots, surmounted by black crescents), and in the 
colour of the fringe. 


Five specimens from other localities in the collection of the junior 
author are confidently referred to this species; they bear the following 
labels: ¢ and 9, Calgary, Alberta (no date); @ 9 2, Graham’s Park, 
on Rio de los Pinos, Cal., May r1th and t2th, 1899. ‘There are also 
specimens in the Museum of Natural History, New York City, and in the 
National Museum at Washington, labelled Colorado, which agree very 


closely with our specimens. 


Undoubtedly jo/ios has been confused by collectors with rus, 
Henrici or Mosst, and it is quite possible that the specimens mentioned by 
Scudder* as varietal forms of irus, having “the outer margin of ‘the 
primaries....narrowly hoary,” should be referred to this species. 


The types have been deposited in the U. S. National Museum ; 
paratypes. Nos. 1 and 2 have been sent to the Museum of the Entomo- 
logical Society of Ontario ; paratypes Nos. 3 and 4 were presented to Dr. 
Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia ; paratypes 5 and 6 are now in the New 
York State Museum at Albany, and the other paratypes remain for the 
present in the collections of the authors. 


*Butterflies of the Eastern U. S. and Canada, p. 837. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 


THE LIFE-HISTORY OF APANTELES GLOMERATUs, L.* 
BY ROBERT MATHESON, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y. 


During the past summer, while doing some work on the larva of the 
cabbage butterfly (Pieris rape), I was struck by the lack of information 


regarding the life-history of one of its most important parasites, Apante/es 
glomeratus, L. In none of the publications on Economic Entomology 
could I find any definite information, and the text-books were equally as 
unsatisfactory. 

Reaumur, in his Memoirs, Vol. 2, pp. 417-, states that the females 
of this parasite deposit their eggs, one at a time, laying in all about thirty 
eggs in each larva. He further adds that they select the intersegmental 
areas as the place of oviposition, particularly between the eighth and ninth 
and ninth and tenth segments. W. T. Bree, in the Mag. of Nat. Hist. for 
1832, pp. 105-109, states that he observed several females in the act of 
oviposition, and his description corresponds closely with that given by 
Reaumur. Both writers emphasize the fact of the fearlessness of the 
parasite during oviposition, and that only one egg is deposited each time. 
Evidently what Reaumur and Bree observed was the oviposition not of 
the true Apanteles glomeratus, L., but of Preromalus puparum, L.t 

Seurat, ’99, in his ‘‘ Contributions a l’étude des Hyménoptéres Ento- 
mophages,” states that the females of Apante/es glomeratus oviposit in the 
young larvee, depositing a large number of eggs in each. 

In rearing a large number of these parasites [ was able to observe the 
act of oviposition as well as to trace their life-history. The adults, on 
emerging, do not immediately fly away, but remain walking back and 


*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University. 

HI had an excellent opportunity for observing the manner of oviposition of 
this latter parasite, and it corresponds exactly with that given by Reaumur and 
Bree for Apanteles giomeratus. 1 found Pferomalus puparum at work late one 
afternoon. It was not at all disturbed by my removing the larva to a small box. 
Taking them to the laboratory, | was able to observe the act of oviposition under 
the microscope, without in the least disturbing the insect. I watched it oviposit 
at intervals of about twenty minutes till nearly 11 p.m., and next morning I found 
it still ovipositing. It ceased early in the forenoon, so that in all probability it 
had laid over thirty eggsinthe onelarva. The conclusion, that both Reaumur and 
Bree had observed the oviposition of this species rather than of Apantfeles 
glomeralus, is strengthened by the fact that Reaumur states that the larve of 
these parasites are sometimes found in the chrysalids of Pieris rapa, but after the 
fourth day exhaust the food supply, and do not transform. This is the condition 
we would expect to find in the case of Pleromalus puparum during the latter part 
of August and the first of September, as it passes the winter in the larval state, 
and does not spin its cocoon till the following spring.) 


June, 1907 


206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


forth over the cluster of cocoons, the males evidently waiting for the 
females and the females waiting to be fertilized. Mating takes place a 
short time after emergence, within 12-24 hours. 

Immediately after fertilization the females go in search of their host 
larve. Any cabbage leaves placed in the breeding cages soon attracted 
their attention, and, if any unfortunate larve were present, they soon fell 
victims to these parasites. Walking back and forth over the cabbage 
leaves, the females kept their antennéz in constant motion. As soon as one 


found a larva, not too large, preferably in the first, second or third stages, 
she prepared to oviposit. Bending her abdomen almost at right angles to 
her body, the parasite rushed upon the /verxs larva and drove her 
ovipositor through the skin, while her wings, in nearly all cases, were 
extended dorsally, closed above the thorax. I never observed them 
oviposit on the dorsum, always on the latero-ventral region, and it was not 
infrequent to observe two or three ovipositing ina single larva at the same 
time. The host usually objected most vigourously to such treatment, but 
the parasites remained unmoved, stroking the larva with their antenne or 
remaining motionless, Sometimes they endeavoured to oviposit in an 
older larva, but it succeeded in knocking them off, though undoubtedly 
some eggs were deposited. The time of oviposition varied from fifteen to 
twenty seconds. At each act of oviposition from fifteen to thirty-five eggs 
are deposited just beneath the epidermis, so that with the moulting of the 
host the eggs are net shed also. In one larva oviposited in three times I 
counted, when dissected, sixty-five eggs, and undoubtedly there were a few 
more which I did not succeed in finding. These eggs were found floating 
freely in the body cavity, and were not inclosed in packets. These facts 
stand in striking contrast with Reaumur’s and Bree’s observations. 

These eggs hatch in from three to four days. The larve feed upon 
the lymph and fatty tissue of their host, carefully avoiding the vital parts. 
They become mature during the latter part of the larval life of their host— 
that is, in about eight to twelve days—and emerge by cutting their way 
through the skin. The spinning of their_cocoons occupies scarcely over 
three-quarters of an hour, often less. Reaumur, Vol. 2, p. 422, gives an 
excellent description of the manner of spinning the cocoons. 

The number of parasites reared from a single caterpillar varies greatly. 
The smallest number that I have reared was sixteen, and the largest was 
fifty-two. Bignell reports having reared one hundred and forty-two from 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207 


a single larva. In view of the recent work on polyembryony in several | 
Hymenopterous parasites, itis interesting to note that this does not occur 
in the development of Apanteles glomeratus. 

Seurat observed what he considered the moulting of these larvee while 
still within their host, but Kulagin, ’92 (Zoologischer Anzeiger, Vol. XV, 
pp- 85-87), who studied their embryological development, states that they 
do not moult till they emerge from their host. In none of the sections 
which I examined, did I find any indications which would go to show 
that they moulted while within the host. 

At time of emergence from the host the stigmatic trunks, with the 
exception of the second pair, open to the exterior. About two days later 


they moult inside the cocoons, changing to the pupal state. The pupal 
period lasts from five to ten days, varying in length according to weather 
conditions, being longer when the temperature is lov. The adults emerge 
by cutting a circular lid at one end of the cocoorfand pushing it off. They 
live, in all probability, only a short time. ‘Those reared in confinement 
lived only a few days, in most cases all would be dead on the sixth day 
- after emergence. 


This parasite is, undoubtedly, of great economic importance in 
destroying large numbers of the larvee of the cabbage butterfly. Chittenden 
records in Bull. 54 of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture a case of complete 
parasitization in a large number of /verzs larvee examined. During the 
summer of 1906 I visited several small cabbage fields at various intervals 
from June till the last of October. During the early part of the season 
the number of caterpillars parasitized was very small, but later, in July 
and August, sometimes nearly 50 per cent. of those brought in would be 
parasitized. In September and October the majority of the larve 
examined were parasitized, probably on the average between 60 and 75 
per cent. at that season of the year. 


A NEW PHORID GENUS WITH HORNY OVIPOSITOR. 
BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WASHINGTON, D. C. 

Among the Dipterous family Phoride is a small group, characterized 
by the females having a large, exserted, horny ovipositor. This group is 
represented on this continent by two described genera, Apocephalus from 
North America, and We/u/oncha from South America. To these is now 


June, 1907 


208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


added a third genus, differing from the first by the simple third vein, from 

the second by the absence of the fringe of bristles along the outer side of 

the hind tibiz, and from both by the greater number of frontal! bristles, 

also in that the median pair in the lowest row ‘is proclinate instead of 

reclinate. Some idea of the appearance and structure of this interesting 

form may be gleaned from the accompanying description and figures. 
PSEUDACTEON, new genus. 

Front slightly broader than long, bearing four transverse rows-of four 
sete each, the latter reclfnate except the median 
pair in the lowest row, which are proclinate (fig. 
12). Third antennal joint oval, about one-third 
longer than broad, the arista apical. Palpi 
well developed, clavate, bearing about four 
bristles at the apex, proboscis robust. Female 

- with a horny ovipositor about half as long as 
the abdomen. Legs devoid of bristles except 
at the tips of the, hind and middle tibiz. 
Venation normal, the third vein simple. ‘Type, the following species : 


Fic. 12.—Front of Pseudacteon. 


Pseudacteon Crawfordii, new species.—(Fig. 13.) Black, the pleura 
dark brown, the mouth-parts, legs and 
halteres light yellow. Wings hyaline, 
veins brown, the four light ones notice- 
ably paler toward their bases. Length 
about I mm. 


Dallas, Texas. Three males and 
seven females collected, June 17, Jury 
1g and October 22, 1906, by Messrs. 
J. C. Crawford and W. D. Pierce. 
One of the females was observed to 
apparently deposit an egg in the head 


FG, 13.—Pseudacteon Crawfordii, 


of an ant, Solenopsis geminata, and as 

the Phorids were found only in the company of ants of this species, it is 
altogether probable that they infest the heads of the latter after the manner 
of Apocephalus Pergandei, which is known to live within the heads of 
another kind of ant. 


‘Type No. 10294, U.S. National Museum, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 


GEOMETRID NOTES. 
BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


In Can. Env. for April, 1907, Mr. Taylor has a note on Eucheca 
perlineata, Pack. It appears to me that he is clearly in the right in his 
conclusions, for in any case where published descriptions and figures con. 
tradict an alleged type, it is the evidence from the publication that must 
prevail. Types, even when labelled by the author himself, cannot take 
precedence over a published description, except in cases where an error 
of observation can be demonstrated. 

I think it has not been put on record that Cosymbia albocostaliata, 
Pack., is a Noctuid. It will be probably best placed in //eonectyptera, 
Grote, and, to follow Professor Cockerell’s recommendation (Can. Enr., 
XXXIX, 136, 1907), I hereby provisionally nominate it /leonectyptera 
albocostaliata. There is a specimen in the Neumecegen collection in the 
Museum of the Brooklyn Institute, and two in the U. S. National 
Museum, the latter collected by Mr. W. F. Fiske at Tryon, North 
Carolina. I have not seen the type, but the specimens agree perfectly 
with Packard’s figure. 


LAERTIAS (PAPILIO) PHILENOR (LINN.SUS). 
BY A. A. GIRAULT, BLACKSBURG, VA. 


On June 2oth, 1903, at Blacksburg, Virginia, a colony of the larve 
of this species was obtained from vines of the Dutchman’s Pipe 
(Aristolochia) growing over the ruins of an old stone building. The 
majority of them were nearly full-grown, and the whole colony was placed 
in a breeding cage and supplied with food. I offer the following notes at 
the risk of repeating : 

The Larva.— Nothing especially important was noted concerning the 
caterpillar, excepting a variation in the number of spots in the dorso- 
lateral line. his line of orange spots or tubercle areas consists usually 
of a tubercle on the first abdominal segment just above the spiracle, and 
four tubercle areas, one on the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th abdominal segments 
respectively, and all about the same size, but varying somewhat in colour. 
In the case of one larva, an additional area was present on the Sth 
abdominal segment, but was faint; in another larva, after the first segment, 
the areas began on segment 3 instead of the 4th, continuing to the 7th 
(inclusive). ‘Two larve were found with the spots running from the 3rd 
to the 8th abdominal segments, but those on the 3rd and 8th segments 
were faint. Apparently, when there are more than the usual number 
present the additional ones are faint. All of the larvee were in the last 


June, 1907 


210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


instar. The line of areas in the dorsal region may be unsymmetrical, 
which is often the case in lepidopterous larvae. ‘The osmateria secrete a 
bright yellow liquid of a sweetish, disagreeable odour, which is non- 
irritating to the hands. ; 

In this larva the antenne are very short as usual, but the long fleshy 
processes on the prothorax seem to function, in their stead. When in 
locomotion they are held before the head, waving up and down, and the 
larva is guided by them. The caterpillars occasionally leave a silken trail 
behind them. 

The larvae may become carnivorous when _ hungry. Some young 
larvee, more than half-grown, were placed in a breeding cage with 
chrysalids, and kept well supplied with food for several days until it gave 
out. After the growing larvee had been without food for about 24 hours, 
they began to attack the chrysalids, generally eating away the entire upper 
half. In one case one whole side of the pupa from prothorax to abdomen 
was eaten, including most of the viscera, and two of the caterpillars, 
evidently concerned in this, were resting quietly beside the remains, plump 
as if surfeited. ‘The chrysalids were eaten with apparent relish. This 
habit can hardly be termed cannibalism, as it was appeasance of abnormal 
hunger, and the larvee did not attack the chrysalids in the presence of an 
abundance of their natural-food. 

Method of Girdling.—The larve began to prepare for pupation on 
June 23rd, along the wire gauze sides of the breeding cage. In preparing 
the girdle with which the pupa is suspended, the caterpillar first spins a 


loose web or mat of silk under its body. The girdle is then commenced 
by fastening a thread to this mat well under the side of the body, and then 
bringing it over across the venter of the thorax, inclosing the legs (the 
venter of thorax being arched), by bending the head backward, and then 
attaching the other end of the thread on the other side of the body 
about the same distance back and under, or just opposite the: first 
attachment. This forms a loop of silk over an arch or curve of one side 
of the body. These movements are repeated five or six times, a single 
thread being added each time to the girdle, and the larva in fastening 
them from side to side has to be very caretal and agile in movement. 
The head is thrown back, the thoracic venter arched, while the rest of the 
body is straight and flat against the support; therefore, the movements 
are nearly “all cephalic and thoracic. When the girdle is finished, 
consisting of five or six threads of closely -applied nee of silk, the 
larvae pushes or works its head under it, and by a forward and then a 
backward movement of its body, incloses the latter also within the loop or 
girdle. It is then gradually worked back to its usual position, passing 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Out 


around the body in the incision between the second and third abdominal 
segments. After the girdle is in place, the caterpillar settles into a 
somewhat crouched position, and then finally arches its body as it awaits 
the time of ecdysis, several days afterwards. The placing of the girdle 
occupies about two minutes; if placed too far caudad it is liable to 
interfere seriously with ecdysis. Unfortunately, no observations were made 
during pupation, so that the method of placing the girdle by the chrysalis 
was not seen. Described from 13 specimens. 

Duration of Pupal Instars.—The duration of pupal life for fifteen 
individuals reared averaged 16 days, from June 28th to July 14th, and 
ranged from 14 to 21 days. ‘The males issued before the females. 


NEW MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY W. D. KEARFOTT, MONTCLAIR, N. J. 
(Continued from page 160.) 


Cerostoma dorsimaculella, sp. nov.—Expanse, 18.5 to 19.5 mm. 

Head whitish-gray, in which are mixed a few dark gray scales ; palpi 
whitish-gray, tuft of second joint clouded with brownish-gray at the outside 
and at the ends, apical joint dark brown beneath and less so on the sides, 
whitish-gray above ; antenna white, annulated with brownish-gray ; thorax 
cinereous-gray, posterior tip whitish, inner edge and base of patagia dark 
brown ; abdomen whitish-gray, anal tuft with a cinereous tinge ; legs 
cream-white, heavily dusted with brownish-black in front. 

Fore wing very light gray, with a slight yellowish tinge, strigulated 
and marked with bronzy-black. The most conspicuous marks are on the 
dorsal margin, below the fold ; the inner is a narrow triangle, with base on 
dorsum at inner fourth, and apex touching fold at inner third ; the outer 
spot rests on dorsal margin between middle and outer fourth, its upper 
edge is slightly concave, causing an enlargement at the inner end and a 
linear extension at the outer end that rises, obliquely outward, above the 
fold. There-are two curved transverse lines from costa, before middle of 
wing, not reaching fold, beyond them are five shorter costal streaks, before 
the outer fourth. Below these latter, at the end of cell, is an angulated 
line, with a few blackish scales above and below it, Thereare a few dark 
dots in the line of the middle of the wing, one at base, one a little beyond 
base, and two near middle of cell. There is a large dark dash in apex, 
which extends into cilia, becoming paler at the tip. A few dark scales at 
end of cell, and another small cluster above tornus, Cilia concolorous, 


rr) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Hind wing paler gray than fore wing, slightly darker around termen, 
cilia paler, with a faintly darker basal line. Under side the same, a black 
dot on costa before apex. Under side fore wing darker gray, with a few 
black dots on costa before apex. ’ 

Four specimens, Rounthwaite, Man., July rr and 12, L, E. Marmont. 

Co-type in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 9870. I am indebted to Mr. 
Busck for correcting my generic determination of this species. 

Mompha Claudiella, sp. nov.—Expanse, 20 mm. 

Head and patagia white, with a faint rosy tinge; palpi white, with 
a few dark scales on outside of tuft of second joint ; antenna fuscous, with 
a whitish bloom ; thorax leaden-black in centre, narrowly edged in front 
with rosy-white ; on posterior half there is a patch of deep rosy-white, and 
the middle scales at their posterior.end are of the same colour ; abdomen 
gray, anal tuft with an ochreous tinge; legs cream-white, heavily shaded 
with black in front. : 

Fore wing white, with a faint rosy tinge, shaded with bluish-gray on 
inner fifth of costa, and a shade of the same colour through middle of 
wing from inner tuft to end of cell. A small shade of this colour on outer 
third of costa, and a similar one below it on dersal margin. The upper 
half of termen and apex are shaded with gray, in which are sprinkled 
whitish, black and brown scales ; there is a dark brown dot in cilia at 
apex, and two before apex in costal cilia, and one below apex in the long 
cilia ; the outer ends of the apical cilia are gray, otherwise the cilia is 
ochreous. The tufts are very large and high; the three most prominent 
ones are white towards base and ferruginous at their outer ends. There 
are two close to base of wing, one in middle of wing, and one below it 
and obliquely outward from it close to dorsal margin ; before the latter, 


and in a streak following the former, are broad black scales ; the third 1s 
between fold and dorsal margin in middle of wing ; it is also followed by 
a patch of broad black scales from its upper end. ‘There is a smaller but 
similar tuft at outer fourth of wing, on lower margin, anda small tuft 
above the third large one on upper half of middle of wing. _ Below costa, 
at inner third, is a small tuft of black scales. 

Hind wing dark gray, cilia ochreous, the same shade as cilia of fore 
wing. Under side both wings smoky black, with a whitish streak through 
middle of hind wing, and the apex of both wings whitish. 

Three specimens, Rounthwaite, Manitoba, July rr and 12, collected by 
Claud Marmont, whose name I am glad to give to this very beautiful species. 

Co-type in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 9871. 


Mailed June 4th, 1907. 


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CAN. ENT., VOL. XXXIX. PLATE®O; 


INCISALIA HENRICI—CHRYSALIS. 
(Dorsal, lateral and ventral aspects.) 


INCISALIA POLIOS, COOK AND WATSON. 


The Canaiay entomologist 


Vou. XXXIX. LONDON, JULY, 1907. No. 7. 


THE STRIDULATION OF THE: SNOWY TREE-CRICKET 
(@CANTHUS NIVEUS). 
BY A. FRANKLIN SHULL, ANN ARBOR, MICH. 
I. —INTRODUCTION.* 

Dolbear (1897), in writing of the chirping of a common cricket, which 
was probably the Snowy ‘Tree-cricket (@canthus niveus), described the 
regularity of rate as ‘astonishing, for one may hear all the crickets in a 
field chirping synchronously, keeping time as if led by the wand of a 
conductor.” In an adjoining field, he said, the rate was the same, but the 
beat was different; that is, the notes did not occur at the same instant. 
He expressed the relation of the rate to the temperature by the formula 
T = 50 + X~*, where Tis the temperature Fahrenheit, and N is the 
number of chirps per minute. For convenience, the formula may be 
reduced to T = 40 + *. Dolbear does not say that the cricket referred 
to is Gcanthus niveus, though he has generally been so interpreted. 
Folsom (1906) conjectures that he refers to a species of Gry//us, but I see 
no reason for this assumption, except Dolbear’s mention of daytime chirps, 
which are comparatively rare with @canthus niveus. It seems more 
probable, as Edes (1899) suggests, that the cricket found chirping in the 
daytime was another species which Dolbear confused with Ccanthus. 
Certainly his formula and statements agree more closely with Q@canthus 
niveus than with any species of Gry//us. 

Carl A. and Edward A. Bessey (1898) derived from observations 
made on Qcanthus niveus previous to the publication of Dolbear’s paper 
the formula T = 60 + *—”, which differs notably from Dolbear’s in 


making the increase of rate 4.7 instead of 4 per degree rise in temperature. 
They stated, moreover, that below 60 the rate was higher than would be 
expected from the formula, thus making it evident that the: curve of 
temperature could not be represented by a linear equation. 

Edes (1899) found that while all the individuals of Gicanthus niveus 
performed in the same tempo, yet the chirps did not occur at the same 
instant. Using some observations of his own and those of Walter Faxon, 
he tested Dolbear’s formula, and found that the increase of 4 per degree 
in the rate was nearly correct, but the different sets of data disagreed in 


*Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Michigan. 


214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the constant term, one making the temperature two or three degrees lower | 
than the other. Edes does not say that the temperatures were read from 
a standard tested thermometer, and the discrepancy noted was just such 
as might be expected from the use of incorrect thermometers. 


I.—SraTEMENT OF PROBLEM AND METHOD. 

To test the formulas of Dolbear and Bessey, I counted the chirps of 
several crickets, and from them computed the temperatures. Finding that 
the computed temperatures were sometimes considerably in error, I 
undertook a series of observations to determine (1) whether the discrepancy 
was to be found in any very large proportion of the erickets, and if so, (2) 
to discover, if possible, the cause of the discrepancy. 

These observations were made on Qcanthus niveus in Ann Arbor, 
Mich., in the level country near New Carlisle, Ohio, and on the hillsides 
of Ithaca, N. Y.,in the summers of rg05 and 1go6. At first all observa- 
tions were made with the insect in view. Lantern in hand, I cautiously 
approached the point in the bushes from which the sound issued until the 
chirping insect was discovered and the chirps found to coincide with the 
motion of the wings. The crickets were not at all disconcerted by this 
procedure, and often permitted me to approach within two feet. 

After having observed some 75 specimens by means of a lantern, I 
found that chirping crickets were rarely closer together than three or four 
feet, and hence that an individual could easily be picked out by sound. 
Thereafter I relied upon sound alone for the determination of rates. Of 
the observations made with a lantern, the only one recorded in the 
following pages is the one mentioned in the discussion as having chirped 
2,228 times in succession. An ordinary watch was used in timing, and 
to minimize the error, each count was continued through several minutes. 
Temperature readings were taken within a few minutes of making the 
count, and all readings were made from the same thermometer. This 
thermometer was afterward compared with a tested thermometer, by 
immersing them simultaneously in vessels of water at various temperatures, 
and was found to have a constant error of about half a degree within: 
the range of temperatures recorded below. Corrections have accordingly 
been made in these readings before entering them in the tables. The 
thermometer read to degrees, and fractions of degrees were estimated. 
The length of one degree on the scale was such that for an eye trained in 
estimating fractions of lengths the error should in any case have been less 
than one-tenth of a degree. 

I am indebted to Prof. Jacob Reighard for much assistance in 
discussing my data and in preparing this paper for publication, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215 


IIl.—RatTe OF CHIRPING. 

In producing the sound the wings are raised nearly at a right angle 
with the body, and then scraped firmly across each other. The sound is 
either a single chirp, or much more commonly a succession of chirps, 
which follow one another at regular intervals, and vary in number, in the 
cases observed by me, from 5 or 6 to 2,640. Six hundred to a thousand 
is the more usual number. The term ‘‘chirp,” as used in the following 
pages, refers to a single element of such a series. If the rate of chirping 
is 120 per minute, the chirps occur at intervals of half a second. I have 
estimated that one-third of this time, or one-sixth of a second, is occupied 
in producing the sound, while the remainder is the period of silence 
between chirps. If the rate is only 60 per minute, the time occupied by 
the sound is one-third of a second. The rate of sound vibration in this 
case is much slower, and the pitch is correspondingly lower. 

_a.—EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE RATE. 

From the hundreds of observations made, a representative group is 
shown in Table I. The temperatures are those at an elevation of six feet, 
the average elevation of the insects. The temperature at two feet 
elevation was generally about halfa degree lower, that at ten feet half a 
degree higher than that at six feet elevation. ‘(he temperatures computed 
from Dolbear’s and Bessey’s formulas are added for comparison. 

Table I.—Showing rates of chirping of various individuals of 
Ecanthus niveus at different temperatures and elevations : 


ON 


~- = —s— 


Number of ‘ Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. 
| chirps per pags sae Tae : : 

Date, | Amu bheagiet Ant= itp 8 Computed Observed Computed 
| dividualsof | "= i. in | from.) Dol- | at eleva- | from Bes- 
| Ecanthus | Peay re ‘| bear's for- | tion of six | sey’s for- 
| erUeus. a | mula. | feet. | mula. 

| | | 
Aug. 22.. 144 — 76 0 75-8 | 71.06 
mie 23. 156 6 79. oO 749 pL eras thiz 
Aug. 24. 174 6 S905 78.8 1-279 245 
Aug. 27. 93 6 63.25 60.4 ie AGO. t 
Aug. 28.. $2 4 60. 5 64.5 57 87 
(aes 2 3:25) | { 60 21 
he G 2 64.40) 1 60.85 
Sept. 7... ; 100 3 5. Cum 69.9 $e) sO Ko 
[ro 8 Baas | “62 43 
fre 10 or a, Oat 


| 
| 
| 


216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


It is seen that there is a general correspondence between rate and tem- 
perature. But that the rate does not follow any law based on temperature 
is apparent from the observations for Aug. 27 and Sept. 7 (first record), 
where the rates are the same with a difference of temperature of over nine 
degrees. Furthermore, comparison of Aug. 27 and Aug. 28 shows that 
of two records the higher rate may accompany the lower temperature. 
The five records for Sept. 7 were made within an area of two square rods 
in the same blackberry patch. .The crickets were chirping simultaneously, 
and the observations were made within a period of 15 minutes; the 
temperature did not change perceptibly, yet the rate in different individuals 
is from 93 to r10. Other records made outside of this area on the same 
evening showed even greater extremes, the lowest rate being 84 per 
minute, the highest 126. These observations are of interest in the light 
of Dolbear’s observation of accurate synchronism. 4 

It will be noted that the crickets of Sept. 7 were at different eleva- 
tions, and that those at the greater height chirped the more rapidly. 
While there were numerous exceptions to this correlation of rate with 
elevation, the higher crickets chirped at rates which on the average were 
markedly higher than the average of individuals nearer the ground. 
Dolbear might have explained this difference of rate at different elevations 
by the fact that the greater elevations have the higher temperatures. Even 
if temperature is the cause of the variations at different altitudes, the 
synchronism existing among “all the crickets in a field” would be 
destroyed, for to produce such synchronism it would be necessary to have, 
not merely a level field, but all the crickets in the same horizontal plane 
over the field. Granting for the moment that temperature alone is 
responsible for these differences in rate, Dolbear’s formula, which is not 
much in error in making the rate increase by 4 per degree rise in 
temperature, does not state the proper relation between the difference of 
temperature and the difference of rate. The observed difference of 
temperature between elevations of 2 ft. and 10 ft. was usually about 1° at 
the time of making these observations, 7.30 to 8 p.m. Hence, according 
to Dolbear’s formula, or any formula based on crickets at the same 


elevation, the difference in rate between-elevations of 2 ft. and ro ft. should 
have been about 4, whereas it will be seen from the table that the 
difference was 17. 

Evidently individual rates are not closely correlated with temperature. 
If any accurate correlation exists, it ought to be apparent from average 
rates. A few averages, covering, with some additions, the same period 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ay 


as in Table I, have been calculated, and are given, together with the: 
temperatures computed from Dolbear’s and Bessey’s formulas, in Table IT. 

Table I1I1.—Showing averages of the rates of ten to fifteen individuals 
of Geanthus niveus at different temperatures : 


] | 
Average num- 


Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. 


bert chitpsy|> =e 
per minute of | Observed, 
Date. 19 to 15 in- | Computed | taken at 6 ft. | Computed 
_ dividuals of | from Dol- | elevation, in | from Bessey’s 
Ecanthus | pear'sformula | middle of | formula. 
| niveus. series. 
| | 
aie 22... 147.20 76.80 75.8 71.74 
Aug. 23. 148.75 77.19 74.9 72.07 
Aug. 24. | 168.60 82.15 78.8 76.30 
A a ees ae Sy 61.43 60.4 53.66 
Aug. 28. | 84.20 | 61.05 61.5 58.34 
Bee 25... | 119.16 69.79 68.2 65.78 
oe oe 104.40 | 66.10 67.0 62.64 
a iy | 102.30 65 58 69 9 62.19 
Sen, 5... | 104.68 | 66.17 70.9 62.70 


Here it appears again that, even when averages are taken, approxi- 
mately equal rates may accompany widely-differing temperatures (cf. Sept. 
1 and Sept. 8), and that the higher rate may occur with the lower tem- 
perature (cf. Aug. 27 and 28), though in both cases the discrepancy is less 
matked than in Table I. 

It seems that while there is a general agreement between temperature 
and rate of chirping, yet it is not possible to express this agreement by 
any formula. Any temperature calculated from the rate by Dolbear’s 
formula may be over six degrees in error, and over nine degrees when 
Bessey’s formula is used. It follows also from these observations that 
there can be no accurate synchronism. 

b.—ErFrrect oF WING LENGTH ON Rate. 

In attempting to explain the discrepancies noted above, wing length 

suggested itself as a possible factor. The effect of wing length was 


determined as follows: The rates of a number of individuals, say ten or 
fifteen, were determined, usually within a period of 40 minutes, and the 
average was computed. One member of the series, whose rate was of 
course known, was captured, and its wings were measured. Measurement 
was made by laying the wing, after removal from the body, on a scale 


218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


graduated to fifths of millimeters. By use of a lens these, divisions could 
easily be divided to fourths, that is, to twentieths of a millimeter, so that’ 
the error in any case should have been within half this amount, or less 
than 0.025 mm. The captured specimen was taken from the middle of 
the series, in order to obviate any error due to a fall of temperature while 
the observations were being made. Sixteen such series were recorded, 
and consequently sixteen wing measurements were made. The results of 
these measurements are given in Table III. The quanuues in the fifth 
column are found by dividing those in the third column’ by these in the 
fourth. 
Table 11I.—Showing the length of wing of individuals of Gicanthus 
niveus, the rates of chirping of these individuals, and the average rates of 
other individuals at the same time: 


Number of chirps per minuté. 
2 Deno tbh.s Of |\>s— aa = Ratio of indi- 
No. right wing in | Of individual | vidual rate to 
ere s : : - | Average ofen- 
millimeters. | in middle _ of | ;: as average rate. 
5 tire series. 
series. | 
= = 
1 12.93 109 “III .9d2 
2 13.18 136 Les 1.007 
3 1325 DEl 112 991 
4 h2at 151 153 .987 
5 13.10 11 ITT =? See 
: 6 13.02 67 68 .985 
7 13 54 140 139 1.007 
8 12.28 137 No. .993 
9 Re Brel, 114 Tt 1.027 
10 13-27 132 134 985 
it 12.65 i Ltt 1.cOQ 
12 12.91 149 150 993 
13 13.45 | 112 Tit I COG»: 
14 1270 | 134 137 -978 
15 13.24 131 131 1,000 
UG. | sage 157 153 1.026 
Average... | 13.08 


If, now the wing-lengths and the ratios of the individual rates to 
the average rates be plotted as ordinates and abscissz, respectively, they 
should group themselves in some noticeable fashion about an oblique line, 
provided there is any correlation between wing-length and rate of 
stridulation. But no such grouping is apparent (fig. 14). Particularly 


II] P14R] wos eyeEq ‘snaazu snyzuUMIG) JO S[enplAtpul 
UBAIXIS JOJ 9JB1 JASvIZAV OJ 9}BI [eNPIAIpUl JO OBA puL YVSua]-Suim ay) Jo uoNRjuasosdasa peorydeag—'ti “S14 


“ALVY ADVUAAY OL ALVY IVAGIAIGN]: JO OLLVY 


O°GT 


OFT 


eT 


millimetres. 


g-length in 


Win 


220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


instructive should be Nos. 7 and 8, representing the extremes of wing- 
length. In neither case is the deviation from the average rate as marked 
as in some cases where the wing-length is more nearly the average, for 
example, Nos. 4 and 9. 


c.—Errect oF HuMIDITY ON RATE. , 

As I was not properly equipped with apparatus, I have no conclusive 
evidence of the effect of humidity. But the results of two sets of observa- 
tions made on the same evening, under different conditions, point to a 
probable influence of humidity. The first observations were made under 
a clear sky, and with no perceptible air currents. Dew was forming near 
the ground, showing that the vapour was saturated there, while higher up 
the bushes were dry. The second set of observations was made nearly 
two hours later, when there were light winds and it was beginning to rain. 
At this time the vapour must have been saturated at all elevations. Hence 
the humidity had remained constant near the ground, but had risen 
noticeably at greater elevations. During the two hours the temperature 
at an elevation of 6 ft. had fallen 1°.6. The decrease at 12 ft. was 
probably about 2°.2. The crickets observed were in precisely the same 
locations in both sets of observations, and were probably the same crickets. 
‘The rate of chirping of those near the ground had decreased 5 or 6 per 
minute, that at 12 ft. had decreased 20 per minute. Change in tempera- 
ture alone accounts, according to Dolbear’s formula, for a decrease of but 
9 in rate. It is possible to explain the further decrease at the higher 
elevation by supposing that increase of humidity diminishes the rate of 
stridulation. This supposition will also explain part of the difference in 
rate noted between crickets at elevations of 2 ft. and ro ft. on Sept. 7 
(Table I), since the humidity is greater near the ground. 

d.—Errecr oF INDIVIDUALITY ON RATE. 

As I did not find external factors to explain satisfactorily all the 
observed facts, I was led to look for internal factors. Of these internai 
factors, individuality and physiological state suggested themselves. By. 
individuality is meant that constitutional peculiarity which results in a 
constant difference between one cricket and its fellows. The constant 
difference was frequently one of pitch. Certain crickets, while maintaining 
approximately the same rate, were found to chirp at a constantly lower 
pitch than other crickets in similar locations. Again, some crickets 
possessed a peculiar variety of chirp, one of which is later to be mentioned 
specifically, and this peculiarity was present in every chirp. If it should 
be found that each individual, while varying its rate with the temperature 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 2e: 


er other external conditions, at the same time shows individual peculiarity ° 
in rate, so that under the same conditions the rate is constantly higher or 
lower than that of other crickets, this constant peculiarity might be 
referred to as “rate individuality.” 

To determine whether individuality affects rate as I found it to affect 
pitch and quality of chirp, several crickets were confined in the house. 
But they rarely chirped, and then for but a short time. Outside in the 
yard and fields it was found that chirps issued from the same point in the 
bushes evening after evening. Sometimes these chirps possessed 
peculiarities of pitch or unsteadiness which were different from those of 
almost any other cricket. When these peculiarities occurred in the same 
place for several successive evenings, I assumed that they were produced 
by the same cricket. ‘The data given in Table IV are from one such 
cricket, whose distinguishing peculiarity was an interrupted chirp, 
accentuated at the beginning and end as if the wings were then pressed 
more firmly together, so that the chirp sounded almost as if divided in 
the middle. 

Table IV.—Showing rates of chirping of same individual of 
(Ecanthus niveus over a period of thirteen days : 


: Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. 
Number sob chirps per ee 
/ minute e same i1n- 
ee dividual” of Ccanthus rie | Ee grees er 
niveus on different days. pEpee Ned, “| CARS 1Or- 
mula, 

3 ae 149 74.9 | hi peas 
(ane Fa 167 78.8 Sie 
AE ay 80 59.9 60 00 
Pe 2S. s. | So 613.5 60 oo 
Aug. 29....| 109 68.2 67.25 
a 105 670 66.25 
Lo) i 149 76.0 yh eA 
<4) ae re 100 65.8 65.00 


These data, together with data secured in like manner from two 
other crickets, are graphically represented in fig. 15. The straight solid 
line is the representation of Dolbear’s formula. The other solid lines, 
A and B, are from two crickets that were observed over nearly the same 
period of days, one cricket being that referred to in Table IV. The two 
crickets were at nearly the same elevation and in similar locations, so that 
external conditions were practically identical. The dotted line is the 
curve for a cricket observed over a different period of time, 


222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


S 

PREECE EE : 
Bein Be er a eee 

Sa GgSBR@ERS EE CoSuL S 

HEB he Se REPRESS i 

\ = 

Are Ye) 

SRS eee ee ee a 

LN RN a eee 

BRS RSERS SRR Eee 

eee ees 

— 

—_= 

= 

NX 

a 

S 

_ 

ie 

rc 

(= 

o 

=) 

©o 

‘ a 

- - ae ra — 
oe ea eee ee: 


Temperature—Fahrenheit, 


STRIDULATION. 


OF 


RATE 


22 to, Sept. 


B an individual observed from Aug. 


The curve A is that of the cricket referred to in Table IV, observed from 
.4, and the dotted curve, one observed from Sept. 1 to 11, 1906, 


Aug. 23 to Sept. 4, 1906; 


nNIVveUus. 


Fig. 15.—Graphical representation of temperature and rate of chirping of three individuals of Qcanthus 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223 


The table of the rate of chirping of the individual cricket shows that 
the rates of even an individual are not closely correlated with temperature. 
In fig. 15, the fact that one of the solid lines lies, throughout the greater 
part of its length, above the other shows that the rate of one cricket is 
almost constantly higher than that of the other. This can hardly be 
explained except by individuality. The crossing and recrossing of the 
two lines must then be explained by another factor (physiological state) 
which I discuss in another place. 


IV.—SYNCHRONISM. 

I found exact synchronism to be comparatively rare, and to exist 
only between neighbouring crickets. When accurate synchronism did 
occur, it affected usually only two individuals, sometimes three. One 
evening I discovered two crickets about five feet apart chirping in such 
accurate unison that I did not at once realize that there were two crickets. 
One soon stopped ; the second hesitated, its chirp became weak, and it 
even lost a beat. After an irregular solo of several minutes, the second 
cricket recommenced. At the first chirp the first cricket struck a note 
out of time, then lost a beat, as if startled. It next voiced a half-dozen 
weak, uncertain chirps, then the call gradually grew in intensity, until the 
two crickets were again chirping in exact unison. 


V.—SuMMary. 

1. While there is a general correspondence between temperature and 
rate of stridulation, there are numerous variations of rate that cannot be 
‘accounted for by differences of temperature. Dolbear’s formula cannot be 
applied to my observations without a possible error of 6°.65. 

2. Rate of stridulation is in no way correlated with wing-length. 

3. Humidity seems to affect rate of chirping, but the evidence is not 
conclusive. 

4. The rate of chirping of different crickets under the same external 
conditions depends on their individuality. 

5. Synchronism is rare, and is observable in only two or three 
individuals near one another. 

V1I.—Discussion, 

It is clear that Dolbear’s and Bessey’s laws are only approximately 
accurate. Temperatures computed from them may be expected to vary 
from observed temperatures as much as 6°.65 with the first formula, and 
9°.69 with the second. Any expression for the rate of chirping must be a 
function of several independent variables, of which temperature is only 


224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


one. Hence, its graphical representation is not a line, nor even a surface. 
Of the other possible factors in addition to temperature, it has been shown 
that wing-length is of no effect in determining the rate of chirping. The 
remaining two factors which have been studied; namely, humidity and 
individuality, are, with temperature, sufficient to explain most of the 
observed facts. However, in fig. 15 there remains still one point to be 
explained. That point is the crossing of the curves of the individual 
crickets. The external factors of temperature and humidity have been 
eliminated by having them practically the same for both crickets. 
Individuality has not served to keep the curves separate throughout their 
length. Here some other factor, either external or internal, must enter. 
The most plausible explanation seems to be that based on differences of 
physiological state, which, of course, could not be determined from my 
observations. It is quite possible that physiological condition (age, 
hunger, sexual condition, etc.), plays an important role. It may well so 
have affected ‘‘rate individuality” as to have caused the crossing of the two 
curves plotted in fig. 15. 

The synchronism found by Doibear does not appear in my observa- 
tions. Asa rule, even neighbouring crickets chirp at rates that are very 
noticeably different. The instance of synchronism recounted above 
throws some light on the question, which by implication Edes (1899) 
raises, as to whether synchronism is due to the effect upon various 
individuals of equal temperatures or other conditions. It seems from my 
observation that synchronism may possibly be due rather to the effect of 
each cricket’s chirp upon the other cricket. 

Dolbear may have gained his impression of universal synchronism 
by observing a sporadic case of it or by actually listening to but one. 
cricket and mistaking it for a full chorus. The intensity of sound 
diminishes so rapidly with increasing distance from the source, that with 
but one cricket chirping several feet away and the others at a greater 
distance an observer could easily overlook those at the greater distance. 
One cricket, if undisturbed, will usually perform six to eight hundred chirps’ 
without missing one, except on cool nights. Not infrequently it will 
perform 1,500 in succession ; while one “long-winded” individual which I 
observed continued through 2,640, another 2,425, a third 2,228. From 
these figures it will be seen that breaks in the series of chirps might escape 
observation, and that the continuous chirping of one performer might be 
mistaken for a chorus in which the single crickets were not missed when 
they dropped out. It would thus happen that a single cricket may have 
been mistaken for several in unison, each performing less continuously, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 925 


LITERATURE CITED, 
Dolbear, A. E. 
1897. ‘The Cricket as a Thermometer. American Natu- 
ralist, Vol. XX XI, pp.-970-971. 
Bessey, Carl A. and Edward A. 
1898. Further Notes on Thermometer-Crickets, American 
Naturalist, Vol. XXXII, pp. 263-264. 
Edes, Robt. T. > 
1899. Relation of the Chirping of the Tree Cricket 
(Qcanthus niveus) to Temperature. American 


Naturalist, Vol. XX XIII; pp. 935-938. 
Folsom, J. W. 


1gc6. Entomology with Reference to Its Biological and 
Economic Aspects. P. Blakiston’s Sons, Philadel- 


phia, pp. 1-485. (p. 106.) 


TWO UNDESCRIBED WATER BUGS FROM THE UNITED 
STATES. 


BY J. R. DE LA TORRE BUENO, NEW YORK. 


If one takes up any of the authoritative text-books of entomology, 
especially such as refer to the Eastern United States, one will find that in 
certain of the families of the so-called Cryptocerata the Eastern American 
species rarely exceed two or three in as many genera. Such, for instance, 
is the case with the /Vepide, for which only two species are given ; the 
Gelastocoride, which is stated to have but two or (counting Ochterus as 
in the family) three species in as many genera. A more pertinent example 
is the family JVaucoride, of which there is only one species known on this 
side of the continent ; to this I add another, Pe/ocoris Carolinensis, mihi, 
described hereafter. The /Votonectide have fared better, and the five thus 
far known are increased to six for the Eastern United States. Both these 
additions are due to the assiduous labours of Mr. C. S. Brimley, to whom 
I am grateful for many very interesting things noted elsewhere. 

Family Noronecrip&, Genus Noronecta, Linné. 

Notonecta Raletght, nov. sp. = LV. variadbilis, partim, Bueno. J. N. 
Y. Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 155. 

ffead. —Notocep.alic lateral margins nearly straight; vertex more than 
six times as wide as synthlipsis ; base of eyes over four times as wide as 
synthlipsis. 

Pronotum two-thirds broader than long ; base and lateral margins 
nearly straight, humeral margin sinuate. Scutellum one-quarter broader 

July, 1907 


226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1. 


: 
than long, sides pronouncedly sinuate, caudal angle long. Hemelytra 
little longer than the body, moderately clothed with a silvery pubescence 
on the clavus and corium ; membrane lobes unequal. Abdomen luteous, 
fringing cilie black, sparse. Pedes luteous ; intermediate femoral spur 
concolorous, long, thin and sharp. 

Coloration.—Eyes dark reddish-brown. - Cranium and_ prothorax 
whitish. Scutellum ranges from pure light yellowish to black, disk 
margined with smoky  orange-yellow on the hemelytral margins. 
Hemelytra ranging from white with vague beginnings of the corial fasciz 
and black humeri with white membrane, through all intergrades to a form 
with a blackish stripe along the anterior margin of the corium; black 
margins to the clavus along the scutellar edges ; a blackish streak along 
the corium near to and parallel to the claval suture ; black corial fasciz 

“merging into the black membrane, which shades off into smoky and then 
white at the apex. One of the types is the most pronouncedly melanic 
specimen of the species in a series of 60 or so specimens. In this the 
extreme of -scutellar darkness with orange-red edges obtains. The 
external edges of the clavus are broadly black, shading into smoky to the 
corial suture; the dark band on the corium parallel to this suture is broad; 
the humerus has a black streak running into the corium, which is dark 
luteous, except for the black fasciz which coalesce with the black mem- 
brane, which in turn lightens to smoky at the apex. ‘The structural 
characters are the same as in the others. 

Measurements.—Vertex, 1 mm.; synthlipsis, .15 mm. Pronotum, 
long., 1.5 mm. to 1.8 mm.; pronotum, lat. (at numeral angle), 2.5 mm, to 
2.9 mm., (at base) 2 mm. Scutellum, long., 1.6 mm.; scutellum, lat., 2 
mm. Insect., long., 8 mm to 8,8 mm.; insect, lat. (at humeral angle of 
pronotum), 2.5 to 2.9 mm. 

Described from sixteen specimens from Raleigh, N. C. Types: 
Collections U. S. National Museum, American Museum of Natural 
History, C. S. Brimley, and mine. 

This species very much resembles a dwarf varzadi/is, but it is easily 
distinguishable by the cephalic structure. It comes in section 7 of my 


table for the separation of species,* which may be varied as follows to 
include it : 
7. (1 and to) Small slender species. 
8. (9g) Vertex three times the synthlipsis, etc , etc. .. variabi/is, Fieber. 
g. (8) Vertex more than three times the synthlipsis. 


*See Journal N.: Y. Ent. Soe:, xiii, p. 149. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 227 


roa. (11a) Vertex six times the synthlipsis ; width of pronotum one. and 

‘two-thirds times the length; width of scutellum one and one- 

quarter times the length ; shseie lah of insect, 

8 to 8.8 mm. bdatast lS tek bre iige Ord Sere 4 : Ratleighi, n. sp. 
tra. (10a) Vertex six to pipiens eeathinonies etc., etc. UAleri, Kirkaldy. 

This species is locally abundant at Raleigh, N. C., and I also have it 

from Delair, N. J. (W. P. Seal) ; Chicago, Ills. (V. E. Shelford); Running 
Lake, Mississippi River Bottoms, Ills. (Prof. C. A. Hart); Bladensburg, 
Md.,.and Washington, D. C. (O. Heidemann). The Washington and 
Bladensburg specimens I had placed in M. variadiéis in’ my revision of 
the genus cited above, taking them, as noted, for dwarf specimens of the 
latter species, but a larger series showed unmistakably that it was a 
different species. 


Family Naucorip&, Genus PELOocoRISs, Stal. 
Pelocoris Carolinensis, . Sp.. 


Head.—Broader, including eyes, than long; front more or less 
remotely punctuated and furrowed; width at base and at widest part 
subequal ; eyes longer than wide, greatest width about one-third from the 
distal end ; sinuate in the inner margin, converging toward the distal end 
more than toward the proximal end. Labrum broader at base than long ; 
triangular in shape, with rounded apex attaining the middle of the third 
segment of the rostrum. Rostrum short, stout. 

__ Pronotum about 213 times as broad at base as long along the median 
line ; broader at base than at distal margin; both basal and distal margins 
more or less sinuate ; edges curved regularly from the eyes to the humeral 
angles, which are rounded ; disk with indented lines behind the head, 
parallel to the anterior margin, the first line as long as the distance between 
the eyes, and diminishing in length posteriorly, giving an obtusely 
triangular shape to the lined area, the remainder of the disk coarsely 
punctuated, caudad of the pronotal suture it is shagreened in wavy lines, 

Scutellum about twice as broad as long along the medial li1e; apex 
blunt ; sides sinuate, shagreened. 

Hlemelytra varrower than abdomen, but extending to end of same. 
Membrane distinct, but merging insensibly into the corium. Embolium 
flattened and broadened marginally, extending beyond the abdomen. 
The three last connexival segments have prominent posterior angles. 
Entire hemelytra, including the membrane, covered with very short, sparse 
golden hairs. Mesosternal keel slightly. raised, grooved longitudinally 
with hairs arising on either side, and nearly covering the groove. 

Abdomen.—Genital segments prominent in male, flattened and cleft 
in female. These segments are somewhat complicated, and no adequate 
description can be made without a dissection, 


228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Fedes.—First pair raptorial with incrassate femora grooved for the 
reception of the tibiz, which are curved and furnished with a one-jointed 
tarsus, destitute of claws. Second and third pair cursorial, with normal 
femora and tibie, with two-jointed tarsi, armed with moderately long, slen- 
der claws, The tibie are furnished with moderately long spines in two rows. 

Coloration.—Head flavous, with a dark median line of varying width, 
sometimes reduced to a triangle at the vertex, and at others entirely absent 
or very faint. Prothorax also flavous, the punctuations of the disk brown, 
the flattened outer margin much lighter in colour ; the area caudad of. the 
suture, more or less variegated with perpendicular black lines of varying 
widths. Scutellum brown, the apex sometimes lighter in colour, 
approaching to flavous ; some individuals have lighter vermiculations in 
the disk. Hemelytra also brown, with lighter vermiculations, the ground 
colour of varying shades ; the darker forms have two flavous spots on the 
corium at the edge next to the membrane, which disappear in the lighter 
forms. The embolium is testaceous, darkening caudad. The connexival 
segments are black posteriorly. The abdomen varies from testaceous to 
dark brown. The legs are concolorous except the spines, which are 
darker and black-tipped ; the anterior legs are flavous, except the apex of 
the tarsus, which is dark. Labrum flavous ; terminal segment of rostrum 
darker at the lip. 

Measurements.—Head, 3, long., 1.5 to 1.7 mm.,; lat., 2.6 to 2.9 mm. 
¢, long., 1.8 to 1.9 mm.; lat., 2.8 to3 mm. Pronotum.— g, long., 1.7 to 
2mm.; lat, 4to4.6 mm. @,long., 1.9 to 2 mm.; lat., 4.5 to 4.7 mm. 
Scutellum.— ¢, long. (measured from prothoracic groove), 1.3 to 1.4 
mm.; lat., 2.3 to 2.7mm. Q, long., 1.4 to 1.5 mm.; lat., 2.7 to 2.9 mm. 
Insect.— ¢, long., 8.2 to 9.3 mm; lat., 5 to5.5 mm. @, long. 9.3 to 
9.6; lat., 5 6 to 6.1 mm. 

Described from 8 males and 8 females taken by Mr. C. S. Brimley, 
at Lake Ellis, Havelock, N. C., and two carded specimens from Blanfort, 
S. C., in the American Museum of Natural History collections. Types 
in U. S. National Museum (¢ and §), American Museum of Natural 
History (two carded specimens mentioned above), collection C. S. Brimley 
(g and @), and my collection. 

This ee differs from the species recognized as Pedocoris femoratus, 
Pee Beany.” in its smaller size, more slender shape, the cleft female 
genital segment, the more densely punctate and stouter prothorax, and the 
more noticeably flattened prothoracic margins. Mr. Brimley says of this 
water-bug* : “Among the Hemiptera the only form of note was a 


Naucorid, which fairly swarmed in the lake among the water-weeds.” 
The lake referred to is Lake Ellis. 


*Ent, News, xvii, No. 3, p. 85, March, 1906, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229 


ON THE GENUS RULANDUS, DISTANT, (HEMIPTERA). 
BY G. W. KIRKALDY, HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 


Rulandus, Distant (1904, Faun. Ind. Rh., II, 391), is described as a 
Nabid, but it is most certainly not, as it has neither the facies nor the 
characters of that family. It is a Reduviid, and judging from the figure 
and description is probably a Reduviine proper (Acanthaspidine). 


STUDIES IN THE GENUS INCISALIA. 
BY JOHN H. COOK, ALBANY, N. Y. 


III.—IncisaLtta HENRICI. 
(Continued from page 187.) 


Incubation.—Of the thirteen eggs secured from the female confined 
over Vaccinium, seven were left on the growing plant and in the open air 
to develop under natural conditions ; the other six were brought into the 
laboratory. When first laid the egg is pale green, showing under a low 
power of the microscope the large white bosses studding the surface 
except on the flattened top and bottom. As the larva develops within the 
shell the latter becomes glistening white, the caterpillar appearing but 
faintly through the nearly opaque pellicle. 

On May roth, between 7.30 p.m. and the next observation, the first 
egg (No. 1) hatched. When found at 10.30 p.m. the larva had deserted 
the empty shell and was feeding on a bud, the food showing through the 
dorsum as a dark green line. A small hole was visible at the edge of the 
circum-micropylar area of egg No. 3 (laid on V. corymbosum), and at 
11.12 p.m. the caterpillar, having eaten away the whole top of the shell, 
emerged. Shortly afterward Nos. 2, 4 and 5 were punctured, and the 
larvee emerged almost simultaneously at midnight. No. 6 did not hatch 
until 9.30 the next morning. 

The eggs left out of doors did not develop so rapidly ; Nos. 7, 8, 9 
and ro hatched during the early morning, and No. 11 about 5 p.m. on 
May 2ist. The larve in Nos. 12 and 13 developed normally, but died 
within the shell. 

The period of incubation, therefore, varies from 4 days 7 hours to 6 
days 4 hours. Edwards gives as the “ duration of this stage five or six 
days.” 

The Larval Stages.—Following are the tabulated records of the larvee 
which lived long enough to make the determined facts of any value. The 

July, 1907 


230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


terms and the use of the asterisk are the same as I employed in outlining 
the life-history of 7. amgustus (see CAN. ENT. for July, 1906). 


| ] 
EGG. No. 2. No: 3: | No. 5. No. 6. 


laid *2.05 p.m. May 15|*2.12 p.m. May 15/*2.16 p.m. May 15]12.40 p.m. May 15 
hatch’d *12.01 a.m. May 20|*11.12 p.m. May 19|*12.01 a.m.May 20/*9.30 a.m. May 21 © 


First MouLtT— 
UP 7.30 p.m. May 22) 7 p.m. May 25 2 p.m. May 23 4 a.m. May 25 
OFF *8.30 p.m. May 24| 4 a.m. May 26 *noon May 25 4 a.m. May 26 


SEcOoND MouLtT— | 5 é 
UP to a.m. May 27, 1 p.m. May 29 | *8 a.m. May 28 g p.m. May 29 
OFF 4 a.m. May 29/*6.05 p.m. May 30| 4 a.m. May 31 | *t1 p.m. May 31 


NO 
\O sr 


THIRD MovuLtT— 


UP 6p.m. June 1] 4 a.m. June 2 not *5.32 p.m. june 
OFF 5-30 p.m. June3) 9g p.m. June 4 observed , 11 p.m. June 4 
PUPATION— 

FINAL 8 a.m. June 10 killed 2 p.m. June g noon June ro 
PUPA “9.34 p.m June 11 for study *11.10p.m.June10|*10.22 p.m.June 1! 


The larval stages of this species were worked out by William Henry 
Edwards with such careful accuracy that little remains for me to do 
beyond paying tribute to the character and quality of his work and 
verifying the facts published in Papilio (Vol. I, p. 150-152), a quarter of a 
century ago. However, since I have had the exceptional good fortune 
of breeding the larve side by side with those of zrws, augustus and niphon, 
I venture to hope that my observations will be of added value by reason 
of the comparisons thus made possible. 

First Stage.—The caterpillar begins life in the generalized form 


described by Edwards thus: “Length, 4-100 inch; shape, oval ; broadést 
anteriorly, the base flattened ; dorsum high and sloping posteriorly ; the 
summit of dorsum flattened for a little space, and on either side there is a 
row of long recurved white hairs; along edge of base is another row of 
similar hairs bent down; colour brownish-yellow ; head obovoid and 
smooth.” I may add that the head is brownish-yellow, with rich brown 
mandibles and labrum, and the short dusky bristles associated with the 
laterodorsal series of hairs are present. Without careful examination 
with a microscope the new-born larve are indistinguishable from those of 
irus OY augustus. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231 


————————————— eee 


The Succeeding Stages.—As Edwards has pointed out, the coloration 
has altered considerably by the time the first moult is passed. The general 
colour is light green, with markings distributed as in zrus and augustus 
(when mature), these markings of a yellow-green, not the intense yellow- 
green of augustus, but of a tint that may properly be described as ‘‘flat,’”” 
and lacking in brilliancy. On either side of the faint (and not always 
present) mediodorsal yellow-green stripe the dorsal blood-vessel shows 
dull red-brown. Moreover, all the body-green (z.e., all excepting the 


mediodorsal stripe, the summits of the Jaterodorsal ridge, the oblique 
lateral dashes—in Henrici run in with the laterodorsal marks and not 
distinguishable from them—the spots which represent the vestige of a 
spiracular line, and the stripe on the substigmatal fold, all of which are 
markings due to modification of the tissues)—with the exception then of 
these markings the whole upper part of the larva may be a deep red-brown. 
There are all degrees of intergrading between the two extremes, but the 
dorsal stripe was red-brown in all of the larve carried through ta the 
second stage. As no such colour appeared in any of the hundred-odd 
trus or in any of the six augustus examined, it is probably a reliable 
diagnostic character for this stage, and as it persists throughout larval 
life, for the subsequent stages also.* 


The more elongate shape and the Arominent ridge on each of the first 
eight abdominal segments differentiate the larva of Henrict from the con- 
generic caterpillars without reference to coloration, though the differences in 
the latter respect are more striking, zrus being pale pea-pod-green, with faint 
white or very light green markings, augustus vivid yellow-green, with (or 
without) dright yellow markings, and Henrict dark green or “port-wine- 
red,” with broad, prominent markings of a du//, fat yellow-green. These 
points will be discussed and illustrated later. 


Larval Variation.—In the spring of 1881 Mr. Edwards found his 
first caterpillar of this species feeding on a-wild plum. It was nearly full- 
grown, and eventually became a chrysalis which did not disclose the 
imago. It was described as having been “entirely green in shades, except 
Jor two subdorsal red-brown stripes.” The following year eggs were 
secured from an imprisoned butterfly, and one larva was bred to maturity 
on plum; when fuli-grown it differed from the other caterpillar in that the 


*The dorsum is red in J/. folios during the second larval instar, but other 
characters make the separation Of Henrici and folios a simple matter. 


bo 
(Je) 
bo 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


darker green (the ground colour) was almost completely replaced by 
“port-wine-red,” leaving the lighter yellow-green in strong contrast. 
Because the larve were of the same size and shape, fed upon the same 
plant and yielded similar pupze, Mr. Edwards was’led to believe that they 
were varietal forms of the same species. His suggestion that ‘possibly, 
in raising a brood of these caterpillars at some future time, both red and 
green ones will be found among them,” is tantamount to a prediction. 
Such proved to be the case. Of the four larva which were raised by me, 


one fitted the description of “the caterpillar of 1881” (green) to a nicety ; 
a second corresponded in every detail to the “port-wine-red” caterpillar 
(of 1882), and of the two others one was intermediate between these, and 
one became eventually even more completely red than the red one of 
Edwards. 


Feeding Habits ——The habits of the caterpillar when feeding on plum 
have been described ; they do not differ essentially when Vaccinium is the 
food. When young the larve will eat the floral organs, but by the time 
the second moult is reached these have disappeared and the green fruit 
is eaten. A tunnel just large enough to accommodate the head is made 
in the side of a berry, and as the mandibles work this deeper and deeper 
the “collar” is brought up flush with the surface of the fruit, much as a 
man’s sleeve would come against a fence if he attempted to force his arm 
through a small hole therein. This gives the caterpillar the appearance 
of being half-way into a berry not large enough to hold the half. 


The larve will often remain motionless (apparently) for many hours 
at a time, and do not evince any great desire to wander from a fruit-cluster 
until all the edible pulp has disappeared. My ‘“‘very red one” (No. 5),- 
when nearly mature spun a little silk on a pedicel, and after firmly fixing 
his anal prolegs to the mat proceeded to clean out all the food within 
reach. It devoured the interiors of five berries in about eight hours 
without releasing its hold on the mat. In order to do this it was twice. 
necessary to maintain an exceedingly awkard position. Having finished 
up these five it moved the fore part of its body in all directions, until it 
came in contact with the lowest fruit on a cluster above, and into this it 
promptly bored. As long as watched (about 25 minutes) it fed in this 
unusual position, stretched to its fuli length, with only the anal prolegs 
and the true legs touching the plant. When next observed it had released 
its hold on the lower cluster. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 233 


food-plants—TVhough we have every reason to believe from the facts 
as given that Vaccinium vacillans is a natural food-plant, I am not 
satisfied that it is the only local food-plant. I have spent many hours, 
both of daylight and at night, in the search for augustus larvz on the same 
plant, and have never yet founda caterpillar of Henrtct. Mr. Edwards’s 
discovery of a full-grown larva on wild plum suggests that other species of 
Prunus may be the food, and this is borne out by the coloration of the 
insect, which renders it very conspicuous on a green surface, and the rosy 
tints here and there on vacé//ans are altogether too ill-defined to make it 
any the less so on that plant. Although wild. plum is not found here- 
about, Prunus pennsylvanica and P. cuneata* are common, and are likely 
to prove the usual food-plant locally. 


I was unable to secure any wild plum, or I should have tried my 
larve with it; they would not touch cultivated varieties when Vaccinium 
was to be had, and I did not risk losing them by removing the latter from 
the breeding-glasses, 


Pupation.—When ready to pupate the caterpillar descends from the 
plant and turns to chrysalis among the twigs and dried leaves on the 
ground. When from their actions it became evident that my larve had 
finished eating, they were placed in a box with a plentiful supply of 
rubbish, among which there chanced to be an old alder leaf caked over 
and nearly black with dried ‘“honey-dew.” This was found by all three 
caterpillars, and on the lower surface (as it lay) they took their stations 
preparatory to casting the last larval skin. 

The Change to Chrysalis.—I witnessed the ecdysis of the chrysalis 
of all of the three insects which pupated, though the greater part of the 
precursory peristalsis took place during my absence. The skin split first 
along the thoracic dorsimeson, and was more or less torn as the soft pupa 
worked its way out. The latter was dingy gray-green on the wing-cases 
and abdomen ventrally, dusky orange-brown on the dorsum. The series 
of pits (distributed as in augustus) were not as marked as would have 
been expected from the deep fovee of the larva, the pigment in them was 
dark brown instead of black, and appeared to be absent in some. By 
morning the chrysalids were brownish-yellow, sprinkled with pitchy spots, 
the pits scarcely noticeable, the straw-coloured spiracles standing out in 
sharp contrast. During the succeeding 24 hours the skin became steadily 
darker, the spiracles remaining light until the final coloration was attained. 


“Recently separated from P. pumila according to Britton and Brown, 


234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The Chrysalis.—Distinguished at once from the chrysalids of irus, 
augustus and niphon by its squat, compressed appearance, the abdomen 
being relatively stouter. This may be readily seen by comparing the 
figures (1, 2 and 3) in plate 5 with the figures of ,z-vs and augustus pupex 
given in Vol. XXXVIII, No. 6 (June, 1906) and plate 3 of the current 
volume (May). ; 


Ground colour warm orange-brown, marked with very dark brown, 
as follows: Each abdominal segment with a moderately large medio- 
dorsal blotch crowded toward the posterior incisure; a larger supra- 
lateral area from just above the spiracle to a point somewhat dorsad of 
the lateral pit, extending the entire width of the segment and including 
the lateral and infra-lateral pits, which are black; a rudely-triangular 
infra-stigmatal spot, largest near the posterior incisure, tapering forward ; 
on the ventral surface of those segments not covered by the wing-cases a 
few scattered, minute spots. The metathorax and sides of the mesothorax 
are of the same deep brown (in a strong light burnt-sienna), leaving the 
orange-brown as an irregular mediodorsal streak. Prothorax with an 
obscure dark transverse stripe near the posterior incisure, and a medio- 
dorsal slender line of the same colour. Face.and wing-covers very dark 
from the many crowded smail spots. Spiracles very noticeable, each bright 
yellow, set in an orange-brown area, except the thoracic. Prothorax with 
a delicate medial “ridge.” Described from three specimens showing 
scarcely any variation. tag 


Were it not for the fact that the darker colour covering most of the 
surface has been determined to be due to the presence of pigment I should 
have spoken of this as the ground colour, and the smaller orange-brown 
areas as markings. Such a description would have been, perhaps, easier 
to apply in identifying the pup, but would not have been accurate in the 
use of terms. ter? 

Possible Correlation between Larval Characters and Sex.—Unfor- 
tunately the numbers affixed to the leaf beside each chrysalis became 
detached, and the suggestion offered here is based upon my memory of 
where the three caterpillars spun their final mats and the position of the 
numbers as they lay after having fallen off. I regret that it did not occur 
to me to sketch the larve as they rested upon the leaf. To the best of 
my knowledge and belief the green caterpillar yielded a larger pupa 
containing a female ; the two red larve yielding smaller pup containing 
males. I shall endeavour to verify this with others now being bred. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235 


NOTE ON I. POLIOS. 
In the lower part of the plate are represented paratypes No. 23 
(¢ under surface), No. 24 (¢ upper surface), No. 25 (? under surface), 


and No. 26 (2 upper surface), of 7. jolios, described in the CANADIAN 
ENTOMOLOGIST for June, p. 202. It may be pertinent to state that the 
food-plant of fo/zos has been discovered, eggs secured, and the larve now 
being raised have already passed the first moult. The specific validity of 
the form is no longer open to question. 


NEW COLEOPTERA FROM THE SOUTHWEST.—III. 
BY H. C. FALL, PASADENA, CALIF. 


Pteroloma caraboides, n. sp.—Blackish-brown, moderately shining, 
legs and antenne somewhat paler. Antenne as usual. Head sparsely 
finely punctate. Prothorax 2/5 (2) to 1/2 (9) wider than long, widest 
at or slightly in advance of the middle, base a little wider than the apex, 
sides moderately rounded, oblique and just perceptibly sinuate posteriorly, ° 
hind angles sharply defined, but slightly obtuse; disk evenly, rather feebly, 
convex, median line not at all impressed, side margin acute and slightly 
reflexed, a feeble impression within the hind angles; surface finely, sparsely 
punctate, the punctures somewhat unequal in size, and becoming more 
numerous near the basal and lateral margins. LElytra elongate oval, a 
little wider at base than the prothorax, more than three times as long as 
the latter, and more than one-half longer than wide ; sides arcuate, feebly 
sinuate before the apex, which is narrowly rounded; striz strongly 
impressed, distinctly but not coarsely punctate ; intervals very finely and 
sparsely punctulate, the alternate ones with a series of distinct and feeble 
larger punctures. Body beneath distinctly alutaceous, but shining and 
very finely, sparsely punctate. Epipleura minutely and sparsely punctate. 
Length, 614-7 mm. 

Wenatchee, Washington, collected by Prof. H. F. Wickham; Mt. San 
Antonio, So. California, a single example taken at an altitude of about 
9,000 ft. by Mr. C. A. Richmond. 


The male has the front tarsi quite strongly dilated, the first two joints 
of middle tarsi moderately so. 

This species has the general form of Forstreme:, but differs—judging 
from the description—in the more finely punctate thorax, with median line 


unimpressed, the much less distinct serial punctures of the alternate elytral 
July, 1907 


236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


intervals, the nearly impunctate epipleura, and the more widely dilated 
male tarsi. According to Horn’s description the sixth ventral segment is 
deeply longitudinally impressed in the female of Forstramet. There is no 
sign of such impression in the female of the present species, though in the 
male of both this and ¢emuicornis the sixth ventral has a fine median 
impressed line. The resemblance of this species to Bembidium spectabile 
is quite striking. 

Chrysobothris carmelita, n. sp.— Moderately elongate, feebly convex, 


piceous-bronzed ; front_(¢) green ; occiput, front margin of pronotum 
narrowly, the front angles broadly, brilliant sneo-cupreous ; elytral 
impressions more or less cupreous ; beneath blackish, with faint green- 
bronze lustre, hind thighs zneo-cupreous in apical half. Front nearly flat, 
rather densely pubescent, uniformly densely punctate, occipital impressed 
line a little elevated anieriorly ; clypeus with deep oval emargination, 
arcuato-truncate each side. Antenne bronzed, greenish at base, narrowed 
externally, third joint barely as long as the two following. Prothorax 
one-half wider than long, widest close to front angles, sides thence 
convergent and straight except for a feeble médian sinuation, nearly to 
base, becoming slightly inflexed at the hind angles ; disk faintly impressed 
along the median line, and with a slight impression each side of the middle 
posteriorly ; punctuation dense, with a tendency to form transverse strigz 
laterally, especially near the angles. Elytra 4% wider than the prothorax, 
and about 3% times as long, very nearly twice as long as wide. basal and 
intra-humeral impressions well marked, a shallow rounded fovea just 
before the middle, and two others at apical third ; inner costa distinct in 
apical half; second costa shorter, extending backward from the antemedian 
fovea; surface densely punctate throughout; side margin serrulate 
posteriorly, tips conjointly rounded with slight sectional sinuation. 
Prosternum lobed in front, densely punctate, and with rather long and 
dense white pubescence. Metasternum and ventral segments densely 
punctate at sides, less densely so at middle ; pubescence abundant, and in 
well-preserved examples made more conspicuous by the presence of a 
white efflorescence. Length, 74-84% mm. 

Arizona. Two examples are before me, one without definite locality, 
the other from Hot Springs, collected by Barber and Schwarz. Both 
examples are males, having the anterior tibie arcuate, and with a rather 
strong apical dilatation, above which the inner margin is distinctly notched 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 237 


or impressed; middle tibiz sinuate within and mucronate at tips, hind tibiz 
straight ; apical ventral segment broadly arcuately emarginate. One of 
the above examples has been in my ccllection many years, and was once 
submitted to Dr. Horn, who referred it doubtfully to dedz/is. It is, 
however, abundantly distinct from the latter by the dense punctuation of 
the entire upper surface, deeper clypeal emargination, brilliant colour of 
head and anterior margin of pronotum, form of prothorax, and other 
details. The front tibiz of the ¢ in dedilis are not emarginate above the 
dilatation. 

Chrysobothris micromorpha, v. sp.—Elongate, not depressed, dark 
brown bronzed with traces of violaceous lustre on the anterior part of the 
pronotum and on parts of the elytra; front green ( ¢ ), vertex and occiput 
bright coppery-red; beneath piceous, faintly bronzed, tips of middle thighs 
and apical half or more of hind thighs brilliant coppery-red. Antenne 
piceous, becoming bronzed at base, third joint much shorter than the next 
two united ; outer joints gradually narrower. Front moderately convex, 
with conspicuous though not very dense white pubescence ; punctuation 
moderately close and a little irregular, having a small smoother area each 
side of the median line, above which is a well-defined vertical chevron ; 
clypeus broadly arcuately emarginate, sides subtruncate, Prothorax 
slightly less than twice as wide as long, sides subangulate at 2/5 from 
base, before which they are nearly straight and parallel, posteriorly straight 
and strongly convergent to base, which is narrower than the apex, and 
about 3/5 as wide as the base of the elytra ; surface uniformly convex, 
without distinct impressions ; punctures uniformly distributed, distant by 
rather more than their own diameter, and without tendency toward 
strigosity except very feebly near the hind angles. Elytra 24 wider than 
the prothorax, sides parallel and straight to about apical third, apex 
serrulate, surface without distinct fovez except the basa] ones ; the inner 
costa feeble but evident toward the apex ; punctuation similar to that of 
the pronotum. Prosternum rather strongly lobed in front, closely 
punctate anteriorly, a little less so posteriorly. Abdomen moderately 
punctate and pubescent, without lateral callosities. Length, 444 mm. 

Arizona. As in the preceding species, two examples are at hand, 
one without definite locality, the other taken at Hot Springs by Barber 
and Schwarz. 

Both specimens are ¢’s, and have the front tibie slightly arcuate and 
dilated within at apex, middle tibiz less arcuate, hind tibiz straight ; last 


238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ventral truncate and broadly feebly emarginate, the outer angles of the 
emargination not dentiform. The side margins of the last ventral 
segment are evidently though feebly serrulate, and this, together with the 
absence of pronotal foveze or callosities, places .this species in Horn’s 
Group I. It is most nearly allied to 7uta, Wick., which should evidently 
be referred to the same group instead of Group IV, as stated by its 
author, but is still smaller—in fact, the smallest species of the genus known 
to me—and lacks the elytral fovece, which are well defined in Azuta. In 
this latter the coloration of the upper surface is more brilliant, the sides of 
the prothorax less narrowed posteriorly, and scarcely at all angulate, the 
third antennal joint longer and relatively narrower. — . 


Chrysobothris pubescens, n. sp.—Moderately robust, dark bronze, 
shining, distinctly but sparsely pubescent throughout. Head coppery ( 2), 
front green (¢). Antenne narrowed externally, bronzed in 9, greenish 
in ¢, third joint much shorter than the next two together. Front closely 
punctate, without or with but a small feeble callosity each side of the 
median line; clypeus with broad triangular emargination, lateral lobes 
rounded. Prothorax one-half wider than long, sides rounded in front and 
behind, parallel and slightly sinuate at middle; disk nearly uniformly 
convex except for a shallow impression on the median line anteriorly, 
callosities wanting, punctuation moderately close. Elytra one-third wider 
than the prothorax, not quite twice as long as wide, basal fovez broad, 
not very deep ; discal fovese three in number, one before the middle, the 
other two at apical third, the outer one a little in advance of the inner, 
and sometimes connected with it, all the foveee more or less cupreous or 
rarely greenish ; coste somewhat variable, the inner one usuaily distinct 
from basal third to apex; the second feebler, scarcely elevated, interrupted 
by the foveze ; punctures rather fine and well separated, at least at the 
middle of the disk; apices rounded and feebly serrulate. Prosternum 
lobed in front, closely and rather coarsely punctate, pubescent, scarcely 
differing in the sexes ; ventral segments brightly bronzed, rather sparsely 
punctured at middle, more closely so laterally, and with more or less 
evident callosities. Front thighs with moderate acute tooth, which is 
denticulate externally. Length, 714-9 1am. 


California. Not rare in the Southern Sierras at altitudes of 3,000 to 
6,000 ft., occurring most commonly on scrub oak. 

In the male the tibial characters are the same as in the allied de/efa, 
and the last ventral is very similarly subsemicircularly emarginate. In the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239 


female of pudescens the last ventral has a much smaller emargination of — 
nearly same shape as in the male, while in de/efa (2) the emargination is 
bisinuate. Pudescens is evidently broader and a little less convex than 
deleta, and—so far as my experience goes—may always be distinguished 
from the allied de/eta, deserta and /txa by the anterior discal impression 
of the pronotum, which though slight is very constant, but is entirely 
lacking in the others. De/eta has a transverse series of four small 


callosities on the pronotum, the outer two often ill-defined. In pubescens 
these callosities are lacking, while in deserta they are larger and all four 
distinct. Deserta and de/eta are very closely related ; in fact, one of the 
two examples of the former in the Horn collection is really de/efa. This 
specimen is from the vicinity of San Diego, in which region de/eta seems 
to occur more frequently than elsewhere, while the type of deserta—the 
specimen bearing the label—is from the Mojave Desert. In this latter 
the eyes are separated on the vertex by a distance subequal to half the 
length of the pronotum on the median line, and the third antennal joint is 
fully twice as long as wide, while in de/eta the eyes are separated by a 
distance equal to two-thirds the length of the pronotum, and the third 
antenna) joint is less slender, never quite twice as long as wide. There 
is virtually no difference in the form of the anterior tibiz of the male in 
these two species, notwithstanding Horn’s remark, nor do I believe the 
elytral coste can be depended on as a mark of distinction. 


There is a manifest inconsistency in the Horn tabulation of groups in 
this genus, in which it is stated that the species of Groups II-V_ have the 
“ disk of the thorax irregular, median line more or less sulcate.” This 
character completely fails in Group V, which includes the species we are 
now considering. A better character for the separation of this group 
would be the pubescence of the entire upper surface, which is always very 
obvious in even fairly well preserved specimens, and which does not exist 
elsewhere in our species. 


Chrysobothris smaragdula, n. sp.—Moderately elongate, bright 
green above, dark green, with slight violaceous tint, below, surface 
moderately shining, glabrous. Antenne with first three joints green, 
outer joints piceous, feebly metallic, gradually decreasing in width, third 
joint nearly as long as the next three. Front feebly convex, strongly, 
closely punctate ; clypeus broadly triangularly emarginate, arcuate each 
side. Prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, sides straight and parallel 


240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


almost throughout, disk feebly, evenly convex, punctuation moderately 
coarse and close, with slight tendency to transverse strigosity. Elytra a 
little wider than the prothorax, sides parallel for three-fifths their length, 
then arcuately narrowed to apex, the tips separately rounded and serrulate; 
surface somewhat uneven, but without coste or foveze except the basal 
impressions ; punctuation similar to that of the prothorax. Prosternum 
coarsely, densely punctate, the flanks more sparsely so; abdomen sparsely 
punctate and polished; ventral segments without callosities, the last 
segment with submarginal serrate ridge, the lateral margin interrupted but 
not serrulate. Prosternum lobed in front, anterior femora toothed as 
usual. Length, 6 mm. Z ; 


Oak Creek Canon, Arizona (Prof. Snow). 
Described from a single female (?) specimen. 


This species must be referred to Horn’s Group VIII, and is most 
nearly related to prasina; this latter, however, has the prothorax narrowed 
anteriorly, the punctuation sparser, the last ventral without submarginal 
ridge. 

Acmeodera robusta, var. rubrosuffusa, 0. var.—In a series of 
specimens taken by Dr. Fenyes at Mojave, Cal, the basal portion of the 
disk of the elytra is broadly suffused with red. The prothorax is also 
brightly bronzed, and the abdomen violaceous-bronzed, instead of black 
as in the typical form. In this latter respect it approaches ¢ufa, of 
which, indeed, it might be considered a variety with about equal 
propriety. 

Acmeodera Hepburnii, var. /atifiava, n. var.—This name is proposed 
for a form of Hepburnii in which the elytra are entirely yellow except the 
tip of the humeral umbone, a narrow sutural stripe, and one or two small 
spots at apical third. It looks so different from the typical form that it 
would naturally be separated in a cabinet arrangement, and has, indeed, 
been mistaken by collectors for a distinct species. It is known to me 
from the Yosemite region and from various points in So. California. 

Acmaeodera Bishopiana, n. sp.—Moderately stout, black, shining, not 
at all bronzed, prothorax with or without-a very small yellow spot at sides 
near the base, elytra with numerous small irregular yellow spots, 
pubescence long, fine, erect, fuscous and cinereous, the latter colour 
predominating. Head densely punctate as usual, vertex finely carinate, 
clypeal emargination rather deep, nearly as in /adyrinthica. Prothorax 
not wider than the elytra, twice as wide as long, widest a little before the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 241 


base, surface coarsely, deeply punctate, the punctures well separated 
toward the middle, the interstices polished. Elytra with coarsely punctate 
striz ; intervals narrow, nearly flat on the disk. Beneath rather strongly, 


closely punctate ; apical ventral plate small and feeble, the free edge thin 
and evenly arcuato-truncate. J.ength, 6.5-8 mm. 


Bishop, Big Pine and Independence, Inyo Co., California. Collected 
by Dr. Fenyes, June 7-12. 


This species belongs to the ‘‘ Emarginate,” and is most nearly related 
to dabyrinthica, which is, however, on the average a larger species, always 
distinctly bronzed, the form slightly flatter, the prothorax more closely and 
relatively a little more finely punctate, the elytra with more numerous and 
intricate markings. Sishopiana resembles quite closely a form which I 
hold to be a variety of dolorosa, taken by Dr. Fenyes in the same region ; 
this Jatter is somewhat flatter, more pointed behind, and with distinctly 
more broadly, less deeply emarginate clypeus. 


Acmaodera faceta, 0. sp.—Parallel, subcylindrical, dorsum a little 
depressed. Head and thorax black, elytra dark blue, with a small 
orange-red marginal spot near the posterior fourth ; beneath blue-black. 
Head not densely punctate, front moderately impressed at middle. 
Prothorax slightly narrower than the elytra, gradually narrowed in front, 
sides subparallel in basal third or half, punctuation sparse at middle, 
closer at sides, surface polished, basal impressions feeble. Elytra parallel 
for two-thirds their length or more, post-humeral sinuation feeble ; striz 
moderate, intervals rather narrow, nearly flat on the disk, more convex 
laterally. Pubescence fine, sparse, whitish throughout. Front margin of 
prosternum with two distant obtuse but rather prominent lobe-like teeth. 
Ventral segments rather finely and densely punctate at sides, more sparsely 
at middle ; last ventral with feeble apical crest. Length, 534-7 mm. 


Santa Rosa, Lower California (Beyer). 


This species resembles stigmata and bivulnera quite closely. The 
prosternal characters are nearly as in stigmata, which species is, however, 
a little more graduaily narrowed behind, lateral red spot more anterior in 
position, the prothorax green-bronzed rather than black, the abdomen 
more evenly punctate. In d/vulnera the front of the prosternum is quite 
different in outline, having a rather strong sinuate lobe at middle. 


Acmeodera larree, n. sp.—Strongly convex, subcylindrical, head, 
prothorax and under surface distinctly zeneous, elytra yellow, with four or 


242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


five irregular pale brown fasciz ; pubescence sparse, fine, short, suberect 
and entirely whitish in colour. Antenne very strongly serrate (¢) or 
moderately so (9), the serration beginning with the fourth joint, which is 
as wide as the fifth; joints 4-10 all much broader and long. Head 
densely punctate, very feebly impressed. Prothorax one-half wider than 
long, sides not very strongly rounded, apex four-fifths as wide as the base, 
surface densely, almost cribrately punctate, median impression feeble, 


lateral basal foveze moderately deep. |Elytra barely as wide as. the 
prothorax, sides feebly sinuate basally, gradually narrowed behind, striz 
impressed, closely, moderately punctate, intervals narrow and more or less 
convex. Beneath with sparse white recumbent pubescence, prosternum 
truncate in front; abdomen rather sparsely, not ccarsely, punctate, and 
polished ; last ventral without apical plate. Length, 732-9 mm. 


The type is one of three examples taken by Dr. Fenyes at Mojave, 
Cal., on Larrea. In one specimen the brown bands are darker and wider, 
and the elytra might more properly be described as brown, with irregular 
yellow fasciz. In this species the sexual differences in the antennz are 
remarkable. Joints 4-10 are not only very broad in the male, but they 
are very densely minutely punctulate and clothed with an exceedingly 
short, erect blackish pile. In the female the surface of the joints is 
moderately punctulate and shining, and clothed as usual. By the broad 
fourth joint of the antennz this species is related to cribricollis, gemina 
and insignis. By some mischance, cribrico//is is, in my Synopsis of this 
genus, erroneously tabulated with those species having the fifth antennal 
joint abruptly wider than the fourth. The species is really very close to 
the one here described, but differs in having the elytral markings black 
instead of brown (perhaps not constant), the punctuation of the ventral: 
segments coarser, especially apically, the last ventral with evident. thick 
marginal crest. Males of crébricod/is are as yet unknown, so it is not 
possible to say if a similar sexual disparity in the form of the antenne 
exists. 


Trirhabda labrata, 1. sp.—Form and size of flavolimbata. Elytra 
brilliant green, with narrow pale margin, pubescence unusually sparse and 
short, the surface quite strongly shining, punctuation dense and rather 
coarse. Prothorax about twice as wide as long, more or less strongly 
transversely impressed, and with the usual three spots, these being large, 
sometimes confluent, metallic-green ; ‘surface highly polished and sparsely 


vo 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 24 


punctured, the pubescence nearly wanting. Head testaceous in front, 
labrum blackish ; occiput entirely green, sparsely, finely punctured and 
shining. Antenne in great part picecus ; under side of body and legs 
testaceous, varied with dark green or piceous. In the male the last 
ventral is rather strongly and broadly emarginate at apex; in the female 
there is a small subcircular emargination, the sides of which nearly meet 
behind. ‘The inner division of the claws is as usual a little shorter and 
more divergent in the female. Length, 61%-714 mm. 


Monterey, California (Fenyes). 


The brilliant green colour, sparse pubescence, shining surface and 
dark labrum are the distinguishing characteristics of this species. The 
punctuation of the elytra is also evidently coarser than in flavolimbata, 
and much coarser than in /zfeocincta, in both of which species the labrum 
is pale, or at most slightly dusky, the head more densely punctate and dull, 
the occipital plaga less extended, not as a rule involving the upper inner 
margin of the eye. 


Trirhabda ertodictyonis, n. sp.—Oblong, rather robust, not broader ° 
behind, testaceous throughout, antenne dusky except at base, head with a 
very small occipital plaga, which becomes linear in the female, and is 
rarely entirely wanting. Prothorax with the three spots small, black ; 
elytra with greenish elongate humeral spot, which may extend the entire 
length of the elytra, or may become almost obsolete. Head densely, 
rather coarsely punctate, feebly shining; prothorax sparsely, feebly punctate 
or nearly smooth, polished ; elytra densely, finely punctate. 

Male with broad but distinct apical ventral emargination ; female 
with much narrower but relatively deeper emargination. Length, 714-9 
mm. 

This species occurs rather abundantly on a species of Eriodictyon 
(“Yerba Santa ”) at Pasadena, San Bernardino and elsewhere in Southern 
California. 

It has been distributed quite generally as caduca, on the basis of an 
erroneons identification made years ago for the writer. ‘The latter species 
is much smaller, very sparsely pubescent, more shining, less densely 
punctate, the dark markings without metallic lustre, the occipital spot 
much larger. It is known only from Owens Valley. igrohumeralis, 
Schf., is still closer to the present species, but in it the punctuation is 
somewhat coarser, and, like caduca, it is smaller and the dark markings 
are not at all metallic, 


244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ON SOME HAWAIIAN HEMIPTERA- HETEROPTERA. 
BY G. W. KIRKALDY. HONOLULU, HAWAI(AN ISLANDS. 
Fam. MyopocuID&. 

In the “Fauna Hawaiiensis—Hemiptera,”, in dealing with White’s 
species of “ Cymus,” I had specimens before me of C. criniger only; since 
then I have seen White’s C. ca/vus, and another species allied thereto, but 
with substylate eyes; these three form three genera, distinguished as 
follows : 

1. Eyes substylate, prominent, extending laterally well beyond the pro- 
notum, which is distinctly longer than wide; tegmina scarcely 


punctuted: 22 i. css.eric cet ee ater ee . Mesomartis, gen. nov. 
1a. Eyes sessile, not prominent, not extending laterally so far as the 
trarisverse pronotum ; tegmina strongly punctured ............2. 
2. Ocellias far from one another as from an eye.. Pronotum with a 
distinct transverse impression basal of the middle............ aan 


LVesocymus, gen. Nov. 
2a. Ocelli much nearer to the eyes than to one another. Pronotum not 
transversely impressed ...... ......:..«-..-.otphora, Kirkaldy. 


The character of the nonpunctuation of the tegmina in /Vesomartis 
would remove it from the Cyminz in the usual acceptation of the subfamily, 
but it is obviously closely related to /Vesocymus and Sephora. I cannot 
find any character to separate satisfactorily the Cymine from the 
Astacopinze (Lygzine of some authors), and the amalgamated subfamily 
should be known as Cymine. Stal (Hem. Afr., ii, 120) relies on the 
tegmina being wider than the abdomen, and the exterior margin of the 
corium dilated, while his “Lygseida” have the tegmina not, or only partly, 
dilated and wider than the abdomen, but the latter is not the case in many 
forms, I think that JVysiws is more closely allied to Cymus than it is to 
Stalagmostethus and its allies. 

Sephora, Kirkaldy. 

Sephora, Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun. Haw., iil, 161. 

The rostrum barely reaches to the middle coxe, first segment /of 
extending quite so far as the base of the head. Collar feebly marked, 
pronotum scarcely constricted there, and not constricted again towards the 
base. Ocelli much nearer to the eye margins than to one ancther. 

1. criniger (White). 
Cymus criniger, F. B. White, 1881, A. M.N. H. (5), vil, 57. 
Sephora criniger, Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun, Haw., 1ii, 161, Pl. v, f. 45. 
July, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 245 


The specimens before me agree fairly well with White’s description, 
except as follows : the general colour of the head is paler ; the membrane 
is almost always faintly marked longitudinally with a fuscous stripe, and 
the rostruin just reaches to the middle cox, instead of to the middle of 
the mesosternum, while the first segment does not reach as far as the base 
of the head, instead of to the middle of the prosternum. I feel sure 
White’s description is incorrect in this. 

Hab.—Lanai and Molokai, as detailed previously ; White records it 
from Maui at 5,000 feet, under stones, but Dr. Perkins informs me that 
the specimens collected by him were beaten from the branches of trees, 
where they probably live under moss or lichens. 

Wesocymus, gen. nov. 

Allied to the last, but the distances between the ocelli, and from an 
ocellus to the nearest eye margin, are subequal, The rostrum reaches to 
the middle of the mesosternum, the first segment reaching to the base 
of the head. Vertex more convex, and eyes larger. Pronotal collar more 
marked, the pronotum exteriorly rounded after this, and divided into two 
parts by a median transverse very narrow impressed line. 

1. calvus (White). 

Cymus calvus, F. B. White, 1881, A. M. N. H. (5), vii, 56. 

Sephora calvus, Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun. Haw,, iii, 162. 

Hab.—Oahu (as previously noted), at roots of herbage in the moun- 
tains, from 1,500-2,000 ft. Dr. Perkins has lately collected a series of 
forms agreeing with White’s description, except as follows: there is always 
a dark, broad, fuscous longitudinal stripe on the membrane (not noted by 
White), and his rostral proportions do not agree. 

Lesomartis, gen. nov.* 

Differs from the two preceding genera by the very transverse vertex 
and substylated eyes, which extend laterally much further than the pro- 
notum ; by the ocelli as close to one another as to the eye margins, and 
being close to the anterior margin of the pronotum (they are somewhat 
distant in the other genera), by the elongate, collarless pronotum, whose 
lateral margins are straight and scarcely divergent. Tegmina scarcely 


punctured. Rostrum reaching middle cox, mesosternum rather deeply 
sulcate posteriorly. 
LV. psammophila, sp. nov. 
Pale greenish, drying to testaceous, with sparse whitish-pubescence, 
a levigate elongate spot on each side of the pronotum anteriorly. 


*Nesos, island, martis, maiden, 


246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Scutellum with a percurrent fuscous longitudinal line extending to apex 
of clavus. Tegmina hyaline, each with a median longitudinal fuscous 
streak, which converge on the membrane when the tegmina overlap in 
repose. Fourth segment and apex of second segment of antenne fuscous. 
Metanotum and tergites dark fuscous, margined laterally with testaceous. 
First segment of antennz reaching just beyond head, second segment 
about 414 times as long as the first, and about as long as the incrassate 
fourth, which is a little longer than the third. Length, 434 mm. 

Hab: Oahu, on the coast on the ground amongst Szda@ and other 
plants (R.C. L. P.); Hawaii, Kona coast in similar situations (R. GHy 
P.). The Hawaiian specimens have the second and fourth segments of 
the antennz each five times as long as the first, but do not otherwise differ 
appreciably from the typical Oahuan. 

1. Orthea nigriceps (Dallas). 
(= Orthea nigriceps, Kirkaldy, olim:) 

F. B. White, on Blackburn’s authority, states that this species does 
not occur below about one thousand feet above sea level, but that was 
probably a mistake then, and certainly is so now, as it comes at night to 
light in houses from sea level upwards. It occurs also in Tahiti and the 
Philippine Isles. Mayr recorded it from New Zealand, but White, on the 
strength of an allied form (Doug/asi) from the latter country, considered 
Mayr’s record erroneous. Distant has now, however, considered 
Rhyparochromus inornatus, Walker, from New Zealand, to be a variety 
of O. nigriceps, and if Distant’s identification be correct, it is probable 
that Mayr’s New Zealand forms were actually O. nigriceps. 

2. O. periplanios, sp. Nov. 

This pretty little species is much smaller and less robust than the 
preceding ; it does not fit into either of Stal’s primary groups of ‘‘“Pamera,” 
being removed from “‘a” by the anterior lobe of the pronotum being very 
distinctly transverse, from ‘‘aa” by the said lobe being very slighly narrower 
than the head. It is probably allied to véncta, Say, but has unicolorous, 
dark ochraceous fore femora. 


Black, with silvery-gray pubescence ; first three segments of antenne, 
the rostrum and legs ochraceous, fore. femora darker ochraceous, last 
segment of rostrum dark. Tegmina yellowish-testaceous, strongly 
punctured with dark brown, costal margin paler, immaculate, except the 
apical margin ; apical margin of corium broadly but unevenly blackish- 
brown, sometimes extending a little way along the inner margin, a white 
spot at the inner posterior angle. Membrane pale, with several longitu- 
dinal pale smoky streaks, Head distinctly longer and slightly wider than 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 247 


the anterior lobe of the pronotum; first segment of antennz reaching 
beyond the head, fourth segment the longest, fusiform ; rostrum reaching 
to the fore cox. The collar well marked, not as wide as the anterior 
lobe ; the latter nearly twice as wide as its length, laterally rounded, 
basally very slightly wider than in front ; posterior lobe finely but sparsely 
punctured, raised and rounded behind, scarcely shorter medially than the 
anterior lobe, very distinctly wider than the head, its lateral margins 
diverging at first obtuse-angularly, then turning sharply parallel with the 
long axis of the body; posterior margin very lightly emarginate. Scutellum 
medially carinate on the posterior two-thirds. Fore femora incrassate 
and spinose, tibiz not toothed, but apically a little widened and subbifid. 

Length, ¢, 3% mm.; 2, 4 mm. 

Hab.: Hawaiian Archipelago (introduced), now spread over Kauai, 
Kekaha (F. W. T.); Oahu, from sea level to Mt. Tantalus, 1,500 feet 
Per. W.-M. G.,iG..W.-K.); Maui, Olowalu (O. H. S.); comes 
frequently to light. 

In examples not fully matured the collar and posterior lobe of 
pronotum may be dark ferruginous, instead of black. 

The types (¢ 2) are in my collection.* 

Fam. REDUVIIDA. 
Triatoma rubrofasciatus, DeGeer. 

Probably originally a native of Brazil, now widely distributed. It is 

found in these Islands near cottages of the poorer sort. 
Zelus peregrinus, Kirkaldy. 

Mr. O. Heidemann has (cm /:¢t.) identified this as identical with Z. 
Renardii, Kolenati (1856, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XXIX, 460, Pl. III, 
fig. 2), from California, but I am not disposed to admit it on present 
evidence. Kolenati’s figure is useless, and he states that the apex of the 
femora and base of the tibiz are intensely sanguineous, which I do not 


consider them to be, at least noticeably. The anterior lobe of the 
pronotum is also not very distinctly quadrituberculate, nor is the abdomen 
entirely lurid. Z. Renardii has not to my knowledge been redescribed 
since 1856. 
Milu, gen. nov.t 

Differs from Reduviolus, W. Kirby, by the incrassate first segment of 
the antenne and the prominent blunt spine arising well in front of the 
antennal insertion from the side of the head, which I formerly overlooked, 
but which has been pointed out to me by Dr. Perkins. 


*Since writing this I have seen specimens from Australia and Viti. 
+Milu is the Hawaiian ruler of the dead. 


248 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


1. kerasphoron, nom. nov. 
= Reduviolus rubritinctus, Kirkaldy, nec Blackburn. The latter 
has the incrassate antennze, but as the head spines are not mentioned it 
cannot yet be included in Afilu. M. kerasphoron is very much like 2. 
sharpianus, Kirkaldy, in pattern. 
SUMMARY : 
Sephora criniger (White.) 
Nesocymus (n.g.) calvus (White). 
Nesomartis (n.g.) psammophila, n. sp. 
Ortheza nigriceps (Dalias). 
O. periplanios, sp. nov. 
Triatoma rubrofasciatus (DeGeer). 
Zelus peregrinus (Kirkaldy). 
Milu (n.g.) kerasphoron, sp. n. 


NOTES ON CENTRAL AMERICAN HEMIPTEROUS FAUNA. 
BY G. W. KIRKALDY, HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 


While preparing his account of the Homoptera of Central America 
(Biologia Centrali Americana, Rh. Hom. II}, Mr. Distant must have 
neglected to refer to the third part of Stal’s ‘‘Analecta hemipterologica” 
(1869, Berlin Ent. Zeit., XIII, 225-42), as he has omitted mention of four 
species therein described ; these are as follows : 

Aphrodisias (=\| Compsoptera) cacica, Stal; Acmonia anceps, Stal ; 
Cyrpoptus nubeculosus, Stal, and C. ferruginosus, Stal, all from Mexico. 

In the Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), XVIII, 193 (1906), Mr. 
Distant twice quotes his genus “Ami/avaca” (as a syn. of Echetra); this 
was, however, originally written Amadlivaca. 

In the same volume of the “Biologia” Dr. Fowler has redescribed 
Scolops, Germ., under the name of Ornithissus, incorrectly placing it in 
the Isside. .S. Cockere/li seems to be a good species (p. 122). 

I have not seen specimens, but the descriptions and figures, as well 
as comparison with J/istharnophantia, Kirkaldy, lead me to believe 
that Hypancy/us, Fowler (p. 114), is a Poekillopterine, not an Issine. 

Of the two Fulgoroids considered uncertain by Dr. Fowler, Rhotala 


is an Achiline, while Syutames is a Derbid, his dedicatus, var. chiriguensts 
(p. 139), being a good species. i 
In the Cicadide, Mr. Distant’s new name of Germari (p. 140) for 
Proarna \| grisea (Germar) is unnecessary, as on his own showing there 
are other names available. The insect should probably be known as 
July, 1907 


: 2 
o~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 249 


Proarna invaria (Walker). Mr. Distant has copied the mistake into bis 
Catalogue of Cicadide. 

The second volume of the Homopterous part ends very abruptly at 
p. 316, in the middle of a sentence ; this was published in August, 1903 ! 

In the Heteroptera (Vol. II.) Mr. Champion has confused under one 
generic name, Zutevopsis, two distinct genera. 

Lutevopsis, type dongimanus, Champ., has a few large spines on the 
fore femora, and the hind femora extend much farther than the abdomen 
posteriorly, and are not pilose; the tegmina are not picturate. 

Panamia, gen. nov., type ornata (Champ.), is somewhat allied to 
Ploiariodes, White, but has no scutellar spines ; it has no large spines on 
the fore femora, the hind femora do not extend farther posteriorly than the 
abdomen, and are lightly pilose ; the tegmina are picturate. 

The head and pronotum are also very different in the two genera. 

Since the publication of Bulletin IV of the Div. Ent. H. S, P. A., I 
have received Melichar’s fine Monograph of the Issine, and have been 
able to confirm the two Issines noted by me from Arizona. 

(1) Bruchomorpha mormo, Kirk., is allied to B. pallidipes, Stal, but 
is concolorous except part of the legs (duly described). 

(2) Picumna ovatipennts (Walker) may be confirmed. 

1. Plintherus mexicanus, Spinola, 1850, Mem. Soc. Ital. Modena, 
XXV (sep. p. 115). This genus is treated by Stal, in discussing the 
Ethiopian forms, as a homonym of /tye/us, Lep. and Serv. I cannot 
identify P. mexicanus with any of the Cercopidee enumerated by Fowler. 

2. The use of Zetigonza in Hemiptera has been objected to by Jacobi 
(in his current works) as being preoccupied by Ze¢¢igonta in Orthoptera. 
I cannot agree, especially as Geoffroy does not refer to Linneus’s genus ; 
even then, however, Jacobi’s new name, TZeftigonie/la, would fall before 
Cicadella, Latreille, 1817 (Cuv. Régne An., III, ’06), of which the 
Tettigonia of Olivier and Germar is the typical subgenns, as stated by 
Latreille himself. 

3. Microcentrus, Stal, 1869, = Phaulocentrus, Fowler, 1896. Stal 
gives carye@ (Fitch) as the type of his Membracid genus, Fowler rarely 
cites types for his genera, but as carya is the first mentioned, it may be 
taken as the type. 

4. In the Bb. C. A. Hom., II, Fowler refers to the Achilius bicinctus, 
Spinola, redescribes and figures what he supposes to refer to it. 


I do not believe that Spinola’s species really refers to Co/gorma 
(=||Audia) ; Stal was uncertain. Fowler’s déciyctus can scarcely be the 


250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


same as Spinola’s, as the venation is toe discordant. Spinola’s 
figures are mostly excellent, and there is no reason to force his South 
American form to fit an at least superficially different Central American. 
I therefore propose Colgorma Fowlertana, n.,n., for Rudia bicincta, 
Fowler, not = Achilius bicinctus, Fowler. 


A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE CONOPIDA OF NEBRASKA. 
BY PAUL R. JONES, UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, LINCOLN, NEBRASKA. 


. Conops, Linné. 

1. Conops hie Gee Macquart.—Specimens from West Polat, 
Lincoln and Meadow, Nebraska, which agree with the description, except 
that the cheeks and facial grooves are slightly darkened in some of the 
specimens. ‘There is also a variation in size, the specimens being from 
8 to 12 mm. in length. 

2. Conops fronto, Williston.—Numerous specimens from Glen, Sioux 
County, Lincoln; Nebraska City, Haigler, McCook and Pine Ridge, 
Nebraska. Common in northwestern Nebraska in the fall. 

3. Conops xanthopareus, Williston.—Numerous -specimens from 
Lincoln, West Point and Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska. Common in 
the eastern and in the north-western part of the State in August and Sep- 
tember. This is the first record of its being taken this far west. 


2. PHYSOCEPHALA, Schiner. 

. Physocephala affinis, Williston.—Specimens from West Point and 
ae Sionx County, Nebraska, which show considerable variation in the 
frontal stripes, markings of cheeks and wings, and length of the ultimate 
segment of the fourth vein. The cheeks in two specimens are entirely 
brown 

2. Physocephala marginata, Say.—Two specimens from Lincoln, one 
from Weeping Water, and one from West Point, Nebraska, which answer 
to the description, except that the specimens from Lincoln and Weeping 
Water are about 15 mm. in length. The specimen from West Point is 
smaller, and slightly lighter in colour. Formerly recorded from Pennsyl- 
vania and New Hampshire. ; 

3. Zopion, Latreille. 

1. Zodion fulvifrons, Say.— Numerous specimens from Lincoln, West 
Point, Halsey, Cedar Bluffs and Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska, which 
show great variation in size and coloration. Very common over the entire 
State. 


July, 1907 © 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 251 


2. Zodion obliquefasciatum, Macquart.— Six specimens from Dundy 
Co. and Lincoln, Nebraska. 

3. Zodion parvum, Adams.—Seven males and four females from 
Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska, August, 1906, on Helianthus and Solidago 
(P. R. Jones). As this species has hitherto been known from but a single 
male from Arizona, I give a description of the female: 

?.—Length, 3.5 mm. Black species. Face and cheeks yellow, the 
latter with a silvery reflection, front fulvous, with a narrow black line on 
each side, vertex black. Antenne red, first joint and upper part of third 
blackish, arista black. Proboscis black, 2.4 mm. in length, labella in 
‘length equal to the height of the eye. Palpi short. Mesonotum and 
scutellum black, subfulgent, pollen gray, more evident on the sides. Legs 
black, except the base of tibia, metatarsi and pulvilli, which are yellow. 
Coxe and outer part of tibize with a silvery sheen. Wings nearly hyaline, 
very slightly tinged with brown; first posterior cell closed and_petiolate, 
petiole nearly as long as the posterior cross-vein. Pile everywhere black. 

4. Zodion scapulare, Adams.—Ten males and ten females, and two 
pairs taken in copula ; Lincoln, Nebraska, July and September, and Glen, 
Sioux County, Nebraska, August (P. R. Jones). Formerly known from a 
single male from Arizona. The female agrees with the description of the 
male, except that the abdomen is entirely black, subfulgent with gray 
pollen, which is more prominent on the sides. The whole series varies 
from 5 to 6.5 mm. in length. The proboscis is about 4 mm. in length, 
with the labella nearly as long as the height of the eye. The petiole of 
the first posterior cell is only slightly longer than the small cross-vein. 

5. Zodion pygmaeum, Williston.—Numerous specimens from Lincoln, 
West Point and Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska, on So/idago (P. R. Jones). 
Rather common in the State from June to August. Formerly recorded 
from California, Colorado and Mexico. 

4. STYLOGASTER, Macquart. 

1. Stylogaster neglecta, Williston.—One female from West Point, 

Nebraska, June 22, 1905 (H.S. Smith), which agrees in every way with 


the description. 
5. DaLMANNIA, Robineau-Desvoidy. 


1. Dalmannia nigriceps, Loew.—Two males from Lincoln, Nebraska, 
and two females from Sioux County, Nebraska, which agree with the 
description, except that the posterior femora of the males are black, with 


the base and apex yellow, and the anterior femora in the females are black, 
except at the apex, which is yeliow, 


252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


6. OncomyiA, Robineau-Desvoidy. 

1. Oncomyia abbreviata, Loew.—One male from Sioux County, 
Nebraska, May, on Oxytropis. The legs are black, except the base and 
apex of hind femora, base of all the tibize and metatarsi, which are yellow. 

Oncomyia Baront, Williston.—Specimens from West Point, 
Lincoln and Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska, which show considerable 
variation in the coloration of the antenne and legs. 

3. Oncomyia loraria, Loew.—Two males from Lincoln, Nebraska, 
which on account of their small size I believe should be placed here. 
They agree with Loew’s description, except that the lines of the thorax are 
indistinct, and the second joint of the proboscis is not longer than the 
first, but is about equal to it. Length, 3.5 mm. 

4. Oncomyia propingua, Adams.—A male on C/eome and a female on 
Petalostemon, both from Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska, August, 1906 
(H. S. Smith). This species is evidently very close to’O. Baroni, if not a 
variety of it. It can be separated, however, by its more slender form, 
longer and more delicate proboscis, and more black colour in general. 
The legs are entirely black, except the extreme base of the tibize, which is 


yellow. at 
1. Myopa, Fabricus. 


1. Myopa clausa, Loew.—Numerous specimens from Lincoln and 
Sioux County, Nebraska, April and May. The specimens vary from 5.5 
to 9.5 mm. in length, and show some colour variation also: 


PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 2t. 
THE SCOLYTIDZ OR ENGRAVER-BEETLES. 
BY J. W. SWAINE, ITHACA, N.Y. 


(Continued from page 195.) 


THE AMBROSIA- OR TIMBER-BEETLES.—The Ambrosia- or Timber- 
beetles breed entirely within the wood, the eggs of some species being laid 
well within the heart-wood. There may be several secondary egg-tunnels 
cut by two or more females, branching from a primary tunnel, which leads 
from the common entrance hole. Rarely the tunnels of closely-allied 
species branch from a common entranc¢ hole. 

The number of males in this group is small, in some species there 
being seldom more than one or two males in a brood of fifteen or twenty. 
In many species the males are apterous, and the females are fertilized 
before leaving the tunnels in the spring. Among the Bark- beetles the 
males are apparently quite as numerous as the females, 

July, 1907 


THK CANADIAN KNTOMOLUUIST. 253 


In two genera, Platypus and Xyleborus, the eggs are deposited free 
in the tunnels. The larve of Platypus live free in the tunnels until nearly 
ready to pupate, when pupal cells (cradles) are cut from the sides of the 
tunnels deep within the wood. 

The larve of Xyleborus live and pupate within the parent tunnels 
without cutting pupal cradles. In Corthylus, Trypodendron, Pterocyclon 
and Gnathotrichus the eggs are laid in shallow niches cut by the female 
along the sides of the tunnel, and usually well within the wood ; the larve 
extend these niches away from the tunnel, forming larval cradles, in which 
they remain until mature. The length of the completed cradles is slightly 
greater than that of the adult beetle. 

The adults of the Ambrosia-beetles bestow great care upon the young 
larvee, supplying them with the food-fungus, referred to below, and 
removing the excrement from the cradles. In some species even older 
larve assist in caring for the eggs and younger larve. The habits of 
many species are almost as remarkable in this respect as are those of the 
social Hymenoptera. 

The chief and probably the entire food of these beetles is a fungus 
known as Ambrosia, which they propagate within their tunnels. From 
this habit comes the name “ Ambrosia-beetles.” The tunnels are kept 
entirely free from chips and refuse, and the walls are covered by the fungus 
growth. So far as known, except in the cases of a few closely-allied 
forms, each species of beetle uses a characteristic species of fungus. The 
mycelium of the fungus pervades the tissue about the tunnels for one or 
two millimetres, colouring the wood dark brown or black, so that the 
tunnels have the appearance “ of having been bored with a red-hot wire.” 
By this means the tunnels of Ambrosia-beetles are easily distinguished 
from those of all other wood borers. When new tunnels are cut, the 
fungus is carried there by the beetles, and started upon the tunnel walls, 
in some cases upon specially-prepared beds of chips and excrement. 

When working in large trees some species enlarge the same set of 


tunnels through several generations; but usually each generation excavates 
a new abode. 

An excellent discussion of the habits of the Ambrosia-beetles, by Mr. 
H. G. Hubbard, is published in Bulletin No. 7 of the U. S. Division of 
Entomology. 

THe TwiG-BEETLES.—The Twig-beetles include a few species 
belonging mainly to the genera Hypothenemus, Pityophthorus and 
Micracis. They bore into the bark and wood of terminal twigs of trees 
and shrubs both for food and for breeding purposes. They feed upon the 


254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


bark and wood, and in some cases apparently upon buds and young 
shoots. Some engrave the wood surface as do the Bark-beetles ; some 
have in addition deep chambers within the wood; and with others the 
primary tunnel is cut through the pith itself With some species the eggs 
are laid free in the primary tunnels, and the larve either feed upon the 
tunnel walls or cut longer or shorter mines through the wood. Several 
species of this group have a very close relation to a fungus always found 
in their tunnels. ; 

A summary of the burrowing habits of these first three groups brings 
out some interesting relations. Among the Bark-beetles the eggs are 
usually laid in niches along the ‘sides of the primary tunnels, and the larval 
mines are usually well-developed. A few species cut their tunnels and 
mines. entirely in the bark; many cut them between the bark and the 
wood, the pupal-chambers being merely an enlargement of the ends of the 
larval-mines ; others form the pupal-chamber by driving the ends of the 
larval-mines a half inch or less vertically into the wood, some even cutting 
the distal half of the larval-mines just below the wood surface ; and lastly, 
a very few small species cut almost the entire system of tunnels and mines 
slightly below and parallel to the surface of the wood. The Twig-beetles 
cut both tunnels and mines, when the latter are present, through the wood 
and pith of twigs. Among the Ambrosia-beetles the tunnels are in all 
species entirely within the wood, but the depth to which they enter varies 
considerably with the species. In the genera Corthylus, Pterocyclon, 
Trypodendron and Gnathotricus the eggs are laid in niches along the sides 
of the tunnels, and the larva cut very short mines, known as cradles. 
The species of Platypus lay the eggs free in the tunnels, but the larve 
when nearly ready to pupate cut short cradles in which they pupate and 
remain until mature. In the genus Xyleborus the eggs are laid free within 
the tunnels, but the larve cut no cradles, pupating in the primary tunnels. 
There is thus a fairly well-marked gradation both as to the depth of the 
tunnels and mines below the surface and as to the degree of development 
of the larval mines. 

The fourth group contains those species not included among the 
Bark-beetles, Ambrosia-beetles and Twig-beetles. The American species 
are few in number. Coccotrypes dactyliperda, an imported form, burrows 
in date seeds ; Cryphalus jalappe@ is found in jalap root ; Hypothenemus 
eruditus burrows in nuts, book-bindings, and other dry substances, as well 


as in dead twigs of grape and orange, and the young leaves of sugar-cane ; 
Pityophthorus coniperda occurs in pine cones ; Xyleborus sacchari attacks 


e 
= . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISE. 255 


the sugar-cane ; A/y/astinus obscurus bores in the roots of clover ; and 
Cactopinus Hubbardi in the pith of the giant cactus. 

Enemies of the Scolytide.—The Scolytids have many natural enemies. 
They are preyed upon by many predaceous and parasitic insects, by birds, 
and are frequently attacked by fungous diseases. 

Adults and larvee belonging to the families Cleridz, Staphylinidz, 
Colydiidz, Histeridz and others enter the burrows and feed upon the eggs, 
larve, pupz and adults of the Scolytids. The predaceous larve often 
burrow through the larval-mines after the Scolytid larvee, which they finally 
overtake and devour. Various dipterous larve feed upon the eggs and 
younger stages. Many hymenopterous parasites, Braconids, Chalcids and 
Proctotrypids, prey upon the larvee and pupe, and have even been bred 
by Dr. Hopkins from the adults, the parasite emerging through a hole cut 
inthe elytra. Larve of large wood-boring beetles, such as Monohammus, 
destroy the Scolytid tunnels and prove serious enemies to the beetles. 
Woodpeckers destroy large numbers of the Bark-beetles, but apparently 
do little to check their ravages. 

The tunnels, especially of the Timber-beetles, are frequently overrun 
with various species of mites. The eggs of these mites hatch before the 
young beetles are ready for their flight, and in this way young and adult 


mites are carried by the beetles to the new tunnels. At certain times the 
declivity of the elytra of various species of Ips (Tomicus) will be found 
covered with minute mites, and Pterocyclon malt and P. fasciatum are 
frequently almost completely covered with them upon emerging from their 
tunnels in the spring. 

Fungous diseases are sometimes very injurious. All stages of the 
insects are frequently found, more particularly in wet weather, filled 
and covered with the white mycelium of the fungus. In a felled pine log 
I noticed that hundreds of adult Zs pzmz had died from this cause in less 
than two weeks. 

friends of the Scolytide.—As these beetles feed mainly upon dying 
and dead branches and trunks of trees, any cause which tends to weaken 
or destroy the trees aids the Scolytids in supplying the proper food-plant. 
Heavy storms, forest fires, other insects, and the destructive work of man, 
are perhaps the chief of these. 

Economic Importance.—Owing to the destructive habits of many of 
its members, the family Scolytidae is of considerable economic importance. 
The injury done by these beetles may take. two forms: living trees may 
be weakened and killed, and standing and felled timber and sawn lumber 
may be rendered useless for many purposes by the tunnels of the beetles. 

But few Scolytids attack living, healthy trees, although there are a 
few species which apparently choose only trees in this condition. The 


256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


majority of species attack only dying or dead trees.* Stumps, diseased or 
dead branches, brush piles and recently-felled logs are their favourite 
breeding places. Most species will not, as a rule, molest living trees at 
all if rapidly-dying and recently-felled food-plants are available, but if trees 
in this condition are not to be had in sufficient quantity, many of these 
species will attack perfectly healthy trees and prove very destructive. 
Between 1882 and 1889 Polygraphus rufipennis, which does not ordinarily 
feed upon living trees, destroyed, according to Dr. Hopkins, approximately 
10°% of the 500,000 acres of growing spruce in West Virginia. : 
The injury done by the species which attack healthy and diseased trees 
is, in certain regions and at recurring intervals, very considerable. The 
work of Dendroctonus fronta/is in the spruce and pine of West Virginia and 
the adjoining States, of D. piceaperda in the spruce of the Northeast, and 
of D. ponderosa in the spruce and pine of the Black Hills of South Dakota, 
may be cited in illustration. D. frontalis and D. ponderosa attack the 
living, healthy spruce and pine, and in spite of the resin are able success- 
fully to rear their young within the bark. The tunnels and mines thus 


formed interfere seriously with the flow of sap, and either kill the tree 
outright or induce an unhealthy condition favourable to the attacks of 
other borers and fungous Giseases. It seems very probable that many 
destructive forest fires have been fed by trees dying or dead from the 
attacks of Scolyuids. In 1903 Dr. Hopkins estimated that the destruction, 
in the previous three or four years, of 107, of the white pine and 75%, of 
all other species of pine, throughout an area of over 10,000 square miles 
in the States of Virginia and West Virginia, was to be attributed 
to the ravages of D. frontalis. In 1904 the same writer pointed out that 
D. ponderosa had been the primary cause of the destruction of 
1,000.000,000 feet of Bull Pine in the Black Hills of South Dakota and 
the Rocky Mountain region. 

The Timber- beetles, by driving their tunnels through the wood i in 
many directions, often render timber unfit for use. 

Hylastinus obscurus breeds in the roots of clover in many parts’ of 
the Northeastern States and in Canada, and in some localities pa a 
serious pest. 

Corthylus punctatissimus occasionally does cosseene damage i in 
young sugar-maple plantations. 

Scoly tus rugulosus, the fruit bark-bzetle, attacks Rabe fruit trees 
of all sorts, and occasionally bores in apparently perfectly healthy trees. 

Phleotribus liminaris frequently attacks diseased peach and cherry. 

Xj /eborus dispar sometimes occurs in diseased apple trees. 


*(A few breed in dead wood only.) 


Mailed July Sth. 1907. 


The €anadiay Eatomalogist 


VoL. XX XIX. LONDON, AUGUST, 1907. No. 8. 


STUDIES IN THE GENUS INCISALIA. 
BY JOHN H. COOK, ALBANY, N. Y. 
IV.—INCISALIA NIPHON. 
(Continued from page 235.) 


The life-history of ziphon has been known in part for many years. 
The egg, newborn larva, mature larva and chrysalis have been studied 
and described with minute exactness, but the literature contains no mention 
of the transitional larval stages, and I have been unable to find any record 
of the species having been successfully carried through from egg to imago. 
I first bred this insect in 1903 from caterpillars taken at Albany, and during 
that and the two succeeding years worked out the entire life-history ; but 
before the text was ready for publication all my notes, drawings and 
preserved material (including exuviz, egg-shells, etc.) were destroyed’ by 
fire. In 1906 other work prevented my devoting to the species as 
much time and attention as was desirable, and the material secured for 
study consisted of a single egg and a larva in the penultimate stage. This 
season eggs were obtained from a female taken at Lakewood, N. J., and 
confined over pitch pine; some of the larvae from these have already 
pupated, and once again the record is complete. 

The above statements are made because what follows, while drawn 
mostly from notes and sketches, is, in part, based upon my memory of 
observations made some years ago. 

Time of Flight.—Species single-brooded, the butterflies appearing 
about a week’ later than crus and Henrici (at Albany not before the roth 
of May). ‘They become abundant in a few days, and practically disappear 
before the end of the first week in June, though I have the record of a 
female which had not yet disposed of her eggs captured at Albany as late 
as the 24th of June. Two males were taken at Lakewood as early as the 
4th of May (1907), and on the 18th the females were observed ovipositing. 
All other exact data on this point were lost. 


258 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Oviposition.— Eggs are laid from the middle of May to early June 
and perhaps (exceptionally) later. They are placed singly on the new 


growth of the food-plant, Pr:vus rigida (pitch pine), either on the upper 
surface of the scale leaves or tucked deeply among the still sheathed 
bundles of needle leaves. All the eggs found in nature were in the former 
position near the base of the new shoot, where.the first elongation of the 
stem occurs, never toward the apex (Plate 6, fig. 1). The female selects 
young trees from two to six feet in héight, and apparently never oviposits 
on those of larger growth. She lays from 25 to 40 eggs. I have 
found several eggs by searching the young shoots with a pocket lens, and 
twice have been fortunate enough to witness a female in the act of 
ovipositing. One of these placed an egg only fourteen inches above the 
ground on a pine just beginning its third year of growth. 

I have never found an egg or a caterpillar on P. «strobus (which has 
been considered the favourite food-plant), nor have I observed the butter- 
fly in the neighbourhood of that tree except where rigida was also 
abundant. 

The Egg.—Considerably larger than the egg of any of the congeneric 
species ; echinoid, top flattened, at micropyle depressed, pale green. The 
primary ornamentation of the shell consists (as in irus, Henrici and 
augustus) of a raised reticulation, the meshes of which form fairly regular 
equilateral triangles, and at each angle, except on the top and bottom, a 
low rounded boss or knob. There is also a secondary ornamentation 
difficult to describe, but giving the egg a frosted appearance and a super- 
ficial similarity to the egg of Henricz. This ornamentation is in the two 
eggs of much the same character, but in 7/f/on is not so pronounced, does 
not render the shell so opaque, and presents other differences easier 
illustrated than described. Figures 5 and 6 give the side and top views 
of the egg of zzphon. ‘The illustrations are from photomicrographs of an 
empty shell, from which the larva very conveniently made its exit near the 
bottom on the side, which appears to be somewhat flattened in fig. 6. 
The magnification is the same as was used in representing -the shells of 
trus and Henrict (CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol. XXXIX, Plate 4, June, 
1907). 

LPertod of Incubation.—Of thirty-three eggs laid by a confined female 
on May rgth, 1907, between 9.30 a.m. and 1.30 p.m., the first hatched at 
10.20 p.m on May 28th, the last at 2 p.m on June 1st. The period, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISDL, 259 


therefore, varies from 9 days 12 hours to 13 days 2 hours, though the 
average (10 days 8 hours) is represented by the minimum more nearly 
than by the maximum. 

Larval Life.—The newly-hatched larva does not make a meal of the 
deserted egg-sheil, though in eating its way out it may devour the entire 
top. More frequently, however, it is satisfied to make a hole only large 
enough to crawl through, usually in the top, thus destroying a part of the 
micropyle. 


The little caterpillars are stronger and more vigorous than those of 
the related species, and crawl about at a speed that argues well for their 
future good health. Making their way among the tough hairs (?) which 
bind together the sheaths containing the needle clusters, they fasten upon 
the side of a sheath and bore through it a minute hole, enabling them to 
reach the tender tissue of the needles upon which they feed (fig. 2). 
Into this hole the head is thrust, and the larva excavates as much of the 
interior as it can reach without getting its body inside.* It makes a new 
puncture whenever necessary, and by these the presence of the caterpillar 
may often be detected. The excrement is usually in the form of pellets, 
which occasionally lodge among the scale leaves, and so serve to indicate 
that a larva is at work. Sometimes the excrement is in strings, and if 
these lodge on the shoots one may find the caterpillar without difficulty. 


When first born the caterpillar is yellowish-green or gray-green, but 
soon becomes brown, marked with a creamy white line on the latero-dorsal 
ridge. ‘This is an excellent protection at this time while the larva is feeding 
on the brown needle bundles, and the same colour marks it with very little 
change until after the second moult. When the needles begin to thrust 
their tips beyond the sheath the caterpillar ascends to the lowest visible 
green tissue, and bores into it in a manner which causes the up to drop 
away. This wastefulness possibly protects the insect from enemies other 
than the entomologist, but for him is a good guide in the search for cater- 
pillars. (Fig. 3.) 

Soon after the second moult the larva becomes green, with pro- 
nounced white stripes, and at the same time alters its method of feeding. 
Ascending to the tip of a young needle, it begins to devour this, and 


*With the first larvze raised in the laboratory I experienced some difficulty. 
Several of them insisted on boring into the exposed stem, and were promptly 
drowned in the sap which flowed from the wound. Dr. Jas. Fletcher writes me 
that he has lost young caterpillars from the same cause. This can hardly be 
regarded as a natural point of attack, as it is invariably fatal. 


260 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


gradually works downward until it encounters the brown sheath. It then 
begins on a new needle. In the laboratory the caterpillars frequently ate 
all the needles of a cluster, and showed no disposition to wander from the 
first shoot supplied to them, frequently cleaning up the very last bit of 
food before they sought another shoot. In nature I have never found 
more than three or four neighbouring bundles which showed signs of © 
attack, and when the needles had grown toa length ofan inch or more and 
had begun to diverge, seldom more than one of them in any bundle had 
been eaten. This would argue that the larve move about so that their 
depredations, by not being too marked in any one place, may be the less 
easily noticed. 

My records show some discrepancy in the number of moults. The 
larvee brought from Lakewood moulted four times before pupating, and yet 
I am certain that I had a memorandum of only three moults passed by the 
Albany larve raised some years ago. The loss of my material makes it 
impossible to compare the size of the heads ofthe two sets of caterpillars, 
but I shall endeavour to verify this observation at some future time. in 
the last two stages the feeding habit is quite unique, and has resulted in 
a structural modification. The caterpillar clings to the side of a needle 


and bends its head and first segment at right angles to its body, as 
illustrated in fig. 4. The structure of the first thoracic segment of most of 
the Zycenide is rather peculiar, the anterior edge being greatly swollen, 
the posterior half partially concealed by the segment behind. Just in front 
of the thoracic shield the segment is deeply creased. In wiphon this 
crease is almost obliterated, and the white shield is drawn out from the 
protecting second segment so as to be entirely visible. 


(To be continued.) 


NOTICE OF NEW NAME. 


Ceratina Cockerelli, new name for C. dunata, H. S. Smith (non 
Friese), Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XXXIII, p. 119, April, 1907. The name 
Junata is preoccupied by Friese for an African species, in Wiener 
Entomologische Zeitung, XXIV, 1905, p. 10. 


Harry S. SmitH, Lincoln, Neb. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 261 


PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 22. 
THE WALKING-StiIcK INSEcT (DIAPHEROMERA FEMORATA). 


BY J. B. WILLIAMS, F. Z. S.. TORONTO. 


We are all familiar with examples of protective colouring among the 
Lepidoptera. Moths on the upper side and butterflies on the under side 
of the wings frequently show a close resemblance to the bark and leaves 
of the trees and shrubs on which they settle. 

In two families of the Orthoptera this principle is carried to a 
remarkable extent, and many of the Mantide or ‘Praying Insects,” and 
of the Phasmide or ‘Stick Insects,” are strikingly modified, both in form 
and colour, so as to resemble the natural objects with which they are 
surrounded. 

The Mantide are carnivorous insects, and their leaf-like appearance 
assists them in the work of destroying other insects. The large front 
legs, armed along their edges with rows of terribly destructive spines, are 
generally held up in front as if in an attitude of supplication or prayer. 


The Phasmidz, on the other hand, live altogether on vegetable food, 
and their resemblance to vegetable forms serves only for protection 
against their enemies, and not for destruction. 


Their eggs are laid each separately in or on the ground, while those 
of the Mantide are laid in clusters attached by an adhesive gum to the 
stalk of a plant. 


Some of the tropical Stick Insects are nearly a foot in length, and 
almost as thick as one’s little finger, but our Canadian species (Déiaphero- 
mera femorata) is a little over three inches long and about the thickness 
of a small twig. 

My acquaintance with this ‘‘Walking-stick Insect” began nearly 
twenty years ago, when a friend near Toronto sent me about a dozen live 
specimens. I kept them during the summer.in a glass-sided case with a 
woven-wire top, and they laid a number of eggs, some of which I sent to 
the Zoological Society of London. ‘These were hatched and successfully 
reared in the insect-house at the Regent’s Park Gardens. 


From a short account published in the Society’s Proceedings for 
1899, it appears that the first specimen emerged on the rrth of June, and 
others from time to time during the summer. They were fed upon 


hazel-leaves, and changed their skins four times before reaching maturity. 
August, Ig07 


262 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Since then I have kept and reared a number of them at different 
times, and though they feed on a variety of leaves, hazel-nut bushes seem 
to be their favourite resort, at any rate, in Canada. 

The young ones at first just nibble off the’green upper surface, but 
after a few days are strong enough to eat along the edge of the leaf. They 
are of a pale green colour when first hatched, ‘and do not altogether lose 
this tint until the last change of skin, when they alter a good deal in 
appearance and gain considerably in size. Some of the females retain the 
green colour through life, but most of them take some shade of brown 
when they reach maturity. - 

They are rather “‘thirsty souls,” and always seem glad to bend their 
heads down and drink if water is sprinkled on the leaves where they are 
feeding. 

Their feet are furnished with hooks and pads, so’that they can walk 
along rough or smooth surfaces in any position, and they hold on very 
tenaciously, so that a sudden jerk or pull will often break off a limb ; but 
such a loss does not seem to trouble them, and if this occurs before the 
final moult, a new limb will come at the next. change of skin, though the 
new one is rather smaller than its predecessor. 

When resting, the front legs are generally stretched out on either side 
of their long antennz, and the legs and antenne together greatly resemble 
a tuft of spicules fallen from the fir trees, that often grow over the bushes 
where they feed. 

They take about six weeks to arrive at the adult state, and lead very 
harmless and inoffensive lives. The males have a well-developed spur on 
their centre and rear legs, but I never saw them make any use of it. 
They sometimes wave their front legs at each other when they meet face 
to face, but whether this is an angry or peaceful salutation I do not know. 

Females sometimes emit a drop of fluid from the mouth, or rather 
from glands behind the mouth, when suddenly taken hold of ; and when 
alarmed they frequently feign death—dropping to the ground and lying on 
their backs, with their legs standing out stiffly at all sorts of angles—and 
they will sometimes lie in this way for a quarter of an hour, or twenty 
minutes. 

Their eggs look very like hemp seeds, and the females make no effort 
to deposit them in any particular spot, just letting them drop on the 
ground beneath where they are feeding. 


© 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 26 


The often feed during the night, but take meals in the daytime as well. 
In fact, they are enormous eaters, though they make but a poor show for 
it all, and hardly look as if they had any stomach to put food into. 

All of them die off about the end of October, so that one generation 
never sees anything of its successors, and the males begin to go first. I 
have seen females late in the fall, when egg-laying was over, with the 
abdomen split open like a dried up seed-pod. ‘Thus their preparation for 
death, their appearance in life, and the eggs from which they are 
produced, all bear some odd resemblance to the vegetable kingdom. 

They are not generally very plentiful in Ontario ; about a dozen are 
as many as one can usually find in an afternoon’s search around Toronto, 
and sometimes that number is not seen during a whole summer. 

In 1904 they were unusually numerous, and at Niagara Glen they 
became quite a plague. I was at the Glen on Sept. 23rd, and could have 
taken them in hundreds. At the north end, where they were most 
plentiful, many of the bushes were quite stript of foliage, and even some 
large trees had been altogether denuded of their leaves. On one lofty 
tree, whose top still retained a little foliage, a mass of them, almost 
covering one side of the trunk, reached from the ground as far up as the 
eye could see, Some constantly ran across the paths, so that it was 
difficult to avoid treading upon them, and a continual dropping could be 
heard as they, or their eggs, fell from trees and bushes. They were nearly 
as numerous in 1906, and again did a great deal of damage to the trees 
and shrubs, ; 

A female that I kept at Montreal from Sept. 3, 1894, to Oct. 8, when 
she died, laid in that short time 112 eggs. 

Some eggs that I obtained in 1904 came to nothing in the following 
summer, though I watched them till the middle of August. I then put 
them away in a box, and only on looking at them again, about a year 
after, did I discover that they had hatched the second year, for the box 
was full of the remains of infant Stick Insects, that had, of course, all 
perished for lack of food. I had quite forgetten the occasional occurrence 
of this delay in hatching, but it was vividly impressed upon my mind by 
the untimely end of these poor little creatures. 

The illustration, I think, hardly needs further explanation; the 
specimens were all taken at Niagara Glen. Unfortunately, the photograph 
makes the pale green female look darker than the brown ones, instead of 
lighter, as in the actual specimens. 


264 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


A number of eminent Entomologists in various countries have agreed 


upon the issue of an invitation to Entomologists in Europe and America to - 
attend an International Congress of Entomologists to meet in 1908. The 
purpose of the Congress is to promote the interests of entomological 
research and of Biology in general, by furthering cordial co-operation 
between the Entomologists of different countries; stimulating research and 
directing it into channels where it may be most fruitful, or where special 
research is most needed. Questions of Applied Entomology will likewise 
be dealt with in the discussions and lectures, the large experience of pure 
Entomology being applicable with profit to Economic and Hygienic 
Entomology. All interested are cordially invited to advise and assist in 
the organization of the Congress. Communications ‘should be addressed 
to Dr. K. Jordan, Zoological Museum, Tring (Herts), England. The 
following Entomologists have already signified their support of this move- 
ment, and are desirous that the officers and members of the Entomological 


Society of Ontario should co-operate in the work : 


Chr. Aurivillius, E. L. Bouvier, L, Bedel, Th. Becker, I. Bolivar, M. 
Bezzi, S. Bengtasen, C. T. Bingham, J. C. Bradley, W. Beutenmuller, C: 
J. S. Bethune, C. H. Carpenter, G. C. Champion, T. A. Chapman, T. D. 
A. Cockerell, Ph. P. Calvert, K. Daniel, F. A. Dixey, E. C. Van Dyke, 
Ed. Everts, A. Forel, J. Fletcher, H. C. Fall, C. G.-Gahan, A. Giard> R: 
Gostro, L. Ganglbauer, F. Ducane Godman, W. Horn; A. Handlirsch, H. 
Druce, W. L. Distant, K. M. Heller, Sir F..G. Hampson, (G.> von 
Horvath, F. Klapalek, P. Mabille, J. C. U. de Mejere, A. L. Montandon, 
P. Magretti, P. Merrifield, L. W. Mengel, Ch. Oberthiir, R. Oberthiir, H. 
Osborn, P. Pavesi, H. Rebel, F. Ris, R. B. Poulton, W. Rothschild, H. 
Schoutenden, F. Silvestri, M. Standfuss, G. Severin, Y. Sjostedt, A. von 
Schulthess-Rechberg, J. B. Smith, H. Skinner, J. W. Tutt, G. H. Verrall, 


E. Wassmann, Chas. O. Waterhouse. 


ERRATUM.— Page 228, line 13 from the bottom, for ‘‘Blanfort, S. C.,” 
read “‘ Beaufort, N. C.” 


CAN. ENT., VOL. XXXIX PLATE 7, 


Se ee 


Moucteo Swin. = 


Aout Femace, 
WETAINING Tet GREEN 
COLOUR OF YouTK 


MALE QITH HIND 

LEG FKENEWED, AT 
MOULT OF SAIN, AFTER 
AD BELEN 


° ‘ 2 HAZELNUT Haw THORN 
Se | ome LEAVES 
| Scare or \wenes ON WHICK THEY FEED. 


w 


W Tor 1907 


E WALKING-STICK INSECT, Diapheromera femorata. 


Can. ENT., VOL. XXXIX PLATE 8. 


PERSIMMON BORER, Sannuzna urocertformts. 


Work of the larva: @, cross-section of the stem above; 4, cross-section of stem; ¢, cocvon, 
214 inches long; d, portion of stem showing burrow. (Photo. by author, reduced one-third.) 


ou 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. - 26 


NOTES ON SANNINA UROCERIFORMIS. 
BY GLENN W. HERRICK, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MISS. 


During the spring of 1906 one of my correspondents sent me two 
battered and broken female moths of the family Seszéd@e from Ocean 
Springs, Miss. Supposing them to be from the Peach tree, and from their 
battered condition not being able to make out their markings distinctly, I 
called them \S. exitiosa. Having occasion to visit the fruit farm of this 
correspondent this spring, I was surprised to find that the moths in ques- 
tion were collected from pupz on wild Persimmon trees. It was therefore 
with a good deal of interest that I began a careful examination of the few 
wild Persimmon trees on his place, and other trees of the same kind in 
the vicinity. This was on May 4. We were much disappointed at first 
in our search, because we found only empty pupa-cases, from which the 
adults had already and very lately flown. We found over twenty empty 
cases on about a dozen tfees, from one inch to two inches in diameter. 
We were finally rewarded, however, by finding three or four fresh pupz in 
some trees which had their bases heaped about with dead straw. From 
these we went to adjoining fields, where there were a great many small 
Persimmons, from one-half an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, that 
had been allowed to grow up in abandoned waste fields. Here among the 
deep grass around the bases of the trees we found twenty-odd living pupe. 


The larvee of this moth bore into the solid wood of the taproot 
and stem of the Persimmon. I was unable to trace their burrows farther 
than eight or ten inches below the surface, but this was probably due to 
the small size of the trees, for Dr, Riley says they bore from 16 to 18 
inches below the ground. 


In most of the trees examined, one borez only was present, and in 
this case it usually bored directly up the centre of the tree {Plate 8, a and 
d). In larger trees two or more borers might be present, depending upon 
the size of the trees. In such instances they divide the space between 
them (Plate 8, b). 

When ready to pupate, the larva extends its burrow two to four inches 
above the ground, turns it outward, cutting through the bark, and con- 
structs a large cocoon on the side of the tree, usually at an angle of about 
45 to the stem (Plate 8,c), The cocoons are dark in colour, and vary 
all the way from one inch to two and a halfinches in length. The cocoon 


at cis two and one-half inches long. 
August, 1907 


266 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The pupz possess the power of movement to an astonishing degree, 
and when disturbed back quickly downward into their burrows. This is 
so characteristic of them that we were obliged to approach a tree rather 
carefully, and quietly tear away the grass and debris around the base with- 
out disturbing the cocoon if we wanted to be sure of our specimen. I 
lost some entirely, and cut others in two just as they were backing from 
their cocoon into the burrow in the tree. Again, so many pupe backed 
out of their cocoons after the hatter were removed that they dried out and 
failed to transform. : 


The records of the appearance of the moths are as follows : - 


Many empty pupa-cases found May 4. 

One male May 8. 

One female May 8. 

One male May 9. , 
One female May to. 

One female May rr. 

One male May 13. 

Some are yet to transform (May 18). 


These borers must injure the native Persimmon much more than a 
Peach-tree borer does a Peach tree, although I found no borers in large 
trees. They seemed to be confied to the young and small trees. 

It is also an interesting fact that we were unable to find a single borer 
in the cultivated Japanese Persimmon trees standing in close proximity to 
the wild infested trees. 


MOSQUITO NOTES.—No. 5.—ContinueD. 


BY C. S. LUDLOW, M. SC. 
Laboratory of the Office of the Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C. 


Among the mosquitoes sent in during the collecting period of 1906 
in the U.S., was an Anophelina which has caused me some perplexity. 
The general colouring at once suggested one of the sémensis group, and it 
occurred to me that some joke had been perpetrated, so I wrote the 
collector, asking if it were possible that any Philippine mosquitoes had 
gotten in with these. He, however, said it was quite impossible, as he had 
no P. I. mosquitoes with him when this collection was made. No speci- 
mens resembling this had previously been received from the U. S., so that 


I was somewhat reluctant at first to accept it, but as closer study shows it 
August, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 267 


to be an Anopheles (as restricted by Theobald), and none of that genus has 
been received from the P. I., I have decided to publish it. 


Anopheles perplexens, n. sp.—(Female.)—Head dark, with dark 
brown and white fork scales, the latter nearer the vertex, and a heavy tuft 
of slender, long curved white scales projecting cephalad between the eyes ; 
antenne dark brown, verticels and pubescence dark, basal joint brown; palpi 
dark, covered with dark brown scales, a small tuft of white hairs at the 
very tip; proboscis dark with dark brown scales, tip testaceous ; clypeus 
dark, eyes brown. 

Thorax: prothoracic lobes testaceous, with dark hairs ; mesonotum 
with broad, light median stripe, covered with white ‘ frost,” and white 
hairs arranged so as to suggest a “part,” a dark median line extending 
half way to the scutellum, and two dark lateral bordering lines ; more or 
less of a tuft of these hairs at the nape; laterad the dorsum is dark brown, 
with dark brown hairs ; pleura brown ; scutellum testaceous, “frosty,” 
with brown bristles ; metanotum dark brown. 


Abdomen dark brown, with light hairs (no scales). 

Legs: coxz and trochanters light, mostly light scaled; femora 
ventrally light scaled, and extreme tips of femora and tibiz ochraceous, 
remainder of legs dark brown ; ungues simple. 

Wings clear, and rather heavily clothed with dark brown scales, 
except a few small ochraceous spots—one on the costa, just interior to a 
line drawn through the junction of the branches of the fork cells, a second 
tiny spot at the junction of the first long vein with the costa, extending a 
tiny bit on the Jong vein, and two very small faint light spots on the forks 
of the fourth long vein, also a tiny fringe spot at the distal end of the third 
long vein ; halteres with light stems and fuscous knobs. 

Length, 2.5-3 mm. Habitat, Camp Roosevelt, Mt. Gretna, Pa. 
Taken August 25, 1906. 

This interesting species was sent by Capt. E. B. Whittemore, Asst. 
Surg. U. S. Army, and, as will be seen from the description, bears a closer 
resemblance to tropical Anophelina than to those so far reported from the 
U. S., but as the group it most closely resembles has abdominal scales and 
rather broader wing-scales it cannot be referred to it. 

It seems wise to call attention to some variations occurring in 
Philippine mosquitoes. Among the JM/yzomyia Ludlowti, Theob., from 
the Province of Batan, Luzon, and in some collections sent from the 
southern islands, come specimens showing much more extended speckling 


268 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of the legs than in those I took in Batan in rgor, or in those taken in 
Abra, and which were sent to Mr. Theobald for identification. In these 
earlier specimens the yellow spots on the legs are practically confined to 
the femora, tibiz and metatarsi, and this is the case in many specimens 
still sent in, but in the collections referred to the spots extend well on to 
the tarsal joints, so that the last two are often the only ones lacking them. 
The femoral spots are in: some specimens nearly white, and all of the legs 
are marked, the fore legs as prominently as the others. This difference is 
so noticeable as to be misleading, but there can hardly be doubt that, as 
the insect in other respects corresponds closely to Ludlow/z, it must be 
regarded as merely an individual variation, not even worthy of place as a 
“variety.” 

Some of the specimens of deomyia sguammipenna, Arribalzaga, 
coming from the P. I., show marked variation from the type, and yet, as 
these differences vary, can only be counted as individual differences ; the 
palpi in some specimens have ochraceous instead of white scales near the 
base ; the wing markings vary much as to size, and, incidentally, a little 
in position ; the white leg-bands are often broader, and the distal tarsal 
joint on the hind leg is frequently pure white. Of course, if these 
differences ran true, they would suggest a new species, but as they do not, 
are only of general interest. 


Some time since my attention was called to a general resemblance 
between. Zentorhynchus argenteus, mihi, and Culex gelidus, Theobald. 
1 have therefore compared the two carefully and find the following 
differences: As to proboscis, C. ge/idus yellow, with a brown band near 
the apex ; Z: argenteus brown, with broad white band. As to thorax, 
C. gelidus has a heavy white marking extending about two-thirds the 
length of the dorsum, the caudad third being of the yellowish-brown of 
the scutellum. Z- argenteus has the white marking extending over the 
whole mesonotum and scutellum, with the exception of two oblong spots 
near the caudad end of the mesonotum. These seem to differentiate the 
insects, and there are besides these some scale differences which seem to 
throw it into Zeniorhynchus instead of Culex. 

Megarhinus LeWaldit, mihi, to contorm to the binomial nomenclature, 
must be written JZ. Lewaldit. 

Long study and acquaintance with AZyzomyia Rossit, var. indefinita, 
mihi, has convinced me that it should never have been referred to Rossi, 
and that it must stand as a distict species—indefinita, Ludlow. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 269 


—— 


NEW HISTORIES AND SPECIES IN PAPAIPEMA (HYDR(CECIA). 
BY HENRY BIRD, RYE, N. Y. 


(Continued from Vol. XXXIX, p. 141.) 


The quest of unknown larval histories in Papaipema caused a trip to 
extend over the Alleghanies in 1go5, as that elusive Noctuid, P. furcata, 
Smith, had been reported in several mature examples from the Pittsburg 
district, and we found a subtle enticement in the direction of possible 
clues. An offer of hospitalities by the genial F. A. Merrick in order to 
explore the New Brighton section, from whence so much that is good and 
rare obtains, met with a hearty acceptance. So, one happy July day, we 
were introduced to the beautiful woodland glades of Western Pennsylvania 
that are favourite haunts of our host. The rich soil of the valleys 
supports a luxuriant flora, and the new varieties of plant-life gave a 
welcome opportunity for examining unfamiliar forms suitable for the boring 
of Papaipema \arve. A very few minutes afield sufficed to disclose an 
unknown desideratum, and its abundant occurrence in a plant never 
before examined soon made it apparent that another preferred food-plant 
can be added to the already extensive list. Of course, it was hoped that 
the newly-found larva might prove to be the desired furcata, though there 
was no surprise ultimately when this did not occur, nor was there disap- 
pointment that we never met with it in this or the succeeding year’s 
search. To go out and pick up in five minutes the desired larva of a 
species, whose life-history is unknown, in no way accords with previous 
experience, and there was only an added zest upon each failure, as to 
whether we will meet it in five years or ten. This new food-plant which 
has furnished an unknown larva is Podophyllum peltatum, commonly 
known as May-apple or Mandrake. It is widely common in rich woods 
in the east, but through a proximity to the seaboard it had never been 
noticed at Rye. The absence of the plant here is the excuse for over- 
looking what appears to be a very prevalent Papatpema species. The 
plant is of a noxious character, shunned by. cattle, and sends up from a 
running rootstock large five- to seven-fingered leaves, borne singiy upon 
fleshy stems. Its foliage seems very free from any insect ravages, being, 
in fact, poisonous ; the root has drastic medicinal properties, while an 
anomaly is shown in the edible fruit. One other good thing to its credit 
is the sheltering of a Papaipema species. 

About forty half-grown larvee were transported to the home colony, 


from which four imagoes appeared. The following year the larve seemed 


less numerous, yet Mr. Merrick secured a number of the moths. 
August, 1907 


270 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


It was fancied at first that some relationship could be established with 
Harrisii or ruti/a, but this failed in a careful study of details, and it 
therefore becomes necessary to advance a distinguishing name. 

Papaipema Merriccata, n. sp.—Form and,habitus normal ; ground 
colour sordid chrome-yellow, or tawny. Head, thorax and primaries 
heavily powdered with purplish-brown scales. Abdomen and secondaries 
much lighter and devoid of the pronounced yellow tint. Head and collar 
of the same shade of purplish-brown, the latter edged above with yellow. 
Anterior tuft and patagia heavily scaled in the same colours. Primaries 
not contrastingly marked, a white scale at base; basal area tawny-yellow, 
never white ; t. a. line of the usual irregular course, enclosing a dull 
purplish area; t. p. line plainly geminate, always broadly out-curved over 
the cell. The median field shows the yellow ground colour most strongly ; 
the median shade line is brown, most distinct in lighter specimens, and is 
traceable to the lower end of reniform. S. t. line aS usual, irregularly 
dentate, the subterminal space entirely purplish, though tempered from 
much contrast by the general powdering of brown scales. Outwardly this 
line is illumined by yellow scales defining the terminal space, which is 
lighter than the subterminal, excepting the usual light yellowish patch at 
the apex. Reniform moderate, broken by the veins and white, except the 
upper outward portion and the central lunulate mark, which are of the 
ground colour. Orbicular rounded and white; claviform separate, 
double, the lower half about the size of the orbicular: ‘The veins are 
discernible on the secondaries, being outlined by darker scales ; occasion- 
ally a median line may be traced, followed by a faint clouded band. The 
male structures, while typical, offer some points of individuality ; the 
clasper is not prominently toothed outward, as with vuti/a and others, 
and the lower lobe of the harpes is bare of the usual spinules. Expanse, 
34-43 mm.; 1.34-1.75 in. ‘Thirteen examples, embracing both sexes, are 
at hand. Co-types will be placed in the British, the U. S. National and 
the Merrick Museums. 

The species approaches rvu¢i/a closest superficially, and might easily 
be considered a variation of the imago at first glance. It is presumed, of 
course, that we have the ru¢i/a of Guenée propeily identified in the form 
occurring commonly in the Montreal section, and which has been 
repeatedly confirmed by comparisons with the type. Had Guenée only 
known and have given the name of its food-plant, how little else would be 


needed! In any event, Merriccata is distinct from that species, being 
relatively larger, !ess brightly coloured, structurally different in the male 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 271 


and separable in the larva. The natural food-plant of wfi/a has not been 
determined, but it flourishes in burdock and thistle, and did the New 
Brighton species subsist in such commodious plant-stems we should 
certainly meet with moths having a greater expanse. As it is, Mandrake 
roots are so small, Jarvee have been seen stalled and unable to survive, so 
tightly were they wedged in their galleries. The young larve evidently 
emerge about the second week of June, and mature from ten days to two 
weeks later than rutiJa and Harrisiz. Entrance is easily made at any 
part of the juicy stem, and work soon gets down to the root proper. The 
original aperture is preserved and enlarged, being used long after a 
lengthy tunnel has been made in the root. The larve belong to that 
major section wherein the dorsal line is alone continuous and unbroken. 
The following is descriptive of the three final stages, which are the more 
important ones : 

Stage V.—Form cylindrical, characteristics typical. Head 1.8 mm. 
wide, a faint dark line extends from ocelli to edges of thoracic plate, and 
is there dimly continued. Body colour pink; dorsal, subdorsal and 
substigmatal lines pale yellowish, the last two broken at the first four 
abdominal segments. Tubercles normal, the accessory tubercle IVa 
occurs on joint ten, above the line of the spiracles. On joint twelve the 
large anal plate is preceded by an elongate plate, tne merging of I and IL 
from both sides. The tubercles are brownish, the spiracles black. 

Stage VI.-—Similar, the colour a little faded. Head, 2.5 mm. wide, 
side marking lost. Tubercles I and II are concolorous, and definable 
only by their setze to joint eleven, where they appear in the usual quadrate 
setting. On joint ten, [Va@, as before. This stage is reached about July 
23, when such early species as purifascia, circumlucens and nelita have 
left their plants for pupation. ; 

Stage VII.—Little change, except that the colour fades to a flesh- 
tint and the lines are lost. Head, 27 mm. in width. Tubercle 1Va@ on 
joint ten the same as before ; does not bear -a seta. Length from 38 to 
43 mm. 

These larve became mature about Aug. tro, and left their burrows in 
order to change to pupz. ‘The latter offer no individual features. Dates 
for emergence range from Sept. 8 to 30. 

In the season of 1906 Papaipema studies received a local impetus 
through the discovery on the home preserves of an unknown, distinctive, 


and never-before-seen species, that savoured of interest the moment its 
larva was observed. Of course there are plenty of species whose larve 


212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


are unknown, and it might be any of these, but its peculiar workings and 
choice of food-plant at once suggested the unusual, which was finally borne’ 
out at emergence. In choosing Col/insonia Canadensis, the larva takes 
up with a common and generally accessible plant; and why the moth has 
not been observed before is one of the mysteries. How an insect of its 
size and appearance, with larve actually at work within the confines of 
New York City, and whose range must extend widely over the Eastern 
United States, could have escaped notice until this late day is most 
remarkable, for it does not appear in collections standing erroneously 
under some other label, as do the other species here brought forth. It 
simply does not occur at all. Some recent discussion over what is a rare 
butterfly, etc., recalls that inaccessibility or remoteness of habitat are often 
the main features of so-called rarity. In this case we certainly cannot 
make any excuse for inaccessibility, and while there is no claim made for 
its rarity in nature, we do say it has proved our most elusive Noctuid. 
Collinsonia sends up a modest stem to the height of a couple of feet, 
from avery peculiar rootstock. It has very aptly received the common 
name Stone Root, for the roots are almost ‘‘as hard as a stone,” being 
quite comparable to a piece of well-seasoned Itardwood. That the larve 
forsake the fairly commodious stem and endeavour to make an impression 
on the root, was what drew particular interest to it. By maturity these 
endeavours have borne some result, and a little cell large enough to crowd 
in has been formed. In looking for something easier the epidermis is pierced 
repeatedly, so that the cell is often incomplete by reason of these broken 
tissues. But there is some flavour in Stone Root particularly enticing, for 
the larvee of two other species are found to work in it in a very similar 
manner. One of these has a larva so close it is not at first recognized as 
different, and the other, the ubiquitous cataphracta, is always intruding 


itself into better company. Indeed, it is a “‘sly” borer, as it would make 
nitela and cataphracta its scapegoats, maturing early, forsaking the plant 
for pupation, and leaving these two later-appearing species that pupate in 
their burrows to take the brunt for the damage which is ultimately 
blazoned in the dying stem. Lucky were we to secure one inflated 
specimen and to carry through one other.to imago. Even with the limited 
material and but one year’s data, there is sufficient to warrant the following 
description : 

Papaipema astuta, n. sp.—Form and habitus fully congeneric ; 
ground colour chrome yellow, a little brighter than Merriccata, and the 
powdering of brown scales not so heavy. Head and collar purplish- 
brown, no white scales at the base of the antenne nor at the base of the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 273 


primaries. ‘The prominent thoracic tuft and vesiture heavily scaled in 
purple-brown and yellow, Abdomen the same silken shade of pale fawn as 
the secondaries. Basal area of primaries small and of the ground colour, 
the outlying area to the t. a. line dull purple ; median space entirely of the 
yellow ground colour, and contrasting at the t. p. line, as the remainder of 
the wing is quite dark. The median shade is a fine brown line extending 
from the middle of the inner margin to the lower end of reniform, whence 
it angles and crosses the cell to the costa in an unusually irregular course, 
The t. p. line is nearly straight, geminate, the inner a fine brown thread, 
the outer blended and lost in the deep purple of the subterminal space. 
This area is glistening, violet-purple, and adds greatly to the attractiveness 
of the insect. The very irregular s. t. line borders a rather wide terminal 
space of the dull purple that holds inside the median field. The ordinary 
spots are small; the orbicular and claviform are three, almost equal, 
superimposed spots, the former a pure white round dot, the latter double, 
the upper yellowish and the lower a pure white oval dot. Reniform 
broken, the commingling spots yellow, except the lower inner one, which 
is white. There exists the customary dash of the ground colour at the 
apex. Fringes deep purple and glistening. The secondaries scarcely 
show any terminal clouding, and have concolorous fringes. Expanse, 
31 mm.; 1.25 in. The type is a female. Superficially it approaches 
cataphracta somewhat, though the straighter t. p. line, the small white- 
marked spots and the lighter secondaries easily separate it. Numerous 
cataphracta examples bred in Co/dinsonia show no change from the typical 
form, and appear nearly a month later. 

Astuta \arve were first observed July toth, being then about half 
grown, and having emerged from the hibernated ova presumably about the 
first of June. The stems are entered three or four inches above, and the 


burrow is made downward te the root, which has been reached by this 
date. An inflate made July 2oth shows a larva in the penultimate stage. 
Head, 2.2 mm. wide ; normal, shining-yellow, without side line or shade ; 
ocelli and mandibles blackened. ‘Thoracic shield as large as head, black 
at sides. The longitudinal lines are barely seen, none of which cross the 
darkened area shown on the first four abdominal joints. The tubercles, 
though small, are black and easily definable. On joint ten, IV is low 
down, with no accessory, and is bare of sete. On joints eleven and 
twelve the plates are normal. Length, 39 mm. 

Pupation occurs in the ground, and the date of the single emergence 
is Sept. r2th. The pupa is light brown and active, and offers no feature 
of individuality. 


274 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The perusal of life-histories in this genus naturally brings out some 
features of distribution, which might not otherwise be obtained, one being 
that certain localities are favoured haunts of particular species, due of 
course to the prevalence of the natural food-plant, that may in an adjoin- 
ing territory meet with restriction. So we have come to consider mecopina 
and duovata as special Rye forms, never happening to observe them 
elsewhere. But the food-plant of zecopina, Grote, is Helianthus giganteus, 
and is not confined to the seaboard, while closely-allied species of the 
plant occur commonly at all points. Being plants entirely suitable for 
Papaipema boring, all varieties have been examined repeatedly to discover 
if necopina ever changed its diet to any other, and this has been going on 
since the discovery of its larva in t895. Never once in all this period 
have we been able to offer the slightest reflection upon its epicurean taste, 
so, when in 1906 Helianthus divaricatus was found bored at its base, with 
the familiar gall-like swelling there, it was presumed that the Grote species 
had at last been driven to the wall. These larve are still small, and have 
a continuous dorsal stripe which they should not possess, yet we are very 
willing to stretch a point, being eager, in fact, to encounter larval variation. 
We knew that the moment a pupa appeared ‘We could settle the question, 
for necopina has a little frontal projection that is all its own. So when a 
very small chrysalis appeared undistinguished by any frontal develop- 
ment, it was known beyond question that we were not dealing with this 
species. The final emergence, however, produced ‘a moth so like the 
Grote species that it was evident the common progenitor had not been 
very remotely removed down the line of evolution. What may have 
caused the new larva to have gained a dorsal stripe or to lose a frontal 
development in the pupa, should this be considered the branching species 
(in which the author hardly concurs), opens a field far too wide for 
discussion here. A descripticn of the form, however, becomes absolutely 
necessary, 

Papaipema imperturbata, n. sp.—Form fully congeneric. Ground 
colour very dark, almost black, with a brown or olivaceous reflection. 
The vestiture of head and thorax is of the one tone of ground colour, 
though grayer than the median field of primaries. The anterior tuft is of 
the usual prominence, though less adze-shaped than in many. The ally 
has an elongate, conical tuft, quite individual. Primaries almost uniform 
in colour, copiously powdered with blue-gray scales, the lines and mark- 
ings obsolete. The subterminal space is obscurely evident, its blue tone 


bo 
~I 
or 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


thoroughly tempered by the sprinkling of gray scales. Secondaries 
whitish, though clouded with dark gray at the margin. Beneath, this same 
light tone, overlaid by heavy powderings. No median shade observable 
in the series. Expanse, 28-32 mm.; 1.15-1.28 in. Six specimens, 
embracing both sexes, are at hand. Co-types will be placed in the U. S. 
National and the British Museums. 

The species may be superficially separated from necopina in the moth 
state by its smaller size, lighter secondaries and bluer reflection of 
primaries. The male structures offer little of comparative value, being 
typical merely. The main characters will be found in the earlier stages, 
as already noted. 

Larve were found to be in the fifth stage at the middle of July. They 
belong to the most prevalent, the z7te/a-ruti/a series, having the conspicu- 
ous dorsal stripe continuous. Its ally has this line broken in all stages. 
In the penultimate, which is the most important for comparisons, we find, 
for this section of the genus, a very representative larva. The colour is 
pale sienna, more livid than Merriccata. Longitudinal lines wide, straw 
colour. Head, 2.3 mm. in width; shining russet, no side line, mouth- 
parts and ocelli black. Thoracic plate as wide as head, shining, lighter 
in colour, edged with black laterally. True legs and spiracles black. 
Tubercles I and II show as the merest dots on all joints but eleven and 
twelve, where they are normal. Lateral tubercles small, though all are 
definable ; IV on joint ten is low down, and has no accessory. Anal 
plate is small, rougher than thoracic. The dorsal line is very plainly 
shown for the stage, unbroken in its entirety. The other lines break from 
joints three to seven. Length, 4o mm; date, July 20. 

Pupation occurs Aug. 1o—15 ; emergence, Sept. 9-20. The pupal 
change takes place in the gallery, which extends down to all parts of the 
root that are available, for the species is a gourmand, and it is hard to 
make one plant furnish enough substance. ‘The amount of food consumed 
by different species is very striking. Some eat very little, others, most 
notably cataphracta, can be identified without ever being seen. Zmper- 
turbata enters but slightly above the root, and the plant, which is growing 
very fast at that time, makes an effort to counterbalance the boring by an 
elongate enlargement, that in the end furnishes considerable additional 
substance. The gallery goes upward also until the stem is eaten off and 
falls. An irregular opening is made for the moth’s escape, which the 
epidermis is left to cover. This larva is not, however, so neat an artisan 
as necopina in making a doorway. ‘The pupa differs upon comparison 


276 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


from any of the four closely-allied species. It is normal, front smooth, the 
shape is most like ze//ta, though the latter is darker and less shining. The 
difference between expatorii, necopina and nite/a is obvious. Colour light. 
chestnut, shiny. The two divergent, hooked anal spurs are relatively 
larger than its allies. Length, 17-18 mm. A very nice little Seséa isa 
co-labourer in the /e/tanthus root, and emerges just a few days ahead of 
its companion. An accident befell the one example carried through, so it 
is not known what species was represented. 
(To be continued.) 


THE ZLUPITHECI4 OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 
BY GEO. W. TAYLOR, WELLINGTON, B. C. 


(Continued from page 168.) 


We have now to consider nine names proposed by Dr. Packard 
between 1867 and 1876, the date of his admirable Monograph. 

The first in order of time is: 
Eup. luteata,, Packard, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XI, 46, 1867. 

Described from Labrador in the first place, but redescribed as Eup. 
palpata six years later from specimens collected in Maine and New York. 

When Dr. Packard wrote the Monograph he placed ja/pata as a 
synonym of /zteata, and I suppose the better plan is to follow him in this 
course. The descriptiou of /wteata, however, seems to point to at least a 
distinct variety. The description given under the name /zfeafa in the 
Monograph, it should be noted, is almost word for word a copy of the 
original description of pa/pata, and not that of /vteata, as one might have 
expected. Dr. Hulst many years later described Lufpithecia ornata from 
Colorado. ‘This species is superficially somewhat like fAadpata, and Dr, 
Hulst named for various collections specimens of fadpata as ornata. I 
have several specimens so misnamed by him in my own collection, and 
misled by these specimens I am afraid I have given this name (ornata) 
to many of my correspondents. Recently Mr. Swett has compared speci- 
mens for me with Packard’s types, and he assures me that there can be no 
doubt that I have now fadpata, that is, /uteata, correctly identified. 

The species seems to be common all through the eastern States from 
the middle of April to the end of May. 
Eup. geminata, Packard, 5th Report Beabody Acad. Sci., 58, 1873. 

Packard described the species from two specimens apparently not 
conspecific. The one, a male (figured in the Monograph at Plate viii, fig. 


August, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 277 


2), was probably a specimen of what in this paper I have called coagu/ata, 
Guenée, and the other, a female (Plate viii, fig. 3), would, therefore, 
become the type and take the name of geminata, but that the name is 
preoccupied by the Zupithecta geminata of Grote and Robinson. Under 
these circumstances, I propose the new name Packardata for geminata, 
Packard, part, and as Packard’s description will not apply in its entirety, 
I have redescribed the form below. 


Eup. Packardata, new name. 
= E. geminata, Pack, not Grote and Robinson. 
= absynthiata, Pack., Monograph, not Clerck. 

Expanse, 27-30 mm. Males rather smaller. 

Palpi rather large and coarse, very dark gray. Head paler than 
thorax, which is gray, with a brown shade, darker in front. Abdomen 
with a very distinct black transverse band on second segment, 

Fore wings colour of thorax, costal spots not as heavy as in coagu/ata, 
the most distinct being the basal, intra-discal and extra-discal. This last 
is the largest, and is preceded by two smaller ones. Each of these spots 
marks the commencement of a fine line appearing only as dots on the 
veins, but in very perfect specimens the lines can be traced right across 
the wings. 

The basal line is much curved, and reaches almost to the base on the 
inner margin. The intra-discal is almost straight, meeting the inner 
margin at right angles. Sometimes two other lines are visible between the 
basal and intra-discal lines. The three extra-discal lines are parallel, 
curving out from the costa to pass the large elongated discal spot. 

The submarginal space is a little darker than the rest of the wing, and 
is sometimes bounded inwardly by a fine line parallel to the extra-discal. 
The submarginal white line is not so evident, and the twin spots are not 
so large and conspicuous as in coagu/ata. A dusky marginal line, scarcely 
interrupted at the ends of the veins ; fringe long, obscurely spotted. 

Hind wings well rounded, a little lighter in colour than fore wings, 
discal spots very smail. The wings are crossed. by numerous dark wavy 
lines, about nine of these lines being sometimes visible; submarginal white 
line very faint, marginal line and fringe as on fore wings. 

Under side of fore wing quite clear from base to extra-discal line, 
except for a single dark extra-basal spot on the costa, which does not 
correspond with either the basal or intra-discal costal spots of the upper 
side, but has a position between them. ‘The discal spots, the extra-discal, 
submarginal and marginal markings are as above, but fainter. Hind wings, 


278 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


discal spots more evident than above ; and there are about eight cross 
lines traceable from margin to margin, 

The dates of my specimens run from roth June to 12th September. 
The species is very closely allied to 4. cas/aata, Dyar, from British 
Columbia, and to Lup. fumata and £. indistincta, which will be described 
in the present paper. It is also near to &. fumosa, Hulst, as I under- 
stand that species. ) 

T have little doubt that my specimens are conspecific with the type 
of geminata, Packard, figured in Plate vill, fig. 3 in the Monograph, but to 
guard against mistakes I have placed a type labei on a very perfect speci- 
men of Packardata taken at Ottawa (7, vill, 06) by Mr. C. H. Young. 
Lup. palpata, Packard, 5th Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., 58, 1873. 

This species, as stated above, was abandoned by Packard himself as 
being the same as Z. Zuteata. 


, 
Eup. interruptofasctata, Packard, 5th Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. 59, 
1873. Monograph, 52, Pl. vit, fig. 5, 1876. 

This species was very fully and carefully described by Packard, and 
I think there cannot be any doubt as to the form he had before him when 
drawing up his description. It must be borne m mind, however, that he 
only distinguished 12 out of our 40 or more eastern species, and that his 
series under each name would, therefore, almost certainly be mixed. No 
weight, therefore, can attach to specimens distributed by Packard as 
typical, any more than to so-called authentic specimens of mzsuredata, sent 
out by Grote. 

When writing the Monograph, Packard sunk his ¢vterruptofasciata as 
asynonym of méserudata, but in my opinion the two are abundantly 
distinct. I understand that the original types of Packard’s species are not 
now in the collection at Cambridge. Jnterruptofasciata, as I have 
identified it, is not a very common insect. ie 

My best specimens were bred by Dr. Fletcher from larve found on 
Juniper at Hull (Province of Quebec) in May, 1904 (see description of 
larve by Dr. Fletcher and note by me in Can. Ent., XXXVII, 262). 
This species is an autumn flier. Dr. Fletcher bred specimens emerging in 
September. It is very closely allied to my Eup. impedita, to be described 
in the present paper. 

Eup. Strattonata, Packard, 5th Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., 60, 1873. 
Monograph, 58, Plate viii, fig. 8, 1876. 

This species was described from one female taken by Stratton at 

Natick, Mass., on July r7th. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 279 


It is well described in the Peabody Report, but the description is - 
shortened a little in the Monograph, and the figure therein is not very 
characteristic. The insect is apparently rare, and I have only a single 
specimen (which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Swett), taken at Winchen- 
don, Mass., June 2oth. 

Strattonata cannot be mistaken for any other of our eastern species, 
the unusual colour (brownish-ochreous, Packard calls it), the heavily- 
marked costa, and the small but very distinct discal spots, readily 
separating it from its allies. 

Why this species should ever have been placed on a synonym of 
Eucymatoge anticaria | cannot imagine. It bears very little resemblance 
‘to that species, and has the single accessory cell of Hupithecia, not the 
double one of Eucymatoge 
Lup. fenestrata, Milliere, Rev. & Mag. Zool., 1874, p. 243, and Icon., iii, 

431, §53, 14, 15, 1874. 
= Larentia cretaceata, Packard, 6th Rept. Peab. Acad. Sci., 40, 
1874, and Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, Pl. i, fig. 3, 1874. 
= Eup. cretaceata, Packard, Monograph, 63, Pl. viii, fig. 15, 1876, 
= Glaucopteryx cretaceata, Packard, Monograph, 562, 1876. 

There is a difficulty in recognizing this species, which, though 
described from Sierra Nevada, is equally common on the Pacific Coast and 
in the Atlantic States. There is no doubt, I think, that the cretaceata of 
Packard is at best only a variety of the European # /enestrata, and in 
Staudinger and Rebel’s Catalogue (No. 3589) the two are placed together. 

I do not understand why Packard should have printed his description 
twice over in the Monograph (see pages 63 and 562). 

Last autumn, in company with Dr. Dyar, we discovered the larve of 
this species feeding in great numbers on the flowers and seeds, and later 
on the leaves of Veratrum viride (the False Hellebore). The larvze were 
about one inch in length, of a yellowish-green colour, with eight interrupted 
black lines,-one dorsal, two lateral and one subspiracular on each side, and 
one ventral. The head and legs shining black. ‘These larve were full 
fed at the end of August, and the moths are now (4th of June) emerging. 
Eup, albicapitata, Packard, Monograph 48, Pl. viii, fig. 1, 1876. 

This is one of the most distinct species we have in the genus, and the 
description of Packard is very good, though the figure is hardly so satis- 
factory. ‘he moth is not very common or well known, and it is quite 
usual to find some very different species under this name in collections. 
Albicapitata flies in June, and it occurs on both the Atlantic and the 


280 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Pacific coasts. I have not, however, received any specimens from the 
Prairie Provinces. Mr. T. Bryant took a number of specimens near the 
British Columbian and Alaskan boundary in 1905, and it also occurs at 
Kaslo, in British Columbia. A specimen from the latter locality was 
inadvertently recorded by Dr. Dyar (Proc. N. S. Nat. Mus, xxvii, 889) as 
laguearia, Herr-Sch., a species not entitled toa place on our American 
list. I have not seen many specimens from the eastern States, and Mr. 
Swett tells me that the species is not common, but is subject to consider- 
able variation. oag 
Lup. sygadeniata, Packard, Monograph, 51, Pl. ix, fig. 7, 1876. - 

This species was admirably described and equally well figured 
in the Monograph. The types were from Texas, and I have not seen. 
specimens from any other State. Once seen, it cannot afterwards be 
mistaken for any other species. Nevertheless, it has, usually been mis- 
named in collections. Dr. Hulst does not appear to have recognized it, 
for I have seen several specimens of other species (none of them really 
zygadeniata) sent out by him with this name on the label. As a result of 
these misidentifications the name, sygadenzata, has appeared on several 
local lists, but I should mistrust any record ‘from localities other than 
Texas. My own specimens (all dated May, 1902) are from the type 
locality, and agree exactly with the original diagnosis. Judging from the 
description and locality, I should say that the “ Zephroclystis tenebrescens’ 
of Hulst (Can. Ent., XXXII, 102) is a synonym of this species. 

The spelling of the name seems to be a stumbling-block to the list- 
makers. It is spelt incorrectly in Hulst’s “ Classification” and in Dyar’s 
and Smith’s latest lists, and in each of these instances we are favoured 
with a different variation. 

Lup. ravocostaliata, Packard, Monograph 60, PI. viii, fig. 9. 

Described from the Pacific Coast, and so well known.and easily 
recognized from description and figure that a mistake with regard to it 
would be almost impossible... The species is not, I think, quite as common 

‘in the east as in the west, but it is found in more or less abundance in 
every locality from which I have seen collections. 


Of Packard’s nine species noted above, six will continue to bear his 
names. One (fa/fata) is sunk in deference to .Packard’s own opinion ; 
one (geminata), which had been placed in synonymy by Packard, is 
restored under a new name ( Packardata ); and one (cretaceata) is dropped 
as being but a slight variety of a previously-described European species. 

(To be continued.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 281 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


A summer meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agricul- 
tural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, July 4 and 5. ‘Through 
the kindness of President Creelman, the members from a distance Were 
hospitably entertained in the College residence during their visit, the 
ladies of the party being provided for in the Macdonald Hall. The 
number in attendance was smaller than was anticipated, many who had 
been looking forward to taking part in the meeting being prevented from 
coming by a variety of causes. A very satisfactory audience, however, 
was nade up by the Summer School of Ontario teachers from the Mac- 
donald Institute, and several students and members of the College staff. 
The sessions began on Thursday afternoon in the lecture-room of the 
Biological Department, the President of the Society, Dr. Fletcher, of 
Ottawa, being in the chair. Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, read a 
paper on the distinctions between Zhecla calanus and Edwardsii. 

. Dr. Brodie, of Toronto, described the life-history of a colony of the 
Tent Caterpillar, and related his experience in breeding a large number 
during a series of years in order to observe the effects of parasites upon 
them. 

Dr. Fletcher gave an account of a visit he had recently paid to 
Massachusetts, and described what was being done to control the Brewn- 
tail and Gypsy moths by the importation of parasites from Europe and by 
practical field operations. 

Mr. C. W. Nash, of Toronto, spoke on ‘Balance in Nature,’ in 
which he described in a very interesting manner some of the numerous 
checks and counter checks which are provided in order to prevent the 
undue preponderance or the extermination of any particular species, and 
showed how this balance had been upset by man’s disturbing agency, and 
the difficult problems that had arisen in consequence. A discussion 
followed, which was participated in by the chairman, Dr. Brodie, Prof. 
Bethune, Mr. Jarvis, Mr. Caesar, and others. 

In the evening the session was held in the Nature-study lecture-room 
of the Macdonald Institute, and was attended by the Summer School and 
a number of others from the town and College, as well as by the members 
of the Society. Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia, gave a highly inter- 
esting lecture on “ Insects as Carriers of Disease.’ Mr. C. W. Nash 
followed with a lively address on “ Instinct vs. Education,’ and Dr. 
Fletcher spoke in his usual attractive manner on “ Nature Study asa 


282 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Means of Education.” The evening was thoroughly enjoyed by all present, 
and no doubt the school teachers carried away with them much information 
and many impressions that will be of value to them in the future. 

The next day, July 5th, was given up to’.an excursion to Puslinch 
Lake, a picturesque sheet of water about nine miles from the College. 
The Summer School joined in the picnic, making up a party of more than 
sixty in all. The day was spent in collecting botanical and entomological 
specimens and other objects of interest. At the close short addresses 
were given by members of the College staff and others on various 
specimens that had been brought in, including fresh-water shells, insects 
and plants. The meeting on the whole was so delightful and successful 
an experiment that it will no doubt be repeated in future years, and 
become annually more attractive and well attended. 

At a meeting of the Council, Mr. L. Caesar, O. A; College, was elected 
Secretary of the Society for the remainder of the year in place of Mr. E. 
J. Zavitz, who has found it necessary to resign, as his various duties in the 
department of Forestry leave him no time to devote to the business of the 
Society. 


THE GEOMETRID GENERA ALSOPHILA, HUB., AND 
PALEACRITA, RILEY. 


BY RICHARD F. PEARSALL, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


It would be supposed that the last word had been written about the 
canker-worms, the literature of which has been so confused, as well as the 
two species. Had attention been given but slightly to their structural 
characters, there had been no need of this. Pometaria, Har., is correctly 
placed, in my judgment, by Dr. Hulst in Alsophila, with escularia, 
Schiff, as its type. He says (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 258), “I 
cannot agree with Mr. Meyrick in his reference of this genus to the 
Monocteniine. The most characteristic venation is the merging of vein 
8 of hind wings with the cell. If this is to be ignored, the /ack of the 
accessory cell would be no more reason why it should be placed with the 
Monocteniinz than with the Ennominz.” He might have gone further, 
for besides the merging of vein 8 with cell, vein 5 is present, and this 
effectually keeps it out of the Ennomine, besides, it has an accessory cell, 
as has also the type. Hence the reasons disappear why it should not 
stand just where it does. 

With Padeacrita the strange part of the present arrangement comes 
in. Here the type vernata, Peck., has the true venation of the Ennomine, 


August, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 283 


with accessory cell rarely present in the fore wings, and it has vein 8 of 
hind wings running parallel with cell for half of cell’s length, xot united 
with it, while vein 5 is a fold only, sometimes faintly evident at wing 


margin, but disappearing before it reaches cell, or entirely absent. The 
antenne, as Dr. Riley pointed out three years after he described his genus 
FPaleacrita (8th Mo. Report, p. 15 and 17), are nearly in agreement with 
those of Erranis (Hybernia), but the spinose armature of the abdomen 
prevents the entrance of the species under that genus and their antennal 
structure from the genus Phigalia. Paleacrita, with the species under it, 
will properly, I think, find its place among this group of the Ennomine, 
which also includes the genus Conoédes, Hulst, with its wingless female, 
the type A/umigeraria, having in both sexes the spinose armature of 
abdomen, a feature apparently overlooked by Dr. Hulst. In my opinion, 
Faleacrita should be placed at the beginning of the Ennomine, followed 
by others of this group, in the same manner that A/sophila opens the 
series of -Hydriomenine, for, it will be observed, the species under this 
genus show, in individual cases, a tendency toward the recurrance of vein 
5. It is interesting to note that a common point is thus established, from 
which spring the two great divisions of the Geometrine, thus jomefaria, 
purely Hydriomenid in venation of hind wings, sometimes loses the 
accessory cell in fore wings, while vernata, as purely Ennomenid in vena- 
tion of fore wings and in the separation from cell of vein 8 in hind wings, 
does, in the latter, as I have stated, show an occasional vestige of vein 5. 
What Dr. Hulst says, following my quvtation above, as to the noctuiform 
position of vein 5 under /a/eacrita applies to pometaria, an observation 
even more strongly accentuated in the type species @escularia, of which 
through the kindness of Mr. L. B. Prout, I have an example. Under 
Paleacrita there should be listed four species, viz., vernata, Peck.; 
Merricata, Dyar; longiciliata, Hulst, and speciosa, Hulst. The 9 2? are 
unknown, except in the case of vernata, where both sexes have the 
abdomen spinose, but they are undoubtedly wingless in all. In the ¢ 2 
the antenne vary in each, but may be generally defined as follows: Stalk 
long and slender, nodose on each side, with fascicles of long curved cilie 
from each nodule. In vernata, two on either side of each joint, ove in 
each of the other species, hence the separation of Merricata as a variety 
of vernata and its establishment as a distinct species. In recent corre- 
spondence with Mr. Meyrick, he stoutly maintains this as his opinion also, 
and hopes to give its life-history in confirmation of it. 


284 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


NUMBER OF MOULTS OF THE FEMALE OF DACTYLOPIUS 
CIERIF 


BY ROBERT MATHESON, ITHACA, N. Y. 


The life-history of the male of Dactylopius citrt has been worked out 
by Reed in 18go0 at Corneli University. His results are embodied in an 
unpublished thesis. Berlese, ’93, in “Le Cocciniglie Iialiane Viventi 
Sugli Agrumi,” pp. 23-33, has given'a more detailed account of the male’s 
life cycle. It may be well to give here a brief summary of their work 
before describing the transformations of the female: 

The young nymphs moult for the first time in from 10 to 22 days 
after hatching. During the first stage it is impossible to separate the 
males from the females by their external characters, and only just previous 


to this moult can they be distinguished. Berlese ‘has shown that the 
future mouth-parts of the female which is about to shed its skin, are coiled 
spirally just beneath the transparent cuticle. In the males no developing 
mouth-parts can be observed, and those which they possess disappear at 
the time of the first moult. These facts can-be observed just before the 
moult. 


The cast skins usually remain attached to the caudal extremity of the 
male nymphs. In the second stage the male nymphs are sluggish in their 
movements. They usually seek out some secluded spot and, in about ten 
days, begin spinning their cocoons. The spinning of the cocoon occupies 
about two days, and, shortly after its completion, the. second moult occurs. 
This cast skin is, in a day or two, pushed out at the caudal end of the 
cocoon. It is during the second stage that the beginning of the wings 
and halteres may be noted. They appear as small papillz on the 
mesothoracic and metathoracic segments. 

The third moult occurs five days after the second, and a week later 
they moult for the last time. The perfect winged insects emerge from the 
cocoon in from three to four days after the fourth moult. 


The life-history of the female is in marked contrast to that of the male. 
Neither Reed nor Berlese, nor any previous worker, succeeded in 
determining the number of moults in the female. Reed supposed there 
were three, whereas Berlese, reasoning from analogy with the male, 
considered there must be at least four. 


*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Cornell University. 
August, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 285 


As is generally known, each female lays from 150 to 200 eggs. These 
eggs are enclosed in a waxy secretion, produced by hypodermal glands. 
These glands are situated on the ventral surface of the abdominal segments. 
The first nymphs appear in from ro to 18 days after the commencement of 
the egg-sac. Only a small number of those hatched from a single egg-sac 
are males. The young nymphs on hatching remain a short time within the 
egg-sac, and, on leaving it, spread rapidly over the leaf, settling in large 
numbers along the mid-rib and at the joints of the stems. As previously 
pointed out, it is impossible to separate the males from the females during 


this stage. 
First NYMPHAL STAGE. 


At time of hatching, the young nymphs are about .4 mm. long, and 
from .18 mm. to .21 mm. wide, bright yellow to orange in colour, oval in 
outline, slightly narrowed at the caudal end and rounded at the cephalic 
end. The appendages look large and clumsy in comparison with the size 
of the body. ’ 

The abdomen is distinctly divided into eight segments, the transverse 

sutures being distinct on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. The divisions 

of the thorax are not so distinct. The transverse sutures cannot be 
distinguished on the venter, and only with difficulty on the dorsum. The 
suture separating the head from the thorax can be seen only on the dorsal 
surface. 

The antenne are about .16 mm. long, situated on the ventral surface 
of the anterior end of the body. The bases of the antenne are not 
contiguous, and small hairs are scattered over their entire surface. They 
are divided into seven segments. The basal one is triangular in outline 
and quite short. The seventh segment is the longest, longer than the 
three preceding segments taken together, oval in shape, and ends in an 
apical tubercle, upon which is inserted a stiff hair, almost as long as the 
segment itself. 

The cornea of the eyes projects from.the sides of the head. The 
black pigment is well developed, showing prominently on the ventral 
surface. 

The legs are well developed and strong, especially when compared 
with their condition in the adult. 

SECOND NyMPHAL STAGE. 
The first moult occurs from ro to 22 days after hatching. It is just 


before this moult that Berlese could distinguish the males from the females 
by the absence of developing mouth-parts. 


286. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


After the first moult the females are about .625 mm. in length, .3 mm. 
in width ; bright orange in colour, somewhat rounded at the anterior and 
posterior ends. 

The antennz are .tg mm. long, and have sevensegments. The basal 


segment is quadrangular in outline and quite short. The seventh is the 
longest, being nearly as long as the three preceding taken together. 


Ii is difficult, if not impossible, to separate the first and second 
nymphal stages, except by rearing them and noting the time of moulting. 
The characters of length and size of the antenne are of doubtful values 
and not to be depended upon. The antenne of a~ nymph, near the latter 
part of the first stage, measured over .1g mm. This is the length usually 
found in the nymphs at the beginning of the second stage. 


THIRD NYMPHAL STAGE. 
The second moult occurs, on the average, about 1§ days after the first. 


The antenne now consist of eight segments, and are .264 mm. in 
length. The basal segment is quadrangular in outline, and the eighth is 
nearly as long as the three preceding taken together. The character and 
the number of the antennal segments readily distinguish this stage from 
the preceding ones, but are absolutely of no value in separating it from the 
mature or last stage. In other characters they do not differ materially 
from those of the preceding stages. 

As all previous workers have considered the antenne in the first 
nymphal stage as consisting of only six segments, I would like to draw 
attention to the fact that in all specimens which I have examined there 
were seven clearly-defined segments in the first and second nymphal stages 
and eight in the third, as wellas in the adult female. 


ADULT.— FEMALE. 

The third and last moult takes place, on an average, about 13 days 
after the second. I found it very difficult to secure many observations on 
the exact time of this moult on account of the roving habits of the nymphs 
under observation. 

After this moult the females do not usually move about, but remain 
practically motionless. Egg-laying commences in from 15 to 20 days 
later, and continues for from 1o to 14 days. - An interesting observa- 
tion worth recording is that the females are usually not of uniform size 
at the time when they commence egg-laying. This has been pointed out 
by Reed in his thesis, and I had many opportunities of verifying his 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 287 


observations. Often what I, judging from size only, considered were 
nymphs in the third stage would prove to be mature females and com- 
mence egg-laying. 

The formation of the egg-sac, the number of eggs laid, and the 


external characters of the adult female, have been so well described by 
previous workers as not to need repetition here. 


BOOK NOTICE. 


Kirpy’s CATALOGUE OF ORTHOPTERA.—Vol. II. 
By A. N. Caudell, U. S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D. C. 


Volume two of this most excellent general catalogue of Orthoptera* 
comprises a well-bound volume of over five hundred and fifty well-printed 
pages. In it 154 genera of crickets (Achetide) and 689 genera of 
katydids and allies (Phasgonuridz) are listed, together with their species. 
The Achetide as here used corresponds with the more commonly used 
name Gryllidz, while the name Phasgonuride is used instead of the more ~ 
familiar name Locustide. The reason for the change of Gryllide to 
Achetidz is not clear tome. As in the first volume, the types of all 
genera containing more than one species are indicated. 


As of interest to North American students of this order, the following 
facts bearing on United States genera and species may be noted : 


Locust1b& (Phasgonuride). 

Microcentrum, Scudd.—This genus is used for the insects hitherto 
usually placed in the genus S¢i/pnoch/ora, which is here sunk in synonymy 
under Microcentrum. Kirby specifies his number 2, ¢horacicum, Serv., as 
the type, but erroneously so, as neither this species nor any of its synonyms 
are among the originally included species. Personally I should favour 
taking the first species, ret/nervis, as type, thus preserving the commonly- 
accepted nomenclature. By elimination thé type is marginellum, Serv., 
which Kirby records only from S. and Cent. America and the West Indies. 
North America should be included, as AZicrocentrum thoracicum, Scudd., 
one of its synonyms, was described from the United States, and I have two 
specimens from Florida that agree with ones from Cuba. [also have eggs 
from Florida, showing the species to be a permanent resident there. 


*A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. By W. F. Kirby, Vol. II, Orthop- 
tera Saltatoria, part I (Achetidz et Phasgonuridz). London, 1906, 
August, 1907 


288 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Orophus Sauss.— Under this generic name appears the aggregation of 
species usually listed under AZicrocentrum. Our common insect usually 
known as A/icrocentrum laurtfolium is now Orophus rhombifolium, the 
true Zaurifolium being a species from Caymans, and belonging to the 
genus: Microcentrum as here used. Our well-known <AdZicrocentrum 


retinervis now becomes Orophus retinervis, a change unnecessary were 
the first species rule a law. 


Amblycorypha, Stal.—A. Saussurei, Bruner, I do not find in the 
Catalogue. It was very poorly described in Bull. Washb. Coll., i, p. 195 
(1886), from specimens which the describer has recently written me were 
taken near Washington, D. ‘C. The name should be entered in the 
synonymy under A. oblongifolia. 

Cyrtophyllus, Burm.—This genus is: replaced by Prerophydia, Kirby, 
described in Kirby and Spence’s Introd. Entomol., ed. v, vol. il, p. 218 
(1828). Camedlifolia, Fabr., is designated as the type. This species 
replaces perspici//atus of the same author. The Gry/lus perspicillatus of 
Linneus, wrongly quoted by Scudder as the same insect as the 
perspicillatus of Fabricius, is not, so far as | ¢an find, mentioned in the 
Catalogue. 

Conocephalus, Thunberg.—This genus is placed in the synonymy 
under Anisoptera, Latr., andthe species so long associated with it are 
placed in the genus Conocephaloides of Perkins. The publication 
containing the original reference to Conocephadus is at present unavailable, 
and I am thus unable to determine if I agree in the suppression of the 
name or not. Aedes, Scudd., is listed as a distinct species, but is not 
marked as being present in the collection of the British Museum. As 
Scudder himself places this species in the synonymy under w/efz, that is 
very likely its proper place. ‘ 

Orchelimum, Serv.— Vu/gare, Harris, usually listed as a synonym of 
agilis, DeG., is listed as a distinct species, and, I believe, properly so. 
O. gracile, Harr., is removed from the synonymy under XzpArdion 
fasciatum, where it is usually placed, and listed as a distinct species of 
Orchelimum. This I believe an incorrect step. No specimens of the 
species were before Mr. Kirby, nor is any insect known in the eastern 
United States that agrees with Harris’s figure. The description given by 
Harris agrees very well with X. fasciatum, but does not agree with his 
figure, which represents the ovipositor as being decidedly falcate. The 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 289 


figure is evidently inaccurate, and the species is very surely X. fasctatum 
with dorsal infuscation, a common variation. O. concinnum, Scudd., is 
catalogued as a distinct species. In view of the fact that Mr. Kirby 
seems to have possessed neither this species nor erbaceum, of which 
Scudder considers concinnum a synonym, I prefer to leave the former in 
synonymy under the latter. Vigripes, Scudd., is replaced by the earlier 
name vadidum of Walker. SBruneri, Blatchley, is listed as distinct, 
though the describer has pronounced it a synonym of volantum, McNeill, 
after direct comparison of types of both species.f Sphaguorum, Walk., 
described as a Decticus, and since omitted from American lists, is recorded. 
It will very certainly preoccupy some one of our later described species. 

Xiphidion, Serv.—This well-known generic name, like Conacephalus, 
Thunberg, is in the synonymy under Anzsoptera, Latr. The species 
placed here are those usually classed under Xiphidion. Cinereus, 
Thunb., is removed from the synonymy under /asciatum, though no 
specimens of it seem to have been before the cataloguer. There may, 
however, be good reasons for this action. As stated above, graci/e, Harr., 
is listed as distinct. Phaneroptera coloradensis, Glover, Ill. N. A. Ent., 


Orth., pl. xi, fig. 12 (1872), is omitted from the Catalogue. It is a 
synonym of fasciatum. 


Engoniaspis, Scudd.—This genus, as shown in my revision of the 
Decticine?t, p. 320, is a synonym of At/antieus. I accredit it to Scudder, 
as I maintain that a generic name can not stand without a species being 
cited under it. The first species mentioned under the generic name 
Engoniaspis is testacea, Scudd., which is a synonym of Atlanticus 
pachymerus, Burm. 


Ailanticus, Scudd.—The Decticus derogatus of Walker is quoted as a 
synonym of A. dorsa/is instead of A. pachymerus, as 1s usually the case. 
The description of Walker gives no aid in the matter, but the locality, 
Massachusetts, would indicate its being pachymerus. Kirby had speci- 
mens of dorsa/ts, but none of pachymerus, and when he has specimens of 
the latter for examination his views on this point of synonymy may 
change. 


+The Orth. of Ind., p. 390, 391 (1903). 
tProc. U. S. Nat. Museum, xxxii, pp. 285-410 (1907). 


290 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGI®sT. 


Anabrus, Hald.—Svmidis, Scudd., which is here listed as distinct, is 
a synonym of A. simplex. 


Cyphoderris, Uhl.—This genus is wrongly located in the Decticine. 
It is a genus in the Stenopelmatine. 


Cacopteris, Scudd.—As shown in my revision of the Decticine, this 
is a synonym of /dzostatus, Pict. 


Tropizaspis, Scudd.—This genus falls, as it is the same as Walker’s 
earlier-described Meduba, and the type, ste‘ndachneri, equals Meduba 
carinata, : 


Chelidoptera,, Wesm.— This is preoccupied in birds, as stated on 
p. 403 of my recent paper on: Decticine. 


Idionotus, Scudd.—This genus is wrongly referred to the synonym 
under Veduba, Walk. 


Camptonotus, Uhl.—For our United States species of this genus Mr. 
Kirby uses the specific name Scudderi, Uhler, 1864, instead of 
carolinensis, Gerst, 1860. As these names are admittedly synonymous, it 
is not clear why the one first established is not used. 


Stencpelmatus, Burm.—S. ocudatus,. Scudd., and hydrocephalus, 
Brunn., are placed in synonymy under cepha/otes, Walk., a species 
hitherto not found in our catalogues. These three species will very likely 
eventually fall through preoccupation by /fwscus, Hald., which was 
described in 1852. ; aes 


Diestrammena, Brunn.—Mr. Kirby has recorded no species of this 
genus as occurring in the New World. One species, however, D. 
marmorata, has occurred for several years in injurious numbers in 
Minnesota greenhouses, and another species, D. unicofor, has been 
recorded from Illinois, where it was introduced, probably, with plants. 


Spilacris, Rehn.—This is a synonym of Scudderta, the type, S. 
macudatus, being an immature specimen of a species of that genus. 
Hadencecus, Scudd.—I do not find A puteanus. Scudd., in the 
Catalogue. 
Udeopsylla, Scudd.— Gigantea, Brunn., belongs to this genus, not to 
Dathinia. 
ACHETID (Gryllide). 
Gryllotalpa, Latr.—This farmiliar name is in part replaced by Cur¢z//a, 
Oxen, and in part by the new name, Veocurtid/a, the latter covering those 
species having the posterior tibize unarmed on the upper border, typified 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 291 


by G. hexadacty/a, Perty, a species very near, if not the same as, our 
common northern mole-cricket, G. dorea/is. I cannot agree to the 
replacement of Gry//otalpa by Curtil/a, a genus erected thirteen years 
later. Gryllota/pa was described by Latreille in 1802, the description 
being fulland the Gry//us gry/lota/pa of Linnzus cited asexample. Thus I 
see no reason for discarding the name. Mr. Kirby lists the macropterous 
form of borealis, the G. colubia of Scudder, as a distinct species, with G. 
longipennts, Scudd., a synonym. G. ponderosa, Bruner, is also listed as 
distinct. Itis very surely the same as major, Sauss. Kirby dees not 
appear to possess specimens of either of these species. 


Scapteriscus, Scudd.—The catalogue gives no records of any species 
of this genus from the United States, though they have been known from 
our fauna for some years. Both S. didactylus and abbreviatus are not at 
all rare in our southern States, especially the former. 


Tridactylus, Oliv.—/issipes and incertus have been shown synonymous 
with terminalis, [/linotensts, tibialis and mixtus with apicalis, and histrio 
with minutus, but Mr. Kirby has listed them all as distinct species, placing 
the last two and minuta, also the South American denticudatus, in the 
genus £//ipes, Scudd. 


Myrmecophila, Latr.— Vebrascensis should be accredited to Lugger, 
as he was the first one to give the name validity. Bruner gave no 
description of it, nor did Lugger, but the latter gave figures of it. Scudder 
“-was the first to give a description of it, but Lugger’s figures established 
the name. 


Liphoplus, Sauss.—This is sunk in synonymy under Ornebius, Guér, 
and the name is not found in the index. It occurs on page 57. 

Nemobius, Serv.—Varieties amplus and brevis of canus, Scudd., 
which were described with the species, are not mentioned in the 
Catalogue. — Abortivus, Caud., is given specific rank. A/finis, Beutenm., 
is not listed so far as I can find. Exiguus, Blatch., is replaced by janus, 
new name, on grounds of preoccupation. MVemobius pictus, Scudd., 
belongs to the genus A/zogry//us, and is a synonym of JZ, siccarius, Scudd. 

On page 19 Mr. Kirby has included a species under the name 
Nemobius exiguus, Say, with the reference Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 
iv, p. 309 (1825). The same reference, except that it is properly called 
Journal instead of Proceedings, is given on page 86 as the original 


292 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


reference to the insect now known as Anaxiphus exiguus. The latter 
insect is the one described by Say, and Kirby’s reference on page 19 
should be quoted in synonymy under it. 

Gryllus, Linn.-—Mgra, Harr., is listed as a distinct species, is spelled 
niger, and has neglectus, Scudd., and nigerrimus, Walk., as synonyms. 


I should retain the original spelling, and place it as a variety of 


Pennsylvanicus, Burm. Luctuosus, Serv., is listed as distinct. I believe , 


it to be a macropterous form of abbreviatus, Serv. Americanus, Blatch., 
listed as distinct, is a synonym of Fennsylvanicus, var. nigra, Harr.§ 
Lineaticeps, Stal, here listed as‘distinct, had probably better have been left 
in the synonymy under assimilis. Acheta marginata, Thomas, Trans. Ill. 
Agric. Soc., v, p. 443 (1865), is not mentioned in the Catalogue so far as 
I can find. It is not a member of the genus Gryllus. 

Cyrtoxipha, Brunn.— Gund/achi, Sauss., occurs in the United Sta.es 
as far north as the District of Columbia. Variegatus, Bruner, Publ- 
Nebr. Acad. Sc., iii, p. 32 (1893), is sufficiently well characterized to 
warrant recording, but I can find no reference to it in the Catalogue. It 
is a synonym of emobius carolinus. 

Orocharis Uhler.— UAderi, McNeill, is a synonym of Hapithus 
agitator, Uhl. 


Tafalisca, Walk.— 7. Zurida, Walk., should have the United States 


included in its habitat, as it has been recorded from our fauna, and speci- 


mens from Florida are in the collection of the National Museum. 


A few species, such as Conocephalus Caudellianus, Davis, apparently 


described in time for recording, do not appear in the Catalogue. These 
will doubtless appear in the Supplement promised in the introduction to 


volume first. 


§Blatchley’s name could not stand in any case, being preoccupied by Gryllus 
Americanus, Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist., i, p. 124, pl. 49, fig. 2 (1837). That this first- 
established name applies at the present time to an insect of a different family, 
does not prohibit its preoccupying a later name of the same combination and 
spelling. 


Mailed August 8th, 1907. 


- 


a 


INCISA 


PLATE 


he wanatliay Entomologist 


Vor. XXXIX. LONDON, SEPTEMBER, 1907. No. 9. 


= — --— ff 


STUDIES IN THE GENUS INCISALIA. 
BY JOHN H. COOK, ALBANY, N. Y. 
IV.—INCISALIA NIPHON. 
(Continued from page 260.) 

First Larval Instary.-—The caterpillar just from its egg-shell has been 
carefully described by others, except under the microscope it appears to 
differ from newborn larve of ¢vus, augustus and Henrici only in its slightly 
greater size and the darker colour. The differentiating character which I 
gave in a previous installment* has not borne the test of subsequent 
investigation. The statement there made, that in niphon the short bristles 
associated with the latero-dorsal series of hairs are black and compara- 
tively conspicuous, was based on comparisons of the one living xéphon, 
which I secured from an egg in 1906 with living and alcoholic material 
of the other species, and as the examination was made under the same 
microscope, with the compared caterpillars side by side on the same slide, 
it is hardly likely that I was guilty of an error of observation. However, 
the larve which hatched from eggs secured this spring (1907) were com- 
pared with living larvee of zrus and augustus in the same manner, and the 
notes taken read: ‘‘Latero-dorsal bristles not more conspicuous than in the 
other species, colour darker, rather anomalous, to naked eye and under'a 
simple lens gray-green-yellow, as though the interior of the body were 
gray-green and showed through a transparent-yellow; with two-thirds 
objective the griseous appearance is lost, but the yellow is not so 
brilliant as that of the compared species. Otherwise as before noted.t 
No variation among 14 examined. Eggs from confined females, Lake- 
wood, N. J., May roth, 1907. 

On the second or third day after birth the appearance of the larva 
begins to alter ; the dorsal area shows two dull longitudinal stripes, and 


“CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 6 (June, 1906), p. 182. 

tA complete set of newborn larve has been preserved, and a full discussion 
of the specific characters, with illustratious, will, it is hoped, be given in a second 
series of studies in the genus, dealing with the comparative anatomy of the 
various stages to follow these outlines of the life-histories. 


294 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the sides grow darker. For a time the colours are nondescript, but before 
the first skin is cast they have become definite and the design is declared. 
Dorsum rich brown, threaded by a faint lighter medio-dorsal line ; on 
either side a moderately broad creamy-white stripe, extending from the 
second thoracic to the eighth abdominal segment, of about- equal width 
to the fifth abdominal segment, tapering gradually and approaching each 
other posteriorly. These stripes include the latero-dorsal hairs, and are not 
interrupted by the incisures. Lateral areas brown, limited below by a 
narrower cream-coloured line along the top of the substigmatal ‘fold, 
beginning at the second thoracic and continuous around the last abdom- 
inal segment. Ventral surface light green. Length awaiting first moult, 
2.65 mm.; breadth at fourth abdominal segment, t.01 mm. Duration of 
first stage five to seven days. 

Second Stage.—At first not differing from preceding. Aftera day or 
two a change is observablz in the shape of the larva, the segments which 
since birth have been nearly rounded above (the foveze represented only as 
slight indentations) assume the complex fold, common in varying degrees 
to all Lycienid larve. A little later a very faint, lighter brown spiracular 
line appears, extending from the third thoracic to the sixth abdominal 
segment, and interrupted by the incisures. Underneath the substigmatal 
fold the green is of a lighter tint at the base of each proleg. Length at 
rest for second moult, 6.1 mm. Duration of this stage six to eight days. 

Third Stage.—No noticeable change, except in size, for several days. 
(Plate 9, fig. 1, larva x 8.) Then the brown, which up to this time has 
been of the same shade in all the larvie, begins to show some slight 
variations. Some individuals grow paler, the brown showing traces of 
yellow, others become darker, and in one case the brown assumed for 
about 24 hours a decidedly reddish cast. These alterations in the colour 
are preliminary to a much more striking change, and due probably to. the 
decomposition of a pigment, which at this period in the life of the cater- 
pillar is no longer of any use. At any rate, the brown weakens just. as 
though a pigment were being removed by metabolic processes, and in a 
surprisingly short time it has quite disappeared, leaving the areas, which 
were formerly brown, deep  pine-needle-green. Concomitantly the 
creamy stripes become pure white, and the medio-dorsal and spiracular 
markings grow larger and better defined. Length when up for third 
moult, 9 mm. Duration of the stage five to seven days. 

Fourth Stage-—During this instar the segments again fill out, 
reducing the folds and fovee considerably, though they can still be made 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 295 


out. There is no change in the colour or pattern, except that the medio- 
dorsal line becomes somewhat more prominent, and the spiracular line 
appears to cross the incisures. Length a day or two after the fourth 
moult, 14 mm. 

Final Stage.—(Plate 9, figs. 2 and 3, mature larva x 3.) Not 
differing from preceding stage, the general effect of the stripes being a 
striking example of protective coloration, alternate lines of white and pale 
green on a dark green background being well calculated to render the 
larva inconspicuous as it rests among the clustered pine-needles. During 
the last two instars the latero-dorsal white stripes become tinged with 
yellow, which may deepen to a decided orange. Unlike the congeneric 
caterpillars, the markings do not disappear as the time for pupation 
approaches. Length when feeding has stopped, 17 to 20 mm. Duration 
of fourth and fifth stages together, ro to 18 days, at least two days being 
spent upon the final mat. 

Length of Larval Life.—The shortest span from egg to chrysalis was 
27 days to hours; the longest, 38 days ; the average for 12 larve, 30 days. 

Pupation.—Vhe caterpillars seek the ground as the time for pupation 
approaches, and turn to chrysalids among the leaves. 

The Chrysalis.—(Plate 9, fig. 4, dorsal aspect; fig. 5, lateral aspect 
x 8.) Iam unable to find any character which will serve to distinguish 
the chrysalis of ziphon from that of zrus or augustus, Asa rule, it is very 
dark above, the wing-cases somewhat ruddier, the whole surface heavily 
sprinkled with black spots and irregular blotches, variable in size and 
arrangement, and affording no clue to the species of the enclosed insect. 
The ‘‘slender dorsal ridge” is a variable quantity sometimes present, but 
more often not. 


TENTHREDINIDA OF COLORADO. 
BY GEO. P. WELDON, COLLEGE PARK, MD. 


Unlike most families of the Hymenoptera, the Tenthredinidz are not 
highly specialized insects. They do not live in well-organized societies 
as do many of the bees, ants and wasps, but are solitary in their habits. 
In the case of the social Hymenoptera, we have a colony organization 
where different kinds of individuals are entrusted with different duties to 
perform. Such a high degree of specialization is manifest, that we observe 
with amazement and wonder the instinctive qualities displayed by them. 


Not so in the case of the Saw-flies: the only obligation resting upon these 
September, 1907 


296 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


little insects for the assurance of the perpetuation of the species, is in the 
deposition of the eggs upon some food-plant, where nature attends to the 
hatching, and the larve, guided by what we call instinct, look out for 
themselves. 

The name Saw-flies was given to the Tenthredinidz because of the 
shape of the ovipositor of the female, which resembles two minute saws 
placed side by side, and fitting into a groove underneath the abdomen, 
similar to the manner in which the blades of a knife fit into the handle. 
Not only do these weapons resemble a saw in shape, but they also serve 
the purpose cf a saw, for the larve feed upon living vegetable tissue, the 
saws being used in making an-incision for the reception of the egg. 

In general, the Hymenoptera is a beneficial order of insects, but in it 
are also some pests of special economic importance, because of their 
destructive habits. Such pests belong to the Saw-fly family. 

Though a few pests among them occur in Colorado, a far greater 
number are harmless. and never noticed in the adult stage, save by the,: 
entomologist or some other close observer of insect life. The genus 
Tenthredo contains the greatest number of Colorado species, none of 
which are of any special economic importance, but none the less 
interesting to the student of entomology. 

Many species of Saw-flies have the gall-making habit, these galls 
being found on different species of willow, and are familiar objects to any 
one who has spent much time along the mountain streams of Colorado, 
where many species of willows grow in abundance, and are often very 
much disfigured by the presence of the little miniature houses of these 
gall-inhabiting species. 

A special study was made of Zuura S. nodus, a common species in 
“Colorado, inhabiting galls occurring on Salix longifolia, and described by 
Mr. Benjamin D. Walsh as gall 'S. nodus. The following is his descrip- 
tion of the gall, and is accurate for the Colorado specimens : 

* Gall S. nodus, 0. sp., on Salix longifolia. A mere gradual enlarge- 
ment of a twig from one-fourth more than its normal diameter up to twice 
its normal diameter, almost always without any abnormal roughness on the 
external bark, and always not confined to one side of the twig. General 
colour that of the twig. When cut into August the 28th, the interior of 
each gall is found to be pithy, and to contain one to three larve in 
separate cells. Frequently on a piece of twig six inches long three or four 
of these galls are placed at irregular intervals. No appearance internally 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISS, 297 


of any transverse plates or fibres as in S. ovum and S. ovulum. Length, 
.75 to 1.5 inch; diameter, .10 to .25 inch. Very like the Cecidomyidous 
gail S. nodulus on the same willow (Proceedings of the Phila. Ent. Soc., 
Vol. 3, page 600), but is much larger, is polythalamous instead of 
monothalamous, and occurs near Rock Island, Ill., in quite a different 
locality. Analogous willow galls are made in Europe, not by a Euura, 
but by several small species of Nematus. (Westw. Introd. 2, p. 105.)” 

Gall S. nodus is very common on Salix longifolia along the streams 
of northern Cclorado. Mr. Walsh was familiar with the male of this 
insect, but knew nothing about the female. His description of the 
former is given in a comparative way with reference to Euura S. ovum. 
In my work with Euura S. nodus, a study was made of the winter and 
spring stages. 

On the 6th of Jan, ’06, a large number of galls were collected along 
the Big Thompson Creek, in the vicinity of Loveland. These galls were 
placed in breeding cages and kept in the laboratory of the Entomological 
Dept. of the Colo. Ag. College. A large number of galls were opened at 
this time, most of which contained larve, each one enclosed in a delicate 
cocoon, and from one to three in each gall, but usually not more than 
one. Both living and dead galls contained perfectly healthy larve. 
The first adult emerged on the 22nd of February. They then continued 
to emerge until the 6th of March, when the last of the lot made its 
appearance. 

After the emergence of the first adult, a number of galls were cut 
open and examined for pup. ‘This stage of the insect was not studied 
by Mr. Walsh, or not known by him at the time of his description of the 
adult. As found in the galls, their length varied from .25 to .30 of an 
inch. 

Many more galls were collected and examined on the 4th of March. 
All galls which contained insects of the Tenthredinidz family at all, 
contained them in the larval stage, showing that the unnatural conditions 
existing in the laboratory caused an early transformation from larvz to 
adult of the previous lot. The first adult emerged from these galls on 
April 4th. There also emerged on this date a small Chalcid parasite. 

On ihe 26th of March a great many galls were collected along the 
Poudre Creek, just on the outskirts of the City of Fort. Collins. On the 
13th of April a couple of Ichneumon-fly parasites were found in the 
breeding cage, and on the 24th a large number of Euura began to emerge. 


298 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


From all galls collected there were about an equal number of males and 
females which emerged. On May rst I examined a large number of galls 
along the Poudre, and found at this time most of the flies had pupated ; 
some few had already escaped, a few were still larvae, and in one case an 
adult female was found in the gall, having just completed its transforma- 
tion to the adult stage, and was ready to emerge. 

‘It is interesting to note how the adult fly escapes from the gall, or 
rather how it makes provision for its escape. If galls are examined 
during the winter months many of them will be seen to contain a Small 
round smooth hole, usually near one end. If these galls are opened, the 
larvee will be found at the end of a burrow leading to this opening, but 
securely, sealed from the outside by a plug, made from bits of wood 
chewed off by the larve in the process of making the hole. It is a 
wonderful instinct that guides these larvee in making-this hole, which the 
adult could not possibly make itself, and were not means for its escape 
from the cell prearranged by the larvae, death would be the inevitable 
result. 

While examining galls I noticed that there were many that did not 
have this hole by means of which the adult could escape, so proceeded to 
determine the cause for this condition of affairs. A large number of these 
galls were cut open, and not in a single case was a Euura larva found 
within. There was, however, in nearly all of these the larva of a little 
hymenopterous parasite belonging to the Chalcidide family. A number 
of these galls were placed in a breeding cage by themselves, where the 
little parasites soon emerged. The only explanation that I could give for 
this condition was: That this parasite had worked upon the Euura in the 
fall of the year, before the former had attained its growth and provided 
means for its escape as an adult the following spring by gnawing the usual 
hole in side of gall. The parasitized larva, being unable to withstand the 
attack of its little enemy, perished, whereas the destroyer lived in the gall 
in comfort throughout the winter months, and after completing ‘its 
transformations in the spring escaped by means of a small hole made with 
its tiny strong mandibles. ‘These little. escape holes were plainly seen, 
freshly gnawed in many of the galls from which the little parasites were 
emerging. ; 

Two Cecydomiid flies were also found in this breeding cage, but came 
from different galls, much resembling the others, but .monothalamous 
instead of polythalamous. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 299 


Owing to the fact that Mr. Walsh’s description of Euura S. nodus is 
given in a comparative way with reference to Euura S. ovum, a descrip- 
tion of the latter is inserted here before the description of the former. 

Imago.— Zuura S. ovum, n. sp.—Shining honey-yellow. Head, with 
the eyes, a square spot enclosing the ocelli, but separated from the eyes 
bya pretty wide orbit, and also the tips of the mandibles, all black. 
Clypeus emarginate, in a circular arc of about 90 degrees. Labrum 
rounded at the tip. Occiput more or less clouded with black on the disk. 
Antenne dull rufous above, with their basal one-half black, honey-yellow 
below, with the scape black, and more or less of the basal half of the 
flagellum dusky, three-fifths as long as the body, joints three to five 
subequal, four slightly the longest, five to eight very gradually becoming 
shorter, nine fully as long as eight. Thorax with an oblong spot on the 
anterior lobe of the mesonotum, generally extending from the collar two- 
thirds of the way to the hind angle of the lobe, rarely covering almost its 
entire surface; anterior disk of the mesonotum, and the edges of the basal 
plates that border on the basal membrane, or rarely the entire surface of 
the basal plate, all black. Cenchri whitish. A more or less black cloud on 
the pectus, and another on the posterior disk of the pleura, the former 
occasionally obsolete. Abdomen with that part of the anterior edge of 
joint one that borders the whitish basal membrane, or rarely the basal 
one-half of joint one, black. Ovipositor honey-yellow, the, tarsal claws 
dusky. Wings hyaline, veins black ; those on the costa, as well as the 
basal one-half of the stigma, whitish or yellowish, the rest of the stigma 
dusky. Length of female .17 to.22 inch. Front wing of female .18 to 
.24 Inch. 

Euura S. ovum male differs from the normal female only as follows : 
First, the ground colour is greenish-white, not honey-yellow ; second, the 
black spot enclosing the ocelli is larger, and is separated from the eyes 
only by a narrow orbit, and occasionally touches them: for a small space ; 
third, the occiput, except the orbit, is distinctly black ; fourth, in the 
antennz the pale colours are more dominant, and verge more or less on 
greenish-white, and the antenne are three-fourths, not three-fifths, as long 
as the body ; fifth, the thorax is black, except the tegula, the superior 
margin -of the collar, and the cenchri, which are all greenish-white; sixth, 
the abdomen is black above, greenish-white below, the lateral plates 
basally black, but terminally clouded with the pale colour. Basal.mem- 
brane white. Seventh, the legs are greenish-white, sometimes, especially 


300 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the hind legs, more or less honey-yellow. In the hind legs, the base of 
the coxz, the extreme tips of the femora and the tarsi are more or less 
fuscous. Eighth, the veins on the costa are scarcely whitish, and only — 
the extreme base of the stigma is whitish. Length of male .10 to .17 
inch. 

Description of Euura S. nodus as compared with Euura S. ovum 
(Walsh). “Imago.—Euura S. nodus, n. sp.—Male differs from male of 
Euura S. ovum as follows: First, the pale colour is bright honey-yellow, 
not greenish-white throughout; that is, both in antenn, body and -legs. 
Second, the black spot enclosing the oceili is larger, and confluent with 
the eye for its entire length, leaving no orbit between them. Third, the 
venter dried is honey-yellow on the terminal three or four joints, and in the 
middle only of one or two more. Basal plates black, as in Euura S. 
gemma. When recent, the venter was noticed as being greenish, and the 
legs are pale fulvous. Fourth, the legs dried are honey-yellow, immacu- 
late, except the extreme tarsal tips. Fifth, the basal one-half of the stigma 
is whitish, as in Euura S. ovum, female. Length, male .16 to .17 inch; 
front wing of male .17 to.18 inch. Two males, female unknown.” 

The following is a description of the females which I have reared in 
large numbers from the galls : 

Euura S. nodus, female.—Shining honey-yellow. Length, .22 to .25 
in. Head: Black spot enclosing the ocelli usually small, and not 
confluent with the eyes, palpi and tips cf mandibles black, otherwise 
yellow. Antenne: Last four joints of a more or less rufous tinge ; basal 
joints black, 3rd, 4th and 5th joints subequal, very gradually shorter to 
tip, ninth joint probably a trifle longer than eighth. Thorax with an 
oblong spot extending from the collar two-thirds of the way to the hind 
angle of lobe of the mesonotum. Metathorax, also sometimes pleura 
and pectus, black. There is a great variation here, and sometimes pleura 
and pectus are entirely yellow. Basal plates black. Abdomen yellow, 
with the exception of the sheath of the ovipositor, and part of the first 
segment, which are black. . Legs honey-yellow, with tarsal claws blackish. 
Wings hyaline, veins black except costal margin vein and base of stigma, 
which are whitish. 

The general appearance of Euura S. nodus and Euura S. ovum are 
the same. The latter is, however, much smaller, and the females of a 
darker colour. 

Quite a number of Euura S. ovum galls were collected, but only a 
very few brought to maturity any of the Saw-flies, In fact, very few of 


. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 301 


them contained larve at all, as they had been previously parasitized, 
consequently we were unable to make much of a study of this species, 
though their galls were quite common in certain localities. 

In the study of Euura S. nodus we were unable to make a study of 
the egg stage. Eggs are, however, undoubtedly laid by the adult female 
about the time that the willows are leafing out in the spring. They are 
deposited in a slit made in the bark by means of the little saw-like 
ovipositor. Asa result of the deposition of this egg within the twig, the 
characteristic gall is formed where the larve live throughout the winter 
months, pupating in the spring. The adults make their escape by means 
of the hole gnawed in gall by the larve before they ceased feeding for the 
winter. This, in general, is the life-history of the species. 

The following list of species occurring in some of the more 
important genera of Colorado, though far from being complete, we trust 
will aid in the further study of this interesting family. ier 

The references given do not in every case refer back to the 
publication in which the original description occurred, but wherever 
possible reference is made to some work commonly found in ordinary 
libraries. 

The material at my disposal was that owned by the Entomological 
Dept. of the Colo. Ag. College. Those specimens which were seen and 
studied by me throughout the time of these investigations are marked 
with a star ; other species did not occur in the collection, but are reported 
as occurring in the State by other writers on the Tenthredinide. 

Thanks are due Prof. Alex D. MacGillivray, of Cornell University, 
for helping in the determination of some of the material, also to Prof. 
C. P. Gillette, of the Colo. Ag. College, who kindly tendered the use of 
his collection and library, and under whose direction the work was carried 
out. 


*Cimbex americana, Leach, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Vol. 1, p. 201. 

oe triangulum, Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am., Vol. 4, p. 254. 
Trichiosoma aleutiana, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. t. 

{ Zarea americana, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 1. 

*) (Abia americana, Cresson.) 

*Hylotoma clavicornis, Fab., Trans. Am, Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 66. 

*Hylotoma McLeayi, Leach, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 64. 

*Hylotoma rubiginosa, Klug, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 72. 

*Hylotoma scapularis, Klug, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 67. 


302 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Didymia fusca, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1. p. 60. 
| (Hylotoma fusca, Klug.) 
Shizocera abdominalis, Norton, Proc. Phila. Ent. Soc., Vol. 4, p. 243. 
Shizocera plumiger, Nor., Proc. Phila. Ent. Soc’; Vol. 4, p. 242. 
*Shizocera tristis, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 52.. 
*Lophyrus Gillettei, MacGillivray. 
*Pristiphora idiota, Norton, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 77. 
*Euura minuata, MacGillivray. 
*Euura Salicis nodus, Proc. Phila. Ent. Soc., Vol. 6, p. 253. 
*Euura S. ovum, Walsh, Proc, Phila. Ent. Soc., Vol. 6, p. 253. . 
*Pteronus integer, Say, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1, p. 218. 
*Pteronus mendicus (Nem. m.), Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Vol. 6, 261. 
* Amauronematus californicus, Mar., Rev. Nematids N. A., p. 85. 
*Amauronematus Coquilletti, Mar., Ibidem, p. 84. , 
*Amauronematus orbitalis, Mar., Rev. Nem. of N. A., p. 80. 
*A mauronematus rapax (Nem. r.), Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, 


* 


Pp. 4. 
* Eriocampoides limacina, Retzius, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon, Pr., p. 35. 
*Hoplocampa bicculata, MacGill. et 


*Hoplocampa gentilis (Sel. g.), Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 14. 
*Hoplocampa halcyon (Sel. h.), Nor., Proc. Bos. Soc. N. H., Vol. 8, 
pLe22, : 
Hoplocampa lenis (Sel. 1.), Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 14. 
*Hoplocampa montana (Sel. m.), Cress., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Vol. 4, 
Pp. 244. 
Hoplocampa spissipes (Sel. s.), Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, 
|e 
*Blennocampa parva (Sel. p.), Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 12. 
*Blennocampa Gillettei, n. sp. — 
*Monophadnus barda (Sel. barda), Nor., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, 


Pp. 247- 
*Monophadnus irrogata (Sel. i.), Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, 
p. a3 
Monophadnus scelesta (Sel. s.), Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, 
p. 14. : 


Selandria decolorata, Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 15. 
Selandria dubia, Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Vol. 4, p. 244. 
Selandria obscurata, Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 15. 
Selandria sodalis, Cresson, Trans. Am, Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 14. 


© 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 30 


*Strongylogaster rubripes, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. 8, p. 20. 
*Strongylogaster rufocinctus, Nor, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 2, p. 217 
Stronglogaster fidus, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 19. 
*Monostegia rosz (Sel. r.), Nor., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 25¢ 
*Monostegia ignotus (Sel. i.), Nor., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 257. 
*Emphytus Gillettei. 
*Emphytus maculatus, Nor., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 232. 
*Emphytus mellipes, Nor., Boston Soc. N. H., Vol. 8, p. 155. 
*Emphytus coloradensis, n. sp. 
*Taxonus nigrisoma, Nor., Boston Proc. N. H., Vol. 9, p. 119. 
*Dolerus abdominalis, Nor., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 237. 
*Dolerus aprilus, Nor., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 236. 
*Dolerus arvensis, Say, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 235. 
*Dolerus collaris, Say, West. Quar. Report, Vol. 2, p. 72. 
Dolerus coloradensis, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 11. 
*Dolerus sericeus, Say, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.. Vol. 1, p. 235. 
*Dolerus similis, Nor., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. His., Vol. 8, p. 153. 
*Dolerus tejoniensis, Nor., Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. His., Vol. 8, p. 154. 
*Dolerus unicolor, Beauv., same as arvensis. 
*Macrophya trisyllaba, Nor., Bos. Jour. Nat. His., Vol. 7, p. 238. 
Macrophya epinotus, Nor., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. 1, p. 268. 
*Macrophya flavicoxz, Nor., B»s. Jour. Nat. His., Vol. 7, p. 258. 
*Macrophya pulchella, Klug (Ailantus flavolineatus, Nor.), Bos. Jour. Nat. 
His., Vol. 7, p. 259. 
Macrophya tibiator, Nor., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Vol. 3, p. 10. 
*Tenthredopsis atroviolaceus, Harris. 
*Tenthredopsis Evansii, Harris, Can. Ent., Vol. 25, p. 61. 
*Zaschizonyx albilineatus. 
*Allantus basilaris (Tenthredo b.), Say, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1 
Ok. 
*Allantus interruptus, Nor, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 263. 
Allantus occidaneus, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 18. 
*Allantus opimus, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. 8, p. 15. 
*Allantus unicinctus, Nor., Proc. Ent. Soc, Phila., Vol. 3, p. 9. 
Tenthredo equalis, MacGill, Can. Enr., Vol. 27, p. 284. 
Tenthredo addenda, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. 8, p. 23. 
Tenthredo bella, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. S5c., Vol, 8, p. 2t. 
*Tenthredo erythromera, Provancher, Addit. Faune Can. Hymen., p 13. 
*Tenthredo Evansii, Harris, Can. Env., Vol. 25, p. 61. 


7 


304 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS’. 


*Tenthredo ferrugineipes, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent, Soc., Vol. 8, p. 22. 
*Tenthredo flavomarginis, Nor., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 2, p. 238. 
*Tenthredo mimula, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 23. 
Tenthredo morosa, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. 8, p. 23. 
Tenthredo occidentalis, Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 23. 
Tenthredo pallipunctus, MacGill, Can. Ent.; Vol. 27, p, 282. 
*Tenthredo pectoralis, Nor., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 2, p. 237. - 
*Tenthredo pleuralis, Cress., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Vol. 4, p. 245. 
*Tenthredo rufipes, Nor., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Vol. 3, p. 15. 
Tenthredo sectilis, Cress, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 8, p. 23. 
Tenthredo terminatus, MacGill, Can. Ent., Vol. 27, p. 283. 
Tenthredo semirufus, Nor., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 2, p. 235. 
*Tenthredo variatus, Nor., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Vol. 25D, abet 
Tenthredo variegatus, Nor., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 2, p. 233. 
*Tenthredo verticalis, Say, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 2, p. 228. 
Tenthredo ventricus, MacGill, Can. Ent., Vol: 27, p. 284. 
*Tenthredo xanthus, Nor., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Vol. 3, p. 13. 
*Pcecilosoma punctulata, n. sp. 
Descriptions of New Species. 

Leécilosoma punctulata—Colour black. Length .25 inch. Head 
narrow from back to front. Eyes set well apart. Abdomen long and 
extremely flat. in the type specimen it is somewhat concave on the 
dorsal surface. The base of each segment of the abdomen, except the 
last two, contains two dorsal white spots, one on each side of the surface, 
extending nearly half way to the joint in front, and close to the centre of 
the body. Wings are hyaline, with a beautiful violaceous tinge. Stigma 
and nervures black. 


Emphytus coloradensis.—Colour black. Small species, being only 
.18 inch in length. Tips of mandibles red, and palpi white. Tibia, of 
front legs, tip of femora, and first joint of tarsus, white, rest of fore legs 
black. Middle pair of legs have the tibia and femora partly white. 
Hind legs entirely black. Wings hyaline, nervures biack. Lower two- 
thirds of stigma a lighter colour than upper third. 

Blennocampa Gillettet.—Colour black. Length of body .18 inch, to 
tip of wings .25 inch. Head rounded. Tegule white. Body short, 
contracted. Ali the legs agree in having the.tip of femora and tibie 
whitish, with the tarsi slightly darker in colour. Wings extend well 
beyond the tip of the abdomen. Slightly dusky, with beautiful violaceous 
tinge. Nervures black, Stigma wide, lower two-thirds of lighter colour 
than upper one-third. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 305 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF CECIDOMYID, 
BY WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK. 

Asphondylia solidaginis, sp. nov.—Male and female. Eyes black. 
Face and posterior portion of the head sordid-orange, with a few long 
black hairs. Neck orange. Thorax above slaty-brown, with short whitish 
hairs in the two longitudinal grooves, and with rather long brownish hairs 
along the sides. Scutellum slaty-brown. Sides of thorax dull orange, 
marked with black. Abdomen dull slaty-brown, sparsely covered with short 
appressed whitish hairs ; junctions of segments dull orange ; under side 
wholly dull orange with whitish hairs. Legs of female black, femora 
whitish basally, junctions of femora and tibie narrowly white: first joint 
of tarsi pinkish-white. Legs of male paler than in the female, somewhat 
pinkish in certain lights, and with the white band on the junction of the 
femora and tibie less distinct. Wings densely covered with blackish 
scales. Halteres dull orange, with brownish-black scales. Length of 
male, 2.50 to 2.75 mm.; of female, 2.50 to 3mm. Expanse of male, 4.50 
mm.; of female, 6 mm. 

Gall.—Monothalamous. Pale green, rounded somewhat, blister-like, 
much broader than high, single, or two or three in a row coalescing. 
Inside it is white, and contains a large larval chamber. It is formed 
between two, three or four leaves fastened together, the gall protruding 
on the upper and under side of the leaves. Width, 2.50 to 3.50 mm.; 
height, 2 mm. 

Habitat.—Fort Lee, New Jersey ; Staten Island and Bronx Park, 
New York City; Valley of the Black Mts., North Carolina (W. B.) ; 
Ithaca, New York (J. G. Needham). 

Very common in certain localities, 

The gall is evidently formed in the young buds of the plant when 
the immature leaves are galled by the larva, and remain fastened together 
as the leaves develop and become mature. The gall becomes mature late 
in June and early in July. The larvze transform in the galls, and the flies 
emerge early in July. The gall is found on the Golden-rod (Solidago 
serotina), and it seems to be confined to this species of plant. 

Cecidomyia lysimachia, sp. nov.—Male and female. Eyes black ; 


face and posterior portion of the head white. Antenne brown. Thorax 
eptember, 1907 


306 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


deep brown above, with golden-brown hairs along the middle and at the 
sides to the base of the wings. Thorax at the sides and beneath 
semi-translucent, red. Scutellum red. Abdomen blood-red, with a very 
broad, brown band on each segment ; sides and beneath blood-red, with 
a few pale scales. Wings blackish-hyaline. Legs fuscous. above, pale 
brown beneath. MHalteres reddish. Expanse, 3 mm. é 

- Gall.—Bud-like, and composed of immature leaves drawn together. 
It is formed at the extreme summit of the plant. , 

Habitat.—Fort Lee, New Jersey; Bronx Park, New York City. 

The eggs are deposited in the young buds of the Loosestrife 
(Lysimachia quadrifolia), causing them to remain aborted and fastened 
together. The flies emerge late in June. After the flies have emerged, 
the deformed leaves of the galled buds begin to expand. 


Cecidomyia myrice, sp. nov.—Male and female. Eyes dark brown; 
front semi-translucent, sordid white. Antenne as long as the body, 
fuscous ; first and second joints semi-translucent, white. Thorax dull 
brown, smooth, with two yellowish longitudinal lines on the dorsum ; 
posterior portion and scutellum dull amber-yellow, sides of thorax dull 
amber-yellow marked with brown. Abdomen dull amber-yellow above 
and below, sparsely beset with brown hairs. Legs fuscous. Wings 
hyaline, with black scales. Halteres semi-translucent, yellowish. Length, 
.75 to I mm. 

Habitat.—Carlstadt, New Jersey. 

Bred Aug. 2nd to 5th from bud-galls on Myrica cerifera. The larve 
live in numbers in the buds of this plant, causing them to become 
deformed. ‘The larvee pupate in the ground. 

Cecidomyia metbomitfolia, sp. nov.—Male and female. Eyes black. 
Thorax and abdomen pale orange, the latter somewhat darker dorsally. 
Antenne and legs fuscous. Wings blackish, hyaline. Length, 1.25 to 
1.50 mm. 

Hfabitat.—Carlstadt, New Jersey. 

The larve live in the buds of Mezbomia Canadense, causing an arrest 
of growth of the leaves. Collected July r1th.- Adults emerged July 2oth 
to 25th. Larve pupate in the ground. 


Cecidomyia verbene, sp. nov.— Male and female. Head and thorax 
pale semi-translucent, yellow. Eyes black. Antenne fuscous, whitish at 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 307 


the junctions of the segments, with long brown hairs in the male, simple 
in the female. Abdomen pale semi-transiucent, orange or yellow ; 
posterior portions of the segments with rather long concolorous hairs 
directed backward. Legs pale yellow. Wings yellowish, hyaline. 
Length, 1 to 1.25 mm. 

Habitat.—Bronx Park, New York City ; Fort Lee, New Jersey. 

The larvee of this species live in numbers between the unexpanded 
young leaves of the common white or Nettle-leaved Vervain ( Verbena 
urticifolia), causing them to become deformed and twisted. Collected 
July 8th to roth. The flies emerged from July 15th to 25th. The larvee 


transform in the ground. 


DISASTROUS FIRE AT NEWARK, N. J. 


The headquarters of the Newark Entomological Society, on the 
fourth floor of the Newark Turn Hall, were completely destroyed by fire 
in the early morning of June 3rd, 1907. The conflagration demolished 
not only the entire building, but also resulted in the loss of three lives. 

The property of the Society consisted of a forty-drawer cabinet, con- 
taining 1,000 specimens of Lepidoptera and 2,500 specimens of Coleoptera, 
mostly representing local forms, besides a small collection in other orders ; 
also a book-case with rro bound volumes and 365 unbound volumes 
and pamphlets. All of this property was consumed by the flames, except 
a few books that were in the hands of members. This collection of 
publications and insects was the accumulation of over 20 years of the 
Society’s existence, and as the loss was only partially covered by insur- 
ance it will be a long time before it can be replaced. Some of the books, 
perhaps, can-never be obtained again. 

The Society will be exceedingly grateful for any help in the way of 
restoring the library that may be given it. Entomolegists are earnestly 
invited to send separates of their papers or other publications that they 
may have in duplicate, for which the cost of transmission will be gladly 
refunded. Until the Society is again established in permanent quarters, 
parcels should be addressed to the secretary at New Brunswick, New 
Jersey. JoHN A. GROSSBECK, Secretary. 


308 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


TWO NEW SPECIES OF TENTHREDINOIDEA., 
BY ALEX. D. MACGILLIVRAY, ITHACA, N. Y. 


The following descriptions are offered so as to make it possible to 
refer to the species by name in descriptive papers. 

Pamphilius persicum, n, sp.—Female. — Body black, with the 
following parts yellow: the labrum and clypeus broadly, the posterior 
orbits, the front orbits with a band: extending to the occiput, with two 
tooth-like projections on the mesal side near the eye, a pair of lunate 
marks behind the ocelli, a small spot on the hypoclypeal area, the palpi, 
the V-spot, the tegule and base of the wings, the scutellum, the post- 
scutellum, a small irregular spot on the pleura, and the legs, except the 
extreme bases of the coxe, becoming rufous beyond the middle of the 
tibiz ; mandibles and abdomen rufous; antennze with thirty segments, 
the third and fourth subequal in length. Length, 10 mm. 


Habitat.-—Yalesville, Connecticut. Collected by Mr. B. H. Walden, 
on peach, 14th June, 1906. 


Fylotoma spiculata, n. sp.—Female.—Rufous, with the following 
parts black: apical half of the mandibles,~ apical half of the suture 
extending from the antennz to the mandibles, a minute spot above the 
base of the antenne, the apical third of the antennz, the prothorax, except 
the apex of the pronotum, the middle of the median lobe,. a spot on the 
lateral lobes at the base of the wings, the metathorax, the pectus, the sides 
of the basal plates, a broad band on the sides of the five basal abdominal 
segments, with a narrow line extending along the posterior dorsal and the 
posterior ventral margins of the segments, the ventral half of the saw- 
guides, the coxze, the trochanters, the apical half of the femora, a broad 
band on the front wings from the medio-cubital cross-vein to the apex of 
the wing, except the stigma and a narrow area beneath it; a triangular 
spot in the third median cell, a spot covering the cubital and anal area, 
and the apex of the hind wings; the tentorial invagination of the front 
distinct, two and one-half times as long as_ broad ; posterior tibiz with a 
single middle spur ; claws simple ; antennz, apex of the abdomen, apex 
of the legs, and wings yellowish. Length, 13 mm, 


Male.—Entirely bluish-black, except the anal and cubital areas of the 
front wings and the basal half of the hind wings. Length, r2 mm. 
Habitat.—Oak Creek Canon, New Mexico, 6,000 ft., August; F. H, 


Snow, collector. 
September, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 309 


NEW HISTORIES AND SPECIES IN PAPAIPEMA (HYDRECIA). 
BY HENRY BIRD, RYE, N. Y. 
(Continued from page 276.) 


Few will appreciate better than the author that the working 
out of life-histories in this genus is a greater contribution to entomological 
knowledge than the mere description of new forms. One gets quite a 
different idea as to what is truly representative from breeding the various 
species than from the random imago that is occasionally captured. These 
moths are unusually secretive, their flight and life being very short 
normally, so that their appearance in cabinets is rare compared to their 
number in nature. Far example, cerussafa is commoner, locally, than 
nitela, yet the former appears in a short interval, while the latter’s 
emergence is for a lengthy, protracted period, and it is on the wing during 
the whole of September and October. So one will take at light fifty of 
nitela to one cerussata per season. With species having a concentrated 
appearance there is good evidence that a female never spreads her wings 
unfertilized, and it is known that their life after oviposition, which con- 
sumes three or four days at most, is hardly longer. It is a fact, too, with 
many specimens in collections which were taken in flight, that we find 
them undersized and ill-marked, being examples whose emergence was 
protracted past the normal date, or whose larvee left their original burrows 
and completed their transformation in a more or less starved condition, 
and they little show what the species really should be like. A good 
illustration occurs with ezfaztorii, the few undersized specimens which 
happened to be in collections were identified as ve//¢ta. So soon as the 
former is bred and a representative specimen comes to hand, no one for a 
moment would assign it to any previously-described form. And even with 
nelita, it has remained for breeding to definitely settle its identification. 

These arguments are advanced to show cause for still another name, 
indicative of a species very widely distributed and which has been under 
observation in its early stages for seven years, and which finds in Pferis 
aqguilina a plant commensurate to all its desires. So close, however, does 
it come to Harrisii as larva, and to purpurifascia as imago, with a 
balance of suggestion pointing to the former species, that to raise it to 
specific rank appeared superfluous. Yet efforts to prove it a variety fail, 
and the evidence in the field offers not the remotest clue to that end. The 
slight discrepancy from Harrisii seemed easily attributable to the differ- 


ence in food-plant, and the question was closely studied. The latter 
September, 1907 


310 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


chooses Heracleum /anatum, which is pungent, juicy and of rank growth, 
quite as opposite to the dry, stringy fern-stem as one could well imagine. 
Heracleum grows in great perennial clusters in many places at Rye, some 
having been undisturbed for a quarter of a century and never burned over. 
Even with such ideal conditions, and in a search that has gone on 
regularly for twelve years to detect the borings of Harrisii, there has 
never once appeared a Pafaifema larva working in it, nor has this species 
occurred from any other local source. In practically the same locations 
Fteris grows abundantly, each year tenanted by goodly colonies of its 
particular form. Evidently, at the present time there is no change of 
food-plant. So the experiment of introducing the fern-borers at various 
stages to a Heracleum diet, which is easy in its hollow stalk, was repeated- 
ly made, and always with negative results. Cross,breeding was not 
attempted for lack of materia!, and such artificial resorts hardly confirm 
natural conditions. While this diagnosis of appetite is not to be con- 
sidered of value specifical’y, there are features in the generalized larva 
which point to this form being the stem of the various yellow species, 
certainly its taste fora Cryptogam might havé been brought down from 
those remote ages of the past, that are clothed in the Cenozoic haze we 
would so gladly pierce. Finding ourselves, then, in contact with this 
representative form, whose history and anatomy must have.an important 
bearing in a study of the phylogeny cf the genus, we ask to be allowed to 
introduce still another aristocrat. 

Papaisema prerisii, n. sp.—Form and habits typical ; ground colour 
yellow. Primaries show the usual markings and contrasts. T. p. line 
bends but little, its geminate form hardly discernible, the outside one a 
purple fascia, though in many specimens it might not be regarded as such. 
Reniform broken, partly concolorous, only the two inner sections white- 
marked. The orbicular and claviform offer the best superficial character, 
the latter is not divided ; orbicular irregularly quadrate, and its attachment 
to the upper part of claviform produces a conspicuous, brightly-white 
blotch or bar, longer than the reniform. . Secondaries lighter, clouded at 
the margin. The discal spot is not noticed from above. The male 
structures are fitly representative of the typical: form. They differ from 
verona, though not perceptibly from Harrisit or purpurtfascia. Expanse, 
31-32 mm.; 1.25 in. Three specimens furnished the description. A 
co-type will be placed in the National Museum, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 311 


The species is less highly coloured than purpurifascia, from which 
its larva separates it, and the slight differences in moth and larva remove 
it sufficiently from the other ally. 


May 25th to 28th find the young larvee hatching from the hibernated 
eggs. They enter the stem a few inches above the ground, and work 
down to the natural enlargement of the stalk that occurs in all plants, 
whether infested or not, just below the ground-level. At the same date 
the plant is attacked above by a Micro, in the petiole of the unrolling 
frond. Both often choose the same plant, though their combined efforts 
produce little retardation. A very limited gallery is made by Aferis:z, for 
the plant is inadequate for extended mining, the larva eats less, and is the 
most lethargic of any known. To the fourth moult the larva shows no 
individuality, except that it belongs to the group having the white dorsal 
line alone continuous and unbroken. Stage V: Colour dull wine-red, 
lines white, dorsal continuous. No accessory tubercle IVa, the true IV 
low down in the generalized Noctuid position. Ali tubercles small and 
ill-defined. Head wider than shield. Stage VI: Head 2.1 mm. wide, 
still narrower than shield, and shield small. Colour is much faded. 
Tubercles same as before, neither IV nor V on joint ten bear seta. Stage 
VII: Head 2.4 mm. wide, normal. All lines and colours lost in a soiled 
translucence. The larva now typifies a primitive, generalized form of that 
section which has in its early stages the continuous dorsal line, not 
acquiring any special accessory and protecting tubercle plate at the 
spiracle on joint ten. Of its allies, Aurpurdfascia has acquired a large 
plate here, and Harrisii a very minute one. — All tubercles weak, though 
black marked ; normal. Length, 37 mm. Pupation occurs fn the last 
days of July, the plant being deserted, and the moths come forth August 
21st to 31st. 


Probably no other species suffers to quite such an extent from regular 
yearly parasitism. Though it is so common and is represented in most 
collections, the acquisition of a good series is no easy matter. The plant 
is obdurate for breed-cage experiments, and maturity in the field finds 
them stung, and doubly stung. So fierce is this struggle and so numerous 
are the persecutors that it seems natural selection could never play much 
impoftance in any unbroken Jine; nor is it seen how such mutants as 
might arise were able to perpetuate a new character. But even the last 
few centuries must have surrounded our Lepidoptera with greatly changed 
conditions, and we are little able to speculate conclusively. 


312 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Papaipema (Gortyna) eupatorit, Lyman —This newly-described 
species was encountered in the larval state in the New Brighton section, 
establishing the fact, that, like most other species, .1t is widely disseminated. 
It is quite distinctive in both moth and larva, being easy of recognition, 
especially as the food-plant does not seem to be popular with many other 
species, and it is certainly one of the nice things recently exploited. The 
lurva has the happy trait of pupating in the food-plant, thus offering an 
extended period for securing it. Were parasites less destructive it would 
be easiest to let them thus remain and simply gather the pupe. But 
Eupatorium is an unguinly plant to transport, and if left to mature afield 
but a very smal! percentage remain unaffected, hence it is not so easy to 
get it in numbers as some other species. An exit aperture, similar to the 
work of zmperturbata, is made, for the stem rarely falls so as to be broken 
off, and the larva is careful to plug the great hollow stalk with dried bits 
above, so the moth must use the door, and not make the mistake of 
crawling up the interior. 

The following will sufficiently characterize the larva, which has not 
been described : Head 2 mm. wide, rather smell for the stage and size of 
larva ; yellow and shining, as is the shield. Mouth-parts and ocelli only 
are black. Body tapers both anteriorly and posteriorly slightly ; colour 
pale dull sienna. Lines are wide, pale cream colour, indistinct for the 
stage, none seem to cross the first four abdominal segments. An earlier 
stage might prove the dorsal to be continuous, but there is so little 
contrast at present it cannot be made out. Tubercles are very weak and 
concolorous, though IIL and IV can be made out, except on joint ten, 
where III, directly above the spiracle, is a minute dot. On this joint 1V 
is transparent and normal; there is no accessory [Va above it. Spiracles 
very small, the merest dots, but are black, as is usual. Anal plates small. 
Length, 35 mm. 

Mature larva: As before, except that the shade is a creamy-white. 
The body is very perceptibly thickened centrally. No change in plates. 
A primitive larva that one would hardly think belonged to ‘this genus at 
_ first glance. Length, 37 mm. 

The pupal change occurs in the first days .of August, and the pupa 
is more cylindrical and less tapering than its close allies. On the front is 
a very slight ridge, though this is not toothed as in necofina. One speci- 
men only had the very faintest spur. The anal extremity is comparatively 
blunt. Moths emerge September 20th to 28th. The male structures 


- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 313 


show some individuality compared with its allies. The harpes are less 
forked, obtusely rounded above, the outer margin nearly straight to the 
‘lower lobe, which is there sharply angled, but the usual slender, tooth-like 
projection does not occur. 


Papaipema nelita, Strecker.—The exact standing and determination 
of this species had not been clear to the minds of all, especially the writer, 
so when the larva and early habit came to light there was much satisfac- 
tion experienced. After two seasons’ acquuintance it is still of much 
interest, being very coy in the matter of supplying imagoes, a total of three 
for the two years is really the worst ever experienced. These poor returns 
were due to its maturing at an unexpectedly early date, and the enemies 
that prey are legion. Upon the first appearance of the moth it was 
identified as Strecker’s species from the description, and later this was 
confirmed by an examination of his types. rata, described by Lyman 
as a new form in igor, was soon afterward placed by its author as a 
synonym of this species. It can hardly be me/:ta, however, and is likely 
valid, certainly if the larva is as he mentions in the meagre note, stating 
that the usval longitudinal lines are all continuous. Only two other 
species possess this feature—cataphracta and duovata—and we know the 
larve of all other known mouse-gray species. As the food-plant he 
mentions is Burdock, his find was evidently a case of substitution, for the 
species is not taken commonly from that source, even in the type locality, 
and as this plant is very generally bored by cataphracta the question may 
be open to possible error. 

Rudbeckia laciniata is the plant chosen by xe/ita, and judging by its 
numbers in Western Pennsylvania and the wide distribution of the plant, 
it must occur very generally through the Middle States, though perhaps 
not crossing the Alleghanies in such numbers, for it has not so far been 
detected in Westchester County, N. Y. Work is carried on at the foot of 
the large stems, getting below ground at maturity, and an oval swelling is 
produced, which strengthens the stem sufficiently to keep erect. The 
commodious cell thus formed is forsaken, however, for the pupal change, 
though why such snug quarters do not appeal to.this species, when all the 
rest of the superficially-allied ones change in their burrows, is not apparent. 
Working in conjunction with weZita at the base of Rudbeckia is the larva 
of the recently-described Aysterosia Birdana, Busck, which shares in the» 
imago the pretty purplish-brown colours of its partner. A more than 
usual affinity appears to exist between the two, the galls tenanted by xe/:ta 


314 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


very often have the walls mined by B/rdana, and it may be that these 
swellit gs are more spongy and tender than the bases of unaffected plants. 
Pupation is reached by the latter before ze/ita larve are quite mature, and 
its appearance is correspondingly sooner. Busck’s type was inadvertently 
labelled “bred from /7e/tanthus,” which is here corrected. 


Nelita \arvee were found in the iast two stages, and it proved to 
belong to the section possessing the continuous dorsal line. An inflate 
at maturity shows some individuality, and its description is as follows : 
Head normal and agreeing with allies; 2.4 mm. in width. Shield wider 
than head, though its length, dorsally, is less than usual. All tubercles 
defined with black plates, the usual discrepancy in the size of some is not 
apparent. For instance, I is comparable to IV in point of size on all 
abdominal segments, a feature which rarely happens; in fact, all are very 
similar, except Ilia, which is normally small, and fies very close to the 
spiracle at its upper anterior corner. The abdominal leg plates are equally 
evident and bear three sete. On joint ten IV is normally placed low 
down, with no accessory plate above at the upper posterior side of the 
spiracle. The latter are black. The anal shield is comparatively small, 
the two dorsal plates preceding on this joint are not merged with it, or 
with each other. The body tapers at each extremity ; its colour is white, 
all lines lost, the -semi-translucence less livid than in many others. 
Length, 35 mm. 


Maturity occurs July 15th to 2oth, and the pupa is formed under a 
slight depth of soil or moss. It is a very ordinary, normal pupa, no | 
development at the clypeal region, its colour darker and less shining than 
any species here described. Length, 17 mm. Dates of emergence, 
September 1st to :sth. 

Papaipema frigida, Smith.—The description of the species thadictri, 
Lyman, and its so-called variety, erobso/eta, in this magazine for Septem- 
ber, 1905, drew attention to.the Meadow Rue as being a preferred food- 
plant in its case, where our own experience had only heretofore 
encountered cataphracta working in this plant. The western Pennsyl- 
vania fauna was found to be prolific of the species, and due search finally 
disclosed it in the home locality. In the series bred all are those having 
white-marked stigmata, and their resemblance to cerwssata is striking fora 
species whose larve differ so obviously, and it is likely that flown 
examples of one could easily be mistaken for the other. This reflection 
leads to another, presenting a question that dates back to the Revision of 


, 


O . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 315 


Hydreecia in 1899, by Prof. J. B. Smith. At that time material was com- 


paratively scarce and the larval histories mostly unknown, but it has been 


a matter of satisfaction that subsequent breeding and larval studies have 
been confirmatory of the new features there advanced. ‘There was, 
however, one question, one oversight apparently that never could be 
fathomed. 


Illustrations in the Revision were of male structures only, and one, 
fig. 25, on plate II, presumed to represent cerwssata, was found to be in 
error. Cerussata had later become plentiful through the discovery of its 
larve, and the genitalia were duly examined to note the “break” occurring 
with it, as chronicled in that publication. But it was found to be entirely 
typical, well represented by such a large structure as is shown at fig. 23. 
Prof. Smith went over it again, and agrees that there has been some over- 
sight, that he must have figured some other which he mistook for the 
Grote species. 


But what? This was a frequently-recurring question, and its 
elucidation seemed remote indeed. So the suggestion that ¢hadictrd may 
be this mistaken species finds confirmation in an examination of these 


structures, and it seems that fig. 25 is no error in itself, only it is wrongly 
labelled. 


This conclusion naturally leads to another view-point, from which we 
now see ¢hadictri in a new light. Among the larvee of this species a few 
have produced, in rearing, a form in which the stigmata are concolorous 
with its general tone, and which has been characterized under the varietal 
name ferohsoleta. This feature of instability in the coloration of the 
stigmata is common to a number of species, and when series are not 
sufficiently complete to show gradations, there is quite a superficial 
difference in the appearance of the extremes by reason of contrast. Now 
fig. 25 of the plite in question (fhadictr7) is almost identical with fig. 26, 
representative of frigida. And what do we find to separate the latter 
from the form with concolorous stigmata? Nothing in the description 
and nothing in the types, except the usual difference between flown and 
bred material. It would then appear that ¢ha/ictr7, Lyman, 1905, will fall 
to frigida, Smith. 1899, at which earlier date the form having concolorous 
stigmata was described. There naturally arises the question at the 
meeting of species showing two superficial forms in the colour scheme, 
which is typical and which is varietal, especially in a case where it is 
deemed wise to name both. The prevalence of one against the fewness 


316 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of the other usually determine this, though a few chance meetings should 
hardly settle the matter. There are other arguments that may with 
propriety be considered. , | 

Variety ought hardly to apply to the stem species, the primitive stock, 
even though it may have waned in numbers, giving way to later develop- 
ment, in whatever direction this may occur. That in /rig?da (perobsoleta ) 
we really see represented a stem species, and in those having the spots 
white, a later specialized and varying form, is most probable. The 
general Noctuid phylogeny would point in this direction and the larvae 
also bear it out. “/y/gida larve are the most generalized of any species, a 
direct opposite to cerussata, which is the most specialized. Limpida larvee 
should certainly fall between the two, notwithstanding the similarity in 
the imagoes of the first two species. Had Prof. Smith noticed the geni- 
talic differences in the valid cerwssata from his figure 25, and given 
specific distinction, when he failed to see differencés in the aggregation 
of flown examples at hand for study, and had these larve remained 
unknown, such diserimination would have received the disapproval of 
hair-splitting—a basing of species on genitalia alone. So, a varietal term 
for the white matked /r7g?da may await further developments, the inter- 
grades will likely appear, and if we are to name the extremes, sfeciostsstma, 
Harrisii, inquesita and purpurifascia at once stand ready with variations 
to swell the list. What this fr7g¢¢da development does convey is the need 
for close scrutiny from all sides, the importance of working cut life- 
histories and larval comparisons, the very striking value, in this case, of 
structural studies. And this is no criticism, but an excuse, whereby we 
show that it is worth while to continue a search through a decade or more, 


in running down these wily borers. 

It may be complained, however, that descriptions of these closely- 
allied moths should not be attempted without figures ; we often hear such 
a complaint at any rate. But with this group there are things more 
important than figures, more important than types. How many of the 
latter, especially with these moths, will be of use for comparison a century 
hence? Certainly none in private collections. Then there is the lahel, 
that thing apart; oh, the heartburnings from a transposed label! As to 
figures, he must be an expert indeed who can determine all the species 
from figures, and a figure only represents one individual. 


We need more than this. We get it the moment a life-history is 
published, giving food-plant and general biological data. From this point 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. sb 


it is an open book to all, those who feel interest may peruse, those who 
can discriminate always find the bookmark in place. For a large page 
and bold type try pferis7¢—from Ottawa to Washington, the central plains 
to the seaboard—that yellow, sickly, brake frond on any hillside, a 
conspicuous feature of the landscape when attention is called to it; date 
July rs5th. 

How clearly the light bas shone over Hartris’s species /eucostigma by 
reason of the food-plant being mentioned. His name fell through pre- 
occupancy in the European fauna, but we could never have known what 
species he meant from even the good description, had that been all. 
Grote, 2t various times, placed it in the synonymy of three different 
species and redescribed it under a fourth. That purpurifascia, the 
universal Columbine feeder, was -Harris’s species we know beyond 
question, since that good man mentioned that-its larva had. feasted on 
the roots of a fine double Columbine in his garden. His description of 
one hundred and twenty words might have been cut in twain ; his type— 
it has probably gone where all good types will ultimately go. . Life- 
histories were generally unknown in Grote’s time, and though now slowly 
giving up their secrets, there is great need for co-operation, especially 
from the West. 


NEW TROPICAL AMERICAN HESPERID®. 
BY GEO. A. EHRMANN, PITTSBURGH, PENNA, | 


Leucochitonea Jason, n. sp.—This species is very closely allied to 
L. locutia of Hew., but it is not so robust in’ build. ‘The colour of the 
head, thorax and abdomen is paler. Ground colour of the upper side 
of both pair of wings has a tendency to being semitransparent; basal 
area is not so dark. Outer margin is lightly shaded with pale brown ; 
in this shaded space on the hind wings is a marginal row of whitish 
lunate spots. Fringes on the hind wings -are white, on the fore wings 
black. 


Under side: palpi, legs and abdomen white; thorax dark brown. 
The markings on the under side of all the wings are the same as above, but 
much paler. I find no special distinction in the markings in the sexes for 
separate description. 


Exp. 2 inches. Types in cabinet of Ehrmann. Hab.: Suapure, 


Venezuela. 
September, 1907 


318 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


Leucochitonea Janice, ». sp.—Male: upper side, head, palpi and 
antennz black ; thorax black with a coat of long whitish hair-like scales. 
The abdomen is white with a brownish cast. Fore wings pure white, 
costal margin black, the apical and other margins are black ; in the apical 
area there is a white dash running from costa to outer margin ; fringes 
black. Hind wings pure white with a narrow black thread-ke margin ; 
fringes white. 

Under side: thorax black, with a conspicuous white spot at the base 
of the fore wings, and a smaller reddish spot at the base of the hind wings. 
The abdomen is pure white, with two black lateral bars running its full 
length. Legs black. The fore wings are the same as above, but much 
lighter. Hind wings white, with a slight cast of brown scales. Al! the 
nervures are dark brown. ; 

Exp. 176 inches. Type in cabinet of Ehrmann. Habitat : Suapure, 
Venezuela. Note—The species that is most closely allied to Z. Janice is 
L. pastor of Feld. from Mexico. 

Leucochitonea Euphemie, n. sp.—Allied to L. canescens of Felder 
from Mexico; the thorax is more robust ; the abdomen is more decidedly 
annulated with lighter gray and the antennz are heavier and longer. 
Fore wings on the upper side: The subapical and median row of spots 
are more decidedly outlined and not so large and confluent as in 
L. canescens. Hind wings on the upper side: The discoidal space is more 
broken into smaller and irregular shaped spots; there is also a row of six 
small pin-point spots on the outer margin. Fringes are heavier and paler. 
The under side of fore wings is the same as above, but lighter. 

Hind wings on the under side are pure white, with a narrow disrupted 
black border. Under side: palpi, thorax, legs and abdomen pure white. 

Exp. 156 inches. ‘Types in cabinet of Ehrmann. Hab.: Suapure, 
Venezuela. 

Pamphila Antenora, n. sp.—Upper side: antenne and palpi dark 
brown; head dark brown, with two rows of three small white spots; thorax 
and abdomen dark brown. Upper side of fore wings, ground colour dark 
brown; at the extreme end of the discoidal there is a kidney-shaped 
transparent spot one-sixteenth of an inch in size; in the limbal inner 
space near the lower median nervure there is a square elongate trans- 
parent spot; above this on the median nervure there is another spot that 
is transparent and triangular in shape, pointing outwardly, and above this 


. 
. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 319 


in the next cell is another small square spot which is moved a little nearer 
the outer margin ; in the apical inner space there are two small pin-point 
spots. 

Hind wings: on the upper side the ground color is a shade lighter 
than on the fore wings, and on the inner space beginning at the apex and 
ending at the abdominal margin it is still another shade lighter ; on the 
subapical space there is a well-defined grayish line about one-eighth of an 
inch long. Fringes brown, but lighter than the ground colour of both pairs 
of wings. 

Under side: palpi, thorax and abdomen white; legs pale brown. On 
the fore wings the ground colour is the same as above, but a shade lighter. 
The apical area is suffused with a violaceus tint. All other markings are 
the same as above. On the hind wings the ground colour is white, with 
a pinkish cast; the nervures are pinkish brown. 

Exp. male 1 9/16 inches. Type in cabinet of Ehrmann. Hab.: 
Suapure, Venezuela. 

Pamphila Elenora, 1. sp.—Upper side is dark brown, almost black. 
Fore wings have two small transparent marks in the limbal area ; in the 
subapical space there are two very faint spots. Hind wings have a slightly 
lighter shading across the fascia. Fringes are scanty and black. 

Under side: palpi, thorax and abdomen chocolate brown; the 
abdomen has two faint buff-coloured lateral bars. Legs light chestnut 
brown, On the fore wings the ground colour is the same as above, only 
a trifle lighter ; there is a dash of yellow on the costa above the outer end 
of the discoidal cell. On the hind wings the ground colour is of a rich 
cinnamon brown ; there is a narrow buff bar beginning on the costa near 
the apex and extending across the fascia to the submedian nervure. 

Exp. 1 7/16 inches. Collected by E. A. Klages. ‘Type in cabinet 
of Ehrmann. MHab.: Suapure, Venezuela. 

FPamphila Theodora, n. sp.— Upper side: antenne, head, thorax and 
abdomen brown. Both on the lower and upper side of the base of the 
antenne on the head there is a conspicuous white spot; between the 
eyes is a sharp, well-defined white streak ; the neck is of a buff colour. 

Upper side of the fore wings: ground colour rich chestnut brown ; 
there are two transparent spots in the lower area of the discoidal cell ; 
the upper is triangular and the lower is quadrate in shape. The sub- 
apical area has a row of six elongate yellowish spots on the inner margin ; 
from the base to the median area is a light brownish shade, above this is 
a well-defined golden-yellow spot, 


320 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Upper side of the hind wings: ground colour is a shade lighter than 
on the fore wings; running.through the fascia from the apex to the 
abdominal margin is a row of seven golden elongated spots. Fringes 
light yellow. rea ; 

Under side: palpi pale buff, thorax dark brown, abdomen dark brown, 
with two white lateral bars. The legs are chocolate brown. On the 
fore wings the ground colour is the same as above ; costa light chestnut 
brown, tip of apex chestnut brown, the-subapical spots that are on the 
upper side are reproduced on the under side by a broad white bar shaded 
at both ends with chestnut brown. The two transparent spots that are 
above are suffused into one irregular spot, and beneath this near the 
inner margin is a dirty whitish block, On the hind wings the ground 
colour is of a deep rich chocolate brown; there is a large pure white bar 
on the subcostal space ; beginning at the base and ending at the apex 
‘there is a black dash in the discoidal cell; then there is another larger 
white bar beginning below the apex and extending across the fascia to the 
abdominal margin, and from the middle of the outer margin to the anal 
angle it is shaded with pale buff. 


Exp. 1 4/5 inches. Type in cabinet of Ehrmann. MHab.: Suapure, 
Venezuela. 


Thymele terracina, n. sp. — Female. — Upper side: the antenne, 
palpi, head and abdomen are very dark brown. The thorax is dark 
brown, but clothed with a coat of long sage-green scales. On the fore 
wings the ground colour is dark brown ; basal area dusted lightly with 
sage-green, at the outer end of the discoidal cell there ts a large U-shaped 
transparent spot; above this spot on the costa there are two narrow 
elongated spots of the same colour. Below the+discoidal cell in the 
limbal. area there is almost a straight bar of three unequal-sized lunate 
‘transparent spots; on the apical inner space there is a curved line 
of six transparent spots, beginning on the costa and ending on the upper 
median vein. Fringes brown. On the hind wings the ground colour is. 
dark brown; the basal area is heavily dusted with rich sage-green. 
' Fringes pure white ; from the apex of the anal angle to the base the 
fringes are brown. 

Under side: palpi ashen gray, legs light brown; thorax and abdomen 
dark brown, thorax clothed with long blackish-brown hair-like scales. 
The fore wings are of a light chestnut brown, uniform throughout, trans- 
parent spots same as above. On the hind wings the ground colour is very 


bo 
= 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS!. 


daik brown, costa a shade lighter, apex ashen-gray, between the median 
and the lower submedian vein there is a slight scattering of white scales. 
Tails % inch in length. 

Exp. 256 inches. Type in cabinet of Ehrmann. Hab.: Remedios, 
U. S. Columbia, S. A. 

Thymele viterboana, n.sp.—Upper side : antenne brown; head, thorax 
and abdomen olive-green. On the fore wings the ground colour is of a 
rich chestnut-brown, but grows a little lighter toward the base. The basal 
area is slightly sprinkled with bluish-green scales. The transparent spots 
are situated in a similar position to those in Z: harpagus, Felder, but not 
so conspicuous. The fringes are brown. On the hind wings the ground 
colour is much darker than it is on the fore wings, the costa is lighter. 
The median space, beginning at the base of the wing and shading towards 
the tails, is a beautiful olive-green. Fringes brown, but dentated with 
white on the outer margin. , 

Under side: palpi buff; thorax, legs and abdomen dark brown. On 
the fore wings the ground colour is much lighter than it is above, but with 
a darker shade on the outer marginal space, the spots are all the same 
as above. On the hind wings the ground colour is dark brown, basal and 
costa! area lighter, then running across the fascia and outer margin there 
are two lighter brown bars. 

Tails, 3/16 of an inch in length. Expanse of fore wings, 214 inches. 

Hab.—Sacorro, U.S. Columbia, S$. A. Type in cabinet of Ehrmann. 

Thymele Guatemalaina, n. sp.—Male. Closely allied to the female 
of 7. proteus, Linn., on the upper surface. ‘The ground colour and spots 
are very similar, but the spots are not so distinctly separated. The basal 
area has a tendency to be lighter. 

Under side: palpi fulvous ; thorax and legs brown ; abdomen ashen- 
gray. Fore wings light brown, inner margin still lighter; spots same as 
above. On the hind wings the ground colour is dark chestnut-brown ; 
there is a narrow buff bar, 1/32 of an inch wide, that begins on the costa 
near the apex; and extends to the lower median vein. All fringes are a 
shade lighter brown than the ground coiour. ‘Tails, 44 of an inch long. 

Expanse, 2 inches. ‘Type in cabinet of Ehrmann. Hab.: Cajabon, 
Guatemala, Cen. Amer. 

Thymele Thiemet, n. sp.—Upper side: antenne, head, thorax and 
abdomen dusky brown. On both pair of wings the ground colour is 
dusky brown ; tails dark, almost black brown ; there is a very faint bar on 


the fascia of the fore wings. Fringes on all the wings light brown; on 
the tails black, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Os 
lw 
lo 


— 


Under side : palpi, head, thorax, legs and abdomen light brown. On 
the fore wings the ground colour is light brown; the fascial bar that is 
mentioned above is here very prominent ; the apical area has a large dark 
brown triangular spot. On the hind wings the ground colour is the same 
as on the fore wings ; the markings are the same asin TZ. euryc/es, Lat., 
of Brazil. Fringes on both pairs of wings are a shade igbter than the 
ground colour. Tails, 34 inch in length. Expanse, 17 inch. Hab.: 
San Pedro Sula, Honduras, Central America. 

This species seems to be very rare, for of the many hundreds of 
specimens that I have obtained from Dr. C. Thieme, of Honduras, it 
remains unique in my collection. r 

Thymele Borja, n. sp.—Upper side: antenne, head, thorax and 
abdomen are very dark brown. On both pairs of wings the ground colour 
is of a beautiful fawn-brown ; margins edged with dark brown; fringes a 
shade lighter than the ground colour. ; 

Under side: palpi light brown ; antennve, thorax, legs and abdomen 
dark brown. Fore wings lighter than above ; transparent spots the same 
as above ; there are two dark wavy brown lines on the fascia. On the 
hind wings the ground colour has the same-shade of brown as the fore 
wings ; on the costa near the base there is a quadrate spot ; aside from 
this there are two dark brown bars on the fascia. Tails, 7/16 inch long. 
Expanse, 2 inches. - Hab.: Barja, Bolivia, S. America. 

Goniurus Triptolemus, n. sp.— Female. Upper side: antenne, head, 
thorax and abdomen dark brown. On the fore wings the ground colour 
is also dark brown ; on the fascia there is a narrow transparent bar, which 
is composed of four unequal spots ; the third spot from the costa is the 
largest. In the median cell beyond this bar is a narrow transparent spot 
which crosses the cell; on the subapical space is a row of four very 
minute transparent spots ; fringes brown. On the hind wings the ground 
colour is dark brown, but a shade lighter than the fore wings. The ‘tails 
are white ; the vein that extends through them is sprinkled with brown. 
Apical fringes are white, but slightly intermixed with brown. Fringes_on 
the outer margin and on the tails are very long and pure white. 
Abdominal fcihees are shorter and brown. 

Under side : the thorax and abdcmen are much (eae than above ; 
the abdomen has a dark brown bar; underneath the legs are also dark 
brown. On the fore wings the ground colour ‘is lighter than above ; all 
the same markings, but the transparent bar is more sharply defined ; the 
inner margin is pale brown, and dusted with white. On the hind wings 
the ground colour is the same as the fore wings; there is a faint dark 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 325 


brown shading of three bars on the fascia ; outer margin from the apex to 
the tails is pure white ; tails are brown, heavily fringed with white. Tails, 
3/16 inch long. Expanse, 2% inches. Hab.: Bagasas, Costa Rica, Ct. 
America. Type Ehrmann collection. 

Goniurus Cleopatra, n. sp.—Female. Upper side: antennz, head, 
thorax and abdomen are dark brown. Qn the fore wings the ground 
colour is dark brown ; the costa near the base to the transparent bar that 
extends across the fascia is white ; the bar that is on the fascia and the spots 
on the subapical space are the same as in G. Z7iptodemus; from the median 
cell the outer margin and tails are white; fringes white. On the abdominal 
margin the fringes are scanty and brown. On the hind wings the ground 
colour is dark brown ; the abdominal margin is dusted with white from 
the median vein, including the tails. Fringes on the apical and abdominal 
margin are dark brown. 

Under side: palpi are white, dusted with brown; thorax and abdomen 
lighter than above ; there is a faint indication of two white lateral] bars on 
the lower side of the abdomen; legs dark brown. On the fore wings the 
ground colour is much lighter than the upper side ; the transparent bars 
and spots are the same ; the inner marginal area is white. On the hind 
wings the ground colour is very dark brown, slightly dusted with a lighter 
shade; outer margin, including the tails, is pure white excepting four faint 
lunate spots on the apical area. ‘Tails, 1/16 inch long. Expanse, 15% 
inch. Hab.: Suapure, Venezuela. Type in collection of Ehrmann. 
This species bears considerable resemblance to G. Orson, Cram., from the 
upper Cauca valley of Colombia, S. A., and was represented in the E. A. 
Klages catch by one fine example, excepting that one hind wing is missing; 
otherwise the specimen is perfect and fresh. 

Eumesia Potomoni, n. sp.—Female. Upper side: antenne black ; 
head, thorax and abdomen dark velvety-brown. On the fore wings the 
ground colour is a bronzy-brown. Base and margin slightly darker, and 
at the end of the discoidal cell there isa black dot. On the subapical 
space near the costa there are two minute transparent spots ; then below 
these dots there is a dark curved line ; this line ends in the lower sub- 
median cell. The fringes are black. On the hind wings the ground colour 
is the same as that of the fore wings, but across the fascia are two dark 
brown bars ; the outer margin is faintly shaded with brown ; abdominal 
margin light brown ; fringes dark brown. 

Under side: palpi and thorax are gray ; abdomen light brown. On 
both pairs of wings the ground colour is pale brown ; the markings are the 


same as above. Expanse, 134 inches. Hab: Suapure, Venezuela, 
Type in collection of Ehrmann. 


324 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


A NEW.SAW-FLY OF THE GENUS XYELA. 


BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. 


Xye'a negundinis, n. sp.— 2. Length 3 mm., or counting ovipositor, 
about 4; body entirely black ; front dullish subsericeous ; antenne very 
dark brownish, the, thick part a trifle longer than the filamentous ; 
abdomen shining ; PVipositor black ; wings large, hyaline, iridescent, the 
large stigma and the nervures dilute sepia: venation agreeing with 
typical XyeZa ; femora black except the knees, which, with the tibie and 
tarsi, are dull ferruginous. f Readily known by its black body and dark 
femora. Kc . 

Hab.—Boulder, Colorado, April 10, 1907; collected by Mrs. Cora 
Bennett on flowers of Acer w#egundo. ‘This is the third true Xyeda from 
North America (cf. Canap. Entom., Aug., 1902, p. 194). 


A GALL-GNAT OF THE PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS. 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. 


Mr. E. Bethel, of Denver, in the course gf his botanical excursions, 
has noticed that the prickly-pear cacti, Opuntia, sometimes bear large 
oval galls, containing Dipterous larve. He recently collected some of 
these at Boulder, and was able to breed many of the flies, which prove to 
belong to an undescribed species. oar 


Asphondylia Betheli, v. sp. 

¢ .—Expanse, 9 mm ; wings grayish-hyaline, with coarse hair; second 
longitudinal vein reaching tip of wing ; third longitudinal forked near its 
middle ; fold very distinct ; head and thorax slate-gray ; abdomen dark 
olivaceous gray, with copious pale hair ; legs varying from pale yeliowish 
to pale grayish ; antennz 2 + 12-jointed, the joints cylindrical, sessile, with 
coarse short hairs; measurements of joints in » (3) 289, (4) 272, (12) 204, 
(13) 195, (14) 195. 

Pupa about 5 mm, long ; pupa-shell bright ferruginous. 

Gall a swollen fruit of Opuntia, collapsing after the exit of the flies. 

Hab.—Boulder, Colorado; flies emerging May, 1907. ; 

Like other species of Asphondy/ia, this is not marked by any strong 
peculiarities in the adult state, unless it be the comparatively large size. 
It is closely related to A. mentzelie, Ckll., which infests JZentze/ia,in New 
Mexico. 


Mailed September 16th. 1907. 


The € anaiay Fontomologist. 


Vou. XXXIX. LONDON, OCTOBER, 1907. No. to. 


A LIST OF PERLIDA FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA AND 
ALBERTA. 


BY NATHAN BANKS, EAST FALLS CHURCH, VA. 


Recently Prof. Raymond Osburn, of Columbia University, New York, 
turned over to me a large collection of Perlidze made in British Columbia 
and Alberta. He spent two summers in this region, but collected chiefly 
in British Columbia. As the lot contains at least a fair proportion of the 
Perlid fauna of that region, I have made it the basis of a paper. I have 
also received some Stoneflies of this region from the Rev. G. W. Taylor 
and Prof. Harvey. In 1903 Mr. R. P. Currie (with Dr. Dyar and Mr. 
Caudell) spent a season at Kaslo, B. C. He has kindly permitted me to 
examine his catch of Perlidze (about 100 specimens), which is now in the 
National Museum ; and I have added his localities to the species in this 
list. All uncredited localities are from the collection of Prof. Osburn. 

As most of the genera are readily separated, | have prepared a key 
to enable the collector to recognize them. The identification of species is 
a more difficult matter, and must be made, at present, by a specialist. 
Undoubtedly there are other species to be found in this region, but the 
genera are probably all represented in the list. 

Perlidze, like Lepidoptera, should be spread, at least partly, before 
identification. The essential specific characters are in the genitalia, but 
the size and markings of head and pronotum are quite constant in each 
form. 

Five of the species are new, the most interesting being the new 
Pteronarcys. 

Key To GENERA. 

1. In the hind tarsi the apical joint is at least a little longer than the two 
other joints together; anal setz always distinct; the anal cell of fore 
wings usually gives off at least two veins from below. 5s sw Semen ie 

In the hind tarsi the apical joint is at least a little showter fies the two 

other joints taken together ; seta often absent ; the anal cell of fore 


wings never gives off but one vein from below............... 10. 
2. Anterior cox approximate ; a series of cross-veins in anal region of 
fore wings. aa ..eeeeee. (Pteronarcini) Preronarcys. 


Anterior cox widely. sépanite : rarely a series of cross-veins in anal 
Fesion Of fOr WIDES 4.055)... eet e wee eens ee ds» (Perlini) 3. 


Io. 


II. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


Many cross-veins between radius and radial sector, as well-as between 


branches of radial.sector.. -......° sae giktdnin cits Bi ee .. Perlodes. 
Rarely more than one cross-vein between radius and radial sector, and 
not many between branches of radial sector.............-0050 +«4e 
Several cross-veins in middle part of fore wing, between branches of 
radial Sectors’.!n4...i ee has eee ee sees. Acroneuria, 
Few, if any, cross- veins in siddie part of ae wing, between branches 
of the radial sector: 2. <3...) Mel c2 gus setererose apie aioe oe ee 


Ocellar triangle more than twice as broad as long ; usually one cross- 
vein between radius and radial sector near end of latter; a dark 


spot near pterostipmia..:* 2.ie- oe iy ae ae ee eee . .Lsogenus. 
Ocellar triangle not twice as bron as long ; aay abioknndity a 
cross-vein between radius and radial sector near tip of latter .....6. 
But two ocelli, and sete very short ; the pronotum, broader than 
head.. Jak legge nes oa ones Se Rey a ae 
With three iy ee er a eR PG 
From the anal cell so fore wings there extend below two simple veins, 
or one simple and one forked. sic n, GMgtd w vedyne alas eld ae 
From the anal cell of fore wings there enrtnds below but one vein, 
whiech'soon forks . 22 j.0.- cs. fanless ot. 60 dea ee er 


Hind wings with but two cross-veins in the cubital area, one near base, 
one near tip ; small greenish or yellowish species........Zsoper/a. 

Hind wings with a series of cross-veins in the cubital area; radial 
sector of fore wings usually twice forked ........ aed oo ie 

A series of cross-veins in cubital area of hind baa radial sector of 
fare wings forked ‘twice 20255) Sees Sere Ds .. Paraperta. 

No series of cross-veins in cubital area 3 fend wings, oily one near 
base, and one near tip ; small greenish or yellowish 
"SPECIES Wiss SOL acy Rag cone Fa outs .. Alloperla. 

Anal set obscure or absent one dianohed vein fcc seal cell of 
fore wings ; a series of cross-veins in median and cubital areas of 
FOLE WINGS. a. = cd es Se ce Cela mlen so pee een een 

Anal setze distinct ; one simple vein ae anal i sat fore wings ; no 
series of cross-veins in median and cubital areas of 


fans wings... fo. sey. s Je ado geeye tn sea BRE ea 
Second joint of tarsi bse ital to bare no oblique cross-vein beyond 
end of subcosta.. ..... sesclsa ey «  Deemtopeerpa. 
Second joint of tarsi much Snore than ich, bay CEs Rens) + 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 327 


12. An oblique cross-vein beyond end of the subcosta ; wings not 


DNC a a ses ag aaivsidvn & ee = co LAE MOUT OD 

No oblique cross-vein beyond end of subcosta...............--13- 

13. Wings involute ; pronotum as broad as long..............Zeuctra. 

Wings not involute ; pronotum longer than broad ....... Perlomyta. 

14. The space beyond discal cell longer than discal cell......Arsapnta. 

The space beyond discal cell shorter than the discal cell .. .. Capnia. 

LisT OF SPECIES. 

Pteronarcys Californica, Newport. — A female from Vancouver 

(Harvey). 


Pteronarcys princeps, n. sp.—Head dark brown or black abeve, pale 
around ocelli; antenne blackish-brown ; pronotum black ; a reddish- 
yellow spot in middle of front and hind margin, not distinctly connected ; 
rest of thorax blackish ; abdomen paler brown, blackish on pleura, base of 
venter paler. Legs dull blackish-brown ; wings rather smoky to quite 
dark, the apical third from just before the pterostigma outward is more 
infuscated, and there is a more distinct black cloud below the pterostigma; 
venation blackish-brown ; in the male the basal part of the abdomen is 
rather orange. The head is much narrowed in front; the pronotum has 
all the angles acute, and the sides are slightly rugose; the male tip of 
abdomen is much like Pt. Cad/ifornica, but the scar each side is larger, 
and the area that separates them is narrower at tip than in that species. 
The ventral plate of the female (Fig. 16) has two very large hairy proc- 
esses fully three times as long as in /¢. 
Californica. 

Expanse, 70-75 mm. 

One pair from Mission, B. C., April 
(Harvey). 

Ferlodes signata, Hagen.—Vancouver, 
12th April (Harvey). 

Perlodes trregularis, Banks.—Glacier, 
B. C., 2rst August, and Laggan, Alta., 
22nd July and 23rd August; Kaslo, B. 
oT abit plate of female of C., June (Currie, Dyar, Caudell) ; Ains- 

worth, t1th July (Currie). 

Isogenus frontalis, Newman.—Vancouver, 1gth May (Harvey) ; 
Kokanee Mt., B. C., roth August, 9,000 ft., on snow (Currie). 


325 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Acroneuria Quebecensis, Provancher.—A pair from Laggan, Alberta, 
22nd July. 

The female has a notched ventral plate like a specimen in the Hagen 
coll. at the M. C. Z., labelled A. Quebecensts. It is a narrower and darker 
species than A. pactfica. 

Acroneuria pacifica, Banks.—Nicolum River, Hope,.=B...Co 13th 
July (Harvey) ; Vancouver (Harvey). 

Perla sabulosa, Banks.—Port Renfrew, B. C., 3rd July. 

Lerla ebria, Hagen.—Vancouver (Harvey) ; Glacier, B. C., 22nd 
August ; Wellington, B. C., oth August (Taylor); Laggan, Alta., 22nd 
July ; Banff Sp., Alta., 16th August (Currie). 

Paraperla frontalis, Banks.—Laggan, 23rd August. 

Lsoperla decolorata, Walker.—Described from Great Bear Lake. I 
have not seen it from British Columbia, but it occurs in Alaska and in 
Eastern Canada. 

Peltoperla brevis, 1. sp.—Head pale, with a large, ill-defined black 
cloud. on the middle, not extending to the mouth; antenne brown ; 
pronotum brown, its margin paler; thorax dark brown or black; abdomen 
brown ; legs pale yellowish ; wings subhyaline, venation brown, costal 
veins yellowish. Structure similar to P. arcuata. Head broad, bent 
downward, two ocelli, about as close to each other as to eyes; antenne 
slender, about as long as front legs, the joints rather nodiform ; pronotum 
very broad, slightly angulate behind on the middle, its sides straight, 
surface quite strongly rugose ; abdomen broad and short, sete very short, 
scarcely one-half as long as width of abdomen ; 
anal plate of female (Fig. 17) large, notched at 
middle behind. Wings rather short and broad, 
many central cross-veins, radial sector forked 
once beyond anastomosis ; anal cell with two 
widely-separated branches behind. 

Expanse, 18-20 mm. 

From Glacier, 21st August, and Port Ren- 
frew, 3rd July. 

Alloperla Coloradensis, Banks. — Port 
Renfrew, 2nd July ; Glacier, B. C., 20th July 
and 21st August ; Laggan, Alta., 23rd August ; 
Kaslo, B. C., 18th June (Currie) ; Ainsworth, 
B. C., rith July (Currie) ; Kokanee Mt., B. C., 

; : Fic. 17.—Ventral plate of fe- 
roth August, 8,000 ft. (Currie). male, Pelteperda brevis 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 329 


_ Alloperla imbeciti/la, Say.—Port Renfrew, B. C., 3rd July ; Glacier, 
B. C., 20th July and 21st August ; Bear Lake, B. C., 2oth July (Currie) ; 
Ainsworth, 11th July (Currie). 

Alloperla pacifica, Banks.—Port Renfrew, B, C., 3rd July. 

Alloperla borealis, Banks.—Port Renfrew, 29th June; Banff, Alta., 
17th June ; Laggan, Alta., 22nd July and 23rd August. 

Teniopteryx pacifica, Banks.—Banff, Alta., 17th June; Kaslo, B. C., 
18th June (Currie). 

Teniopteryx occidentalis, Banks.—Kaslo, B. C., 18th June (Currie). 
One specimen, the second I have seen. 

Nemoura cinctipes, Banks.—Port Renfrew, 3rd July ; Goldstream, 
B. C. (E. A. Anderson); Wellington, B. C., 29th February (Taylor) ; 
Laggan, Alta., 23rd July; Kaslo, B. C., 18th, 30th June, 16th August 
(Currie, Caudell). 

Nemoura depressa, Banks.—Laggan, Alta., 21st August ; Bear Lake, 
B. C., 20th July (Currie). 

Perlomyia collaris, Banks.—Wellington, B. C., 26th April (Taylor). 

Arsapnia grandis, n. sp.—Black ; antennz brownish; legs brownish; 
wings brownish, sometimes darker on the anastomosis ; venation dark 
brown. Posterior ocelli about twice as far apart as from the eyes ; 
pronotum about as long as broad, narrowed behind, slightly rugose each 
side ; abdomen elongate, sete nearly as long as the abdomen, their joints 
(beyond basal ones) very long and slender ; hind tibiz scarcely reaching 
to tip of abdomen. Wings large and elongate, three to seven costal 
cross-veins, also one beyond end of subcosta, apical cells longer than 
discal cell; in the median and cubital areas there is but one cross-vein, 
which is continuous. 

Expanse, 22-25 mm. 

Specimens from Wellington, February; Vancouver, April; and Banff, 
Alberta, 17th June. 

Arsapnia decepta, Banks.—Banff, Alta., 17th June. 

Leuctra occidentalis, n. sp.—Black ; antenne brownish ; legs pale 
brown ; dorsum of abdomen reddish ; wings smoky, veins brown, costal 
area at extreme base brown. Head with some fine white hairs ; 
pronotum broader than long, rather narrowed behind, its surface slightly 
rugose, with a broad median depression containing a median ridge. 
Wings rather short and broad, the radial sector forks before the upper 


330 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


cross-vein, but beyond the lower cross-veins, about six cross. veins in the. 
median series, and in the cubital series there are two, rarely three, cross- 
veins beyond the last of the median series ; in the hind wings the radial 
sector forks as in the fore wings, and there are five cross-veins in an 
irregular transverse row. The apical claw-like joint of the male claspers 
is jet black ; before them there is an erect, slightly curved median tooth. 
(Figs. 18, 19.) 


a & 
Fic. 18.—Ventral view of male Fic. 19.— Side view of male geni- 
genitalia, Leuctra occidentalis. talia, L. occidentalis. 


Expanse, 12—14 mm. 

From Laggan, Alta., 23rd August ; Ainsworth, rrth July (Currie) ; 
Bear Lake, 29th July (Currie). 

Leuctra augustus, 0. sp.—Black ; head with some short, fine white 
hairs ; antenne brownish-black ; abdomen, beyond base, rather reddish ; 
legs yellowish-brown, hind femora darker towards tip; wings rather 
fumose, venation yellowish-brown. Pronotum fully twice as long as broad, 
slightly rugose each side, a median depressed area with a central ridge ; 
abdomen slender ; legs very long, especially the hind pair, being plainly 
longer than the entire body. Wings very slender, reaching fully one-half 
their length beyond the tip of the abdomen, the radial sector forks beyond 
the lower cross-vein, and before the upper one, about six cross-veins in 
the median series, and in the cubital series there are three or even four 
cross-veins beyond the last of the median series. 

Expanse, 18 mm. 


From Port Renfrew, roth August. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 331 


ON A FEW ORIENTAL GEOCORID [HEMIPTERA]. 
BY G. W. KIRKALDY, HONOLULU, H. I. 


1. Dieuches femoralis, Dohrn. 

Hab.—India, Kangra Valley, 4,500 feet (Oct., G. C. Dudgeon). 

What I suppose to be a nymph of the 5th instar may be described as 
follows: Dull black ; the narrowly laminate lateral margins of pronotum 
and of tegminal pads, some pleurital spots, cox, trochanters, base of 
femora of middle and hind femora, the fore and middle tibiz (except 
apically), first segment of tarsi, pale yellowish, rest of hind tibie piceous. 
Second segment of antennz fuscous, darkening apically, a pale ring near 
the base of the fourth. The pronotum is slightly impressed transversely 
near the base, and slightly impressed longitudinally inside the laminate 
lateral margins ; there is a distinct collar, wider medially than at the sides. 
Fore femora only slightly incrassate and very feebly dentate. 

Aphanus Kangricus, sp. nov.—Aopparently belongs to Stal’s subgenus 
Xanthochilus, and probably allied to A. orventa/ts, but the transverse 
impression on the pronotum is much more distinct. Duli blackish, with 
brownish hairs. Labium pale piceous; eyes reddish-brown, darkening 
outwardly ; ocelli colourless. Laminate lateral margin of pronotum 
yellowish-brown, hind area pale castaneous, punctured with blackish. 
Scutellum apically fading a little, punctured with black. Ambulacra, 
trochanters, base of femora, first two segments of tarsi, hind margin of 
metasternum, etc, pale castaneous, rest of legs more or less piceous. 
Tegmina testaceous, subkyaline, with brown punctures ; about the apical 
half brown-fuscous, with a large subtriangular pale yellow spot on the outer 
half of the middle; basal half of membrane smoky, except one pale, 
undulating vein and two spots; apical margin irregularly and faintly 
smoky. 

Form apparently that of A. orientalis, but the pronotum is impressed 
transversely basad of the middle, the lateral margins of the pronotum 
Jaminately keeled. Antenne as in A. ortentadis. Labium reaching a 
little beyond the middle of the mesosternum: Clavus with three rows of 
punctures. Fore femora more strongly incrassate than in A. orientalis, 
and have two strong submedian spines and a few feeble ones; tarsi dilated 
at the apex. Hind femora not dentate. Length, 8% mill. 

Hab.—India, Kangra Valley, 4,500 ft. (June, G. C. Dudgeon). 

Bedunia, Stal. 

1. B. taprobanes, sp. nov.—Blackish. Ocelli red. Antenne blackish- 

fuscous, second segment (except the apex) pale fuscous ; basal half of 4th 


(except base) white. Labium yellowish-testaceous, Lateral margins of 
October, 1907 


332 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


hind lobe of pronotum yellowish-fuscous. Collar very short, ferruginous. 
Two ferruginous spots on the middle of the scutellum. Tegmina 
brownish-yellow ; clavus and basal half of corium largely fuscoferruginous, 
with blackish-brown punctures ; apical half of cerium dark fuscous-brown, 
a large pale yellow spot subapically. Membrane dark fuliginous, marked 
slightly with yellow. Fore femora, apex of middle femora, apical third of 
hind. femora, apices of tibie, fuscopiceous, rest yellowish. Ladbium 
reaching the middle coxe, first segment not nearly reaching the base of the 
head, but about the hind margin of the eyes. Clavus rather irregularly 
punctured in four rows. Fore coxe strongly spined. Length, 7% mill. 

Hab.—Ceylon, Pundaluoya (July). 

This was sent to me about ten years ago by Mr. E. E. Green. It 
seems to be rare, as it is not described in the “Fauna of India.” My 
example has unfortunately lost its abdomen, but it is otherwise perfect, and 


the species is distinct. 
Edulica, Distant. 


Distant places Hdu/ica in the Clerardini. Apart from the general 
habits, which places it in his ‘t Rhyparochromaria”’ perhaps, the labial 
~ structure at once removes it from the Clerardini ; in du/ica the first 
segment alone is equal in length to the head, while the principal character 
of the Clerardini is that the first two segments together are about this 


length. 
Macropes, Motsch. 


1. M. sinhalanus, sp. nov.—Black (shining on head and pronotum), 
with sparse, very pale yellowish hairs ; apex of tylus and the first and 
second antennal segments pale ochraceous, third and fourth dark fuscous. 
Clavus piceous, very narrowly margined with testaceous ; rest of tegmina 
opaque milky-white, inner margin (very narrowly) of corium, and a broad 
suffused band across the middle (somewhat obliquely covering junction of 
corium and membrane) dark fuscous. Labium and legs more or less piceous, 
first two segments of tarsi brownish-testaceous, hind tibie dark piceous, 
antenne 4, 10, 11, 20. Labium reaching to about the fore coxe. 
Pronotum anteriorly and posteriorly punctured ; a double, rather feeble 
line of punctures down the middle ; roundly curved outwards laterally, 
sides of hind area parallel, posteriorly emarginate. Tegmina reaching to 
apical margin of third segment. Fore femora comparatively strongly 


spined. Length, 514 mill. 
Hab.— Ceylon, Peradeniya. Mr. E. E. Green sent me this some ten 


years ago, and it has remained undescribed up till now, 


. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 333 


DIPLONYCHUS, LAPORTE (=HYDROCYRIUS, SPINOLA), 
AND ITS RELATION TO THE OTHER BELOSTO- 
MATID GENERA. 


BY J. Rs DE LA TORRE BUENO, NEW YORK. 


The genus Aydrocyrius was founded in 1850 by the Marquis 
Maximilian Spinola,' and since then it has figured under that name, 
It has been redescribed several times under different appellations. Sta 
called it 7/yotrephes > A number of other authors? have treated it as a 
species of the old genus Se/ostoma, Auctt. (now Amorgius, Stal). But the 
question nevertheless arises, “ Is this the true generic name, or have we 
another valid appellation for the genus?” In consulting a number of 
works and papers for material for these notes on the affinities of 
Hydrocyrius, Laporte de Castelnau’s‘ definition of the genus Diplonychus 
attracted my attention. It reads thus: ‘‘ Antenne breves, sub oculos in 
excavatione insertz, articulis 4; ultimis 3 subpectinatis. Rostrum breve, 
arcuatum, acuminatum. ‘Tarsi articulis 2; ungulis 2. 

* Faciés des Bélostomes; l’abdomen des femelles est terminé par deux 
longs filets. 

“Ter Sous-genre. Dzplonychus, Mihi. 

* Corpus elongatum; tarsorum anticorum unguiculis elongatis. 

Belostoma rustica, Fas., 106, 3. 

* Et plusieurs autres especes exotiques. 

*“TIme Sous-genre. Spherodema. Mihi, etc.” 

Further on in the same work (p. 83) he states: ‘ C’est par erreur que 
jai indique (page 18) le Be/ostoma rustica de Fabricius, comme type du 
genre Diplonichus (!). Cet insecte est un Spherodema.” 

Now, according to my understanding of Kirkaidy’s views on the 
historical method of type fixation,” this leaves the subgenus without a type 
species. The fact that subsequent authors have raised the sub- 
genus to full generic standing, and that under it they have grouped 
Belostomatids with two sort claws, in no way invalidates the original 
description, which specifically indicates that in the typical subgenus 
Diplonychus the claws of the anterior tarsi are e/ongate. Moreover, the 


1. 1850, Mem. Mat. Soc. Modena, xxv, 146. 
2. 1856, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh, p. 358. 
3- Dufour, Belostoma algeriense ; Lucas, B. grande; Guérin, B. capitatum; 
Coinde, B. cosmopolitanum, 
4. 1832, Essai d'une Class. Hém. p. 18 (of separate). 
5. 1905, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. XII, pp. 27 to 28, 
October, 1907 


334 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


body is stated to be e/ongate. Now, no species of the genus or genera 
variously known as Afomya, Spinola; Appasus, Amyot and Serville ; 
Cyclodema, Dufour; Nervinops, Dufour; Spherodema, Auctt, and 
Diplonychus, Amyot and Serville, of those that I have seen (and my 
collection contains nearly all the known species which at one time or 
another have been ranged in these genera), is elongate. Ail are more or 
less ovate. This view was enunciated by Leon Dufour in his “ Essai 
Monographique sur les Bélostomides,”® who then said under Zydrocyrius, 
Spin. (p. 385): “On a peut étre mal interprete le genre Diplonychus fondé 
en 1832, par M. de Laporte. Cet auteur dit positivement que les 
Diplonychus ont le faciés des Lelostoma; que leur corps est elongatum, 
que les tarses antérieurs se terminent par deux ongles edongati. Je le 
demande aux esprits s¢rieux, ces traits sont-ils applioables aux Dép/ony- 
chus des auteurs de l’epcque 2? Quant 4 moi qui ai etudié a fond cette 
question, j’ai l’intime conviction que le Diplonychus de M. de Laporte a 
du étre primitivement, fondé sur un grand Selostome, analogue a mon 
Algertense,”” y 

Prof. Montandon has discussed the synonymy of this genus in one of 
his able essays on Water-bugs,* and his conclusion is that Déiplonychus, 
Lap., being unidentifiable, it is better dropped for the defined Spherodema; 
Lap., although he suggests that Laporte may have had before him a nymphal 
Belostomatid (which is two-clawed) or a species of Hydrocyrius. In his 
discussion, however, it is evident that he is unfamiliar with Laporte’s later 
note cited above, in which he removes 4e/ostoma rustica, Fab., from, the 
subgenus, and states that it is a Spherodema. While it is true and proven 
that nymphal Bedostomatids are two-clawed, none of those known to me 
have the so-called “filets abdominaux” or ‘caudal sete.” These ,are 
characteristic of the adult only, and are zof sexual characters, but rather 
pertain to the respiratory apparatus, and are parts of the highly specialized 
and modified sixth abdominal segment. I am familiar with all but one of 
the described Belostomatid genera, and know about fifiy species, but of 
these the only ones that have the ‘“ facies des Belostomes,” and are at the 
same time two-clawed, are the two species of Zydrocyrius I possess. 


6. 1863, Ann. Soc. Ent., Fr. (4), III. 

7. =columbiz, Spin. (Hydrocyrius). 

8. 1900. Notes s. qqs. genres de la Fam. Belostomidae—Bull, Soc, Sci, Buc, 
An. IX, No, 2 and 3, pp. 1 to 8 (of separate). 


‘ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 335 


My friend Kirkaldy, in his recently-published list of genera,’ rejects 
Montandon’s work and adopts D/s/onychus, Lap., as the true generic 
appellation of the Spherodema-Appasus-Nervinops- Cyclodema-Atomya 
series, but in consideration of the facts I have here set forth, the correct 
synonymy, which may be intercalated in Kirkaldy’s generic list, p. 151, is 
as follows : 

Genus 5.—Spherodema, Laporte, 1832, Essai Hem., 18 (type fig. in 
Fieber, etc.). The rest of the synonymy as in 
Rerrecites Pik Ar ee teehee Type annudata, Fabr. 
Genus 7.—Dziplonychus, Laporte, 1832, Essai, p. 18. 
= Hydrocyrius, Spinola, 1850, etc. (The remainder of the 
synonymy as in Kirkaldy, l. c., p. 152.) 
ET: 

What is the true systematic position of Diflonychus, Lap. (= Aydro- 
eyrius, Spinola)? Kirkaldy in his work cited places Hydrocyrius, Spin. 
(recte Diplonychus, Lap.), between Limnogeton, Mayr, and Wectocoris, 
Mayr, this genus being placed last in the family. Going further back, 
Mayr” places it between Benacus, Stal. and Zimnogeton, Mayr, and so 
does Stai."" Dufour, however, seems to have been the only one of the 
older entomologists to have had the true conception of the affinities of 
Diplonychus, Laporte (= Hydrocyrius, Spinola). He places it between 
Belostoma, Auctt., nec Latr. (= Amorgius, Sta), and Zaitha, Am. & S. 
(=Belostoma, Latreille). Agreeing with Dufour, I believe the linear 
relationship of the Belostomatid genera is more nearly expressed by the 
following order : 

1. Benacus, Stal. 
Amorgtus, Stal. 
Diploxychus (Laporte), Bueno. 
Belostoma, Latreille. 
Abedus, Mayr. 
Limnogeton, Mayr. 
LVectocoris, Mayr. 
Spherodema, Laporte. 


PAI AK EH vp 


9. 1906, List of the Genera of the Pagiopodous Hemiptera, etc., Tr. Am. Ent. 
Soc., XXXII, No. 2, pp. 117 to 156 and 156a. 

10. 1871, Die Belostomiden, Verh. Zool. bot. Geo. Wien., XXI. 

11. 1865, Hem. Afr., III. 

12. 1863, Ess. Mon. s. 1. Belost., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (A.) III. 


© 
oo 
[or 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


These genera may be separated by the following table: 
r°*(2) ‘Anterior fémora not'Saleate. >< 2c Sec. o.....-1, Benacus, Stal, 
(1) Anterior femora sulcate. 
. (10) Anterior tarsi with two claws. 
(9) Claws of anterior tarsi of equal length, minute. 
Anterior femora more or less incrassate, much larger than tibie. 
(7) Species with two sulci between the eyes . VII, WVectocoris, Mayr. 
(6). Withoutssuch/suleyi2.y. scecnc sae VIII, Spherodema, Lap. 
(5) Anterior tarsi scarcely incrassate, but little larger : 
than tibies no eke cee aes . VI, Limnogeton, Mayr. 
9g. (4) Claws of anterior tarsi of equal or unequal length, 
elongate ................-III, Diplonychus, Lap. (Bueno): 
to. (3) Anterior tarsi with one claw. 
rt. (14) Head conically produced, rostrum long, thin. 


eI AN tw» 
~~ 
~ 
al 


12. (13) Membrane of hemelytra large.......... !1V, Belostoma, Latr. 
13. (12) Membrane of bemelytra much reduced........V, Abedus, Stal. 
14. (11) Head not conically produced, rostrum short, 

StOUE «2%. <.-5-p 2s Sine Ped ann ee ee II, Amorgius, Stal. 


A brief study of the three genera, Amorgius, Stal ; Diplonychus, 
Laporte (Bueno), and e/ostoma, Latreille, is necessary in order to 
elucidate my position. The difference between the adults of the three 
genera will appear from the following comparisons : : 

The Head.—In Amorgius we have the front truncate, projecting but 
little beyond the eyes, which are in general longer than broad. ‘The vertex 
also is not wider than one eye, and is more or less conical in shape, as is 
Belostoma. But in Diplonychus the vertex is not wider than the eye, 
while in Be/ostoma it is. In both the eyes are wider than long. The 
rostrum in Amorgius is quite short and stout, and in 4elostoma very long 
and slender, whilst in DéA/onychus it is moderately long, and as stout as 
in the first-named genus. The prothorax is trapezoidal in all three genera, 
but is much less narrowed anteriorly in DéA/onychus than in the other two, 
which gives it a massive aspect. The scutellum also is apparently large, 
due to the more stout general build of this bug. ‘The hemelytra are much 
the same in the three except for slight variations, which are no greater 
than those occurring in the different species of any one genus. Dzplony- 
chus agrees with Amorgius in the general outline, the sides being more or 
less parallel, whilst in Bedostoma the body is more or less pointed oval 
posteriorly. We now come to the under side of the body and the legs. The 


. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 337 


genital plate in Dip/onychus, as in Belostoma, is entire, while in Amorgtus 
itis deeply fissured medianly. In shape it is much the same throughout the 
family, although much shorter in e/osfoma than in the other two genera. 
The tibiz of the third pair of legs in Amorgius is flattened, more or less 
broad. heavily fringed with long hairs, and terminates in two long claws, 
Belostoma and Diplonychus, on the other hand, have prismatic posterior 
tibiz, and the hairs are shorter. The form of the intermediate tibize is 
the same in each genus as the posteriors. It is in the anterior pedes that 
the most interesting features occur. The femora are incrassate in all 
three, but while in Be/ostoma they are only moderately so, in Diplonychus 
and Amorgius they are greatly so. All three genera have them deeply 
sulcate for the reception of the tibiz, which are of similar shape in all. 
The tarsal joints are moderately long and equal in Selostoma. In 
Amorgius and Diplonychus they are small ard unequal. The profound 
yet most significant character is contained in the anterior tarsal claws. 
These are single, long in Amorgius, and small in Be/ostoma. In Diplony- 
chus they are double and /ong, though the outer is but half the length of 
the other in the two species known to me, while in one described by Mayr 
they are of equal length. The importance of this structural feature can 
be appreciated only from the study of the nymphs taken in conjunction 
with the changes that occur in the claws during development. As various 
authors have from time to time pointed out, Belostomatid nymphs of the 
several genera are all two-clawed in the anterior tarsi throughout all, or in 
some of the earlier, instars. In general, the nymphs of Amorgius possess 
two elongate equal claws up to the last moult, one of which they lose at 
that ecdysis, and the adult has only one more or less long tarsal claw. In 
the several nymphs of Bel/ostoma, as I have elsewhere noted,'t some lose 
the one claw early, others by slow stages,” at some one of which the length 
of one claw bears the same relation to the other as the adult in 
Diplonychus known to me. In this last-named genus, however, the 
nymph in the last instar has the two long claws of equal length," as in 
Amorgius. ~ At the last moult in two species one of these claws is reduced 
to half the length of the other, while in the third, known to me only by 
description, the two equally long claws are preserved. 


13. 1863, Dufour, op. c.; 1871, Mayr, op. c.; 1901, Howard, Ins. Bk., p. 279 ; 
1906, Bueno, CAN. ENT., XXXVIII, p. 197 ; and others. 


14. Op. c. 
15. Cf. B. fluminea, op. c. 


16. Duf., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (A.)III, p. 386, description of nymph in last 
instar of Hydrocyrius algeriensis. 


$38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The egg-laying habits of Diplonychus are as in Belostoma,™ in which ~ 
genus (as well as in several others of the family) the female fastens the 
eggs on the back of the male. Amorgius, however, deposits its ova under 
a convenient log or plank in a damp spot at the water’s edge, glued to it, 
which also appears to be the habit with Benxacus."* To recapitulate : 
Diplonychus, Lap. (Bueno), approaches Belostoma, Latreille, in the shape 
of the eyes, the genital plate, the posterior and the intermediate tibie, and 
in the manner of oviposition. It is close to Amorgtus, Stai, in the form 
of front and vertex, general shape, anterior femora, tibiz and tarsal joints, 
and in the claws in the nymph, It is intermediate in the rostrum, which 
tends to the Amorgius side. It resembles both genera in the shape of the 
scutellum, in the membrane, of the hemelytra, and in most of the other 
features not dwelt upon. The differences are the general shape of the 
head, which is very broad, the shape of the prothorax, and, above all, in 
the possession of two long claws in the adult, of equal length in one 
known species, and unequal in the other two. From this last character, 
taken in conjunction with the nymphal structure of these appendages in 
the two allied genera, as well as in the others-of the family, we may in 
fairness conclude: 1st. That Diplonychus is an intermediate form in the 
chain of development linking the Amorgioid forms to the Belostomoids ; 
and 2nd. That it is in all likelihood the most primitive form of the 
Belostomatid series, from which arise the genera Amorgius, Stal, and 
Benacus, Stal, on the one hand, and Le/ostoma, Latr.; Abedus, Mayr ; 
Limnogeton, Mayr; Spherodema, Lap., and Wectocoris, Mayr, on the other. 


To sum up, it would appear that Dzp/onychus, Laporte (Bueno), is 
nearly allied to both e/ostoma, Latr., and Amorgtus, Stal, with closer 
leanings to the latter, and that its systematic position is as given in the 
linear arrangement between these two genera. 

Eis 

The species and distribution of Dip/onychus, Lap. (Bueno), are moot 
questions. A great deal of confusion has arisen from the description and 
rediscription of what is said to be one species from several widely-separated 
localities. I recognize three species, but it is more than likely that some 
of those reduced to synonymy may be later revived as our knowledge of 


17. 1906, Bueno, op. c. p.; 1900, Horvath in Lit., quoted by Mont. Bull. Soe. 
Sci. Buc. An. IX, No. 2 and 3, p. 8. 

18. 1889, C. M. Weed, Studies in Pond Life, Bull. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., 
Tech. ser., I, No. 1; 1907, Needham, Ent. News, XVIII, pp. 113 to 116. 


' 
ss . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 309 


the genus and the group at large increases, They are Diplonychus 
columbia, Spinola: D. punctatus, Stal, and D. rectus, Mayr, the two first 
of which I am acquainted with in nature, and the latter by description. 
They may be separated as follows: 
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Diplonychus, Laporte. 
t. (2) Anterior tarsi furnished with two claws of equal 
length. $85 i's oy ae III, rectus, Mayr. 
2. (1) Anterior tarsi S reabistaed aii two Seles of pee length. 
3. (4) Disk of prothorax punctate, with two pronounced round fovee, 
hemelytra more or less punctate....... ... Il, punctatus, Stat. 
4. (3) Disk of prothorax slightly punctate, with two shallow fovez and two 
sulci converging posteriorly toward the transverse sulcus, 
hemelytra impunctate..................1, columbie, Spinola. 
I.— Diplonychus columbie, Spin. 
Aydrocyrius columbia. 
1850.—Spin, Mem. Nat. Soc. Modena, XXV, 146. 
1863.—Duf., Ess. Mon. Bel., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4), III, 385. 
1864.—Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., IV., 228. 
—Signoret, op. c., 224. 
1865.—Mayr, Reise der Novara, Hem., p. 183. 
1871.—Ibid, Die Belostomiden, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XXI, 
429, part. 
1886.—Uhler, Ch. List, p. 28. 
1895.—Schmidt (Schwedt), S. B. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin, p. 38. 
1900.—Montandon, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Buc. An. IX, No. 2 
and 3, p. 4 
rgor.—Champion, Biol. Cent. Am., Het., II, 362. 
Lelostoma grande. 
1849 —Lucas, Hist. Nat. An. Art. Alg., III, 43. 
1862.—Ibid, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., II, 404. 
1864.—Ibid, op. c, IV, 227. 
Llyotrephes herculeus. 
1853.—Stal, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh., V, 264. 
HHydrocyrius herculeus. 
1866.—Sial, Hem. Afr., III, 18x. 
Belostoma algeriense. 
1855.— Duf., Mem. Soc. Ac. Sci. Liege, X, 187, pl. I, f. 1. 
1862.—Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. LH, 404. 


340 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


Belostoma capitatum. 
1856.— Guérin, in Sagra’s Hist. Cuba, An. Art., VII, 420. 
1865.—Mayr, Reise der Novara, Hem., p. 183. 
Belostoma cosmopolitanum. 1 
1863.—Coindé, Rev. Mag. Zool., 33. 
1864..—Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., IV, 227. 

Ever since this species was first described, it has been recorded from 
time to time from the most widely-separated places. The distribution, as 
given by Dufour and Mayr, is as follows : : 

A merica.— Mexico and Cuba. E 

Africa.—Algeria, Khartoum, Guinea, Caffraria and Madagascar. 
This distribution, however, seems to me too scattered to be real. 

Mexico is given following Spinola, while under the supposition that 
Belostoma capitatum, Guér., is the same insect, the Cuban record comes 
into existence. Madagascar is given by Mayr, on the ground that 
punctatus, Stal, described from the Island, is merely a synonym of 
columbie@, Spinola. This is not the case, however, as the former is readily 
distinguishable from the latter, as may be seen by the analytical table. 
The homogeneity, so to say, of the other localities, added to the fact that 
in Algeria at least the Hemipteron seems to have been fairly common, 
would appear to establish them as real beyond reasonable doubt. In 
addition, I have a specimen from German East Africa. It may, therefore, 
be safely stated that the bug is African, and that it is spread over the 
greater part of the continent. Its existence in America is problematical, 
to say the least, and although Champion refers to it in Biologia Centrali 
Americana, he does not list it, but states as his opinion. that ‘ In addition 
to the species enumerated here, two others have been recorded from 
Mexico, but further evidence is required before they can be included in 
our list; these are Zydrocyrius columbia, Spinola,” ete. In confirmation 
of this, my personal endeavours to secure the bug, either from Cuba or 
Mexico, have thus far proven fruitless. It seems best, therefore, to 
ignore the American records, at least till they are absolutely confirmed or 
disproved. | 

Il.—Diplonychus punctatus, Stal. 


‘ 


Hydrocyrius punctatus. 
1865.—Stai, Hem. Afr., ILI, 182. 
FHT. columbia, partim. 
1871.—Mayr, Die Belostomiden, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges, Wien, 
XXI, pp. 429, 430. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 341 


This bug was reduced by Mayr to synonymy, and evidently he 
did not consider it more than a local variety. In fact, he says so 
in so many words (op. c., p. 430). The species, however, is well marked, 
Stal recorded it from Madagascar originally, and it does not appear to 
have been mentioned since. I possess a specimen from that Island. It is 
apparently restricted to that territory. 

IlIl.—Dzplonychus rectus, Mayr. 
Hydrocyrius rectus. 
1863.—Mayr, Verh Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 359. 
1864.—Signoret, An. Soc. Ent., Fr. (4), 1V, 224. 
1871.—Mayr, Die Belostomiden Verh Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 
XXI, 430. 7 

No other records are to be had of this well-defined species than that 
of the author, who gives Sierra Leone (West Africa) as its habitat. It is 
10 mm. shorter than punctatus, Stal, from which the character given in the 
table at once separates it. 

In conclusion, I wish to express my thanks to Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy, 
whose independent investigation when I called his attention to the generic 
emendation proposed, confirmed the conclusion I had already reached. 
He added in his letter other important synonymical matter, which it is to 
be hoped he will make public ere long. 


PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 23. 
FUMIGATION wiTH Hyprocyanic Acip Gas ror BEpBUGs. 
BY GLENN W. HERRICK, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MISS. 
Fumigation of a Large Building. 

For the past two years we have used hydrocyanic acid gas on an 
extensive scale with considerable success, and thinking that the experience 
gained might be of benefit to other workers who may be confronted with 
the same problem it seemed worth while to give an account of the work 
and method of procedure. 

Our dormitory building, in which the work has been done, is a large 
4-story structure in the form of an E, and contains, all told, 253 rooms of 
different sizes on the different floors. We use approximately the formula 
recommended by Dr. L. O. Howard in Circular 46, s.s., the only change 


October, 1907 


342 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


being that we consider 30 cc. as the equivalent of a fluidounce. It takes 
about 340 pounds of cyanide (g8% pure) and the same quantity of 
sulphuric acid to give the building a single treatment, not including the ~ 
halls, which are thoroughly scrubbed with lye and water. 

Our first work was to measure the rooms and compute the cubic 
contents of each. With the exception of a few corner rooms, they are as 


follows : 

FLoor. COCR Ty: CYANIDE. WATER. Acip. 
4. 1960 '4Y4 Ibs. 1200 CC. 600 cc. 
3° . 2352 11% lbs. T440 CC. "20 CE: 
@ tee srt Cee i 2352 11% Ibs. 1440 CC. 720 CC. 
sks; 2744 134 lbs. 1680 ce. 840 ce. 


In computing the amounts of cyanide, water and acid to be used, we 
always raise the cubic feet in any given room to the next even hundred. 
For example, the capacity of each room of the fourth floor, which is 
1960 cubic feet, was considered to be 2000 cubic feet. 

In the fumigation we attempted to treat one-fifth of the building each 
successive day. It is to be noted that there are three wings and a long 
front, twice as long as each wing. ‘This affords a natural division of the 
building into five parts, each division containing an average of about 50 
rooms. We begin on one wing by setting six men to caulking the windows 
and transoms with strips of newspaper about four inches wide and 
thoroughly soaked in water. The paper is first torn into strips and then 
placed in pans of water, where it is allowed to remain until thoroughly 
soaked. These wet strips are then quickly and effectually applied to the 
top, bottom and sides of each window and transom or other cracks that 
may be found in the room. 

At the same time two men are placing ordinary china wash-bowls in 
each room with the proper amount of water and acid in each. Beside 
each bowl is also placed the proper amount of cyanide on a piece of 
newspaper spread flat on the floor. 

We usually try to begin at such a time in the day that the rooms in 
one wing will be ready for fumigation at about 6 p.m, It takes the force 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 343 


enumerated above about four or five hours to do this, so that we should 
begin about 1 p.m. As a matter of fact, the time varied considerably 
owing to unforeseen additional labour. When everything is ready two men 
go to the top floor, and beginning at one end of the hall, pass into 
opposite rooms, one man on each side of the hall, gather the edges of the 
newspaper in the fingers and pour the cyanide d@/rect/y into the acid and 
water and walk quickly out of the room, closing the door after them. 
There is not the slightest danger, apparently, in pouring the cyanide 
directly into the acid and water if one does it coolly and quickly and holds 
the breath for a few seconds until the door is reached. Of course, the 
chemical reaction is very rapid and begins immediately, but by reaching 
the hand out over the bowl and turning the head a little away and holding 
the breath a few seconds we have never in all of our work—and we have 
always done it that way—experienced the slightest annoyance from the 
gas. By passing rapidly down the hall from room to room and floor to 
floor two men will set the whole 50 rooms off in ten or fifteen minutes. 

Our success last year was very gratifying indeed, although we had 
some complaints of bedbugs in a few rooms late in the session. This, in 
most instances, could be traced to some old wooden bedsteads that had 
not been fumigated, and which I supposed were to be thrown out and 
destroyed, but which were used afterwards by students who, coming late 
in the session and finding these old bedsteads, utilized them instead of 
buying new ones. Ina few cases I believe it was due to the large cracks 
around the doors, through which the gas dissipated itself into the halls. 
To obviate this difficulty, we tried a plan this year that seemed to work 
very well, and, I believe, will prove more effective. 

Instead of caulking all the rooms in a division we simply caulked the 
rooms on the top floor of that division first and then fumigated them at 
once. As the fumigator would close the door of a room two men, who 
stood ready with water-soaked strips of paper, would quickly seal the 
cracks around the edges of the door and the keyhole. These two men 
would caulk a door in less than two minutes, and the rooms must have 
been made as tight as is possible under average conditions. All of the 
rooms on that floor were treated in this way, after which the force passed 
to the floors below in succession, treating each in the same manner. 


344 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Although it took about one hour to treat each floor, not the slightest 
inconvenience or annoyance was experienced by the men from the gas on — 
the floor or floors above. There is also another advantage in this method : 
Where the sun shines in windows the strips of paper, although we use 
three thicknesses and soak them thoroughly, are apt to dry and curl away 
from the cracks if left too long. By treating a floor as soon as ready we 
obviate this difficulty and get the full effect of the gas. 
Some Results of the Use of This Gas Against Pedbugs Under 
Varying Conditions. _ ; 

Desiring to know the effect of hydrocyanic acid gas on bugs hidden 
away in mattresses, blankets, comfortables, etc., we tried the following 
experiments : 

1. Three bugs were placed in a perforated pill béx and then wrapped 
in excelsior, three inches all around, and this in turn in some domestic to 
imitate ticking. 

2. Three bugs (one adult, one one-third grown and one very young) 
were placed in a similar box and then carefully wrapped in two folds of a 
thick comfortable. 

3. Three bugs (two adults and one one-third grown) were placed in a 
similar box and carefully wrapped in cotton-batting to the depth of two 
inches. 

4. Two bugs (one adult and one two-thirds grown) were placed in a 
similar box and wrapped in two folds of a thick woollen blanket. 

s. Six bugs were put in a vial 3% inches deep and one inch in 
diameter, and the latter stopped with an inch cork which had been 
punched twice with a pair of dissecting-forceps with curved points. The. 
holes thus made had apparently closed up owing to the spongy nature of 
the cork, but I found afterwards that I could readily force air through 
them by placing the cork between my lips. 

6. To serve as checks several bugs in perforated boxes were placed 
about the room at different heights frory the floor. 

In every box of bugs wrapped in different materials several new-laid 
eggs were placed to determine the effect of the gas upon the hatching of 
the same. . 

The room in which the fumigation was done measured 14 x 8 x 8, and 
contained 896 cubic feet. We used 10 ozs. of cyanide, 300 cc. of acid 


1 
. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 345 


and 600 cc. of water, allowing the room to remain closed 14 hours. We 
made a slight mistake in our computation, and used 1 oz. more of cyanide 
than our formula called for. 

The results were surprising and very gratifying. Every bedbug in 
every case was killed. 

The fumigation was done June 1, and as I write, June 12, none of 
the eggs have shown any signs of hatching. It is impossible for me to say 
whether they are fertile or not, but it is reasonable to suppose that they 
are. We obtained them by confining a dozen or more adult bugs in a 
large vial, and on the second day we found eggs in abundance. The eggs 
must have been formed in the females under natural conditions in the 
bedsteads from which they were taken, and very: likely the bugs were 
fertilized there before we collected the females. 

Acknowledgments are due to Mr. R. W. Harned for his aid in the 
execution of the fumigation done this season. 


SOME NEW SPECIES OF WESTERN GEOMETRID-. 
BY JOHN A. GROSSBECK, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. 


Gymnocelis remorata, new species.—Expanse, 16-17 mm. Head, 
thorax and abdomen pale creamy-white, the abdomen somewhat the 
darkest. Wings whitish, variegated with shades of small pale brown 
patches, which show up the ground colour in a series of transverse white 
lines. On the primaries the first of these white lines is near the base, 
inwardly edged with brown and outwardly fused with the ground colour. 
Intradiscal line geminate, begins at costa and extends outward to cell, 
then inwardly, dentate to inner margin. Median line geminate, originates 
at centre of costa and extends outwardly, the inner line bordering the 
discal spot outwardly, then runs obliquely dentate to centre of inner 
margin. Extradiscal line dentate, geminate, subparallel with median line. 
All these lines show up most prominently on the costal area cf the wing ; 
less so on the remainder of the wing, yet readily to be followed. Sub- 
terminal line single, finely dentate throughout its course. Terminal line 
brown, sometimes interrupted by white at the venules. The brown 
patches appear most plainly on the costa, especially between the intra- 
discal and median lines, immediately outward of the median line and 


between the extradiscal and submarginal lines. A rather prominent 
Octoker, 1907 


346 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


blotch is near the outer margin between Mr and M3, and another less 
distinct is at the anal angle; through the centre of these blotches the 

subterminal line runs. Cu. is usually lined with dark brown scales on the 
basal half or centre, and the veins of the media are also slightly marked 
with a similar colour inwardly of the extradiscal line. Discal spot dark 
brown, longer than broad, very distinct. Fringe whitish, silky, pale brown 
at the veins. Secondaries with about four white lines on basal half of 
wing, beginning at inner edge and disappearing toward centre: A 
geminate sinuous white line crosses at outer two-thirds and corresponds 
to the extradiscal line of fore. wings. Subterminal line white, wavy. 
Terminal line brown, sometimes interrupted, distinctly wavy at inner 
angle. Discal spot dark brown, elongate, distinct. Beneath silky, cream 
coloured, the delineations of upper side faintly showing on costa. Discal 
spots faint and rather small. 

Described from a number of specimens, representing both sexes, in 
the Rutgers College collection. 

Habitat: Yuma County, Arizona, April Y1-20. 

Sciagraphia Yavapai, new species.—Expanse, 26 mm. General 
colour leaden-gray, with a reddish-umber hue and with black atoms 
sparsely scattered over the body and wings. Costa -of primaries flesh 
coloured, marked with small but distinct black flecks on basal third and 
larger ones on the centre. Intradiscal line ochre-brown, narrow, begins 
one-fourth out on costa, and is slightly outcurved to inner margin. 
Extradiscal line concolorous with the first, begins on costa over two-thirds 
out from base, extends outwardly to Mr, then with a faint in-and-out 
curve to Cu. 1, and with a sharp inward semicircle to inner margin, ending 
two-thirds out from base, This line is marked on the costa by a distinct, 
rather large black spot, on the inner margin by a smaller one and by five 
dots on the veins from Mr to Cu. 2 inclusive. ‘Terminal line a series of 
small intervenular spots. The basal and median areas are uniform in 
colouring, the outer area slightly darker and with a dark shade-spot in the 
centre bordering the extradiscal line. Discal spot an irregular elliptical 
ring with several ochre-brown scales at each end, indicating a median 
transverse line. Secondaries with numerous inconspicuous transverse 
dashes, giving the wing a finely-mottled appearance. A transverse ochre- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 347 


brown line extends from middle of wing to inner margin. Discal spot 
round, dusky. Beneath whitish-gray, the outer portion darker and all 
veins lined with ochreous ; both wings profusely marked with minute 
transverse dashes that show up sharply on the light background. Discal 
spots distinct, rather large. 

Type: One female in the collection of the writer. 

Habitat: Yavapai County, Arizona, Aug. 20 (Hutson). 

Gonodontis ocellaria, new species.—Expanse, 44-47 mm. at greatest 
width. Front, palpi and thorax bright buff, the abdomen pale buff. 
Primaries with apex acute, outer margin scalloped between the veins, 
extending outward from apex to M3, then inward to rounded anal angle. 
Colour uniformly bright buff, washed with a faint grayish shade, most 
perceptible toward outer margin ; costa with a number of slate-coloured 
specks, the largest at the beginning of the extradiscal line. Intradiscal 
line not strongly marked, whitish, bordered externally by a pale gray shade, 
beginning one-third out from base on costa, regularly outcurved to inner 
margin, where it almost disappears. Extradiscal line well defined, whitish, 
with a grayish border, internally originates on costa less than one-fourth 
in from apex, extends with an outward curve to Cu. 2, thence with a faint 
inward curve to inner margin. Distance between the two lines on costa 
double that on inner margin. Discal spot a clear white dot edged with 
brown. Marginal line deep orange; fringe pale yellow, marked with 
brown at the apices of the scallops. Secondaries brighter than primaries, 
more of a salmon colour, paler at base ; outer margin evenly rounded and 
scalloped between the veins. A brown line crosses the centre, is broadest 
in the central portion, obsolete at the costa and faint at the inner margin. 
Beneath both wings pale buff, except at inner margins, where they are 
flesh-coloured. Costa of primaries and costal and basal areas of second- 
aries sparsely marked with brown specks. ‘The transverse lines of upper 
surface, save intradiscal line of primaries, faintly reappear, and are 
marked with venular brown spots, which tend to join in the centre of the 
hind wing. Discal spots brown, small, present on all wings. 


Types: Three males in Rutgers College and in the collection of 
the writer. 


Habitat: Minnehaha, Arizona, Oct. 2 and 3 (Hutson). 


348 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


This is the first American species that has scalloped wings like the 
type of the genus, G. ddentata, Clerck, of Europe. There is no other 
species in the genus with which it can be confused. 

Metanema brunneilinearia, new species.—Expanse, 33 mm. at 
greatest width. Head, thorax and abdomen pale yellowish-white, sprinkled 
with gray scales, thickest on the: abdomen. “Apical border of abdominal 
segments destitute of gray scales, and appearing as pale rings to a grayish 
abdomen. Ground colour of both wings pale yellowish-white, rather 
profusely sprinkled with gray scales. Primaries with costa produced on 
basal third, apex acute, thence scarcely sinuous to prominent, acute angle 
at M3, thence even to rounded anal angle. Intradiscal line pale brunne- 
ous, rather narrow, begins on costa more than one-third out from base, 
extends outwardly to vein R, then turns at right angles and runs, gently 
sinuous, to inner margin, ending one-third out from base. Extradiscai 
line sinuous, concolorous with first, but slightly broader, originates on 
costa one-fourth in from apex, and runs almost parallel with intradiscal 
iine to inner margin. Basal area profusely sprinkled with gray scales, 
fewer on the costa toward intradiscal line. Median area with a sparse 
scattering of gray scales; discal spot large, round, dark brown. Outer 
area heavily overlaid with gray scales, except at outer margin from apex 
to M3, and thickest in patches between the veins from Mz to anal vein 
bordering the extradiscal line. On the outer margin between Rs5 and M1, 
and Mi and Mz, are two dark brunneous crescents with gray and flesh- 
coloured scales in the concavities. Fringe pale brunneous, checkered 
with brown at the veins. Secondaries with a single, almost straight pale 
brunneous line crossing the centre, both areas profusely overlaid with 
gray scales, less so centrally; discal spot in basal space large, brown, 
rather faint. Fringe pale brunneous, scarcely checkered with brown. 
Beneath, ground colour as above, the gray scales distributed as on upper 
surface, central space of both wings, the apex and veins bright ochreous. 

Type: One female in Rutgers College collection. 

Habitat: Verdi, Nevada. 

Readily distinguished from its congeners by its rough-scaled appear- 
ance, suggesting Awfrafe/a rather than the smooth and evenly-clothed 
species of Metanema. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 349 


CULICID CHARACTERS. 
BY FREDERICK KNAB, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


In the June number of the CanapiaAN EnrTomo.ocist Miss 
Mitchell takes Professor Williston to task for including the Corethrids in 
the family Culicide. In her article there are so many erroneous state- 
ments made that, in the interest of truth, they call for correction. Be it 
clearly understood that I do not accuse Miss Mitchell of falsification. Her 
errors are in Jarge part due to fragmentary and insufficient knowledge, 
obtained in part at second hand. 

At the very start it must be stated that the idea of separating the 
Corethrids from the other Culicide is by no means a new one. Twice 
within recent years the family Corethride has been proposed by 
independent workers—Dr. Dyar' in this country and Dr. Eysell? in 
Germany—both of them, by the way, ‘‘ nondipterologists.” Dr. Eysell 
has given a very comprehensive presentation of the case, and more than 
two years ago brought out, not only all the data offered by Miss Mitchell, 
but a great many others. Indeed, he outstrips Miss Mitchell in classifi- 
catory enterprise, and also elevates the Anophelines to family rank. This 
paper by Dr Eysell, which I expect to deal with in another place, contains 
a great deal that is interesting and suggestive. Unfortunately, not all the 
data given are correct. Both Dr. Eysell and Miss Mitchell develop their 
ideas from a few familiar forms. Of the great mass of species, some of 
which contradict their generalizations, they know nothing. 

In the following I will only deal with the statements of Miss Mitchell, 
without, however, attempting to take up every detail. The reader should 
therefore take note that the statements which remain unchallenged are not 
necessarily correct in every case. 

Miss Mitchell ciaims that the pupz of the Corethrids are not active 
like those of Culicids. The pupa of Sayomyéa lives submerged, that of 
the Culicine forms floats at the surface; both become active when 
alarmed or disturbed, and for activity upon such occasions, the pupa of 
Sayomyia far surpasses anything in the Culicine group. This difference 
in the two pupe is largely one of specific gravity. Most Culicine pupz 
are so buoyant that they cannot go below the surface without a vigorous 


1. H. G. Dyar: Our present knowledge of North American Corethrid larve. 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VII, 13, 1905. 


Barks Eysell : Sind die ‘‘ Culiciden" eine Familie? Sbhandl in Bericht, 
XLIX, Ver. Naturkunde Cassel, 16-24, 1905. 
October, 1907 


350 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


effort, and when this ceases are immediately carried to the top. Dr. Dyar 
has pointed out to me that the pup of Aédes atropalpus and Stegomyia 
calopus can remain below the surface at- any depth without effort, and 
therefore, their specific gravity must be the same as that of the water. In 
the case of Stegomyia calopus this is obviously of great advantage, and 
even essential, to the preservation of the species. As is well known, this 
species breeds almost wholly in water in artificial receptacles, in the 
tropics primarily in the jars of drinking water kept in every house. When 
water is poured from the jar the pupz go to the bottom, and remain there 
until the danger is over. The pup of other mosquitoes could not remain 
below, and would be poured out with the water. With reference to any 
classification by pupal characters, it must be further stated that the pup 
of Corethra and Eucorethra are unlike those of Sayomyzta, and practically 
like those of Culicines, both in appearance and behaviour. Pupz 
essentially similar occur also in the Chironomide, and the pupa of at least 
one species of Dixa that J have bred is in every respect like that of a 
Culicine. In the family Psychodide the~pupz are for the most part 
active. The pupa of an unidentified species of this group, sent to us from 
Florida, is free swimming and active, and greatly resembles that of a 
Culicine. In the Psychodid genus JZaruina, on the contrary, the pupa 
is inactive, and attached to rocks in moist situations. 

As to the eggs of the Corethrids, so far we know only the eggs of 
Sayomyia, and these are suspended in a mass of gelatinous substance. It 
is quite likely that those of the other genera of Corethrids are not deposited 
in this way. ucorethra occurs so sparingly that the eggs must be laid 
singly. The indications are that Corethra hibernates in the egg, and if 
in a gelatinous mass the eggs would hardly be in a suitable -condition to 
withstand freezing. A Culicine which Mr. August Busck has recently 
discovered on the Isthmus of Panama deposits its eggs in a gelatinous 
mass. According to Miss Mitchell's classification this mosquito would 
become a Corethrid! Turning tc the Chironomide, we find that although 
many of the aquatic species deposit their eggs in a gelatinous secretion; 
there are others that do not. Should these latter be put in a separate 
family ? Mr. Coquillett’s unsatisfactory application, as a primary division, 
of the mode of egg-laying of tiie Culicide,’ illustrates with what caution 


3. D. W. Coquillett : On the breaking-up of the old genus Culex, Science, 
N. S., XXIII, 312-314, 1906. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 351 
, 


such characters should be used. Such habits are purely adaptive, and may 
occur in widely-separated groups. Surely no one would think of 
associating the Sabethine Jod/otia nivipes with Culex and Culiseta simply 
because it lays its eggs.in a raft. 

It would be unfair to criticize Mr. Thompson, whom Miss Mitchell 
quotes, before he has himself presented his facts and conclusions. 
Furthermore, it is impossible to discover from Miss Mitchell’s wording 
just how much is to be credited to Mr. ‘Thompson and how much to his 
spokesman. This much may be said, however: No safe conclusions as 
to relationships can be drawn from the examination of 4 few detached 
forms. Before formulating any theory of relationships some of the more 
aberrant Culicine forms, such as AZansonia, 4ideomyia and Hemagogus, 
and at least one member of the Sabethine series, should be studied. 
Perhaps the Sabethines, like the Corethrids, will be found to have four 
instead of five malpighian tubes. I fancy that the Sabethines will be 
found to stand nearer the common ancestor than either the Culicines or 
the Corethrids, but I await further data. In a consideration of the 
relationships of the Culicide with the other families of Nemocera, the 
Psychodide, which seems to have been omitted by Mr. Thompson, 
should properly play an important part. ‘That Anopheles is close to the 
other Culicine forms, closer than most students are willing to admit, has 
been the writer’s belief for a long time. Miss Mitchell says ‘‘ Culex may 
be derived from Anopheles.” Never! The reverse might be true, for 
Anopheles is by far the more specialized form. 

The statement is made that the Corethrid larve differ from those of 
the Culicids by the ‘ place of attachment of antenne” and “ presence of 
air floats.” Neither of these characters holds good for the group, as Miss 
Mitchell could have ascertained very easily, if material was unavailable, 
by reference to published descriptions and figures. In Sayomyza and 
Corethrci/a the antenn are inserted close together at the front of the 
head; in Corethra and Eucorethra, however, the antenne are inserted at 
the anterior angles of the head, just as in the Culicids. By ‘air floats” 
we understand Miss Mitchell to mean the dilations of the tracheal tubes. 
These reach their greatest development in the larva of Sayomyia, where 
they represent the respiratory system as four large detached air vesicles. 
In Corethra these air vesicles are likewise present, but only form parts 
of the main tracheal trunks. In the larvee of Hucorethra and Corethrella 
these tracheal dilations are wholly absent ; they would be superfluous in 


By THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 
& 


these larvee which live mostly at the water-surface. Air vesicles of this 
character occur in various degrees of development in Culicine larvae. In 
the larvee of Aansonia signifer and M. fascipes they represent a condition © 


, 


very similar to that in Corethra. 

Miss Mitchell objects to the placing of Dixa with the Culicide, and 
one of her reasons is that ‘“‘ the antenne of the adults are almost bare, and 
are quite similar in the two sexes.” In another place I have already 
shown that Miss Mitchell’s startlingly simple classification of the Culicide 
according to antennal characters* resulted from her ignorance of the facts.° 
It may be further pointed out that in the Chironomidz the same condi- 
tions are found. In most of the genera the male antenne are plumose, 
but in a few they are similar to those of the female. It does not appear 
that these conditions have anything to do with the grouping of the genera. 
The larval characters of Dixa enumerated by Miss Mitchell as of family 
value, cannot be conceded such importance. The segmentation of the 
thorax is fairly distinct in the Culicid larve. As to the prolegs, although 
I have no material at hand, I am strongly under the impression that their 
number differs in the different species, if, indeed, they may not be absent 
altogether. Miss Mitchell indicates them on the first and second 
abdominal segments. Meinert’s figure of the larva of Dixa shows them 
on the fifth, sixth and seventh segments as well.® The characteristic 
proleg on the first thoracic segment of most Chironomide is familiar to all 
students. It is present in most genera of Chironomid, but there are 
some in which it is wholly absent. Are these to be excluded from the 
family 2. Moreover, a series of prolegs, similar to those of Déxa, occurs in 
the larva of the Chironomid Psamathiomyia. Miss Mitchell describes 
the pupa Diva as ‘inactive, floating quietly on the surface,” the implica- 
tion being that they differ markedly from the Culicide. In a species which 
the writer bred the pupe were just as “inactive” as those of Culicids, and, 
like them, when disturbed made rapidly for the bottom. In another 
species which the writer bred the larva leaves the water to pupate, and the 
pupa remains attached to a blade of grass and motionless, some distance 
above the water surface. 


4. E. G. Mitchell : Validity of the Culicid subfamily Deinoceritinze. Psyche, 
XIV, 11-13, 1907. 

5. F. Knab: Deinocerites again. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XV, 121-123, 
1907. 

6. Fr. Meinert: De encephale Myggelarver, pl. IV, 1886. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 353 


In defence of her subfamily Psorophorinie, Miss Mitchell states that 
it is based chiefly on characters of the early stages. Herewith I quote her 
characterization of the subfamily, adding after each item the genera or 
species that show the same characters. It may be stated that only a few 
promising forms have been drawn upon for comparison. 

** PSOROPHORIN&,” 

1. “* LARV& insectivorous, their mouth-parts fitted for seizing and 
tearing.” —Psorophora, Anopheles Barberi, Megarhinus (including Anky- 
lorhynchus and Toxorhynchites), Lutzia, Sabethes, Lesticocampa. 

2. “ MOUTH-BRUSHES a few appressed plates, heavily pectinate along 
the entire inner margin, and directed obliquely backward beneath head or 
held out at right angles to it.”—The units of the mouth-brushes of 
Psorophora can hardiy be termed “a few”—there are fifty or more of 
them in each brush. In MMegarhinus, which Miss Mitchell perhaps 
confused with Psorophora, there are from g-12 units ; Zutzia holds an 
intermediate position in this respect. All intergrades occur in the matter 
of pectination. 

3. “ MAXILL& trapezoidal, with many curved spines, a few short 
hairs."—Psorophora, Lutzia, Limatus. 

4. ‘ LATERAL CoMB of mandible a few heavy, immovable spines, 
their base almost at right angles with top of mandible.’—Psorophora, 
Lutzia. 

5- ““ MarGINAL Comb of mandible absent.”—/Psorophora (in part !), 
Anopheles Barberi, Lutzia, Megarhinus, Lesticocampa, Joblotia. 

6. “ BrrvinG part very large.”—Psorophora, Anopheles Barberi and 
other species, Wegarhinus, Lutzia, Joblotia, Limatus. 

7. “ANTENNA near middle of sides of head, eyes near posterior 
margin.”"—These characters are present in a inore or less pronounced 
degree in many mosquito larvee. 

8. ‘Pups with anal flaps as broad as long.”—This is incorrect. 
Measurement of a number of specimens shows them to be about one-third 
longer than broad. 

g. ‘‘ ADULTS with femora and tibiz bearing many outstanding scales 
irregularly and thickly arranged around them, never a fringe. Wing-scales 
natrow.”—The outstanding scales of the legs are evanescent or absent in 
certain species of Psorophora. Enough has already been said on the 
subject of wing-scales. 


354 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


A NEW BEE OF THE GENUS ANTHOPHORA. 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLO. 


Professor R. H. Forbes, of the University of Arizona, writes me 
under the date of Feb. 15, 1907: ‘‘ Whilé waiting for the train at 
Maricopa (Arizona) I became interested in a bee which was busy 
depositing honey in cells in the ground, leaving an egg in each cell. The 
workings of this bee were as deep as seven inches, often branched. into 
two to five separate tunnels, and each branch had from one to three or 
four cells of honey, one above the other. When a set of ‘cells was 
finished the bee would kick the loose dirt into the tunnel until full, then 
seal it with mud. I am sending you specimens of bees, grubs and honey 
cells containing eggs. What is the name of this most entertaining bee ?” 


Upon examination, it proves to be a new species of Anthophora. 
’ 


Anthophora Forbest, n. sp. 

@.—Length about 15 mm., width of abdomen a little over 6%, 
length of anterior wing 11. Black, with dull white or creamy-white hair ; 
hair of front white, with a few black hairs intermixed, of vertex black, of 
occiput white, of cheeks white, of thorax abeve white with many black 
hairs intermixed ; hair on inner side of anterior tarsi a sort of dull sepia ; 
on inner side of middle and hind tibize and basitarsi black, contrasting 
with the creamy-white on the outer side ; abdomen broad, not at all 
metallic ; the hind margins of the segments rather broadly whitish, 
hyaline—not chalky, covered by quite dense white hair-bands ; hair of 
surface between the bands erect, only conspicuous in side view, wholly 
white except a very little short black hair at basal middle of third ; tufts 
of black hair above and on each side of the long narrow apical plate. 


Superficially, the insect looks just like 4. Washingtoni, Ckll., except 
that it is more robust. The third antennal joint is only a little longer than 
the following four together, being less long and slender than that of 
Washingtont. ‘The eyes are perfectly black, in Washingtoni they are 
green. A. Washingtoni also has conspicuous black hair on abdominal 
segments 3 to 5, wanting in Fordesi. The clypeus of Aordesz has a broad 
smooth shining median band, wanting in Washingtont. 

The earthen cells are 21 mm. long, and abozt 14% broad, formed 
as usual in the genus. The drawing of the burrow, sent by Prof. Forbes, 
shows that it is vertical. There is no indication of the usual chimney-like 


structure. 
October, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 355 


NOTES ON THE PREDACEOUS HABIT OF POLISTES 
RUBIGINOSUS, ST. FARGEAU. 


BY A. A. GIRAULT, PARIS, TEXAS. 


At 2.30 p.m., June 20, 1904, the day clear and warm, I was in a 
small cornfield near the outskirts of Paris, Texas, searching the ears fur 
full-grown larve of the cotton boll-worm, He/iothis obso/eta, Fabricius. 
The infested ears were stripped back or husked, and the full-grown worms 
taken out, leaving the younger Jarve in their places. 

While passing along one of the rows previously examined, a female 
rubiginosus was frightened and flew up from near the ground, from one 
of the husked ears attached to a prostrate corn-plant; she dropped a 
boll-worm in instar 1V. Upon my remaining motionless she returned to 
the ground near the corn ear, and began to hunt for the larva which had 
been dropped ; it was in full sight near the ear of corn, but the wasp did 
not succeed in finding it in the time allowed. In the meantime I had 
taken one of the full-grown larve from the box in my hand and placed it 
on the ear, which it began to attack, working its way down in between 
the rows of grain. The Polistes crawled over this larva several times in 
the course of its search for the first one, but without discovering it. 
Another full-grown Jarva was then placed on the corn-ear, and crawling up 
the side of the ear happened to meet the wasp coming from the other 
direction. The two met on the top of the ear of corn, both moving 
rapidly, and without the slightest apparent hesitation the wasp literally 
pounced upon the larva’s back, and both rolled to the ground several 
inches below. 

The boll-worm wriggled and squirmed its body violently, and bit at 
the wasp fiercely with its jaws, but the latter was more powerful and bit 
the larva more effectively, making several bad wounds in the ventum of 
the abdomen, through which a mass of viscera oozed. When thus injured 
the larva was practically defeated, but the wasp continued to inflict wounds 
with its jaws at various poimts on its body, until it had apparently 
succumbed. 

The actions of the Polistes thus far indicated nothing more than that 
it was very hungry and had captured food, and its rapidly-working jaws 
heightened this effect. However, grasping the limp body of the boll- 
worm with its jaws and fore legs, and keeping the remaining pairs of legs 
well spread out for support, the wasp began to girdle the body of the larva 


by eating or biting (apparently the former) around one of the mid-body 
October, 1907 


356 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


segments. It was nervous the whole time and appeared to be very much 
excited, but as the two halves of the body were nearly severed it seemed 
to get almost frantic, biting and tugging desperately at the joining shreds 
of viscera until they parted. 

The cephalic half of the larva’s body was then grasped and worked 
with the jaws until it became round, and thé wasp then made an attempt 
to carry it off, but without success. 

It was then reduced in size, by severing with the jaws into halves 
again, the insect showing the same frantic movements as before.. 

The morsel reduced to a convenient size, the mother wasp climbed 
and reclimbed a nearby corn-plant, until it finally reached a point from 
which it could safely launch itself into the air. It arose heavily, flew in 
about eight concentric circles, with the morsel of meat grasped in its legs, 
then arose obliquely about twenty-five feet, and flew away in a straight 
south-westerly direction until lost from view. 

When first attacking the caterpillar the sting was held in a threaten- 
ing altitude, but was not used as far as could be seen. The younger larva 
dropped by the wasp bore a large wound in the second thoracic segment ; 
it was not dead, but limp and helpless. 

The predaceous habits of this species are well known, and they have 
often been recorded as active enemies of many of our injurious insects. 
Their nests are especially abundant in the corn and cotton fields of Texas, 
and they doubtless destroy many larvee which feed exposed on the foliage, 
and any others which, though internal feeders, may become exposed 
during their lifetime, through chance or otherwise. Other females of this 
species of Polistes have been observed to catch boll-worm larve exposed 
as in the foregoing, and strip the integument from their bodies and then 
chew the whole into a roundish mass of meat and carry them off to their 
nests. These larve, however, were younger. 


THe ANNUAL MEETING of the Entomological Society of Ontario will 
be held in the Biological building at the Ont. Agricultural College, Guelph, 
on Thursday, Oct. 3:, and Friday, Nov. 1. . The sessions will begin on 
the afternoon of the former day, and be continued during the day following. 
The Wellington Field Naturalists’ Club will hold its annual meeting on 
Saturday, Nov. 2, and hopes that all in attendance will remain over that 
day. Popular addresses under the auspices of both Societies will be given 
on the Thursday and Friday evenings. Members intending to be present 
will please notify the Secretary at their earliest convenience, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 357 


THE BOSTON MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY OF: AMERICA. ; 


Taking advantage of a time and place when many entomologists and 
other zoologists would be gathered together to attend the Seventh Inter- 
national Zoological Congress, and to supplement for those interested in 
entomology, the very interesting session of that Congress, a meeting of the 
Entomological Society of America was held in Boston during the week 
commencing August roth. 


On Tuesday afternoon, August 20, about 50 members of the Society, 
as guests of Mr. A. H. Kirkland, were taken in special cars to Saugus, 
where they were shown the details of the campaign against the Gypsy and 
Brown-tail moths.. The operations directed towards the control of these 
pests by means of the importation of parasites were of especial interest. 


On the evening of the 22nd a meeting was held in the room of the 
Boston Society of Natural History, at which the following 53 persons 
were in attendance : 


Members: Prof. John Barlow, Kingston, R. I.; Rev. Prof. C. J. S. 
Bethune, Guelph, Ont.; Mr. William Beutenmuller, N. Y. City ; Mr. C. 
V. Blackburn, Stoneham, Mass.; Mr. J. C. Bradley, Ithaca, N. Y.; Mr. A. 
F. Burgess, Boston; Mr. Erich Daecke, Philadelphia, Pa.; Mr. N. S. 
Easton, Fall River, Mass.; Mr. J. H. Emerton, Boston; Mr. G. P. 
Englehardt, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Prof. C. H. Fernald and Prof. H. T. 
Fernald, Amherst, Mass.; Mr, W. L. W. Fielde, Boston ; Mr. C. A. Frost, 
South Framingham, Mass.; Mr. F. Haimbach, Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. J. 
Headlee, Durham, N. H.; Mr. E. F. Hitchings, Waterville, Me.; Dr. W. 
J. Holland, Pittsburg, Pa.; Mr. C. W. Johnson, Boston; Prof. V. T. 
Kellogg, Palo Alto, Cal.; Prof. Trevor Kincaid, Seattle, Wash.; Mr. F. 
E. Lutz, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.; Mr. H. H. Lyman, Montreal; Mr. 
Bee. Mann.and Mr. C. T. Marlatt, Washington, D. C:; Prof. A. P. 
Morse, Wellesley, Mass.; Mr. H. H. Newcomb, Boston ; Prof. Herbert 
Osborn, Columbus, O.: Prof. R. C. Osburn, New York; Miss Edith M. 
Patch, Orono, Me.; Dr. H. M. Russell, Winchendon, Mass.; Prof, E. D. 
Sanderson, Durham, N. H.; Dr. Henry Skinner, Philadelphia, Pa ; Prof. 
J. B. Smith, New Brunswick, N. J.. Mr. F. M. Webster, Washington ; Dr. 
Wm. M. Wheeler, New York. 

Visitors: Dr. G. Horvath, Buda-Pesth ; Prof. N. J. Kusnezov, St. 


Petersburg, Russia; Prof. G. A. Severin, Bruxelles; Dr. H. Heymons, 


October, 1go7 


358 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Berlin ; Mr. F. Bates; Prof. and Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell, Boulder, Colo.; 
Mr. E. C. Cotton, Knoxville, Tenn.; Mr. W. F. Fiske, Washington ; Mr. J. 
Arthur Harris, St. Louis, Mo.; Mr. G. V. Pinder, New York; Mr. L. R. 
Reynolds, Boston ; Mr. A. C. Sampson, Shardn, Mass.; Mr. L. W. Swett, 
Bedford, Mass.; Mr. A. G. Weeks, Boston; Mr. R. K. Wolcott, Lincoln, 
Neb.; Mr. Chas. Zeleny, Bloomington, Ind. 

The following were in Boston during the meetings: Dr. R. Blanchard, 
Paris, France, Mr. R. H. Johnson, Cheney, Wash.; Dr. H. G. Dyar, 
Washington, D. C.; Mr. J. Martin, New York State; Dr. L. O. Howard, 
Washington, D. C-; Mr. J. E. Bates, Whitman, Mass.; Mr. E. H. Forbush, 
Malden, Mass.; Mr. H. C. Weeks, Gilman, N. Y.; Prof. A. F. Conradi, 
College Station, Texas ; Mr. A. H. Kirkland, Boston ; Mr. S. Henshaw, 
Cambridge, Mass.; E. A. Goeldi, Para, Brazil; Mr. W. Wirtner, Penn. 
Station, Pa. 

In the absence of Prof. Comstock, the President, and Dr. Fletcher, 
the First Vice-President, Dr. Skinner, the Second Vice-President, took the 
chair. In opening the session, he welcomed, on behalf of the Society, the 
foreign and other visitors who were present.- Like all new movements, he 
said, the new Society had at first met with some opposition on the part of 
those who failed to see the advantages to be derived from it. But only 
by trying can we hope to ascertain its possibilities for good. He believed 
the Society was an expression of the steadily increasing interest in 
entomology, and felt that the number who had enrolled as members, now 
over 400, and the eagerness with which membership had been sought, ’ 
was a very convincing proof of the demand for the organization. He 
believed firmly in its utility, and wished it great success and long 
continuance. 

The Secretary announced that the following persons had been elected 
Honorary Fellows of the Society: Ezra Townsend Cresson, Philadel- 
phia ; Samuel Hubbard Scudder, Cambridge ; William Harris Ashmead, 
Washington; William Henry Edwards, Coalburg, W. Va.; Philip Reese 
Uhler, Baltimore; Henry Christopher McCook and Henry Ulke, 
Philadelphia. 

The Secretary further announced that the foliowing had been elected 
Fellows of the Entomological Society of America: John Merton Aldrich, 
Moscow, Idaho; Wm. Beutenmuller, New York ; Philip Powell Calvert, 
Philadelphia; Daniel William Coquillett and Harrison Gray Dyar, 


TAE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 359 


Washington; Jas. H. Emerton, Boston; Charles Henry Fernald, - 
Amherst, Mass.; Stephen Alfred Forbes, Urbana, IIl.; Samuel Henshaw, 
‘Cambridge, Mass.; Andrew Delmar Hopkins and Leland Ossian Howard, 
Washington ; Vernon Lyman Kellogg, Palo Alto, Cal.; Henry H. Lyman, 
Montreal; James George Needham, Ithaca; William Saunders, Ottawa, 
and Eugene A. Schwarz, Washington. 

The original Fellows, elected at the first meeting, which was held in 
New York in December last, are: John Henry Comstock, Ithaca ; James 
Fletcher, Ottawa; Henry Skinner, Philadelphia ; Charles J. S. Bethune, 
‘Guelph ; Charles Willison Johnson, Boston; Herbert Osborn, Columbus, 
Ohio ; John B. Smith, New Brunswick, N. J.; Francis Marion Webster, 
Washington ; William Morton Wheeler, New York. 


The whole number of Fellows is thus 25, which is the limit laid down 
by the Executive Committee. Prof. Osborn, on behalf of the Publication 
‘Committee, announced that it did not seem desirable to take over any 
existing journal, to publish anything that would occupy the field of any 
existing journal, or to make any of the current periodicals the official 
organ of the Society. It might, however, prove desirable to undertake 
sooner or later a dignified series of publications in the form of “Annals” or 
“Memoirs,” which would be distinctly creditable to American entomology. 

The President invited the foreign entomologists who were present to 
address the meeting, calling upon Dr. Horvath, of Buda-Pesth ; Prof. 
Kusnezov, St. Petersburg; Prof. Heymons, Berlin, and Prof. Severin, 
Bruxelles, each of whom responded with a few words of kindly greeting to 
the new Society. 

Dr. Holland, who had been asked to bear the greetings of the Society 
to Dr. Scudder, gave an account of his interview with the venerated 
invalid, and told of the pleasure which his message of love and respect 
had afforded. Dr. Scudder desired him to ‘‘thank the Society from the 
fulness of his heart for having remembered an old man, now almost a 
shadow of his former self.” 

Dr. Bethune expressed the thanks of the Society to their entertainers 
in Boston, and especially the Cambridge Entomological Club. 

Dr. J. B. Smith proposed that the thanks of the meeting should be 
given to Mr. Kirkland for the delightful opportunity he had afforded them 
for observing the experiments now being carried on at Saugus.’ The 
motion was very heartily concurred in. 


360 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Dr. J. B. Smith read a paper entitled ‘Some Unrecognized Sexual 
Characters of Noctuide.” The males of many Noctuids have character- 
istic hair-tufts and hair pencils on the legs, and these reach their extreme 
development in the Deltoid series. Many other Noctuids have pencils, 
brushes and scale-tufts concealed in abdominal cavities, and of these 
little or nothing has heretofore been known. A few of the principal forms 
were shown on slides. 


Mr. J. Chester Bradley read ‘‘A case of gregarious sleeping habits 
among Aculeate Hymenoptera.” In the San Joaquin Valley in California 
a large number of sleeping Hymenoptera were observed gathered into 
clusters. But each cluster contained only a single species, and there 
were nine species represented ih ail. 

Prof..F. M. Webster spoke on ‘Parasitism of Toxoptera.” Draw- 
ings were exhibited, showing the movements of the larva when 
parasitizing, which caused the body of the host to assume a characteristic 
globose shape. 

Mr. Bradley read ‘“‘The Evolution of the Wings of Evantidz.” 
The wings of this family portray in a remarkable manner the progress 
of evolution. From a relatively complex venation we find gradual 
steps through various degrees of atrophy, resulting in the almost com- 
plete Joss of venation. The paper was discussed by Dr. Holland and 
Prof. Kellogg. 

The meeting then adjourned to a very enjoyable smoker in the 
Grundman Studios, at which the Society and its visitors were the guests 
of the Cambridge Entomological Club.—J. CHESTER BRADLEY, Secretary- 
Treasurer. 


Jamaican HemipTera.—In the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of 
Natural Sciences (Vol. viii, No. 5, 1907, pp. 1-77), Mr. E. P. Van Duzee 
gives a report on a collection of Hemiptera that he made in Jamaica 
during a short visit in March and April, 1906. ‘Though climatic and other 
difficulties were great, heavy rains and tropical heat alternating in 
rendering out-door work at times impossible, he was able to procure speci- 
mens of 236 species, of which 85 are new to science, and among them are 
representatives of no less than ten new genera; a large proportion of these 
forms are described in this paper. The Capsidz collected were submitted 
to Dr. O. M. Reuter, of Helsingfors, who has described as new seven 
genera, 29 species and two varieties from the material submitted to him. 
Students of the order will welcome this valuable contribution to its 
literature, in which are to be found many critical notes on species already 
known, as wel! as the descriptions of new forms. The paper is rendered 
all the more interesting and acceptable by the excellent portrait of the 
author which forms its frontispiece. 


Mailed October 5th, 1907. 


” 


CAN. ENT., VOL. XXXIX. PLATE 10. 


OSSIL BUTTERFLY—CHLORIPPE WILMATTAE, Chas 


he ‘anadtiay Entomologist 


' 


VoL. XXXIX. LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1907. No. IT. 


A FOSSIL BUTTERFLY OF THE GENUS CHLORIPPE. 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO. 


Among the interesting specimens found in the miocene shales of 
Florissant, Colorado, is a well-preserved butterfly, collected by my wife. It 
shows the head and thorax, one antenna, and the anterior wings, all well 
preserved. ‘The study of it has raised some questions as to the evoiution 
of the markings and wing-form in Chlorippe and its allies, and I venture 
to hope that a statement of these may produce some fruitful discussion. 


Chlorippe Wilmatta, n. sp. 

Expanse, 64 mm.; length of anterior wing, 30 mm.; antenne about 
™3 mm., gradually broadening apicaily, the club not at all abrupt ; about 
4mm. may be considered to be club, but it is hard to say where it 
begins. Palpi well developed, apparently as in Chlorippe. ‘Thorax 
robust, dark. Wings with the outline about as in C. alicia, g, but the 
apical point between the radials is sharper and longer, being quite 
suggestive of that part in Vanessa, and exactly agreeing with the same 
structure in the South American Ch/orippe sultana  ; wing as preserved 
pale sepia brown, with whitish spots, these latter corresponding to those 
in Chlorippe, in a general way, but differing in the arrangement. In the 
apical field the spots are small and round ; the three outer ones, instead 
of forming the corners of a triangle, are arranged ina line, which is slightly 
curved outwards, and parallel with the outer margin. On the other 
hand, the three inner ones, which in Ch/orippe form a curved or oblique 
line or band, are so arranged that the two lower are close together, one 
above the other, while the third or upper is far basad, the interval between 
the upper and middle one being about the same as that between the 
middle inner and corresponding outer. The four large spots in the 


median interspaces are all very distinct, 2 mm. or over in diameter ; none 


of them are ocelli. In modern Ch/oripfe the upper inner one is usually 
quite small, but in the fossil it is large like the lower, and is so placed 
that a line drawn through the two inner ones points almost accurately to 
the apex of the wing. Of the spots between the median and submedian 
veins, both are somewhat diffused, though distinct, and the outer is 


v 


362 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


placed directly beneath the lower outer one of the median interspaces, 
instead of basad of it as in modern Ch/orippe. The inner is also shifted: 
more apicad, forming a large patch beneath the inner lower one of the - 
median interspaces. There is no pale marginal line or band. The 
venation agrees with that of Chlorippe, with the same open cell. The 
cell is about 16 mm. long, thus reaching beyond. the middle of the wing. 

Florissant, Station 21 (hill south of the sawmill), July, 1907 (W. P. 
Cockerell). 

With regard to the wing-form, it is noteworthy that it resembles more 
that of Vanessa than that of the modern North American Chlorippe, but 
it agrees well with the South American C. sudtana, Foetterle. The 
markings, however, are much nearer to those of the North American 
species. Modern Ch/orippe shows a noteworthy: sexual difference in 
wing-form, the males possibly approximating to the older type, if we are 
justified in regarding the fossil as a representative of such. 


Since the North and South American species of Ch/orifpe differ very 
strongly, we are naturally led to ask which is on the whole the older, and 
where did the genus originate? ‘he fossil Certainly is not decisive upon 
this point, and I do not pretend to offer a definite opinion. Assuming, 
however, that such a species as C. su/tana represents an early type of 
Chlorippe, certain things follow in an interesting manner.. Taking such a 
species as Vanessa j-album, we find that the markings of the anterior 
wings take the form of three oblique, parallel, more or less broken bands. 
These bands may be traced in many Nymphalide ; thus, in Junonia 
cenia the middle one is especially prominent. Now, in Chlorippe sultana, 
or rather in the variety or allied species, favorita, Foetterle, we find these 
bands all very distinctly represented by rows of white spots, the first and 
third by two each, the middle one by five. If this is a primitive condiuon, 
what has happened in the evolution of the North American species ? 
The first or apical band remains unaltered, except that the lower spot is 
often an ocellus. The second is broken by the shifting of the three upper 
spots to form somewhat of a crescent, while the two lower spots are no 
longer oblique, but one above the other. Moreover, a new spot has 
appeared, just above the first of the two lower, and the three form a 
straight line parallel with the margin. The lowermost is usually an 
ocellus. ‘The inner band is modified by the intrusion of the fulvous base 
of the wing, and has some additional spots, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 363 


In the fossil we find : 

(1) The first band is parallel with the margin, not oblique, thus 
differing from the living forms. 

(2) The second band has the uppermost spot shifted even more out 
of place than inthe N. American species ; but the third spot is nearly 
over the fourth, so that the continuity of the band is fairly evident. The 
whole band, however, is not nearly so oblique as in C. su/tana. 

(3) The inner band consists of three spots, the middle large one 
being quite absent in C. sw/tana, but present in the N. American species. 

(4) In the recent N. American species the small spot in the middle 
of the wing looks like part of the innermost band; it is wholly absent in 
C. sultana. In C. Wilmatte, however, it is very large, and entirely out of 
the line of the inner band ; appearing, on any theory of the derivation of 
the spots from three bands, as an extra and unexplained character. 
When, however, we turn to such a species as Basilarchia Lorguint, we find 
this spot coming in quite naturally as part of the great white transverse 
band ; and the breaking of this band to form the median oblique band is 
seen in Heterochroa Californica. 

Among the fossil butterflies known from Florissant, Chlorippe 
Wilmatte is most like Lithopsyche styx, Scudder. [compared it carefully 
with the type of the latter, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and 


they are evidently not closely allied. The markings cf the Zithopsyche 
differ in many details. 


THE COLLETIDA OF SOUTHERN MAINE. 
BY JOHN H. LOVELL, WALDOBORO, MAINE. 
Colletes compactus, Cr. 


1868—Colletes compacta, Cr. 2 ¢, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
12:166. 


1879—Colletes compacta, Patton. ? ¢, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
20:1 42. 

Female specimens taken on Solidago Sept. 7 to 18, and on Aster 
puniceus, Sept. 12. This species and C. armatus and C. americanus have 


been collected only late in August or in September. 
November, 1907 


364 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Colletes inaequalis, Say. 
1837—Colletes inaequalis, Say. @ ¢, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist, 1:391. 


1859—Colletes inaequalis, Leconte, ed. of Say’s Writ., 2:770. 

1868—Colletes propinqua, Cr. @ 4, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
12:165. Sake 

1879—Colletes inaequalis, ‘Patton. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
20:1 42. 

One female specimen on Salix, May 7, 1905. 


Colletes armatus, Patton. = 

1868—Colletes inaequalis, Cr. (not Say). 9, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H., 
12:166. 

1879—Coiletes armata, Patton. 9 ¢, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
20:143. : 

1891—Colletes spinosa, Robt. 92 4, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 18:60. 

Female taken on Solidago, Aug. 25 to Sept. 3; male on Solidago, 
Aug. 20 to 28. 
Colletes americanus, Cr. “us 

1868—Colletes americana, Cr. 9? ¢, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
125207. ; 

1879—Colletes americana, Patton. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
20:1 42. 

Female on Aster puniceus, Sept. 12; male on Solidago, Aug. 13, to 
28, and Eupatorium perfoliatum, Aug. 24. A widely-distributed species. 
Reported also from Illinois and New Mexico. 

Mr. Myron H. Swenk has kindly examined specimens of the species 


enumerated in this paper and furnished the following description : 


Colletes mesocopus, Swenk, n. sp.—f. Length, 8-9!4 mm. Clypeus 


convex, shining, coarsely and irregularly striato-punctate. Front dull, 
crowded with coarse shallow punctures and thinly-clothed with short gray 
hair. Vertex closely double punctured, bare on sides, medially and the 
occiput with erect, grayish hair. Cheeks with sparse, coarse, but weak, 
punctures and thin ochreous-gray hair, except on extreme sides above, 
where it is thin and black. Malar space about one-fourth as long as 
broad. Antenne short, wholly black, joint 3 decidedly exceeding 4, 
almost = 4+ 5. Prothoracic spine short, sharp and distinct. Meso- 
thorax with small, sparse, rather weak punctures, coarser on posterior 
margin, the disk with a large polished impunctate area. Scutellum 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 365 


coarsely closely punctured posteriorly, anteriorly sparsely so. Postscutel- 
lum finely roughened. Superior face of metathorax well defined, divided 
into subquadrate, shining, regular pits, the enclosure funnel-shaped, 
polished, the areas surrounding it opaque and weakly, irregularly rugose. 
Mesopleura punctured similarly to, but coarser than the dorsal surface, 
the tubercles impunctate and polished. Pubescence of thorax thin, erect, 
dull gray, strongly tinged with ochreous on dorsum. Wings darkened, 
the nervures and stigma black. ‘Tegule black. Legs rather stout, black, 
entirely clothed with stiff yellowish-white hair, very dense on inner surface 
of legs, the tarsal tufts reddish. Claws rufous, medially toothed. Tibial 
spurs very short, dark, quite simple. Anterior cox with no indication 
of a spine. Abdomen short, oval, polished, the basal segment subim- 
punctate, following ones very finely, indistinctly punctured. Apical 
margins of segments 1-4 feebly depressed, of 1-5 with broad, loose, white 
fasciz. Basal segment with sparse, long, white hair, the disks of 2-6 
with erect black bristles, very long and abundant on 3-5. Ventral 
segments 1 and 2 with a dense, erect, polleniferous scopa, concolorous 
with that of posterior legs, 3 and 4 with similar dense apical fringes, 5 and 
6 with black bristles. 

2. Length,3 mm. Clypeus covered with long, dense ochreous- 
gray hair, contrasting with the pure gray hair on rest of face, no black 
hair on cheeks; antenne long, joint 3 = 4, following joints one-third 
longer than wide ; pubescence of thorax long and abundant, pure dull 
gray ; basal abdominal segment sparsely, weakly punctured ; segment 2 
with long white hair, like on 1; 3-6 with black bristles, no ventral scopa ; 
claws subapically cleft; no definite prothoracic spine. Otherwise 
essentially like the 2. 

Types. —Waldoboro, Maine, July 9, 1905, No. 3721, 9; July 11, 
1907, on Kalmia angustifolia, No. 4235, ¢. J. H. Lovell, collector. 

Paratypes.—Waldoboro, Maine, July 9, 1905, No. 3724; July 5 on 
Rosa humilis, No. 1931, 2; July, 1904, No. 2697, ?. 

This species is very distinct. Its nearest ally is C. hAyalinus, 
Provancher, but it differs from that species in the punctuation of the 

mesothorax and other details. Mr. Lovell informs me that this bee is a 
frequent visitor of Kalmia angustifolia, but only rarely visits the rose. 


366 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS’. 


NEW. COCCIDAE FROM CALIFORNIA. 
BY O. E. BREMNER, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 

Aspidiotus densiflore, n. sp.—(Fig. 20.) Puparium of female snow- 
white in colour, varying in form from round to sub-oval, according to 
position on the leaf, and slightly convex. Exuviz situated a little to one 
side of the centre. First larval skin light yellow, second nearly white. 
Length, 14 to 2 mm. eer 

Male puparium much smaller than the female (rt mm.), snow white in 
colour and oval in form. \ , 

Length of scale on slide, 1.3 mm. Two pair of well-developed lobes 

| notched on the outer 


6s. ‘ me margin, both are similar 
— of Oe AN v\ in) form, the median 
Al é : 3. \h\ \ being half larger than 
We eS the second pair. Median 

Fe Ss Oe 3 
\ 4 Tw © * lobes thickened on in- 
are Z)\ The ae! ne 
\ A \ ner edges with a chiti- 


nous extension to and 
surrounding the anal 
orifice. Plates promi- 
nent, extending to the 
end of lobes. A pair 
of trifurcate plates be- 
tween median lobes. 
A pair cf four-toothed 
furcate plates between median and lateral lobes. In the depression after 
the lateral lobes are three pairs of large plates with a number of teeth, the 
third is largest, and usually has six teeth. Very few spines ; one at. the 
base of each lobe, another shortly after the last plate, and one quite 
distant along the margin. Dorsal pores prominent. Five groups of cir- 
cumgenital gland orifices; median one sometimes lacking ; anterior 
laterals, 5 to 6; posterior laterals, 3 to 5. 
Anal orifice rather large and remote from 
the margin. 

Larve pale yellow. Antennz 5-jointed ; 
sth segment longer than all the others com- F' a1--Antenna of lee aed 
bined, ringed with a stout median bristle and 
three more at the tip ; joint 2 equal to 3+4, 3 and four equal. Formula 


=~ November, 1907 


Fic. 20.—Aspidiotus densiflora. 


. 
. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 567 


5, 2, 1 (3, 4). (Fig. 21.) A pair of well-developed lobes notched on the 
outer side ; two very long hairs ‘and two short spines between the lobes. 

Collected by the author on the under side of leaves of Quercus 
densiflora in Mendocino County, California. 

Aspidiotus yulupe, n. sp.—(Fig. 22.) Puparium of female round and 
quite convex. Black in colour, but often appearing gray when partly, or in 
some cases completely, covered by the epidermal tissues. Exuvie are in 
the centre of the scale, and are pink in colour, with a grayish central spot. 
Length of largest specimens, 1 mm. The males are not distinguishable 
from the females, having the same colour and form. 


Length of scale on slide, .64 mm.; width, .46 mm. One pair of 


Fic. 22.—Aspidiotus: yulupe. 


well-developed lobes, with a deep notch on the outer side; second and 
third pairs of lobes rudimental, and showing no indications of chitin after 
boiling in K. O. H.; second with a groove on the outer side, and third 
with a groove in centre. Very few plates, a short curved one and a large 
one with four teeth between the first and second lobes ; a long plate with 
branched end and a stout one with three teeth between the second and 
third lobes. Marginal spines quite prominent. One at the outer base of 
first lobe ; one at the centre and one at the base, just below the notch of 
second lobe ; one at centre, and just below the groove of the third lobe ; 
one pair of spines near the middle of the segment, and one pair near the 
cephalic margin. Dorsal pores prominent, but not numerous. ‘There are 
no groups of circumgenital gland orifices ; anal orifice small and remote 
from the margin. 


368 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Collected by the author on Quercus dobata, Yulupa Valley, Sonoma 
County, California. : 

Odonaspis graminis, 0. sp.—(Fig. 23.) This coccid is found on the 
roots of grass, and is very easily detached from the host plant. It has 
much the appearance of a clam, ranging in form from mytiliform to round, 
and is dirty-white in colour, and.1 to 1% mm. in size. The exuvia is at 
one side, and at the anterior extremity is glossy straw-coloured. The 


aN Uy ateonn SENN LEVY Wy 
tl) 


AU SS aE thin, my, 
ZN 


z MS 
x + 


Fic. 23.—Odonaspis graminis. 


ventral scale is nearly as well developed as the dorsal, and has what 
appears to be the ventral half of the exuvia at the anterior end. The 
scales may be pried apart much the same as you would open a clam. 

The adult female is oval in form and yellow incolour. The segments 
are distinct and chitinized at the margins with groups of dorsal pores. 
There is a group of glands around each of the openings of the anterior 
spiracles. The pygidium is broad and strongly chitinized. ‘The lobes are 
obsolete, and are represented by points in the centre of the suppressed 
segments. The rudimentary median lobe is more pronounced than the 
others, with a groove in the centre. ‘There are two spines at each side of 
the median segment and one on each of the second and third suppressed 
segments. There are no groups of circumgenital gland: orifices. The 
dorsal pores are numerous and regularly placed, a double line at the 
margin and a single line on each side of the segments. ‘The anal aperture 
is situated at some distance from the extremity. 

Habitat—This species was collected by E. M. Ehrhorn on the roots 
of grass from the Presidio Hills, San Francisco, California, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 369 


NOTES ON THE BREPHID. 
BY JOHN B. SMITH, SC. D., NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. 


The family Lrephide as it stands in our lists contains only five 
species in two genera, Brephos, Ochs., and Leucobrephos, Grt., the latter 
described by Mr. Grote in the Can. Ent., XV, p. 55, 1883, although first 
used, without description, in the Buff. Bull., II, 53, nine years previously: 

Of the species referred to Lrephos, only one, infans, Moeschl., is 
known in collections; the two species, me/ants and ca/tfornicus, described 
by Boisduval in his Lepidoptera of California in the Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 
XtI, 1869, have remained unknown up to this time. Mr. Grote (1. c.) 
suggests that they are really Arctians, and I am inclined to agree with him. 
I have tried to identify the species with specimens of Zeffarctia, but my 
series is not sufficient to quite make it. In the hope that some of the 
readers of the Can. Env. may be better off in that genus, I present the 
following copies of the original descriptions, freely translated : 


BrEPHOS CALIFORNICUS, Bdv. 

Primaries fusco-cinerous, with three obsolete white macule ; 
secondaries fulvous, with two black bands. 

This has the appearance of wotha and fpue/la, but is smaller. The 
primaries above are of a grayish-black, with three little white spots, of 
which one is on the costa ; another, much less pronounced, is toward the 
apex, and the third forms a small lunule above the internal angle. The 
secondaries are yellow, a little fulvous, crossed toward the middle by a 
black band which is constricted and interrupted; and outwardly the 
border is larger, black, with the fringe yellow. Beneath all the wings are 
yellow, with two common black bands. The female does not differ from 
the male except that the antennz are more slender. 

Found in the spring in the clearings in woods. 


BREPHOS MELANISs, Bdv. 

Primaries grayish-fuscous, with two obsolete white marks; secondaries 
black, immaculate. 

Size and form of the preceding. ‘The primaries are of a grayish- 
black, with two spots of dirty white, of which one is on the costa and the 
other, a little smaller, toward the internal angle. The secondaries and 
the fringe are completely black. Beneath, the primaries are traversed by 
a broad yellow band. We have seen only males, 


Lives in the woods. 
November, 1907 


370 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


The particular reason which induced me to look up this matter is 
that I found among specimens sent me for determination by my good 
friend and the prince of good fellows, Dr. James Fletcher, a specimen of 
what appeared to be an Annaphila, which’ fitted nowhere, and was 
sufficiently odd in appearance to induce me to examine it more closely. 
To my surprise I found it a Brephid, utterly- unlike any other of our 
species, and because there is only one, and I know no other like it, I 
call it . 


BREPHOS FLETCHER], N. sp. 

Head and body totally black. Primaries sooty-black, with a vague 
trace of pale marginal and submarginal bands. The fringe is gray, with a 
black interline. Secondaries yellow, with a, rather narrow black border, 
the inner margin of which is irregular, and a basal black area which 
extends from one-third the costal margin diagonally to the inner margin 
just above the anal angle, and does not quite join the outer black border. 
3eneath yellow ; primaries with blackish marginal borders and an oblique 
black median fascia; secondaries with a minute black discal mark, a 
subbasal narrow blackish band and a narrow blackish terminal band much 
like that of upper side. Legs black, tarsi white-ringed at the joints ; hair 
of under side grayish. 

Expands: 1 inch = 25 mm. 

Habitat : Coldstream, British Columbia, March 23; taken by Mr. E. 
M. Anderson. Numbered 1 and 13. 

The interesting notes on the distribution of Leucobrephos Middendorfi 
by Dr. Fletcher in the Ottawa Naturalist, induced me to inquire why 
brephoides, Wlk., was no longer found, though both Zeller and Grote had 
obtained (and redescribed) the species. 

Dr. Fletcher’s reference to the species was based on my determination, 
and my determination was based on Moeschler’s work and his record in 
the Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1883, 117. I was in. correspondence with Mr. 
Moeschler at that time, and he was good enough to send me an example 
of the Labrador material for study. Before I returned it I secured an 
excellent photograph, which for many years was the only representative of 
the species in my collection. Through Dr. Fletcher I finally secured an 
example of Mr. Criddle’s capture from Aweme, and that might easily have 
been the original of the photograph made from Moeschler’s example. It 
was Muiddendorfi, Moeschler, without doubt; but was it A/iddendorf, 
Menetries? Moeschler in his work speaks positively enough: “ Of this 


‘ 
. 2 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Bail 


interesting and in collections yet very rare species I received a clean 9 
from southern Labrador.” But he makes no comparisons and no 
reference to Zeller’s species described 20 years before in the same journal 
and figured. 

I determined to make the comparison myself, and did so in the 
Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, where they lave a copy of 
**Schrenk’s Reise.” Sure enough, as I had begun to fear, A/iddendorfi, 
Men., was not Moeschler’s species, but a closely-allied representative; and 
on going further it became equally certain that ail these references to 
Middendorfi really belonged to brephordes, W\k., whichis the only species 
thus far known to inhabit North America: 

I am sorry, not because I made a blunder, for it is not the first 
one I have made, but because I have misled Dr. Fletcher and made him 
write J/iddendorfi instead of brephoides. . 


OUR SPECIES OF NYCTOBIA, HULST. 
BY RICHARD F. PEARSALL, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 

Much confusion exists as to the status of the species, as now they are 
listed under this genus. In an endeavour to ascertain their true relation- 
ship, I have been gathering for some years a series which might be truly 
representative. The past year (1906) I captured a great number of forms 
in the Catskill Mts. from May 4 to 16, and have before me of both sexes, 
about evenly divided, 156 good examples. Beside these I have a small 
series taken by myself in Bronx Paik, N. Y. Co., and another series of 16 
from Lackawanna Co., Penn., through the kindness of Mr. Rothke, and 
one specimen taken on Long Island by Mr. Geo. Englehart, of the 
Children’s Museum, Bedford Park, in this city. The group from the Cats- 
kills and those from Bronx Park all constitute one species, though their 
variations are endless, and come under the name Z/mitaria, Walk. The 
other series from Pennsylvania and the single specimen from Long Island, 
are unquestionably the angutlineata, Grote, and are markedly different in 
arrangement of colour lines, presenting a bluish-black cast, not the brown 
and pale gray of /imztaria and its varieties, and the texture of the wings is 
heavier, with apices more produced.. They vary somewhat among them- 
selves, but preserve their distinctive pattern, so that once known they are 
easily picked out among any number of the other species. The vertex 
and front are generally a chalky-white, with a black line crossing below 


November, 1907 


372 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


antennz, as mentioned by Grote, and this prevails in all but one of my 
specimens, not dusky or dark brown, mixed with white, as in Zmiétaria. 
When fresh they are washed and streaked with green, but not in the 
fantastic fashion of Zimitaria. From this latter a number of extreme forms 
mgy be selected, but they grade into one another ina large series. In his 
description of Z. vernata (Mono., page 183), Dr. Packard speaks of the 
snow-white front with black hair-line below antenne, clearly indicating by 
this and other similarities that he was describing a specimen of 
anguilineata. Yet he figures (Plate 8, fig. 13) a form of /:mitaria. 
Under his reference to anguilineata (page 184),-which is very brief, he 
says ‘specimens may yet be found connecting Z. vernata with this.” To 
my mind there is no doubt they are the same, the older name of Grote 
taking precedence. The type of angutlineata came, I think, from 
Pennsylvania, and while single examples have been taken elsewhere, like 
the Massachusetts specimen, and my own from Long Island, its home 
centre seems to lie in the mountains of Pennsylvania. In the spring of 
1906 I forwarded to Mr. Prout for comparison with Walker’s types in the 
British Museum, a small lot of Z/mitarta. He writes of them thus: 
“ Lobophorata, Walk.; fusifasciata, Walk., and Jongipennis, Walk, (all in 
coll. of Brit. Mus.), are clearly forms of the variable species you call 
limitaria, Walk., and I shall accept your synonymy.” I find also that 
Prof. Grote, writing in Can. Enr., Vol. 8, p. 152, long ago reached the 
same conclusion, but at that time overlooked the older name of /:mi¢faria. 
With abundant material before me, I therefore conclude that the 
species of Vyctobia should be listed as follows: 
limitaria, Walk. 
=lobophorata, Walk. 
= fusifasciata, Walk. 
=longipennis, Walk. 
= Cystiopteryx viridata, Grote (Hulst in error). 
anguilineata, Grote. 
=vernata, Pack. 
nigroangulata, Strecker. 
viridata, Packard. 
= Agra eborata, Hulst (in error). 
A word as to viridata, Pack. This is the species upon which Dr. 
Hulst founded his genus 4gia, making it his type. He says in closing : 
“Very close to Vyctodia, differing mostly in the presence of the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 373 


frenulum.” Since the frenulum is also present in Vycfobia, there remains 
no difference whatever, except in its longer palpi, and this does not, in 
my opinion, warrant generic separation. Ina recent List of Brit. Col. 
Lepidoptera (Dept. of Agric., B. C., 1906), Rev. G. W. Taylor places this 
species in the genus Trichopteryx, Hiib., but this is an error. ‘The type 
of Trichopteryx is carpinata, Bork. (/obu/ata, Hiib.), in which vein 8 of 
hind wings is widely separate from cell, but joined to it by a cross bar at 
end.* In our species vein 8 anastomoses with cell its entire length. 


A NEW PLATA, HER.-SCH. 
BY RICHARD F. PEARSALL, BBOOKLYN, N. Y. 


A recent paper on this genus by Rev. Geo. W. Taylor, defines 
correctly the status of our species, as I believe, and renders unnecessary 
the publication of a paper I had partially prepared, except as to the 
addition of the species described herein. 


Platea lessaria, i. sp. 

Expanse, 22 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax and fore wings a 
clear pale lavender, the latter with black scales, basally clustered, 
elsewhere scattering, strigate with brown along costa. The central band 
is composed of dark brown, nearly black, scales along outline, fading 
centrally to the ground colour, which surrounds the linear dark brown 
discal spot. Its inner margin starts from costa one-fourth out, runs 
outward across cell beyond the base of vein 2, then turns sharply backward 
and downward to a point half way between vein 1 and cell. Outer margin 
leaves costa two-thirds out, makes a short curve inward across it, then 
forms a short broad angle by an outward turn to vein 6, and with a long 
inward curve reaches a point half way between veins 1 and 2, opposite 
but a little lower than the inner line; bottom truncate. Around this 
irregular figure the ground colour is clearer, almost white, gradually 
darkening submarginally into a broad pale brown line, its outer margin 
darkest and sharply defined, commencing about one mm. from apex, 
reaching the anal angle in two broad inward curves, the upper shortest, 
its course parallel with the outer margin of central figure. Narrow sub- 
marginal space darkest toward margin. Marginal line rather broad, dark 
brown. A white line at base of fringe, which is outwardly checkered 


*See Meyrick, Brit. Lep., page 180, 1895. 


374 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


brown and white. Hind wings paler, with a yellowish cast, and a few 
scattered brown scales. Discal dots small, faint. No other markings. 
Marginal line faint brown; fringe as ground colour, not checkered. 
Beneath soiled white, with numerous brown scales, the fore wings some. 
what yellowish, and having lavender scales distributed apically. Discal 
dots distinct on all wings. The central figure faintly reproduced, as is 
also the subterminal line, which is extended across hind wings in much 
the same pattern. Abdomen and legs slender, soiled white. 

Type, one ¢ taken at San Diego, Calif., July 20, 1906, through my 
friend, Mr. H. W. Marsden. x 

The smallest of our species, and with the central figure well defined, 
while preserving the general outline of those of its congeners. 


THE ARANEINA OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. 
BY KARL R. COOLIDGE, PALO ALTO, CALIF. 

The fact that so few local lists of Araneina have been published, and 
their distribution is so littlke known, except by those who have access to 
large collections and libraries, has induced the writer to publish the 
following list. - That it is very incomplete, I fully realize, as I have many 
undetermined species in my collection, and many more will be found by 
careful collecting. To make the list as complete as possible, I have 
included a number of species which I have not taken myself, but which 

“have been recorded by Banks* or are in the Stanford University collec- 
tion. As the Santa Clara Valley Entomological Society is undertaking a 
study of the fauna of the salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, I have marked 
with a dagger those species which have been found there. An asterisk 
indicates type locality. 

THERAPHOSIDE. 
Actinoxia versicolor, Simon. Black Mt. Rather common.f 
Atypoides Riversi, Cambridge. Rare. 
es Californica, Banks, Black Mt. October.* 

Eurypelma Californica, Banks. 

DRASSID&, 
Poecilochroa pacifica, Banks.* 

CLUBIONID&. 


Gavenna Californica. May. 
Anyphena sp. (immature) ; may be gracilis, Hentz. 


*Banks, Proc. Col. Acad. Soc., Vol. 13, 1904. 
November, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


AGALENID&. 
Agalena pacifica, Banks. Black Mt. July.* 
ss Californica, Banks. Black Mt. October.* 
Tegenaria Derhanii, Scopoli. 
= Californica, Banks.* 
DICTYNID&. 
Dictyna sublata, Hentz. Common in July. 
* _-volucripes, Keys. Also common.t 
Dictyolathys Californica, Banks.* 
Amaurobius severus, Simon. Rare. 


THERIDIID&. 
Theridium placens, Keys. July. 


a3 differens, Emerton. Rather common. 
. fordum, Keys. 
Linyphia diana, Keys. Rare. 
35 phrygiana, Koch. Common. 


x communis, Hentz. Not rare. + 


Latrodectus mactans, Koch. 
Bathyphantes sp. (pallidula ? Banks). 


MIMETID&. 
Mimetus interfector, Hentz. 
EPEIRIDA. 
Epeira gemma, McCook. Abundant. 
pacifica, McCook. 
trifolium, Hentz. 
“ labyrinthea, Hentz. Fairly common.+ 
*«  displicata, Hentz. Plentiful in July.7 
oacensis, Keys. 
‘© ~~ aculeata, Emerton. Not rare. 
‘© strix, Hentz. Very common.t 
vulgaris, Hentz. Rather rare. 
*" pegnia. 
Zilla Californica, Banks. October and November.* 
Cyclosa conica, Pallas. Rare. 
Crytophora Californiensis, Keys, Rather common.t 
Argiope argentata, Fabr. Rare. 
“  transversa, Emerson (trifasciata, Fors.). 
Gasteracantha hexacantha, Fabr. 


376 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


TETRAGNATHIDA. 
Tetragnatha exiensa, Linn. 


a laboriosa, Hentz. Rare. 
Hyptiotes cavatus, Hentz. Scarce. 

THOMISID&. 

Xysticus Californicus, Keys.. May. Uncommon. 


Coriarachne versicolor, Keys. _ 


Misumena vatia, Clerk. 
S importuna, Keys. 
a very. 
as pictilis, Banks.* 
Tibellus Duttonii, Hentz. July. 
. oblongus, Walk. Fairly common in September.t 


Philodromus rufus, Walck. Rather common.} 


& mcestus, Banks.* 
ne Californicus, Keys. Rare. 
LycosID&. 


Lycosa brunneiventris, Banks. 
Pardosa Californica, Keys. July. 
“ stemalis? Thor. Common.7 


OXYOPID. 
Oxyopes salticus, Hentz. 
“4 rufipes, Banks. 
ATTIDE. 
Phiddipus Johnsoni, Packham. Rather abundant. 
re opifex, McCook. 
Dendryphantes octavus, Hentz. Frequent. 
: seneolus, Curtis. Several specimens. 


Epiblemum palpilis, Banks.* 


CATocaLA TITANIA, Dodge.—Mr. W. Beutenmuller informs me that 


the moth I have hitherto sent to friends as Catocala preclara, G. and R., 
is not that species, but C. titania, Dodge. As in a long series I am 
unable to detect any variation, and I do not find the silky lustre on the 
fore wings which is characteristic of C. preclara, I conclude that this 
species does not occur here.—E. Firmstone Heatu, The Hermitage, 
Cartwright, Manitoba. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 377 


GEOMETRID NOTES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW 
SPECIES. 


BY L. W. SWETT, BEDFORD, MASS. 


Eupithecia Taylorata, nov. sp.—Expands 22-23 mm. __Discal spots 
on all wings black and distinct. Palpi rather long with black scales, 
antenne ringed minutely with black. Fore wings ash-gray with darker 
shadings, five dark gray costal patches somewhat diffuse, from which as 
many wavy lines run across the wing to inner margin; lines are white 
towards outer margin, shaded heavily with black scales towards body, the 
first and second basally run in waves to inner margin, the third almost 
touches black costal spot, broader than the other two, and runs irregularly 
to inner margin; extra-discal line is heaviest, and is strongly angled 
beneath costa, where it bends back and runs irregularly to inner margin, 
beyond this the fifth and last band is bordered on outside by a white 
zigzag line further in from outer margin than usual in the Aupithecias. 
The margin of wing is pale ash, fringe pale ash, with dark patches at veins, 
and shorter than interruptofasciata, its nearest ally. Hind wings have 
five pale ash bands with darker shadings, extra-discal is most prominent. 

Beneath: fore wings have three prominent bands, the basal shaded 
with fuscous to body, extra-discal strongly angled below costa, less waved 
than above and fainter, runs to inner margin, the marginal band corre- 
sponds to white zigzag line on upper side, but white shows only faintly 
beneath, and is not zigzag, rounded to inner margin. Hind wings have 
four wavy lines—two intra-discal, two extra-discal, heaviest on inner 
margin, very wavy between veins, dark patch at end of veins in fringe. 
This resembles superficially zxterruptofasciata, but is very distinct in its 
five whitish lines with black shadings and white zig-zag line well in from 
outer margin. I name this species in honour of my friend, the Rev. G. 
W. Taylor, who has done so much work in this difficult. genus. 

Type.—¢, May 29, 1901, Sherborn, Mass.; 2, June 20, 1906, Mon- 
mouth, Me. 

Eupithecia Frostiata, nov. sp.—Expands 15-18 mm. _ Discal spots 
black and distinct. Palpi moderate brown-scaled, wings of a reddish- 
brown cast. Four prominent costal patches, from which as many lines 
run to inner margin: first line, basal, rounded to inner margin; second 
parallel to it; third costal patch has white patch bordering it towards 


outer margin of wing, angled strongly below costa, then continuing in 
November, 1907 ; 


378 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


broken minute dots on veins to inner margin ; then a pale reddish-brown 
band, outer edge of which is shaded heavily to outer margin of wing, a 
pale white line runs near outer margin zigzag, but hardly discernible. 
Fringe rather long and cinereous, with patches at end of veins. Hind 
wings lighter basally, with four or five lines broken into dots on veins, 
rounded across wings, discal spot much smaller and fainter than on fore 
wings, where it is large and rounded, fringe checkered as on fore wings. 

Beneath : fore wings paler brown than above, extra-discal bands most 
noticeable, bent in curves and not dotted on veins as above. Hind wings 
have three dotted lines, one basal, the other two extra-discal, the marginal 
one being faintest. 

This species may be known by its long narrow wings, reddish-brown 
cast on costa and patches, with large, round discal sput on fore wings. 

I name this species in honour of Mr. C. A. Frost, who has done 
much in collecting material from Maine for my New England faunai list 
of Geometridz, which I hope to publish shortly. 

Type.— ¢, New Windsor, N. Y. Coll. of G. W. Taylor. 9, New 
Windsor, N. Y., April 25, 1895. ae 

Co-types.—fuly 3, Newark, N. Y., W. H. Broadwell ; May 18, 1896, 
New Windsor, N. Y., Miss Morton. 

I find, in examtning the types of Packard’s collection, that Aucyma- 
toge Strattonata is not anticaria at all, but is a distinct species and is a 
Eupithecia, so it will stand as Lup. Strattonata in our lists. AM iserulata 
was evidently unknown to Packard, as he has many species so listed under 
that name. 

In studying his collection, I advise all to read over the original 
descriptions, as many of his labels have been changed, and in some cases 
the specimens are missing. 

Eupithecia Grossbeckiata, sp. nov.—Expands 16 to 18 mm.; palpi 
about 1 mm., extending well beyond head; rough scaled, antenne 
strongly ciliated beneath. Colour of fore wings light fawn gray. A basal 
line very faint, but showing plainly by spot on costa, then intra-discal line 
very plain on costa, fading as it approaches inner margin on vein 2, 
separated as if broken off, then runs to inner margin. Discal spots 
prominent, somewhat linear and black. Extra-discal line represented by 
large spot on costa, then elbows out tuwards outer margin at vein g. and 
bends back in gradual curve to vein 2, marked strongly on the veins as 
dashes ; from vein 2 it runs in two scallops to inner margin. Beyond 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 379 


extra-discal line’'is a pale broad luteous band, strongly elbowed outwards 
below costa, running straight to inner margin. This band is bordered on 
outside by a darker gray band, which has a white finely-scalloped line in 
middle. Fringe short, gray, with intervenular dots. 

Hind wings same colour as fore wings, prominent black discal spot, 
beneath this is a broad confused black line, forming a deep sinus as it 
runs towards outer margin, the basal line is hardly visible ; the outer 
margin of wing is dusky-gray. Beneath lighter than above ; three prom- 
inent costal spots the beginnings of lines, the extra-discal line being very 
black and confused, outside this the pale yellow band shows very promi- 
nently. Discal spots on all wings plain as above. Markings on hind 
wings same as above. 

This species may be known from all others by its strongly-ciliated 
antenne, pale yellowish extra-discal band, black, broad discal band and 
dark brown band on middle of abdomen, also white geminate spots on 
outer margin. 

Types.—Two ¢’s, July 11 and 14, 1906, Framingham, Mass., Mr. 
C. Frost. 

I take pleasure in naming this distinct and easily-recognized species 
after Mr. J. W. Grossbeck, who has done so much to help us in regard to 
the Hulst types. 

Chlorochlamys tnveterascaria, nov. sp.—Expands 20mm. Antenne 
bipectinate, but much shorter and stouter than in ch/oroleucaria,; palpi 
moderate, a little longer and stouter than usual, rose-tipped; hind tibia 
one spur, hair-pencil. Fore wings long, rather pointed, somewhat 
resembling Vemoria pistaciata. Hind wings rounded. Colour olive- 
green, basal line on fore wings runs from costa to inner margin, same as 
chloroleucaria, extra-discal line whitish, irregular, deep indentation at vein 
2, bent back at an angle on costa. Hind wings same colour as fore 
wings ; a whitish band extends across middle of wing, rather more 
rounded than in chloroleucaria. Beneath pale ochraceous-white, no 
markings discernible, discal dots wanting. Fringe not so long as in 
chloroleucaria. 

This species seems to be nearest vo/antaria, Pearsall, but differs in 
antennal structure, and the extra-discal line is not rounded outwardly, but 
is bent at an angle at costa ; also, it is not waved, but irregular. It may 


be told at a glance by the short stout pectinations on the antennze and the 
extra-discal line. 


Hab.—Tucson, Arizona, May 11, 1905. Type, one male. 


380 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


LEMONIAS QUINO (BEHR), SCUDDER: ITS SYNONYMY 
AND ACTUAL STATUS. 


BY FORDYCE GRINNELL, JR., PASADENA, CALIF. 


Lemonias Quino (Behr), Scudder, was described in the Proceedings 
of the California Academy of Science, Vol. III, p. 90-91, 1863. Since 
that time it has been interpreted ‘in every possible way but the correct 
one. By some curious process of reasoning, the locality was changed to 
Mendocino county, evidently on the aahants of Henry Edwards, and 
subsequent authors have adopted this conclusion, and tried to identify this 
species from that locality. Henry Edwards, in describing Me/itea Baront 
and rubicunda, compares the latter with Quino, and thinks it might be 
only a variety of that species ; but W. H. Edwards, in the * Butterflies of 
North America,” 3rd series, 1897, says of this, as fellows: “ Rubicunda 
was originally described by Mr. Henry Edwards as possibly but a variety 
or form of AZ. Quino, Behr. Curiously enough, no one, not even Dr. 
Behr himself, knows what Quzzo is, or was intended to be. The types 
were lost, and the published description fits no known species or variety. 
Tt certainly was not what Mr. Edwards understcod it to be* when he 
compared both Baroni and rubicunda with it. He says of the Jatter that 
‘red is the prevailing tint, and the ae bands of. secondaries are 
simply bands of red.’ ” Arig 

It seems strange that anyone could get the idea that Quino was 
distinguished by its black or dark coloration. Mr. W. G. Wright 
adopts this in his book, when by a cursory reading of the original 
description this-is zof the case, but the very opposite, it is even not as 
dark as chaécedon. 5; 

I have had slight suspicions in regard to Quno, but last spring when 
speaking with Mrs. Katherine Brandegee, of Berkeley, whe has studied 
quite fully what she took to be Lemonias augusta, Edwards, in the vicinity 
of San Diego, on the authority of some eastern men, the question of the 
proper name of the San Diego form came up—whether it was augusta or 
Quino ; I then resolved to look into this matter fully, and try, if possible, 
to set students on the right track. Mrs. Brandegee, being occupied with 
botanical questions, has no time to look into entomological work, but 
expressed herself as much interested in the true answer to the question. 


*Italics are mine.—F. G. 
November, 1907 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 381 


Having had some correspondence with Mr. Wm. S. Wright, of San 
Diego, I obtained a good, lengthy series of Zemonias augusta, or what he 
seemed to be pretty well convinced was such a species, evidently on the 
same authority as that of Mrs. Brandegee. 


As I said before, a cursory reading of the original description cannot 
possibly make ont Quzno, as understood by Hy. Edwards or Wright; and 
as I do not think that Behr’s description can be improved on, and it has 
been neglected so long, I will quote it entirely. 


“3. A. Quino, Behr, n. sp. 


“MM. chalcedonti similis sed antenne clava discolor, fusca nec 
concolor antenne reliquie aurantiace. 


“ Ale supra ut in JZ. chalcedonte sed series macularum submar- 
ginalium in anticis rubra et marginalium in posticis flava rubro tincta. 
Series quarta in anticis bifida, fere tota rubra, tertia in posticis omnino 
rubra. 


‘* Ale inferiores subtus ut in JZ. chalcedonte sed fascia flava prope 
radicem in maculz sex dissecta maculaque flava discalis puncto ejusdem 
coloris extus aucta. 

“ Melitea Quino may at once be distinguished by the entirely different 
and much gayer coloration of the upper side, which much more resembles 
that of JZ. anicza than AZ. chalcedon. To the latter species it comes the 
nearest in the peculiar shape of the wings, so characteristically different in 
the two sexes. In JZ. anicia this difference exists, but not to the same 
degree. The yellow part of the under side of the hind wings is much paler 
than in M. chalcedon and M.anicia. The yellow radical band is dissolved 
into six distinct but nearly connected macula. In MZ. chalcedon the band 
is not interrupted, and only the sixth macula is separated, making part of 
the yellow coloration of the anal side of the wing. From MZ. anicia it 
differs besides in the under side of the fore wings being nearly all of a 
reddish brown colour, with scarcely any indication of the markings of the 
upper side, closely resembling M. chalcedon. From both species M. Quino 
differs in the coloration of the club of the antenne.* 

“This species I received from Dr. Cooper, formerly of the State 
Geological Survey, who collected several specimens near San Diego. 
I have called it Quzno in remembrance of the Californian pioneer, Padre 
Quino, the first European that ever succeeded in erecting a permanent 


*Italics in the above description are mine.—F. G, 


382 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


settlement in California, and at the same time contributed very consider- 


ably by his learned writings to a more exact knowledge of these then 


”? 


scarcely discovered regions, 

I have a large series of specimens of TRS Cone Quino, about twenty- 
five specimens, received from Mr. W.S Wright, of San Diego, taken near 
that place. These all agree exactly with the above description, and I have 
very little to add to Dr. Behr's excellent diagnosis of Quéno, beyond 
emphasizing the italicized parts. Mr. H.C. Fatl has specimens taken on 
Mt. Roubidoux, near Riverside ; while Mr. Wright figures his augusta 


from specimens taken near San Bernardino. The types described by 
Edwards were taken in the foothills near San Bernardino. Augusta is a 
synonym of Quino. My specimens were collected mostly on March 16 of 
this year (1907). Dr. Behr’s specimens were probably collected along with 
Synchloe Cooperi, which is a spring species, at San Diego, so his description 
refers to the spring form. 1 have not seen specimens of later generations, 
which Mr. Wright refers to as different. Dr. J. G. Cooper, Zoologist of 
the State Geological Survey of California, under J. D. Whitney, from 
1860-1864, explored different parts of California, and was at San Diego 
1861-1862, making most of his observations and collections during March 
and April, 1862. 

Grinnell & Grinnell, in the Journal of the New York Entomological 
Society, March, 1907, p. 42, list Zemonias augusta from the San Bernardino 
Mountains ; that is an error, the species is Lemonias anicia (Doubl. & 
Hewits.), or a very close form thereto. The specimens seem to be typical 
anicia, and agree exactly with Dr. Behr’s comparisons in the above 
description ; it is interesting with Cupido Hilda and Jncisalia eryphon in 
showing the close faunal relations of the high San Bernardino mountains 
and the high central Sierras. It is very peculiar that W. G. Wright does 
not figure or describe avicia from California, as it occurs within a couple 
of days’ trip from his home, instead of giving a figure of a Colorado form 
which is not quite typical ; he even goes so far as to say that he does not 
know it from the ‘“* West Coast Territery,” when California is the type 
locality ! 

Lemonias Quino is intermediate between anicia and chalcedon, as can 
be inferred from Dr. Behr’s description. It is related to amicia by the 
prevailing red colour, while both cha/cedon and anicia have the entire 
antenne yellow, including the club; while in Quézo the club is mostly 


, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISL, 383 


black, and remainder of the antennz red-brown. W. H. Edwards, in his 
description of augusta, says, as follows: © belongs to cha/cedon group, but 
is as conspicuously red as the species of cha/cedon is black.” Dr. Behr 
says practically the same thing of his Quino,; a comparative description 
like that of Dr. Behr is, to me, of much more use than one that attempts 
to describe all the complicated markings of these insects. 

The synonymy, etc., stands thus : 

Lemonias Quino (Behr), Scudder. Proc. Cal. Acad. of Sci., IIT, 
p- 90, 1863. 

Melitea augusta (Edwards), Can. Ent., XXII, 21, 1890. 

Melitea augusta (Wright), Butt. of the West Coast, p. Ves tpl Se 
1905. 

Melitea augustina (Wright), loc. cit., p. 154. (This is only an 
individual variation.) 

Melita augusta (Holland). Butterfly Book, p. 141, pl. XVI, 1899 
(a very lightly marked specimen). 

Type locality : San Diego, California. ; 

Distribution: Lower Sonoran Zone of the San Diegan Faunal 
District. 

Food plant: Plantago patagonica (Mrs. Brandegee). 

Lemonias Quino is, so far as known, limited to the southern half of 
the San Diegan Faunal District, and extends into Upper Sonoran. 
Lemonias anicia is an Upper Transition species, while Lemonias chalcedon 


extends from Lower Sonoran to Lower ‘l'ransition. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT.—The Curator, on behalf of the Entomological 
Society of Ontario, desires to offer its very grateful thanks to Mr. F. H. 
Wo tey Dop, of Millarville, Alberta, for his handsome gift of over two 


hundred specimens of Lepidoptera. These are for the most part North- 
western species that were unrepresented in the Society’s collection, and 
are therefore very welcome and useful accessions. 

Also to Mr. CHartes R. E xy, of Washington, D. C., for a generous 
gift of fifty specimens of Lepidoptera from Connecticut, which are of much 
value in filling gaps in the Society’s cabinets, 


”) 


384 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DESCRIPTION OF EUPITHECIA FLETCHERATA, A GEO- 
METRID MOTH FROM OTTAWA, NEW TO SCIENCE. 
BY GEO. W. TAYLOR, WELLINGTON, B. C.* 


This is one of the broad-winged, medium-sized species of upithecia, 
in wing shape much line Lupithecia latipennis, Hulst (which is quite 
common in Ottawa in the month-of June), but is a trifle smaller. Expanse, 
21 mm. nae 

Palpi of moderate length, rather bushy, very dark (nearly black), 
with the extreme tips white. Front dark gray, with a fine black transverse 
line in front of the base of the antenne. “a : 

Thorax gray, darker in: front; a small white posterior tuft. 
Abdomen dark smoky-gray; last segment darker, but in the male with a tuft 
of snow-white hairs seen only when the last segment is exserted ; dorsal 
tufts black; a black jateral line. : 

Beneath the pectus is white; the abdomen pale except the last 
segment, which is dark gray ; the legs are pale except the tibiz and tarsi 
of the first pair, which are dark, with pale rings. Fore Ww. .zs rather dark 
gray, with blackish cross-lines enlarged on the costal margin. 

The basal and intra-discal lines, with at least two intervening lines, 
are parallel to each other ; they leave the costa at a sharp angle, turning 
at right angles when-they reach the cell, and running in an almost straight 
line to the inner margin ; they are all farther from the base at the inner 
margin than at the costa. 

The median line, which is double, takes much the same direction, 
including in its angle the distinct, oval, black, discal eet and continuing 
in a wavy line to the inner margin. 

The extra-discal line appears as a large blotch on the costa ; it then 
runs in a regular curve to vein 3, then parallel to the median line to the 
inner margin ; this line is emphasized by a series of eight black dashes on 
the veins. 

Between the extra-discal and the submarginal lines are three dark 
lines, showing only as spots on the costa. 

The submarginal line is faint, white, showing most plainly i in a white 
dot between veins 3 and 4, and another between 1 and 2. Marginal line 
faint, black, broken at the veins. Fringe, basal half darker ; dusky spots 
at the ends of the veins. 


*Reprinted by request from The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XX, No. 10, pp. 
200-202, January, 1907. 


. 2 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 385 


Hind wings dark gray; the lines indistinct, but apparently all the 
lines of the fore wings are continuous, the most evident being the extra- 
discal and the submarginal ; the first-named consists of black dashes on 
the veins (as on the fore wing), and so appears broader than the other 
lines. 

Discal dot black, distinct. Fringe as on the fore wings. Beneath, 
fore wings bright gray. Costa with black marks showing the commence- 
ments of basal, median and extra-disceal lines, and with another dark blotch 
in advance of the faint white submarginal line. 

The extra-discal line and a dark gray shade beyond it are traceable 
across the wing to the inner margin, but the other lines can only be 
followed for a very short distance from the costa. 

Marginal line distinct ; base of fringe pale, otherwise as above. 

Hind wings pale, with three intra-discal lines marked on the costa 
and again on the inner margin. 

There are also two extra-discal lines composed of distinct dots on the 
veins. 

The out’ nost of these is parallel to the outer margin; the other runs 
in a straight line from the inner margin, in the direction of the discal dot, 
to vein 3, then in a regular curve to the costa. These two lines are, 
therefore, not parallel, being rather close together on the costa and 
farthest apart on vein 3. This is a peculiarity that I have not noticed in 
any other eastern Lupithecta. Three or four dots on the veins indicate 
another line between the two just mentioned. 

Discal dots distinct on all wings. 

Described from two specimens collected by Mr. C. H. Young, and 
labelled respectively Ottawa, 3, viii, ’06, and 1o, ix, ’06, and named in 
. honour of Dr. James Fletcher, of Ottawa. 

One of these specimens is in my cabinet, thanks to the generosity of 
Mr. Young ; the other is retained in his own collection. 

PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 24. 
SUGARING FOR MOTHS IN THE AUTUMN. 
BY JOHN A. MORDEN, HYDE PARK CORNERS, ONT. 


It may be interesting to Lepidopterists to know what success I had 
during the late autunin of last year in sugaring for moths, especially those 
of the genus Scopelosoma. 

Having read the highly-interesting article by Mr. Henry Engel, of 
Pittsburg, Pa., on collecting moths in autumn and winter (Can. Enr., 


November, 1907 


‘ 


» 


386 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol. XXXVII, page 102), I determined to follow his example during the 
autumn of 1905. After many weary visits to baited trees, and finding 
nothing more desirable than Orthosia ferruginoides, Agrotis ypsilon, — 
Peridroma saucia, Xylina antennata, and Vlathypena  scabra, 1 
abandoned the undertaking early in October, with the conclusion that 
there were no Scopelosomas in this locality, and certainly no such variety 
of moths as Mr. Engel met with... This proved to be a mistake as far as 
Scopelosomas were concerned, for during the following maple-sugar season 
I took over one hundred specimens that were feeding upon sap which 
oozed from wounds in the maple-trees caused by the common Sapsucker 
—the yellow-bellied Woodpecker (Sphvrapicus varius). In the sugar 
woods where the trees were tapped for syrup, many had become drowned 
in the sap-pails. I found that submerged specimens were spoiled, but 
those floating and not saturated were fit for mounting. 

Subsequently I read Mr. Engel’s article again, ahd noticed that he 
did not mention any captures of Scopelosoma before October 21st. I 
had received the impression when first reading it that he had taken 
specimens of this genus much earlier, ana others, perhaps, have made the 
same mistake. Accordingly, last autumn (1906) I baited a number of 
trees, and continued to visit them early in the evenings without meeting 
any particularly desirable specimens until October 26th, when one 
Scopelosoma was captured. On the next evening, which was rainy, I 
took seventeen specimens, on Nov. 3rd twenty-two, Nov. roth fifteen, 
Nov. 17tb seventy-one, Nov. 26th thirty-two, and there were other dates 
when | took from four to six examples. These moths do not come to 
feed at the bait to any extent upon evenings which follow warm, sunny 
days ; they prefer to feed just before, or during, a shower of rain and 
when there is a thaw after frost. On Novy. 3rd there was enough snow in 
the woods to give the ground a speckled appearance, and yet I took over 
a score of these moths. Favourable weather seemed to occur every 
seventh day till Nov. 17th. The following are the species taken: 
Scopelosoma Morrisoni, Grafiana, Walkeri, sidus, and some others yet 
to be determined. After rejecting imperfect specimens, I pinned no less 
than one hundred and fifty-two examples. of this genus. ; 

I may add that during September of this year—from the 12th to the 
23rd—I have taken 104 specimens of Catocala, forty being concumbens, 
22 unijuga, 8 habilis, 6 each of cara and innubens, and lesser numbers. of 
parta, briseis, amatrix, bianca, neogama and piatrix. 


THE CANADIAN ENTUMOLOGIST. 337 


BOOK NOTICES. 

FarM WEEDS OF Canapa, by George H. Clark, B. S. A., and James 

Fletcher, LL.D., F..R. S.C., F. L. S., with illustrations by Norman 

Criddle. Published by direction of the Minister of Agriculture, 
Ottawa, 1906, 4to, pp. 103. 


It is seldom indeed in this country that so beautiful and useful a book 
as this is published by a Government Department, and we may therefore 
all the more heartily congratulate Dr. Fletcher on being enabled to 
produce this admirable volume. The name of Mr. Clark appears upon 
the title-page as copied above, but his share in the authorship seems to be 
limited to a single introductory page. To Dr. Fletcher is evidently due 
the entire credit for the literary and scientific part of the work, and to 
Mr. Criddle for the exquisite coloured plates, 52 of weeds and 4 of seeds. 

At the outset of the volume an account is given of the losses to 
farmers caused by weeds, and full and clear instructions for their 
extermination are provided ; weeds are defined and classified, and a clear 
explanation is given of the botanical terms necessarily employed in the 
work. ‘The rest of the volume is taken up with descriptions of all the 
important weeds that trouble the farmers, especially in the newer 
Provinces of the West; the common English as well as the scientific 
names are first given in each case, then follow a list of the Provinces it 
infests, a description of the plant, time of flowering, method of propaga- 
tion, situations in which it occurs, the injury it causes, and the best 
remedy to be adopted for its eradication. In the great majority of cases 
clean farming and a short rotation of crops are the remedies recom- 
mended, but where carelessness has allowed the land to be seriously 
infested special methods have to be resorted to. 

With this work to refer to, no intelligent farmer should have any 
difficulty in identifying the weeds with which he has to contend, nor 
should he be at a loss to know in what manner he can successfully wage 
war upon them. With the plates alone, so beautifully true to nature are 
they and so artistic as well, any ordinary weed can be identified, and 
reference may then be made to the description that accompanies them. 


Whether the work is for sale to the public, or is to be obtained only 
by application to the Ottawa Department of Agriculture, is not stated. 
No doubt every one who farms many acres will wish for and should have 
a copy. Weeds allowed to go to seed are not only an injury to the man 
in whose fields they occur, but are a menace to his neighbours in all 


388 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


directions. Their eradication is consequently a public necessity, and all 
farmers should know what to do and be compelled to do it. 


INSECTS INJURIOUS TO VEGETABLES, by F. H. Chittenden, Sc. D., U. S. 
Department of Agriculture. New York: Orange Judd Company, 
439-441 Lafayette Street; 262 pages, 163 illustrations. (Price $1.50 ) 

The author of this excellent manual is so well known as a thoroughly 

skilled economic Entomologist from the numerous Bulletins that he has 
written, that it is hardly necessary to say a word regarding the accuracy, 
clearness and practical character of the book. All the insects that any 
vegetable grower is likely to meet with are described and figured, and plain, 
simple methods of control are given. The first four chapters give a brief 
account of the various orders of insects, the natural elements that control- 
them, prevention by farming and mechanical methods, and the most 
approved insecticides, with directions for making and ‘using them. The 
remaining chapters give full information respecting a great number of 
insects arranged under the vegetables that they attack. A list of publica- 
tions on Economic Entomology and a copious index complete the work. 
Everyone who possesses a garden and tries to grow vegetables, should 
have this volume at hand for speedy reference when any insect foe attacks 
his crops; all the information needed for identifying the enemy and 
waging successful warfare against him can at once be found, and with little 
difficulty be put in practice. Students in Agricultural Colleges and 
teachers of Nature Study will also find much assistance in their work from 
the perusal of this volume, and will continue to regard it as a mine of 
useful information. 


ONTARIO BULLETINS. 


The Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, has recently issued the 
following useful Bulletins on Economic Entomology. They can be pro- 
cured on application to the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto, 
by whom they are published : ; 

INSECTICIDES AND FuncicipEs (Bulletin 154), by Professor R. 
Harcourt and H. L. Fulmer, of the Chemical Department; 32 pages. 

REMEDIES FOR THE SAN JOSE SCALE and the San Jose Scale Act 
(Bulletin 157); 12 pages. : 

INSECTS AFFECTING Fruit TREES (Bulletin 158), by Professor C. J- 
S. Bethune ; 36 pages, 50 illustrauons. 


Mailed November 5th. 1907. 


CAN. ENT., VOt. XXXIX, PLATE Il, 


NEW SPECIES OF COLORADO APHIDIDAE. 


he @ anautiay Fontomalogist 


Vo. XXXIX, LONDON, DECEMBER, 1907. No. 12. 


NEW SPECIES OF COLORADO APHIDIDA, WITH NOTES 
UPON THEIR LIFE-HABITS. 


BY -G. P.. GILLETTE, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO. 


In our study of Colorado Aphidide during the past two or three 
years, we have endeavoured to trace each species throughout the entire 
year, In doing this work it has been necessary to make careful descrip- 
tions of the lice in all their stages of development. On account of 
inadequate descriptions of some of the described species, it is impossible 
in some cases to decide whether a louse under examination is a described 
species or not, and in other cases there seems to be very little doubt but 
that the species being studied is new to science. Some of the apparently 
new species I am describing below. If in any case an old species should 
be redescribed, I hope I shal! give the description and the life-habits full 
enough in each case so that other workers may be able to tell upon what 
species I was working. Even this in some cases may not be an easy 
matter. 


Unless otherwise stated, the descriptions are made in each case from 
fresh living specimens, and the colours given as they appear under a hand 
lens. 


Aphis torticauda, n. sp. 
A large red louse on native thistles, Carduus sp. Light to dark red 
in general colour, with antenne and cornicles black. 


Apterous Viviparous Female (Plate 11, figs. 1 and 4). 

Described from specimens taken at Fort Collins, Colo., July 22, 1907. 
; Length, 3.5 to 3.75 mm; width, 2 to 2.20 mm.; antenna, 3 mm, 
Joints: III .9, IV .6, V .5, VI .14, VII .6 mm. Joint 3 with about 
30 and joint 4 with 12 or more small circular sensoria. Joints 1 to 6 with 
a few short stout hairs on each. ‘The antennz are upon slight tubercles, 
and there is a small blunt tubercle on either lateral margin of the prothorax 
and each abdominal segment. The entire dorsum, including head, 
unicolorous-red ; eyes, distal ends of femora, tibize, and all of tarsi, 
cornicles and antenne black or blackish. Cornicles about .75 mm. long, 


390 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


cylindrical, enlarging little or none toward base, and with distinct flange 
at apex. The cauda is very peculiar in form, is directed up and back, and 
is moderately broad at the base, but soon becomes small, tapering and 
crooked, appearing as if it had been twisted off. (Fig. 4.) Beneath the 
cauda the anal plate is protruded into a blunt point projecting back and 
ventrally, and appearing, often, more like the ordinary blunt conical cauda 
than does the real cauda. I have not seen a similar cauda in any other 
species. Beak long, much surpassing hind coxz, the third joint long and 
slender. 


> 


Winged Viviparous Female. 
Specimens taken by L. C. Bragg at Longmont on June 14, ’07, 
Differs little from the apterous form; the cauda is somewhat straighter 

and more symmetrical, wings rather stout, 4 mm. long, with subcostal 

nervure and stigma rusty-brown, Length of body about 3.4 mm., antenna 

much shorter, about 2.10 mm. Joints: III .61, IV .43, V :31, VE .14, 

VII .49 mm.; cornicles, .50 mm. 


Winged Male. 
Same date and place as the preceding females. 


Colours as in the winged females. Length of body, 2.70 mm.; 
antenna, 2.40 mm.; cornicles,.54 mm. Antenna joints: III .65, IV .42, 
V .40, VI.13, VIL .50 mm. Joints 3 and 4 strongly tuberculate, the 
former with about 40, and the latter with a single row of about ten small 
circular sensoria. Cornicles cylindrical, black. Cauda as in the alate 
female. Slight antennal tubercles. 


Apterous Oviparous Female. 

From specimens taken at Fort Collins, Oct. 27, ’07. 

Colour as in viviparous apterous form, except that the anal plates are 
conspicuously black. 

Length, 2.5 mm. long by 1.35 mm. broad. Antenna, 1.8 mm. 
Joints: III .50, IV .36,.V .30, VE .13,) VIL :.43 mm ee 
are a small number, about 15 to 25, circular, slightly tuberculate sensoria. 
The cauda is small, pointed, black, pturned, and does not show the 
peculiar twisted appearance as well as in the viviparous females. Beak 
reaches considerably beyond hind cox. Cornicles, 40 mm. Several 
specimens taken in copula. They are much smaller than the viviparous 
females. Oviparous females and males quite numerous, but I find no 
eggs yet. There are many ant attendants, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 391 


In nearly every colony I find a few very dark green oviparous 
females with reddish head and prothorax. I take them to be a colour 
variation only. 

Apterous Male (Plate 11, fig. 7). 
From specimens taken Oct. 26, ’07. 


General colour sordid yellowish-brown or greenish-rufous, with a 
pronounced tinge of rufous upon head and thorax, but without the bright 
red of the females. Antenne, eyes, distal halves of femora and tibiz, 
tarsi, cornicles, beak and anal plates black or blackish. Length of body, 
1.75 mm.; length of antenna, 1.60 mm. Joints of antenna about as 
Seeerese ENE 36) 1Vi.30,/°V 0.26, V1) .11, VIL .40° mm. Cornieles 
cylindrical, .17 mm. in length. Cauda very short, blunt and black. 
Third joint of antenna with about 20 small circular sensoria ; joint 4 with 
about six, and joint 5 with about four. Joints with a few short stout sete 
oneach. Beak long, easily attaining hind coxe. 


This is the only plant louse that I have found having two sets of 
males. Those appearing in July did not continue long, and, being winged, 
had the semblance of very small females. No eggs were seen until after 
the appearance of the wingless fa!l brood of males during the latter part of 
September and October. This louse is always well attended by ants, and 
I have been unable to find eggs upon the food-plints in the field, but 
when the lice are brought into the laboratory and kept for a few days upon 
thistle, eggs are laid in considerable numbers. They are light green in 
colour at first, but become polished black in a few days. I cannot help 
wondering if the ants carry away the eggs. 

On May 18 I found what seemed to be stem mothers of this species 
upon Carduus sp. at Akron, Colorado, and about each parent insect were 
a few light red young of different ages, and the thistles have been 
continually infested with the lice to the present writing, Oct. 20. We 
have not found this species infesting any other plant. 

Aphis carbocolor, n. sp. é 

A black louse from stems and leaves of yellow dock, Rumex, sp. 
Alate Viviparous Female, from Fort Collins, June 26, ’o07. 

Black throughout, except for the greater part of the tibiz and anterior 
femora, the proximal ends of the middle and posterior femora, and the 
long basal segment of the beak. The dorsal portion of the body is 
polished. 


392 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Body 1.9, wing 3, antenne 1.3, cornicles .18 mm. _ Joints of antenna: 
IIT .34, 1V .21, V .20, VI.11, VII.28 mm. Cornicles cylindrical, without 
marked thickening towards base, and without flange at distalend. Antennze 
black, wing-veins black, with 2nd fork of cubital vein rather short, stigma 
rather short and, along with subcostal vein, a little greenish in colour. Hind 
tibiz 1.1 mm. long. Prothoracic, tubercles rather stout and prominent, 
and usually the abdominal segments. show well-developed lateral tubercles. — 
Cauda short, black and upturned ; 3rd joint of antenna with about eight 
moderately tuberculate sensoria. ; 
Apterous Viviparous Female (Plate 11, Fig. 3), taken along with the alate 

form. 

Deep, dull, sooty-black throughout, never polished ; tibize, except distal 
ends, most of anterior femora, bases of middle and hind femora, third joint | 
of antenne and basal joint of beak, pale yellow or slightly dusky in colour. 
Bouy short and broad, almost globular, about 2.5 mm.- long by 1.6 mm. 
broad. Length of antenna 1.3 mm., and the joints measure about as 
follows : III .40, EV .24, V .22, VI .11, and VII .24 mm, respectively. 
Cornicles .26 mm. long, without flange at tip, and somewhat broadened 
towards the base; cauda short and upturned. ‘Tubercles of prothorax 
and abdomen as in the winged form. There is considerable variation in 
measurements of antennal joints, but joint 3 is longest, and joints 4 and 
5 are about equal. 

Apterous Viviparous Female. Vaken Sept. 23,07; at Ft. Collins, Colo. 

Varies little from early summer form, but is a trifle smaller. Meas- 
urements vary little from: length, 2.10 mm.; width, 1.10 mm.; antenna 
I.fo mm.; joints of antenna: III..26, IV .20, V .19, Vis.11, Vilegim 
Cornicles, .21 mm. 
Apterous Male (Plate 11, fig. 5), taken at Ft. Collins, Colo., Oct. 6. 1907. 

In colour like the females or a litle lighter, the abdomen being a 
dark olive green when put into alcohol. Length of body, 1.30 mm.; 
antenna, .94:mm.; joints: Wi:22¢EVer6, V -14,°V iro, Viilege mm. 
Joint 3 with 8 to to oval sensoria of varying size, and joint 4 with about 
half as many. Joints distinctly crenulate, especially those beyond the 3rd. 
Cornicles, .11 mm. 

Apterous Oviparous Femade, taken along with the males above. 

Very similar to viviparous form, but a little smaller, about 1.9 mm. 
long; antenna barely 1 mm. Depositing yellowish-brown eggs about 
bases of dock stems. The eggs soon become polished black. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 393 


A very common species, and nearly all adults are getting wings now. 
The pupe have very dark brown abdomens, and the thorax is dark green. 
The shorter cornicles dull black colour, and shorter 6th and longer 7th 
joints cf the antenna are characters separating this species from Aphis 
medicaginis, with its shining black apterous females, and which. infests a 
large variety of plants. 

This was a very abundant louse upon the stems and leaves of Rumex 
during the month of June and the early part of July, t907. By the last 
of July the enemies of this louse had so reduced its numbers that Mr, L. 
C. Bragg, who was making constant field observations for me, was able 
with difficulty to find specimens through the month of August, and then 
they were found close to the ground. By the first of October they had 
become quite abundant, but to the casual observer would be unnoticed, as 
they remained close to, or even somewhat beneath the surface of the 
ground. At this writing, Oct. 20, the males and oviparous females are 
very abundant, as are their eggs, upon the bases of the leaves and dead 
seed stalks. Winged females were abundant during June and July, but 
have been entirely absent since about the last of September. 

So far as Mr. Bragg or I have been able to observe, this louse 
confines its attacks to the genus Rumex. 


Drepanosiphum Braggit, 0. sp. 

I take pleasure in dedicating this interesting new species to Mr. L. 
C. Bragg, who is a most careful and enthusiastic student of nature, and 
who first discovered this species upon box elder at Fort Collins, in the 
summer of 1906. 


Alate Viviparous Femate. 

Described from specimens taken at Fort Collins, Oct. 18, ’o7. 

General colour of head, prothorax and abdomen pale greenish- 
yellow; of mesothorax pale yellowish-brown ; eyes bright red, cornicles 
concolorous with the abdomen at base, rusty-brown in distal half, and 
may be black at extreme tips ; antenna pale ye!lowish-brown, with distal 
ends of joints 3, 4, 5 and all of joint 6 black; tibiz entirely dusky, tarsi 
blackish, femora all concolorous with abdomen. Antenna very long, 
filiform, a little more than twice the length of the body, 7th joint, if whole, 
the longest. 

Length of body 3, wing 4.6, antenna 6.3 mm. Joints of antenna 
about as follows: III 1.5, 1V 1.4, V1.2, VI .22, VII 1.8 mm. Third 
joint with a single row of about 7 to 10 sensoria on the under side of the 


394 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


basal half. The sensoria are rather small, transverse and not much 
tuberculate, and the sixth joint tapers gradually into the seventh. Frontal 
tubercles for antennz large, vertex hardly convex, prothorax rather long 
and rectangular in form, and witnout lateral tubercles ; cornicles .66 mm. 
long, cylindrical and somewhat constricted near distal end.- Terminal 
joints of abdomen prolonged into a sort of short ovipositor (for depositirg 
young). Cauda short, conical, upturned; beak barely attaining 3rd 
cox: length of hind tibie 2.6 mm. — 

These winged females are fairly common yet among oviparous females 
and young upon the under side of leaves of box elder on college campus. 
A very active louse with long legs, and it often jumps from the leaves 
when disturbed. 

There seems to be no apterous viviparous form in this species. 


Apterous Oviparous Female (Plate 11, fig. 6). : 

Described from specimens taken at Fort Collins, Oct. 18, ’07, from 
the box elder. 

In general colour varying from very light greenish-yellow to a sordid 
or even dusky yellow, becoming darker with,age. Antenna very pale 
yellow, annulated with black as in winged form; colour of legs and 
cornicles and eyes as in winged form. The body of this egg-laying female 
is very peculiar in having an extremely elongated ovipositor-like end to the 
abdomen. The distance from the cornicles to the tip of. the abdomen is 
nearly one and one-half mm., or more than one-third the entire length of 
the body. Length of body, 3.8 mm.; length of antenna 5.55 mm_; joints : 
I{I 1.2, IV -«.14, V 1.11, VI .20, VIL 1.71 mm, -Length of hind tibiz2/22 
mm. Cornicles cylindrical, gently curved, enlarged slightly towards the 
base, and 6.5 mm. in length. Prothorax without tubercles ; body set with 
scattering hairs ; joints of antenna with a few minute hairs upon each 
segment. The cauda is small, broad and upturned, and quite incon- 
spicuous. ‘These females have fully-developed ova at this time, and are 
present in considerable numbers on the under side of the leaves of box- 
elder trees upon the college campus. I find them most common upon 
small twigs near the trunk and upon small shoots thrown out about the 
trunks. 

Winged Male (Plate 11, fig. 8). 

Specimens taken along with above described females. 

General colour very light green or greenish-yellow, with or without a 
tinge of brown on head and thorax, and a deeper brown on more or less 
of cornicles. Upon the dorsum of the abdomen are two to four black 


’ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. , 395 


blotches in the region of the cornicles, and the antenne are black to near | 
the base of joint 3. Other dark parts as in alate female. 

Length of body, 2 mm.; antenna, 5.2 mm. Joints of antenna as 
follows, with small variations: III 1, 1V 1, V. 1, VI .17, VII 1.75 mm. 
Fully two and one-half times the length of the body. J think this is the 
longest antenna for length of body I have ever seen among the Aphidide. 
Vertex barely convex between the frontal tubercles. Joint 3 with a very 
large number (probably as many as too) small transverse sensoria 
occurring upon all sides, joint 4 with about half.as many, and joint 5 with 
20 Or more, all upon one side. The young lice have capitate hairs. 

Except for the long cornicles, this species seems a close relative of 
Drepanosiphum acerifolit, and it has the same general habits. The males 
are specially given to jumping when disturbed, and the strange-appearing 
oviparous females use their long drawn-out abdomen, which is suggestive 
of an elephant’s proboscis, with which to feel around in the crevices of the 
bark of the trunk and large limbs for suitable places in which to deposit 
their pale yellow eggs, which are placed singly or in small clusters. The 
stem mothers in the spring also acquire wings as in case of acertfolii. 

Egg laying begins about the first of October. 

The box elder seems to be the only food-plant for this species, and it 
continues upon this food-plant throughout the season. 

Callipterus robinia, n. sp. 

From leaves of black locust, Robinia pseudacacia. 
Winged Viviparous Femadle. 

Described from specimens taken in Denver, Colorado, Sept. 3, 1907. 

A pale lemon-yellow or greenish-yellow louse, with red eyes. Distal 
ends of joints 3 to 7 of the antenna, tarsi, extreme apex of short beak and 
a spot near distal end of hind femora black, and a dusky spot in stigma of 
wing. No other dark markings. 

Length of body 1.6 to 1.8 mm. Length of antenna 1.6 mm., or 
barely attaining tip of abdomen, and without hairs. Joints: III .60, IV 
38, V .34, VI .14, VIL .o7 mm. Sensoria-rather large, transversely oval, 
closely placed, and about ten in number on basal one-half of joint 3. 
One large sensorium near the end of joints 5 and 6. Abdomen smooth 
except for a lateral row of small tubercles on either side. Subcostal vein 
of fore wing moderately bent forward at base of stigma, second transverse 
nerve moderately sinuate, nervures dusky-brown, costal nerve of hind wing 
sharply bent downward to meet second transverse nerve, the transverse 
nerves nearly straight ; cornicles tuberculate, swollen at base, prominent ; 


cauda knobbed. Head and prothorax broad, the latter without tubercles, 
middle ocellus prominent, 


396 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

A white line beginning at base of each antenna extends over the 
dorsum of the head and thorax, and is continued over ali segments of the 
abdomen as a powdery white spot upon each segment. There is also a 
broken line along either.lateral margin, beginning back of each compound 
eye, and appearing as white spots on the abdominal segments to and 
including the 5th. 


Oviparous Female. 
‘ Specimens taken at Denver, Cols., Oct-12, 207% 

General colour pale’green, the dorsal surface of thorax and abdomen 
covered with numerous dusky spots and transverse dashes, each of the 
dusky spots giving rise to a capitate hair. 

Length of body, 1.9 mm.; length of antenna, .95 mm. Antenna 
joiits: III .36, 1V'.20, V .14, VI-_.11, VII .o6 mm: _Antenna>dusky- 
brown to blackish in colour, with joints 1, 2 and 3 lighter. Legs dusky- 
brown ; cornicles short, tuberculate, not longer than broad ; cauda very 
small and upturned. Segments 6, 7 and 8 of abdomen much prolonged. 
No sensoria on any of the segments. Eyes red, or gray with red centres. 


Winged Male. = 

Taken from black locust at Denver, C ales Oct-12) oR. 

General colour light green, with head, middle of pronotum, lobes of 
mesothorax, scutel!lum, transverse dash on the hind margin of metathorax, 
abdominal segments 1 to 6 inclusive, and transverse bands on segments 7 
and 8 black. In some examples these black dashes do not show on all 
of the segments. The tip of the abdomen, the antenne, distal portions of 
the femora, tarsi, pleura of mesothorax, and the mesosternum are also 
black or dusky in colour. Eyes light red at centre, but gray about the 
margins. 

Length of body, 1.50 mm.; length of antenna 1.11 mm. to 1.6 mm.; 
length of wing 2 to 2.40 mm. The veins of the wing slightly dusky. 
Cornicles very short, tuberculate, not longer than broad. Joints of 
antenna: III .60, [V .34, V .30, VI .16, VII .og mm., with considerable 
variation in different specimens. Joint 3 has a single row of about 15 to 
20 transverse sonsoria upon the under side. Joint 4 about six, and joint 
5 about five, and joint 6 with three similar sensoria. Abdominal segments 
1 to 5 are tuberculate upon lateral margins. 

The white lines and spots described for the viviparous female are also 
traceable to a greater or less extent upon the male, and are usually quite 
distinct upon head and thorax. The black dashes on segments 3 to 6 of 
the abdomen may be indistinct, missing, or in spots only. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 397 


FURTHER NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF HEPIALUS 
THULE, STRECKER, AT MONTREAL.* 


‘BY H. H. LYMAN, M.A., MONTREAL. 


In 1893 I read a paper on the occurrence of Hepialus Thule, 
Strecker, at Montreal, before the Entomological Club of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science at Madison, Wis., which was 
afterwards published in the December number of the CanaD1IAn ENTOo- 
MOLOGIST of that year. That paper embraced everything that was known 
of this species up to that date, but since then various facts of interest in 
connection with it have come to light. 

From the above date, I hunted for it in its then only known locality 
every year when at home in its season, but absolutely without success up to 
July, t901, when, on the 11th of that month, after a hard bicycle ride out on 
the upper Lachine road, I arrived at the spot on the brow of the old sea 
terrace where others had seen it, in time to see one swinging back and 
forth in its peculiar oscillating flight. Hurriedly mounting my net I made 
a stroke at it, but the tall growth of grass and weeds masked the edge of 
the bank, and I missed my footing and came down sprawling, the coveted 
prize, as usual, dropping into the grass. I was up again at once, and 
when the moth again rose in flight, but this time straight away to escape, 
I made a more accurate stroke and secured it, but that ended the sport, 
and no other was seen either on that evening or subsequently. 

In 1902 it occurred to me that there was no reason why the species 
should not be found at Montreal Junction, situated on the brow of the 
same old sea terrace, a few miles further to the south-west, at a point 
where it began to trend to the north-west, and as it was much easier to go 
out the ten minutes’ run by railway than to ride out to the other point on 
a bicycle, I suggested to Mr. Winn our making a trip out there on the 
evening of July 16th. We reached that point a few minutes before 8 
o'clock, and agreed to separate, as we could thereby cover more ground. 
Mr. Winn went to the south-east, while I went more to the north-west toa 
pasture on the brow of the terrace just beyond the house of a cousin. 
There was a steep gully, probably caused by a landslide many years ago, 
running down to the lower level covered by bushes and scrub of various 
kinds, and in this gully several large trees had grown up. I had only just 


got to the place when I saw a number, apparently half-a-dozen or more, 
swinging back and forth in the air, as though participating in a dance, 


*Read before the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 
Nov. ist, 1907. 
December, 1907 


398 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


above the further edge of the gully and quite out of reach of my net. 
Gradually one swung lower and lower, till by making an upward spring I 
was able to secure it. It was a male in perfect cgndition. After that the 
others mounted over the tops of the trees in the gully, where it would 
have needed a fifty-foot pole to reach them, and I could only stand and 
watch them till, as the dusk deepened, they gradually disappeared, but 
where I could not see. I could only see that gradually there were fewer 
in the group, till at last all had vanished. Mr. Winn saw none where he 
went. I went out again a night or two afterwards with a long bamboo 
fishing-pole, to the end of which I could attach a net, but, though the 
evening appeared favourable, not a single moth appeared. My cousin 
having kindly offered to look for these moths for me, I left the net and 
killing-bottle with him, and he went out every fine evening as long as there 
was any chance of finding them, but none were seen. The next year, 
1903, I again went out on the 13th of July, and my cousin again hunted 
for me, but none were seen. 


In this year Mr. Charles Stevenson’s family spent some time at 
Montreal South, between Longueuil and St. Lambert, and Mrs. Stevenson 
discovered a locality for ZAz/e not far from the house where she was 
staying, and ten specimens were taken. Learning the whereabouts of the 
locality, I went over on the evening of July 18th, in company with Mr. 
Winn, but none were flying. In r904, I believe, I again tried to find 
them, but again without success, but this year my cousin’s perseverance 
was rewarded by securing one specimen. In 1905 they were very plenti- 
ful at Montreal South, and many were taken on different evenings by the 
members of the Montreal Branch, the evenings on which I took them 
being the 8th, -12th and the 15th, on which latter date they were becoming 
ragged. The locality is a tract of land used as a pasture, but a large part 
of it is covered by a young growth of various trees and bushes, among which 
willow scrub is prominent. From the fact that many of the moths were 
taken among or near the willows, it seemed probable that the larve bored 
in the roots of that tree, but the credit for the actual discovery belongs 
jointly to Mr, Charles Stevenson and Mr. A. E, Norris, who went over by 
an early boat on a Saturday afternoon and searched carefully among the 
willows, and were each rewarded by finding a cast pupa-skin on the 
ground among the willow roots. 

The same year Mr. Arthur Gibson discovere] the species at Ottawa, 
as he has interestingly told in the Ottawa Naturalist (Vol. XIX, 117), 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 399 


attention being drawn to the fact that the moths in life are of a much 
brighter yellow than in the cabinet, the colour changing soon after death. 
Mr. Dendy has informed me that in 1905 Mrs. Denny discovered another 
locality for it at Amherst Park, on the northern outskirts of Montreal, and 
that a number were taken by his family and by Mr. Stevenson, and the 
latter has informed me that he also found it in a different locality. 

In 1906 I was absent in England, but am informed by Mr. Winn 
that he visited the locality at Montreal South three times, and took twelve 
specimens in all, and Mr. Denny also took it at Amherst Park. This 
year I again visited the locality at Montreal South, but with very poor 
results. The first time was the evening of the 13th of July, but, though 
conditions seemed favourable, none were flying. I supposed that owing to 
the lateness of the season I was too early. I intended going over a week 
later, viz., Saturday, the 2oth, but the weather was rainy. On the 24th I 
went again, and while hurrying along the railway track on my way to the 
locality I sighted a single specimen indulging in the usual gambol back and 
forth, but this time not more than five feet above the ground. I hastened 
to mount my net, but while doing so had to back away from the moth, 
which in its oscillating flight was gradually approaching me, as though 
attracted by the white waistcoat which I was wearing ; as soon as possible 
I made a stroke with my net and thought I had secured it, but on careful 
examination found my net was empty and the moth had disappeared. 
While waiting to see if it would again appear it rose from the grass into 
which it had dropped, and, as usual, started off in a straight line of flight, 
but a second stroke netted it, and it proved to be a male in perfect 
condition, while in 1905 many specimens were ragged by the rsth. I 
hastened on to the old locality, expecting to find them flying there in 
numbers, but no more were seen. I went again on the 26th, though the 
evening was unfavourable, as it seemed to be the last likely opportunity, 
but none were seen. 

In contradistinction to my lack of success at Montreal South, Mr, E. 
Denny and his son Arthur had great success in collecting the species at 
the Amherst Park locality, taking about seventy-five specimens, and also 
made the independent discovery of cast pupa-cases among the young 
willows. Mr. D. S. Kellicott was led from his observations to bel eve that 
fTepialus Argenteomaculatus which he found boring in Alnus Jncana 
required three years to complete its transformations (Ent. Amer. IJ, 173, 
IV, 153, Insect Life I, 250). If these observations were correct, it would 
seem to be probable that Z/u/e may also take three years to complete its 


400 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


cycle, in which case another large flight of the species might not be due at 
the locality in Montreal South until rg08. As mentioned in a paper on 
specimens in the British Museum (Can. Ent., XXXVII, 31), I found a 
specimen of Zhu/e which had been in that collection since 1844, and 
which had been taken in the Hudson’s Bay territory by George Barnston, 
proving that the species has a much wider distribution than had formerly 
been supposed. 


Mr. Denny was led to seek the species this year by finding a speci- 
men attracted to light, and there are a number of similar instances. The 
original type specimen must have been so attracted, as it was found, as 
mentioned in my former paper, in Phillips Square, the centre of the up- 
town retail business district, and several miles from its nearest possible 
breeding locality. The specimen secured by Mr. Bowles had also, 
evidently, been attracted to light, and Mr. Brainerd obtained one similarly 
-attracted to Sherbrooke Street, in the fashionable residential district, and 
Mr. Gibson’s specimen had also come to light, and I believe that attraction 
to light is the only thing which will cause them to fly after their usual 
time. Very few specimens, however, seem to be so attracted, as the 
above instances are all of which I have learned, and the places to look for 
the moth are where there is a good growth of willow scrub, and between 
8 and 8.30 p.m. during the second and third weeks of July. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


The forty-fourth annual meeting of the Society was held in the 
Biological Building of the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on 
Thursday, October 31st, and Friday, November rst. The chair was taken 
by the President, Dr, James Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist of the 
Dominion Experimental Farms. Among those present were Rev. Dr; 
Fyles, Levis, P. Q.; Mr. Henry H. Lyman, Montreal; Mr. Arthur 
Gibson, Central Experimental Farm, and Mr. C, H. Young, Ottawa: Dr. 
Brodie, Dr. E. M. Walker, Mr. J. B. Williams and Mr. C. W. Nash, 
Toronto ; Mr. J. F. Calvert, Orangeville; Professors Hutt, McCready and 
Bethune, Messrs, Jarvis, Eastham, Howitt, Zavitz, Crow, Klinck, and a 
number of students of the Ontario Agricultural College; Mr. Howse, 
Principal of the Consolidated School, Mr. Graesser and others, Guelph. 

The proceedings began on Thursday afternoon with a conference on 
Fruit-tree Insects. Mr. L. Caesar gave an account of the Bark-beetle 
(Scolytus rugulosus) attacking cherry-trees in the Niagara district ; the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 401 


subject was discussed by Dr. Fletcher and Mr. Jarvis. The work of the 
Codling-worm and its ravages this year, the Oyster-shell scale, the Woolly 
Aphis, Flea-beetles and other insects were taken up and discussed by Dr. 
Fletcher, Dr. Brodie, Professors Hutt and Bethune, Messrs. Jarvis, Nash, 
Caesar, Crow, Frier and Thompson. The remainder of the afternoon 
was occupied with the reading of the reports of the Directors on the 
insects of the year in their respective districts. 


In the evening Mr. A. H. KirkKLanpb, of Boston, who is in charge of 
the efforts now being made in Massachusetts to suppress the Gypsy and 
Brown-tail Moths, gave a highly-interesting account of the work and the 
results that have so far been accomplished. His address was illustrated 
with a series of lantern pictures, which graphically showed how the opera- 
tions are carried on. He described also the importation of parasites and 
some predaceous beetles from Europe, and the amount of success which 
had so far attended their efforts to breed them. Dr. Fytes followed with 
one of his charming papers, “The Voices of the Night.” Much regret 
was expressed that the attendance was small owing to the attractions of 
the holiday. 


During the second day, Friday, November 1st. meetings were held 
both morning and afternoon in the Entomological Lecture-room, and 
were well attended by the members and students. The reports of the 
Council, Officers and Branches of the Society were presented and read, 
and the following papers: ‘‘ The Two-winged Flies of the Province of 
Quebec,” by Dr. Fyles ; “ Further Notes on Hepialus thule at Montreal,” 
by Mr. Lyman, and notes on the same insect by Mr. E. Denny, of 
Montreal ; ‘‘ Scale Insects of Ontario,” illustrated by a large number of 
specimens, by Mr. Jarvis ; ‘An Unusual Outbreak of Halisidota Cater- 
pillars,” by Mr. Gibson: “A Remarkable Outbreak of the Variegated 
Cutworm,” by Prof. Bethune and Mr. Caesar; ‘The Entomological 
Record for 1907,” by Dr. Fletcher. Papers by Dr. Fletcher and Prof. 
Bethune on the Insects of the Season, 1907, were not presented, owing 
to want of time. Dr. Fletcher closed the afternoon’s proceedings with 
his Presidential address on “* The Entomological Outlook in Canada.” 


In the evening a public meeting was held in Massey Hall, when an 
interesting address was given by Dr. E. M. Watker, of Toronto, on 
Collecting and Rearing Dragon-flies at the Georgian Bay Biological 
Station. A large number of beautiful lantern views were given in illus- 
tration of the lecture. 


402 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows : 


President—James Fletcher, LL.D., F. R. C.S., F. L. S., Entomologist 
and Botanist of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa.’ 
Vice-Prestdent—Tennyson D. Jarvis, B.S. A., Lecturer in Entomology 
and Zoology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. 
Secretary—.L. Caesar, B. A., O. A. College, Guelph. 
Treasurer—S. B. McCready, B. ‘A., Professor of Botany and Nature 
Study, O. A. Coilege and Macdonald eueate Guelph. 
Librarian—Rey.(C: J S:-Bethune, MA = DLC i eee & C, 
Professor of Entomology and Zoology, O. A. College Guelph. 
Curator—J. Eaton Howitt, B. S. A., Lecturer in Botany, O. A. 
Coilege, Guelph. : 
Directors : Division No, 1—C. H. Young, Ottawa, 
Division No. 2—C. E. Grant, Orillia. 
Division No. 3—J. B. Williams, Toronto. 
Division No. 4—C. W. Nash, Toronto. 
Division No. 5—George E. Fisher, Burlington. 
Division No. 6—J. A. Balkwill; London. 
Auditors—B. Barlow, B. S., and J. Crow, B. S. A., Ontario Agri- 
cultural College, Guelph. 
Editor of the “ Canadian Entomologist”—Rey. Prof. Bethune, 
Guelph. 
Editing Committee—Dr. Fletcher, Ottawa; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; 
J. D. Evans, Trenton ; Prof. Lochhead, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P. Q.; G. 
E. Fisher, Burlington; J. B. Williams and C. W. Nash, Toronto. 
Delegate to the Royal Society-—Arthur Gibson, Ottawa. 


NOTES ON THE COLLECTING OF STHENOPIS (HEPIALUS)} 
THULE? 


BY E. DENNY, MONTREAL. 

Very little appears to have been written by entomologists on the above 
subject, and no doubt the cause is due to the conditions that surround the 
life habits of these mysterious moths. In the first place, there is a good 
deal of uncertainty as to the time of their flight or appearance. Secondly, 
the distance to be travelled to reach their haunts often means the loss of 
much valuable time to the collector ; and thirdly, the exceedingly short 


*Read at the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 
Guelph, Nov. 1, 1907. 


, 
Desémber, 1907 a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 403 


period of flight. These are the chief obstacles that present themselves to 
the collector whose ambition is to try and improve his knowledge by 
putting forth whatever energy he possesses. For the past two or three 
years I have been very anxious to find out something concerning the 
habits of this particularly interesting moth, which occurs for a period of a 
few days only, and with few exceptions for only a few minutes at a time at 
twilight. These moths are termed ‘‘ Ghost Moths,” and no doubt derived 
that name from their peculiar habit of flight, for just as it is getting dark 
they seem to appear of a sudden from no particular place, make a few 
erratic evolutions in the air, and disappear as suddenly as they appeared. 

It was on the evening of the 16th of July, 1906, that my son 
Arthur had the good fortune to catch Sthenopis thule at light on Park 
Ave., Montreal. He had been collecting at the electric lights, and was 
about to return home when his attention was attracted by the peculiar 
flight of a moth, which in a few seconds settled in. the road, and proved 
to be Sthenopis thule. We at once turned our attention to this particular 
moth, abandoning all other species for the time being. Previous to this 
we had discovered a new locality where ¢#u/e could be found. Although 
personally I had never visited what is known as the old original hunting 
grounds known as Montreal West and South, but from information gained 
I was able to form a good idea of what the conditions were. I at once 
came to the conclusion that the locality referred to above, known as 
Amherst Park, was the right spot, being much nearer the city, and 
disposing of the uncertainty of catching the ferry boats, and it was to this 
locality that our efforts were directed. From the 16th to the 23rd of July 
this spot was visited regularly, the result being that 12 specimens in all 
were taken. This was not thought very encouraging considering the time 
and expense incurred in collecting them. The following year we visited 
this spot each night regularly from the gth, but strange to say no fthule 
was seen until July 16th, exactly the same date as our first capture the 
year before, but on this occasion three specimens were taken. The 
following night an expedition was arranged and we proceeded to invade the 
haunts of this mysterious moth, On this occasion the moths were very 
lively, and appeared to fly longer than usual. However, darkness soon 
put an end to the sport, and when the material was gone over it was 
found that 32 specimens had been captured. This I consider a good 
catch. The greatest number of these were males, and I attribute the 


404 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


length of flight on this occasion to the absence of females, for it would 
appear they only fly long enough to find and select a partner, and mating 
takes place immediately. The next night an early start was made to 
search the bush before dark, our object being to try and find them before 
it was time for them to fly. This was successful also, for both imagoes 
and pupze shells were secured, the former on the stems of the Willow, and 
the fresh pupe shells on top of the ground. On this occasion, as on the 
following night, the flight was very short, and females were plentiful ; 10 
specimens were taken on the 18th, and on the rgth 18 specimens of ¢hu/e 
and a fine specimen of Sthenopis guadriguttatus were added. A careful 
search of the bushes after dark gave us four pairs in copulation. This was 
something new to us also, and was taken advantage of the following night 
with good results, moths being secured before it was -time for them to fly. 
July rgth and 21st were unfavourable for collecting, owing to wet weather. 
July 2oth, however, eight specimens were taken, and on the 22nd four 
more were added, and this proved to be the last, for although the search 
was kept up, none were seen after that date. On that evening a number 
of Sphingidz were seen at the Willow, and three or four specimens were 
taken. We were about to give up the pursuit on account of darkness, 
when we saw something hovering about the top of the bush, gradually 
working its way to the other side. By a quick turn and swing of the net 
my son managed to land it, and to our surprise it was a. female /Aw/e. 
We had never seen one fly like this before. The dates of flight herein 
mentioned are somewhat late, but I attribute this to the unusually late 
spring and cool summer, and would be inclined to say that under anything 
like normal conditions their appearance would be from about July 8th to 
the 2oth. The time of flight each night is on an average about fifteen 
minutes, and none were seen on the wing before 8 p.m., and not later than 
8.30 p.m., with the exception of the specimen we have referred to taken 
at light. 

Our efforts were well rewarded, for in all 75 specimens were taken, 
and a little information gained as to the habits of Sthenopis thule. 


Nore.—It was the unanimous opinion of those present at the meeting 
-when this paper was read that such wholesale captures of this rare moth 
were most strongly to be deprecated. Collectors should be satisfied with 
a few specimens annually, and not run the risk of exterminating a most 
interesting species, which is only known to frequent a few very limited 
localities. —Epb. C. E. 


- . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 405 


STUDIES IN THE GENUS INCISALIA. 
BY JOHN H. COOK, ALBANY, N. Y. 


When I began the investigation of these butterflies some years ago, 
four species referable to the genus /ncisa/ia were known to occur in the 


eastern half of the continent, #»ws, Henrici, augustus and niphon. It was 
my aim to breed each from egg to imago, and by a careful comparative 
study to furnish the biological data which would enable anyone taking an 
active interest in the group to repeat the observations, verify and 
supplement the facts, and to correct any errors which I may have 
made. I hoped also by outlining the life-histories of these four species to 
furnish a basis for the proper study of the western representatives of the 
genus, a work which is reserved for that lepidopterist of the trans- 
Mississippi region who will one day arise to tell us something of the early 
stages of those species known to most of us in the east as dead and dried 
“* specimens ” only. 

The fact that the species mentioned were the only members of the 
group which had been recognized in Eastern North America,* lent to the 
prospective success of the undertaking the added value of a comprehensive 
study of all the species found over a comparatively wide area. 


Recently, however, a fifth species has been unearthed. It was described 
in the CANADIAN Enromovocist for June, 1907 (p. 202), as Zuctsalta poltos. 
The discovery of this butterfly within the territory which I had expected 
to cover made it necessary to work out its life-history or to forego that 
degree of completeness which I had planned for my review of the genus. 


The memory of many days of failure preceding final success in other 
cases did not lend encouragement to the hope of securing the desired 
information and material during the brief stay which would be possible at 
the end of a two-hundred-mile journey, but as nothing can be accomplished 
without an effort, I determined to make the attempt. 

“Accordingly, arrangements were made to visit the type locality 
(Lakewood, N. J.) early in May, 1907, in company with Mr. Frank E, 
Watson, to whose work the recognition of this species was largely due, 
and Mr. Chas. H. Sunderland, of Rutherford, N. J., an ardent collector of 
lepidoptera. 


*Unless the arsace of Boisduval and Leconte should prove to be entitled to 
specific distinction. 


December, 1907 


406 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


— — ee 


As it was possible for me to go to Lakewood before the others, Mr. 
Watson very kindly provided me with a detailed map of the region, 
showing the exact points where in previous years he had taken the species. 
I arrived about noon on the 3rd, and went immediately to the collecting 
ground. It had rained during the morning, and as clouds obscured the 
sun during the rest of the day, the vegetation remained wet; but despite 
the unfavourable weather I took three males and one female of the new 
species, and confined the last in a gauze bag over Vaccinium corymbosum. 
During the evening it began to rain again, and the downpour continued 
until 10.30 the next morning. The storm area then passed off to the east 
and the sun shone brightly, though a high wind marred the prospect of 
finding many butterflies about. The map enabled me, to locate all points 
readily, and from what I knew of the-congeners of fo/zos, I felt confident 
that the insects would again be found frequenting the same sunny spots 
and flitting back and forth over the same restricted stretches of sandy 
road. Such proved to be the case, and before one o’clock I had captured 
a dozen or more. Of these one was a female, and I confined her over 
Kalmia angustifolta. 

I had just taken another female when I was hailed by Mr. Watson 
and Mr. Sunderland, and in the excitement of pleasant greetings the 
butterfly was left a little too long in the stupefying bottle,* and did not 
recover. Our combined efforts for the rest of the afternoon resulted in the 
capture of several males and two females. Of the latter, one was confined 


over cranberry and the other over sand-myrtle, Dendrium ( Letophyllum ) 
buxtfolium. 


The following day appeared to be ideal for butterfly collecting, but 
for some unexplained reason very few were on the wing. The female 
tied up on corymbosum had died during the night, and none of the 
survivors gave indications of a desire to oviposit. A hasty survey of the 
surrounding flora induced us to alter_our plan, and each female was 
supplied with a variety of plants. Until the lengthening shadows put an 


*In endeavouring to secure living females of species where the sex is not 
readily discoverable, I have found it of advantage to use a very weak cyanide 
bottle, from which the insect should be taken as soon as it loses the power of 
flight. If then, upon examination it proves to be of the desired sex, a few 
minutes in the air will usually suffice to restore it completely, 


’ 
. . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 407 
end to butterfly activities, we patrolled the roads, explored the underbrush 
or watched the imprisoned females, in an endeavour to gain some hint of 
the secret we had come to discover. Before evening we had managed to 
add four living females to ovr catch, but had observed nothing which 
narrowed the circle of probable food-plants, and thus the time to leave 
Lakewood found us no wiser than before. 

On a purely theoretical basis it seemed likely that the food-plant 
would prove to be one of the Zriécacee (the dominant family in that region 
of sand and bog), and, if so, probably some ericaceous species not found 
at Albany, since the butterfly does not occur here. Accepting this 
tenuous hypothesis for lack of a better guide, I brought home cranberry, 
sand-myrtle, laurel (Ka/mia latifolia) and Andromeda sp. Mr. Watson 
took one female to New York, and kept her shut up with Pyx/danthera 
barbudata until she died, but secured no egg. Five of the other six 
reached Albany alive, and were put in a large “cage” with the plants 
brought from New Jersey, and a number of possibilities from the local 
flora. | 

The record for the next few days is mournful reading ; it all belongs 

to the obituary column. The last of my females died on the 15th without 
having yielded ova, and I immediately wrote to Mr. Watson to meet me 
in Lakewood on the Saturday following. Meanwhile I dissected one of 
the butterflies, and was greatly pleased to discover that the eggs were very 
different from those of the congeneric species, and could be identified 
without difficulty. 

I reached the Lakewood locality early in the afternoon of the 17th. 
The day was cold and cloudy, and not a butterfly was seen. I examined 
as much of the pyxie and sand-myrtle as was possible before nightfall, but 
my only reward was an aching back. 

Saturday dawned clear, wari and delightful, and before 8.30 I was 
in the field awaiting the butterflies. Lrizo, troilus, philodice, comyntas, 
Juvenalis and /adon added to the pleasure of a typical May morning ; 
augustus Was abundant, and several ntphon and one zrus were taken, but 
polios had apparently disappeared for the season. I did capture one, but 
as it proved to be a male I released it. The prospect was discouraging. 
and there was nothing to be done but to continue the uncomfortabie search 
for eggs. This I did religiously but without much heart all the afternoon. 


408 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Mr. Watson came down on the evening train, and I reported my 
lack of success. We held a council of war, and decided that, in view of 
the scarcity of fo/zos in the local field, it would be wise to move our base of 
operations to Lakehurst, a few miles further south, where also the species 
was known to occur. 


We boarded the 9.05 train the next morning, and reached Lakehurst 
at 9.20. Crossing the dam of the cranberry bog just north of the station, 
we started for the highway running back to Lakewood. A rod or two 
along the north edge of the bog we found two fodios playing beside the path, 
and I sat down to watch them. Mr. Watson elected to go ahead. [soon 
concluded from the actions of the butterflies that they were unmated 
males, so turned my attention from them to the surrounding vegetation. 
There was no sand-myrtle to be seen, and I noticed only one small patch 
of pyxie. The butterflies were resting on leaves of bearberry ( Arctosta- 
phylos uva-ursi), to which they returned after short flights induced by 
touching them with a grass blade. Although this plant had not been 
observed at Lakewood nearer than a quarter of a mile from the road 
where the butterflies were taken, the fact that it was an ericaceous species 
suggested the advisability of looking it over. Oh, happy inspiration! On 
the pedicel of the very first flower examined there was an egg, echinoid and 
undoubtedly Lycznid. Witha lens the sculpture could be made out, and I 
recognized it immediately as the egg of folios. Concealing my elation, I 
proceeded along the path in the direction taken by Mr. Watson, intending 
to give him a surprise. I was given one instead. He arose from a bed 
of Arctostaphylos with a shout of triumph, and handed me another Ao/zos 
egg which he had found at the base of the leafbud. This double 
discovery was made at 9.35, fifteen minutes after leaving the train. =~ 


Past disappointments were forgotten. We began a systematic search 
for the ova, and within an hour had collected ten more and an empty 
shell. 


On the return journey another bearberry patch attracted attention, 
and we halted long enough to secure five more eggs. A female taken 
near-by was confined in a can under gauze with some young shoots, and 
generously added four eggs, bringing the total up fo nineteen. Arrived at 
the Lakewood locality, we put aside our collecting outfits and carefully 
went over the ground, looking for the food-plant. It was not to be found. 
We then examined the bearberry nearer the village, in. the vicinity of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 409 


which no fodios were found this year (1907), though Mr. Watson had taken 
one or two the preceding spring. Not an egg was discovered,* and it 
would seem that—unless we overlooked a plant not at all difficult to find 
—the species has a second food-plant at present unknown, 

Mr. Watson took a few of the ova, and succeeded in bringing one of 
the larvee through all its changes. I brought the rest to Albany, and they 
all hatched between May 23rd and 28th. On the 24th sixteen eggs which 
had been collected at Lakehurst by Mr. William P. Comstock, were sent 
to me by Mr. Watson. In spite of the difficulty of obtaining fresh food 
(the nearest Jocality for bearberry known to me is some sixteen miles from 


here), and the consequent mortality among the caterpillars, .a few lived to 
pupate, and the life-history is practically complete. 


Not altogether satisfied with a laboratory knowledge of the larve, a 
third trip to New Jersey was made for the purpose of studying them in 
the field. June 29th found us at Lakewood once more, but a driving rain 
effectually prevented our doing anything during the morning. This had 
simmered down to a mere drizzle by lunch time, so, donning raincoats, we 
started to walk to Lakehurst. Comprehending our plan, the wily storm 
swung around and came tearing back with greater fury than before. As 
there was no shelter to be had along the railroad track, we were 
thoroughly drenched before reaching our destination. Purchasing some 
dry underclothing, we sought the bearberry locality, and after an hour’s 
search discovered a full-grown caterpillar. 


The next day was spent in the same region, and between showers we 
collected three more larvee, all of which had passed the final moult. All 
of the four taken in the field appeared to be healthy, and pupated within 
afew days. If any were parasitized it will not be evident until next 
spring. 

The above acccuut is given principally to indicate the rather limited 
opportunities which the author has had for studying this species. The 
generalizations concerning feeding habits of the larve, etc., which will 
appear in a succeeding paper, are based upon the meagre data obtained 
during these three visits to New Jersey, and are subject to correction in 
the light of broader experience. ‘The life-history of fo/sos will be given in 
detail as soon as possible. 


*Eggs were subsequently found in this patch by Mr. William P. Comstock, 
of New York City, the larvze from which were bred to maturity by him. 


410 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NOTES ON HEMIPTERA. 


BY G. W. KIRKALDY, HONOLULU, HAWAI(AN ISLANDS. 


Fam. Geocoride. 
1. Stalagmostethus pandurus (Scop) |= Lygeus militaris, Auct\). 
—India, Kangra Valley, 4,500 ft., July (Dudgeon). 


No 


. S. albomaculatus (Goeze).—Hungary, Budapest (Burr), 


. Arocatus cenescens, Stal, 1874 = Scopiastes Bergrothi, Kirkaldy, 


io) 


1903 ! 

4. Graptostethus servus (Fabr.).—Queensland, Brisbane ; 1 @. 

5. Cenocoris Dudgeon, WKirkaldy.—Distant declargs this to be the 
same as C. marginatus (Thunb.), but I doubt it. What I suppose to be 
the nymph is blood-red. Eyes, antennz, meso- and metanotum, femora, 
tibiz and tarsi, the odoriferous flaps, last stemite, etc , blackish. Fore 
femora unarmed. Pronotum deeply impressed ovally down the middle. 
Tarsi all a little widened apically, and furnished with a pad. 

6. Pyrrhobaphus.— Distant (1903, Faun. Ind., Il, 14) says that the 
first segment of the antennz nearly extends to the fore coxe, but his figure 
8 does not confirm this. In his ‘Synopsis of genera” (p. 3) delete 
‘* Orifices red or pale coloured” from ér. 

Fam. Reduviide. 

7. Ptilocnemidia lemur (Westw.)— Queensland, Brisbane. 

Fam. Miride. 

8. Monalonion Peruvianum, sp. nov.-—Polished and shining. Head 
black, a curved line from near the insertion of one antenna to that of the 
other, via the base of the head, the under side of the head (except the 
elypeus), etc, reddish-yellow. Antenne black, not pale at their 
insertions, 4th segment reddish. Rostrum yellow, more or less infuscate. 
Pronotum yellow, collar and the hind margin (widening medially) blackish. 
Scutellum and tegmina immaculate blackish, membrane and wings very 
dark smoky, veins concolorous, not polished. Sterna, cox and abdomen 
immaculate orange ; rest of legs black, middle femora with a ferruginous 
ring near the base, hind femora with basal two-thirds pale (though the 
extreme base is blackish). Head nearly three times as wide as long, a 
trifle more than one-half of the width of the hind margin of the pronotum. 
Second, third and fourth segments of the antennz shortly pilose, second 
more than five times as long as the first, about one-third longer than the 
third, and six times as long as the fourth (unless the latter is shrivelled). 


December, 1go7 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 411 


Rostrum not reaching to the middle coxe. Pronotum truncate behind. 
Tegmina with the lateral margins comparatively subparallel. Hind tibiz 
straight, not pilose. 

Length, 8 mill.; width, 2 mill. 

Hab.: Peru, Callanga. 

9. Zrimoncopeltus simulans = Lygdus simulans.—Distant, 1883, B. 
mA, Met-;*1, 242; Pl: 24, f 16: 

Hab.: Peru, Marpacalla. 

Distant’s figure and description are both poor. The sulcation of the 
head is of the feeblest kind ; the pronotal callosities are well marked and 
contiguous, almost forming a second collar. The cuneal notch is not 
profound. There is no hamus in the wing-cell. _ The membrane is 
unicolorous, var. aérior nov. Tegmina black, except a long-triangular 
spot near the apex of the clavus interiorly, lateral margins of corium, basal 
two-thirds of cuneus, etc, whitish-yellow. Size and locality of the type- 
form as above. 

Fam. Isside. 
10. Eurybrachys tomentosa (Fabr.).—Malabar Coast, Mahe. 
The hind femora and tibize are concolorous, sanguineous. 


THE IDENTITY OF BREPHOS CALIFORNICUS AND B. 
MELANIS. 
PY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


Professor Smith attempts to identify these species with forms of 
Leptarctia, and states that his series is not sufficient to enable him to 
exactly match Boisduval’s descriptions. The descriptions can be fairly 
well matched in specimens before me in the collection of the National 
Museum, cadifornicus corresponding to a form that we have under typical 
california, Walker ; me/anis to darker specimens of @imidiata, Stretch. 


As no two of the eighty specimens before me are alike, it seems scarcely 
necessary to insist on exactly matching the descriptions. In short, I see 
no objection to this identification, except the rather serious one that 
Boisduval, in the same publication in which he described the species of 
Brephos, also described the Zeptarctia, three forms, as Lithosta decia, L. 
Jena and L. adnata. Is it to be supposed that so good a Lepidopterist as 
Boisduval would describe the same species thrice as a Lithosian and twice 
as a Brephos in the same paper? Possibly so; but this seems doubtful, 
and it may be better to hold the Lrephos names on our lists for a while, 
much as we should like to dispose of them in the way suggested by 
Professor Smith. 


412 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


SYNELIS ENUCLEATA, GUEN.: A CORRECTION. 
BY LOUIS B. PROUT, LONDON, ENGLAND. 


My attention has been called to Mr. Swett’s interesting article on this 
variable species (CAN.-ENT., XXXIX, p. 141). With most of his conclu- 
sions I am in entire agreement ; indeed, it was I who first called Mr. 
Taylor’s attention to the fact that the name adabastraria (not 
‘‘ alabastaria”), Hiibner, did not belong here at all. There has, 
unfortunately, been a misidentification of Guenée’s type form, which 
necessitates a further revision. I cannot quite_understand what gave Mr. 
Swett the impression that that author’s description referred to the form 
with dark blotches on both wings, and as to the supposed “type” in M. 
Oberthiir’s collection, I may point out that Guenée described from ‘ Six 
exempl. Coll. Mus. et Gn.,” and was acquainted witli all the three principal 
forms. But he describes as typical the form with the transverse /imes 
only (‘‘ bordées de points noirs un peu oblongs” of course refers to the 
marginal spots), and distinctly includes in var. A. both the others— 
‘“taptot deux taches 4 l’angle interne des supérieures seulement, tantot 
une double série d’ombres séparées par une subterminale claire, mais ne 
montant jamais au-dessus de la 1’aux supérieures.” As Mr. Swett says, 
he figures the intermediate form (var. re/evata, Swett). The extreme form, 
therefore (a/abastaria, Hulst, not Hubner, exucleata forma typica, Pack , 
et Swett, non Guen.), has never received a name, and as it seems to be 
considered worthy of having one, I propose to call it var. adornata, nov. 
I may add that the form mensurata, Walk., is not strictly typical, being of 
a purer white ground colour than the type ; and those who wish to name 
every phase of aberration may add this to the list of separable ones. 

Summarized, the synonymical results are : ee 

Synelis enucleata, Guen., = restrictata, Walk., et Swett, = recondi- 
taria, Walk. (fide Grote) = continuaria, Walk. (dirty yellowish-white, no 
blotches). 

A. var. (“ab ” in European nomenclature) mensurata, Walk. (purer 
white, no blotches). 

B. var. (ab.) relevata, Swett, =var. A. Guen., fee = Guen., pl. xil, 
fig. 3 (blotches on fore wings only). 

C, var. (ab.) adornata mihi, var. nov. = var. A. Guen., pars = 
alabastaria, Hulst non Hiibner (blotches on all the wings). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIisT. 413 


Re ee Sennen ee 


MOSQUITO NOTES.—No. 5. (CoNcLUDED.) 
BY C. S. LUDLOW, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
Laboratory of the Office of the Surgeon-General, U.S. Army, Washington, D. C. 


This insect was described some months since, but by some error the 
MS. was not published as I expected, so I now use it as a conclusion 
to ‘* Mosquito Notes, No. 5.” 

Ludlowia minima, nv. sp.—Head light brown, covered with flat light 
yellow or yellowish-white scales, two brown bristles projecting forward 
between the eyes, a few brown fork scales in the nape; antennez brown, 
verticels and pubescence brown, and normal; basal joint testaceous, with 
a few short brown hairs ; second and third joints have a few flat brown 
scales ; palpi brown, apical joints missing, those remaining heavily brown- 
scaled ; proboscis brown, tip light; eyes brown ; clypeus brown, with 
“frosty” tomentum. ~ 


Thorax: prothoracic lobes testaceous, with a few brown bristles ; 
mesonotum dark brown, partly denuded, but the remaining scales on each 
insect are dark brown slender curved scales (not hairs) and a few dark 
brown bristles over the scutellum and wing joint ; scutellum with dark 
brown slender curved scales and brown bristles ; pleura light, with a 
couple of brown spots and a few white scales; metanotum dark brown. 


Abdomen light. with dark brown scales and narrow ochraceous basal 
bands extending laterally as small basal light spots ; venter mostly light- 
scaled. 


Legs as a whole brown, but the colour changing with the direction of 
the light to a light brownish gray ; coxze and trochanters light; femora 
dark dorsally, ventrally almost white, tiny apical light spots on femora 
and tibiz, distally dark, the rest of the joints missing except on hind legs, 
where the ungues are simple and equal. 

Wings clear, densely covered with brown scales, lateral scales broadly 
lanceolate, median broadly truncate, showing very little if any symmetry ; 
spine-like scales on the costa. Cells not so markedly short as in 
Chamberlainit. First submarginal about 1/7 long, and nearly the same 
width as second posterior, both very narrow; stem of former not half as 
long as cell, and about a fourth shorter than that of second posterior ; 
mid-cross-vein meets supernumerary, and is slightly longer; posterior 
cross-vein slightly shorter than mid, and about twice its own length distant. 
Length, 2.5 mm. : 


December, 1907 


| 


414 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Male.—Is very like female; fork scales on nape more numerous ; 
antenne missing ; palpi longer than proboscis and clubbed ; ungues on 
fore and mid legs unequal, the larger uniserrate, the smaller simple and 
comparatively straight ; hind legs missing. Wing-cells shorter in propor- 
tion, and the stems longer. Length, 3 mm, 

Habitat, Carandaugan, Mindanas, Philippine Islands. Taken 
January 19, 1906. 

Neither specimen is perfect, and the male especially is in bad shape, 
but there can be no reasonable doubt as to the genus, or that the species 
is new. 

Described from one male and one female sent by Lieut. W. H. 
Duncan, Assistant Surgeon U. S. Army, with specimens of Chamber/ainii; 
it is an extremely small mosquito, quite as small as S. minuta, Theob., or 
S. Amesii, Ludlow. 


NOTES ON RECURVARIA GIBSONELLA, KEARF. 
BY ARTHUR GIBSON, OTTAWA. 


Early in May, tgo5, I collected at Hull, Que., which is just across 
the Ottawa River from Ottawa, some very small larvae, each one of which 
was enclosed within several leaves tied together at the tips of the branches 
of the common Juniper, /uniperus communis, L. From this material I 
reared three moths, which were submitted to Mr. W: D. Kearfott for 
examination. Deciding that they were new to science, he honoured me 
by describing them in the January, 1907, number of the CANADIAN 
ENTOMOLOGIST under the name of Recurvaria Gibsonella. 

During the past season some further observations were made on the 
species. On April 27 I again visited the original locality, and found larve 
very abundant in their characteristic winter quarters. At that time of the. 
year each larva was found in a small tube-like enclosure at the tips of the 
main branches and side twigs. As many as nine or ten leaves were drawn 
together and fastened strongly with silk, in the centre of which the nearly 
full-grown larva passed the winter. As these leaves are dead, or partly 
so, and discoloured, the hibernaculum is easily found after having once 
been seen. 

In early May a number of localities at and adjacent to Ottawa, where 
the ccemmcn Juniper is abundant, were visited, and in every instance 
larvee were found in considerable numbers. The species is evidently a 
common one, and will doubtless be found in many places where the above 
plant is plentiful. 


I Jecember, 1907. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 415 


Many of the winter homes of the larve were examined, and in all the 
larva was found with the head towards the plant. On May 18th, which 
was the third warm spring day at Ottawa since about the middle of April, 
when we had two such days, I noticed that some of the larve had revived, 
eaten their way down through the bottom of their winter case, and were 
feeding on the nearest green leaves. The whole inside surface of a leaf 
was eaten, after which the larva attacked other leaves in the same way. 
During this period a considerable quantity of white silk was spun just 
beneath but touching the winter home. A few of the leaves were 
gathered together by the silk. . 

On June 19 some larve were still found by Mr. Kearfott and the 
writer, and one living pupa’ in the winter case. At this time it was 
difficult to see the work of the larvee on account of the new growth of the 
plants. 

Larve collected at the end of April all pupated in their winter 
quarters, and no fresh food was put in the jar. Moths began to emerge 


about the middle of June, and continued to issue for a few days. From 
other material collected later, the moths appeared on June 29 and July 6. 

The mature larva is 5.5 mm. long at rest. The head is honey- 
yellow, shining, slightly bilobed, rather flattened in front; clypeus 
reaching two-thirds to vertex ; mouth-parts and margins of clypeus tinged 
with lake-red ; ocelli black ; antenne short and pale, hairs on face pale. 
Thoracic shield concolorous with head, shining, wider than head. Body 
without markings, cylindrical, segments rather deeply divided, colour 
pale orange, venter paler than dorsum. ‘Tubercles shining, !arge for size 
of larva, but inconspicuous; only slightly darker than body. Setwx slender, 
pale, one hair from each tubercle, anal shield honey-yellow, shining, all 
the feet whitish ; thoracic feet bearing black plates. 

The species is single-brooded. 


HYLOTOMA SPICULATA.—A CoRRECTION.—In the description of this 
species on page 308 of this magazine, the locality is given as Oak Creek 
Canon, New Mexico. I am indebted to Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell for 
pointing out that this should have read Oak Creek Canon, Arizona. 

ALEX. D. MacGILiivray. 


416 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


A FOSSIL TORTRICID MOTH. 
BY T. D, A. COCKERELL, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO. 


Practically nothing is known of fossil Tortricide, or indeed of any 
group of Microlepidoptera in Tertiary times. No extinct Tortricid. has 
been named, although Gravenhorst (1835) referred to the existence of one 
in Baltic amber, and Menge (1856) reported four larve, two pupee and a 
moth, supposed to be Tortricids, from the same substance. - In the 
Florissant shales moths are exceedingly rare, and usually not fit to 
describe ; but a fairly good Zortrix (sens. lat.) found in the summer of 
1907 deserves to be reported. 

Tortrix Florissantana, n. sp. , 

9 .—Length of head and body, 14 mm } head, 1 3/5 mm. wide, palpi 
robust, probably directed upwards, almost 2 mm. long; antenne with 
minute dark dots at intervals ; thorax 324 mm. long, about 3 broad ; 
wings probably striped along the veins, but the scaling appears to have 
been nearly all lost, except at the apex of hind wings, which are here 
much darkened ; primaries_14 mm. long, the costa very strongly arched, 
so that the centre of the arch is about 2 mm. distant from the straight line 
between base and apex of wing; outer margin about 5 mm. long, with a 
gentle double curve, the concave part uppermost ; apex obtuse ; inner 
angle very obtuse, and close to tip of abdomen when the wings are folded 
backwards ; lower margin about to mm. long. 

Hind wing about 10% mm. long, the apex considerably less than .a 
right angle: frenulum distinct, of two strong bristles; a part of the 
venation of the hind wing is visible ; what appears to be the fork between - 
the media and cubitus is about 4 mm from tip of wing; the second 
cubitus and first anal are also seen, normally placed. 

Florissant, Colorado, in the miocene shales, Station 14 (W. P. 
Cockerell), The insect as preserved is paie yellowish-red ; the wings are 
directed backwards, as in repose. The arched costa and gently curved 
outer margin, without any suggestion of a projecting point, indicate 
Tortricid rather than Pyralid affinities, and I think the family reference 
is reasonably safe. The generic term is of course used only in the old 
broad sense. 


Mailed December’ 7th, 1907. 


INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIX. 


Aaron, E. M., article by, 104. 

Achetomus, n. gen. of Helomyzidze, 75. 
2 pilosus, 0. Sp., 75; 

Achlarus lycidas, 68, 104. 

Acknowledgments by Curator, 180, 383. 

Acleris albtlineana, n. sp., 158. 

Acmeodera Bishopiana, n. sp., 

es Jacetla, 0. sp., 241. 

Acmzodera Hepburnii, var. 
n. var., 240. 

Acmeodera larree, 1. sp., 241. 

Acmzeodera robusta, var. rubrosuffusa, 
n..var., 240. 

-Edeomyia squammipenna, 265. 

sEdes uncalus, n. sp., 25. 

AINSLIE, C. N., article by, 26 

Alsophila pometaria, 282. 

Ambrosia beetle an orchard pest, 195. 
- or Timber beetles, 252. 

Amydria crescentella, n. sp., 9: 

Anatomical Terminology: Barker, 

Anopheles perplexens, n. sp., 267. 

Anthidium porterze fpersonulatum, n. 
sub. sp., 135+ 

Anthidium tenutflore, n. sp., 135- 

Anthonomus grandis, parasites of, 133. 

Anthophora Forbesi, n. sp., 354. 

Apanteles glomeratus, life-history, 205. 

Aphidze, new species from Colorado, 389. 

Aphidz, the Cornicles of the, 99. 

Aphis carbocolor, n. sp., 391- 

‘* fortricauda, n. sp., 389. 
Araneina of S. Clara Co., Calif., 374. 
Archips argyrospila, var. mortuana, n. 

var., 158. 
Arsapnia grandis, 0. sp., 329. 
Asphondylia Betheli, n. sp., 324. 


240. 
latiflava, 


174. 


2 solidaginis, nN. Sp., 305. 
Aspidiolus densiflore, n. sp., 366. 
eS vulupe, n. Sp, 367- 


BAKER, C.-F, article by, 114. 

BANKS, N., article by, 325. 

Bark-beetles, 193. 

BARNES, W.,, articles bys 10, 64, 93. 

Beduntia taprobanes, 0. sp-y 331. 

Bees, new species, 51, 135, 354, 364. 

Bees, preoccupied names of, 21. 

Belostomatid genera and Diplonychus, 
333: 

Belostomatid genera, table of, 336 

BETHUNE, C. J. S., articles by, 
281, 360, 387, 388, 4oo. 


179, 


BEUTENMULLER, W., article by, 305. 
Birp, H., articles by, 137, 269, 309. 
Ble nnocampa Gillettet - n. Sp., 304. 
Book notices, 174, 176, 287, 360, 387. 
BRADLEY, J. C., article by, 357. 
BREMNER, O. E., articles by, 195, 366. 
Brephida, notes on the, 369. 
Brephos Californicus, 369, 411. 

iy Fletchert, n. sp., 370. 

2 melanis, 369, 411. 
BROADWELL, W. H., article by, 180, 
BUENO, J. R. dela T., articles by, 61, 


99) 225) 333+ 

Butterflies, Southern in Massachusetts, 
6S, 

CAESAR, L., article by, 85. 


Callipterus robini@, n. Sp.4 395. 
Carposina Ottawana, 1. sp., 124. 
Casey, T. L., article by, 29. 
Catocala praeclara, 376. 
a titania, 376. 

CAUDELL, A. N., article by, 287. 
Cecidomyia lysimachi@, n. sp., 305. 

oh MYTICR, N. Sp., 306. 
meibomitfoliv, n. sp., 306. 
verbene, n. sp., 300. 
Cecidomyitidz or Gall-gnats, 143, 197. 


ee 


ae 


Centris Costaricensis, 1. nom. for C. 
Friesei, 21. 
Ceratina Cockereili, n. nom. for C. 
lunata, 260. 
Cerma canoa, n. sp., 11. 
ae 


cuerva, N. Sp., 10. 

sarepta, 1. Sp., 11. 

Cerostoma dorsimaculella, n. sp., 211. 
Chalcolepidius abdominalis, nv sp., 32+ 


acuminalus, N. SPs 32. 


oe 


nt amiclus, 0. SPp., 33. 
ue Apacheanus, 32. 

SS Arizonicus, n. sp., 31. 
sf Agtecus, n. Sp., 33: 
es Behrensi, 35. 

J debilis, 1. sp, 

+ idoneus, 1. SP.) 31. 
“ nobilis, N. Sp. 32. 

x oslenlus, i. SP.» 34+ 
Be parallelus, 33. 

£° rectus, Ns SP.4 34> 

ue rubripennis, 33. 

ss simulans, N. SP., 32. 
oe 


smaragdinus, 34. 
Snow, N. SP.) ZI. 


418 


Chalcolepidius sodalis, n. sp., 33- 

a tartarus, 33. 
viridipilis, 34. 

. Webbi, 30. 
Chamaclea gladiola, n. sp. 67. 
Chlorochlamys inveterascaria, n. 

379: 
Chionea valga in Minnesota, 103. 
Chlorippe, Fossil Butterfly of genus, 361. 
es Wilmatte, n. sp., 361 (plate). 
Chrysobothris carmelita, n. sp., 230. 

a micromorpha, n. Sp., 237. 
pubescens, n. sp., 238. 
smaragdula, n. sp., 239. 
Chrysophanus arethusa, n. sp., 169. 

aS hypophlezas, 170. 
Cicindela duodecim-guttata, 110. : 


ae 


Sp., 


oe 


ee 


“ habits of Manitoba, 105. 
“ hirticollis, 112. 
a Lecontei, 112. 


lepida, 114. 
limbalis, rro. 
limbata, 109. 


es Manitoba, 108. 
.s Montana, 112. 
ae 


punctulata, 113. 
pusilla, 113. 


oe repanda, 111. 
ss tranquebarica, i12. 
“e venusta, 109. 


Cirrophanus papago, n. sp., 95. 
Cleora areataria, n. sp., 180. 
‘¢  fumosaria, 172. 
“*  nigrovenaria, 172. 
‘<  pellucidaria, 171. 
««  semiclusaria, 171. 
‘¢ —umbrosaria, 172. 
Coccidz, new Californian species, 366. 
COcCKERELL, T. D. A., articles by, 51, 
135, 136, 187, 324, 354, 361, 416. 
COCKLE, J. W., article by, 149. 
Coenocoris Dudgeoni, 410. 
Coleoptera, new South-western, 235. 
Colletes mesocopus, 1. Sp., 364. 
- Colletidze of southern Maine, 363. 
Commophilu contrastana, n. sp., 160. 
Condidea, n. gen. of Syrphide, 75. 
Be lata, n. sp., 75. 
Conopidz of Nebraska, 250. 
Conops brachyrhynchus, 250. 
‘*  fronto, 250. 
‘« xanthopareus, 250. 
Cook, J. H., articles by, 145, 181, 
229; 257s 293; 495; 
COOLIDGE, K. R., article by, 374. 
Copidosoma Lymani, n. sp., 102. 
COQUILLETT, D, W., articles by, 75, 207. 


INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIX. 


Cosymbia albocostaliata, 209. 
Cotton Boll-worm attacked by Polistes, 
355: 
Crane-fly, swarming of a species, 26. 
CRAWFORD, J. C., articles by, 21, 193. 
CRIDDLE, N., article by, 105. 
Culex abfitchii, 119. 
“* cantator, 119. 
gelidus, 268. 
salinarius, lig. 
Culicid characters, 349. 


ee 


oe 


‘ Culicidz, Classification cf, 198, 349. 


Culicini, table of genera, 48. 
Cyrtolobus Vanduzei, 114. 


Dactylopius citri, moults of female, 284. 
Dalmannia nigriceps, 251. 
Darnoides flavescens, n. sp., 117. 
ay semicrema, N. Sp., 117. 
Davis, W. T., artigles by, 16, 173. 
Denny, E., article by, 402. 
Dianthidium Sayt, n. sp., 136. 
Diapheromera femorata, 261 (plate). 
Dieuches femoralis, 331. 
Diplonychus and its relation to other 
Belostomatid genera, 333. 
Diplonychas columbiz, 339. 
‘s key to the species, 339. 
punctatus, 340. 
rectus, 341. 
Diptera from Lake Temagami, 98. 
Diptera, new genera and species, 75, 
305- 
Dop, F. H. WOLLEY, article by, 169. 
Dorota albastrigulella, n. sp., 8. 
inorratella, 7. 
lineata, 7. 
medtoliniella, n. sp., 7- 
table of species, 7. 
Drepanosiphum Braggii, n. sp., 393- 
Dyar, H. G., articles by, 47, 209, 411. 


Dypterygia minorata, n. Sp. 3. 


oe 


se 


ae 


EHRMANN, G. A., article by, 317. 
Emphytus Coloradensis, n. sp., 304- 
Enarmonia Fletcherana, n. sp., 127. 
oy prosperana, n. sp., 128. 
Shawiana, n. sp., 154+ 
Youngana, n. sp., 1. 
Entomological appropriations by U. S. 
Government, 179. 
Entomological Society of America, 46, 
357: 
Entomological Society of Ontario, An- 
nual Meeting, 400. 


oe 


oe 


INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIX. 


Entomological Society of Ontario, Brit- 
ish Columbia Branch, 104. 

Entomological Society of Ontario, 
Montreal Branch, 52. 

Entomological Society of Ontario, Sum- 
mer Meeting, 281. 

Entomologists, International Congress 
of, 264. 

Epagoge lycopodiana, n. sp., 2. 

Epinotia fortunana, n. sp., 126. 
Kennebecana, i. sp., 157. 
~ Normanana, n. sp, 156. 
“P Watchungana, n. sp., 81. 

Erastria ondo, n. sp., 96. 

Errata, 28, 160, 264, 415. 


Euchceca comptaria, 22. 
ais condensata, 22. 
- 12-lineata, 22. 
eS exhumata, 23, 132, 143. 
“e inornata, 143. 
as lucata, 22. 
2 Pearsalli, 24. 
“s perlineata, 22, 132, 209. 
a salienta, 24. 
Eucosma bilineana, n. sp., 54. 
s Denverana, n. Sp., 77. 
a domonana, Nn. Sp., 79- 
sé Juscana, 1. Sp., 53. 
<s gomonana, Nn. sp., 75. 
<: Hamptonana, n. sp., 153. 
9s Heathiana, n. sp., 56. 
es madderana, 0. sp., 55- 
a tomonana, n. sp., 78. 
ag zomonana, n. Sp., 80. 


Eudela helveta, n. sp., 98. 
Eumesia Potomoni, n. sp., 323: 
Eupithecize of Eastern N. America, 164. 
Eupithecia absynthiata, 165. 

S albicapitata, 279. 
anticaria, 167. 


me coagulata, 166, 

. cretaceata, 279. 

‘a explanata, 167. 

“ fenestrata, 279. 

2 Fletcherata, 384. 

on Frostiata, n. Sp., 377: 
ae gelidata, 167. 


geminata, 276. 
Grossbeckiata, n. sp., 378. 


os hyperboreata, 167. 

o implicata, 167. 

ce interruptofasciata, 278. 

Fe luteata, 276. 

Fs miserulata, 168. 

os Packardata, n. nom., 277. 
Ee palpata, 276, 278. 

ne ravocostaliata, 280. 


419 


Eupithecia scriptaria, 166. 

J Strattonata, 278. 

ve Taylorata, n. sp., 377. 

ws zygadeniata, 280. 
Eurybrachys tomentosa, 411. 
Euura S. nodus, n. sp., 300. 

‘<  S. ovum, n. sp., 299. 
Evans, J. D., article by, 150. 
Evans, J. D., portrait of, 1. 
Evetria Siskiyouana, n. sp., 77. 
Evolution in Leptinotarsa : Tower, 176. 


FALL, H. G., article by, 235. 
Farm Weeds of Canada: Fletcher, 387. 
FELT, E. P., articles by, 143, 197- 
FLETCHER, J., article by, 120. 
Fossil Butterfly, 361 (plate). 

“ Caterpillar, 187 (fig.) 

‘* ~Tortricid Moth, 416. 
Frost, C. A., article by, 104. 
Fumigation of a large building, 341. 


Gall-Gnat of Prickly-pear Cactus, 324. 
Gall-Gnats or Cecidomyiida:, 143. 
Generic transfers, note on, 136. 
Geocorida, Oriental, 331. 
Geometrid Classification, review of, 91. 
Geometrid Notes, 22, 101, 132, 141, 143, 

L7l, 180,200; 252, 37, 3735 977 
Geometridz, some new Western, 345. 
Gerridius abbrevialus, n. sp., 114. 
G1BsON, A., article by, 414. 
GILLETTE, C. P., article by, 389. 
GIRAULT, A. A., articles by, 209, 355. 
Goniurus Cleopatra, n. Sp., 323. 

zs Triptolemus, n. sp., 322. 
Gonodontis ocellaria, n. sp., 347- 
Gortyna immanis, 138. 
GRABHAM, M., article by, 25. 
Grabhamia grisea, n. sp., 130. 

< mediolineata, n. sp., 129. 
GRINNELL, F., article by, 380. 
GROSSBECK, J. A., articles by, 307, 345. 
Grotella binda, n. sp., 93. 

‘*  calora, n. sp., 68, 93. 
sampita, n. Sp., 93. 
Gymnocelis remorata, 0. Sp., 345: 


“ce 


Halictus glabriventris, n. nom. for H. 
Vachali, 21. « 
Harris, R. W., article by, 68. 
HARVEY, G. W., article by, 17. 
HEATH, E. F, article by, 376. 
Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Hawaiian, 244. 


420 


INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIX. °* 


Hemiptera, notes on, 410. 
Rs of Jamaica: Van Duzee, 360. 
i Oriental Geocoridze, 3 331. 
Hemiptera, taken at Como, OSGI, 
159. 
Hemipterous Fauna of Central America, 
245. 
Hepialus thule at Montreal, 397, 402. | 
HERRICK, G. W., articles by, 265, 34T. 
Hesperida, new Tropical, 317. 
Hibernation of Tiger-beetles, 105. 


Hinr; J..S., article by, 98. 
Histerosia Cartwrightana, n. sp., 123 
ut homana, n. sp., 84. 
ot Komonana, n. sp., 121. 
cs Merrickana, 0. Sp., 121, 
< _Pecosana, n. sp., 124. 
2h riscana, N. Sp., L22 
a liscana, n. Sp., 123. 
* waracanda, N. Sp., 122. 


Holcocera Arizoniella, n. sp., 8. 
Holomelina calera, n. sp., 10. 
Howarpb, L. O., article by, 102 
Howardina inequalis, n. sp., ger 
How insects are distributed, $ 
Hylotoma spiculata, n. sp., ae 415. 
Hysterosia Merrickana, n. sp., 59- 


Incisalia Augustus, 145 (plate). 
us Henrici, 181 (plate), 229. 
iroides, 145. 
irus, IST. 
‘¢ _ niphon, 257 
Incisalia polios, 
405. 
Incisalia, Studies in 
181, 229, 405. 
Incurvaria Taylorella, n. sp., 8. 


(plate). 


(plate), 293 
35 (plate), 


2 
n. Sp., 202, 2% 
the genus, 


145) 


Insect trap, Home-made effective, 150 
(fig. ). 

Insects as the food of Squirrels, 16. - 

Insects injurious to Vegetables : Chit- 


tenden, 388. 
Ischnocentrus niger, 114. 
Tsogona acuna, 0. Sp: 97+ 

NP Sep ier ay NasSp-; O7- 


Jamaican Hemiptera : Van Duzee, 360. 
Jarvis, T. D.; article by, 174. 
Jones, P. R., article by, 250. 


KEARFOTT. W. D., articles by, 
2s 


1, 53) 
77, 1215. 1535 
A 


KIRKALDY, G. W., articles by, 
244) 248, 331, 410. 

KNaBb, F., articles by, 47, 349. 

Kodiosoma olero, n. Sp., 10. 


229, 


Laertias philenor, 68, 104, 209. 
LemoniaS Quino, its synonymy and 

status, 380. 
Lepidoptera, new N. 

93: 
Leptinotarsa, Evolution in: Tower, 176. 
Leucobrephos brephoides, 370: 

oy - middendorfi, 370, 
Leucochitonea Euphemie, n. sp. 318. 
eC Janice, mn. sp., 318. 

Jason, N. Sp., 317- 
Leuctra augustus, n. Sp.. 330. 

os occidentajis, n. sp., 229. 
LOVELL, J. H., article by, 363: 
LupLow, C. S., articles by, 
, 2413 
Ludlowia minima, 1. Sp., 413. 
Lutz; "F-E., article by, 276: 
Lygdus simulans, 411. 
LYMAN, H. H., article by, 397. 
Lythrodes arivaca, n. sp., 66. 


America, 10, 64, 


ae 


MacGILuivray, A. D., articles by, 308, 

415: 
Macropes sinhalanus. n. sp., 332. 
Mamestra Antonito, n. sp., 14 

ss Palmillo, 0. sp., 15. 
Mansonia Waverleyi, n. sp., 25. 
MATHESON, R., articles by, 205, 284. 
Megan amas hypoptes, n. Sp., 50. 

Lewaldii, 268. 
Megazopherus, n. gen., 36. 
ie Chiliensis, 36. 

Membracidz, descriptions of, 114. 
Metanema brunneilinearia, n. sp.; 348. 
Micro-Lepidoptera, 1, 53, 77, 121, 153: 

21a 
Micrutalis, species of, 
Milu, n. gen., 247. 

‘© kerasphoron, n. nom., 248. 
MLTICHELL, E. G., article by, 198. 
Mompha Claudiella, n. sp., 212. 
Monalonion Peruvianum, n. sp., 410. 
Moore, G: A., articles by, 52, 161, 189. 
MORDEN, J. A., article by, 385 
Mosquito Notes for 1906, 118. 
Mosquito Notes, No. 5, 129, 266, 413. 
Mosquitoes, Classification of, 47. 
Mosquitoes, new species from Jamaica, 
25: 


116. 


, 


INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIX. 421 


Mosquitoes, new “si from N. 
America, 50. 
Myodochidz, table of genera, 244. 
Myopa clausa, 252. 
Myzomyia indefinita, 268. 
“ Ludlowii, 267. 
te Rossii, 268. P 


Nesocymus, n. gen., 244. 
ss calvus, 245. 
Nesomartis, n. gen., 244. 
ss psammophila, 0. sp., 245. 
Newark Entomological Society, loss by 
fire, 307. 
Noctuids, to collectors of, 120. 
Nomenia and Euchoeca finale, 22. 
< duodecim-lineata, 22. 
we secunda, 24. 
th unipecta, 24. 
Noserus collaris, 1. sp., 
r) -plicatus, 44. 
Een LOFUUS, Mls) SPs,, Ae}'s 


44+ 


Notonecta Raleighi, n. sp., 225. 
Nyctobia, the species of, 371. 
Odonaspis graminis, 1. sp., 308. 


CEcanthus angustipennis, 173. 
< ec: velamationis, n. sp., 
as niveus, Stridulation of, 

Ogdoconta moreno, n. sp., 96. 

Oligia ensina, n. sp., 12. 

Omomyia, n. gen. in Diptera, 76 
He hirsuta, n. sp., 76. 

Oncomyia abbreviata, 252 
“ Baroni, 252. 

Ue loraria, 252. 
ME: propinqua, 252 

Ontario Bulletins, 388. 

Orthza nigriceps, 246. 

‘¢  periplanios, n. spi, 246. 

Orthoptera, Kirby’s Catalogue 


Oxycnemis acuna, n. sp., 67. 


m- 
Lied 
_ 

we 
ra 


of, 287. 


Paleacrita vernata, 282. 
Pamphila Aaroni, 104. 
es Antenora, n. sp., 315. 
Elenora, n. sp., 319. 
a Theodora, 0. sp., 319. 
> (ax eae persicus, n. sp., 308. 
mapacpema astula, n. Sp., 272. 
circumlucens, 138. 
eupatorii, 312. 
Ay frigida, 314. 
as furcata, 269. 


Papatpema imperturbata, n. sp., 274. 
Merriccata, n. sp., 270. 


Le nelita, 313. 
Papaipema, new Histories in, 137, 269, 
309: 


Papaiepma peralta, 1. sp., 14. 
pleristi, nN. sp., 310. 

PEARSALL, R. F., articles by, 2 

Met 3 5; Wellign 2OZ, ah yl 
Pedinocoris macrony x, | 
Pelocoris Carolinensis, 2 
Peltoperla brevis, v. sp., 325. 
Perlidz from B. C. and Alberta, 325. 

‘« key to the genera, 325. 
Persimmon Borer, 265 (plate). 
Phalonia Hollandana, n. sp., 159. 

1 NOMONANA, VN. SP., 54. 

CM FOMONANA, N. SP.y 83. 
Phellopsis Montana, n. sp., 46. 

a obcordata, 45. 

a porcata, 45. 
robustula, n. Sp., 45+ 
Phiwodes angustus, n. Sp., 43. 

diabolicus, 42 

A elongalus, . Sp., 42. 
latipennts, N. Sp. 43- 
ovipennts, Nn. Sp., 42. 
pustulosus, 43. 
scaber, n. SD., 43. 


2; OI, 
373+ 


ee 


Phorid, new genus with horny ovi- 
positor, 207. 
Phylledestes vorax, n. g., n. sp., 188 


(fig.). 
Pieris rapa, Parasite of, 205. 
Platzea Californiaria and its allies, 101. 

SG Sdiva, Lo2. 
dulcearia, 102. 
lessaria, Nn. SP.5 373+ 
personaria, 102. 
trilinearia, 102. 

a uncanaria, 102. 
Pleonectyptera albocostaliata, 
Plustodonta amado, i. Sp., 95. 
Plutella yamaella, n. sp., 6. 
Pecilosoma punctulata, n. sp., 304- 
Polistes rubiginosus, predaceous habits, 


209. 


355: 
Practical and Popular Entomology, 85, 

150, 191, 252, 261, 341, 385. 
Preservation of papered specimens, 149. 
Prickly-pear Cactus, Gall-gnat of, 324. 
Prionapteryx baboguivariclla, n. sp., 5. 
Proteoplervx Criddleana, n. sp., 58. 

ie marmontand, 1. Sp.y 
MOMONANA, N. SP+y 125. 
Prout, L..B., article by, 412. 
Pseudacteon, n. gen., 208, 


155: 


oe 


INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIX, 


SS ———— a  #};}#«C 


Pseudacteon G rawfordii, nN. sp., 208 
(figs. }. 

Pleroloma caraboides, n, SP., 235 

Pteromalus Puparum, 205, 


Pleronarcys princeps, n. sSp., 327. 


Recurvaria contferella, n, 
U0 Gibsonella, n. 
ge obscurella, n. 

Rhagovelia obesa, Gr, 

Rulandus, on the §enus, 220, 


Sp. 3. 


Sp., 4, 414. 


nom., 4, 


Sabethini, table of genera, 49. 
Sannina uroceriformis, 265 (plate), 
Sciagraphia SAVApAt, Nn. &p., 346. 
Scolytidee or Engraver: Beetles, 191, 
195, 252. 
Sephora criniger, 244. 
SHULL, A. F., article by, 213, 
SMITH, H, S., article by, 260. 
SMITH, Bs, articles by, 118, 369. 
Snowy Tree-Cricket, Stridulation of," 
213. 
Somatochlora 
(plate), 
Somatochlora, 
74- 
Sthenopis thule at Montreal, 397; 
Stibadium olvella, n, SP., 94. 
Stylogaster neglecta, 251. 
Sugaring for moths in autumn, 
SWAINE, We WE, articles by, 191, 25 
SWENK, M, +) article by, 364, 
SWETT, L. W., articles by, 141, Bia. 
Symphysa simplicialis, Nn. Sp., 4. 


Williamson Zee 
list of Ontario species, 


402, 


Synelys adornata, N. Var., 412. 
ne alabastraria, T41,412, 
es enucleata, I4I, 412, 


ee relevata, n. 
ss restrictata, 


var., 142, 412, 
142, 412, 


Teeniorhyncus argenteus, 268, 


TAYLOR, G. W.., articles by, ror, 132, 
164, 276, 384. 

Telamonanthe Rileyi, 115. 

Tenthredinidze, NeW species, 395, 308, 
oe ae 

Tenthrédinidze of Colorado, 295. 


erias delia, TO4, 
Thiodia och rotermenana 5 
Thymele Borja, n. Sp., 
it Guatemalaina, N. sp., 
ce terracina, N. Sp., 320, 
a Lhiemei, n, SP., 321. 


Nn. Sp., 57. 
R22; 


S2me 


Thy mele vilerboana, n. Sp., 321. 
Tiger-beetles, habits of Manitoba, 105. 
Titvs,.E, s. G., article by, 46, 
Tortricid moth, a Fossil, 416, 
Tortrix Baboquavariana, Nn. sp., 82, 
UG ‘lorissantana, nN. Sp., 416, 
lomonana, n, sp., 82, 
Torymus anthonomi, n, SP., 133. 
Trap, Home-made insect, 150 (fig. ) 
ree-cricket,’ new Species from Staten 
Island and New Jersey, 173. 
riatoma rubrofasciatus, 247, 
richocera bimacula, Swarming of, 26, 
Tricholita artega, nv Sp., 64, 
Triepeolus Lildredi, n, Sp., 52. 
&rindelie, n. Sp., 51. 
Trimoncopeltus simulans, 411. 
| Zrirhabda ertodictyonis, Nn. Sp., 243. 
; labrata, n. Sp., 242, 
Twig- beetles, 


ae 


Tr 


———___ 


| ’ 


Uros ‘wgalphus an thonomi, 


oe 


| Schwarzi, n. sp., 


Nn. Sp., 133. 
134. 


Vegetables, Insects injurious to: Chit- 
tenden, 388, 


ba ee 


WaLker, E, M., article by, 69. 
Walking-stick Insect, 261 (plate), 
VASHBURN, Bei article by, 103. 
Water-bug, a ferocious, 17. 
Water-bugs, two undescribed from U, 
+) 225, 
Watson, F. E., article by, 202, 
WELDon, Gaps article by, 295. 
WILtIams, J« B., article by, 261. 


Nanthia cordova, n. Sp., 65. 
NXanthodes amorata, n. sp., 66, 
Xvela negundinis, n, SP., 324. 
Xyleborus zylographus, 195. 


| 
| 


| Zelus Peregrinus, 247. 
Zodion fulvifrons, 250. 
: oblique fasciatum, 
ft parvum, 251. 
- Py§meeum, 251, 
= scapulare, 
Zopherini, table of genera, 


251. 


251. 


opherinus, n, SEN., 36, 37. 
laevicollis, B37: 
ss limbatus, n. Sp.) 37. 


INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIX. 425 


Zopherodes, n. gen., 36, 38. Zopherodes opacus, 4o. 


equalis, n. sp., 38. ef ottiosus, N. Sp., 39. 
es caudalts, n. sp., 41. ie Pruddent, n. sp., 41. 
~ concolor, 38. se pudens, n. Sp., 40. 
= gracilis, 42. ss tristis, 38. 
¥ guttulatus, 30. se Uteanus, n. sp., 40. 
SS induratus, 39. aL ventriosus, 1. SP. 39+ 
Se luctuosus, 0. Sp. 41. Zopherus elegans, 36, 42. 
= lugubris, n. sp., 41. =f marmoratus, 1. Sp., 36. 
< Mormon, n. sp., 40. 


Y a” Be) ae” 1B) ) “ 
D> PD)» > Lae .) ye 
Pio >? >. > ae > 
| 2d 2 DNs » aD 3 hae 
dmr PIM» an SS »>. 
> > , om 
> Se Sits Same ce 
SD RELY at Se . >- Dy 
D> = 2 SS S53 See 
a DODD: : x > BD ise 23) Se 
2 28>) DD eS Stk DDD- Bee AS D>: 2D eae 
2 BPSD: Oe RD Se? 5. 13>, Foe 
nD >. wy PW) RO > > $9? PS ao 
y s EO s; ; Re ‘. ~ J > s : i. > Dir) 
: . j * >> oe oe 2 sD ie +> Se: > : , 
Oe >» >) i) 3) > > » > 2 > Dy) Fes % 2 2. if 
- r, < ‘ pein DP 4 e x > 
+ hue ; ada ; a? SD . Lhe: 
Dw? os Loe SD. “6 : ad ‘ > > ae) ae is 
BS iD D> yyy > a> > > > RY > » “ 
D2 DP D> ey yy PID CRD ad DED > ei 
PID DD y, MDLp =D ; : Ps SS >I 
s PR: FP Dri LID > e Sp oP ; > ee 
DID De tS i = ee —* <> * ; 
=P )) Dy Dy bi LP ay > ar Dy 2?) 
D222 DY yD Ww D>’ et SLD 
» Poe. SD): ee > Peo se. 
3 DD SED. Bw 
SDS. QYD> 3; 2 > ee q 
n> Bw > BA 
TD SP, f 
> xB 1D): Dore : 
DID Dy yD Fee oe DD? py 2». 


> SDD °DW >>> DD) PLY -S 

Pa: >») 2)». ey s2ae ) 7D: ee: 

» 2: EP DD? >» > SS Sp? DD)» DB» 
> >Dy DD DOs >» >> DPR og 


» > D> 232? 2 


35 yy) i >>») 


oe D> > 2 eer > TD. 
py, >>») ee D> ss >: FE? 2 =e 
LDS ay >» 2 by} eT : s) 5 
$e DD | 7 3 3 See = ae 


> 

<< > see ae 
ae 2D D> DPD + D5 Bes 34 > 
See SDD. >>: 


- > ep > FD» 2 >> 
> Py yy Bae D> DPS): > PI 
2D BESS DD D> 


> 5 DDD D » DDI» Ss ie 
2222 IID WD? 


> >>> 2 SID) ») ee ; 
3 2D b> eas 


See SDD > 


>>> 
>>> Se 2 2: 22> D> 


}) 2D> >>>; >>». SS > y 2,22 3 
>> D>>> >) ss > > Dy > - 
- >> D>aw> >> D> 
= Be > DD, >> 


> Ds» >» > > » > 
>>, eS >> » > 

3} ry ye 
3? ee DDD» >>> 


>, » 


2 >> >> D> D> 2 > DD's pans > 
eS D> Sy >. = o> 2 pe | 
5) SPR =. oe > PPD. > 

z Se {>> DSS pop oD DD» D> > >. Pd) 22 


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