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Canadian Entomologist 


VOLUME XLVI. 
1914. 2 ja/¢ 
BSa76 
EDITED BY RS: SG 


DR. E. M. WALKER, 


Biological Department, 


UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO 


Editor Emeritus: REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE. 


ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH, ONT. 


London, Ontario: 
The London Printing and Lithographing Company Limited. 


1914. 


r Qe 
AO| 
C24 | 
v.40-47 
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO VOL. XLVI 


ALEXANDER, C. P., Cornell University............ccecccceee Irwaca, N. Y. 
BALL, (B.S 55: Scds oi i eee 2 oe abies Have he ae a ake DR oe see LoGAN, UTAH. 
BANKS, DE. ANAZHANS <5 7 ce Sums cay ays SoC Ae « RORCT GT cae East FALts Cuurcu, VA. 
BARNES, - DR WIM code res Soe os ees Sh one ET ae Decatur, ILL. 
BETHUNE, REV. PROF. C. J. S., Ont. Agricultural College. ..GuELPH, ONT. 
EOS TAC Ve a obese cob Pew Auals bcs ERE MES eee Rye, N. Y. 
BLACKMORE, Rosas ee vee od ee ee eae tee VictoriA, B, C 
BLATCHLEY, W. Si. vvslghe Uealce » ais bie pee eae Coal cae aoa INDIANAPOLIS, IND, 
BRAUCHER, Re Wancuesacia scat ss het ee bak eee Kent, O. 
BRAUN, : MISS -ANNETT ES Bisco cis ic ckctrtlv is oka eee CINCINNATI, O. 
BURR, MALCOLM =. 6c 2 2001s vba SRa a Ee be SER oe ee a Lonpon, ENG. 
BUTLER, MISS HORTENSE, Cornell University. 6-65 6ii's cae IrHaca, N. Y. 
CAESAR, PROF, LAWSON, Ont. Agricultural College.......... GUELPH, ONT, 
CHAGINOM Sirs 5 0-5 corms edn ouiel Ne Bp REECE RCM RS Laon St. JoHn's, Que, 
CHAMBERLIN, DR. R. V., Museum of Comp. Zoology........ CAMBRIDGE, Mass. 
COCKERELL, PROF. T. D. A., University of Colorado........ BouLpeErR, CoL. 
COC KRIR  s Win os chs Temes oie ad 0 ce we ea ean he pre Kas_o, B. C. 
COSENS, DR. A., Parkdale Collegiate Institute................ ToRONTO, ONT. 
CROSBY, PROF. C. R., Cornell University. .................. IrHaca, N. Y. 
DAVIS, J. J., Bureau of. Entomology. .... 3... cee ieeccwcceeeces WASHINGTON, D. C, 
DOD, F. H. WOLLEY..... ARES tree r eRe Wa ee MIDNAPORE, ALTA, 
DO a as Hg eer cs gS irs epi eMwiad nebo emda ane ds OORT NELSON, AUSTRALIA. 
DU PORTE, E. MELVILLE, Macdonald College. bate ohne eae STE, ANNE DE BELLVUE, QUE, 
DYAR, DR. H. G., Bureau of Entomology......:..........055 WASHINGTON, D, C. 
FELT, DR. E. P., N. Y.State Museum...........:...eeee eee ALBany, N, Y. 
FUNKHOUSER, Ww. De ANE Re Rh Pe PLE ee OE Irwaca, N. Y. 
GIBSON, ARTHUR, Entomological Branch................0005 Ottawa, ONT. 
GIRRUGT at Ay oes oa sicei de «ite ie ee Ga eas ce ae Oe NELSON, AUSTRALIA, 
GRAENICHER, DR. S., Public Museum................c0000. MILWAUKEE, WISs. 
ADI SLAIMG y «fie, OMe cceaie eta gh) av dirk kia Wks he Pa bb ace ok Lee Oh Duncan, B. C. 
HEATH, THE LATE E. PIRMSTONTH SSS RE CARTWRIGHT, MAN. 
HEWITT, DR. C. GORDON, Entomological Branch........... OTTAWA, 
HOOD... 5.:.Di7U~ S.: BIGGIE DULVER ics iv acdaroelwcch chances . WASHINGTON, D,. C. 
HUDSON, H. F., Entomological Division....................45 OTTAWA, 
JARVIS; - PMO es eS ass b's ciara ees wo ay aeiesa ores Grimssy, ONT. 
KNAB, FREDERICK, Bureau of Entomology................. WASHINGTON, D. Cc. 
EER SWIM ses east aeds s aehde su Fe oF oe Hanns ox gaer eas BALTIMORE, Mp. 
LEONARD, M. D., Cornell University... ........0..cccceeeees Irnaca, N. Y, 
McDUNNOUGEH MIR: Fev Fae iid «Ss ba cbs PaaS akted oe es Decatur, ILL, 
MacGILLIVRAY, PROF. A. D., University of Illinois... ........ UrsBana, ILL. 
McGREGOR, E,,A., Bureau of Entomology... .............05 WASHINGTON, D.C. 
MALLOCH, J. R., Uhiversity of Illinois..............0.-0e0. URBANA, ILL. 
MARCOVITGH, S.,;. Minnesota Agri. College...........6++-005. St. PAUL, MINN. 
MARLOFE; ERED. N00 Nan cs eae Ons aah eget a bak Oak STATION, Pa. 2 
. MATHESON, DR, ROBERT, Cornell University.............. IrHaca, N. Y. 
MORRIS 1B... 0. es exe NAb) ot, So anes col eee thas s 3s PETERBOROUGH, ONT, 
NASH, (C.W, Provincial Milseum.........ccccececccesccecees Toronto, ONT, 
NEWCOMER: Fis Sd a ea ieee eics "Cick Oe Pato ALto, CALFIF. 
PARKER, RALPH R., Mass. Agricalvaral OMNEGS cited ore ote AMHERST, Mass, 
SEVERIN})-DR. H. P. J. SRY eae os ee ES i Fee ts ak MILWAUKEE, WIs, 
SLADEN, F. W..L., Peatest Experimental Farm............... OTTAWA, 
EE ay 16d WY oy Rao ares eo IAS ae eee ee Me Boston, Mass. 
THOMAS, F. bs o~ Agricultural College. ............e0 ees AMHERST, Mass. 
VAN DUZEE,\E. P., University of California.................. BERKLEY, CALIF. 
PAIN, Mass Vg! ads vids ck 5 KS Sa eR OIA HIS AW RNase bea ear che BuFFALO, N. Y. 
RES RBA EGOS RRS BEd ive in'h ocd Guru Recs bee Mote bine Oe oo avn VERNON, B. C, 
WALKER, PROF. E. M., University of Toronto............... TORONTO. 
WEBSTER, PROF. F. M., Bureau of Entomology............. WASHINGTON, D, C, 
WEISS, H. B., New Jersey Agricultural College. .............5. New Brunswick, N. J. 
OE PEGE T nak ie Biss «a oe un o bene Nc abate deen. TT Geta ae MILrForp, N. H. 


yh NS, Se anne arene iar Sn ae a WESTMOUNT, QUE. 


| The Ganactian intomologist 


Vou. XLVI. LONDON, JANUARY, 1914 No. 1 


THE OCCURRENCE OF THE WARBLE FLY HYPODERMA 
BOVIS DE GEER IN CANADA. 


BY C. GORDON HEWITT, D.SC., F.R.S.C., DOMINION ENTOMOLOGIST, 
: OTTAWA. 


In the early writings on the Warble Fly occuring in the United 
States, the species was constantly referred to as Hypoderma bovis 
of de Geer, which was supposed to be the species common to 
Europe and North America. Curtice, in 1891, concluded that the 
American species was H. lineata Villiers, and not H. bovis, and 
_Riley in the following year (Insect Life, Vol. 4, pp. 302-317, 1892) 
discussed the question fully, and concluded that “the older Ox 
Bot-fly, Hypoderma bovis, hitherto supposed to be a common species 
of both America and Europe, is in reality either a very rare insect 
in this country, or possibly does not occur here at all.”” Aldrich 
(Catalogue of North America Diptera, 1905) states that bovis is 
not positively known from North America. 

Subsequent workers on this continent have been accustomed 
to refer only to H. lineata in speaking of the North American species. 

Brauer described H. lineata Villiers as H. bonassi from the 
larva only, specimens having been obtained in Colorado from the 
‘American buffalo. Besides being generally distributed through 
the United States, according to Riley, it also occurs commonly in 
‘Europe. Walker described it from Nova Scotia in 1853 as Oestrus 
supplens. 

- During the summer of 1912 Dr. Seymour Hadwen, in charge 
of the Branch Laboratory of the Health of Animals’ Branch of the 
Dominion Department of Agriculture located at Agassiz, B.C., 
carried out a series of experiments on Warble Flies, and his im- 
portant contribution to our knowledge of the biology of these in- 
_,sects has now been published (Bull. No. 16, Health of Animals’ 
-Branch Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa). Dr. Hadwen made the 
interesting discovery that the common species of fly under observa- 
-tion was I. bovis, and all the full-grown larvee collected at Agassiz, 


2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST — 


B.C., both from local animals and from cattle imported from — 


Eastern Ontario, in the previous December, were also H. bovis. 


Two larve collected at Mount Lehman, B.C., proved to be A. 


- lineata. 
As this discovery of H. bovis in Canada was of unusual interest, 


I examined the specimens of the collection of the Division of Ento- 


mology. The genus was represented by four specimens, which 
appeared to me to be H. bovis, but in order to be certain I submitted 
them to Prof. G. H. Carpenter, of Dublin, Ireland, who kindly 
examined them, and states that they are all H. bovis. These 
specimens are from the following localities: New Cornwall, 
(Lunenburg Co.), N.S., 1913; Brockville, Ont., 1913; St. Henri 
Levis, Que., 1911; and Southern Alberta, 1910. Our collections. 
also contain larve of H. bovis from East End, Sask., 1913, and of 
H. lineata from Sarnia, Ont. 

in view of the fact that /7. bovis is evidently widely distributed 
in Canada, occurring, as our records indicate, from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific, it would appear to be extremely probable that this 
species occurs with /7. lineata in the United States. . The economic 
importance of the species renders the state of uncertainty of the 
presence or absence of this species all the more remarkable, and 
further investigation would be very desirable. - The adults of the 
species have distinctive characters. HH. lineata is smaller than 
II. bovis, it has black hairs on the head and on each side of the 
prothorax is a tuft of whitish hairs; the disc of the thorax is almost 
bare and striped longitudinally. The hairs on the head of 17. bows 
are yellow and a band of yellow pubescence stretches across the 
thorax in front. The larvae are readily distinguishable by means 
of the spiny cuticular armature. Mr. C. W. Johnson reared H. bovis 
from larvce obtained in June, 1910, at Manchester, Vt. (Psyche, 
“XVII, Dec., 1910, p. 231). 


ON THE PREDACEOUS HABITS OF SCATOPHAGA: A 
| NEW ENEMY OF MUSCA DOMESTICA. 

BY C. GORDON HEWITT, .D.SC., F.R.S.C., OTTAWA. 

| In view of the increasing attention which is now being paid 
'to the character of the prey of certain groups of Diptera, the 
following notes on the feeding habits of Scatophaga stercoraria L. 
will be of interest, apart from their economic significance. While 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 35 


it is known that certain of the flies of the family Cordyluride prey 
upon insects which they capture, the common yellow coprophilous 
S. stercoraria is not usually regarded, so far as I am aware, as a 
predaceous insect. Yet the observations recently made and _ for- 
warded to me (30 Oct. ’13) by Mr. George E. Sanders, in charge of 
the Dominion Entomological Field Station at Bridgetown, N.S., 
would indicate that this common species destroys, in the aggregate, 
no small number of other Diptera, especially Muscid flies, for 
which it appears to display a preference. 


Specimens of S. stercoraria were found and taken by Mr. 
Sanders capturing Musca: domestica L., Calliphora erythrocephala 
Mg., Stomoxys calcitrans L., Fannia canicularis L., Pollenia rudis 
Fab., and Orthellia cornicina Fab.* After seizing their victims, 
they wrapped their legs around them and the neck of the victim 
was then pierced from below by thrusts of the proboscis and sucked 
for a short time.. The body was afterwards turned over and the | 
proboscis inserted between the abdominal segments, in which 
position the fly continued to feed for a long time. In some cases, for 
example, Pollenia rudis, the victim’s head was completely broken off. 

S. stercoraria was also seen to capture Bibio longipes Loew, 
and a female of S. merdaria Fab. was caught preying upon Scatops 
notata L.- 

Mr. Sanders reports that Scatophaga has been seen catching 
Musca domestica on the porch of a house, and, when observing the 
flies attracted by the sugar bait at the laboratory, it was a common 
sight to see M. domestica captured by Scatophaga. A “‘yellow fly.” 
probably this species, was reported to him as capturing and eating 
mosquitoes. 

The preference of Scatophaga for Muscid flies is noticeable. 
This may be due to the fact that excrement has an attraction for 
_ both prey and victims. S. stercoraria breeds in excrement and 
' commonly frequents it; M. domestica and certain of its allies have 
similar habits. The significant fact, however, is that Scatophaga 
preys upon M. domestica and other common Muscids, not only 
when they are visiting excrementous matter, but in other places, 
and these facts place Scatophaga in the category of decidedly useful 
insects. . 


*I am indebted to Mr. C. W. Johnson for assistance in determination. 


4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


THE CHRYSOMELIANS OF ONTARIO. - 
BY F. ]. A. MORRIS, PETERBORO’, ONT. 
(Continued from Vol. XLV, p. 392.) 

On these same raspberry leaves is often found a small yellow 
beetle with black thorax ornamented by two white spots; it fre- 
quents many other leaves besides, such as basswood and hazel, but 
it is most abundant on raspberry. It is Bassareus luteipennis, the 
first of seven genera that constitute Tribe VI. These seven genera 
contain over 100 species, about 50 being found in Ontario. 
Three of the genera, containing over 35 species, are represented 
right in this wood. Bassareus on the raspberry, Cryptocephalus 
quadrimaculatus (the size of the insect as usual in inverse proportion 
to its name) on the young shoots of white pine where the needles 
are soft, and Pachybrachys on the willow shrubs at the lower end 
of the wood. The members of this tribe are small, sometimes 
minute, and stoutly cylindrical in shape, what we would call 
‘“‘chunky’’—indeed, Pachybrachys (the Greek for “‘thick-short’’) is 
only a grand name for “‘chunky.’’ Some of the species of Cryptoce- 
phalus (which means ‘hidden head’’) are very pretty, especially 
venustus, which I have found on the blossom of the meadow-daisy, 
and mutabilis taken on birch and spirea. 

As we walk back to the road that we left at Mose Robinson’ S, 
we can collect no less than 5 genera of the next or VIIth Tribe. 
In the hollow at the north-east of the wood, where the clump of 
willow and dogwood grows, you will find Xanthonia on the leaves 
of the former and Adoxus on those of the latter; the first a small 
and the second a medium-sized beetle, closely resembling each 
other in shape and general colour; about the trunk and limbs of 
that newly-felled pine on the bank, Glyptoscelis, a fairly large 
-beetle, metallic brown in colour, but looking lighter from its pu- 
bescence; on the common Dogbane (A pocynum androsemifolium) 
you will find Chrysochus aureus, a large dazzlingly brilliant bluish- 
green beetle; it is said to feed on Indian hemp (A pocynum canna- 
binum) and on Milkweed (Asclepias), but I have never found it on 
any milkweed nor on any other species of Dogbane than the com- 
mon, sweet-scented species with pinkish blossoms; A pocynum can- 
nabinum has greenish-white blossoms.and no scent; as the Dogbane 


is filled with a white milky juice. just as abundant as that of the 
*~..January, 1914 ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5 


Milkweed, Blatchley’s description may be erroneous; on the dog- 
wood, again, both leaves and blossom, a fifth genus of this tribe 
-(Colaspis) is often found. 


Returning to the road just east of Robinson’s we face east. 
South of us lie two upland meadows of rough grass, somewhat 
rocky and covered with hummocks and watery hollows, a favorite 
place for the Kill-deer plover; here, too, sometimes in the fall is 
heard. the peculiar cry of the Yellowlegs. As I was walking along 
here, at the end of last April, I heard a strange bird-note—a long, 
loud whistle, melodious and with something of the plover’s plaintive- 
hess about it. After some time I discovered a bird with long nar- 
row wings circling at some height over the meadows, and several 
times the strange cry was repeated. I brought a friend out with 
me next week and, with the aid of a field glass, we watched as many 
as three pairs of the birds feeding, running and flying about these 
meadows. On alighting, they would raise their wings over their 
backs till the tips met and then slowly fold them down at the sides, 
at the same time uttering this long-drawn whistle. The bird I had 
first heard, however, was certainly calling as it hovered and circled 
high over the field, and as I stood under it I distinctly saw its neck 
and wings grow rigid for a moment as it forced the cry out on to 
the air; it was the Bartramian Sand-piper, and this was its mating 
call. I had the luck to startle a hen bird off her nest of eggs early 
in May quite near the fence that we are going along. Once the 
_eggs are laid the birds become very shy and can rarely be approached. 
But in the mating season they seem fairly tame and we watched 
_one settle twice on the top of a fence-post just north of where we 
are now, within stone’s throw of a farmhouse. I was standing in: 
the roadway at the time and my friend was at the snake-fence, his 
foot on the bottom rail and his field glasses resting on the top, when 

- I noticed a weasel running along the bottom rail in our direction; 
it showed not the slightest fear and never hesitated, but, advancing 
steadily, stepped right over my friend's foot; in its teeth it held by 
the nape of the neck, limp and lifeless, a large field-mouse, doubt- 
‘less the family dinner. These creatures are very bold and show 
the utmost unconcern of human beings. I remember being stopped 
some years ago by a section boss on the railway, who asked to show 
me a nest under a culvert that his gang had been cleaning out. 


6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


‘There,’ he said, disclosing four little blind nestlings, “what's 
them?” ‘‘Why,” I said, ‘they look like weasels.’’ ‘That's what 
they are, I reckon,’’ came the answer, ‘‘and the mother fought like 
a good one for nearly an hour to get back to them. We had to drive 
her- off with stones before we could get at work on the culvert.” 


Along this stretch of road, within the space of a few rods, we 
shall find no less than 5 genera belonging to Tribe VIII on. 
our list. Under chips of wood by the roadside in the early spring 
I have frequently found a small beetle, variegated black with 
yellow brown stripes, called Prasocuris; on the common milkweed 
the large handsomely marked orange and black Doryphora clivi- 
collis and on the bittersweet growing over that stone-pile, its cousin 
Doryphora decemlineata, that ubiquitous pest, the Colorado potato- 
beetle; in the blossom of the dogwood, a small metallic dark green 
beetle that feeds also on elm leaves, Plagiodera viridis; about the — 
knotweed at the wood’s margin, the pretty little Gastroidea poly- 
goni with vellow brown thorax and peacock-green elytra; while in 
-the grass, a little further on, I took two specimens of Lina scripta 
as early as the end of April; no doubt hibernated specimens, 
probably from the willow clump nearby, for that is the favourite 
food plant of the Lina scripta; it is a somewhat variable species, of 
which I have found two quite distinct forms on the willow—one 
the normal form at Guelph and the other near Lindsay. There 
still remains in this tribe a genus that I have so far left unmentioned, 
the most beautiful of all the family and well worthy of the high 
compliment (pace the economic entomologist) paid it by natural- 
ists—Chrysomela (Golden Apple)—or is it an Homeric word, 
meaning ‘“‘golden sheep?’’ from which the tribe gets its name of 
Chrysomelini or Chrysomela-like beetles, and the whole family its 
name of Chrysomelid; the scions or clan of Chrysomela. This 
is a most beautiful beetle; the characteristic appearance being roun- _ 
dish-oval in shape and decidedly convex above; head and thorax 
mostly dark metallic and wing-covers a creamy white, daintily 
sculptured with metallic greenish or bluish black. It suggests old 
ivory inlaid with ebony or jet. In the early days of collecting, this 
was a beetle I coveted more than any other; the species that above 
all took my fancy being Chrysomela scalaris. There was a brother-* 
collector in town whose cases I was continually poring over. But 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 7 


it was in my second season as a collector that I first had the luck 
to “‘strike ile,’ and it was right on that dogwood bush behind the 
north fence of our road. I found here several specimens of a 
Chrysomela rather smaller than scalaris with greenish-black head 
and thorax, elytra cream-coloured and finely sculptured and dotted 
with metallic greenish black; it proved to be Chrysomela phila- 
delphica, and a short search anomg dogwood shrubs yielded me 
some 50 specimens of the beetle. This was at the end of June, and 
in July I migrated with all my bug-and-weed paraphernalia to the 
Rideau Lakes. It wasn’t long before I found grazing on basswood 
leaves, along with walking-stick insects, whole flocks of a small 
whitish larva, marked with black, somewhat louse-shaped and so 
strongly resembling the larva of the Potato-beetle that visions of 
Chrysomela scalaris began again to float before my excited imagina- 
tion and to haunt my dreams. I separated about 15 of the best- 
grown lambs of the flock and shepherded them home to a domestic 
fold. But they seemed to scorn captivity and quite obviously 
pined in their cardboard box. Twice a day I brought them fresh 
fodder from their native pasture, but they wouldn’t browse worth 
a cent, and I lost one or two with every moult; less than half a 
dozen reached maturity, and of these two died in pupating. How- 
ever, three emerged safely and proved the realization of my dream, 
Chrysomela scalaris, all the more lovely in being home-grown. 
The knowledge that hundreds of these creatures must have ma- 
tured about basswood trees where I had made my captures drew 
me out to their feeding grounds again. This time I searched in 
vain, not a larva could I see on any of the leaves, still less a mature 
insect, for the full-fed larva in this genus drops to the ground in 
order to pupate, and though it was the beetle itself that I had 
found gregarious on the dogwood, there seemed to be no such luck 
in the case of this species; at the end of two hours I was still empty- 
handed. It was when I was passing across a stubble-field in the 
open, from one part of the edge of the wood to another, that I felt 
something crawling on the back of my neck. Of course, gentlemen, 
you all know the extraordinary phenomenon of an insect crawling 
on the back of the neck. No matter how rare it may have been 
when it first settled, if once you reach with your hand to make a 
capture it nearly always—well, if you wish for an exact figure, in 


8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


ninety-nine cases out of a hundred—it turns into an aculeate hyme- 
nopteron and poniards the cord of your neck with that most 
venomous of stillettos, the wasp sting; in the hundredth case, of 
course, it simply flies away. I was on the horns of a dilemma: if | 
that creature was Chrysomela scalaris, 1 wanted it badly; on the 
other hand, I stood good chances of being stung, literally or figura- 
tively, by its proving a wasp or something worthless or making its 
escape. My embarrassment was worse than that of the Cockney 


sportsman (as pictured by Punch) when the bird he was aiming at 
suddenly settled on the middle of his gun-barrel; because, though | 
I am told this would make a very difficult shot, at least the man 
knew what he was trying to bag. There were big risks, it was a 
daring shot, but I took it and grabbed the insect as it was pushing 
down behind the collar of my negligé. An awful moment, while I 
waited for telegraphic communication from my neck to my inner 
consciousness of the sensation of five inches of hatpin jabbed 
viciously into the quick and centre of one’s being, that matter-of- 
fact people call a wasp-sting; but there was no telegram, this was 
was the 100th chance, and sure enough, when I came to examine my 
capture, it was what I had been looking for—Chrysomela scalaris. 
Where had it come from? I am certain there was none on the 
basswood; it had simply dropped out of pure cussedness on to.my 
head, I presume, from the sky. Next season I found three more 
species—one on willows very like Chr. philadelphica of the dogwood, 
but with the front and sides of the thorax marginetl with cream; 
I have taken a great many specimens of this beetle in various places, 
always on the willow; it is Chr. bigsbyana. The second new species 
was a smaller member of the genus called Chr. elegans, first found 
early in the season crawling on railway ties, which are not its food- 
plant, but afterwards found feeding in abundance on water smart- 
weed about the surface of a stream a couple of miles south-east of 
here. There is another species of small size closely resembling this, 
called Chr. suturalis. 1 have never discovered the food plant to 
which this beetle resorts about Port:Hope, but I have twice found 
a stray specimen on grass blades. One. year in August, when. | 
returned from my holidays, I was looking over my friend’s collec- 
Jection: of Chrysomelas, mentally checking off, their food-plants as 


THE .CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 9 


my eye roved from species to species; basswood, dogwood, willow, 
water smartweed and so on, when suddenly my attention was 
arrested by a whole row of fine specimens of this beetle. ‘‘ Hullo!’’ 
T exclaimed, ‘‘where did you get these?’’ ‘Oh, on the beach, just 
a few days ago.”’ In an instant I had registered a silent vow and 
next morning hastened off to fulfill it in our old stand-by, the North 
Wood, equipped for the sacrifice with some sandwiches and a 
cyanide bottle. All the morning I searched beech trees diligently, 
without success, and all the afternoon the same, and at last went 
home, weary and footsore, having got nothing but aching eyes and 
a stiff neck. In the evening I was round again at my friend’s 
collection. ‘‘Are you sure that you got those beetles on the beech?” 
“Oh,.yes, and they were in fine condition; in fact, one of them was 
still alive. I guess a thunderstorm the.day before had blown them 
ut over the lake; when I went down, the southeast wind was 
washing them up on the beach.”’ My beech, with an “e,’’ was his 
beach with an ‘‘a’’; he had taken his specimens on the lake shore. 
Disappointments like these are bound to occur; I have spent days 
in search among spirza and hazels which the collectors say are the 
invariable food of certain species, and so far the result has been an 
absolute blank: 


We will now move east about a mile, past Davison's old chair 
factory on the Rice Lake Road, up hill, down dale, and up hill again 
as far as Bethel. Here we turn south down a grass lane to a wood 
of pine, oak and maple and skirt along the edge of this wood, keeping 
close to the fence. Notice that sandy knoll in the wood, just west 
ofus, witha large burrow at the top; I was approaching this one day 
from the south, gathering morels as I went, when I felt that curious 
sense of being watched that we sometimes have. Looking up, I 
saw what I took to be a young collie dog, reddish-brown, sharp- 
faced, staring straight at me; as soon as it saw me look at it, it made 
a movement that is very characteristic of the collie, dropped flat 
on the ground, its head couched between the outstretched fore- 
paws and so lay, alert and watchful; | took a pace or two forward, 
when suddenly it did what no collie ever did—dived headlong into 
a sand-burrow and disappeared. It was a puppy, to be sure, about 
half grown—a young red fox. 


10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ve. 2 


A quarter of an hour’s walk southeast brings us to our favorite 
lunching ground—a huge pine tree surrounded by glacial boulders 
right at the top of a steep slope facing south; for we are on a table- 
land here, some 300 feet.above Lake Ontario, with a magnificent 
view, east, west and south. This is probably the old shore line of 
Lake Ontario—indeed, a few miles west there are clear traces of 
an old beach five or six miles north of the Lake’s present boundary. 
The top of this hypothetical cliff overlooking an ancient Lake 
Ontario is clearly marked east and west by its fringe of white pine. 
East of us there must have been a magnificent bay, for the edge of + — 
the tableland recedes in a sharp curve for nearly a mile north, and 
then comes forward again with a sinuous sweep to the east. Out of 
_ the two corners of this bay now proceed southwest and southeast 
two little trout streams whose union half-way down the sloping 
valley results in Gage’s Creek, a stream that meanders along through 
five or six miles of level farm land and at last reaches the lake just 
east of Trinity College School. 


After lunch we descend the slope to a rough meadow at the 
foot on the edge of a tamarack swamp. - Here we can examine some ; 
genera of Tribe IX of Chrysomelians; on the golden-rod, which 
earlier in the year was badly eaten by the larva of Trirhabda 
canadensis, we see the mature insect—a large soft-winged beetle of 
a yellowish colour with a black or dark grey line on the outside of 
its wing covers and a sutural stripe of the same down the centre of 
the back. Later in the year you will find two species of Diabrotica,: 
commonly known as the spotted and the striped kind, respectively, — 
of Squash beetle, their favorite food (especially in the larval state) 
being cucumber and melon vines. A third genus of this tribe I got 
two specimens of, on the edge of the swamp south of this meadow, 
but I only once have found it abundant, and that was in the Al- 
gonquin Park, in a marshy bay at the shore of Cache Lake. It is 
said to be rare, and Blatchley states its food-plant to be -Arrow 
Arum (Peltandra). 1 found hundreds of it, feeding on a small 
species of the Skull Cap or Scutellaria; it is oblong, soft-winged, 
light yellow-brown in colour, with two black patches on each wing- 
cover—a small one at the base and a large one near the apex—its 
name is Phyllobrotica discoidea. One more genus is represented 
here—Galerucella decora—on the willow, and luteola on elm shoots 


V 


- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11 


at the west end of the meadow; a third species, nymphea, is found 
on lily-pads; some species are quite a pest, appearing in immense 
numbers and destroying a great deal of foliage. 


We will now walk west, along the north end of Holdsworth’s 
farm, to the road that runs south between Holdsworth’s and a farm 
of John Hume, the Port Hope seedsman. After crossing the 
road, we come to a little brook; on the water smartweed that grows. 
in this stream I found three or four years ago quite a number of 
medium-sized black and light-brown striped beetles that worked 
a new trick on me in methods of escape and with considerable 
success. I was used to beetles that took to flight suddenly and also 
to beetles that dropped from their perch on leaf or plant into the 
tangle of vegetation below, but, except for the small flea beetles of 
grape-vine, alder, turnip, horseradish, and so on, I was not pre- 
pared for jumpers. But this whole Tribe X consists of jumping 
beetles, and their hind thighs are greatly thickened in consequence. 
Their name, Halticini, is taken from the genus Haltica or Flea 
Beetle; the name simply means ‘‘the jumper.’’ This beetle of the 
_ water smartweed is Disonycha pennsyluanica. A much larger 
beetle of the same genus I have found often on willow bushes by 
the railway near Carmel, 12 miles north of Port Hope, and also at 
several points in the Algonquin Park; it is light yellow-brown, with 
a black margin round each wing-cover and a black stripe down the 
middle of the same; thighs and abdomen orange-coloured; it is 
Disonycha caroliniana and a most active leaper. There is one 
more genus of these leapers that I have found, said to be uncommon 
in Ontario; it is a very pretty beetle of fair size, with a close super- 
ficial resemblance (in size, shape and colour) to Chrysomela lunata; 
reddish brown all over, this colour, on the elytra, being broken into 
irregular stripes by narrow wavy lines of yellow. 1 have found it 
abundant on the north shore of the Upper Rideau, feeding always 
on the Fragrant or Canada Sumach. Blatchley describes it. as 
“common on the sumach,”’ but I have never found it on the poison 
ivy or the stag horn’s “‘only the fragrant sumach, which is a small 
shrub,”’ about the size of a gooseberry bush, having leaves almost 
identical with those of the poison ivy—i. e., divided into three leaf- 
lets and slightly toothed on one or both margins; the bark and wood 
are fragrant, but with a certain pungency, not altogether pleasant. 


12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


I shall never forget the time and the place that I first found this 

beetle—Blepharida rhois; for I.got that day several treasures—this — 
new beetle, a new fern (the ebony spleenwort), the rock selaginella, — 
a new tree (the red cedar) and a new shrub (the Canada Sumach), 


We are now on our way home. First we strike south-west for 
a couple of miles, through fields and woods; just before we reach 
the Sowden farm, we pass through some stumps of basswood, round 
whose base a sheaf of leafy twigs has sprouted. On these leaves 
I have found a smallish wedge-shaped beetle, reddish-brown in 
colour, with some small, darker marks on it; its surface is peculiarly © 
striated lengthwise by alternate furrows and ridges. It is called 
Odontoia rubra, a leaf miner, feeding between the upper and the | 
under surfaces of leaves and often in the larval stage very abundant 
on basswood; it is the only representative of Tribe XI known 
to me. 


At the Sowden farm we turn west on the old York coach road 
from Toronto to Kingston and pass presently through Dale or 
Bletcher’s Corners. Arrived at the railway track, we go south 
along it to the Iron Bridge over the Ganaraska at the head of Cor- 
bett’s Pond. Just before we cross, you will notice on the steep embank- 
ment to our right hand a great growth of wild convolvulus or Morn- 
ing Glory. It was here that I first found the Coptocycla aurichalcea, 
a little tortoise beetle of most marvellous brilliance; it looks, when 
seen alive on its food-plant, like a dewdrop sparkling in the sun- 
shine and equally iridiscent, but this dazzling lustre fades after 
death to a red gold. It was on the south shore of the lower Rideau 
that I first met this last tribe of the Chrysomelide, the Tortoise 
beetles. Feeding together on wild convolvulus, meadow rue and 
one or two other plants by the margin of the lake, I found two 
sorts of beetle—one large and the other small. There were larve, 
as well as beetles of both kinds, on the same plant and often on the © 
same leaf. They proved to be Copiocycla guttata, a less brilliant 
beetle than aurichalcea, and Chelymorpha argus. 1 took some larve 
and pup as well as imagoes home with me and watched them 
mature. These insects have devised a most extraordinary means 
of protecting themselves. From the end of the larva’s abdomen 
protrudes what naturalists are pleased to call a forked process; on 
this minature rack the creature’s moults are spread and converted 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13 


into a sort of tarpaulin by liquid excretions; this is then retroverted 
and dangles over the creature’s back like an umbrella. I wonder 
if any of you ever came across an old book called the ‘‘Voyages and 
Travels of Sir John Mandeville?”’ This mediaeval De Rougemont, 
borrowing some of his choicest traveller’s tales from Herodotus, 
Pliny and others, describes a one-legged race of men in Africa who 
go so fast that (as the author justly observes) it is marvellous. As 
disuse leads to atrophy, much use produces hypertrophy, and 
Mandeville declares these one-legged men have developed such 
enormous feet that in the heat of the day they sit on the sand and 
hold their foot as a parasol over their head. In my edition of the 
work there is a woodcut illustrating this description, in which a 
native is seated on his one haunch (how to balance one’s self must 
be as great a problem with that race as Columbus tackled in the 
hen’s egg) shading himself from the sun with his foot over his head. 

Some naturalists think that these larve are seeking protection 
from the sun in spreading this forked process over their back. But 
it seems more likely that they do it to escape detection by some 
bird foe for whom they would be a dainty morsel. What makes 
me think so is that the pupa, too, is protected in a curious. way. 
The full-grown larva pupates attached by some silk thread to the 
leaf, more or less exposed and helpless, but, as soon as the pupa 
forms, almost its entire surface turns greyish or. bluish white; it 
looks like a creature that has died and been attacked by fungus- 
growth of mildew. It so deceived me that I was on the point of 
throwing specimens away. It was only when I took one between fin- 
ger and thumb and felt it writhe firmly under my touch that I| realised 
the deception. Doubtless one more case of protective mimicry. 

Now, gentlemen, we are nearly home. We skirt the side of 
Corbett’s. Pond, where in May you will sometimes find on the mud 
flats seven or eight species of plover and sandpiper at a time and, 
passing along Hope Street, turn up a lane near the C. N. R. bridge 
at Ontario street. This takes us to DeBlaquiére street, and one 
block down brings us to the plantation of young trees sent from 
Guelph to Trinity College School a few years ago. Here we cross 
the cricket ground and gain the school, my home for more than 
twelve years. We have been out all day and walked some 15 miles 
and I seem to have done a great deal of talking. I only hope I 
have not wearied you. 


14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


AN UNDESIRABLE FOREIGNER ON THE AMERICAN 
CONTINENT (CRYPTOCOCCUS FAGI BAERENS). 


BY R. W. BRAUCHER, KENT, OHIO. 


The writer received a letter dated Oct. 2, 1913, from Mr. L. G. 
Vair, the Manager of the Canadian Davey Tree Expert Co., of 
Montreal, which reads in part as follows: “I am mailing you 
under separate cover a piece of bark cut from a common beech 
tree which is covered with what looks to be some form of insect. 
I hope you will be able to identify it and give its full history and 
control. If it is an insect, I should think it would be hard to con- 
trol by spraying. The trouble is noticeable all through the woods 
in the vicinity of Halifax, N.S., and the whole trunk area will be 
covered just as the specimen is, as will also most of the limbs. It 
seems to be killing out the beech trees quite rapidly, and is really 
a menace which something should be done to exterminate.” 


The specimen was received in due time, but the writer was 
unable to find anything like it described in American literature, 
but on pages 234 and 235 of A. T. Gillanders’ ‘‘ Forest Entomology” 
he found a good illustration of the specimen sent and a description 
of the pest and its work. 


Specimens were sent to Dr. L. O. Howard for verification of . 
the determination, and he reports under date of Nov. 6, 1913, in’ 
part, as follows: ‘‘I have referred this material to Mr. Sanford, 
who is of the opinion that it is the European felt scale (Cryptococcus 
fagi Baerens). So far as I am aware, this is the first report of the 
occurrence of this coccid in North America, and its presence in- 
Nova Scotia is a surprise to me. Doubtless it has been imported 
on European stock, and measures. should be taken to prevent its 
becoming widely distributed.” 

Gillanders (page 235) says: ‘‘This insect confines its attacks 
exclusively to the beech (Fagus sylvatica), and, by reason of its 
whitish appearance, must not be confounded with the various 
species of Chermes (Aphide) on larch, silver fir, Weymouth pine, 
etc. It should also be noted that the ‘Copper beech’ is all but 
immune from this insect pest. In fact, I have occasionally seen 
cases where the copper beech was grafted on the common beech, 
of the pest appearing fairly thick on the stock or common beech 


January, 1914 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 15 


portion, and the copper beech portion save hie only here and 
‘there the smallest possible speck-on it.’ 

The ‘copper beech” is probably the capt beech (Fazus 
atropurpurea). Fagus sylvatica is the common European beech 
and the specimen from Nova Scotia is doubtless from the American 
beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), an entirely new food plant for it. 
If this is the case and it acts like many of our foreign neighbors 
when they land on our shores, we may have a serious problem on 

our hands unless prompt measures are taken for its extermination. 
: From Mr. Vair’s report of the conditions in the woods around | 
Halifax, it would appear that this new pest is taking kindly to its 
new food and new climate. If it once becomes thoroughly estab- 
lished in our beech woods and thrives as it promises to do, it is im- 
possible to foresee the damage ‘that it may cause. 


NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE FELTED BEECH 
COCCUS CRYPTOCOCCUS FAGI (BAERENS) 
_ DOUGL. IN NOVA SCOTIA. 

The opportunity which has been afforded me of reading Mr. 
R. W. Braucher’s article on the occurrence of Crypiococcus fagi near 
Halifax, N.S., enables me to correct the impression it might convey 
* that this insect had not been previously found in North America. 

In August, 1911, specimens of the Felted Beech Coccus C. fagi 
Baerens were sent to me by Mr. Justice Meagher, of Bedford, N.S., 
which is near Halifax, and as a result of a careful inquiry, which was 
immediately made, we found that this Coccid was present on both 
ornamental and forest beeches in the neighbourhood. of Halifax, 
where it had apparently existed for a number of years. Mr. R. 
Power, Superintendent of the Public Gardens, Halifax, sent speci- 
mens of C. fagi, taken from the European Beech (/agus sylvatica 
L.) in the Halifax Public Gardens in September, 1911, and he in- 
formed me that he had known it for the last twenty years, and that 
he kept it in check on the purple variety, but did not spray the 
common variety. 

While it is possible that the Coccid may have been introduced 
_ into Canada a number of years ago on ornamental beeches from 
England, to which opinion | am inclined, its ocecurrence in Nova 
Scotia and possibly New England does not necessarily imply intro- 
duction. We may be a little too apt on the discovery in the New 


16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


World of an bscet described from the Old World, especially when it 


happens to be restricted in its distribution, to ascribe its presence — 


_ to artificial introduction, when a more complete study of its geo- 
graphical distribution might conceivably indicate that it was 
_ indigenous. Our native insect fauna is far from well known. 

Be that as it may, Cryptococcus fagi appears to be well dis- 
tributed in the Halifax district and its serious effects on its host 
plant, which it usually kills in England and Europe, where I have 
had the opportunity in the past of studying its occurrence, renders 
it desirable that care should be exercised to prevent its spread and 
efforts made to eradicate it on ornamental trees. Theobald (Re- 
ports on Economic Zoology, S. E. Agric. Coll. Wye, England, 


1905-1912) gives abundant testimony as to the destructive nature of — 


this insect. As a result of considerable experience he has found 
the Woburn Wash of Mr. Spencer Pickering the most successful 
remedial measure. This is made as follows: Soft soap, % Ib.; 
paraffin oil (kerosene), 5 pints; caustic soda, 2% lbs.; water, 9% 
gallons. The soap is dissolved in hot water, churn in the oil and 
when well mixed shake in the soda and churn thoroughly, and 
bring the quantity up to ten gallons with water. This wash is 
applied during the winter and two or three applications should be 
made. An effective summer wash is made from soft soap and 
paraffin (kerosene). Boil 8 lbs. of soft soap and five gallons of 
paraffin (kerosene) together, and, while they are boiling, add one 


pint of cold water and stir the mixture well. On cooling it becomes 


~a jelly, which may be stored in pails or boxes. To use, add 10 lbs. 
of the jelly to every 30 gallons of water. It has been found that on 
ornamental trees the best results have been obtained by scraping off 
the felted masses of Coccids and scrubbing with the paraffin wash. 

Owing to our Regulations under the Destructive Insect and 
Pest Act, it is unlikely that this pest will be introduced on beech 
trees imported into Canada from Great Britain and other parts of 
Europe, as all such trees are carefully inspected. | Further, | am 
pleased to say that. Prof. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist of 
Nova Scotia, of the Agricultural College, Truro, N.S., is making 
a careful investigation of the Halifax outbreak. 


19th November, 1913. C. Gorpon Hewitt, 
Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17 


NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF NEPTICULA 
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES 
(LEPIDOPTERA). 
BY ANNETTE. BRAUN. CINCINNATI, O. 
Nepticula cratzgifoliella Clemens. 
Nepticula crategifoliella Clemens, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., I, 83, 
1861; Tin. No. Am., 173, 1872; Dyar, List. N. A. Lep., No. 6194, 
1902. : 
Mines of this species, which Clemens named from mine and 
larva on Crategus parvifolia Ait., occur at Cincinnati on Crategus 
; punctata Jacq. The mines on this 
species of Crategus sometimes aver- 
: age about 2 mm. in width during 
the later portion of the mine, but 
are more often a little narrower, and 
the frass line is often rather broad. 
In other respects they agree well 
with Clemens’ description of the 
Fig. 1.—Mine of NV. cratezifoliella. mine. The larva, as Clemens notes, 
is bright green. The cocoon is 
reddish brown, biokdes at the anterior end, not much depressed, 
‘The imago may be described as follows: 
Palpi pale ocherous. Tuft ocherous, faintly tinged with red. 
Antenne ocherous, partly suffused with fuscous, eye-caps ocherous. 
Thorax and fore wings ocherous, the extreme edge of the costa 
near the base purplish fuscous, and a broad purplish fuscous band 
at the apex of the wing. Beyond this band the cilia are pale 
ocherous, giving the appearance of an ocherous apex preceded by 
a dark band. Cilia opposite the ends of the band concolorous 
with it. Hind wings and cilia pale grey. 
Legs ocherous. Abdomen purplish fuscous above, ocherous 
. beneath. 
_Expanse: 3.5 mm. 
One specimen bred from a mine collected July 8th; the imago 
appeared ‘July 29th: The mines occur again more abundantly 
during the last few days of August and the early part of September. 
‘I refer to this species a flown specimen collected by Mr. Fred 
- Marloff, Oak Station, Pa., June 5th, 1910. In this specimen the 


January, 1914 


7) .18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


eye-caps are yellowish white and the wings expand 4.5 mm. In 
all other respects it agrees with the bred specimen. 


A distinct and very easily recognized species. 


Nepticula latifasciella Chassbers. 


Nepticula latifasciella Chambers, Bull. Geol. Surv. Terr., IV, 
106, 1878; Dyar, List N. A. Lep., No. 6200, 1902. 

In the description of this species, Chambers notes that it was 
taken resting on the trunks of chestnut trees, the leaves of which 
were full of empty Nepticula mines. . 

I have bred a number of specimens on red and scarlet oaks. 
The mine is a narrow linear tract gradually broadening to its end, 


Eee. 6 


| | ’ Fae —~ 
jin eae 
Lares 
. SS ee 


Fig. 2.—Mine of V. latifasciella. 


where it measures scarcely 1.5 
mm. in width. At first the frass 
is deposited in a broad line through 
the centre, later scattered across 
almost the entire breadth and 
toward the end of the mine col- 
lected in a broad band. On red 
oak, the mine measures approxi- 
mately 5 cm. in length; on scarlet 
oak, it is much shorter, often not 
exceeding 3 cm. The larva ‘is 


bright green and escapes from the mine through the lower surface 
of the leaf. Cocoon rough, ovoid and whitish in color. . There are 
at least two (probably four) generations a year. The mines are 
abundant toward the end of July and at the beginning of Septem- 


ber. ' 


Nepticula trinotata n. sp. 


Palpi very pale ocherous. 


Tuft ocherous. Antenne fuscous, 


eye-caps whitish. Thorax with deep blue reflections. 

Fore wings velvety black, with deep blue reflections in the - 
basal third and somewhat irrorated in the apical third, the scales 
here having pale bluish iridescent bases. At the basal third on the 
costa is a white spot of variable size, faintly tinted with violet in — 
some lights. At the apical third there is a costal and an opposite 
dorsal spot, each larger and of a purer lustrous white colour than the — 


spot at the basal third. 


The costal spot is usually more oblique, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. _ 19 


its tip extending outwardly beyond the opposite dorsal spot. 
Cilia almost entirely pure white. Hind wings and cilia pale silvery 
gray. f . 
Legs pale grayish ocherous, tarsal joints dark tipped. | Abdo- 
men purplish fuscous above, paler and iridescent beneath in the 
female. 

Expanse: 4.5-5 mm. 

Ten specimens bred at Cincinnati, O., from blotch mines on 
Hicoria minima (Marsh.) 
Britton. The mine is at 
first an extremely narrow 
linear tract, later suddenly 
expanding into a broader 
tract, 1 mm. or more in 
width, which in turn be- 

is Sina DEN bevnotate. comes a blotch, varying in 

width from 3 to 6 mm. 

The mine is almost transparent even in the early linear portion, 

which thus distinguishes it from that of N. juglandifoliella Clemens, 

on hickory. This is the large blotch mine to which Chambers 

refers (Psyche, III, 66, 1880). The larva is of a dull grayish colour 
Cocoon reddish brown. 

There are two generations a year, the mines of the first ap- 
pearing during the early part of July and producing imagoes during 
the first week of August. The mines of the second generation may 
- be collected at the beginning of September. Up to this time I have 
found the mines only on the single species of hickory noted above, 
and never on Carya alba, as Chambers says. 

Types in my collection. 

Nepticula flavipedella n. sp. 

Palpi whitish. Tuft usually dark brown, collar creamy white; 
in One specimen the tuft is reddish ocherous on the face, brown on 
the vertex. Antenne fuscous, eye-caps creamy white. Thorax 
dark purplish brown. 

Fore wings dark purplish brown, somewhat shining, cilia with 
silvery tips. Hind wings and cilia gray. 

Fore legs, except the femora, dark brown; middle legs pale 
silvery, tarsi yellow; hind legs silvery, tibie dark brown, tarsi 


20 PAE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


yellow. Abdomen dark purplish above, paler beneath in the 
female. 

Expanse: 3.5-4 mm. 

Three specimens, Cincinnati, O., two bred from mines on 
swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides (Lam.) Sudw.) the other on 
pin oak (Q. palustris Du Roi.) The mine is a very characteristic 
linear tract. The egg is placed on the upper side of the leaf and 
the larva for the first few millimeters mines near the upper surface, 
making a very narrow indistinct mine. Then the mine abruptly 
enlarges slightly and for a length of 8 or 9 mm. the leaf substance 
is entirely consumed and the mine 
rendered transparent. Then follows 
another enlargement, and the mine, 
often much contorted, increases very 
gradually in breadth to the end, 
where .it measures 2 mm. across. 
This latter portion of the mine is not. 

transparent. The frass is sprinkled 
Sh fiaviperclin in separate grains across the entire 
breadth of the mine. The accom- 
panying figure shows the appearance of the mine when held toward 
the light. While most commonly found on pin and swamp white 
oak, the mine occasionally occurs on red and scarlet oaks. There 
are three generations a year: mines can be collected during early 
June, the latter half of July, and the early part of September. The 
larva-is usually green, occasionally purplish and escapes from the 
mine through the lower surface of the leaf. The cocoon is almost 
white, woven of coarse rough silk. 


The moths are almost indistinguishable from specimens of N. 
castaneefoliella Chambers; the only constant difference I have 
found to separate them is the yellow colour of the middle and hind 
tarsi of N. flav:pede'la in contrast with the sordid white tarsi of 
N. castaneefoliella. 


Types in my collection. 


Nepticula chalybeia n. sp. 


‘ 


Palpi grayish ocherous. Tuft ocherous, collar yellowish white. 


Antenne fuscous, eye-caps yellowish white. Thorax steel-gray. 


: 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 21 


Fore wings very narrow, steel-gray, with faint greenish golden 
reflections, the apex very slightly tinged with purple. Cilia gray, 
purple tinged around 'the apex. Hind wings gray. 

Legs gray, tarsi ocherous. Abdomen dark gray, with a purp- 
lish luster. 

Expanse: 3.5 mm. 


Two specimens bred from mines on wild pear, Pyrus communis 
L., at Cincinnati, O. The mine is a short linear tract, brownish 
green in colour, not exceeding 2 cm. in 
length and gradually increasing in 
breadth to the end, where it measures 
1.5 to 2 mm. actoss. The cocoon is 
small, obovoid and greenish brown. 
There are three generations a year, and 
mines may be collected in the early part 
of June, in July and during the last part 
of August. 


Fig. 5.—Mine of N: chal vbela. 


Its general pale colour, narrow wings and «mall size easily 
distinguish this species from N. pomivorella Pack. which mines — 
leaves of apple. 

Types in my collection. 


Nepticula apicialbella Chambers 


Nepticula apicialbella Chambers, Can. Ent., V. 127, 1873; 
Cin. Quart. Jn. Sci., IT, 118, 1875; Dyar, List N. A. Lep., No. 6185. 
1902. - 

Syn. leucostigma Braun, Jn. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXI, 88, 
1912. | 

A larger series, among them a flown specimen in which the 
white scales at the extreme apex are lacking, and merely the apical 
cilia are white, establishes the synonymy above given A picial- 
bella was described from flown specimens. This is the only species 
I have seen with the oblique fascia. 


Nepticula altella n. sp. 


Palpi silvery gray. Tuft rust red, a little yellowish behind. 
Antenne fuscous, eye-caps yellowish white. Thorax dark purp- 
lish brown. 


22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Fore wings before the fascia purple brown, beyond it deep 
golden brown with purple reflections; the general colour to the 
naked eye is deep purple before the fascia and brown beyond it. 
A silvery fascia crosses the wing at three-fifths, and is usually a 
little. broader on the margins of the wings. Cilia gray. 
Hind wings deep purple, becoming brown toward the tip. 


Legs fuscous, tarsi of the middle and hind »pair silvery. Ab- ~ 
domen purplish brown. 


Expanse: 6.5-7 mm. 


Described from three specimens bred on pin oak, Quercus 
palustris Du Roi and nine captured specimens, all from Cincinnati. 


The mine is placed on the lower side of the leaf and is very 
much contorted, winding back and forth, the bends almost con- 
tiguous, and the frass is de- 
posited across the entire breadth 
of the mine. In its early por- 
tion, the mine is scarcely visible 
on the upper side of the leaf, 
except as a slight discoloration, 
later it becomes more distinct, 
because of the partially eaten 
parenchyma. The mine is ex- 
tremely long, but measures only 
1 to 1.5 mm. in width at its end. 
Fig 6-—Mine of N. altella. The accompanying illustration 
shows the mine as it appears 
when held toward the light; its distinctness has been somewhat 
exaggerated in the drawing in order to show its course. Cocoon 
dark brown, somewhat flattened, with projecting edges. 

The mines were collected October 13th and produced imagoes 
the following May; the flown specimens were also taken in May. 
The species appears to be single brooded. 

Types in my collection. 


Nepticula opulifoliella n. sp. 


Palpi grayish ocherous. Tuft reddish ocherous, collar some- 
times pale yellowish. Antenne fuscous, eye-caps pale shining 
yellowish. Thorax dark fuscous, with purple and blue reflections. 


- 


~ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23 


Fore wings dark fuscous with pronounced purple and blue 
reflections, shading to bronzy green below the fold. At three-fifths 
is a broad very shining silvery fascia with faint golden lustre. 
Cilia gray, extreme tips pearly white. Hind wings and cilia gray. 

Legs dark fuscous, except the middle pair, which are silvery. 
Abdomen purplish fuscous above, paler beneath in the female. 
Expanse: 3.5 mm. ; 


Eleven specimens bred from mines on Opulaster (Opulaster 
opulifolius (L.) Kuntze) at Cincinnati. The mine is a narrow 
= linear brown tract with a dark line 
of frass running through it. The 
cocoon is reddish brown, its an- 
terior end broader and flattened. 
On July 13th the larve were nearly 
full-fed, and all pupated within a 
few days. The imagoes appeared 
July 29th to August 4th. 

This species resembles N. rose@- 
foliella Clemens, but differs from it 
in the smaller size, the narrower 
more lustrous fore wings and the 
Fig. 7.—Mine of N, opulifoliella. much broader fascia. 

Types in my collection. 


! 


Nepticula terminella n. sp. 


Palpi dull, pale ocherous gray. Tuft on the face dull brownish, 
on the .vertex and head black. Antenne gray, eye-caps shining 
white, with a very faint yellow tinge. Thorax bronzy. 


Costal half of the fore wing to the fascia, blue-purple, the-blue 
predominating at the extreme edge; below the costa the wing 
shades into a deep brilliant golden color, becoming more bronzy as 
it nears the fascia. The fascia is situated just beyond the middle 
of the wing, is almost straight and has a brilliant silvery lustre. , 
Apical third of the wing blue purple, blue predominating. Just 
below the apex a double row of silvery scales margins the termen, | 
becoming a single row toward the dorsum and sometimes connected 
with the fascia. Cilia gray. Hind wings and cilia gray, with a 
purple tinge. 


“24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Legs dark gray, tibice and tarsi of the fore pair and tarsi of the 
others, ocherous. Abdomen dark purplish gray above, yellowish 
- beneath toward the tip, anal tuft yellow. 

Expanse: 5-5.5 mm. 

Twenty-two specimens bred from mines on red oak (Quercus 
rubra L.) Cincinnati, O.; one captured specimen, taken at Oak 
Station, Pa., May 17th, 1910, by Mr. Fred Marloff. 

The mine is a pale greénish gradually broadening linear tract, 
3.5 mm. wide at the end, with a blackish line of frass through the 
centre. Larva yellow even when 
very young; thus this mine can 
early be distinguished from the 
other linear mines on oak. Co- 
coon brownish ocherous, obovoid. 

There are three generations a 
year, and, in favourable seasons, 
a fourth. Mines containing full- 
grown larve may be collected in 

Fig. 8.—-Mine of .V. terminella. the middle of June, the latter part 

of July, the end of August and 

beginning of September, and dur- 

ing the latter part of Detcbes up to as late as the ninth of Novem- 

ber, producing imagoes during the summer within two weeks after 

pupation. The mines occur most commonly on red oak, but also 

on pinoak(Q. palustris Du Roi) on black oak (Q. velutina ‘La ) and 
on Q. marylandica Muench. 

A cotype in Mr. Marloff’s collection. 


NEW AMERICAN CHRYSOPIDE. 
BY NATHAN BANKS, EAST FALLS CHURCH, VA. 

The following five new species of Chrysopide are among 
recent additions to my collection from Central and South America. 
Of particular interest is the Nothochrysa, which is quite different 
from the other species of the genus from South America and more 
allied to our Californian one. 

Chrysopa rufolinea, n. sp. 

Yellowish green, a sinuate band of reddish below antenne, and 
one across base of the clypeus, a red spot on the cheek, a red line _ 


Januaiy, 1914 


7 


' THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 25. 


from base of antennez up on to the vertex following a groove near 
thé eye; antenne pale, unmarked; pronotum with a-faint dark: 
mark on each side; thorax, legs and the abdomen unmarked. 
Wings with pale venation, costals partly obscured, gradates hardly 
infuscate, stigma greenish. Pronotum very broad, nearly twice as 
broad behind as long, narrowed in front. Wings long and slender, 
acute at tips, divisory veinlet ends much beyond the cross-vein, 
gradates very close together, the inner series very much nearer. 
outer than to the radial sector, five or six in inner row, eight or nine 
in outer; marginal forks two and a half times as long as broad; 
second cubital cell much narrower at tip than the third at base. 
In hind wings five inner and eight outer gradates. Expanse 30 mm. 
_. From Cali, Colombia, 1000 m (Fassl). 


Chrysopa sarta, n. sp. 


Yellowish green; no marks on head nor palpi; basal joint of 
antenne yellowish, with black outer streak, rest of antenna (in- 
eluding second joint) black, but getting paler towards tip, pro- 
notum pale, with red marginal stripe; rest of thorax, legs, and the 
abdomen pale, unmarked. Wings hyaline, unmarked, venation 
greenish, most cross-veins wholly black, but some costals near 
stigma are pale, gradates black, and some veins running into hind 
margin also black; origin of the radial sector black; stigma scarcely 
distinct; hind wings with veins all pale greenish. Pronotum about 
as long as broad, not much narrowed in front. Wings moderately 
slender, acute at tips, fore wings with divisory veinlet ending be- 
yond the cross-vein, second cubital cell much narrower than the 
third; five inner, seven outer gradates, each much separated from 
the next, inner series as close to radial sector as to outer series; 
marginal forks about three times as long as broad; hind wings with 
four inner and six outer gradates. Expanse 26 mm. 

From Orosi, Costa Rica, 500 m. (Garlepp). 


; - Chrysopa leptana, n. sp. 


‘Head reddish yellow; maxillary palpi with last two joints black; 
basal joint of antenna yellowish, rest (including the second joint) 
black; pronotum green, rest of thorax green, with pale spots above 
base of wings; legs and abdomen greenish, unmarked. Wings 
hyaline; venation green, cross-veins, gradates, many branches 


~ 


26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ending in hind margin, divisory veinlet, base of radial sector, upper 
side of second cubital cell partly, and bases of branches of radial 
sector black. Hind wings with costals and some other cross-veins 
partly black; stigma in both wings long, deep green. Pronotum 
much broader than long, narrowed in front. Wings not very 
broad, acute at tips, two or three inner gradates, four or five outer 
ones, inner series much nearer to outer than to radial sector; mar- 
ginal forks hardly twice as long as broad; divisory veinlet ends 
beyond the cross-vein; second cubital cell much narrower than the 
third. Expanse 24 mm. 

From Oaxaca, Mexico (Crawford). cpt 

Leucochrysa luctuosa, n. sp. 

Face with large spot on clypeus and triangular spot under each 
antenna reddish, vertex with an irregular red stripe each side; palpi 
unmarked; basal joint of antenne with broad red stripe on outer 
side, about 20 of next joints with black on inner side; pronotum 
with red stripe on each side (not marginal) more approximate be- 
hind the furrow; thorax with red spots each side in front, two on 
each scutellum, and mark over base of hind wings; basal abdominal 
- segments with red mark each side. Wings with greenish venation, 
base of radial sector and a portion toward stigma with its branches 
each side partly black; many costals at margin black, two or three 
_ radial cross-veins near base are black in middle; the base of second 
cubital cell, and part of third, and a few anals near by are black; 
gradates pale; hind wings with radial sector black near stigma, not 
at base, outer hind margin blackish for a long distance; stigma 
in both pairs black at base. In fore wings the inner gradates extend 
basally, so there are about 15 or 16 of them, 12 in the outer series, 
the two series farther apart in middle than at either end; radial 
sector sinuous. 

Expanse 5.7 mm. 

From Orosi, Costa Rica and Rio Longo, Bolivia (Fassl), 
Related to L. azevedoi Navas (which I have from British Guiana) 
but much larger, and various minor marks different. 

; Nothochrysa tibialis, n. sp. 

Head yellow, a black streak under eyes, two large black or 
dark brown longitudinal marks on the vertex; palpi marked with 
dark; basal joint of antennze wholly shining dark brown above, 


, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27 


rest of antenne beyond blackish, but paler towards tips; pronotum 
with a broad lateral black stripe, almost connected across the fur- 
row; thorax with a broad black stripe over base of wings, anterior 
edge of mesothorax black;:abdomen with a blackish stripe each 
side above, nearly connected at the tips of the segments; pleura 
with two black spots; legs pale, tibia I and II with a dark mark 
on outer base. Wings with almost wholly dark brown venation, 
the subcosta pale, and parts of median, the cubitus and anals at 
base also pale; hind wings with mostly pale venation, the costals, 
veins ending in hind margin,. and base of radial cross-veins black; 
stigma narrow, yellow-brown, not distinct. Pronotum a little 
longer than broad, slightly narrowed in front; wings moderately 
broad, rounded at tips, the divisory veinlet ends in end-vein of 
cell, but near its upper end, so that the divisory cell is much broader 
at base than at tip, six gradates in each series, each gradate widely 
separated from the next, the inner series much nearer to radial 
sector than to outer row; the outer marginal forks mostly three 
times as long as broad; costal area quite broad; in hind wings five 
or six inner gradates and six outer ones. Expanse 27 mm. 
From Rio Longo, Bolivia, 750 m. (Fassl). 


ON THE SYNONYMY OF CERTAIN, FLORIDA 
LEPIDOPTERA. 


BY WM. BARNES, M.D., AND J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D., DECATUR, ILL. 


In the August number of Insecutor Inscitia Menstruus, Dr. 
Dyar has justified the title of his publication and subjected a recent 
papers of ours on ‘‘Some Apparently New Florida Species.”’* to a 
grilling calculated to prevent less enthusiastic entomologists than 
ourselves from ever again obtruding themselves on the notice of 
the long-suffering entomological public. 

_ It is not the purpose of this article to justify the causes that 
led to the article in question; this, if necessary, can be left to other 
competent individuals; we would merely in the following notes 
give our own views on the points of synonymy as laid down by Dr. 
Dyar, for we fear that in several instances his desire to swell the 
list of synonyms has led him to be a little hasty in his judgment. 


*Contributions, Vol. II, part 4, 1913. 
January, 1914 


28 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


C. obliquata B. & McD. 


Dr. Dyar is correct in making this a synonym of laguncularie 
Dyar. We overlooked the branching of vein 8 close to the apex of — 
the wing in our examination of the single type specimen. 


Acidaliodes eoides B. & McD. 


This is not Pseudcraspedia basipunctaria Wilk. As stated in 
our article, the venation is that of Acidaliodes; i.e., vein 7 is free 
and veins 8, 9, 10 and 11 of primaries are stalked, and not 7, 8, 9, 
10 stalked with 11 free as in Pseudcraspedia. We have four speci- 
mens from Stemper, Fla., which agree in venation with Hamp- 
son’s definition, and may be either basipunctaria Wlk. or penum- 
(ratt Hlst., neither of which species we know. There is great 
s.iperficial likeness between our species and the Stemper specimens, 
and we are not surprised that Dr. Dyar should have failed to 
recognize the points of difference especially as Mr. Grossbeck, to 
the best of our knowledge, had captured no specimens of eoides. ~ 


Aresia parva B. & McD. 


Having no knowledge of exotic Lithostide, as Dr. Dyar has 
been kind enough to state, we naturally fell back on Hampson's 
“Keys” published in the Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. and arrived 
at the conclusion, rightly or wrongly as the case may be, that we 
were dealing with a Noctuid; finding in Hampson’s work, the latest 
on the subject, no genus suitable for the occasion, we were rash 
enough, in our wild haste for publicity, to create the genus Aresia, 
which Dr. Dyar promptly makes a synonym of Afrida Meesch. 
We regret that the original generic definition is not before us, but 
if Hampson be correct, we would point out that, in Aresia, vein 5 of 
secondaries is lacking, a mere fold occurring in its place and 8 is 
only joined to cell at base of wing; whereas in Hampson’s venation 
figure vein 8 is from middle of cell and 5 is present. Dr. Dyar, in 
his paper on the genus Afrida, calls attention to the fact that in 
his specimens 8 is only joined to cell at base, but makes no mention 
of vein 5.~ He neither gives any generic characterization, nor did 
he have any specimens of the generic type before him. It remains 
therefore to be proven by examination of specimens of the generic 
type, tortrictiformis Mcesch, whether these two genera are synonyms. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 29 


Regarding the position, Dr. Dyar himself states in the introduc- 
tion of his article on Afrida: ‘‘I think the genus very doubtfully 
placed in the Lithosiide; I should rather think it a noctuid.” If an 
authority like Dr. Dyar, whose knowledge of exotic Lithosiide is 
evidently profound, should be led to such a statement, then surely 
we may be pardoned for having actually included Avresia in the 
Noctuidae. We accept Dr. Dyar’s reference of parva to ydatodes 
Dyar; the specimens mentioned from Brownsville, Texas, in our 
original description would fall under minuta Druce according to 
Dr. Dyar’s paper. 
Anomis serrata B. & McD. 


We bow before Dr. Dyar’s decision and make serrata a 
‘synonym of xanthindyma Bdv. We had based our supposition 
that we were dealing with a new species on Dr. Dyar’s recent 
paper on Cotton Moths in the January number of his publication, 
in which, under Cosmophila erosa, no-mention is made of the two 
forms of the @ antenne; we had, unfortunately, no means of con- 
sulting the publications on exotic species. We are glad that Dr. 
Dyar's opinion at least coincides with our own as to the specific 
distinctness of the two forms. 


Psychidae 


Dr. Dyar’s remarks under this head, and his reference of our 
species nigrita and pygmea as ‘“‘grass’’ and ‘‘tree-trunk’’ forms of 
_Platoeceticus gloveri Pack., we are not at all prepared to accept. 
In Europe, where the Psychide have for years been the subject of 
special study, the larval cases are recognized as one of the best 
means of specific identificatior. We would commend to Dr. 
Dyar’s perusal the introduction to the Psychide by Dr. Rebel in 
Spuler’s ‘‘Schmetterlinge Europas,’’ where, among other things, it 
is stated ‘‘Der Sack ist sehr verschieden gestaltet, immer aber fiir 
die Art charakteristisch gebaut and bekleidet, so dass -sie sich 
schon an dem Sack meist erkennen laesst.’’ The sacks of our two 
species are as different from each other as they well could be; the 
one (nigrita) is broader towards the opening and heavily thatched 
‘with minute particles of lichen; neither bears much resemblance 
to Packard’s figure of the sack of glover, which we also found on 
orange trees in Florida, but which failed to produce the imago; 


— 30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


these sacks differed in various ways from those found 6n grass. 
Regarding the venation, it is a well-known fact that in this family . 
the venation is variable and individuals with extra veins frequently 
occur, usually one of the median or radial branches being involved; 
but we query greatly whether the venation be of “no value’; our 
studies of Psychid venation have been very limited, but when such 
a worker as Hampson divides this family into three subfamilies 
(Moths Brit. Ind. Vol. I). Occeticine,, Psychine, and Chaline 
on the basis of vein lb of primaries sending several, one, or no 
branches to the internal margin, we are apt to regard such work 
as authoritative; it at least forms a better basis for classification 
than such a system as Dr. Dyar would apparently have us adopt 
where all species with black wings are lumped together, regardless — 
of size, larval sack or venation. Hampson’s system, as stated in 
our paper, would throw Manatha nigrita into the Psychine and 
Prochalia pygmea into the Chaliine. With regard to Platoeceticus 
Packard (Ent. Amer. III, 52) distinctly states that the venation 
of the secondaries is as in confederata Grt.; i.e., with vein 6 absent; 
an examination of a long series of nigrita from both Florida and 
Brownsville, Texas, has failed to show a single specimen in which 
all the veins on the secondaries were not present; the presence of 
eight veins can surely then be accepted as the normal condition. 
This, combined with a marked difference in sack and food plant, 
would point to a specific distinctness. Dr. Dyar has frequently 
(Megalopygide, Phycitine) erected new genera based on much 
weaker characters than the above. His remark, that he has ex- 
amined five specimens of carbonaria and found no two alike in 
venation, proves nothing unless these five specimens have been 
bred from similar sacks collected on similar food-plants. If this 
be not so, then it would only show that the Psychide of the National 
Museum are in need of a careful revision. Further, Dr. Dyar is 
very careful not to state in just what particulars these five speci- — 
mens differ from one another. We do not know whether the speci- 
‘mens referred to by Dr. Dyar, as collected by Dr. F. M. Jones at 
Biloxi, Miss., are those described as Eurycttarus tracyi (Ent. News - 
22, 194). In any case, our nigrita could not be confounded with 
this insect, which is. much heavier and stouter, besides differing in 
venation. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. : 31 


| Stenoptycha solanis B. & McD. 

We reserve our decision as to whether this species is synony- 
mous with pterophoralis Wlk. or not, until we have had a chance to 
compare specimens with Walker’s type. Certainly nothing definite 
can be ascertained from the original description. 

Storteria unicolor B. & Mc.D. 

Our type, a very, fresh specimen, certainly shows long hairs on 
the median vein of secondaries, and this fact led us to place the 
genus in the Crambine. We agree, however, with Dr. Dyar, that 
the species shows great affinity to albinella Cram. and are quite 
ready to sink the generic term as a synonym of Rupela WIk. 

Davisia singularis B. & McD. 

We learn from Prof. T. D. Cockerell that the genus Davzisia is 
preoccupied by Preston, 1910, for a genus of Mollusks. We, there- 
fore, propose the name Neodavisia in its place. 

Jocara perseella B. & McD. 

- Dr. Dyar lists this as a synonym of incrustalis Hlst. We 
might note that Hulst’s species was described from a single Q from 
Colorado, a locality where we imagine the Alligator pear (Persea) 
would scarcely occur. The description of the larva of incrustalis 
Hist. given by Dyar in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 284, gives 
Nectandra and Persea as food-plants. This larva is presumably 
referable to our species, but a careful comparison with Hulst’s type 
will be necessary before one can definitely assume the two names 
to be synonymous, even in spite of the fact that one of Dyar’s bred 
specimens was identified by Hulst; this gentleman’s determinations 
were often erroneous. It is, of course, possible that the locality 
label was incorrect. 

Tetralopha querciella B. & McD. 

The fact that this species is labelled subcanalis Wlk. in the 
Nat. Mus. Collection is not final, as without a direct comparison 
with the type Walker’s species are impossible to identify. Dr. 
Dyar might at least have given us the benefit of the doubt. 

Homoeosoma differtella B. & McD. 

We can express no opinion as to whether this species is synony- 
mous with electella Hist. from Texas without a careful examination 
of the types. 


32 - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


A NEW FOSSIL SAWFLY FROM FLORISSANT, 
: COLORADO. 


BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO. 


During the latter part of August, of the present year, Dr. 
J. H. Todd and his son, Dr. J. C. Todd made a small collection of 
fossils in the Miocene shales at Florissant. On looking over the 
material, I found one new species, which they. kindly presented to 
~ the Museum of the University of Colorado. 


Tenthredella toddi, n. sp. 


Length about 8 mm. or a little more (apex of abdomen missing) ; 
anterior wing 7 mm.; head and thorax black; abdomen pale (prob- 
ably green in life), with a dorsal black band which is broad basally, 
sending a branch on each side to or nearly to the anterior lateral 
corners of the abdomen, posteriorly rapidly tapering, soon becoming 
a mere narrow stripe; wings clear, nervures dark; venation as in 
MacGillivray’s figure of Tenthredella flava (Tenthredo flava Poda) 
in almost every respect, except that the anal or lanceolate cell of 
hind wings is petiolate apically (petiole 96 microns long), and the 
lanceolate cell of anterior wings is joined by the transverse median 
nervure considerably beyond the middle of the distance from the 
cross-nervure to the apex. The marginal, cell is also decidedly 
deeper. The following measurements are in microns: Anterior 
wing, depth of stigma, 400; end of stigma to end of marginal cell, | 
1950; second submarginal cell on marginal, 1025; third submarginal 
on first marginal, 530; third submarginal on second marginal (be- 
yond crcss-nervure of marginal), 400; basal nervure, 530; first 
discoidal 6n second, 800, and on third, 640. Posterior wing: Depth ~ 
or width of lanceolate cell in middle, 480. . 

Among the species described from the Florissant shales, this 
can only be associated with Tenthredella, submersa (Tenthredo 
submersa Ckll.), which is about 13 mm.long,anddifferently coloured. 
In the present fauna of Colorado, species of this genus differ in the 
shape of the third submarginal cell; thus Tenthredella flavomarginis 
(Allantus flavomarginis Norton) has this cell short, the upper side 
no longer than the outer; whereas Tenthredella ferrugineipes (Tenth- 
redo ferrugineipes Cresson) has this cell much longer. In 7. foddi 


the cell is of the longer type. 
January, 1914 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 33 


NOTES ON THE POSITIVE HYDROTROPISM OF GERRIS 
MARGINATUS SAY AND DINEUTES 
ASSIMILIS AUBE. 


BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.]. 


Wingless forms of Gerris marginatus, which is quite common 
throughout New Jersey, when removed from a pond containing 
some three thousand square feet of water and liberated at distances 
of one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine yards from 
the water, immediately made their way back to the water without 
hesitancy. Of course . their movements, which consisted of a 
series of jumps, were more or less clumsy, but all started in the 
right direction even though purposely headed the wrong way. 


When liberated at a distance of ten yards, they had some 
slight trouble in getting their bearings, but after making several 
false starts, finally wound up by going in the direction of the water. 
At a distance of fifteen yards, a longer time and more moving 
around were required before the right direction was located. At 
thirty and forty yards away, they seemed to lose ‘their bearings 

completely and moved ‘aimlessly about in all directions. Even 
at the end of an hour they were no nearer the water. 


The actions of Dineutes assimilis, which is also quite common 
in New Jersey, were somewhat more interesting. These beetles, 
when liberated three or four feet from the water, scrambled back 
with difficulty owing to the character of their legs, which were not 
meant for locomotion on land. 


At nine or ten feet from the water, after trying rather akwardly 
to walk back, they rose to a height of ten or twelve feet and flew 
towards the pond, both with and against a slight breeze. At 
75 feet from the water, they walked in all directions and then rose 
in irregular circles to a height of 30 feet and flew to the pond. 


On several occasions, when a brisk wind was blowing from the 
direction of the water, they were carried inland in spite of heroic 
attempts to fly against it. When liberated at a quarter of a mile 


from the water, after an aimless existence on the ground for half a 
January, 1914 


34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


hour, they rose in irregular widening spirals to a height of fifty 
feet and flew off in the direction of the water. It is not known 
whether these specimens ever reached the pond, inasmuch as trees 
_ obstructed the view. Nevertheless they started in the correct ~ 

direction even against a slight breeze. 


BOOK NOTICES. 


The Natural History of the Toronto Region, Ontario, Canada; 
published by the Canadian Institute, Toronto, 1913; 419 pp., with 
several illustrations and maps. 


This work which has been prepared for the members of the 
Twelfth Geological Congress, which recently met in Canada, and ~ 
for all who may have an interest in the history and natural history 
of the Toronto district, is a most interesting and valuable con- 
tribution. The twenty-two chapters (there are twenty-three, but 
the last describes briefly localities for excursions) have all been 
written by specialists. The titles of the chapters will give a 
splendid idea of the scope of the work. These are: I, Toronto, 
an Historical and Descriptive Sketch; II, The Indians who formerly 
Inhabited or Visited the Site of Toronto; I1I, Geology of the Toronto 
Region; IV, The Climate of Toronto; V, Life zones; VI, The Seed 
Plants of Toronto and Vicinity; VII, Ferns and Fern Allies; 
VIII, Mosses and Liverworts; IX, Mushrooms and other Fungi; 
X, The Alge; XI, Lichens; XII, Mycetozoa, or Slime Moulds; 
XIII, Insect Galls of the Vicinity of Toronto; XIV, Zoology; 
XV, Mammals; XVI, Birds; XVII, Reptiles; XVIII, Amphibia; 
XIX, Fishes; XX, Invertebrates other than Insects and Mollusks; 

XXI, Mollusca; XXII, Insects and their Allies. 


In Chapter XIII Dr. Cosens discusses briefly the various types 
of galls and follows with lists of gall insects in the various orders. 
Useful notes are given with each species. Under Hemiptera nine 
species, are listed, under Lepidoptera four species, under Diptera 12 
species under Coleoptera two species, under Hymenoptera 39 — 
species. Dr. E. M. Walker is responsible for Chapter XXII, the 
largest in the book, comprising pp. 295-403. This chapter, as already 
mentioned, is devoted to Insects and their Allies. Although the lists 
presented are by no means complete, as is stated, they are, how- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ekg ae 


ever, of extreme value and will, it is hoped, lead to greater zeal in 
collecting so that many additions may bemade. Unfortunately, ento- 
mologists are few in Toronto, and comparatively little systematic 
collecting has been accomplished outside of two or three of the 
better known orders, and even in these the work has been confined 
largely to certain families. It is, however, such lists as these 
which furnish the foundation upon which to build. Altogether 
2,448 species are listed, as follows: 


EMIMNVR ye Sel Me ee a te ae eee 61 
be Ee yo ie rg A a ica apolar a 1 
WEN oe i ce ee hk CoB Pit res 2 
EA | Otis ha SE ag di Noel cats Aa ara 12 
WM re eS ea ec cs Fo ne ed 60 
Hemiptera......:.. Nee a evr Sapa age Sapp inies 92 
os TURTON Ce es Ce rh ese Fee ee 8 
Trichoptera...... Oe Re eng ciel aA 5 
Srey: SR ane Gr gre SS a ee he 1076 
DMMOMEREG ace. ee eee ne as. 619 
UNEEMA  e  ees e e ee 263 
RMR ee rt sae chre. hie 6 ins aes 249 « 
* 2448. 


At the end of the lists references are given to the more general 
descriptive works, useful in identification. 
ARTHUR GIBSON. 


“ENTOMOLOGY WITH REFERENCE. TO ITS BIO- 
LOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS.” 


REVIEW OF Dr. FoLtsom’s REVISED ENTOMOLOGY. 


Dr. Folsom’s Entomology is familiar to all students of the 
subject, holding as it does a place of its own in the field of Ento- 
mology. The revised edition, while no larger than the previous 
editions, presents many new and interesting facts. The Chapter 
on Evolution has been omitted and one on Transmission of Disease 
by Insects substituted. 

Most text books of Entomology consider it as a subject in 
itself ignoring its relation to, and dependence upon, the wider 


36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


sciénce of Biology. Dr. Folsom, in meeting this want, by pre- 
senting the subject primarily from a general biological standpoint). 
has created an interest for the average student which most om 
books fail to do. 

I have long felt that the weakest point in our present system 
of teaching Entomology has been in the undue importance placed 
_ upon the memorization of multitudinous details. For the specialist 
in Entomology the latter system is a necessity, but for the average 
student, whose time is limited, the general principles of Entomology, 
as outlined in Dr. Folsom’s book, will give the best basis for private 
study. Moreover, he will acquire an interest in this subject and 
in the wider one of which Dr. Folsom shows it to be a part. For 
instance, in his chapter on colour and coloration he has considered 
his subject from a general standpoint, dealing first with the sources _ 
of colour and then with the conditions which may cause variations 
in the formation of colour in insects; so that with a knowledge of 
the general principles, as designated by Dr. Folsom, the student is 
encouraged to develop reason in lieu of memory. 

The new chapter on Transmission of Disease by Insects is a 
valuable addition. This phase of Entomology is one which is: 
receiving a great deal of attention at the present time, and. Dr. 
Folsom has presented the results of modern research in a concise 
_ and interesting manner. 

The illustrations throughout are particularly fine and ap- 
propriate to the text. 

The former comprehensive bibliography has been augmented 
by the titles of one hundred new works and will be found very 
useful to the student of Entomology. 


TENNYSON D. JARVIs. 


Mailed January 14th, 1914. 


One 


Can. EnT., Vor. XLVI PLATE |. 


The Canadian samslist 


Vot. XLVI. LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1914 No. 2 


LIFE-HISTORY OF A DYTISCID BEETLE (HYDROPORUS 
SEPTENTRIONALIS GYLL.).* 


BY ROBERT MATHESON, ITHACA, N. Y. 


The Salmon River, a small stream which flows close by the 
Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, N. S., harbours many 
interesting species of aquatit insects. At this point it flows 
through a red sandstone region, the high, red rocky walls stand- 
ing out in clear relief against a green background of grassy turf and 
coniferous trees (pl.1, fig.1). During midsummer the river becomes 
asmall stream trickling lazily over its pebbled bottom,leaving wide 
stretches of flat red rocks covered with fine sand. Here abound 
mayflies, stoneflies and numerous small water beetles, besides 
many others. Along the sandy banks tiger-beetles are abundant, 

‘and numerous heads are seen to appear and disappear as one 
walks slowly along. Iwas interested in trying to rear some of 
the more common Dytiscid beetles, but found it a difficult task 
after procuring the larve to provide the proper conditions in order 
to secure continued larval development, pupation, and finally the 
coveted adult. 


While collecting one day last summer (August 7, 1913), I was 
delighted to find on turning over some flat rocks several beautiful 
white pup quietly resting on their backs in rather wonderfully 
constructed pupal chambers. Furthermore, there were several 
different, not only species, but families represented, not all, how- 
ever, in such peculiar pupal chambers. I was not long in finding 
representatives of the Carabide, Dytiscide, Hydrophilide and 
Parnide, oftentimes all under the same large flat stone. Unfor- 
tunately, other pressing work did not give me opportunity to make 
as full notes on es many of the species as I could wish. However, 
there is one interesting form, the life-history of which, in part at 
least, I wish to present in this short paper. 


*This species was kindly determined for me by Mr. John D. Sherman, Jr. 


38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


On turning over numerous flat stones I found thé pupe of 
this species (Hydroporus septentrionalis Gyll.) rather abundant in 
some places. They were found abundant under stones lying on 
soft, damp, fine sand overlying the broad flat rock-bed now above 


the water. These were abundant on August 7, 1913, when I dis- _ 


covered this insect, and I at first despaired of finding the larve, 
but on turning over numerous stones I was soon rewarded by 
finding all stages, larvee, pupee and adults. The larve construct 
rather peculiar pupal chambers. These pupal chambers consist of 
the fine, damp sand, lying over the red sandstone rock which forms 
the river channel, built into peculiar mounds, usually with a small 
opening at the top. These mounds are turret-shaped, measuring 
6-7 mm. wide at the base, 5-6 mm. high, with an apical diameter 
of about 2.6 mm. One of these is shown on pl. 1, fig. 2. . They 
are rather beautiful, and when abundant, as they often are under 


iy 


Fig. 9.—Hydroporus Septentrionalis, larval structures. 


flat rocks, they present, grouped thus together, the appearance 
of a miniature mud viilage (pl. 1, fig. 4). I was fortunate enough 
to observe through the opening in the top one of the larva con- 


struct part of its domicile. Round and round it moved within, - 


gradually deepening, and at the same time widening, the interior 
of the future pupal home. It would turn over and over, smooth- 
ing out the sides. I did not observe the beginning of any of 
these pupal chambers, but I presume the larva began at first to 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 39 


‘mine into the soft sand, and by continual turning round and 


round or moving back and forth gradually construct its 
chamber. 


Although I was fortunate enough to find all the stages of this 
beetle, I did not learn anything of its ways in the nearby river. 
They must have been abundant, for the pupal chambers were 
observed at various places for nearly a mile along the river bank. 


Description of larva. . 
Full-grown larva (pl. 1, fig. 3) ready to pupate, measures 
5.3 mm.; caudal sete 2mm. additional; head 1.04 mm. 


General colour brown above, nearly pure white beneath. 
Head yellowish brown, a V-shaped brown spot on vertex, the apex 
directed caudad. Head measures 1.04 mm. long and .9 mm. at 
its widest part just behind the eyes. Rostrum .16 mm. long, 
rounded in front, smooth and without sete on margin. Antenne 
yellowish brown, 4-jointed; 1st joint, .12 mm.; 2nd joint, .2 mm.; 
3rd, .2 mm.; 4th, .08 mm. A few scattered sete present on the 
head, the lateral margins just behind the eyes bearing several 


larger sete. Mandibles are long, sickle-shaped, perforated to 


their upturned tips, which rest against the lower surface of the 
rostrum, yellowish at base, becoming brownish yellow at . their 
tips. The perforations run along the inner sides of the mandibles 
(fig. 9, D). The maxilla (fig. 9, A) are greatly reduced, consisting 
only of a 4-jointed palpus; Ist joint, .83 mm.; 2nd, .65 mm.; 3rd, 
.5mm.;4th,.2 mm. The labium (fig. 9, B) is small, quadrangular 
in shape, emarginate in front, with 4 sete, two long ones arising 
from the inner surface and two shorter ones on the lower surface, 
just mesad of the point of origin of palpi. The palpi are two- 
jointed and arise from the outer angles of the labium, Ist joint, 
-76 mm.; 2nd,.65 mm. Eyes 6 in number, arranged in two. trans- 
verse rows. 


The prothorax is yellowish brown in colour, with a dark brown . 
spot on each side of the middle line, near the posterior margin. 
The remaining segments are yellowish brown in colour, with a 
lateral row of lighter yellow, spots on each side of the middle line, 
extending back to the seventh abdominal segment. These spots 


40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


are irregular in shape, larger on some segments than others. The ; 
_ seventh and eighth abdominal segments are light yellowish brown - 
in colour. Each segment bears a fringe of setz on its posterior 


margin, while numerous smaller sete are scattered over their dorsal ~ 


_ surfaces. The sete constituting the fringe are ‘much shorter than 
the segments. The cerci consist of two long, slender, two-jointed 
appendages. They are 2 mm. long, much longer than the seventh 
_and eighth abdominal segments taken together. The Ist segment 
measures 1.2 mm., while the long seta-like terminal joint measures 
.8 mm. The basal segment is studded with numerous small setz. 
Three long, fine sete arise at the distal end of each basal seg- 
ment, and are about half as long as_ the second segment of 
the cerci. 


' The legs are almost white in colour. The coxe are shorter 
than the femora. The femora and tibia are armed with stout 
spines on their ventral surfaces. There are but few sete on the 
tarsi and swimming fringes are lacking. The tarsal claws are 
long and sharp. 


The pupa 


The pupa is pure white in colour, except the eyes, which are 
black. It rests upon its back in the pupal chamber. Length 
3.5mm. The head lies incurved upon the prosternum, and is 
rather abundantly provided with strong, short sete, which 
prevent the tender pupa from coming in contact with the fine 
sand grains. The anterior margin of the pronotum is provided 
with a row of strong setee, while numerous smaller sete are present 
on the dorsal side of all the thoracic segments. The posterior 
margin of each abdominal segment is considerably elevated and 
is provided with a row of strong seta. The abdomen ends in a 
pair of large ventral spines measuring .5 mm. By the aid of these 
spines the pupa is enabled to move about in the chamber, and at 
the same time prevent injuring itself from coming in contact with. 
the small grains of sand. I do not know how long the pupal 
period lasts, but not more than a week or ten days.. 


The adult is a rather pretilly=niaewe beetle, and is repre-. 
- sented in fig. 5. 


at 
Z 


* zi THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 41 


- 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF APHIDID. 
BY JOHN J. DAVIS, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C. 
Macrosiphum creelii, n. sp. 

Wingless viviparous female. (Fig. 10.—Plate II, figs. 1, 2.) 

Entire body pea green, excepting the head, which is a whitish 
green, and a narrow darker green median longitudinal line on dor- 
_- sum of abdomen. Segments I and II of antenna concolorous with 
body; segments III, IV and basal half of V brownish, with darker 


Fig. 10. 


tips and the distal half of V and all of VI black; filament of segment 
VI longest, reaching to or a little beyond tip of body; segment IIE 
with 3 to 5 circular sensoria in a row at base, and segments V and 
base of VI with the usual distal ones. Eyes blood red. Beak 


barely reaching cox of second pair of legs. Legs with femora 
February, 1914 


La_ Fayette, Ind. 


42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


a 


pale whitish green with dusky tips, tibie pale brownish with black 
tips, and tarsi black; hind tibize very long, being one-half longer 
than middle tibiz. Cornicles pale green at basal half, the distal 
half very pale brownish with blackish tips; reaching a little beyond 
tip of cauda; narrow and cylindrical, the tip distinctly reticulated. 
Cauda concolorous with body, ensiform. 

Measurements of living and balsam-mounted specimens as 
follows: Length of body, not including cauda, 2.6—4.0 mm.,* 
average 3.1 mm. (average of living individuals was 3.3 mm.); 
length to tip of cauda 3.1—4.5 mm., average, 3.6 mm. (average of 
living individuals, 3.9 mm.); width 1.04—1.93 mm., average 1.26 
mim. (average of living individuals, 1.16 mm.); length of cornicles 
1.10—1.31 mm., average 1.23 mm.; length of cauda 0.58—0.71 
mm., average 0.64 mm.; length of hind tibia 3.1 mm.; length of 
middle tibia 2.1mm. Antennal measurements as follows: 

ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO, Im. 


I. Il, Ill. Iv. V. Vi. Vil. 
Locality, date, etc (base) (fil’t) Total 
mm. mm, mm. mm, mm, mm, mm. mm. 


Lovelock, Nevada, . c 
May 22, 1911, C.} 0.232 0.135 §£ 1.219 0.948 0.852 -| 0.213 1.393 4.992 


La Fayette, Ind. ; : 
(Utah material) 174 .097 1.219 . 987 . 832 .213 1.451 4.973 
Nov. 22, 1912... 


La Fayette, Ind.(1) j 
(Utah material) .193 .097 1.219 .948 .813 . 232 
Nov. 22, 1912... 


id 


.432 | 4.934 


La Fayette, Ind.* 2 
(Utah material) . 208 .078 1.130 .904 .817 . 208 1,234 4.579 
Aug. 23, 1912... : 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Utah material);} .191 087 1.139 . 956 .800 .208 1.374 4.746 
Aug. 23, 1912... 


La Fayette, Ind.(1) 
(Utah material), . 208 . 087 1.139. .991 . 852 . 226 1.460 4.954 
Aug. 23, 1912... : 


La Fayette, Ind.(1) 


(Utah material),] .208 .087 1.113 1.026 . 869 .226 1.443. | 4.972 
Aug. 23, 1912... 


La Fayette, Ind.(1) 


(Utah material),! .174 .097 . 987 . 987 .755 .213 
Aug. 5, 1912 


— 


.3874 | 4.587 


(Utah material),}| .174 .097 1,045 .948 . 744 .194 1.355 4.587 
Aug. 5, 1912.... - , 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Utah material),}........ 
Dec 6. 1011... 


(1) Measurements from living specimens. ; 
*An unusually large specimen collected by Creel in Nevada. 


Seis 1.219 1.064 .929 251 1.471 


. _ ss PHE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. “ 43 


‘A \y /| 


‘ayeuray SnoredtAya poSura ‘727999 wnygrsocovpy— TT “BI. : 


_ Winged viviparous female. Fig. 11.—Plate II, figs. 3, 4. 


Head pale greenish yellow. Antenne black excepting seg-’ 
ments I and II, which are pale dusky; filaments of segment VI 
longest, reaching beyond tip of body; segment III bearing 14 to 21 


44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


circular sensoria in a row and usually on basal two-thirds or three- 
fourths; segments V and base of VI with the usual distal sensoria. 


Eyes blood red, ocelli brownish.- Beak reaching nearly to cox of 
second pair of legs. Thoracic plate yellow or orange yellow. 
Wings large, with narrow but prominent dark brownish veins, the 
venation as shown in illustration. Legs with basal half of femora 
pale green and the distal half becoming dusky to blackish, tibiz 
pale brownish with black tips, and tarsi black; hind tibia rather 
long, being nearly one-half longer than the middle tibia. Abdo- 
men pale green, with a moderately narrow median longitudinal 
dorsal line of a darker green extending to length of the abdomen; 
the reddish eyes of the unhatched young often showing through 
. the body wall. Cornicles pale transparent green at basal half, 
_ becoming dusky to blackish at the distal end; reaching beyond tip 
of cauda; cylindrical and rather narrow; the tip distinctly reticu- 
lated. Cauda concolorous with abdomen, ensiform. 


Measurements of living individuals and specimens in balsam, 
as follows: Length of body, not including cauda, 2.36—3.56-mm., 
average 2.72 mm.;-length to tip of cauda 2.71—3.83 mm.; average 
3.21 mm.; width of body 0.85 to 1.47 mm., average 1.02 mm.; 
_ length of wing, average 4.84 mm.; width, average, 1.66 mm.; 
cornicle, average, 1.75 mm.; cauda, average, 0.46 mm. 


Antennal measurements as follows: 


ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO. Im 


I. Il. Ill. IV. V. VI. VIL. 
Locality, date, etc (base) (fil’t) | Total 
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm 
Lovelock, Nevada, 
May 22, 1911, C.}] 0.174 0.097 1.084 0.871 0.774 0.193 1.161 4.354 
Me CTECL.. soa 
Lovelock, Nevada, 
May 22,1911, C.] .174 .116 1.045 . 890 .793 $882 2486 ie “ee 
1, Eat © ER . 
La_ Fayette, Ind. 
(Utah material),| .174 .097 1.239 | 1.122 
Nov. 6, 1912.... 
La_ Fayette, Ind. ; 
(Utah material),}| .... wont 1.200 1.103 . 832 .213 1.355 P's 
Nov. 6, 1912.... 
La_ Fayette, Ind. : 
(Utah material),} .155 .097 1.142 1.006 . 832 . 232 1.374 | 4.838 
Nov. 7, 1912.... ’ 


. ’ é i 

M ‘ 4 ‘ 
= i at 
NS i 


= 
oe 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO. Im. 


Locality, date, etc 


Il. 


III. 


IV. 


VI. 
(base) 


Total 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Utah material), 
Nov. 7, 1912.... 


mm, 


4.781 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Utah material), 
Nov. 15, 1912... 


.174 


.097 


1.064 


.929 


5.186. 


La_ Fayette, Ind. 
(Utah material), 
Nov. 15, 1912. 


174 


.097 


161 


-_ 


.929 


. La_ Fayette, Ind. 


(Utah material), 
Nov. 15, 1912... 


174 


-116 


.909 


.290 


374 


4.818 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Utah material), 
Nov. 15, 1912... 


174 


-116 


.909 


.852 


.213 


.393 


La_ Fayette, Ind. 
(Utah material), 
Nov. 22, 1912... 


.155 


.096 


-968 


.909 


-852 


£232 


is 


.393 


La_ Fayette, Ind. 
(Utah material), 
Nov. 22, 1912... 


-155 


-096 


.987 


- 909 


-832 


.213 


B74 


La Fayette, Ind. * 
(Utah material), 
Dec. 6, 1911.... 


.155 


-096 


.890 


832 


La Fayette, Ind. * 
(Utah material), 
Dec. 6, 1911.... 


-096 


1.103 


871 


.871 


-251 


-103 


La Fayette, Ind. * 
(Utah eeaial), 
Dec. 6, 1911. 


-174 


-096 


-987 


-909 


. 232 


La Fayette, Ind. * 
(Utah material), 
Dec. 6,.1911.... 


174 


-096 


1.200 


1.026 


.909 


.232 


451 


5.098 


La Fayette, Ind. * 
(Utah material), 
Dec. 6, 1911.... 


174 


-096 


-909 


.832 


La Fayette, Ind. * 
ong aetna): 
Dec. 6, 1911. 


174 


.096 


852 


.251 


.122 


La Fayette, Ind. * 
(Utah material), 
Dec. 6, 1911.... 


.174 


.096 


.929 


471 


4.857 


La Fayette, Ind. * 
(Utah peperal), 
Dec. 6, 1911. 


174 


.096 


1.006 


-948 


.232 


tLa Fayette, Ind.* 
(Utah material), 
Jan. 23,.1913 ..... 


- 193 


.096 


— 


-161 


1.064 


.929 


232 


tLa Fayette, Ind.* 
(Utah material), 
Jan. 23, 1913 


.193 


.096 


1.045 


. 890 


232 


355 


* On alfalfa in greenhouse. 
+ Measurements from living specimens. 


Can. ENT., Vou, XLVI. - + PLaTe Hl. 


eS SAT AAU (UES (GN 


MACROSIPHUM CREELII AND M. CORYLI. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 47 


Pupa. 

General colour pale green, the héad thorax and distal half of 
abdomen appearing to be scantily pulverulent, giving these parts 
a slight whitish tint; the rather prominent median longitudinal 
dorsal line of a darker green‘colour than that of the body and ex- 
tending the entire length of the abdomen and thorax. Segments I 
_and II of the antenna whitish green; the remaining segments pale, 
with a slight brownish tint, excepting the extreme tip of III and 
IV, the end of V, and all of VI, which portions are blackish. Eyes 
red. Legs with femora pale green, with an apparently light pul- 
verulence; tibia of a very. faint brownish tint, the tips dark brown; 
tarsi black. Basal one-half or one-third of cornicle pale green, 
the remainder with a pale brownish tint, and the tip darker. Cauda 
concolorous with abdomen. 


Oviparous female. 


In a lot of live specimens received from Mr. G. I. Reeves, 
November 20, 1911 (collected on alfalfa at Salt Lake City, Utah, 
November 15, 1911), two wingless females with typical oviparous 
female characters, namely, swollen hind tibiz bearing numerous 
sensoria, were found, but upon closer examination one of these 
was found to be filled with young and no eggs, while the others 
appeared to contain no eggs and the eye spots of a single young 
within the body were to be seen. Later on specimens from this ° 
lot were reared which proved to be both physiologically and morpho- 
logically oviparous, but specimens were not preserved. These 
females differed from the usual wingless viviparous females by 
bearing 75 or more small, rather inconspicuous sensoria on the hind 
tibia and by having 7 to 11 circular sensoria on segment III of 
antenna. 

The eggs are deposited on the foliage of alfalfa and from all 
observations the aphidid occurs on alfalfa, which is evidently 
its prime host, the year round. . 

This large green Macrosiphum, which so closely resembles the 
destructive pea aphis (Macrosiphum destructor Johns.) was first 
received from Mr. Cecil W. Creel of this bureau, who found it very 
abundant on alfalfa at Fernley and Lovelock, Nev., May 20 and 
22, 1911. From reports this species is already a more or less 
troublesome pest on alfalfa in Utah and Nevada, and may become 


1 


48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


as great a pest in the West as the destructive pea aphis is to peas 
in the East. This aphidid has been received from Messrs. G. I. 
Reeves, T. H. Parks, H. S. Smith, and E. J. Vosler, who collected 
it on alfalfa at Salt Lake City, Utah. “It has also been collected by 
Mr. J. A. Hyslop on alfalfa at Pullman, Wash., May 25 and 26, 
and June 4 and 9, 1909. . 
Macrosiphum coryli. 
Wingless viviparous female. (Fig. 12.—Plate II, figs. 5, 7.) 
Head orange-red to brownish. Antenne black, excepting 
segments I and II, which are concolorous with head; placed on — 


\ 


Fig. 12. 


conspicuous frontal tubercles; sparsely hairy; very long, being 
about one-half longer than the body; filament of segment VI the 
longest ; segment III with 3 or 4 circular sensoria in a_row near the 
base; segments V and base of VI with the usual distal sensoria. 
Eyes dark red to reddish brown. . Beak almost wholly black and 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49 


reaching to slightly beyond coxz of third pair of legs. Prothorax 
concolorous with head; the mesothorax and metathorax brownish, 
the latter sometimes greenish, especially toward the posterior 
margin. Legs with femur pale yellowish brown, the tip blackish, 
tibia pale brown with black tip, and tarsus black; the hind tibia 


very long. Abdomen pale greenish, with a few pinkish dots which 
indicate the eyes of the embryos within; dusky patches around 
bases of cornicles; sides of abdomen usually more or less brownish 
to blackish, although this coloration is sometimes almost wholly 
wanting; dorsum of the last three abdominal segments usually 
more or less dusky. Older females have a slight pinkish tint inter- 
mixed with the green colour of the abdomen. Cornicles black, 
cylindrical, the distal fifth strongly reticulated, and very long, 
reaching the length of the cauda beyond the tip. Cauda pale to 


whitish green, moderately covered with long hairs, ensiform, and 


scarcely more than one-third the length of the cornicles. 


Measurements from specimens preserved on slides in balsam: 
Length of body to tip of abdomen 1.74-2.21 mm., average 1.95 
mm.; width of body 0.81—-1.08 mm., average 0.97 mm.; length of 
middle tibia 1.80 mm.; length of hind tibia 2.4 mm.; length of tarsus. 
0.097 mm.; length of cornicle 0.83—1.00 mm., average 0.90 mm.; 
length of cauda 0.30 mm. Antennal measurements as follows: 


ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO. 1m. 


1. Il. Ill. IV. V. VI. iT. 
(base) (filament) 

mm mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm 
See te Saree 0.956 1.061 0.783 0.174 whistles 
Ces Ras @ See es . 852 . 869 » .695 . 164 0.991 
SSS al RRS ar 852 .939 695 . 164 -982 
0.174 0.096 852 .939 .748 ya ae eee 
.174 .096 -852 .947 .730 MOE SS Gi 
TR 8 ine cee .991 1,104 . 748 .174 ses 
‘i> Bee .956 1.026 765 164 991. 
.174 -096 .921 .921 .713 .157 1.113 
.174 104 .921 . 956 .721 .157 1.165 
157 096 .765 . 800 .643 .157 1.043 
.157 096 .765 783 609 .157 1.009 


err 


50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


= 


(Plate II, figs. 8, 10.) 


Head pale to reddish brown, sometimes with a faint greenish 
‘tint, especially at the margins. Antenne brownish to black, 
‘excepting segments I and II, which are dusky; sparsely hairy; 
filament of segment VI the Jongest; total length much more than 
body length; 9 to 13 (usually 9 to 10) circular sensoria in a row on 
III and the usual ones on V and base of VI. Eyes dark red. 
Thorax pale brown. Fore wings with the usual twice-branched 
media; first anal and cubitus conspicuous_and with a prominent 
border. Legs as in the wingless form. Abdomen pale green, with 
a blackish ring on the dorsum surrounding each cornicle and a 


Winged viviparous female. 


_ dusky area extending across the dorsum posterior to the cornicles. 


Cornicles black, cylindrical, gradually tapering toward the apex, 
which is about one-half the diameter of the base, extending much 
beyond tip of abdomen, and with the tip reticulated. Cauda pale 
yellowish green, ensiform, and moderately hirsute. 


Measurements from specimens on slides: Length of body 
1.62-2.05 mm., average 1.9 mm.; width of body 0.70 to 0.90 mm., 
average 0.79 mm.; length of fore wing, average, 3.17 mm.; width 
of fore wing, average, 1.08 mm.; length of middle tibia, average, 
1.82 mm.; length of hind tibia, average, 2.34 mm.; length of hind 
tarsus, average, 0.097 mm.; length of cornicle, average, 0.87 mm.; 
length of cauda, average, 0.25 mm. Antennal measurements as 


follows: 5 


ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO. 1m. 


I. Il. III. IV. V. VI. oe ake 
(base) (filament) 
mm. mm. “mm. mm. mm. mm, mm. 
0.156 0.087 0.852 0.887 0.678 0.156 1.009 
156. | .087 852 974 678 174 1.009 
156 =| ~~ .006 904 1.026 713 1% 4 Fee 
[5,156 4.087 782 817, 678 ST meee Be 
‘aT 087 748 782 678 166 idee 
156 087 835 817 661 156 1.009 
156 | 087 956 974 756 165 : 
156: | 087 904 1.026 782 2174: Jae 
1586 «| .087 782 819 696 174 1.026 
6 | .087 748 800 678 174 1.061 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 51 


Immature individuals are entirely pale green. 

This species lives gregariously on the underside of the leaves 
and tender terminal shoots of hazel (Corylus americana). De- 
scribed from specimens collected at La Fayette, Ind., July 5, 1912. 
_ The writer has also collected this aphidid at Chicago, Ill., May 20 

and July 10, 1998. 
(To be continued.) 


WISCONSIN BEES OF THE GENUS PERDITA. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIONS TO 
' FLOWERS. 


BY S. GRAENICHER, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. 


In 1896 Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell! published a paper on this 
genus, containing a vast amount of information, and dealing with 
the various aspects of taxonomy, variation, distribution, relations 
to flowers, etc. 


The centre of distribution is located in the arid region of the 
Southwestern United States, New Mexico having an especially 
large percentage of species in its fauna. Prof. Cockerell states 
“that in the main we have to do with an austral series of types. 
which have spread northward and become largely differentiated 
into species since the glacial epoch.’’ A splitting up into a great 
variety of forms is evident, and, as Prof. Cockerell puts it, ‘‘we have 
indeed the process of evolution going on under our eyes, the puz- 
zling forms being those which have only lately segregated them- 
selves, and have not yet developed striking peculiarities.”’ 


Another characteristic feature of this genus lies in the fact 
that all of the species, so far as their habits are known, are oligo- 
tropic, i.e., most of them depend for their pollen-supply on a ° 
single species of flower, and those that collect pollen from a number 
of plant species, favour closely related forms, belonging either to 
the same genus, or at least to the same family. New Mexico and 
Colorado offer extremely favourable opportunities for the study of 
the close relations between the various forms of Perdita and the 

1. Proc. Acad. Nat. Soc. Phil., Vol. 48, pp. 25-107. Two years ago the 
author published ‘A list of the bees of the genus Perdita Smith’’ in Psyche, 


Vol. 18, pp. 134-148 (1911). © 
February, 1914 


~ ~ 


52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


various forms of flowers, and Prof. Cockerell’s paper referred to 
above is full of details on this particular subject. 


At the time of its publication only two out of a total of seventy- 
one species were known to inhabit the States east of the Mississippi 
River, viz., P. octomaculata (Say.), a northern species, ranging 
according to the records then on hand from Illinois to New Hamp- — 
shire, and P. obscurata Cr., a southern species, occurring in Georgia 
and Florida. None had been reported from Wisconsin. Our 
present knowledge brings the number of eastern species up to 
twelve, the following six of which belong to the Wisconsin fauna: 
pallidipennis Gren., bruneri Ckll., maura Ckll., maculipennis 
Green., citrinella Green., and gerhardi Vier. 


P. pallidipennis Grenicher. This was described? from | 
specimens taken in Burnett Co., Wis., at various places on the 
St. Croix River, a tributary of the Mississippi, which forms through- 
out the greater: part of its course the boundary between Wisconsin 
and Minnesota. It has since been found at a number of points on 
the Mississippi River as far down as Rutledge in the southwestern 
corner of Wisconsin. I have also come across this species in the 
Waukegan-Kenosha dune region along Lake Michigan in north- 
eastern Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin. Like the western P. 
albipennis Cr., it favours the sunflower-type of Composite, and 
has been observed gathering pollen from the sunflower Helianthus 
occidentalis Riddell, Rudbeckia hirta L. (black-eyed Susan), and 
Lepachys pinnata (Vent.) T. & G. (gray-headed cone-sunflower). 

In 1907 Professors M. H. Swenk and T. D. A. Cockerell® 
described P. lacteipennis, a species. from Nebraska, taken most 
frequently on the common sunflower Helianthus annuus L., and of 
which they state that it ‘is quite close to albipennis but differs 
at once in its larger size and in a reduction of the yellow markings.” 
Last year Mr. J. C. Crawford* described P. canadensis from 
Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada. This species forms together with 
lacteipennis from Nebraska and pallidipennis from Wisconsin a 
group of very closely related forms; all of which are to be con- 
sidered recent offshoots of the sunflower visitor albipennis, or at 

2. Can. Ent., Vol. 42, pp. 101-104; 157-160 (1910). 


3. Ent. News, Vol. 18, pp. 51-58. 
4. Can. Enrt., Vol. 44, p. 359-360 (1812). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 53 


‘least as having arisen from the same stock that produced the latter. — 
Compared with albipennis the three species under consideration _ 
all show a reduction of the yellow markings, in which the face, the 
legs and the abdomen are mainly involved; so far as the reduction 
of the face marks is concerned, canadensis has reached the point, 
where the face is entirely free of yellow. 


The species mentioned above favour, so far as their habits 
are known, flowers that are typical elements of the Prairie Pro- 
vince. According to Pound and Clements ® the vegetation centre 
of the prairies is situated in Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas and the 
Dakotas, and as one moves away from this centre in a northerly or 
southerly direction, a decrease in the number of characteristic 
plant species is noticeable. The Prairie Province, as defined by 
Pound and Clements forms a broad strip, bounded on the west by 
the Rocky Mountains, and extending from the Canadian Provinces 
Athabasca, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Assiniboia and Manitoba 
down through-Montana and North Dakota and the states south of 
these into Texas. From this strip an arm runs off eastwardly 
through southern Minnesota and Iowa into southern Wisconsin, 
northern Illinois and a very narrow portion of western Indiana. 


The known range of albipennis occupies a part of the vegeta- 
tion centre (South Dakota and Nebraska), and passes through 
Colorado and New Mexico into Texas. It occurs, according to 
Swenk and Cockerell, all over the State of Nebraska, while lactei- 
pennis covers the western part of that state only. Canadensis is 
an inhabitant of the most northern outposts of the Prairie Province, 
and pallidipennis is a species of the eastern extension of the prairies 
in Wisconsin and Illinois. As regards the distribution of this 
species in Wisconsin, attention is called to the fact that floral 
elements of the prairie extend their range northward to the sandy 
areas along the St. Croix River, the so-called “pine-barrens.”’ At 
the mouth of the Yellow River (a tributary of the St. Croix) in the 
northern part of Burnett Co. (latitude about 46°) there is quite 
an assemblage of prairie-plants, and this, the type locality of 
pallidipennis, marks the most northern point at which the bee has 
been found. 


5. Bot. Gaz., Vol. 25, pp. 381-394 (1898). 


54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


P. bruneri Cockerell. The type locality of the species is West ~ 
Point, Nebraska, and it has also been reported by Swenk and 
Cockerell from Lincoln in the same state. A single specimen of this 
bee, a visitor of the Compositz, was collected by the writer from 
the flowers of Rudbeckia hirta near the Kettle River rapids of the 
St. Croix River in Burnett Co. It is quite common in the Wau- ~ 
kegan-Kenosha dune region of northeastern Illinois and south-— 
eastern Wisconsin, where it has been taken mostly at the flowers 
of Helianthus occidentalis, and occasionally at those of Lvatris 
scariosa Willd. (Large Button Snake-root). 


P. maura Cockerell, a visitor of the ground-cherry (species of 
Physalis) was described from Cedar Bluffs, Nebraska, and has 
since been reported by Swenk and Cockerell from other parts of 
. that state. 3 

In Wisconsin it was first met with at Milwaukee, and it has 
been found also at various points along our western border from 
Hudson on the lower St. Croix River (about 15 miles east of St. 
Paul, Minn.) down along the Mississippi River to Rutledge in the 
southwestern corner of the state. In Nebraska it has been ob- 
served late in the fall, at a time when the ground-cherries were 
probably out of bloom, on the flowers of Aster, but in Wisconsin I 
have never seen it visiting the flowers of any other plant except © 
those of the ground-cherries Physalis heterophylla Nees, and P. 
pubescens L. 

P. maculipennis Grenicher. Just south of the present city 
limits of Milwaukee, and a short distance from Lake Michigan is a 
sandy area of small extent, and this is the type locality of the 
species. In addition to the specimens collected here, and in a 
sandpit to the west of Milwaukee, a single specimen was taken two 
years ago in the Mississippi valley near Genoa, Vernon Co., about 
12 miles south of La Crosse. Although I have observed this bee 
in its type locality for a number of years, it was not until last sum- 
mer that I succeeded in finding the source of its pollen-supply, 
viz., the flowers of the white melilot (Melilotus alba Desv., Fam. 
Leguminose). On account of the fact that this plant has come to 
us from the Old World not long ago, we are led to the conclusion 
that P. maculipennis depended originally on some native plant of 

6. Reported in Bull. Publ. Museum Milwaukee, vol. 1, pp. 221-248. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 55 


- 


our region for its pollen, undoubtedly one of the Leguminosz, and 
that through the gradual disappearance of that plant from our 
immediate surroundings, the bee wds forced to turn its attention 
to some other suitable plant. A number of prairie plants still 
inhabiting this particular area 30 or 40 years ago have been driven 
out by the change of conditions due to the activity of man; other 
species have invaded the area, and among these ane white melilot 
has been quite successful. 


P. maculipennis was described from the female sex; a descrip- 
tion of the male is given herewith. 

Male.—Length 5-6 mm. Differs from the female as follows: 
Flagellum conspicuously light yellow underneath, labrum and face 
entirely yellow; this colour extends for a short distance above the 
antenne, and runs obliquely up along the anterior orbits. A yellow 
stripe along the posterior orbits, narrow above, and widening out 
abruptly below. In addition to the yellow marks on tubercles, 
tegule and collar, there is a large yellow spot on the prosternum, 
a smaller one on the mesosternum, and one on the metapleura; in 
the smaller specimens these markings are poorly developed. In 
the larger specimens two yellow interrupted abdominal cross-bands 
on segments 5 and 6, besides those on segments 2 to 4. Front and 
middle legs yellow, black only on posterior surfaces of femora and 
tibiae. Hind legs black with a broad yellow band anteriorly on 
the femur, and a narrow one on the tibia. Knees yellow. The 
' black spot in the stigma is very conspicuous, rather more so than 
in the female. 

Four specimens taken June 29, 1913, in the type locality near 
Milwaukee, Wis., flying around the flowers of the white melilot 
(Melilotus alba Desv.) in search of the females. ; 

P. citrinella Grenicher. This species, a visitor of the Ramer 
of a leguminous plant. Petalostemum villosum Nutt. is known 
from two localities in Wisconsin: North Hudson, St. Croix Co. 
(type locality), and Prescott, Pierce Co., about 15 miles south of 
North Hudson. Last year it was reported by Mr. J. C. Crawford 
(loc. cit.) from Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada. 

It belongs to a group of yellow Perditas, and, as has been 
pointed out in the description of the species, it stands in exceedingly 
close relationship to two western species. One of these (perpallida 


56 + ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Cockerell, Nebraska) visits, like citrinella, the flowers of a species 
of Petalostemum; the other (wootone Cockerell) occurs in New 
Mexico, Colorado and Nebraska, and is a visitor of Nuttallia 
(Fam. Rosacee). A more extended acquaintance with the bees of 
this group inhabiting the prairies east and north of Nebraska may 
prove that citrinella is simply.a colour variety of perpallida. 


P. gerhardi, Viereck.. Up to the present time this species has 
not been found outside of the Lake Michigan dune region. A 
visitor of the horsemint (Monarda punctata L.), it was described 
from specimens collected at East Chicago, Indiana, by Mr. Wm. J. 
Gerhard of the Field Museum of Chicago., Last year several 
specimens were taken by the writer in the dunes south of Kenosha, 
Wis., on the flowers of the horsemint. I have come across this 
plant in the Mississippi Valley as far north as Prescott, Pierce Co., 
Wis., in some places growing in abundance, but in spite of a sharp 
lookout for the bee P. gerhardi, no specimens were obtained. 

This species, a yellow Perdita, belongs to the perpallida— 
wootone—citrinella group discussed above; it has, in the female 
sex (I do not know the male of citrinella), very much the appear- 
ance of a small citrinella, differing from the latter in the size and 
arrangement of the black markings on the yellow background. 
We are dealing with a species derived from the same source as 
citrinella, but depending for pollen on the flowers of a plant belong- 
ing to a different family (Labiate) than that visited by citrinella, 
and to a different region; it is a plant of the eastern United States, — 
the western range of which brings it in contact with elements of 
the prairie region. 

SUMMARY 

Of the six species of Perdita known from Wisconsin, two are 
visitors of the Composite, two of the Leguminose, one of the 
ground cherries (species of Physalis), and one of the horsemint 
(Monarda punctata). 

They are derived from the bee fauna of the Prairie Province, 
and have followed in the wake of the floral prairie elements that 
invaded the Wisconsin area. Albipennis, a western form, occupies 
the centre of vegetation of the prairies, and ranges southward to 
Texas. Grouped around this are three forms, one of which, lactei- - 
pennis, occurs together with albipennis in western Nebraska; the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57 


other two inhabit ,according to our present information, the out- 
skirts of the Prairie Province, canadensis being known from the 
northern end of that province in Canada, and pallidipennis from 
the eastern extension of the prairies in southern Wisconsin and 
northern Illinois. Pallidipennis and bruneri, both of them oligo- 
tropic bees of the Composite favour the sunflowers (species of 
Helianthus), and flowers of the same structural type, such as 
Rudbeckia and Lepachys. 

Maura visits in Wisconsin Physalis, the same as in Nebraska. 

Citrinella and its Nebraskan representative perpallida are 
both prairie-clover visitars, the former favouring the flowers of 
Petalostemum villosum, and the latter those of P. violaceum. 

In its type locality in the vicinity of Milwaukee, maculipennis 
obtains its pollen from the white melilot, a species of Leguminosz 
introduced from Europe. This means, of course, an adaptation 
to new conditions brought about by the faet, that the native plant 
or plants visited originally by this bee do not occur in the type 
locality at the present time. In all probability the bee will be 
found in some other part of its range at the flowers of some small- 
flowered species of Leguminose of the* genera Petalostemum, 
Amorpha or Lespedeza. 

While citrinella has remained true to a plant of the prairie 

region (Petalostemum), gerhardi, a near relative of the former has 
entered into relations with the horsemint (Monarda purisiote), a 
species of eastern distribution. 


PROSOPOTHRIPS COGNATUS, A NEW NORTH 
; AMERICAN THYSANOPTERON. 


BY J. DOUGLAS HOOD, 
U. S. Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. 


The genus Prosopothrips was erected by Uzel in 1895 for the 
reception of a single Bohemian species of anomalous structure, to — 
which he gave the specific name vejdovskyi. The species is now 
known only from females taken in Bohemia (Uzel), Finland 
(Reuter), and Italy (Buffa). Consequently, the occurrence in 
North America of what appears to be a second species of the 
genus, and the discovery of the male, are matters worthy of 


record, especially since Mr. E. O. G. Kelly, who collected the 
February, 1914 


58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


species, says in a recent letter that he has worked up an in- 
teresting paper on its economic importance. It is regretted that 
specimens of P. vejdovskyi could. not be secured for comparison — 
With the American form. 


Prosopothrips cognatus sp. nov. Figs. A and B. 


Female—Length 
about 1.2 mm. Head 
and prothorax dark 
chocolate brown, nearly 
black; pterothorax and 
abdomen orange yellow, 
the last abdominal seg- 
ment and the anterior 
angles of the meso- 
thorax tipped with 
brown or gray; antenne 
yellow, darkened with 
brown beyond middle of 
segment 6; fore legs 
largely brown, middle 
and hind legs yellow. 


Head about 1.4 
times as wide as great- 
est exposed length, "i 18-—Pomaibnts cole: Hast Aa a 
prominently reticulate- 
rugose, with a dark chitinous line bordering the eyes within; 
vertex sulcate, two prominent projections overhanging the basal 
segments of the antenna; cheeks swollen, but without spine-bear- 
ing tubercle; no macrochete present. Eyes not prominent, not 
protruding, slightly flattened laterally. Ocelli wanting. Antenne 
one and two-thirds time as long as width of head; segment 1 
short, distinctly shorter than 2 and very broad; 2 unusually large, 
narrowed toward apex and with short, slender pedicel; 3-5 slender, 
equal in length, similar in form, each with about four encircling 
lines of sculpture; 6 slender, longest in entire antenna, with about 
six encircling chitinous lines; 7 and 8 short and slender, forming 
a stylus; segment 1 brownish yellow; 2 orange; 3-5 yellow; 6 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59 


yellow in basal half or third, beyond nearly black; stylus-nearly 
black. 

Prothorax very slightly broader than long and about one and 
one-fourth times as long as.width of head, broadest at posterior 
third; surface roughened; bristles short, scattered. Meso- and 
metathorax yellow, without differentiated dorsal plates, the former 
with anterior ventral angles darkened with brown or gray. Wings 
totally lacking. Legs short, stout, rugose; fore femora brown, 
fore tibiz yellow apically and along middle, tarsi yellow; middle 
and hind legs yellow. 

Abdomen rather large and heavy, about 1.6 times as wide as 
_ prothorax, broadest at segment 6; segment 10 with a longitudinal 
dorsal suture; all bristles very short and inconspicuous. 

Measurements of holotype: Length 1.16 mm.; head, length 
of exposed portion .108 mm., width .150 mm.; prothorax, length 
-192 mm., width .204 mm.; pterothorax, width .220 mm.; abdo- 
men, width .324 mm. Antennal segments: 1, 27u; 2, length 
42u, width 34y; 3, length 36y, width 22u; 4, 36u; 5, 36nu, 6, 
56u; 7, 104; 8, 134; total length of antenna,-.26 mm. 

Male.—Much like female, but smaller (length .7  mm.). 
Segment: 9 of abdomen with two pairs of dorsal spine-bearing 
- tubercles, the posterior pair more widely separated than the 
anterior. 

Measurements of allotype: Length .696 mm.; head, length 
of exposed portion .090 mm., width .116 mm.; prothorax, length 
.1388 mm., width .152 mm.; pterothorax, width .160 mm.; abdo- 
men, width .196 mm. 

Described from two females and one male, taken at Welling- 
ton, Kansas, August, 1910, on wheat, by E. O. G. Kelly. 

Though apparently very close to P. vejdovskyi Uzel, an un- 
common European species, it differs in several important respects 
from the description and figures given by Uzel in his “Mono- 
graphie.”’ Cognatus has much stouter antenne, with the first 
segment completely hidden in dorsal aspect ‘by the vertical 
protuberances; the eyes are less prominent; the genal tubercle is 
flattened and the spine borne conspicuously at the tip in 
vejdovskyi is greatly reduced in size in cognatus; and, finally, the 
mesothorax of cognatus is yellow instead of black. 


60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


2 A NEW GENUS OF SCELIONIDZ FROM AUSTRALIA. 
BY ALAN P. DODD, NELSON, QUEENSLAND. 
Subfamily Baline. 


Acolomorpha, nov. gen. 


9 .—Head transverse, a little wider than the thorax; mandibles 
broad, tridentate; maxillary palpi 2-jointed. Antenne 6-jointed 
(really 7-jointed since a small ring-joint is present), scape, pedicel, 
3 funicle joints and a solid club. Thorax and forewings as in 
Acolus Forester. Abdomen broadly sessile, no wider or longer ~ 
than the thorax; first and second segments short, transverse; third 
segment occupying two-thirds of the abdominal length. 


Type: Acolomorpha minuta described herewith. 
Acolomorpha minuta, n. sp. 
Q .—Length 0.75 mm. Lae 


Shining black; legs and antenne black. 


Head and thorax with very fine polygonal sculpture. Abdo- 
men with first and second segments striate; third segment smooth. 
Antenne short; scape equal to pedicel and funicle joints combined; 
pedicel one-half longer than wide; first funicle joint as wide as the 
pedicel and almost as long; second and third much narrower than 
the first, short, transverse; club large, one-half longer than wide, 
as long as the scape. Forewings reaching some distance beyond 
apex of abdomen; narrow, infuscated; longest marginal cilia equal 
to two-fifths the greatest wing width; discal cilia fine and dense; 
submarginal vein attaining the costa about the middle of the 
wing; marginal vein as long as the stigmal, which is short, a little 
oblique; basal vein rather short, perpendicular. * 


[From 1 specimen 7% inch objective, 1 inch optic, Bausch and 
Lomb.] 


Habitat: North Queensland (Nelson, near Cairns). Described 
_from one @ caught by sweeping in forest, 12th August, 1913 
(A. P. Dodd). 


Type: In the South Australian Museum, a female on a 
slide. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 61 


NOTES ON THE WINTER AND EARLY SPRING 
COLEOPTERA OF FLORIDA, WITH DES- 
CRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 


BY W. S. BLATCHLEY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA. 


In 1911, and again in 1913, I spent the time from January 10 
to April 15 in Central and Southern Florida, collecting especially 
Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Hemiptera, but also taking what came 
readily to hand in other orders. In the Canadian Entomologist 
for November, 1912, and January, 1913, I made mention cf the 
places where I collected the first trip and described with notes a 
number of apparently new species. 

In 1913 I made my headquarters at Dunedin, a small town 
on the Gulf Coast about twenty miles northwest of Tampa, and 
the bulk of my collecting was done in the immediate vicinity of 
that place. However, on February 18, a companion and I placed 
a small boat in Lake Tohopekaliga at Kissimmee, and with tent, 
cooking outfit and supplies, made our way down through three 
or four lakes, the largest of which was Lake Kissimmee, then down 
the river of that name to Lake Okeechobee, around the northern 
and eastern sides of that large body of water, then across it and 
_ down the Caloosahatchee River to the Gulf Coast below Fort 
Myers. Our trip occupied twenty-six days and was somewhat 
hurried, as my companion was a fisherman and hunter, little 
interested in entomology. As a consequence, most of my col- 
_lecting was done in early morning, at the noon stops, and in the 
evenings after the camp duties had been completed. However, I 
had one full day at Kissimmee, three on the west shore of Lake 
Istokpoga, and a like number on the southwestern end of Pelican 
Bay, Lake Okeechobee, just east of Kreamer Island. 

From the town of Kissimmee to the upper end of Lake Okee- 
chobee the distance, as the crow flies, is about eighty miles; but, 
as the river runs, it is 240, the channel winding its way back and 
forth across a swamp, twenty to twenty-five miles in width, for 
the whole way. . In only a few places are the banks of this river 
and Lake Okeechobee five to eight feet above the water, in most 
places not averaging that many inches. Cypress and bay trees, 
with branches thickly loaded with the long pendent ‘Spanish 


/ 
moss,’’ scrub live oak, elbow brush and swamp elder, covered with 
February, 1914 ; 


62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


semi-tropical vines of many kinds, form the prevailing vegetation 
along the banks, while pickerel weed, water hyacinth, arrow heads, 
sawgrass and spatterdock fill the marshes. Along Lake Okee- 
chobee a custard apple and wild papaw become plentiful, while 
here and there a rubber tree with spreading branches rears its 
head above the underbrush. My main collecting was done by 
beating and by overturning drift along the shores, though in a few 
places I was able to do some sweeping and sifting. 

At Dunedin, and later on at Sanford, Eustis and Ormond, 
collecting was done in all possible ways. Of the insects taken 
during the trip of 1913 only the Coleoptera have been mounted 
and studied. About 900 species of these were secured during the 
two seasons. Could I have remained through May, probably as 
many more could have been taken, as the spring broods were just 
coming out in numbers when I had to leave. 

Brief notes on the occurrence of a few of the rare or little 


known species will be given in this and a succeeding paper, together 


with descriptions of a number of forms apparently hitherto un- 
described.* ‘ sin 

209.**—Pasimachus strenuus Lec. A single example of this 
large Scaritid was taken near Ormond, March 24, from beneath a 
chunk in open pine woods. Length 37.5 mm. . 

Scarites californicus Lec. A half dozen or so from be- 
-neath logs half buried in the beach sand. St. Petersburgh, January 
23; Dunedin, January 20, Smaller than subterraneus Fab., much 


more shining and with the striz of elytra almost obliterated. The* 


two can be separated at a glance, though californicus is not recog- 
nized in our lists. Length 15—17 mm. 

535.—Pterostichus morio Dej. A_ single specimen at 
Dunedin, January 17, from beneath chunk near border of lake. 

536.—Pterostichus faber Germ. This was the most common 
species of Pterostichus taken, having been secured in six widely 
separated localities. Schwarz lists it as ‘‘very rare.’ It occurs 
singly or in pairs beneath rubbish along streams or ponds. Of 
this genus and Evarthrus I took but five species in the two winters, 


*Notes on 55 other species of Coleoptera taken by me at Ormond in the 
early spring of 1899 will be found in the appendix to my ‘Nature Wooing at 
Ormond by the Sea.”’ “ 

**The numbers are those of the Henshaw Check List and Third Supplement. 


oly - 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63 


and Schwarz lists but six, three of which are identical with mine. 
In Indiana thirty species have been taken, while in individuals 
they are here among the most common of the Carabidz. 

Diplochila nupera Casey. A single example from the 
border of Arch Creek (eight miles north of Miami), March 21. 
Readily distinguished by its small size and the rectangular hind 
angles of thorax. Length, 10 mm. 

719.—Dicelus quadratus Lec. One specimen at Fort 
Myers, March 6. 

720.—Diczelus carinatus Dej. One specimen from near St. 
Petersburgh, January 17. Both this and the preceding from 
beneath chunks in low damp woods. 

935.—Pinacodera platicollis Say. A number were beaten 
from large bunches of ‘Spanish moss’’ (Tillandsia usneoides L.) at 
Dunedin, Lake Okeechobee and Ormond. 

992—Chlenius herbaceus Chev. Twenty or more speci- 
mens of this beetle, usually regarded as very rare, were taken from 
beneath boards, etc., along the borders of some small fresh water 
lakes just back of Dunedin. January 21-April 1. 

1132—Selenophorus fossulatus Dej. Common _ beneath 
dried cow dung in open pine woods near Sarsota. February 15— 
March 2. 

1152.—Acupalpus longulus Dej. Taken by sifting at 
Dunedin, Lake Okeechobee and Sanford, January 24—March 30. 
Canthydrus floridanus, sp. nov. 
Short, ovate, strongly convex. Head and thorax reddish- 
yellow, with a blackish or fuscous cloud on occiput and middle of 
apical half of thorax; elytra dark brown; antennez, under surface 
and legs pale reddish-yellow. Head and thorax without punctures 
except a few coarse ones along the basal half of latter. Elytra 
with numerous irregularly placed, very shallow punctures. Length 
2—2.2 mm. 

Described from five specimens taken from beneath rubbish at 
Kissimmee and on the southeastern shore of Lake Okeechobee, 
February 16—March 6. 

Shorter and more strongly convex than either gibbulus Aube or 
puncticollis Crotch. Prosternal process between the front coxze 
narrower and elytral punctures finer and more shallow than in either. 


64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Czlambus princeps, sp. nov. 

Broadly oval, subdepressed above, strongly convex beneath. 
Head, elytra and narrow front and hind margins of thorax dark 
reddish or piceous brown; disc of thorax, under surface and legs 
pale reddish brown; antenne and palpi still paler. Eyes very 
finely granulate, separated by one and one-third times their own 
diameters. Clypeus broadly rounded, finely but distinctly mar- 
gined. Head and thorax finely, sparsely and irregularly punctured ; 
elytra conjointly one and one-fourth times longer than wide, a 
little more coarsely, more regularly and aciculately punctate; both 
they and the under surface very finely and indistinctly alutaceous. 
Meso- and meta-sterna and abdomen finely, sparsely and irregu- 
larly punctate, the punctures shallow. Length 4.5 mm.; width 
2.8 mm. 

Described from a single example taken March 6 from beneath 
decaying water hyacinth on the southeast shore of Lake Okee- 
chobee. 

Mr. John D. Sharmin Jr., of Mount Vernon, New York, a 
special student of the Dytiscide, to whom the specimen was sent 
for examination, says, “‘It is undoubtedly a new and very striking 
species, in size and shape reminding me of Pachydrus brevis Sharp 
from Porto Rico.” 

1661.—Helopeltis larvalis Horn. One, March 4, from beneath 
chunk half buried in the mud of a tide-water marsh near Sarasota. 
Mesilla fuscilabris decepta, var. nov. 

Form of the common fuscilabris Muls. (maculata DeG, -) but 
smaller. Ground colour above a paler red. Head wholly black; 
thorax with four small black spots on the basal half, these arranged 
either obliquely in pairs in the form of a little crown, or with the 
front pair united behind to form a small V, or with all four united 
making an irregular crescent which encloses a small red spot in 
front of scutellum; elytra with the subapical spots of fuscilabris 
usually united to form a common spot on the suture; tibiz more or 
less reddish, especially so near base. Length, 5 mm. 

Swept from low herbage. Sanford, March 28; Ormond, April 
14. Mr. Chas. W. Leng, of New York City, has nine specimens — 
from the Angell collection taken at Key West, Fla., without date. 
Both fuscilabris Muls. and floridanaLeng have alarge pale triangular 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 65 


spot on head, this very rarely wanting in the former. Fuscilabris 
has two common sutural spots and four spots on each elytron; 
floridana, one sutural spot and five spots on each elytron, while 
decepta, in all but one or two of the known specimens, has three 
sutural spots (scutellar, postmedian and subapical) and three spots 
on each elytron. The spots are much larger than those of floridana 
and, excepting the scutellar one, more subequal in size than in 
either of the other forms. The upper surface is much less dis- 
tinctly alutaceous than in either. I found floridana to be quite 
common in February on the spatter-dock (Nymphea advena Soland.) 
along the Kissimmee River. 


Neoharmonia venusta dissimila, var. nov. 


Differs from the typical venusta in being more rotund; in having 
the head wholly black, the black spots of thorax enlarged and 
coalesced to form a single large three-lobed. discal blotch, the 
median lobe of which reaches the front margin; and in the four 
median black spots of elytra being wholly wanting, thus 
leaving the two basal spots on each, and the common irregular 
subapical cross-bar. Length 6.5 mm. 


‘One specimen beaten from elder blossoms on the southeast 
shore of Lake Okeechobee, March 6. Mr. Wm. T. Davis, of New 
Brighton, Staten Island, New York, reports that he has a specimen 
of var. dissimila very similar to the one above described, but having 
the thorax coloured as in typical venusta. It was beaten from the 
black willow (Salix nigra L.) on the shore of Plummer’s isharnts 

Maryland. June 25, 1911. 


Neoharmonia notulata Muls. One beaten from oak shrubs on 
Istokpoga Creek, February 26. It has the thorax coloured as in 
the above variety of venusta, the elytra black with a large irregular 
red spot on middle of each. 


Psyllobora 20-maculata pallidicola, var. nov. 


Smaller and paler than 20-maculata, not alutaceous and much 
less distinctly punctate; thorax wholly pale, without the spots seen 
in that and other described forms. Elytra without common sutural 
spots, the others rather large and well defined, with three near 
middle of disc more or less connected. Length 1.8—2 mm. 


66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Beaten from foliage of the wax-myrtle or bayterry (Myrica 
cerifera L.), Dunedin, January 18; Lake Istokpoga, -February 25; 
Ormond, April 13. 

I have followed Leng in making this a variety of 20-maculata 
‘Say, though it is my opinion that in time all the more southern 
non-alutaceous and finely punctate forms will be recognized as 
distinct from that common northern Sey though closely related 
among themselves. 

3086.—Axion tripustulatum DeG. Quite common on oak 
and myrtle near Dunedin; also at Bassenger, Arch Creek and other 
places. January 24—March 30. 

9906.—Novius cardinalis Muls. Five examples of this intro- 
duced species were beaten from wild grape along the borders of a 
large orange grove near Dunedin, January 20. 

Aditoma bifida Casey. This peculiar Colydiid was taken | 
in small numbers both at Sanford and near Oneca, January 13— 
February 10. It occurs beneath the bark of dead pine in open woods. 
Trogoderma fascifera, sp. nov. 

Oblong-oval, robust. * Black, feebly shining; elytra with a 
common broad dark red antemedian band, the hind edge of which 
is concave on each elytron, and the front one more broadly and 
obliquely so; tibize, tarsi and basal joints of antenne reddish-brown. — 
Eyes entire, rather small, widely separated. Antenne of male 
serrate from the fourth joint. Head finely and densely reticulate- 
punctate. Thorax nearly twice as wide as long, as wide at base as 
elytra, sides feebly rounded into apex; disc with middle third finely 
and sparsely punctate, its sides punctate like the head. Elytra 
sparsely and finely punctate, each puncture bearing a short, pros-— 
trate grayish hair. Pro- and meso-sterna with large shallow vario- 
late punctures; abdomen finely and rather densely articulate-punc- - 
tate. Length 4.5 mm.; width 3 mm. 

Described from a single male taken February 25 by sifting on 
the west shore of Lake Istokpoga. Readily known by its large size 
and the reddish cross-band of elytra which reaches from the middle 
more than half way to base, and sends a spur along each side of 
suture nearly to the scutellum. The prosternal process is feebly 
concave and finely carinate for its entire length, and the antennal | 
fossee are wider and more shallow than in our other species. 

(To be continued.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 67 


THE CASE OF VANESSA CALIFORNICA. 
BY E. J. NEWCOMER, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL. 
The controversy between Prof. F. M. Webster and Dr. J. 


McDunnough over the occurrence of Vanessa californica in North-. 
ern California and Southern Oregon, and regarding its larval food 


' plants, has interested me because I was in the region affected during 


a large part of July, 1911. Their articles appeared in the Canadian 
Entomologist for April, July and October of last year. Without 
antagonizing either gentleman by remarks concerning his state- 
ments, let me give an account of what I saw and recorded. 


I spent two weeks, from the twelfth to the twenty-seventh of 
July, 1911, near Susanville, in Lassen Co., California, only a hun- 
dred miles or so south of Lakeview, Oregon, and in exactly the 
same sort of region—namely, open, arid country, irrigated and 
devoted largely to the raising of alfalfa, and bounded on the west 
by the wooded range of the Sierra Nevada. At the end of the two 
weeks, I went south through the Sierras for a hundred and fifty 
miles. 


At Susanville, during the early part of my stay, I found 
numerous patches of ‘buck brush” or “snow brush” (Ceanothus 
sp.) in the timbered regions literally alive with the black, spiny, 
half-grown caterpillars of Vanessa californica. Frequently the 
bushes would be practically stripped, and the caterpillars would 
be found migrating in search of other bushes. By the time I was 
ready to start south, many of the caterpillars had pupated, and 
there were a few adults flying about. I saw numbers of skeleton- 
ized bushes with chrysalids suspended from their branches, and if 
a bush were shaken or disturbed, the chrysalids immediately 
started swinging back and forth, and would continue this motion 
for several seconds, producing a curious rattling sound. As I 
went farther south, I saw more of the butterflies, but I did not 
observe any large swarms, though a week or so later there were 
accounts in various newspapers concerning these swarms, and they 
were described to me by several persons who saw them. 


Now for the worms which attacked the alfalfa and other field 


crops. While I was at Susanville, a farmer, hearing that I knew 
February, 1914 


68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


something about insects, asked me to come down to his alfalfa 
patch and see what the worms were that were destroying the alfalfa. 
On the way I noticed considerable numbers of the butterfly Colas 
eurytheme flying about over the alfalfa, and I thought the worms 
might be the larve of this species, but.an examination of the alfalfa 
failed to show any of them. However, on arriving at the farm 
house, I was taken out to a large field where the first crop of alfalfa 
had been cut and was lying on the ground in piles. The farmer 
turned over one of these piles, and beneath it were hundreds of 
half-grown cutworms, smooth, and of a greenish or gray colour, 
with some dark markings. By carefully looking around, I was 
able to find some of these scattered about the open field, but most 
of them were congregated under the piles of hay. The young 
shoots of the second crop of alfalfa, which begin to grow as soon as 
the first crop is cut, were being eaten back as fast as they grew, — 
and it was evident that there would be little, if any, second crop. 
The field looked as dry and barren as a stubble field. Such were 
conditions in this particular patch. In the next field, which was 
separated from the first by an irrigating ditch, the second crop 
was flourishing and the field quite green. I failed to find more 
than a few cutworms in this field. Apparently but few eggs had 
been deposited here, and the worms in the adjacent land were 
unable to cross the ditch. During the same day I saw and heard 
of several other fields badly ravaged by the cutworm, but, though 
where present it was very numerous, it was by no means universally 
distributed through the alfalfa region in the vicinity of Susanville. 
The worms were without doubt cutworms or army-worms of the 
family Noctuide. I brought specimens to Stanford University, 
but was unable to determine the species. As I remember them, 
however, they were very similar in appearance to the common 
army-worm. 


The farmers were at a loss to account for the sudden.appear- 
ance of this pest, as they had not noticed the worms until they 
were half-grown, and one of them ventured the suggestion that 
they had come down in the last rain storm. He also suggested that 
a heavy roller passed over the field would kill many of the worms, 
and this, combined with a careful use of poisoned baits, would 
undoubtedly be the most effective means of controlling the pest. 


Pal TT 
Fy diet = 


PraTe Ill: 


XLVI. 


ENT., VOL 


CAN. 


VWIOSVAINAdYNd 


‘d OGNV 3VIHOVWISAT VWadIVd¥d 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST .- 69 


NEW SPECIES AND HISTORIES IN PAPAIPEMA SM. 
(LEPID.) : 
BY HENRY BIRD, RYE, N.Y. 


(Continued from Vol. XLV, p. 126.) 

More than ten years ago the writer encountered a Papaipema 
larva at Rye boring Loosestrife, Lysimachia quadrifolia, and in 
the interim a wide occurrence of its work has been noted. At that 
_ time the imago was successfully reared, and there was surprise 
that it appeared to be but a small form of the well-known P. 
purpurifascia G&R, which was known to have an indigenous food- 
plant in Columbine, Aguilegia canadensis. In 1902 (Can. Ent., 
vol. XXXIV, p. 118) attention was called to a difference between 
these larve, but the moths seemed so nearly identical except in 
size, it was believed the small diameter of the Loosestrife stems 
might account for the reduced size of the resultant moth. 

As the years go by and more extended observations on the 
habits of the genus accrue, it is noticed how the Columbine feeders 
begin to emerge weeks in advance of the other, being one of the 
earliest of the local species in that respect. True, it continues 
to emerge for over a month and overlaps the Loosestrife feeder 
but there seems always two weeks difference with the earliest ones 
of the respective forms. The Papaipeme, as with most mid- 
season moths, are quite prompt on the dates of their first appear- 
ance, and as these two larve often flourish within a few feet of 
each other, such discrepancy was a point to be considered. It is 
found the latter is much the commoner and more generally diffused, 
due doubtless to a more widespread foodplant. Finally, a famili- 
arity with a large series of moths, resultant of personal field work 
from southern Canada to Delaware, makes clear the points of 
difference that are constant with the imago, and careful compari- 
sons of the larve through their various stages, establishes the fact 
that we have clearly to do with two well-defined species.. Of 
some weight in a general summing up, the Loosestrife feeder is 
found to be kept down by a parasite all its own, while purpurifascia 
falls to the general ones, mainly the Hemiteles and a Ceromasia fly, 
that are common checks throughout the genus. 

Before considering more specifically this smaller, narrower 


winged species, which is clearly the more primitive of the two, it 
February, 1914 


70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


is important to refer to the synonymy, since they have been always 
confused... 

In 1862 Harris described the Columbine feeder as Gortyna 
leucostigma, (Ins. Inj. Veg.,p. 440), but this name was preoccupied. 
Grote and Robinson advanced the name purpurifascia in 1868 
(Trans. Amer. Soc., vol. I, p. 341), describing from two specimens, 
and they clearly had both forms before them. They first, and at 
much length, described the Columbine form, a female, and their 
figure (plate 7, fig. 51), confirms what they clearly intended as 
representing their species. They described their other specimen, 
a male, last and in a few words, noting, however, the differences 
of ornamentation that are distinguishing features between the two 
forms. While it seems very clear, lest future questions arise, the 
name purpurifascia G&R, is herewith restricted to the above- 
mentioned female type of their description. This will accord 
agreeably to later interpretations and uses of the name, in the more 
important references where figures have been given. Slingerland, 
Can. Ent., vol. XXIX, 161; Holland, Moth Book, pl. XXVI, 
fig. 7; Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Br. Mus., pl. CXX XVIII, fig. 25, 
all figure the Columbine borer as purpurifascia. , 

For the Loosestrife borer the following specific name is proposed : 


. Papaipema lysimachiz, n. sp. 
Size small, form and pattern typical, sexes similar. Head 


reddish purple; white scales at base of ciliate antenna; thoracic 


tufts and patagize edged in deeper purple. Abdomen of the luteous 
yellow of the secondaries, the tufts minute. Primaries rich yellow 
powdered with red brown, the basal, subterminal and median 
shade lines defined with the latter colour, and of usual delineation, 
the post median line double, the inner very finely drawn with red 
brown, the outer rather fasciate, dark purple or blackish, its course 
inwardly oblique and quite rigid after a sharp turn below the costa; 
subterminal line lunulate, fine, outwardly dentate on veins, empha- 
sized as defining the glistening purplish subterminal space from 
the redder terminal area; a marginal line at base of purplish cilia. 
Basal spots, median field and apex of the bright yellow ground 
colour, the inner basal area and subterminal space reddish purple, 


the latter darkest and rather iridescent, but contrasts are not - 


strong. The orbicular and double claviform show as three super- 


- imposed, pure white spots, united, except where cut by median _ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 71 


vein, and linear, longer then with near ally. Reniform is of ground 
colour, inwardly marked at top and bottom by a white dot, never 


wholly white. Secondaries pale, luteous yellow with rows or 


purplish reflection that deepens in a marginal band. Beneath 
powdery, shaded with purplish. Size is very constant with no 
disparity in the~sexes. Expanse, 27.5 to 31 mm. The male 
genitalia conform to the usual type pattern of the yellow species, 
the irregular, spinulated cucullus, the long curved harpe, dorsally 
edged in part with fine teeth, indicate the common generic features 
here. Habitat: Southern Canada and eastern United States 
generally through range of foodplant. Montreal and north shore 
of Lake Erie, Can.; Webster, N.H.; Buffalo, Albany, Staten Island, 
Rye, West Chester Co., N.Y.; Fairfield Co., Conn.; Newfoundland, 
N:J.; New Brighton, Pa.; Wilmington, Del. Type locality: To 


meet the desired exactitude, the locality of the particular male 


_ 


type example thus labelled is Polly Park Wood, N. 42 deg. W.* 
530 meters intersection of Purchase St. and Polly Park Road, 
Town of Harrison, West Chester Co., N.Y., U.S.A. 

Twenty specimens showing equally the sexes are at hand. 
Paratypes will be placed in the U.S. National and British Museums; 
the male type with the author. 

The larval period extends from the first week of June to Aug. 
15, the larva hatching from the hibernated egg. As an instance 
of disparity, early purpurifascia moths begin to emerge by this 
last date. By the second larval stage the continuous dorsal stripe 
is conspicuous, that alone being unbroken. The colour is a warm 
shade of brown seemingly deeper on the middle by reason of the 
absence of side lines. In these early features it is similar to a 
dozen other species. 

Stage [V.—Characteristics normal; head golden yellow, side 
marking not always present; body cylindrical, colour sienna brown, 
lines cream white, dorsal alone entire, a wide well-defined stripe; 
tubercles brown, IV the largest, about three times the size of 
spiracle, on joint ten III and IIla tend to coalesce, IV large and 
low down, [Va above the line of spiracle and smaller. 

~ Stage V.—Similar, the proportions cylindrical and attenuated. 
Penultimate stage.—Little change, the ground colour lighter 


72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


and more of a pinkish hue, the cream-coloured lines hold their 
prominence, the subspiracular strong on thoracic joints; tubercles 
the same. ‘ 

Maturity.—An exceedingly cylindrical larva of small diameter; 
the colour fades to a yellowish translucence, the demarkation of 
the lines is lost. Thoracic and anal plate of usual proportions, 
the former edged with black; tubercles have deteriorated in size, 
except on joint eleven I and II are the merest dots, IV holds its - 
prominence, on ten IVa is sometimes wanting, but III and Illa ~ 
usually coalesce, on eleven their union is more clear. Sete are 
weak and unnoticed without a lens. Larval length for the above 
stages: 24, 28, 31, 39 mm., respectively. General dates for pupation 
are August 12 to 18; for emergence, September 5 to 20. 


The pupa is small and slender, light brown and shining, the 
_white spots easily seen when about ready to disclose the moth; 
the cremaster is two fine spines curved at the point. Length 15 
to 18 mm. 

‘Lysimachie \arve differ from purpurifascia in the character 
of the dorsal line, the size and colour of the body, while the tu- 
bercles of the latter are larger and black. The dorsal stripe is a 
‘larval character in the genus offering ready aid in differentiating 
certain sections. This line may be broken abruptly on the first 
four abdominal segments; it may cross this as a mere thread, or it 
may be a broad even stripe in its entirety. The Loosestrife borer 
is of the latter class, while purpurifascia has a narrow, thread-like 
line, indistinct and reduced on the joints in question especially in 
the earlier stages. They differ more autopically than the larvae 
of such dissimilar species in the moth state, as necopina and harristi. 
Throughout the month of June particularly the browned foliage 
of the Loosestrife here and there point out the presence of this 
larva where a stem has been bored, and died. It is always the 
upland, whorled, or four-leaved species, guadrifolia, that is selected 
by this larva, L. terrestris, a frequenter of wet places not being 
infested, though its stem would be more commodious. The latter 
is often bored by a straggling cataphracta or marginidens, but my 
experience is negative as concerns lysimachie. The former is very 
persistent, its running rootstocks often matting an area to the 
exclusion of other plants. The even whorled foliage massed in _ 
clumps quickly catches the eye, and forms a background on which 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ‘48 


the leathery brown leaves of the bored stem stand out strongly. 
So one may note the presence of this borer in new territory, even - 
from trolley car or railway train. The principal and only parasite 
found so far subsisting on this species has not yet been obtained 
in the imago. There are two or more broods of them surely, since 


' as early as stage four many of the borers have succumbed and the 


parasites hatched by June 30.. The parasitic larve that mature 
by August 10 hybernate after spinning up in a tough cocoon. It 
is an hymenopterous species, with a larva in miniature like that 
of Sphecius, having pointed, extensile, anterior segments, and at- 
tacks the host externally. They attain a length of four millimeters, 
subsist on the juices of the dead host, and mature rapidly, a neces- 
sity under the circumstances. From two to ten may infest one 
host, and they spin their flattened, tapering cocoons together in a 
mass in a nearby portion of the larval tunnel. At a late date in 
the fall they are yet unchanged to a pupal:form. In our rather 
extended breedings of this group heretofore this parasite has not 
been encountered with any other species. 


BOOK NOTICE. 


THE BomBipa: OF THE NEW Wor.Lp.—Transactions of the 
American Entomological Society, XXXVIII, pp. 177-486, 
issued Feb. 4, 1913; XX XIX, pp. 73-200, issued July 17, 1913; 
22 plates. By H. J. Franklin, Ph. D. 

- That this extensive monograph of the genera. Bombus and 

Psithyrus has taken its turn as one of the regular series of papers 

published by the American Entomological Society, and has there- 

fore appeared without any flourish of trumpets, will not obscure 
the fact that it is not only a work of great merit, recording the 
author’s painstaking investigations into structural and_ other 
characters whereby the species of this somewhat difficult group 
are well separated with the aid of the material at his disposal— 
about 5000 North American and about 1000 South American 
specimens comprising many public and private collections, but 
also a work that is of especial value to Canadians because of the 
important position that bumble-bees occupy in the insect fauna 
of Canada. Of the 47 species of Bombus recorded from the region 
north of Mexico 37 have been found north of the United States 


74 * - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


~ 


_ (B. morrisoni may be added, for it has been taken by the Rev. 
W. M. Roger at Ashcroft, B.C.), while no less than eleven of these 
have not been taken south of Canada. It can almost be said that 
no part of this vast country is without the bumble-bee, for the 


author mentions that B. kirbyellus Curtis has been taken at Port. 
Foulke in 7814 North Latitude. The same species has been met 


with on a high peak in New Mexico. In the Andes B. opifex has 
been taken at an altitude of 4000 metres and B. coccineus at 13,600 
feet. Franklin says these are the highest New World records. 
Like other modern workers on the Bombide, Dr. Franklin 
founds his classification mainly upon the structure of the genitalia 


of the males and finds that the New World species of Bombus fall 


into seven groups: 


1. The Terrestris group, containing four species, the best 
known being ferricola Kirby of the east and occidentalis Greene of 
the West, both energetic and prolific forms, as is terrestris in the 
palearctic. Terricola is probably heavily parasitised—it might 


more truly be said dragooned—here, as ferrestris is in Europe by 


Psithyrus vestalis (sens. lata), of which the American form ashtoni 
‘Cr. has a similar distribution to that of B. terricola, though, as 
_ Franklin states, ‘‘there is not yet a single true New World account 
of a Psithyrus having been found in a Bombus nest.” 

2. The Borealis group, better known in Europe as the Subter- 
raneus or Distinguendus group, comprising borealis Kirby in the 
_northeast and apposiius Cr. in the northwest. 

3. The Dumoucheli group, containing four species north of 


Mexico, including the common Eastern species pennsylvanicus De 
Geer (= americanorum Fab.), which does not éxtend far into 


Canada, and the widely distributed fervidus Fab. , 
4. The Kirbyellus group, including five arctic and sub-arctic 
species. 
5. The Pratorum group, containing no less than 23 species, or 
apparently distinct forms, in Canada and the United States. ~ 
The remaining two groups are made up of the species in which 
the males have bulging eyes, for which Robertson in 1903 erected 
the genus Bombias; (6) The Auricomus group comprising auri- 
comus Robt. and nevadensis Cr. and (7) The Fraternus group, con- 


sisting of seven species, of which only three have occurred in - 


7 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 75 


Canada, separatus Cr., morrisoni Cr., and the widely distributed 
and chameleonic rufocinctus Cr. 


A second part of the work treats of the species south of the 
United States. Here we find as many as twenty species of the 
Dumoucheli group, if we include the four northern forms, of which 
two have already been taken in Mexico, sixteen of the Fraternus 


group, only four of the Pratorum group, and no representative of 


any other group. 

_ Dr. Franklin follows five of his groups into the Old World, 
but thinks that the Auricomus and Fraternus groups are not cer- 
tainly known to be represented there. -He has probably not seen 


the male of Bombus cullumanus Kirby, a rare and little known 


European species, of which rufocinctus appears to be the nearctic 
representative. The name dumoucheli Rad. is not employed by 
European workers, but it appears to be synonymous with armeni- 
acus a Central Asiatic form allied to pomorum Panzer, the type of 
a well known group in Europe. Reference is also made by Dr. 
Franklin to five other groups occuring in the Old World, but, so 
far as is known, absent from America. 

The author treats the genus Psithyrus, baa of the para- 


_ sitic bumble-bees in the same thorough and liberal manner as 


Bombus. Eleven forms of Psithyrus have been separated in the 
region north of Mexico, but three of these are unpaired sexes. 
The only record of a Psithyrus from South America is that of F. 
Smith from Brazil, but Dr. Franklin doubts if it was ever taken 


there. 


In his work Dr. Franklin introduces new names for six Bombid 


- species north of Mexico and for ten species south of the Mexican 


border. In the case of some forms the relationships are so close 
that Dr. Franklin considers ‘“‘it must be entirely a matter of per- 
sonal opinion whether they should be given full species rank or 
considered only a subspecies,’’ a view with which none at this date 
will quarrel. The author also buries as synonymous a large num- 
ber of old names. That he is well qualified to do this is evident 
from the fact that he has seen and examined “practically all of the 
types of species described by the New World workers on the group.”’ 

The twenty-two plates consist of illustrations of various 
structures, chiefly camera-lucida drawings of the genitalia and of 


oe) Teepe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


the hidden seventh and eighth ventral segments of the males of 
the different species. These two segments are called by Franklin 
the inner and outer spathe, a term to discover the meaning of 
which a new reader anxious to determine specimens may spend a 
minute or two. 

Painstaking monographs of a ‘small group ike as this— 
Swenk’s Bee Genus Colletes may be cited as another though much 
smaller example—in which structure is used as the basis of specific 
distinction and careful descriptions are freely supplemented by 
good drawings, published without either undue haste or delay, 
constitute construction work of the best kind, and entomologists 
must accord Dr. Franklin a hearty vote of thanks for the results _ 
of several years of patient labour. Who will treat in a similar 
manner other groups of bees and wasps now calling for revision, 
and thus help to reduce the heaps of half-worked ore that have 
accumulated in hymenopterology to ingots of bright metal? Care- 
ful investigators who undertake such work should receive the 
liberal support of-_collectors and curators. But to follow the sug- 
gestion of a speaker at the recent Convention of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science at Cleveland, who 
proposed that a committee should be formed to apportion to each 
scientific investigator his task, would be to rob such work of its 
main attraction. 

Dr. Franklin hopes at a later date to present a further paper 
on the Bombide, dealing chiefly with habits and phylogeny. This 
will be eagerly looked for. . 

F. W.L. 3. 


We regret to learn that PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, 
who has been for thirty-nine vears instructor and professor of 
Entomology at Cornell University, and the author of various text- 
books and works on the subject, will retire from duty at the end 
of the presentacademical year. His many friends throughout 
America join in wishing him many years of rest from educational 
duties, while no doubt he will continue his scientific work. 


Mailed February 9th, 1914. 


he | Ganadiay Futomalogist. 


VoL. XLVI. LONDON, MARCH, 1914 No. 3 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF APHIDID/. 
BY JOHN J. DAVIS, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,’ WASHINGTON, D.C. 
(Continued from page 51.) 


Wingless viviparous female. (Pl. IV, figs. 11-13.) 
- Macrosiphum venzfusce, n. sp. 
Body uniformly pale green. Antenne blackish, excepting 
segments I, II, and the extreme base of III, which are pale greenish 
brown; placed on prominent frontal tubercles; sparsely setose; 
1 to 3 circular sensoria in a row on basal’portion of segment III; 
filament of segment VI longest; total length greater than that of 
body. Beak just reaching to coxe of third pair of legs: Eyes 
black— Basal half of femur with a slight greenish tint, the distal 
half pale brown; tibia and tarsus blackish. Cornicles black, 
reaching to or a little beyond tip of cauda; distal end plainly 
reticulated and noticeably constricted; gradually tapering, the tip 
being much narrower than base. Cauda approximately one-half 
the length of cornicles, ensiform, and sparsely hairy. 


Measurements from specimens mounted on slides in balsam: 
Length of body 2.55—2.75 mm., average 2.67 mm.; width of 
body 1.20—1.35 mm., average 1.30 mm.; length of middle tibia 
1.70—2.24 mm., average 1.98 mm.; length of hind tibia 2.44 
- —3.02 mm., average 2.76 mm.; length of hind tarsus 0.135 mm.; 
length of cornicles, average 0.942 mm.; length of cauda, average, 
0.516 mm. Antennal measurements as follows: 


78 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO, Im. 


I. Il, Ill. IV. Vv. VI. VI. 
- (base) filament 
mm, mm. mm, mm, mm, mm. mm. 
0. 209 0. 104 1.043 1.026 0,922 0.191 1,391" 
. 209 096 1.043 1.043 956 . 200 1.565 
.191 . 087 . 922 . 835 713 Wr: 
226 . 096 1.069 1.061 . 922 108: es sae 
217 . 096 1.069 1.078 . 922 101. ae 
209 . 104 1.113 1.078 . 930 317 See 
217 . 096 1.113 1.018 . 922 209. Se 
. 226 . 096 1.165 1.165 .922 800: anaes 
ee 1.061 | 1.078 904 200 1.3917 
1, 069 | 974 . 887 191 1.4657 


*Slightly shriveled at extreme tip. 


Extreme tip apparently broken off. 


Winged viviparous female. 


(Pl. IV, figs. 14—17.) 


Head and thoracic plates very pale yellowish brown. An- 
tenne placed on prominent frontal tubercles; very long, being 
about one and one-half times the length of the body; sparsely setose; 
black, excepting segments I, II, and extreme base of III, which are 
concolorous with head; filament of segment VI longest; 14 to 24 
(usually about 19) circular sensoria more or less in a row on seg- 
ment III, and the usual distal ones on segments V and base of VI. 
Eyes black. Fore wings with the first anal and cubitus blackish, 
with a conspicuous fuscous border; other veins brownish and 
slender; media 1 and media 2 normally branching at one-half the 
distance where media 3+4 branches to the tip of wing. Femur 
pale green, excepting distal third, which is dark brown; tibia dark 
brown, with the tip black; tarsus black. Abdomen pea green in 


colour. 


Cornicles black, reaching to a little beyond tip of cauda, 


cylindrical and tapering toward tip, the base being nearly twice the 
diameter of the apex; distal end reticulated. Cauda concolorous 
with abdomen, ensiform, sparsely hairy, and approximately one- 


half the length of cornicles. 


PLATE IV. 


’ CAN, ENT., VoL. XLVI. 


MACROSIPHUM VENAEFUSCAE, n. sp. 


80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. z 


Measurements from specimens mounted in balsam on slides: 
Length of body 2.13—2.63 mm., average 2.38 mm.; width of 
body, average, 0.98 mm.; length of forewing, average, 4.10 mm.; 
width of forewing, average, 1.47 mm.; length of middle tibia, 
average, 2.05 mm.; length of hind tibia, average, 2.87 mm.; length 
of hind tarsus, average, 0.117 mm.; length of cornicles, average, 
0.93 mm.; length of cauda, average, 0,45 mm. Antennal measure- 
ments as follows: 


ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO. 1m. 


I. IL. ft ea oe IV. V. VI. VI. 
(base) filament 
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm 
0.226 0.095 0.956 1.026 0.817 0:900°") ae 
217 037 947 (es ee i ee 
226 037 1.026 1.113 922 isa: Fehon 
217 087 1.026 1. 130 ose. ee 
226 095 991 1.026 904 A Wee pee 
226 104 1.096 1.113 974 191 1.809 
209 . 087 1.078 1.113 991 200 1.791 
BE ee Ee AG 
217 .087 1.096 1.043 991 c: ee Peles 
209 104 1.096 1.043. | .956 236° Soe 


Winged male. (PI. IV, fig. 18.) 


Entire body brownish pink to light red. Antenne black, 
excepting segments I and II, which are a dusky reddish brown to 
blackish; very sparsely setose; placed on prominent frontal tuber- 
cles; total length greater than that of body; filament of segment VI 
longest; segment III with 53 to 67 circular, somewhat tuberculate 
sensoria, irregularly placed; segment IV bare of sensoria; segment 
V with 17 to 26 sensoria, not including the usual distal sensorium, - 
somewhat regularly placed, and the usual distal ones on segment 
VI. Eyes blackish; ocelli. prominent. Legs black, excepting 
basal, half or third of femur. Wings as in winged viviparous 
female. Cornicles black, reaching a little beyond tip of cauda, 
cylindrical, and slightly larger at base than at apex; distal end 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ; Sl 


reticulated. Cauda concolorous with abdomen, ensiform, sparsely 
hairy, and about one-third the length of cornicles. 


Average measurements from specimens recently mounted on 
slides in balsam: Length of body 2.23 mm., width 0.82 mm.; 
length of wing 4.20 mm., width 1.66 mm.; length of middle tibia 
2mm., of hind tibia 2.48 mm., of hind tarsus 0.116 mm,,. of cornicle 
0.67 mm., of cauda 0.203 mm. 


Antennal measurements as follows: 


ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO. Im. 


I. I Ill. IV. V. VI. VI. 
(base) filament 

mm mm. mm mm. mm. mm ad 
0.156 0.087 0.852 0.869 0.782 0.208 1.478* 
a3 | .3e9 765 Berghe 
174 087 oo4 | 1.026 869 a Se 
156 078 395 Bees 878 191. | 1.565. 
_ xa 096 904 956 749 182 oF es 
174 096 o30 | 930 740 182 ¥ deen 
165 096 922 1.051 791 SS ae 
.174 096 939 | 1.069 835 1! 14s 


* Extreme tip appears to be broken off. 


Wingless oviparous female. (PI. LV, figs. 19-20.) 


Colour of head and thoracic segments between pale cadmium 
yellow and chrome yellow. Antenne blackish, excepting seg- 
ments I and II, which are dusky, and extreme base of III, which 
is pale; sparsely setose; filament of segment VI longest; 4 to 7 
circular sensoria in a row on segment III and the usual distal one: 
on segments V and base of VI. Eyes dark red. Beak reaching to 
cox of second pair of legs. Femur pale, becoming dusky at tip; 
tibia brownish, with the tip black; tarsus black. Hind tibia en- 
tirely black, conspicuously swollen, and bearing numerous (about 
200 to 260) small, irregularly shaped and irregularly placed sensoria 
on the basal three-quarters; the sensoria are closely placed and 


82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


many are coalesced. Abdomen pale green, the segments posterior 


to the cornicles usually concolorous with thorax. Cornicles con- 
colorous with abdomen at extreme base, the tip black, and the re- 
mainder brownish to blackish; not reaching to tip of cauda; cylin- 
drical, the top only slightly narrower than base; the distal end 
reticulated. Cauda concolorous with abdomen and with a slight 
duskiness, the tip blackish; ensiform; very eparey hairy; less 


than half the length of cornicles. >= 


Average measurements from specimens on slides in balsam, 

a soon after mounting: Length of body 2.55 mm., width 1.31 

; length of middle tibia 1.31 mm., of hind tibia 1.75 mm., of 

fica tarsus 0.135 mm., of cornicle 0.80 mm., of aN 0.35 mm. 
Antennal measurements as follows: 


*"ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO. 1m. 


ie II. III. IV. Vis VI. VI. 
(base) filament 
mm. mm. mm. mm mm. mm. mm. 
0.122 0.078 0.513 0.513 0.547 0.174 0.956 
3 . 748 ~542 . 547 .165 . 939 
. 887 574 
. 130 . O87 .817 . 565 591 . 156 
. 852 . 591 . 574 
. 869 . 582 - 626 


Described from specimens collected at La Fayette, Ind., on 
crested wild buckwheat (Polygonum cristatum), September 4 and 6, 
1911, and on curled leaf dock (Rumex crispus), October 13, 1911, 
and October 26 and November 19, 1912. We have also collected 
it on Polygonum cristatum at Lancaster, Wis., September 26, 1911, 
and have received it from Mr. W. J. Phillips, who collected it 
“from a vine in clover field” at Warsaw, Ind., August 18, 1911. 
Mr. J. T. Mouell also collected this species at St. Louis, Mo., 
October 4, 1911, on Rumex. The viviparous females occur on the 
Polygonum, while the males and oviparous females occur in the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 83 


fall of the year only, on Rumex, on which plant the eggs are laid. 
The details of this migration from Polygonum to Rumex have not 
been worked out. 


Macrosiphum tilize (Monell). 


When in Madison, Wis., the past fall (September 10, 1912) 
the writer found this rather rare species not uncommon on basswood 
(Tilia americana), both green and pink viviparous females, as well 
as the sexes, being observed. Previous to this collection, he had 
found this species on only two occasions—July 23, 1908, at Chi- 
cago, Ill., only a single winged viviparous female being taken, and 
July 12, 1909, at the same place, only two wuigless viviparous 
females being obtained. 


Winged viviparous female. (Pl. V, figs. 21—23.) 
(Described from specimens obtained at Madison, Wis.) 


Green Form: Head pale brownish, eyes black. Antennz 
placed on prominent tubercles as shown in illustration; black, 
excepting segments I and LI, which are concolorous with head; 
reaching beyond tip’of body; filament of segment VI much the 
longest, being about twice the length of III; segment III bearing 
11 to 16 circular sensoria in a row; segments V and base of VI with 
the usual distal sensoria. Beak reaching just to cox of second 
pair of legs. Thorax dark green. Wings with narrow brownish 
veins. Media: and media 2 branching at about one-half the dis- 
tance from where media s+1 branches to tip of wing; this, however, 
not being a constant character. Abdomen pale green, immaculate. 
Cornicles black, reaching a little beyond tip of cauda, noticeably 
widened at base, and slightly constricted near tip; the tip plainly 
reticulated. Cauda pale green, ensiform, sparsely covered with 
moderately long hairs, and about one-third the length of cornicles. 
Anal plate rounded. 


Average measurements from four specimens in balsam: 
Length of body, not including cauda, 2.63 mm., length including 
cauda 2.79 mm.; width of body 1.01 mm.; length of wing 4.10 mm.; 
width of wing 1.40 mm.; length of cornicle 0.88 mm., of cauda 0.28 
mm. Antennal measurements as follows: 


at ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO. Im. 


I- IL. Ill. IV. Vv. Vii. V1. 
(base) filament 
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 
0.194 0. 097 0.896 1.064 0.948 0.261, hc 
aa 097 871 1.026 “910 232 1.587* 
. 194 097 . 871 948 . 890 . 232 1.548* 
194 . 097 . 890 1.045 . 968 (2a Se ee 
213 097 1.006 1.122 968 Pye Wee cate 
.194 . 097 1.006 — 1.142 edie uta ee 
. 697 735 755° Ob (tee 
. 697 am | 755 . 194 1.316T 


* Extreme tip broken off. 
+ Extreme tip is shriveled. 


The pink form is similar to the foregoing excepting as follows: 
- Thorax dark reddish green and abdomen decidedly pinkish. Cauda 
concolorous with abdomen. 

Wingless viviparous female. 

Described from two specimens collected at Chicago, Ill. 

Head yellowish green. Eyes blackish. Ocelli absent. An- 
tennz black, excepting the two basal segments, which are con- 
colorous with head; the filament of segment VI broken off in all 
specimens at hand, hence the relative length of segments can not 
here be given; segment III with two or three small, circular, in- 
conspicuous sensoria near base. Legs with femora pale yellowish, 
excepting distal end, which is dark brown; tibia and tarsi dark 
brown to black. Abdomen pale green. Cornicles black, excepting 
at extreme base,where they are pale green; otherwise as in winged 
form. Style pale yellowish; otherwise as in winged form. 

Measurements: Length of body not including style 2.44 
mm., to tip of style 2.60 mm.; width 1.04 mm.; length of cornicles 
2.2 mm.; of cauda 0.62 mm. 

Winged male. (PI. V, fig. 24). 

Described from one specimen collected September 10, 1912, at 
Madison, Wis. . 

No colour notes made. This form differs from the winged 


PLATE V, 


CaN. ENT., VOL, XLVI, 


MACROSIPHUM TILIAE AND MYZUS LYCOPERSICI. 


86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


viviparous female as follows: It is a smaller individual. Antenne 
much longer than body, relatively longer than in the vivi- 
' parous form; segment III bears 60 to 70 irregularly placed circular 
sensoria, segment IV bears from 45 to 50, segment V with 29 to 31, 
not including usual distal one, more or less in a row, and segment 
VI bare, with the usual distal ones. 

Antennal measurements as follows: 

ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO. Im. 


k Il. Ill. IV. V. Vi. Vi. 

_ (base) filament 
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm, mm. mm. 
0.155 0.077 0.853 0.968 0.948 0.175 1.800 
155 .077 . 832 .910 . 968 .193 1.800 


Wingless oviparous female. (PI. V, fig. 25). 

Described from one specimen collected September 10, 1912, 
at Madison, Wis. 

Head very pale brownish. Antenne black, excepting seg- 
ments I and II, which are concolorous with head; total length greater 
than that of body; filament of segment VI much the longest; seg- 
ment III with a single inconspicuous circular sensorium near base; 
the usual sensoria at tips of segments V and base of VI. Thorax 
and abdomen pale greenish yellow. Hind tibia swollen and bearing 
a large number of irregularly placed, circular sensoria. Cornicles 
blackish, pale at base; reaching a little beyond tip of cauda. Cauda 
concolorous with abdomen. Otherwise as in the wingless vivi- 
parous female. 

Measurements from one specimen in balsam: Length of body 
not including cauda 2.17 mm.; length including cauda 2.30 mm.; 
width 1.006 mm.; cornicle 0.89 mm.; cauda 0.51 mm. Antennal 
measurements as follows: 

ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO.. Im. 


I. If. Ill. IV. Wo VI. Vi. 
(base) filament 
mm, mm, mm. mm. mm, mm. ' mm, 
0.193 0.096 0.774 0.794 0.813 0.213 1.490 


. 193 . 096 . 794 . 818 . 832 - 213 1.432 


“ ‘ ‘ - rw 
ee ee ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87 


Through the kindness of Mr. J. T. Monell the writer has had 
an opportunity of examining the type slide of this species—Monell 
No. 151. On the slide are two winged viviparous females, and 

_the head and antennz of one wingless viviparous female, all mount- 
ed in balsam under one cover glass. The data on these specimens 
follow: 


Winged viviparous female: Antenne with 12 to 15 circular 
sensoria in a row on segment III and the usual distal ones on V and 
base of VI. Cornicles reaching beyond tip of cauda, long, cylin- 
drical, widened noticeably at base, slightly constricted near tip; 
the tip plainly reticulated. Wing veins narrrow, the branching 
media obscured. Measurements as follows: Length of body not 
including cauda 2.51 and 2.63 mm. respectively; length of cornicles 
.0.968 .mm., of cauda 0.278 mm.; length of hind tibia 2.98 mm. 
Antennal mée&surements as follows: 


ANTENNAL SEGMENT NO. Im. 


I II Ill Paes 0 2 Vv VI VI 
(base) filament 
mm. mm mm, mm mm mm mm 
0.193 0.097 0.968 1.045 0.987 he. ile Mie Sal ee 
193 097 948 1.045 1.006 Cy eam | Seat e 
193 | . 097 948 1.084 968 213 1.761 
| 987 1.084 968 213 1.703* 


* Shriveled at tip. 


Wingless viviparous female. Segments III of the two antenne 
bear 3 and 5 small circular sensoria respectively, near the base, 
and the usual distal sensoria on V and base of VI. Antennal 
measurements as follows: 


ANTENNAL*SEGMENT NO. 1m. 


i i, IIL. IV. Wen” VI. VI. 


(base) filament 
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 
0.193 0. 097 1. 064 1.026 0.968 LA ERS Oe 


. 193 097 1.064 1.045 . 029 . 232 1.819 


88 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


NOTES ON THE WINTER AND EARLY SPRING 
COLEOPTERA OF FLORIDA, WITH DESCRIP- 
TIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 

BY W. S. BLATCHLEY, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. 

(Continued from p. 66). 

Ora hyacintha, sp. nov. 

Elongate-oval, strongly depressed. Nearly uniform testaceous, 
feebly shining, the thorax, scutellum, front tibiz and apex of hind 
femora in some specimens more or less infuscate. Head broad, 
finely and sparsely punctate; eyes small, coarsely granulate, 
separated by more than twice their own diameters; antennez slender, 
half the length of body, the second joint much stouter and slightly 
longer than third, the two united shorter than fourth, which is 
subequal to those which follow. Thorax twice as wide as long, 
sides broadly rounded, base bisinuate; front angles gaunded, hind 
ones obtuse, disc finely and sparsely punctate and with a small 
irregular impression each side of middle. Elytra conjointly one- 
half longer than wide, distinctly wider than thorax, margins strongly 
flattened and reflexed; disc widely, shallowly but obviously bisul- 
cate, finely, sparsely and irregularly punctate. Prosternum with 
a very thin, blade-like process between the front cox; middle and 
front femora stout, hind ones greatly enlarged; under surface 
minutely and rather densely punctate, very finely pubescent. 
Length 5.5—6.5 mm. Width 3.5 mm. 

Described from 16 specimens taken from the southeastern 
shore of Lake Okeechobee, March 6 and 7. They were found 
only in and beneath the hollow stems of decaying water hyacinth 
(Piaropus crassipes Mart.) next to the water’s edge. When the 
stems were broken open the beetles would emerge and jump about 


in a grotesque manner. Supposing they were some form of Halti- | 


cini, I recorded them at the time as ‘‘flat jumping Chrysomelids.” 
From other described species of Ora they differ especially in the 
uniform dull yellow colour and more distinct sulcations of elytra. 

The genus Ora’is closely allied to Scirtes, differing mainly in 
the prosternum being prolonged in a very thin lamina between the 
front coxe, and in the margins’ of the thorax and elytra being 
strongly flattened and reflexed. The hind coxe are also separated 


posteriorly by an intercoxal process. 
March, 1914 


‘ 
; 
. 
] 
. 
. 
| 
a 


y THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89 


Cyphon perplexus, sp. nov. 

Oblong-oval, subdepressad, rather thickly clothed with short, 
suberect yellowish hairs. Uniform pale brownish yellow, feebly 
shining; elytra each with an indistinct oblique dusky spot on basal 
fourth. Antennz with five outer joints dusky, second joint stouter 
and slightly shorter than third, the-two together equal to or slightly 
longer than fourth. Head finely and rather densely granulate- 
punctate; eyes small, widely separated. Thorax twice as wide as 
long, sides straight and parallel, hind margin bisinuate, front one 
less strongly so, all the angles distinct but obtuse; disc very finely, 
evenly and rather sparsely punctate. Elytra more than one-half 
longer than wide conjointly, one-third wider at base than thorax, 
sides parallel for two-thirds their length, thence gradually converg- 
ing to apex; disc punctate like the thorax, the punctures somewhat 

coarser. Under surface very finely and rather densely punctate. 
~ Length 2—2.5 mm.; width 1.5 mm. 

A common insect on the flowers of an sic (Andromeda nitida 
Bart.) also beaten from oak, myrtle, etc. Described from 36 speci- 
mens taken at Dunedin, January 19—March 21; Lake Istokpoga, 
_ February 25; Kissimmee River, February 19; Sanford, April 4; 
Eustis, April 6; Ormond, April 14. 

Smaller and paler than C. variabilis, sides more parallel, upper 
surface much more finely, sparsely and evenly punctate. The 
second and third joints of antennz are each distinctly shorter than 
the fourth, while in variabilis the three joints are subequal in length. 

4608.—Buprestis sulcicollis Lec. One specimen beneath 
bark of dead pine. St. Petersburgh, January 20. 

4617.—Melanophila notata Lap. & Gory. One beaten from 
pine. Ormond, April 6. | 

4658.—Chrysobothris chrysoela Ill. Single specimens of this 
small and very handsome species were beaten from oak at Lake 
Istokpoga, February 25; Fort Myers, March 10; Sanibel Island, 
February 25. 

Plateros flavoscutellatus, sp. nov. 

Elongate-oblong, depressed, wider behind. Black, feebly - 
shining; thorax yellow with a large subquadrate black spot which 
is divided along the middle by a very narrow yellow line, this line 
extending back along the edges of the suture to beyond the middle 


90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of elytra; scutellum, narrow side margins of elytra from humeri to 
or beyond the middle, and bases of front and middle femora, also’ 
yellow. Antennz strongly compressed, the second joint very small, 
one-third the length of the third, the latter,as broad at apex as long, 
one-half the length of fourth. Thorax subpentagonal, concave, 
sides straight, strongly reflexed and slightly diverging from apex to 
base, the hind angles acute and prolonged beyond the union of 
basal and side margins; disc irregular, the median line distinct only 
on basal half. _Elytra as wide at base as thorax, feebly but distinct- 
ly widened behind the middle; alternate intervals but slightly 
elevated; cells small, subquadrate, males with the sixth ventral 
widely and deeply emarginate and’ the antenne more distinctly 
serrate than in the female. Length 5.5—7 mm. 

Described rom 14 specimens taken by beating at Dunedin, 
March 27—April 1; Sanford, April 3; Eustis, April 6; Ormond, 
April 11—13. 

While our species of Plateros are, in most collections, badly 
mixed and, as LeConte says, ‘‘are almost undistinguishable,” this 
one is easily separated from all others by the colour as described, 
especially the yellow scutellum, and by the greatly prolonged hind 
angles of the thorax. According to Mr. Schwarz, to whom speci- 
mens were sent for examination, it is ‘‘a common Florida species 
which stands in the U. S. National Museum as P. timidus var.?” 


4824.—Pyractomena borealis Rand. On the evening of Feb 
19, while at our second camp, which was on an island in Kissimmee 
Lae, I noted a firely or two over a damp meadow near the tent. 
etting my net, I sallied forth, eager for prey. The only specimen 
which I was able to capture was one which, instead of flashing its 
light intermittently, turned it on apparently to stay and flew in a 
wide half circle out over the lake and back within twenty feet of 
where I stood. I trated its entire flight by the steady constant 
light. It is a male, the only specimen of its kind I took, and seems 
to be the same as our northern specimens of the above name. I 
can find no record of a firefly thus emitting a constant instead of an 
intermittent light. This it continued to do while in the bottle 
until it succumbed to the fumes of the cyanide. 
Attalus zebraicus, sp. nov. 
Oblong, subdepressed, distinctly dilated behind. Occiput and 


THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST 91 


major portion of thorax black, shining; front of head and a large 
triangular space each side of base of thorax reddish; elytra dull 
yellow, each with an oblique black stripe reaching from humerus 
to near the suture at middle, and an oblong lateral black spot on 
apical third; antenne dusky, legs dull yellow, abdomen blackish. 
Length 2.3—2.5 mm. 

| Taken by sweeping at Sanford, March 29; Ormond, April 3-6. 
Allied to scincetus Say but shorter, more dilated behind and with 
distinct and constant colours as described. The oblique black stripe 
of elytra is curved outward at its posterior end and in some speci- 
mens almost touches the lateral black spot. 


5170.—Enoclerus lunatus Spin. Four specimens from flow- 
ers of the thistle (Carduus horridulus Pursh.). Sarasota, February 
16—March 4; Sanford, March 24. 

Catorama porosum Fall. A dozen or more specimens 
were taken by beating oak when the trees were in blossom. Dun- 
edin, March 21—30; Sanford, March 29; Ormond, April 13. One 
of the Ormond specimens is 4 mm. in length. 

5325.—Eutylistus tristriatus Lec. One specimen beaten 
from Spanish moss. Dunedin, March 21. 

Eutylistus fallax Fall. One taken by sweeping. Lake 
Istokpoga, February 23. This and the two preceding species 
were identified for me by Mr. H. C. Fall. 

Rhipidandrus fulvomaculatus Dury (Mss.) Sixty or more 
specimens of this, about 30 of Cis hirsuta Casey, several of Cis 
creberrimus Mellie and Ceracis sallei Mellie were sifted from de- 
caying woody fungi at the base of a pine. Dunedin, January 24. 

5485.—Euparia castanea Serv. Three specimens from a nest 
of small brown ants, beneath the bark of a decayed oak stump. 
Sanford, January 16. 

Aphodius campestris BI: A third specimen was taken 
near Dunedin, February 11. The two types were from Sarasota. 

5560.—Aphodius concavus Say. A single example of this 
large species was taken at Sanford, January 13. I cannot find that 
it has been before recorded from Florida. 

5928.—Cremastochilus squamulosus Lec. One from be- 
neath bark of pine log in company with several red and black ants. 
Sarasota, March 3. 


92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


6106.—Ancylocera bicolor Oliv. Four examples of this 
handsome Cerambycid were taken by beating oak when in blossom. 
Bassenger, February 28; Sanford, March 28; Eustis, April 6. 

6134.—Akthecerus hornii Lac. One from flowers of the 
farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum Marsh). Ormond, April 6. 

Euryptera flavatra, sp. nov. 

Elongate, slender. Head yellow, the occiput and labrum 
piceous; thorax yellow with a black median stripe; scutellum 


piceous; elytra, basal two-thirds yellow, apical third black; basal. 


joints of antennz and under surface black; apical half of antennz 
and legs piceous, the cox and tibie paler. Eyes large, broadly 
and deeply emarginate on the inner border. Antenne half the 
length of body, second joint very small, third twice as long as fourth. 
Thorax bell-shaped, flattened above, as wide at base as long, hind 
angles scarcely prolonged, the black median stripe finely pubescent 
and densely granulate-punctate, the sides densely clothed with 
long prostrate yellow hair. Elytra coarsely and rather densely 
punctate, the yellow portion with long, semi-erect yellow hairs, 


the black portion with similar black hairs. Side pieces of meso- - 


and meta-sterna finely and densely punctate; abdomen minutely 
and very sparsely punctate. Hind coxe contiguous. Length 
7.5 mm. 

One specimen swept from the flowers of the hoary lupine 
(Lupinus diffusus Nutt.) near Dunedin. March 19. Very dif- 
ferent from all other described Lepturids by the colour. The transi- 
tion from the bright yellow basal to the shining black apical portion 
of elytra is abrupt. 


6462.—Lypsimena fuscata Lec. One beaten from a dead 
oak near Eustis, April 7. , 

6562.—Lema cornuta Fab. One swept from ib 2h lupine 
near Dunedin, March 29. 


Chlamys nodulosa Bl. This species, described in the 
Canadian Entomologist, January, 1913, I found to be quite com- 
mon at Dunedin, Lake Istokpoga and Sanford. It, therefore, 
probably occurs throughout Central and Southern Florida on oak, 
myrtle and other foliage. February 25—April 14. 


(To be continued.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 93 


A NEW SPECIES OF ORTHOPTERA, FORMING A NEW 
; GENUS AND FAMILY. 


BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO. 


While collecting on Sulphur Mountain, Banff, Alberta, on 
June 29th, 1913, Mr. T. B. Kurata and the writer captured two 
specimens of a peculiar wingless thysanuriform insect, which at 
once struck me as_ very remarkable on account of their 
possessing an ovipositor like that of the Tettigonidz (Locustidz). 
The two specimens, both females, are of about the same size, and, 
judging by the size and appearance of the ovipositor, are probably 
mature. They were found running about like centipedes under the 
stones of a talus-slope at an altitude of about 6500 feet. Con- 
siderable search was made for more specimens, but without success. 

A study of these specimens shows that they are genuine 
Orthoptera, but of a very generalized type and cannot be placed 
in any of the known families of this order. Their appearance is 
somewhat suggestive of the termites, or, still more, of the nymphs 
of the Plecoptera, but that they are true Orthoptera is at once 
apparent, in spite of the total absence of wings, on an examination 
of the mouth-parts, the cervical and thoracic sclerites and the ovi- 
positor. | 

This insect forms the type species of a new genus, Grylloblatta, 
and a new family, Grylloblattide. 


Grylloblattidz, new family, and Grylloblatta, new genus. 


Body elongate, slender, depressed, thysanuriform; head blattoid, 
somewhat flattened, obliquely attached to the prothorax; epicranial 
suture distinct; antenne arising close to the fronto-clypeal suture, 
shorter than the body, with 26 to 29 segments; eyes small, widely 
separate; ocelli absent; labium with glosse and paraglosse separate 
and welldifferentiated. Thoracic nota flattened, quadrate, decreasing 
in size caudad; meso- and meta-episterna well developed, oblique, 
each with a horizontal fold, apparently dividing it into two parts; 
epimera small; sternal plates small, separated by considerable areas 
of soft cuticle; thoracic stigmata two, the first close to the hind 
margin of the prothorax, the second upon the mesepimeron. Legs 
cursorial; coxe large, especially the first pair; femora, tibiz and 
tarsi with a few slender scattered spines, tibial spurs two, an outer 


94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


and inner, the latter the larger; tarsi 5-jointed, without pulvilli. 
Abdomen with 10 segments; tergites not overlapping the sternites, 
separated by a well-developed pleural membrane ;abdominal stigma- 


ta on the pleural membrane of segments 1-7, very minute and- 


difficult to see; cerci about as long as the hind tibiz, slender, 
cylindrical, 8-jointed; ovipositor exserted, composed of 3 pairs of 
elongated processes or valves, the upper pair slightly longer, the 


middle pair slightly shorter than the lower pair; inner valves ex- 


posed in lateral view, each valve fitting into a groove on the corres- 
ponding valve of the lower pair, but not connected with the upper 
pair. 

Grylloblatta campodeiformis, n. sp. 


Body uniform honey-yellow, covered with minute pubescence. 
Head flattened, rounded, nearly as broad as long, broadest across 
the eyes, which are ovo-triangular, about as broad as long and 
distant from the lateral margin by a little less than their transverse 
diameter; facets about 70, slightly irregular in size and arrange- 
ment; antenne reaching back to about the hind margin of the 
metathorax, filiform, very slightly tapering; first segment somewhat 
flattened, about two-thirds as wide as the eye and as long as segs. 
2-3, which are together equal to segs. 4,5 and 6, distad of which 
the segments gradually increase in length to about seg. 16, shorten- 
ing again slightly. towards the apices; clypeus as broad as the space 
between the middle of the basal joints of the antennze and some- 
what more than twice as broad as long, lower margin nearly straight; 
labrum semi-ovate, the free margin regularly convexly curved; 
mandibles with a basal, apical and subapical tooth (maxilla and 
' labium, see pl. VI, figs. 5, 6). Pronotum transversely feebly con- 
vex, slightly longer than broad, anterior margin gently arcuate, 


posterior margin nearly straight and. subparallel, antero-lateral 


angles slightly rounded, postero-lateral angles rectangulate; a 
straight transverse groove just behind the anterior margin. |Meso- 
notum scarcely three-fourths as long as the pronotum, somewhat 
constricted at base, expanding slightly caudad, the straight pos- 
terior margin somewhat greater than the length, the lateral margins 
deflected, arcuate in lateral view; postero-lateral angles well 
rounded. Metanotum almost four-fifths as long as the mesonctum, 
somewhat less than twice as broad as long, feebly expanding 


CAN, EnT., VOL, XLVI. ‘ PLATE VI. 


was 
Tae. 


7 6 


GRYLLOBLATTA CAMPODEIFORMIS, n. gen et. sp 


96 é THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


caudad; lateral margins and p>stero-lateral angles as in the meson- 
otum. Prosterna! plate triangular, mesosternal and metasternal 
plates somewhat V-shaped, all separated by considerable areas of 
soft integument, which is covered by the large coxe. Front cox 
_ stout, slightly shorter than the pronotum and longer than the 
middle and hind cox, the middle pair being the shortest; each 
coxa with a distinct ridge separating the ventro-anterior and 
postero-lateral surfaces. Fore and middle femora and tibiz all of 
nearly the same length, each being about as long as the pronotum; 
front tarsi slightly shorter, middle tarsi slightly longer than the 
corresponding tibiz; hind femora, tibizand tarsi of nearly the same 
length, distinctly longer than the corresponding parts of the other — 
two pairs of legs. Abdomen widening from base to segment 5, 
which is slightly wider than the head, narrowing again rapidly in 
the last 3 segments. Cerci with 8 cylindrical segments, which 
gradually lengthen distad. Ovipositor slightly shorter than the 
hind femora, somewhat compressed, in profile tapering rapidly 
from the base, the basal depth being about one-third of the length; 
upper valves nearly. straight, lower and inner valves distally up- 
curved, apices of all acute. 


MEASUREMENTS (lengths in millimetres). 


Body Ant- Ist Ist Ist 2ad 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd 3rd Ovip. 

ex. ov. enn. fem. tib. tar. fem. tib. tar. fem. tib. tar. 
PYOET OS. 30°°8.5 238" *2- 25 2:6 2:5 2.8. 2. 75> 3.4 “Ste 2 eee 
Cotype..... 30 -9.0 236) 2:25 2:6; 2:6:.2:3:53.0 3:2) -3:Sasereeeeee 


Type 92 and cotype @: Sulphur Mt., Banff, Alta., 6590 ft., 
June 29th, 1913, in the collection of the University of Toronto. 

The family Grylloblattide differs from all the other families 
of non-saltatorial Orthoptera in the possession of a large exserted 
ovipositor of the Tettigonid type. Among other differential 
characters possessed by these families are the following: 

In the Hemimeride the tarsi are 3-jointed, the cox small and 
widely separated, the cerci unjointed, and the abdominal sternites 
are overlapped by the tergites. 

In the Blattida, the general form of the body is much broader, 
the head is scarcely visible from above and is much narrower than 
the pronotum, which is usually broader than long; the antennz are 
longer than the head and thorax, setaceous and generally consist of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 97 


a larger number of small segments; the cerci are flattened and 
distally tapering. 

In the Mantide, the eyes are larger and much more prominent, 
_ the antennz setaceous, the front legs raptatorial. and the front 
femora neatly always spinose along the outer edge; the prothorax 
is usually elongated and the cerci are much shorter than the hind - 
femora. 


In the Phasmidz the prothorax is smaller than the mesothorax, 
the meso- and metathorax are both greatly elongated, the coxe 
small and short, pulvilli are present and the cerci are unsegmented 
and shorter than the hind femora. 

From the families of saltatorial Orthoptera the Grylloblattide 
differ in the generalized structure of the hind legs, the five-jointed 
tarsi and the jointed cerci. | 

Gryllobatta is thus seen to combine characters possessed by 
several different Orthopterous families, but to be amply distinct, 
from all of them. On the whole, it appears to’ be most nearly 
related to the Blattide, though the general form of the body is 
most like that of the Forficulide. It resembles the Blattide very 
closely in the form of the head, the depressed body and cursorial 
legs, but the form of the body is less specialized and the peculiarities 
of the blattid leg, such as the greatly enlarged and closely approxi- 
mated coxe with the correlated reduction of the sternal plates, 
though present in Grylloblatta, are much less marked than in the 
cockroaches. The scattered tibial spines and five-jointed tarsi 
are also characters that are common to both families. The simple 
antenniform cerci recall those of Campodea, and aré probably of a 
more primitive type than the short flattened cerci of the Blattids. 

The position of the base of the antenne close to the fronto- 
clypeal margin is another primitive character in which Gryllo- 
blatta resembles the Plecoptera. 

On the other hand, Grylloblatta appears to be more specialized 
than the Blattide in the absence of styli and the presence of the 
Tettigonid type of ovipositor. Apart from these latter features 
this genus is distinctly more primitive than any of the other 
families of Orthoptera, as far as external features are concerned. 

Of the three families of saltatorial Orthoptera, Grylloblatta is 
vost like the Gryllide in the depressed form of the body and shape 


98 THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of the head, but resembles the Tettigonidaee much more closely in ~ 
- the structure of the ovipositor the inner valves of which, as in this 
family, are nearly as long as the other two pairs. The antennae, 
however, in length and in number, size and form of the segments - 
are most like those of the Locustide (Acridide). 


The presence of the Tettigonid type of ovipositor in so primi- 
tive a form as Grylloblatia seems to indicate that this type of ovi- 
positor was present in the earliest saltatorial Orthoptera and that 
the Tettigonidz are therefore, in this respect, the most primitive of 
the modern saltatorial families. 


If this conclusion is not accepted, then one at least of the . 
following assumptions must be made: 


(a) That Grylloblatta is a degenerate descendant of saltatorial forms, 

which, like the mole-cricket, has secondarily lost its power of 
- leaping. - 

(b) That the. adaptations for leaping have been independently ac- 
quired-in the Tettigonida on the one hand, and the other 
families of saltatorial Orthoptera on the other, i.e., Gryllo- 
blatta and the Tettigonide represent a distinct line of descent 
from those which have culminated in the Gryllide and 
Locustide. 


(c) That the resemblance between the ovipositors of the Tettigon- 
ide and Grylloblatta is due to convergence. 


The first assumption is clearly untenable on account of the 
evident relationship between the Grylloblattide and the other non- 
saltatorial Orthoptera, particularly the Blattida, with which they 
share the 5-jointed tarsi and jointed cerci, both of these being : 
ptimitive characters not present in any of the saltatorial Orthop- 
tera. . 

The second assumption is equally inadmissible, as the families 
of saltatorial Orthoptera form a decidedly. natural group, the 
Gryllide and Tettigonide being particularly closely allied to one 
another. . 

The third assumption is less improbable, but the resemblance 
between the ovipositors of Grylloblatta and the Tettigonide is 
very close, and it seems more natural to regard them as truly re- 
lated in this respect. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. : 99 


I am thus inclined to regard the ovipositor of Grylloblatia as 
nearly representing that of the common ancestor of the three 
families of saltatorial Orthoptera, the Tettigonide having departed 
least from the original type as regards this structure. Gryllo- 
blatta has been derived from some primitive type of Blattid or 
Blattid-like ancestor. 


These relationships are expressed graphically in the accom- 
panying diagram. 


Locustidae 


Gryllidae 
Te ttigo idae 


Blattidae Grylloblatta 


Primitive Blattid-like Ancestor 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. 


Fig. 1. Grylloblatta campodeiformis, 2 type, dorsal view. 


Fig. 2. Same, lateral view. 


Fig. 3. Same, ventral view of thorax and base of abdomen 
(front and middle legs of right side removed). 


Fig. 4. Same, mandible. 
Fig. 5. Same, maxilla. 
Fig. 6. Same, labium. 


Fig. 7. Same, labium (above), hypopharynx (below). 


Sp.1, Sp.2, Sp.s, Sp.», Spiracles; Mseps mesepisternum; 

Msepm, mesepimeron; mteps, metepisternum, mtepm, metepi- 

meron, C.S., cervical sclerites; Sti, Ste, Sts, pro-, meso- and meta- 
sterna, 


100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


ANOTHER MIGRATION OF ANOSIA PLEXIPPUS FAB. 


In the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XLIV, pp. 366-367, 1912, 
the writer gave some observations on the autumn migratory bands 
- of this butterfly witnessed by him in various parts of the country. 

On October 28 and 29, 1913, these insects were present in 
myriads clinging to the limbs of trees about Fort Moultrie, on 
Sullivan’s Island, near Charleston, S. C. The weather was cool for 

the latitude, but the butterflies did not seem to pay any attention 
to the temperature, winging their way about in the sunshine as is 
their habit farther north, finally drifting away. Judging from the 
-numbers observed dead and cast up on the beach by the sea, not all 
of the migrants passed onward in safety. As usual, there were 
numerous individuals flying about after the migrating band had 


passed onward. 
F. M. WEBSTER. 


PROHIBITION OF THE IMPORTATION OF NURSERY 
STOCK INTO CANADA BY MAIL, 


By an order in Council of December 4th, 1913, the Regulations 
under ‘‘The Destructive Insect and Pest Act’’ were amended as 
follows: 

In Regulation 3, line 14, the words ‘“‘Importations by mail 
shall be subject to the same Regulations’’ have been struck out 
and the following New Regulation, No. 18, has been passed: 


“18. The importation of all nursery stock, including trees, 
shrubs, plants, vines, grafts, scions, cuttings, or buds, through 
the mails is prohibited, excepting greenhouse-grown florists’ 
stock, cut flowers, herbaceous perennials, and bedding plants, 
which will be admitted provided that a detailed statement of 
the contents is attached to such parcels.”’ 


This Regulation will take effect on and after the first day of 
March, 1914. 
C. Gorpon Hewitt, 
Department of Agriculture, Dominion Entomologist. 
Ottawa, Ont., . 
December 10th, 1918. 


a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 101 


THREE DIPTERA FROM THE MIOCENE OF COLORADO. 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, BOULDER. 
Atrichops hesperius, n. sp. (Leptide). 

Length 6 mm., wing 5 mm.; robust, of the usual form: tarsi 
microscopically hairy, not at all bristly or spiny; wings clear or 
almost, the venation as preserved pale reddish. Venation as in 
Atrichops crassipes (Meigen), except as follows: Auxiliary vein 
reaching costa distinctly before middle of wing; end of subcostal 
cell larger; base of second posterior cell more oblique; anal cell not 
so broad. The anal cell is closed a short distance before the wing- 
margin. The long second submarginal cell has its lower side 
measuring about 2560 microns. The anterior cross-vein is about 
290 microns from basal corner of discal cell. Florissant; Station 


. B 18 (S. A. Rohwer). 


The shape of the wings and the details of the venation place 
this species in Atrichops Verrall, rather than in Atherix. Atrichops 
has hitherto contained a single living Palearctic species, so it is 
interesting to find it in the Miocene of America. It is less pubescent 
than Atherix (and in this the fossil also agrees) and the venation is 
on the whole less specialized. 

Xylomyia moratula, n. sp. (Leptide). 

Length 6 mm., wing about 51%; of the usual form; head and 
thorax black, abdomen light reddish; legs reddish brown; tibize and 
tarsi not at all spinose or bristly; wings hyaline; venation ‘as 
preserved light reddish. Venation like that of X. maculata (Meigen) 
with the same wide open second submarginal cell and arched upper 
side of second posterior cell, though the latter feature is not quite 
so extreme as in X. maculata. The anterior cross-vein is near to 
the base of the discal cell as in X. maculata; the closer fourth pos- 
terior cell is relatively narrow apically as in X. marginata (Meigen), 
but its side on the third posterior, though long, is shorter than its 
side on the discal cell, the reverse being true of marginata. The 
insect is therefore entirely of the type of X. maculata, as opposed to 
that of X. marginata, which is perhaps hardly congeneric. 


The following wing measurements are in microns: Length of 
lower side of second submarginal cell about 1695; base of second 


submarginal to anterior cross-vein about 1570; level of end of upper 
March, 1914 


102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


side of second submarginal basad of level of end of lower side, 400, 
and width of cell at this point 530; width of second submarginal 
640 from end of lower side, 432; width of first posterior cell at apex 
640, of second at apex 320, of third at apex 1250; discal cell on first 
posterior 960, on first basal 225; basal side of second posterior 160, 
of third posterior 272; closed apex of fourth posterior to wing 
margin about 240, of anal to wing margin apparently over 320, but 
margin at this point not visible; width of anal at level of basal 
corner of fifth posterior 480. Florissant; Station 13 (S. A. Rohwer.) 


This genus has been referred by Osten-Sacken, Verrall and 
others to the Stratiomyide, but Williston places it in Leptide. 
The genera Arthropeas and Arthropiella, which Meunier places in a 
distinct family, are apparently related; they occur in Baltic amber. 
Verrall states that the larva of Xylomyia shows that it belongs 
with the Stratiomyide rather than with the Leptida. On the 
whole, it seems probable that Xylomyia, Glutops, Arthroceras, and 
probably the two amber genera, should together form a distinct 
family. 

Saropogon oblitescens, n. sp. (Asilidz). 

Wing about 7144 mm. long; fourth posterior and anal cells 
closed; small cross-vein from base of second submarginal cell 1040 
microns, but second submarginal cell over 1440 long (apex gone); 
second submarginal cell, so far as visible, narrow, parallel-sided, 
its width (depth) about 290 microns; small cross-vein 1230 microns 
from base of discal cell, and 800 from its apex; separation of second 
and third veins 1230 microns from origin of their common stem 
from first; fourth posterior cell closed about 130 microns from 
margin, anal the same distance, but apex of anal a much smaller 
angle than apex of fourth posterior; apical sides of discal cell very 
unequal, that on second posterior cell twice as long as that on 
third; apical angle of discal cell very much greater than a right 
angle. Wing clear, venation dark brown. Compared with Saro- 
pogon dispar, the fossil differs in having the fourth posterior and 
anal cells closed well before the margin, and the second posterior 
distinctly narrower, but otherwise the venation is about the same. 
The venation is in general very like that of Selidopogon diadema, 
but that has the second posterior cell more widely open, and the 
subcostal cell larger. Florissant (University of Colorado Expedition). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103 


NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF TENTHREDINID: 
A FAMILY OF HYMENOPTERA.* °* 


BY ALEX. D. MACGILLIVRAY, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, ILL. 


The following descriptions of new genera and species are a 
continuation of those of a previous paper: 


Empria costata, n. sp.—Female: Body black with the collar, 
tegulz, the legs beyond the knees for the most part, and the caudal 
margin of the abdominal segments, white; head with the post- 
ocellar area uniformly convex, the interocellar and ocellar furrows 
distinct; the clypeus tridentate, the median tooth as long as the 
lateral angles, broadly, shallowly emarginate at middle, the lateral 
angles rounded, the median ridge low, not reaching the dorsal 
margin of the clypeus; the third segment of the antennz longer 
than the fourth; the sawguides slightly convex above, broadly, 
convexly rounded below at apex to a blunt point above, wings 
hyaline. Length 6 mm. 


Habitat.—New Haven, Connecticut. B.H. Walden, dallectar: 


This species falls near cava, from which it differs in lacking 
_ the broad, convexly rounded median ridge of the clypeus and from 
calda in having the clypeus tridentate with the median tooth as 
long as the lateral angles. 


Pseudoselandria, n. gen.—Front wings with the radial cross- 
vein, the media-cubital cross-vein, the free part of Rs, and the free 
part of R* present; the free part of the second anal vein wanting; 
media not strongly angularly bent,.the first abscissa of cubitus 
distinctly longer than the free part of Ms; costa dilated at apex; 
hind wings with the first anal cell distinctly. petiolate and shorter 
than the cell in front of it; media separating from radius distinctly 
before the origin of the radial sector; claws with a minute erect 
tooth at base; antenne with nine segments. Type Pseudoselandria 
oxalata, n. sp. : 

~ Related to the genus Selandria, from which it differs in that 
the claws have an erect tooth at middle and the media is not angu- 
larly bent at base. 


J 


* Contributions from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of 
Illinois, No. 37, 
March, 1914. 


104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Pseudoselandria oxalata, n. sp.—Female: Body black with — 


the following parts whitish; the two basal segments of the antenne, 
the labrum, the clypeus, the collar broadly, the tegule, the upper 
half or more of the pleura, the legs, the wings at base, and the 
abdomen except the saw-guides; median fovea deep, ovate, trans- 
verse; ocellar basin distinct; third segment of the antennz as long 
as four and five together; wings clear with the apex of radius 
strongly dilated and black. Length 7 mm. 


Habitat.—Wisconsin. Dr. S. Grenicher, collector. * 


Polyselandria, n. gen—Front wings with the radial cross- 
vein, the medio-cubital cross-vein, the free part of Rs, and the 
free part of Rs, present; media not strongly, angularly bent; the 
first abscissa of cubitus distinctly longer than the free part of Ma; 
’ costa dilated at apex; hind wings with the first anal cell closed at 
the wing margin and longer than the cell in front of it; media 
coalesced with the radial sector for a short distance; claws.with a 
minute erect tooth at base; antenne with nine segments. Type, 
Selandria floridana MacG. 


Closely related to Pseudoselandria, from which it differs in 
having the first anal cell of the hind wings closed at the wing 
margin and in having media of the front wings coalesced with 
radius for a short distance. 


Dolerus tectus, n. sp.—Female: Body black; antennz with 
the third segment slightly longer than the fourth; head with the 
vertical furrows obsolete, the front and vertex uniformly convex, 
the entire surface punctured, the postocellar area more densely 
and finely punctured than the posterior orbits, the posterior orbits 
without ridges or depressions, the antennal furrows indicated only 
near the antennal sockets; the scutellar appendage smooth, without 
punctures or striations; the median lobe of the mesonotum and the 
scutellum more closely punctured than the disk of the lateral lobes, 
the disk of the lateral lobes almost polished; the pleura closely, 
coarsely punctured; the impunctate area of the lateral lobes of the 
mesonotum extending to the median lobe; the wings fuliginous, 
the veins and stigma black. Length 10 mm. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 105 


Habitat.—-New Haven, Connecticut. H. L. Viereck, collector. 


A black species related to polysericeus, from which it differs 
in having the punctures on the scutellum similar in size to those of 
the lateral lobes of the mesonotum and from colosericeus and 
monosericeus in having ‘the vertical furrows obsolete. 


Dolerus inspiratus, n. sp.——Female: Body black with the 
entire prothorax, the tegule, the median lobe of the mesonotum, 
the front legs below the knees, and abdominal segments one to 
six, rufous; head with a concave furrow from the vertical furrows 
to the lateral margin of the head behind the compound eyes, a 
distinct carina between the posterior orbits and the caudal aspect 
of the head; the postocellar area more closely and finely punctured 
than the posterior orbits: the posterior orbits with an impunctate 
area adjacent to the vertical furrows; the vertical furrows puncti- 
form; the antennal furrows not indicated except adjacent to the 
antennal sockets; the scutellar appendage longitudinally striate; 
the impunctate area of the lateral lobes of the mesonotum not 
extending to the median lobe; the median and lateral lobes uni- 
formly punctured, the punctures distant; the scutellum uniformly, 
closely punctured; the saw-guides slightly exserted, straight above, 
convex below, and convexly truncated to a point at apex above. 
Length 9 mm. 


. Habitat.—New Haven, Connecticut; A.B. Champlin, collector. 
Eagle Bend, Minnesota; J. P. Jensen, collector. 


' This species is related to conjugatus and dysporus, from both 
of which it differs in the arrangement of the punctuation of the 
posterior orbits and the postocellar area and also by the transverse 
brownish band on the prothorax and mesothorax. 


Dolerus lesticus, n.sp._-Female and male: Body black with 
the entire prothorax, the dorsal and lateral portions of the meso- 
pleuree, and the median lobe of the mesonotum, rufous; the third 
segment of the antennz subequal in length to the fourth; the vertex 
and the front uniformly and generally punctured; the antennal 
furrows slightly indicated adjacent to the antennal sockets; the 
vertex without furrows or carina; the vertical furrows distinct, 


106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


twice as long as broad; the median lobe of the mesonotum and the 
scutellum uniformly, sparsely punctured; the lateral lobes of the 
mesonotum uniformly, sparsely punctured, their disk almost 
smooth; the mesopleura uniformly, coarsely, closely punctured; 
the saw-guides convex above and below, the two margins con- 
verging and obliquely truncated at apex above, the apex with a 
sparse scopa of long hairs; the wings slightly infuscated, the veins 
and the stigma brownish; the male differs in having the body en- 


tirely black and the ridge between the vertex and the caudal aspect _ 


of the head slightly carinated. Length 6 mm. 


Habitat.—Durham, New Hampshire; Weed and Fiske, col- 
lectors. Hampton, New Hampshire; S. A. Shaw, collector. = 


A small species related to collaris, from which it differs in 


having the antennal furrows extending only a short distance from 


the antennal sockets. 


Dolerus konowi, n. sp.—Female and male: _ Body entirely — 


coal-black; antenne with the third segment slightly longer than 
the fourth; the vertical furrows indicated only as a broad depression; 
the vertex with a shallow depression extending from the lateral 
ocelli behind the compound eyes; the front, the posterior orbits, 
and the postocellar area uniformly punctured, the punctures fine 
and close together; the vertex with an impunctate area adjacent to 
the vertical furrows; the antennal furrow faintly indicated adjacent 
to the antennal sockets; the appendage of the scutellum finely, 
transversely striated; the dorsal surface of the mesothorax finely, 
closely punctured except the disk of the lateral lobes, which con- 
tains a few distant punctures; the mesopleura closely and coarsely 
punctured; the pectus uniformly, finely punctured, not so densely 
as the head or notum; the body, except the abdomen, covered with 
short, white pile; the saw-guides straight above and gradually, con- 
vexly, obliquely rounded below and at apex to a point above; the 
saw-guides sparsely hairy below and at apex and densely above; 
wings infuscated, the veins and stigma brown; the male differs only 
in being smaller. Length 11 mm. 


Habitat.—Olympia, Washington; Trevor Kincaid, collector. 


eel 


* 
ee ee ee eT 


~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 107 


This is.a black species, which has been generally confused 
with the eastern Dolerus sericeus Say, which does not occur so far 
as my experience goes, upon the Pacific Coast. Konowi is readily 
differentiated from sericeus by the striations on the scutellar ap- 
pendage. The difference between this species and sericeus was 
first pointed out to me several years ago by the late Pastor F. R. 
W. Konow, the German student of the Tenthredinoidea, for whom 
it is named. 


Dolerus grzenicheri, n. sp—Female : Body black with the 
entire prothorax, the median lobe of the mesonotum, beneath the 
front wings, and the base of the front wings, rufous; the tegule 
black; the antennal furrows hardly indicated adjacent to the an- 
tennz; the vertical furrows short, knife-like cuts; an indefinite 
furrow from the lateral ocelli to the corner of the compound eyes; 
no carina on the caudal margin of the head; the punctuation on 
the postocellar area and the posterior orbits dense and uniform; 
the scutellar appendage transversely striate; the impunctate area 
of the lateral lobes of the mesonotum distinct and extending to 
the median lobes; the scutellum more densely punctured than the 
median or lateral lobes, the median lobe more densely than the 
lateral lobes; the saw-guides straight above, convexly rounded 
below and at the apex to a point above, apex with a dense scopa of 
long hairs; the wings slightly infuscated, the veins and stigma 
brownish. Length 7 mm. 


Habitat.—Layton Park, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. 


This species is named for its collector, Dr. S. Graenicher, who 
sent it to me. It is related to wnicolor, collaris, and lesticus, from 
the first it differs in the type of punctuation found upon the head, 
from the second in the extent of the antennal furrows, and from the 
third in the shape of the saw-guides. 


Astochus, n. gen.—Front wings with the radial cross-vein, the 
radio-medial cross-vein, the free part of Rs and Rs all present; 
the medio-cubital cross-vein joined to R+M a considerable distance 
before the origin of M; the free part of Sc: faint, located opposite 
the medio-cubital cross-vein; the free part of the second anal vein 
short, erect, transverse; the contraction of the third anal vein in- 


108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


dicated by an elongate thickening; hind wings with the free part 
_ of Ra present and the transverse part of Mz wanting; antenna 
with nine segments; the clypeus truncate; the compound ‘eyes with 
their inner margins parallel and distant, the basal plates divided: 
Type, Astochus fletcheri, n. sp. 


The broad space between the compound eyes, the margined | 
antennal sockets, the divided basal plates, and the truncate 
clypeus places this genus near Bivena MacG. 


The two species described herewith can be differentiated as 
follows: 


Postocellar area longer than broad.................. fletcheri 
Postocellar area broader than long.................. aldricht 


Astochus fletcheri, n. sp.—Female: Body black with the 
antennz somewhat infuscated, the legs below the trochanters, the 
abdomen beyond the basal plates, and the wings at base, rufous; 
the following parts: the clypeus, the labrum, a short, narrow line 
on the inner orbits, the margin of the pronotum, the tegule, a 
round spot on the mesopleura, two spots above the posterior coxe, 
the underside of the front and middle coxz, the underside and the 
lateral aspect of the hind coxez, and the stigma, yellowish-white; 
the third segment of the antenne longer than the fourth; the 
labrum broadly rounded; the ocellar basin an elevated, flat, shield- 
shaped space; the frontal furrow short, broad, and deep, with the 
lateral walls high; the postocellar area longer than broad with a 
median furrow, deeper behind; the head and thorax polished; the 
wings infuscated behind the stigma; the saw-guides convex above 
and below, the sides gradually converging, squarely truncated at 

apex. Length, 10 mm. 


Habitat.—Kaslo, British Columbia. 


This insect was collected by the late Dr. James Fletcher on 
the 28th of May, 1906, and by him sent to Dr. J. Chester Bradley 
for identification and by Dr. Bradley given to me. It is fitting 
that it should bear Dr. Fletcher’s name. 


(To be continued.) 


os a cara iia 


Sw a ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109 


A PROTECTED BUTTERFLY. 


We are accustomed to reading about certain species being 
protected from their enemies by nature owing to a resemblance. to 
other insects that are distasteful; but Parnassius apollo now enjoys 
the unique distinction of being the only insect in.the world whose 
life is guarded against his most ruthless destroyer—man. According 
to an interesting item in the Entomologist (London) for October, 
1913, Vol. XLVI, p. 289. the capture of this butterfly has been for- 
bidden throughout the German Empire by order of the Govern- 
ment. Owing to overcollecting, the species is said to have been 
exterminated in the mountains of Silesia and its existence is threat- 
ened elsewhere.- [t is not stated how long the close season is .to 
last, but is to be hoped that in the meantime the market price 
will not be increased enough to warrant wholesale poaching, and 
that the men who secured the legislation will be rewarded by seeing 
this beautiful butterfly again brightening’ up the landscape it 


formerly had a place in. 
A. F. Winn. 


BOOK REVIEWS. 


A REVISION OF THE ANTS OF THE GENUS Formica (Linné) Mayr. 
By William Morton Wheeler.—Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 
Harvard College. Vol. LIII, No. 10. Published Oct. 1913. 


186 pages. 


This revision of the boreal genus Formica by the eminent ant 
specialist, Dr. W. M. Wheeler, is sure to receive a hearty welcome. 
In it the author gives extensive descriptions of, and notes upon, 
all the known New World forms, now numbering 93, several of 
- which are new, consisting of 31 species, 19 subspecies and 43 
varieties, and brief descriptions of, and notes upon, the 53 Old 
World forms. 


Seven groups are recognized.—(1) The Sanguinea group, con- 
taining thirteen forms of the palearctic arid nearctic slave-maker, 
sanguinea, and six other species; (2) The Rufa group, containing 
eleven forms of the palearctic and nearctic rufa (all the nearctic 


110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ~~ 


forms are western), twelve forms of the palearctic and nearctic | 


truncicola, and nine other species; (3) the Microgyna group, con- 
sisting of seven forms of the nearctic microgyna, and six other 


species; (4) The Exsecta group, comprising four forms of the — 


nearctic exsectoides, seven forms of the palearctic and nearctic 
_exsecta, and two other species; (5) The Fusca group, including 
fourteen forms of fusca, the typical form of which is widely dis- 
tributed throughout north and central Eurasia and boreal America, 
‘seven forms of the palearctic and nearctic rufilabris, nine forms of 
_ the palearctic and nearctic cinerea, and six other species; (6) The 
subgenus Proformica, including five forms of the nearctic neogagates 
and eight other species, some of them palearctic; (7) A new sub- 


genus, eoformica, erected to include the nearctic pallidefulva in its 
seven forms, and one other species, F. moki Wheeler. 


Dr. Wheeler believes that North America must be the original 
home of the genus, because it has nearly double the number of 
species that Eurasia contains, “‘especially as it possesses representa- 
_ tives of the Eurasian groups of species besides two peculiar to itself 
(the Microgyna group and the subgenus Neoformica). Further,he 
’ regards the southern ranges of the Rocky Mountains in the United 
States as the centre of origin of the genus, for ‘‘nearly forty-two 
per cent. of the New World forms occur in Colorado and the ad- 
jacent portions of New Mexico,”’ and the colonies of the individual 
forms are unusually numerous and flourishing on the mountain 
slopes of this territory. 


Dr. Wheeler modestly makes only short references to the im- 
portant discovery, in which he took a leading part, that many 
species, including rufa and exsectoides, form their colonies by 
temporary social parasitism in small colonies of F. fusca or in a few 
cases, another species. ‘‘The recently fecundated rufa female 
finds a home in a F. fusca colony and permits these ants to 
bring up her young. The fusca queen is either destroyed by the 
intrusive rufa or by her own offspring, so that WOeR the fusca 
workers eventually die off a pure colony of rufa remains.’ 


F. W.L,S. 


- 
Pa, 


were 


Oa. 


ee or 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 111 


ANIMAL COMMUNITIES IN TEMPERATE “NORTH AMERICA, as il- 
lustrated in the Chicago Region. By, Victor E. Shelford, In- 
_structor in~Zoology in the University of Chicago. The Uni- 
versity of Chicago Press. 380 pages. 8vo. cloth, $3.22, 
postpaid. | 
Until the beginning of the present century the study of animal 
ecology can scarcely be regarded as having been an organized 
science, and, although much has since been written upon the sub- 
ject, most of the literature deals with problems of a more or less 
specialized character, or with particular groups of forms or types 
of locality. 


The present work is of an unusually broad scope, treating, as 
it does, practically all the important types of animal communities 
represented in the Chicago district, the total area investigated 
being somewhat more than 10,700 square miles. It is a work of 
great interest and importance to the entomologist, as well as the 
student of general ecology, as insects: play a dominant part in 
practically all of the land and fresh-water animal communities. 


The first four chapters form an introduction to the study of 
animal ecology in general and to that of animal communities in 
‘particular. Chapter I deals with the general subject of the struggle 
in nature, the effect of man’s relation to nature and the production 
of secondary or man-made communities, as distinct from primary or 
primeval communities. In Chapter II the general subject of 
ecology -is discussed. The author emphasizes the ‘‘inadvisability 
of attempting to organize ecology on the basis of structure, as 
structural changes resulting from stimulation by environment -are 
_ rarely of advantage or disadvantage to the animal, and the 
_ structure of motile organisms is not readily modified by the en- 
vironment.’’ It is the activities of animals that form the basis for 
the organization of ecology, not the mosphological chatacters of 
the species, which are ecologically of little or no significance. The 
subject of animal communities and biota is also discussed at some 
length and a classification of communities is given. The chapter 
concludes with a classified list of the chief animal communities of 
the area investigated. 

In Chapter III an analysis is given of the factors that enter 
into the composition of the animal environment. This includes a 


112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


short account of the physiographic history of the region about Lake 


Michigan and a description of the climate and vegetation of the 
‘area. A descriptive list of the localities studied is also given. 
Chapter IV treats of the conditions of existence of aquatic animals, — 


both chemical and physical. 


The special discussion of the various’ animal communities 


occupies the remainder of the book, except the last chapter. As 


the Chicago area lies on the borderland between the eastern forest 
region and the savanna or prairie region, a great variety of ter- 
restrial communities are represented. It position on Lake Michi” 
gan also gives variety to the aquatic conditions, practically all types 
of fresh-water communities being found within the area studied. 


Much attention is given to the origin and development of each 


community and its subsequent fate, to the physiographic conditions 
of the environment, and the interrelations of the various forms 
which make up the community. At the end of last chapter are use- 
ful reference lists of the species of animals collected at the various 
stations representing the particular type of community discussed. 


In the concluding chapter the author returns to the general 
subject matter and discusses suggestively the laws governing dis- 
tribution, the relations of different communities to one another, 
and the relations of ecology to broader geographic problems. An 
appendix follows in which the general methods employed in the 
study of environment are described and brief directions given for 
the making of field observations and experiments. There is also a 
copious bibliography and a guide map of the Chicago district, and 
the numerous illustrations, which are of almost uniform excellence, 
represent a large number of the animals referred to as well as their 


habitats. 


. ERRATA. 

“GREEN LANES AND Byways,”’ No. 11, Vol. XLV.—On page 358) 
in line 10, for “Cortiani’” read Coritani. In line 13—For 
“roads” read ROAD. On page 363—In line 8 for * ‘there’ read 
THEN. 


Mailed March 13th, 1914. ; 


Che Canadian Futomatogist, 


VoL. XLVI. LONDON, APRIL, 1914 No. 4 


A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA IN CHLOROPIDA, FOR 
NORTH AMERICA. 


J. R. MALLOCH, URBANA, ILLINOIS. 


Having had occasion recently to identify species of North 
America Chloropide, I found some difficulty in placing the speci- 
mens in their proper genera by the use of the published keys to the 
family. The most recent paper on the Chloropide is that by 
Becker,* which is a rather unsatisfactory one, lacking in many 
details, though it purports to be a ‘‘monographic’”’ treatise.. About 
a dozen North American species are left out of the paper, and the 
table of genera in the Chloropinz is so framed that it is not possible 
to locate specimens generically. I do not purpose criticising 
Becker’s work, believing that criticism alone is seldom beneficial, 
and offer the following table, which I hope will prove useful to the 
extent of satisfactorily locating specimens in the genera to which 
they belong. 


I have to thank Dr. S. A. Forbes for permission to publish this 
paper — 
| ig GENERIC SYNOPSIS: 


1. Costa reaching to third vein or slightly beyond it........... 2 
Costa reaching distinctly to fourth vein.................. 13 
@. (Outer cross-vein abserit.................. Elliponeura Loew. 
Summer cuoeeaven Oresent 2 ts oi. ocx ae dea cae ee ee 3 
3. Hind femur much thickened, hint tibia bent ccs. ines s os 4 


Hind femur not thickened; hind tibia straight, or almost so. ...5 


4. Third joint of antenne much elongated, about four times as 
long as broad; veins 2 and 3 but slightly bent 


SMI Ae ew laksa vo os OE RERS Neodiplotoxa, n. gen. 
Third joint of antenne but little longer than broad; veins 2 
and 3 much bent forward.............. Meromyza Meigen. 


*Ann. Nat. Mus. Hung., 1912. 


114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. , 


5. Mid tibia with the apical spur strong and distinctly bent; male 
hypopygium large, knob-like, curved back beneath abdo- 


! ay 
F ee eee 
a fT eS ae. ee ey ee 


AUC. oe os > «4 ie ea ....Cetema Hendel. 
Mid tibial spur short and_ straight; male hypopygium not 
CONSPICUOUS... 5 8 Sa os see 6 


6. Scutellum flattened on disk, with a distinct aa | rim, the 
apical scutellar bristles closely approximated; both sexes — 
with an elongated oval, flattened surface (sensory organ) on 


hind tibia (postero-dorsal surface).......Chloropisca Loew. 
Scutellum convex, not margined, apical bristles not approxi- 4 
Tate 5755.0 << syaie yn ships nSbe- Je ale ek eel aaa rea 7 
7. Sensory organ present on hind tibia, as in 
CWI GLORIES «5: ies teekidin es SS Pseudochlorops, n. gen. 
Sensory organ absent from hind tibia.................--. 8 


8. Head very distinctly produced in front; ocellar triangle very 
broad at vertex, carried forward to above antenne in a 
_ broad prolongation, the centre convex, the sides of frons 
more or less excavated; third joint of antenne distinctly 
longer than broad; arista generally wig gps. | flattened : 
through the presence of thick x 
pupescente. 525 OS ee ie oe Ectecephala Macquart. ra 
Head only slightly, or not at all, produced in front; frontal — 
triangle triangular, or subtriangular, flat; sides of frons~ 
‘more: or less.excavated ...0.. 6.5 sis feks o ee se 9. 


9. Cross-veins strongly approximated; veins 2 and 3 bent for- P 
A CI a eS aN = ge Diplotoxa Loew. : 
Cross-veins not approximated; veins 2 and 3 almost 
Straight et 0s Sa. Ei ce a aaa aie ork «5 a 
10, Third antennal joint disc-like; head not produced anteriorly; F 
mesonotum yellow, with black or red stripes, seldom black, 
and indistinctly punctured or re 
unpunctured « . (i: 8ifa ae ae ew Chlorops Meigen. . 
Third antennal joint longer than broad, head at least slightly 
produced anteriorly; or mesonotum black and _ strongly 
punctured... .....e5 se VEE RR a Ss 11 


11. Mesonotum entirely black, coarsely 
punctured. . 4°. 229%) ee ee Epichlorops Becker. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Ria 115 


12. 


13. 


14. 


15. 


16. 


17. 


18. 


19. 


20. 


21. 


Mesonotum not strongly punctured, and with distinct 


stripes Pati, in Vee ate SES IPG! less. 12 
Head produced suitepatee third joint of antenna at least 1 4 
times as long at base.............. *Parectecephala Becker. 


Head not distinctly produced; third joint of antenna but little 
longer than broad; dull yellow and black,’ robust species, 


pune black palpi ose ee *Anthracophaga Loew. 
Hind tibia with a distinct, curved, apical thorn on the anterior 
IS se re a myn MERE oe SianD ets oe MGs pte nim 14 
Hind tibia without such thorn ...................... nee 
Frons with distinct orbital setule.....................4.. 15 
Suemite with, at most, Weal hairs 6300.5 iw pene ie ties 16 
Scutellum elongated, disk flattened; male proboscis with two 
Me MIMCAl NAS 6 ccc hile ses ALK . .Prohippelates Malloch. - 
Scutellum not elongated, convex; male proboscis 
NR 55 oho) 2A ai eae aegis Races Pseudohippelates Malloch. 
Arista flattened, strap-like........ .... Ceratobarys Coquillett. 
Meme rot flattened... 6. Hippelaies Loew. 
Second vein exceptionally short, third costal division much 
fonger'than second..............:. Siphunculina Rondani. 
Second vein not shortened, third costal as long as, or shorter, 
BOON el Ye Ge Ose a i Se we 18 
Arista either broadened and strap-like, or with distinct pubes- 
Ne LOB sw 7 aa, ep ae Men gr OIE pose aN ouseia co. iskccels 19 
Arista neither thickened nor distinctly pubescent.......... 22 


Arista more or less distinctly flattened, the pubescence very 
close, giving the arista a knife-like appearance even when the 


arista itself is but slightly flattened...................4.. 20 
_Arista normal in shape, pubescence rather loose .......... 21 
Scutellum subtriangular, the marginal bristles situated on 
Se de OF Ee eit RIO Stee da Crassista von Roser. 
Scutellum rounded in outline, the margin without 
EM rea hd sas eae ee Melanocheta Becker. 
Scutellum elongated, the disk flattened.......... Gaurax Loew 


*The line of demarcation between these genera is very unsatisfactory, and 


though I am rather inclined to reject Parectecephala as entitled to generic rank, 
I have not sufficient material before me to enable me to decide the matter 
satisfactori'y. 


/ 


f 


116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Scutellum rounded, CONVEX visises s ial Neogaurax, n. gen. 

22. More than two bristles present on posterior part of 
notapleura...... A ee See bo Nae if ea 23 

Only two bristles on posterior part of notapleura........... 24 


_ 23. Generally four notapleural bristles present; mesonotum with a 
row of bristles on or near to posterior margin; scutellum with 
about eight marginal bristles; proboscis not 
elongated |... os.< ux J. {ee alee Eugaurax Malloch. 

Notapleural bristles very numerous, the whole mesonotum 

- thickly setulose; scutellum subtriangular, disc thickly setu- 
lose, apical bristles approximated; proboscis elongated and 


PENICUIMUDD, SS ee ee eae Chactochlorops, n. gen. 
24. Outer cross-vein absent..................06: Dicreus Loew. 
Quter cross-vein present 222.) eee eee 25 


25. Proboscis elongated and geniculated, mouth margin slightly 
produced and with a hair-like bristle at vibrissal 


Ae Saya Se ek ea Ge A ees Madiza Fallen. 
Proboscis fleshy, very slightly or not at all elongated, vibrissal 
hair ahGeRt 0 500 FER BG. Bc 26 

26. Mesonotum with three distinct longitudinal 
SUE SS Pope Fates ary ae Tricomba Liog. 
Mesonotum not sulcate..................-. Botanobia Liog. 


From an examination of the material contained in several 
collections, and the descriptions by many previous authors, I find 
that in many cases species are placed in wrong genera, and purpose 
at some future time publishing notes in addition to those presented 
herewith as a guide to those who may have occasion to identify 
specimens belonging to this family. 


NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS: 


Neodiplotoxa, n. gen. 


This genus I have erected for the reception $e Diplotoxa nigri- 
cans Loew. Owing to the fact that this species has the hind 


femur very much thickened, and the hind tibia bent, it is impos-. 


sible to locate it except in Meromyza by the use of the older keys to 
the genera. It differs, however, very considerably from Meromyza 
. in the structure of the antenna. 


Type: Diplotoxa nigricans Loew. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 117 


_Meromyza flavipalpis, n. sp. 
Similar in coloration to pratorum var. americana Fitch, the 


palpi being entirely yellow. It differs from that species as indicated 
below: 


Length of lower cheek margin barely equal to height of an- 
terior profile of head, and barely two-thirds as long as height of 
head at vertex; face distinctly retreating in . 
SESE aL SS A Pi Ede Gui B ladilh sexe flavipalpis, n. sp. 

Length of lower éh sek margin about 11% times height of an- 
terior profile of head, and slightly more than equal to height of 
head at vertex; face but slightly retreating, concave in 
I ee eet ree oe rt ote. eee. pratorum Fallice. 

In addition to the above flavipalpis is considerably larger ise 
pratorum, 4.5-5 mm. as against 2.5-3.5 mm. 

Locality of specimens of flavipalpis: Champaign, Illinois, June 
_ 22, 1888, two males (Marten and Hart). 

Type: Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist. collection. 


Chloropisca Loew. 


There is present on the postero-dorsal surface of the hind tibia. 
in the species belonging to this genus an elongate oval, flattened 
area, which occupies about two-thirds of the length of the tibia. 
This area is slightly depressed and ‘thickly covered with closely set, 
short hairs, which leads me to consider that this area is the seat of 
some sensory organ. I have examined examples of the following 
genera and find that this organ is present in varying extent in: 
Chloropisca, Pseudochlorops, Crassiseta, Melanocheta, and Botanobia, 
and absent in the species I have examined in Elliponeura, Ecte- 
cephala, Meromyza, Neodiplotoxa, Diplotoxa, Chlorops, and Epi- 
chlorops. 

The amount of material available to me at present is not such 
that I can form any distinct idea of the significance of this organ 
in the classification, nor do I know what the organ may have as 
its function; but it is not improbable that it may prove of con- 
siderable value in classifying this rather closely allied group. It 
appears rather strange to me that Chloropisca,.which has very 
much the general habitus of, and is very similar in food habits to. 
Chlorops, should have this organ well developed, whereas the latter 


118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


genus so far as I have discovered, should not possess the organ. — 


Possibly the examination of more material, and living examples, 
may throw more light upon this matter. , 


Chloropisca obtusa, n. sp. 


Female shining yellow. Frontal triangle glossy, brownish 
black; basal joints of antennze brown, upper margin of third joint 
blackened, the lower part yellow; face and cheeks yellow; proboscis 
palpi, and clypeus yellow; arista brown, yellow at base. Meso- 
notum with the three glossy black stripes very broad, the area 
_hetween them suffused with black, giving the disk the appearance 
of being entirely black, the narrow black stripes before wing base 
separated from the sub-dorsal stripes except anteriorly; mesopleura 
with a small black spot; the mark on sternopleura reddish yellow, 
scutellum yellow; postnotum glossy black. Abdomen with a 
broad, black, foremarginal band on each segment. ' Legs yellow: 
apical three joints of fore tarsi and apical joint of other tarsi 
blackened; sensory organ not differing from colour of hind tibia. 
Wings clear, veins brown, last section of fourth vein less distinct 
than the other veins. Halteres whitish yellow. 

Frontal triangle occupying about three-fourths the width of 
frons at vertex, carried forward of almost equal width for almost 
two-thirds the length of frons, then gradually tapering to just 


above antenne, the apical third leaf like, the sides slightly convex, . 


surface unpunctured, smooth; third joint of antenne about 114 
times as long as broad; arista about as long as width of frons at 
anterior margin; face slightly receding; cheek about one-fifth as 
high as eye; eye distinctly, but not greatly, higher than long. 
Scutellum distinctly broader than long, not so noticeably sub- 
triangular as in glabra Meigen, the apical bristles present. Legs 
slender, the fore tarsi not thickened; sensory organ occupying about 
three-fifths the length of the hind tibia. Wing with discal cell 
narrow, inner cross-vein well before end of first vein; penultimate 
section of fourth vein distinctly longer than basal section of third, 


longer than last section of fifth and about half as long as last section | 


of fourth. 


Length: 3.5 mm. j 


Wa Spe en ee en 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 119 


Locality: Champaign, Illinois, ‘swept from amongst grass ain 3 
weeds,’ May 30, 1889 (Marten). 7 

Type: Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist. collection. 

This species may be separated from any previously described 
form by the obtuse frontal triangle. It is most closely allied t>. 
glabra Meigen. 


Chloropisca glabra, var. clypeata, n. var. 

This variety may be separated from the type form its by being _ 
larger, 3 mm., in having the third antennal joint 114 times as lonz 
as broad, the clypeus yellow, instead of black as in glabra, and the 
sternopleura without the black spot. 

Localities: Algonquin, Illinois, September 21, 1894 (W. A. 
Nason), Urbana, Illinois, swept from catalpa, June 21, 1888 
(Marten); Urbana, Illinois, July 15, 1887, in woods (C. A. Hart). 

This form may really be a distinct species, but colour alone is 
not a reliable guide to the separation of species in this genus, an I 
till I see more material, I consider it best to give the form varietal 
rank only. 


Pseudochlorops, n. gen. 


The type species of this genus is Chlorops unicolor Loew. fe 
differs from Chlorops in having a distinct sensory area on the hind. 
tibia, and from Chiloropisca in having the scutellum convex. . 


Prohippelates Malloch (Pr. U.S. N. M., 1913). 


The type of this genus is Hippelates pallidus Loew. This genus 
and its allies, Hippelates, Pseudohippelates and Ceratobarys, have: 
been dealt with in a paper which I have now in the press. 


Pseudohippelates Malloch (Pr. U.S. N. M.; 1413). 
The type of this genus is Pseudohippelates capax Coquillett. 


Siphunculina Rondani. 
To-this genus belongs Siphonella reticulata Loew. 


Neogaurax, n. gen. 
The type of this genus is Gaurax montanus Coquillett. It 
differs, as indicated, in the foregoing table, from Gaurax in the 


— 


120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


shape of the scutellum and is more closely allied to Botanobia than ~ 
to Gaurax, differing from it principally in the distinctly pubescent — 


arista. 


Chaetochlorops, n. gen. 


The type of this genus is Siphonella-inquilina Coquillett. The 


characters given in the foregoing table should suffice for its identifi- 
cation. This is the only species I know which is referable to this 
genus. 
The other changes-in generic names I have already dealt with 
in the Canddian Entomologist, 1913, p. 175. 


A PHALANGID DRINKS MILK. 


I generally have a cup of milk placed in my room, which I 
drink after I have finished my nocturnal rounds of my treacled 
trees. : 

The other night I saw a very fine specimen of a Harvestman 
(Phalangid) in the saucer. Wondering what brought him there, 
I managed to remove the cup without disturbing him, and found 
that a small quantity of milk had been spilt into the saucer and 
that the spider was taking a drink. 


He first anchored his fourth pair of legs on the rim of the 
saucer; then gradually—very slowly—lowered his body till it was 


nearly touching the liquid. It was then tipped forward and down- . 


wards, until the mouth was in contact with the milk. After about 


a minute he raised himself to his ordinary standing height and 


began to clean his mouth, opening and shutting his mandibles (or 
whatever they are) like a pair of compasses. I was surprised at 
their size—far larger and more formidable looking than one expects 
from the size of the creature. Then he raised one or other of his 
second pair of legs and used the claw to finish the cleaning process. 
This done to his satisfaction he took another drink. This he did 
three successive times, and then, satisfied I suppose, took his 


departure. I noticed he was most careful to keep his feet out of. 


milk.—E. FrrMSTONE HEATH, 


The Hermitage, near Cartwright, Man. 
September 6th, 1913. 


Poe omg 
Rl ta Pt | a ai ye eee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 121 


—— 


A NOTE UPON THE FOOD HABITS OF ADULT 
TENTHREDINIDE. 


Whilst collecting insects. on the 13th of May, 1913, I was 
interested to observe an adult 7enthredo variegatus engaged in feed- 
ing upon the remains of a small Dipterous insect, and was fortun- 
ately able to secure the specimen alive and unharmed. 


I kept it in confinement for some days and was able to make 
some observations upon the feeding habits of this species. 


It was found to feed greedily upon house flies, which were 
seized with great violence as soon as they were introduced into the 
jar in which the Tenthredo was confined. A wound was then made 
in the body, into which the mouth parts were introduced and the 
contents of the body consumea. 


On some occasions an attempt was made to drag the fly from 
the forceps, which were used to place it in the jar, the saw-fly | 
shewing great excitement, constantly dashing about and jerking its 
legs and wings in the manner of certain predaceous wasps. 


The above note is offered as a contribution to a subject upon 
which I believe little is at present definitely known. 


E. P. VENABLEsS, Vernon, B.C. 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF APHIDID. 
BY JOHN J. DAVIS, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C. 
(Continued from Page 87.) 

Myzus circumflexum (Bucktou). 

(Siphonophora circumflexa Buckton). 

(Myzus vince Gillette). 


This beautiful Myzus was first reported in this country by 
Mr. F. A. Sirrine,* who found it attacking calla lily, cyclamen 
“dusty miller’ (Senecio cineraria) and Spiraxig in green- 
_ houses, it being especially troublesome to the calla. Prof. 


*14th Ann. Rept. N.Y. Agric. Expt. Station, 1896, p. 603. 
April, 1914 


122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


C. P. Gillette has reported it from liliaceous plants, asparagus 
fern, Aquilegia, Rumex sp., and Vinca in greenhouses, while 
the writer has found it common and _ often injurious to 
such greenhouse plants as Vinca, Asparagus fern, Adiantum 
hybridum, and calla lily, at Chicago, Ill. Specimens of this aphidid 
have been received from Prof. R. H. Pettit, who collected it 
on-calla lily and Freesia in greenhouses-at East Lansing, Mich. 
Recently (February 1, 1913) the writer found this species very 
common on sprouts of various plants in the cold plant room of the 
Botany Department of the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station 
at La Fayette, Ind. Here it was found breeding abundantly on 
the following plants: Anemone cylindrica, Aquilegia canadensis, 
Arabis, Artemisia dracunculoides, Aster dumosus, A. multiformis, 
A. paniculatus, Carduus flodmanti, Malvastrum coccineum, Polymnia 
canadensis, Rumex obtusifolius, Sambucus canadensis, Senecio 
(foliosa) serra (?) (so labeled), Steironema lanceolatum, Viola 
nuttallii. It was also breeding on the following, but not so abun- 
dantly: Aguilegi  flavescens (so labeled), Ranunculus acris, Rud- 
beckia laciniata, and Solidago missouriensis. From this it will b2 
seen that this species is capable of living and breeding on a large 
variety of plants, and in this respect, as well as in its habits, it 
resembles Myzus persice (in greenhouses) and, in fact, the two 
species are not infrequently found intermingled in the same 
colonies. Even in the cold plant room just mentioned, where 
during the past winter the temperature was often as low as 40° F., 
no sexual forms were observed. 


We have recently received specimens of this species from Dr. 
Albert Tullgren of Sweden, and are able to identify our American 
forms as the same as the European. It has, so far as we are able to 
learn, always been referred to the genus Macrosiphum by European 
‘students of Aphididae, but it is without doubt a typical member of 
the genus Myzus. 


For a complete description of this species see Prof. Gillette’s 
paper on ‘‘New Species of Colorado Aphididae, with notes upon 
their life-habits,”’ in the Canadian Entomologist, volume 40, page 
19, 1908. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 123 


_ Myzus lycopersici (Clarke). 
(Macrosiphum lycopersici Clarke.) 


This species was first identified by Mr. H. F. Wilson as Ma- 
crosiphum lycopersici Clarke, from specimens collected on wheat 
and tomato in Montana, sent him by Prof. R. A. Cooley. The 
Clarke collection of Aphididae, which contained all his type speci- 


- mens, was destroyed in the San Francisco earthquake and fire, and 
consequently it was not possible positively to identify the species. 
The fact that the original description of this species agrees fairly 
well with the species here described, that it was found not uncom- 
mon on tomato, the type host, and that it has been found by Mr. 
Wilson in Oregon, where the fauna is not unlike that of the 
northern half of California, tend to establish the identity of this 
species beyond little doubt. 


Wingless viviparous female. 
(Pl. V, fig. 26.) 


Entire body pale lemon-yellow, the head usually whitish 
yellow, with a more or less distinct longitudinal dorsal median line 
of pale green colour; also, an area at base of cornicles of a deeper 
yellow is usually discernible, and often one or more of the red eyes 
of the young within show through the body wall. Antenne having 
segments I and II concolorous with head; the remaining segments 
whitish semitransparent, excepting a faint duskiness at tips of III 
and IV, the tips of V and of base of VI and the distal third of 
filament of VI blackish; segments III and filament of VI subequal; 
) total length less than that of the body; one or two circular sensoria 
near base of segment III and the usual distal ones on V and base of 
VI. Eyes very dark reddish brown, apparently black under hand 
lens. Beak not quite reaching to coxe of second pair of legs. Legs 
whitish, the tips of tibia brownish and the tarsi dusky to blackish. 
Cornicles whitish yellow and semitransparent; cylindrical, and 
reaching ‘a little beyond tip of cauda. Cauda pale yellow or 
greenish yellow, paler than body colour. 


Average measurements from 8 individuals, alive and in balsam, 
as follows: Length of body, not including cauda, 1.90 mm.; 


124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


length, including cauda, 2.05 mm.; width; 0.83 mm.; 


cornicle 0.42 mm.; cauda 0.26 mm. 


Antennal measurements as follows: 


‘length of 


i > 
# 
Locality, Date, Etc. 


Il. 


mm, 


IV. 


mm, 


VI. 
(base) 
mm. 


VI. 
(fil.) 
mm, 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens*) 0.104 
Wheat, Aug. 23, 1912...... 


0.069 


0.504 


0.330 


0.148 


0.522 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens*) . 104 
Wheat, Aug. 23, 1912...... 


.069 


. 539 


. 348 


.313 


.148 


. 522 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) 
Wheat, Aug. 24, 1912...... 


495 


.313 


.278 


130 


La Fayette, Ind. 
Idaho specimens) .104 
Wheat, Aug. 24, 1912...... 


.078 


. 504 


.261 


. 139 


1.877 


~ La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) 
Wheat, Aug..24, 1912...... 


.470 


. 2438 


. 139 


-435 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) 
~ Wheat, Aug. 24, 1912...... 


.487 


-261 


226 


.139 


444 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) .096 
Wheat, Nov. 9, 1912....... 


- 069 


~ .330 


. 269 


. 139 


495 


1.893 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) 
Wheat, Nov. 9, 1912....... 


~296_ 


.278 


. 130 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) 096 
Wheat, Nov. 9, 1912....... 


. 069 


461 


.261 


.139 


452 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) . O87 
Wheat, Nov. 9, 1912....... 


.069 


.478 


269 


. 269 


-139 


.470 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho speci mens) r 6.096 
Wheat, Nov. 9, 1912....... 


. 069 


-487 


. 296 


- 296 


.148 


La Fayette, Ind. 


(Idaho specimens) ; 069 . 


Wheat, Nov. 9, 1912....... 


.069 


. 296 


.148 


487 


New Richmond, Ind., 
Oats, Nov. 9, 1912, .104 
Female producing. ........ 


.069 


365 


. 296 


. 139 


2.016 


New Richmond, Ind. 
‘Oats, Nov. 9, 1912, .104 
Female producing. ........ 


. 069 


313 


139 


New Richmond, Ind. 
Oats, Nov. 9, 1912, 
Female producing. ........ 


487 


.278 


139 


* Measurements from living specimens. 


tog 


—_— > « 


a 


Fic. 14.—Myczus lycopersict, winged viviparous female. 


126 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Winged viviparous female. 
(Fig. 14 and PI. V, figs. 27-30). 


Head pale yellow, with a slight dusky tint near posterior —- 
border; the antennal tubercles typical of the genus Myzus. An- - 
tennz with segments I and II whitish with a slight yellowish tint, 
II sometimes faintlygdusky, III with extreme base pale and the 
remainder blackish, IV and V pale with dusky to blackish tips, 
base of -VI blackish and ‘filament of VI pale with blackish tip (in 
some specimens the entire antenna excepting segments I, II and 
extreme base of III is blackish); segments III and filament of VI 
subequal, sometimes the one and sometimes the other being larger; 
total length less than that of the body; segment_III with 18 to 26 
circular sensoria, and the usual distal ones on segments V and base 
of VI. Eyes dark reddish brown, almost black. Ocelli bordered 
with conspicuous dark wings. Beak reaching only a little beyond 
coxe of the first pair of legs. Thorax yellowish, with the thoracic 
plates yellowish brown and their apices of a darker tint. Wing 
veins pale brownish and narrow, branching as shown in illustration. 


Femora whitish, with a faint yellowish or greenish tint, the tip 
dusky; tibiz pale brownish with blackish tip; tarsi blackish. Ab- 
domen pale lemon-yellow and with a longitudinal, dorsal median 
line of a pale green colour, which is often more or less inconspicuous; 
sometimes the fall forms show three very faint dull-yellowish spots. 
on each side of abdomen, anterior to the cornicles. Cornicles 
whitish, with a faint yellowish tint and semitransparent, reaching 
a little beyond tip of cauda, cylindrical and very slightly flaring at 
tip. Cauda pale yellow, slightly paler than body colour. 


Average measurements from 15 individuals in balsam as 
follows: Length of body, not including cauda, 1.8 mm.; length, 
including cauda, 1.9 mm.; width 0.66 mm.; length of wing 3.6 mm, 
width 1.3 mm.; length of cornicle 0.43 mm., of cauda 0.22 mm. 
Antennal measurements as follows: 


eat, Oct. 11, 1912...... 


pes par Ill. Iv. Vv. VI. AP 
; a- 
‘Locality, Date, Etc. (base) | ments)} Total. 
mm mm, mm. mm mim, mm mm. mm 
. 703. Bozeman, Mont.,celery 
Aug. 30, 1911, J. R. Parker.| 0.104 | 0.087 | 0.696 | 0.530 | 0.409 | 0.165 | 0.591 | 2.582 
709. Bozeman, Mont.,celery| : 
Aug. 39, 1911, J. R. Parker. .104 .087 4 .713 AST 417 .165 .574 | 2.547 
707. eman,, Mont,. wheat : . 
Aug. 26, 1912) H. F. Dietz.. . 104 .078 661 417 . 365 . 156 7058. | 2, 337 
707. Boz2man, Mont.,wheat! 
Aug. 26, 1912, H. F. Dietz... . 104 .087 . 643 499 .391 . 156 .574 | 2.355 
709. Bozeman, Mont.,tomato' 
Aug. 30, 1911, J. R. Parker. O87 . 643 .470 . 383 156 . 661 ‘ 
709. Bozeman,Mont.,tomato, 
Aug. 30, 1911, J. R. Parker. .626 .487 383 155 643 
707. Boz2man, Mont.,wheat) 
Aug. 26, 1912, H. F. Dietz. . .104 .O87 .748 .§22 .435 .165 1.6387 } 2.748 
707. Bozeman, Mont.,wheat! 
Aug. 26, 1912, H. F. Dietz.. .104 .087 . 765 . 530 .443 165 .721 | 2.815 
Shoshone, Idaho, oats, 
‘July 18, 1912, T. H. Parks... . 104 . O87 .539 .400 348 . 156 
Shoshone, Idaho, oats 
July 18, 1912, T. H. Parks.. i 594 348 . 296 .148 539 
La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho ys eorny gre .096 O70 522 .356 . 304 .156 .548 | 2.052: 
Wheat, Aug. 9, 1912....... : 
La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) .096 078 -§22 .348 . 287 .148 .556 | 2.035 
Wheat, Aug. 9, 1912....... 
La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) 104 O87 574 .499 .365 .156 . 574 | 2.269: 
Wheat, Oct. 10,1912...... 
La Fayette, Ind. 
. (Idaho specimens) .104 0387 51 435 .365 .165 .690:] 2.347 
Wheat, Oct. 10, 1912...... , 
La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) .104 078 635 417 374 156 .591 | 2.364. 
Wheat, Oct. 10, 1912...... 
La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho ecvpsrs) . 104 .078 643 499 365 .156 582:'] 2.346. 
Wheat, te 10, AVIS ik. 
La Fayette, Ind. 
Senay ecimens) .104 .087 699 435 .383 .165 .609 | 2.383 
heat, 28; 2018 Fe. ‘ 
La Fayette, Ind. 7 ; 
I(daho specimens) 096 .078 582 .461 .409 . 156 .574' | 2.347 
Wheat, Oct. 11, 1912...... 
La Fayette, Ind. . 
(Idaho specimens) .622 443 .383 . 165 . 6900 
Wheat, Oct..11, 1912...... 
. La Fayette, Ind. 
Idaho, specimens) 591 435 .383 156 591 


128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


i: Il. Ill. IV. Vv. VI. VI. 
(fila- 
Locality, Date, Etc. (base) | ments)] Total. 
mm, mm, mm. mm. mm, mm. mm, mm. 
La Fayette, Ind. 


(Idaho specimens) .113 .078 - 696 .513 -400 .174 .643 | 2.617 


Wheat, October, 1912...... 


La Fayette, Ind. < 
(Idaho specimens) Sete eee .748 . 508 417 .165 .626 
Wheat, October, 1912...... 


La Fayette, Ind. 


(Idaho specimens) :121 | .087 .713 . 522 365 -165 -643 | 2.616 ~ 


Wheat, October, 1912...... 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) .113 .078 .730 |. .504 . 383 .165 .609 | 2.583 
Wheat, October, 1912...... 1 


La Fayette, Ind. (Idaho 
specimens), Wheat, Oct., 
1910, female producing} .104 .087 .591 .400 .339 .148 .539 | 2.208 
oviparous females......... 


La Fayette, Ind. (Idaho 
specimens), wheat, Oct., 
1910, female producing} .104 .078 .591 .417 . 348 .148 .530 | 2.216 
Oviparous females......... . 


La Fayette, Ind. (Idaho 
specimens), wheat, Oct., 
1910, female producing} .096 .078 .522 .348 .313 .148 .522 | 2.027 
oviparous females......... 


La Fayette, Ind. (Idaho 
specimens, wheat, Oct., 
1910, female producing] .104 .078 .504 .356 .3813 .148 .522 | 2.025 
oviparous females......... 


Pupa of Male: 


Entire body pale yellowish or cream colour, the abdomen with 
a faint pink tint in the ground colour. Neck with a decided pink 


tint. Abdomen with a longitudinal dorsal median area of deep — 


pink, the anterior end of which terminates in a diffused pink area, 
this extending on to the thorax. Antenne whitish, excepting V, 
base of VI and filament of VI (except central area of this segment), 
which are dusky to blackish. Eyes dark red. Legs whitish, ex- 
cepting tarsi, which are blackish. Cornicles whitish. 


Winged male. 
(Fig. 15, Pl. V, fig. 31.) 

Head pale at anterior portion, becoming dusky to brownish 
posteriorly. Antennz with segments I and II whitish with a slight 
duskiness, the remaining segments blackish to black; from 48 to 
59 circular sensoria, irregularly placed, on ITI, none on IV, 6 to 10 
on V, not including the usual distal one, more or less in a row and 


ee ee ad Oe eS ee ee. on oe 


» eo * 


661 


‘gyeUr pasurar ‘191sagoot] snstyy—'cy “oly 


130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. | 


usually on distal half of segment, the usual distal ones_on base of 


segment VI; segments III and filament of VI subequal, the latter 


usually being slightly the longer; total length.greater than that of 
the body. Eyes dark red; ocelli marked with dark rings. Thoracic 
lobes brownish or olive brown. Wings with fine blackish veins, 
the venation as for the viviparous female. Legs pale, excepting 
tips of femora, bases and extremities of tibiae, and the tarsi, which 
are dusky to black. Abdomen pale pinkish, with the longitudinal 
dorsal median area darker and rather conspicuous; the area at base 
of cornicles yellowish; on each side, anterior to the cornicles, not 
visible from .the dorsal aspect, are three dark spots. Cornicles 
whitish, semitransparent, with a yellowish tint basally, cylindrical, 
reaching to or slightly beyond tip of cauda. Cauda pale yellow 
or cream colour. 


~ Average measurements from 9 individuals mounted in balsam: 
Length of body, not including cauda, 1.63 mm.; length, including 
cauda, 1.80 mm., width 0.59 mm.; length of wing 3.6 mm, width 
1.35 mm.; length of cornicle 0.36 mm.; length of cauda 0.17 mm. 
Antennal measurements as follows: 


I II IIt IV. V VI a 
? a= 
Locality, Date, Etc. (base) | ment)] Total. 


y mm, mm. mm. mm. min. mm. mm, 
peta a erg Ind.,.oats | 0.104 | 0.087 | 0.714 | 0.539 | 0.487 | 0.191 | 0.730 | 2.852 
Nov. 15, 1912........%. 


New Richmond, Ind., oats, 
Woy. 15, 0012. eee .069 . 087 .678 .452 .407 .165 .661 | 2.546 


New Richmond, Ind., oats, 


Now. 15, 1092... Serer .096 . 087 . 661 452 435 165 -669 | 2.565 + 9 


New Richmond, Ind., oats, 
Now, 15,’ 1982. 485 .096 .070 591 .424 . 383 . 156 .678 | 2.398 


New Richmond, Ind., oats, 
Nov: 18,1993. cre .096 .070 .591 417 .372 .165 .626 | 2.337 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) . 104 .070 . 650 .4385-77~ .435 . 156 .678 | 2.528 
Wheat, Oct. 21, 1912....... ‘ : 


La Fayette, Ind. . 
(Idaho specimens) 104 .078 .591 AIT 407 .165 .609 | 2.371 
Wheat, Oct. 21, 1912....... 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) .104 .078 .591 435 .407 . 156 .652 | 2.423 
Wheat, Oct. 21, 1912....:. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _ 131 


I II III. IV. Vv VI Ae 
‘ i ‘ a- 
Locality, Date, Etc. f (base) ment)]. Total. 
mm mm mm mm. mm mm mm mm 


La Fayette, Ind. ) 
(Idaho specimens) 087 | .070 | .617] .389]| .383| .148] .626 | 2.319 
Wheat, Oct: 21, 1912....... ; 


La Fayette, Ind. : 
Idaho specimens) .087 .070 .685 459 .435 .174 .696 | 2.606 
Poaney. 1, 1912... 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) O87 .070 .678 452 .435 . 156 . 696 
Wheat, Nov. 1, 1912....... 


La Fayette, Ind. ; 
(Idaho specimens) O87 .070 . 643 .383 .400 . 156 635 | 2.374 
Wheat, Nov. 1, 1912....... 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) .096 .070 . 626 . 400 365 . 156 . 626 
, Wheat, Nov. 1, 1912....... 


La Fayette, Ind. . 
(Idaho specimens) . 104 .070 .730 .522 495 .191 .748 | 2.860 
Wheat, Nov.15, 1912...... 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) . 104 .070 .713 . 522 .495 
PIOY. 10; 1912. vo, sos : 


to 
or 
~J 
rs 


339 


i) 


Wingless oviparous female. 


(Fig. 16, Pl. V, fig. 32, and PI. VII, fig. 33.) 


Head and prothorax white, remainder of body a pale cadium 
vellow, the last two abdominal segments paler yellow. Antenne 
having segments I and II 
concolorous with head, the 
remaining segments whit- 
ish transparent, excepting_ 
tips of IV, V, base of VI 
and distal third of filament ~ 
of VI, which are dusky; 
filament of segment VI the 
longest, being invariably 
longer than III; total 
length less than that of the 
body; segment III with 1 
or 2 circular sensoria near 
: base (some specimens ap- 
Fic. 16.—M. lycosersici, wingless oviparous female. Pear to have this segment 


132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


bare of sensoria) and the usual distal ones at tips of 
V and at base of VI. Eyes blackish. Beak just reaching to coxa 
of second pair of legs. Legs whitish transparent, excepting tips of 
tibiz, which are dusky, and the tarsi, which are blackish. Hind 
tibiz swollen and bearing 75 or more irregularly placed circular 
sensoria. Cornicles whitish transparent, not quite reaching to tip 
of cauda in fully matured individuals. Cauda pale to whitish 


green. 


Average measurements from 5 individuals mounted in balsam: 
Length of body, not including cauda, 1.38 mm.; length to tip of 
cauda 1.48 mm., width 0.61 mm.; length of cornicle 0.295 mm.; 
_ length of cauda0.16mm. Antennal measurements as follows: 


} II. Ill. IV. 7. VI. VI. 
(fila- 
Locality, Date, Etc. : (base) | ment) |[Total. 
“mm. mm. mm. mm, mm. mm, mm, mm. 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) a Fe. .... | 0.313 | 0.174 | 0.165 | 0.122 | 0.339 
Wheat, Dec. 2; 1912....... : 


La Fayette, Ind. . 
(Idaho specimens) .087 .070 . 296 .191 .191 .113 .3891 | 1.339 
Wheat, Dec. 2, 1912....... 


La Fayette, Ind. . M 
(Idaho specimens) .087 .070 | 296 . 290 . 200 .113 .400 1.366 
Wheat, Dec. 2, 1912 


‘La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) .087 .061 .339 . 243 . 209 .113 .383 } 1.435 
Wheat, Nov. 20, 1912...... 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) . 087 .061 356 . 243 . 209 .113 .409 | 1.478 
Wheat, Nov. 20, 1912...... : 


La Fayette, Ind. 
(Idaho specimens) . 087 061 .278 .209 2226 . 104 .374 | 1.339 
Wheat, Nov. 20, 1912...... c 


La Fayette, Ind. - 
(Idaho specimens) . 087 .061 . 287 .191 .217 .122 .400 | 1.365 
Wheat, Nov. 20, 1912...... ; 


New Richmond, Ind. 
Wheat, Nov. 9, 1912.....] .087 .061 .348 2252 . 209 .113 -417 | 1.487 


Egg: 
(Fig. 17.) 


The egg when first laid is pale yellowish green colour, later 
changing to jet black. It measures 0.0678 mm. by 0.3304 mm. 


PLATE VII. 


CAN. ENT., Vow. XLVI. 


Lu 
< 
oO 
= 
x 
. 
<t 
z 
= 
oO 
Z 
< 
uJ 
aad 
tk 
ae 
=i 
oO 
Zz 
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= 
Gs 


134 | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


During oviposition, which requires 14 minutes for the deposition 
of a single egg, the female holds the cauda 
perpendicular to the body. 

This’ interesting species was first re- 
ceived from Mr. T. H. Parks, of this 
Bureau, who found it quite common on 

Fig. 17.—W. ycopersidl; <0 nee Shoshone, Idaho, July 18, 

egg. 1912, and later at Blackfoot and Idaho 
Falls, Idaho, August 7, 1912. The same species was received from 
Mr. E. J. Vosler, who collected it on oats at Salt Lake City, Utah. 
Later in the year (October 8) the writer found the pupe of vivi- 
parous females, as well as wingless viviparous females, which were 
giving birth to the beautiful and conspicuous pinkish males, in 
abundance on volunteen oats near an elevator at New Richmond, 


Ind. Specimens collected at Bozeman, Mont., in August of 1911 


and 1912 on wheat, tomato, and celery were received from Prof. 
R. A. Cooley and Mr. H. F. Dietz. Mr. Dietz informs me that 
they also found. the pinkish males on wheat at the same time, 
although it was not known then that they and the pale yellow 
forms on the same plant were specifically identical. 

In rearing cages at La Fayette, Ind., pink and yellow young 


were obtained from wingless viviparous females. The former 


became winged males, while the latter became winged viviparous 
females, which in turn gave birth to oviparous females. The winged 
males were quite restless in the cages containing wheat plants, as 
were also the sexupare, and it was only rarely that the latter could 
be induced to give birth to an oviparous female on the wheat 
plants, although most of those born there did feed and mature on 


the wheat. Mr. Dietz states. that in August, at the time his col- | 


lections were made, the winged forms were apparently migrating 
to some unknown host. The same was true at New Richmond, 
Ind., where the species was found in abundance on oats. Thus it 
seems quite probable that the males and the winged viviparous 
females (sexupara) migrate to some unknown host in the fall of 
the year, where the oviparous females are born and the winter eggs 
‘deposited. 

Besides the plants enumerated above, we have a this 
species through several generations in the insectary on rye. 

(To be continued.) 


; 
é 
7 
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Zz 


ca 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 135 


MEETINGS OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. 


During the first part of the present season, up to the end of 
the year, the Toronto Branch of the Entomological Society of 
- Ontario has made good progress. Four new members have been 
elected, and there has been a distinct increase in the attendance 
at the meetings. Three meetings have been held at which very 
interesting papers have been presented. A little variety has been 
given by the fact that two of the papers have not been confined 
strictly to entomology, but have been of a somewhat wider character. 

At the October meeting of the Branch, Dr. A. Cosens read a 
paper upon ‘‘Some Captures of the Season,” exhibiting a number 
of specimens taken during the past summer. A considerable num- 
ber of species of galls had been obtained which Dr. Cosens had not 
found before. 

This paper was followed by an account by Dr. E. M. Walker 
of a peculiar insect which he found at Banff last summer. Two 

female specimens had been obtained. which were shown to those 
present, and which represent not only a new species and genus, but 
a new family of the Orthoptera, and appear to be of a more primitive 
_ type than any of the members of the order known hitherto.* 

At the November meeting, Mr. E. Horne Craigie gave a paper 
entitled, ‘‘Summer Work in Scotland.”” He showed specimens of 
several species of galls obtained in Scotland during the past season, 
along with some specimens of similar Canadian species, which were 
kindly lent by Dr. Cosens. He then went on to describe the work 
on S. S. ‘“‘Goldseeker,’’ the scientific cruiser of the Fishery Board 
for Scotland, on which he spent some time this summer, working 
in the North Sea and the Faroe, Shetland Channel. The paper 
was illustrated by lantern slides and specimens. 

At the December meeting Mr. Kenneth F. Auden gave an 
address upon ‘‘Arthropoda of the Bahamas,”’ illustrating his re- 
marks by specimens which he had brought from the Bahamas this 
summer. About one hundred insects and a large number of 
crustaceans, etc., were exhibited. 

Dr. E. M. Walker then addressed the meeting upon the subject 
of ‘Primitive Insects,’”’ pointing out just what the term implied, 

~ and describing some of the primitive characters of certain of the 


*Grylloblatta campodziformis Walk., Can. Ent., 46, pp. 93-99. 


136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Thysanura and Collembola, particularly of the genera. Machilis 
and Japyx of the Thysanura. These were compared with Scolo- 
pendrella, the typical genus of the class Symphyla, and the closest 
living relative of the insects. Specimens of these forms were shown, 
in which most of the features referred to were pointed out. 

The Branch was favoured with the presence at this meeting of 
Mr. Arthur Gibson, Chief Assistant Entomologist of the Division 
of Entomology, Ottawa, who gave an interesting outline of the 
work of the Division both at Ottawa and in the field. He stated 
that since the new Division had been established in 1908, under 
the direction of Dr. Hewitt as Dominion Entomologist, the work 
had increased very rapidly.. This was largely due to the finding of 
nests of the Brown-tail Moth in importations of nursery stock 
from Europe, which necessitated the passing by Parliament of the 
Destructive Insect and Pest Act (under the provisions of which 


nursery stock entering Canada is inspected by inspectors of he - 
Division) and the establishment of Field Stations in the different - 


Provinces. The field work in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in 
connection with the Brown-tail Moth was discussed and many 
questions asked by members present. Mr. Gibson spoke of his own 
and Mr. Strickland’s work in Alberta in the control of a Cutworm 
(Porosagrotis orthogonia) which during the past three years had 
devastated many wheat fields. A preliminary report on the in- 
vestigation was presented at the recent meeting of the Association 
of Economic Entomologists. E. Horne CralciE, Sec.-Treas. 


CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SERVICE. 


Mr. R. Neil Chrystal, B.Sc., of the University of Edinburgh, has 
been appointed a Field Officer for Forest Insect Investigations in che 
Entomological Branch of the Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. 
Mr. Chrystal, who is the son of Dr. Chrystal, Professor of Mathe- 
matics in the University of Edinburgh, graduated in forestry, in- 
cluding entomology, and afterwards studied forestry methods in 
Germany. During the last year he has been specializing on forest 
insects under Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall at Edinburgh University 
and Prof. Maxwell Lefroy of the Imperial. College of Science, 
London. He will be detailed for work in British Columbia during 
the coming summer. 


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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1Sz 


NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF TENTHREDINIDE : 
A FAMILY OF HYMENOPTERA.* 


BY ALEX. D. MACGILLIVRAY, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, ILL. 
(Continued from page 108). 


_ Astochus aldrichi, n.. sp—Female: Body black with the 
antenne, a short, fine line on the inner orbits, the legs below the 
trochanters, and the abdomen beyond the basal plates, rufous; 
the following parts: the labrum, a spot on each side of the labrum, 
a narrow interrupted band on the edge of the pronotum, the tegule, 
an ovate spot on the mesopleura, a spot above the posterior coxe, 
the front coxz beneath, the hind coxe beneath and at sides, the 
trochanters, and the stigma in great part, yellowish white; the 
ocellar basin elevated at sides and concave at middle; the frontal. 
furrow deep and broad, extending to the supraclypeal area; head 
and thorax polished; postocellar area broader than long, with a 
* deep median furrow, interrupting the posterior margin of the head; 
the wings slightly infuscated; the saw-guides convex above and’ 
below, convergent toward apex, obliquely truncated at apex. 
Length, 8 mm. 

Habitat.—Juliaetta, Idaho. 
This specimen was collected by Professor J. M. Aldrich, for 
whom the species is named. 


‘Kincaidia, n. gen—Front wings with the radial cross-vein, 
the radio-medial cross-vein, the free part of Rs and Rs present; 
the medio-cubital cross-vein joined to R+M some distance before 
the origin of M; Sci wanting; the free part of Rsand the transverse 
part of Me not interstitial; the free part of the second anal vein: 
short, erect, transverse; the contraction of the third anal vein 
indicated; the hind wings with the free part of Ra and the trans- 
verse part of Mz present; the first anal cell almost as long as the’ 

one in front of it; antennz with nine segments; compound eyes 
- with the inner margins parallel and distant; the basal plates 
divided; the claws cleft. Type, Tenthredopsis ruficorna MacG. 
This genus is related to Astochus. It is named for Professor 
Trevor Kincaid, from whom I have received many interesting 
species of sawflies from the Pacific Coast. 


* Contributiors from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of. 
Illinois, No. 37. 
April, 1914 


138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Neopus MacG.—Front wings with the radial cross-vein, the 
radio-medial cross-vein, the free part of Ra and Rs all present; 
the medio-cubital cross-vein joined to R+M a considerable distance 
before the origin of M; Sci obsolete on its costal half, located near 
the medio-cubital cross-vein; the free part of the second anal vein 
short, erect, and transverse; the contraction of the third anal vein 
indicated; hind wings with the free part of Ra and the transverse 
part of Me wanting; antenne with nine segments; the clypeus 
emarginate; compound eyes with their inner margins straight and 
parallel and distant; the basal plates divided; the claws cleft. 
Type, Tenthredopsis 14-punctatus Norton. 


This genus is related to Tenthredopsis. This name was first 
used in Smith’s Report of the Insects of New Jersey, 1910, p. 585, 
where it is properly accredited. Mr. S. A. Rohwer, in a paper on 
the genera of the Tenthredinoidea; has accredited this name and 
some others by the writer, used for the first time in this list, to 
Mr. H. L. Viereck. It is unfortunate that such references should 
have been used in a paper of this sort. Mr. Rohwer’s conclusions 
in respect to the authority for these names is discussed by Mr. 
Viereck in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Wash- 
ington, Vol. 13, 1911, p. 94. 


Tenthredo neoslossoni, n. sp.—Female: Body black, with 
the following parts yellowish white: the clypeus, the labrum, 
mandibles at base, spot on the supraclypeal area, the collar, the 
scutellum, a spot above the posterior coxe, the sides of the basal 
plates, and the tarsi, yellow; the following parts rufous: the anten- 
ne, a minute spot on each inner orbit, the tegulz, the front femora _ 
beneath, the front and middle tibiz, the basal three-fourths of the 
hind tibiz, and abdominal segments two to four; antenna with the 
third segment distinctly longer than the fourth; the clypeus deeply 
emarginate; the head and thorax roughened; the wings yellowish, 
the veins, including the costa and stigma brownish; the saw-guides 
bluntly rounded at apex. Length 10 mm. | 


Habitat.—Franconia, New Hampshire, Mrs. Annie Trumbull 
Slosson, Collector, for whom the species is named. 


This species belongs to the mellina and redimacula group. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 139 


Macrophya melanopleura, n. sp.—Female: Body black, 
with the following parts yellowish white; the clypeus, the labrum, 
the basal segment of the antennz, the collar broadly, the tegulz, 
the scutellum, the postscutellum, the basal plates, the front and 
middle legs, the hind coxz except the part beneath, the hind tro- 
chanters, the basal half of the hind femora, .a broad ring on the hind 
tibiz, and the hind tarsi; the third segment of the antenne longer 
than the fourth; the head and thorax coarsely and densely punc- 
tured; the saw-guides with the uppér and lower margins straight, 
subparallel, the apex obliquely, truncated with the angles rounded. 
Length 9 mm. 


Habitat.—Massachusetts. Received from the Hatch Experi- 
ment Station, Amherst, Massachusetts, through Professor H. T. 
Fernald. 


A species related to fascialis Nort. and varia Nort. from which 
it is differentiated by having well-developed vertical furrows. 


Macrophya confusa, n. sp.—Female: Body black, with the 
clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles, the collar, the tegula, a band 
on the pleura, a spot above the hind coxe, the front and middle 
legs except a spot on the apex of their femora beneath and the 
apices of their tibiz, the hind coxe and trochanters, the basal half 
of the hind femora, a ring on the hind tibia, and the hind tarsi 
except the apices of the segments; the antenne with the third 
segment longer than the fourth; the head finely punctured; the 
wings hyaline, the veins and stigma brownish; the saw-guides 
obliquely, bluntly rounded. Length 9 mm. 


Habitat.—Pennsylvania. Received through Professor C. F. 


~ Baker. 


This species is related to pulchella Klg., from which it differs 
in the amount and coarseness of the punctuation on the mesopleura. 


Macrophya ornata, n. sp.—Female: Body black, with the 
_ following parts white: the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles, the 
collar, the tegule, the scutellum, the front legs except a fuscous line 
on the tibia at apex above, the middle legs except a ring on the 
apex of the tibia, the apical half of the hind coxe, the hind tro- 
chanters, the basal one-third of the hind femora, a ring on the hind 


140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


tibize, and the hind tarsi beyond the middle of the first segment; 
the abdomen except the saw-guides rufous beyond the basal plates; 
the third segment of the antennz distinctly longer than the fourth; 
the head finely punctured; the wings slightly infuscated, the veins, 
including the costa and stigma, brownish; the saw-guides bluntly 
rounded at. apex. Length 8 mm. 


Habitat.—Ithaca, New York. 


This species is related to nidonea from which it differs in the 
colour of the abdomen. : 


NOTES ON THE WINTER AND EARLY SPRING 
COLEOPTERA OF FLORIDA, WITH DE- 
SCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 


BY W. S. BLATCHLEY, INDIANAPOLIS, =ND. 
(Continued from Page 92.) 


6611. Bassareus croceipennis Lec.—Quite frequent at San- 
ford and Ormond on oak in blossom. March 28-April 13. 


6621. Cryptocephalus bivius Newm.—Three examples of 
this large and handsome species were beaten singly from.oak at 
Dunedin, Eustis and Sanford. March 21—April 7. 


Cryptocephalus sanfordi Bl.—Three additional specimens 
were taken at Sanford and one at Dunedin. March 29—April 9. 


6638. Cryptocephalus incertus Oliv.—Quite frequent at 
Dunedin and at various points along the Kissimmee River on 
flowers of the- Ericad—Andromeda nitada Bart. January 21— ~ 
March 21. 


6644. Cryptocephalus tinctus Lec.—One example from the ~ 
same Ericad. . Istokpoga Creek, February 26. 


6645. Cryptocephalus lateritius Newm.—Three specimens | 


at Dunedin from the same shrub. January 15-March 19. 


6668. Pachybrachys limbatus Newm.—Six specimens beaten 
from oak at Ormond. April 3—April 14. 


April, 1914 


\ 
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 141 


6890. Diabrotica vincta Lec.—Two examples beaten from a 
tall ragweed (Ambrosia sp.?) near the mouth of Taylor's Creek on 
Lake Okeechobee, March 3. 


6932c. (@idionychus concinne Fab.—A half dozen or more 
beneath boards and other cover along the margins of shallow fresh 
water lakes just east of Dunedin. February 7—-March 24. One 
_ also at Ormond, April 6. I regard this as a distinct species, and 
not a variety of vians Ill., as listed. Aside from the differences in 
colour, it is much more finely and indistinctly punctate than vians. 


Haltica schwarzi, sp. nov.—Oblong-oval, feebly convex. 
Above, uniform piceous, strongly bronzed or brassy; joints 
4—10 of antennz piceous, finely pubescent, the three basal joints 
dark reddish; under surface and legs piceous. Eyes large, coarsely 
granulate. Thorax one-third wider than long, sides feebly rounded, 
ante-basal impression entire; disc convex, feebly- constricted near 
the apex, finely and very sparsely punctate. Elytra at base nearly 
one-half wider than thorax, sides parallel for three-fourths their 
length, then broadly rounded into apex; dise very finely alutaceous, 
distinctly but sparsely punctate, the punctures ending to form 
regular rows; a broad and shallow impression behind the scutellum; 
umbone not prominent. Under surface finely and closely punctate. 
Length 4.2—4.5 mm.; width 2.3 mm. 

Frequent on semi-aquatic plants along the shores of Lake 
Okeechobee. March 3—March 7. Larger than H. ignita and uni- 
form in colour as described. Umbone less prominent, its inner 
limiting depression obsolete. Elytra relatively longer, less convex, 
and more distinctly punctate. Of it Mr. E. A. Schwarz (to whom, 
for his many favours, I dedicate the species) says: ‘This ts one of 
the various (at least four) good species which we lump in collections 
under the name Haltica ignita,”’ 


Longitarsus cotulus, sp. nov. 


Oblong, narrowly oval, slender, apterous. Upper surface uni- 
form pale yellowish testaceous, finely but distinctly alutaceous; 
under surface dusky. Antenne slender, two-thirds as long as body, 
outer joints dusky, the second, third and fourth joints subequal in 
length. Thorax not wider than long, sides broadly rounded, disc 


142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


very finely and sparsely punctate. Elytra one-fourth wider at base 
than thorax, rather convex, umbone obsolete, sides parallel from 
just behind humeri two-thirds or more to apex, thence gradually 
converging to tips; disc finely and sparsely punctate, the punctures 
a little coarser than those of thorax. Wings absent. Length 1.7 
2 mm. 


Described from seven specimens swept from herbage at Kissim- 


mee. Dunedin, Eustis and Sanford. Februarv 16-April 7.  Ac- 
cording to Schwarz it is “very common in Florida on Mayweed or 
dog-fennel (Anthemis cotula L.), whence the specific name. 

Allied to testaceus Melsh, but body distinctly smaller, more 
slender and more parallel; inner wings and umbones absent and 
elytra much more finely and indistinctly punctate. 


7031. Phyllotreta robusta Lec.—Taken in large numbers at 
Sanford by sweeping herbage along borders of cypress swamps. 
Described from Garland, Colorado, and recorded elsewhere only 
from Lake County, Indiana. 


10,467. Psyllobora elegans Horn.—Three specimens taken by 
sweeping—one at Sanford, two at Ormond. April 3-14. 


7075. Chalepus scapularis Oliv.—Three examples of this 
species and about a dozen of the more handsome C. bicolor Oliv., 
were taken by sweeping low herbage along the border of a cypress 
swamp at Sanford. April 5-9. 


7095. Porphyraspis cyanea Say.—Mention is made of this 
rather common species to record the taking of several black speci- 
‘mens along the Kissimmee River. It occurs only on the leaves of 
the Saw palmetto, Serenoa serrulata Hook, which is probably the 
mgst common shrub in Florida 


7400. Merinus lzvis Oliv.—A single specimen of this ‘arge 
Tenebrionid was taken from beneath pine bark near Ormond on 


March 24. Horn, in his ‘‘Tenebrionide of America,’ records it — 


from the ‘Eastern and Middle States and more rarely in Canada.”’ 
It is uncommon in Indiana, and I can find no previous record 
of its occurrence in Florida. 


7408. Glyptotus cribratus Lec.—Four specimens were beaten 
from large bunches of Spanish moss near Dunedin. March 18—27 


~ 


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7 mn 


ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 143 


7426. Opatrinus aciculatus Lec.—This appears to be far 
more common in Central and Southern Florida than O. notus Say. 
Numerous specimens were taken at Dunedin and on the Kissim- 
mee River trip. It occurs beneath cover in moist sandy localities. 
January 20—March 24. 


7487. Eutochia crenata Lec.—Sifted one specimen from a 
dead fungus near Dunedin. January 23. 


Platydema subquadratum Mots.— One example, so 
named for me by Mr. Schwarz, was taken from an oak tree fungus 
near Dunedin, March 16.. It is 7.5 mm. in length, shining black, 
with legs and basal joints of antennz pale, and with elytral rows of 
punctures very small, close-set and unimpressed. 

7535. Hypophloeus thoracicus Mels.—Three examples from 
beneath bark of dead pine in open woods. Sarasota, January 28. 

7575. Talanus (Dignamptus) langurinus Lec.—Quite com- 
mon on the custard apple (Anona glabra Dunal) and a wild cucum- 
ber (Melothria pendula L.) along the borders of Lake Okeechobee 
and the lower stretches of the Kissimmee River. March 1-7. 
All the specimens taken were a shining dark chestnut brown, not 
black as described. Length 3.5-7 mm. 

I fully agree with Dr. John Hamilton (Can. Ent., XX VII, 321) 
that T. stenochinus and langurinus are only different sizes of the 
same species, the latter‘'and smaller perhaps being the male. He 
states that Dr. Horn had come to the same conclusion and that the 
name /angurinus should be given to both. 

Talanus okeechobensis, sp. nov. 

Elongate, subcylindrical, robust. Dark chestnut brown, shin- 
ing; antennz and legs slightly paler. Antenne as long as head 
and thorax, the joints gradually stouter, the 8th, 9th and 10th 
wider than long. Head finely and rather densely punctate. Thorax 
slightly longer than wide, feebly narrowed at base; apex rounded, 
base truncate; hind angles small, rectangular, acute, disc convex, 
rather coarsely, closely and unevenly punctate. Elytra very dis- 
tinctly wider than thorax, strongly convex, deeply striate, the 
- strie rather finely serrate punctate; intervals convex, minutely 
punctulate. Abdomen finely and very sparsely punctate. Front 
tibia with a strong tooth one-third from apex. Length 6-6.5 mm. 


144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Two specimens beaten from custard apple at Lake Okeechobee. 
March 6. In langurinus the body is much more slender, thorax 
longer than wide, elytra much narrower, scarcely striate, intervals 
flat, front tibiz not toothed. 

7590. Allecula atra Say. ES: c beaten from oak. Eustis, 
April 5. 

Hymenorus granulatus BI.—A female, 9 mm. in length, 
was taken at Ormond, April 14. 

{somira ignora, sp. nov. 

Elongate, narrowly oval, convex. Uniform pale rufo-tes- 
taceous, shining; sparsely clothed with very short fine prostrate 
yellowish hairs. Head small, half the width of thorax, finely and 


densely rugosely punctate; eyes small, separated by twice their — 


own diameters; antenne slender, scarcely half the length of body, 
second joint half as long as third, the latter equal to fourth. Thorax 


at base two-thirds wider than long, sides nearly straight and 


parallel on basal half, thence converging and rounding into apex, 
disc punctate like the head. Elytra at base scarcely wider than 
thorax, sides parallel for three-fourths their length, thence gradually 
rounding into apex; disc very finely and rather sparsely punctate 
the punctures in places tending to form short transverse strige. 
Length 5 mm.; width 2.5 mm. : 

Nine specimens beaten from oak. Dunedin, March 15-24; 
Sanford, March 29; Ormond, April 3. Paler and much narrower 
than J. quadristriata without trace of sutural striz. 

7610. Isomira valida Schwarz.—Two specimens beaten mae 
oak near Eustis, April 6. A robust species, 7-8 mm. in length. 

10,710. Eustrophus repandus Horn.—One from woody 
fungus near Dunedin, in company with £. bicolor, the latter com- 
mon. March 16. 

Chrysanthia repanda Horn—Common on the flowers 
of the farkleberry at Sanford and Ormond. March 28-April 14. 
Taken on no other plant. The elytra of all were a very handsome 
purple in hue. 

8060. Macrobasis torsa Lec.—Three from flowers of thistle. 
Sarasota, March 28. 

(To be continued.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 145 


SUNFLOWERS AS A LURE FOR THE PLUSIID 


_ This season most of my sunflowers, being self-sown, were in 
bloom a good two weeks earlier than usual and were in greater 
profusion. They also lasted well into the fall. 

I had noticed in previous years, when I had a good show of 
the flowers, that quite a number of species were attracted; conse- 
quently this year, with such a quantity out at once, and so early, I 
was particularly on the watch for things moving at dusk in that 
part of my garden. 

Early ‘‘sugaring’’ having proved a failure, I had fallen back on 
collecting ‘‘at light’’ on suitable evenings when I could manage it, 
with a preliminary stroll around the flower beds with my net. 
Many good evenings were missed early in August, owing to other 
engagements or occupations, but during the latter part of the 
month, and the first two weeks of September, I was able to make 
a round nearly every evening, when the weather was favorable. 

The list of species taken is as follows: 


2475.—Plusia aeroides Grote. Aug. 3rd (1). Half a dozen speci- 
mens were also taken at light in July this year. 
I never took aeroides in Victoria, and but a 
single specimen during the previous seven years 
of my residence on Quamichan Lake. 

2477.—Plusia metallica Grote. Aug. 30th to Sept. 13th (3). One 
of them my small daughter, Phyllis, netted off 
the flowers in the afternoon. I have always 
found the species rare. 

2479.—Euchalcia putnami Grote. Aug. 21st to 24th (3). Also 
one at light on July 24th. I think this species 
may be double brooded with us, for I have 
taken it earlier in the year. I have always 
found it rare, however. 

2481 —Eosphoropteryx thyatiroides Guenée. Aug. 10th (1). I 
have captured this rarely in previous years off 
a small species of sunflower, coming into bloom 
earlier. I took the species one season in Elm 
Park, Winnipeg (Aug. 18th) off a species of 
wild sunflower, when I was out sugaring. 


146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


2492 eee californica Speyer. Aug. 21st to Sept. 16th. 
Not abundant like celsa, and, while in beautiful 
condition, most were allowed to go. The 
species is double brooded here. 


2505.— iy rectangula Kirby. Aug. 4th to 29th. In all 
seven specimens. 

2509— - “ selecta Walker. Aug. 23rd to Sept. 12th (3 or 4)- 

2514.— 4 celsa Hy. Edw. Aug. 20th to Sept. 15th. This 


was by far the most plentiful species coming. 
Several nights I bottled as many as two dozen, 
all in good condition, and captured altogether, 
I dare say, considerably over 150 specimens. It 
shows quite a wide range of variation in the 
silver Y, or markings, and in size and colour, 
some individuals being almost black on the 
primaries. This species is a bit of a day-flier also. 


2515.— os epigea Grote. Aug. 25th to Sept. 15th. About 
a dozen were taken. 


2517.— ampla Walker. Aug. 22nd (2). This species - 


is usually fairly abundant at light a little earlier 
in the season. 
2524.— st corrusca Strecker. Sept. 5th to 16th. About 
half a dozen. This species can generally be 
2 : taken freely at light early in July, and from the 
above late catch (the specimens being fresh) it 
would appear to be double brooded here. 


As several (3) 2482, Autographa mappa, G. and R,. were taken 
at light early in July, the season would seem to have been a good 
one for this class of noctuids. 

Off the sunflowers these moths were very easily “bagged.” I 
used a quart “‘economy”’ jar, charged with cyanide, the same as I 
use for ‘‘sugaring.’”’ It was quite easy to bottle them off the flower 
heads, sometimes two at a time, and few were missed; no net was 
required at all; in fact, one was rather in the way. 

Other species taken or attracted were Noctua baja, Feltia herilis 
(common) and subgothica, Paragrotis vetusta (1), Mamestra stricta 
and pensilis (1), Dargida procinctus (3), Heliophila roseola (1), a few 


ee a ee 


- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147 


Geometride, and Phlyctenia ferrugalis and profundalis; these two 
kinds in abundance. 

I can recommend this method of collecting to anyone interested 
in the Plusiide; the moths come freely, preferring sunflowers to 
any other kind of flower that I have grown for this purpose, they 
they are easily taken, and with a minimum of rubbing. Moreover, 
the seed is cheap and the plants very easily grown anywhere. 

A. W. Hanuam, Quamichan Lake, Duncan, B.C. 


BOOK REVIEWS. 


TuHeE Lire Story or INseEcts. By Prof. G. H. Carpenter (Cam- 
bridge Manuals of Science and Literature), 134 pp., 23 figs. 
Cambridge University Press. Price, one shilling. 

Notwithstanding the existence of numerous entomological 
books of an elementary character, the treatment of the subject in 
the present little volume makes it peculiarly suitable to place in the 
hands of a person having no knowledge of insect life. It does not 
attempt to accomplish more than ‘‘an outline sketch of the facts 
and meaning of insect transformations,’’ and, in the modest words 
of its author, the ‘‘humble volume will best serve its object if its 
reading should lead fresh observers to the brookside and woodland.” 
We feel that its object will frequently be served, for it cannot fail to 
stimulate an interest in an enquiring mind in the study of insect 
life in its varied forms and it is sure to be the means of directing 
many a wayfarer'’s steps into the fascinating paths of entomological 
enquiry. 

After describing the form and growth of insects, the life-his- 
tories of certain sucking insects, such as the aphids, are given. 
The author then passes on to a consideration of the adaptations and 
transformations of aquatic insects. This leads him to a discussion 
of the internal changes which accompany metamorphosis. A most 
readable account of the different larval forms and their adaptations 
constitutes the longest chapter in the book and the well-chosen 
illustrations contribute greatly to its clearness. A consideration of 
the varied pupal forms and their modifications naturally follows. 
A chapter on the life-story of insects in relation to the seasons 
succinctly portrays the varied life-cycles in relation to the seasons 
of the year and to seasonal conditions. The book concludes with 
an interesting chapter on the past history of insect life. Im this the 


148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


author takes up the different views regarding the development of 
the insects of to-day and the manner in which the evolution of the 
highly developed insect with a complete metamorphosis may have 
taken place. A short bibliography will guide -the student to 
further reading. We heartily congratulate Prof. Carpenter on the 
pleasing results of what has been by no means a light task, and we 
feel sure that it will serve to add many new recruits to our ever- 
increasing army. © C. Gorpon HEwitt. 


A SyNorsis OF Economic EntomoLocy. By W. Lochhead, Pro- 
fessor of Biology, Macdonald ee Ste. Anne de Bellevue, 
P. Que. 113 pages. 

This work, which has evidently be prepared by the author 
as a basis for his lectures on Entomology, will be found very useful 
by others with similar duties to fulfil and especially by science 
teachers in High Schools and Collegiate Institutes, who are unable 
to devote much time to the study of insects. Owing, however, to 
the entire absence of illustrations and the use of terms which are 
not explained, it will require to be supplemented by some such 
guide as Comstock’s “Manual for the Study of Insects.” For 
these reasons also it can hardly be recommended as a text-book 
for students. 

The author might well have enlarged the title to a Synopsis of 


Systematic as well as Economic Entomology, as the book is nearly — 


equally aie | by the consideration of both these aspects of the 
subject. 

The work is divided into four parts. The first describes the 
external and internal anatomy of insects and their metamorphoses, 
the losses due to them, and an account of those that may be termed 
beneficial. Part 2 contains keys to insects injurious to farm, 
garden and orchard crops, including small fruits. These are ar- 
ranged under the headings of attacks upon roots, trunks or branches, 
leaves and fruit. Part 3 occupies more than half the volume and is 
devoted to ‘‘a classification and description of common insects”’ 
given in the form of keys to orders and families, followed in each 
case by brief descriptions of the more important species from an 
economic standpoint. Part 4 describes the various methods, both 
cultural and artificial for the control of insects.—C. J. S. B. 


Mailed April 11th, 1914. 


Che Ganadtiay Futomologist, 


VoL. XLVI. LONDON, MAY, 1914 No. 5 


AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA—NOTES AND 
DESCRIPTIONS. 


BY NATHAN BANKS, EAST FALLS CHURCH, VA. 


In the following pages are descriptions of various new caddice- 
flies, mostly from my own collection. I have given a new arrange- 
ment of the genera of the Hydropsychide based on a salient, but 
hitherto unused character, which makes the classification of this 


family easier than before. 


PHRYGANEID&. 

Neuronia smithi, n. sp. (Pl. VIII, fig. 11). 

In general similar to N. concatenata, but the irrorations on 
the wing a little further apart, and much less wavy; the vertex 
wholly pale yellowish, the thoracic notum also pale, but rather 
dark each side. Venation generally as in N. concatenata, but the 
first fork does not reach half way back on discal cell (in concatenata 
much more than half way). The lower appendages of the male 
have the apical spine longer and less curved than in N. concatenata. 

Expanse 23 mm. 

From Lakehurst, N. J., 4th July (Englehart). Named in 
memory of the late Dr. J. B. Smith. 


LIMNEPHILIDE. 

Limnephilus spinatus, n. sp. (PI. VIII, figs. 8, 9). 

Palpi yellow; face dark, with yellow hairs, vertex and thorax 
dark, with some yellow hair and black bristles; antennze brownish, 
the basal joints darker; abdomen black above and on the sides, 
vertex pale; legs yellow, with black spines, those on tibia 1 are 
very short; wings, except costal and subcostal areas, are brown, 
marked with pale spots, thése most numerous in front and along 
the veins, basal part of apical cells pale, beyond the brown is densely 
spotted with minute pale dots, the usual median oblique mark is 
distinct; hind wings hyaline, venation yellowish. In the fore wings 


150 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


es 


the discal cell is no longer than the pedicel, and in hind wings the 
discal hardly reaches before the fork of the median. 
Expanse 26 mim. 


From Vineyard, Utah, 27th Avion (Spalding). 
Limnephilus productus, n. sp. (Pl. 5a figs. 29, 36). 


Palpi yellowish brown, face brown, with much golden yellow 
hair, and some black bristles; vertex brown, with yellow hair and 


brown bristles; antennz yellowish brown, basal joint darker; - 


thorax with black bristles and yellow hair. Abdomen dull black, 
apex of segments paler; legs yellowish, spines black, those on tibia 
1 very short. Wings mostly pale, but area behind median is dark 
brown, and more or less broken by pale spots, mostly along median 
vein, some dark spots along radius, longitudinal veins with dark 
streaks, a hyaline white mark on the thyridium and one on arculus; 
hind wings pale, with pale venation. In fore wings the discal cell 
barely reaches before the fork of median. In hind wings fork 5 
is no longer than its pedicel, and in hind wings the discal cell 
begins a little before the posterior anastomosis. 
Expanse 27 mm. 


From Vineyard, Utah, 27th at at sugar, (Spalding). 
Limnephilus zequalis, n. sp. (Figs. 14, 31). 


Palpi pale, very slender, face with yellow hair; vertex darker 
in front, pale behind, with gray hair, and dark bristles, thorax pale 
above, with yellowish hair; abdomen pale yellowish, tips of male 
genitalia black; legs yellowish, with black spines, those on tibia 1 
as long as width of the joint. Wings mostly brownish behind, 
pale in front, costal area unmarked, the brown much broken up, 
the usual oblique median mark, large pale space below stigma, 
over base of apical cells, and just before the anastomosis, and ex- 
tending outward over tips of the first and second subapical cells; 
few marks in the radial or discal areas, and base of wings is mostly 
pale; hind wings pale, venation, yellowish. In fore wings the discal 
cell is longer than its pedicel; in hind wings the discal reaches very 
much before the fork of median. 

Expanse 25 mm. 

From Bon Accord, British Columbia, 7th June, (Russell). 


PiaTe VIL, 


CaN. ENT. VOL. XLVI: 


Pn 


NEW AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA 


153 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Limnephilus secludens, n. sp. (Figs. 17, 27). 

Palpi yellowish, very slender; face dark, with yellow hair; 
vertex and thorax dark, with yellowish hair and dark bristles: 
abdomen dull black above, venter pale; legs yellowish, spines black, 
tibia 1 with very short spines; wings mostly pale, but brownish 
behind and these faintly broken with pale, a blackish mark on 
thyridium; hind wings pale, venation yellowish. Fore wings with 
the discal cell longer than its pedicel; hind wings with discal cell 
hardly reaching before fork of median. The dark, median pieces 
of male genitalia are only visible from behind. 

Expanse 20 mm. ; 

From Penticton, British Columbia, 9th August (Wallis) and 
Saskatchewan, July. 


Limnephilus argenteus, n. sp. (Fig. 13). 

Palpi brownish, face brown with black bristles; vertex dark, 
pale behind; antennze brownish, faintly annulate, thorax grayish 
brown, with black bristles and some white hairs near base of wings; 
abdomen black, tips of segments pale; legs pale yellowish, with 
black spines, no dark marks on tibiae. Wings brown, densely 
guttated with silvery marks, large oblique spot near the middle, 
several near the thyridium and in base of first subapical cell, and 
near base, but not extreme base, of apical cells with silvery spots, 
smaller silvery spots all over the wing, costal area with brown 
marks. Venation as in L. gravidus; in hind wings the fourth 
apical cell is plainly narrower than the second, but not acute, the 
cross-vein from base of fork 5 up to upper median is much more 
convex basally, and the lower median more fractured than in L. 
gravidus. The pronotum is longer and more flat above than in 
that species. The hind wings are excised as in that species, and 
in Colpotaulius, but the shape of fore wings and general appearance 
more like Limnephilus. 

Expanse 35 mm. 


From Nipigon, Ont., 18th June (Walker). 
Stenophylax hesperus, n. sp. (Figs. 6, 21). 


Palpi yellowish; antenne dark brown, black on basal joint, 
paler towards tip; face yellow, with black bristles; vertex yellow, 


CAN. ENT., VOL. XLVI. PLATE IX, 


NEW AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA 


154 page ae THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. — - 


with a large median black spot between ocelli and pcicuiiae back, . 


bristles black; pronotum pale, mesonotum brown, the mesothoracic 


strips pale, rest of thorax pale; abdomen pale brownish, yellowish | 


below; legs yellowish, with black spines. Wings nearly uniform 
pale brownish, clothed with fine black hairs; venation pale, a hya- 
line white mark on thyridium, and also on arculus; hind wings pale 
grayish, rather darker on the costal tip; fore wings with the discal 
cell twice as long as the pedicel, fork 1 its width back on discal, 
fork 3 a little back of anastomosis, lower median not fractured at 
base of fork 5; the spot in the base of fork 2 is pale; in the hind 
wings fork 3 extends back farther than in the fore wings; the discal 
cell extends much before forking of median vein. 

Expanse 47 mm. 

From Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, 
1st August (Walker). 


Stenophylax flavata, n. sp. (Figs. 32, 33). 


Yellowish with yellowish hair; palpi and antennz yellowish; 
ocelli rather large, no ocellar macrochete; legs yellow, spines 
black, tibia 1 densely spined to base, two stout spines at tip of 
femur 1; hind tibia of male curved; abdomen brown, the segments 
pale on tips. Wings uniformly pale yellowish, with yellowish 
veins and hair, tip’of thyridial cell, and back to and lower anasto- 
mosis dark brown. In fore wings the discal cell is plainly longer 
than the pedicel, fork 1 nearly its width back on discal cell, fork 3 
broad at base, lower median not fractured at base of fork 5; radius 
barely sinuate before stigma. Hind wings have forks 1 and 3. 
both more acute at base than in fore wings. 

Expanse 40 mm. 

From Pisgah Forest, N. Car., August. Resembles Aniso- 
gamus divergens Walk., but the male has not the black dorsal plate 
so characteristic of that species. 


Anisogamus infernalis, n. sp. (Fig. 7). 


Palpi brown, yellowish on base of the second joint; head yel- 
lowish, darker on vertex; antennz yellowish; basal joint blackish 
beneath; posterior warts and pronotum with yellow hair, meso- 


notum with dark stripe each side, but tubercles in front of base of 


wings are pale, with golden hair; abdomen black, but pale on 


Can. ENT, VOL. XLVE- > ~ 


‘ PLATE X, 


LN 


S\ 3) 
S \ 
S 


ee ] 


NEW AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA 


156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


venter; legs pale yellowish, black on under side of first and second 
joints of tarsus I; spines black, and spurs yellowish. Leg I with 
very few spines, one at tip of femur, two or three on tibia, and 
small ones at tips of tarsal joints. Wings pale, the apical and 
posterior part brownish, with pale spots, larger pale spots beyond 
the anastomosis, anastomosis dark brown, membrane clothed with 
fine hairs. Costal area of fore wings rather broad, apical part 
hardly as long as in A. disjunctus and A. costalis, but venation 
about the same; the discal cell is hardly as long as the pedicel. 
Lower median only slightly fractured at base of fork 5; in the hind 
wings apical cells as in the fore wings. ; 

Expanse 26 mm. 

From Pinnacle Mt., Fulton Co., N. Y., 15th September 
(Alexander). It has shorter legs than A. disjunctus or A. costalis. 


Anisogamus disjunctus, n. sp. (Fig. 22). 


Yellowish; darker on head between ocelli and antenne; mostly 
yellowish hair on head and prothorax, some black before base of 
wings; abdomen dark; wings nearly uniform pale yellowish, no 
markings, but a white hyaline spot on thyridium and also on 
arculus, membrane faintly roughened, clothed with sparse, fine, 
pale hair. Maxillary palpi with second and third joints in male 
subequal, each as long as space between eyes; in female palpi 
short, last joint not as long as basal joint of antennz, fourth about 
one half of fifth, third about three-fourths of fifth joint, second 


hardly as long as third. Mesothoracic strips quite long, rather , 


broader behind; posterior warts of vertex transversely elliptical 
and rather small. Legs with black spines and pale spurs, 1, 3, 4. 
Fore wings moderately long, rounded at tip; radius strongly bent 
at base of stigma, discal cell a little longer than pedicel, fork 1 its 
width back on discal cell, fork 3 a little back of anastomosis, its 
base not very broad, but not acute, lower median much disjointed 
at base of fork 5, in hind wings the apical cells are similar to those 
of fore wings, but fork 3 is more acute at base. 

In both sexes the cheeks show a little blunt tubercle below. 

Expanse 26 mm. 

From Bon Accord, British Columbia, May and June (Russell). 


(To be continued). 


~~ 


ii ib 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 157 . 


REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF JAPANESE CRANE- 
FLIES (TIPULIDH, DIPTERA). 


(Continued from Vol. XLV., p. 322). 
BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, ITHACA, N. Y. 
Subfamily: T7PULINZ. 
Tribe: DOLICHOPEZINI. 


- Genus: Nesopeza, gen. n. 


Antenne 13-segmented, segment 1 cylindrical with a few long 
hairs; segment 2 oval-cylindrical; segment 3 very long, cylindrical; 
the succeeding segments gradually shorter, the last very slender. | 
Palpi with the apical segment slender, as long as all of the preceding 
segments combined. Legs excessively long and slender. Wing- 
venation as in Dolichopeza Curtis (lack of cell Ist Me, basal deflec- 
tion of Cu: far before the fork of M, etc.), but the radial sector is 
very elongate, angulated at origin, almost as long as Rs beyond 
the fork, Rs not short and simulating a cross-vein. 

Type of the genus: Dolichopeza gracilis, de Meij. 


Nesopeza gracilis de Meijere. 


1911.—Dolichopeza gracilis de Meijere; Tijd. voor Ent., vol. 54, 
p. 60, 61; pl. 4, fig. 46. 

One 9 from Tokyo, Japan; August, 1912. (Vial D.) 

This new genus represents one extreme of the Dolichopeza 
group and Scamboneura Osten Sacken, the other. In this genus 
the radial sector is extremely elongated, in Dolichopeza Curtis 
almost transverse and simulating a cross-vein, while in Scamboneura 
the origin of the sector is farther distad than the tip. See my key 
to the Dolichopezini, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 64. (April, 1912.) 


Genus: Dictenidia Brullé. 
Tribe: CTENOPHORINI. 

Dictenidia fasciata Coquillett. 

1898.—Dictenidia fasciata Coquillett; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 21, p. 304, 305. 

1902.—Dictenidia fasciata Kertesz; Cat. Dipt., vol. 2, p. 266. 

One &@ from Tokyo, Japan, Aug. 1912 (Vial 39). It agrees 
very closely with Coquillett’s description. The specimen offers the 


following measurements: 
May, 1914 j 


158 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Length 12 mm.; wing 10.2 mm.; antenna 5 mm. 

Fore leg femur 6.7 mm.; tibia 7.4 mm. 

Middle leg femur 7 mm; tibia 6.4 mm.; tarsus 6.9 mm. 
Hind leg femur 8.8 mm.; tibia 10.4 mm.; tarsus 6 mm. 


I supply a figure of the wing of this beautiful crane-fly, it never 
having been figured. (See Plate XII, fig. 8).* 


Tribe: TiPULINI. 
Genus: Pachyrhina Macquart. 
Key to the Japanese Pachyrhine. 
1. Thoracic markings brown or black, distinct............... 2. 
Thoracic markings very pale, ill-defined....... flavonota, sp. n. 
2. Mesonotal stripes pale brown; tip of wing narrowly and regularly 
bordered with dark brown; [scutellum and postnotum mostly 


yellowish; abdominal tergites trivittate]........palloris Coq. 
Mesonotal stripes black; tip of wing hyaline or irregularly 
suffused with darker Ws sso. coe soc c av as © ee 3. 
3. Mesonotal stripes very broad, almost concealing the pale ground 
colour; tip of the wing clouded with darker. .... pullata, sp. n. 
Mesonotal stripes narrower, so that the yellow ground colour is 
well defined; tip of the wing clear...................4.. 4. 
4. Scutellum and postnotum unmarked with | 
darker 275 25 ee ee eee See repanda, sp. n. 
Scutellum black; postnotum with a dark median 
Vitter sag a ee atocalie oat a eee epee virgata Coq. 


Pachyrhina flavonota, sp. n. 


Head yellow, shining, without a distinct darker spot; meso- 
notum orange-yellow with well defined darker stripes. 

Male.—Length 12 mm.; wing 10.6 mm.; antennez 3.8 mm. 

Female.—Length 14.6 mm.; wing 14 mm- 

Male.—Palpi light brown; frontal prolongation of the head 
yellow, nasus brown, with a tuft of brown hairs; antennz, scapal 
segments yellow, first flagellar segment yellow, on its inner face at 
three-fourths its length with a wart-like knob, remaining flagellar 
segments brown, the enlarged bases darker brown, inner face of the 


*Plate XII will appear in the next issue. 


PRN SE ae ee ee a 


oo — 


a ee a ee eS oe ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 


intermediate flagellar segments not very deeply incised; front, 
vertex and occiput shining yellow, no distinct mark on the vertex. 


Pronotum yellowish; mesonotal presscutum orange-yellow with 
faint indications of darker stripes; a smal! brown mark in the 
notch of the transverse suture; scutum, scutellum and postnotum 
without distinct marks. Pleura light yellow. Halteres brownish 
yellow, the knobs yellow. Legs, coxe and trochanters yellow, 
femora and tibiz dull yellow, the tips darker, tarsi brown. Wings 
subhyaline, the tip broadly but indistinctly suffused with darker; 
stigma oval, brown; cells C and Sc. a little yellowish. Venation, 
see pl. XI. fig. 5. 


Abdomen with the tergites yellowish, slightly darker medially 
and laterally; segments 8 and 9 brown; sternites yellowish. The 
male hypopygium with the 9th tergite from above (plate XI, fig. 6) 
with the caudal margin four-lobed, the central lobes on either side 
of the shallow median notch, these lobes provided with numerous 
black denticulz; the 9th sternite from below with a broad and deep 
V-shaped median notch. Outer apical appendages narrow, taper: 
ing to a very long point; inner appendage with the usual cephalad 
prolongation, beneath which is a small, chitinized tooth. (See 
plate XI, fig. 15.) 

Female.—Larger, the abdominal tergites with distinct brown 
blotches on each segment, these broadest behind, narrowed to a 
point in the front. 

Holotype, &, Tokyo, Japan, August, 1912 (Vial K). 

Allotype, 2, Tokyo, Japan, August, 1912 (Vial 42). 


Pachyrhina palloris Coquillett. 


1898.—Pachyrhina palloris Coquillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 21, p. 306. 


1902.—P. palloris Kertesz, Cat. Dipt., vol. 2, p. 321. 


1910.—P. palloris Riedel, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., p. 436.- 


Two females agreeing rather well with Coquillett’s description, 
but showing the following differences: The median thoracic vitta 
is bisected from the front by a pale line, making this stripe double; 
sides of the scutellum brown; the antennz, broken in the type, 
may be thus described : four basal segments yellow, remaining 


160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


segments with the enlarged basal third dark brownish black, the 
‘remainder of each segment dull yellow. The venation is shown in 
plate XI, figure 2. Vial K. Tokyo, Japan; August, 1912; 2 9. 


Pachyrhina pullata, sp. n. 


Thoracic dorsum mostly black; wings with the apex brownish. 

Male.—Length 17.4 mm.; wing 12.9 mm.; antenne 4.6 mm.4 

Male.—Palpi brown, the third segment yellow; frontal pro- 
longation of the head shiny black; antennz with the first segment 
brown, paler apically, second segment yellow, third segment pale — 
brown at the base, dark brown at tip, remaining segments dark 
brownish black. (See plate XI, fig. 12, for outline of the sixth. an- 
tennal segment); vertex brownish yellow, darkening to the brown 
on the occiput and gene. 


Pronotum light yellow above; mesonotum dull yellow with 
three jet black stripes, the median stripe very broad and narrowed 
behind, the lateral stripes short, broad, straight, the space between 
these three stripes very narrow and greatly reduced; scutum with 
the median depression pale in front; behind and on the lobes black; 
scutellum and postnotum broadly black medially, paler on the 
lateral margin of the sclerites. Pleura yellow, with dark brownish 
black blotches as follows: An elongate, vertical mark on the pro- 
pleura; mesopleura with a large blotch on the ventral portions of 
the episternum and the sternum; caudal edge of these two sclerites | 
with an elongate vertical blotch extending from the wing-root to 
mesocoxa, the portion of the postnotum between the base of the 
wings and the halteres brown; metepimeron brown. Halteres 
pale, knobs whitish at the tips. Legs, fore coxae brown, trochanter 
light yellow, femora vellow basally, browner at tip; other coxe 
more yellowish, femora darkening to brown at tip, tibia brown, 
lighter basally; tarsi dark brownish-black. Wings hyaline or 
nearly so, cells C and Sc. yellowish; stigma brown, distinct; cord 
margined with brown; apex of wing brownish. Venation as in 
plate XI, fig. 1. 

Abdomen with the first tergite brown, except on the side in 
front; segments 2 to 5 brown on the caudal half; segment 6 with 
the caudal half dark brown; segments 7 to 9 dark brown; sternites 
yellow; caudal half of the 7th te 9th segments dark brown. 


__ CAN. ENT., VoL. XLVI, é tana eet: en es eae ee” 


JAPANESE CRANE-FLIES 


162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Male.—Hypopygiu'n, with the 9th tergite (pl. XI, fig. 7) from 
above, narrow with deep median notch on the caudal margin, and 
with the outer angles of the lobes produced into sharp points, 
which are directed caudad and laterad, the caudal margin of these 
lobes with fine denticula, 9th sternite from beneath with the caudal 
margin gently concave, pleural suture very strongly arcuated; 


apical appendages, outer one rather broad and pointed, inner ap- . 


pendage with a long curved point below which are three chitinized 
teeth. (See plate XI, fig. 14). 


Holotype, &.. Tokyo, Japan; May 7, 1912. (Vial 30.) 


Pachyrhina repanda, sp. n. 


Head yellow, with a small rounded brown spot on vertex; 
mesothorax with black stripes, scutellum and postnotum unmarked. 


Male.—Length 12.9 mm.; wing 13.4 mm.; antenne 5.2 mm. 


Male.—Palpi yellow; frontal prolongation of the head yellow 
except the nasus, which is brownish and provided with a tuft of 
long brown hairs; antennze with segments 1 to 3 yellowish, the 
third a little brown on the lower surface; remainder of antennz 
dark brownish black; the intermediate flagellar segments rather 
deeply incised on the lower face at the basal third (see plate XI, 
figure 11, showing the outline of the sixth antennal segment) ; front, 
vertex and occiput yellow, the vertex with a small rounded dark 
brown median spot behind. 


Pronotum light yellow; mesonotal prescutum light yellow, 
with dark brownish black stripes as follows: A broad median stripe 
which is widest in front, slightly narrowed behind and running the 
length of the sclerite; a shorter lateral stripe on either side, this 
stripe curved laterad before the pseudosuture; scutum, lobes with 
a prominent oblique stripe running across them; a small triangular 
median blotch on the anterior half of the sclerite; scutellum and 
postnotum light yellow, unmarked. Pleura pale yellowish white. 
Halteres light coloured, the knob a little suffused with brown. Legs, 
coxe and trochanters light yellow, femora and tibie yellowish 
brown, passing into brown at the tip of the latter; tarsi brown. 
Wings subhyaline, cells C and Sc. a little brighter, yellowish; 
stigma small, brown, tip of the wing a little suffused with darker; 
veins brown, vein Sc. yellow. Venation as in plate XI, figure 3. 


ae Ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163 


Abdomen, tergites yellow with an indistinct light brown 
blotch in the middle of each sclerite; lateral sutures darker; sternites 
yellow; segments 7 to 9 dark brown. Male hypopygium with the 
9th tergite (see plate XI, fig. 8) from above with the caudal margin . 
concave, with a deep, parallel-sided, median notch, the lateral 
angles produced into points which are directed caudad the caudal 
margin with small, black denticule and points; 9th sternite from 
_ below with the caudal margin about straight with a rounded 
median protuberence. Apical appendages, the outer fieshy lobe 
rather broad, the point moderately long and rather obtuse; the 
inner appendage is strongly chitinized, rounded-oval, on the cephal- 
ic face produced into a long point which is directed forward; 
below this point, very strongly chitinized and deeply incised. 
(See plate XI, fig. 16.) 


Holotype, &, Tokyo, Japan; August, 1912. (Vial 43.) 


Pachyrhina virgata Coquillett. 


1898.—Pachyrhina virgata Coquillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 21, p. 306. 


1902.—P. virgata Kertesz, Cat. Dipt., vol. 2, p. 325. 


1910.—P. virgata Riedel, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., p. 436. 


Several specimens of this interesting species were included in 
the collection. 


Male.—Length 10.8—11.8 mm.; wing 10.2—12.4 mm.; 
antenne 4.6—4.9 mm. 


Female.—Length 14.4 mm.; wing 13 mm. 


I give a figure of the sixth antennal segment in plate XI, figure 
10, and of the wing-venation in plate XI, figure4. The male hypo- 
pygium may be described as follows: The 9th tergite from above 
(plate XI, figure 9) with the caudal margin having a brcad rounded 
median notch into which the tips of the apical pleural appendages 
fit, the inner edge of the adjacent lobe produced into chitinized 
lobules which are provided with denticule; each lobule with a 
sharp chitinized point on its caudal margin, these points directed 
caudad. Inasmall o@ (Vial 46) the median notch is not so rounded, 
more oval, the sharp caudal points are longer. Apical appendages, 
the outer fleshy lobe rather broad and pointed, inner lobe with a 


164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


long, cephalad-directed point which is provided with a few hairs 
on its lower face, with a deep notch beneath its base and a strongly 
_ chitinized protuberence. (See plate XI, fig. 13). 

Vial 22; Tokyo, Japan; April 26, 1912;1 7,1 9. 

Vial 35; Tokyo, Japan; May 7, 1912; 1 9. 

Vial 43; Tokyo, Japan; Aug. 1912; 2 ¢. 

Vial 44; Tokyo, Japan; Aug. 1912; 1 9. 

Vial 46; Tokyo, Japan; Aug. 1912; 2 <7. 

Vial K; Tokyo, Japan; Aug. 1912; 1 9°. 


(To be continued.) 


THE PRESENCE OF RING-JOINTS IN AUSTRALIAN 
SCELIONID.. 


BY ALAN P. DODD, NELSON, N. Q., AUSTRALIA. 


Quite recently while examining the antennz of a Scelionid, 
Gryonella reticulata Dodd, | was somewhat surprised to find that 
two small ring-joints were present. As ring-joints have not been 
recorded in this family, I had never searched for them, and it was 
only accidentally that their presence in this species was noticed. 
This discovery caused me to examine the antennze of numerous 
Scelionids in my collection. I found that in some cases there were 
obviously no ring-joints present; in others there appeared to be 
minute ring-joints, but I could not make sure of the fact, while in 
a few cases the ring-joints were distinct, though small. The 
following species possesssed obvious ring-joints: Subfamily 7 eleasine, 
Gryonella reticulata Dodd; Subfamily Baline, Acolomorpha minuta 
Dodd; Subfamily Scelionine, Hadronotus nigriceps Dodd, Opistha- 
cantha giraulti Dodd, Sceliacanthella paroipennis Dodd, Leptoteleia 
aurea Dodd, Baryconus exsertus Dodd, B. longipennis Dodd, and 
B. trispinosus Dodd. 

The species, Opisthacantha giraulti, possessed apparently one 
ring-joint, but under high-power magnification there appeared to 
be three excessively thin ring-joints. Gryonella reticulala had two 
ring-joints, while the other species mentioned possessed but one 
each. This discovery is of considerable interest. 


/ 
: 
] 
} 
J 
. 
F ‘ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165 


NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF APHIDID-. 
BY JOHN J. DAVIS, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Continued from Page 134.) 

Rhopalosiphum howardii (Wilson). 

This species has been collected by us from widely separated 
localities, and in all cases we have found it on the flower heads of 
the host plants. Mr. H. F. Wilson first described this species as 
Amphorophora howardii from the heads of Panicularia nervata at 
Batesburg. Mr. Geo. G. Ainslie found it on timothy heads, June 
- 28, 1908, at Biltmore, N.C., Mr.R.A. Vickery collected it on Elymus 
virginicus, June 19, 1909, at Salisbury, N.C., Mr. C. N. Ainslie found 
it on heads of Elymus, August 11, 1911, at Salt Lake City, Utah; 
and the writer has collected it on the following plants and at the 
following localities: La Fayette, Ind., on heads of Elymus cana- 
_densis, orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), and wheat, from July to 
October, inclusive; at Bedford, Ind., on Elymus canadensis and E. 
striatus, August 13, 1911; at Urbana, IIl., on E. canadensis, July 27, 
1912; Lancaster, Wis., on E. canadensis, and cultivated barley, 
July 11,-1912; at Farley, Iowa, on E. canadensis, August 30, 1912; 
at Winner and Elk Point, S. Dak., on E. canadensis, September 2 
and 5, respectively, 1912; and at Beaver Dam, Wis., on E. cana- 
densis, September 11, 1912. During August, September, and Oc-- 
tober, the winged males were not uncommon, and these took flight 
within a few days after becoming winged. Although careful search 
was made, we were unable to find oviparous females. It appears 
from our present meagre data that the winged males and winged 
viviparous females migrate to an unknown host in the fall of the 
year, where the oviparous females are produced, as is also probably 
the case with Myzus lycopersici (Clarke). 


Wingless viviparous females. 
(Pl. VII, fig. 34.) 

Entire body nearest to cadmium yellow as given in Smith's 
colour chart, but not so bright, the colour varying to brownish cad- 
mium yellow; head and thorax paler, with a slight greenish tint. 
Antenne blackish, excepting segments I, II, and entire base of 
III, which are dusky greenish (in recently matured individuals III, 


basal three-fourths of IV, and extreme base of V are brownish); 
May, 1914, 


166. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


segments III and filament of VI subequal; total length very little 
more than half the body length and not reaching to base of cornicles; 
segment III as well as IV lacking sensoria, the usual distal ones 
being present on segments V and base of VI. Eyes blackish, ocelli 
absent. Legs with femora pale brown, the tibiz and tarsi black. 
Cornicles black and shaped as in the winged female. Style pale 
yellowish to brownish yellow, otherwise as in winged female. 

Measurements from 8 specimens in balsam as follows: Length 
of body, not including cauda, 1.65 to 2.05 mm, average 1.80 mm.; 
length to tip of cauda 1.78 to 2.16 mm., average 1.93 mm.; width 
of body 0.97 to 1.08 mm., average 1.00 mm.; length of cornicle 0.43 
to 0.49 mm., average 0.45 mm.; length of cauda 0.16 to 0.19 mm., 
average 0.18 mm. Antennal measurements as follows: 


§ Il. III. IV. V. VI. VI. 
Locality, date, etc. (base) | (fil.) Total 
mm, mm. mm. mm, mm. mm. mm. mm, 

La Fayette, Ind., Wheat, 
WEA, LDIAS. once cs hc eee Re See ees 0.313 | 0.191 }] 0.174 | 0.113 | 0.313 ] ..... 
Urdana, Ill, Elymus, July 
AAU 57s nt ee. ina kN ak Rio Be os Qsace . 822 157 .157 . 104 Daeyt ee 
Urbana, Ill., Elymus, July 
2 FB ORME RECA rc) Rae Rate . 296 . 157 .148 . 104 48 Pun. 
La Fayette, Ind., Elymus, 
Ate hey TOE os aiia Sten 5 0.087 | 0.061 , 830 . 209 .191 113. .330 | 1.321 
La Fayette, Ind., Elymus, 
OC a Fg | Ree ee oa ee . 087 061 . 322 .217 .191 .113 . 3830 | 1.321 
La Fayette, Ind., Elymus, 
Sept: 4; 498} 5 4.4 einen .087 .061 .348 . 226 . 182 . 104 .348 | 1.356 
La Fayette, Ind., Elymus, 
SENG. 4, OL beg. css eae wes . 087 .061 . 856 . 226 182-7 oe...) eee 


Elk Point, S. Dak., Elymus, 


Sept. 5, 1912.... O87 069 417 278 .243 122 400 1 1.616 
Elk Point, S. Dak., Elymus, ; 
Sent. 6 AOU ite. ems .087 . 069 417 .296 .243 .122 .417 | 1.651 
Winner, S. Dak., Elymus, 

ent. 2, JOINS S22 cs dao ah te as cere .313 . 252 . 209 .104 a Se 
Winner, S. Dak., Elymus, F 

0) a Ae 1 0” RPE aN .087 061 348 -235 | .226 .104 . 3883 | 1.444 
Lancaster, Wis., Barley, 

pS § Ot Lh RAR RE RES eh) See. . 330 . 209 .174 .122 A Ee 
Lancaster, Wis., Barley, 

PUIOLE Re ROBB rele tis, 08 ao bode aE ee .339 .191 .165 . 104 BBO Fb Sets 
Beaver Dam, Wis., Elymus, 

4 A UO Re SRS Sea . 087 .069 . 556 .217 <122 .408 1.459 
Beaver Dam, Wis., Elymus, | 

Sept Py Aa cis ds . 087 .069 .400 . 287 . 226 .118 .400 1 1.542 


OS aes a ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 167 


Winged viviparous female. 
(Pl. VII, figs. 35-39). 

Head dark brown. Antennz black, excepting basal half of I 
and ring at extreme base of III, which parts are pale, and some- 
times all of I and II are pale dusky; segment VII the longest; not 
reaching to tip of body; 2 to 10 circular sensoria in a row, usually 
near base, on segment III, and the usual distal ones on V and base 
of VI. Eyes reddish black, ocelli black. Beak barely reaching to 
coxe of the second pair of legs. Thoracic plates shining dark 
brown. Wing veins blackish and conspicuous, the venation as 
illustrated. Legs with femora pale, excepting the hind pair, which 
are dusky to black; the tibiz and tarsi black. Abdomen usually 
brownish yellow, but sometimes with a distinct pale green tint, 
and bearing three dusky spots on each side anterior to the cornicles : 
also the dorsum of each segment with a more or less distinct dusky 
transverse band. Cornicles black, a little longer than segment IV 
of the antenne, and reaching about to tip of cauda, clavate in 
shape. Cauda pale greenish yellow, semi-ensiform and sparsely hairy. 

Measurements, taken from 10 specimens mounted in balsam, 
as follows: Length of body, not including cauda, 1.35 to 1.74 mm., 
average 1.51 mm.; length of body to tip of cauda 1.47 to 1.90 mm., 
average 1.64 mm.; width of body 0.55 to 0.74 mm., average 0.65 
mm.; length of wing 2.40 to 2.94 mm., average 2.67 mm.; width of 
wing 0.85 to 1.08 mm., average 0.93 mm.; cornicles 0.33 to 0.38 
mm., average 0.35 mm; cauda 0.156 to 0.191 mm., average 0.173 
mm. Antennal measurements as follows: 


No. 
Locality, date, etc. I. II. III. IV. Y; VI. VI. | Total] sens. 
(base)] (fil.) lon IIT. 
Salisbury, N. C. Elymus, 
Bei Bu VICK ee. 0.080 (0.060 j0.383 J0.278 10.226 [0.139 10.556 1.722 4 
Salisbury, N. C., Elymus, 
Tes Pin? VICKOUY. . Se isdn ece ts .080 | .060 | .3883 | .261 | .243 | .130 | .556 [1.713 2 
Salisbury, N. C., Elymus, i 
bP Ws Fo ee ee or Seek” Bove s F480 T V8IS F808. 180.5 800- Fe - 5 
Salisbury, N. C., Elymus, 
iy Pie VICROLY ccc tv cc les Coon faces de sale ¥.1 880) fo 808") 26608). Ore bole 5 
La Fayette, Ind., Dactylis, 
MU REG ROAD Es vsleceti eke aa .090 | .070 | .470 | .348 | .278 | .139 | .478 }1.873 8 
La Fayette, Ind,. wheat, 
Jn bd AOR. cusliceetek Mie See eye) $2 S008 be 206 Te. 236. 4 BO es ABR Eo, 9 


168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


No. 
Locality, date, etc. a Il. Ill. Iv. One was 8 VI. | Total | sens. 
(base) | (fil.) on III. 

La Fayette, Ind., wheat, 
WEES AIOLD » o5,0 605k bos he ba .090 | .060 | .408 | .278 | .226 | .139 | .470 }1.671 10 
Lancaster, Wis., barley, 
eu 20, 1018 os dew aes ee svcd M ccine. 6 GO05E G20Oe" es cc Be Case eareee 5 
Lancaster, Wis., barley, 
Jay 10; TO1S Soc, eicences Sea op «owen ft VERO hake TL eeOL tt. Loe E oBoe 
Urbana, Ill., Elymus, 
July 27, 1013-.)5 cs Sidaeia's .080 | .070 | .435 | .330 | .261 | .148 | .478 1.802 7 
Urbana, Ill., Elymus, = : 
July. 27; 1912 a oe ee ee Co ee Pf one Gh ALT 9 -5348: 1 2278 4190 ae ‘f 
Bedford, Ind., Elymus, 4 
Aig. 33; 1912) 53.0 Ae aes .080 | .060 | .365 | .269 | .235 | .122 | .487 ]|1.618 4 
La rie Ho Ind., Elymus, 
Sent: -6,2044 6 o.05 Gee cents .080 | .060 | .417 | .296 | .243 | .122 | .435 [1.653 3 
La he ty: Ind., Elymus, 
Sept: 'G, 2021s 5. cantcas exes .080 | .060 | .391 | .296 | .252 | .122 | .452 [1.653~ 3 
Elk Point, S. Dak., Elymus, ; 
Sept: it; $043 aw... wc tee .O80 | .060 | .470 | .313 | .261 | .139 | .522 [1.845 7 
Elk Point, S. Dak., Elymus, 
Sepe.:G, S012. 0 cet os ce ae 0004070 4.487 <4". 830:4 228384) =. Pie 6 
La Fayatte, Ind., wheat, 
Duly U7 JON ies eee sewn | cova t 1485 95206 1.243 1. 130-5. S220 aee 9 
La Fayette, Ind., wheat, 
TAS TT RS ee Sh a ae .O80 | .060 | .435 } .313 | .252 | .139 | .539 ]1.818 8 


Winged male. 
(Pl. VII, fig. 40.) 


Head blackish. Antenne black; segment III longest, reaching 
a little beyond tip of body; segment III with 39 to 55 irregularly 
placed, moderately tuberculate, circular sensoria, segment IV with 
from 18 to 23, segment V with from 6 to 9, not including the usual 
distal one, and segment VI (base) with the usual distal sensoria. 
Thorax blackish. Wings as in the viviparous form. Legs blackish, 
excepting the base of femora. Abdomen dull green, with black 
transverse bands on the first three abdominal segments, and three 
rather large black spots on each side anterior to the cornicles; also 
a few scattered black markings on the abdomen, evidently traces of 
transverse bands. Cornicles black, clavate, reaching about to 
tip of cauda. Cauda concolorous with abdomen and conical in 
shape. 


Average measurements from 3 specimens mounted in balsam, 


as follows: Length of body, not including cauda, 1.68 mm.; length 
to tip of cauda 1.79 mm., width 0.83 mm.; length of wing 3.12 mm., 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169 


width 1.16 mm.; cornicles 0.77 mm.; cauda 0.31 mm. Antennal 
measurements as follows: 


mm mm mm mm. mm mm mm mm 
La Fayette, Ind., Elymus, 
SS Ee ee 0.087 | 0.070 | 0.504 | 0.400 | 0.313 | 0.130 | 0.678 | 2.182 
La Fayette, Ind., Elymus, 
MEI, RON oc ee cole ee . 087 .070 -487 .383 .313 AY ee Cale ae : 
La Fayette, Ind., Elymus, \ 
OO OL CaS (Sh aS aaa .080 .070 .504 .400 .304 .139 652 | 2.149 
La Fayette, Ind., Elymus, 
oS. NS 2h ee eicee .087 .070 . 504 .383 .322 .130 .661 | 2.157 
Farley, Iowa, Elymus, Aug. 
rt |) be pee . 087 .070 .539 .383 . 304 .156 .539 | 2.978 
Farley, Iowa, Elymus, Aug. 
EES. ok (Gass ae cee bx Nes sks .539 .383 . 330 .139 o's Uh eRe des 


Eulachnus rileyi (Williams) * 

This species is very closely related to Eulachnus agilis Kalt., 
both in form and in its habits, but differs from that species as 
described by G. Del Guercio by lacking sensoria on antennal 
segment III of the winged viviparous female. Del Guercio does 
not refer to the sensoria in his description, but in his figure on 
Plate XVII (fig. 227)* he shows the antennz of the winged vivi- 
parous female of E. agilis to bear 8 sensoria on segment III, 3 
sensoria segment IV, 2 sensoria on segment V, and the usual ones 
on segment VI. 

: Wingless viviparous female. 
(Pl. VII, fig. 41.) 


Head dusky brown; the prothorax likewise dusky, with a 
paler median dorsal line; remainder of body varying in colour from 
orange brown to nearly black or greenish black, usually the former; 
a longitudinal row of black dots on each side of the dorsal median 
and another row of similar dots lateral of this, each dot bearing a 
long spine-like hair; in life the body is usually covered with a pulveru- 
lence, giving the insect a hoary appearance and usually obscuring 
all markings.. Antennz, head, legs, and cauda, as well as the 
body, bearing numerous conspicuous, long, black, spine-like hairs. 
Antennz dark brownish to blackish, excepting basal halves of IV 
and V, and extreme base of VI, which are paler; segment III. 
longest; total length about one-half that of the body; segment IV 


*This species has not been positively identified, since the type specimens are not available. 
The male of our species agrees well with the winged form as described by Williams for Z, rileyi 
and the identification as here recorded is probably correct. 


170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


bearing a small distal sensorium, segment V a large distal sen- 
sorium, and segment VI one larger and two or three smaller ones 
near by. Eyes black. The hind pair of legs entirely blackish, 
except the basal ends of femora, which are paler; the two fore pairs 


of legs brownish, excepting tarsi, which are black. Cornicles ~ 


represented by a black circle. Cauda broadly rounded and typical 
of the genus. 

Average measurements for 6 specimens in balsam as follows: 
Length of body 2.13 mm., width 0.66 mm.; length of middle tibia 
0.81 mm.; hind tibia 1.43 mm.; length of first tarsal segment of 


hind tibia 0.113 mm., of second tarsal segment 0.217 mm. Anten- 


nal lengths as follows: 


Locality, date, etc. I. Hi. 1. a. 3 LN, V. VI. | Total 
mm. mm, mm, mm. mm. mm. mm. 
St. Louis, Mo., July 25, 1911.......| 0.078 | 0.087 | 0.400 | 0.209 | 0.243 | 0.191 | 1.208 
St. Louis, Mo., July 25, 1911... .... .087 | .087 | .391 | .209] .243 | .191 | 1.208 
Chicago, Ill, July 20, 1910.........] .087 | .087 ]} .400 | .243 7 .252 | .191 | 1.260 
Chicago, Iil., July 20, 1910.........]. .087 | .087 | .400 | .226 | .261 |] .191 | 1.252 
Chicago, Iil., July 20, 1910.........| .087 | .087 | .374 | .226 | .269 | .200 | 1.243 
Chicago, :Ill., July 20, 1910..... ....{ .087 | .087 | .383 | .209 | .269 | .191 | 1.226 
Chicago, Ill., July 20, 1910.........] .087 | .087 | .356 | .226 | .243 | .209 | 1.208 
Chicago, Ill, July 20, 1910........., ..087 | .087 | .356 | .217] .252 | .200 | 1.199 
Chicago, Ill., July 20, 1910.........1 .078 | .087 | .356 | .235 | .269 | .191 | 1.216 
Chicago, Ill., July 20, 1910.........] .078 | .087 | .374 | -.243 | .269 | .182 | 1.233 
St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 6, 1910, 
J. Ty. Monetl.-... p<. hos cae 087 | .os7 | .452 | .269 | .278 | .217 | 1.390 


Winged viviparous female. 
(Pl. VII, figs. 42-46.) 


Entire body covered with a conspicuous white flocculence, 


beneath which the head and thorax are of a brownish colour and 
the abdomen a greenish brown to ochreous brown, more often the 
latter; abdomen with a row of inconspicuous setiferous dots, one 
on each side of the median line. Legs, antennee and front of head 
bearing prominent spine-like hairs as in the wingless form; the 
cauda and tip of abdomen bearing many rather long hairs. Anten- 
ne blackish, excepting basal half of III, which is pale brown; a 
little more than half the body length; segment III longest; sensoria 
as in the wingless forms. Eyes black. Hind legs blackish, ex- 
cepting basal ends of femora; two fore pairs of legs similarly coloured 


eee eee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 171 


excepting tibiz, which are pale at extremities. Wings as in 
illustration, the media usually one-branched, although this char- 
acter is variable, Mr. Monell has collected specimens of this species 
in St. Louis which had the media unbranched, and he also collected 
one individual with a bifurcate media. Regarding this variable 
venation Mr. Monell wrote Dr. H. Schouteden, who replied under 
date of April 23, 1905, as follows: ‘‘A Lachnus with cubital vein 
unforked is quite unknown to me, but there are some species with 
only one fork (ZL. agilis)."’ Cornicles and cauda as in wingless 
form. . 
Average measurements from 3 specimens in balsam as follows- 
Length of body 2 mm., width 0.50 mm.; length of wing 2.2 mm., 
width 0.70 mm.; length of middle tibia 0.79 mm., of hind tibia 
1.62 mm.; length of first tarsal segment 0.113 mm., of second tarsal 
segment 0.209 mm. 
Antennal measurements as follows: 


Locality and Date I, Il. Ill. IV. V. VI. Total 

mm, mm. mm, mm, mm. mm. mm. 

St. Louis, Mo., July 25, 1911....... 0.070 |.0.078 | 0.435 | 0.235 | 0.243 | 0.191 | 1.252 
St. Louis, Mo., July 25, 1911....... .078 .078 443 .243 .261 .191 | 1.294 
St. Louis, Mo., July 25, 1911....... :078 . 087 .426 .261 .287 .209 | 1.348 
St. Louis, Mo., July 25, 1911.......] .078 .087 .469 - 269 -269 -209 | 1.381 
Chicago, Hl., July, 201910.........] .078 .087 .400 243 -261 .191 | 1.260 


Winged Male. 
(Pl. VII, fig. 47). 

Head and thorax black; abdomen pale brownish, with a dull 
orange tint, and the entire body covered with a white pulverulence. 
Antenne black, reaching nearly to tip of body; segment III longest; 
segment III with 60 to 84 faintly tuberculate, circular sensoria, 
IV with 22 to 41, V with 10 to 29, not including the usual large 
distal sensorium, and segment VI with 3 to 5, not including the 
_ usual large sensorium. Eyes black. Wings as in the viviparous 
female. Legs black, excepting the pale extreme bases of femora 
and the brownish basal halves of tibiz. Cornicles and cauda as 
in other forms, the anal plate dusky. 

Average measurements from six individuals in balsam as 
follows: Length of body 1.59 mm., width 0.47 mm.; length of wing 
2.61 mm., width 0.83 mm. Antennal measurements as follows: 


172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Measurements No. of sensoria 
Locality and Date I II III IV V VI | Total | IIT | IV | V* | VI* 
mm. | mm. | mm, | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. 


St. Ppt Mo., Oct. 1, 
SOR ets coe Ses ose 10.078 10.087 J0.617 }0.382 [0.417 0.243 |1.824 | 75 | 25 | 17 3 


US RR ase yee Brey .078 | .087 | .635 | .400 | .417 | .261 [1.878 | 81 |] 33 | 18] 5 


Slate ge late) nek See ‘| .078 | .087 | .522 |! .304 | .313 | .217 [1.521 | 72 | 24 | 19 | 3 


$105k a oes .078 | .087 | .548 | .313 |] .318 | .... | .... | 65 | 22°] 20 
Morgan Park, Ill., Sept. 
FO OUR cats San seas .078 | .087 | .582 | .365 | .391 | .261 ]1.764 | 83 | 28 | 20 4 
Morgan Park, IIl., Sept. ? 
22 TOS as te aitetas .078 | .087 | .565 | .400 | .400 | .252 [1.782 
St. Louis, Oct. 6, 1910 
J. Fo MOUs Sao 6 os ces .078 | .087 | .591 | .374 | .382 | .226 [1.738 | 72 | 32 | 17 4 
St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 6, 
1910, J. T. Monell..... .O87 | .087 | .609 | .365 [| .374 | .235 [1.757 | 83 | 31 | 16 5 


aa a uigs Mo., Oct. 24, : 
Pet Dig des oes .078 | .087 | .556 | .356 { .348 | .243 [1.668 | 72 | 30 | 10 4 


ENE IR Tey eat eae .078 | .087 | .574 | .348 | .339 | .235 [1.661 | 60 | 27 | 13 


La Fayette, Ind., Oct : 
se: WE? RRs er aie ae .O87 | .087 | .661 | .382 | .452 | .261 [1.930 | 83 | 34 | 29 4 


wn Sy ey Ind., Oct. 
BEE. Wass act ees .O87 | .O87 | .661 .391 .435 | .278 11.939 | 84 1 41 116 + 


*Not including the large sensorium. 


Wingless oviparous female. 
(Pl. VII, fig. 48.). 


Body ochreous brown and covered with many small blackish - 


dots, each giving rise to a spinelike hair; head and thorax with 
dusky longitudinal bands on each side of the median line; the 
entire body covered with a fine pulverulence. Antenne dusky to 
blackish, segment IV being slightly paler at base; relative length 
of segments about as in other forms; less than half the body length; 
sensoria as in wingless viviparous female. Eyes black. Legs 
blackish, excepting bases of femora, which are paler; hind tibize 
swollen and bearing about 65 circular sensoria. (An occasional 
oviparous female has been observed which bore no visible sensoria 
on hind tibiz, although the latter are always — Anal 
plate dusky. 

Average measurements from 5 specimens in balsam as follows: 
Length of body 2.55 mm., width 0.85 mm. Antennal measure- 
ments as follows: 


a eee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Locality and Date I, It. Ill, IV. V. VI. Total 

1 mm, mm, mm. mm, mm, mm, | mm, 
Morgan Park, Ill., Sept. 22, 1908...] .087 | 0.096 | 0.417 | 0.261 | 0.296 | 0.226 | 1.383 
Morgan Park, Ill., Sept. 22, 1908...] .087 .087 417 |. 261.) ,278 -209 | 1.339 
Chicago, Ill., Oct. 15, 1909........ .087_] . .087 -408 |. .261 .287 -199 | 1.329 
Chicago, Il., Oct. 15, 1909........ 087 .087 .426 [,..252. | .296 .217 | 1.365 
St.. Louis, Mo., Oct, 24,1909... ..... 087 .096 417 } . .252 . 269 .209 | 1.330 
St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 24,.1909,....... 087 .087 .400 .261 .261 .217 | 1.313 
St. Louis,.Mo., Oct. 24,1909... ..,.: 087 -096 | .426 .226 .261 .199 | 1.295 
St. Lonis,; Mo., Oct. 24, 1909... ...:.. 087 087 -400 | . .209 .261,]| .199 | 1.243 
La Fayette, Ind., Oct. 23, 1912... .... O87 |. ..096 .435 252 .252 .199 1.321 
La Fayette. Ind., Oct. 23, 1912... ... 087 087 452 .234 . 243 .217 | 1,320 


Fayette, 


Egg.—(Fig. 18.) 


self collected 


since 1905 at St. Louis, Mo., on Pinus austriaca. 
(To be continued.) 


and, 


lowa; 


‘When first laid, the egg is a pale yel- 
lowish brown, later changing to ochre- 
‘ous brown, and finally to jet black. It 
measures 0.65 by 0.30 mm. This in- 
sect livestupon the pine throughout the 
summer, and the winter eggs are de- 
posited on the blackish leaf sheath at 
base of leaves of the same plant. 

Outside of Nebraska, the type !ocal- 
itv of Eulachnus rileyi, this species 
has been reported from Albany, N. 
Y., under the name Lachnus agilis 
Kalt., by Prof. C. P. Gillette.* 
writer has collected it on the Austrian 
or black pine (Pinus ausiriaca) at 
Chicago, Morgan Park, and Urbana, 
Ill.; Independence, 
Ind.,’ 


The 


La 


in company 


with Mr. Monell, at St. Louis, Mo. 
Mr. Monell has specimens in his 
cabinet collected by Mr. Theo. 
Pergande in 1882 and 1885 at Wash- 
ington, D. C., on the Jersey or scrub 
pine (Pinus inops), and he has him- 


it at various times 


*Plant louse notes, Family Aphidide. 


Journ. Econ. Ent., vol 2, No. 6, pp. 385-388, 1909. 


174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


NOTES ON RHABDOCNEMIS OBSCURUS BOISD. IN 
AUSTRALIA.* 
BY A. A. GIRAULT, NELSON, N.Q., AUSTRALIA. 

During July, 1912, this species was reported to be injuring 
sugar cane at Innisfail (Darradgee, Goondi and Mundoo), North 
Queensland. Upon visiting the area during the last week of the 
month, the reports were found to be true and active measures were 
being taken by the farmers to combat the insect. Injured cane 
was first noticed on the trucks at the Goondi Mill, where about one 
or two per cent of the bottom ends of the cut cane were observed 
to bear borer channels. Later, after exploring rapidly the whole 
area, the insect was found to be most common at Darradgee, 
common at Goondi, but none were found at Mundoo nor East 
Innisfail. The farmers were using baits made of halved pieces of 
cane, the inner side of each half stick sometimes smeared with 


molasses and a half a dozen or so laid face down upon the ground 


in a row upon a small, clean area. The baits were placed only 
around one or two edges of a field; a large number of them were 
examined during the week, with the result that no beetles were 
found as a general rule with the exception of the worst fields, where 
on the average a dozen were taken from each trap (day: these fields 
had been trapped and collected for several weeks previously). 
Badila was the variety infested, since I saw but little injury to 
others (mostly Singapore); the former is softer, having less fibre. 
Exploration of cane fields—in the trash left after cutting, under 
logs, around the edges of cane fields, in nearby jungles, on banana 
trees and so forth—resulted in finding the beetle only in the living 
cane plants, where they were hiding (daytime) under the sheaths 
of the lowest green leaves upon which they feed by gouging out 
short, longitudinal channels from the inner ‘surface. Sometimes 
they were hiding under the lower (dead) leaf-sheaths, and, as 
stated, under the traps. Rarely, a beetle was found on the ground 
or out of the fields entirely. None were seen at lights at night. 
They were sluggish at all times and none were observed flying (day) ; 
when disturbed they would generally assume a feigning attitude, 
remaining inert. The edges of the field, apparently, were most 


* Contribution No. 8, Ent. Laboratory, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, 
Bundaburg, Q. 
May, 1914 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ay 


infested, but sometimes the insect was distributed over an entire 
field. 

There were no external indications of the presence of the borer 
in the fields, excepting that infested plants were weakened some- 
what, and therefore very likely to be broken off by the wind; 
weakened and diseased plants were found to be infested more 
frequently than others. In canes which had been broken off by a 
cyclone, several months previously, when infested, there was some- 
times a minute discoloured spot indicating the position of a large 
larva; these canes were infested near their tops and were only about 
three feet high and bare of leaves. 

All stages of development were present. As a rule, only one 
or two of the beetles were found hiding in the same place; once four 
were found together and quite frequently pairs, but these were not 
mating, though in the mating position. 

The farmers in the Goondi area had combined tolerably well 
and were using, as stated, the cane baits recommended by the 
Hawaiian entomologists; at the time, which was just before harvest, 
it seemed to me that one thorough search of the worst fields by 
hand, collecting the beetles and then, after harvest, burning the 
trash, would destroy the majority of those remaining, while che 
larve in the cane would be destroyed by the milling process. Mr. 
Robert Davis, of Darradgee, whom I quote later, brought to me 
some small pieces of infested cane taken from the remains of the 

_trash on his field which had just been burnt in my presence. From 
these pieces were obtained three larve, two pupz and three adults, 
and all proved to be dead except one pupa; later, the latter died; 
these specimen were taken from the interior of the pieces of infested 
cane, the pupz and adults from cocoons. They appeared to have 
been steamed todeath. From Mr. Davis I received the following 

_ interesting account: 


‘Notes in Connection with Cane Borer Pest. 


“T first discovered Borer in or about April, 1912,in two shoots of 
cane while cutting cane for plants, after the field had been broken 
down by a recent cyclone. I made several enquiries about them 
from older farmers and was told that they were harmless, as they 
had been present on the (Johnstone) river for years past. 


176 | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


From April to the end of June I saw very few traces of them, 
owing to the heavy rainfall washing the ground. About the end 
of June they were found in many places, and because of enquiries 


I started to use baits composed of short pieces of cane split down the — 


centre and laid flat on the headlands at about one quarter of a 
chain apart. In the meantime, I cleaned up all broken cane and 
cane tops from placés where trees had fallen over on to the field, 
for in such places I found that the beetle bred more there; they 
were much worse in broken cane than in that standing. Cane 
broken and lying on the ground to rot is infested far worse than 
standing cane. The borer is also fond of hiding behind top leaves 
of standing cane and feeding on inside of leaf. During my clean-up 
I should say that we caught about two quarts of beetles and grubs; 
the second day caught some three quarts; the third day only a 
quart; the daily catch for the next week was about fifty borers a 
day. Since then the catch has been lessening, some days very few 


being caught. I also noticed that the damage was very much less. 


on the headlands. 


I have found;old borers in last year’s. cane, left on the ground; 
also in cane that-had:been burnt last year. ‘The borer works in the 
centre of the field:as well as outside; it prefers: Badila to! any other. 
I tind fresh, sweet cane quite as good for. baits assour cane; 
molasses darkens: the bait and makes it difficult to:see.the captured 
beetles. J am, quite sure that the borer will not be very plentiful, 
unless the cane:is broken. The eggs laid in cane last April are now 
coming out in beetle form (last week of July).. From June to last 
of July, I estimate that I have caught about 12,000 beetles and 
grubs, my outlay, not counting my own and boy’s labor, being 
some £14,” 


During the time which I spent in the fields, a small pes. 
of the adults were collected and sent alive to the laboratory at 
Nelson (Cairns), N. Q., where they were kept temporarily under a 
- wire cage containing pieces of cane. They fed upon the ends of 
these pieces, inserting their rostra into the soft pith. They were 
kept successfully in this cage until August 12, 1912, when they 
were taken out and counted; there were sixty-three males, fiffy- 
four females—all collected at random in the Innisfail district from 
cane plants. From the ends of the pieces of cane upon which they 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 177 


had been feeding for several weeks and which were now fermenting 
and dying, were recovered six eggs which died when exposed to the 
atmosphere. 

Thirty-three random beetles were taken and confined singly 
in long glass vials plugged with cotton (vial 4 inches long by 34-inch 
diameter); they were not fed, and spent most of their energy in 
trying to escape; they died as follows: After one day, three males; 
two days, 6 males, 5 females; after three days, 8 males, 5 females; 
on the fourth day, 4 males, 2 females. They thus seemed to require 
_aconstant supply of food. 


Ten random pairs were placed on a cane plant (leafless) under 
a high Tower breeding cage; all were dead after three weéks, 
as was also the cane plant. 

On October 1, 1912, a single voung larva was placed within a 
wound made in the top side of a strip of cane which had rooted in 
a box of.earth; this larva hatched from eggs deposited between 
September 19-30, 1912. It developed; on November 27, or after 
nearly two months, the cane was cut off just below the spot where 
the young larva had entered, exposing a cylindrical channel which 
was five inches long, traversing four nodes. The grub was found 
at the end of this channel, nearly full grown. On December 20 
the plant was examined again; the grub had gone four inches 
farther down and then returned, constructing a cocoon at about 
‘the place where it had been found in November. The cocoon 
contained a pupa which was accidentally injured. The plant was 
dead. The period of development in this case was about three 
months, probably longer than natural because of the unhealthy 
plant in which the grub developed. When placed into the plant, 
the young grub was about a week old or less. 

Eleven glass jars were taken on August 12 and partly filled 
with about an inch of moist, sifted soil upon which was placed a 
node of matured cane; into each of these was introduced a male 
- and female beetle of about equal size. The jars were then covered 
with cheese cloth. Four similar jars received single females taken 
at random and a fifth jar, five females. From time to time, the 
pieces of cane were removed from these jars, examined and a fresh 
piece added. The removal became necessary in most cases because 
of moulds developing on the cane. The beetles fed from the pith 


178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


at each end and eggs were laid into the ends quite frequently The 
following short tables summarize: 


TABLE I.—SUMMARY OF ELEVEN PAIRS KEPT IN CONFINEMENT FROM 
AUGUST 12, 1912. 


Length of life 
No Dates of Finding No. No. Total Death aie Re 
Eggs |Larve| Progeny | Male Female | Male Fem'le 
1 }Aug. 19, 24; Sep. 19; Oct. 2,10] 11 4 pt bahar: ah Cae ese Oct. 20 Ah 69 
2 |Oct. 11; Nov. 15, 30; Dec. 7,16 1 i8 19 Nov. 23 |Dec. 10 103 120 
3 |Sep. 20; Oct. 2, 11; Nov. 18, 
28; Dec. 46 ABs: hes Ag eas ll 28. 39 Oct. 10 |Dec. 25 59 135 
4 [Oct. 1, 10; Nov. 11.......... 4 4 8 Nov. 23 | Nov. 23 103 103 
5 |Sep. 20; Oct. 2, 11; Nov. 12, 
28; Dec. Dy Os ee ee eae 15 20 35 Dec. 3 |Dec. 24 113 134 
6 [Sep. 20; Oct. 1, 12; Nov. 15, 30 8 15 23 Dec. 4 |Nov. 25 114 105 
7 |Sep. 19; ae 1,9; Nov. 11, 27; : 
Dec 6G 16i. 3 itt es 12 21 33 Dec. 3 |Dec. 20 113 130 
8 }Aug. 19, bas Oct. 1,9; Nov. 28] 6 7 13 Nov. 1 | Nov. 20 81 100 
9 |Aug. 24; i Sep. 19; Oct. 1, 10, 31; , 
Wow Sh nrc corny cob chee 8 9 17 Nov. 20 | Nov. 15 100 95 
10 |Aug. Ya; aS 20; Oct. 2; Nov. : 
PRITT. ae Re eee 3 13 16 Nov. 21 | Nov. 22 101 102 
11 Aug. 19. 24; Oct. 3, 12; Nov. 
WAS tae Sete ee 3 17 20 Nov. 5 INov. 25 85 105 


+ 


TABLE IIl.—SUMMARY OF FEMALES KEPT IN CONFINEMENT FROM 
AUGUST 12, 1912. 


No.of No. Total Length life 
Lot! Dates of Finding Eggs | Larve | Progeny} Death —Days 

1 {Sep. 18; Oct. 1, 9, 31; Nov. 27; Dec. 16....} .20 2) 41 Dec. 30 140 
2 jAug. 24; Sep. 20; Oct. 3, 122.5. 5. cae dn 5 8 13 Oct. 20 69 
3 |Sep. 19; CG ae ake es Oe Ve ee sain Pie 0 2 2 io eee 50 
eet BO: OO. Wd ee ae eee 12 3 15 t. 22 71 
5*} Aug. 19, 24; Oct. 2, 10, 30; Nov. 27; Dec. 6, ‘ 

4G: 65) pias eee San wees 27 13 40 |Nov. 234 103 


*Five females. ftAverage time: one died after 51 days, one after 107 days, two after 110 
days and one at the end of 136 days. 

The total progeny of a female for several months is not very 
large from these data, but I am quite sure that all of the eggs were 
not found; the food was changed about every ten days. At any 
rate, it is quite evident that both sexes are able to live some weeks 
and that the rate of egg-laying is slow. Also that the young larva 
are quite unable to live in dried-up cane and that the beetles require 
a constant supply of food. The egg stage was not accurately 
obtained, but it was certainly not more than a week in duration. 
With better care, it is quite probable that the beetles would have 
lived considerably longer, still reproducing. Some of the females 
laid fertile eggs, when isolated from males, for about four months 
after. The rate of oviposition was not regular, sometimes several 
weeks elapsing between ovipositions. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _ 179 


From the practical standpoint, it may be that an important 
fact has been learned, namely, that the adults readily feed upon 
and lay eggs into fresh pieces of cane cut from the plant and it 
would seem desirable to try this method in place of the traps or 
else in conjunction with them. Not only would the beetles be 
thus caught, but also their progeny. These pieces could be strewn | 
about and collected, say, every week and burned. It is quite possible, 
however, that the traps serve the whole purpose better because 
they offer a hiding place and to catch and kill the beetles is to put 
an end to all their progeny. Van Dine, in fact, states that this is 
what actually occurs in the case of the trapping, What I have 
seen of the latter would make me believe it to be an effective and 
practicable remedial operation and when used in conjunction with 
the operations already recommended by entomologists, there 
should be little or no difficulty in combatting this insect. 


DOCTORS BARNES AND McDUNNOUGH ON FLORIDA 
LEPIDOPTERA. 


BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D.C. 


The article by Drs. Barnes and McDunnough on pages 27-31 
of the January Canadian Entomologist has been noted. The 
article makes the appearance of a vindication, but is so vague 
that it can scarcely be answered. The gentlemen plead guilty. 
The plea may perhaps be considered to procure an ameliorization | 
of sentence; at least, I shall be very glad to see any of their names 
rescued from the sorry pile of synonymy that they have created. 
Of positive statements in the gentlemen’s paper there are but two: 

1. Acidaliodes eoides B. & McD. is not a Pseudocraspedia, but 
a good species. I must, of course, accept their statement of fact, 
which [ am very glad to do. 

2. Manatha nigrita and Prochalia pygmea are separable from 
Plateceticus gloveri by the presence of vein 6 in the hind wing in the 
former and the absence of a branch to vein 1b of fore wing in the 
second. These characters are of value, I believe, and are not value- 
less like the condition of the radial nervules, which I had in mind in 
speaking of carbonaria. It gives me pleasure, therefore, to retract 
the synonymy of these species and to recognize Manatha nigrita as 


180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


distinct from gloveri by venation and larval case. I regret that I 
overlooked the venation in making the examination for Mr. F. M. 
Jones, or he might have described this also with his new species 
tracyit. Prochalia pygmea is evidently more nearly related to 
Chalia rileyi Heyl. than to gloveri, where I placed it, hastily as it 
now appears. Perhaps it is the same. MHeyleerts describes rileyi 
with 10 veins in fore wing, 7 in hind wing. My specimens have 11 
veins in fore wing, 8 in hind wing; Prochalia pygmea is said to have 


12 veins in fore wing, 8 in hind wing. So few specimens of these 
forms are known in collections that the extent of variation cannot 


be stated, and I will, therefore, not make a positive reference of 
pbygmea now, though I think it probable that » we have but one 
variable species in C. rileyt. 


THE GALL PRODUCED BY CYSTIPHORA CANADENSIS 
FELT. 
BY A. COSENS, TORONTO. 
: In Vol. XLV, No. 12, of this publication, Dr. E. P- Felt has 
described a new species of gall midge, Cystiphora canadensis Felt, 
reared by the writer from. galls collected in this locality. The 
obtaining of a large number of specimens has made possible a 
fuller description of the gall. 

It is produced on the radical leaves of Prenanthes | alba L. or 
altissima L. As both these species grow in this locality, and only 
the radical leaves are infected by the midge, ‘it is difficult to ee: 
which species is serving as the host. 

The gall is of the typical ocellate form, with a light yellow 
centre from 1—2 mm. in diameter, surrounded by a deep purple 
ring, averaging 2 mm. in width, which is bounded on the outside 
by a much narrower ring of the same shade as the centre of the 
gall. In immature galls the circle at the centre is green and in 
some exceptional cases entirely absent. When the galls are formed 


_. close together on the leaves, they are often connected by the 


widening of their outside yellow rings. The concentric rings of 
colour are much more apparent on the upper than the lower surface 
of the leaf. 

The galls are frequently so numerous on the leaves as to 


almost cover them. In one instance forty specimens were found 


on a single leaf. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 181 


AN EGG-PARASITE OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, 
LYGUS PRATENSIS L.: 
BY C. R. CROSBY AND M. D. LEONARD, ITHACA, N. Y. 


On October 3, 1913, while examining flower-heads of the daisy 
fleabane, Erigeron ramosus, we found one egg and two egg-shells of 
the tarnished plant bug, Lygus pratensis, with the tip slightly in- 
serted in the receptacle. The flower-head was placed in a vial, 
and in a few days the egg took on an abnormal blackish colour. 
On October 7 a hymenopterous parasite emerged. From other 
flower-heads placed in a breeding-cage two other parasites of the 
same species were obtained on Oct. 21 and 27. This parasite is 
apparently undescribed. 

Anagrus ovijentatus, n. sp. 

Female.—Length .64 mm., abdomen .36 mm. General colour 
black; eyes dark red; antennz blackish, except pedicle below and 
scape at tip, which are dull yellowish. The legs dull yellowish; 
coxe dusky; femora broadly banded with dusky; middle and hind 
tibie dusky except tip and base; last-tarsal segments dusky. 
Abdomen black, very slightly tinged with yellowish at the tip. 


Fig. 20.—A. ov/yentatus, wing. 


Fig. 19.—Anayrus ovijyentatus. 


The relative length of the antennal segments is indicated by 
the following ratio: scape 4, pedicle 3, first funicle 1, second 2, 
third, fourth, fifth and sixth 3, club 5. 

The ciliation of the wing is shown in figure 20. 


Described from three females, Ithaca, N.Y., Oct. 7, 21, 27, 1913. 
May, 1914 ‘ 


182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


_ Type deposited in the Cornell University collection. 
According to Girault’s table of the North American species of 

Anagrus (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XX XVII, pp. 297-298, 1911), this 

species runs to A. sag: Gi ault. The two species may be separated 

by the following characters: 

1. Species entirely dusky black; funicle segments of the antennz 
all shorter and much smaller than the pedicle; scape and 
pedicle subequal; tips of tibiz pallid......... saga Girault. 

2. Species black except for tip of abdomen, which is slightly tinged 
with yellowish; funicle segments of antenne same size as 
scape, except first and second; scape and pedicle unequal; 
tips and base of tibiz pallid.............. ovijentatus, n. sp. 


BOOK REVIEWS. 


Tue Cuincu Buc. By T. J. Headlee and-J. W. McColloch, Agr. 
Expt. Sta., Manhattan, Kansas. Bul. 191, p. 287-353, 1913. 


This bulletin sums up the results of several years’ careful 
study of the Chinch Bug and the various means of control. The 
much-debated question of the value of the artificial distribution of 
the fungus diseases, especially Sporotrichum § globuliferum, which 
attack the bugs, has been given much attention, and in order that 
the conclusions reached might be based on sound grounds, a study 
of the life-history of the fungus itself in its relation to temperature, 
moisture and various hosts was carried out. From their study of 
the life economy of the Chinch Bug and Chinch-Bug Fungus and 
from the resilts of various experiments conducted by themselves 
and other entomologists in various parts of the country, the authors 
conclude that the facts unite in showing that artificial distribution 
of the church-bug fungus, either on diseased bugs or by artificial 
cultures, is not worth the time and trouble it takes. They state, 
moreover, that the farmers of Kansas have lost millions by the 
advocacy of this method of control because it tended to encourage 
them to neglect known really efficient measures. 

.The study of why bunch grass makes practically the only 
safe winter quarters for the bugs gave interesting results and seems 
largely to explain why the proper burning of such hiding quarters 
in early winter has given so good results. The two great artificial 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183 


methods of control, namely, this burning of the bunch grass to 
destroy the hibernating insects and the dust barriers to prevent 
migration or to destroy the nymphs when migrating from wheat to 
corn, are very clearly explained and the grounds on which they are 
advocated are set forth in a convincing manner. So far as one can 
judge, the Bulletin should be very valuable to the farmers of 
Kansas and to any who have to study and combat this very de- 
structive pest. 
— L. CAESAR. 


THE HeEssjAN F_y. By T. J. Headlee and J. B. Parker, Agr. Expt. 
Sta. Manhattan, Kansas, Bul. 188, pp. 83-138, 1913. 

This is a technical bulletin giving a comprehensive account of 
the Hessian Fly in Kansas. The authors, however, have not 
limited themselves solely to Kansas conditions, but have made 
several very important references to the results obtained by other 
investigators in different parts of the United States, whenever by 
so doing they could make more clear the point at issue. The history, 
distribution, habits, life history, nature of injury, natural and 
artificial means of control have been discussed at considerable 
length. The most valuable parts of the bulletin deal with the 
effects of temperature and moisture on the insect; the part played 
by parasites; the uselessness or inadvisability of several advocated 
measures of control, and the effectiveness of other methods. 

None of the measures advocated are new, but new data are 
given to prove more fully their value and considerable attention 
has been paid to answering the objections that have been made to 
them. The control measures advocated are (a) destruction of the 
insects on infested stubble preferably by ploughing under, (b) 
destruction of volunteer wheat, and (c) late sowing. In addition 
to these, the importance of a fertile, well-prepared seed-bed and 
good seed are emphasized. It is shown that climatic conditions 
and parasites play a very important part in control, but that they 
can never be relied upon to take the place of the measures just 
mentioned. Though the bulletin describes Kansas conditions, 
almost everything that it contains has a direct bearing upon this 
pest in Canada or elsewhere and is also very valuable by way of 
comparison with our local conditions. 

" L. CAESAR. 


184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


BOMBYCIA IMPROVISA AND TEARLII HY. EDWARDS. 


I have in my collection one specimen of Bombycia improvisa, 
taken at Ladysmith, Vancouver Island, Oct. 10, 1907, which I 
compared with specimens so labelled in the cabinets of the late G. 
W. Taylor, of Wellington, B. C., but on further examination I 
found that the specimens did not agree with the figure of improvisa 
in Holland’s Motto Book. 5 

The specimen was submitted to the late Dr. J. B. Smith, who 
wrote me under date of April, 1908: ‘‘The determination is cor- 
rect. I never noticed before that Holland makes fearliit a synonym 
of improvisa. It is not. He figures tearlii, and not improvisa.” 

In Dyar’s Catalogue fearlii is noted as a synonym of improvisa. 

This season I have been fortunate in securing two specimens 
of tearlii, identical with that figured by Holland and entirely dis- 
tinct from the specimens of improvisa of Vancouver Island. 

The correction must therefore be made in Holland’s work, 
and the name fearlii be restored to its place in our nomenclature. 

J. W. Cock.r, Kaslo, B. C. 


THE LONDON BIOLOGICAL CLUB. 


A society with the above title has recently been formed in 
London, Ontario, the organization consisting of a general club for 
conducting the business of the whole and of a number of sections 
devoted to special departments of biology. The objects of the club 
are stated to be: ‘‘(a) the development and advancement of the 
study of biology in general and of the subjects represented by the 
sections in particular; (b) the conservation of living things, includ- 
ing man and all useful to him; (c) the economic and scientific de- 
struction of such living things as can be shown inimical to man.” 

The wide scope of the club is set forth in the bylaw relating to 
sections which, it states, may be organized to deal with the follow- 

‘ing subjects: Archeology, Bacteriology, Botany, Entomology, 
Ethnology, Ichthyology, Paleonthology, Psychology, Ornithology, 
Sociology, Zoology, Bees, Poultry, Horses, Dogs, Cats, ete. It is 
provided further that any members, not less than three in number, 
may apply for the creation of a new section on any other subject 
relating to Biology. The club has begun with a fairly large mem- 
bership, and with such an extensive field of operations should at- 
tract a great number of persons who take an intelligent interest in 
matters outside of their daily routine of work. 


Mailed May 7th, 1914. 


a5) 


ae << 
: e ar mae 
SNe 


CAN. ENT., VOL. XLVI, PLATE XII. 


PSEPHENUS LECONTEI AND STENELMIS BICARINATUS. 


Gh Ganaitiay Futomologist. 


Voi. XLVI. LONDON, JUNE, 1914 No. 6 


LIFE- HISTORY NOTES ON TWO COLEOPTERA 
(PARNID£®). 
BY ROBERT MATHESON, ITHACA, N. Y.* 


Psephenus lecontei Lec. 

Although many notes, brief references, and figures of the 
larva (fig. 3), water penny, of this beetle have appeared from 
time to time in American literature, no consecutive account of its 
life-history has as yet been published. As this extremely interest- 
ing species is found very widely distributed in America and is of 
considerable interest on account of its peculiar larval form it seems 
to me that a short account, though gathered from desultory obser- 
vations extending over the past two years, would not be out of 
place at this time. 

Ordinarily the beetles are not usually observed by the col- 
lector though practically everyone who has any interest in ento- 
mology has seen the peculiar larve on the under side of stones, etc., 
in any of our rapid streams. In some streams they are very 
abundant and usually so in the swifter-flowing portions, particularly 
where the stones break the surface of the water into ripples. Here 
also the beetles are found, often in considerable numbers, but 
not in the water.. H.G. Hubbard, in the American Entomologist 
for 1880 (p. 73), well described the habits of the adults. Both 
males and females may usually be found, particularly during the 
heat of the day, gathered upon stones in mid-stream which just 
break the surface of the water. They are very active, flying 
about, and chasing one another over the stones. I have never seen 
them plunge into the water nor suffer themselves to get wet. 
They are usually very easily frightened and one has to approach 
cautiously with a net in order to catch them; for they take sudden 
flight and one can scarcely follow their movements. However, if 
one will look around carefully they will usually be found only a 
few feet away actively playing on another stone. 

*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University. 


186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


I have observed the adults performing in this manner in Fall 
Creek and Coy Glen here at Ithaca and in the Salmon River at 
Truro, N. S. Guided by the activities of the adults I was not 
long in finding the eggs. They are laid in masses on the under 
side of stones, usually in the swiftest water. I have found these 
egg masses in shallow streams and also in rivers where the water 
was several feet deep, the current often so swift as to render 
footing difficult. The females when engaged in egg laying are very 
_ sluggish and never attempt to escape. One may easily observe 
the egg-laying process if he is careful to remove the stone on 
which the eggs are being deposited. Egg laying was common at 
Ithaca on June 25, 1911, at Truro, N. S. on July 14, 1913. 


The eggs are deposited in a single, irregular layer. They are 


placed closely beside one another, often forming a layer of con- 
siderable extent (Fig. 2). At first the eggs are bright orange in 
colour, soon turning lemon yellow. They are firmly held-together 
and to the stone by a tough, hyaline substance. In examining 
an egg mass removed from a stone, each egg is seen to be placed 
in the centre of a gelatinous envelope, hexagonal in outline. A 
layer Of lemon-yellow eggs, each egg placed in the centre of its 
gelatinous envelope, presents a rather beautiful appearance, (fig. 
1). The eggs are practically spherical i in shape, measuring .18 mm. 
to .2 mm. in diameter. Some eggs may be a little larger, others 
smaller, but the above measurements represent the average size. 
The eggs are perfectly smooth without markings of any kind. 


I was not able to rear the larve from the eggs nor study in 
detail their natural history. It would undoubtably be of consider- 
able interest for any one to study the form of the larva at hatch- 
ing and what changes it undergoes during its larval existance. 
No one I believe has examined the stomach contents and 
nowhere have I found mention of its feeding habits. I did not 
determine the time between egg laying and the hatching of the 
larva. Judging from observations, the life-cycle lasts slightly less 
than a year,—egg-laying taking place during the latter part of 
June and July, the larvae reaching maturity the following season. 


In the references to this species in literature I have found — 


- but one note on the pupa. Hubbard in the American Entomol- 
ogist for 1880, p. 73, speaks of the larva leaving the water and 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. _ 187 


pupating under the larval skin beneath stones, boards, etc., in 
damp situations. He did not mention when they could be found. 
Last summer (Aug. 6, 1913) while collecting along the bank of 
Salmon River I was attracted by the large number of empty 
- larval skins of this species. Though I had noticed such skins prev- 
iously I had always discovered them empty. In searching over a 
large number I was fortunate to find two pupe not yet transform-_ 
ed. Nearly a month previously the adults had been observed 
egg-laying, so evidently the time of pupation extends over a 
considerable period. How long the pupal period lasts I did not 
determine. 


The pupz are found on the under side of stones, boards, etc., 
in damp situations. I found the larval skins very abundant under 
loose rocks overhanging the Salmon River. These sedimentary 
rocks are soft and many cracks extend in all directions, retaining a 
considerable amount of moisture. The last larval skin is firmly 
attached to the rock. Under this skin the pupa is formed. The 
larval skin on the ventral side splits transversely just in front of 
_ the mouth parts and is forced back to the tip of the abdomen 
where it remains (fig 4). The pupa is pure white in colour and 
very tender. It is held in place under the larval skin by the un- 
shed anterior ventral portion and the shed skin at the caudal end. 
In this way the pupa is prevented from coming directly in contact 
with the hard underlying rock, etc. 


Although there are several extended descriptions of the larva 
and larval structures I have found scarcely a word regarding the 
pupa. The pupa is pure white in colour, measuring 4.5-5mm. long. 
The anterior end is firmly held in place by the remaining portion 
of the larval-skin, while the end of the abdomen remains beneath 
the cast larval skin. However, if one carefully lifts the pupal head, 
then loosens the abdomen he will be surprised to find the pupa 
still firmly held in place. Carefully pushing the pupa it soon 
breaks away and discloses a process on each side extending from 
the latero-dorsal angles of the first abdominal segment. These 
processes are firmly attached to the lateral walls of the envelop- 
ing larval skin. A dorsal view of the pupa showing these peculiar 
processes is shown in fig 5. The pupa is perfectly smooth without 
any spines or sete. There are eight abdominal segments on the 


188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


dorsal side. The seven pairs of spiracles are prominent, all except 
the third pair being black at the tip. The eyes are prominent 
and somewhat blackish. The legs and wing-pads are held in 
position as shown in fig 4 (ventral view of the pupa in position in 
the larval skin). ; 


Stenelmis bicarinatus Lec. 


This species is quité common in Salmon River and I was not 
surprised to find the larve and pup under stones along the banks. 
Unfortunately, however, it was rather difficult to determine the 
larva or pupa of this species as quite a number of other species of 
Coleoptera were not uncommon in similar situations. However, 
I found a considerable number of larve transforming and many 
pupz, one of which I reared so that I was able to definitely con- 
nect all the different stages. The larve leave the water about the 
last of July or the first of August and construct small, smooth, 
pupal chambers in damp situations under stones. I found many 
pupz and a number of larve in such situations about August 7, 
1913. The beetle reared from one of these pupz emerged on Aug. 
10th. Further than this I know nothing of the life-cycle of this 
species, but this note may throw a little light on this small 
family of interesting forms. 

The larva (fig. 6). The mature larva, ready to pupate, 
measures 6.25 mm. long, and 1 mm. wide at its broadest part. It 
is heavily chitinized, reddish brown in colour, the head and term- 
inal segment of the abdomen being almost black. 

The head is small and the mouth parts very inconspicuous. 
The antenne are three-jointed, yellowish brown in colour, Ist 
segment measures .05mm., 2nd .09 mm.; the third, consisting of 
two very small segments lying side by side, .027 mm. 

The larva consists of 12 segments exclusive of the head. The 
last abdominal segment is longer than the two preceding segments 
and ends in two sharp, short spines with two rounded lobes 
between (fig. 6): The entire cuticle is densely covered with small, 
dark elevations, each bearing a very minute spine. . Otherwise, 
there are no distinctive markings. The legs are short, well devel- 
oped and suited for clinging closely to stones or other objects in 
swiftly flowing streams. 

The pupa (fig. 7). The pupa is soft, white in colour, the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. _ 189 


thoracic segments, wing-pads and legs being slightly dark in colour. 
This darkness deepens with the age of the pupa. Length 3.4mm.; 
width at base of wing pads, 1.2 mm. 

The head lies incurved under the prothorax, the developing 
mouth-parts showing very distinctly. The eyes are small and 
almost black. The antennz lie in front of the eyes and extend 
under the pronotum, thus being concealed from the dorsal view. 
The wing-pads are prominent. 

The pronotum is large and rather densely covered with fine 
colourless setae. The outer angles of the anterior margin each bear 
a long, curving spine, measuring .32 mm. The posterior outer 
angles also, each bear a spine measuring .28 mm. These spines 
are yellowish brown in colour. They support the pupa in its 
chamber, preventing it from coming in contact with the coarse 
grains of sand. 

The abdomen is composed of nine segments, the posterior 
margins on the dorsal side being strongly elevated into narrow 
ridges. These ridges are clothed with numerous short sete. The 
ninth segment bears on its dorsal side two curving stout cerci, 
measuring .4 mm. in length. These cerci almost completely 
conceal the segment from which they arise. The pupa rests on 
its back in the pupal chamber. By the aid of the prothoracic 
spines and cerci together with the numerous short sete arising 
from the raised ridges of the abdomen, injury from the roughened 
walls of the pupal chamber is avoided. The posterior margins of 
the wing pads and the legs are also provided with many short setz. 


THE KNOWN NYMPHS OF THE CANADIAN SPECIES OF 
LESTES (ODONATA). 


BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO. 


The only attempt that has yet been made to separate the 
nymphs of the North American species of Lestes is that of: Pro- 
fessor J. G. Needham in his report on ‘Aquatic Insects in New 
York State.”"* Professor Needham gives an excellent generic descrip- 
tion of the nymph and a table for the partial separation of the five 
species that he reared, viz., L. uncatus, unguiculatus, rectangularis, 
forcipatus, and eurinus. Good figures are given of L. rectangularis. 


*Bull. 68, N.Y. State Museum, 1903, pp. 228-236. 
June, 1914 


190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


In 1908+ the same author described the nymph of another 
species, L. vigilax. 

To these six species I can add two others, L. congener and L. 
disjunctus, both of which I obtained on Vancouver Island during — 
the summer of 1913. 


These are all the species of Lestes known from Canada and 
the Northern United States, except L. inequalis, although L. 
eurinus has not been certainly reported from the Dominion.- 

Of the nymphs of this genus reared by him, Professor Need- 
ham says: “I find them well-nigh indistinguishable specifically. 
Aside from slight and inconstant differences in size and a few very 
minor structural characters, they are all alike.”’ Certainly they 
are a difficult group and can only be studied satisfactorily with an 
abundance of material. Nevertheless, I believe that most, if not 
all, of the species can be distinguished, provided both sexes are ~ 
_ present, though I must admit that it is very doubtful whether 
single individuals, especially males, can be recognized with cer- 
tainty in all cases. He 

In regard to L. forcipatus and L. unguiculatus, I can say very 
little, as I have seen no good specimens of either. These species 
have therefore been omitted from the key that I give below, 
though I have discussed them as far as the material before me 
permits in the notes that follow. 

BS; The key is based upon an examination of specimens kindly 
lent me by Professor Needham, as well as material collected by 
Mr. R. P. Wodehouse, of Toronto, and myself. 


Key to the Known Nymphs of Canadian Species of Lestes. 


A. Lateral spines present on abdominal segments 4- or 5-9; 
labium, when closely applied to the ventral surface, reach- 
ing to or beyond bases of hind coxz. 

B. Mentum of labium relatively stout in its proximal half, 
its narrowest part being about one-third of the api- 
cal breadth; lateral sete 4or5.......... . .congener. 

BB. Mentum of labium very slender in its proximal half, its 
narrowest part being not more than one-fifth of the 
apical breadth; lateral sete normally 3. 
7Bull. 124, N.Y. State Museum, 1908, p. 197. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST — 191 


‘ C. Laterai spines on segments 4-9; mentum of 
labium 5.5-5.75 mm. long, barely reaching base 
of hind coxee*; mental sete 7 or 8, hind femora 
6 mm.; outer wing-pad 6.5 mm...... .eurinus. 

CC. Lateral spines on segments 5-9 (4-9 in one speci- 
men of disjunctus), mental setze usually 5-6, but 
often 7; hind femora less than 6 mm. long; outer 
wing-pad 5.5 mm. long-or less. 

D. Mentum of labium more than 4 mm. long, 
reaching generally to apex of hind coxz 
or beyond; ovipositor extending beyond 
apical margin of segment 10. 

E. Mentum of labium 4.3-5.1 mm. long, 
reaching apex of hind cox or 
slightly beyond; ovipositor 3-3.5 
mm., extending beyond basal joint 
RE Dea a) ee re eee fe uncatus. 

EE. Mentum of labium 4.75-5.5 mm., 
reaching beyond apex of hind coxe, 

often to apex of trochanters, ovi- 

positor 2 mm. long, extending very 

little beyond apical margin of seg- 

TPM CLO se ofS ee. disjunctus. 

DD. Mentum of labium 3.7-4 mm. long, reach- 
ing generally to about the middle of the 

hind cox; ovipositor just reaching api- 

cal margin of segment 10... rectangularis. 

AA. Lateral spines: present on abdominal segments 2- or 3-9; 
labium reaching barely to bases of hind coxe or not so 


Lestes congener Hagen. | 


Both sexes of this species were reared’at the Dominion Biolo- 
gical Station at Departure Bay, near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. 
The nymphs were obtained from Lonely Lake, a large pond a few 
miles fromthe Station in the depths of a rocky, coniferous forest. 
Two species of Lestes occurred near here, L. disjunctus and L. con- 


*This character is doubtless somewhat variable as in other species. 


192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, |, 


gener, but the latter commenced to transform when the period of 
emergence of the former was almost over. 

The nymphs were taken on July 31, 1913, and cues on 
August 7th, 8th and 13th. 

Nymph.—Labium, when closely applied to ventral surface, 
extending caudad to a little beyond the base, or to the middle, of 
the hind coxz; mentum narrowest about the middle, the breadth 
here being about one-third of the apical breadth, widening 
very slightly proximad; lateral lobe with inner margin crenulate, 
the teeth being much less developed than in other species of the 
genus; the row of teeth between the two hooks of the outer part 
also less developed than in the other species; 4 or 5 lateral sete, 
there being 3 or 4 on the movable hook and one before its base. 

Lateral spines present on segments 5-9, those on 5 minute but 
distinct; spinules on lateral carine of seg. 9 varying from 9 to 14. 
Ovipositor extending very slightly beyond the hind margin of seg. 
10, the styli just reaching the margin. Gills but little tapering 
distally, being little or no narrower at the distal than at the 
proximal third, apices convexo-acute. The three dark bands are 
usually distinct but not sharply defined. The femora have an 
obscure preapical dark ring. 

Length of body (without gills) 14.75 (contracted in alcohol) 
-20 mm.; labium(hinge to apex) 3.25-3.5 mm.; outer wing-pad 4.3-5 
mm.; hind femur 4.7-5 mm.; gill 8.25-9.5 mm. 

Described from four nymphs and three exuviz. 


Lestes eurinus Say. 

Of this species I have only one male: exuvia, with the imago 
and a mounted labium from another specimen, both received from 
Professor Needham. 

The labium is not very long for the size of the insect as it 
extends back only to the base of the hind coxe. Mentum very 
slender in the middle, being only about qne-seventh of the greatest 
breadth; broadening towards the hinge to about twice this breadth. 
The mental sete of the mounted specimen are 7 on each side, in 
the other they are 7 on one side and 8 on the other.. There is 
nothing characteristic about the lateral lobes except that the outer 
part is rather broad and’ the teeth ,between the two hooks are 
more irregular than in most species. 


PLaTe XII. 


CAN. ENT., VOL. XLVI, 


NYMPHS OF LESTES. 


194 - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Lateral spines on abdominal segments 4-9, small but distinct 
‘on 4, increasing to 7, smaller again on 9. Gills tapering but little 
distally, the width at the distal third little less than at the proxi- 
mal third, apices broadly convexo-acute. 

Length of body (without gills) 25 mm.; labium 5.5 mm.; 
outer wing-pad 6.5 mm.; hind femur 6.0 mm.; gill 11 mm. 


Lestes unguiculatus Hagen. 


All that I have to represent the nymph of this species is the 
slide received from Professor Needham, on which the mouth-parts 
are mounted. The labium is of about the minimum size for L. 
unc tus, measuring barely over 4 mm. in length from hinge to 
apical margin of mentum: The mentum is of the same form and 
bears 7 mental*setz on the right side and 5 on the left, though 
there is a space on the left side that appears to have borne two 
others. 

The lateral lobes have apparently no special characteristics 
but their exact form cannot be-determined as they do not lie flatly 
on the slide. 

Although nothing is known of the ovipositor of the nymph of 
this species, it is safe to infer that it is of about the same size as 
in disjunctus or rectangularis, as this relation obtains in the adults 
of these species. 


Lestes uncatus Hagen. 

On June 26, 1913, I found the adults of this species in enor- 
mous numbers about a prairie pond or ‘‘slough’”’ at Prince Albert, 
Saskatchewan. The exuvize were also numerous here and one 
nymph was taken when about to transform. I also have a con- 
siderable number of full-grown nymphs taken by Mr. R. P. 
Wodehouse from a pond on Fitzwilliam Island, Georgian Bay, 
Ont., June 29th, 1912, where they were taken in company with 
nymphs of L. rectangularis. In addition to these I have a slide 
from Professor Needham, on which the mouth-parts are mounted. 

It is a somewhat larger and slightly stouter nymph than that 
of L. rectangularis and the labium is noticeably larger. The 
females are easily recognized by the very large ovipositor, a char- 
acter that is also present in the adults. This feature is probably 
shared by L. forcipatus (q.v.). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST... 195 


Nymph.—Labium long and slender, extending usually slightly 
beyond the apices of the hind coxe but sometimes not quite 
reaching the apices, in other cases extending as far back as the 
middle of the hind trochanters. Slender proximal part of mentum 
about two-thirds of its entire length, the middle breadth being 
about one-seventh of the breadth at base of lateral lobes, widening 
proximad to more than twice this breadth at the hinge; mental 
sete usually 6 or 7, rarely 5 or 8 on one side; inner part of 
lateral lobes with the marginal teeth prominent, the outer part 
broad with the row of teeth straight and more regular than usual; 
lateral sete normally 3, rarely a fourth on the movable hook. 


Lateral spines present on abdominal segments 5- or 6-9, those 
on 5, when present, very minute. Spinules on lateral carinz of 9 
varying from 10 to 14. Ovipositor much larger than in any other 
species examined, the tips of the styli reaching the level of the 
basal joint of the gills, the apices of the ovipositor slightly beyond 
the joint. The sides of the valves are perpendicular, and their 
ventral surfaces narrow; the longitudinal series of minute hairs 
along the ventro-lateral margins is very inconspicuous. Gills 
widest about the proximal third, tapering considerably in the 
distal half, the width at distal third about two-thirds that at the 
proximal third, apices acute. 


In distinctly marked specimens (in alcohol), the dorsum of 
the abdomen is largely brown, the femora have a brown preapical 
annulus and the tibiz and tarsi are apically infuscated. The dark 
bands of the gills are often sharply defined. 


Length of body (without gills) 22-24 mm.; labium 4.3-5.1 
mm. (ay. 4.7); wing 4.9-5 mm.; hind femur 5-5.1 mm.; gill 
8.9-10 mm. 


Lestes disjunctus Selys. 


I found the adults of this species in great abundance in two 
marshy coves on the edge of Lonely Lake, Vancouver Island (see . 
under L. congener). There were also great numbers of exuvice 
which I felt safe in referring to this species as it was the only one > 
present. 1 dredged up a number of nymphs which I also assumed 
to be disjunctus, but the few that were reared all proved to be 
congener. Only one specimen, not reared, was disjunctus. The 


196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


time for emergence of this species was practically over at the time 
the nymphs were collected (July 31, 1913). 

Nymph.—Labium exceedingly long and slender, reaching back 
beyond the apex of the hind coxe or even beyond the trochanters. 
The slender proximal part of the mentum includes about two- 
thirds of its length and its breadth, at the middle, is about one- 
. seventh of the breadth at the base of lateral lobes. It expands 
proximad to more than twice its middle breadth. Mental setz 6 
or 7; lateral lobes similar to those of uncatus, the row of teeth on 
the outer part somewhat less regular; lateral sete 3. 

Lateral spines on segments 5-9 (4-9 on one specimen); 11-14 
spinules on lateral carinze of segment 9. Ovipositor extending 
slightly beyond the hind margin of segment 10, the styli reaching 
fully as far back as the apex. The longitudinal series of minute 
hairs on the ventral surface of the valves is slightly mediad of the 
lateral margin of the valves. Gills broadest at the proximal 
third, thence tapering gradually to the slender pointed apices, the 
_ breadth at the distal third being less than two-thirds of the 
breadth at the proximal third. The dark bands of the gills are 
somewhat diffuse in all the specimens, and in some very feebly 
indicated. The only other indications of a colour-pattern are the 
very feeble preapical femoral annuli-and the darkened apices of 
the tibize and tarsi in some individuals. 

Length of body (without gills) 18-19 mm.; labium 4.75-5.5; 
outer wing-pad 4.5-5mm.; hind femur 5.1 mm.; gill 8.8-10 mm.; . 
ovipositor 2-2.3 mm. ‘ 

Described from two nymphs and four exuvie. 


Lestes forcipatus Rambur. 

I have only a fragmentary male exuvia with the imago and 
four mounted labia, of this species, received from Professor 
Needham. The exuvia lacks both head and gills so that it is 
impossible to form a proper idea of the characters of the nymph. 


- Moreover, one of the mounted labia is considerably larger than the 


others and appears to me to belong to a different species. Pro- 
fessor Calvert, however, has kindly furnished me with the following 
data taken from a male, reared by himself. The nymph was 
collected in Delaware Co., Pa., July 16, 1891, and transformed 
on July 22 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. _ 197 


Mental setz 6 on each side; lateral sete 3+1 small one on 
the lateral edge of each lateral lobe, just proximal to the arti- 
culation of the movable hook. Lateral spines on abdominal 
segments 5-9, smallest on 5. Spinules on lateral carina of segment 
9, 14 on right side, 12 on left. Length of body, without gills, 
17 mm.; mentum of labium 3.8 mm.; outer wing-pads 5.5 mm.; 
hind femur 5 mm.; gills 9 mm. ' 

In Professor Needham’s material these characters are quite 
similar to the above, in so far as they are represented, except 
that one of the labia is larger than the others, measuring 5 mm. in 
length, whereas the others measure barely 4 mm. or a little less. 
One of the latter is labelled “‘bred.”” In all the specimens there 
are 3 lateral sete and 5-6 mental sete on each side. The rudi- 
mentary seta mentioned by Professor Calvert is present in all the 
specimens and in fact is rarely absent in any of the species of 
. Lestes I have examined. In the exuvia from Professor Needham, 
there are lateral spines on abdominal segments 5-9, and the lateral 
carine of segment 9 bear 15-14 spinules. 

In al] these characters and also in the form of the labium 
and its lateral lobes, there is nothing to distinguish the nymph of 
this species from that of L. rectangularis, but the ovipositor will 
probably prove to be much larger, resembling that of L. wncatus, 
since these relations obtain in the adult. 


Lestes rectangularis Say. 

I have bred this species at Toronto and have a large number 
of full-grown nymphs taken by Mr. Wodehouse from a pond on 
Fitzwilliam Island, Georgian Bay, in company with L. uncatus. 
I also have exuvie and adults reared by Professor Needham and 
_ a number of nymphs taken by him at Old Forge, N.Y. 


Nymph.—Somewhat smaller than that of L. uncatus, and of 
somewhat slenderer build. Labium of moderate length, generally 
reaching back to about the middle of the hind coxa, but some- 
times not quite reaching their bases while in two specimens, 
otherwise like this species, it extends a little beyond the apices 
of the cox. In none of the four exuviz of bred specimens that 
I have does it extend bevond the base of the coxe. The slender 
proximal part of the mentum is about 1.25 to 1.5 times as long as 


198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


’ the expanded distal part, and just before the latter, it is narrowed 


to about one one-sixth of the width at the base of the lateral 
lobes, widening towards the hinge to about twice this breadth. 
Mental setz normally 5, occasionally 6 on one side. Lateral lobes 
similar to those of disjunctus, lateral sete 3. 


Lateral spines on segments 5-9, of small size, those on 5 
usually a little longer than in wncatus. Spinules on lateral 
carine of 9, 10-14, usually 11-13. Ovipositor of moderate size, 
the apex and styli reaching the hind margin of segment 10. The 
longitudinal series of minute hairs is present on the ventro-lateral 
edges of the valves. Gills slender, gradually tapering from the 
proximal third, the breadth at the distal third being about three- 
fourths or three-fifths that at the proximal third, apices bluntly 
convexo-acute. 

The coloration is quite similar to that of uwncatus. Some 
specimens are very distinctly marked, the bands on the gills being 
very conspicuous and sharply defined. 


Length of a 19-21 mm.; labium 3.6-4.0 mm.; outer wing- 
pad 4.5-5.5 mm.; hind femur 4. Be 5. ad mm.; gill 8.5- 9. 0 mm.; ovi- 
positor 1.9-2.0 mm. 


- Lestes vigilax Hagen. 


Although I have bred this species several times at Go Home 
Bay, where the nymphs are plentiful, I have at present only three 
exuvie from reared specimens and one immature nymph from that 
locality and four exuvie from Old Forge, N.Y., received from 
Professor Needham. 

They are readily distinguished from other species by the 
characters given in the key. 

Nymph.—A slender nymph, similar in form to that of 
rectangularis. 

Labium relatively short, not extending behind the bases of 
the hind coxe and in one exuvia only to the middle coxze; some- 
what abruptly expanded in its distal part, which is about one- 
third: to two-fifths of its entire length, narrowed at the middle to 


about one-seventh to one-fifth of the apical breadth, and widening | 


towards the hinge to about twice the middle breadth. Mental 
“ sete 5 (rarely a small sixth on one side). Inner part of lateral 


- 2 te 
— ee ee . 


PLATE XIV, 


CAN. ENT. VOL. XLVI 


NYMPHS OF LESTES. 


200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST | 


lobes slenderer than in the other species, the marginal teeth 
prominent, the end-hook long and slender. Inner hook of outer 
part twice as long as the row of teeth, which is shorter than usual; 
lateral sete 3. 
Lateral spines on segments 2- or 3-9, latger than in the 


other species, those on segment 9, e.g., being about one- 


fourth the length of the lateral margin of segment 10. Spinules 
on lateral carine of segment 9 generally only 6-9, in extreme 
cases 5 or 11. Styli and apex of ovipositor not reaching the hind 
margin of segment 10, or the styli barely reaching the margin. 
The longitudinal series of minute hairs on the ventral margin 
of the valves is quite near the inner margin of the valves. Gills 
narrow, the margins being for the greater part of their length 
neatly straight and subparallel, apices rather broadly rounded, 
with or without slight indications of a point. Femora with a 
preapical annulus and the extreme apices dusky; a narrow sub- 
basal tibial annulus is sometimes present. 

Length of body (without gills) 21-23-5 mm.; labium 3.33- 
3.8; outer wing-pad 5.2-5.4 mm.; hind femur 5.0-5.5 mm.; gill 
10.0-10-5 mm.; ovipositcr 2 mm. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 

Plate XIII. Ventral views of labium and thorax, showing their 
relative positions when the former is closely applied to the ventral 
surface of the latter. The mental sete are seen through the 
mentum, as they appear in the transparent exuvie. 


Fig. 1. Lestes congener. Fig. 4. Lestes disjunctus. 
Fig. 2. ‘“  eurinus. Fig. 5. “ rectangularis. 
Fig. 3. “  uncatus. Fig.6. “ vigilax. 


Plate XIV. Lateral lobe of labium (figs. 7-11) and ventral 
views of abdominal segment 10 of the female, showing ovipositor, 
etc. (figs. 12-16). 


Fig. 7. Lestes congener. Fig. 12. Lestes congener. 
Fig. 8. “ eurinus. Fig. 13. ‘“ uncatus. 
Fig. 9. ‘““-uncatus. Fig. 14. ‘  disjunctus. 
Fig. 10. “ disjunctus. Fig. 15. “  rectangularis. 
Fig. 11. “  vigilax. Fig. 16. “  vigilax. 


* THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 201 


AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA—NOTES AND 
DESCRIPTIONS. 


BY- NATHAN BANKS, EAST FALLS CHURCH, VA. 
(Continued from p. 156.) 


RYACOPHILIDZ. 
Rhyacophila bifila, n. sp. (Figs. 53, 56.) 

Female: Related to R. coloradensis, the female appendages on 
the same plan, but both upper and lower pieces are more slender. 
Black, with black and gray or whitish hairs; palpi dark brown; 
antenne brown, annulate with pale. ._Wings dark brown, densely 
irrorate with pale; the costal area mostly pale, stigma long and 
dark, outer margin with pale spots between the veins; in hind 
wings the stigma is also very long and dark; forks 1 and 2 equal 
in length, fork 3 reaching more than one-half way on fork 4. 

Expanse 21 mm. 

From Vernon, British Columbia, August (Bryant). 


Rhyacophila acropedes, n.sp. (Fig. 39.) 

Blackish, with black bristles and golden hair; palpi pale; 
posterior warts pale; antenne yellowish brown; thorax with two 
strips of golden hair; legs pale, basal part of tibia I and II to mid- 
_ dle spurs dark, basal parts of all tarsi dark; spurs blackish, Wings 
yellowish brown, darker near tip, mostly unmarked, but around 
apical margin are dark spots at ends of veins and pale spots be- 
tween them; thyridial spot hyaline white; base of stigma dark; in 
hind wings, which are gray, the stigma is wholly dark. In fore 
wings fork 2 is a little longer than fork 1, fork 3 hardly one-half 
as long as fork 2, fork 4 with base nearly opposite fork 1; discal 
fork not before fork of median vein. 

Expanse 20 mm. 

From Deer Creek, Provo Canyon, Utah, 21 Aug. (Spalding). 


Rhyacophila bipartita, n. sp. (Fig. 54.) 

Palpi brown, paler on base; antennz pale, annulate with brown; 
head and thorax with pale golden hair; legs pale, darker on tarsi. 
Wings pale brownish, with faint darker brown transverse marks, 
on stigma the marks are very distinct, also dark marks along 


cubitus, and at ends of veins; hind wings yellowish brown, the 
June, 1914 


202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


stigma dark; fork 2 in fore wings plainly longer than fork 1; fork 
3 about one-half way back on fork 4. 

Expanse 20 mm. 

From Banff, Canada, 30 Aug. (Sanson). 


Glossosoma penitus, n. sp. (Figs. 16, 19.) 


Black; basal part of antenne pale; legs pale, spurs dark, 
vertex and thorax with yellowish gray hair; wings dark brown, 
with black hairs and dark brown fringe; a large corneou-, black 
patch over basal anal area; hind wings with dense black costal 
fringe. In fore.wings fork 3 reaches back as far as fork 2, not 
stalked, fork 4 about as long as its pedicel; in hind wings fork 3 is 
longer than its pedicel. 

Expanse 12 mm. 

From Peachland, British Columbia, 21 July (Wallis). 


Agapetus malleatus, n.sp. (Fig. 57.) 

Black; the tips of coxee and bases of femora yellow, and basal 
part of tibia somewhat yellowish; head and thorax with yellowish 
hair; in fore wings fork 3 is very long, about twice as long as fork 
4, fork 5 is long, widely divergent, reaching almost back to base of 
discal cell; in hind wings forks 2 and 3 are equal in size. Male 
has the lower appendage with broad tip, reaching beyond the upper 
piece, the latter very broad with acute process at lower tip; the 
process of sixth ventral segment short and blunt. 

Expanse 11 mm. 

From Switzer’s Camp, San Gabriel Mts., Calif., 3,000 ft., 17 
June (Grinnell). 


Paragapetus, new gen. 


Similar to Agapelus; venation of front wings about the same, 
but fork 3 (in type species) is not longer than fork 4, and so does 
not reach as far forward. In hind wings the venation is similar to - 
that of fore wings, but no fork 4; fork 1 is present and reaches 
back to discal celi; fork 2 also back to cell. 


Paragapetus moestus, n. sp. (Figs. 18, 20, 23.) 
Palpi black; antenne dark, annulate with pale, head brown, 


white hair on the anterior part of vertex, brown hair on warts; 
abdomen dull black, genitalia yellowish, legs yellowish, tips of 


PLATE XV, 


Can. ENT, VOL. XLVI. 


HUAN. 
a INN 


() 
A . 


os 
\ ~ \ 


NEW AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA. 


ae ee ee ee eS 


204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


tibie darker above and tarsi also darker. Wings black, with some 
scattered yellow hair, the principal marks being three costal spots 
of yellow, and three on hind margin, one at arcuius, one beyond, 
and one before it; in disc various faint markings, transverse; 
anastomosis hyaline white, hyaline forked, mark on fork of median 
vein; hind wings gray, with gray fringe. 

Expanse 8 mm. 

From Black Mt., N orth Fork Swannanoa River, N. Cat} May, 


HYD ROPSYCHIDE. 


In the classification of this family great importance has been 
placed on the presence of ocelli, and of three spurs on the anterior 
tibia. Since both of these characters are common in the Rhyaco- 
philide, the ancestors of the Hydropsychide, I think they are not 
of such great importance, and as ancestral characters are liable to 
break out in various places in the Hydropsychide. To use the 
two little appendages at the tip of the female abdomen would also 
produce false alliances. I have therefore below used a new char- 
acter as of prime importance; one that is easy of application: 


1. Fork 5 of fore wings subequal in length to fork 4; palpal joint 2 
about as long as 3 or 4; inferior male appendages two-jointed 
usually slender; penis often long and prominent 

Fork 5 of fore wings much longer than fork 4 (or 4 absent); 
palpal joint 3 or 4 usually much longer than 2.......... 3 

2. Hind wings broad, with a closed discal cell; fork 1 in fore wings: 
no warts in pits of mesonotum; tip of female abdomen not 
with two little appendages................ Hydropsychini. 

Hind wings narrow, no closed discal cell; fork 1 lacking in both 
wings; fifth palpal joint not nearly as long as others united; 


in female mid-tibiz and tarsi dilated......... Psychomyint. 
3. No warts in pits of mesonotum; ocelli present; spurs 2, 4, 4, 
mid-tibiz and tarsi of female not dilated..... Philopotamint. 


A small wart in a pit each side on mesonotum; spurs 3, 4, 4; no 
ocelli; mid-tibize and tarsi of female dilated (at least a 
nt... os wae Nig a ea to is ae ae _...Polycentropint. 

The Hydropsychini will include Hydropsyche, Hydropsychodes, 
Arctopsyche, Diplectrona, Rhyacophylax, Smicridea, Potamyia, 


ie 


>. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 205 


Hydromanicus, Antarctopsyche, Symphitopsyche and Stenopsyche. 
This latter genus has been placed in the Philopotamide since it 
has ocelli, but is more allied to Hydropsyche by all other characters. 

The Psychomyini will include, besides the usual genera, 
Ecnomus; it was also placed here by MacLachlan. Tinodes is 
-removed to the next tribe. 


The Polycentropini, besides the usual genera, includes Tinodes; 
this move is also warranted by the structure of the male genitalia. 


The Philopotamini has the usual genera, as placed by Dr. 
Ulmer, but without Stenopsyche. 


(To be continued.) 


REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF JAPANESE CRANE- 
FLIES (TIPULIDA, DIPTERA). 
BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, ITHACA,’ N. Y. 
(Continued from_p. 164.) 
Genus: Tipula Linncus. 
Key to the japanese Tipule. 

1. Large species (over 80 mm. in length)..................... 2 
' Smaller species (less than 25 mm. in length)............... + 
2. Wings ochre-brown, the cross-veins darker, the stigma bright 

yellow [abdomen ochraceous-brown, the sterrum 
AM 56) eee haere Sees | prepotens Wied (?) 
Wings not ochre-brown with a yellow stigma............... 3 
3. Abdominal tergites with the apices brown; hypopygium pale 
dull fulvous brown, thoracic dorsum blackish with two 


Beene 0S Oo RAG RS mikado Westw. (*) 
Abdomen with three dorsal longitudinal stripes, the median 
one indistinct on the basal segments........ coquillettt End. 


4. Wings hyaline or subhyaline, with the costal region darker. .5 
Wings either subhyaline without a dark costal border, or else 


variegated hyaline, gray and brown. .............0.08. 6 
5. Thoracic notum yellowish; abdomen without a distinct stripe 
einer ales oe) Se eee yamata, sp. 0. - 


1 Prepotens Wiedemann; Aussercur. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 1, pp. 40, 41 (1828). 
2 Mikado Westwood; Trans. Ent. Soc. "Lond., for 1876, p. 504. 
June, 1914 


206 ' THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Thoracic presscutum and scutum dark; abdomen yellow, with 
a broad brown stripe on either side of the yellow median 


vitta. is tt .aino, sp. n. 
6. Aiddmen edits wr doukieata havirige! a dail caudal margin. ..7 
Abdomen lined with dark stripes... ........4.62.+0000- 8 


7. Caudal margin of the abdominal segments very narrow; wings 
light yellow without darker markings, except the prominent 
stigma... a 54 tice eer ee eae insulicola, sp. n. 

Caudal margin of the abdominal segments broad, comprising 
at least two-thirds of the length of the sclerite; wings light 


gray with hyaline blotches........... .nipponensts, sp. n. 
8. Head yellowish. *: .3 250. a A ee ee 9 
Head black or dark ‘brown =) <2 -7 000 1 See 10 

9. Abdomen with a median stripe; flagellum of antennz 
PACK) Sioa Fe ey Dem as ea eee japonica Loew() 


Abdomen with three stripes, one median and two lateral: two 
basal flagellar segments yéllow, remainder brown at base, 


VEHOW: StH. Ss a. Ra ee Ee ed serricauda, sp. n. 
10. Large species (length, @, 15 mm.; wing, 
ROL A) i, asco oat, dh. ea ERR, SEES yusou, sp. n. 
Small species (length, o, 10 mm.; wing, 
13-5 ma.) se. os oo sles bys sete s gece een & oe 


Tipula coquilletti Enderlein. 

1898 Tipula nubifera Coquillett ; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 21, 
p. 305. 

1902 7ipula nubifera Kertess; Cat. Dipt., vol. 2, p. 299. 

1912 Tipula coquilletit Enderlein; Zoél. Jahrb., vol. 32, pl. 1, 
Di Ff. 

A male and female; the following aldenda to Coquillett’s des- 
cription may be of value: 

The legs in my specimens have the femora and tibia almost 
uniformly dark brown; abdomen very long for a Tipula. The 
- wing is shown in plate 16, figure 7. Male hypopygium: 8th tergite 
rather broad, its caudal margin almost straight; 8th sternite (see 
plate (*) figure 17), much produced caudad into a scoop-like lobe 
which is very deeply notched medially, the tips of the lobes directed 


1 Japonica Loew; Wiener Ent. Monatschr., Vol. 2, p. 101, 102 (1858). 
2 Purva Loew; Wiener Ent. Monatschr., vol: 2, p. 102 (1858). 
3 Plate 17 will appear in the next issue. 


ee 


—— oo 


Can. EnT., Vot. XLVI. 4 PLATE XVI. 


SLES CAV SES EIA AREA PORE ROR RL 
wee PLL: FRAN TANS 


een 


dec der eter 


1 ERNE "FD ARASIRESLAY DOT AAPS ER IVEY ? 
Daren tte eee 


+See PRB ENYA ELEN SOLON A RRM CTP GS TEED 


JAPANESE CRANE-FLIES. 


208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


inward; 9th tergite rather small (see plate 17, figure 8), viewed 
from above, the caudal margin is narrowed and evenly concave, 
the whole caudal end being covered densely with small black 
spicules; suture between the sternum and tergum not clear; 9th © 
sternite (plate 16, figure 7), broad, its caudal margin concave. 
Pleural appendage, a large flattened lobe (see plate 17, figure 10), 
on the inside (plate 17, figure 9), with the dorsal outer angle densely 
provided with short black spicules, with numerous other spicules 
down the inner face. . 

Female (allotypic): tergal valves of the ovipositor long and 
slender, heavily chitinized, not so deep as the high sternal valves. 

_ Vial 13; Tokyo, Japan; April 25, 1912; 107,19. 


Tipula yamata, sp. n. 


Head blackish; thoracic notum yellowish; anterior half of the 
pleura dark brown; abdomen without distinct longitudinal stripes; 
wings with a pale brown suffusion, the costal region a little darker. 

Male, length 12 mm.; wing 16.6 mm. 

Female, length 19.2 mm.; wing 16.8 mm. 

Male.—Palpi dull yellow; frontal prolongation of the head_ 
rather short, dull yellow; antennz light yellow, the flagellar seg- 
ments passing into brown; front, vertex and occiput dark brown 
passing into yellow on the gene. 

Pronotum brown. Mesonotum light coloured, yellowish, with 
indistinct, narrow, darker stripes on the prascutum. Pleura, pro- 
pleura and anterior half of the mesopleura and the metapleura, 
pale, whitish, Halteres long, slender, pale. Legs: fore and middle 
cox dark brown; trochanters and femora yellow, light brown at 
tip; tibiz yellowish, brown darker at the tip; tarsi brown. Wings 
with a pale brown suffusion; costal border darker brown, this 
colour including cells C and Sc.; stigma greyish brown. Venation, 
see plate 16, figure 5. 

Abdominal tergites 1-4 yellowish, 5-9 darkened, brownish; 
sternites 1-6 yellow, 7 yellow with a brown median line, 8 brown 
basally, yellow at the tip. Male hypopyguim: 9th tergite from 
above with a prominent median chitinized protuberence, its caudal 
margin gently concave and with short bristles and chitinized 
points. Pleural suture incomplete; pleural appendages as follows : 
outermost (see plate 17, figure 3), a broad, flattened lobe quite 


/ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 


densely covered with long hairs, these hairs rather stout except 
along the caudal margin where they are delicate, fringe-like; just 
inside this appendage is a cylindrical, chitinized arm directed 
toward the end of the 9th tergite, the apex evenly rounded; the 
largest of the pleural appendages is a flattened arm whose apex is 
notched and crenulated and fits into the notch of the 9th tergite; 
the penis is very long and slender, the central vesicle large and 
rounded. 

Female.—About as in the 6, the flagellar segments suban- 
nulate, the apical three-fifths of each segment being much paler 
than the basal portion; abdominal tergites 5-7 with a dark brown 
basal mark, segments 8 to the end brown; valves of the ovipositor 
short and sharply pointed. In one 9, the entire tergum beyond 

segments 1-3 is almost entirely dark brown but this may be caused 
by the gravid condition of the abdomen which is greatly distended 
with eggs. 

Holotype, o’, Tokyo, Japan; August, 1912 (Vial 42). 

Allotype, 2, Tokyo, Japan; August, 1912 (Vial K). 

Paratypes, 22, Tokyo, Japan; May 7, 1912 (Vial 34). 

The specific name is that of an aboriginal Japanese race 
inhabiting the southern and central portions of the southern half 
of Nippon, facing the Pacific Ocean. 


Tipula aino, sp. n. 


Head blackish; praescutum and scutum dark coloured ; abdomen 
yellow with two dorsal brown lines, one on either side of the broad 
ground stripe; wings with a ware gray tinge, costal region brown. 

Male.—Length 16 mm.; wing 16.5-18.4 mm. 

Female.—Length 19.4 Haak wing 20.5 mm. 

Male.—Palpi and the frontal prolongation of the head brown; 
antenne with the three basal segments orange, segments 4 and 5 
orange at the extreme base, entire remainder of the antennz black; 
. front, vertex and occiput dark coloured, blackish. 

Mesonotum with the prascutum and most of the scutum 
uniformly dark brown with narrow darker stripes, one median and 
one on either side; scutum pale medially, lobes very dark; 
scutellum and postnotum dull yellow, the latter a little brown on 
the sides and in some specimens entirely dark. Pleura dull yellow 


210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


with a brown tinge on the propleura and anterior portions of the 
mesopleura. Halteres rather long, pale. Legs: coxe ‘and troch- 
anters light yellow; femora orange-yellow the tip brown; tibiz 
yellowish on the basal half, thence passing into brown; 
tarsi brown. Wings with a dark brown costal border, this in- 
cluding cells C, Sc., and the cephalic halves of cells R and Ist Ri; 
stigma even darker; most of cells R and M and the bases of cells 
Re, Rs and Rs hyaline; remainder of the wings with a brownish- 
gray tinge. Venation as in plate 16, figure 3. 


Abdominal tergites yellow with a broad brown stripe on each 
side, these stripes becoming confluent on segments 7 and 8; caudal 
margin of segments 3-6 narrowly brown; sternites dull yellow, the 
caudal margins of the segments a little darker. Male hypopygium: 
9th tergite from above (see plate 16, figure 4), with the latero- 
caudal angles produced into strong spines between which is a 
small rounded lobe covered with hairs; suture between the tergum 
and sternum not clear; appendages of the pleural region viewed 
from the side (see plate 17, figure 5), two in number, the more 


ectad of which is a large, oval lobe, somewhat chitinized on its | 


edges, its ventro-cephalic margin on the inside with a small oval 
knob provided with hairs; inner lobe very large, its caudal edge 
thickened and here provided at its tip with a comb of bristles di- 
rected caudad and an apical bunch directed dorsad; inner face of 
this appendage near its tip with a group of about 14 sharp points. 


Female.—Ovipositor with the sternal valves very high, blade- 
like, the tips subacute; tergal valves very slender apically, the 
_ tip scarcely enlarged. 


Holotype, @, Tokyo, Japan; April 13, 1912 (Vial 12). 

Allotype, 2, Tokyo, Japan; April 13, 1912 (Vial 12). 

Paratypes, 5 co’, 59; as follows: 

Vial J; 12, Tokyo, Japan; August, 1912 (Cornell). 

Vial 12; 26°, 22, Tokyo, Japan; April 13, 1912 (Cornell). 

Vial 40; 3°, 29, Tokyo, Japan, August, 1912 (U.S. Nat, 
Mus.). 

The specific name is that of an aboriginal Japanese race for- 


merly occupying the northern half of Nippon, now confined to 
Yesso and the islands to the northward. ; 


— a= <a 


7 


7 oy an ee ee eee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 211 


Tipula insulicola, sp. n. 


Antenne annulated black and yellow; thorax without indis- 
tinct brown stripes; wings light yellow with a prominent oval 
brown stigma; abdominal segments with a dark caudal margin. 

Female.—Length 11.2 mm.; wing 11.3 mm. : 


Female.—Palpi and frontal! prolongation of the head brown, 
the latter short and stout; antennz with the three basal segments 
yellow, remaining segments with the basal two-fifths dark brown, 
the apices light yellow, these colours abruptly contrasted; front, 
vertex and occiput brown. 


Preescutum dull yellow with three indistinct brown stripes of 
which the median one is broad, the lateral ones shorter and nar- 
rower; scutum with the lobes reddish; scutellum and postnotum 
dull yellow. Pleura dull yellow. MHalteres dull yellow. Legs: 
coxee, trochanters and femora light yellow; tibize brownish yellow, 
a little darkened at the tip; tarsi brown. Wings light yellow, 
cells C and Sc. a little brighter; stigma prominent, oval; an in- 
distinct hyaline stripe across the wing beginning before the 
stigma and including cell Ist Mz. Venation, see plate 16, figure 6. 


Abdominal tergites dull yellow, each segment narrowly but 
distinctly margined with dark brown all around, sternites very 
pale, almost white, each segment with the caudal margin narrowly 
brown; genital segment reddish yellow. Ovipositor with the tergal 
valves having a stout, enlarged base, the valves produced caudad 
into exceedingly slender points which are slightly expanded at 
their tips; tergal valves much shorter than the elongate, bladelike 
sternal valves which are directed caudad. 


Holotype, 2, Tokyo, Japan; August ,1912 (Vial K). 


(To be continued.) 


TWO NEW CALIFORNIA THAMNOTETTIX 
(HOMOPTERA). 


BY E. D. BALL, LOGAN, UT. 


While collecting in California, several years ago, a single 
specimen of a beautiful Thamnotettix was captured, but escaped 


from the net; not, however before its characters were pretty defi- 
June, 1914 


212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


nitely fixed in mind. While collecting in another locality last year 
the same species was found and instantly recognized, and, like the 
former one, lost. This now became the chief object of search, and 
later it was captured in several different places. Its remarkable 
agility in escaping from a net probably being a reason it has not 
been captured before. 


Thamnotettix pasadena, n. sp. 


Size and form of wursina nearly, colour pattern resembling 
collaris, but still more highly ornamented. Rich brown, with head, 
saddle and anteapical band yellow. Length 9 6.5mm; o@ 6mm.; 
width 1.5mm. 


Vertex definitely obtusely angled, almost two-thirds as long 
as its basal width, slightly shorter than the pronotum, one-half 
longer at apex than against the eye, disc flat, the margins rounding 
to the front except at the conical apex, front broadly wedge-shaped, 
the lateral margins nearly straight, clypeus broad, slightly con- 
stricted. Elytra moderately long, strongly flaring behind. Vena- 
tion weak, often obscure, with irregular reticulations in the ante- 
apical cells, often especially emphasized along the claval and costal 
margins. 


Colour—Vertex and face light yellow to yellowish ivory, 
eyes reddish or reddish brown, pronotum 1ich brown, the anterior 
submargin rich brown, with a row of irregular coalescing black 
spots, on either side a transverse median ivory mark; scutellum 
rich brown, sometimes with a medium light shield ornamented 
with two round dots. Elytra with the anterior two-thirds of 
claval areas rich yellowish ivory, the remainder brown, corium - 
_ yellowish subhyaline, a brown cloud along the claval suture abruptly 
terminating just before the apex of clavus, where it expands and, 
uniting with the claval markings, forms a transverse brown band 
which narrows toward the costa and becomes slightly oblique, 
the reflexed apices of the elytra, including most of the apical areas 
smoky brown. 


Genitalia—Female ultimate segment three or four times as 
long as the preceding, deeply angularly excavated from the lateral 
angles two-thirds of its depth, the bottom of the notch broadly 


~— a 
. c 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 213 


evenly rounding, whole segment curved around the pygofers until 
it appears to be only broadly and shallowly excavated on the 
median third. Pygofers long, but considerably exceeded by the 
elytra. Male, valve stout, obtusely angular with a strong median 
ridge either side of which the lateral margins are semicircularly 
depressed, giving the appearance of a waved margin and a notched 
apex, plates together bluntly spoon-shaped, their apices slightly 
parted and heavily clothed with coarse hairs; just visible above 
these are two long curved hooks. 

Described from eight examples from California collected by 
the author in July and August, 1912. This is the most strikingly 
marked species in the genus, and, while the genitalia are slightly 
variable, its size and colour pattern will at once distinguish it. 


Thamnotettix januata, n. sp. 


Resembling flavocapitata, but smaller, darker and with a 
shorter vertex. Pale brown with the vertex light yellow. Length 
4.75 mm. 

Vertex twice wider than long, obtusely angled, one-fourth 
longer on middle than against the eye; disc convex in both diameters, 
the apex bluntly subconical; face convex, front long, narrow, 
wedge-shaped, clypeus long, the apex expanded. Pronotum broad 
and fully a third longer than the vertex. Elytra long, narrow and 
posteriorly appressed. 

Colour—Vertex lemon yellow, Soribtieans with a faint brownish 
line just back of the anterior margin and parallel with the basal 
margin. Face and below pale straw. Pronotum olive brown, with 


the anterior margin narrowly lighter, scutellum washed with 


orange. Elytra olive brown with costal margin shading out to a 
subhyaline. Whole insect slightly coppery iridescent. 

Genitalia — Female segment nearly twice wider than long, 
the whole posterior margin obtusely, angularly excavated with a 
narrow median strap-shaped tooth which extends beyond the 
lateral angles. Male, valve oval convex, plates together, slightly 
longer than wide with the apices slightly filamentous. 

Described from four examples from San Francisco, Cal., 
collected by the author. A small and obscurely marked but quite 
distinct species. 


214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SERVICE. 


Thirty years ago, in 1884, the Canadian Government ap- 
pointed a Dominion Entomologist to advise agriculturists and 
others regarding the control of insect pests. Two years later, on 
the establishment of the Experimental Farms’ system, Dr. James 
Fletcher, who occupied the position, was attached to the new 
Branch of the Department of Agriculture in the joint capacity of 
Entomologist and Botanist, which position he occupied with con- 
spicuous success until his death in 1908. The growth in importance 
of the two subjects necessitated their separation, and accordingly 
Divisions of Entomology and Botany were created. Dr. C. Gordon 
Hewitt was appointed Dominion Entomologist in 1909 and en- 
trusted with the work of organizing the new Division of Ento- 
mology of the Experimental Farms’ Branch of the Department of 
Agriculture with offices and laboratory at the Central Experimental 
Farm, Ottawa. 


The urgent need of legislation in order to permit action to be 
taken to prevent the introduction into’ Canada and spread within 
the country of serious insect pests and plant diseases, was respon- 
sible for the passage of the Destructive Insect and Pest Act in1910. 
The still greater need of investigations on the insect pests affecting 
agriculture, forestry, and other branches of human activity, has 
led to the establishment of field or regional laboratories in different 
parts of Canada with ‘trained Entomologists in charge to study the 
local problems. 


Owing to the consequent expansion of the Entomological work 
along investigatory and administrative lines and the fact that such 
work did not constitute a necessary part of the work of the Experi- 
mental Farms’ system, and executively was virtually distinct, the 
Entomological Service has now been separated from the Experi- 
mental Farms’ Branch and has been constituted an independent 
Branch of the Department of Agriculture under the direction of the 
Dominion Entomologist. It is proposed to erect a building to 
provide offices and laboratories for the new Entomological Branch. 
Will correspondents kindly note that all official communications 
and publications should be addressed to ‘‘The Dominion Ento- 
mologist, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.”’ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215 


This reorganization, which will also include the establishment 
of a national collection of the insects of Canada in the Canadian 
National Museum (the Victoria Memorial Museum) at Ottawa, 
under the care of the Dominion Entomologist, marks an important 
step in Canadian Entomology. It will result in a still greater 
development in the study of Canadian insects along scientific and 
practical lines. 


The present organization of the Entomological Branch of the 
Canadian Department of Agriculture is as follows: 


Dominion Entomologist and Chief......... C. Gordon Hewitt, D. Sc., 


F.R.S.C. 
Chief Assistant Entomologist.................. Arthur Gibson. 
Assistant Entomologist in Charge of 
Forest Insect Investigations. ............... J. M. Swaine, M.Sc.,B.S.A. 


Assistant Entomologist in Charge of 
Fruit Insect Investigations................. 


FIELD OFFICERS IN CHARGE OF BRANCH LABORATORIES: 


G. E. Sanders, B.S.A., Entomological Laboratory, Bridgetown, N.S. 


J. D. Tothill, B.S.A., and L. S. McLaine, M.Sc., Entomological 
Laboratory, Fredericton, N.B. 


C. E. Petch, B.S.A., Entomological Laboratory, Covey Hill, Que. 


Wm. A. Ross, B.S.A., Entomological Laboratory, Vineland Station, 
Ont. 


H. F. Hudson, B.S.A., Entomological Laboratory, Strathroy, Ont. 
Norman Criddle, Entomological Laboratory, Treesbank, Man. 
E. H. Strickland, Entomological Laboratory, Lethbridge, Alta. 
R. C. Treherne, B.S.A., Entomological Laboratory, Agassiz, B.C. 
Field Officer for Forest Insect Investigations—R. N. Chrystal, B.Sc. 


INSPECTORS AND ASSISTANTS: 


A. B. Baird, Fredericton, N.B.; J. Perrin, Halifax, N.S.; 
: J. I. Beaulne, Ottawa. 
I NOME RR edi 5il Vib 55.03 avanin olen a Oe A: E. Kellett.. 


216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


SUPERINTENDENTS OF FUMIGATIONS AND INSPECTORS: 


H. E. Goold, St. John, N.B. L. Paradis, St. Johns, Que. 
G. Manley, Niagara Falls, Ont. C. Wright, Windsor, Ont. 
A. K. Leith, Winnipeg, Man. T. R. Waddington, North Portal, 


Sask. 
Inspector of Indian Orchards. .....c:.:c.cccsccscsssesvesessesesvereesenven T. Wilson. 
SECRETARIES: 
J. A. Letourneau; Miss J. McInnes; J. M. Moloughney; 
Miss E. Read. 
Laboratory: Assigtant..:. 5; (A; a.01;.ca en wenua's H. S. Fleming. 


: C. Gai 


BOOK REVIEW. 
‘“MACROLEP{DOPTERA OF THE WoRLD.” By Prof. Dr. A. Seitz. 


The issue of Volume II. of ‘‘Macrolepidoptera of the World,”’ 
by Prof. Seitz, concludes the palearctic part of this great work, 
inasmuch as ‘Moths’ (Tineidz) and ‘Spinners’ (Bombycidz) 
are concerned. This edition is quite voluminous, containing fully 
440 pages of text alone, irrespective of the index. 

It represents, like volume I of ‘‘ Butterflies,’’ the most complete 
work of its kind known to-day. Above all, it contains figures of 
almost all the species of the Amur region of Turkestan, of the 
Caucasus, of Persia, of Syria, etc., many of these illustrations 
having appeared for the first time. ; 

The text of this volume-was compiled by nine authors, gener- 
ally known as reliable authorities on Entomology. In this respect 
it certainly is astonishing that, notwithstanding the ‘‘many cooks,” 
a pleasing uniformity has been obtained in regard to the text as well 
as to the plates, which uniformity does not appear in so marked 
a degree throughout Volume I. 

The following figures will serve to give a good idea of the 
thoroughness of the volume*in question: 

In the Catalogue of Staudinger-Rebel, which appeared 13 
years ago, 238 forms of Zygenidze were enumerated, while “Seitz”’ 
lists 418 Zygenide of the palearctic region alone; of Saturnide 
“Seitz” has 122, against “‘Staudinger-Rebel’s’’ 31. Furthermore, 
“‘Seitz’’ describes 329 Sphingide against 100 mentioned in the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 217 


“Staudinger-Rebel’’-Catalogue; of Cymatophoridz 86 are given in 
the ‘‘Seitz,’’ while in ‘‘Staudinger’s’’ work only 23 are shown; of 
Limacodidz 46 are found in the ‘‘Seitz,’’ whereas 15 are accounted 
for in the catalogue mentioned above. 


All in all, this volume describes about 3000 species of Spinners 
(or varieties thereof), besides about 300 Sphingide. The number 
of coloured figures on 55 plates amounts to nearly 2400. When it 
is considered that the Moths and Spinners in the Staudinger do not 
quite number a thousand (in which, of course, some varieties are to 
be counted), one must readily admit that our knowledge of the 
palearctic region, with reference to Entomology, has been vastly 
increased by means of this gigantic work. 


The reliability of the text, it must be said, can only be judged 
by those versed in this subject, or by specialists of the palearctic 
Fauna. The names of the authors, who contributed to this work, 
are so well known in the scientific world that one may readily 
place confidence in their statements and their scientific work. 

By reading a chapter of the ‘‘Seitz,’’ it will doubtless be ascer- 
tained that the numerous serviceable hints on collecting and 
rearing moths and caterpillars, are based upon personal experience; 
and that, furthermore, the author himself has personally bred the 
principal representatives of almost all the species, no matter 
whether they live in the Amur region, or in Syria, or in Maure- 
tania, etc. He has, at any rate, observed them alive. The vast 
amount of information on food-plants, on methods of collecting, 
etc., are, no doubt, of the utmost importance to any collector; for 
is there any other book which mentions, e.g., at what hour the 
caterpillars of Emydia striata must be collected, in order to obtain 
them in greatest abundance? or is there one that cautions against 
delay in taking in the Ognogyna caterpillars, and admonishes us to 
collect them before the grass has grown so high that they are 
completely hidden from sight? 

As in the first volume the plates are the most important 
features of the work.: If anyone should presume the assertion to 
be too bold that it was left to the “‘Seitz’’ to show the world what 
really good figures are, he certainly ought to make a critical com- 
parison with other works of this kind. The average collectors are, 
of course, satisfied with the illustrations in the new “‘Berge,’’ and 


218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


everybody admits that the butterflies illustrated therein, in that 
complex mixed company, in which caterpillars, plants and butter- 
flies are placed together upon a tinted background, present an 
attractive picture. But how do these “pictures’’ compare with 
those of the ‘Seitz’ from a scientific viewpoint. . If, for instance, 
a Batis in the ‘‘Seitz’’ be compared with the corresponding figure of 
a Batis in the “‘ Berge ”’ (Plate 28, figure 49e), a vast difference 
manifests itself. “This also applies to the illustrations of the 
Vienna Emperor Moth. Looking at Plate 29 of “‘ Berge,’”’ without 
comparing with nature, one is well pleased with the figure of 
“pyri,” fig. 1b; but a comparison with the figure in the ‘‘Seitz,” 
table 31b, discloses the mistakes of the former at once. The 
borders and the ground colour of the wings in the “Berge” are 
yellowish red, whereas, in reality they are grey, as correctly de- 
picted in the ‘‘Seitz.’’ Of course, the representation of pyri in the 
“Seitz’’ does not make a brilliant showing, as only one-half of the 
insect is illustrated, and is furthermore not as finely elaborated, in 
order to be in accordance with real nature, and because it does not 
show any head. But by comparing it with a specimen in one’s 
collection, it is at once evident that, viewed from above, pyri 
seems to be headless, as do also spini and pavonia. The figure in 
the ‘‘Berge,’’ which shows a big head, is a mere phantasm, while 
the half figure in the ‘‘Seitz” is genuine nature. It is, therefore, 
to anybody who earnestly intends to work in Entomology far more 
valuable, than the ‘‘trimmed-up” and ‘‘pleasingly grouped”’ il- 
lustrations of amateur-works. . 


This apparently trivial point has been mentioned quite in- 
tentionally, as there is a species closely resembling pyri, namely, 
atlantica, in which, viewed from above, the forehead is clearly to 
be seen. 


To convey an idea of the number of plates contained in the 
different volumes of ‘‘Seitz,’’ so far printed, it may be mentioned 
that up to last year they already exceeded 500. 


As it is, the author has unquestionably earned well-deserved 


praise with the eminently satisfactory issue of the ‘Second Volume 


of Macrolepidoptera.” In the meantime Volume III has also 
been finished, and Volume IV is nearly completed. It goes 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 219 


without saying, that these new publications are just as excellént 
in every particular as the two former ones. 

‘““MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WorLD”’ is also published in a 
separate English Edition by the ‘‘ Verlag des Seitz’schen Werkes,”’ 
Stuttgart, Germany. WILHELM LEnuR, Baltimore, Md. 


- THE officers of the London Biological Club, whose names were 
omitted from our notice in the May number (p. 184), are as fol- 
lows: President, Dr. H. W. Hill; Vice-President, Dr. S. Wolverton; 
Curator, Mr. J. F. Calvert; Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. J. W. Noble. 


THE OCCURRENCE OF THE HOUSE CENTIPEDE, 
SCUTIGERA FORCEPS RAF., IN CANADA. 


When retiring for the night on April 15th I was most in- 
terested to capture in my bathroom at the hotel in which I was 
staying in Toronto, an adult female specimen of’ this remarkable 
myriapod, whose occurrence in Canada has not been previously 
recorded, so far as I am aware. 

It is a southern species, its normal habitat being the Southern 
States. As early as 1849 it was observed in Pennsylvania, and it 
has gradually spread northward. Mr. R. V. Chamberlin informs 
me that the most northerly locality which he has recorded from it 
is Boston, Mass., and that it also occurs at Ithaca, N. Y. 

The captured specimen, after enabling me to study its method- 
of capturing flies, died a few days after my return to Ottawa. 
Scutigera feeds on house-flies, roaches and other household insects, 
springing on them and imprisoning them in its unusually long legs. 
An account of its habits is given by Marlatt in Howard & Marlatt’s 
“Household Insects” (Bull. No. 4, N.S. Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. of 
Agric., pp. 47-50, 1896. C. Gorpon Hewitt. 


ProressoR WALTER C. O’KANE, Entomologist to the New 
Hampshire Experiment Station, and Professor of Economic Ento- 
mology in New Hampshire College, has been elected Professor of 
Zoology and Entomology at the Ohio State University, from which 
he graduated in 1897. He is widely known as the author of an 
excellent work on injurious insects, published in 1912. 


220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


A NEW WASP FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, CALIF. 
Cerceris angularis, n. sp. 

Q.—Length about 16 mm., anterior wing a little over 14; 
black, with the abdomen largely red; no yellow markings, except 
that a high keel between the antenne is pale yellow, and the man- 
dibles have a broad, dull straw-coloured longitudinal band on the 
basal half; head very large; eyes converging above; vertex and 
cheeks very broad, with strong punctures ona shining ground; 
ocelli close together; face covered with appressed silvery hair; an- 
tenne black, apical joint partly red; clypeus not keeled, but trans- 
versely obtusely elevated in middle, the part above the elevation 
dull and feebly punctured, that below it smooth and shining, the 
lower margin indistinctly bidentate, with a little round tubercle in 
the submarginal region above each tooth; mandibles with an enor- 
mous triangular shining tooth on inner side about the middle; molar 
space wanting; thorax dull, with large but not very deep punctures, 
those on the mesothorax in grooves, the margins of the grooves 
forming longitudinal ridges, especially in the anterior middle region; 
area of metathorax with weak basal plicze, and beyond with oblique 
plicee, which arch over and join in the middle line, where they be- 
come transverse; under side of thorax with fine silvery tomentum; 
mesopleure grooved, extended into a great angular projection or 
tooth, the sharp edge of which is vertical; legs black; tegulz black; 
wings dark fuliginous, venation normal; abdomen with the joints 
beyond the second not constricted; punctures distinct but sparse; 
first segment black with an apical red band; second and third 
segments bright ferruginous; remaining segments black, except that 
- fourth is red at extreme sides; venter with very minute punctures, 
and scattered larger ones; fifth ventral segmentdepressed in middle, 
sixth deeply incised; pygidial plate finely rugose, narrow, tiuncate. 

Hab.—Mt. Makiling, Luzon (Baker). Structurally somewhat 
allied to C. elizabethe Bingham, but that is a much smaller species, 
with different colours. In many ways C. vafra Bingham is appar: 
ently allied, but it is larger, with a different clypeus, etc. 


FORMER students of Professor John Henry Comstock have 
raised a fund, to be known as the Comstock Memorial Library 
Fund, which is to be presented to Cornell University for a per- 
manent memorial of Professor Comstock’s forty years of distin- 
guished service as instructor and professor of entomology. He is 
to retire from active teaching asa member of the faculty next 
June, at the age of sixty-five. The ceremony of presentation will 
take place on June 13.—{Science. 


Mailed June 10th, 1914. 


CaN. ENT., VOL. XLVI. PLATE XVII, 


HENRY HERBERT LYMAN, M.A 


The Ganadiay Entomologist. 


VoL. XLVI. LONDON, JULY, 1914 No. 7 


HENRY HERBERT LYMAN, M.A. 


The appalling calamity that befell the steamship ‘““Empress of 
Treland”’ in the River St. Lawrence near Father Point shortly after 
midnight on Friday, May 29th, was acutely brought home to the 
older members of the Entomological Society of Ontario by the sad 
tidings that Mr. H. H. Lyman and his wife were among the 
thousand and more who were lost. For some few days we hoped 
against hope, but no trace of them has been found and there is 
not a vestige to show in what manner death came upon them; it 
seems most probable that they were drowned in their stateroom 
before they had time to escape. Mr. Lyman was to have sailed 
a fortnight earlier, but owing to the pressure.of business matters 
he postponed his departure with so sad a result. 

Mr. Lyman was born in Montreal on the 21st of December, 

1854 and received his early education at the High School and 
West End Academy. At McGill University he took the Arts 
Course and proceeded to the degree of B.A. in 1876, winning the 
Logan medal in Geology and Natural Science, and received his 
M.A. degree in 1880. On completing his college career he entered 
his father’s firm, Lymans, Clare & Co., wholesale chemists and 
druggists in Montreal; in 1885 he became a partner in the business, 
whose name had been changed to Lyman, Sons & Co. On the 
death of his father he became senior partner and president of 
Lymans, Limited, which includes the branch house in Toronto. 
His position in these important concerns manifests his remarkable 
business capacity and the attention he must have paid to their 
affairs. The houses are widely known throughout Canada and 
bear the highest reputation for upright dealing, energy and 
enterprise. 

Though much engrossed with the management of a very large 
business establishment, which demanded a close attention to in- 
numerable details, Mr. Lyman found time for an active interest 
in many other things. In 1877 he joined the 5th Battalion of the 


222 = THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Canadian volunteer force (now the Royal Scots of Canada), and 
rose from Ensign to Major in 1885, retiring with that rank in 
1891. He was a life governor of the Montreal General Hospital; 
Treasurer and Vice-President of the Graduates’ Society of McGill 
University; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and of the 
Royal Colonial Institute; one of the organizers of the Imperial 
Federation League in Canada and a member of the deputation which 
waited upon Lord Salisbury’s administration in 1886, asking that 
an Imperial Conference representing the whole British Empire 
should be summoned. The Conference was held during the follow- 
ing year. He was also a Director‘of the British and Colonial Press 
Service. Though little interested in local politics he was an ardent 
Imperialist and considered that the perpetual unity of the Empire 
far surpassed in importance all other political questions; he advo- 
cated Imperial preferential trade and believed that Canada should 
bear its share of the burden of Imperial defence. 


To turn to a different aspect of his life, the one in which our 
readers are more interested—we learn that when only eight years 
of age he began to observe insects and their ways, and when a boy 
of twelve commenced to form a collection of Lepidoptera, which — 
has now become one of the finest and most extensive in Canada. 
On Jan. 5th, 1875, Mr. Lyman became a member of the Entomo- 
logical Society of Ontario by joining the Montreal Branch. At 
the following meeting he exhibited a case of butterflies from 
Illinois, following a custom which has always been characteristic of 
the Montreal meetings. These exhibits usually led to discussions 
in which Mr. Lyman took an active part and spared no pains in 
arriving at correct conclusions, studying the original descriptions 
and at times taking the specimens to the United States or the 
British Museum for final determination. He would never jump at 
conclusions but, sparing no time or trouble, would not rest satis- 
fied till certainty was assured. 

His first paper was presented at the meeting on Oct. 5th, 
1875, being a description of the larva and pupa of Grapia inter- 
rogationis; this was followed a few months later by a list of Diurnal 
Lepidoptera taken at Portland, Maine (published in the Can, Ent., 
XII, pp. 7-9). For nearly ten years he spent his annual summer 
holiday on the Atlantic Coast, where he added largely to his col- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. : 223 


lections and developed his love for the butterflies which he took 
great delight in rearing through all their stages. The first article 
from Mr. Lyman’s pen which appeared in the Canadian Ento- 
mologist (Volume VI, page 38), is in the form of a letter asking 
questions about several butterflies found at Portland, Maine. In 
the same volume (page 158), he described the curiously marked 
egg of Gastropacha americana. From the 19th to the 44th volume, 
none have been without at least one article from his pen, and he 
lately expressed his regret that he failed to contribute last year to 
Vol. XLV. In addition to his articles in this magazine, he wrote 
several of a more popular character for the Annual Reports of our 
Society, and contributed a few also to ‘Entomological News.’’ A 
list of his more important papers is given below. 

The third annual meeting of the Montreal Branch was held 
at Mr. Lyman’s residence on May 7, 1876, at which the minute 
book records that “‘he exhibited his fine collection of local and 
exotic insects.””’ This was the beginning of a long series of gather- 
ings under his hospitable roof; during thirty-seven years a large 
proportion of the’monthly meetings were held there, and were 
thoroughly enjoyed by the members and occasional visitors from a 
distance. They were made especially interesting at times by his 
delightful accounts of visits to scientific gatherings in the United 
States and Europe as well as in Canada; he would recount the 
proceedings, 6ften with a good deal of humour, and tell of the 
eminent men whom he met. In the course of years he gathered 
together a large collection of books on the Lepidoptera of North 
America chiefly, and these he was always most kind in lending to 
his fellow members when they required to consult them. 

While interested in everything connected with the Lepidoptera 
of this continent, he paid little attention to the “‘Micros,’’ but was 
-always keen to acquire specimens for study and comparison of 
such genera as Colias, Argynnis, Grapta, Chionobas, Haploa, 
Hyphantria, Papaipema, Xylina and Hepialus. His papers on 
these subjects will always be found of value and interest. 

On June 5th, 1877, he was elected Vice-President of the Mon- 
treal Branch and four years later he became President holding the 
higher office for two years; in 1888 he again became President and 
retained the position till 1899. 


224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In 1895 he'was elected Vice-President of the parent Society 
and in 1897 became President, holding this highest place in the 
Society for the usual term of two years, to the great satisfaction 
of the members. He rarely missed one of our annual meetings, 
and as a permanent Director of the Society took an active part in 
the management of its affairs. His interests, however, were not 
confined to his native land. Many years ago he joined the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science and was 
recently much gratified at being elected a Fellow; he used to say 
that an amateur who did good work was really more deserving of 
honour and recognition than a_ professional Entomologist who 
received pay for his work. He was also a Fellow of the Entomo-~ 
logical Society of America and of the Entomological Society of 
London, England; an honorary member of the New York Ento- 
mological Society and the Cambridge Entomological Club; for 
some time he was Vice-President of the Natural History Society 
of Montreal. His last official act was the reading of his report as 
delegate from our Society to the Royal Society at. the meeting in 
Montreal on Wednesday, May 27, the day before he started on 
his fatal voyage. 

For a long time past Mr. Lyman’s friends have been much 
distressed by his increasing deafness, which of late had almost 
become total. Conversation with him could only be carried on 
with the aid of an ear-trumpet or by writing. In spite of this 
severe disability, he was always bright and cheerful, full of 
innocent fun and enjoying a harmless joke. He travelled about a. 
great deal, attending scientific meetings and other gatherings, 
among others the International Congresses of Entomology at 
* Brussels and Oxford, which he seemed to enjoy, though latterly 
he could not hear a word of the papers and discussions. 

The writer and many friends were greatly pleased as well as . 
surprised when he informed us that he was-about to be married. 
Since the death of his mother to whom he paid devoted attention 
during a long period of weakness and infirmity, he had been living 
a somewhat lonely life. Two years ago, in March 1912, he was 
married to a daughter of the Rev. William Kirkby, of New York, 
formerly rector of Collingwood, Ontario. She attended with her 
husband the Jubilee meeting of our Society at Guelph last August 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 


and charmed all who had the pleasure of spending any time in 
her company. It seems inexpressibly sad that our two friends 
should have had so short a period of happy married life, and have 
ended their days together in a tragedy so sudden and so awful. 


Ci PSPs. 


Mr. LyYMAN’s PUBLISHED PAPERS. 
To the Canadian Entomologist he contributed sixty articles, 
among which the following may be mentioned :— 
- Notes on Colias christina, Vol. XVI, 5. 
The North American Callimorphas, Vols. XTX, 181, with eee 
and XXI, 231. : 
Can Insects survive freezing? Vols. XXIV, 1 and XXX, 
287. 
Pamphila manitoba and its varieties, XXIV, 57. 
Preparatory stages of Nemeophila scudderi, XXV, 248. 
Occurrence of Hepialus thule at Montreal, XXV, 297 and 
XXXIX, 397. 
The larger species of Argynnis and the mystery of their life 
history, XXVIII, 143. 
Preparatory stages of Erebia epipsodea. XXVIII, 274. 
Life history of Colias interior, XX1IX, 249. 
Life history of Xylina Bethunei, XX XIII, 1. 
What is a Genus? XXXIV, 187. 
New Gortynas, XX XVII, 305 (with plate). 
A North American Entomologists’ Union, XX XVIII, 1. 
Type and Typical, XL, 141. 
Recent work among the Borers, XL, 249. 
Notes on N. A. Graptas in the British Museum, XLIII, 418. 
The second International Congress of Entomology, XLIV, 
370. 
In the Annual Reports :— 


No. 23, p. 32. A Trip to Mt. Washington. 

No, 32, p. 57. Fall Web Worms, with plate of 33 irks 
No. 32, p. 61. Notes on Danais archippus. 

No. 37, p. 39. A hunt for a borer. 

No. 39, p. 145. Life history of Euchetias oregonensis. 

No. 40, p. 46. Origin and diffusion of Entomological Errors. 


226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


In 29th report, p. 17. President’s Annual Address delivered 
on the occasion of the 25th Anniversary of the Montreal Branch. 

In Entomological News, Vol. XVIII, p. 420, is an able article 
on Thecla calanus and T. edwardsii (with the footnote that it was 
read before the Ent. Soc. of Ontario at Guelph, July 4, 1907). 

In Vol. VII, 172. - On occurrence of Chionobas tarpeia in North 
America. 

Several short items also appear, including one regarding 
Erebia discoidalis in the first volume, p. 146. 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF APHIDIDA. 


BY JOHN J. DAVIS, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D. C,. 
(Continued from p. 173.) 


Symdobius albasiphus, n. sp. 


This very interesting plant-louse was first taken by the writer 
on white oak (Quercus alba), at Elgin, Illinois, August 30, 1910. 
The past year (Sept. 10, 1913), the wingless females were found 
quite common on white oak at Lafayette, Indiana, and October 8, 
1913, at the same place, the wingless oviparous females and winged 
males were observed. In all cases the plant-louse was found on 
the leaves near the leaf petiole, usually on the under surface of the 
leaf, and invariably attended by the ant, Cremastogasier lineolata — 
Say.* We have found only the apterous forms of the viviparous 
generation, but Mr. J. T. Monell collected three winged individuals 
of this species on oak petioles at Mine la Motte, Missouri, June 28, 
1890, and our description of this form is taken from these speci- 
mens and the notes accompanying them, through the kindness of 
Mr. Monell. I have recently received an oviparous female of this 
species from Mr. A. C. Baker, accompanied by the following note: 
“‘On white oak, Vienna, Va., Oct. 4, 1912. Ants had built a mud 
nest over the aphids to protect them. This nest was on the upper 
' side of the leaf, covering nearly half of it.’’ The first, and so far 
as we are aware, the only published reference to this species is by 
Dr. Thomas in the Eighth Report of the State Entomologist of 
Illinois (1879, p. 118), where the apterous females are described as 
Lachnus quercifolie Fitch, from specimens collected on white oak 


*Kindly determined by Dr. W. M. Wheeler. 
July, 1914 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 227 


at Carbondale, Illinois, in August. As will be readily noticed, this 
is not the species designated quercifolie by Fitch. 


Although apparently not a typical member of the genus 
Symdobius, the species under Consideration seems to best belong 
there. 

Wingless viviparous female: 

General colour dark brown. Head and prothorax brownish 
yellow to light reddish brown; mesothorax usually concolorous or 
but slightly darker; metathorax with a dark brown longitudinal 
area on each side, the remaining areas greenish brown; abdomen 
dark brown with irregular paler greenish brown areas, apparently 
due to the pale greenish young within the body; sometimes the 
metathorax and entire abdomen shining dark brown, almost black. . 
Body sparsely clothed with Chaitophorus-like hairs, more promin- 
ent at posterior end. 


Eyes maroon colour. Antenne scarcely more than one half 
the body length; almost naked; segment III longest, and the fila- 
ment of VI shorter than the basal portion of that segment; only 
the usual distal sensoria on V and base VI; segment I and II dusky, 

_III and IV pale, with a barely noticeable duskiness at tip, V pale 
and dusky at tip. VI, base, with the basal half pale, the distal half 
and all of filament VI blackish (Pl. XVIII, fig. 49). Beak pale 
yellow, the extreme tip dusky; reaching to the coxe of the second 
pair of legs. Two fore pairs of legs whitish, the joints often dusky 
and the distal half of tarsus blackish; hind pair blackish, excepting 
the distal half of tibia, which is paler. In life the cornicles are 
rather conspicuous because of their pure white colour, as though 
covered with a heavy white pulverulence; quite small, the opening 
narrow; slightly cone-shaped, and inconspicuous in mounted 
specimens (Pl. XVIII, fig. 50). Cauda a rather inconspicuous 
rounded protuberance, pale yellowish and hairy; anal plate bilobed, 
moderately deeply emarginate and the lobes robust and _ hairy 
(Pl. XVIII, fig. 51). 

Measurements from six individuals in balsam: Length of body 
1.4 to 1.9 mm., average 1.6 mm.; width 0.8 to 1.0, average 0.9 
mm.; antenna I, 0.069; II, 0.052; III,-0.191 to 0.278, average 
0.234; IV, 0.189 to 0.182, average 0.157; V, 0.157 to 0.191, 


228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


average 0.174; VI, base, 0.113 to 0.139, average 0.125; VI, fila- 
ment, 0.070 to 0.087, average 0.080; total average length 0.891 mm. 


Winged viviparous female: 

Head (Pl. XVIII, fig. 52) and thorax dark brown to blackish. 
Abdomen brown with a central longitudinal whitish yellow stripe. 
Body very sparsely hairy, the tip of abdomen, including cauda and 
anal plate, more noticeably hairy. Antenne shorter than body; 
relative antennal lengths as in the apterous; segment III bearing 
7 to 8 rather large circular sensoria in a row, the usual distal ones 
on V and base VI (PI. XVIII, fig. 53). Wings hyaline, veins 
narrow, an almost imperceptible duskiness at tips of veins; ter- 
minal branch of media variable, sometimes branching near apex — 
of wing and sometimes nearer to the point where this vein first’ 
branches. Cornicles whitish, slightly narrower at tip than at base, 
about as long as broad and quite inconspicuous in mounted speci- 
mens. Cauda broadly rounded and anal plate bilobed as in the 
apterous form (Pl. XVIII, fig. 54). 


Measurements frcm three specimens in balsam, the bodies 
“somewhat shrivelled. Average length of body 1.16 mm.; average 
width 0.57 mm.; length of wings approximately three times their 
width; antenna I, 0.06; II, 0.05; III, 0.261 to 0.295, average 
0.278; IV, 0.156 to 0.174, average 0.165; V, 0.182 to 0.200, aver- 
age 0.191; VI, base, average 0.122; VI, filament 0.078 to 0.096, 
average 0.087; AYES total length 0.953 mm. 


iiiieev: 

The young is whitish green with pale olive green markings, as 
follows: A U-shaped marking the bottom of which extends to and 
usually includes the first abdominal segment and the top of which 
reaches the prothoracic segment. A longitudinal area on each side 
of the abdomen and about in line with the cornicles, but not quite 

reaching to them. Another marking just posterior to the cornicles. 
Cornicles white as in the adult. 


Winged male: 


Head and thorax dark brown to blackish. Abdoanits pale 
pea-green with a dorsal median longitudinal marking and an area 


- Can. ENT., VOL. XLVI. , 


SYMDOBIUS ALBASIPHUS, °n. sp. 


PLATE: XVIII. 


230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


around each cornicle of a paler green. Body with only a few 
sparsely-placed hairs. 

Eyes dark red. Antenne a little more than half the body 
length; relative lengths of segments as in other forms: I and II 
pale dusky, III, IV, V and base of VI pale with blackish tips, and 
all of VI filament black; segment III bearing 23 to 30 irregularly- 
placed circular sensoria, IV with 8 to 13, V with 5 to 9, not in- 
cluding the usual distal one, and VI base with 2 to 4, usually in a 
row, exclusive of the usual distal ones; sparsely hairy (Pl. XVIII, 
fig. 55). Fore pair of legs pale, with the tip of tarsus blackish; 
middle pair similiarly coloured, but with the femur dusky towards 
the tip; hind pair with femur blackish except at base, tibia black- 
ish except towards tip, and apex of tarsus black. Wings as in the 
winged viviparous female (Pl. XVIII, fig. 56). Cornicles as 
described for the other forms. Cauda pale green, covered with a 
rather heavy pulverulence, hairy, and similar in shape to those of 
the other forms. Anal plate rounded (not bilobed as in the 
viviparous forms) and hairy. 

Measurements from six individuals mounted in balsam, as 
follows: Length of body 1.32 to 1.82, average 1.51 mm.; width 
0.46 to 0.58, average 0.54; length of wing, average 2.28 mm.; 
width, average 0.82 mm.; antenna I, 0.061; II, 0.054; III, 0.296 
_ to 0.322, average 0.315; IV, 0.174 to 0.217, average 0.197; V, 
0.200 to 0.235, average 0.217; VI, base, 0.122 to 0.148, average 
0.138; VI, filament 0.087 to 0.104, average 0.092; total average 
length 1.074. 

Wingless oviparous female: 

Body mottled with green and black, but to the naked eye it 
appears to be largely blackish. Head and first two thoracic seg- 
ments of a light reddish to pinkish tint; remainder of body black- 
ish, with a more or less distinct median dorsal line of pale yellowish 
green or whitish green, sometimes even with a faint pinkish tint. 
Laterad of the median paler area are dots of the same colour 
intermixed with the black; also a pale area around the cornicles. 
Body moderately sparsely clothed with medium-length hairs as in 
the wingless viviparous female. 

Eyes maroon red. Antenne approximately one-half the 
length of the body; relative lengths of segments as in the other 


eT 8 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231 


forms; very sparsely hairy; segment I concolorous with head, II pale 
with a slight duskiness, III, IV, V and base VI pale with blackish 
tips, VI filament black; sensoria as in the wingless viviparous 
female (Pl. XVIII, fig. 57). Beak reaching to coxe of second 
pair of legs. Fore pair of legs entirely pale, excepting distal end 
of tarsus; middle pair with femur dusky to blackish except at base; 
hind pair as the middle pair, but the tibia dusky except at tip; 
hind tibiz noticeably swollen and bearing many irregularly placed 
circular sensoria (Pl. XVIII, fig. 58). Cornicles white as in 
other forms. Cauda pale with greenish tint, anal plate rounded 
as in the male. 

Measurements from six individuals, as follows: Length of body 
‘1.63 to 2.01, average 1.81 mm.; width 0.96 to 1.12, average 
1.04 mm.; antenna I, 0.069; II, 0.060; III, 0.269 to 0.318, aver- 
age 0.290; IV, 0.148 to 0.200, average 0.179; V, 0.174 to 0.209, 
average 0.186; VI, base, 0.113 to 0.139, average 0.130; VI, fila- 
ment 0.070 to 0.090, average 0.078; total average length 0.992 mm. 


Egg: 

The egg is very pale greenish when first laid, later changing 
to black. ba 
Aphis pseudobrassice, n. sp. 

This species was first received by us from Mr. W. J. Schoene; 
who found occasional specimens on cabbage at Geneva, New York; 
July 15, 1912. Later in the year (Nov. 20, 1912), a correspondent 
sent us specimens collected at Evansville, Indiana, with the note 
that they were abundant on kale and mustard, and that “these 
same insects have been bothering our turnips and turnip greens, 
destroying large portions of the patches. It does not bother on 
spring greens, only on fall crops.’”’ In the lot received from Evans- 
ville were Myzus persice and Aphis pseudobrassice in about equal 
numbers. . 

The past fall (September and October, 1913) we have found 
it at Lafayette, Indiana, abundant on radish and turnip and in 
the insectary it bred rather freely on rape, although the two former 
seem to be the preferred host plants. Mr. F. B. Paddock has also 
found it abundant on turnip at College Sfation, Texas, and has 
kindly forwarded specimens to us. No doubt further collections 


(2) oe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


will show this species to be generally distributed over the country 
and since it closely resembles Aphis brassice it has likely been 
‘mistaken for this species in some instances. Pex. 

The fact that the winged viviparous female bears sensoria on 
segment IV. of the antenna, alone separates it from brassice. The 
sexes have not been found and our present knowledge leads us to 
believe that the more usual means of passing the winter is as 
viviparous females. 


Wingless viviparous female. (Fig. 21). 

Entire body pale whitish green, head slightly dusky. Abdo- 
men with a longitudinal row of impressed dots along each side in 
line with the corn- 
icles; also on each 
side of the median 
dorsal line is a row 
of transverse shin- 
ing areas with a 
reticulated surface, 
those on the last 
four or five seg- 
ments usually 
united; and a sim- 
ilar row of smaller 
areas on each side. 
These shining re- 
ticulated areas 
contrast with the 
rest of the body 
which is dull and 
very slightly pul- 
verulent, Thoracic 
segments with 
similiar transverse 
areas. In specimens 
just molted the entire body appears shining and reticulated. 


Fig. 21.—Aphis pseudobrassice, wingless viviparous female. 


Eyes black. Antenne blackish excepting segments I, II and 
basal half of III which are pale; reaching a little beyond the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 233 


middle of the body; segment III longest, it being a half to three 
fourths longer than VI filament; segments V and VI base with the 
usual distal sensoria. Beak reaching to cox of second pair of 
legs. Legs pale with dusky joints, the tips of the tibize and all of 
the*tarsi black. . Cornicles pale with the tip dusky, slightly 
swollen towards the tip and constricted just before the apex, and 
noticably longer than the cornicles of A. a Cauda conical, — 
and dusky to blackish. 


Measurements, as follows (averages from six. individuals) : 
Length of body 1.66 mm.; width 1.00 mm.; cornicle 0.226 mm.; 
cauda 0.140 mm.; antenna I, 0.080; II, 0.061; III, 0.399; IV, 0.202; 
V, 0.160; VI, base 0.122; VI, filament 0.287; total average length 
1.311 mm. 

; Pupa. 

Head dusky, remainder of body cream colour or with a faint 
greenish tint, and covered with a slight whitish pulverulence, 
excepting the shining areas which are covered with a noticeable 
reticulation, and which are placed as follows—a row of oval or 
transverse areas on each side of the median dorsal line and a row 
of smaller and more circular ones laterad of these on each side, 
about in line with the cornicles. 


Eyes black. Antennz pale dusky, the distal ends of segments 
being more so, relative lengths of segments as in the winged 
female. Wing pads blackish. Legs pale dusky with the joints, 
distal end of tibiz and tarsus blackish. Cornicles dusky, paler at 
middle, blackish at tips, and similar in shape to those of the 
wingless female. 


Winged viviparous female. (Fig. 22). 

Head and thorax black. Abdomen pale apple green with a 
tint of nile green and a row of three black spots on each side 
anterior to the cornicles; a row of small impressed dots on each 
side dorsad of the larger spots; and in addition a few scattered 
inconspicuous dusky markings on the dorsum, and the last three 
segments with black transverse, dorsal median markings. 

Eyes black. Antenne black; almost reaching to base of 
cornicles; segments III and VI filament subequal; segment III with 
19 to 26 moderately tuberculate circular sensoria irregularly placed, 


234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


eS 


IV with 6 to 10, often more or less in a row, V and VI base with 
the usual distal sensoria and not infrequently segment V bears one 
or two near the base (Fig. 22a). Wings with black and rather 
conspicuous veins, and the terminal branch of the media nearer the 


Fig. 22.—Aphis pseudobrassice, winged viviparous female; a, antenna of same, enlarged; br 
cornicle of same, enlarged. 


apex of wing than where it first branches. Legs with femur pale 
brownish to blackish, tibia pale brownish with tip black and 
tarsus black. Cornicles dusky, paler at tips, and shaped as in 
the wingless form (Fig. 22b). Cauda concolorous with the abdomen 
or paler. Measurements as follows (averages from six individuals) : 
Length of body 1.4 mm.; width of body 0.66 mm.; length of wing 
2.4 mm.; width of wing 0.9 mm.; antenna I, 0.069; II, 0.061; III, 
0.363; IV, 0.191;.V, 0.165; VI, base 0.126; VI, filament 0.358; 
total average length 1.333 mm.; length of cornicles 0.172 mm.; of 
cauda 0.134 mm, 


Descriptions made from specimens collected on radish, turnip, 
and rape, at Lafayette, Indiana. ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 235 


DIRECTIONS FOR SENDING LIVING APHIDS. 


It is desirable, in sending aphids for determination, that 
living individuals be submitted when possible. We have found 
the following method to be the most satisfactory of several tried: 

Place a portion of the plant bearing the aphids in a glass 
vial and with it a strip of filter paper, the size depending on the 
size of vial and quantity of foliage placed within it. The vial is 
then tightly stoppered- with a cork and placed in a mailing tube 
or substantial box for mailing. Always have the stem of the plant 
and the end of the filter paper sufficiently long so that they will 
be held by the cork; otherwise the loose foliage and twigs will 
shake about and may crush the aphids. By this method we 
have shipped living specimens 1,700 miles and had them reach 
their destination in excellent shape. Tin salve boxes also make 
excellent shipping boxes for living aphids. Shipments of this nature 
should always be accompanied by full data, such as name of food 
plant, locality, date, part of plant affected, and collector. 

All of the illustrations in this paper are by Dr. Henry Fox, 
excepting figures 10, 21, and 22, which are by Mr. W. R. Walton 
and figures 43 and 45 to 48 inclusive of plate VII and all of plate 
XVIII, which are the author's. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
Plate Il. Macrosiphum creelii n. sp.—Figure 1 antenna, and 
2 cornicle of wingless viviparous female; 3 head and 4 antenna of 
winged viviparous female. 
Macrosiphum coryli n. sp.—5 head, 6 antenna and 7 cauda 
of wingless viviparous female; 8 antenna, 9. wing, and 10 cornicle 
of winged viviparous female. 


Plate IV. Macrosiphum venefusce n. sp.—I11_ head, 12 
antenna and 13 cauda of wingless viviparous female, 14 head, 15 
antenna, 16 wing, and 17 cornicle of winged viviparous female; 
18 antenna of winged male; 19 antenna and 20 hind tibia of 
wingless oviparous female. 

Plate V. Macrosiphum tilie Monell.—21 head, 22 antenna 
and 23 cornicle of wingless viviparous female; 24 antenna of 
winged male; 25 hind tibia of wingless oviparous female. 


236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Myzus lycopersici Clarke.—26 antenna of wingless viviparous 
female; 27 antenna, 28 head, 29 cornicle and 30 cauda of winged 
viviparous female; 31 antenna of winged male; 32 antenna of 
oviparous female. : 

Plate VII. Myzus lycopersici Clarke.—33 hind tibia of 
wingless oviparous female. 

Rhopalosiphum howardii Wilson.—34 antenna of wingless 
- viviparous female; 35 head, 36 wing, 37 cornicle, 38 cauda and 
39 antenna of winged viviparous female; 40 antenna of wingedmale. 

Eulachnus rileyi.Williams.—41 antenna of wingless viviparous 
female; 42 head, 48 antenna, 44 beak, 45 wing and 46 hind tarsus 
of winged viviparous female; 47 antenna of winged male, 48 hind 
tibia of wingless oviparous female. 

Plate XVIII. Symdobius albasiphus n. sp.—49 antenna, 50 
cornicle and 51 cauda and anal plate of wingless viviparous female; 
52 head,/53 antenna and 54 cauda and anal plate of winged 
viviparous female; 55 antenna and 56 wing of winged male; 57 
antenna and 58 hind tibia of wingless oviparous female. 


REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF JAPANESE CRANE- 
FLIES (TIPULIDZ, Pe 


BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, ITHACA, N 
(Continued from p. 211.) 
Tipula nipponensis, sp. n. | 

Head yellowish; thorax yellow with brown stripes; abdomen 
with the caudal margin of the segments broadly brown; wings 
variegated gray, brown and hyaline. 

Male: Length 12.8 mm.; wing 13.6 mm.; antenne about 4mm. 

Female: Length 13-14.1 mm.; wing 14.2-15.2 mm. 

Male: Palpi brown, the terminal segment very long and pale; 
frontal prolongation of the head very short-and stout, yellowish; 
antenne, segments 1 and 2 yellow, flagellar segments with the 
somewhat enlarged base dark brown, the remainder of each seg- 
ment dull yellow; front, vertex and occiput dull yellow, the sides 
of the vertex and the gene dark brown. 

Pronotum pale; mesonotum dull yellow with dark brown 


stripes, the median one bisected by a pale line, lateral stripes short, 
July, 1914 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 237 


very close to the median stripe; scutum with the lobes brown; 
scutellum and postnotum yellowish medially, the sides dark brown, a 
narrow indistinct median line. Pleura yellowish with brown blotches 
as follows: On sides of the propleura; a large blotch on the meso- 
episternum and mesosternum; a very dark spot-on the dorso- 
cephalic angle of the mesepimerum, a dark blotch at the base of 
the halteres. Halteres paler. Legs, coxe dull yellow with the 
base on the outer side tinged with brown; trochanters yellow; 
femora yellow, the tip brown; tibia light brown, tarsi dark brown. 
Wings with a light gray suffusion, cells C and Sc a little lighter, 
yellowish; stigma brown; hyaline spots as follows: In front of and 
beyond tlie stigma, cell Ist Me, a large blotch in the end of cell M 
and a spot in cell Ist A near the end of vein 2nd A; veins Cu and 
2nd A narrowly seamed with brownish. Venation (see plate XVI, 
figure 2). . 

Abdominal tergites with the basal third yellowish, apical two- 
thirds brown; pleural line conspicuously dark brown; sternites 
light yellow, each segment with a narrow, transverse subbasal 
brown band. Male hypopygium: 9th tergite from above narrow, 
not nearly as wide as the 8th tergite, its lateral angles rounded, 
its caudal margin deeply and broadly notched. Pleural append- 
ages from the side (see plate XIX, fig. 2). A more dorsal and ectal 
fleshy lobe which is directed backward, this lobe cylindrical, 
tapering, provided with sparse long hairs; entad and ventrad of 
this lobe is a large bifid appendage whose caudal arm is feebly 
chitinized, pale, with abundant hairs, the inner or cephalic arm is 
chitinized, and with strong teeth which approach the caudal margin 
of the 9th tergite. Penis with the central vesicle large, its convex 
side directed dorsad, the penis proper, long and slender. 

Female.—Almost as‘in the <, the antennz shorter; oviposi- 
tor with the tergal valves much more slender than the high 
sternal valves. 

Holotype, &, Tokyo, Japan; April 26, 1912 (Vial 25). 

Allotype, 2, Tokyo, Japan; April 26, 1912 (Vial 25). 

Paratype, 2 ; Tokyo, Japan; April 26, 1912 (Vial 25). 

Tipula serricauda, sp. n. 


Head with a brown median stripe; thorax with three brown 
stripes; abdomen trivittate with brown; female ovipositor with the 


238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


sternal valves exceedingly short, tergal valves long, serrated on the 
outer margin; wings clouded brown, gray and hyaline. 
Female.—Length about 23 mm.; wing 18-18.8 mm. 
Female.—Palpi with the base dark, the apical segments pale; 
frontal prolongation of the head rather short, dark above, pale 
beneath; antennz, four basal segments light yellow, the remaining 
segments a little brown at the base, yellow apically; front, vertex and 
occiput dull yellow, the head with an elongate brown median stripe. 
Mesonotal prescutum light brown, with three broad dark 
brown stripes of which the median one is very broad and is 
bisected by a pale line, lateral stripes close to the median one; 
scutum dull brownish yellow, the lobes mostly dark brown; 
scutellum brownish yellow; postnotum light brown, with three 
dark brown longitudinal stripes. Pleura brown, much darker on 
the mesosterna. Halteres rather short, dull yellow, the knob a 
little brown. Legs, cox with the externo-cephalic face brown; 
trochanters dull yellow, femora and tibie yellow, the tips brown; 
tarsal segment 1 brownish yellow, brown at the tip; segments 2-5 
brown. Wings gray, cells C and Sc yellowish brown; dark brown 
blotches as follows; At base of vein M, in middle of cell Mi ad- 
joining vein Cu, at origin of Rs, stigmal region including the 
cephalic portion of the cord. Hyaline blotches scattered over the 
wing, the largest beyond the stigma, extending obliquely across the 
wing to. cell 1st M2; a large blotch in cells R and M near the 
basal third, another in cell M near the tip; others before the 
stigma and in the anal cells. Wenation (see plate XVI, fig. 4). 
Abdominal tergites brownish yellow, with three indistinct dark 
brown longitudinal stripes which extend the length of the abdomen. 
Ovipositor of a remarkable structure; viewed from beneath (see 
plate XIX, fig. 6), the sternal valves are remarkably short, not 
even attaining the base of the upper valves; upper valves parallel 
on a horizontal plane, slightly curved, the inner margin smooth, 
the outer margin with numerous saw-like teeth. Sternites dull 
yellow, a broad brown longitudinal median stripe rather indistinct 
on segments 1-3 but becoming darker and better defined on the 
apical segments. 
Holotype, 2°, Tokyo, Japan; August, 1912; vial 41. - 
Paratype, 2, Tokyo, Japan; August, 1912; vial 41. 


PLATE XIX. 


Can. ENT., VOL. XLVI. 


PRR DET py r 


y)))) 


JAPANESE CRANE-FLIES. 


240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Tipula yusou, sp. n. 

Head and thorax blackish; postnotum blackish: abdomen 
yellow with three dorsal brown longitudinal lines and one median 
stripe; wings pale greyish brown variegated with hyaline. 

Male: length 15 mm.; wing 19.2 mm.; antennz 4-5 mm. 

Female: length 23 mm.; wing 21 mm. . 

Male: Palpi and frontal prolongation of the head dark brown, 
the latter very long; antennz, segment 1 very long; scapal seg- 
ments yellow, segment 3 yellow basally darkening into brown at 
the tip, remaining segments dark brown, the enlarged base even 
darker, front, vertex and occiput dark brown. 

Pronotum dull yellowish brown. Mesonotal preescutum light 
brown with three darker brown stripes of which the median one is 
elongate cuneiform, its narrowed point ending just before the 
suture; scutal lobes dark brown; scutellum dull yellow with an 
- indistinct, narrow darker line; postnotum dark brown. Pleura 
dark brown. Halteres pale, the stem browner before the knob. 
Legs, coxzee brown on the outer face, the tips yellow; trochanters 
~ yellow; femora yellow, becoming brown at the tip; tibie and tarsi 
brown. Wings, basal half pale yellowish, apical half more brown, 
cells C and Sc yellowish; stigmal blotch darker brown, irregular; 
hyaline blotches as follows: a large blotch across the wing before 
the cord; a narrower one beyond the cord; a large blotch in the 
caudal portions of cells Ist A and 2nd A; cell M pale in the middle. 
Venation, see plate XVI, figure 1. 

Abdominal tergites 1-7 dull yellow with a narrow dark brown 
median stripe; segments 3-7 with a shorter and narrower stripe 
near the lateral margin of each sclerite; segments 8-9 dark brown; 
sternites dull yellow, also with a distinct, narrow median vitta. 
Male hypopygium (Lateral aspect, see plate XIX, figure 1): 9th 
tergite from above, with the caudal margin deeply and broadly 
rourded, the edge with abundant chitinized teeth, the lateral 
angles notched; 8th sternite, viewed from the side triangular, the 
caudal end with a dense bunch of orange coloured hairs; 9th ster- 
nite rather large, oval, bearing on its pleural region a group of 
appendages as follows: the more dorsal a large, fleshy, sigmoid 
lobe, very densely clothed with long delicate hairs, ventrad and 
entad of this a large bifid appendage whose caudal branch ends in 


; 
4 
4 
; 
4 
: 
a 


_ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 241 


a cylindrical chitinized arm, and whose cephalic branch is produced 
dorsad into a spoon-shaped appendage whose concavity is directed 
toward the chitinized portion of the 9th tergite; entad of these 
appendages is a large lobe whose point is chitinized and directed 
‘cephalad, the sides with deep parallel grooves. The penis is rather 
short and very stout; just underneath its tip inside the pleura are 
a pair of apophyses (shown in the figure), these strongly chitinized 
and ending in two sharp spines of which the caudal one is the 
larger. 

Female,—Like the <’, but the dorsal Hihaniehal stripe is much 
broader, lateral stripes also much broader; on the caudal half of 
the 7th tergite and on the 8th tergite, all three of the dorsal vitte 
_unite and cover the segment; the sternal vitta is very broad, but 
is interrupted at the end of the 6th segment; segments 7 and 8 
with a small brown median spot near the caudal margin, and the 
anterior and posterior edges of the sclerite a little darker; genital 
- segment dull yellow. 

Holotype, &, Tokyo, Japan; May 7, 1912; vial 36. 
Allotype, 2, Tokyo, Japan; April 26, 1912; vial 21. 

Paratypes, 2 2, Tokyo, Japan; April 25, 1912; vial 3. 

The specific name is that.of an aboriginal Japanese race for- 
merly occupying the north-west shores of the southern half of 
Nippon facing the Sea of Japan. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
 Prate XI. 


Fig. 1. Wing of Pachyrhina pullata, sp. n. 
Fig. 2 “_ P. palloris Coquillett. 
_ Fig. 3 . P. repanda, sp. n. 
Fig. 4. “— P. virgata Coquillett 
Fig. 5. ‘“_ P. flavonota, sp. n. 
Fig. 6 Dorsal aspect,, 9th tergite, of P. flavonoia, sp. n.; o. 
Fig. 7 % P. pullata, sp. n.; 2. 
Fig. 8. * e _ P. repanda, sp. n.; & 
Fig. 9. tf hs € P. virgata Coquillett ; dl. 
Fig. 10. Sixth antennal segment, P. virgala prntlett; o. 
Fig. 11. < ‘ P. repanda, sp. n.; o. 


Figs d2.i 3 5 i P. pullata, sp. n. ag 


242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Fig. 13. Pleural appendages, o hypopyguim, P. virgata 
Coquillett. 


Fig. 14. Pleural appendages, o hypopygium, P. pullata, sp. n. 
Fig. 15. - - ¥ P. flavonota,sp.n. 
Fig. 16. 4 ff #: P. repanda, sp. n. 


PLatE XVI. 


Fig. 1. Wing of Tipula yusou, sp. n. 

Fig, 2 ry T. nipponensis, sp. n. 

Fig. 3 i T. aino, sp. n. 

Fig. 4. sa T. serricauda, sp. n. 

Fig. 5. Ae T. yamata, sp. n. 

Fig. 6 de T. insulicola, sp. n. 

Fig. 7 it T. coquilletti Enderlein. 

Fig. 8 Mi Dictenidia fasciata Coquillett 

PLATE XIX. 

Fig. 1. Hypopygium of Tipula yusou, sp. n. : 
Lateral aspect; t= 9th tergite; pl = pleura. 

Fig. 2. Hypopygium of 7. nipponensis, sp. n. 
Lateral aspect; t= 9th tergite. 

Fig. 3. Hypopygium of 7. yamata, sp. n. 
Lateral aspect; t= 9th tergite. 

Fig. 4. Hypopygium of T. aino, sp. n. 
Dorsal aspect of the 9th tergite. 

Fig. 5. Hypopygium of 7. aino, sp. n. 


Pleural appendages, lateral aspect. | 
Fig. 6. Ovipositor of T. serricauda, sp. n. . } 
Ventral aspect; t= tergal valve; 5= sternal valve. 
Fig. 7. Hypopygium of 7. coquilletti End. 
Ventral aspect; 8s = 8th sternite; 9s = 9th sternite. 
Fig. 8. Hypopygium of T coquilletti End.; 9th tergite from 
above. 
Fig. 9. Hypopygium of T. coquilletti End.; pleural appendage 
from the inside. 
Fig. 10. Hypopygium of 7. coquilletti End.; pleura and its 
appendage from the outside. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 243 - 


A REVIEW OF THE WORK ON THE POISONED BAIT 
SPRAY, DRY METHOD AND MIXED TREATMENT 
OF CONTROLLING FRUIT FLIES (TRYPETID£®). 

BY HENRY H. P. SEVERIN, PH. D., MILWAUKEE, WIS. 


As the work on the poisoned bait spray for controlling fruit 
flies is in its infancy in the United States and beyond the experi- 
mental stage in other countries, we have decided to review some of 
this work in order to set forth some of the methods employed and 
results obtained. In this paper we shall take up the work of the 
South African, French, Mexican, United States and Canadian 
entomologists, and leave the results obtained by the Italian 
entomologists for a future paper. 

It is a well-known fact that fruit flies, after they issue from 
the pupz, require 10 days or more before the egg-laying period 
begins. This interval is a feeding period, and the flies subsist on 
the nectar of flowers, waxy coating of fruit, juices of injured or 
cracked fruit hanging on the trees, windfalls, fallen infested fruit 
and droplets of water. Many fruit-flies show a great fondness for 
sweets, and one can readily understand why poisoned sweets are 
so effective in their control. If this poisoned bait is available with 
the first appearance of the flies on the wing, no dcubt large num- 
bers would be killed before the egg-laying period commences. 


Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.). 

Mally (11) of South Africa, apparently unaware of the work 
of the Italian entomologists started in 1903, began in the season 
of 1904-5 to spray with poisoned molasses to control the Mediter- 
ranean fruit fly, but his experiments were nullified by the scarcity 
of the flies. Mally’s successor, Dewar (4), continued these experi- 
ments during the seasons of 1905-7. His results were not conclu- 
sive, but they were most encouraging. It was not until the sea- 
son of 1908-9 that Mally (14) gave a decisive demonstration of the 
success of the poisoned molasses to. combat the Mediterranean 
fruit fly under South African conditions. ‘‘A severe outbreak of 
the pest in a commercial peach orchard was brought to a sudden 
and practically complete halt, and the fruit maturing later was 
marketed under the guarantee of freedom from maggots,’’ while the 
infestation of the fruit on the control trees increased until practi- 


. e | 
caliy every fruit was involved. 
July, 1914 


244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Fuller (5) in 1909-10, tested the poisoned bait spray to con- 


trol the Mediterranean fruit fly, and all trials which were made in 
several citrus orchards to control this pest were “‘attended with 
remarkable effects.’’ 

In 1912, Lounsbury (9) demonstrated the applicability of the 
poisoned bait spray to town conditions. His work was carried on 
under the most unfavourable weather conditions, for rain fell on 23 
of the 33 days of experimentation: The garden in which the ex-— 
periment was performed contained 15 varieties of fruit, and, the 
author states, ‘‘there is probably no other garden in Pretoria where 
the fly finds conditions more favourable for its welfare.’’ The 
windfalls from three untreated trees showed respectively: 9514, 
9534 and 9814% of maggoty fruit, against an average of 29% from 
the treated trees, although the distance between the baited and 
unbaited ones was only about 150 yards. The fruit picked from 
sprayed trees showed that 13% was infested, whereas practically ' 
every ripe fruit was maggoty on the untreated trees. The author 
concludes, therefore, that if the spraying is properly carried out 
the remedy is applicable under town conditions even where the 
summer rainfall is heavy. 

The following formulas were used by these South African 
entomologists: | 


TABLE L 
1904-5 1905-7 1908-9 191l¢ 
Molasses (gall.)........ee.0s. 5 7 18 Brown sugar (tb.)............. 2% 6 
Arsenate of lead (Ib.)......... 1 tala | Paste arsenate of lead (0z.).... 4 3 6 
Water (aati: , tte as cin sha 25+. 25 \25..) Water foal) c+ 4 ne masa 5 4 8 


The lead arsenate and molasses or brown sugar in all of these 
formulas were simply dissolved in the required amount of cold 
water. According to Mally (13), the solution must be kept 
thoroughly agitated, so that the bait will remain of uniform 
‘strength. The spray should be applied so that the minute drop- 
lets fall over and through the trees. A pint to a pint-and-a-half 
is sufficient for a good-sized ten-year-old peach or nectarine tree. 
Rain will dissolve and wash off the sweet ingredient, and the bait 
should be renewed as soon as the weather permits. The number of 
applications of the spray will vary according to local conditions 
and the season. The first application should be made a month 
before the presence of the maggots in the fruit is ordinarily ex- 
pected, and after that an application after the expiration of every 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 245 


10-14 days is thought advisable. Experience alone will enable us 
to determine the minimum number of iS eigenen necessary to 
insure good results. 

In the Hawaiian Islands we also obtained good results with the 
use of the poisoned bait spray to control the Mediterranean fruit 
fly, even though our experiments were conducted under the most 
unfavourable weather conditions. In our work, Mally’s last for- 
mula (Table I, 1909), was adopted, but with this difference: Mally 
used 3 ounces of lead arsenate, and we increased the amount to 5 
ounces. To check up the effectiveness of the fruit fly remedy in 
our work 10 kerosene traps were wired in fruit trees located in 
different parts of a non-isolated orchard containing about 400 trees. 
The total number of fruit flies captured in these traps in five weeks 
was 10,239; of this number 10,203 were males and only 36 were 
females. With the kerosene traps kept in the same trees, the 400 
fruit trees were sprayed about once a week during the following 
five weeks. The total number of fruit flies captured in the oil 
traps in five weeks during and after spraying was 182, of which 93 
were caught during the first six days. After five applications of 
the bait, it required a thorough search to find an infested fruit 
in the orchard, whereas before spraying almost every ripe fruit had 
been ‘ ‘stung’ by the pect. 

Melon Fly or Bitter Gourd Fruit Fly (Dacus cucurbite Coq.). 

Marsh (15) tested the poisoned bait spray to control the 
melon fly in the Hawaiian Islands. His baits were prepared by 
sweetening water with molasses and adding arsenate of lead or 
Paris green to the solution. The following proportions of the 
ingredients were used: 


DAUIAMOER Phat kta bh ads Cues A odes 1 at. 
NR oy i eee tr eerie rc \ oz. 
WRUCEE Ro ors o neins salts selotidts a ohihe 1% gall. 


In the experiment with Paris green the applications were made 
daily, from September 9 until October 14. ‘‘Neither the experi- 
ment with arsenate of lead or with Paris green proved effective. 
The flies were frequently observed feeding on the poisoned liquids, 
_ but evidently did not relish them, and so failed to consume a 
fatal dose.” 

Fuller (5) stationed in Natal, South Africa, used the poisoned 
bait spray to control the melon fly. He writes: ‘‘Where the treat- 


246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ment has been applied for the melon fly which attacks squashes, 
marrows, pumpkins and the like, it has proved successful.”’ 

We also attempted to control the melon fly with the poisoned 
» bait spray in the Hawaiian Islands. The same formula of the - 
bait which we used to control the Mediterranean fruit fly was 
adopted to combat the melon fly, except that 1 ounce of a soluble 
poison, such as potassium arsenate or sodium arsenite, was added — 
to the solution. As the melon fly feeds during the early morning 
hours the insecticide was applied shortly after sunrise. to all of the 
foliage within a pumpkin patch, and also to the vegetation bor- 
dering the same. ‘The results obtained after spraying were rather 
striking. Before spraying thousands of melon flies could be found 
resting on the lower surface of the leaves, but several days after 
spraying only here and.there could a specimen be found. In all 
probability these living flies had recently emerged from puparia, or 
came in from the feeding grounds orfrom surrounding cucurbit fields. 

A few davs after the application of the first spray all of the 
infested pumpkin vines were pulled out of the ground and raked 
together in piles. The infested pumpkins were scattered within 
these piles and then all was burned. . 

To determine whether the melon flies coming from their feed- 
ing grounds or from surrounding fields of cucurbits could be con- 
trolled, watermelon seeds were planted in a field adjacent to the 
former pumpkin patch. The seeds sprouted before we were able 
to make a vigorous campaign in surrounding cucurbit fields. The 
watermelon plants were sprayed, but the frequent rains washed off 
the thin film of sugar and left the plants subject to the attacks 
of the pests coming from outside sources. As soon as the 
weather became settled a fresh application of the bait was made to 
the watermelon plants and surrounding vegetation, but the tender 
stems of some of the watermelon plants were already infested. 
Whether the pest, which has been allowed to increase unmolested 
during the past sixteen years, can be controlled under Hawaiian 
conditions, when one individual sprays and his neighbours do not, 
is problematical. In all probability better results could be ob- 
tained with the poisoned bait spray in a well-isolated cucurbit field 
away from the valleys, where rains are less frequent during the 
summer months. (To be continued). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 247 


NOTES ON THE WINTER AND EARLY SPRING COLEOP- 
TERA OF FLORIDA WITH DESCRIPTIONS 
OF NEW SPECIES. 


BY W. S. BLATCHLEY, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. 
(Continued from page 144.) 


8196.—Rhinomacer pilosus Lec. Originally described from 
Lake Superior, Virginia-and California, this weevil has since been 
recorded from as far south as Agricultural College, Mississippi. 
A single specimen was beaten from pine at Dunedin, January 29. 
In his characterization of the family Rhinomaceride LeConte 
states that the first joint of the antennae is “‘a little stouter than 
the second but not longer.”’ In the Dunedin specimen it is at 
least one-half longer. 

8205.—_Eugnamptus striatus Lec. A dozen or more were 
beaten from oak at Dunedin and Ormond. March 19—April 14. 


§223.—Pterocolus ovatus Fab. This pretty little weevil 
was also beaten from oak at Dunedin, Eustis, Sanford and Ormond. 
March 19—April 14, ten specimens having been secured. 


8310.—Pachnzeus distans Horn. Four examples, taken at 
Ormond on April 11—14, range from 10 to 14° mm. in length. 
Horn, in his original description, gives the length as 8 mm. 


8340.—Eudiagogus pulcher Fab. At Sanford, on January 
13, several hundred of this handsome weevil were found _hiber- 
nating beneath the bark of a pine log which lay by the side of a 
ditch of running water along the edge of a truck patch. It appears 
to be a common species throughout the State. 

10,814.—Apion lividum Smith. Quite common on the dead 
vines of the wild cucumber (Melothria) and in dense masses of 
Spanish moss at Pelican Bay,.Lake Okeechobee. A small reddish- 
yellow species which at first sight is liable to be taken for an 
Anthonomus. 

10,829.—Hyperodes (Macrops) hornii Dietz. | Beneath 
boards, along the margins of a shallow fresh-water lake just back 
of Dunedin, this species and H. anthracinus Dietz, were taken ‘in 
numbers. With them were also several other species of Listronotus 
and Hyperodes as yet unidentified. H. hornii was also found at 


Ormond and Lake Istokpoga. January 21—April 14. 
July, 1914 


248 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Lixus lupinus sp. nov. 
Elongate, cylindrical, robust. Black, shining, evenly and 


rather thickly clothed with a fine, prostrate, gray pubescence which, © 


on the sides of thorax and elytra, is condensed into a broad, promi- 
nent marginal stripe. Beak short (2.3 mm. from eye to tip), 
stout, cylindrical, coarsely, closely and deeply punctate and with a 
fine but distinct carina reaching three-fourths to tip. Antenne 
inserted one-third from tip, the second and third joints of funiculus 
subequal, the two together slightly longer than the first. Thorax 
as long as wide, sides parallel from base to middle, thence gradually 
converging to apex, the latter feebly bisinuate; disc with numerous 
very coarse shallow punctures, somewhat irregularly placed, their 
intervals finely reticulate-punctate, without median impressed line 
but with a broad shallow depression in front of scutellum. and a 
fine carina on apical third. Elytra three times. longer than thorax 
and one-fourth wider at base, sides parallel for three-fourths their 
length, thence feebly diverging into a rounded apex; disc with a 
large shallow concavity behind the scutellum and with regular 
unimpressed rows of rather large distant punctures, their intervals 
finely granulate-punctate. Abdomen densely pubescent, finely 
and densely punctate, with numerous scattered very coarse punc- 
tures. Length 11—13 mm.; width 3.5—4 mm. 


Seven specimens beaten singly from the flowers of the hoary 
lupine (Lupinus diffusus Nutt.) near Dunedin between January 24 
and March 18. Resembles placidus Lec. but that species has the 
first and second joints of funiculus equal and the thorax channeled 
for two-thirds its length. In fresh specimens of lupinus the 
pubescence of beak, thorax and elytra is so dense as to almost 
conceal the surface sculpture. I had at first thought this a Cleonus 
but as I am unable from the literature to clearly distinguish the 
differences between Cleonus and Lixus I sent it to Washington. 
Mr. Schwarz pronounced it a Lixus and wrote: “No one has 
hitherto been able to point out any generic differences between 
Lixus and Cleonus but they differ in habitus and mode of life.” 


10,845.—Lixus amplexus Casey. Quite frequent near 
Sarasota on the flowers of the large thistle Carduus horridulus 
Pursh. Feb. 13—27. 


el i Ba 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 249 


Lixus leptosomus sp. nov. 

Elongate, cylindrical, very slender. Black, shining, very 
sparsely clothed with fine gray pubescence except along the sides 
of the thorax and elytra, where it forms a narrow but conspicuous 
stripe; antennz and tarsi reddish brown. Beak short, stout, 
cylindrical, densely and finely reticulate-punctate, feebly carinate. 
Antenne inserted at middle of beak, the first joint of funiculus 
stouter but subequal in length to second which is one-half longer 
than third. Thorax cylindrical, one-fourth longer than wide, 
base and apex truncate, disc without smooth median line or basal 
impression, coarsely and sparsely punctate, the intervals with very 
fine sparse punctures. Elytra at base not wider than thorax, two 
and one-third times’as long, sides parallel for four-fifths their 
length, thence gradually converging to a subacute apex; disc with 
rows of small distant punctures, the intervals very finely and 
sparsely punctate. Abdomen densely pubescent, finely and 
sparsely punctate. Length 7 mm.; width 2 mm. 


One specimen swept from low herbage along the erie: of a 
cypress swamp. Sanford, April 9. The only other described 
species to which it appears to be closely allied is L. tenellus Casey, 
from which it differs in the relative length of antennal joints, in 
the beak being densely instead of “extremely sparsely’’ punctate 
and in the relatively longer thorax and greater length of body. 


11,029.—Neomastix punctulatus Dietz. Quite frequent on 
the flowers of the Ericad, Andromeda nitida Bart., at Dunedin, 
Sanford and Ormond. January 19—April 15. 


8684.—Prionomerus calceatus Say. One example of this 
common northern weevil was taken at Lake Istokpoga February 29. 
I do not find it mentioned in any Florida list. 


8719.—Conotrachelus aratus Germ. Two specimens were 
beaten from oak, one at Dunedin, March 28; the other at Sanford, 
April 4. 

8724.—Conotrachelus belfragei Lec. Of this, the most 
handsome of the genus, a single example was beaten from pine at 
Eustis, April 6th. It was described from one specimen taken in 
Texas by Belfrage. 


250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


8774.—Acalles ventrosus Lec. Quite: common beneath 
boards along the margin of fresh-water lakes near Dunedin and 
Kissimmee. January 18—March 19. 

Tyloderma punctata Casey. Very common with the 
preceding; also at Sarasota and Ormond. Mating in February 
and March. Very distinct from 7. @reum Say with which it is 
usually confounded. A single BEA of the latter was taken at 
Lake Okeechobee. 


8797.—Cryptorhyncus apiculatus Gyll. A single example 
of this rare species was taken at Dunedin January 20; also from 
the border of a lake. 

8821.—Tachygonus lecontei Gyll. One of these curious 
little weevils was beaten from oak at Ormond. April 15. 


8826.—Craponius inzqualis Say. Quite frequent at 
Dunedin, Eustis and Ormond. January 23—April 13. Beaten 
from the wax-myrtle or bayberry 

11,110.—Baris zeneomicans Casey. Frequent at Dunedin; 
also taken on Sanibel Island and at Kissimmee. Occurs in low 
moist meadows. 

8907.—Madarellus undulatus Say. One specimen from 
Utopia, east shore of Lake Okeechobee. The thorax is much more 
coarsely punctate than in those from Indiana. 


8978.—Rhodobzeus tredecimpunctatus quinquepunc- 
tatus Say., One taken by sweeping at Sanford. April 9. Schwarz 
records it as occurring on thistle flowers. The elytra are wholly 
black except a narrow reddish stripe along each side margin. _The 
central spot of thorax is large, fusiform, reaches almost to apex, 
and in the Sanford specimen unites at base with the two hinder 
lateral spots which are obliquely merged along the base. It is a 
distinct southern colour variety, which in my opinion should be 
kept in the lists. 

8983.—Sphenophorus inzequalis Say. Single specimens 
were taken at St. Petersburgh and Eustis beneath cover in low 
damp soil. January 20—April 7. 

9002.—_Sphenophorus retusus Gyll. . One at Dunedin. 
January 16. ‘ 

11,215.—Sphenophorus minimus Hart. One at Dunedin, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 251 


February 7. This is quite frequent in low sandy localities in 
_ Indiana. 

9019.—Gononotus lutosus Lec. Eight specimens were found 
beneath drift along the beach of ar Bay at Dunedin. 
January 21—February 8. 


A NATIONAL COLLECTION OF CANADIAN INSECTS. 

The Secretary of State, with the concurrence of the Minister 
of Agriculture, has appointed the Dominion Entomologist, Dr. C. 
. Gordon Hewitt, Honorary Curator of Entomology in the Canadian 
National Museum, Ottawa. 

For a number of years the Entomological Branch of the De- 
partment of Agriculture has been laying the foundation of a repre- 
sentative collection of the insects of Canada. This collection, 
together with several collections which have been, acquired by the 
Museum, constitute the basis of a National Collection. In it will 
be incorporated the insects collected and received by the Ento- 
mological Branch and by the Museum. As the National Museum 
is under the direction of the Director of the Geological Survey and 
Deputy Minister of Mines, increased facilities will be afforded for 
- securing entomological collections made by surveying and exploring 
parties, for example, the Canadian (Stefansson) Arctic Expedition 
_ is collecting insects for the National Collection. The collections » 
will be stored in cabinets similar to those now in use in the United 
States National Museum at Washington, and it will bea great 
satisfaction to Canadian entomologists to know that the collections 
will be housed in a fire-proof building. It is hoped that this im- 
portant move in the interests of Canadian entomology will receive 
the support of collectors throughout the country. Collectors hav- 
ing duplicate material will greatly assist in building up the collec- 
tions by sending such extra specimens of local insects as they may 
be able to spare for inclusion in the National Collection. Especi- 
ally is it to be desired that types of Canadian species shall be 
deposited in the National Museum, where they will be properly 
cared for. 

The Entomological Branch of the Department of Agriculture 
will continue its practice of naming insects for collectors, and such 
collections and correspondence relating to the same should be 
addressed to “The Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa.” 


252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA—NOTES AND 
DESCRIPTIONS. 


BY NATHAN BANKS, EAST FALLS CHURCH, VA. 
(Continued from p. 205.) 


Hydropsyche partita, n. sp. (Figs. 58-59.) 


Black; head and thorax with grayish white hair; palpi nearly 
black; antenne yellow, with spiral black line; abdomen black 
above, pale beneath; legs pale yellow, anterior femora rather dark- 
er. Wings brown, densely irrorate with whitish, nearly all over, 
the apical part very plainly so, a longer pale mark on hind margin 
before arculus; hind wings gray, darker on costal tip. Fork 1 
longer than pedicel, fork 2 extends a little way on discal cell, fork 
3 with short pedicel, median cross-vein its length out on. median 
cell; in hind wing fork 1 is very short, fork 2 a long distance on 
discal cell; male with eyes wide apart, not enlarged. 


Expanse 23 mm. 


From Switzer's Camp, San Gabriel Mts., June, Mt. Wilson, 
10 Aug., and Pasadena, May, all California (Grinell); Pecos, New 
Mexico, July, Aug., and Vineyard, Utah, July (Spalding). 


Hydropsyche venularis, n. sp. (Fig. 62.) 

Black; head and thorax with whitish hair; palpi very dark; 
antenne yellow, annulate with brown; legs pale yellow. Wings 
pale, the cubitus heavily bordered with dark brown or black, anal 
also bordered, a large, elongate streak near stigma, sometimes 
broken by pale spots, a black spot at end of first apical vein, apical 
part of wing often infuscate, elsewhere dark spots, often along 
veins, and some patches of gray hair, all marks tend to be longi- 
tudinal; hind wings gray, tip darker. Eyes of male large, approxi- 
mate. Venation as.in H. scalaris. Male superior plate with 
minute emargination, the second part of lower appendage very 
short and broad, with bifid tip. 


Expanse 22 mm. 


From Washington, D. C.; Great Falls, Va.; Dane Co., Wisc.; 
St. Louis, Mo., June to Sept. I had thought this might be ZH. 


reciproca (indecisa), but that species is near H. scalaris. 
July, 1914 


¢ 


OO 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 253 


Hydropsyche slossonz, var. recurvata, n. var. (Fig. 73). 
Very similar to slossone in appearance and structure, the 
genitalia of male on same plan, the penis having practically the 
same structure, but the superior plate has only very short pro- 
cesses, instead of the long ones of true slossone. 
_From Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont. (Walker). 


Diplectrona californica, n. sp. (Fig. 63). 


Head black, with some yellowish hair; palpi brown; antennz 
brown, annulate with pale, strongly crenate beneath; legs pale 
yellowish. Wings brown; quite broad; stigmal area swollen below | 
in both wings, fork 1 but little longer than pedicel, fork 3 longer 
than pedicel, fork 4 reaching far back, before thyridial cross-vein; 
in hind wings fork 1 almost reaches to the discal cell, fork 3 hardly 


’ longer than 1, in both wings discal cell is over three times as long 


as broad. 
Expanse 10 mm. 
From Claremont, Calif. (Baker). 


Psychomyia diversa, n. sp. (Fig. 64). 

Black; palpi brown; antennz dark, faintly annulate with pale, 
black hair on face, brown on warts and some yellowish on front of 
vertex, thorax with black hair; wings black, especially dark along 
the costa; no marks, some yellowish hair scattered through the 
black; femora pale yellowish, in the male, tibia and tarsi dark or 
nearly black, in the female, pale, and in the female the wings are 
generally less dark than in the male; male genitalia pale, the upper 
lateral pieces are longer and not as broad as in P. canadensis; in 
fore wings the tip of the discal cell is oblique and the fork 2 reaches 
one-half way back on the cell, fork 3 begins beyond fork 4. 

_Expanse 10 mm. 

From Black Mt., north fork: of the Swannanoa River, N. 

Car., May. 


Philopotamus. 


Fork 1 very short; hind tibiae not more hairy than rest of 
legs; tip of female abdomen does not form a long ovipositor. 
The genitalia of our two species (distinctus and americanus) are 
figured. 


= 254 * THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Dolophilus. 


Fork 1 reaches to discal cell; hind tibia of male very hairy; 
_in female the tip of abdomen forms a long ovipositor; in our 
species the discal cell is not angulate above. 

I have two species of this genus as defined above; the charac- 
ters used to distinguish the European species from Philopotamus, 
_ do not apply to our forms. 


Dolophilus major, n. sp. (Fig. 66). 


Black, with black and golden-yellow hair; golden hair on front 
of vertex and base of thorax; palpi brown, antenne dark, annu- 
late with black, coxa and femora rather dark, rest of legs paler; 
abdomen black; wings black; fore wing beautifully spotted with 
golden hair, spots rather small, and mostly subequal in size and 
situate in the cells, each apical cell with four to ten of them, all 
over wings; hind wings blackish. Wings long, fork 1 reaches to 
the discal cell, fork 2 is its width on discal cell, fork 4 a little be- 
fore fork 3, both long, discal cell nearly three times as long as 
broad; hind wings with forks 1 and 2 very narrow, as pe, as in 
the fore wings. 

Expanse 22mm. | 

From Black Mt., north fork of the Swannanoa River, N. Car., 
May. I have no female, and its large size seems out of place in 
this genus, but the genitalia and jong fork 1 will not fit in 
Philopotamus. 


Dolophilus breviatus, n. sp. (Fig. 61). 


Face dark; antenne brown, annulate with yellowish; palpi 
brown; gray hair between antennz, and on vertex and thorax, a 
tuft of black hair near each eye; abdomen brownish; legs yellowish, 
brownish on tarsi; hind tibiae with much long pale hair. \ Wings 
‘dark, densely irrorate with golden, a large golden spot before and 
one beyond stigma, costal area interrupted once with golden; the 
golden on wing is so dense a reticulation that the dark appears to 
be broken into many little rectangles; hind wings gray, blackish at 
tip. Fork 1 reaches to discal cell in -both wings, in fore wings 
forks 3 and 4 subequal, in hind wing fork 3 is much longer than 
‘pedicel; the third joint of maxillary palpi much longer than fourth; 
in female there is a long yellowish ovipositor. 


CaN EnrT., VOL. XLVI, PLATE XX, 


ee Oe ee eee ew ey 
Be Din Y 


NEW AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA, 


256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Expanse 12 mm. — 


From Coy Glen, Ithaca, N. Y., July, and Black Mt., north 
fork Swannagoa River, N. Car., May. 


Plectrocnemia canadensis Bks. (Fig. 37). 


My Polycentropus canadensis must be referred to Plectrocnemia, 
unless a new genus is made for these small forms. The female has 
the mid legs with dilated tibia and tarsi, but fork 1 is present in 
both wings, and discal cell closed in both wings. In fore wings 


fork 1 is as long as its pedicel, fork 2 back to discal cell, fork 3. 


with short pedicel, fork 4 back as far as fork 2. In hind wings 
fork 1 is about as long as pedicel, fork 2 reaches to cell. The male 
genitalia are figured. It occurs in many places in Eastern States. 


Plectrocnemia cinereus Hagen. (Figs. 25, 26). 


This is a larger species than P. canadensis, but the male 
genitalia, which are figured, are similar. 


Plectrocnemia adironica n. sp. (Fig. 60). 


Palpi brownish; antennz pale, broadly annulate with brown; 
vertex with gray hair in middle, black hair on sides; whitish hair 
on thorax; abdomen black above, yellowish beneath, legs pale 
yellowish. Wings gray, with blackish marks along costa and 
cubitus; blackish spots at end of veins, yellowish between them, 
rest of wing with pale brown areas, mostly with yellowish hair; 
hind wings pale, darker at tip. In fore wings no fork 1, fork 2 
reaches a little way on discal; fork 3 with short pedicel, fork 4 
hardly longer, not as far back as fork 2; fork 5 broad near base; 
in hind wings fork 1 is nearly as long as its pedicel, fork 2 back on 
cell, fork 5 very broad; the male genitalia have a rather long median 
ventral plate. 


Expanse 20 mm. G 

From Axton, Adirondack Mts., N.Y., 12-22 June (MacGillivray). 
The absence of fork 1 in the fore wings makes its generic position 
rather doubtful; if the loss is accidental, it is a Plectrocnemia. 
Phylocentropus vestitus Hagen. (Fig. 35). 

I cannot see any difference in the male genitalia between the 


large spring specimens and the small autumn specimens, both of © 


wo ie 


ere ne 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 257° 


which occur here. I have one specimen in which fork 2 is stalked 
in all four wings, a very unusual variation, as fork 2 is normally 
the most constant of all the forks. I figure the male genitalia. 


Neureclipsis signatus Banks. (Fig. 72). 


My Polycentropus signatus belongs to this genus, I figure the 
male genitalia. 


Holocentropus interruptus n.sp. (Fig. 71). 

Brown, with white and gray hair; palpi pale yellowish; face 
with dark brown hair, white hair on vertex and thorax; antenne 
yellowish, annulate with brown; legs pale yellow. Wings brownish, 
with many spots and dots of whitish hair, the costal area is inter- 
rupted three times with white, a white mark over stigma, beyond 
are white spots between ends of veins, larger spots on basal middle 
region, elsewhere mostly small, but often connected, fringe black 
at ends of the veins, hyaline marks not noticeable. Fork 1 is 
shorter than pedicel, sometimes only one-half as long, fork 3 is 
twice as long as its pedicel. Lower appendage of male is broader 
at base than in H. flavus. A slender appendage on each side of 
body like Diplectrona. 


Expanse 17 mm. 


From Hampton, N.H., June (Shaw); Dane Co., Wisc., July 
(Vorhies) ; and Squam Lake, N.H., July (Allen). 


Holocentropus orotus.n. sp. (Fig. 69). 


_ Palpi brown; antennz yellowish; face blackish, vertex with 
white hair in middle, black on sides, thorax white haired; abdomen 
brown, yellowish beneath; legs yellowish, tarsi darker. | Wings 
brown, with some white spots, three in the costal area (one each 
side of stigma), around the tip are white spots between veins, and 
a few in middle of wing, but not as numerous as in H. inierruptus; 
hind wings gray, with blackish fringe. Fore wings with discal cell 
about equal to the pedicel, fork 1 very short, fork 3 as long as 
pedicel, fork 4 reaches only a little before fork 3: Genitalia 
similar to H. interruptus, but the lower appendages are not as 
broad, and their upper tips are produced inward so that they touch 
each other. 


258 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Expanse 16 mm. 
From Clear Creek and Chimney Gulch, Golden, Colo. (Oslar). 


Holocentropus longus n. sp. (Figs. 65, 68). 

Palpi pale, dark on last joint; face dark, with black bristles 
above; vertex black with white hair; antenne yellowish, annulate 
with brown; thorax with white hair; legs yellowish; wings brown, 
irregularly spotted with white, four, white marks on costal area 
before stigma, spots between veins on margin, and many elsewhere, 
often connected; hyaline marks not distinct. The fore wings are 
longer than usual, fork 5 with sides parallel for most of its length, 
in type fork 1 is a mere rudiment at margin, but in another speci- 
men (9) it is longer than pedicel, in this female there is a short 
fork 1 in one hind wing. 

Expanse 20 mm. 

From Framingham, Mass., June (Frost), and Digby, Nova 
Scotia (Russell), June. 


Polycentropus centralis n. sp. (Fig. 67). 


Palpi yellowish; antennz pale, annulate with dark; face brown, 
vertex with yellow hair in middle, black by eyes, thorax with 
golden hair, abdomen brown above, yellowish below; legs yellow. 
Wings dark brown, rather densely spotted with patches of yellow 
hair; anal and cubital veins more heavily black than others; hind 
wings gray, blackish at tips; fork 1 about as long as_ pedicel, 
venation otherwise like P. confusus. Size, rather smaller than 
P. confusus, and lower male appendages of different shape. 

From St. Louis, Mo., June. 


Polycentropus confusus Hagen. (Fig. 70). 


This is common in Northern States; the male genitalia are 
figured. 


(To be continued.) 


BOOK. REVIEWS. 

A TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY. By Walter Scott Patton, 
M.B. (Edin.), I.M.S. and Francis William Cragg, M.D. (Edin.), 
I.M.S., London, Madras and Calcutta, 1913. - 

The science of medical entomology, although of very recent 
origin, has developed so rapidly within the past decade and the 


js 


Ane i 


Leese 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 259 


literature is scattered through so many periodicals that it shas 
become a difficult matter, even for the specialist, to keep in touch 
with ail that is being written on the subject. 

A comprehensive textbook of medical entomology has there- 
fore been urgently needed and the appearance of the monumental 
work by Captains Patton and Cragg will be welcomed not only by 
entomologists but also by medical practitioners in tropical lands 
and by students of protozoology, with which subject medical ento- 
mology is so closely associated. 

This voluminous work extends over 764 pages and includes 
no less than 89 full-page illustrations. Its bulk, however, is not 
the result of diffuseness, for the diction is clear and concise, but 
of the vast quantity of information it contains. Considering the 
wide field it covers it is not too large for a useful work of reference. 

Perhaps the most striking feature of the book is the large 
amount of original matter both in the text and_ the illustrations, 
which are uniformly excellent. Much space is devoted to the 


~ anatomy and_ physiology of blood-sucking insects, particularly to 


the structure and mechanism of the mouth-parts, and to the de- 
scription of methods of breeding and laboratory technique. 

The general features of insect anatomy and physiology are 
illustrated by reference to the Diptera, particularly the various 
blood-sucking types, a number of which are described in consider- 
able detail, but none of the orders that contain species of interest 
from the medical standpoint are neglected, each order forming the 
subject of a chapter of its own, except ‘the Diptera, which include 
two chapters, in addition to the one in which the anatomy and 
physiology are treated. 

In each chapter the subject is discussed from every standpoint, 
the anatomy, taxonomy, relation to disease and bionomics, all re- 


_ ceiving adequate attention. Valuable information is also given on 


methods of collecting, dissecting and preserving and each chapter 
concludes with a careful bibliography. The analytical keys to the — 
genera and species have been taken trom the best sources available: 
The last two chapters deal respectively with laboratory tech- 
nique and a general discussion of the relation of Arthropods to 
their parasites. 
Altogether the authors are to be congratulated on the splendid 


‘ 


260 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


fruit of their labors, for the work would have been a credit to any 
country, and is therefore the more remarkable for having been 
' written entirely in India. 2 


EVOLUTION OF THE COLOUR PATTERN IN THE MICROLEPIDOPTEROUS 
Genus LITHOCOLLETIS. By Annette Frances Braun. Journ. 
Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), XVI, p. 105-168; with 26 text 
figures and pls. III and IV with 99 coloured figures. 

In this work Miss Braun, who is well known to readers of the 
Canadian Entomologist for her work on the Tineidz, has made a 
careful study of the numerous species of the genus Lithocolletis, 
with the object of determining the primitive colour pattern of the 
genus and the- principles involved in its evolution among the - 
various species. The work is based upon a comparative’ study of 
the adults of 95 species as well as the development of the pupal 
wings in 11 representative forms. 

The general conclusions arrived at are as follows: The primi- 
tive pattern of the fore wing consists of a series of seven pale yellow 
transverse bands separated by unpigmented areas, the arrangement 
_of the bands having a definite relation to the course of the longi- 
tudinal veins. These primitive bands constitute the ground colour 
of the wings and tend to become broader during both ontogenetic 
and phylogenetic development, in some species suffusing the entire 
wing. Dark markings appear only at the limits between the 
ground colour and the unpigmented areas, but these markings once 
firmly established in the species become independent of extension 
of the ground colour. . 

It is suggested that “the uniform yellowish ground colour 
which suffuses the wing in the higher Lepidoptera, beginning at 
the base and spreading distalward, is the outcome of a phylogeneti- 
cally older type of marking, originally banded, and later fused to a 
uniform colour, and that the markings are a second series super- . 
imposed upon the first.’””. The occurrence in some of the higher 

Lepidoptera of dark bands in pairs seems to be an indication of 
their origin on each side of a primitive band of the ground colour, 
as in Lithocolletis. 

The work is illustrated by many text-figures and two coloured 


plates on which the figures of 92 species are grouped in ~ form of 
a phylogenetic tree. 


Mailed July 10th, 1914. 


The a Lantomologist 


VoL. XLVI. LONDON, AUGUST, 1914 No. 8 


AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA—NOTES AND 
DESCRIPTIONS. 


BY NATHAN BANKS, EAST FALLS CHURCH, VA. 
(Continued from p. 258.) 
LEPTOCERIDA. — 


Molanna flavicornis, n. sp. (Fig. 46). 

Body black, including thorax above, head and thorax clothed 
with whitish gray hair, basal joint of antenne dark, beyond 
wholly pale yellowish (in both sexes); palpi pale, legs pale yellow- 
ish, more or less infuscated on femora. Wings yellowish gray. 
Venation similar to M. uniophila, alike in both sexes, venation 
pale; in fore-wing the cubitus united to the median at a rather 
obtuse angle, but separates at a very acute angle, as in other 
species; in the hind wings fork 2 has diverging sides. 


Expanse 27 mm. 


From Husavick, Man., July, and Winnipeg, Man., May, 
(Wallis)... 


Triznodes dentata, n.sp. (Fig 45). 


Yellowish gray, head and basal joint of antenne densely 
clothed with long yellowish hair; antenne pale, joints narrowly 
dark at tips, legs pale. Wings gray, with much gray and yellowish 
hair, near outer margin there is much black hair, the outer fringe 
mostly black, deep black at outer angle, posterior fringe gray, a 
black spot at the arculus, and another about half way from it to 
base; hind wings yellowish gray, with gray fringe, venation in 
both pairs pale; costa of fore wings (in o”) densely hairy. Vena- 
tion as in 7. ignita, but the fork 1 is still shorter. 

Expanse 18 mm. 


From Johnstown, N. Y., June (Alexander), and Hampton, 
N. H., July (Shaw). 


262 THE CANADiAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Leptocella stigmatica, n. sp. (Fig. 48). 


Face pale, vertex dark with yellowish or gray hair; basal 
joint of antenne brown, rest with pale on basal part of the joints, 
gradually darker beyond; palpi pale; thorax brown, with short 
yellowish white hair; the abdomen and legs yellowish. Wings 
gray, in male a large dark brown spot on the stigmal region back 
to the radial sector, the anastomosis dark-margined, and veins 
elsewhere faintly dark-margined, fringe black on outer margin; 
hind wings gray, with gray fringe, black at upper tip. Fore wings 
very slender, the apical cells short, fork 1 longer than pedicel, 
fork 3 reaches nearly to the anastomosis, discal cell longer than 
second apical, not much swollen above; hind wings very broad, 
basal venation can be traced in a strong light, similar to that of 
L. exquisita. Lower male appendage with blunt tip. 

Expanse 27 mm. 

From Jemez Mts., New Mexico, June and July (Woodgate). 


Leptocella intervena, n. sp. (Figs. 15, 50). 

Pale yellowish, with white hair; antenne rather broadly 
annulate with dark brown. Fore wings white, in the apical part 
there are short dark streaks in the cells not touching the veins, 
these streaks form incomplete bands across the wing, other dark 
marks along the anal margin; a few black streaks in the middle 
of wing, but not so distinct as in apical part of wing. 

Expanse 21 mm. 

From Zavalla Co., Nueces River, Texas, 26 and 27 April 
(Hunter and Pratt) at light. Type in National Museum. 


(Ecetina interjecta, n. sp. (Figs. 2, 5). 

Face yellow, vertex dark, palpi and antennz pale, latter with 
tips of joints narrowly black; thorax brown; abdomen pale brown, 
yellowish near tip; legs pale yellow. Wings gray, veins darker, a 
long dark cloud near the stigma; hind wings gray, with darker 
gray fringe. Fore wings with costal margin much curved near 
tip, fork 1 reaching to discal cell, veinlets of anastomosis much 
disjointed; hind wings with fork 1 very short, fork 3 twice as long, 
and fork 5 reaching nearly one-half way to base. 

Expanse 14 mm. 

From Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., 23 Aug. (Walker). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 263 


Leptocerus angustus, n. sp. (Fig. 40). 

Body dark, head with gray hair; palpi black, with gray hair. 
- Basal joint of antennz yellowish brown, rest dark, extreme bases 
_of joints whitish; legs pale. Wings gray, with many black hairs 
-mear tip, a white point each side of dark stigma, and another 
white spot at arculus, outer fringe interruptedly dark and white, a 
long black streak on margin beyond arculus; hind wings gray. 
Fore wings with fork 3 reaching before fork 1, anastomosis with 
upper vein disjointed from others, which are nearly interstitial, 
discal cell reaching fully twice its width before thyridial cell. 

Expanse 20 mm. 

From Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., 1 Aug. (Walker). 
Leptocerus retactus, n.sp. (Fig. 41). 

Gray; face yellowish, with white hair; palpi dark gray; ver- 
tex dark brown; abdomen pale yellowish, darker at tip; legs pale, 
but tibia rather gray. Wings gray, with yellowish brown hairs, 
hyaline dots near base of discal cell, and middle part of costal 
area hyaline, the median and anal veins for some distance narrowly 
lined with hyaline. Wings not very long; fore wings with discal 
cell very long, narrowed near tip, the veins of anastomosis much 
disjointed and oblique; fork 1 twice as long as pedicel, the double 
fork (of female) barely longer than fork 1. In hind wings the 
first and third forks about equal. 

Expanse 16 mm. : 

From Muskoka River, Ont., 30 June, and Go Home Bay, 
Ont., 8 Aug. (Walker). 

Leptocerus inornatus, n. sp. (Fig. 42). 

Yellowish brown, white hair on face; palpi gray; antenne 
yellowish, narrowly annulate with brown; mesonotum dark brown; 
abdomen yellowish, brown at tip; legs yellowish, fore tarsi white, 
plainly annulate with brown, mid-tarsi less distinctly marked, hind 
tarsi all pale. Wings brownish, with brown veins, no marks, 
clothed with fine white and gray hair. In fore wings fork 1 has a 
pedicel about as long as fork, fork 3 plainly longer than its pedicel, 
end of discal cell much beyond the median cross-veins. 

Expanse 23 mm. 

From Victoria, Texas, 23 March (Mitchell). Type in National 
Museum. 


264 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Leptocerus futilis, n. sp. (Figs. 44, 49). . 

Body black, head with white hair; palpi dark, with white © 
hair, basal joint of antennz dark, rest whitish with dark tips to 
joints; thorax with white stripes in front, and tufts over base of 
wings; legs pale. Wings dark gray, veins dark, surface clothed 
with very short yellowish hair, a pale spot at arculus; fork 3 ex- 
tends more basad than fork 1; the three cross-veins of anastomosis 
widely disjointed; discal cell extends hardly its width before 
thyridial cell. 

Expanse 21 mm. 

From Go Home Bay, Ont., 11. July (Walker). 


CALAMOCERATID. 
Psiloneura, n. gen. 


In both wings forks 1, 2, 3, 5, the discal cell is closed, 
in fore wings a cross-vein from base of fork 1 (or before) to 
the radius; discal cell moderately short; spurs 1, 2, 4 all very 
short; antennz wide apart at base; maxillary palpi with joint 2 
much longer than any others. 

-Type.—P. mesta, n. sp. 


Philoneura meesta, n. sp. (Fig. 12). 


Brown; palpi brown, face with few yellow hairs; antenna dark 
brown; vertex with golden and black hair; thorax blackish near 
base of wings; abdomen black; legs yellowish; wings grayish brown, 
with very short yellowish hair; face broad, antenne wide apart, 
about two-thirds as long as the fore wings, venation as figured, the 
corneous dot in fork 2 is one-fourth the way from base, instead of 
near base as in most species. In fore wings fork 1 extends two- 
thirds of way back on discal cell, the cross-veins before base of 
fork up to radius. 

Expanse 22 mm. 

From Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 


Astoplectron, n. gen, 


Type.—Heteroplectron boreale Prov. Similar to Heteroplectron, 
but no fork 4 in fore wings of either sex, and in o& no fork 3, and 
in hind wings the discal cell is closed. In hind wings forks }, 2, 


——EE———— 


2 a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 265 


3,5. In fore wings fork 1 reaches far back on cell, fork 3 hardly 
as long as fork 2; there is no cross-vein from radial sector to radius, 
spurs 2, 4, 4; basal joint of the antennz about as long as the vertex. 


Astoplectron connexa, n. sp. (Figs. 24, 55). 


Similar in appearance to A. boreale Prov.; body and wings 
brown, without markings, legs paler; basal jcint of antennz dark. 
Differs from A. boreale in that the vein at upper side of fork 1 is 
angularly bent up toward radius, and connected to radius by a 
cross-vein, this just alike in both fore wings; in three males of A. 
boreale there this vein is straight; besides the proportions of the 
cells are slightly different. The male appendages are a little 
shorter than in A. boreale. 

Expanse 18 mm. 

From Great Falls, Va., 12 June. 


SERICOSTOMATID£E. 
Olemira costalis, n. sp. (Fig. 34). 


Brown; palpi covered with long, dense, black hair; antennz 
brown, basal joint black beneath; vertex pale in middle, vertex 
and thorax with some yellow hair; legs yellowish; wings gray, 
nearly uniformly coloured, fringes darker. In male the costal area . 
is swollen and reflexed over the wing, just as in O. americana, 
except that this reflexed part is only about one-half as wide as in 
O: americana; venation as in that species, but in the hind wings 
the discal cell is a little longer; genitalia similar to that of O. 
americana. } 

: Expanse 15 mm. 

From Woodworth’s Lake, Fulton Co., N. Y., 19 August 
(Alexander). O. americana, besides the type locality, | have seen 
it from Riverside, Mass., and Falls Church, Va. 


Micrasema falcata, n. sp. (Fig. 52). 


Brown; palpi yellowish; antennae dark at base; head and 
thorax with gray hair; abdomen black, with white hair; legs pale, 
with white hair. Wings brown, with scattered yellowish and black 
hairs; venation similar to that of M. charonis; discal and median 
eross-veins interstitial, fork 1 reaching back on discal cell further 


265 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


than in M. charonis, and fork 2 has a very much longer pedicel, 
longer than the discal cell. 

Expanse 10 mm. 

From Great Falls, Va., 12 May. . 


Micrasema charonis, n. sp. (Figs. 3, 47, 51). 

Jet black; head and thorax with black hair; legs rather brown; 
abdomen with rather long, erect hairs above; spurs very short, not 
as long as width of the joint. Venation as figured; maxil- 
lary palpi long, slender, upcurved, reaching to tip of basal joint 
of antenne, sparsely hairy. 

Expanse 10 mm. 

From Black Mts., North Fork Swannanoa River, N. Gan: 5 
May. The first record of this genus from the United States. 


Mormomyia vernalis Bks. (Figs. 1, 4, 28). 

I have this species from Tryon, N. Car. Among the original 
series are two specimens with slightly longer wings, and both have 
fork 4 well developed in each fore wing; both are males, and their 
genitalia do not appear to differ from typical specimens. | 


Schizopelex hesperus, n. sp. (Fig. 10). 

9° .—Brown; vertex and thorax with white hair above; 
antenne brown; wings brown, densely and evenly clothed with 
short golden hair, no markings; hind wings gray, with sparse 
~ golden hair, abdomen brown; front and mid legs brownish, hind 
legs yellowish. Venation similar to S. Jobata, but fork 2 is acute 
at tip. 

Expanse 28 mm. 

From Vinyard, Utah, 10 July. Differs from S. lobata in the 
white hair of head and thorax. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATEs, 
Fig. 1.—Mormomyia vernalis, hind wing. 
Fig. 2.—(&£cetina interjecta, fore wing. 
Fig. 3.—Micrasema charonis, wings. 
Fig. 4.—Mormomyia vernalis, head. 
Fig. 5.—Cécetina interjecta, genitalia. 
Fig. 6.—Stenophylax hesperus, genitalia above. 
Fig. 7.—Anisogamus infernalis, genitalia. 


. 


V-_ ee e e le 


| THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


267 


Fig. 


8.—Limnephilus spinatus, genitalia. 
9.—Limnephilus spinatus, genitalia above. 


. 10.—Schizopelex hesperus, wings. 
. 11.—Neuronia smithi, genitalia. 

Fig. 
. 13.—Limnephilus argenteus, genitalia. 


12.—Psiloneura moesta, wings, palpi. 


. 14.—Limnephilus equalis, genitalia. 
. 15.—Leptocella iniervena, fore wing. 
. 16.—Glossosoma penitus, genitalia. 
Fig. 
. 18.—Paragapetus moestus, fore wing. 

. 19.—Glossosoma penitus, genitalia, beneath. 
. 20.—Paragapetus moestus, genitalia. 

. 21.—Stenophylax hesperus, genitalia. 

. 22.—A nisogamus disjunctus, genitalia. 

Fig. . 
. 24.—A stoplectron connexa, wings. 

. 25.—Plectrocnemia cinerea, genitalia, above. 
Fig. 
. 27.—Limnephilus secludens, genitalia, behind. 
. 28.—Mormomyia vernalis, genitalia. 

. 29.—Limnephilus productus, genitalia, above. 
. 30.—Philopotamus distinctus, genitalia. 

. 31.—Limnephilus equalis, genitalia, above. 

. 32.— Stenophylax flavata, genitalia, above. 

. 33.—Stenophylax flavata, genitalia, behind. 

. 34.—Olemira costalis, genitalia. 

. 39.—Phylocentropus vestilus, genitalia. 

. 36.—Limnephilus productus, genitalia. 

. 37.—Plectrocnemia canadensis, genitalia. 

. 38.—Philopotamus americanus, genitalia. 

. 39.—Rhyacophila acropedes, genitalia. 

. 40.—Leptocerus angustus, genitalia. 

. 41.—Leptocerus retactys, genitalia. 

. 42.—Leptocerus inornatus, genitalia, 

. 43.—Rhyacophila bipartita, 2 plate below. 

. 44.—Leptocerus futilis, genitalia. 


17.—Limnephilus secludens, genitalia. 


23.—Paragapetus moestus, hind wing. 


26.—Plectrocnemia cinerea, genitalia. 


268 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Fig. 45.—Trienodes dentata, genitalia. 

Fig. 46.— Molanna flavicornis, genitalia. 

Fig. 47.—Micrasema charonts, head. 

Fig. 48.—Leptocella stigmatica, genitalia. 

Fig. 49.—Leptocerus futilis, genitalia, above. 
Fig. 50.—Leptocella intervena, genitalia. 

Fig. 51.—Micrasema charonis, genitalia. 

Fig. 52.—Micrasema falcata, genitalia. 

Fig. 53.—Rhyacophila bifila, genitalia, 9 . 
Fig. 54.—Rhyacophila bipartita, genitalia. 
Fig. 55.—A stoplectron connexa, genitalia, palpus. 
Fig. 56.—Rhyacophila bifila, 9 , beneath. 
Fig. 57.—Agapetus malleatus, genitalia. 

Fig. 58.—Hydropsyche partita, penis. 

Fig. 59.—Hydropsyche partita, genitalia. 

Fig. 60.—Plectrocnemia adirondica, genitalia. 
Fig. 61.—Dolophilus breviatus, genitalia. 

Fig. 62.—Hydropsyche venularis, genitalia. 
Fig. 63.—Diplectrona californica, genitalia. 
Fig. 64.—Psychomyia diversa, genitalia. 

Fig. 65.—Holocentropus longus, genitalia, above. 
Fig. 66.—Dolophilus major, genitalia. 

Fig. 67.—Polycentropus centralis, genitalia. 
Fig. 68.—Holocentropus longus, genitalia. 
Fig. 69.—Holocentropus orotus, genitalia. 
Fig. 70.—Polycentropus confusus, genitalia. 
Fig. 71.—Holocentropus interruptus, genitalia. 
Fig. 72.—Neureclipsis signatus, genitalia. 

Fig. 73.—Hydropsyche recurvata, genitalia. 


OBITUARY. 

Mr. Frank E. Moeser, a collector of Lepidoptera and a keen 
observer of their life histories, died at his home, 239 Guilford St., 
Buffalo, N.Y., on May 15th, being forty-five years of age. His 
work among the local Noctuide especially, proved of interest, in 
that material brought ‘to notice by Grote, when the latter was 
with the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, was again collected 
by him. He is survived by a wife, daughter and son. H. Bir. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 269 


INSECTS AND PAIN. 
BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J. 

In various books on entomology one often comes across the 
statement that insects do not suffer acute sensations of pain as 
do the higher animals. Different facts are cited to prove this, the 

most familiar being the case of a butterfly that was pinned alive, 

escaped and returned to its feeding among flowers with apparently 
no inconvenience. Kirby and Spence quote the action of a bee 
eating honey though deprived of its abdomen. Dr. John B. 
Smith found that if he cut off the abdomen of a fly it would live 
for twenty-four hours after, with practically no digestive system, 
very little nervous system and most of its heart gone and when 
the head was removed it lived for the same length of time. The 
interesting feature was that no apparent symptom of pain was 
developed. 

It is also said that if a dragonfly be captured, held loosely by 
the wing and the tip of its abdomen presented to its mouth, it will 
proceed to eat at once as far as it can reach. 

Referring to the human system many experiences commonly 
called painful are only unpleasant or disagreeable. This con- 
fusion is due to the fact that painful things are always unpleasant. 
Painfulness however is quite distinct from unpleasantness. The 
same stimuli which result in sensations of pressure, warmth and 
cold may also bring about painfulness if they are long continued 
or repeated often enough. 

There are various theories accounting for pain sensations, the 
oldest one teaching that there were no specific pain organs, but 
that sensations of pain were brought about by continued or ex- 
cessive reactions of other end-organs especially those of pressure. 
This theory was disproved by the discovery that certain anaes- 
thetics destroyed pain sensations independently of pressure sen- 
sations. For instance if one’s tooth is treated with cocaine, no pain 
is felt upon its removal but one is conscious of the pressure of the 
dentist’s instrument. 

Another theory is that pain is produced only by the excitation 
of distinct end-organs of pain. This theory is based on the dis- 
covery of pain spots on the skin. However the spots which are 


sensitive to pain and not to pressure have been found to occur 
.Augus}, 1914° 


270 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


only on the elbow joints and membranous coverings of the eye. 
This lack of spots is explained by assuming that more stimulation 
is required to excite pain end-organs than pressure end-organs. 

A third theory is that pain end-organs are not distinct from 
pressure end-organs but are exposed pressure organs situated under 
unusually thin parts of the epidermis and that pain is not due to 
any activity of these end-organs but to ‘‘a transformation in the 
gray matter of the spinal cord of nerve excitations conveyed from 
these exposed pressure end-organs.”’ ; 

Returning to insects we find that they have well developed 
nervous systems and that their organs are well supplied with 
nerve endings. Moreover many insects give signs of discomfort 
when handled or mutilated. There is no doubt but that they are 
highly susceptible to pressure stimuli. In fact end-organs of 
touch such as hairs and bristles are distributed over the entire 
integument. 

Pain sensations however are hard to distinguish in insects 
from those of touch. One argues that the mutilated insects 
_ heretofore referred to experienced no pain simply because they 
exhibited no signs of suffering.. What then constitutes a symptom 
of pain in insects? Who is qualified to judge? Many pain racked 
persons go about their duties without exhibiting any signs of pain 
other than changes in facial expression. Of course extreme muti- 
lation of the human body results in almost immediate death while 
in the case of insects death is not immediate. All pain however 
is an exhausting experience and injurious to the organism. With 
insects final exhaustion is simply deferred. 

In the case of the dragonfly eating its own body, it is hard 
to find a human parallel unless we cite mentally unbalanced 
persons who inflict serious injuries upon their person. One might 
argue that they would not do this if it were painful and yet we 
are positive such actions are painful. 

The character of the insect nervous system is unlike our own 
and the surface of their bodies is usually rigid and hard and 
probably not sensitive to pressure and pain in the same way as 
our own bodies so that we have no reliable guides as to their 
sensations of pain. Man judges most things by himself and when 
this guide fails he is at a loss to explain certain happenings in a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 271 


satisfactory way. It seems therefore that the evidence for 
assuming that insects do not suffer acute sensations of pain is not 
by any means complete. We simply do not know and have no 
reliable means at present of finding out. 


A NEW FOSSORIAL WASP FROM QUEENSLAND. 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COL. 
Zoyphium crassicorne n. sp. 

Male: Length about 5mm.; biack, with the legs entirely 
orange; clypeus, labium and mandibles pale ferruginous, the 
clypeus with an inconspicuous dusky median patch; antenne pale 
ferruginous, the flagellum with a dusky shade above; wings hyaline, 
stigma and outer nervures dark rufous, inner nervures pale fer- 
ruginous: front, vertex and mesothorax dullish, with extremely 
close, minute (microscopical) regular punctures; ocelli in a triangle, 
lateral ocelli not quite as far from eye as diameter of one; antennz 
placed low down on face, distance from antenna to lower margin 
of clypeus rather less than distance of antenna apart; antenneze 
clavate, 12-jointed, the scape short and thick, the club very large, 
compressed apically; face and lower half of front with short glit- 
tering hair, silvery on front, very pale golden on face; eyes 
slightly converging above; lower margin of clypeus with a pair of 
low rounded tubercles, far apart; mandibles with a large rounded 
tooth on lower margin; tegule short, pale rufo-testaceous; meta- 
thorax with short silvery hair at sides, its basal area with a fine medi- 
an raised line, the apical half of which runs through a broad shining 
depressed or excavated area; tibiz with apical part spinose; tibial, 
spurs stout, finely ciliate-denticulate; basal nervure going basad of 
transversomedial; marginal cell long, pointed on costa; three sub- 
marginal cells, the first receiving first recurrent nervure some 
distance from its end, the second triangular; abdomen shining, 
very minutely punctured, the apex presenting a broad slightly 
rounded. truncation, with obtuse but salient angles. 

Hab.—Brisbane (H. Hacker). Collected May 138, 1912. 
Queensland Museum 63. The type of Zoyphium is Z. sericeum 
Kohl, 1893. In Kohl’s species the venation differs from that of 
Zcrassi corne. in some rather striking details; the second recurrent 


nerveur joins the second submarginal cell about the middle (far 
August, 1914, 


272 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


beyond the middle in crassicorne), the third submarginal cell is 
as broad above as the length of the second transversocubital ner- 
vure (hardly more than half as broad in crassicorne), the median 
cell of the hind wings is obtusely pointed (very broadly truncate 
in crassicorne). Turner remarks: “None of the species of Zoyphium 
described by me have the tooth on each side of the second (first) 
dorsal segment mentioned by Kohl in his description of the 
genus’; Z. crassicorne is also without such a tooth. ttgee 

Froin the other species of Zoyphium, Z. crassicorne is dis- 
tinguished as follows: 

(1) From Z. eryikrosoma Turn. by the small size aaa quite 
different colour. 

(2) From Z. rufonigrum Turn. by the black thorax. The 
male antenne are very much thicker apically, with a very much 
larger club, than in rufonigrum; the penultimate joints in crassi- 
corne are much broader than long. The tooth on the lower side of 
the mandibles is more broadly rounded than in rufonigrum. 

(3) From Z. kohlii Turn. by the smaller size and red clypeus. 
The venation is also different; in kohlii the basal nervure goes 
more basad of the transversomedial, the marginal cell is shorter, 
and the second recurrent nervure joins the second submarginal 
cell about the middle. 

(4) From Z. frontale Turn. by the three submarginal cai and 
the entirely black scutella. 

(5) From Z. doddi Turn. by the larger size; first recurrent 
nervure joining first submarginal cell considerably more than 
three-quarters from base*; antenne further from each other than 
from the eyes; hypopygium not produced into a spine at apex; eyes 
distinctly converging above. This is no doubt the nearest relative. 
(6) From Z. dipteroides (Turn.) by the smaller size and black 
color, 

(7) From Z funebre (Turn.) by the orange legs, — black 
- pronotum, &c. 

(8) From Z. rufipes Rohwer by he smaller size, black 
thorax, &c. 

In one view, the antenna of Z. crassicorne appear broadly 
truncate at end. : 

*It joins the cell 608 microns from base and 128 from apex. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 273 


ON SOME CENTRAL AMERICAN DERMAPTERA IN 
THE UNITED SFATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


BY MALCOLM BURR, D. SC., LONDON, ENGLAND. 


The following notes form a list of a number of Central 
American Dermaptera submitted to me for study. Although 
there are no species new to science among them, some of the 
records of scarce and little known species are of considerable 
interest. © . 


Diplatys jansoni, Kirby. 
Panama—Canal Zone, Paraiso, 5. ii. and 7-10. v., 1911, 2 o&; 
8-9. ii. and 22. iv., 1911, 4 9 9; 5. ii. and 1. v., 1911,.2 larve 
~ (Schwarz). 
It was formerly suggested that D. seyera Borm. was a mere 
melanic form ‘of this species, but the two are undoubtedly dis- 
~ tinct. It is desirable that the genital armature of the American 
Diplatyine be examined, for which purpose material in alcohol is 
urgently needed. New genera will probably be required for this 
and the following species. 
Diplatys jansoni superficially resembles a staphylinid beetle. 


Diplatys gracilis Stal. 
Panama—Canal Zone, Porto Bello, 20. ii., 1913. @. (Schwarz.): 
This species has not hitherto been recorded from Central 
America, but only from Peru and Brazil. It isa rare insect in 
collections. I consider D. sahlbergi a mere variant. 


Pyragra fuscata Serv. 
Mexico—Omealca, V. C. 16.iv., 1908. 2 andlarva. (Knab.). 
Guatemala—Dept. Solola, Olas de Moka, 3000 feet., ix., 1908. 
2 larve. (Engelhardt.) 


_Echinopsalis guttata Borm. 

Panama—Porto Bello, 25. ii., 1911, and Paraiso, 17. i., 1911, 
both larve. (Schwarz.) 

Recorded from Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Colombia. It is 


arare species. 
August, 1914. 


274 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


) 


Eulabis saramaccensis Zach. 


Panama—Canal Zone. Frijoles, 1 @; Paraiso, 19. i., 1911, 1 
larva; 5. ii., 1911, 1 o&, “in fruit trap’; 21. iii., 1911, 1 @; 3.v., 
1911, 79. (Schwarz.) 


This species has but recently been described by Zacher from 
Surinam. In nature specimens have probably often been mis- 
taken for Antsolabis annultipes. 


Psalis americana Beauv. 
Panama—Porto Bello, 27, iii., 1912, 2 larve. (Busck.) 


Labidura riparia Pall. 
Mexico—Tampico, vii., 1912, 1 @. (Schwarz.) 


Spongophora_ croceipennis Serv. 


Guatemala—Dept. Solola, Olas de Moka, 3000 feet, ix., 1908, 
o. (Engelhardt.) 


Costa Rica—Tuis. 2400 feet, 9°. (Lankester) 


Purex frontalis Dohrn. : 
Costa Rica—La Florida, 500 feet. 2 2. (Lankester.)” 
Recorded from Peru and Ecuador. 


Purex parvicollis Stal. 
- Panama—Porto Bello. 25. ii., 1912, 29. (Schwarz.) 
A very scarce species, only known Rio de Janeiro (Stal), and 
a contemporary specimen in my own collection. 
Vosto: similis Borm. 


Mexico—Orizaba. 13. iii., 1908. @. (Kmnab.) Vera Cruz, 
Cordoba. 24. ii., 1908. 9. (Knab.) 

Panama—Canal Zone, Tabernilla. 9. v., 1907. 9. (Busck.) 

This species has remained unrecognized since its description 
by Bormans from specimens from Colombia. I only know of his 
original specimens in the Vienna Museum and in my collection. 


Vostox insignis Stal. 


Panama—Canal Zone, Tabernilla. @. (Busck.) Lion Hill. 
3. (Busck.) Paraiso. 20. ii., 1911. 9. (Schwarz.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 275 


Spongovostox ghilianii Dohrn.? 
Panama—Canal Zone, Paraiso. 5. iv., 1911. 2. (Schwarz.) 
Mexico—Tampico. vii.; 1912. 1%. 2. (Schwarz.) 


Spongovostox alter Burr. - 


Panama—Canal Zone, Paraiso. 9. ii. and 2.iv., 1911. om. 
(Schwarz.) i 


Spongovostox apicedentata Caud. 
Mexico—Aguas Calientes. o. (Schwarz.) 


Labia curvicauda Motsch. 


Panama—Canal Zone, Paraiso. 1. ii., I911. 1%, 2 9. 
25. iv., 1911. 19. (Schwarz.) 
A cosmopolitan species. 


Labia equatoria Burr. 


Panama—Porto Bello. 20-25-26. ii., 1911. 2 brachypterous 
and 2 macropterous @. (Schwarz.) 


Labia bilineata Scudd. . 
Panama—Canal Zone, Paraiso. 5. iti., 1911. 9. (Schwarz.) 


Prolabia formica Burr. 


Panama—Canal Zone, Paraiso. 1 o&, 14 2 and some 
larve. Numerous dates, January-May, 1911. (Schwarz.) 


Prolabia annulata Beauv. 


Panama—Canal Zone, Paraiso. 2 o, 6 9. January- 
May, 1911.  (Schwarz.). Frijoles, “‘on flowers of Lengua de 
Vacca’, 2. (Schwarz.) Tabernilla. 1. v.,.1907. #%, 9. (Busck.) 
Bohio. 7. ii., 1911. 9. (Schwarz.) Port Limon. o&. (Knab.) 

This species has been discussed in detail by me in Proc. U. S. 
Nat. Museum, and I have not altered the opinions there 
expressed. 


Prolabia arachidis Yers. 
Guatemala—Champerico. 3. viii., 1908. o. (Knab.) 


‘Prolabia mexicana Borm. 
Mexico—Vera Cruz, Cordoba. 23. iv., 1908. 2. (Fenyes.) 


276 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Sparatta nigrina Stal. | 
‘  Panama—Porto Bello. 27-28. ii. and 12. iii., 1911. a, 2 9. 
(Schwarz.) ; “ah 


Doru lineare Esch. . 
Panama—Canal Zone, Tabernilla. 14. vi., 1907.2. (Busck.) - 
Mexico—Vera Cruz, Cordoba. 2-11. iii. and 26. iv., 1908. 3 

3,3 9. (Knab.) 

It is interesting to note that by external characters this genus 
scarcely differs from Forficula, except in the slender forceps and 
spined pygidium. The validity of the genus is confirmed by a 
study of the genital armature. The metaparameres are regularly 
convex externally, straight internally and acute at the apex, 
which is unusual in Forficula. 

Doru bimaculatum Fabr. will have to be removed toa 
distinct genus, as the metaparamera are apically rounded, as in 
Forficula, but it differs in several features from that genus. 


Ancistrogaster variegata Stal. 
Panama—Canal Zone, Paraiso. 10. iv., 1911. 9. (Schwarz.) 
Mexico—Vera Cruz, Cordoba. 10. ii., 1908. @. (Knab.) 


Ancistrogaster spinax Dohrn. 
Guatemala—Dept. Solola, Olas de Moka, 3000 feet. v., 1908. 
1,2 9. (Engelhardt.) 


Vlax toltecus Borm., or intermedius Burr. 
Mexico—Vera Cruz, Orizaba and Cordoba. 13. ii., 1908. 2 9- 
(Knab.) 


Dinex americanus Borm. 

Panama—Canal Zone, Bohio. 7. i., 1911. 2 @. (Schwarz); 
(one is of the form originally figured by de Bormans, the other 
has. the anal points and armature of the forceps scarcely de- 
veloped). Paraiso. 26.i., 1911. 2. (Schwarz.) Frijoles, “on 
- flowers of Lengua de Vacca.”” o. (Schwarz.) 


Neolobophora ruficeps Burm. 
Panama—Canal Zone, Culebra. o&. (Rousseau.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 277 


A REVIEW OF THE WORK ON THE POISONED BAIT 
SPRAY, DRY METHOD AND MIXED TREATMENT 
* OF CONTROLLING FRUIT FLIES (TRYPETIDA). 
BY HENRY H. P. SEVERIN, PH.D., MILWAUKEE, WIS. 
(Continued from p. 246). 
Olive Fly (Dacus olee@ Rossi.). 


After the Italian entomologists, De Cillis and Berlese, had 
demonstrated the effectiveness of the poisoned bait spray to con- 
trol the olive fly, Chapelle (2 and 3) and Ruby, of France, carried 
on a series of similar spraying experiments to combat this same 
pest, and confirmed the results obtained in Italy. The: work of 
the Italian entomologists with the dry method and mixed treat- 
ment of controlling the olive fly was also tested by the French 
scientists. 

In 1907 two of Dr. De Cillis’ formulas (Table II) were used 
by the French scientists. As some of the ingredients of these 
formulas were rather expensive, Dr. Berlese began to experiment 
along more economical lines, and in 1908 one of his formulas 
(Table II) was tested. The following table shows the formulas 
which were used in France from 1907-1909: 


TABLE II. 
1907 1907 1908 1909 
Molasses (45 to 50% sugar).......... 65 40 98 90 
BRO eg tats ae ee Pee eS LEI E Toc 31 40 su 
MOCIUMY-GPGENALE 5 e255. sod die wise 2 2 2 2 
MOIVCRTNEET os ip CER edhe Cok oes 2 Bre shi ¥ 
POUREED. rink sa Rape eRERD URS aes =< 18 ee 10 


In 1907 the formulas were diluted in the proportion of 10 
kilogrammes of the solution to 100 liters of water, but in the next 
two years 20 kilogrammes of the solution to 100 liters of water was 
used. The 20% concentration gave the diluted solution a syrupy 
consistency and consequently a better adherence to the leaves. 


The number of applications of the spray, dose per tree and 
cost, including labour, was as follows: 
' 1907: 1908-1909 
Number of applications of spray..... 5-6 3-4 6 


INTE) DEY EVCST LS ¢ eis dashes cade See .3-.5 .5 liters 
Cost of treatment per tree........... 4-9 11/5-13/5 4 cents 


The first application of the spray was made about fifteen days 


before the egg-laying period began. The bait was uniformly ap- 
August, 1914. . 


278° THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


plied to the interior and exterior of the tree, so that the droplets 
adhered to the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. The time 
required to spray one tree was estimated at half a minute to 4 
minute. 

Non-isolated orchards.—During a number of years spraying 
experiments were carried on in a number of olive gardens which 
were adjacent to one or more untreated olive plantations, and con- 
sequently more intimately exposed to the invasion of the fly. In 
1908 three small orchards encircled by neighbouring olive groves 
were treated. In 1909 a number of orchards composed of about 
2,000 trees, and in contact at numerous places with neighbouring — 
olive gardens, was sprayed. In 1907 two non-isolated orchards 
were sprayed. The first contained about 2,500 trees, and was en- 
circled by olive groves. The second was composed of about 3,000. 
trees, grouped in a score of orchards, and was situated at the junc- 
tion of two rivers and rose in a succession of terraces on the side of 
a hill to an elevation of 600-800 meters. The results obtained are 
shown in Table IIk. The two columns of figures under the head- 
ing, ‘‘olives infested in treated orchard,’’ represent different var- 
ieties of olives, the same variety being used as a check under the 
heading, “‘olives infested in untreated orchard.’’ Compare the first 
column of figures with the third, and the second with the fourth. 


TABLE III. 
Number of Applications | Olives infested in treated Olives infested in untreated 
trees. of spray. orchard, 3 orchard. 
% | % % % 
145 4 32.5 40 60.25 80.5 
150 4 31.75 62.5 
630 4 7.5 15.5 10. 5 36.25 -. 
Periphery 
2000 6 | 33.8 73. 82. 
Centre ; 
5.6 
: Periphery 
2500 5 71.2 | 68 96 97.4 
Centre 
- $1.25 | 47.75 89 ~ $87.5 
Along river 
3000 5 54.3 | 48.4 76.1 76.1 
: 50-100 meters on hill 
37.9 | 29.3 70.1 70.1 


From this table it is evident that in the small, non-isolated 
olive gardens the treatment reduced the infestation between 40 and 
50 %. According to the authors, by increasing the number of ap- 
plications of the spray, the infestation could be reduced still more. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 279 


The Italian entomologists obtained excellent results in small, non- 
isolated olive groves by applying 6-7 sprays. It would be necessary 
to renew the bait after each heavy rain. é 


In the large, non-isolated olive groves the central part is pro- 

tected by the spray, while the fruit along the periphery is generally 

attacked by the maggot in a proportion which increases according 
to the nearness of the infested olive plantations not treated. 


Isolated orchards —During a number of seasons Chapelle (2) 
and Ruby conducted a series of spraying experiments in small, 
isolated olive gardens. In one experiment 620 trees were sprayed 
during two successive seasons. This orchard was isolated by about 
one kilometer (3,280.8 feet) from other olive groves. The results 
obtained are given in Table VI. ° : 


Olive groves containing 10,000 trees were treated with the dry 
method of control in 1911 (Table VII) and with the poisoned bait 
spray in 1912. These olive gardens were scattered over a large 
area, and were owned by a score of proprietors. The vast area of 
olive trees was well isolated, being situated at a distance of 500-600 — 
meters from the neighbouring olive plantations. 


The insecticide was composed of 15 kilogrammes of molasses, 
214% of sodium arsenate in 100 liters of water. One application 
of the spray was made on July 8, just previous to the emergence of 
the first brood of olive flies, and another treatment was given on 
September 6, at the time when the second brood of flies were issu- 
ing. The second spray was applied to the more exposed parts of 
the large area of olive trees, only two-thirds of the orchard being 
treated. One man was able to spray 700-900 trees ina day. Each 
tree received about .3-.4 of a liter of the bait. The cost of the 
treatment, including labour, was estimated at 1 cent per tree. The 
results of examining the crop on October 5 and November 5 are 
recorded in Table IV. 


TABLE IV 
| Olives infested in treated Olives infested in untreated 
‘ orchard. | orchard. 
‘ ade a | 
1% | | %| %| % 1%} % |). % 1%| %\% 
Gece Wore. 2. oc ‘oon wee Webgee ic Matec ops‘ Flagda igata § Mo 
Noy. 5, 1912. ........ -.! 10 | 6.5 5| 9 6 | 14 | 60.5 | 66.5 | 85.33 | 75 | 100 | 81 


289 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


It is unquestionable that the isolation and perfect homogeneity 
of the olive groves treated contributed to this remarkable success. 
The authors emphasize the need of co-operation of olive growers 
in the same vicinity, so that'a large area of olive trees may be 
treated. 


The attack of Dacus upon olives results not only in the pre- 
mature dropping of the fruit, but also causes a very serious dimi- 
nution in the yield of the oil. Figures are given to show that in 
order to produce the same quantity of oil, the ratio of olives re- 
quired from untreated to treated trees is about 5-3. . 


Dr. Cazeneuve (2) declares that mortal accidents have occured » 
with animals which have eaten sprayed olives or vegetation grow- 
ing underneath or in the neighbourhood of treated trees. The 
authors could not confirm any accidents of this kind. 


Can arsenic be found in the manufactured oil of olives obtained 
from treated trees? Chemical tests by Gassend (2) of olive oil 
obtained from olives taken from trees sprayed 2 or 3 days before 
the crop was gathered showed traces of arsenic estimated at less 
than .000001 gr. per liter. Negative results were obtained with the 
oil when the normal interval elapsed between the last application 
of the spray and the harvesting of the olives. 


The poisoned bait spray has some disadvantages. According 
to Berlese, the spray stains the olives. The insecticide also stimu- 
lates the development of fungi when a low per cent. of sugar is 
present in the sweet substance, but in order to overcome this diffi- 
culty, the bait ought to contain at least 30% sugar (glucose or 
saccharose). According to the French scientists the fear of pro- 
pagating fungi with heavy and numerous doses of the spray dis- 
appears from the work of 1912. The small quantity of diluted 
molasses is washed off with the first heavy rains. 


Dry Method. 


The dry method of controlling fruit flies consists in suspending 
in the trees, a container holding the poisoned sweets in such a 
way that the bait is constantly within the reach of the rapidly 
flying fruit fly. This system would have the advantage of (1) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 281 


abolishing spraying and thus warding off’the danger from fungi; 


Fic. 23.—Tube con- 
taining poisoned mo- 
lasses; F, suspending 
wire; C, bamboo; 
roll of blotting paper; 
T, cork; N, canvas 
ribbon. (After Berlese). 


(2) reducing the cost of labor; (3) overcoming the 
unfavourable action of rains which wash off. the 
sweet ingredients of the spray and (4) doing 
away with the inconvenience of lack of water in 
certain regions. In southern Italy the fruit fly 
remedy offers a serious difficulty on account of 
lack of water to dilute the stock solution, but 
with the dry method of control very little water 
is used. 

One system used in France in 1908 and 
classed under the dry method of controlling the 
olive fly was to place the poisoned bait in a 
bottle provided with a cork through which 
passed a wick. This wick extended into the 
poisonous mixture and acted like the wick of a 
lamp. The molasses was slightly diluted with 
water and mixed with potassium or sodium 
arsenate (2%). 

This dry method of control was used in 232 
and 340 trees of two isolated olive orchards. 
In the olive garden containing 232 bottles, 
from 5.75 to 6.75% of the olives were maggoty, 
whereas in an untreated olive grove bearing the 


same variety of olives, from 6.75 to 22.75% were infested. The 
results of the second experiment are recorded in table V. 


TABLE V. 
Method of Number of Olives infested in treated Olives infested in untreated 
Treatment. trees. orchards. orchards. 
Zs % % : 
1907 sprayed 340 33.25 9.9 80.75 98.75 
1908 bottles 340 8.8 12.6 69.4 79.4 
1909 sacs 340 11.34 14.0 40.57 38.33 


The results of the last experiment appear most encouraging 
but it must be noted that this olive garden was well isolated and 
had been*sprayed with success during the previous year; it may be 
possible that there was a reduction of the pest during the year 
when this dry method of control was used. 


82 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Another system classed under the dry method of control was” 
tried on a small scale in France in 1908 and on a large scale in 
1909. This method consisted in suspending in the tree a canvas 
sac (10-14 inches-in length and about 2 inches in diameter), which 
contained about 1% lbs. of a mixture of poisoned molasses, saw- 
dust and bran (Fig. 24). The insecticide transudes directly 
through the canvas and when a rain washes off the bait, the 
poisoned molasses filters through again. The proportion of the 
ingredients used in the canvas sacs was as follows: 


An excess of bran gives too much porosity to the mixture and 
favors evaporation. The addition 
of water to the molasses acceler- 
ates dessication, a thing to avoid 
most. . To lessen dessication it is 
necessary to tightly stuff the sacs. 
After filling the bags, drops of 
liquid ooze out and this loss can 
be avoided by allowing the sacs 
to drain over a vessel for several. 
hours or even two days. 

The sacs thus prepared are 
placed in the interior of the trees 
at a region as accessible as pos- 
sible. Once during the summer, 
water was added to the bags on 
account of the sacs becoming dry 
} | sat: their upper end; this was due 
a ee ee to the oozing of molasses through 

Fic. 24.—Canvas sac stufled with a the canvas and to evaporation. 
mixture of bran and poisoned molasses. : 

(After Berlese). Later when the first rains and dew 

of September occur, the atmos- 

pheric humidity insures excellent conditions. The cost, including 

all expenses, amounted to $4.00 per sac. The results obtained in 
two isolated olive gardens are given in tables V and VI. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 283 


TABLE VI. 
Method of Number of Olives infested in treated Olives infested in untreated 
Treatment. trees. orchard. orchard. 
Te % J Je 
1907 sprayed 629 15 17.5 80.75 98.75 
1908 sprayed [ 620 1.8 1.4 69.4 79.4 
1909 sacs 620 16.0 14.0 40.57 58.33 


‘It is evident from tables V. and VI that the use of these sacs 
in isolated olive gardens did not give as good results as the use of 
the poisoned bait spray during the previous years. 


In a non-isolated orchard containing 675 olive trees, each tree 
was provided with asac. This orchard had never been sprayed. 
The results showed that 15 to 32.5% of the olives were infested 
in this olive garden, whereas in a neighbouring olive plantation 
bearing the same variety of olives 26 to 39.67% were attacked by 
the pest. It is apparent that little value can be attributed to this 
dry method of control in a non-isolated olive grove. 


Fic, 25,—A, roll of absorbent paper stuffed with a mixture of bran 
and poisoned. molasses; B, same in section; C, fastened 
to a branch. (After Berlese). 


A third system classed under the dry method of control. .Was 
to wire to the branches of an olive tree, a sheet-iron or galvanized- 


284 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


iron pan (about 14-20 inches in diameter; 6-8 inches deep) con- 
taining the poisoned molasses. Pieces of rags floating at the 
surface of the poisonous mixture, enable the insect to come to rest 
within reach of the bait. Each pan contained about 2 kilo- 
grammes of poisoned molasses (3% arsenate of soda) diluted with 
a small quantity of water. The evaporation during the dry sum- 
mer caused the molasses to lose its syrupy state and 2 liters of 
grape juice were added to each pan. In 1910 this dry method of 
control was undertaken in two isolated olive gardens. A glance at 
table VII shows the results obtained, 


During this same year, this method was tested on a large 
scale in Italy under the direction of Dr. Berlese. The results as 
published by this scientist were most favourable. 


In 1911, Chapelle (2) and Ruby repeated the ecpernenn ona 
large scale. A score of olive groves containing 10,000 trees was 
selected. This large area of olive trees was isolated by 500-600 
meters from the neighbouring olive plantations. The pans were 
regularly distributed at the rate of 1 for every 40 trees. Each pan 
contained from 5-6 liters of the following solution: 


DAGIB EGOS 60056 oes ece Geek 15 kilogr. 
Sodium arsenate........ eae 
GI IWALEE Fos. Sew uee 100 liters 


From the beginning of summer up to the first rains of autumn, 6 
liters of water was poured into each pan. The results are shown 
in table VII. 


TABLE VII. 


Number of] Number of] Olives infested in treated Olives infested in untreated 
pans. trees. orchard. orchard. 
% % % % | % % Te 
1910 13 620 25.66 18.40 
1910 80 3,000 1.66 1 8.0 2.8 
1911 250 10,000 14.1 25 44.67 0 7.0 8.0 1.32 ,2 


According to the figures in the above table the treatment with 
the use of the pans has no practical value. 

The three systems classed under the dry method of control 
as practised by the French entomologists have not given as 
satisfactory results as the poisoned bait spray. 


(To be continued.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 285 


THE THIRD GENUS OF THE FAMILY ELASMID/ 
(HYMENOPTERA). 


BY A. A. GIRAULT, NELSON, N. Q., AUSTRALIA. 


The following genus and species was found just too late to 
be included within the supplement to the Elasmide (memoirs 
Queensland Museum, II., 1913). It was first mistaken for 
Euryischia Howard, the species being characteristic for that genus 
because of its slenderness and pale legs. The genus differs from 
Euryischia in bearing complete parapsidal furrows, a_ slender, 
conical abdomen, and in lacking the prominent projection caudad 
of the submarginal vein near its apex, moreover the coxz are 
not compressed but cylindrical. Otherwise, it is very similar to 
Howard’s genus in ail details and in general appearance. 


Family Elasmide. 


Euryischomyia, new genus. 
Type—The following species: 
Euryischomyia washingtoni, new species. 
Female—Length, 1.00 mm. Slender, the abdomen conic-ovate. 


Jet black and like the species of Euryischia, but the legs, 
except hind coxz and femora, lemon yellow, also the tegule and 
the fore wings bear a clearly delimited, broad, jet black band 
across them under the marginal and most of postmarginal veins, 
the distal margin just reaching apex of stigmal vein, the proximal 
margin nearly straight; wings otherwise hyaline. Scutum with 
hardly more sete than the scutellum which is nearly naked, the 
few sparse sete whitish. ~ Thorax finely scaly. Mandibles 
bidentate, the second tooth broadly truncate. Two ring-joints, 
the three funicle joints subquadrate, the third wider than long. 
Bristles under submarginal veins short, not more than two. 
. Submarginal vein entire and continuous. Hind coxe greatly 
enlarged, cylindrical, ovate; the hind femora compressed. Tarsi 
5-jointed. 

Male—The same but the abdomen shorter, more obtuse at 
apex. 


Described from one male, two female specimens captured 
_ August, 1914, : . 


286 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


January 8, 1913, by sweeping in forest along the banks of Cape 
River. 


Habitat—Capeville (Pentland), Queensland. 


Types—In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, one male, one 
female on a slide. 


The species is respectfully dedicated to Booker T. Washington. — 


HORMOMYIA BULLA, N. SP. 
BY E. P. FELT, ALBANY, N. Y. 


1867. Walsh, B. D., Ent. Soc. Phil. Proc., 6, p. 226. 
1894. Brodie, Wm., Biol. Rev. of Ont., 1, p. 74. 
1909. Jarvis, T. D., Ent. Soc. Ont. 39th Rep’t, p. 83. 
1912. Cosens, A., Can. Inst. Trans., 9, p. 317. 


The midge, previously unknown, produces a_ subgobular, yel- 
lowish gall, about the size of a large pea, on Helianthus leaves. 
The deformities are about equally prominent on both sides of the 
leaf and located irregularly, though usually near the mid rib. This 
species has been recorded from the Province of Ontario by the late 
_Dr. Brodie, and has been reported as common at Evanston, IIl., 
by Mr. L. H. Weld, who reared the adults described below, July 
23, 1907, and who states that the gall occurred commonly at North 
Evanston, Ill., on plants growing in a deep, black, rich soil along 
with compas plants. The gall of H. helianthi Brodie Mr. Weld 
reports as very local at Evanston, Ill., it being found by him in 
September, whereas the gall of H. bulla occurs in July. Unfor- 
tunately, the account by Walsh gives only an incidental mention 
of the gall of H. bulla, and we are therefore unable to credit him 
with having characterized the species. The midge is closely allied 
to H. helianthi Brodie, from which it may be readily separated by | 
its smaller size, longer stems of the antennal segments in the male, 
and the distinctly longer palpi of the female. 


Male.—Length 1.5.mm. Antennz extending to the third ab- 
dominal seginent, sparsely haired, pale yellowish; 14 segments, the 


fifth with stems 114 and 1\% times their diameters, respectively; 
August, 1914. ? . = 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 287 


- / 


the basal enlargement subglobose, the distal broadly oval, with a 
‘length 14 greater than its diameter; the basal circumfili extending 
to the distal third of the basal portion of the stem, the distal cir- 
cumfili nearly to the apex of the segment; terminal segment 
slightly reduced, the stem with a distinct swelling near the middle, 
the distal enlargement broadly fusiform, with a length about twice 
its diameter, the apex obtuse. Palpi; first segment short, subquad- 
rate, the second greatly produced, angularly curved, slender, with 
_a length fully seven times its diameter (another male has three 
papal segments, the second and third subequal). _Mesonotum 
reddish brown. Scutellum and postscutellum fuscous yellowish. 
Abdomen rather thickly haired, dark reddish brown; genitalia 
fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark straw. Halteres 
yellowish. Coxe and femora basally pale yellowish, the distal 
portion of femora and the basal portion of tibie dark straw, the 
distal part of tibiae and the tarsi yellowish. Claws slender, evenly 
curved, simple, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal 
clasp segment short, broad, the terminal clasp segment long, 
tapering to a subacute toothed apex; dorsal plate broad, broadly 
and triangularly emarginate, the lobes divergent and broadly 
rounded; ventral plate short, tapering to a broadly rounded apex. 


Female—Length 3mm. Antennz extending to the base of 
the abdomen, rather thickly haired, brownish yellow; 14 segments, 
the fifth with the stem about 14 the length of the cylindric basal 
enlargement, which latter has a length about twice its diameter, 
the distal third with coarsely reticulate circumfili; terminal seg- 
ment cylindric, with a length over twice its diameter, broadly 
rounded apically. Palpi; first segment subquadrate, the second 
twice the length of the first, rather stout, the third 14 longer than 
the second, fusiform. Mesonotum shining dark brown. Scutellum 
and postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen thickly haired, 
brownish yellow, the ovipositor somewhat fuscous. Wings hyaline, 
costa dark brown. Halteres yellowish basally, fuscous apically. 
Coxze and legs mostly a fuscous straw. Ovipositor when extended 
about 4% the length of the abdomen, moderately stout; terminal 
lobes with a length 4% greater than the width, the apex broadly 
rounded and sparsely setose. Type Cecid No. 1267. 


288 ‘ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


A NEW SPECIES OF MYMARIDZ FROM AUSTRALIA. 
BY A. A. GIRAULT, NELSON, N. Q., AUSTRALIA. 
; Genus Stethynium Enock. 
1. Stethynium cinctiventris, new species. 


Female.—Length 0.80 mm. Habitus of Anaphes. 


Black, the abdomen with a broad band of silvery-white around 
its base, occupying nearly a third of the surface; scutum more or 
less pallid, especially at caudal half, the parapsides and scutellum 
white. Legs white or nearly, the antenne black, the first three 
funicle joints cylindrical, the second longest, 1.and 3 more or less 
equal, a third shorter than 2; 6 subglobular, a third shorter than 
5, while 4 is a fourth shorter than 5; proximal club joint nearly 
half of the club. Fore wings rather narrow and graceful, with 
about fourteen lines of discal cilia across the widest part of the 
blade, the longest marginal cilia about half the greatest width. 
Hind wings rather narrow and curved, with five lines of fine discal 
cilia near tip, the third and fourth lines soon disappearing. Strigil 
present. Scutellum rectangular, the’ mesopostscutellum much 
longer than it and joined to the phragma (two pairs of sclerites 
between scutellum and postscutellum). Fore wing with a more 
or less distinct subfuscous stripe across it at about the middle. 
Valves of ovipositor slightly exserted. Tibial spurs single. 

Male not known. 


Described from one female captured by sweeping in a jungle 
pocket, September 3, 1913 (A. P. Dodd). 


Habitat—Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 


Type.—In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above: 
specimen on a slide with the following specimen: 


Genus Anaphoidea Girault. 
1. Anaphoidea galtoni Girault. 


Male.—Funicle joints each a little over twice longer than 
broad, otherwise like the female. 


From one specimen captured with the female type specimen 


(Roma, Queensland). 
August, 1914 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 289 


GEOMETRID NOTES — WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW 
- SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 


BY L. W. SWETT, BOSTON, MASS. 


Stamnodes pearsalli, n. sp. 


Expands 34mm. Palpi short, pinkish-tinged; head roseate 
gray, between the antenre is a reddish line. Thorax and abdo- 
’ men fawn-coloured, tinged with reddish. Wings fawn-coloured or 
_ grayish brown, with a pinkish tinge in the fringe and on the costa. 
There are four black patches on the fore wing at the costa; from 
the body to the first spot the costa is reddish. The first black 
spot is about 3 mm. from base of wing; between first and second 
black spots there is a whitish streak, beyond which the costa is 
grayish. The third spot is about 10 mm. from base of wing and 
is larger than the others; it is apparently the beginning of a faint 
black line or shading, which runs out almost at right angles with 
costa to M1, then runs back in a straight line until it reaches the 
inner margin at about two-thirds out. This line is shaded with 
white on the outside, and shows as a white patch at the costa, 
about 1 mm. in width. Beyond, to the outer margin, the wing is 
fawn without markings, except a fourth black patch near the 
apex; fringe long and pinkish. I can see no discal spots on hind 
or fore wings. Hind wings fawn-coloured like fore wings, but 
without markings. Beneath the markings are much more striking 
than above. Costa grayish with pinkish striations to the third 
black spot or about 12 mm. out from base, there is a trace of a 
faint white line beyond. Near the apex is an oblong gray patch 
surrounded with reddish striations. At the end near the apex 
there are two sharp teeth. Perhaps in some specimens this patch 
might be called triangular. The entire central portion of the fore 
wings is lightish and rather transparent. On the outer margin, 
just below apex, is a reddish triangular spot. The hind wings are 
fawn-coloured, densely striated with red. Towards the outer 
margin and running for.a short distance with M: is a red line, 
running from just above centre of the wing towards outer margin, 
and fading out just before reaching there. From inner margin 
another broad, red line runs toward outer margin for about 4 mm., 


then fades from sight; it is shaded by a white line. 
August, 1914. 


290 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Holotype.—One 9 from Mt. Lowe, California, April 11, 1913, 
received through the kindness of Mr. Harry H. Newcomb. 

I take pleasure in naming this species after my friend, 
Mr. R. F. Pearsall, who has done so much to clear up this group. 


Cleora newcombi, n. sp. 


Expands 29-30 mm. Palpi short and grayish, head whitish 
between the antenne. Fore wings dark gray, heavily striated with 
black, body and thorax dark gray, the body with characteristic 
geminate black spots. The basal black band is quite broad on fore 
wings, starting from a black patch on costa, about 4mm. out from 
base, and curving in towards body. The line is geminate with 
black shading. Beyond this line, about the centre of the wing, a 
line starts from the black spot on the costa and runs straight across 
the wing to the inner margin. About three-fourths out from body 
a third black line runs sinuately across the wing, bending in to-— 
wards body as it reaches inner margin at about the middle. This 
black line is accentuated on the veins by black dots. Beyond 
there seems to be a double row of lunules, gray centred and blackish 
outside; about the centre of the fore wing at outer margin they 
form a patch much lighter than the rest of the wing. The discal 
spot, when present, is very faint. Hind wings of same colour as 
fore wings, basal band black, running in a regular curve to outer 
margin, the black discal spot large and prominent. Extra discal 
black line very close to discal spot; starting from inner margin it 
curves upward towards discal spot, then suddenly runs straight to 
outer margin. Quite close to this extra discal line and running 
parallel to it is another somewhat paler line; beyond there is a 
clear space, then a curved, wide, black band shaded with whitish 
and appearing almost as lunules. The scollop of the hind wing is 
bounded by a narrow black line, fringe long and grayish. Be- 
neath fore wings lighter gray than above, except towards the body 
and on costa, where it is heavily striated with black. Thereis a 
- prominent black discal spot, but no further markings, except the 
black shadings. Hind wings pale ashen with no lines or markings 
except black discal spot. 

Holotype——One o, Venice, Calif., July 11, 1918, H. H. 
Newcomb. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 291 


Paratype-—One <o, Venice, Calif., May 6, 1913, H. H. 
Newcomb. 


I take pleasure in naming this species after my friend, Mr. H. 
H. Newcomb, who has rendered me valuable assistance in the way 
of specimens. | 


Sicya macularia, var. lewisi, n. var. 


Expands 26 mm. Palpia little longer than macularia, shaded 
with pink. Wings shaped much as macularia, but with less of a 
curve below apex, outer margin being straighter. Wings lemon 
yellow without markings to outer margin, except rosy shading 
along costa, a minute black discal! spot and a red spot on centre of 
inner margin. A reddish brown line runs from near apex to inner 
margin beyond this line, the entire outer margin is chocolate brown. 
Along the median vein there is a chocolate shading, but so pale as 
to look like a streak. The hind wing is paler than fore wing, 
a reddish, irregular line runs from inner margin to outer in a curve. 
Beyond this line the margin is chocolate colour, as the fore wing. 
Beneath the fore wings are marked as above, with chocolate outer 
margin. Hind wings have small reddish discal spot, and the outer 
line appears as spots on the veins, outer margin pale chocolate. 

Holotype.—One o&, Mt. Wilson, Calif., July 11, 19138, H. H. 
Newcomb. 


I name this variety in memory of my father, Lewis Swett, who 
assisted me in many ways in building up my collection of 
Geometrids. 

This seems to be a distinct species, but macularia is so vari- 
able it is possible that this is a tendency towards melanism, and I 
prefer to regard it as a variety. 


Cingilia catenaria, var. immacularia, n. var. 


Expands 40 mm. This variety has the same colourings as to 
head, thorax and body as the normal form. The wings are smoky 
white, without any trace of lines, except a black dot close to body, 
just beyond this is a faint dot on costa, then on median vein and 
on vein 1A. The edge of the wing has minute black dots at end of 
veins. Beneath the wings are paler than above, only the black 


292 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


discal spots showing through. This, apparently, is a rare variety 
and worthy of name, it is so entirely different from the-common 
catenaria. 

Holotype.—One <o, Norway, Maine, S. J. Smith. 

All the types described in this paper are placed in my collec- 
tion at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 


THE MONTREAL BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


The following Resolution was unanimously passed at a meeting 
of the Montreal Branch and copies have been forwarded by the 
Secretary to the relatives of the late Henry H. Lyman. 

Resolved:—‘‘That the members of the Montreal Branch of the 
Entomological Society of Oncario have learned with great sorrow, 
that when the ‘S. S. Empress of Ireland’ sank on the 29th day of 
May,she had on board one of our oldest and most active members, 
‘Mr. Henry Herbert Lyman, accompanied by Mrs. Lyman, and 
that both are amongst those who are lost. 

From the time that Mr. Lyman joined our Society in 1875 up 
‘to the Annual Meeting held last month, in his successive capacities 
as a Member of the Council, Pres:dent, Vice-President and Treas- 
urer, he has been so intimately connected with the work we have 
been able to accomplish that it is difficult to realize and express 
the extent of the loss we have sustained. _ 

His wide kncwledge of the butterflies, both in nature and in 
literature, his extensive travels to the great museums of this 
Continent and of Europe, his friendly help and criticism, and 
frequent hospitality at his late residence “Thornhill’ where so 
many enjoyable meetings have been held, will long be gratefully 
remembered; as well as the encouragement in the study of Nature 
produced by his numerous papers published in the various scien- 
tific periodicals, which papers he invariably —_ first at our 
gatherings. 

We beg to extend to the members of his family the expression 
of our sympathy in their double bereavement, and assure them 
that the feeling of loss is not confined to this City, but is shared 
by Entomologists throughout America and beyond the seas.”’ 

Gro. A. Moore, SECRETARY. 


oo Oe ~ vis 


a til! At ek 


THE ——— ENTOMOLOGIST. , 983 


SOME PROCTOTRYPOID EGG-PARASITES OF SUGAR- 
CANE INSECTS IN JAVA. 


BY ALLAN P. DODD, NELSON, N. Q., ° 
AUSTRALIA. 


In a small collection of egg-parasites received from Mr. P. 


van der Goot, Entomologist, Javan Sugar Experiment Station, 


Pasoeroean, Java, were three vials containing Proctotrypoidea as 
follows:— 


No. 1.—‘‘Bred from the eggs of Diatrea striatalis. Described 
by Dr. Zehnter as Ceraphron benificiens Zehnter.”’ In “ Des 
Zuckerrohrund seine Kulter,’’ Kruger, 1899, p. 350, Ceraphron 
benificiens .Zehnter is figured. The specimens received agree 
entirely with this figure, and I have no doubt the specimens 
received by me are Zehnter’s Ceraphron benificiens. This species 
is not a Ceraphron, but belongs to the family Scelionide, sub- 
family Telenomine, genus Phanurus Thomson, and should, there- 
fore, be known as Phanurus benificiens Zehnter. 


No. 7—‘‘Reared from eggs of an unknown moth on leaves of 
sugarcane.” These parasites are the same as the foregoing, 
namely Phanurus benificiens Zehnter. 


No. 5—‘Reared from eggs found on sugarcane; eggs 
enclosed.””’ The eggs are probably those of a Pentatomid. The 
parasite is herewith described :— 

Family Scelionide. 

Subfamily Telenomine. 

Genus Telenomus Haliday. 


1. Telenomus saccharalis, sp. nov. 


Female—Length 0.55 mm; very small for the genus. Coal 
black, legs and antenne golden yellow, last four antennal joints 
dusky yellow. 


Antenne 11-jointed, scape slender, equal to combined length 
of pedicel and funicle joints; pedicel much wider and longer than 
each funicle joint; funicle joints small; first and second funicle 
joints subequal, longer than wide; third shorter; fourth as wide 
as long; fifth transverse; club 4-jointed, much wider than funicle, 


its joints much wider than long, second the widest. 
August, 1914. 


294 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Forewings narrow, hyaline; when closed extending beyond 
tip of the abdomen; marginal cilia long, equal to one-third 
greatest wing width; the discal cilia very fine and dense; sub- 
marginal vein attaining the costa at about two-fifths wing length; 
the marginal vein nearly as long as the stigmal which is oblique, 
knobbed at tip; the postmarginal twice as long as the stigmal. 

Abdomen much narrower and shorter than the thorax. 


(From one specimen, two-thirds inch objective, one inch 
optic, Bausch and Lomb.) 


Male—Antenne 12-jointed, first and second bipicke joints 
small, a little longer than wide; third distinctly longer, as long as 
pedicel; fourth and fifth subequal, as wide as long; six-nine sub- 
equal, wider than long; last joint as long as pedicel. 

The male type has the fifth and sixth funicle joints of one 
antenna, and the sixth and seveuth of the other united in one 
joint. 

(From one specimen, same magnification). Described from a 
co anda Q, labeled as above. 

Habitat—Java. 

Host—Eggs of a Pentatomid (?). 

Types—In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Q’ld, a male 
and a female on a slide together. 


DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY—ONTARIO AGRICUL- 
TURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. 


After a long connection with the College, extending from his 
student days to the present year, Mr. Tennyson D. Jarvis has 
resigned his position as Associate Professor of Entomology and 
Zoology. He is now living at Grimsby East and devoting himself 
to the cultivation of a fruit farm. In consequence of this change, 
the following appointments have been made: Mr. Lawson Caesar, 
Provincial Entomologist, promoted to be Associate Professor; 
Mr. A. W. Baker to be Lecturer, and Mr. G. J. Spencer to be 
Demonstrator. These gentlemen are all graduates of the College 
and have received the degree of B.S.A. from the University of 
Toronto. Cafu Be: 


hte 


eee ee ee ee a a eee ee, ee eee 
- r . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : 295 


5 FIELD NOTES AND QUESTIONS. 


(Notes on rare or otherwise interesting captures, habits of insects, etc., will be 
gratefully received by the editor). 

Heliomata infulata Grote. This pretty little Geometer is 
usually very rare here, perhaps only half-a-dozen specimens having 
been observed in twenty years, but one day at the end of May 
1913, while collecting in a locust thicket I noticed several specimens 


‘flying and managed to secure two. A heavy shower came up, 


compelling me to seek shelter, but after the rain I returned to the 
spot and captured 20 specimens inside two hours. A few days 
later I again visited the spot and was likewise disturbed by rain 
but this proved advantageous as the moth which generally is very 
shy and swift on the wing, appeared quite sluggish and easy of 
capture. Eighty specimens were taken in all in a space of about 
7 acres. In the surrounding district of 100 acres of apparently 


the same conditions only a stray specimen or two could be 


discovered. 
Fred Marloff, Oak Station P.O., Allegheny Co., Pa. 


How Lepidoptera Winter. We are not infrequently asked in 
what stage butterflies and moths pass the winter months? It is 
not an altogether satisfactory answer to say that every one of the 
four stages is represented, as the enquirer is sure there must be 
some rule and the others be exceptions. In Newman’s “Text 
Book of British Butterflies and Moths’’ 19138, there are 117 pages 
devoted to a list of species, giving collecting notes in tabular form 
and it may be of interest to know how the British species, in- 
cluding the micros figure out, as doubtless in the cooler parts of 
North America the proportion will be about the same. Counted 
roughly and omitting species of doubtiul occurrence, out of 68 
Butterflies, 9 winter as eggs; 38 winter as larve; 12 winter as 
pup; 9 winter as imagoes; of 781 moths, 108 winter as eggs: 306 
winter as larvee; 330 winter as pupz; 37 winter as imagoes; so that 
about 80% winter either as larve or pupx, almost exactly half of 


each; 15% as eggs and 5% as imagoes. 


A. F. Winn, Westmount, Que. 


296 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


ey SD ND eS eS es eS eS Se — — 


Sphingide at Sugar. While collecting on St. Therese Island, 
on thé Richelieu River, from July 16th to 19th last, several 
species of hawk moths visited the sugared patches, not resting, 
but hovering as they do over flowers. Those taken proved to be 
6 Sphinx kalmie, J Ampelophaga cherilus, 2 Ceratomia amyntor. 


W. Chagnon, St. Johns, Que. 


Notes on the Eggs of Macronoctua onusta Grote. 


A female of this moth was picked up from a window sill in 
the business part of Montreal on September 22nd, and boxed for 
eggs after being fed on sugar and water. Next morning a little 
cluster of greenish eggs was on one side of the box but evidently 
the moth did not like the conditions as she was wandering about, — 
poking her extended ovipositor into all parts of the box and the. 
11 eggs laid were not deposited in an orderly manner, some being 
flat, some on their edges others on top of one another. 


The moth was transferred to a breeding cage with a supply of 
leaves of Iris germanica from the garden, and at once began 
chmbing up and down the leaves. She soon selected a leaf with a 
long crack at the base. Into this crack an egg was placed and 
others were laid alongside of it in a row, the moth remaining in one 
position merely moving her body. Other eggs were laid during 
the day between the edges of the leaves where they overlap and 
this is probably where most are placed in nature to pass the 
winter. 


When laid the egg is pale greenish but in a few days turns 
purplish. It is very much flattened on top and bottom and may 
- be likened in shape to a vest button. The width is .6mm. and 
height .27mm., rounded at the edges. The ribs are shallow and 
show most on the sides. Hatched May 27-29. 


Mr. Henry Bird tells me the larva will feed on Gemmingia 
_ chinensis as well as on the various species of Iris. 


A. F. Winn, Westmount, Que. 


et 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 297 


SCUTIGERA FORCEPS IN ONTARIO. 


In the June number of the ‘Canadian Entomologist’’ I notice 
that Dr. Gordon Hewitt has recorded an occurrence of Scutigera 
forceps in Canada. During the past four or five years I have 
received several specimens of this Centipede taken in Ontario for 
indentification; two of these taken in Toronto I still have. It is 
probable that this myriapod is more common than is supposed, for 
if found by housekeepers it is more likely to be immediately 
smashed than brought for the attention of naturalists. 


C. W. Nash, Provincial Biologist, Toronto. 


Bombycia intprovisa and tearlai Hy. Edw. A correction. 

On page 184 of the May number appears a note by Mr. 
Cockle, which calls for “a correction of a correction.’’ He _ states 
that Holland is in error in referring tearlii as a synonym of 
improvisa. So far that is correct, but the specimen figured by 
him. on Plate XL, fig. 27 as fearlii is neither that species nor 
improvisa, but has been described by Barnes and McDunnough as 
fasciata, (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XVIII, p. 160, Sept. 1910). 
Those authors figure both Henry Edwards’. species in their 
“Contributions”, Vol. I, No. 4, Plate XII, ff. 4.and 19, and the 
female type of fasciata is shown in fig. 5 of the same plate. 
Improvisa and fasciata occur together on Vancouver - Island, 
whence fasciata was described. Tearlii occurs in Alberta. I 
should prefer that the above correction were made by others, but 
proffer this as an alternative. 


F. H. Woitrey Dop, Midnapore, Alta. 


BOOK REVIEWS. 


THe ENTOMOLOGIST’s MONTHLY MAGAZINE. We beg to offer our 
our hearty congratulations to the editors of “The Ento- 
mologist’s Monthly Magazine’, (London, England), on 

the completion of the fiftieth year of its publication. The first 


number was issued on June Ist, 1864 under the editorial direction 


of Messrs. H. T. Stainton, R. McLachlan, E. C. Rye, Rev. T. 


298 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Blackburn and Dr. H. Guard Knaggs—five of the most distin- 
guished entomologists of the day. The present writer had the 
good fortune to be in England that year and made the acquaintance 
of the two first named, and subsequently corresponded with Dr. 
Knaggs, the author of ““The Lepidopterists’ Guide” of which three 
editions have been published. Mr. Stainton, editor of the 
“Entomologists’ Annual” and author of an admirable manual on 
the “British Butterflies and Moths” and various works on the 
Tineina, extended the hospitality of his house at Lewisham to 
entomologists during one evening in the week, everyone being 
made welcome and given the opportunity of consulting his 
' extensive collections and valuable library. These gatherings led to 
the formation of many warm friendships and brought isolated 
workers into touch with the leading devotees of the science. 


As time went on the pioneers of the Magazine one by one 
passed away and their places were filled by others equally able and 
distinguished, so that the publication has never failed to maintain 
its early reputation and attractiveness, and we may confidently 
hope that it will continue for another half century to record the 
observations and investigations of the insect world for generations 
to come. 


The jubilee number is made especially interesting by the record — 
of its editorial management during fifty years and the portraits 
of the eight founders and editors. Ce JeScie 


NEw: SoutH AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL. Prof. Charles E. 
Porter, occupying the chair of general zoology ‘and applied 
entomology and also director of the .recently established 

Museum and Laboratory of Economic Zoology at the National 

Agricultural Institute of Santiago, Chili, has undertaken the 

publication of a new scientific journal under the title ““Anales de 

Zoologia Aplicada’. This journal is to be especiaily devoted to 

original studies on species beneficial to and parasitic on ‘man, 

domesticated animals and cultivated plants in America. The well- 
known “Revista Chilena de Historia Natural’, edited by Prof. 


. 


ee ——— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 299 


Porter, is being continued, but only for systematic papers. The 
“Anales de Zoologia Aplicada’”’ will be published quarterly, in 8° 
on excellent paper, profusely illustrated with text figures and when 
necessary with plain or coloured plates. The “Anales de Zoologia 
Aplicada” will accept original contributions on American parasites 
(Protozoa, Vermes, Arthropoda), which may be in English, French 
or Spanish. Announcements of books, other scientific periodicals 
and instruments relating to the subject matter of the journal will 
be printed on coloured special pages.. The director wishes to 
exchange the. “Anales de Zoologia Aplicada’ with all special 
journals of economic zoology and entomology. The subscription 
price is 25 Francs a year. Advertisements on coloured pages 25 fr. 
per page for each number. The address of the director of the new 
journal is: 
Prof. C. E. Porter, C.M.Z.S., F.E.S., Casilla 2974, Santiago, 
Cite di; . 
' The enterprise should have all the encouragement possible. 
FREDERICK KNAB. 


7 OBITUARY 
EDWIN FIRMSTONE HEATH 


We regret to record the death of Mr. E. Firmstone Heath, of 
the Hermitage, Cartwright, Man. For some time he had been ill, 
but not until the early days of April was he confined to his bed. 
When medical aid was summoned it was found that his heart was 
in a very critical condition, and this was accompanied by 
congestion of the lungs. After five weeks of intense suffering he 
died on May 14th, 1914. 

Mr. Heath was born at Standhill, Kingswinford, County of 
Stafford, England, on August 9th, 1840. He was the eldest son of 
the late Edwin Heath of the 88th Regiment (Conndught Rangers). 


- He inherited a love for entomology from his father, and at an 


early age began to form a collection of insects. For the last 25 
years he studied the insects of Manitoba, more particularly the 
Lepidoptera. He was a most enthusiastic collector, and brought 
together a representative collection of the Lepidoptera of that 
province, The late J. B. Smith corresponded regularly with him 


300 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


and determined many of his specimens of Noctuidae. Many of 
these collected at Cartwright, Man., were described as new species 
by Dr. Smith. For many years Mr. Heath was a valued 
correspondent of the late Dr. James Fletcher, and it was through 
Dr. Fletcher that the writer became acquainted with him. I have 
been in constant communication with Mr. Heath, particularly with 
regard to important captures, records of which have been included 
in the “‘Entomological Record’’, published annually in the Report 
of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Like other Canadian 
entomologists, I have always found him a most enthusiastic 
collector and an exceedingly interesting correspondent. I shall 
indeed miss his friendly and helpful letters. 

Mr. Heath was a regular contributor to this journal, his 
papers being chiefly records of Lepidoptera occuring at Cartwright. 
Many of these were new records for the province. 

The last article he published appeared in the April, 1914, 
issue of the Canadian Entomologist, and was entitled, “A 
Phalangid Drinks Milk’. A. G. 


The following note was received from the late Mr. E. F. Heath 
about a year ago, but by an oversight its publication has been 
unduly delayed. 


THE EDITOR OF THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 
Dear Sir: 

On the night of the 8th inst. (1912), I captured at my 
“sugared”’ trees a specimen of Tirysania zenobia Cram. in very 
good condition. I can only account for its appearance on the 
supposition that it must have come north, in the pupal stage, in a 
bunch of bananas, or by some such means. That I should get it 
is the more extraordinary for ‘I lie between three villagés, the 
nearest being four miles distant, and the other two, six and 
seven miles respectively. ; 

Yours faithfully, 
E. FrRMSTONE HEATH. 
The Hermitage, near Cartwright, Man. 


Mailed August 14th, 1914. 


Che Canaciag Fautomologist, 


VoL. XLVI. LONDON, SEPTEMBER, 1914 No. 9 


: NOTES ON MYRIAPODS FROM DOUGLAS LAKE, 
MICHIGAN. 


’ BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


The Chilopods and Diplopods here listed and described were all 
collected near the University of Michigan Biological Station at 
Lake Douglas, Mich., during July and August, 1913, by Mr. G. 
F. Sutherland, by whom they were sent to the writer for identifica- 
tion. All the specimens were taken from decaying logs. 

The new Nampabius is represented by numerous individuals 
of both sexes. It is the largest known species of the genus and is 
geographically the most remote from what seems to be the centre 
for the group. Its habits would seem to correspond with those 
- which I have noted for various other species in the genus, these 
having similarly been taken in greatest abundance under the bark 
of decaying logs. 

Judging from the number of individuals in the collection, the 
new Parajulus is much the most common species of the genus 
occurring in the decaying logs at Douglas Lake. It is a strongly 
marked species, easily distinguishable from others known to occur 
in the region. 

Class CHILOPODA. 
1. Geophilus rubens Say. 

This widespread species, at once distinguishable from others 
of the region by the characteristic geminate black stripe along 
dorsum, is represented in the collection by numerous specimens. 


2. Linotzenia chionophila (Wood). 

Also a very common and widespread species in the Northern 
United States and in Canada: In the collection are three adults 
and three very young specimens. 


3. Bothiopolys multidentatus (Newport). 
_A species common throughout the Middle Western and the 
Eastern States. Many specimens. 


302 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST: 


4. Nadabius iowensis (Meinert). : 

A species very common in the Middle West. About a dozen 
specimens. 
5. Sonibius bius (Chamberlin). 

Previously known from Saunders in the apne peninsula. 
Two specimens. 


6. Nampabius michiganensis, sp. nov. 

Dorsum from light brownish yellow to brown of dilute chestnut 
caste, the caudal plates commonly darkest. Head darker, more 
distinctly chestnut. Antenne like head; the colour becoming 
denser and more reddish distad. Prosternum and _ prehensors 
somewhat lighter than head, but decidedly darker than venter, ~ 
which is yellow or brownish yellow and darker caudad or usual. 
Caudal legs darkest. 

Body conspicuously narrowed cephalad from eighth plate. 
Widths of head and of first, third eighth, tenth and twelfth plates 
to each other as 47: 41: 45: 56: 55+; 54 

Head slightly wider than long (47:45) comparatively rather 
wide cephalad. Caudal margin mesally incurved. Two short 
longitudinal furrows on caudal portion, these moderately diverging 
cephalad. 

Antenne short, te somewhat longer than in most related 
species. Uniformly and considerably attenuated distad, the 
terminal portion slender. Articles freely joined; sides straight; 
short, decreasing regularly from the second distad. Ultimate 
article distinctly shorter than the two preceding together. 

Ocelli mostly 10 to 12 in 3, or, less commonly, in 4 series; e.g., 
1+4,4, 2; 1+4,4,3; 1+1, 4, 3, 2, the ocellus of the top row in this 
case being at anterior end of patch. Single ocellus much largest, 
the others decreasing regularly and considerably cephalad. Organ 
of Térnésvary in outline small; below anterior end of eye patch. 

Prosternal teeth acute, subequal, sides straight, the interval 
well rounded; line of apices recurved. Sinus wide at bottom as 
usual; its sides rather long, moderately converging. Sides of 
anterior portion of prosternum straight or nearly so, slanting 
directly from spine, 1.47 times wider than long in type. Distance 
between chitinous spots 2.57 times width at level of bottom of 
sinus, 4 times the dental line. 


CN SE ee ee ee ee ee ee 
¥ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 303: 


- First dorsal plate in type 1.64 times wider than long. Eleventh 
and thirteenth plates, but especially the latter, with posterior 


‘angles very slightly produced as usual. 


Coxal pores mostly 2, 3, 3, 2; 2, 3, 3, 3 or 3, 3, 3, 3. 
sat) Spines of the anal legs, ae claws 2; of the penult, Serio 
claws 2; of the thirteenth, 5775; 
of the sixth to eleventh, °°"; of the third to fifth, aot the 
Miecnas;: of the first, 7°" 


’ 0,0,0,0, 0 °° 

Claw of the female gonopods of the usual tripartite form, the 
teeth acute, the median longest and the lateral subequal. Basal 
spines decidedly broader than usual, much as in 7idabius, those 
of each pair close together; moderately long. Outer spine longer 
and broader than the inner; its sides subparallel from base to 
apical division, which is short and acute. or weakly incurved at 
middle; edge of apical portion usually finely crenulate. Inner 
spine of similar shape to that of the outer or with sides sometimes 
converging from base to apical portion. 

’ Length 7—10 mm. 

This species is very distinct from any previously known. It 
is aberrant in a number of features, such as the large single ocellus 
and the broad basal spines of the female gonopods. It is the 
largest known species, and the one farthest from what seems to be 
the centre of distribution for the genus. The process on the 
penult legs of the male is much like that of virginiensis; but 
michiganensis differs clearly from that species in its much greater 
length, which is about twice that of virginiensis, in the spining of 
the legs, and in the form of the basal spines of the female gonopods. 
N. fungifuopes, the species that has been taken geographically 
nearest to it (Western New York), is readily separable from it, 
as from all others now known, in lacking dorsal spines on the 
posterior legs; also the form of the process on the penult legs of 
the male is distinctly different. 


Many specimens of this species were taken. 


Class DIPLOPODA. 


7. Polyzonium rosalbum (Cope). 
One specimen. 


0,0,2,T,0 


——+ of the twelfth 


“oO, Oo, 2, Tt 0,0,2,T.1 
’ 0,0,0,1,1 or 0,0,1,1,0 7 


second 


304 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


8. Spirobolus marginatus (Say). 
One adult and one immature specimen. A widespread form. 


‘9. Parajulus venustus (Wood). 
A form common in the region. Three specimens. 


10. Parajulus canadensis (Newport). 

A species common in the North-Eastern States and Canada. 

‘Six specimens. 
11. Parajulus, sp. Jr. 

Two very young specimens of uncertain species. 
12. Parajulus dux, sp. nov. 

General colour brown, often very light. A distinct longi- 
tudinal median dorsal black line which is commonly interrupted. 
The usual series of black spots over the repugnatorial glands, but 
each spot embracing one or more light areas, and so often incon- 
spicuous. A dark transverse line across dorsum and connecting 
the two lateral spots of each segment. Also below the spots a 
dark line or band is more or less developed; this band is areolated 
with light spots and is often inconspicuous or scarcely evident. A 
broad black band across anterior border of first plate, anal scutum 
often blackish. Eyes black. Antenne dusky brown to black, 
the distal article commonly pale. A solid black band between 
antenne with a light spot in each end near antenna. Vertex 
marked with close network of coarse dark lines. Lower part of 
head dusky, more or less areolated with light dots; a larger light 
area below each antenne and along labial margin, above which 
and ectad of lateral light areas there is commonly a dark band. 

Sulcus of vertex fine, ending near. upper level of eyes. A 
deep setigerous foveola on each side of anterior end of the sulcus, 
the female sometimes more or less extended laterad. 

Eyes large, subtriangular, but the sides convex. Ocelli 
mostly between 42 and 52 in 7 to 9 transverse series, e.g.: 

7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 5,'3,; 190, O7Br%, 6; S; Se 

First dorsal plate with lateral border rounded, not at all 
angularly produced. Distinctly but not strongly margined. Two 
striz across lateral ends and a number of less deep short ones 
above these across caudal border. 

Second segment deeply striate ventrally and over lower 
portion of sides, the stria well separated above, but closer together 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 305 


ventrally. Succeeding segments also similarly deeply striate, the 
stria coarse and well separated above, nearer together ventrally, 
not occurring above level of dark repugnatorial areas. 

Repugnatorial pore small, in most segments a considerable 
distance removed from the suture, which at its level is straight 
or only slightly and broadly excurved. 

Anal tergite with tip acute and spinous, clearly exceeding the 
valves, distally weakly and evenly decurved, but by no means so | 
strongly or angularly as in canadensis. 

Anal valves not mesally distinctly margined, at most broadly 
_somewhat raised, the border crossed by transverse striz. 

Anal scale with caudal margin widely convex; mesally slightly 
indented. 

Mandibular stipes in male concavely excavated; produced 
caudad below the excavation. 

Promentum of gnathochilarium in male much enlarged as 
usual; elliptic in outline. 

First legs in male strongly enlarged as usual; uncinate; penult 
article conspicuously crassate proximally, though less so than 
preceding article, and narrowing much distad, its inner side nearly 
straight. 

Second legs of male with coxz much enlarged and produced 
mesally into a long linguiform process, which is broadest proximally 
and narrows distad, though widening a little at very end, which is 
truncaté. Legs reduced as usual. 

Anterior division of first gonopods of male broad, clavate, 
distally rounded, in lateral view concealing wholly, or nearly so, 
the caudal division, which is somewhat shorter than the anterior 
and narrows strongly distad except at tip, where it enlarges again 
a little and is distally subtruncate. 

Posterior gonopods in ventral view almost concealed by the 
first, above which they do not rise. Each curves mesad near 
level of distal end of first gonopods and then proximad. A semi- 
membranous pointed blade-like branch arising from base and a 
little surpassing posterior branch of first gonopods. 

Number of segments 44, or near that number, 

Length: 25—32 mm. 

In the general superficial appearance of the gonopods this 
species resembles P. canadensis; but the posterior division of the 


306 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


first gonopods is shorter and is distally truncate, while the second 
gonopods are more decidedly different. Canadensis is a darker 
species which may be at once distinguished in both sexes from 
the. present one by the much longer and more strongly and 
abruptly decurved spinous tip to the anal scutum. The wide 
separation of the small repugnatorial pore from the suture is a 
characteristic of importance. é 

This species is represented in the collection by numerous 
specimens. ‘ 
13. Polydesmus serratus Say. 

Polydesmus canadensis Newport. 
This common Polydesmus is represented by numerous speci- - 
mens. : 
14. Branneria carinatum Bollman. 

Two specimens; the first to be added to the few specimens in 
the collection of the author of the species. 


> 


SOME NOTES ON PARASITISM OF CHRYSOPIDS IN 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 


BY E. A. MCGREGOR, 
Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. 


In 1890 Dr. Howard published notes on ‘‘The Parasites of 
the Hemerobiinz.”’* In this article the author records Telenomus 
sp. as an egg parasite of “either Chrysopa or Hemerobius.” As 
secondary parasites reared from larve or cocoons, + he mentions 
Hemiteles hemerobiicola Ashm., H. rufiventris Riley and Meso- 
chorus (?) chrysope Ashm. At that time Doctor Howard prophe- 
sied that several species of the proctotrupid Helorus would eventu- 
ally be found to be primary parasites of Chrysopids. This pre- 
‘ diction has been substantiated by the present writer’s work. 
Moreover, the two rearings of Jsodromus icerye at Batesburg, as 
indicated in Table II, add additional proof to Dr. Howard’s 


*Proc. Ent. Soc. of Wash., Vol. II, pp. 123-124. 

tSince first preparing this paper on Chrysopid parasites, all of which had 
been bred from cocoons, we have been able to conduct some observations on 
Chrysopid eggs. In all 93 eggs were collected, and from these were bred 7 
parasites—all of the species Telenomus chrysepae Ashm. Computed on the 
basis of 7 parasitized eggs out of 93, an estimated egg parasitism of 7.5% is 
found to obtain. The total parasitism, then, from species issuing from the 
(7.5%), and from species issuing from the cocoon (48.4%, is computed to 
about 55.9%. 

September, 1914 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ; 307 


belief that the species was erroneously described as a parasite of 
-Icerya purchasi and is in reality a true parasite of Chrysopids. 
Certain studies of red-spider predators were conducted at Bates- 
burg, South Carolina, during the season of 1913, and it was noticed 
that a considerable percentage of the Chrysopas were parasitized. 
In order to determine the approxi- 
mate percentage of parasitism of 
these very beneficial insects Mr. F. 
L. McDonough, of the Bureau of 
Entomology, and the writer, col- 
lected a large series of coccons from 
cotton plants growing in the fields. 
Adults from these cocoons were 
reared in the laboratory under con- 
ditions as nearly normal as possible. 


Fig.26—Apical portion of cotton plant, show- . : : 
ing the characteristic location of It is worth recording, since 


Chrysopid cocoon at C. ; eet . 
‘ies taps tngatatate we have never noticed it in print, 


that the Chrysopas in cotton fields pupate very characteristically 
in the apical buds at the very terminal portion of the stalk. The 
pubescence of the nascent foliage at this point is densely concen- 
trated and of a grayish appearance, thus approximating the texture 
of the cocoon and affording considerable protection for it. This is 
shown in the accompanying figure. Of course, occasional cocoons 
are found in other locations, as, for example, within the involucral 
bracts of “squares” or in the convolutions of leaves. These are 
exceptions. 

All of the several lots of Chrysopid cocoons collected were 
observed daily until they either produced adults or parasites, or 
until they clearly indicated that they were not going to give issue 
to anything. The final summary of results from this detailed 
study—in the case of the largest lot—is shown in Table 1. 


TABLE I.—Estimated Parasitism of Chrysopids. 


RY MSOPIC COCOODE OORT VED 0s iets cee eda cave gwen cee rustinsees 99 
SOCOOM Siew CUOEVENDIGS. fc cb i ckpc was oak se co beavabe veldievasscuetuee 51 
RECEDONE TICICINE DAPAMUED. on Lys k Sev ceed bus usb Mawenet ese se eewebe serene 48 
PORE ON DOCRSHIMIR Len duns Vandy sete cou v viele e Ls Cv bese eas beceveuneres 48.4% 


A lot of about 100 bred Chrysopids were determined by Mr. 


308 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Nathan Banks, and it developed that there were.three species 
present: Chrysopa rufilabris Banks, C. nigricornis Burm., and C. 
oculata Say. The great majority of the specimens were rufilabris, 
while but a few individuals of oculata and nigricornis were present. 
The superficial appearance of the three species is much alike, and 
‘undoubtedly the habits and life histories are likewise in the main 
the same. 

Mr. J. C. Crawford, who has kindly determined the parasite 
material, states that the collection, which embraces several hundred 
specimens, is the most extensive that has been obtained from lace- 
winged flies. He has also determined that three of the species 
are new to science, and that their descriptions are now in the 
course of preparation by him. The following table lists the species 
in the relative order of abundance and indicates the maximum and 
average number of individuals issuing from a Chrysopa cocoon in 
the case of each species. 


‘TABLE II.—Relative Abundance of Parasites. 


Number of Maximum | Average No. 
lots. SPECIES. | No. per lot. per lot. 

/ 

20 Chrysophagus compressicornis Ashm ............. | 20 10 
| 
‘ 

15 Pcrdampus. Spi. si's:6ynaseiss ~hipinhe:4)Syae each aig eth eaahs | 1 1 
| | 

10 Gonlocerns. Si <\ssws scons cede ee es Oreo Wan aoe | 18 9 
. 

2 Isodromus iceryae’M.....0.000+0+s vesesee cinene veele ) 3 3 
| 

2 Orthizema atriceps Ashm. (1).......cccecceesees: 1 1 

1 TI SOPAN OD 6s oak lice whe ee Ee 864de 0a one | 1 1 


____Q) Ichneumonid determined by R. _ A. Cushman, 


[t is of interest in this connection to record that Chrysophagus 
compressicornus, in addition to being reared frequently from 
Chrysopids, was reared upon one occasion from an undetermined 
Syrphid pupa. Likewise, from this same Syrphid species, were 
reared the Chalcidoid flies—Pachyneuron allograpte Ashm., and 
Syrphophagus mesograpte Ashm. 


ee ee a ee ea ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 309 


A REVIEW OF THE WORK ON THE POISONED BAIT 
' SPRAY, DRY METHOD AND MIXED TREATMENT 
OF CONTROLLING FRUIT FLIES (TRYPETIDA). . 


BY HENRY H. P. SEVERIN, PH. D., MILWAUKEE, WIS. 
(Continued from p. 284). 


Mixed Treatment. 


; The mixed treatment is a combination of the spray and a dry 
method of control. The object of this method is to reduce the 
number of applications of the spray. One sac was placed in every 
fifth tree. Two applications of the spray were made during the 


entire season. The following formula was used: 


Wi AONCR oe lo kd weg 100 kilogr. 
Sodium arsenate......... ee 


This stock solution was diluted by adding 100 liters of water to 
15-20 kilogrammes of the poisoned molasses. About 1 pint of this 
solution was applied to a tree. The cost of the mixed treatment 
amounted to $2.00 per tree. This method was carried on during 
three successive seasons and the results are recorded in table VIII. 


_TABLE VIII. 
Number of Olives infested in treated Olives infested in untreated 
trees. orchard. orchard. 

% % % % 
1909 550 2.5 2.0 45.0 69.0 
1909 : 140 60.66 97.34 
1910 1200 22.85 22.29 » 86.8 62.0 
1910 140 20.4 : 48.7 
1911 400 57.5 81.5 90.0 


The difference in favour of the mixed treatment is apparent, 
but not satisfactory in all cases. The authors state that the 
poisoned bait is not so effective in olive gardens containing culti- 
vated shrubs or where the olive grove is near a wood, for the 
olive fly probably secures shelter and nourishment from the nectar 
of flowers and sweetened exudation of herbaceous organs. On the 
other hand, in localities where the orchard is isolated and contains 
only olive trees, the fly is content with its shelter and seeks nourish- 
ment here, and the poisoned bait then produces its maximum effect. 

Table VIII shows the effect produced by omitting the treat- 
ment for one year. In 1909, from 2 to 2.5% of the olives were 
maggoty from 550 trees which had received the mixed treatment. 


In 1910, the same 550 trees which are now included in the 1,200 
September, 1914 ; 


2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


trees again received the mixed treatment, and from 22.29 to 22. 85% 
of the olives were infested. In 1911, the 550. trees were Seiaie as 
a check or control and 81.5% were infested. 


Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens Loew). 


While working on the control of the Mexican or Morelos 
orange worm, Betanzos (1) discovered the usefulness of a common 
poisonous Mexican herb (Haplophyton cimicidum). A decoction 
was made by boiling about two pounds of the herb cut fine in 
3 gallons of water. After the herb was thoroughly boiled, about 
2 pounds of sugar was added, and the whole was then strained 
and used as a spray. Rangel (1) obtained very satisfactory 
results from the use of this preparation in combatting the Mexican 
fruit fly. : 

Apple Maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh). 

O’Kane (16) used a mixture of arsenic, molasses and water 
to control the apple maggot in New Hampshire. He writes: 
“Through the co-operation of growers this plan of spraying was 
tried at several different points. In most the results were negative. 
It seems probable that in these instances the possible value of the 
treatment was obscured by the proximity of other infested trees 
not so treated. Also owing to the pressure of other work the 
grower was unable to apply the spray as often as would be needed 
in order to keep the poisoned sweet ready for the flies throughout 
their egg-laying season. In one instance, however, the treated 
tree stood alone, and this tree was given repeated sprayings as 
primarily planned. The variety was August Sweet, and the fruit 
had been worthless for years, This tree yielded this season prac- 
tically perfect fruit. 

“There is sufficient reason, therefore, for making further tests 
of this treatment next season. To this end certain trees or blocks 
of trees have been selected, and the proper conditions provided to 
insure definite tests next season.’ 

In 1911 experiments were conducted at the Maine Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station to control the apple maggot. Johannsen 
and Patch (8) write; ‘Our own experiments made this season upon 
two Talman sweet apple trees, using a spray of arsenate of lead 
and brown sugar in solution, gave discouraging results.” 

In 1912, Illingworth (6) published his results obtained with 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ' 311 


the poisoned bait spray to control the apple maggot in New York. 
-In 1911, he used the following “fly destroyer’ as given by Merck 
to control the apple maggot. 


Parts. 
NE RIMM es aos ico pa elds Cres Sat Tonateerurere 4 or 4pts. 
PRSRCMINETI ORWOTIA LO i cin oss okie Odie so ce bak a eee lor 11lb 
MINS SS OER ado wind >< pie vals Sajas wols's vay PUK So Oe 45 or 45 pts. 


Two applications of the bait were made on July 22 and 26, 
about a pint being sprayed to the lower branches of a 20-year-old 
apple tree. Ina table the author gives a daily record of windfalls 
from a treated tree and the number of larve which bored out of 
the fallen fruit. All the windfalls collected under the baited tree 
after August 15 to the end of the season were absolutely free from 
larve. From an untreated tree of the same variety in another 
orchard, 180 drops were gathered on August 23; from these apples 
larve emerged during September, while 115 drops of the same 
date from the treated tree failed to show a trace of a single maggot. 
The author concludes, ‘Hence it is quite evident that the flies 
deposited no eggs in the fruit of the sprayed tree after the applica- 
tion of July 26.”’ : 

In 1912, Illingworth used the following formula: 


nN ae oe oe OR ais Re bn ee 1 tb. or 25 1b. 
PAIBENSte OF LOAM) so. 250 3. co bide sce pulls ~aiue ne 3 0z. or 5b. 
WORE roe cil e's toh bela 'g 0 aad Soares EIT ctokew ct 4 gall. or 100 gall. 


Five applications of the spray were made. The author 
states, “‘In the spraying experiments during 1912 most gratifying 
results were obtained.’”” No mention is made of the number of 
trees treated and no data are given as to the per cent. of fruit 
infested of the treated and control trees. 

The author's observations indicate that the codling-moth 
spray of arsenate of lead alone may control the apple maggot if 
applied thoroughly to the fruit. 

‘Ross (17) tested two spray mixtures, one composed of arsenate 
of lead, glycerine and molasses, and the other Paris green, glycerine 
and molasses, but neither yielded satisfactory results in the control 
of the apple maggot in Ontario. : 


Cherry Fruit Flies (Rhagoletis cingulata Loew. and Rhagoletis 
fausta O. S.). 

In the season of 1912 Illingworth (7) adopted similar control 

measures. against the cherry fruit flies. The orchard was four 


312 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


rows wide and sixteen long, and had never been sprayed before. 
For several years the cherries in this orchard had been badly 
infested, and the previous year the fruit was not picked at all, due 
to the serious infestation of the pest. The following formula was 
used: : 


Molasses {ss SoS eek, Pods a NR eo 1 pt, “or 2 gall. 
Arsenate of leads. . S Fes53 So sins hc coecu ch ot hm 3 oz. or _5 
Water «Tere eaten ahd 0 Bll ca me tans ordeals 4 gall. or 100 ne 


Two applications of the bait were made on June 10 and 24. 
Eleven rows were sprayed and five rows were used as a check. 
The fruit of the unsprayed trees showed an infestation of fully 
one-third of the crop, while only one-sixth of 1% was wormy on 
the treated trees. The sprayed fruit showed also a noticeable 
lack of brown-rot and of curculio injury. 

-As in the case of the apple maggot, there is some evidence 
that arsenate of lead alone, without sweeting, may prove effective 
against the cherry fruit flies. ‘‘Fruit free from the pest resulted 
in one orchard from merely making two applications of the codling- 
moth strength (4-100) during the period when the flies were emerg- 
ing. Although this experiment is not very conclusive, since no 
checks were left, it indicates clearly the value of spraying cherries.”’ 


Currant or Gooseberry Fruit Fly (Epochra canadensis Loew) - 

Lovett (10) attempted to control the currant or gooseberry 
fruit fly with Mally’s formula (Table I, 1908) of the poisoned bait 
spray. No conclusive results were obtained, but the following 
brief summary of the season’s trials is given: 

1. The sweetened poison does attract the fly. 

2. Frequent rains during the period of experimentation made 
numerous applications necessary. 

3. “Granulated sugar is rather expensive; it crystallizes 
quickly and is not'so satisfactory as a cheaper brown sugar would 
ie pee: be.” 

. ‘The crop was injured one half in many localities, and in a 
few cases the fruit, due to the maggot’ s attack, was not worth 
gathering.”’ 


Imported Onion Fly (Pegomya cepetorum Meade). 


We have experimented with the poisoned bait spray to control : 
the imported onion fly under Wisconsin conditions. Sodium 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 313 


arsenite was used instead of arsenate of lead. Different quantities 
of a number of brands of arsenate of lead were used, but many 
onion flies were still alive at the end of a week, even though-the © 
bait was renewed daily. The following formula was used: 


Ne YS COPE TIRE See \% pt. 
Sodium arsenite.......... 4 OZ. (dissolved in boiling water). - 
WAUEE ac. 5 Gaia be okies 1 gall. 


The results obtained against the second brood of the pest 
were most encouraging in a somewhat isolated onion field. As the 
season’s work was started too late to test the effectiveness of the 
poisoned bait against the first brood of the pest, which is probably 
more difficult to combat on account of the frequent spring rains 
which wash off the spray, no definite conclusions can be drawn 
from the good showing that the spray has made against the second 
brood. 

REFERENCES. | 

1. Betanzos, D. J., 1905—Report of the Commissioner Ap- 
pointed to Investigate the Prevalence of Trypeta ludens in Mexico. 
Cal. State Hort. Comm., pp. 31-33. 

2. Chapelle, J., and Ruby, J., 1907-11.—La Lutte contre la 
Mouche de 1l’Olive. Resultats des Experiences Organisées en 
France en 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910 et en 1911 par le Service de 
l’Oleiculture. Extrait du Bulletin mensuel de |’Office de renseine- 
ments agricoles, decembre 1907 et aout 1908, pp. 1-19, janvier et 
decembre 1910, pp. 1-8 et 1-5, janvier 1912, pp.1-5. 

8. Chapelle, J., and Ruby, J., 1913.—La Lutte contre ‘la 
Mouche de I’Olive. Annee 1912. La Pétite Revue Agricole et 
Horticole, janvier pp. 2-3. 

4. Dreyer, T. F., 1907. Poisoned Bait for the Fruit Fly. 
Repr. Agric. Jour., Feb., No. 5, Cape of Good Hope, pp. 1-4. 

5. Fuller, C., 1909-10.—7th Rept. Gov. Ent., Dept. Agric. 
Natal, p. 26. 

6. Illingworth, J. F., 1912.—A Study of the Biology of the 
Apple Maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella)}, together with an Investiga- 
tion of Methods of Control. Cornell Univ. A Exp. Sta., Bull. 
324, pp. 163-171. 

7. Illingworth, J. F., 1912.—Cherry Fruit Flies and How to 
Control Them. Ibid., Bull. 325, pp. 199-202. 

8. Johannsen, Oni: and Patch, E. M., 1911.—Insect Notes 
for 1911. Maine Agric. Exp. Sta., Bull. 195, p. 238. 


‘314 THE pesetnneteiast iitpinin sence cote sobs 


9. Lounsbury, C., 1913. — Mally Fruit Fly Reniniiee A 
Demonstration of its Applicability in Towns. Repr. Agric. Jour. 
Union of South Africa, April, 1913. No. 25, pp. 1-7. 

10. Lovett, A. L., 19138. Biennial Crop Pest and Horticul- 
_ tural Report 1911— 1912. Oregon Agric. Coll Exp. Sta., pp. 135- 
136. 

11. Mally, C. W., 1904——The Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata 
Wied.)... Repr. Agric. Jour., Dec., No. 28, Cape of Good Hope, 
pp. 16-17. 

12. Mally, C. W., 1908—The Fruit Fly. Paraffin versus 
Poisoned Bait. Ibid., No. 18, pp. 1-5. 

13. Mally, C. W., 1909: Poisoned Bait for Fruit Fly. 
Ibid., No. 14, pp. 1-15. 

14. Malley, C. W., 1909.—The Mally Fruit Fly Remedy. 
Ibid., No. 49, pp. 1-6. 

15. Marsh, H. O., 1910.—Rept. Div. Ent. for 1910. Bd. edie. 
and Forestry, Hawaii., p. 155. 

16. O’Kane, W. C., 1910.—21ist and 22nd Repts. N. H. 
Agric. Exp. Sta., Bull. 151, p. 44. 

17. Ross, W. A., 19138.—48rd Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario. 
1912, p. 68. 


A NEW JULUS FROM CALIFORNIA. 
BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


Specimens of the new Julus here described have been received 
for identification from Assistant Secretary Leroy Childs, of the 
California. State Commission of Horticulture. Mr. Childs states 
that it is very common in the southern part of California and that 
it is reported as inflicting serious injury to. tender vegetables, 
such as young lettuce. The writer has taken it near Santa Barbara. 
The types are from Los Angeles. ' 


Julus hesperus, sp. nov. 


This species has the size and, to some extent, the general 
appearance of J. virgatus Wood, though it is less slender and lacks 
the conspicuous median dorsal black line so. characteristic of the 
latter species. 

The paler .individuals are brown, with the usual series et 
black spots along each «side. Specimens in full colour have the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 315 


Fic. 27.— Julus 
ccragsog male, 
left leg of first 
pair, mesovent- Fic. 28.— Julus hesberus, male, 
ral view. gonopods, cetal view. 


background typically darker brown or obscure chestnut, with the 
sides dusky or black, excepting the head and several anterior 
segments, which are usually light brown, as the last s2veral seg- 
ments may also be; the wide dark lateral bands embracing the 
rows of spots leave between them a narrow median dorsal light 
stripe. 

Head with sulcus across vertex sharply impressed, the sulcus 
terminating anteriorly in a broader, shallow transverse furrow on 
a level with the dorsal edges of the two eyes. Setigerous foveolz 
not evident. 

Antenne slender, clavate, a little shorter than width of body. 

Eyes distinct, subtriangular. Ocelli in types from 17 to 20 
in 5 or less commonly 4 series, e.g., 5, 5, 5, 3, 2; 5, 5, 4, 3, 1. 

First dorsal plate with lower caudal corner rounded or weakly 
obtusely angular on ventral side; striate below. Other segments 
striate above and below cephalad to suture; stria distinct, moder- 
ately spaced. Repugnatorial pore circular; tangent to suture, 
which is not at all angulate. 

Anal scutum obtusely angular, simple. Valves not at all or 
only very obscurely margined. Anal scale simple, with the caudal 
Margin convex. 

First legs in male small, strongly | bent or hamate, as shown in 
the accompanying figure. 

. Gonopods of male concealed. The two pairs widely divergent; 
anterior ones moderately short; those of the posterior pair con- 
tiguous, bilobate. . Flagellum very long (see figure 28). ‘ 
_ Segments in types 35 to 41. 
Length, 11—15 mm. 


‘316 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE 
GENUS CAPITONIUS BRULLE.* 


BY S. A. ROHWER, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


The North American species which are here placed in the 
genus Capitonius have been referred to a number of genera, as 
may be seen from the bibliography of the species which follows. 

Szepligeti (Gen. Insectorum, Braconidz) states that all our 
species belong to the genus Cenocoelius Westwood. According to — 
the type species, as indicated by Viereck, Bull. 83, U.S. Nat. 
Mus., Cenocoelius Westwood is founded on flavifrons, which is not 
-yet characterized, but Cenocoelius Marshall is synonymous with 
Capitonius. Capitonius having priority is used for our species. 
It may be possible by comparison with the type of Capitonius to 
differentiate the North American species into a different generic 
group, if certain Neotropical species are typical Capitonius of the 
Neotropical region, but sufficient material is not available for such 
study. From the material and notes available it is evident that 
the species of the genus Capitonius are parasitic on wood or bark 
boring Coleoptera, and from the notes it seems that they are all 
internal parasites pupating after destroying the host within a 
cocoon in the larval gallery. The following host relations seem to 
be thoroughly established for the North American species: 


Liopus alpha and Liopus fascicularis in sumach—Parasitized 
by Capitonius ashmeadii and Capitonius provancheri. 
Leptostylus (either macula or collaris) in Ghestnict--Pasaiiiend 
by Capitonius leptostyli. 
Lepturgus facetus in chestnut—Parasitized by Capitonius pro- 
vancheri.- 
Goes oculata in Oxydendrum arboreum—Parasitized by Capi- 
tonius nigrisoma. 
_ Micrasis in hickory—Parasitized by Capitonius provanchert. 
; Synoxylon in hickory—Probably parasitized’ by Capitonius 
carye. ae 
Saperda candida in elm—Parasitized by Capitonius saperde. 


*Contribution from the Branch of Forest Insects, Bureau of ee 
U.S, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.. 
September, 1914 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 317 


Table to the Species. 
Abdomen rufous; head and thorax black..... we Ply cee 1. 


Wedomen and thorax black: . .. . O72 Pe ee ee. 4, 
1. First tergite smooth, the embossed area only indicated 
Mem EOS LS aS SERS erythrogastra Rohwer. 
First tergite more or less striate and with a rather well-defined 
DED Gre Liltate ee ee RO Si OO eee 2 


2. Embossed area of the first tergite not wel defined; the striee on 
the first tergite not extending beyond the 


MNS NN lee Gc Fae he a Wd 6 My is os carye Rohwer. 
Embossed area of the first tergite defined by strong carine, 
which extend beyond the middle of the tergite...........3. 

3. Notauli not foveolate......:....... sanguiniventris Ashmead. 
‘ Notauli strongly foveolate............... saperde Ashmead. 
4. First tergite entirely without sculpture............0...... b.: 
First tergite usually strongly sculptured and always with some 
sculpture at the base. . ineaa : Se ee | 


5. Legs uniformly pale secs agp sialic Picieliiecs ‘if the 
anterior portion of the prescutum well defined, but without 
defining lateral carine.........0.00.0. leptostyli Rohwer. 

Legs black or piceous; the median depression on the prescutum 
broader and shallow and with well-defined lateral 
RNY Caio nok ts a Ag edly atieke nigrisoma Rohwer. 

6. Prescutum sculptured like the scutum; first tergite with strong 

carine basally, without other sculpture. .tenuicornis Rohwer. 
Prescutum more closely sculptured than the scutum; first 
RANE UGG oo Gide yl alate 34.5 ug ou he OE Ree Pa ee me és 

7. First tergite with strong carine, which reach the apex of the 
segment, but with no predominating median 
RECAST 2. ilate inte nuke Otel sIGL aw es ly 6 a eG ashmeadii. (D. T.) 

First tergite with the strie laterally which never reach the 
apex of the segment and with a predominating median stria 
or shining median area separating off a subembossed 
ROCR e tials SUT. Sie kte hese se Ss provancheri Rohwer. 


Capitonius erythrogastra, new species. 


Female.—Length 5 mm. Head broad as the thorax; posterior 
orbits broad; median-portion below the antennz with distinct 


318 ‘ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


punctures which are separated by about twice the width of a 
puncture; the clypeus, the sides, the front and occiput shining, 
impunctate or with very sparse, separated punctures; third an- 
tennal joint but little longer than the fourth; mesonotum shining, 
practically impunctate; notauli strongly foveolate; the suture 
between the scutum and scutellum with three. strong ruge; 
propodeum strongly reticulate, the dorsal surface with two narrow, 
transverse impressions; first tergite without sculpture. Black; 
head and thorax densely clothed with long white hair; legs rufous, 
the bases of the four anterior femora and the posterior tibie 
piceous; abdomen rufous; wings dusky hyaline, venation black. 


Morgantown, West Virginia. Described from two females 
(one type) collected by A. D. Hopkins, and recorded under W. Va. 
Agricultural Experiment Station Number Hopk. W. Va. 77900, 
and from one female (paratype) from Tryon, North Carolina, 
collected by W. F. Fiske, and recorded under Bureau of Entomo- 
logy Number Hopk. U.S. 1645c. 


Type—Cat. No. 18277, U.S. N. M. 


Capitonius caryz, new species. 

Female —Length 5.5 mm. Closely allied to erythrogastra, but 
may be distinguished from that species by the characters in the 
foregoing table, in having the propodeum rufous, the legs black 
except the rufous hind femora. 

Tryon, North Carolira. Described from two females recorded 
under Bureau of Entomology Number Hopk. U. S. 3654j, which 
refers to a note stating that this species is probably parasitic on 
Synoxylon in hickory, material collected and reared by W. F. Fiske. 

Type.—Cat. No. 18278, U.S. N. M. : 


Capitonius sanguiniventris (Ashmead). 


Promachus sanguiniventris Ashmead—Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, | 
Vol. II, p. 653. | 


Capitonius saperdz (Ashmead). 

Promachus siperde Ashmead—Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, Vol. 
II, p. 652. (A brief reference with a 
negative description.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 319 


Promachus saperde Riley manuscript. 
Riley—Ins. Life, Vol. III, 1890, p. 59. 


Braéon “iat Say—Long’s Exped. to St. Peter’s River, Vol. II, 
1824, p. 323. (The original description 
will apply to many species in a number of 
different subfamilies in the Braconidz.) 

- This species may be differentiated from the other species of 
the group by the foregoing table; the propodeum may or may not 
be rufous; the legs are entirely rufous. 

Type.—Cat. No. 18279, U.S. N. M. 


Capitonius rugosus (Provancher). 
Syngastre rugosus Provancher—Addit. Fauna Ent. Hym. Can Re 


1886, p. 122. 
Capitonius rugosus Provancher—Addit. Faun. Hym. Can., 1888, 
p. 378. 


From the original description this species belongs near 
sanguiniventris Ashmead and allies, but none of the species agree 
with the original description in having the second segment acicu- 
late. If this is true of Provancher’s species it is undoubtedly 
distinct. 


- Capitonius leptostyli, new species. 

Male.—Length 4 mm. Head fully as wide as the widest por- 
tion of the thorax, uniformly sparsely punctured, the posterior . 
orbits not as wide as the diameter of the eye; third antennal joint 
subequal in length with the fourth; prescutum with large, well- 
defined punctures; scutum polished, shining, with a few small 
widely-scattered punctures; notauli strongly foveolate; the suture 
between the scutum and scutellum with five strong ruge; scutellum 
sculptured like the scutum; propodeum strongly reticulate without 
any transverse areas dorsally; abdomen shining without sculpture; 
the embossed area of the first tergite defined at the extreme base 
-only. Black; head and thorax with long gray hair; palpi pale 
testaceous; scape and legs pale testaceous; wings hyaline, venation 
pale brown, costa and base of stigma light brown. . 

Tryon, North Carolina. Described from five males collected 
by W. F. Fiske, and recorded under Bureau of Entomology Num- 


320 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


—— 


bers Hopk. U. S. 30720 (type), 30727, 3028b, 1495h; also a para- 
type from Ballston (Veitch), Virginia, collected by T. E. Snyder, 
and recorded under Bureau of Entomology Number Hopk. U. S. 
_ 96880'!. The paratypes indicated with this species may have the 
head black, piceous or rufous. The notes for this species, made 
by W. F. Fiske, indicate that it is an internal parasite, which in 
the last stage becomes external, on Leptostylus in chestnut (either 
Leptostylus macula or Leptostylus collaris). The cocoons are made 
in the larval galleries of the host. 


Type.—Cat. No. 18280, U.S. N. M. 


Capitonius nigrisoma, new species. 


Female.—Length 6 mm. Head as broad as the widest portion 
of the thorax; the posterior orbits narrower than the shortest 
diameter of the eye; head immediately below the antennz with 
the punctures about a puncture width apart; remaining portion of 
the front with the punctures more widely separated; the posterior 
orbits and occiput with the punctures very widely separated; third 
antennal joint one-fifth longer than the fourth; prescutum shining 
with a few large, well-defined, separate punctures; notauli poorly 
foveolate; scutum with the punctures more widely separated than 
those of the prescutum; the suture between the scutum and 
scutellum with many strong rug; scutellum shining, impunctate; 
propodeum strongly reticulate; dorsal lateral part with reticula- 
_tions tending to transverse areas bounded by carine; tergites 
shining, without sculpture. Black; head below the antenne and 
thorax with long white hair; wings hyaline, venation dark brown. 


Male.—Length 5mm. Agrees well with the above descrip- 
tion of the female, except in having the head rufo-piceous. 


Tryon, North Carolina. Described from two females and one 
male, recorded under Bureau of Entomology. Number Hopk. U. S. 
36580 and c (type, allotype and paratype); paratypes under Hopk. 
U.S. 1552f. Material collected and reared by W. F. Fiske. The 
notes under 3658) state that specimens were reared from dead pine 
infested with Cerambycide and Buprestida. The notes under No. 
1552f state that this species is a parasite on Goes oculata in hickory. 


Type.—Cat. No. 18281, U. S. N. M. 


—— ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 321 


Capitonius tenuicornis, new species. 


Female——Length 4mm. Head hardiy as wide as the width 
of the thorax at the tegule, posterior orbits narrower than the 
shortest diameter of the eye; face shining with a few widely- 
separated punctures; posterior orbit and occiput shining, impunc- 
tate; third antennal joint slightly longer than the fourth; pre- 
scutum’ and scutum similarly punctured; the notauli strongly 
foveolate; the suture between the scutum and the scutellum with 
ten longitudinal ruge; scutellum sculptured like the scutum; 
propodeum reticulate, on the median basal dorsal portion one of 
the reticulations is larger and roughly diamond-shaped; first tergite ~ 
with an embossed area on the basal third, which is defined later- 
ally by strong carinz, otherwise without carine or sculpture. 
Black; antenne dark piceous; legs dark piceous, but becoming 
darker basally; head and thorax sparsely clothed with long gray 
hair; wings hyaline, venation pale brown. 

Fort George, Florida. Described from one female from the | 
Ashmead collection and with the Ashmeadian manuscript name, 
tenuicornis. 

Type.—Cat. No. 18282, U.S. N. M. 


Capitonius ashmeadii (Dalla Torre). 
Promachus rubriceps Ashmead—Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,Vol.II, 1888, 
* p.- 653 (nec Ratzeburg or Pro- 
vancher). 
Cenocoelius ashmeadii Dalla Torre—Cat. Hym., Vol. V, 1898, p. 72. 


Both males and females of this species are in the collections, 
and can be readily differentiated by the foregoing table. The 
species is a primary parasite of Liopus alpha and fascicularis in 
‘Sumach. 


Capitonius provancheri, new name. 


Addit. Faun. Ent. Hym. Canad. 
1886, p. 135 ‘nec Ratzeburg). 


This species is closely allied to ashmeadii, but from the speci- 
mens available can be readily distinguished from that species by 
the characters in the foregoing table. It, as well as ashmeadii, : 
varies in having the head rufous, rufo-piceous or black. Specimens 


322 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


of this species have been reared as primary parasites on either 
Neoclytus ery:hrocephalus or Agrilus egenus in locust, by A. D. 
Hopkins in West Virginia, data recorded under W. Va. Experiment 
Station Number Hopk. W. Va. 6040a; have been reared from the 
pupal cells of Liopus alpha in sumach at Tryon, North Carolina, 
by W. F. Fiske, data recorded under Bureau of Entomology 
Number Hopk. U.S. 1514¢; have been reared as an internal para- 
site of Lepturgus facetus in chestnut at Tryon, North Carolina, by 
W. F. Fiske, data recorded under Bureau of Entomology Number 


Hopk. U. S. 3012a; have been reared as a parasite on Micrasis | 


in hickory at Tryon, North Carolina, by W. F. Fiske, data 
recorded under Bureau of Entomology Number Hopk. U.S. 3192d. 


It has also been reared as a parasite of Liopus fascicularis in . 


sumach by Dimmock. 


THE DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS OF NEW JERSEY. 
BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. ]. 

Considering the fact that there are 10,385 species of insects 
listed as occurring in New Jersey, it is surprising how small a 
proportion of this number is destructive enough to warrant the 
application of insecticides. The following list, compiled from 
Smith’s ‘Insects of New Jersey,’”’ gives the number of species in 
each Order which occur in sufficient numbers to be considered 
destructive and against which measurés of control must be directed 
at various times. It is to be remembered, of course, that there 


are numerous other species which are classed as injurious, but these - 


do not occur in numbers large enough to make their presence felt, 
or they confine their attentions to unimportant plants and are 
therefore not included in the list. 


"bens of species,Number of species} Percentage of 
—listed —destructive. [species destructive. 
ERMOGIMTR ashe wa seek seein’ be Gee 3092 50 1.6% 
Remidovtete yok) cies whack 2120 58 2735 
BA VIOPBODUCEG 555. <5 erste sien ace Oe ee 1980 al, 0.4" 
MU MEGED 5 ine aio acd eas bee R bc Cees 1661 28 2.4% 
BAOIDROTO -1Ei Fees ees ck od te eed 504 8 1.65 
PIGOUROTR O56 5. pe te tn lhnee 479 28 5.8 ** 
CIPEONNG cc 5 St eek, EAS cee g 154 5 Epes 


Of the entire number of species in New Jersey 10,385, which 
includes all Orders, only 1.7 per cent. is really destructive. Of 
the entire number of species in the above seven Orders, 1.8 per 
cent. is destructive. As to the individual Orders, Homoptera has 

September, 1914 


oath a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2238 


the largest percentage and Hymenoptera the smallest. This is 
not strange, considering the fact that all species of the Homoptera 
are plant-feeders, while the Hymenoptera consists of both bene- 
ficial and injurious forms, with the beneficial ones largely in the 
majority. . 

The Orthoptera, with its 3.2 per cent of destructive species, 
also contains a large majority which feed upon vegetation. While 
most Lepidopterous larve feed upon foliage, yet the fact that 
many feed upon plants and trees not under cultivation by man, 
or occur in small numbers, brings the percentage down to 2.7. 

The Hemiptera are plant feeders, with numerous exceptions; 
predatory and injurious forms are abundant in the Coleoptera, 
while the Diptera contains predacious and beneficial species and 
feeders upon animal and vegetable tissues. In these three Orders 
the percentages of destructive species are nearly the same. 

While the number of species affecting one kind of plant is 
often large—for instance, Folsom gives 200 attacking Indian corn, 
400 the apple, and the oaks 1,000—yet it may be safely said that 
the insect losses in the State of New Jersey, running as they do 
well into the millions, are due to the pernicious activities of 186 
species, some of which are and any one of which may become 
notably abundant. , 


~SYNONYMICAL NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN 
SCIOMYZIDZ. 


J. R. MALLOCH, URBANA, ILLINOIS. * 


Sepedon macropus Walker 


This species is identical with S. nigriventris v. d. Wulp, so 
that the latter name must be dropped as a synonym. I have 
examined a number of specimens from Brownsville, Texas, and 
Tampico,. Mexico, which agree with the description given by 
Walker and that given by van der Wulp so closely that there is 
no reason to consider them as other than the same species. The 
specimens which I have examined are in the collection of the 
Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. The Brownsville 
specimens were collected by C. A. Hart. 


*Contribution from Illinois Laboratory of Natural History. 
September, 1914 


324 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Sciomyza apicata Loew. 


This species is a synonym of S. nigrimana Meigen. The 
specimens in the Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist. collection, from 
Algonquin, IIl., are in all particulars identical with this European 
species, which is well described by Schiner, Fauna Austriaca, Vol. II, 
p. 45. The species bears a close resemblance to glabricula Fallen, 
which has been recorded by Coquillett from Alaska, but the latter 
has short, narrow wings, and the fore tarsi are entirely black. 


Sciomyza strigata v. d. Wulp. 


This species is a synonym of S. trabeculata Loew. I have 
examined seven specimens in the above-mentioned collection from 
Tampico, Mexico, December 29, 1908. Van der Wulp obtained 
his specimens from Mexico City and Vera Cruz, while Loew ob- 
tained his from Texas. The species is close in general appearance 
to nana Fallen, differing noticeably in the wing markings. In 
nana the submarginal cell has only one transverse brown mark 
near the apex, while in trabeculaia there are five or six distinct 
fasciz in this cell. There is also in the latter species a small 
appendiculate vein, on the posterior surface of the fourth vein, 
at about the middle of the last section, which I have not seen in 
any specimen of nana. 


Tetanocera lineata Day. 


This species belongs to the genus Hidroneura Handel and is 
synonymous with H. rufa Panzer of the European fauna. Mem- 
bers of Hidroneura may be distinguished from other genera in 
Tetanocerine by their possession of the following characters: 
Antenne projecting straight forward, second joint not longer than 
third, the latter obtuse at apex and without apical hairs; arista 
thickened, bare; frontal and thoracic bristles comparatively weak; 
outer cross vein biangulate. 


I have before me three specimens belonging to this species 
from Algonquin, IIl., Nason, taken on July 20, October 3 and 16; 
one specimen, Urbana, Ill., May 27, 1889, taken at light, C. A. 
Hart, and one specimen, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, taken by sweep- 
ing along shore, west end, September 2, 1892, C. A. Hart. 


: 
©) a | le eel ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ‘B20 


A NEW MESEMBRINE FLY. 


BY FREDERICK KNAB, 
Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 


The closest allies of the fly here described generally have been 
included in the genus Mesembrina. In 1908 Townsend divided 
the old genus, dismembering it into. Mesembrina, Metamesembrina 
and Eumesembrina, with the following species as respective types: 
M. mystacea L., M. meridiana L., M. latreillei Rob.-Desv. (Smiths. 
Misc. Colls., vol. 51, p. 124). In 1911 Schnabl and Dziedzicki, 
without knowing Townsend’s work, separated M. mystacea and M. 
meridiana generically, proposing for the latter the generic name 
Neomesembrina (Die Anthomyiden. Nova Acta, Kais.-Leop.-Car. 
Deutsch. Akad. d. Naturf., vol. 95, p. 226). MM. meridiana having 
been already designated as the type of Mesembrina by Westwood 
in 1840, Metamesembrina Towns, and Neomesembrina Schnabl and 
Dziedz. fall as synonyms. Townsend, having discovered the error 
in nomenclature, in 1912 proposed the generic name Hypodermodes 
with M. mystacea as the type (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 14, p. 
46). The following new species is congeneric and closely related 
with Hypodermodes mystacea (L.) of Europe, and apparently still 
nearer the Asiatic H. decipiens of Loew (Beschr. europ. Dipt., 
vol. 2, p. 239; 1871). 


Hypodermodes solitaria, new species. 


Female.—Head black, the frons about one-third the width of 
the head; parafacials yellowish-silvery pruinose. Antennae black 
at base, the second joint ferruginous, the third deep brown, red- 
dish at base; thickened portion of arista ferruginous. Palpi 
ferruginous yellow, with numerous short black bristles and a few 
long ones interspersed. 


Mesonotum and scutellum clothed entirely with dull reddish 
- yellow pile, the discal macrochetz also yellowish, the peripheral 
ones black. Pleura black, the vestiture black, one specimen with 
some yellowish hairs below wing-base. Sternopleural bristles: 
1 - 0.1. 


Abdomen black, the proximal portion covered with short black 


pile, the last two segments above and beneath with long reddish 
September, 1914 


326 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


yellow pile, somewhat brighter coloured than that on the mesono- 


tum and scutellum. 


Legs entirely black; claws ferruginous on the thickened basal 
portion, black distally; pulvilli yellowish brown. 


Wings with the venation similar to H. mystacea, the apical cell 
at extreme tip of wing. Last section of the fourth vein very 
slightly less upward bent than in that species. * Basal portion of 
the wing to the tip of the subcostal vein and the base of the apical 
cell bright yellow, the veins in that portion ferruginous yellow; 
portion beyond light grey, clouded with brown in the costal region 
and along the veins, the veins themselves black. Tegulz yellow, 
with deep yellow margin and yellow ciliation. 


Length: Body about 14 mm., wing 12.5 mm. 


Two specimens: High River, Alberta (T. Baird) ; Glacier Park, 
Montana, June 28, 1912 (J. R. Parker). Type and paratype in 
the collections of the U. S. National Museum and the Montana 
Agricultural College. 


The specimen recorded by Prof. Hine from Lake Timagami, 
Ontario, under the name Mesembrina mystacea (Can. Ent., vol. 39, 
p- 98; 1907), evidently belongs to the species here characterized. 
The present form differs from mystacea particularly in the colora- 
tion of the thoracic vestiture and of the tegulz, that species having 
the vestiture on the posterior part of the mesonotum and on the 
scutellum black, and furthermore dark brown tegule with black 
ciliation. H. solitaria agrees much more closely with H,. decipiens. 
That species also has the mesonotum and scutellum clothed en- 
tirely with yellowish pile and the tegule yellow. In decipiens the 


last two abdominal segments are clothed with yellowish white pile | 


and the hairs on the cheeks are dirty white. The whitish abdominal 
hairs, as against their deep yellow colour in our form, can hardly be 
considered a specific character, since Loew (1. c.) has already 
pointed out that the colour of this pile is variable in H. mystacea; 
the difference in the colour of the cheek vestiture, being black in 
our species, must, however, be considered specific. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 327 


NOTES ON THE HYMENOPTERA TRICHOGRAMMA- 
TIDZA AND MYMARID£.* 
BY A. A. GIRAULT, NELSON, N. Q., AUSTRALIA. 
1. Trichogramma australicum Girault. 

Herr P. van der Goot of Pasoeroean, Java, sent mea large 
number of both sexes of this species labelled ‘‘ Pasoeroean, April 
25, 1913. Aus Chilo infuscatellus Eiern.’’ This is the first known 
host of the species, though in Queensland it attacks native Lepi- 
doptera. 

A female of this species was captured at Nelson, North Queens- 
land, by sweeping jungle, June 16, 1913 (A. P. Dodd). 

In another lot sent by Van der Goot, reared from the eggs 
of “ocler djagoén,”’ an unknown tortricid and dated ‘‘ Pasoeroean, 
2 May, 1913,” one of the males bore a single cilium in the cephalic 
line of the hind wings; no trace of this cephalic line could be found 
in any of the others. The colour in these two lots varied con- 
siderably. Thus in some specimens there were two broad bands 
of black across the abdomen, one at the tip, the other at base. 
In others the abdomen was wholly blackish, while in still others it 
was wholly jet black, the usual bright golden yellow of the thorax 
very dull and hardly contrasting. These variants were all females. 
2. Paranagrus optabilis Perkins. 

A single male of this species was included within the second 
lot of the Trichogramma australicum noted above. It is probably 
not from the Lepidopterous eggs. 

3. Trichogrammatoidea nana (Zehnter). 

Herr P. van der Goot also sent me a number of both sexes of 
this species labelled ‘‘Pasoeroean, April 25, 1913. Aus Diatrea 
striatalis Eiern.’’ All of these specimens were pale yellow, with a 
dusky black band across the base of the abdomen and the extreme 
tip of the abdomen dusky. ; 
4. Anagrus armatus (Ashmead). 

This cosmopolitan mymarid I have recently received from 
Van Dine in Porto Rico through the continued kindness of Dr. 
L. O. Howard. The two slides bore both sexes, labelled ‘‘208— 


*Contribution No. 14, Entomological Laboratory, Bureau of Sugar Exp. 
Stations, Bundaberg, Queensland. 
September, 1914 


328 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


1911. From egg clusters of Delphax saccharivora in cane leaves. 
Collected Dec. 19, 1911. Rio Piedras, Porto Rico. Thos. H. 


Jones.’ Both the locality and the host are new. Also a female, 


with the following new variety: 
5. Aphelinoidea semifuscipennis Girault, variety allipes nova. 


Female.—Like semifuscipennis, but the antennz and legs are 
pallid and the colour more yellowish; also the fore wings differ in 
details hard to describe, but the marginal cilia are finer and shorter 
and the discal cilia appear denser. 

Two slides from Van Dine through Dr. Howard bearing three 
females and one male, five females respectively, labelled “126— 
1912. From egg clusters of a leaf-hopper. Rio Piedras, Porto 
Rico. Collected Feb. 1, 1912. Thos. H. Jones.’’ The male did 
not differ from the female. Types (of allipes) in the U.S. National 
Museum, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. (Three females on the 
second slide; the one male and two remaining females practically 
destroyed.) 


6. Ufens niger (Ashmead). 


Two females from Van Dine mounted on a slide with the 
Oligosita following, labelled ‘‘335—-1912. From leaf-hopper eggs 
in cane, collected April 20, 1912. Rio Piedras, Porto Rico. Thos. 
H. Jones.’’ The species, heretofore, has been known only from 
the United States. It is associated with commercial crop plants. 
7. Oligosita comosipennis Girault. 


One female with the Ufens just noted. The species is con- 
nected with commercial crops, and thus is probably widely dis- 
tributed. The locality is totally new. 


8. Brachistella prima (Perkins). 


Two females on the slide with the preceding two species. 
This insect was recently described from Mexico, where it was 
reared from jassid eggs in sugar cane. The-spot from the stigmal 
vein in these specimens crosses to the caudal wing margin; the 
“irregularly smoky’’ of the basal part of the wing in the original 
description forms in these West Indian specimens a first or proximal 
band across the fore wing at the bend of the submarginal vein. 
The species is thus characterized by the two-banded fore wings. 
The specimens agree with the original description otherwise, 


* if, + 
sta a hr | lal A oe 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 329 


except that they bear three lines of discal cilia on the hind wing 
(visible distad, at least) and the accented part of the second or 
stigmal stripe of the fore wing is not on the stigmal vein, but just 
beneath (caudad of) it and is somewhat larger than it. There is 
no short oblique line of cilia back from the sessile stigmal vein. 
The discal ciliation is denser than with Abbella subfiava, while the 
fore wings are narrower than those of Brachistella acuminata. 


9. Brachistella Girault = Abdella Girault. 


When arranging the genera of the Trichogrammatide, I re- 
duced the value of the arrangement of the discal ciliation of the 
fore wing to a generic basis and upon this principle Brachistella 
‘was separated from Abdella. However, I am convinced in this 
‘case that the characteristic will not hold and that the two are 
identical. From ZJliys Girault, Abdella differs in bearing a short. 
‘sessile stigmal vein and a funicle which is shorter than the pedicel. 
Moreover, Abdella is much less robust. 


10. Trichogramma minutum (Riley). 


Dr. L. O. Howard sends me a microscopic mount with six 

specimens of this cosmopolitan species (three of each sex) bearing 
the label, ‘‘Reared from eggs of Diatrea saccharalis. F.W. Urich. 
Santa Lucrecia, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Ent. Ac. No. of D. L. Van 
Dine. 180—1913.”’ Locality new. 
Also two other slides labelled respectively, ‘‘ Parasites from 
egg clusters of Diatrea saccharalis. Audubon Park, New Orleans, 
La., Sep. 13, 1912. G.-E. Bodkin and T. E. Holloway,” bearing 
seven females; ‘‘ Parasites from eggs of Diatrea saccharalis. Donna, 
Texas, Oct. 1, 1912. T. E. Holloway,” bearing one male, three 
females. Both localities are new. 

All specimens in both of these lots were orange yellow, the 
abdomen two-banded, one broad stripe across the base and a 
narrow one across the apex; the male, however, bore a black 
abdomen nearly to tip, the latter yellow. 

A vial of alcohol bearing nineteen females, many coloured as 
those of the two preceding slides, but others with the abdomen 
wholly black; also received through Dr. Howard the specimens 
labelled ‘‘311—1913. March 28, 1913. J. R. Bovell, Bridge- 
town, Barbadoes, B. W. I.’’ The letter accompanying the speci- 


330 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


mens gave this data. ‘‘From G. N. Wolcott, I have received 
Porto Rico accession 3011—1913. Egg parasite of Diatrea sac- 
charalis Fabr.’”’ The number 3011 is doubtless a misprint for the 
number on the specimens, namely, 311. The locality is new. 

Another vial of alcohol bearing one male, twenty-three females 
and the label, ‘‘Reared from eggs of Diatrea saccharalis, Trinidad, 
B. W. I., November, 1912. F. W. Urich. Ac. No. of D. L. Van 
Dine 181—1913.”’ In several of these specimens the posterior line 
of discal cilia in the hind wings was quite complete and six cilia 
in the oblique line from the stigmal vein rather common. The 
abdomen was dusky, with a darker stripe across the base. 

A third vial bearing a large number of both sexes of minutum 
and these labels ‘‘Ac. No. of D. L. Van Dine 182—1913. Parasites 
bred from the egg-masses of Diatrea saccharalis. G. E. Bodkin, 
Georgetown, British Guiana, July 20, 1912.” In these specimens 
the abdomen was dusky or else concolorous. The locality new. 

And a fourth vial containing two males, twenty-six females, 
bearing the labels ‘‘Reared from eggs of Diatrea saccharalis. Ac. 
No. 172—1913. D. L. Van Dine. Porto Rico.’’ The exact 
locality was Guanica and the collector Mr. H. Bourne. The date 
March 4, 1913; parasites issued four days later. 

It is interesting to be able to record this parasite from the 
same host at the same time from such widely separated localities. 


~ 


FIELD NOTES AND QUESTIONS. 


Early Appearance of Pontia Rape. 

‘On February 24th, of this year, a freshly emerged specimen of 
the ‘imported white butterfly’’ flew into an open window of a 
house in this city. It was promptly captured, and turned out to 
be P. rape var. marginalis, which is the early spring form of rape 
in this district. This is the earliest record that we have in Victoria 
—the nearest to it being March 28, 1903, recorded by Mr. E. M. 
Anderson. Perhaps a few dates of the Lepidoptera that have 
appeared during March may be of interest to our Eastern collectors: 


X ylomiges candida, March 7th. 
X ylomiges hiemalis, March 17th. 


ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 331 


Xvlomiges simplex, March 18th. 
Graphiphora hibisci, March 14th. 
Mesoleuca gratulata, March 17th. 
Mesoleuca vasiliata, March 20th. 
Eupithecia limnata, March 20th. 
Nyctobia nigroangulata, March 20th. 
Rheumaptera rubrosuffusata, March 17th. 
_ Trichochlamys lacteata, March 10th. 
Incisalia mossi, March 17th and 20th. 
E. H. BLackmorg, Victoria, B.C. 


Gynandromorphous Lepidoptera. 

At a meeting of the Montreal Branch reference was made to 
certain specimens of Lepidoptera exhibiting the characters of both 
sexes in the one individual, and these, as well as the references at 
hand in North American literature, indicated that the right side 
was male and the left side female. The question was raised as to 
whether this was invariably the case or merely chance in the few 
on record. Mr. Gibb kindly offered to ask the members of the 
South London Ent. Society, and the following reply has been 
received :— 

‘“‘In answer to the question of the right side being always the 
male, it has often been so asserted; but I find that one gets it both 
ways, as the following list will show: 

RIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE 

Euchloe cardamines 
Lycena egon 
Lycena icarus 
Lycena icarus 
Lycena corydon 

3 Smerinthus populi 
Smerinthus populi 
Endromis versicolor 
Eugonia quercinaria 
Coremia ferrugata 

In the last four species (moths) the antennae show stronger 
sexual differences than the wings. . 

F. E. ADKIN, F. E.S., London, England.” 


(2 examples) > 


0 101010 9QA0QA0Q 
AAAAWWQAwA+w0 


332 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


The occurrence of Rhyncholophus sp. on Lebideblera, aiceaai at 
Kaslo, B.C. 


The occurrence of small ticks on the bodies of specimens of 
Lepidoptera has often been brought to my attention when ex- 
amining freshly captured specimens. 


I submitted some of the specimens to Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, 
who wrote me that they were a species of Rhyncholophus, a mite 
which attaches itself to insects upon which it feeds. All the 
family are predacious and wander over plants and soil in search of 
prey. 

My records of their occurrence during last spring show a wide 
_range of host; specimens were taken from the following list. The 
number after the name denotes the number taken from each 
specimen listed. Amongst the Noctuids I noted 

Teniocampa communis Dyar, 7. 

Teniocampa curtica, 2 

Hadena duiitans, 1. 

Pertdroma nigra, 3. 

And on the Geometers 

Mesoleuca intermediaia, 1. 

Cenocalpe magnoliata, 1. 

The extreme variation in the size of these mites ranged from 
1.4 mm., for the largest, to 0.4mm. for the smallest specimen. 


The colour in all cases was bright red, which is maintained in 
the specimens when mounted, provided that they are not sub- 
merged in ether too long, in which case the colour is either entirely 
lost in the smaller specimens or remains a dull orange. 

The usual point of attachment is in the fold between the 
thorax and abdomen under the wings, but in one case I found one 
attached to the median nervule on the underside of the primary. 


They are very resistant towards cyanide. Moths which had 
been placed in the killing bottle for over one hour were found to 
have mites attached, and these proved to be alive when examined 
the following morning. 


J. WM. Cocke, Kaslo, B.C. 


Mailed September 8th, 1914. 


; 
. 
: 


Can. EntT., Voi. XLVI. PLATE XXI. 


DR. WILLIAM SAUNDERS, C. M. G. 


| Che Ganactiay Entomologist. 


VoL. XLVI. - LONDON, OCTOBER, 1914 No. 10 


DR. WILLLAM SAUNDERS, C. M. G. 


On Sunday afternoon, September 13th, after an illness which 
had continued for nearly two years, and which for a twelve-month 
had rendered him mentally incapable, Dr. William Saunders passed 
to his rest at his home in London, Ontario, in the 79th year of his | 
age. He was born in Devonshire, England, and came to Canada 
with his parents when a boy of twelve. His educational advan- 
tages were meagre, but he succeeded in obtaining a technical 

training in Chemistry and set up in business as a retail druggist in 
London. His agreeable manners, thorough honesty and untiring 
industry brought him a fair measure of success. His love of 
nature led him to the collection of wild plants and insects which 
could be found in abundance in the neighbourhood, and he became 
an ardent ‘student of Botany and Entomology. Finding many 
medicinal plants readily obtainable, he began the preparation of 
fluid extracts, which were so pure and reliable that they soon be- 
came widely and favourably known among the medical profession, 
and led by degrees to the establishment of an extensive and lucra- 
_tive business both wholesale and retail. Years later, when he 
became Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion, the 
wholesale business was transferred to his eldest son, Mr. W. E. 
Saunders, by whom it is still successfully maintained, and the retail 
department to two of his younger sons, who, however, afterwards 
relinquished it for other pursuits. 


During the five-and-twenty years of his business life, Mr. 
Saunders found time for taking an active part in many other things. 
Besides his scientific work in Entomology and Botany, he took 
great interest in fruit-growing, establishing a farm of his own near 
the city, and becoming a zealous member of the Ontario Fruit 
Growers’ Association, of which he was a director for many years 
and President from 1882 to 1885. In connection with his profes- 
sional work he was appointed Professor of Materia Medica in the 
Western University, Public Analyst for Western Ontario, and 


334 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


President for two years of the Ontario College of Pharmacy, of 
which he was one of the founders. He was an active member of 
the American Pharmaceutical Society, and Fellow of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science. His attendance at 
the meetings of these Societies held from year to year in various 
cities of North America caused him to have a widely extended 
friendship with notable men of all kinds, by whom he was highly 
esteemed and respected. 

The writer’s acquaintance with Dr. Saunders began more than 
fifty years ago, when we were both young men, and soon ripened 
into a warm friendship, which has continued unbroken until now 
during all these years. [In those early days, when the study of 
Entomology was so difficult owing to the scarcity of books on the 
subject, we were in constant correspondence, helping each other in 
every way we could, and spending each summer some days together, 
comparing notes, studying specimens and making collecting ex- 
peditions. Many happy hours we spent together in early morning 
tramps to the ponds and woods about London, and in the evening, 
when his day’s business was over, in examining the captures we 
had made. At that time there were few in Canada who took the 
least interest in the objects which to us afforded the keenest pleasure, 
but as time went on we found here and there a congenial spirit, 
and were led on in 1862 to attempt the organization of an Entomo- 
logical Society. This was successfully accomplished during the 
following spring, and last year the completion of half a century's 
work and progress was celebrated by the Jubilee meeting at Guelph. 
An account of the proceedings on that occasion and the history of 
the formation and growth of the Society have been given in the 
- November (1913) number of the ‘Canadian Entomologist”’ and the 
44th Annual Report of the Society. In 1868 Mr. Saunders and 
the writer decided upon making another venture and began the 
publication of the ‘Canadian Entomologist,” to the first two num- 
bers of which we were the sole contributors. For five years the latter 
was the Editor, and was then succeeded by Mr. Saunders, who 
continued the management of the magazine until his removal to 
Ottawa in 1886. Three years previously there was published in 
Philadelphia his notable book,. ‘Insects Injurious to Fruits,” 
which is justly regarded as a classic by economic entomologists. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 335 


A second edition was issued in 1892, and the author had begun the 


preparation of a third, when his prolonged illness rendered him 
incapable of accomplishing any literary work. A list of his pub- 
lished articles, bulletins, reports, etc., fills six columns of the 
Bibliography in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 
for 1894, and a large number have been added since. In 1881 he 
had been appointed by the Governor-General of Canada,the Marquis 
of Lorne, one of the original Fellows of the Royal Society, and in . 
1906 he was elected President, having thus risen to the highest 
position of honour for scientific work that can be attained in this 
Dominion. Twenty years ago it was said of him by an American 
writer that “by painstaking study and observation he has risen 
to the topmost pinnacle of fame as an entomologist, horticulturist 
and experimental agriculturist.” 

A very important change took place in the life and work of 
Dr. Saunders in 1886, when he was appointed Director of the 
Experimental Farms of the Dominion, and left his home and busi- 
ness in London to reside in Ottawa. During the previous year, he 
was commissioned by the government to visit various Experiment 
Stations in the United States and to report upon agricultural and 
experimental work in Europe and America. {n this new sphere of 
labour he applied himself with his wonted vigour, and in the course 
of a few years was mainly instrumental in bringing these establish- 
ments into thorough working order and into a high standard of 
excellence. Anyone who saw the Ottawa Farm in the autumn of 
1886—a large tract of bare land, with workmen busily employed 
in levelling and removing stumps and boulders with dynamite— 
and then visited it ten or fifteen years later (as did the writer), 
could not fail to be impressed with the wonderful work acccmp- 
lished by the genius of Dr. Saunders in turning a waste into a 
scene of beauty and a hive of industry. Here have been carried on 
under his direction a great variety of experiments in breeding and 
feeding live stock, testing soils and water, growing fruit and orna- 
mental trees of all kinds, selecting hardy varieties, improving the 
size and quality of any fruits suited to the climate of the Western 
Provinces, beekeeping, experiments and observations in economic 
entomology, plant pathology, and various other matters pertaining 
to the welfare and’ benefit of the farming community. Especially 


336 ' THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


noteworthy was his work in crossing varieties of grain and producing 
new and improved kinds. One alone of these, the Marquis Wheat, 
is believed to have added millions of dollars to the value of the 
wheat products of the prairie country. All information thus 
acquired has been freely afforded to the farmers by distributions of 
seed, and bulletins and reports on all manner of subjects. 

The ever-growing work and its extension.in every Province of 
the Dominion began at length to tell upon the physical strength of 
the man who was the mainspring of it all. His vitality, owing to 
advancing years and the inroads of an insidious disease, began to 


fail, and he felt the time had come for his retirement. Accordingly 


he resigned about three years ago and went with his wife and 
daughter for a pleasure trip to Europe—his first real holiday since 
he went to Ottawa. His friends expected him to return with much 
improved health, but it was ordered otherwise; he became very ill 
in England and never entirely recovered. He had completed his 
life work, his duty was well done, and he has left the record of great 
deeds accomplished and of vast and widespread benefits conferred 
upon the people of the land. This account of a remarkable man 
would be incomplete without a reference to his beloved wife, who 
was a true helpmeet both in small things and in great, ever cheerful 
and encouraging, full of kindness and hospitality, perfectly un- 
assuming and free from all affectation, she is loved and esteemed 
by all who know her, and her children and friends rise up and call 
her blessed. To her in her desolation and to her family in their 
sense of loss our sympathies go out in the fullest measure. 

The ability and work of Dr. Saunders have been recognized 
in many gratifying ways. In 1905 he received the distinction of 
Companion of the Order“of St. Michael and St. George, conferred 
by his Majesty King Edward; honorary LL.D. from Queen’s Uni- 
versity in 1896 and from the University of Toronto in 1904; the 
Mantua gold medal for distinction in scientific knowledge. He 
was a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London and the 
Royal Microscopical Society; an honorary member of the Pharma- 
ceutical Society of Great Britain and of the Highland Agricultural 
Society of Scotland; and an ordinary member of a large number of 
Scientific Societies in the United States and Canada. 

C. J. S. BETHUNE. 


“cos” © 


‘ 
a 


= rake! 


ani 


et ts 


Can. Ent., VoL. XLVI. PLATE. XXII. 


HYDROPHILUS TRIANGULARIS Say. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 337 


NOTES ON HYDROPHILUS TRIANGULARIS SAY* 
; BY. ROBERT MATHESON, PH. D., ITHACA, N. Y. 


Although much study has been given to the European species 
piceus and much has been written of its life-history, anatomy and 
metamorphosis, scarcely anything has been published concerning 
the American species friangularis Say. Since the brief account given 
by H. Garman in the American Naturalist in 1881 I find but few 
references to this species in American literature. As this is one of 
our largest beetles, and is commonly met with in aquatic collect- 
ing, I hope this short account gathered from a brief study during 
the summer of 1912 may be of use to others working in this group. 


The beetles undoubtedly hibernate and egg-laying occurs early 
in June. Garman found the egg-cases about the first of June at 
Normal, Ill., and in one case the female was in the act of finishing 
her case. I found the completed egg-cases at Ithaca on June 
24 and 26. These egg-cases are peculiar and interesting struc- 
tures. Although Garman has given a good description of the 
nidus, it may be worth while to redescribe it, as his paper is now 
inaccessible to the average worker in entomology. 


_ The egg-case (pl. XXII, fig.2) is always attached to pieces of 
floating leaves, bits of weeds, etc., and never, as far as I know, to 
_ living plants. The case with the projecting horn-like mast floats 
gracefully on the surface of the water. The cases must be sought 
with considerable care, as they are not easily recognized among the 
floating debris. I have found them most commonly in shallow 
pools with abundant vegetation and rich in insect life (Pl. XXII, 
fig. 1.) The leaf to which it is usually attached serves as a float and 
aids in keeping the mast erect and above the surface of the water. 
The case is smooth, brownish in colour, the upper surface closely 
adhering to its support (Pl. XXII, fig. 2.) It measures about 22 

mm. wide, 24 mm. long and 15 mm. deep. The horn-like process is 
~ usually about 7-8 mm. long, and projects from the front of the 
case almost at right angles to the upper surface. It is dense, hard 
and almost black in colour, composed of closely-woven strands of 
silk. Below it expands into a broad hatchet-shaped plate, .as seen 
in figure 2. It is supposed that this horn, which is really a very 


*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University. 
October, 1914. 


338 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


small tube with dense walls, functions in the admission of air into 
the egg chamber. Whether this is so or not I couid not determine 
in the few experiments I performed. Below the broad expanded 
base of the spine is a narrow lunar-shaped opening (figs. 2 and 3). 
This allows the entrance of water beneath the egg-case proper, and 
through it the newly-hatched larve escape. This outer sheet of 
silk enveloping the egg-case is very thin and semi-transparent. 
‘Through it one can readily observe the young larve as they hatch 
and crawl into this space before venturing out into the open pond. 
The eggs form a disk-like mass suspended from the roof of 
the egg-case (Pl. XXII, fig. 3.) They are all arranged vertically, 
closely applied to each other and in a single layer. Above the 
eggs the roof is composed of a considerable thickness of rather 
loosely-woven silk, leaving comparatively large, open spaces. Each 
egg measures 4 mm. long and about 1 mm. in diameter, yellow in 
colour, and loosely wrapped in its own coat of silk. Although I 
have examined these egg-cases carefully, I have never found any 
water in the portion containing the eggs. It would seem as if the 
open spaces in the loosely-woven silk and connected with the horn- 
like process in front serve as a means of air supply for the de- 
veloping embryos. The number of eggs ina single case is very 
large, and it is not known how many egg-cases may be made by a 
single female. In the two egg-cases counted there were 112 and 
130 eggs, while Garman found 107 in the one counted by him. 
The young larve on hatching do not immediately leave the 
egg-case. On the evening of June 25th I saw quite a number of 
the newly-hatched fellows crawl out into the space below the eggs, 
but they did not venture further. Next morning this space was 
literally swarming with them, so crowded that they could not 
attack each other. Shortly after they began to emerge; slowly at 
first and then more rapidly. Soon the smalJl aquarium was a 
seething mass of wriggling savages. They nipped at each other 
fiercely, each shying off, but soon one got adeath-grip. The suc- 
cessful grip is directly back of the large head (fig. 29), for then the 
larva is helpless, and the other little savages soon close in and 
complete the killing. One is not much of a feast for over a 
hundred hungry chaps, and the first taste is only the beginning. 
After considerable manceuvring, another is seized and _ the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 339 


feast is again repeated. This would have continued, I pre- 
sume, till all but one were killed. To prevent it I placed in 
their midst a young tadpole which had just died. For a short 
time they seemed shy of it, such a feast was surely too good, 
but when they closed in it was with a rush. Soon there was 
nothing to be seen but a wriggling mass of fierce savages tearing 
and biting at every available spot. As one secured a tender 
morsel he would rush off with it, hoping to enjoy it in peace, but 
only to be attacked by his neighbour. This fighting and scrambling 
continued until the entire tadpole was devoured. Later in the 
evening of the same day I gave them a dead minnow, and next 
morning only the bones were left. In the meantime one would 
occasionally succumb to the attacks of his neighbours, and my 
stock was slowly decreasing in numbers. On June 28 I placed a 
living tadpole in the aquarium, and there followed a savage attack 
on it. The larve seized it by the tail, mouth, and eyes, and every 
available spot where a grip could be secured was tried time and 
time again. It was not long before they succeeded in overcoming 
the tadpole, and then followed a feast mingled with occasional 
cannibalistic attacks. For sometime after this I continued to feed 
them on tadpoles, and they seemed to thrive. 


On July 3rd one larva molted. This one was separated from 
the rest, and an attempt made to_rear it. The next day most of 
the other larve died on account of the extreme heat. The one that 
had molted continued to thrive on tadpoles, snails or other food 
which I gave it. It was interesting to see how readily it would 
remove a snail from its shell by means of its powerful mandibles. 
The flattened head made it easy to get under the shell, and the 
mandibles did the rest. On July 24 this larva entered the soil to 
pupate. It had evidently molted a second time, but I had failed 
to find the shed skin, or else it was eaten by the larva itself. It 
took a little over twenty-four hours to dig out a large pupal cell 
under a stone in the rearing-cage. Pupation occurred on July 26, 
and the pupa resting in its cell is shown in figure 4. The adult 
emerged on the 6th. The time of development is then as follows: 


June 25.—Young larve began emerging. 
July 3.—First molt occurred. 


340 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


July 13 (about).—Second molt: occurred a) (Supposed, not 
observed). 


July 24.—Entered the soil to pupate. 
July 26.—Pupa formed. 
Aug. 6.—Emergence of adult. 


Two other larve which I collected the same season pupated 
on July 15th and the adults emerged on the 25th. 


At the time of transformation of pupa to adult it is interest- 
ing to observe how long it requires for the beetle to acquire its 
normal black colour. At the time of transformation to adult the 
thorax, head and legs are bright reddish brown. The rest of the 
body is pure white. Gradually it becomes reddish brown, turning — 
to black. In about twenty-four hours after transformation the 
beetle is perfectly coloured and ready to emerge. 

Description of larva.—First stage (fig. 29). The young larva 
on leaving the egg-case is light brown in colour, later becoming 

dark velvety brown and measures 
over 8 mm. in length, from the tip of 
the abdomen to the tips of the ex- 
tended maxilla. The head is large, 
light brown in colour, somewhat de- 
pressed and prominent, the mouth- 
parts forming a very conspicuous 
feature. It measures, exclusive of 
FA OE er Younes larva the extended mouthparts, 2 mm. long 
by 2.25 mm. wide, and appears very 
large in proportion to the body, the thorax measuring less than 
1.5 mm. wide. The antenne are prominent, each consisting of 
three segments. The ocelli are six in number, placed in two 
parallel rows at the side of the head, directly behind and below 
the antenne. 

The body is densely clothed with dark hairs, giving the FSS 
a velvety appearance. Amongst the hairs may be found scattered 
brown sete. The seven abdominal spiracles are prominent. On 
the dorsal side of the last abdominal segment are openings leading 
to the large longitudinal tracheal trunks which supply air to all 
parts of the body. This pair of spiracles, with the two pairs on 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 341 


the thorax, make in all ten pairs. I have not attempted to deter- 
mine whether the lateral spiracles are closed or not. 

Arising from the under side of the last segment is a pair of 
light coloured cerci, cylindrical, soft and flexible, measuring .9 mm. 
in length. The function of these cerci is not known, unless they 
serve to aid the larva in maintaining itself on the surface film when 
it requires a fresh-supply of air. 

The legs are long, of the same colour as the head, and well 
fitted for walking or running. The femora of all three pairs of 
legs. are also provided with swimming fringes: The larvae, how- 
ever, are not very capable swimmers, only swimming short dis- 
tances between supports. 

The mature larva.—(Fig. 30.) The larva ready to pupate 
measures 40 mm. (19/16 ins.) long and about 9 mm. wide at its 
widest part. It is 
dark brown in col- 
our, the head be- 
ing reddish brown. 
The under surface 
of the body is al- 
most a_ grayish 
brown. The legs 
are the same col- 
our as the head. 
Extending from 
the anterior mar- 
gin of the thorax 
on each side of the median line to the tip of the abdomen is an 
irregular narrow grayish brown line. These lines stand out 
prominently in alcoholic’ specimens. 

The head is large, depressed, reddish brown in. colour with 
numerous darker markings. It is not out of proportion to the rest of 
the body, as in the case of the young larva (compare figs. 29 and 30). 
The antenne are located on the upper side of the head, 4-jointed, 
Ist joint, 3.25 mm.; 2nd, .24 mm.; 3rd, .64 mm.; 4th, .64 mm. 
(Figure 31). An antennal sclerite is present and well differentiated. 
Each eye consists of six ocelli, situated behind and below the an- 
tennz in two parallel rows of three each. 


Fig. 30.—H. triangularis, mature larva. 


342 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


— -_ — 


The mouthparts are well developed and prominent. The 
suture between the labrum and clypeus is very indistinct or lack- 
ing. The clypeus-labrum is black, broadly emarginate in front. 
The mandibles are large and powerful. The right is.more slender, 
longer and more strongly curved with a large tooth on its cutting 
edge. The left is shorter and thicker, and lacks the large tooth, 
though a slight elevation marks the position (fig. 31). 

A maxilla is shown in figure 31. The maxilla stand out 
prominently, particularly in the young larva. The cardo is 


Fig. 31.—(From left to right.) Antenna, right mandible, labium, left mandible, maxilla. 


greatly elongated, the lacinia being reduced to a mere joint. The 
palpus is 3-jointed. 

The pupa.—The pupa at time of transformation is pure white 
in colour, the eyes soon becoming dark, while the prothorax soon 
takes on a reddish-brown tinge. It measures, including the cerci, 
24 mm. long by 14.5 mm. wide at its broadest part. The pupa 
rests in its chamber, as shown in figure 4, and is quite active 
when disturbed or exposed:to thelight, turning over or changing 
its position by sudden muscular contractions of the abdomen, 
The tender pupa does not come in contact with the soil, but rests 
on large, strong spines. (Pl. XXII, fig. 4). 

The head lies incurved under the prothorax, and is not visible 
in a dorsal view. It is perfectly smooth, lacking spines or sete. 


ad 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 34: 


The anterior margin of the pronotum at each side bears three long, 
backward-curving spines. Near the posterior margin there is a row 
of eight shorter spines. There are also several very short spines 
on the disk. On the dorsum of both the second and third thoracic 
segments is a pair of spines. The dorsal side of each of the first seven 
abdominal segments bears a transverse row of four spines (PI. XXII, 
fig. 4). The spines of the outer row are much longer and dark 
brown at the tips. The ninth segment terminates in a pair of long, 
_large cerci nearly 3:5 mm. long. In the pupal chamber the pupa 
~ normally rests venter downward, resting on the large curving spines 
of the pronotum and the cerci. Ona turning over it rests on the 
dorsal spines of the abdomen and thorax, so that the tender pupa 
is never brought directly in contact with the soil. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW TABANIDA:, WITH 
REMARKS UPON CHRYSOPS CURSIM. 
BY C. P. WHITNEY, MILFORD, N. H. 
. Tabanus birdiei, n. sp. 

Female—Length 14-17 mm. _ Face white, densely covered 
with white hairs. Palpi yellow, slender, sparsely clothed with 
short hairs, extreme tip infuscated. Antennz: two basal joints 
and base of third reddish yellow. Upper extremity of first joint 
' black and covered with short black hairs. Third joint with upper 
angle rectangular or even obtuse, the joint beyond angle black. 
Eyes naked, purple with two green bands. Front wide, parallel, 
reddish brown, densely covered by white pollen and scattered 
erect black hairs. Callus prominent, shining brown, nearly square 
with a short, stout, tapering prolongation above. Thoracic dorsum 
brown with strongly marked white lines. Abdomen brown and 
white, the latter predominating. and occupying the posterior 
margins of the segments, expanding into three rows of triangular 
spots. Venter yellowish, covered with white pollen. Legs tawny, 
tips of tibiz and tarsi infuscated. Wings hyaline, large distinct 
clouds on cross-veins, divarication of third vein and at extrc mity 
of anal cell. First posterior cell somewhat coarctate. 

Nine females, March and April, West Palm Beach, Fla. 
Named in remembrance of a young friend to whose kind assistance 


I am indebted for many fine specimens of Tabanide. 
October, 1914. 


344 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST > 


In ‘Insects of Florida,’ recently published by Prof. C. W. 
Johnson, two of the above-described specimens captured in 1912 
are mentioned as cymatophorus O. S. from which birdiei differs 
by its smaller size, clearer wings, wider front, nearly square callus, 
and shape of third antennal joint. 


Tabanus  milleri, n. sp. 

Female—Length 814%-10 mm. Palpi white, with a slight 
yellowish tinge. Face covered by long white hairs. Antenne - 
fulvous, upper angle of third joint obtuse, annuli hardly infuscated. 
Front coarctate, dark yellow, sometimes almost black; no ocellar 
tubercle. Callus. nearly black, rectangular, a line above. 
Eyes naked, dark green with a purple reflection and one distinct 
very dark purple band. 
Thorax brown, with the usual lighter stripes. Abdomen 
black, segment margins yellowish -white, expanding into three 
rows of spots, the medial row consisting mostly of white hairs, 
_ the lateral spots frequently fulvous, oblique and extending out- 
ward basally. Venter fuscous, margins white. Legs pale yellow, 
distal half of front tibia and tarsi black, the other legs less in- 
fuscated. Wings hyaline, stigma pale yellow, first posterior cell 
broadly open. 

Dedicated to two young friends whose kindly services fur- 
nished me a large number of desirable Tabani. 

A comparison of twenty mille?i captured in Florida, at Mianii, 
St. Augustine and St. Petersburg, with a great number of sparus, 
taken in New Hampshire, affords no constant separating character 
except the invariably well-defined eye band in this new species. 
Sparus has no band, only a purple reflection. Pumilus has two 
-bands, also other distinct differences. 

Tabanus beatificus, n. sp. 


Female—Length 15 mm. Antenne black, third jolie reddish 
at base, upper angle rectangular. Face, cheeks and palpi black. 
Front black, shining, callus transvérse, protuberant. Connected 
above is a roundish convex spot extending across the front and 
nearly surrounded by light gray pollen. Vertex notched. Eyes 
naked, purple with three green bands. Thorax black, the gray 
lines scarcely perceptible. Abdomen black, densely covered with 


ae | a Se 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : 34) 


appressed black hairs, except that laterally on the first three seg- 
ments the hairs are white, forming broad, continuous grayish 


_ stripes of equal width with the median interspace. The fourth 


segment has traces of these stripes in narrow lateral and posterior 
fringes. Venter and legs very dark brown. Wings dark fuli- 
ginous, first posterior cell slightly coarctate. 

One specimen received with other Florida Tabani from Rev. 
Geo. D. Hulst. 

Chrysops ultimus, n. sp. 

Female—Length 64% mm. Face yellow, callosities and palpi 
black. Anténne slender, reddish at base, becoming black apically. 
Frent yellowish pollinose, callosity and ocellar region black. 
Thorax black, with two greenish median stripes, a bright yellow 
one just above the wings and two below. Scutellum, abdomen 
and venter black; an obsolete median dorsal stripe. Legs yellow; 
joints, distal half of tibia and tarsi infuscated. Wings: root, 
costal eell, cross-band and apical spot black. First basal cell 
completely infuscated, second hyaline. The cross-band is convex 
outwardly, almost reaching the divarication of the third vein and 
fills the fourth posterior cell. The fifth is semi-infuscate. The 
apical spot fills the second sub-marginal cell, except a dot at base, 
and crosses the first posterior. The hyaline triangle is very nar- 
row, but crosses brokenly the marginal cell to the costa. 

Taken at West Palm Beach, Florida, April 18th. 


Chrysops cursim. 

This species was described in the “Can. Ent.’ for 1879, Vol. 
II, Page 36. 

In ‘‘ Kansas Acad. of Science,’’ Vol. X (1885-6) Prof. Williston, 
never having seen the species, remarks, ‘‘I do not see wherein 
this species differs from C. pudicus O. S.’’. Presumably upon that 
authority cursim is placed in the ‘‘Tabanide of the World” as a 
synonym of pudicus. 1 

Although no topotypes of cursim have been taken, the species 
has been found in several localities in New Jersey and Penn., and 
recognized, notably by Mr. Erich Daecke, who states he has never 


. found intergrades of the two species. A specimen now in the 


collection of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist. was captured by Prof. 
A. P. Morse at West Peabody, Mass., July 13, 1911. 


346 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In comparison, pudicus may be said to have a black abdomen 
with yellow markings and cursim a yellow abdomen with black 
markings. The wing picture of cursim is as irregular as that of 
delicatulus and lighter coloured, while that of pudicus is dark and 
well defined. 


THREE NEW SPECIES OF ODONATA.* 
BY HORTENSE BUTLER, ITHACA, N. Y. 

This paper contains the descriptions of three new species of 
dragonflies which were found while working over the material in 
the Cornell University collection, in the course of the preparation 
of a handbook of North American dragonflies. 

Ophiogomphus sequoiarum, pn. sp. 
. Total length o, 49 mm.; abdomen 34 mm.; hind wing 29 mm. 
Total length 2 , 51 mm.; abdomen 34 mm.; 
hind wing 29 mm. 
eB Face and occiput yellowish green, vertex 
dark brown, with paler transverse oval 
spot. Prothorax brown, with double 
median yellow spot on dorsum. Thorax 
ka A. olive green; on the dorsum a moderate 
stripe of dark brown, contracted on the 
collar; humeral and antehumeral stripes of 
dark brown, confluent above, with a narrow 
dividing line of olive green. Sides of 
thorax olive green, with a very narrow 
brown line on the last suture. Abdomen 
brownish, with hastate yellowish spots on 
7 E dorsum of segments 1-9; dorsum of seg- 
ment 10 more broadly yellow; sides of 
segments 1 and 2 inferiorly yellow, in- 
cluding the auricles; 8 and 9 also yellowish, 
excepting extreme mergin-of 8 apically. 
ch. Legs dark brown, basal three-fourths of 
: femora yellowish and studded with short, 
ee dark spines. Appendages yellowish (figs. 


-f—Nehalennia carlotta. : ; ee 
<-}—Gonghas abaiees aandb). Wings hyaline, costa indistinctly - 
October, 1914, paler, stigma black. 


*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 347 


Female much like male, dorsum of the abdomen more 
broadly yellowish. 

Male holotype, Three Rivers, Giant Forest, Tulare Co., Calif. 
800-6500 ft., 16th July, 1907; collected by Dr. J. C. Bradley; now 
in the Cornell University collection. Female allotype from Sonoma 
Co., Calif., and a male paratype from the same place, both in the 
Cornell University collection. There are also paratypes of both 
sexes in the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. 


Nehalenuia carlotta, n. sp. 


Total length o, 24 mm., abdomen 19 mm., hind wing 14 mm. 
Total length 2, 28 mm., abdomen 21 mm., hind wing 17 mm. 

Face pale with a narrow transverse brown stripe on the base 
of the labrum, and a similar broader stripe on the clypeus; vertex 
and occiput metallic bluish green, rear of occiput yellow. Dorsum 
of prothorax and thorax metallic bluish green, pale beneath, 
sutures and carine brown. Abdomen metallic bluish green on 
dorsum, pale beneath. The metallic green is abbreviated and 
bilobed on segment 8, and reduced to paired triangular basal spots 
on 9 and 10. Legs pale, dark line exteriorly on femora and tibiz. 
Appendages (figs. e and f) light brown. Wings hyaline, stigma 
light yellowish, .5 mm. long, surmounting one cell. Colouring of 
female similar, but somewhat paler, the metallic bluish green on 
the terminal segments is less abbreviated. 

Male holotype, female allotype, and several paratypes of both 
sexes, Saranac Inn, N. Y., July, 1900, collected by Dr. J. G. Need- 
ham; in the Cornell University collection. 

This is the species referred to in Bulletin 68 of the New York 
State Museum, pp. 218, 249 and 250, as Nehalennia gracilis. A 
closer examination of the material and a comparison with the 
figures in Dr. Calvert's recent papers on the species of Nehalennia 
(Ent. News, Vol. XXIV, pp. 310-316, 373-374) prove this to be a 
new species. 

Gomphus abditus, n. sp. 

Total length &, 47 mm.; abdomen 33 mm.; hind wing 29, 
Total length 2, 49 mm.; abdomen 36 mm.; hind wing 32 mm. 

Face, occiput and vertex yellow, labrum narrowly bordered 
with brown, clypeus and middle portion of frons obscurely washed 
with brown. Prothorax brown with an irregular yellow median 


348 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


line on dorsum. Thorax brown, marked with yellow as follows; 
A narrow line on the carina, extended. laterally and dilated on the 
collar; a pair of dorsal stripes rounded above, more pointed at 
their divergent lower ends; a narrow isolated curved antehumeral 
stripe and a broad mid-lateral stripe, invaded by a narrow strip 
of brown extending upward before the stigma; yellow underneath. 
Abdomen dark brown, with hastate yellow basal spots on dorsum 
of segments 1-9. Segment 10 light brown, without markings. 
Sides of segments 1 and 2 wholly yellow, including the auricles; 
8 and 9 also yellow, excepting the apical margins. Legs dark 
brown, paler basally; basal three-fourths of femora yellowish. 
Appendages (figs. g and h) light brown. Wings hyaline, extreme 


base indistinctly yellowish; stigma yellowish with brown veins, 
3.5 mm. long. ; 


Female similar in colouring; brown markings on the thorax 
broader; hind margin of occiput nearly straight, entirely hairy. 
On the male it is bare, except at the ends. 


Male holotype, Chicopee, Mass., 20th June; female allotype of 
same place and date; both in the Cornell University Collection. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO— 
ANNUAL MEETING. 


The Fifty-first Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society 
of Ontario will be held at Toronto on Thursday and Friday, 
Noy. 5 and 6. 


There will be a meeting of the Council on Thursday, at 11 
a.m., in the University Biological Building, and at 2 p.m. the 
regular meetings will commence in the lecture-room of the Cana- 
dian Institute, 128 College St. A lantern will be available for 
those who wish to illustrate their papers with slides. 


The Society is fortunate in having obtained the services of 
Prof. J. H. Comstock, of Cornell University, to deliver the public 
lecture, which will be given on Thursday evening in the Biological 
Building. His subject will be “The Habits of Spiders,” and will be 
illustrated by lantern slides from Prof. Comstock’s own photographs. 


‘a 


‘he 
Runa ae) 


\s oe ee ee ae ee ee ee ee 
* ye ‘ “ty ‘ u 2 . « gs 


i 
— 
— 
‘6 
a 
i 
& 
< 
xm) 
Ay 


‘ 


ey aes tha , 


NYMPHS OF CANADIAN ODONATA. 


Can. Ent., Vor. XLVI. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 349 


NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN NYMPHS OF CANADIAN 
ODONATA. 


BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO, ONT. 
Lestes unguiculatus Hagen. 


Owing to the lack of eateria this species was very imperfect- 
ly described in my recent paper™ on the nymphs of Lestes and was 
not included in the key. Since then I have reared a female imago 
from a nymph found in an artificial pond close to my house in 
Wychwood Park, Toronto. I also found another female exuvia. 
Adults of both sexes were common here and were the only species 
of Lestes present. The reared specimen emerged on July 12, at 
about 7.30 a.m.» 


In general appearance the nymph is quite similar to that of 
rectangularis with which it agrees closely in the form and size of 


the mentum of the labium and the ovipositor. In my key it runs 


to rectangularis and the following alterations may be made in the 
key to include both species. 


DD. Mentum of labium 3.7-4.2 mm. long, rarely reaching beyond 
middle of hind coxze; ovipositor just reaching apical margin 
of segment 10. 

F. Inner part of lateral lobes of labium about three 
times as long as their middle breadth, the marginal 
teeth about as broad as long, truncated; teeth of 
middle lobe broader than long, rounded; mental 
Wet OT. tas he a ge unguiculatus. 

FF. Inner part of lateral lobes of labium about four times 
as long as their middle breadth, the marginal teeth 
longer than broad, more or less apically rounded ; 
teeth of middle lobe about as long as their basal 
breadth; mental setae normally five. .rectangularis. 


Nymph.—Labium, when closely applied to ventral surface, 
extending caudad not quite to the base of the hind coxe. The 
slender proximal part of the mentum is about 1.5 times as long as 
the expanded distal part and just before the latter it is narrowed 
to about one-sixth of the distal breadth, widening proximad to 


*Can. Ent., XLVI, No. 6, p. 194. 
October, 1914. 


350 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


about twice this breadth. Inner part of lateral lobes about three 
times as long as their middle breadth, the marginal teeth and those 
of the middle lobe somewhat shorter than in other species, except 
congener, the minute sete alternating with the latter teeth stout 
and square-tipped (Pl. XXIII, fig. 1). Row of teeth between the 
two hooks of the outer part as in rectangularis, disfunctus,, etc. 
Mental setz 6 or 7: lateral sete 3. 


_ Lateral spines on abdominal segments 5-9; 8-13 spinules on 
lateral. carine of segment 9. The ovipositor in the reared 
specimen reaches very slightly beyond the apical margin of — 
segment 10, in the other it just reaches the margin. It is quite 
similar to that of rectangularis. 


Gills broadest at about the proximal third, tapering gradually 
to the slender convexo-acute apices, the breadth at the distal third 
about two-thirds of that at the proximal third. Transverse bands 
rather faint in the two specimens examined but probably variable. 


The colour pattern is not distinct in the exuvie. 


Length of body (without gills) 19.5-20; labium 3.9-4.2; outer- 
wing-pad 5.3; hind femur 5; gill 9-5; ovipositor 2. 


Enallagma hageni (Walsh). 


The nymph of this species has been described by Needham 
(Bull. 68, N.Y. State Mus., p. 254, 1903) but the description is 
insufficient for the recognition of the species. I have taken the 
nymphs in large numbers in several localities and have frequently 
bred them. They are readily known.in the field (except:from 
E. ebrium) by the spotted gills. 


Nymph.—Eyes not very prominent (vide Can. Ent., XLV, No- 
6, pl. 1, fig. 6); postero-lateral margins of head moderately convex 
with a few spinules, the the curve of the postero-median excavation 
somewhat broader and more flattened. Second antennal joint 
3-3.5 times as long as thick. Labium with 3 mental seta (occa- 
sionally a rudimentary fourth) .and 5 or 6 lateral seta; distal 


- margin of lateral lobes with 6 or 7 teeth, the posterior (inner) 


three larger than the others which are minute and ill-defined. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 351 


Spinules on lateral margins of abdominal segments 2-8 increas- 
ing considerably in size from the base of each segment to the 
postero-lateral angles, when they form 
an irregular group, (fig. 32). Lateral 
appendages of male (pl. XXIII, figs. 6, 7) y 
in profile subtriangular; viewed dorso- 
ventrally they appear broader than long, 
their free margins broadly convexly 
curved; upper surface slightly sulcate. 5} 

Gills (pl. XXIII, fig. 8) oblanceolate, # b S d 


; ce . : Fig. 32.—Spinules on right margin 
_ broadest .at the distal third, apices (fo 7 RPG) °C resolutum. tb) 


rounded or convexo-acute; middle gill © #7rawm {0 F hagent 
about three times, lateral gills four 

times, as long as broad. About two-fifths to one-half of the 
upper margin of the median gill and about six-elevenths of the 
lower margins of the lateral gills are spinulose, the spinules being 
very minute at base but gradually enlarging to the end of the 
series where they abruptly terminate. Distally the margins are 
‘sparsely fringed with very short delicate seta. The pigmentation 
consists of 10 or 12 irregular areas in which the tracheal branches 
are pigmented, separated by unpigmented areas, giving the gills a 
spotted or blotched appearance to the naked eye. Sometimes 
there is some diffuse pigmentation along the median axis. 

On the dorsum of the abdomen is a pale median line, on each 
side of which is a more or less diffusely pigmented area, which 
sometimes forms a definite stripe. Legs more or less spotted, the 
femora having an anteapical and sometimes a basal dusky annulus, 
the tibiae also with a sub-basal annulus. There is also sometimes 
a dark lateral band on the thorax and abdomen. 

Ovipositor reaching caudad well beyond the postero-ventral 
margin of segment 10; it is slightly surpassed by the sharp-pointed 
valves which reach the middle of the segment. 

Length of body (without gills) 14-18; outer wing-pad 3.6-4.3; 
gills 4.5-7; hind femur 2.8-3.4. 

Enallagma ebrium (Hagen). 

Among a number of nymphs of £. hageni, obtained at Toronto 
Island, was a single male of E. ebrium, which emerged in the 
morning of June 4, 1914. This was the first individual to emerge 


352 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


from this lot of nymphs and I naturally supposed that the others 
were also of this species as they appeared to be all alike. But not 
another ebrium emerged, all were hageni, and on returning a few 
weeks later to the spot where the nymphs were taken it was found 
to be swarming with Enallagmas, all of which, as far as I was able 
to determine, were hagent. 

The nymph of ebrium appears to differ from that of hageni 
only in the form of the lateral appendages of the male (pl. XXII, 
figs. 4,5). The shape of the head, parts of the labium, gills, etc., 
are all precisely as in hageni. In the single exuvia I have there 
are three mental sete and a rudimentary fourth and six lateral 
setee on each side; the distal margin of the lateral lobes of the 
labium bears three teeth of medium s size, preceded by 3 or 4 peat 
minute crenulations. 

The lateral appendages seen in sah are bluntly rounded 
and about as deep as long; seen from above they appear much 
narrower than in hagent, especially distally, and the supero-internal 
surface is distinctly though shallowly and obliquely sulcate. 

7 Length of body (without gills) 14.5; outer wing-pad 4.5; gills 
6.8; hind femur 3.6. 
-Enallagma geminatum Kellicott. 


I have bred a single female of this species, the nymph of 
which was taken in Grenadier Pond, Toronto, and transformed on 
July 2, 1914. In form it resembles the preceding two species but 
differs in the slenderer, unspotted gills and the less conspicuous 
spinules of the lateral. margins of the abdominal segments which 
form a single series terminating in a pair at the postero-lateral 
angles. (Fig. 32, b.) In this respect it approaches Coenagrion 
resolutum. 

The ovipositor is relatively longer than in EF. hageni, nearly 
reaching the postero-ventral margin of segment 10, the apices of 
the valves just reaching this margin. 


Labium with 3 mental sete on each side and an additional 
rudiment on one side (4, occasionally 3, according to Needham); 
lateral sete 5. Distal margin of lateral lobes with 3 rather large 
teeth preceded by a very short and indistinctly denticulated 
margin. 


PTT eae 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 353 


Lateral gills (pl. XXIII, fig. 9) slender, about six times as long 
as the greatest breadth, which is at about the distai third; apices 
acute. About six-elevenths of the upper margin is spinulose.. 
Distad of this the margins are almost devoid of seta. Pigmenta- 
tion confined to.the tracheal branches, scattered but not grouped to 
form blotches. The median gill is absent in the single exuvia I 
possess. 

Length of body (without gills) 11; outer wing-pad 3.6; gill 
4.2; hind femur 2.7. 


Coenagrion resolutum Selys. 


I found this species transforming at Prince Albert, Sask., 
June 24, 1913, and reared both sexes. I also reared a female at 
Toronto, which emerged on-June 1, 1913, and a male from Wilcox 
Lake, Ont., which transformed on June 1, 1914. The following’ 
description was prepared from the exuvie. 

Nymph.—The nymph resembles that of Jsshuura_ verticalis 
very closely but can be distinguished by the shape of the gills, 
and the lateral appendages of the male, and in the majority of 
cases by the larger number of mental sete. 

Form moderately slender, being about the same as in 
I. verticalis, E. hageni, E. geminatum, etc., but less slender than in 
E. signatum and E. pollutum. Eyes moderately prominent; pos- 
terior margins of head broadly rounded, forming where they meet 
the eyes a very slight emargination; six or eight spines of various 
sizes can be seen on the posterior margin from above and a 
variable, usually larger, number near the margin in ventral view. 


‘There is also a series of spinules of very variable number (4-12) 


along the postero-ventral margin of the eye. Antenne generally 
6-jointed, the 7th. joint, when present, seldom very distinctly 
indicated. The second joint is 4 or 4.5 times as long as thick. 


Labium extending back to about midway between the front 
and middle coxze; mentum subtriangular, the apical breadth about 
four-fifths of the length, the sides in the proximal two-thirds 
straight and diverging at an angle of about 45’, in the distal third 
feebly arcuate and diverging at a somewhat greater angle; median 
lobe strongly depressed, convexo-obtusangulate; mental setz 4-6; 
lateral lobes shaped as in Jschnura and Enallagma, the distal margin 


354 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


with 5 teeth, which increase in size caudad, and a short end-hook; 
movable hook half as long as the lateral lobe; lateral sete 6 or 7. 

Lateral margins of abdominal segments 2-9 with a single, 
nearly straight series of small spinules, which increase somewhat 
irregularly in size caudad on each segment (fig. 32, a). Gills (pl. 
XXIII, fig. 10) unpigmented (in the reared female from Prince 
Albert there is a transverse dark streak near the division), 4.5-5 
times as long as the greatest breadth, which is a little distad of 
the middle; sides distally arcuate, apices acute but not acuminate. 
There is a distinct transverse division a little beyond the middle, 
proximad of which the lateral margins are spinulose, distad smooth 
with fine hairs. All the exuvize except that of the female reared 
at Prince Albert are practically unpigmented. This one is 
brownish, the abdomen with a median pale line between two 
darker ones and the femora each with a pale anteapical annulus. 

Length of body (without gills) 13-14, outer wing-pad 3.9-4.5; 
gills 5-6; hind femur 3-0-3.6. 

The most accurate means of distinguishing the nymph of this 
species from that of Jschnura verticalis is the form of the gills, 
which in the latter species, are much more tapering and somewhat 
acuminate apically and the division is proximad of the middle (pl. 
XXIII, fig 12). The tracheal branches are also more or less pig- 
mented and there is at least one dark transverse ty 
streak. The males can also be distinguished by 
the form of the lateral appendages (fig. 33), ly je) 
which in resolutum are deeper and in profile fee. by 
present a broad posterior surface, not repre-  ,, - ey ad in SEL 


sented in verticalis. male,” iateral, appends 
ge; (a) profile, (b) 
From the nymphs of L£nallagma that I ventral view. 


possess, viz. E. calverti, hageni, ebrium, geminatum, carunculatum, 
signatum and pollutum, C. resolutum differs in the arrangement of 
the spinules upon the lateral margins of the abdominal segments, 
which form a single series throughout, not being crowded into a 
group at the postero-lateral angles. This difference is very slight 
in the case of E. geminatum (fig. 32,b) in which this group of spinules 
is reduced toa pair. Resolutum also differs from these species of 
Enallagma, except £. calverti, in the larger number of mental and 
normally also of lateral sete, there being usually in Enallagma, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 355 


3 mental and 5 lateral sete. In LE. calverti there are four mental 
and 6, or sometimes 5, lateral sete. Calverti, however. is much > 
larger with very dark gills, and in all the Enallagmas the gills are 
more or less pigmented. . geminatum is the most like C. resolu- 
tum of the species mentioned, but the branches of the tracheae of 
the gills are less regularly distributed and are distinctly pigmented, 
and the lateral lobes of the labium have only five lateral set (as 
known at present). In carunculatum the lateral appendages of 
the male are much like those of resvJutum but the spinules of the 
abdominal segments are much coarser (fig. 32, d) 


Ischnura cervula Selys. 


Several nymphs of this species were taken by the writer from 
the reedy margin of a large pond in the Bow Valley, at Banff, 
Alta. A female was reared from one of these nymphs at the 
Biological Station, near Nanaimo, Vancouver Is., emerging on 
July 20, 1913. 

Form of body identical with that of J. verticalis the only 
distinctive character being found in the shape and pigmentation 
of the gills. 

Eyes moderately prominent, posterior margins of head 
broadly rounded, forming where they meet the eye a very slight 
emargination. Posterior surface of head with numerous spines, 
and a series of minute spinules of variable number along the 
postero-ventral margin of the eye. Antennz 7-jointed, the second 
joint 4-4.5 times as long as thick. Labium extending back to 
about midway between the bases of the first and second coxe, 
sides of mentum almost straight, there being only a very slight 
increase in the angle of divergence at about the distal three-fifths; 
breadth at base of lateral lobes about five-sixths of the length; 
median lobe not very strongly depressed, bluntly obtusangulate; 
lateral lobes shaped as in J. verticalis, C. resolutum, etc., distal 
margin with two or three very minute teeth, preceding three much 
larger ones; end-hook a trifle larger than in  verticalis; movable 
hook half as long as the lateral lobe; mental seta 4 (rarely 5 on 
one side); lateral setz 5 or 6. 

Lateral margins of abdominal segments with a series of very . 
short black spinules, forming several irregular rows. Gills (pl. 


356 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


XXIII, fig. 11) gradually widening from base to distal third, where 
the breadth is about one-fifth of their length, apically acuminate, 
terminating in a long slender point; division slightly proximad of 
the middle. There is a pale ill-defined median area of greater or 
less extent, the peripheral parts being more transpatent. The dark 
pigment is distributed along the median trachez. the lateral 
branches beyond the pale area, and in three transverse, more or 
less crescentic bands, one at the division, another near the apex 
and a third between these two; one of these, the basal or the 
‘middle band is more conspicuous than the others. The apical 
band is faint and may be scarcely recognizable. 

The colour-pattern in other respects is entirely similar to 
that of J. verticalis. All my specimens are rather conspicuously 
marked but it is probable that the same variations are found in 
I. cervula as in’ I. verticalis. The general colour of alcoholic 
specimens is a moderately dark brown, spotted and banded with 
pale yellowish. The dorsum of the head is marked with a number 
of pale roundish spots, the thorax is more or less distinctly 
variegated with pale markings and the abdomen longitudinally 
striped, there being a pale median line between two broader dark 
bands, and on each side a dorso-lateral and a lateral pale streak. 
The legs are pale, distinctly ringed with brown, both femora and 
tibia being darkened at base, and having each two dark annuli. 

Length of body (without gills) 11.2-12.5; outer wing-pad 
3.6-3.9; gills 6; hind femur 3. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII. 


Fig. 1. Lestes unguiculatus, teeth of median and lateral 
lobes of labium, greatly magnified. 

Fig. 2. Lestes forcipatus, teeth of median and lateral lobes 
of labium. 

Fig. 3. Lestes rectangularis, teeth of median and _ lateral 
lobes of labium. 

Fig. 4. Enallagma ebrium, right lateral appendage of male 
nymph, profile view. 

Fig. 5. Enallagma ebrium, same, dorsal view. 

Fig 6. Enallagma hageni, right lateral appendage of male 
~ nymph, profile view. 


“er Oe a 2 oe ~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 357 


Fig. 7. Enallagma hageni, same, dorsal view. 
Fig. 8. Enallagma hagent, lateral gill. 

Fig. 9. Enallagma geminatum, lateral gill. 
Fig. 10. Coenagrion resolutum, lateral gill. 

Fig. 11. Ischnura cervula, lateral gill. 

Fig. 12. Ischnura verticalis, lateral gill. 


(To be continued) 


NEW SOUTH AMERICAN MEMBRACID.* 
BY W. D. FUNKHOUSER, ITHACA, N. Y. 
Subfamily MEMBRACINE. 
1. Tropidoscyta brunneidorsata, sp. nov. (Pl. XXIV, fig. 1). 


- Near 7. pecila Germ., but differing in size, colour and in the 
shape and sculpture of the pronotum. A series of eleven speci- 
mens of this species from Peru and one specimen from Bolivia 
shows practically no variation and no tendency, to gradate towards 
T. pecila, to which it seems most nearly related. 

Uniform dark chocolate brown, almost black, except the region 
between the first two lateral ridges, which is bright yellow brown, 
showing a characteristic light longitudinal band down the median 
line when viewed from the dorsal aspect. Obtriangular, humeral 
angles prominent and round, posterior process long and gradually 
acuminate. Head twice as long as wide; cheeks not extending 
beyond internal margin of eyes; eyes duil yellow, mottled with 
brown; ‘ocelli farther from each other than from the eyes; black 
spot above each ocellus; face covered with fine, short, golden hairs. 
Pronotum high and projecting well forward anteriorly; transverse 
black mark on each side in front; sharp median keel extending 
from margin of head to tip of posterior process; two distinct ridges 
on each side, the first. beginning ciose to the median line at the 
anterior apex of the pronotum, gradually extending away from the 
line, and ending at the lateral margin half way between the hum- 
eral angle and the posterior tip, the second extending as a semi- 
circular ridge just over the humeral angles, not reaching the lateral 
margin; dorsal and lateral margins of the pronotum almost straight, 


*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University. 
October, 1914 


PLATE XXIV. 


Can. Ent., VoL. XLVI. 


SOUTH AMERICAN MEMBRACID2&. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 359 


7 


not sinuate or bulbous; posterior extremity reaching just beyond 
internal angle of tegmina. Entire pronotum very finely punctured 
and sparsely covered with short golden hairs. Tegmina black at 
base, gradually becoming: brown in middle, with apical third yel- 
low hyaline; three discoidal areas; two transverse rows of light 
brown spots in central portion, three spots in first row and six in 
second. Under surface of body black. Legs dark brown, tarsi 
‘vellow; first and second pairs of tibize much flattened. 

Type.—Female. 

Length, including closed tegmina: Female 4 mm., male 3.2 
mm.; width between humeral angles, female 1.8 mm., male 1.6 mm. 

Locality.—Marcapata, Peru, — 

The male, besides being smaller, is much darxer and more 
distinctly punctured, and the wings lack the two transverse rows 
of spots. 


2. Tropidoscyta binotata, sp. nov. (Fig. 2). 


Close to the preceding, but larger and differs in sculpture and 
colour. May be easily recognized by the single ridge over each 
humeral angle, and by two white spots on the median dorsal line. 

‘Head, body, wings and legs uniform yellow, except eves, which 
are dark brown, and two white spots on median ridge of pronotum, 
one just before the middle and one just before the extremity of 
posterior process; each white spot having a black mark at each end. 
Head about twice as long as wide, lore extending slightly beyond 
internal margin of eyes; finely punctate and pubescent; ocelli 
farther from each other than from the eyes. Pronotum strongly 
projecting forward, finely and deeply punctate and sparsely pubes- 
cent with golden hairs; median ridge strong and percurrent, very 
lightly sinuate; posterior process gradually acuminate, somewhat 
depressed at apex and extending beyond internal angle of tegmina 
and beyond abdomen; one strong lateral carina on each side, start- 
ing at extreme anterior apex of pronotum and extending to a 
point on the lateral margin, one-third way from humeral angle to 
posterior end. Tegmina opaque yellow, without markings, base 
and costal areas densely punctate; three discoidal areas. Legs 
yellow; fore and middle tibia much flattened; hind tibiz thin, 
with black-tipped spines. Tarsi concolorous yellow. 


360 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


T ype.—Female. 


Length from anterior apex to tip of tegmina, female 5 mm., 
male 4.2 mm.; width between humeral angles, female 2.2 mm., 
male 1.8 mm. 


Locality.—Espirito Santo, Brazil. 


_ The male is somewhat darker, the veins of the tegmina much 
darker and more prominent, the basal half of tegmina and the © 
under surface of the body deep ferruginous or black. 


3. Tropidoscyta maculata, sp. nov. (Fig. 3). 


Near 7. minor Buckt., but differs in the sculpture of the 
pronotum, in the markings, and in the venation of the tegmina. 
May be recognized by the large white spot on the median dorsal 
line and by the fact that only two discoidal cells are present in the 
tegmina. This latter character would suggest the genus Leioseyla 
of Fowler, but the position of these cells is quite different from the 
forms figured by that author, and the high, rough, carinate pro- 
notum at once prevents its admission to his genus. 

Deep chocolate brown, except anterior half of median dorsal 
ridge, which is light yellow brown, spot behind this white hyaline, 
and apex of posterior process almost black. Head twice as long as 
wide, very dark brown, faintly punctured, densely pilose with long 
yellow hairs; ocelli yellow white, farther from each other than 
from the eyes; eyes brown. Pronotum thickly punctate and spar- 
ingly pilose; high percurrent median carina compressed into a 
sharp thin keel in the middle; one high, sharp, lateral carina on 
each side, beginning at extreme anterior apex and ending in about 
the middle before reaching the lateral margin; posterior process 
acute, extending just beyond internal angle of tegmina. Tegmina 
black at basal third, becoming ferruginous in- middle and smoky 
hyaline at apical third; base finely punctate: veins somewhat 
pubescent; two discoidal cells. Legs ferruginous; first and second 
tibia flattened; tarsi flavous. 

Type.—Female. 

Length, female 4 mm., male 3.7. mm.; width, female 1.8 mm., 
male 1 5 mm. 

Locality.—Peru. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 361 


The male is uniformly darker, with the white dorsal spot and 
the apical ends of the tegmina consequently more. distinct. 


4. Bolbonota lutea, sp. nov. (Fig. 4). 


A fine, handsome species near B. globosa Fairm. In shape and 
size it much resembles B. insignis of Fowler, but differs in colour 
and sculpture, Fowler’s species being shining, black and irregularly 
rigid, while lutea is uniform lemon yellow and almost smooth. 

Head, body and legs light lemon yellow throughout. Head 
comparatively smooth, pubescent, twice as long as wide; ocelli 
slightly protruding; clypeus roughly diamond-shaped, with laterat 
angles extending beyond line of lore, apex produced. Pronotum 
smooth, densely covered with yellow pubescence; humeral angles 
prominent and obtuse; percurrent median ridge high and lightly 
_ sinuate until just before the posterior apex, where it is abruptly 
declivous; posterior process blunt and triangular, just reaching 
internal angle of tegmina; three faint, short ridges over each 
humeral angle, the middle one most prominent; a depressed con- 
striction just posterior to these ridges on each side of median 
carina, forming an apparent bulbous swelling before and behind it 
Tegmina comparatively narrow, exposing almost one-fourth of the 
abdomen below; flat, opaque; yellow slightly punctate and pubescent 
at base. Abdomen yellow and pubescent. Legs concolorous yel- 
low with very fine black-tipped spines at apex of hind tibiz. 

Type.—Female. 

Length 4.2 mm., width 2.6 mm. 
Locality—Espirito Santo, Brazil. 
Described from four females. 


5. Bolbonota -nigrata, sp. nov. (Fig. 5). 


Near B. melaena Germ., but differs in the structure of the 
dorsal surface and in being entirely without spots on pronotum or 
tegmina. 

Entirely shining black, except extreme tips of tegmina, which 
are hyaline; very rough and corrugated. Head rough, finely punc- 
tate, sparsely pubescent; ocelli white, equidistant from each other 
and from the eyes; eyes dark brown, edged with white. Pronotum 
deeply and coarsely punctured, covered with irregular ridges and 


362 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


bulbs. Median ridge percurrent, sharp and sinuate; humeral 
angles prominent; two large bulbs on each side median ridge, ridge 
thin between these bulbs; a Y-shaped ridge between humeral 
angle and first lateral bulb; posterior process blunt, subtriangular, 
slightly depressed, extending just beyond internal angle of tegmina. 
Tegmina velvety black, veins somewhat raised, extreme tip of 
marginal border hyaline. Abdomen black; segments edged with 
fine white line. Legs black; hind tibie strongly spined; tarsi 
flavous. 


Type.—Female. 


Length, female 3.6 mm., male 2.8 mm.; width, female 2.4 — 

mm., male 2 mm. ; ; 
~ Locality.—Balivia. 

The male differs only in size. 


Subfamily SMILIINZ. 


6. Metheisa sinuata, sp. nov. (Fig. 6), 


This species varies greatly in size and colour; the size ranges 
from four to seven millimeters, and the colour from light cinna-~ 
mon brown to almost black. The sculpture and pattern of the 
pronotum, however, are constant. The pronotum is rather more 
elevated than in the other species of this genus, and is broadly 
sinuate in the middle; the tegmina usually show four apical and 
two discoidal cells, though in one specimen one of the discoidal 
cells is absent; the wings have four apical and no discoidal cells. 

Head rough and sculptured; subtriangular, apex very sharp; 
clypeus almost square, somewhat pubescent; face deeply pitted; 
proximal margin of the head produced into a ridge. Prothorax 
elevated; median keel high and thin, sinuate in middle between 
rounded dorsal elevations, on either side ofthese elevations and 
between them a white patch, very distinct, even though the body 
colour may vary; on each side of pronotum three prominent ridges, 
deeply and coarsely punctate between them; humeral angles 
prominent and blunt; posterior process sharp, decurved, reaching 
just to the apex of the tegmina. Tegmina nearly half concealed 
by the pronotum; basal two-thirds-opaque and roughly punctured; 
apical third hyaline, black spot at tip. Abdomen extending about 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 363 


half as far as the tegmina, usually hidden by the opaque basal 
portion of the latter. Legs usually concolorous. 

Type.—Female. 

In the type specimen the colour is uniform light brown, with 
the pronotal ridges and the head slightly darker and shining. The 
males are, as a rule, darker and more inclined to show mottled 
patches. . 

Length (type) 7 mm.; width 2.5 mm. 


Locality.—Peru. 
(To be continued.) 


NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SAWFLIES.* 
BY ALEX. D. MACGILLIVRAY, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOiS, URBANA, ILL. 


The greater part of the following descriptions have been in 
hand for some time.» Some of the species are of economic import- 
ance. The descriptions are offered at this time so that the names 
can be used by others. 

Simplemphytus, n. gen. 

Antenne with nine segments; front wings with the free part 
of Sci present, but short, the radial cross-vein present and the 
radio-medial cross-vein wanting; the medio-cubital cross-vein and 
media separating from Sc+R+M at the same point; the third anal 
vein deeply bowed at middle; the free part of the second anal vein 
present; the second abscissa of Cu subequal in length to the free 
part of Ma; the medio-cubital cross-vein and the free part of 
Ms+4 parallel; the hind wings with the spur at the distal end of the 
cell Rise wanting, minute, or large; the free part of Rs and the 
transverse part of Me wanting; the first anal cell petiolate and 
shorter than the cell in front of it; the posterior metatarsus shorter 
than all the following segments together. Type Simplemphytus 
pacificus, n. sp. 

This genus is closely related to Emphytus in habitus and 
structure. 

Simplemphytus pacificus, n. sp. 


Female—Body coal-black, with the distal third of the front 
femora, the front tibia, the front metatarsi, and the knees of the 


*Contributions from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of 
Illinois, No. 41. 
October, 1914 


364 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


middle legs, pale rufous or whitish; the antennz short with the 
third segment longer than the fourth, the fourth and fifth sub- 
equal; the head, including the clypeus and labrum, densely punc- 
tured and setaceous, less abundant on the postocellar area; the 
malar space broad, the clypeus deeply roundly emarginate, the 
labrum set in the emargination; the supraclypeal area elevated, 
convex; the antennal furrows broad depressions; indistinct, line- 
like marks at the occiput; the ocellar basin broad, diamond-shaped, 
enclosing the median ocellus and extending to the median fovea, 
which is round, shallow, indistinct, and stil! less distinct in the 
male; the mesonotum, the metanotum, the pleurz, and the pectus 
polished; the abdomen polished, densely setaceous; the saw guides — 
convex above, straight on the proximal half below, convex on the 
distal half, joining the upper margin at the middle of the distal end 
and forming a pointed but bluntly rounded distal end. Length 
7—9 mm. 
- Habitat—Troutdale, Oregon. 
Described from specimens received from Professor H. F. 
Wilson, who reports it as boring into the stems of cherry. 


Profenusa, gen. 


Antenne with nine segments; front wings with the free part 
of Sci tuberculate; the radial cross-vein, the radio-medial cross- 
vein, and the free part of Rs and Rs present; the medio-cubital 
cross-vein separating from Sc+R+M near the point of origin of the 
free part of M and strongly divergent caudad with the free part of 
Ms+4; the anal cells petiolate; the scar of the free part of the third 
anal vein wanting; the free part of Ms+Cu: located midway be- 
tween the mediocubital cross-vein and the free part of Mav; the 
‘hind wings with the cell Rise wanting; the free part of Rs and 
the transverse part of Mz wanting; the free part of the second 
anal vein present. Type, Profenusa collaris, n. sp. 

This genus is closely related to Messa Leach, from which it is 
differentiated by the presence of the radio-medial cross-vein. 


Profenusa collaris, n. sp. 


Female—Body black, with the clypeus, labrum, malar space, 
the mandibles, the first segment of the antennae, the tegula, a 
narrow margin to the pronotum, and the legs, for the most part, 


4 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 365 


whitish. The prothorax, except the parts named, the cephalic 
part of the mesopleuree, and the pectus, rufous; the posterior 
femora more or less shaded with fuscous; the head smooth with 
antennal furrows interrupted on the middle of the face; the furrows 
surrounding the postocellar area deep and distinct; the vertical 
furrows not reaching the occiput; the median ocellus placed on a 
flat depression; a pit above the antennal socket; the median fovea 
minute but distinct; the clypeus truncate; the first and second 
antennal segments subequal, the third segment subequal to one 
and two together and longer than four; the saw-guides with the 
dorsal and ventral margins converging and the apex bluntly 
pointed; the male differs in having the rufous part of the thorax 
inclined to whitish and extending over the entire pleura, the venter 
of the abdomen and a broad band on the lateral part of the dorsal 
aspect, broader behind, sometimes fused on the meson, whitish; 
the posterior femora not fuscous. Length 3 to 4 mm. 


Habitat—Massachusetts and New York. 

This insect was first received May 10th, 1909, from Mr. Ralph 
W. Curtis, Assistant Superintendent of Parks of Boston, Mass., 
who reported the larvae as mining the leaves of Crategus. Larvae 
and adults were collected during the summer of 1911 by Mr. 
Andrew Rutherford in the Cascadilla ravine, Ithaca, N. Y., on 
Crategus. It was also received during 1911 from Mr. P. J. Parrott, 
who reported it from Geneva, N. Y., where the larve were serious 
pests, mining the leaves of cherry. 

Fenusa.—I|t has been shown by Mr. S. A. Rohwer that the 
type of this genus is Tenthredo (Emphytus) pumila Klg., which is 
congeneric with Kaliosysphinga dohrnii Tischbein, the type of 
Kaliosysphinga. Fenusa will therefore replace Kaliosysphiga, and 
another name must be used for the group of species hitherto in- 
cluded under Fenusa. 

Messa.—It has also been shown by Mr. S. A. Rohwer that the 
type of the genus Messa Leach, a name hitherto erronously associ- 
ated with certain species of Nematina, is Tenthredo (Emphytus) 
hortulana Klg., which is one of the species formerly associated with 
the generic name Fenusa. This name should, therefore, be used 
for those species and includes the American Fenusa ambigua Nort. 


366 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Euura maculata, n. sp. 


Body black, with the head except a quadrangular spot about 
the ocelli and extending to the eyes, prothorax, margin of the lobes 
of the mesonotum narrowly, upper half of the pleura, tegule, legs, 
abdomen, except above at base, and saw-guides, except at apex, 
resinous; frontal crest indefinite and apparently wanting; median 
fovea a minute pit; saw-guides large, upper and lower margins 
slightly converging, and broadly rounded at apex. Length 7 mm. 

Habitat—Collected by Professor J. S. Hine at Columbus, 
Ohio, and bears the number 169. 

The form of the frontal crest distinguishes this species from 
all of the described eastern species. 


Euura minuta, n. sp. 

Body black, with head except a spot around the ocelli and 
occiput, pronotum, tegula, legs, and venter of abdomen, luteous; 
saw-guides straight above and broadly convexly rounded below, 
truncated at apex; frontal crest distinct and broken at middle; 
median fovea indefinite, represented only by a shallow depression 
in the frontal crest. Length 4 mm. 

Habitat—Ames, Iowa. Professor E. D. Ball, collector. 

This species is related to nigra Prov., from which it is separated 
- by the colour of orbits and to nodus Walsh, from which it is 
separated by the indefinite median fovea. 


Metallus bethunei, n. sp. 

Female—Body black, with the two basal segments of the 
antennz more or less, the trochanters, and-the legs beyond the 
knees, white; the distal half of the posterior tibia sometimes more 
or less infuscated; the ocellar furrow adjacent to the median ocellus; 
the interocellar furrow wanting; depressed area behind the median 
ocellus broad; median fovea a broad, deep pit; lateral fovea distinct 
from lateral fovea; body polished with spare setigerous punctures; 
the front not punctate around the base of the antennz; the stigma 
twice as long as broad; front wings with the free part of Ma#Cur 
joining the cell Ma at middle; the saw-guides straight above, some- 
what oblique below, broadly obliquely rounded point at apex 
above. The antenne of the male is longer and the segments 
broader and compressed. Length, 4 mm. 


er 


Ss 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 367 


Habitat—Jordan Harbour and Saint Kits, Ontario, Canada. 

Received from Mr. Lawson Caesar, who bred it from a leaf- 
mining larva on blackberry. The species is named for the Rev. 
C.J.S. Bethune. It is closely related to rubi, but readily separated 
from that species by the more oblique and blunter saw-guides. 


BOOK REVIEW. 


THE Natura History oF THE Farm. A Guide to the Practical 
Study of the Sources of our Living in Wild Nature. By James 
G. Needham, Professor of Limnology, General Biology and 
Nature Study in Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. The 
Comstock Publishing Company, 1913. $1.50. 


Like Professor Needham’s other writings this little book is 
marked by .a freshness of viewpoint and a vigour of style entirely 
his own. Its aim is to give to the student something of that 
practical knowledge of nature possessed by the Indian and 
the pioneer, that personal acquaintance with common wild things, 


which was indispensible in the days when men were dependent 


upon their own hands for obtaining a living from .the wilderness. 


But it tells not only of the plants and animals from which 
we get our food, clothing and shelter, their relations to Mother. 
Earth and to one another, but throughout the book the value of 
the beautiful in nature as an educational factor is never forgotten. 
It is this feature, that in our opinion gives the book its chief 
charm. The author’s intimate first-hand knowledge of out-door 
nature and his keen sympathy with all her moods, are reflected 
throughout the book in such a way that the reader can scarcely 
fail to feel some of the charm of the wildwood, if he is at all 
responsive to its influence. Nor is there the slighest touch of 
that sentimentality which is apt to result from an attempt to 
record the charm of Nature in words. 


The course of studies outlined, is me ided into three parts, 
adapted respectively for the fall, spring and summer terms of 
the college-year; each part including 16 exercises. The studies 
cover a wide range of subjects and are all designed to bring the 
student into close contact with nature in all seasons and_ all 


a68. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST > 


kinds of weather. They are not intended to give all the in- 
-formation demanded of the student. This is to be acquired at 
first hand. They are merely suggestive,.serving to direct the 
student’s powers of observation and to give coherence to the 
knowledge he obtains in the field. At the close of each chapter 
a definite programme of work is given, including suggestions for 
recording observations by means of notes, diagrams, etc. There 
is also included a number of optional exercises for the individ- 
ual student, to be pursued independently. 


An idea of the character of the studies may be obtained by 


glancing at the table of contents. In Part I we find such titles’ 


as ‘‘ The wild fruits of the farm,’’ ‘“ The farm stream,’ “ The 
November seed crop,” ‘* The wild mammals of the farm,” ete.; 
in Part II, “The lay of the land,’’ * Winter activities of wild 
animals,’’ *‘ Fiber products of the farm,” “ The fence-row’’; and 
in Part III, ‘ The progress of the seasons,’’ ‘‘ The clovers,” 
‘““ Some insects at work on farm crops,”’ “‘ Insects molesting farm 
animals,’’ Out in the rain,’’ ‘The population of an old apple- 
tree,” etc. : 


As several of these titles suggest, there are many references 
to insects and their ways. These are, for the most part, necéss- 
arily of a very general character, but mention may be made of a 
‘useful table for the recognition of aquatic insects in the immature 
stages, given in connection with the study of ‘““The farm stream”. 

The book is illustrated by numerous well-chosen cuts, which 
with a few exceptions, are accurate and effective. It should be 
in the hands of every teacher of Nature Study. 


THE types of the following species of Orthoptera, described - 


the writer, the custody of which was not indicated in the original 
descriptions, have been deposited in the Royal Ontario Museum, 
Toronto: Centhophilus pallidipes, Orchelimum manitobense, 
Nemobius griseus, Nomotettix borealis, Trimerotropis huroniana, T. 
sordida, T.longicornis, Podisma nuda (=Asemoplus nudus) and 
P. glacialts canadensis. 


Mailed October 10th, 1914. 


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Can. Ent., VoL. XLVI. PLATE XXV. 


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NYMPHS OF CANADIAN ODONATA. 


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| The Ganadiay Futomologist, 


VoL. XLVI. LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1914 No. 11 


NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN NYMPHS OF CANADIAN 
ODONATA. 


BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO. 
(Continued from p. 357.) 


fishna tuberculifera Walk. 


This rare species was quite common at Lonely Lake, Vancouver 
Island, a forest pond about two miles from the Dominion Biological 
Station, Departure Bay. I obtained two mature nymphs, both of 
which were successfully reared, yielding a specimen of both sexes. 
Numerous exuviz were also obtained. They were found in marshy 
coves, thickly grown up with reeds in water 12-20 inches deep, the 
conditions of environment being of the usual type that is character- 
istic of this genus. Six other species of A<shna were taken at the 
same spot. 

Nymph (pl. XXV, figs. 1-3).—The nymph is long and slender and 
is remarkable for the length of the labium, which closely resembles 
that of Anax junius in both form and size. When closely applied 

_to the ventral surface of the thorax, the hinge reaches the level of 
the hind cox, and this feature alone will serve to distinguish it 
from all other North American species of Atshna, in none of which 
the labium reaches back more than half way between the middle 
and hind coxe. The length of the mentum slightly exceeds that 
of the hind femora, while in all other species the reverse is the case. 


__ Eyes slightly less prominent antero-laterally than in other 
species of the clepsydra groups, with a rather long antero-posterior 
diameter. Lateral margins of head nearly straight, passing into the - 
straight or slightly concave posterior margin by well rounded postero- 
lateral angles. Mentum of labium very long, the breadth at the base 
about half that at apex, which is slightly more than half the length; 
sides in proximal half straight and very slightly divergent, thence 
gradually curving outwards, the distal third moderately arcuate. 
Median ‘lobe very broadly obtusangulate; lateral lobes with mar- 


370 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


gins parallel, apices squarely truncate, the outer apical angle 
scarcely rounded, the inner with a small dark-brown tooth. 

Supra-coxal processes rather small, acute, equal or the pos- 
terior sometimes slightly the broader, the apices not, or scarcely, 
divergent, the interval usually less than a right angle. 


Wing-pads narrower than in most, species, the outer pair 
reaching back to about the middle and sometimes the apical margin 
of segment 4. 

Abdomen long and slender, broadest at segment 6 or 7, lateral 
spines on segments 6 to 9, not at all divergent, extending back on 
segment 6 one-third to one-half the distance to the hind margin of 
the segment; on segment 7 to the margin or nearly; on 8 slightly 
beyond the margin; on 9 to the middle or posterior fourth of seg- 
ment 10. Lateral appendages three-fifths (male), three-fifths to 
four-sevenths (female) as long as the inferior appendages. Basal 
part of superior appendage of male about one-fourth or one-third 
shorter than the lateral appendages, its basal breadth almost or 
quite equal to its length, sides slightly concave, apex rather bluntly 
pointed. 

Female genitalia eee slightly beyond the posterior margin 
of segment 10; styli reaching end of ovipositor, their apres some- 
what incurved. 

Colour in life rather light brownish green or olivaceous; pattern 
as seen in the exuvia as follows: Dorsum of head behind the eyes 
_with a pair of submedian brownish scars and a more or less indistinct 
oblique brownish streak or line on each side. Sometimes a pale 
lateral marginal band is present. Pronotum with a pale lateral 
margin, thorax nearly uniform brownish, with a few pale streaks 
on the pleura just above the middle and hind coxae. Femora in 
proximal half uniform brownish, distal half with a dark annulus 
between two pale annuli, of which the proximal is ill-defined. 
Tibia and tarsi concolorous. Abdomen with pale markings as. 
follows: A median series of spindle-shaped spots, beginning on 
segment 1 as a narrow streak and ending on segment 7; a pair of 
ill-defined wavy dorso-lateral streaks, which break up into faint 
spots on segment 5 or 6, generally disappearing on the last 2-4 
segments; a series of faint subcrescentic spots between the dorso- 
lateral punctae on the basal 3 or 4 segments only; and indications 


¢ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 371 


of pale irregular blotches around the lateral scars. The dorsal 
and lateral punctae are darker than the ground colour and there 
are also diffuse darkened areas surrounding the mid-dorsal pale 
spots on most of the segments. ; 

Length of body 41-45; mentum of labium 8.3-8.7; outer 
wing-pad, - 9.5-9.9; hind femur 7.7-8.3; ovipositor, 3.2-3. 5; 
width of head, 8.1-9; width of abdomen, 7.5-8.8. 

In addition to the mature nymphs and exuvie, we also found 
a nymph of the penultimate stage, which was successfully brought 
alive to Toronto and carried through the winter and spring until 
the time of emergence. During the winter (December to April), 
when it was kept tn the cellar, upon a window sill, it took no food, 
but at other times it was very voracious, on one occasion, soon 
after the long winter fast, feeding on a earthworm continuously 
for four hours. It underwent the last larval month on June 8 
and began to transform into the adult on July 27. Unfortunately 
I was away from the city at this time and an accident prevented 
the successful emergence of the imago. 


#éshna interrupta Walker. 

The nymph described in my monograph as that of A. interrupta 
was correctly referred to this species. A nymph of the same 
kind, which I obtained at Banff, Alta., and kept for six weeks 
at the Biological Station, Vancouver Island, commenced to emerge 
during my homeward journey. The unfavourable conditions of 
travelling by rail were such that it failed to complete its trans- 
formation, but remained alive within the exuvia long enough to 
develop the colour-pattern quite distinctly. This is easily recog- 
nizable as belonging to interrupta. The race found at Banff is 
lineata varying towards interna. Mr. C. H. Kennedy has also 
taken a similar form of this species in transformation in Nevada 
and California, and I have found numerous exuvie on Vancouver 
Island under circustances in which all other species were excluded. 
These exuvie are all identical, and it is quite evident that the 
various races of this species do not differ from one another in the 
early stages. It seem therefore certain that the two nymphs in 
the Cabot collection, which I referred with considerable doubt 
to A. interrupta lineata, do not belong to this species. It is prob- 
able that they are somewhat atypical examples of A. eremita. 


. 


372 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


fEshna palmata Hagen. 


During the summer of 1913 I reared a number of specimens of 
this species and obtained a large number of exuvia. A study of 


this material shows that the two exuvie referred to this species in 
my ‘‘North American Dragonflies of the Genus Aeshna’’ were 
correctly placed, but that some of the characters used to separate 
it from A. umbrosa are not valid. 


I now possess a large series of exuvize of both species, including 
several of uwmbrosa from Vancouver Island, where most of my 
nymphs of palmata were taken. I find that the two species at 
this stage are so much alike that in many cases it is a difficult 
matter to separate them with certainty. The form of the living 
nymph is probably invariably stouter in palmata, but this difference 
is often difficult to detect in preserved material, though usually 
evident enough, to the trained eye, in the exuvia. The difference 
in the form of the labium is often but slight, but it seems to be 
always slightly broader at base in palmata. The absence of an 
internal apical tooth on the lateral lobes, employed by me as a 
differential character for this species (N. Am. Aeshna, pp. 68, 162), 
is a mere individual variation. The tooth is normally present as 
in umbrosa. The differential based upon the supra-coxal processes 
seems to be constant and is certainly a useful character. The 
posterior process is always the stouter and often the longer in 
umbrosa, while in palmata they are equal or very nearly so, the — 
anterior being sometimes the larger (pl. X XV, figs. 4-5). 


The ovipositor is slightly larger in palmaia and extends slightly 
beyond the hind margin of segment 9, but seldom covers as much as 
one-third of segment 10 as given in the key. In uwmbrosa it just 
reaches the margin. 


These differences in width of labium and abdominal segments 
and in length of ovipositor will be best appreciated by referring to 
the following table, which is based upon three males and three 
females of each species, taken at random. The first three of each 
species are males. The length of these specimens is nearly the 
same throughout the series. The relative size is roughly indicated 
by the lengths of the hind femora. 


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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 373 


Aeshna palmata. 


MENTUM OF LABIUM 


Hind ‘ 

Locatity . Fem. Bas. | Mid. | Ap. | Seg. 3 | Seg. 7 | Seg. 9 | Ovipes 
Length| Length} Width Width | Width | Width | Width | Width | Width 

Banff (reared)’.....) 6.7 | 6.0 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 4.75] 5.0 | 7.5 | 5.8 

Vane. I. (reared)...}| 7.0 6.4 © Sek ne Nar a 4.7 4.8 7.0 5.6 
Wane, 2... : 75:7 66 | 2.3 |- 3.3. 1 4,9°1 8.0 | 28 183 sf 
Vance. I. (reared)...| 7.3 | 68 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 4.8 | 4.6 |; 7.3 | 6.0 | 3.3 
SS ae 2:04 6-8:) 996 18-6 1.4.0 | £8: ee ok Ob ee 
, te Ry ean 7.5 | 68 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 7.8 | 6.0 | 3.5 
Average........... 7.16 6.51 | 2.59 | 3.36 | 4.84] 4.85|-7.40| 5.95 | 3.33 
f -~ 

Aeshna umbrosa. 

Georg. Bay (reared)|} 6.7 6.6 2:3 3.0 4.4 4.5 7.0 5.0 

Toronto........... TO 1 RO | 28 FP 88a) 3.7 10.7 | 821 
Toronto........... 7:3 | 7.0 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 4:4 | 6.3.4 5.25 eo 
Toronto........... 616.8 | 2:3-! 306 | 4.6 })-4.6 | 7.0 |. 80 | 2.3 
Georg. Bay (reared)} 6.5 6.9 22 3.0 4.3 4.75 6.5 5.0 2.8 
Vane. I. (reared)...| 7.0 | 6.6 | 2.25] 2.9 | 45 | 4.2 f 60 1] 5.1 | 2.6 
Average........... 6.85| 6.81| 2.27| 3.05| 4.57] 4.36| 6.58 | 5.07 | 2.73 


It will be seen that the length of the hind femora and of the 
mentum of the labium is about the same in the two species, but 
that in the other measurements, particularly the length of the 
Ovipositor, palmata has somewhat the advantage. The measure- 
ments of segment 3 are less reliable than those of segments7 and 9, 
as the form of this segment varies considerably in the exuvie. 

Ecologically there is quite a marked difference between these 
species. Umbrosa is everywhere an inhabitant of small streams, 
while palmata lives in pools and small ponds. I found nymphs of 
umbrosa associated with those of Cordulegaster dorsalis in a small 
forest brook near the Biological Station on Vancouver Island, 
palmata being entirely absent from this stream. About two miles 
from this spot was a small pool in the woods, grown up with western 
Skunk Cabbage. This pool contained numerous nymphs of 
palmata, but no other Aeshna. 


Sympetrum pallipes Hagen. 
We found this species in abundance on Vancouver Island 


374 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


during the second half of July, and in August, 1913, and obtained 
plenty of the nymphs from two or three small ponds at Rock City, 
a village near the Biological Station. From these a number of 
adults emerged on July 20 and 21. 


Most of the adults taken have the legs entirely or almost 
entirely black and agree with Ris’s description of .S. obirusum 
morrisoni. They intergrade, however, with pale-legged specimens 
and are undoubtedly conspecific with S. pallipes, as Ris himself 
suspected. But I cannot consider them as a variety of obtrusum, 
for, in the first place, I found both pallipes and typical obirusum, 
in every respect like eastern specimens, at Okanagan Landing, 
B. C., on the Pacific Slope, while pallipes ranges eastward to Water- 
ton, Alta., In the second place, the nymphs of pallipes are quite 
distinct from those of obtrusum, but are so extremely like those of 
costiferum as to be practically indistinguishable from that species. 
I have neglected to rear S. obtrusum and have no nymphs that I 
can refer to it with certainty, but I have a number of S. rubicun- 
‘dulum, which Professor Needham was unable to distinguish from 
obtrusum, and they are very easily separated from pallipes. 


The nymphs of pallipes like those of rubicundulum frequent 
small stagnant pools or ditches, while costiferum seems to prefer 
shallow reed-grown parts of ponds or lakes. 

Nymph (pl. XXV, figs. 6-8).—Eyes moderately prominent, later- 
al margins of head very oblique, passing into the posterior margins 
without any semblance of an angle. Mentum of labium narrow 
at base, the basal breadth being somewhat less than one-fourth 
the greatest breadth, which is almost equal to the length; sides 
moderately concavely curved, diverging in the distal fourth at an 
angle of about 90°, median lobe depressed at an angle of about 30° 
with the general surface of the mentum. Mental seta 13-14, the 
4th or 5th from the side longest. Lateral seta 10-11. Movable 
hook slender, one-fourth to nearly one-third as long as the distal 
margin of the lateral lobe, the latter with very low crenulations, 
at the intervals between which are groups of 3 (sometimes a rudi- 
mentary fourth in some of the groups) successively longer sete, 
the third much longer than the other two (see fig. 8). 

Abdomen widening gradually from base to segment 6, narrow- 
ing more rapidly caudad, especially on segments 9 and 10. Dorsal 


I el PR ee ee She ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 375 


hooks on segments 4-8, straight, or but slightly curved, rudimentary 
on 4, increasing to 7, on which the hook is almost as long as the 
segment; lateral spines on 8 and 9, on 8 about one-fourth (measured 
on the inner margin) as long as the lateral margin of the segment 
(without spine); on 9 about one-third to one-half as long as the 
lateral margin, not quite reaching the level of the ends of the 
lateral appendages, which are about two-thirds as long as the 
superior appendage, and slightly more than one-third as long as 
the inferior appendages. Superior appendage slightly longer than 
broad; both superior and inferior appendages acuminate, termin- 
ating in very slender apices. 

Colour greenish brown, with rather obscure dark markings. 
Thorax with a dark longitudinal band on the pleura; femora dark, 
with two pale annuli, a median and an anteapical; tibize also with 
two pale annuli separated by a median dark annulus. 

Length of body 16-18; outer wing-pad 5-6; hind femur 4.6-5; 
width of head 4.5-4. 9; width of abdomen 5. 5-6. 

As already stated, the nymphs of pallipes and costiferum are 
practically indistinguishable. The only differences I could find, 
are the slightly greater basal width of the mentum of the labium 
in costiferum and in the spines on the distal margin of the lateral 
lobes of the labium, which in costiferum are usually single or with 
only one additional rudimentary spinule. 


Leucorrhinia hudsonica Selys. 
On June 18-20 adults of this species were found in considerable 


’ numbers at Nipigon, Ont., where they were associated with L. 


glacialis, although much more numerous. No other Libellulines 
were as yet abroad, the only other Anisopterous dragonfly being 
Cordulia shurtlefi.. Both L. glacialis and C. shurtleffi were trans- 
forming in the marshy borders of the Nipigon River, but careful 
search failed to result in the finding of a single nymph or trans- 
forming imago of L. hudsonica. Two exuvize were found, how- 


ever, which can belong to no other species. 


Nymph (pl. XXV, figs. 9-12)—Similar in form and size 
to L. frigida: head similar, but the eyes somewhat less 
prominent, more as in iniacta (see Canadian Entomologist, 


45, 1913, pl. 2, figs. 20, 23); rear of head with numerous 


376 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


long hairs. Mentum of labium almost as broad distally as long; 
sides nearly straight on the proximal two-thirds, thence bending 
outwards so as to be rectangularly divergent. Ventral surface in 
the proximal two-thirds somewhat longitudinally convex; median 
lobe depressed at an angle of about 30°; apex but little rounded. 
Mental setze 12-14; the third to the fifth from the outside longest. 
Lateral sete 9 or 10; movable hook slender, nearly half as long as 
distal margin of lateral lobes, the latter slightly undulate, the 
spines single or, here and there, a pair, of which the upper is much 
shorter than the lower; there may be also a third very rudimentary 
spinule on the opposite side of the long spine (fig. 12). 


Abdomen, as in other species of the genus, broad-ovate, 
widest at segment 6, narrowed almost equally toward apex and 
base. Dorsal hooks on segments 3 o1 4 to 6, vestigial, longest on 
5. In one specimen they are considerably better developed than 
in the other, there being quite a distinct hook on segment 3, while 
in the other there is no trace of a hook on this segment. In the 
former the hook on 5 reaches the hind margin of the segment, in 
the latter it does not nearly reach the margin. Lateral spines on 8 
about two-fifths the length of the segment, slightly divergent; 
spines on Y about three-fifths the length of the segment, reaching 
to the level of the apex of the lateral appendages, their inner 
margins parallel; superior appendage about three-fourths as broad 
at base as long, sides nearly straight, apex acuminate, slender, 
somewhat decurved; lateral appendages rather stout, but tapering 
rather abruptly to fine-pointed apices, about three-fifths as long as" 
the superior appendage and half as long as the inferior appendages, 
which project a little beyond the former. The seta on their inner 
surfaces are longer and coarser than in L. frigida. 


Colour dull brownish above with faint indications of mottling, 
but no distinct pattern. Legs apparently without distinct annuli. 
Under surface of abdomen with three conspicuous, dark brown, 
longitudinal bands. 

Length of body 17-17.5; outer wing-pad 5.3-5.5; hind femur 
4.3-4.4; width of head 5-5.2; width of abdomen 6-6.2. 

_ These nymphs differ from the form described by Needham as 
belonging to L. frigida only in the presence of vestigial dorsal hooks, — 
which in Needham’s specimens are wholly lacking. I have a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 377 


number of specimens identical with Needham’s form from Go Home 
Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont. (date and collector unknown) and two 
exuvie, received from Mr. C. H. Kennedy, form Lake McKinney 
Tahoe, California. I feel confident that they all belong to hud- 
sonica, in spite of these differences in the development of the 
dorsal hooks. There is no other species in the Georgian Bay region 
which this nymph could fit. Leucorrhinia proxima is the only 
species which could be considered, but it is much larger than 
hudsonica, whereas these nymphs are all of about the same size. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV. 

Figs. 1-3.—shna tuberculifera; 1, female nymph (x2); 2, 
labium; 3, terminal segments and genitalia of female nymph. 

Fig. 4.—shna palmata, right supra-coxal processes. 

Fig. 5—shna umbrosa, right supra-coxal processes. 

Figs. 6-8.—Sympetrum pallipes; 6, lateral view of abdomen; 
7, dorsal view of terminal segments; 8, portion of distal margin 
of lateral lobe of labium. . 

Figs. 9-12—Leucorrhinia hudsonica; 9, lateral view of abdo- 
men of exuvia from Nipigon, Ont,; 10, same, from another Nipi- 
gon specimen; 11, dorsal view of terminal segments; 12, portion 
of distal margin of lateral lobe of labium. 


NOMENCLATURAL AND CRITICAL NOTES ON 
- HEMIPTERA. 


BY E. P. VAN DUZEE, LA JOLLA, CALIF. 


For the past two years, as many of my correspondents know, 
I have devoted all my spare moments, which have been all too few, ~ 
to the preparation of a catalogue of the North American Hemiptera. 
This is now practically completed, but as it is not certain just 
when it will be in print, it seems best to call attention in advance 
. to certain features of the nomenclature used, partly in the hope 
that criticism may show oversights and errors in time for correction 
in the manuscript. 


The following synonymy calls for special mention: 


Genus Cydnus.—When founding this genus, Fabricius desig- 


nated tristis (= aterrimus Forst.) as type. Cydnus must therefore 
November, 1914 


378 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


replace Brachypelta Am. & Serv., which i has the same type and 
the Cydnus of Fieber, Signoret, and Lethierry and Sevrin becomes 
Aethus Dall. with indicus Westw. as type. . 


Subfamily Asopinze.—The synonymy of genus Asopus Burm. 
is complicated by an uncertainty as to where it was first published. 
Kirkaldy claims that it first appeared in Silbermann’s Revue, and 
therefore names gibbus Burm. (=cayemensis Lap.) as type, thus 
making it synonymous with Discocera Lap., but Dr. Bergroth in 
1911 (Wien. Ent. Zeit., XXX, p. 122) gives us a careful study of 
the question, and concludes that we should accept argus Fabr. 
(= malabaricus Fabr.) as the type of Asopus, and I do not see 
that we can do better than to follow him. Where we cannot be 
certain which of two names appeared first, it would seem best to 
accept the one which least disturbs a long accepted synonymy and 
gives us the most rational interpretation of the author’s meaning. 
By adopting the above synonymy we are able to retain the well- 
known subfamily name Asopine. - 


Genus Perillus Stal—This genus was founded in 1862 as a 
subgenus of Oplomus with the species confluens H. Sch., virgatus 
Stal, and circumcinctus Stal, of which confluens has properly been 
selected as type. I can see no justification for Schouteden’s new 
genus Perilloides, as it possesses no workable character except the 
greater convexity of the pronotum, and I have not recognized it in 
my catalogue. The sulcation of the tibie differs inappreciably, 
if at all, in the two genera. 


Genus Acanthocephala Lap.—The names Diactor Burm, and 
Metapodius Westw. were both given as substitutes for Acantho- 
cephala Lap., a name supposed at that time to be preoccupied by 
a family of that name in the Vermes. By the International Rules. 
a family name cannot preoccupy a generic name and Acantho- 
cephala is therefore valid. Metapodius has the same type as 
Acanthocephala, and cannot therefore be used as a distinct sub- 
genus as was done by Stal, and we must fall back on Metapodiessa, 
substituted by Kirkaldy for this well-known North American sub- 
genus. 

Genus Leptocorisa Latr.—So many changes have been made 
in this genus that a word of explanation seems necessary. Latreille 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ‘379 


founded the genus Myodocha in 1807 with a fair description and 
named three species; tipuloides (a Leptocorisa), trispinosa (a Cyda- 
mus), and fulvipes (an Ischnodemus), but as his generic diagnosis 
in no way fits any one of these species, it becomes evident that 
his manuscript must have been mixed and the genus becomes 
invalid here. In 1810 he corrects this error and names servipes 
as type of Myodocha, but as this species was then undescribed, 
the genus is still invalid, but becomes of force the following year, 
when Oliver describes it as Myodochus and gives a recognizable 
description of serripes. Leach, in 1815, names tipuloides as type 
of Myodocha, and is followed in this by Burmeister and Kirkaldy, 
but this is obviously invalid. The name Leptocorisa first appears 
as Leptocorise in 1825 (Latreille, Fam. Nat. Reg. Anim., p. 421) 
as a nomen nudum and not in a Latin form. In 1827 Berthold, 
in his German translation of Latreille’s work, changes the French 
form to Leptocorixa, but.does not describe the genus nor mention a 
species, so it is still a nomen nudum. In the 1829 edition of 
Cuvier’s Regnum Animalia Latreille first characterizes the genus 
making it equivalent to Gerris Fabr. (of the Syst. Rhyng.), except 
vagabundus, but does not state that it is a substitute for that name 
so it need not have the same type. Laporte in 1832 names his 
linearis (= filiformis Fabr.) as type, which, being an original 
species, is valid and must stand. 

Genus Corizus Fall.—Brullé, 1835, first fixes the type of 
- Corizus as hyoscyami Linn., and Westwood in 1840 fixes that of 
Rhopalus Schill. as capitatus Wolff (= subrufus Gmel.). The 
former is equivalent to Therapha Am. & Serv. and the latter is 
the Rhopalus of Stal and the Corizus of the Oshanin Katalog. 
As subgenera, neither are found in our fauna. 


Genus Leptocoris Hahn.—On account of the close resemblance 
of this name to Leptocorisa Latr. it has been renamed three times, 
and in each case the name was given as a straight substitute for 
the supposedly preoccupied Leptocorisa, and must take the same 
type. These names are Serinetha Spin., Lygeomorphus Blanch., 
and Pyrrhotes Westw. Leptocoris is valid and must stand for this 
genus, and the tribe becomes Leptocorini, not Serithint. Kirkaldy, 
in Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. II, p. 123, 1910, has established 
a new subgenus of Leptocoris as Boisea. He founds it in but few 


380 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


words on colour characters and a “‘slight margination of the pro- 
notum, etc.,”’ for “‘vittata.’’ The only vittata in this genus is already 
the type of the synonymic genus Tynotoma Am. & Serv. Both 
his new subgenus and his species ‘‘vittata’”’ are absolutely unrecog- 
nizable, except as we may assume that his disconnected remark- 
concerning an American species of Leptocoris may refer to this, 
and thus identify his “‘vittata” with trivittata Say. Kirkaldy was: 
very severe in his criticisms of others for the use of colour characters- 
and incomplete descriptions, but no one used colour characters 
more or gave us more fragmentary and unrecognizable descriptions. 
It is greatly to be hoped that some competent Hemipterist will. 
work out Kirkaldy’s oriental genera and species while the types 
are still available and thus locate, and I might say validate them, 
for us. . . 


Genus Neides Latr.—Latreille founded Neides in 1802 with 
two species, tipularius and clavipes, and in 1810 named tipularius 
as its type. Fabricius founded Berytus in 1803, and then named 
tipularius as its type. I can see no reason why these genera should 
not be considered strictly identical and every writer so far as I 
can learn so considered them until 1860, when Flor divided the genus, 
placing clavipes in Neides, founding Sphalerocoris for tipuloides 
and restricting Berytus to rufescens. Fieber the next year retains 
Neides for tipularius and its allies, and Berytus for clavipes and 
its allies, in which he is followed by Puton (1886), Lethierry and 
Sevrin (1894), and Oshanin (1906 and 1912). Reuter (1888), on 
the contrary, places tipularius as the type of Berytus and clavipes 
as the type of Neides, and in this is followed by Bergroth in 1906. 
I believe Kirkaldy was entirely right in considering these genera 
as homotypical and that he was justified in renaming Berytus 
Fieb. as Berytinus. The family thus becomes Neidide, not Bery- 
tide. Most European Hemipterists seem to have overlooked 
genus Podicerus Dumeril founded in 1824 with tipularius as type. 
In the Journal of the New York Entomological Society for 1911 
(Vol. XIX, p. 24), Mr. H. G. Barber places my Jalysus perclavatus: 
as a synonym of Hoplinus multispinus Ashmead, and suggests 
that my redescription of the species was owing to the poor character- 
ization of Ashmead’s species. This, however, does not fully state 
the case. The difficulty here is that Ashmead’s description does 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 381 


not at all correspond with his supposed type now in the National 
Museum. I did in this case as I have always done, followed the 
description rather than the supposed type. It is inconceivable 
that any one who pretends to know anything about the Hemiptera 
would describe a Jalysus with unarmed connexivum and pronotum 
and membranous elytra in a genus belonging to a distinct sub- 
family and having the connexivum and pronotum long-spinose 
and the corium coriaceous and punctate. Ashmead also distinctly 
describes the head as trispinose. Characters omitted may be 
charged to an_ oversight, but non-existent structural characters 
cannot be added. His name multispinus could hardly apply to 
any Jalysus. I fail to see how the ends of science can be advanced 
by trying to connect Ashmead’s description with his supposed 
type, and in my catalogue I have retained my species, leaving 
Ashmead’s as a still unknown species of Hoplinus. Mr. Barber 
also sinks my Jalysus wickhami as a straight synonym of spinosus. 
.It, however, readily separates out as the western form of spinosus. 
‘The typical form of this species I have not seen from west of the 
Rocky Mts., although in Texas the two seem to intergrade and 
may do so wherever their habitats overlap. 


Genus Lygaeus Fabr.—This genus was founded by Fabricius 
in 1794 to include a heterogeneous assemblage of species that he 
could not satisfactorily locate in his other genera, or so it looks to 
us. Lamarck in 1801 named equestris as its type, and in 1803. 
Fabricius indicates tenebrosus as the typical species. Kirkaldy 
and others claim that his repeating the generic characters in his 
description of valgus in 1794, but without italics, was a valid 
naming of the type. An argument in favour of this is found in 
the fact that he did not repeat these type indications in the case of 
two of the five genera so distinguished in his Systema Rhyngotorum, 
but in Lygeus and one other genus he has indicated a different 
species as type in his later work, which in a measure will offset 
Kirkaldy’s contention. In these two cases of double type-fixation, 
if such they be called, I think we should ignore both and take the 
next valid fixation, which in the case of Lygeus is equestris, and in 
the case of Gerris, the other genus referred to, is lacustris. This 
procedure, which I believe is perfectly justifiable and logical, 
conserves these names for the genera as almost universally used 


382 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


since the time of Latreille, and in the case of Lygeus makes that_ 
genus synonymous with Graptolomus Stal and Eulygeus Reuter. 
Most European entomologists accept Laporte’s indication of 
familiaris Fabr. as type of Lygeus or follow Kirkaldy in consider- 
ing Lygeus a Coreid genus with valgus as type, but I think the 
solution here given much more reasonable and better in every way. 


Genus Artheneis Spin.—Dr. Horvath (Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., 
VIII, p. 11, 1910) has shown conclusively that the type of this 
genus should be foveolata Spin. Kirkaldy had no reason to name 


cymoides as type and thus to make this genus supercede Nysius 
of Dallas. 


¢ 


Genus Perigenes Dist.—I have examined a long series of 
Perigenes constrictus Say from the Northern and Middle States, 
and have been unable to detect a distinct lunate vitta on the venter 
of any, although there is a structural fullness at that point which 
in rubbed specimens has somewhat the aspect of a vitta. The 
southern specimens sent to me as Ligyrocoris constrictus Say have 
proved to be abdominalis Guer. Say’s species as represented in 
the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History is an un- 
doubted Perigenes. It is questionable whether this lunate vitta 
should be considered as a generic character, as genus Ligyrocoris 
as now constituted contains species of at least four genera: Sphe- 
robius, Hereus, Orthea, and Perigenes, and separable therefrom 
only by this lunate vitta. In my catalogue I have been unable to 
quote a number of the locality records on account of the mixing of 
the species. 


Genus Orthzea Dall.—Say’s name Pamera, used by Stal for 
this genus, published in 1832 as a straight substitute for the pre- 
occupied Pachymerus Lep. & Serv., a palearctic genus. The 
same year Laporte published the name Arphanus as a substitute 
for this same preoccupied name. I know no way to determine 
for certain which of these works appeared first and personally 
prefer to use the name A phanus for two reasons: Laporte’s paper 
was a systematic work in which the author undertook to name a 
type for each of the Heteropterous genera known to him and for 
this genus he names rolandi Linn., which was one of the original 
species and a perfectly valid type fixation. Say’s work was a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 383° 


faunal paper, and as he names no type nor original species, his 
name must follow the first valid type fixation for genus Pachymerus, 
which was that of Laporte mentioned above. A further and strong 
reason for accepting Laporte’s name is that Say’s name Pamera 
has long been used for a quite distinct assemblage of species,. 
and the transfer of the name would cause serious confusion. It 
may be well to add here that while Say’s paper on the Heteropterous 
Hemiptera was dated 1831, only the first eight pages were pub- 
lished that year as we are informed by Fitch (2d Annual Rept. 
N. Y. St. Entomologist, in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc., Vol. XV, 
for 1855, p. 523). The next name quoted by Stal for Pachymerus 
is Stenocorius Ramb., which is equivalent to Paromius Fieb. It 
was established in 1842, not 1838 as cited by Stal, and is preoccupied 
by Stenocoris Burm. published in the supplement to the Handbuch, 
Vol. II, part 2, p. 1010, 1838. This leaves Orihea Dall. the first 
valid name for the genus with consuia Dall. as type. It may be 
noted in this connection that the genera Calyptonotus and A phanus 
in the Oshanin Katalog must be reversed. The name Calyptonotus 
Dougl. and Scott was published as a substitute for Rhyparochromus 
Fieb. (and Am. & Serv.) and therefore takes as type alboacumin- 
atus Goeze. I cannot find that this genus is represented in our 
fauna. 


Genus Astemma Lep. and Serv.—This genus was founded 
simultaneously by Latreille and Lepeletier and Serville in 1825. 
Latreille’s genus was without description or species and_ conse- 
quently was a nomen nudum until 1829, when in the edition of 
Cuvier's Regnum Animalia of that year he gives it a short diag- 
nosis and names two species: Salda pallicornis and flavipes of 
Fabricius, the latter a Geocoris not answering to Latreille’s diag- 
nosis of his genus, so the former must be taken as the type making 
it equivalent to Halticus Hahn, 1831. Lepeletier and Serville 
_ founded their genus Asfemma in the tenth volume of the Encyclopia 
Methodique, naming several species and describing cornuta as 
new. In 1832 Laporte designates konigi Fabr. as the type of 
Astemma, but not being an original species, this type fixation is 
invalid. Kirkaldy in 1909 names apterus Linn. as type of the 
Astemma of Lep. & Serv., but this certainly is invalid, as Stal 
had in 1870 restricted the genus to cornuta and its allies, as he 


384 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST | 


had a perfect right to do, and thus making it a valid genus related 
to Largus, with cornuta as type. 


Cenus Phymata Latr.—I wish to call attention here to the 
fact that Handlirsch in his monograph on this genus has, perhaps 
inadvertently, renamed the typical subspecies of Phymata erosa as 
linnei Handl. Under the International Code it must be known as 
Phymata erosa erosa Linn. with linnet asa synonym. It also seems 
to me-unquestionable that Stal was right in assigning Wolff’s | 
description and figure of erosa to our northern form which he re- 
names wolffi and of which subspecies pennsylvanica Handl. is a 
straight synonym. Subspecies fasciata Gray is undoubtedly the 
southern form included doubtfully by Stal under wolffi. Sub- 
species fasciata Stal has been rightfully renarned by Handlirsch, 
who calls it communis, assuming that he has correctly located it. 
I am unable to understand why subspecies chilensis Handl. should 
not be known as carinata Fabr., but as this form is from outside 
our territory, I will leave this for others to work out. 


Genus Reduvius Fabr.—This genus was founded by Fabricius 
in 1775 without designation of type. In 1801 Lamarck names 
personatus Linn. as such type, a valid type-fixation having priority 
over Fabricius’ designation of fuscipes in 1803. While Stal was 
wrong in accepting fuscipes as type of Reduvius, he was certainly 
right in using angulosus Lep. & Serv. as the type of Harpactor 
Lap., who distinctly names that species as type when founding the 
genus. For the large genus Reduvius of Stal and Lethierry and 
Servin (= Harpactor of Am. & Serv.) we must use the name 
Rhynocoris Hahn, 1834, with cruentus Fabr. (= tracundus Poda) 
as the type. Our American species belong to this last genus. Of 
the numerous subgenera used by Stal in this genus, I would? 
recognize but four or five, reducing the others to synonymy. The 
subfamily Reduviina of Stal, 1872, must take the name Harpac- 
torine, as that was the first name given to the group. It has 
been so used by Amyot & Serville, Spinola, Dohrn, Puton, 
Lethierry and Servin, Champion and Oshanin. There are two 
fairly well marked tribes in this subfamily, the Harpactocorini 
with the mesopleura tuberculate and the Zelini without the meso- 
pleural tubercle. The former was named Hezeda by Stal in 1859, 
but as I understand the International Code the typical subfamily 


Bi 
_ positive statements that Cimex was not and could never be 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 385 


& 


or tribe must bear the name of the tinh e genus seis same as a 
subgenus, including the typical species of the genus must bear 
the name of the genus. The second tribe was called Reduviida 
by Stal, but has been properly designated as Zelini by Bergroth 
and others. 


Genus Ectrichodia Lep. & Serv.—Kirkaldy (Entomologist, 
XXXIII, p. 239, 1900) goes into an elaborate explanation of why 
he names Reduvius cruciatus Lep. & Serv. as type of Ectrichodia, 
all of which was quite unnecessary as Laporte had already named 
this species as its type (Essai, p. 7, 1832) and Brullé did the same 
in 1835 (p. 320). This generic name must therefore replace the 
old-world genus Physorhynchus Am. & Serv. and Ectrichodia of 
Stal must$be known as Rhiginia Stal with lateralis Lep. & Serv. 
as type. The name of our northern cruciata Say, described as a 
Petalocheirus, is not preoccupied by Ectrichodia cruciata Lep. & 
Serv. and will stand as Rhiginia cruciata Say. 


Genus Nabis Latr.—This genus was founded by Latreille in 
1802 with two species mentioned, guttula and vagans Fabr., the 
latter a synonym of ferus Linn. I cannot find that the former was 
named as type until Kirkaldy did so in 1900. Vagans was named as 
type of Nabis by Westwood in 1840, and I cannot see why this 
type fixation is not valid. Reduvius apterus Fabr. was named as 
type by Latreille in 1810, Laporte in 1832, and Spinola in 1837, but 
is invalid as apterus is not an original species. Latreille in 1804 
and 1807 named apetrus (= subapterus) and guttula as examples, 
but this cannot be considered as a proper type fixation for guttula. 
Nabis then = Coriscus Auct., = Reduviolus Kirby, with type vagans 
=ferus Linn. Prostemma Lap. = Nabis Stal, 1873, and Reuter, 
1908?and 1909, type gutiula Fabr. 


_ Genus Cimex Linn.—This generic name is now so universally 
used for the ‘‘bed-bug”’ that it seems unnecessary to notice it here 
further than to draw attention to the fact that|Kirkaldy’s very 


available for lectularius were founded on a careless and imperfect 
knowledge of the bibliography of this genus.and species. Briinnich 
restricted genus Cimex to lectularius eleyenyyeats. before Fabricius. 
founded genus Acanthia and restricted Cimex to the Pentatomide, 


386 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


and furthermore Lamarck named lectularius as type two years 
before Fabricius indicated rufipes as type of Cimex, so I cannot 
see that there is any case for discussion. My copy of both Briin- 
nich and Lamarck are from the Kirkaldy library, and are annotated 
by him, and he could soon have learned these facts had he tried. 


Family Capsidze.—It seems to be quite the vogue now to 
follow Kirkaldy and call this family after the oldest genus, Miride. 
This Kirkaldy system is illogical to me as I have stated above, and 
I would not revert to it did it not seem best to refute Reuter’s 
statement of 1910 that the name Miride Brullé, 1835, has priority 
over Capside Burm., 1835. In the first place every indication I 
can discover of the date of these two works show that Burmeister’s 
appeared first, but that would not effect the present case as Brullé’s 
name was in the French form and was not latinized at all. If we 
accept vulgar names, we must go back to Hahn’s Wanzenartigen 
Insecten, Vol. i, 1831, where we find the family called Mirides. 
However, I think Dr. Horvath was perfectly right in discarding 
all names not given in the Latin form. By this system the name 
Capside has clear priority and practically universal usage until 
Kirkaldy devised his system for unstabilizing family nomenclature. 


Genus Saida Fabr.—This genus cannot be considered without 
first locating Acanthia. Fabricius founded Acanthia in 1775 for 
lectularius and its allies without indication of type. Latreille in 
the ‘‘ Precis,’’ 1796, restricts Acanthia to those of Fabricius’ species 
which inhabit the borders of ponds and streams, but names no 
species nor type. As it is impossible to name a type from such a 
statement, his restriction has no value. In 1801 Lamarck identi- 
fies Acanthia with Cimex and names lectularius as type. The next 
year Latreille still clings to his delusion and describes genus A canthia 
for littoralis and zostere Fabr. One year later Fabricius, perhaps. 
as a protest against Latreille’s misuse of his genus, restricts Acanthia 
to lectularius and hemipterus and indicates the former as its type. 
At the same time he founds his genus Salda for the littoral forms* 
with zostere as type. This disposition of these species by Fabricius. 
was perfectly valid, and I have so used them in my catalogue. . 
Recently Dr. Reuter has broken up genus Salda, very properly 
restricting Salda to zostere and its allies, but still retains Acanthia: 
for the littoral species with saltatoria Linn. as type. In accepting. 


yy 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. " 387 


Acanthia in the Fabrician sense as indicated above we find the 
largest genus in the family without a name and I therefore propose 
to call it Saldula. As a substitute for Acanthia of Reuter (Of. 
Finska Vet. Soc. Forh., Afd. A, No. 12, p. 14, 1912) it takes the » 
same type, saltatoria Linn. Nineteen North American species 
belong to this genus. 


Genus Dictyophara Germ.—Melichar in his recent mono- 
graph on this subfamily places our American species in Stal’s genus 
Nersia, which he considers as distinct. Our species are, however, 
entirely congeneric with Dictyophara europea Linn. and must — 
be retained in this genus. 


. Genus Ticida Uhler.—I now find that my Loxophora trans- 
versa is asynonym of Ticida cingulata Uhler and my genus therefore 
becomes a synonym of Jicida. I was mislead by Uhler's placing 
his genus in the Jsside. 


Genus Otiocerus Kirby.—I do not accept Kirkaldy’s state- 
ment that Vol. XIII of the Trans. of the Linnean Society was 
published in 1822. The first pages containing Kirby's paper 
undoubtedly appeared in 1819 or very early in 1820. Germar 
accepted Kirby’s name as the earlier and we must do the same. 


Genus Cicada Linn—When publishing my note on this genus 
in 1912 I did not realize that it was Lamarck’s intention to name 
types in this work of 1801, and finding Cicada without a valid type, 
named “4bicen as such type. There is no doubt, however, but we 
must accept orni Linn as type of Cicada as named by Lamarck, 
thus making the genus equivalent to Tettigia of Kolenati. There 
is an additional reason for our doing this in the fact that Linneus 
named this section of his genus Mannifere from the ‘‘manna’’ 
produced by this insect, which is perhaps the most common Euro- 
pean Cicada. This is in accord with the Linnean method of re- 
stricting his genera to the best known or officinal species. What 
then shall we do with genus Cicada of Stal and other writers? 
Latreille in 1825 establishes genus Tibicen for plebeja Scop., but 
without description. The question is: Was Tibicen properly 
established by the simple naming of a well-known species in 1825, 
or must it be held over until 1829, when one distinguishing character 
(of no value) was given and four species (belonging to three genera). 


388 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


are named? Amyot and Serville take the latter view and name 
hematodes as its type. The genus can, however, be much more 
accurately recognized by the naming of plebeja in 1825 than by 
the characters and species mentioned in 1829, and I think we 
should accept plebeja as its type. Many recent writers ignore 
Tibicen entirely, but this cannot be done. Either it is equivalent 
to the Cicada of Stal with plebeja as type or Tibicina Kolen. with 
hematodes as type. Another question arises in studying this case. 
Fabricius, who uses Tettigonia Geoff. in place of Cicada Linn. 


indicates tibicen as its type, and I am not certain but we should 


consider this a valid naming of a type for genus Cicada of Linn. 
This, of course, would antedate Latreille’s genus Tibicen and leave 
genus Cicada as it was understood before Distant founded his genus 
Rihana. 1 can find no ruling on this in the International Code, 
and therfore for the present use Cicada for orni, largely on the 
assumption that Linneus intended that for the type of his section 
Mannifere, and Tibicen for plebeja. Latreille in 1810 names 
plebeja as type of genus Cicada Linn., but as it was not an original 
species, this is of course invalid, 


Genus Philzenus Stal—As I understand the International 
Rules, a variety name is preoccupied by an earlier species name in 
the same genus. This necessitates our changing the name of 
Philenus leucophthalmus var. lineatus Linn. for which I now propose 
the name fabricii; and we must also change the name of what was 
formerly the typical spumarius of Fallen ,which I propose to call 
falleni. Both of these colour varieties occur in our fauna. 


Genus Ceresa Am. & Serv.—The name aculeata was used in 
this genus by Fairmaire in 1846, so I now propose the name 
stimulea for the Ceresa aculeata published by me in 1909. 


Genus Stictocephala Stal—I cannot find that a type has 


been named for this genus, so I now name /utea Walk as such © ¥° 
type, as. it is the best known species mentioned by Stal” ween, 


founding the genus. 


Genus Campylenchia Stal.—I do not feel at all convinaal are 


our N orth American latipes Say is identical with the South American 
curvata Fabr, and have retained it as distinct in my catalogue. 


ive 


yit> 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ~~ 389 


Genus Bolbonota Am. & Serv.—Fowler’s name aureosericea 
preoccupied in this genus by aureosericea Stal, and for the former 
I propose the name dubiosa. 


Genus Gypona Germ.—Gypona bimaculata Woodworth, 1887, 
is preoccupied by Gypona bimaculata Spangberg, 1878, for the 
former I propose the name woodworthi. 


Genus Euscelis Brullé-—Genus Athysanus Burm., 1838, type 
argentatus Fabr., is scarcely s2parable from Phrynomorphus Curtis, 
1833, type lineolatus Brullé. It seems, however, that both must 
fall before Euscelis Brullé, 1832, type lineolatus Brullé. I have not 
been able personally to examine Brullé’s work, nor can I learn that 
there is a copy in this country, but he s2ems to have established 
‘his genus for lineolatus, and as his genus has recently been recog- 
nized by Dr. Horvath, it is evidently a valid genus, I recognize the 
following subgenera: Athysanus Burm., type argentatus Fabr., 
Euscelis Brullé, type lineolatus (= Conosanus Osb. and Ball), 
Conomellus Osb. and Ball, type comma Van D. and Stirellus Osb., 
and Ball, types bicolor Van D. 


NOTES ON SCIAPUS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE 
NEW SPECIES. 


BY M. C. VAN DUZEE, BUFFALO, N. Y 
Sciapus forcipatus Ald. 


Three males from Guatemala differ from Prof. Aldrich’s 
description in having the knob of the halters, lamella of the hypo- 
pygium, and hind tibia yellow; and in having the wings marked 
with the usual two cross bands, although these bands are not very 
dark or well defined. The two long bristles at the tip of the 
abdomen seem to be composed of two or more fine hairs so closely 
twisted together, as to appear as one, in one specimen these hairs 
are partly separated; the middle tibia have two long bristles, one 
at the riddle and one at apical fourth; the middle tarsi in one 
specimen’ have two rather long bristles, and several smaller ones... 
on the first joint; all the. femora have long white hairs below, the 
é middle pair | have also. the black bristles mentioned by Aldrich. 
feet | quite certain ‘that these differences are not of specific 


value; in fact, hardly sufficient to warrant separating it as a variety. 
November, 1914 


390 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Two other males in the same lot have the hind tibiz yellowish 
brown and the wings hardly tinged with brown, even in front of 
the third vein. They come nearer the typical form. 


Sciapus tonsus Ald. . 

I have seen two specimens, one from Bradentown, Fla., and 
the other from Beaufort, N. C., which answer the description of 
this species. In one the appendages of the hypopygium are ' 
closely drawn up as in the type; in the other they are somewhat 
extended. They are black and rather long, extending forward to 
the tip of the fourth ventral segment. The fore metatarsi are 
about as long as the four remaining joints together, and with rather 
long hair below. 

Sciapus crinitus Ald. 

I took this at Bradentown, Fla., and have seen specimens: 
from Georgia. 

Sciapus flavipes Ald. : 

I took a number of these at Bradentown, Fla., in March. IL 
have also seen specimens from Georgia and Erie Co., N. Y. 


Sciapus chalybeus, n. sp. 

Male—Length 5.5 mm. Face bare, green with blue reflec- 
tions and coarse gray pollen on the lower part. Front blue-green, 
pure green on the upper lateral corners; antenne black, with a few 
rather long bristles on the second joint, one of which is three- 
fourths as long as the face; arista more than half as long as the 
body and with the tip white. Thorax steel-blue or purplish; 
pleure more green; meta-scutellum green; bristles of the thorax 
and abdomen long. Abdomen concolorous with the thorax, the 
last two segments green. Hypopygium*with a peduncle which is 
~ as long as the sixth segment, blue, and bears many long, wavy 
hairs, which are as long as the fifth and sixth segments together; 
hypopygium black with pale yellow, curved, somewhat forcipate 
appendages. Coxe, trochanters and femora black; extreme tips 
of fore and middle femora, all tibiz and fore and middle tarsi 
yellow; last joint of fore and middle tarsi, extreme tips of hind. 
tibize and hind tarsi black; all femora with long white hairs below;. 
fore tibia with a row of bristles on the upper surface, two of which 
are long, the last one about three-fourths as long as the tibia; 
fore tarsi a little more than twice the length: of their tibiz, the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 391 


first joint being longer than the remaining four together, and 
ciliate with long bristles above; the second joint with a long and 
the third joint with a short bristle at tip; middle tibize with three long 
bristles of increasing length above, and a long bristle-like spur at 
tip,-also several small bristles; middle tarsi about one-and-one- 
fourth times as long as their tibiae and ciliate above with close-set 
bristle-like hairs, which decrease in length but extend to the ex- 
treme tip of the fourth joint; fifth joint with minute white hairs 
above; hind tibize without bristles, but with a row of short hairs 
along the lower inner edge. Tegule and their cilia black; halters 
black, with a pale yellow knob. Wings grayish hyaline, with a 
brown cloud near the tip in front of the third vein. 

Described from one male taken at Philadelphia, Pa. Type in 
the Cornell University collection. 

. The formation of the hypopygium and its appendages is much 


~ like that of S. forcipatus Ald., but,the arrangement of the bristles 


of the legs is quite different and easily separate the species. 


Sciapus digitatus, n. sp. 
Male—Length 5 mm. Face and front green, the former with 
rather thick white pollen when viewed from in front, this pollen 
extending a little on to the lower part of the front; antennz small, 


- black, the longest bristles on the second joint a little longer than 


the antennz; arista about as long as the width of the head; palpi 
and proboscis brown. Thorax green with very little pollen. Abdo- 
men green, with black bands at the base of the segments, those on 
the last two segments occupying nearly the whole of the segments; 
hypopygium small with two small, slender, nearly straight appen- 
dages, which are black and about as long as the width of the 
hypopygium. Coxe and femora black, the tips of the latter yellow; 
fore and middle tibia yellow; hind tibia yellowish brown with 
black tips; fore tarsi brownish almost from the base; middle and 
hind tarsi black; fore femora with delicate white hairs and a few 
black bristles below; fore tibiz with about four long black bristles 
on the lower hind edge; fore tarsi about twice the length of their 
tibia, the metatarsi slightly longer than the tibia and with two 
bristles below; middle and hind femora with white hairs below; 
middle tibiz with several small scattered bristles; hind tibiae with 
only very short bristles, which are hardly distinguishable from the 


392 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


hairs. Halters yellow, the stem infuscated; tegule and their cilia 
black. Wings hyaline, with the usual cross bands, which are 
_ united on the front as far back as the third vein; the last bend in 
the fourth vein nearly a right angle and little rounded. 

Females with yellow femora. 

Described from two males and two females from Cuba. 

This is very close to S. breviseta Coq., differing in having 
longer bristles on the second joint of the antennz, smaller lamelle 
to the hypopygium and having the middle tarsi entirely black. 


Sciapus nigrimanus, n. sp. 

Male—Length 7 mm. Face green, more bluish on the upper 
part, white pollinose when viewed from above; front violet with the 
orbits narrowly green near the vertex. Antenne small, black 
with short bristles on the second joint; arista about as long as the 
width of the head. Thorax green, white pollinose along the front 
and sides of the dorsum when* viewed from above; pleure more 
blackish, with white pollen; scutellum blue-green. Abdomen 
green, with black bands at the incisures, that on the second seg- 
ment extending forward on the centre of the dorsum to the base of 
the abdomen; hypopygium large with large, somewhat forked, 
black lamella. Coxe black with white pollen; tips of the fore 
coxe yellow; fore and middle coxz with rather long, delicate white 
hairs on -the front surface; hind coxz with several pale hairs and 
the usual black bristle on the outer surface; femora green, fore and 
middle pairs broadly, and the hind pair narrowly yellow at the 
tips, all with delicate pale hairs below, those on the hind pair 
longest; tibiae yellow, tips of the hind pair black; fore tibize with 
about -six slender bristles below and one above near the apex; 
middle tibia with a row of about twelve stouter bristles on the 
lower front edge, three on the upper side, and three or four small 
ones. on the posterior surface; hind tibiz with one bristle at basal 
fourth; front tarsi black from the tip of the first joint, about one- 
and-two-thirds times as long as their tibiae; the: metatarsi nearly 
as long as the tibiz, and with a row of bristles below extending the 
entire length; second joint short, about twice as long as»wide with 
delicate hairs below, a little widened downward; third joint slightly 
shorter than the second; fourth joint nearly.as long»as the two 
preceding together; fifth joint about as long as the third; middle 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 393 


tarsi black, the metatarsi a little shorter than their tibia and with 
a close row of erect hair-like bristles below; the remaining four 
joints together about two-fifths as long as the first; hind tarsi — 
black, shining with rather long hairs, shorter than their tibiae; the 
metatarsi- longer than the remaining four joints together. Tegule 
yellowish brown, with black tips and cilia; halters yellow. Wings 
grayish hyaline, with the usual cross-bands, which are united in 
front as far back as the third vein; a brown cloud fills in the apex 
of the cell in front of the tip of the first vein; the cells between the 
first and third veins are tinged with yellow as far as the cross- 
bands; costa with erect cilia, which is longest at the tip of the 
first vein; the last section of the fourth vein beyond the fork bent 
backward so as to be somewhat U-shaped. 

Female—Agrees with the male in the colour of the front, body 
and wings, but differs in having no rows of bristles on the tibie 
and tarsi and no erect cilia on the costa; the front coxe and all 
_femora are yellow, all the tarsi black, and the face is so thickly 
covered with white pollen as to conceal the ground colour. Length 
6 mm. 

Described from two males and three females taken at Los 
Amates and Marales, Guatemala, in February and March. 

This species agrees in most points with the description of S. 
genualis Ald., but differs in the structure of the front tarsi, the 
first joint of which has a row of stout bristles below for its entire 
length, the second joint has no bristles, but only short, delicate 
hairs below, while Prof. Aldrich, in his description of genualis, 
states that the first joint has a few small bristles near the apex 
and the second joint a number of smaller ones extending its whole 
length. 


FURTHER NOTES ON ALBERTA LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MIDNAPORE, ALTA. 
(Continued from Vol. XLV., p. 302.) 


531. Diastictis denticulodes Hulst—A third specimen from 
Head of Pine Creek on Aug. 3rd, 1907. 

534. D. loricaria Eversman.—Messrs. Barnes and McDun- 
nough, in their “Contributions,” Vol. I, No. IV, p. 33, and plate 


XV, figs. 5, 12, figure a winged female type of Sympherta julia 
’ November, 1914 


7 


394 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Hulst, from Hall Valley, Colo., and a Colorado male compared 
with a male type in their possession. The male there figured 
(fig. 12) is the species which was referred by Taylor to loricaria 
Eversman, and listed by me as such. The female type is, as 
Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough point out, a distinct species, 
and is very close to my No. 532, for which I have not yet received 
aname. No mention is made of sexes in Hulst’s description. 


541. Apocheima rachele Hulst. I have a wingless female 
taken here, which is evidently this species, dated April 11th. 


543. Anagoga pulveraria Linn.—During one or two years, 
particularly 1909, this species was not uncommon here in beni 
flying at dusk in the poplar woods. 

547. Xanthotype crocataria Fabr.—I have a single specimen of 
this species taken at the head of Pine Creek on July 14th, 1906. 

552. Euchloena astylusaria Walk.—A male is in my collection 
taken at Edmonton by Mr. F. S. Carr, May 13th, 1910. A male 
at the head of Pine Creek on May 31st of the same year, by Mr. 
E. R. Brill. The latter specimen is about like Holland’s figure, 
but lacks the cloud opposite the cell on primaries. The Edmonton | 
specimen is similar though rubbed. The Red Deer River specimen 
previously recorded almost lacks the brown irroration, and differs 
from the others in having a diffuse transverse fuscous shade across. 
all wings, above and beneath, least evident on the primaries above, 
where it is just posterior to the t. a. line. It is possibly a distinct 
species. 

553. E. pectinaria Schiff—High River. (Baird). 

556. Metanema inatomaria Gn.—Banff. July Ist, 1907. 

557. M. determinata Walk.—Banff. July Ist, 1907. 

560. Brephos infans Moschl.—Calgary, April 19th, 1913, by 
Mr. Norman Criddle. 

563. Cossus popult Walk.? vel orc Strk.?—Messrs. Barnes anit 
McDunnough commenced their ‘“‘Contributions”’ by a “‘ Revision of 
the Cosside”’ (Vol. I, No. 1, 1911). There’ on Plate VII, fig 8, is 
a reproduction from a coloured figure of Walker’s type of popult 
in the British Museum, from St. Martin’s Falls, Hudson’s Bay 
Territory, on the borders of Ontario. It is a female, and Sir George 
Hampson states that the abdomen, though distorted laterally by 
pressure, is more elongate than in any of its allies. Compared 


_————— eC —“iC;C™~™~—S— 


ee 


oS 3 eee ee 
Sapte . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 395 


with others of this group, it seems to be characterized also by 
lack of tendency of the reticulations to form prominent transverse 
black lines, or in having dark clouds or blotches. The authors 
mention having only a single female from Calgary which approxi- 
mates this, and figure the specimen on plate V, fig. 9. This speci- 
men happens to be more like the type than any in my possession, 
but shows a tendency towards the development of clouds and 


_ well-marked lines possessed by all in my series of five. In my only 
. female the abdomen is about as in that figure, but the maculation 
_ is nearer to that of fig. 7, an Arrowhead Lake specimen referred 


doubtfully to orc Strecker. The male and female types of orc, 
from the State of Washington, are figured on plate VI. The 
female type seems a bit more blotchy than mine, but I can match 
the male very closely, and believe that all my specimens are really 
of this species, whatever may be the true relationship to popult 
and undosus, the authors suggesting that ‘‘It is possible that they 
are merely geographical forms of the same species.” 


The fragmentary female type of undosus Lint. is also figured 
on Plate VII, fig. 2, and in maculation appears nearer populi 
than orc. The authors state that in the type of undosus and in 
all specimens seen by them the collar is distinctly ochreous. A 
slight ochreous or brownish tint is present in some of mine, one of 
which is almost exactly like their fig. 8, plate V, of a Colorado 
specimen called undosus. Holland’s figure under this name has 
much heavier black bands than anything I have seen, and lacks 
the usual blotches. Barnes and McDunnough give Colorado and 
Wyoming as the habitat of undosus, though they do not denote 
the type locality. I have specimens of the Alberta form, whatever 
may be its correct name, from High River, where Mr. Baird says 
it visits the town lights pretty regularly. 

569. Hepialus macglashani Hy. Edw.—In Can. Ent., XLIII, 
pp. 290-292, Aug., 1911, Mr. McDunnough gives us some valuable 
notes ‘on the group included under hyperboreus in Dyar’s Catalogue. 
He states that macglashani was described from a series from Truckee, 
Calif., and that, as described, the band is connected with the inner 
margin of the wing by a spur of silver. The species is said to bear 
a great resemblance to ganna of Europe. He mentions that 
Dr. Barnes has a female of macglashani from the type locality, 


396 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


four pairs from Hymers, Ont., and three specimens from Calgary. 
He seems to imply that all of these specimens have the band con- 
nected with the inner margin by a spur. My only two Alberta 
specimens are those previously recorded, and one of them lacks 
the spur. Both are pale reddish brown, almost salmon tinted. 
A pair from Hymers, Ont., are similarly maculate, though both 
have the spur, but the colour is much darker brown, especially in 
the secondaries. A female from Duncans, V. I., is apparently 
closely allied to the Calgary form, but is of a more fuscous pale 
brown, without any reddish tints, and has faint, diffuse fuscous 
cloudings in various portions of the wing, and two small, faintly 
silvered discal dots in one of these clouds at the end of the cell 
on primaries. 
Additional Heterocera. 


The number of species of Heterocera which have come to 
hand, or been recognized, or of which authentic records have been 
procured too late for insertion in their order in my original list, 
is, large, roughly, some hundred and twenty. Considering 
that it is about nine years since that list was commenced (Vol. 
XXXVI, p. 345, December, 1904), and seven since its completion 
(Vol. XX XVIII, p. 267, August, 1906), a much larger number of 
additions might have been expected, had collecting been done as 
assiduously of recent years as it was formerly. Mr. Arthur Hudson 
and the author used to collect, principally at night, on a somewhat 
extensive scale, for some twelve or fifteen years, though such 
collecting was for the most part restricted to a very small area. 
The cessation has been gradual, and, for a variety of reasons, the 

collecting done by us during the few past years has been practically 
nil, That the list could yet be largely augmented if researches 
were carried on extensively further afield, is evinced by the high 
percentage of fresh species found in occasional small consignments 
received from distant localities. For instance, Lethbridge, in 
Southern Alberta, the driest portion of the Province, and practi- 
cally the northern limit of the desert region, has, to judge from the 
captures made on occasional visits by one or two collectors there, 
many species unknown, or of extreme rarity further north. 
Mr. N. B. Sanson has done considerable collecting, chiefly at light, 
at Banff, in the Rockies, for the past few seasons, and discovered 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ' 397 | 


a large number of forms previously unrecorded from the province, 
and several species of extreme rarity in collections, some entirely 
new. Mr. Bean, who I believe left Laggan for his old home in 
Illinois about 1895, probably has many records which have not 
yet come my way, though I found a few of his captures new to me 
in eastern collections. In a very small collection from Edmonton, 
shown me by Mr. F.S. Carr, the percentage of fresh records was 
high, and even the city of Calgary has produced species never 
taken on Pine Creek. An extensive collection was made at Cal- 
gary, and some fifty miles further northwest, near Didsbury, 
throughout several seasons. But I never had a chance to look 
through them, though the results of the small portion I did examine 
were tantalizing. My ‘‘List’’ was quite correctly entitled ‘ Pre- 
liminary.” 

584. Hemaris thysbe Fabr. var. cimbiciformis Steph.—A speci- 
men taken at sallow blossoms at Edmonton on May 13th, 1910, 
is now in my collection. I recorded the specimen as ruficaudis 
Kirby in Mr. Gibson’s ‘‘ Record”’ for 1910. - I now follow Messrs. 
Barnes and McDunnough’s treatment of the forms in their List of 
Sphingide, Psyche, XVII, p. 200, Oct. 1910. They there make 
thysbe, fuscicaudis and cimbiciformis forms of one species, and 
state that the latter has olive markings on last abdominal seg- 
ments, and anterior edge to outer brown borders of primaries 
entire, and not dentate as in thysbe, to which they refer ruficaudis 
Kirby—not recognisable from Kirby’s description—as a synonym. 
I have exactly the same form from Field, B.C., dated July 6th, 
perfectly fresh, and from Chicago, June 28th and Aug. 4th. The 
form has the olivaceous thorax of Holland’s PI. II, fig. 5, of thysbe, 
and differs in that respect from his fig. 6 under cimbictformis, of 
which it has the entire border. I have another Chicago specimen 
almost exactly like this fig. 6. 

585. Lepisesia juanita Strk.—A male taken by the author, 
feeding on the wing at thistles, on the Red Deer River, 50 miles 
northeast of Gleichen, on July 6th, 1905, comparatively fresh. 
The secondaries are a bit paler, and the anal mark less distinct, 
but otherwise it is extremely like the juanita of Holland's figure. 
I have clarkie from Oregon, and from Duncans and Wellington, 
Vancouver Island. These differ in many details of shape, colour 


398 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


and maculation, including the absence of the anal ocellate mark 
on secondaries. Juanita was described from Texas. 


586. Amphion nessus Cram.—I have a single specimen from 
High River, from Mr. Baird, rather worn, and possibly a migrant. 


587. Sphinx luscitiosa Clem—A female is in my collection, 
taken west of Didsbury, Alta., by a Mr. C. G. Garrett. 

588. S. pinastri Linn.—Barnes and McDunnough, in their 
Sphingid paper quoted above, state that Dr. Barnes has two 
specimens of this species, one labelled California, the other Waghorn, 
Alberta. Presuming the latter label to be correct, the capture 
was perhaps made by Mr. P. B. Gregson. 

According to Smith’s Monograph of Sphingide (Trans. Am. 
Ent. Soc. XV, pp. 49-241, 1888) Strecker described this species 
under the name saniptri, but subsequently referred it as synonymous 
with the European pinasiri. His types were a male from “‘Canada,” 
received from Mr. Reakirt, and a female taken by himself on a 
fence near some pine woods at Reading, Pa. Holland states that 
Strecker took the species at Reading on one or two occasions. 
It is listed by Dyar as a doubtful U.S. species. Judging from the 
British figures I have seen, it should not easily be confused with 
anything else North American. 

589. Turuptiana permaculata Pack.—Red Deer River. north- 
east of Gleichen, July Ist, 1905, flying at dusk. I have four speci- 
mens, exactly like Holland’s figure. It did not appear to be by 
any means rare, and indeed I was assured by local residents who 
professed to recognize it that it was sometimes very abundant, 
and I have been given the same report from the Lethbridge district, 
though, of course, such records are not authentic. I have certainly 
received and named the species from other points in the western 
provinces, but cannot at present find the references. 

590. Diachrisia virginica Fabr.—Edmonton, June 3rd, 1910. 
(F. S. Carr.) 

591. Euchetias oregonensis Stretch.—Didsbury, June 27th, 
1907. (C.G. Garrett.) A single male is in my collection, agreeing 
with Holland’s figure, and with the description given in Hampson 
and in Neumeegen and Dyar’s ‘‘ Bombyces.”’ 

592. Panthea virginaria Grt:—Dr. Barnes told. me several 
years ago that Grote’s Biston virginarius (No. 3866, Dyar Cat.) 


Sea ee ee ee ae 


St oa 


— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 399 


was a Panthea allied to gigantea. I recently examined the type 


in the British Museum, and that is evidently correct. It comes 
from Shasta Soda Springs, California (Hamps. Cat., XIII, 370, 
pl. CCX XXIV, fig. 10). Mr. Sanson has taken two specimens of 
a Panthea at Banff, a female on July 16th, 1906, on Sulphur Moun- 
tain, and a male on June Ist, 1910. I have examined both of these, . 
the former in Smith’s collection, and recorded them, apparently 
wrongly, as rather dark portlandia in the ‘‘Record”’ for 1910. I 
have in my collection a similar female which I took on a station 
light at Field, B. C., on July 16th, 1907, and this I have compared 
with Grote’s type of virginzria, and consider it the same, though 
it has heavier cross lines. I did not feel confident as to. the distinct- 
ness of the gigantea of the British Museum. I have not seen 
Grote’s description of porilandia, but have a Wellington, V. I., 
specimen agreeing with Holland’s figure, and with that in Smith 
and Dyar’s ‘‘Monograph of Acronycta,” where the habitat given 
is the northern Pacific coast, from Oregon to Vancouver Island. 


593. Acronycta dactylina Grt.—I have four males taken here, 
from July 5th to 17th, in 1901, 04, and ’09. Two of these were 
included in my original notes under canadensis. The female is 
from High River, from Mr. Baird. They are a trifle bluer grey 
than eastern specimens, one of which, from Lowell, Mass., I have 
compared with Grote’s type from New York, but they appear to 
be the same species. Hesperida Smith was described from two 
males and six females from California; Seattle and Tacoma, Wash- 
ington; Nanaimo and Vancouver. I have seen three specimens 
labelled ‘‘type,’’ one of which is labelled ‘‘ Victoria, B. C.,’’ which 
is presumably intended by ‘‘Vancouver’’ in the description. I 
consider it a dark variation of dactylina, all wings, including 
even the secondaries in the male, being more suffused. with brown 
than. those from east of the Rockies. The dark secondaries, as I 
have elsewhere pointed out, are a feature common to many B. C. 
forms. Smith adds that ‘‘the dagger mark opposite the anal angle 
is entirely absent.’’ It is present in two out of my six B. C. speci- 
mens, and, moreover, it is sometimes absent from eastern dactylina. 
Hampson figures as hesperida a female from Aweme, Man., but.it 


_is not typical. I have specimens from Miniota, Cartwright, and 


Winnipeg, and they are like the local form: | 


400 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


594. A. felina Grt.?—I have a single male taken at the head 
of Pine Creek on June 20th, 1895, being one of those four specimens 
originally treated by me under canadensis, which I have compared 
with a male type of felina from the Sierra Nevada in the British 
Museum. This type is well figured on Plate CX XVI, fig. 3, of 
Hampson’s Catalogue, but the figure is too brown. My specimen 
differs in a few minor details, but appears to be the same species. 
There is a female type of felina from the same locality in the Henry 
Edwards collection, which did not satisfy me as being the same 
species as that in the British Museum, but this comparison was 
from memory only. It seemed to-me nearer cyanescens Hampson, 
from Vancouver, but paler. At any rate the two are close allies, 
and metra Smith, from Seattle, Wash., and Colorado, is doubtfully 
distinct from cyanescens. The felina of the British Museum is not 
like that figured in Smith and Dyar’s Monograph. 


595. Arsilonche henrict Grt.—Two specimens, June 17th, 1906, | 


and June 5th, 1910. They are much darker and more streaky 
than my specimens from the east and are irrorate with smoky. 
The species appears to have a wide range of variation. The type 
‘of henrici is very streaky and grey, that of evanidum being rather 
even and not grey. Both are in the British Museum and appear 
to be from New York. Fumosum Morr., of which the type is in 
the Tepper collection, is called “ab. 1” by Hampson, almost 
entirely suffused with slate-grey.’’ Sir George Hampson keeps 
henrici distinct from the European albovenosa as being darker 
brown and having blunter apices to the primaries. My own notes 
say, concerning the British Museum series: ‘‘All are much more 
even and less powdery than a series of a/bovenosa here.’ Some 
European students, including Tutt, have claimed to have found 
them identical. As regards my series from each continent, the 
differences in wing form certainly do not hold, and the contrast 
between the pale veins and the ochreous or brown interspaces is 
- greatest, as a rule, in North American specimens. My Calgary 
examples, which seem to be about typical henrici, agree very closely 
in colour with a Bavarian specimen sent me by Bang Haas as ab. 
albida Auriv., but have more dark interspaceal shades. _I neither 
possess, nor have I seen, any specimens which cause me to consider 
albovenosa and henrici strictly synonymous, though the relationship 


a - Se 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 401 


is certainly very close indeed. Grote’s note under henrici in his 
1895 List—‘‘an spec. europ.?’’—is apparently intended to apply 
to “aberr. fumosum Morr.”’ only. 


596. Merolonche lupini Grt.—Three specimens taken at Banff. 
Two of them dated June 6th and 12th, 1910 (Sanson). 


597. Bryophila avirida Smith.—(Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XIV, 
_p. 10, March, 1906).—Described from four specimens. The male 
type is from Cartwright, Man., and the female from Ft. Collins, 
Colo. I took several specimens on the Red Deer River on July 
6th and 7th, 1905, and have a good series from Miniota and Cart- 
wright, Man., dated from June 14th to July 8th. Mine were 
beaten from bushes in the daytime. As described it is darker 
and more obscurely marked than lJepidula. It is also stated to 
have “‘all the green shading eliminated.’’ Hampson mentions no 
green, and yet, to my eye, an olivaceous green tinge is evident, 
both in the types and in every one of my series of thirteen specimens, 
and in some from Miniota it is very pronounced. Hampson, 
besides specimens from Manitoba and Alberta, lists a female from 
New York. The type of lepidula is catalogued as from Missouri, 
and has most of the pale areas pale green. A Columbus, Ohio, 
_ female in Smith’s collection, seemed to me about intermediate, as, 
indeed, are some of my Miniota specimens. From what I have 
observed I feel bound to look upon the form as a variation of 
lepidula. 

598. Senta defecta Grt.—Two at light at head of Pine Creek 
on August 15th and September 3rd, 1904. A third bred in August, 
1905, from larva found in stem of a reed-like grass known locally 
as ‘‘red-top”’ in a slough on the prairie near Gleichen a few weeks 
previously. A number of larvz were secured, the stems being cut 
off above and below them and placed upright in wet sand, but all 
the rest died. I have compared one of the specimens with the 
type, catalogued as merely from ‘‘U.S. A.” 

599. Luperina extensa Smith.—(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XIII, 
203, Dec., 1905).—Type a male from Regina, Sask. Syn. Perigea 
flavistriga Smith (id. p. 204). Type a female from Lethbridge, 
Alta. The descriptions were made from single specimens, both 
taken by Mr. T. N. Willing. The synonymy has been published 
by Smith himself. I have a female taken at treacle by myself at 


402. _ _.... THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.. 


the Red Deer River locality—now known by the name of an 
adjacent post office, Dorothy—on July 23rd, 1907, which I have 
compared with both types in Smith’s collection. In that collection 
also aré a pair from Bozeman, Montana, Aug., 1908, and a female 
from Westbourne, Man., Aug. 3rd, 1908, from Mr. J. B. Wallis. 
Sir George Hampson gives figures from coloured drawings sent him 


of both types. That of flavistriga is most like my specimen, but . 


shorter winged. That of extensa is in accordance with my notes 
on that type, which is browner than any of the rest I have seen, 
though when I saw it it was greasy and probably discoloured. 


600. Hadena castanea Grt.—This name stands wrongly in our 


lists as a synonym of pluviosa. The type of the latter is in the 
British Museum and is a very badly worn specimen from Van- 
couver Island. It is, as Hampson lists it, the species well known 
as arctica Bdv., which I believe was described from Labrador. A 
type of castanea is in the British Museum from California, and, 
according to Smith’s Catalogue, there is another in the Tepper 
collection. That of cymosa from Washington Territory is in the 
British Museum also, and is the same as the type of castanea there, 
and distinct from arctica. Castanea is sienna brown, and cymosa 
fuscous brown, whilst the “ab. 1’’ of Hampson is a variegated 
form with pale shades.in the subterminal area. Castanea occurs 
on Vancouver Island, often apparently in considerable numbers. 
Arctica occurs there also, but less commonly. Whilst I think it 
improbable that the two are one species, the variegated form of 
castanea sometimes resembles arctica so very closely as to make 
separation a matter of the very greatest difficulty, if not occasionally 
impossible. 


In the Kootenai List Dr. Dyar records under pluviosa three 
specimens from Banff, Alta., July 21st, Aug. 11th and Sept. 10th, 
1904, adding: ‘‘Apparently distinct from arctica Bdv., but very 


close to it.’’ I did not see the specimens when at Washington, ~ 


but must assume that he took the variegated form of castanea, and 
therefore so record it. I have not found the species amongst 
specimens sent me from time to time by Mr. Sanson. 


601. H. loda Strk., syn. albiserrataSm. Mr. Sanson has taken 
two males of this species at light at Banff, on Sept. 2nd, 1908, and 


IE. a. » oe 


— See ye 


‘THE. ‘CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST f 403 


7 i —— eR ee ee 


Sept. 16th, 1910. I have published a note on this species in Ent. 
News XXIV, 356, Oct. 1913. 

4 602. Al. maida Dyar. —(Can. Ent., , XXXVI, 30, Feb. 1904. )— 
Two females’ at Banff, Sept. 22nd, 1910 (Sanson). Described from 
Kaslo. Cas 

| WieSa._ H. illustra Smith—(Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XVIUL,.114, 
1908.)—Described from a single female taken at High River by 
Mr. Baird.. I have an unusually black, uniform female of commoda 
taken here, which I have compared with it, and labelled as un- 
doubtedly identical. I should have referred to the form under 
that heading.] Lites . 
(To be continued.) ~ 


NEW SOUTH AMERICAN MEMBRACID&. 


BY W. D. FUNKHOUSER, ITHACA, N. Y. 
(Continued from p. 363.) 
7. Ennya pulchella, sp. nov. (PI. XXIV, fig. 7). 

A very remarkable and beautiful little species, apparently 
quite different from any hitherto described, although it may be 
somewhat near E. rufipes Fairm., a species which I have never 
seen. Superficially it much resembles a small, deeply-ridged 
Telamona. It should be easily recognized by the characteristic 
dorsal crest and the two bright nile-green spots on each side. 

Golden brown with green spots. Pronotum extended dor- 
sally into a thin squarish crest, slightly step-like posteriorly. 
Entire dorsal surface deeply ridged and punctate. Head yellowish; 
much broader than long, finely punctate, apex rectangular; ocelli 
transparent, equidistant from each other and from the eyes; eyes 
brown. Pronotum deeply and roughly punctate: light green in 
front, brown on dorsal and lateral surfaces, except for two bright 
green spots on each side near lateral margin; high, thin, squarish 
crest above and somewhat behind lateral angles, anterior margin 
sloping, posterior margin with angle near base of declivity, marked 
on each side with three perpendicular ridges, the first short, the 
second long and slightly curved, the third bifurcate at the tip; 
lateral surfaces of pronotum with four prominent ridges on each 


side, and two bright green spots, the first extending from the mar- 
November, 1914 


404 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


gin to the second ridge, the other extending from the margin to 
the third ridge; humeral angles greatly produced, triangular; 
posterior process gradually acute, sharply depressed at apex, 
extending just to the tip of the tegmina. Tegmina more than 
half covered by the pronotum, brown and punctate on its dorsal 
two-thirds, apical third hyaline, extreme tip black. Legs and 
under surface of body concolorous yellow brown. 

Type.—Female. 

Length 6 mm.; width at humeral angles 4 mm. 

Locality.—Peru. 

Described from one specimen. 


8. Antonea nodosa, sp. nov. (Fig. 8). 


Clear, shining lemon-yellow throughout, with tiny black spots 
on head, legs and abdomen. Pronotum swollen into large globu- 
lar nodules and terminating in a sharp spine. Entire pronotum 
more or less translucent in dried specimens. Near A. flaccida 
Fairmaire, but smaller and differing in number of nodules and 
in colour. 

Head smooth, yellow; a deep longitudinal depression laterad of 
each ocellus; ocelli yellow with orange border, much closer to each 
. other than to the eyes; eyes very large, black with orange border; 
~ small black spot just below each eve. Prothorax smooth, shining, 
with six globular swellings s2t off from each other by punctate 
depressions. These swellings are located as follows: One above 
thehead on each side, very large, bearing short, sharp horn and 
many long bristly hairs; one in middle of dorsum just behind these 
two bearing a few scattered hairs; one on each side below this 
middle bulb, smooth; one just before posterior process very large 
and almost spherical. Posterior process long and sharp, extending 
to a point half way between internal angle and tip of tegmina. 
Tegmina perfectly hyaline throughout; veins yellow and promin- 
ent. Abdomen yellow; second segment with black spot on each 
side. Legs yellow; a black spot at tip and a black ring near the 
base of each tibiz and at the base of each femur; tarsi yellow; 
claws flavous. 

_ Type.—Female. 
Length 7 mm.; width between extremities of horns 4 mm. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. © 405 


Locality.—Bolivia. . 
Described from three females and two males. The males are 
neither smaller nor darker than the females. 


Subfamily HOPLOPHORINZ. 
9. Aconophoroides rectispina, sp. nov. (Fig. 9). 


This species suggests at once an Aconophora, but the very 
short hind tarsi removes it from the subfamily to which that genus 
belongs. It may be recognized by the erect pronotal process, 
black with yellow tip. The four apical cells of the hind wing 
are characteristic of the genus. 

Yellow, deeply and coarsely punctured with black; pronotal 
horn straight and nearly upright, black, tip yellow. Head rough, 
striated, wider than long; clypeus short, inflexed, with median 
translucent ridge; ocelli transparent, nearer to each other than to 
the eyes, a black spot under each; eyes prominent and brown. - 
Pronotum coarsely punctured, not pubescent; dorsal horn project- 
ing upward and slightly forward, anterior and posterior margins 
flattened, black, except at tip, which is smooth and yellow; 
humeral angles obtusely prominent; posterior process long, narrow, 
lightly punctured, slightly pilose, extending far beyond abdomen 
and almost reaching tips of tegmina. Tegmina yellow, subhyaline, 
much wrinkled between veins; veins brownish and slightly raised. 
Legs and under surface of the body ferruginous. First and second 
pairs of tarsi very long and black; hind tarsi short and yellow. 

Type.—Female. 

_ Length 10 mm.; width 4.8 mm. 

Locality. BA eae 


10. Aconophoroides projecta, sp. nov. (Fig. 10). 


Superficially recalling a large Aconophora, but, like the pre- 
ceding species, easily distinguished by the very short posterior 
tarsi and the four apical areas of the hind wings. 

Uniform ferruginous brown; pronotal horn short, sharp and 
projecting forward; thickly covered witn more or less obsolete 
longitudinal carine and densely punctate. Head much wider than 
long, rough and sculptured; clypeus short and reflexed, sparingly 
pilose; ocelli brown, equidistant from each other and from the 


406 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST... | 


eyes; eyes very prominent, round and black. Pronotum densely 
and roughly punctured and lightly ridged with faint percurrent 
median carina and bearing short porrect horn; this horn sharp, 
subconical, anterior and posterior margins flattened, three or more 
longitudinal ridges on each side, the middle one sharp and dis- 
stinct; posterior process long and narrow, gradually acuminate, 
slightly depressed, extending just to tips of tegmina; humeral 
angles obtuse, not prominent. Tegmina brown and wrinkled, 
veins broad and distinct, base and costal area slightly punctate, 
apical border blackish. Under surface of body black-brown. Legs 
thick, strong, concolorous ferruginous, slightly pilose; hind tibiz 
broadly spatulate; hind tarsi very short. 

Type.—Female. 

Length 10 mm., cum corn. 13 mm., width 5 mm. 

Locality.—Bartica, British Guiana. 

Collected Feb. 15, 1913, by Mr. H. S. Parish. 


Subfamily TRAGOPIN. 
il. Tragopa luteimaculata sp. nov. (Fig. 11). s 


Near T. humeralis-Fairm., but much smaller and differing in 
colour and in the markings of the prothorax. Easily recognised 
by the fourteen bright yellow spots which stand out in striking 
contrast to the beautiful shining blacx-brown pronotum. 

Nearly twice as long as wide; black-brown with yellow spots; 
humeral angles rounded; posterior process acute. Head twice 
as wide as long; smooth, deep brown with median longitudinal 
yellow stripe starting between the ocelli and extending to the 
clypeus; ocelli white, farther trom each other than from the eyes; 
eyes black, narrowly bordered with yellow. Pronotum black- 
brown; very finely punctured, not pubescent; gradually sloping 
above head; marked on each side with seven irregular yellow spots, 
each spot faintly bordered with crimson. These spots.are arranged 
on each side as follows: one between humeral angle and eye; one 
behind humeral angle; two on lateral margin; two in middle of 
dorsum nearly touching median line; one very large spot covering 
entire posterior apex. Posterior process subacute, reaching 
beyond tips of tegmina. Tegmina black and opaque, more than 


ee a eet, Se ee 
7 


eer eee ae 


ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. | 407 


half concealed by the pronotum; apical limbus very broad and 


corrugated. Abdomen black; legs yellow. 


Type.—Female: 3 | 
Length 3.4 mm.; width between humeral angles 2.2 mm. 


Locality.—Peru. 


12. Tragopa decorata sp. nov. (Figs. 12 and 13). 


About the size of the preceding. Apparently near TZ. fulvo- 
varia Fairm., in its decorations; but smaller, not black, and with- 
out the large posterior spot of Fairmaire’s species. The head 
shows no markings. 


Decidedly longer than wide; beautiful rich chocolate brown 
shading to light brown on shoulders and head; decorated with 
numerous irregular yellow dots and bars bordered with dark brown. 
Head slightly wider than long; uniform light brown; front convex; 
ocelli yellow, farther from each other than from the eyes; eyes 
black bordered with yellow. Pronotum chocolate brown, shining, 
very finely and faintly punctured; humeral angles rounding; apex 
obtuse; a crescent-shaped row of yellow dots connecting the humeral 
angles, these dots joined together near shoulders to make a short 
stripe; behind this row a transverse area filled with very small 
dots which in the same manner join to form a stripe at the mar- 
gin; apex concolorous yellow-brown. These dots and fascia are 


. bordered by bands of dark brown and are not symmetrically 


arranged bilaterally. Tegmina very dark brown, opaque, more 
than half covered by the pronotum, border wide and wrinkled. 
Legs and undersurface of body yellow. Tarsi and tips of tibie 
fuscous-brown. | 


Type.—Female. 

Length 3.6 mm.; width 2.4 mm. 

Locality.—Bolivia. . 

The fore-wings of the genus Tragopa are most peculiar and 


are entirely different from the wings of other Membracide. The 


wing of 7. decorata figured is a good example of this interesting 
wing structure and is remarkable not only for the venation but 
also for the broad, corrugated limbus. 


- 


408 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


_ EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV. 


. Tropidoscyta brunneidorsata, sp. nov. 

. Tropidoscyta binotata, sp. nov. . 
Tropidoscyta maculata, sp. nov. 
Bolbonota lutea, sp. nov. 

- Bolbonota nigrata, sp. nov. 

; Metheisa sinuata, sp. nov. 

. Enna pulchella, sp. nov. 


. Antonea nodosa, sp. nov. 


= 
gy 
COND aA FF WON & 


. Aconophoroides rectispina, sp. nov. 


neh. 
x 
— 
ja) 


. Aconophoroides projecta, sp, nov. 


= 
a 

— 

— 


. Tragopa luteimaculata, sp. nov. Dorsal view. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


— 
a) 


. Tragopa decorata, sp. nov. Dorsal view. 


—_ 
w 


. Fore-wing of Tragopa decorata. 


MR. LYMAN’S COLLECTIONS. 


The late Mr. Henry H. Lyman, a former President of 
the Entomological Society of Ontario, of whom a_ portrait 
and obituary notice were given in the July number of this 
magazine, left an estate valued at $1,268,315. By the terms of 
his will his entomological collections and library are left to McGill 
University, together with the sum of $40,000 for their preserva- 
tion and-augmentation. He added: “It is my desire that so long 
as there may be maintained in Montreal an active Branch of the 
Entomological Society of Ontario, the President and Secretary of 
such Branch should be associated with the Professor of Zoology.” 
It is stated that the University has accepted the legacy on these 
terms. 


Mailed November 10th, 1914. 


OO aS eee | 


ee ee a a ee 


en es ee 


Che : Ganadlian Yntomologist 


VoL. XLVI. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1914 No. 12 


BEES VISITING HELIANTHUS. 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. 

The genus Helianthus, consisting of the annual and perennial 
sunflowers, is native only in America, though widely cultivated in 
the Old World. The common sunflower, H. annuus, is wholly 
sterile with its own pollen; and has to be visited by insects in 


order to produce seed. Presumably the same is true of the other 


species of the genus. The insects carrying the pollen are various, 
but the bees are far more important than all the rest combined; 
their incessant activity can only be appreciated by one who has 
worked with sunflowers throughout the summer. 

At Goodview, Colorado, August 2, 1913. I took a census of 
insects on flowers of cultivated H. annuus (var. coronatus) for a 
short time, with this result: Andrena helianthi, 12; Halictoides 
marginatus (perhaps some were Halictus), 9; Halictus armaticeps, 
4; Melissodes,2 #7, 1 2; Panurginus innuptus, 1; Apis mellifera 
ligustica, 1; Syrphid, 1. These were recognized as they flew, but 
on July 18, I collected a series of bees from the same flowers, at 
the same place, and found I had Andrena helianthi Rob., Halictus 
armaticeps Cress., Halictoides marginatus (Cr.), Panurginus 
innuptus (CkIl.), both sexes, Melissodes aurigenia Cress., @, 
M. confusiformis Ckll., 92, and Megachile agustini Ckll., o. 

The domesticated honey-bee, belonging to the Old World 
genus, is here an insignificant factor in sunflower pollination. 
Mr. Collins of Boulder, who has many hives of bees, informs me 
that they do not go to sunflowers unless the supply of other nectar 
runs short. When they do make honey from sunflowers, it is 
very yellow. 

The most important sunflower bee, with us, is certainly 
Andrena helianthi. In some localities it is probable that the 
species of Megachile, which work fast and carry a lot of pollen, do 
more work. WM. helianthi Ckll. was collected by Rohwer on the 
wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus lenticularis) at Boulder, Colorado. 


410 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Mrs. C. Bennett, in August 1908, took males of M. parallela Sm. 
and M. manifesta Cr., at flowers of Helianthus at Denver. 
M. aggustini CkIl., o, was collected at Boulder, Aug. 8, on 
H. annuus coronatus. Male bees visiting sunflowers get covered 
with pollen, and must be almost as useful as females. 


At Sterling, Colorado, far out on the plains, I collected bees 
from H. annuus lenticularis on Aug. 38,1911. Several of the species 
(Canad. Entom., Nov. 1911, p. 390) were the same as those found 
at Boulder, but others were present, and, in particular, 
_ Anthophorula bruneri (Crawf.) was abundant and’ evidently ~ an 
important factor in pollination. 


The above lists happen to lack now other types of bees which 
are more or less important visitors of sunflowers in Colorado; 
Bombus and the Anthidiines. The Bombi on sunflowers are 
principally males, and the same is true in European gardens, as 
may be seen by the list in Knuth’s “Bliitenbiologie.” The 
Anthidiines (at Boulder Heteranthidium zebratum(Cr.), Dianthidium 
perpictum Ckll., and D. sayi CkIl.) and efficient, but not abundant 
enough to be of great consequence. 


In suitable localities, Perdita abounds on sunflowers. Thus, 
in Nebraska (Swenk and Cockerell, 1907) eight species are 
recorded, some of them regular visitors, others only occasional. 
In Nebraska and New Mexico, P. albipennis and its immediate 
allies (subgenus Cockerellia Ashmead) are especially found on 
Helianthus, though there are members of this group attached to 
other Helianthoid Composite, as Ratibida and Ximenesia. 


Diadasia cannot be regarded as a normal or regular visitor of 
Helianthus, yet it occurs from time to time. I collected males of 
D. australis Cr..on sunflower at San Bernardino, California, many 
years ago; and females of D. enavata Cr. on H. lenticularis at 
Mesilla, New Mexico. 


At Falfurrias, Texas, May 18, 1907, Mr. A. C. Morgan collected 
one female each of D. australis Cr. and D. afflicta Cr., at flowers of 
Helianthus. The D. australis had collected much yellow pollen on 
the hind legs, but the large smooth grains were apparently 
cactaceous, certainly not from Helianthus. However, the compound 
microscope showed also a small quantity of the small grains of 


+ BA A oe ES RET 


oo 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST All 


Helianthus, scattered about. The D. afflicta carried only a little 


pollen on the legs, but it also had both sorts, and Helianthus 
grains also on the wings. 

We must probably conclude that these species of Diadasia, 
regularly visiting Cactacee for nectar and pollen, rested from time 
to time on the discs of Helianthus, and accidently became dusted 
with pollen from these. In this way, without actually feeding on 
Helianthus, these bees might become pollinating agents. 

We are almost without records of sunflower visitors in the 
Pacific coast region, and I have no data from Central and South 
America, although rather numerous species of Helianthus exist in 
the mountains from Mexico to Peru. Graenicher in Wisconsin— 
and Robertson in Illinois have made many observations of interest _ 
on the visitors of the perennial species. Records from Canada, 
the Atlantic seaboard and the Southern States are much to be 
desired. The Entomologists of the U.S. Department of Agriculture 
stationed in Texas have secured enormous series of insects of all 
orders, including a considerable number from Helianthus, but the 
labels do not, as a rule, show what species of Helianthus are 
involved. I have been very kindly permitted to examine many of 
the bees, and also to use the records kept on file in Washington, 


I give here some illustrative data: 


(1.) Dallas; Sept. 21, 1905. At -H. maximiliani. C. R. Jones. 
Nomia nortoni Cr., det. Crawford; Halictus armaticeps . 
(ligatus Auctt.); Megachile parallela Sm. 


(2.) Clarendon; Aug. 11, 1905. At sunflower. C. R. Jones. 


 Perdita xanthisme Ckll.; Triepeolus remigatus (Fabr.), det. 
Bishopp; Melissodes obliqua Say. 

(3.) Victoria; October 2. At Helianthus. Crawford and Leister. 
Nomia heteropoda Say.; N. apacha Cr. 

(4.) Wichita Falls; June 10, at Helianthus. J. D. Mitchell. 
Nomia bolliana Ckll. . 

(5.) Falfurrias; May 18, at Helianthus. A. C. Morgan. Nomada 
garctina Ckll.; N. texana Cr.; Osmia subfasciata Cr., &; 
Melisodes suffusa Cr., &; Anthophorula moargani CkIl.; 
Halictus ligatus Auctt. (det. Crawford); and other species 
recorded elsewhere in this paper. 


tt 


412 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


— 


Various species of Megachile have been recorded elsewhere. 
It will be observed that in Texas the species of Nomia become 
quite conspicuous. In New Mexico N. triangulifera Vachal occurs 
on Helianthus. 


- 


Do the bees distinguish the annual and perennial sunflowers, 
or between the species of either group? Are there species of bees 
adgpted to particular species of Helianthus? At present we cannot 
produce any satisfactory evidence on this point; differences 
observed may be no more significant for the discussion than those 
between the visitors of the same species (H. lenticularis) in 
different regions. Robertson, in Illinois, finds Andrena helianthi 
Rob., A. pulchella Rob., and A. alicte Rob., on perennial 
sunflowers. At Boulder we get only one of these on the annual 
species, A. helianthi; but in New Mexico A. pulchella appears on 
H. lenticularis. In the vicinity of Milwaukee, Wis., Graenicher 
gets four species of Andrena on sunflowers; A. helianthi Rob. (the 
most common), A. alicie Rob., A. peckhami Ckll., and 
A. clypeonitens Ckll. These all visit perennial species. 


In view of the fact that Helianthus is exclusively American, 


aand possesses in our fauna a long series of more or less adapted 


bee-visitors, it becomes very interesting to enquire what happens 


when sunflowers are grown in the Old World. Do the bees of 


those regions find them out, and if so, are they allied to the 
regular American sunflower bees? 


AWken, in Bremen (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, XXII, pp. 180- 
181) observed the bees visiting cultivated H. annuus. His list is 
as follows: Bombus, 8 species; Psithyrus, 3 species, all males; 
Megachile, 2 species, females; Halictus leucozonius; Coelioxys 
acuminatus; Apis mellifera; Anthidium manicatum. It will be 
seen at once that this closely corresponds in character with 
American lists, leaving out the genera peculiar to America, and 
also certain genera, as Andrena, our species of which appear to be 
oligotropic. 

The perennial sunflowers in European gardens are visited by 
Apis, Bombus, Psithyrus, Halictus, Megachile and Heriades. 

In Australia, Mrs. M. Anderson collected bees for me from 
flowers of H. annuus, and it was very interesting to find that 


i 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 413 


_Trigona carbonaria Sm. freely visits them, collecting pollen. No 


species of Trigona occurs within the natural range of the 
H. annuus group. 

At Gisborne, New Zealand, Mr. W. D. Cook kindly observed 
the insects on H. annuus coronatus in 1913-14. He did not send 


any specimens, but his account is sufficiently clear to permit the 


recognition of the bees, and I have inserted the names within 
brackets :— : 


“There seem to have been very few bees about this year; at 
any rate very few visited the sunflowers. I noticed a few ordinary 
German bees [Apis mellifera L.], a few bumble-bees, and a 
tremendous number of the common cream-coloured moth, and also 
a great many flies. [The bees] were nearly all a small black 
bumble-bee. There seem to be very few big bumble-bees about 
here (I mean the black one with the yellow band [Bombus 
terrestris L.]), but the one I saw most was about half the size and 
pure black (much larger than an ordinary bee)” [Bombus ruderatus 
fidens Harris.] 


Thus in New Zealand the only bee-visitors were the introduced 


species of Bombus and A pis, as might be expected from the absence 


of native long-tongued bees. Had the sunflower reached that 
country before the bees, perhaps the flies would have been fairly 
satisfactory pollinators. 

I add to this paper descriptive notes on some sunflower bees, 
two of which are new. 


Melissodes semiagilis (Cockerell). 

Melissodes agilis semiagilis Cockerell, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 
April 1906, p. 364, o&. 

2. Length about 11 mm.; pubescence grayish- white, tinged 
with ochreous, vertex with black hairs, scutellum and posterior 
part of mesothorax with much black hair, the tegule separated 
from the black patch by a band of pale hair about equal to their 


width; head broad; flagellum dusky reddish beneath, except at 


base; first abdominal segment with a narrow pallid hind margin, 


- the others with hind margin dark; second segment with pale hair at 


extreme base, and arather broad median hair band; third segment 
with median band twice as broad as that on second; tibia of hind 


414 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


— 


legs with scopa strongly plumose, long and loose, wholly pale; hair 
on inner side of hind tibiz fusco-ferruginous. 


In my table in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXXII, the female 
runs to the vicinity of M. gilensis communis and hortivagans. It 
is smaller than gilensis, with much clearer wings, and hair on 
outer side of middle tibiz all pale (largely dark gray in gilensis). 
The same characters at once separate it from hortivagans. The 
wings are much paler and shorter than in communis, and the band 
on middle of second abdominal segment is much broader. The 
hind margin of fourth abdominal segment has dark hair only in 
middle, not right’ accross as in M. wheeleri. Among Robertson's — 
species M. semiagilis female resembles M. vernonia, which has 
short, still clearer wings; but vernonie has a patch of black hair 
on ‘outer side of middle tibie apically, the hair on abdomen 
whiter, and the hair on inner side of hind basitarsi black. 


Hab.—Quanah, Indian Territory, at flowers of Helianthus, 
June 10, 1906 (J. D. Mitchell), U.S. Nat. Museum, 90°, 42. A 
female from Dallas, Texas, at Helianthus, Sept. 22, 1905 (F. C. 
Bishopp) has a little dusky hair at apex of middle tibia, and the 
hair on inner side of hind basitarsi is fuscous; but the general 
appearance and colour of the hair agrees exactly with semiagitlis, not 
with vernonie, Thus it rather approaches M. simillima Rob. 


Melissodes suffusa Cresson, variety. 


o&. Differs from a cotype in having the flagellum. only 
obscurely reddened (instead of bright clear ferruginous) beneath; 
otherwise normal. 


Hab.—Falfurrias, Texas, on Helianthus, May 18, 1907, 
(A. C. Morgan). 


Melissodes bishoppi sp. n. 

oc. Runs in my table in Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., XXXII, to 
the vicinity of M. aurigenia Cresson, which it closely resembles 
differing as follows: Third antennal joint (view from front) 192 
» long, fourth 752 (the same measurements for aurigenia are 128 
and 1040); the third joint very much longer than second; 
flagellum about 54% mm. long (about 71% in aurigenia); nervures 
darker; second s. m. narrower; third t. c. angular in middle; 


ey a eee 


yt eel 


ee ee ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 415 


hind knee-plate larger; -hair of hind tibia whiter and less 
spreading; first two abdominal segments very distinctly punc- 
tured; subhyaline margins of segments less than half as wide. 
Clypeus, labrum and large spot on mandibles yellow; hair of 
thorax above wholly pale ochraceous; flagellum entirely red, 
bright beneath, a little dusky above; small joints of tarsi red; 
hair on fifth and sixth abnominal segments light; wings as clear 
as in aurigenia. The abdomen is without hair-bands. Tegule 
light fulvous. Eyes dark brown. 


Hab.—Paris, Texas, at Helianthus, Aug. 27, 1905 (F. C. 
Bishopp), U.S. National Museum. The M. aurigenta compared is 
a cotype from New York. 


Xenoglossodes helianthorum sp. n. 


o'. Length about 10 mm.; black, with abundant pure 
white hair, light orange on inner side of basitarsi; head broad; 
eyes greyish-brown; clypeus (except upper third), labrum and 
basal half of mandibles cream-colour; apical half of mandibles 
ferruginous; head and thorax with dense long hair; antennz 
reaching the second abdominal segment; third and fourth joints 
(from front) measuring respectively about 160 and 1120 4u; 
flagellum dark rufofuscous, redder beneath, but not brightly 
coloured; mesothorax shining, well punctured; tegule almost 
wholly hidden by hair, their margins pallid; wings short, hyaline, 
with ferruginous nervures and stigma; second s.m. very large 
and broad; small joints of tarsi ferruginous; abdomen entirely 
covered with white hair, long at base, otherwise short, denser on 
apical margins of segments, producing obscure bands; subapical 
lateral spines very small; -short fuscous hair on each side of 
apical part of apical plate; last ventral segment with two large 
oval depressions. - 


Hab.—Falfurrias, Texas, at Helianthus, May 18, 1907 (A. C. 
Morgan). U.S. National Museum. I have not ventured to 
extract the mouth-parts of the unique type, but refer the insect 
with confidence to Xenoglossodes, where it falls near X. albata 
(Cress.), differing by being larger and more robust, with upper 
part of clypeus black. 


416 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


— —-——. - 


LUCILIA SERICATA MEIGEN ATTACKING A LIVE 
CALF.? 


BY H. F. HUDSON, B.S.A., ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA. 


While walking through a pasture field at Strathroy, Ont., on 
July Ist, my attention was directed to a well-bred herd of young 
Holstein cattle. There were among them twelve calves from five 
to six weeks old. On looking them over, I noticed that one of the ~ 
calves had a sickly appearance and was extremely thin. This calf 
_ apreared to be suffering from an acute attack of white scours, and 
all known remedies seemed to be useless. It was becoming weaker 
altt ovgh still able to run around, and was very keen for its milk. 
On July 4th, when I saw the calf again, I was surprised to find the 
h'nj e tremities, especially around the base of the tail, a mass of 
magrsots. A closer examination showed that the maggots were 
mcst abundant around the anus and base of the tail where some of 
ttem had eaten into the flesh to the depth of about a quarter of 
an inch. No adult flies were observed though a watch was kept 
for scme time. Learning the calf’s condition, the owner killed it 
ir mediately and a piece of the infested flesh was brought to the 
Jabcratory. On July 12th the larve appeared to be thriving, 
tut as other work compelled an absence of about a fortnight from 
the labcratory at Strathroy, most of the larve died through want 
of food during this absence. Two larve pupated on August 5th, 
and on August 19th two adults of Lucilia sericata Meigen emerged. 
The specimens were dwarfed owing to the larve having suffered 
from lack of nutrition. 


The adult flies had no doubt been attracted by the filthy hind 
quarters of the sickly calf and had oviposited there. Dr. C. Gordon 
Hewitt, to whom the specimens were submitted, states that L. 
sericata is the chief fly which produces the maggots on the backs 
and hind quarters of sheep in Great Britain, as MacDougall has 
shown. Such a case of myiasis occurring in cattle, however, is 
very unusual. : 


*Contributions from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, 
Ottawa. 
December, 1914 


“ey oe 


\. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 417 


_ A NEW SARCOPHAGID SCAVENGER FROM MONTANA.* 


BY RALPH R. PARKER, M.S., AMHERST, MASS. 
Sarcophaga cooleyi, n. sp. 

Plate XXVI; figures 1, 2, 3 and 4. 

Type, & and 2: Massachusetts Agricultural College. 

Paratypes, & and 9: Massachusetts Agricultural College, 
four; United States National Museum, four; Montana Agricultural 
Experiment Station, six; collection of Dr. J. M. Aldrich, two; 
collection of writer, eight. 

This species is rendered especially easy to separate from other 
North America members of the genus by the lack of marginal 
bristles on the third abdominal segment. S. kellyi, a much 
smaller species recently described by Prof. J. M. Aldrich (Journal 
of Agricultural Research, vol. 2, No. 6, Sept. 1914, pp. 443-445) 
is theonly other native species with which the writer is acquainted 
that also lacks these bristles. The two species are at once dif- 
ferentiated by the presence of presutural acrostichal biistles and 
three rows of black cilia behind the eyes in S. kellyi Ald., while 
S. cooleyi lacks these bristles and has but two rows of cilia. Of 
the males S. kellyi has a grayish pollinose first genital segment, 
tinged with the reflecting colours of the abdomen, but the corres- 
ponding segment of S. cooleyi is dull orange, at most. slightly 
grayish pollinose anteriorly. The female of kellyi has three 
sternopleurals, that of cosleyi four. 

Length: 7 to 13 mm.; average 10 to 12 mm. 

Male Head:—Viewed from side parafrontals and gene with 
dark reflections. Breadth of front at narrowest part about three- 
fifths eye width; cheek height approximately one-half that of eyes. 
Front prominent, upper inner orbits of eyes converging downward ; 
sides of frontal vitta not drawn in at base and usually converging 
backward by slight curves. Second antennal segment dark, its tip 
sometimes slightly brownish; third segment two and one-half 
times length of second; arista plumose on basal one-half to two- 
thirds. Back of head somewhat convex, with two rows of black 
cilia behind eyes, otherwise clothed with whitish, silvery white, or 
sometimes faintly yellowish hair. Cheeks clothed with black 


*Contribution from the Entomolozical Laboratory of the Massacheusetts 


Agricultural Colleze. 
December, 1914 


418 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


hair. That half of gene nearest eye-orbits with scattered hairs 
arranged in two or three irregular rows, a few stonter ones just 
above transverse impression. Palpi dark. 


Chetotaxy.—Lateral verticals absent; vibrisse inserted just 
above line of oral margin. 


Thorax.—Vestiture of metanotum consisting of short, slightly 
reclinate, bristly hairs. Sutural ridge with a few scattered hairs 
behind last notopleural bristle. Hairs covering anterior spiracle 
mostly yellowish gray, but their bases dark forming an irregular 
band; those on anterior margin of posterior spiracle dark brown; 
spiracular cover pale yellowish. Epaulets dark. 

Wings.—Bend of fourth vein normally a little less than @ 
right angle; anterior cross-vein much more basal than end of first 
longitudinal; third vein bristly; costal spine vestigial; section V of 
costa about one half length of section 3; alule fringed with hair; 
caly ptr whitish, outwardly fringed with white hair. 

Legs.—Dark. Posterior trochanter hairy, without a distinct 
““brush’’; in profile a slender spine can often be seen distally on 
the ventral surface but is usually obscured by hair and may be 
absent; femur sub-spindle shaped, sometimes very slightly arched, 
clothed beneath with long, fine hairs that both anteriorly and 
posteriorly form a sort of beard, anterior face with three rows of 
bristles, those of the intermediate row short and stout, not present 
distally; tibia usually slightly curved, anterior and posterior faces 
each with a beard of equally dense, long, coarse, black hairs on 
distal four-fifths; tarsus shorter than tibia, the fourth segment longer 
than one-half-fifth. Middle coxa with a single row of bristles; 
-femur clothed beneath on proximal one-half to two-thirds with a — 
beard-like growth of long, fine hairs, anterior ventral row of short, 
scattered bristles complete, posterior row represented only by a 
distal comb extending proximally to the long hair. Anterior coxa 
with two rows of bristles. 

Chetotaxy.—Anterior dorsocentrals strongly reclinate, but 
projecting well above short vestiture of prescutum; acrostichals. 
absent, though most posterior pair is rarely weakly developed; 
inner presuturals absent, or if present inconspicuous; four or five 
pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals, two posterior pairs that are long 


4 
ce 
* 
\ 
5 
4 


POET AEE HES 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 419 


and two or three anterior that are short and weak; prescutellar 


acrostichals present: scutellar apicals present; three sternopleurals: 
lower sternopleurals consisting of a single row of strong bristles and 
numerous other irregularly placed bristles anterior to it. 


Abdomen.—Somewhat conical, clothed above with short de- 
cumbent bristles, beneath with short almost erect hair. Ventral 


plates, as a whole, with their sides converging posteriorly, the 


first bearing long erect hairs, vestiture of second and third short 
and decumbent except at sides and posterior margin, first usually 
trapezoidal, its sides slightly converging posteriorly. Fourth plate 
prominent, in profile its base with a large somewhat conical 
elevation posteriorly, posterior inner edges of lamella bent inward 
and each with a “‘brush”’ of very densely set, short, stout, blunt 
spines on proximal half. 


- Chetotaxy.—Second and third segments without marginal 
bristles, fourth with a complete row ending ventrally at forward 
turn of margin. . 


Genital Segments.—Prominent, dull orange. First, usually 
concealed to just beyond “humps”; in profile slightly convex; 
faintly yellowish pollinose dorsally, anterior portion including 
“humps” sometimes slightly darkened, rarely the entire segment; 
clothed with short hair, “‘humps”’ bare; marginal bristles present, 
three to five on each side of centre: second, rotund, not flattened; 
vestiture longer than that of first; anal area of medium size, ex- 
tending upward at least to centre of posterior surface. Forceps 
darkened, inner edges of prongs approximated to about the middle 
then slightly separated; tips blackish, bent forward and slightly 
spread apart; clothed with short hair nearly to prong tips, longest 
at sides; base with upward flap-like extensions. 

Genitalia.—Head of penis large, distinctly marked off from 
base on posterior surface by a narrow band of membrane. 
Accessory plates hairy. 

(9) Females differ from males in the following important 
points: 

Head.—Breadth of front at narrowest part slightly greater 
than eye width. Inner orbits of eye on upper part of front 
diverging downward. ; 


420 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Chetotaxy.—Lateral verticals and two orbital bristles present. 
Thorax.—Sutural ridge bare. 


Wings.—Angle formed by bend of fourth vein slightly more 
acute than in male. 

Legs.—Vestiture throughout of short hair. Spine of posterior 
trochanter distinct, anterior face of femur with but two rows of 
bristles, an upper and lower, a few bristles proximally and 
posteriorly on ventral face. Middle femur with “comb”. 

Chetotaxy.—Scutellar apicals absent; four sternopleurals; lower 
sternopleurals fewer and anterior ones more distinctly bristly. 

Abdomen.—Oval; vestiture throughout of short reclinate 
bristles. Posterior margins of ventral plates each with a row of 
bristles. 

Genital Segments.—Protuberant. First segment consisting of 
two lateral lips that converge dorsally meeting in a slight depres- 
sion and ventrally are separated by fifth ventral plate which 
they sometimes overlap, on dorsal half their edges with a tow of 
close set, strong bristles that converge backward and downward, 
tips of uppermost usually crossing, each bears short hairs just in 
front of posterior edge, spiracles slightly above centre. Spiracles 
of fifth segment plainly visible. 

Described from 13 @ and 13 @ specimens. About 500 
examined. 

Range.—Collected at Laurel and in the Bridger Mountains, 
Montana. 

The colour of the parafrontals and gene is usually faintly 
aurichalceous, sometimes silvery gray, the deeper reflections when 
viewed from the side vary from brown to deep gray. In a single 
male specimen the lateral vertical bristles were weakly developed. 
The abdomen of &@ often appears more oval than conical, but the 
latter is more typical. Ordinarily the vestiture of the second 
ventral plate is decumbent like that of the third, but occasionally ~ 
may be a little more erect. As seen when the abdominal segments 
are in their normal position the sides of the second and _ third 
ventral plates appear almost straight, but when the segments are 
separated, as so often happens when the genital segments are 
being pulled forth and fixed in position, these two plates are fully 
exposed; they then appear subcircular. The membranous area at 


CAN. ENT., VoL. XLVI. PLATE XXVI. 


SARCOPHAGA COOLEYI, N. sp. 


* 422 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


the base of the lamella of the fourth ventral plate is very promi- 
nent forming the posterior face of the somewhat conically raised 
extremity of the base. The “‘brushes’’ of the lamelle are promi- 
nent even when the genital segments are in their normal position, 
and may be seen filling in the space between the forceps and the 
ventral portion of the fourth notum. The marginal bristles of the 
third abdominal segment which are present in most species of Sar- 
cophaga, are lacking, though sometimes a few, short, decumbent 
bristles may be discerned.. If the penis is examined a weakly 
chitinized projecting process is seen extending upwards from the 
dorsal, distal portion. This bends abruptly forward and divides 
in toa Y. When specimens are fresh, a profile view shows this 
process raised above the penis head, but when dry it is often 
applied toit. The four sternopleurals of the female are distinctive. 


S. cooleyi is very closely related to an undescribed species, the 
same mentioned by Dr. Felt in his annual report for 1912 (New 
York State Museum Bulletin 165, pp. 80-82), under the name of 
S. georgina Weid.; a synonym of S. hemorrhoidalis Meig. This 
-undescribed species has a wide distribution throughout the United 
States. 


While engaged on investigation for the Montana State Board 
of Entomology during the past summer, the writer bred this 
species extensively from decomposing fish.-. It was also captured 
in privies and was common around garbage, especially if the latter 
contained fish. In one experiment, in which two hundred larve 
were used to determine the length of the larval stages, not a single 
adult emerged but numerous chalcid parasites were raised from 
the pupe. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI. 


(All drawings made with camera lucida). 


- 


Fig. 1. Side view of genital segments of male showing penis 
forceps, anterior and posterior claspers accessory plate. 

Fig. 2. Ventral view of fourth ventral plate and profile view 
to show elevation at posterior extremity of base. 

Fig. 3. Posterior view of forceps. 

Fig. 4. Genital segments of female (made from a specimen 
with genital segments partly expanded). 


Yr - -» 


Be at ve 


hee 


yd Sao BO 


ae 
BSc ey 


Sth 


eae 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 423 


ac. Anterior claspers. 

ap. Accessory plate. 

as IV. ; 

Sgr } F ourth and fifth abdominal segments. 
bvp. IV. ‘Brush’ of fourth ventral plate. 
d. Dorsal limit of anal area. 

f. | Forceps. 

fpg. Forceps prong. 

g. 1. First genital segment. 

g. 2. Second genital segment. 

hp. Head of penis. 

1.  Lamellz of fourth ventral plate. 

lg. 1. Lips of first genital segment (¢). 

p- Penis. 

pe. Posterior claspers. 

Sp. Spiracle. 

vp. IV. Fourth ventral plate. 


A NEW ELACHISTID MOTH FROM MANITOBA.* 


BY ARTHUR GIBSON, 

Chief Assistant Entomologist, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. 

Among some micros. collected at Aweme, Man., by Mr. 
Norman Criddle, Field Officer of the Dominion Entomological 
Service, are two specimens of a species of Heliodines, of the family 
Elachistide, which is undescribed. The specimens were reared by 
Mr. Criddle from larve found feeding on Oxybaphus nyctagineus, 
a widely occurring representative of the Nyctaginacee in Canada. 
I therefore propose the name: 


Heliodines nyctaginella, sp. nov. 
Antenne dark metallic grayish-purple. Palpi pale yellow, 


tipped with black. Face, head and thorax blackish, shining; 


thorax with greenish reflections. Fore-wings bright golden-orange, 


with nine metallic bluish-gray, more or less elongate, spots, six 


costal and three dorsal, all edged with black basally. Base of 
costa and margin of dorsum to first dorsal spot black. Space 


*Contributions from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, 
Ottawa. 
December, 1914 


424 — THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


between first and second costal spots mostly black, particularly 
at costa and not so wide as space between third, fourth, fifth and 
sixth spots, which are equidistant. The first dorsal spot is 
opposite the space between the second and third costal spots, the 
second dorsal between the third and fourth costal spots and the 
third dorsal between the fourth and fifth costal spots; apex 
from last costal spot and edge of dorsum to last dorsal spot black. 
In this margin of black there is a conspicuous band of metallic 
blue-gray scales. Cilia brown. Hind wings bronzy-brownish; cilia 
brown. Abdomen and legs blackish with bronzy-green reflections. 


Alar expanse 10 mm. 


Habitat:—Aweme, Man., Tulse 1913 (Norman Criddle). Type 
deposited in collection of Enitoretiomice! Branch, Department of 
Agriculture, Ottawa; paratype deposited i in U.S. National Museum, 
Washington. 


As to the placing of the species in the genus Heliodines, Mr. 
Busck, who kindly examined the specimens, states that “the species 
may be described as Heliodines, though differing from the type of 
this genus H. roesella Linn., of Europe, in having the apical veins 
in forewings separate, not stalked. In this character the 
species agrees with the closely allied genera Lamprolophus Busck, 
and Embola Walsm., but both of these have pectinated posterior 
tibiz and this character has probably more weight in this group 
than the slight difference in the venation.’’ 


H. nyctaginella has smooth tibiz like H. roesella. It comes 
nearest to H. albaciliella Busck, being nearly identical in markings 
but much smaller and without the white cilia in the hind wings. 


During the past season Mr. Criddle sent me larve of H. 
nyclaginella, from which the following note was made: 


Mature Larva—Length 6 mm., dull green, darker dorsally. 
Thoracic shield black, pale stripe in centre. Anal shield blackish. 
Tubercles blackish each in a pale circle; single-haired; setze dark. 
Feet pale. Head pale brown, marked outwardly with black. 

The first moth emerged July 17, and others up till July 24. 
These specimens have been compared with the type and no ap- 
parent variation occurs. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 425 


THREE NEW SPECIES OF TRYPETIDA FROM 
COLORADO.* 


BY F. L. THOMAS, AMHERST, MASS. 


While working upon the Trypetide of New England, I had 
the opportunity of examining much western material. In that 
loaned by Mr. Charles W. Johnson, Curator of the Boston Society 
of Natural History, there were three specimens from Colorado, 
which are described below as new species. The types are located 


in Mr. Johnson’s private collections. 


Eutreta simplex, n, sp. 


Type—One female from Colorado. : 

Brown; face without black spots. Wings broad, reticulate, 
with a white crescent seaming the tip. Scutellum with four 
bristles. Posterior basal cross-vein obtusely angled ; small cross-vein 
two-thirds along the discal cell; third vein with bristles on the 
under surface of the wing. Length 2 6.5 mm., wing 5 mm. 

Head—Front pale brown, slightly tapering, and about one- 
third the width of the head. Three lower frontals; the second 
pair of upper frontals, the 
post-vertical and outer ver- 
tical bristles white; cilia of 
the posterior orbit consist- 
ing of coarse white and 
fine black bristles. Epi- 
cephalon (that portion 
above the neck) yellow 
and dark brown, the re- 
mainder of the cephalon lighter brown. Eyes large, oval, with no 
traces of any transverse stripes. Cheeks narrow with brown 
bristles. Oral margin projecting and slightly arcuate. Face pale 
yellow without black spots, hollowed. Antenne yellowish brown, 
reaching nearly to the oral margin; third segment with distinct 


Fig. 33—Eutreta simplex, wing. 


-but not a sharp anterior corner; second segment with a distinct 


pale spine. Arista with black bristle and brown base. 
Thorax—Brown; blackish on the notum, metanotum, and 
sternopleure. Short hair whitish; bristles dark brown. First pair 


*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Massachusetts 


Agricultural College. 
December, 1914 


426 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


of dorso-central bristles close to the transverse suture. Scutellum 
bearing four bristles, the apical pair being weaker. Halteres yellow. 

Abdomen—Brown, becoming darker toward the posterior; the 
anterior lateral portions are yellowish. Short hair whitish. 
Macrochetze black and prominent; Genital segment bread, flat, 
and yellowish, with a short dark brown stripe on the middle of 
the base; as long as the last two abdominal-segments taken 
together. 5 

Legs—Yellowish brown with a dark stripe on the under side 
of each of the hind femora. Fore femora not thickened. Hind 
tibee with short strong bristles. Bristles black. 

Wings—Broad, reticulate with a white crescent seaming the 
tip from the second vein to near the middle of the second posterior 
cell. The reticulation is made up of nearly uniform hyaline dots 
rather evenly scattered, but wanting in that part of the grayish- 
brown color which adjoins the white crescent. Stigma darker with 
two small light coloured spots, the one in the apex being larger 
and more noticeable. Second vein with a slight convexity above 
the small crossvein. 

Hab—Sunset, Colo., July 13, 1913; collected by Van Duzee 
at an altitude of 8,000 feet. 

This specimen closely resembles Eutreta sparsa, but differs 
principally in not possessing black spots on the face, in having 
larger hyaline spots on the wing with a light coloured spot in the 
stigma and without a small clear stripe at the tip of tise first 
longitudinal vein. 


Acidia johnsoni, n. sp. 

Type—One female from Colorado. 

Head pale yellow; thorax and legs yellowish gray; abdomen 
black with posterior bor- 
ders of the segments yel- 
low. Wings banded with 
dark brown; the spaces 
whitish hyaline. Scutellum 
with two bristles. Posterior 
basal cross-vein obtusely 
angled. Small cross - vein 
slightly beyond the middle air state ariet i 


Bt Me PD i es ee ee 


er ie ve a eT 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 427 


of the discal cell. Third vein without bristles. Length, 9 5 mm.; 
wing 4 mm. ; 


- Head—Front tapering, but more than one-third the width of 


-the head. Two weak lower frontals; all bristles and hair of the 


insect are pale yellow or white. Cheeks rather broad. Oral 
margin slightly projecting and strongly arcuate. Face whitish 
with shallow antennal grooves. Antenne missing. 


Thorax—Gray; bristles and short hair yellowish. First pair 
of dorso-central bristles about one-fourth from the transverse 
suture to the scutellum. The latter is flat and bears two bristles. 
Metanotum shining black. MHalteres yellow. 


Abdomen—Black, the posterior borders of the separate 
segments yellow. On the median line of the last abdominal 
segment the yellow colour approaches half way to the base. 
Macrochetze white and short. Genital segment shining black, 
heavy conical, constricted, as long as the last two abdominal 
segments taken together. 


Legs—Coxz yellowish gray; femora gray, yellowish at the 
tips; tibiae and tarsi yellow. Hind tibia without a distinct 
row of short strong bristles. 


Wings—Distal portion of wings with two whitish hyaline 
indentations, separated by a dark oblique cross-band, which is. 
emitted from another dark brown hand crossing the wing and 
covering the posterior cross-vein. The apex of the wing is bordered 
to a little beyond the fourth vein by a dark band, which is 
narrowly connected anteriorly with the band crossing the wing. 
The band crossing the wing is connected along the fifth vein with 
the dark area in the proximal half of the wing. This area extends 
from the costa posteriorly to the fifth vein and across the base of 
the third posterior cell, and contains two whitish hyaline spaces. 
One is in the marginal cell just beyond the tip of the first 
longitudinal vein; the second is in the first basal cell below the 
stigma. The base of the wing is whitish hyaline. In the figure 
the whitish hyaline spaces are too dark. 


The generic location of this species is doubtful. 


428 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Urellia apicata, n. sp. 
Type—Female from Colorado. 


Brown; wings hyaline with radiating picture in the apex, 
stigma coloured. Scutellum with four bristles. Posterior basal 
cross-vein right angled; small cross-vein two-thirds along the discal 
cell; third vein with bristles. Length 9 6.5 mm., wing 6 mm. 


Head—Front yellowish brown, of uniform width and one-third 
as wide as the head. Lower frontals varying in size and number, 
four on one side and five 
on the other; all bristles 
brown and more or less 
pale, cilia of posterior orbit 
also pale. Cephalon brown. 
Cheeks rathér broad. Oral 
opening large, margin not 

Fig. 35—Eurellia apicata, wing. projecting. Face retreating, 

slightly hollowed and clay- 

yellow. Antennz short, reaching two-thirds to the arcuate oral 

margin, third segment with rounded anterior corner; second seg- 
ment with minute spine; arista brown. 


Thorax—Brown; bristles brown, short hair yellowish. First 
pair of dorso-central bristles one-third from the transverse suture 
to the scutellum. The latter flat and bearing four bristles, the 
middle pair being a little the shorter. Halteres brown. 


Abdomen—Dark brown, shining; short hair, dark brown. 
Macrochetze prominent, brown. Genital segment of the female 
broad, flat, and brown tipped with black; as long a as the last two 
abdominal segments taken together. 


Legs—Light brown with bristles of the same colour. Hind 
tibia with row of short strong bristles, fore-femora strongly armed 
as usual. 

Wings—Hyaline with the fuscous area in the apex beyond 
the hind crossvein and above the fourth vein; stigma fuscous. 
Running posteriorly from the black spot are three rays, two 
crossing the second posterior cell and one covering the hind 
cross-vein. The dark area contains two large and three small 
hyaline spots; a large one just beyond the tip of the second vein 


—————————_= 


————————eeeee 


icy Zea Ae eee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : 429: 


and reaching to the third vein, with a small spot each side on the 
costal margin; the other large spot is directly below in the first 
posterior cell on the fourth vein with a small spot on the 
proximal side. 


Hab.—Colorado. 


This specimen which has the characteristic wing picture of 
the genus Urellia, differs considerably in structure from other 
members of that genus which have been examined. Among the 
constant characters for species having four or two bristles on the 
scutellum are the following: three lower frontal bristles, narrow 
cheeks, first pair of dorso-central bristles close to transverse suture, 
macrochetz weak, hind tibia without a row of short strong bristles, 
posterior basal cross-vein obtusely angled, small cross-vein three- 


fourths along the discal cell, and the third veinbare. The structure 


of Urellia apicata differs from these characters as follows: four or 
five lower frontal bristles, broad cheeks, first pair of dorso-central 
bristles one-third from the transverse suture to the scutellum, 
macrochete prominent, hind tibia with a row of short strong 
bristles, posterior basal cross-vein right angled, small cross-vein only 
two-thirds along the discal cell, and the third vein with bristles. 


THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


The Fifty-first Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society 
of Ontario was held at the Royal Canadian Institute, Toronto, on 
Thursday and Friday, November 5 and 6, 1914—Dr. C. Gordon 
Hewitt, President of the Society, occupying the chair throughout 
the sessions. 


Among the members present were Prof. J. H. Comstock, 
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Rev. T. W. Fyles, Ottawa; 
Dr. C. G. Hewitt, and Messrs. A. Gibson and J. M. Swaine, Ento- 
mological Branch, Ottawa; Messrs. N. Criddle, W. A. Ross, E. H. 
Strickland and H. F. Hudson, Field Officers of the Branch; Rev. 
Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, Prof. L. Caesar and Mr. A. W. Baker, 
O. A. College, Guelph; Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, 
Que.; Prof. J. Dearness, London; Dr. A. Cosens, Prof. E. M. 
Walker and Messrs. J. B. Williams, A. Smith, C. Snazelle, E. H. 


430 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


a 


Craigie, Geo. Duff and S. Logier, Toronto; Mr. F. J. A. Morris, 
Peterborough; Mr. J. Evans, Trenton; Prof. W. H. Brittain, Truro, 
N.S.; and Mr. Vernon King, Charleston, Mo. 


Among the visitors were Prof. C. R. Crosby, Cornell University, 
Ithaca, N. Y.; Mr. J. C. Chapais, St. Denis-en-bas, Que.; Rev. 
Father Leopold, La Trappe, Que., and Messrs. A. B. Baird and 
S. H. Hord, O. A. College, Guelph. 


On Thursday morning a meeting of the Council was held in 
the University Biological Building, at which the report of the pro- 
ceedings during the past year was drawn up, and several matters 
relative to the welfare of the society were discussed. A sugges- 
tion that the next Annual Meeting be held at Ottawa was 
afterwards put before the General Meeting of the Society 
and adopted. ; 


The regular proceedings commenced at 2 p.m. in the Lecture 
Room of the Royal Canadian Institute, and the interest felt by 
those present in the varied programme was shown by the lengthy 
discussions which followed many of the papers. The first order of 
business was the reading of the Reports of the Directors on the 
insects of the year. Reports were presented by Mr. A. Gibson, 
Ottawa; Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Dr. A. Cosens, Toronto; Mr. 
F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough, and Mr. W. A. Ross, Jordan Har- 
bour. These Reports contained an unusual number of interesting 
observations. Dr. Hewitt, the President, then read the Annual 
Address, which was a very able and complete account of the rise 
and progress of Applied Entomology in Canada, and will form a 
most valuable contribution to our literature of the history of 
Canadian Entomology. Appreciative remarks upon this address 
were made by Dr. Bethune and Dr. Fyles, after which a valuable 
Paper on the Insects of the Season in Ontario was presented by 
Prof. Caesar. Considerable discussion followed this paper, par- 
ticularly on the work of the Tarnished Plant Bug and other capsids 
in orchards and nursery stock and the methods for their control. _ 


On Thursday evening a Public Meeting was held in the 
Lecture Hall of the University Biological Building, and was well 
attended, many members of the University staff and that of the 


| 
; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST . 431 


various Collegiate Institutes and of the Royal Canadian Institute 
having been noticed in the audience. 


The President, Dr. Hewitt, introduced the lecturer, Prof. J. H. 
Comstock, of Cornell University, who gave a most interesting and 
stimulating address on the ‘‘Habits of Spiders,’ a subject upon 
which there is probably no one more competent to speak. The 
lantern illustrations, made from Prof. Comstock’s own photo- 
graphs, were extraordinarily fine examples of insect photography. 
A vote of thanks, proposed by Prof. Lochhead and seconded by 
Prof. Dearness, was extended to Prof. Comstock for his instructive 
and entertaining address. After the lecture an informal gathering 
took place, at which refreshments were served and a pleasant chat 
enjoyed by the members and visitors. 


On Friday morning the meeting was resumed and continued 
until late in the afternoon. The Reports of the Council and of 
the various Officers and Branches of the Society were read and 
adopted. No Report of the Delegate to the Royal Society was 
received, owing to the unfortunate death of Mr. Henry H. Lyman, 
who had been appointed in that capacity. The election of Officers, 
which then followed, resulted in the re-election of all the officers 
of the past year, with the exception of the Delegate to the Royal 
Society, for which Prof. Lochhead was chosen. Two new members 
were elected—Mr. J. C. Chapais, St. Denis-en-bas, Que., and Rev. 
Father Leopold, La Trappe, Que. 


The following papers were read: ‘‘Injurious Insects of Quebec 
in 1914” and “The Work of Henri Fabre,’’ by Prof, W. Lochhead; 
“The Outbreak of the Army Worm in Canada in 1914,” by Mr. A. 
Gibson; ‘“‘The Army Worm in Ontario,” by Mr. A. W. Baker; 
“Variation in Colour of the Bristles of the Hedgehog Caterpillar,” 
Tsia isabella, by Mr. Gibson; ‘‘ Mountains and _ Hills,”’ 
by the Rev. Dr. Fyles; ‘Forest and Shade Insects of 
the Farm,” by Mr. J. M. Swaine; ‘“‘An Imported Red Spider 
attacking Fruit Trees,” and ‘‘Cherry Fruit Flies,’’ by Prof. L. 
Caesar, and ‘Locust Control in Eastern Canada.”’ by Mr. Gibson. 


Special mention should be made of the great pleasure felt by 
everyone present in listening to Dr. Fyles’ charming paper, which 


432 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


= 


was read by the venerable author himself in his delightful and 
inimitable style. 


The following is a list of the officers of the Society for the 
ensuing year :— 


_ PreEsIpENT—C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc., F.R.S.C., Dominion 
Entomologist, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 


VICE-PRESIDENT—Mr. A. F. Winn, Westmount, Que. 


SECRETARY TREASURER—Mr. A. W. Baker, B.S.A., Lecturer 
in Entomology, O. A. College, Guelph. 


CurATOR—Mr. G. J. Spencer, B. A., O. A. College, Guelph. 


LIBRARIAN—Rey. Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L., 
F.R.S.C., Professor of Entomology and Zoology, O. A. College, 
Guelph. 


DrrEctors—Division No. 1: Mr. Arthur Gibson, Entomo- 
logical Branch, Ottawa. Division No. 2: Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia. 
Division No. 3: Dr. A. Cosens, M.A., Ph.D., Parkdale Collegiate 
Institute, Toronto. Division No. 4: Mr. C. W. Nash, Provincial 
Biologist, East Toronto. Division No. 5: Mr. F. J. A. Morris, 
Peterborough. Division No. 6: Mr. R. S. Hamilton, Collegiate 
Institute, Galt. Division No. 7: Mr. W. A. Ross, Jordan 
Harbour. 


DELEGATE TO THE RoyaL Sqcrety OF CANADA—Prof. Wm. 
Lochhead, Professor of Biology, Macdonald College, Que. _ 


Auprrors—Prof: J. E. Howitt, M.S-A., and Prof. L. Caesar, 
B.A., M.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph, 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS. 


Mr. E. P. Van Duzee wishes to call the attention of his 
correspondents to his recent change of address to “Department 
of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, California.” 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS’. 433 


THE WAVY STRIPED FLEA-BEETLE 
(Phyllotreta sinuata Steph.) 


BY E. MELVILLE DUPORTE, MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE. 


The fact that this insect has not before been reported as a 
pest in Canada serves as an excuse for the publication of a short — 
note concerning it. 3 : 

Phyllotreta sinuata is an introduced species and is generally 
distributed throughout England and the continent of Europe. 
Horn in 1889 describes it as occurring in America from the New 
England States to Georgia and westward to Missouri. Sanderson 
states that in the Middle States the larve mine in the leaves of 
wild pepper grass (Lepidium virginicum) and Professor Blatchley 
informs me that it is a very common species 
throughout Indiana. 

My attention was first drawn to the in- 
sect in June, 1913, when the larvae were ob- 
served mining in the leaves of cress and feed- 
ing on the foliage of radish. The adults were 
obtained by rearing these larve and were also 
collected in the field. The cress was practically 
destroyed by the beetle and its larve. : 

The insect is again present at Macdonald 
College this season feeding on radish, turnips 
and cabbage. It is often associated with the 
turnip flea-beetle (Phyllotreta vittata Fab.) and 
it is probably owing to its close resemblance 
to this species that it has escaped detection, 
for recently, in examining a collection of P. 
vittata which was made in 1912, I found sev- 
eral specimens of P. sinuata which I had not 
noticed at the time they were collected. 

The larva of P. sinuata is a small eruci- 
form grub, about 4 mm. long. The head and 

Fig. 36—Phyllotrea | Pronotum are dark brown, the latter being crossed 
sinuala Steph. larva. by a light-coloured median line. The second and 
third thoracic segments as well as the first eight abdominal seg- 
ments bear several brown setigerous tubercules of various sizes. 


The last abdominal segment is deep brown or black and fringed 
December, 1914 


434 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


J 


with lighter coloured seta. The general colour is green, owing 
to the chlorophyll of the leaf on which it feeds. 


The pupa is yellow and is found in a small cell in the soil 
around the affected plants. 


The adult is an elongate oval beetle, piceous. Elytron with 
narrow yellow sinuate vitta. Head punctulate, thorax and elytron 
punctate. Antenne not quite half as long as body, joint 4 in the 
male equal in length but much wider than joint 2 or 3, joint 5 
longer than the precedinz two and much dilated. Except for the 
broad post-humeral branch, the vitta is almost uniform in width 
throughout; the distal portion is usually very slightly wider than 
the middle portion, but quite often the width is practically 
uniform throughout; the proximal portion of the vitta does not 
bend towards the suture, but is almost parallel to it. 


Length 2.5 mm. 


Fig. 37—Phyllotreta sinuata Fig. 38—Phyllotreta vittata 
Steph., male. Fab., male. 


The following are the chief points of difference between 
P. sinuata and P. vittata. 


1. P. sinuata is larger, measuring 2.5 mm., while P. vittaia is 
2.0 mm. long. 

2. In sinuata the length of the antennz is quite equal to half 
that of the body, but in vittata it is somewhat greater. 

3. The fifth antennal joint of the male in sinuata is very 
much broader than the preceding joint and slightly longer than 
the combined length, of joints 3 and 4, while in vittata the corres- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 435 


ponding joint is but slightly broader than the preceding ones and 
not as long as joints 3 and 4. 

4. In sinuata the basal portion of the vitta is nearly parallel 
to the suture, and the middle portion very little or not at all 
narrower than the distal, while in vittata the basal portion bends 
towards. the suture and the middle portion is decidedly narrower 
than the distal. 

5. In sinuata the prothorax is twice as wide as it is long, 
while in vittata its width is only about one-third greater than its 
length. 


A SPECIES OF MEGASTIGMUS REARED FROM LARCH 
SEEDS.* 


BY S. MARCOVITCH, ITHACA, N. Y. 


On September 10, 1913, the seeds of the larch trees, Larix 
laricina. Du Roi, around the Cornell insectary, Ithaca, N. Y., were 
found to be infested by a white larva. The seeds were kept in- 
doors during the winter, and on April 2, 1914, the first adults of a 
species of Megastigmus emerged. The larva completely devours 
the kernel, and fills the entire seed making it difficult to open one 
without injuring the larva. Examined on July 17, the larve were 
nearly two-thirds grown. That it feeds on the kernel as do all of 
the known American forms of this genus is quite conclusive, since 
only one kind of larva was found in the seeds. This species is 
apparently undescribed. 


Megastigmus laricis, n. sp. 


Female.—Length 2.1 mm.; abdomen 1 mm.; ovipositor 1.6 
mm. General colour black; face, front nearly to base of the antenne 
yellowish; occiput, antennal grooves, and vertex, black; posterior 
eye-margin and cheeks, dark brown. Prothorax black, and finely 
rugulose. Anterior portion of mesonotum smooth, posterior part 
with fine transversely curved striae. Scutellum finely rugulose. 
Propodeum finely reticulate-punctate with a medium longitudinal 
carina, which is broken in the middle. Antenne brown, scape 
yellowish. Anterior coxe yellow; middle coxe brownish yellow; 
posterior coxz black; rest of legs brownish yellow, except femora, 


*Contribution from the Entomolozical Laboratory of Cornell University. 
December, 1914 


436 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


which are brownish black, but lighter at the tip. Wings hyaline. 
Abdomen shining black, sometimes with three indistinct yellow 
spots on the sides. Ovipositor brownish black. 


Male.—Length 2.5 mm.; abdomen 1 mm. _ Vertex and occiput 
black; face, cheeks and upper portion of front, yellow; portion 
bordering the upper posterior angle of the eye brownish. Whole 
dorsal aspect of thorax black. The brownish spot on the sides of 
the prothorax somewhat rectangular, and more distinct than in the 
female. Antenne brownish, scape yellow. Front coxe yellow; 
middle coxze brownish, black towards base; hind coxez black. 
Legs yellowish. Stigmal club somewhat truncate behind.  Pro- 
podeum finely reticulate-punctate with an indistinct longitudinal 
median carina. Abdomen brownish black, lighter beneath. 


Larva.—Length 2.1 mm.; width 9 mm. Colour dull white, 
middle segments a little darker. The mandibles are brownish, and 
armed with four teeth (Fig. 6). Supporting the mandibles is a 
thick fleshy labium, thicker on the ‘caudal end. The larva is 
sparsely clothed with short sete. 


Egg.—The egg as obtained by dissection of the female is 
white, smooth, and spindle-shaped, with a long pedicel at one end, 
and a vestige of one at the opposite end. Length of body of egg 
.22 mm.; tail-like process .44 mm.; vestige .031 mm. 


Described from 15 females and 12 males, Ithaca, N. Y., July _ 
17, 1914. Types deposited in the Cornell University collection. 


Specimens were compared with Megastigmus atedius Walker 
in the Oxford Museum by C. O. Waterhouse. The latter is 4 mm. 
long; the striz of the thorax are coarser, and the stigmal club is 
nearly circular. Specimens were also compared with Megastignius 
japonicus and Megastigmus koebelei Ashmead, by J. C. Crawford in 
the U. S. National Museum. M. japonicus is entirely yellow. . 
The striz of the mesonotum are coarser and straight. They are 
much more strongly elevated than in /aricis, and continue across 
the parap-oidal areas. M. koebelei has the dorsum of the thorax 
green, with the transverse strie much coarser. The parapsoidal 
furrows are indistinct, and the apical part of the scutellum has a 
finer sculpture than the basal part. 


Can. Ent., Voc. XLVI. PiatE XXVII. 


MEGASTIGMUS LARICIS, N. sp. 


438 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


According to Crosby’s table of the North American species of 
Megastigmus (Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., VI, p. 156, 1913) this species — 
runs down to WM. lasiocarpi Crosby. I have rearranged his table 
to include the present species as follows. 


TABLE OF SPECIES (FEMALES). 


1. Ovipositor not longer than abdomen............0.000.00.00.cccccecceeseeteee 2. 
Ovipositor longer than abdomen...................00c:ceccccccceetteeeecseeneenee 3 
2. Stigmalselubs drab cise ec i. AC ere brevicaudts 
Stigmal:clab' elongate: i. 46 as. Dee... ASCE physocarpi 
3. Front wings marked with a brownish spot adjoining the hind 
~ margin of the submarginal vein............0..0..0..0...0004 albifrons 
Front wings not so tharked ..6. .03..5008 ids 4 
4. Stigma surrounded by a clouded area.................... nigrovariegatus 
Stigma not surrounded by a clouded area............0....cccceeeees, 5 


5. Mesonotum black, with an oblong reddish orange area covering 
the posterior half of the middle lobe, the inner angles of the 


scapule and axilla and all of the scutellum..................., pinus 

Not so tra keds. o6i5 Sh ono cre Ak dace ere tooo #6 cea 6 

6.: Black species)... i::.isschh xc. assaccsias esl ocbeokteossscheet tans eceacapen eer < 
Yellow species). 0.0.28 NG. TS. 9 

7. Pronotum with two yellow spots.....0.....00000..0.ccccceeece. tsuge 
Pronotum black without yellow spots.................6....60.cccceuee 8 

8. An elongate yellow spot on each side of the prothorax; length 
Rw eaten CNR oe Le ere cS lasiocarpt 
Sides of prothorax black; length 2 mm...............0......0... laricis 

~ 9. Axillze yellow; stigmal vein as long as the club is wide 

ots RE SMALE | ASI b-, Se serra atte spermotrophus 
Axillze black except inner angle; stigmal vein shorter than 
width of thé club....... 200. 5407gR sin Ae ee aculeatus 


In the fall of 1913 I also found the larva of Megastigmus 
physocarpi Crosby in the seeds of Physocarpus opulifolius at 
Ithaca, N. Y. It is similar in form to the larva of M. laricis, and 
measures 1.9 mm. long by 8 mm. wide. The mandibles have four 
teeth (Fig. 8). 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII. 

1, M. laricis, female; 2, stigmal club of female; 3, stigmal 
club of male; 4, egg; 5, larva; 6, mandible of larva; 7, head of 
larva from in front; mandible of larva of M. physocarpt. 


a 


Oo i 


Index to Volume XLVI. 


Acalles ventrosus, 250. 


Acanthocephala, synonymic note on, 


378. 
Acidaliodes eoides, 28, 179. 


. Acidia johnsoni, n. sp., 426. 


Acolomorpha minuta, n. sp., 60. 
n. gen., 60. 
Aconophoroides projecta, n. sp., 405. 


rectispina, n. sp., 405. 


Acronycta dactylina, 399. 
felina, 400. 
- henrici, 400. 
Acupalpus longulus, 63. 
Aditoma bifida, 66. 
Aeshna interrupta, nymph of, 371. 
“*  palmata, nymph of, 372. 
tuberculifera, nymph of, 370. 
umbrosa, nymph of, 372. 
Ethecerus hornii, 92. 
Agapetus malleatus, n. sp., 202. 
Alberta Lepidoptera, notes on, 393. 


“é 
“ce 


Alexander, C. P., articles by, 157, 205. 


Allecula atra, 144. 
Anagrus armatus, 327. 
$ ovijentatus, n. sp., 181. 

saga, 182. 

Anaphoidea galtoni, 288. 

Anastrepha ludens, 310. 

Ancistrogaster spinax, 276. 
variegata, 276. 

Ancylocera bicolor, 92. 

Andrena helianthi, 409. 

Anisogamus disjunctus, n. sp., 156. 

, infernalis, n. sp., 154. 

Anomis serrata, 29 

Anosia plexippus, migration of, 100. 

Antonea nodosa, n. sp., 404. 

Aphelinoidea semifuscipennis, 328. 


Aphidide, new and little known, 41, 


77, 121, 165, 226. 
Aphis pseudobrassice, n. sp., 231. 
Aphodius campestris, 91. 
Hs concavus, 91. 
Apion lividum, 247. 
yn Maggot, poisoned bait spray for, 
Aresia parva, 28. 
Artheneis, note on type of, 382. 
Asopine, synonymic note on, 378. 
Asopus, synonymy of, 378. 
Astemma, status of, 383. 
Astochus aldrichi, n. sp., 137. 
 fletcheri, n. Sp. 108. 
* n. gen., 107. 


A stoplectron connexa, n. sp., 265. 
n. gen., 264. 
Atrichops hesperius, n. sp., 101. 
Attalus zebraicus, n. sp., 90. 
Australia, new genus of Scelionide 
from, 60 
Autographa, species taken from sun- 
flowers, 146. 
Axion tripustulatum, 66. 


Batt, E. D., article by, 211. 
BANKS, NATHAN, articles by, 
201, 252, 261. 
Baris zeneomicans, 250. 
BARNES, W., and McDunnovuau, J., 
article by, ‘27, 
Bassareus croceipennis, 140. 
rs luteipennis, 4. 
Bees visiting agai 409. 
BETHUNE, C. S., articles by, 148, 
221, 294, 298, 338. 
Biological Club, London, 184. 
Brrp, HENRY, article by, 69. 
Bitter gourd fruit fly, poisoned bait 
spray for, 245. 
BLACKMoRE, E. H. , article by, 331. 
BLATCHLEY, W. S., ’ articles by, 61, 88, 
140, 247. 
Blepharida rhois, 12. 
Bolbonota dubiosa, n. n., 389. 
2 lutea, n. sp., 361. 
nigrata, n. sp., 362. 
Bombus, visiting sunflowers, 410. 
Bombycia fasciata, 297. 
improvisa, 184, 297. 
tearlii, 184, 297, 
Book REVIEWws: 
Anales de Zoologia Aplicada, 298. 
Braun’s Evolution of the Colour 
Pattern in Lithocolletis, 260. 
Parpente Life Story of Insects, 
Gat igh Monthly Magazine, 
Folsom’s Revised Entomology, 35. 
Franklin’s Bombide of the New 
World, 73. 
Headlee and McCulloch’s The 
Chinch Bug, 182. 
Headlee and Parker’s The Hessian 
Fly, 183. 
Lophpeatie Economic Entomology, 
Natural History of Toronto, 34. 


24, 150, 


4e 


440 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLVI. 


Book Reviews (Continued) 
Needham’s Natural History of the 
Farm, 367. 
Patton and Cragg’s Medical Ento- 
mology, 258. 
Seitz Macrolepidoptera of the World 
216. 
Shelford’s Animal Communities in 
Temperate North America, 111. 
Wheeler’s Ants of the Genus For- 
mica, 109. 
Bothiopolys multidentatus, 301. 
Brachistella prima, 328. 
Branneria carinatum, 306. 
BRrAvUCcHER, R. W., article by, 14. 
Braun, ANNETTE F., article by, 17. 
Bryophila avirida, 401. 
Buprestis sulcicollis, 89. 
Burr, MALCOLM, article by, 273. 
BuTLer, HorTENSE, article by, 346. 
Butterfly, a protected, 109. 


Celambus princeps, n. sp., 64. 
CaEsarR, L., articles by, 182, 183. 
Calamoceratide, new American, 264. 
Campylenchia, synonymic note on, 388. 
Canadian Entomological Service, 214. 
Canadian insects, a National collection 
of, 251. 

Canthydrus floridanus, n. sp., 63. 
Capitonius ashnieadii, 321. 

‘ cary@, n. sp., 318. 

s erythrogaster, n. sp., 317. 
key to species of, 317. 
re leptostyli, n. sp., 319. 
nigrisoma, n. sp., 320. 
4g provanchert, n. n., 321. 
rugosus, 319. 
sanguiniventris, 318. 
saperdae, 318. ‘ 

4 synopsis of N. Am. species 

of, 316. 

5 tenuicornts, n. sp., 321. 
Catorama porosum, 91. 
Ceratitis capitata, 243. 
Cerceris angularis, n. sp., 220. 
Ceresa stimulea, n. n., 388. 
Chetochlorops, n. sp., 120. 
CHAGNON, W., article by, 296. 
Chalepus scapularis, 142. 
CHAMBERLIN, R. V., articles by, 301, 

314. 

Chelymorpha argus, 12. } ' 
Cherry fruit flies, poisoned bait spray 
for, 311. . 
Chilopoda from Douglas Lake, Mich., 

301. 
Chlenius herbaceus, 63. 


Chlamys nodulosa, 92 


Chloropide of N. America, synopsis of. 
genera in, 113. : 


Chloropisca, characters of, 117. 


glabra var. clypeata, n. 
var., 119. Perens 
obtusa, n. sp., 118. 
Chrysanthia repanda, 144. 
Chrysobothris chrysoela, 89. 
Chrysochus aureus, 4. 
Chrysoniela bigsbyana, 8. 
¢ elegans. 8 
philadelphica, 7. 
scalaris, 6. , 
Chrysomelians of Ontario, 4. 
Chrysopa leptana, n. sp., 25. 
" nigricornis, 308. 
re oculata, 308. 
af rufilabris 308. 
rufolinea, n. sp., 24. 
SGrig, Ni. Sp... Zohan 
Chrysophagus compressicornus, para- 
sitic on Chrysopids, 308. : 
Chrysopide, new American, 24. ‘ 
Chrysopids, parasitism of in S. Caro- 
lina, 306. , 
Chrysops cursim, 345. 
me ultimus, n. sp., 345. 
Cicada, synonymy of, 387. 
Cimex, synonymic note on, 385. - 
Cingilia catenaria, var. immacularia, 
n. var., 291. : 
Cleora newcombi, n. sp., 290. 
CocKLE, J. W., articles by, 184, 332. ~ 
COcKERELL, T. D. A., articles by, 32, 
101, 220, 271, 409. 
Ccenagrion resolutum, nymph of, 353. - 
Colaspis, 5. 
Coleoptera, life-histories of two, 185. _ 
Coleoptera, notes on Florida, 61, 88, 
140, 247. 
Conotrachelus aratus, 249, 
“ belfragei, 249. 
Coptocycla aurichalcea, 12. 
FS guttata, 12. 
Corizus, synonymy of, 379. 
Cosens, A., article by, 180. 
Cossus ore, 394. 
“. populi, 394. 
Craneflies, Japanese, 157, 205, 236. 
Craponius inzqualis, 250. 
Cremastochilus squamulosus, 91. ek, 
Crossy, C. R., and Leonarp, M.D., 
article by, 181. 
Cryptocephalus bivius, 140. 
si incertus, 140. 
lateritius, 140. 


ae 


ae 


rie 


em 


'. INDEX TO VOLUME XLVI. 441 


Cryptocephalus limbatus, 140. 
? quadrimaculatus, 4. 
4  sanfordi, 140. 
Bes: tinctus, 140. 


+s venustus, 4. 
Cryptococcus fagi, occurrence near 
a pte fes. — 15. | asp 

torhynchus apiculatus, 2o0V. 
Cirrent fruit fly, 4 of poisoned bait 
spray for, 312. 
Cydnus, synonymy of, 377. 
Cyphon perplexus, n. sp., 89. 


’Cystiphora canadensis, gall of, 180. 


Dacus cucurbite, 245. 
“  olex, 277. 
Davis, J. J., articles by, 41, 77, 121, 
165, 226... 
Davisia singularis, 31. : 
Dermaptera, some Central American, 
27 


Diabrotica, 10. 
< vincta, 141. 
Diadasia, visiting sunflowers, 410. 
Diastictis loricaria, 393. 
Dicelus carinatus, 63. 
*. quadratus, 63. 
Dictenidia fasciata, 157, 
Dictyophara, synonymic note on, 387. 
Dinex americanus, 276. 
Dineutes assimilis, positive hydro- 
tropism of, 33. 
Diplatys gracilis, 273. 
¢: jansoni, 273. 
Diplectrona californica, n. sp., 253. 
Diplochila nupera, 63. : i 
Diplopoda, from Douglas Lake, Mich., 
303. 
Diptera from Miocene of Colorado, 101. 
Disonycha caroliniana, 11 
re pennsylvanica, 11. 
Don, F. H. WotteEy, articles by, 297, 
393. 
Dopp, A. P.. articles by, 60, 164, 293. 
Dolerus grenicheri, n. sp., 107 
‘“  anspiratus, n. sp., 105. 
konowi, n. sp., 106. 
lesticus, n. sp.,; 105. 
tectus, n. sp., 104. 
Dolophilus breviatus, n. sp., 254. 
rat characters of, 254. 
major, 1. Sp., 
Doru bimaculatum, 276. 
“ lineare, 276. _ 
Doryphora clivicollis, 6. 
g decemlineata, 6. 


ae 
“ce 


ae 


Du Porte, E. MELVILLE, article by, 
433 


Dyar, H. G., article by, 179. 
Dytiscid beetle, life-history of a, 37. 


Echinopsalis guttata, 273. 


. Ectrichodia, synonymy of, 385. 
_ Elachistid moth from Manitoba, a new, 
: 423 


Elasmide, a new genus of, 285. 
Empria costata, n. sp., 103. 
Enallagma carunculatum, 351. 

x“ ebrium, nymph of, 351. 
geminatum, nymph of, 352. 
hageni, nymph of, 350. 
Ennya pulchella, n. sp., 403. 
Enoclerus lunatus, 91. -- 
Entomological Service, The Canadian, 

136, 214. ; 
-Entomological. Society of Ontario, 

Annual Meeting, 348, 429. 
Entomological Society of Ontario, 

Montreal Branch, 292. 
Eosphoropteryx thyatiroides, 145. 
Epochra canadensis, 312. 


as 


“a 


_Euchetias oregonensis, 398. 


Euchalcia putnami, 145. 
Euchloena astylusaria, 394. 
Eudiagogus pulcher, 247. 
Eugnamptus striatus, 247. 
Eulabis suramaccensis, 274. 
Eulachnus rileyi,. 169. 
Euparia castanea, 91. 
Euryischomyia, n. gen., 285. 

“—* washingtoni, n. sp., 285. 


| Euryptera flavatra, n. sp., 92. 


Euscelis, synonymy of, 389. 
Eustrophus repandus, 144. 
Eutochia crenata, 143. 
Eutreta simplex, n. sp., 425. 
Eutylistus fallax, 91. 
ss tristriatus, 91. 

Euura maculata, n. sp., 366. 

“ minuta, n. sp., 366. 


FELT, E. P., article by, 286. 
Fenusa, 365. 
Field notes and questions, 295, 330. 
Flea-beetle; turnip, 433. 
ie wavy striped, 433. 
Florida Coleoptera, notes on, 61, 88, 
140, 247. 
Florida Lepidoptera, Drs. BARNEs and 
McDunNNouGH on, 179. 


Fruit fly, Mediterranean, poisoned 
bait spray, for 243. 
hy ge ae . D., articles by, 357, 


442 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLVI. 


Galerucella decora. 10. 
a luteola, 10. 
+f nymphea, 11. 
Gastroidea polygoni, 6. 
Geophilus rubens, 301. 
Gerris marginatus, positive hydro- 
tropism of, 33. 
G1BsON, ARTHUR, articles by, 34; 300, 
423. 
Gr1RAULT, A. A., articles by, 174, 285, 
288, 327. 
Glossosoma penitus, n. sp., 202. 
Glyptoscelis, 4. 
Glyptotus cribratus, 142. 
Gomphus abditus, n. sp., 347. 
Goniocerus, parasitic on chrysopids,308. 
Gononotus lutosus, 251 
GRAENICHER, S., article by, 51. 
Grylloblatta campodeiformis, n. sp., 94. 
n. gen., 93. 
Grylloblattide, n. fam., 93. 
Gynandromorphous lepidoptera, 331. 
Gypona woodworthi; n. n., 389. 


Hadena castanea, 402. 

ki illustra, 403. 

Haltica schwarzi, n. sp., 141. 
HanuaM, A. W., article by, 145. 
Heat, E. F., article by, 120, 300, 

‘* obituary notice of, 299. 
Helianthus, bees visiting, 409. 
Heliodines nyctaginella, n. sp., 423. 

larva of, 424. 
Heliomata infulata, 295. 
Helopeltis larvalis, 64. 
Helorus, parasitic on chrysopids, 308. 
Hemaris thysbe, var. cimbiciformis, 
397. ‘ 
Hemiptera, nomenclatural notes on, 
377. 
Hepialus macglashani, 395. 
Hewitt, C. G., articles by, 1, 2, 15, 
100, 147, 214, 219, 251. 
Holocentropus interruptus, 0. sp., 257. 
longus, n. sp., 258. 
“. . orotus, m. sp., 257. 
Homceosoma differtella, 31. 
Hoop, J. D., article by, 57. 
Hoplophorine, new S. American, 405. 
Hormomyia bulla, n. sp., 286. 
House Centipede, 
Canada, 219. 
Hupson, H. F., article by, 416. 
Hydrophilus triangularis, life-history 
of, 337. 
Hydroporus “ag a! 
tory of, 37. : 
Hydropsyche peries nN. spi, 252. 


septentrionalis, 


occurrence of in 


‘Hydropsyche slossone, var. recurvata, 


“ne war:, 253 


Hydropsyche venularis, nz sp., 252. 
. Hydropsychide, key to tribes of, 204. 


Hymenorus granulatus, 144. 
Hyperodes hornii, 247. 


_Hypoderma bovis, occurrence in Can- 


ada, 1. 
Hypodermodes soliegeili n. sp., 325. 
Hypophlceus thoracicus, 143. 
Imported Onion fly, use of poisoned 
bait spray for, 313. 


‘Insects and pain, 269. 


ere of New Jersey, the destructive 
Ischnura cervula, nymph of, 355. 
x verticalis, 355. 


Isodromus iceryz; parasitic on chryso- 


pids, 306. 


. Isomira ignora, n. sp., 144. 


“ valida, 144. 


Jarvis, T. D., article by, 35. 

Jocara perseella, 31. 

Julus, a new Californian, 314. 
““ hesperus, n. sp., 314. 


Kincaidia, n. gen., 137. 
— FREDERICK, articles by, 299, 


Labia bilineata, 275. 
ss equatoria, 275. 


‘Labidura riparia, 274. 


Larch seeds, a new Megastigmus reared 
from, 435. 

Lear, W., article by, 216. 

Lema cornuta, 92. 

Leonarp, M. D. (Crossy, C. R. and) 
article by, 181. 


Lepidoptera, {Postips so 331. 


arch captures of, 331. 
As notes on Alberta, 393. 
se stages in which winter is 
passed, 295, 
Leptocella intervena, n. sp., 262. 

= stigmatica, n. sp., 262. 
Leptoceride, new American, 261. 
Leptocerus angustus, n. sp., 263. 

futthis, n. sp., 3 

i inornatus, n. sp., 263. 

. retactus, n. sp., 263. 
Leptocoris, synonymy of, 379. 
Leptocorisa, synonymy ‘of, 379. 
Lestes congener, nymph of, 191. 

“*  disjunctus, nymph of, 195. 
‘“«  lurinus, nymph of, 192. 
‘““  forcipatus, nymph of, 196. — 


INDEX TU VOLUME XLVI. 443 


- Lestes, key to nymphs of, 190. 


4c“ 


rectangularis, nymph of, 197, 
349. 
uncatus, nymph of, 194. 


349. 
vigilax, nymph of, 198. 
Leucochrysa luctuosa, n. sp., 24. 
sa sa hudsonica, nymph of, 
Limnephilida, New American, 149. 
Limnephilus e@qualis, n. sp., 150. 
argenteus, n. sp., 152. 

x productus, n. sp., 150. 

*  -secludens, n. sp., 152. 
spinatus, n. sp., 149. 
Lina scripta, 6. 

Linotenia chionophila, 301. 
Lixus amplexus, 248. 
‘“  leptosomus, n. sp., 249. 
lupinus, n. s 24 48. 
London Biological lub, 184. 
Longitarsus cotulus, n. sp., 141. 
— sericata, attacking a live calf, 
1 
Lygeus, synonymy of, 381. 
Lygus pratensis, an egg-parasite of, 
Lyman, H. H., collections of, 408. 
ae H. H., list of published papers, 
Lyman, H. H., obituary notice of, 221. 
Lypsimena fuscata, 92. 


McDwunnoucu, J. and BARNEs, Ws., 
article by, 27. 
MacGiiivray, A. D., articles by, 103, 
137, 363. 
McGreoor, E. A.,-article by, 306. 
Macrobasis torsa, 144 
Macronoctua onusta, eggs of, 296. 
Macrophya confusa, n. sp., 139. 
melanopleura, n. sp., 139. 
: ornata, n. sp., 139. 
Macrosiphum coryli, n. sp., 48. 
creelii, n. sp., 41. 
“s tilia, 838. 
Ss venefusce, n. sp., 77. 
Madarellus undulatus, 250. 
Ma vocu, J. R., articles by, 113, 323. 
Manatha nigrita, 179. 
Manitoba, a new Elachistid moth 
from, 423. 
MarcovitcH, S., article by, 435. 
Mar.orr, FRED, article by, 295. 
MATHESON, K., articles by, 37, 185, 337. 


nymphs of Canadian species of, 
189. 


unguiculatus, nymph of, 194, 


Mediterranean fruit fly, 
spray for, 243. 
Megachile, visiting sunflowers, 409. 
Megastigmus laricis, n. sp., 435. 
table of species, 
438. 
Megilla fuscilabris decepta, n. var., 64, 
Melanophila notata, 89. 
Melissodes bishoppi, n. sp., 414. 
semiagilis, 413. 

tf suffusa, 414. 

Melon fly, methods of controlling, 245., 

Membracide, new S. “gg teat 357. 

Merinus levis, 142. 

Meromyza flavipalpis, n. iA: 417. 

Mesembrine fly, a new, 325. 

Messa, 365. 

Metallus bethunei, n. sp., 366. 

Metheisa sinuata, n. sp., 362. 

Mexican Fruit fly, poisoned bait spray 
for, 310. 

Micrasema charonis, n. sp., 266. 

: falcata, n. sp., 265. 
Molanna flavicornis, n. sp., 261. 
Mormomyia vernalis, 263. 

Morais, F. J. A., article by, 4. 
Musca domestica, a new enemy of, 2. 
Mymaride, a new Australian species 
of, 288. 
Mymaride, notes on, 327. 
a from Douglas Lake, Mich., 
Myzus circumflexum, 121. 
4s lycopersici, 123. 


poisoned bait 


Nabis, type fixation of, 385. 
Nadabius i iowensis, 302. 
Nampabius michiganensis, n. sp., 302. 
Nasu, C. W., article by, 297. 
National Collection of Canadian In- 
sects, a, 251. 

Nehalennia carlota, n. sp., 347. 
Neides, synonymy of, 380. 
Neodiplotoxa, n. gen., 116. 
Neogaurax, n. gen., 119. 
Neoharmonia notulata, 65. 

ier nais, dissimila, n. 


Neolobophora Bt rind 276. 
Neomastix punctulatus, 249. 

Neopus, characters of, 138. 

Nepticula, attella, n. sp., 21. 

apis cialbella, 91. 

lybeia, n. sP.. 20. 

crategifoliella, 1 
ie flavipedella, n. sp., 19. 
latifasciella, n. sp., 18. 
N. American species of, 17. 


444 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLVI. 


Nepticula opulifoliella, n. sp., 22. 
termtnella, n. sp., 23. 
trinotata, n. sp., ‘18. 
Nesopeza gracilis, 157. 

Nesopeza, n. gen., 157. 

Neureclipsis signatus, 251. 

Neuronia smithi, n. sp., 149. : 
Newcomer, E, J., article by, 67. - 
New Jersey, destructive insects of, 322. 
Nomia, visiting sunflowers, 411. 
Nothochrysa tibialis, n. sp., 26. 
Novius cardinalis, 66. 


e 


OBITUARY NOTICEs: 
Heatu, E. FIRMSTONE, 299. 
Lyman, H. H., 221. 
SAUNDERS, Dr. Ws., 333. 
Odonata, new nymphs ‘of, 349, 369. 
three new species of, 346. 
Ccetina interjecta, n. sp., 262. 
(Edionychus concinne, 141. 
Olemira costalis, n. sp., 265. 
Oligosita comosipennis, 328. 
Olive fly, poisoned bait spray for, 277. 
Ontario Agricultural College, Dept. of 
Entomology, 294. 
Opatrinus aciculatus, 143. 
‘Ophiogomphus sequoiarum, n. sp., 346. 
Ora hyacintha, n. sp., 88. 
Orthza, synonymy of, 382, 
Orthizema atriceps, parasitic in chryso- 


pids, 308 
Orthoptera, new genus and family of, 
93 


Otiocerus, synonymic note on, 387. 


Pachnzeus distans, 247. 
Pachyrina flavonota, n. sp., 158. 
key to Japanese species of, 
158. 


palloris, 159. 
= pullata, n. sp., 160. 
i repanda, n. sp., 162. 
virgata, 163. 
Panthea virginaria, 398. 
Papaipema lysimachi@, n. sp., 70 
new species and. life-his- 
tories in, 69. 
purpurifascia, 69. 
Paragapetus ee n. sp., 202. 
. gen., 202 
Parajulus Psat 20s by 304. 
dux, n. sp., 304. 
venustus, 304. 
Paranagrus optabilis, 327. 
Parasitism of chrysopids in S, Carolina, 
306. 


ac 


PARKER, R. R., article by. 417, 
Parnassius apollo, protection of, 109. 
deers: life-history notes on two, 
Pasimachus strenuus, -62: 

Perdita albipennis, 53. 

bruneri, 54. 

canadensis, 52. 

citrinella, 55. 

if gerhardi, 56. 

lacteipennis, 52. 

maculipennis, 54. 

maura, 54. 

pallidipennis, 53. 

visiting sunflowers, 410. 
Wisconsin species of, 51. 
Perigenes, status of, 382. 


' Perilampus, parasitic on chivatiphde: 


308. 

Perillus, synonymic note on, 378. 
Phalangid drinks milk, A, 120. 
Philznus, synonymic note on, 388. 
Philopotamus, characters of, 253. 
Phyllobrotica discoidéa, 10. 
Phyllotreta robusta, 142. 

od sinuata, 433. 

“ vittata, 433. 
Phylocentropus vestitus, 256. 


. Phymata, synonymic notes on, 384. 


Pinacodera platicollis, 63. 
Plateros flavoscutellatus, n. sp., 89. 
Platydema subquadratum, 143. 
Platoeceticus gloveri, 179. 


Plectrocnemia adironica, n. sp. -» 256. 


canadensis, 256. 
cinereus, 256. 
Plusia eroides, 145. 

» metallica, 145. 


ae 


' Plusiidee, sunflowers-as lure for, 145. 
Poisoned bait spray, for controlling 


fruit-flies, 243, 277, 309. 
ge: bait spray, ‘mixed treatment, 
Polycentropus centralis, n. sp., 258. 

confusus, 258. 

Polydesmus serratus, 306. 
Polyselandria, n. gen., 104. 
Polyzonium rosalbum, 303. 
Pontia rape, early appearance of, 330. 
Porphyraspis cyanea, 142 
Prasocuris, 6 
Prionomerus calceatus, 249. 
Prochalia pygmza, 179. 
Proctotrypoid egg-parasites of sugar- 

cane insects, 293. 
Profenusa collaris, n. sp., 364. 

n. gen., 364 

Prohippelates, 119. 


———————— i — 


INDEX TO VOLUME. XLVI. 


445 


Prolabia annulata, 275. 
i arachidis, 275. 
piste, - formica, 275. 
mexicana, 275. 
Prosopothrips cognatus, n. sp., 57. 
Psalis americana, 274. 
Cerra lecontei, life-history notes 
on, 185. 
Pseudochlorops, n. gen, 119. 
Pseudohippelates, 119. 


‘ Pseudoselandria, n. gen., 103. 


oxalata, n. sp., 104. 
Psiloneura mesta, n. sp., 264. 
ee n. gen., 264. 
Psychidae, 29. 
Psychomyia diversa, n. sp., 253. 
Psyllobora elegans, 142. 
20-maculata pallidicola, n 
var., 65. 
Pterocolus ovatus, 247. 
Pterostichus faber, 62. 
morio, 62. 
Purex frontalis, 274. 
‘«  parvicollis, 274. 
Pyractomena borealis, 90. 
Pyragra fuscata, 273. 


Queensland, a new fossorial wasp from, 


Reduvius, synonymic notes on, 384. 
Rhabdocnemis obscurus, notes on, 174. 
Rhagoletis cingulata, 311. 

fausta, 311. 

" -pomonella, 310. 
Rhinomacer pilosus, 247. 
Rhipidandrus fulvomaculatus, 91. 
Rhodobeus 13-punctatus 5-puncta- 
- tus, 250. 

Rhopalosiphum howardii, 165. 
Rhyacophila acropedes, 201. 

m bifila, 201. 

s bipartita, 201. 
Rhyacophilide, notes on American, 


Rhyncholophus sp., 
Lepidoptera of, 332. 


occurrence on 


Salda, synonymic notes on, 386. 
Saldula, n. n., 387. 
Sarcophaga cooleyi, n. sp., 417. 
Sarcophagid scavenger, a new, 417. 
abe et oblitescens, n. sp., 102. 

ies, new genera an “species of, 


Sawfly, new fossil, from Florissant, 32. 
Scarites californicus, 62. 


UJ 


Scatophaga, ppectacinus habits of, 2. 
stercoraria, 2. 


' Scelionidz, new Australian genus of, 60 


“ce 


164, 


ring- joints in Australian, 


Sciapus chalybeus, n. sp., 390. 


crinitus, 390. 
digitatus, n. sp.,. 391, 
flavipes, 390. 
forcipatus, 389. 
nigrimanus, n. sp., 392. 
notes on, 389. 
Sciomyza apicata, 324. 

$5 strigata, 324. 
pee ass synonymical notes on, 


- 


_ Schizopelex hesperus, n. sp., 266. 


Scutigera forceps, occurrence of in 
Canada, 219, 297. 

Selenophorus fossulatus, 63. 

Senta defecta, 401. 

Sericostomatide, new American, 265. 

Sepedon macropus, 323. 

sg ie H. P., articles_by, 243, 277, 

9 


Sicya macularia, var. lewisi, n. var., 


Simplemphytus, n. gen., 363. 
pacificus, n. sp., 363. 
Siphunculina, 119. 


_ SLADEN, F. W. L., article by, 73, 109. 
Smiliing, new S. American, 362. 


Sonibius ius, 302. 
Sparatta nigrina, 276. 


Sphenophorus inzequalis, 250. 


minimus, 250. 
retusus, 250. 
Sphingide at sugar, 296. 


“oc 


_ Sphinx pinastri, 398. 


Spirobolus marginatus, 304 
Spongophora croceipennis, 274. 
Spongovostox alter, 275. 
apicdentats, O75. 
“s ghilianii, 275 


~ Stamnodes pearsalli, n. sp. 289. 


eee bicarinatus, life-history notes 


188. 

Stenophylax flavata, n. sp., 154. 
hesperus, n. sp., 152. 

Stenoptycha solanis, 31. 
Stethynium cinctiventris, n. sp., 288. 
Stictocephala, type fixation of, 388. 
Storteria unicolor, 31. 
mbgpcroane insects, egg-parasites of, 


Sunflowers, bees visiting, 409. 
Swett, L. W. I., article by, 289. 


446 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLVI. 


Symdobius albasiphus, n. sp., 226. 
Sympetrum pallipes, nymph of, 373. 


Tabanide, four new, 348. 
Tabanus beatificus, n. sp., 344. 

“ birdici, n. sp., 343. 

- milleri, n. sp., 344. 

Tachygonus lecontei, 250. 
Talanus langurinus, 148. 

. okeechobensis, n. sp., 143. 
Tarnished plant-bug, an egg-parasite 

of, 181. 

Telenomus saccharalis, n. sp., 293. 
Tenthredella toddi, n. sp., 32. 
Tenthredinidz, new genera and species 

of, 103, 137. 

Tenthredinidz, note on food-habits of, 

121. 

Tenthredo neoslossoni, n. sp., 138. 
Tetanocera lineata, 324. 
Tetralopha querciella, 31. 
Thamnotettix januata, n. sp., 213. 
pasadena, n. sp., 212. 

Mf two new California, 211. 
Tuomas, F. L., article by, 425. 
Thysania zenobia, 300. 
Thysanopteron, a new N. American, 57. 
Ticida, synonymic note on, 387. 
Tipula aino, n. sp., 209 

‘*  coquilletti, 206. 

insulicola, n. sp., 211. 

japonica, 205. 

key to Japanese species of, 205. 

“  mikado, 205 

nipponensis, n. sp., 236. 

“  prepotens, 205. 

parva, 205. 

serricauda, n. sp., 237. 

yamata, n. sp., 208. 

yusou, n. sp., 240. 

Tipulide, Japanese, 157, 205, 236. 

Toronto Branch, meetings of, 135. 
Tragopa decorata, n. sp., 407. 

“ "  luteimaculata, n. sp., 406. 
Tragopine, new S. American, 406. 
Trienodes dentata, n. sp., 261. 
Trichogramma minutum, 329. 


Trichogrammatidz, notes on, 327. 
Trichogrammatoidea nana, 327. 
ee American, 150, 201, 252, 


i carbonaria, visiting sunflowers, 

| Trirhabda canadensis, 10. 

| Trogoderma fasctfera, n. sp., 66. 

_ Tropidoseyta binotata, n. sp., 359. 

is ‘s brunneidorsata, n. sp., 357 

maculata, n. sp., 360. 

_ Trypetidz, three new Colorado species 
of, 425. il 

Turuptiana permaculata, 398. 

Tyloderma punctata, 250. 


ae 


Ufens niger, 328. 
Urellia apicata, n. sp., 428. 


Van Duzet, E. P., article by, 377. 


VaNn Doze, M. C., article by, 389. 
Vanessa californica, the case of, 67. 
VENABLES, E. P., article by, 121. 


| Viax toltecus, 276. 


“intermedius, 276. 


. Vostox insignis, 274. 


«similis, 274. 


- Wacker, E. M., articles by, 93, 111, 


189, 258, 260, 349, 367, 368, 369, 429. 


_ Wasp from Queensland, a new fossorial, 


271. 
Wasp from the Philippine Islands, A 
new, 220. 
_WEssTER, F. M., article by, 100. 
. Weiss, H. B., articles by, 33, 269, 322. 
_ Wuartney, C. P., article by, 343. 
| Wins A. F., article by, 109, 295, 295, 
t > 83h pare 


Xanthonia, 4. 


| _ Xenoglossodes helianthorum, n. sp., 415. 


..Xylomyia moratula, nz sp., 101, 


Zoyphium crassicorne, n. spi 271. 


Mailed: December 14, 1914. 


oe ee 
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The 
— Canadian Entomologist 


VOLUME XLVII. 
1915. 


‘EDITED BY 


DR. E. M. WALKER, 


Biological Department, 


UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO 


Editor Emeritus: REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE. 


ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH, ONT. 


London, Ontario; 
The Loadon Printing and Lithographing Company Limited. 


1915. 


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO VOL. XLVII 


‘AINSLIE, GEORGE G.... pe Pipe - WASHINGTON, D, C. 
ALEXANDER, DR. C. P., Cornell Here aah oes IrHaAca, N. Y¥. 

BAKER, A. , Ontario Te Abaitoral CNet oo aioe a Setignss cas astacamecteestces GUELPH, ONT. 

BANKS, DR. Wa THAN East FALLs Cuurcn, VA. 
BARNES, DR. WM.... DeEcATUR, ILL. 


eects der. Benita TURTOLA, FINLAND, 

BER Edda ni selena cae GR Laing oot die var weenie tans: Pennspk eleae toate LovutlsIANA, Mo. 

BE RUNE, REV. PROF. C.j.S. io Agricultural College....... GUELPH, ONT. 

BEUITEN MULE R7 iW Bi iicccts iis ossestosonnyperadesteatsioas Bronx, N. Y. 

BIRD, THEN Y .i:iccaesetncs RYE, N. Y. 

BRAUN, MISS arate Bigs eth wiowae Cincinnati, O. 
BRITTAIN, PROF. H., College ot Agriculture........ Siete ... TRuRO, N. S. 

CAESAR, PROF. LAWSON, Ontario Agricultural College. ...GUELPH, ONT, - 
CLEMENS, W..A., University of Maine.......1.......p:ccccsssessesseseessesseeneensees Orono, Me. ; 
COCKERELL, PROF. T. D. A., University of Colorado.......... ...BOULDER, COL. 

COSENS, ‘DR. A., Parkdale Collegiate Tertatilte Sey a se aes: TORONTO, ONT. 

CRIDDLE, at Dominion Entomological Branch... ... TREESBANK, MAN. + 
CROSBY, PROF. C. R., Cornell University......:.c0c:cccssse ... ITHACA, N. Y¥. 

DAVIDSON, W. M., U. S. Bureau of Entomology...........- .. WASHINGTON, D. C. 

a a SORE WV, Goce issed apes ahsdads  eeAntnns sth ReStecah MALAI GAR ahseb apes tetionte eee HAZLETON, Pa. 

atc! H. eae * FON a ety Sareea Br, ee Me men NE MIDNAPORE, ALTA. 

ELT, OR. E. P., N. Y. State Museum sith seecy daar oberstcd dusts Albany, N. Y. 

GERMAIN, BRO. MP a Ad a abe ntteee Fa APN! = MEE oT Ee Bir Re A AE Otrrawa, ONT. 

GIBSON, ARTHUR, Entomological Branch, Dept. Agriculture......... OTTAWA, ONT, 

GIRAULT, A. A., U.S. Bureau of Entomology.........ccccsesssessesessessseeness WASHINGTON, D. C. 
HERRICK, yee G. W., Cornell University. .................... ... ITHACA, N, Y. 

HEWITT, DR. GORDON, Dominion Entomologist...................04: OTTAWA, ONT, < 
HOOD, D., Us S. Biological SUrVey...cccccscccsesessssssessseesessvessssvesssnsseenens WASHINGTON, D. C. 
JOHNSON, Cc. W., Boston Society of Natural Histofyicaiiti cick Boston, Mass. 

KRAFKA, sa OS EPH, Lake Forest University. ciciccicci.:: Siesays isccasssacecesoeace LAKE Forest, ILL. 

LEIBY, R. W , Cornell Tarlveraitss, :, «2c cilvts.tk,csatincdseduen taiewit su aedhdey Irnaca, N. Y. 

LLOYD, J. T., "Cornell University: asciratevcsastiokie keno bre ted imerncr IrHaca, N. Y. 

TIVE Woy Fs Ras cock atc Pe ice haus cpu lvea si aeeenlned bent Micon nsegh Sch bast sab tae ath eae Netad WaALbDOBORO, ME. 
MATHESON, DR. ROBERT, Cornell University. a5: sd. otis ITHACA, ‘ 

COUN NG rr BIG ED ot Rcsaktus Gschsaeiliceotns ches aatnve amncaden ARIES aebhbincas ean Decatur, ILL. 

MALLOCH, J. R., University of Illinois URBANA, ILL. ; pain 
oie) SE * OSTA E at PERG De eRe ORFS et, sn .... PETERBOROUGH, ONT. 
MUIR, F., Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association sesseeeeses LLONOLULU, T. 

MK KHARA DV ARES, <2. 3 oratkianlnAnccgan aah abalone 

ROHWER, S. A., U.S. Bureau of aS 5 zee eg 

ROWLE ¥ | Bi Rea ah a BS Reale tad cade fk ne ae 

SANDERS, G. E., Entomological Branch, Dept. Agriculture xa 

SIMMS, |S iY Re Ck LE ID ae Sete 

SLADEN, F. W. -L., Central Experimental Farm....... meat at TE 

SMITH, HARRISON E., U. S. Bureau of Entomology ; 
SMULYAN, at 2s Mass. Agricultural College.................... 3 
SPENCER, I3, Ontario Agricultural College:............cc..cecssceesstaseeeeee ‘ 
ST RIGRLAND, H., Entomological Branch, Dept. Agriculture...... OTTAWA. mtn 
SWAINE, J. M., Burhan Branch, Dept. Agriculture................ OTTAWA. ? 

RT BEET: Tic SOW cs; cade au peat agipinasasac hawcosein Mucteectelienes Gee et tedkattarantineas ainda Boston, MAss. 
TOWNSEND, C. H. U. S. Bureau of Entomology.....:........0000 Washington, D. C. 
TREHERNE, R. C., siaatenloginal Branch, Dept. Agriculture teeter Acassiz, B. C. 

WALKER, E. M., University of Toronto... scsccssesessecesscsssssvessvssseeseeanseads TORONTO, ONT. 

WALLIS, J. B., Machray Public Schnoot iiss iio ats aon WINNIFEG, MAN. 
WEBSTER, F. _ Bureaw of Entomology.c.)ccjecssdiessictescningsviveveondeavens WASHINGTON, D. C. 
WEISS, H. B., N. J. Agricultural College.......c..cccs eee: ...NEw Brunswick, N. J. 

got Sea et C ; ....MiLrorp, N. H. 

WIN Pee She ae ao ... WESTMOUNT, QUE, 
WILLIAMSON, .... BLUFFTON, IND, 

WOODS, WM. COLCORD, Me. Agri. Experiment Station.....:.......... Orono, ME. 


WOODWORTH, CG, , University Of Califortie.co00.-G5Saaeakuam BERFELEY, CAL. 


L 
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KEY TO PHOTOGRAPH OF ENTOMOLOGISTS ATTENDING THE : 
FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTO- “in 


OCHONAAP&N Ee 


MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, 
OTTAWA, NOVEMBER 
4-5th, 1915. 


E. Sanders, Annapolis Royal, N. S. 
G. Crawford, Guelph, Ont. 

G. Payne, Truro, N.S. 

T. Macoun, Ottawa, Ont. 
Glasgow, Geneva, N. Y. 

Criddle, Treesbank, Man. . . 
N. Chrystal, Vancouver, B. C. des 
E. Petch, Hemmingford, Que. 

A. Ross, Vineland Station, Ont. "i 

H. Brittain, Truro, N. S. 

S. McLaine, Fredericton, N. B. : 
Caesar, Guelph, Ont. ; 
D. Tothill, Fredericton, N. B. 
W. L. Sladen, Ottawa, Ont. 

H. Strickland, Lethbridge, Alta. 

M. Du Porte, Macdonald College, Que. 

M. Swaine, Ottawa, Ont. 

C. Treherne, Agassiz, B. C. . 

T. Wilson, Vancouver, B. C. 

W: Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que. 

J. R. Gareau, Strathroy, Ont. 

F. Letourneau, Oak, Que. 

Rev. Father Leopold, Oka, Que. 

A. Gibson, Ottawa, Ont. 

A. W, Baker, Guelph, Ont. 

J. C. Chapais, St. Denis-en Bas, Que. sn 


G. 
H. 
H. 
W. 
H. 
N. 
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._ A. F. Burgess, Melrose Highlands, Mass, - 


H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass. 

C. Gordon Hewitt, Ottawa, Ont. 

A. F. Winn, Westmount, Que. 

C. P. Lounsbury, Pretoria, South Africa. 
T. Rankin, Macdonald College, Que. 

. J. A. Mozris, Peterboro, Ont. 


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The Canadian Kntomotogist, 


VoL. XLVII. LONDON, JANUARY, 1915 No. 1 


FURTHER NOTES ON ALBERTA LEPIDOPTERA, WITH 
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES. 
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MIDNAPORE, ALTA. 
(Continued from Vol. XLVI, p. 403.) 
603. Hadena violacea Grt.—A specimen taken at Banff on 
Sept 20th, 1901, by Mr. Sanson. I have also a few British 
Columbia records. 


604. Hyppa indistincta Sm.—I took a female at light at the 
Laggan Chalet on July 18th, 1907. It agrees with the figures and 
description of the female type from Mt. Hood, Oregon, which I have 
seen in the Brooklyn Museum. This was stated to be a male in the 
description. I have a similar female from Kaslo, and have seen 
others in Mr. Cockle’s collection. Dr. Dyar-records the species as 
indistincta in the Kootenai List, but suggests that both brunnet- 


- erista Smith and rectilinea Dyar (not Esper), from Alaska, are the 


same thing. 

As to the distinctness of brunneicrista I have little doubt. 
Indistincta wholly lacks the rusty fulvous marks characteristic of 
that species, and the terminal line in both my specimens is slightly 
angulated in the submedian interspace, where it is preceded by a 
blackish crescent-shaped cloud edged with a few chocolate brown 
scales of the same shade as the lower portion of the median /area. 
In this respect it resembles xylinoides rather than brunneicrista, 
which lacks the black crescent-shaped cloud in the submedian in- 
terspace, in which the rusty fulvous shade is paler than any of the 
brown shades on the wing. The angle, however, does not seem 


‘obvious in Smith’s figure, and may be variable. The maculation 


of indistincta is, as its name implies, less distinct than in the others, 
and the general colour more dull and even, without the contrast- 


ing white. In my Laggan specimen the black line on the collar is 


incomplete centrally, but in the Kaslo example the collar is dam- 
aged. Nosuch line is referred to in the description. The wing 
form is that of brunneicrista, and shorter than xylinoides. 


2 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


I have examined the Alaskan specimens in the Washington 
‘Museum, which were referred to rectilinea by Dyar. I should call 
them indistincta. Of the five specimens, only one is a male, and 
that lacks antenne. That is most unfortunate, as I have seen no 
other male which I could call indistincta, and. the other three North 
American Hyppas, which include the No. 177 of my Calgary list, 
are separable from each other by male antenna. European - 


rectilinea is nearest my No. 177 on both antennal and: other 
characters. 


605. Helotropha reniformis* Grt.—Taken at High River by 
Mr. Thomas Baird, in 1912. 


606. Momaphana comstocki Grt.—A fine male, taken, I 
think, on an electric light pole at Edmonton on May 13th, 1914, by 
Mr. Valentine Fernekes, to whose generosity I am indebted for the 
specimen. ‘The type in the British Museum is a much worn male 
from New York, and there is also a good female there from Orillia, 
Ont. Hampson gives a wood-cut of the type, but the black 
markings there shown are too numerous and too intense. Making 
allowance for that, the Edmonton specimen agrees so well with the 
wood-cut, Hampson’s description, and my notes, as to make me 
feel confident in the determination. Another type is said to be in 
the Cornell University at Ithaca, N. Y. The species appears to be 
very rare everywhere. 

A species which has for many years passed aes this name 
in B. C. collections, was described as Feralia columbiana by Smith 
in CAN. Ent., XX XV, p. 9, Jan., 1903, from two males, one from 
New Westminster, B. C., from Dr. Fletcher, and the other from 
‘North West Territory,” from Dr. Ottolengui. A figure of the 
type is in the British Museum, and is copied by Sir George 
Hampson. The green of my only two specimens of columbiana, 
which are males, is much darker than that of comstocki, and in 
this and most other characters of colour and pattern, Smith’s 
species has, as he pointed out in the description, more resembl- 
ance to jocosa than to comstocki. The orbicular and reniform of 
comstocki are larger and the wings wider in proportion to their 
length. As to the generic characters, I do not feel quite sure that 


the proboscis of my columbiana is non-functional, as that of jocosa 
*Not verified. 


Be rr 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3 


appears to be, though Mr. Day tells me that he is not aware that 
the species has ever been taken either at treacle or sallows. And — 
as to veins 6 and 7 of secondaries arising from upper angle of cell 
in Feralia, as_ described by Hampson, they do in one of my 
columbiana, but in the other are most distinctly stalked. 


607. Homohadena infixa Walk.—Very rare. I have only 
three Alberta specimens in the collection. A female, head of Pine 
Creek, July 23rd, 1901; a male from the Red Deer River, July 
6th, 1905; and a male from Edmonton, May 14th, 1910, the latter 
taken by Mr. F. S. Carr, at light. The female was included in 


-my original notes under badistriga (No. 181). Walker’s type of 


infixa is a badly worn male from Florida. Type kappa Grt. is a 


_ male from Kansas, and apparently the specimen figured by Hamp- 


son. They appeared to me to be the same species. I have eleven 


specimens from Cartwright, Man., and have labelled one of these 
as very like type kappa. 2 


Dinalda Smith was described in Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XVI, 
p. 94, June, 1908, from a male from Winnipeg, and a female from 
Sandy Lake, Newfoundland, both in the Rutgers College collec- 
tion, where I have seen them. The male is labelled July 19th, 
1897, apparently by Mr. Hanham. I made no comment on the 
female, so presumably accepted them as one species. I noted that 
the male was a small gray species, and probably the same as that 


in my collection from Manitoba, which I had compared with the 


type of kappa. Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough figure a Southern 
Manitoba female in their Contributions II, No. 1, Pl. XI, fig. 14, 
as dinalda, concerning which they say on page 24: ‘‘Probably this 
species, judging from the description; we have not seen the type. 
It is probably identical with fifia Dyar, from Kaslo, B. C., which 
we do not know.” I feel confident in referring dinalda to infixa, 
though typical specimens of infixa are rather larger and browner, 
as are some of my Manitoba series. 


Fifia Dyar was described in CAN. ENT., XXXVI, p. 30, Feb., 
1904, from two specimens from Kaslo, as a variety of badistriga. 


I saw a female type at Washington, and noted that it was a 


species strange to me, though I had previously had a Manitoba 
specimen of infixa labelled “‘badistriga var. fifia’’ by Dyar himself. 


4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . i 


I have no Kaslo specimens of any Homohadena in my collection, 
and have always been in doubt as to the identity of fifia. But if 
I am to accept Dr. Dyar’s identification, which would not seem 
unreasonable, that would make fifia a synonym of infixa, and dis- 
tinct from badistriga, from which latter I have always been 
inclined to dissociate it. Hampson’s published figure of fifia is 
froma figure sent him of the type, and may be misleading. I 
have compared my Calgary female infixa with the same figure 
from which Hampson’s was taken, and my note is: “Extremely 
-like figure of fifia in British Museum, but more even on costa and 
with darker thorax.’’ The evidence, therefore, seems to point to 
fifia being infixa, but at present I must leave the matter open. 
Holland’s Plate X XI, fig. 1, is infixa, and not badistriga, as stated. 

Badistriga is much more strigate, and has the transverse lines 
more deeply curved. 


In the Rutgers College collection I saw a photograph labelled 
retroversa Morr., presumably of the type in the Tepper collection. 
My note on this says: “It looks to me almost exactly like the 
male type of dinalda Smith,” with which I compared it. In that 
case Hampson’s figure under retroversa, which is copied from a 
figure of a specimen in the U.S. National Museum, can hardly be 
correct. Barnes and McDunnough have a coloured figure of type 
retroversa, described, I believe, from Missouri; and figure a speci- 

.men from that state as agreeing with it. (Contr. II, No. 1, pl. 
XI, fig. 11.) I have Manitoba and Alberta specimens of injfixa 
resembling their figure very closely indeed. I dare comment no 
further. | 


608. Oncocnemis regina Sm.—Described from a male from 
Regina, the capital of Saskatchewan. The capture is attributed 
to the late Dr. James Fletcher, but may-really have come from 
Mr. T. N. Willing. I have seen the type at Rutgers College. 
Mr. J. B. Wallis took a female at Lethbridge, Alta., on Aug. 2Ist, 
1912, which I have examined and compared with the description, 
and judged to be this species, though it appeared to be much 
darker and less maculate than the type. Barnes and McDunnough, 
in Contr. I, No. 4, pl. III, fig. 20, figure as regina a Eureka, 
Utah, specimen, remarking: ‘‘Probably this species, though most 


am 


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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ~ 5 


of our Utah specimens are decidedly suffused with pink on 
primaries.” I have seen a large number of the species which they 
figure, and from the same locality, and should call it a rather pale © 
form of hayesi,as I understand that. I have seen neither type nor 
description, but a Colorado specimen from the Grote collection is in 
the British Museum, and is figured by Hampson. It is much more 
ochreous than any of the seven Utah specimens in the collection, 
but I have a Gunnison, Colo., male which scarcely differs from 
Utah specimens in my series. It is not improbable, however, that 
regina may turn out to be but a pale form af hayesi, to which it is, 
at any rate, very closely allied. 


609. O. barnesii Sm.—A female taken at Banff, on Oct. 
17th, 1910, on an electric light pole, by Mr. Sanson. The specimen 
was rather worn, but agreed with the description of this species. 


610. O. levis Grt.—Lethbridge, Alta. One pair, Aug. 24 and 


- 26, 1912. Taken by Mr. J. B. Wallis, to whom I am indebted 


for the male. 


611. O. glennyi Grt.—A male labelled Laggan (“B.C.” in 


error, as usual), 5,000 ft., July 28th, is in the Rutgers College 


collection, and agrees with Sir George Hampson’s figure of the 
type from Colorado. The specimen very likely came from Mr. 
Bean. 


612. O. chandleri Grt.—A male from High River, but 
without date, taken by Mr. Thomas Baird, I have compared with 
the type of this species, from Colorado, in the British Museum. 
The type is paler and grayer, and a trifle ochreous, which mine is 
not. Another male came to light here on Aug. 29th of the 
present year (1914). A male taken at Lethbridge on Aug. 27th, 
1912, by Mr. J. B. Wallis, and in his collection, is similar. 


613. O. figurata Harv.?—A female from Lethbridge, July 
8th, by Mr. J. B. Wallis. I have compared it with the type of 
figurata, from Nevada, in the British Museum. It differs in being 
more even in colour, in having the transverse lines more con- 
stricted in the submedian interspace, where they are joined by a 
diffuse black blotch instead of a fine line, and in entirely lacking 


6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


~ 


the fine black longitudinal streak from the cell to the termen near 
the apex: It differs similarly from Colorado specimens which 
stood under figurata in the Smith collection, and from the Eureka, 
Utah, specimen, figured as such by Barnes and McDunnough in 
Contr. I, No. 4, pl. III, fig. 22. That figure appears to have a 
black collar not possessed by either my specimens nor by the type, 
though mine has a blackish head. The tegule are disarranged as 
a result of papering, and may be dark inferiorly. The fore tibie 
have a large claw on the inner side, and a small one on the outer, 
as Hampson says of type figurata. . 


614. Platagrotis speciosa Hbn. var. arctica Zett.?—I have > 


two Alberta specimens which I refer doubtfully to this form. A 
male which I took at the Chalet lights at Laggan, on July 14th, 
1904, and a female which turned up at treacle on Pine Creek on 
August 16th of the same year. I submitted both to Dr. Dyar 
some years ago, and he called them speciosa. A similar male 
taken by Mrs. Nicholl in Wilcox Pass during 1907 is in the British 
Museum, and has been recorded as speciosa var. arctica, by Sir 
George Hampson in Can. Ent. XL, p. 102, March 1908. The 
species has long been known in Northern Europe, and both names 
were first applied to European forms. The typical form in 
Europe is, as Hampson describes it, ‘gray white, strongly irror- 


ated with black-brown.” Against var. arctica in Staudinger’s - 


catalogue is a note in Latin, which translates: ‘‘smaller, darker, 
with hind wings nearly unicolorous.’’ Sir George Hampson says 
of var. arctica: “small and dark, with the markings indistinct— 


Alpine and Arctic.’’ Walker‘s type of mixta is a female from St. - 


Martin‘s Falls. My note describes it as “gray, black-sprinkled,” 
and, regarding more of the British Museum series continues: 
“Others, Hudson’s Bay and White Mountains, are much like it, 
and rather smaller only than the usual run of European examples.” 
I have European specimens in my collection which I picked from 
a series submitted to me to show the considerable variation, and 
one from Labrador, probably collected by Méschler, sent me by 
Bang Haas, as var. arctica, is more plainly maculate and not 
nearly as dark as some of those. The Alberta specimens differ 
in being of a much more bluish dark gray throughout, and in 
bearing a peculiar resemblance, as regards the primaries, to 


. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 7 


- Scotogramma perplexa, which occurs also both at Laggan and on 
Pine Creek, and with which I formerly confused them, before 
noting the very different generic characters. 

= I have seen in the British Museum Morrison’s male type of 
perquiritata from Mt. Washington, but have no further note 
thereon. 


615. P. gelida Sparre-Schneider, var. mevesi Auriv.?—I have 
examined four specimens, all males, taken at Banff by Mr. Sanson, 
__ which I refer doubtfully as above. Dates are Aug. 19th, 1909; 
Aug. 19th, Sept. Ist and 5th, 1911. One of these is in my collec- 
tion. The others are in that of Mr. Sanson, and one of these I 
-. have compared with the British Museum material. On the 
strength of that comparison I recorded the species as sincera H.- 

S. in 48rd Rept. Ent. Soc., Ont. (1912), p. 119, 1913, notwith- 
standing that, as there stated, I found the form to resemble more 
closely some specimens standing under gelida.  Sincera is 
European, and stands in our North American lists as from 
Labrador. Hampson adds: “U.S.A., mountains of northern and 
middle states.’’ Gelida has not previously been recorded from 
-North America. In January of the present year (1914), I again 
_ examined the British Museum series under both names, though I 
_-had then no Banff specimen with me. From my notes I conclude 
that a specimen standing as “ab. mevesi Auriv.’’ from Bergen, 
“Norway, agreed with the Banff form better than did anything else 
there, and so tentatively I record it. Comparing it with typical 
gelida, Hampson says of mevesi: ‘““Browner: fore wing without the 
_ pinkish patch on the reniform; hind wing more irrorated with 
 brown.”” Hampson refers both gelida and sincera to Anomogyna 
| Staud., with which the present form agrees structurally. 


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| ae 616. P. imperita Hbn.—Calgary July 23rd, 1908, at light; 
and Didsbury Aug. 5th and 8th, 1905; all taken by by Mr. C. G. - 
_ Garrett. Banff, July 30th to Aug. 4th, four specimens, by Mr. 
Sanson. One Calgary: and two Banff specimens are in my 
collection. One of these I have compared in the British Museum, 
and have labelled it as being like Labrador specimens there 
standing, and smaller only tan the female type discitincta Morr. 

from St. Martin’s Falls. I.iibner’s figures, which I have carefully — 


- 


8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


_ examined, were from Labrador specimens, A Race: Labrador, 
specimen in my collection, from Prof. Smith, is slightly smaller 
than the local series, and differs in being less blue-gray, and a 
trifle ochreous. 


617. Protagrotis nichollz2 Hamps.—(Can. Ent:, XL, 102, 
March, 1908). Described from Alberta and B.C. material taken 
by-Mrs. Nicholl. The male type is from Simpson River, 7,000 ft., 
Aug. 13th, 1904, and the female type from Glacier, 4,100 ft., 
Aug. 3rd, 1907. Both localities are in B.C. The rest are four 
Alberta specimens, three males and a female, Wilcox Peak, July 
29th and 31st, 1907, and Brobokton Creek, Aug. 12th, 1907. I 
am not aware that I have ever seen any other specimens. The 
_ impression received after viewing the specimens on two different 
visits, was that the species somewhat resembled a large Scoto- 
gramma near promulsa. Hampson places the genus Protagrotis 
after Euretagrotis and Rhynchagrotis at the end of his vol. IV. 


618. Semiophora elimata Guen.—Banff, July 28th, 1910. 
One male. N. B. Sanson. The specimen is near the var. 
badicollis Grt. as diagnosed by Hampson, that is having the black 
markings strong. I have seen neither the type nor description 
of that form. For a further note on this species, vide Ent. 
News, XXIV, 359, Oct. 1913. 


619. Setagrotis vernilis Grt. syn. filiis Smith (smith, 
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XX XIII, 127, April 1907; Dod, Ent. News, 
XXIV, 361, Oct. 1913, re syn.) Banff, Aug. 14th—Sept. 11th, 
1910-11, Sanson. Laggan, Aug. 9th, in Prof. Smith‘s collection, 
probably from Mr. T. E. Bean. Grote’s type is a male from 
Colorado in the British Museum, and one of my Banff specimens 
agrees with it exactly. Smith described filiis from a single male 
from Pullman, Washington. When I first saw the type in his 
collection I took it for an unusually dark blue-gray form of infimatis. 
At that time I did not know vernilis, as the species which I had 
standing wrongly under that name in my collection, and which I 
recorded as vernilis in 41st Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1911 (the 
“Entomological Record”’ for 1910, p. 10), was vocalis. 


(To be continued). 


“ 


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————————————~e 


rrr, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST | 9 


GEOMETRID NOTES — REVISION OF THE GENUS 
HYDRIOMENA HUB., GROUP WITH 
LONG PALPI. 


BY L. W. SWETT, BOSTON, MASS. 


This group may be distinguished from the groups with short 
and moderate palpi by the greater length of these appendages, 
which are beak-like; the slightly larger size and the slighter 
variability in colour. The prevailing shades seem to be olive-green 


_and white with variations of black and less of the red, except in 


Hydriomena ruberata Freyer. I have regarded H. speciosata Pack. 
as typical of this group, because it is less confused in general 
collections than the other species. 


14. Hydriomena speciosata Pack., (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. 
Hist., XVI, p. 22, 1874; Monog., p. 102, 1876). 


This large, showy, green and white, mottled species is fairly 
well known to the average collector. The long beak: like palpi are 
typical of this group. The specimen figured by Packard in the 
Monograph (PI. VIII, fig. 37) is a variety and not the one from 
which the original description was drawn. I have limited the _ 
type to the one from which the original description was drawn, 
there being two distinct forms before him at that time. The type 


is the green form with white mottlings and the cne figured in the 
~ Monograph is the black-bordered variety, which I described in 


the Can. Ent. as Hydriomena speciosata Pack., variety agassizi 
Swett (vol. XLII, p. 277, Aug. 1910). The normal form of 


_ speciosata | have from British .Columbia and California and I 


should not be surprised if it had quite an extended range even 
through South America as there are several closely-related forms 


figured in the Biologia Cent. Amer. The typical speciosata is 


dark olive-green with a white ground colour and five black bands 
crossing the fore wings, and has black dots at the ends of the 
veins and a black apical streak. The margin of the fore wing is 


greenish where in the variety agassizi it is intense black. The 


January, 1915 


10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


hind wings of both are dark and smoky. The types (2 &,’ 
Mendocino City, Calif., Alexander Agassiz) are in the Museum 
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. It is a rather rare 
species but Mr. E. H. Blackmore, of Victoria, B.C., took a nice 
series, the dates of capture ranging from June 29 to Aug. 10, 1913. 


Hydriomena speciosata, var. (a) agassizi Swett, (Can. 
Ent., vol. XLII, Aug. 1910). This is the form figured by 
Packard in the Monograph, Plate VIII, fig. 37, under speciosata, 
to which I have just alluded. Agassizi seems to be a variation 
towards melanism, the entire outer border being black, with green 
and white mottlings. The central band is twice as wide in 
agassizi as in speciosata and the whole insect has a black 
appearance. It is evidently a rare variety as the type is the only 
specimnen I have seen. The type (1 o&, Mendocino City, Calif., 
Alexander Agassiz) is in the Museum of Comp. Zoology, 
_Cambridge, Mass. ; 


Hydriomena speciosata, var. (b) taylori Swett, (Can. Ent., 
vol. XLII, p. 277, Aug. 1910). 


This seems to bea colour variety of speciosata in which the green 
and white is replaced by a brownish-olive. It seems to be local, as I 
have never seen it from any place but Vancouver Island, where it 
has been taken at Nanaimo and Victoria. The type was submitted 
to me by the late Rev. G. W. Taylor, as he was uncertain of the 
characters of the true speciosata, having been misled by the figure 
of one form and the description of another, 


Type, 1 o&, July 22, 1908, from Rev. G. W. Taylor, Departure 
Bay, in my collection. Cotype, 1 &, in the collection of Mr. A. 
J. Croker, July 1, 1909, Victoria, B.C. Other specimens from 
Victoria, July 3, 1913, have been received from Mr. E. H. 
Blackmore. 


_ 15, Hydriomena costipunctata Barnes and McD. (Contrib. 
to Nat. Hist. of Lepid. of North America, vol. 1, no. 5, p. 33, 
July 1912; plate II, fig. 14). 


aS ee ae ee pe eee 


——— Sr el 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 11 


This form is closely allied to speciosata and also to some of the 


Mexican species, but Dr. Barnes, with his large series, has no 


doubt been able to see the distinguishing characters. Personally, 
I regard it as a variety of speciosata Pack., the figure, as judged 
by plates, are sometimes rather unreliable as they do not 
bring out the minute differences. It has a purple-brown ground 
colour and apical patch and lacks the median white shading of 
magnificata. It may be that H. magnificata Taylor belongs to the 
group with long instead of the group with moderate palpi as I 
listed it. When I was working on this group the Rev. G. W. 
Taylor sent me a photograph of his type but the palpi were blurred 
and appeared to be of moderate length. Shortly after this I wrote 
him about the matter, but unfortunately illness prevented him 
from replying. Now that his collection has passed into Dr. Barnes’ 
hands I can ascertain its position from the latter. 


HI, costipunctata, according to the colour, must be close to var. 
taylori Swett. 


Types, 1 &, 1 2, Tucson, Ariz., in the Barnes collection. 


16. Hydriomena barnesata Swett, (Can. Ent., vol. XLI, 
July, 1909; Barnes and McD., Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. 
North Am., vol. 1, no. 4, 1912; pl. XIV, fig. 19-22). 


This species has very long palpi, possibly the longest of the 
group, and the general appearance is different from any of the 
others. The broad smoky mesial band with its three black lines, 
and the clear white mesial space beyond make it resemble in a 
way some of the German varieties of autwmnalis with pointed or 
elongated wings. The general colour is olive-green and white. 
The hind wings are dark smoky brown. It is a large species and 
evidently rather rare as I have only seen a few specimens, three 
from Dr. Barnes and one from Mr. Grossbeck. 


Types, 3 & (coll. Barnes, 2 &; coll. Grossbeck, 1 &), 
Huachuca Mts.. Ariz. Paratype, 1 o, Palmerlee, Ariz., in my 


collection. Through the kindness of Dr. Barnes, | also have 1 9 


from Fort Wingate, N. Mex., which does not differ materially from 


the male. 
(To be continued.) 


12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 


BY J. R. MALLOCH, . F.E.S., URBANA, ILL. 


The new species described in this paper were taken during a 
field trip in connection with an investigation of the occurrence of 
Simuliide in the southern part of the State of Illinois. The types 
~ are deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Laboratory of 
Natural History. This paper is published by permission of Dr. 
Stephen A. Forbes, State Entomologist. 


The present opportunity may be taken to draw attention to a 
curious error which occurs in my paper on Simuliide.* In the 
last page proof there appeared a period after the word Simulium 
in the first. caption of the generic table. In making the change to 
a comma the compositor, evidently by mistake, took out the last 
line of table instead of last line of caption I, thus causing the same 
line to appear twice, and deleting the alternative to caption 2, which 
should read, “Face broad, basal cell absent....Prosimulium, p. 24.” 


Botanobia hinkleyi, new species. 


Female.—Black. Frons reddish brown, slightly obscured by 
grayish pollen, the anterior fourth pale yellow, surface hairs yel- 
low; ocellar triangle opaque; face obscure, whitish yellow; antennez 
brown, the lower portion of third joint, especially towards base 
and on inner side, yellowish; arista brown; cheeks concolorous with 
face, obscured with gray’ posteriorly; clypeus gray; proboscis 
brown; palpi yellow. Mesonotum black with dense gray pollino- 
sity, which obscures the surface, with the exception of the areas 
occupied by four longitudinal vitte, those areas shining; pleurz 
black, upper half gray pollinose, lower half highly glossy; scutellum 
slightly gray pollinose, but shining; thoracic hairs brownish yellow, 
the bristles black. Abdomen distinctly shining, with but slight 
indications of dusting; surface hairs soft, white. Legs yellow, 
black on cox except their apices, femora except narrowly at apices, 
the fore and mid tibie at the middle, the hind tibia except their 
bases, and on the apices of-the tarsi; surface hairs pale. Wings 
clear, veins brown. Halteres pale yellow, the stems brownish. 


*Tech. ser. No. 26, Bureau of Entomology, April 6, 1914. 


January, 1915 


a 
5 
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; 
; 


————————— 


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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 13 


Frons slightly less than one-half the width of head, the sur- 
face hairs short, though numerous, those on the lateral margins 
not long, though setulose; triangle short and broad. not reaching 
to middle of frons, and not half as broad as frons at vertex; an- 
tenna with third joint as broad as cheek at middle, which is equal 


to one-third the height of eye; cheeks with many soft hairs, which | 
are very short, the anterior hair distinguishable, but not vibrissa- 
like; a distinct ridge traverses the cheek mid way between the eye 
and the lower margin; eye slightly higher than long, pubescent. 
Surface of mesonotum unpunctured, the space between the median 
pair of vitte impressed; surface hairs numerous, though short, and 
regularly distributed; bristling normal; scutellum haired as meso- 
notum, and with four marginal bristles, the basal pair very much 
shorter than the apical pair, the latter not closely approximated, 


 eruciato; surface of scutellum convex, its outline rounded. Ab- 


domen ovate, aslongas thorax. Legsnormal. Wing withadistinet 
break at apex of auxiliary vein, which vein is traceable; first costal 
division subequal to second, third one half as long as latter; inner 
cross-vein at a little before the end of first vein; the distance be- 
tween its upper extremity and the inner cross-vein about three- 
fourths the length of last section of fifth vein, and one-third as 
long as last section of fourth; veins 3 and 4 subparallel. 


Length 2 mm. 


Type locality.—Dubois, Ill., April 24, 1914. Taken by sweep- 
ing evergreens (J. R. Malloch). : 


Paratype-—Same locality. Taken by sweeping. Related to 


_ trigramma Loew, from which the difference in the thoracic mark- 
ings, especially, will serve to separate it. 


Named in honour of Mr. A. A. Hinkley, the well-known 
conchologist, on whose ground the species was taken, and to 
whom we are indebted for much hospitality. 


Agromyza aristata, new species. 


Female.—Black; thorax very densely covered with pale gray 
pollen, entirely opaque; abdomen less densely pollinose, slightly _ 
shining. Head bright yellow, only the upper third of frons, includ- 


14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ing the ocellar region, and back of head black, with grayish pol- 
linosity ;antenne, palpi and proboscis yellow; arista and head bristles 
blackish, the former yellow at base. Thorax without pale mark- 
ings, except below wing base, where it is obscurely yellowish. Legs: 
yellow, including the coxe. Wings clear, veins brown, fourth and 
fifth less distinct than the others. Squamez yellow, fringe con-_ 
colorous, margin brownish. Halteres yellow, knobs whitish. 


Frons about one-half the head width, orbits poorly defined; 
four pairs of orbital bristles present, which are of moderate 
strength, the anterior two pairs incurved, the posterior two back- 
wardly directed; frontal triangle not well defined; antennz of 
moderate size, third joint. disc-like, arista tapering, bare, very 
short, its length barely exceeding the height of the third antennal 
joint; cheek at posterior margin as high as eye, at anterior mar- 
gin about one-half as high, marginal hairs weak and pale, vibrissa 
black and well differentiated, though not strong. Mesonotum 
with four pairs of dorso-central bristles, which decrease slightly in 
strength anteriorly, the anterior pair slightly in front of suture, 
about five irregular rows of discal setulae between the anterior 
dorso-centrals; the pair of bristles between the posterior dorso- 
centrals of moderate length. Abdomen ovate, penultimate seg- 
ment short, ovipositor rather short and broad; posterior margins 
of all segments with distinct bristly hairs, which are most notice- 
able on the last segments. Legs of moderate strength, their sur- 
faces with short black hairs; mid tibia without posterior bristles. 
Wings slender; costa indistinguishable from slightly beyond apex 
of third vein; veins 3 and 4 gradually divergent on their apical 
portions; fourth vein reaching wing margin at about same distance 
behind apex of wing as third vein does before apex; auxiliary vein 
indistinct; inner cross-vein distinctly beyond apex of first, and 
near to apical third of discal cell; last section of fourth vein about 
six times as long as penultimate section; last section of fifth vein 
about four-fifths as long as penultimate section. 

Length 2 mm. 


Type locality —Gleason Dune, Havana, IIl., April 30, 1914 
~ (Hart & Malloch). , 


Loe ae ee ee ee ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Gi Se 


Paratypes—Havana, April 30 and May 1, 3 specimens; 
Golconda, Ill., April 18, 1914, on bank of Ohio River, and St. 
Joseph, Ill, May 3, 1914, 3 specimens (Hart & Malloch). 


Male.—Similar to the female in coloration, bristling and ven- 
ation. The hypopygium is normal in size and yellowish in colour. 


Allotype—Same data as type. 


This species, through its possession of a pale yellow face and 
frons and the discontinuance of the costal vein, will run down to 
section 13 in my table of species in this genus,* but may readily. 
be separated from the two species included there as follows: From 
brevicostalis Malloch by the lateral margins of the disc of meso- 
notum being concolorous with the disc, and from davist Walton 
by the yellow antenne. Parvicella Coquillett is a much more 
slender species than aristaia, and is essentially different in many 
respects. 


The food plant of aristata is unknown, the specimens being 
the result of general collecting in different situations. 


- Agromyza pruinosa Coquillett. 


It may be of interest to record the occurrence of this species 
at St. Joseph, IIl., on May 3, 1914. The writer took three females 


‘on the bank of Salt Fork, by sweeping the branches of various 


trees. River birch (Betula nigra) is recorded only for the southern 
part of the State, and no birch trees occur at the place where the 


inse-t was taken, so that it must feed upon some other tree here. 


Further investigation may be made to discover its habits in this 


locality. 


Agromyza infumata, new species. 


Male.—Black. Head black, frons opaque on centre stripe, 
orbits and ocellar region shining; apex of proboscis pale brown. 
Mesonotum shining, but with distinct brownish pollinosity; ver- 
tical pleural suture and below wing base brown; squame gray, 
margin and fringes brown. Abdomen shining black, without 
pollinosity. Legs black. Wings slightly grayish, veins dark brown. 
Halteres yellow, knobs white. 


*Am. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. 6, 1913, p. 271. 


~ 


16 id THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Frons at vertex about one-half the width of head, at anterior 
margin slightly over one-third the head width; orbits well defined, 
five pairs of orbital bristles present, the anterior three pairs in- 
curved, the upper two pairs backwardly directed, all the bristles 
moderately long but fine, orbital hairs weak; frontal triangle dis- 
tinct, not reaching to middle of frons; antenne normal in size, 
third joint rounded; arista thickened at base, tapering to beyond 
middle, bare, its length equal to anterior width of frons; face very 


slightly concave; cheek barely as high as third antennal joint, at 


its highest point about one-fourth as high as eye, marginal hairs 
numerous, but weak, vibrissz differentiated but not strong; eye 
higher than long. Mesonotum w th four pairs of dorso-central 
bristles; discal setule distinct, but not very numerous, about five 


irregular lines between the anterior dorso-centrals; no bristles be- 


tween the posterior pair, the setulae continued to between the lat- 
ter. Abdomen rather slender, the surface with numerous rather 
strong hairs; hypopygium normal. Legs with short surface hairs; 


no posterior bristles on mid tibia. Costa to end of fourth vein,. 


which is almost exactly at wing tip; auxiliary vein indistinct, but 
complete, not fused with first; veins 2, 3 and 4 distinctly diver- 
gent apically; outer cross-vein oblique, its upper extremity in ver- 
tical line with apex of first vein; inner cross-vein at middle of 
discal cell; last section of fourth vein about eight times as long as 
penultimate section; last section of fifth vein twice as long as 
penultimate section; sixth vein almost reaching eo margin. 


Length 2 


Type locality—Dubois, Ill., April 24, 1914, taken by sweep- 
ing in woods (Hard & Malloch). 


This species belongs to the group which is dealt with between 
captions 28 to 34 in my table of species in Agromyza, above 
referred to, and is most closely related to fragarie Malloch, from 
which it may readily be separated by the very different wing 
venation. This character also serves to distinguish the species 
from any other in this group, as does also the absence of the mid 
tibial bristles. Food plant unknown. 


4s 
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Pata 9 


_THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 17 


SOME CHALCIDOID HYMENOPTERA FROM NORTH 

QUEENSLAND. 
BY A. A. GIRAULT, NELSON (CAIRNS), AUSTRALIA. . 
The types of the following species are in the Queensland 
Museum, at Brisbane. 2 
Family TRICHOGRAMMATID&. 
LATHROMERINI. 
Genus Lathromerella Girault. 

1. Lathromerella fasciata Girault. 

Five females of this beautiful species were taken June 3, 1913, 


_ by sweeping the forested slopes of Mount Pyramid (from 1,500 to 


2,500 feet), Nelson, North Queensland, by Mr. Alan P. Dodd: 
The metathorax plus propodeum are black on each side having a 
wide mesial portion concolorous (dorsal aspect). The two ring- 
points are verified. 
Genus Lathromeroides Girault. 

1. Lathromeroides fasciativentris n. sp. 

Female.—Length 1.30 mm. 

Exactly similar to the type, longicorpus Girault, but the 
abdomen banded with four or five black cross stripes. The black 
dot under the stigmal vein is surrounded with suffused blackish. 


' Two ring-joints. Mandibles tridentate. 


Male.—Not known. 

Described from one specimen captured with the foregoing 
Lathromerella. 

Habitat.—Australia, Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 

- Type.—The above specimen on a slide. Later, the species 
Was compared with the type of longicorpus. It is distinct. 
Chaetostrichini 
Genus Neobrachista Girault. 

The antenne in this genus were wrongly described as bearing 
but one funical joint; there are two, but the first is wider than 
long and not very distinctly separated, though distinct enough in 
specimens of the following new species. 1n the type species, 
however, it is still shorter and resembles more one of the ring- 


joints except that it is wider and is intimately connected with the 


January, 1915 | 


18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


funicle. The. genus is- distinguished from Brachistella and AbbeHa — 
_ by its very short marginal vein, and its long, slender stigmal. It 
is gratifying to me to be able to throw light on this point. 


1. Neobrachista novifasciata n. sp. 

Female.—Length 1.00 mm. 

Closely allied with the type species, fasciata Girault, but more 
robust, the abdomen broader (a little wider than the thorax, 
distinctly narrower in fasciata), and with but three black stripes 
across it, one a little out from base, the second a little distad of - 
the middle, and the third a little distad of the mid-distance from 
the second to apex. The first funicle joint is a little longer and 
more distinct (yet not quite half the length of the second which is 
_a little wider than long; in the type species the first joint is only 
about a fourth the length of the second which is a little longer 
than wide). Second, black stripe of abdomen interrupted at the 
meson, the others continuous and straight. Mandibles tridentate. 
Also the fore wings are shorter and broader, subtruncate at apex 
(bearing about 26 lines of discal cilia across the widest point). 
Fore -wings slightly clouded, more distinctly under the 
stigmal vein and along the venation. Thorax with a distinct 
median sulcus (not present in the single specimen of the type 
species-before me though slightly indicated in places, nevertheless 
plainly absent), as deep as the parapsidal furrows. 

Male.—Not known. 

Described. from a single specimen captured with the ahove 
Lathromerella. 

Habitat—Australia, Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 

Type-—tThe above specimen on a slide with two oy s of 
Lathromerella fasciata Girault. 


Family MYMARIDAE. 
Genus Polynema Haliday. 


1. Polynema zolai n, sp. 


Male.—Length 1.50 mm. Large. 

Jet black, the wings hyaline, the venation black, also the 
antenne (but the pedicel brown) and the legs except the tarsi,° 
knees, tips of tibia and all of cephalic tibia which are brown. 
‘Characterized by the wings which are broad, subtranslucent and 


ee 
t F 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 19 


with short marginal fringes the longest of which are only about a 
sixth the greatest wing width; only about twelve lines of discal 
ciliation which is scattered, most numerous cephalo-distad and 
practically absent over all of the proximal half of the blade which 
is about two and a quarter times longer than broad. Antennz 
longitudinally striate, the joints shortening distad, the proximal 


joint of funicle as long as the second, somewhat brownish, the 
club joint a little longer than the distal funicle joint which is 


about a fourth shorter than joint 1 of the funicle, the latter about 


2% times longer than wide at the base. A very short, narrow, 


minute ring-joint is present. 
Female.—Not known. 


. Described from one male specimen given to me by Mr. A. P.. 


Dodd, who captured it by sweeping the edge of jungle, May 20, 
1913. 


- Habitat.—Australia, Kuranda, North Queensland. 
Type.—The above specimen on a slide. 


Respectfully dedicated to Emile Zola for his “La Débacle,”’ | 


wherein the horrors of war are ably pictured to us. 


2. Polynema speciosissimum, n. sp. 
Female.—Length 1.50 mm. Large, the fore wing banded. 
Black, the head except the dusty vertex, the prothorax and 

mesonotum reddish brown. Petiole of abdomen, coxe, cephalic 

femora, all trochanters and proximal half or more of all tibia, 
white. Tarsi reddish brown, also the scape and pedicel. Funicle 
joints 4 and 5 white, antennz and legs otherwise black, except tips 
of front tibia, which are yellowish. Fore wings banded as in 
franklini Girault, but the cross-band is very intense jet black and 


- decidedly longer, distinctly less than its own length from the apex 


of the venation. Scape not distinctly sculptured, the first funicle 
joint elongate but only 24 the length of the second, which is very 


; long, subequal to the third, both longest; joint 1 longer than 6, 
subequal to 4, which is slightly longer than 5 (funicle). Cross- 


band of fore wing followed by a broad, naked area from margin to 
margin, the black band itself one and a third times longer than 
wide (cephalo-caudad). Sculpture inconspicuous. | Discal cilia 
in the black band very dense and longer than the fine, shorter, 


- 


20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


less dense ciliation distad, the longest marginal cilia about three- 
fourths the greatest wing width. 
Male.—Unknown. 
Described from a single female captured by sweeping in a 
jungle-pocket, June 4, 1913. This species is certainly one of the 
most remarkably coloured mymarids known. | 
Habitat—Australia, Nelson, North Queensland. 
Type.—The above specimen on a slide. 


Genus Gonatocerus Nees. 
1. Gonatocerus competi Girault. 


A single very pale female of this species was taken on May 

29, 1913, at an elevation of 1,500 feet, forest, Nelson, North 

Queensland. A round spot is present on the base of the scutellum. 
(To be continued.) 


A NEW GENUS AND A NEW SPECIES OF 
LEPIDOPTERA FROM ARIZONA, 


BY WM. BARNES, M.D., AND J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D., DECATUR, ILL. 


Having had occasion to examine the types of the species de- 
scribed as Mamestra antonito Barnes (Can. Ent., vol. 39, p. 14, 1907), 
we were surprised to find that the @ and Q types represented 
respectively two entirely different species, structurally widely apart, 
neither of which could remain associated with the genus Mamestra, 
or Polia, as it is now called by Hampson. 

The o& type, labelled Barathra antonito, which we figured in 


our “Contributions,” vol. I, no. 4, pl. VI, fig. 6, and from which — 


_ the original description was drawn, has hairy eyes, a fact which 
led to its being placed in Mamestra; the mid and hind tibie are, 
however, distinctly spined, which would throw it into Hampson’s 
subfamily Agrotineg, and associate it with the two genera, Ala 
Staud. and Trichorthosia Grt., the only two described genera 
combining hairy eyes and spined tibiae; of these Ala contains 
several Heliothid-like moths from Central Asia which have 
nothing in common, apart from the above mentioned features, 
with antonito Barnes; parallela Grt., the type of the genus 


Trichorthosia is, as the name implies, rather Orthosian in appear- 
January, 1915 


Vea. ee eee 


a a ee 
ms a , rapene . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 21 


ance and is further characterized by the flat hairy appressed 
thoracic vestiture with slight tuft of metallic scaling on meta- 


thorax and no abdominal tufting. In antonito Barnes the thoracic 
vestiture is loose and composed ‘chiefly of large spatulate scales; 
there is-a slight divided tuft on the metathorax and a small tuft 
on the basal abdominal segment; the & antennze show a rather 
peculiar structure in that they are very strongly lamellate, each 
lamella being considerably excavated centrally, the two ends thus 


projecting far beyond. the central portion and presenting to a 


casual glance the appearance of bipectinations; the fore tibiz are 
unarmed, the palpi short, upturned, with 3rd joint rather porrect 


_and the tongue is well developed; the species evidently represents 


a new generic type for which we would propose the name Mimoba- 
rathra; besides the &@ type of antonito we have six further @’s from 
White Mts., Ariz., before us from which we have drawn up the 


above generic characterization. The so-called 9 type of antontto 
_ Barnes labelled ‘So. Arizona, Poling’’ does not, as already men- 


tioned, belong to this species at all; it has naked eyes, unspined 
tibize, the fore tibiz however with well developed apical claw on 
inner side; the thoracic vestiture is composed of loose spatulate 
scales, but the specimen is too rubbed to determine the nature of 
the tufting. It would fall into Hampson’s subfamily Acronyctine 
and according to his tables belong either to the genus Copanarta 
Grt. or to Leucocnemis Hamp. It is apparently undescribed and 
bears but little affinity to the already described species of either 
of these two genera, but as the specimen is considerably worn we 
dislike to create a new genus for it and place it provisionally in 


-Leucocnemis Hamp. with following characterization :— 


Leucocnemis barbara, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax clothed with an admixture of white, black 
and pale ochreous scaling; primaries white, heavily sprinkled with 
smoky, the ground colour almost obliterated and only showing 
distinctly in subterminal area; basal area sprinkled with orange 
scaling, especially before lower portion of t. a. line, which is black, 
outcurved and lunulate; orbicular round, orange, with dark cen- 
tre and black outer line; reniform broad, figure-of-eight=shaped, 
open above and below, with pale centre broadly margined with 


2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


orange, the whole surrounded by black line; t. p. line single den- 
tate, sinuous, black, shaded outwardly above vein 1 with orange, 
this shading covering entire s. t. space; s. t. line indicated by 
broken orange scaling on dark blotches; fringes checkered white © 


‘and black. Secondaries smoky, paler in basal half and slightly 


hyaline, crossed by an indistinct smoky line. Beneath, primaries 
smoky, secondaries as above. Expanse 30 mm. 

Habitat.—South Arizona (Poling). One @. 

Type.—Coll. Barnes. 


FIELD NOTES AND QUESTIONS. 


Interesting New Jersey Captures. 


-On April 7, 1914, alarge Carabid was taken at Arlington, N.J., 
from a case of Japanese azaleas. Mr. E. A. Schwarz to whom it 
was sent identified it as Damaster blaptoides Kollar and said that 
it was a rather rare species, the genus being peculiar to Japan. 
Inasmuch as it is a beneficial insect its introduction into the 
United States would be desirable. 


Eucactophagus graphipterus Champion was taken during 
April, 1914, in a greenhouse at Summit, N.J. This member of the 
family Calandridz was determined by Mr. Schwarz who has the 
following to say concerning it, ‘Very interesting; a native of 
Costa Rica and U.S. of Columbia; only three specimens are known. 
The one figured in Biol. Centr.-Amer., vol IV, part 7, plate IV, 
fig. 35, was found by Prof. Britton in a greenhouse at Connecticut, 
Larve and other biological material of this species are greatly 
desired by the U.S. National Museum, also more information 
regarding nature of damage to orchids.”’ 


HARRY. B. Wetss, New Brunswick, N;J. 
Callopistria floridensis Guen. in New Jersey. The work of - 


é 


this insect known as the Florida Fern Caterpillar or the _ 


Southern Fern-Cutworm was first noted in New Jersey at 
Weehawken, Riverton and Rutherford during September and 
October, 1914, where the larvae were doing considerable damage to 
ferns in greenhouses, attacking such species as Adiantum, 
Cyrtomium, Nephrolepis, Pteris, Polypodium, Blechnum and 
Asparagfis sprengeri. Both forms of larve were present with the 


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-THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : 23 


green ones largely in the majority,.although the. black ones were 
by no means scarce. Handpicking of the caterpillars and shaking 
of the infested plants supplemented by “‘swatting’’ the moths at 
night with the ordinary wire ‘‘fly swatters’’ gave the best results. 
Light traps and stale beer and molasses attracted only a few 
moths. Paris green and hellebore burned the foliage as did 
arsenate of lead to a slight extent. The chief objection to 
arsenate of lead was the discolouration of the foliage, which 
followed its use. Poisoned bran and molasses was not successful, 
as the larve preferred the ferns. A detailed account of this insect 
can be found in Bull. 125, Bur. Ent. U.S. Dept. Agric., by F. H. 
Chittenden, and in the 27th Report of the State Entomologist of 
Illinois which contains an article by J. J. Davis. Inasmuch as 
neither of these publications mentions the hatching period of the 
-egg, I might say that eggs under my observation hatched in from 
five to seven days. Considering the fact that it is a troublesome 
species Once it gains a foothold in the fern house, it would pay 
fern growers to be on the watch for it when receiving plants from 
other establishments. It can be readily transported in the egg, 
larval and pupal stages. 
. : - Harry B. Wertss, New Brunswick, N.J. 


Priophorus acericaulis MacG. in New Jersey. This saw-fly 
known as the Maple Leaf-Stem Borer is listed in Insects of ‘New 
Jersey as being very local and recorded from South Orange. 
During May and June, 1914, it was found injuring maple trees on 
the property of Mr. T. Romaine, Hackensack, N.J.. The leaves 
started to drop about May 20th, and in a few days the ground 
beneath the infested trees was covered. Mr. Romaine had 
observed this unusual pest for the past four years and during that 
time it had not spread at all to adjoining maples. An account of 
_ its life history by Dr. W. E. Britton can be found in Ent. News,’ 
‘vol. 17, Nov., 1906, and acting on the suggestion contained therein, 
kerosene emulsion at the rate of one to twelve was applied twice to 
the ground beneath the trees while the larve were entering. It is 
somewhat unusual to run across the work of this insect which is 
not by any means common. 


Harry B. Wetss, New Brunswick; N.]. 


24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Fm 


POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. ~~ 


(This is the first of a series of articles, which, it is hoped, will appeal to our amateur readers and 
those primarily interested in agriculture. They are not offered as original contributions 
to science, but may incidentally contain new observations.—Ed.). 


SoME INHABITANTS OF A SAND PLAIN-IN JUNE.* 
BY NORMAN CRIDDLE, TREESBANK, MAN. 


The locality chosen for this paper is a drifting, idaho 
sand plain, some two miles in length and not more than half that 
distance across at its widest point. It is surrounded on three 
sides by low, sparsely-grassed, sand dunes, not infrequently 
scolloped out and bare to the south, and having a denser, or even 
‘luxuriant vegetation on the north side. Between these ridges are 
low, undulated valleys, which in early days were thickly wooded, 
and often contained small ponds. Now much of the larger timber 
has been destroyed by fire and the ponds are dry. - Scattered over 
all this area, however, are still numerous white spruce, while 
aspen poplars are again rapidly making their way through the 
often dense willow scrub. 


On the east of our plain is a large bog extending for a number _ 
of miles, containing the usual vegetation including larch, black 
spruce, birch and a variety of small shrubs. and plants too 
numerous to mention. 


On the sand plain, itself, with which we are chiefly concerned, 
are several islands of trees, surrounded, that is, by sand, and upon 
which are larch, poplars, birch, willow, maple, cherry, etc., while 
in the valleys sheltered from the actual drift may be found 
Eleagnus argentea, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Petalostemon candida 
and P, villosa, Senecio manitobensis; wild sunflowers aud others. - 


The sand itself is yellowish-white and on account of constantly 
drifting, remains permanently wet a few inches below the surface. 
It is this condition that enables it to support the plants mentioned 

_above as well as a binding grass, Orizopsis cuspidata, and two 
others which grow extensively, namely, a stout form of Andropogon 

furcatum and Calomovalfa longifolia. 


The date of our trip is June 20th—the locality Aweme, and 
Province Manitoba. 


. *Contributions from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, 
Ottawa. 
January, 1915. 


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. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 25 


Almost the first plant to attract our attention as we climb 
into the loose sand is the beautiful Veined Dock, Rumex venosus. 
Just now, however, its chief attraction lies in the fact that it 
harbours three different species of- beetles. First there is that 
bright little Chrysomelid, Gastroidea formosa, whose colour is in 
striking contrast to the sand, but harmonizes, instead, with the 
plant it feeds upon. Then there is an active, narrow, black beetle, 
probably Anthicus monticola Casey; and lastly a species closely 
related to the famous Alfalfa Weevil, namely, Phytonomus 
quadricollis.. This beetle is very apt to be overlooked unless we 
inspect the plants closely, its colour both above and below being 
almost identical with the sand, and then it has a habit of clinging 
to the stems near their base when it often becomes partly buried 
by the drift. Lastly, added to its remarkable protective 
colouration, are its habit of shamming death whereby it may easily 
be lost among the sand. The larve feed upon the plant and later 
spin silken cocoons among the leaves, where they change to pupe, 
and towards autumn to beetles, passing the winter in this stage, 
presumably buried among the leaves and sand. 


Having passed the objects just discussed and climbed upon 
the sand to where it is level, probably the first object to attract 
us will be a species of tiger beetle called Cicindela limbata, a 
beautiful little creature which delights in the pure drifting sand 


with perhaps on odd clump of grass for shelter. It is here in 


hundreds running actively about and readily taking wing when 
disturbed; but it is not a strong flier and consequently seems to 


_ depend largely upon its protective colours to escape capture, 


which, however, avails littke when man is the hunter. Larval 
holes are common enough, being more often met with in the 
valleys where they are somewhat sheltered from the wind. They 
are quite shallow burrows, in fact, the shallowest of any of our 
local species. Two sizes occur at this time, those containing larve 
that are about to.change to pupz, and others much smaller which 
have yet a full year in which to do so. 


A collector visiting a situation like this for the first time, and 
not knowing the habits of tiger beetles, is apt to be disappointed if 


the day be either unusually hot or cold. For while every 


26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


indication points to a profitable hunting ground, there will hardly 
be a beetle in sight. Experience, however, teaches that appearance 


is often deceptive, and here we have no exception to the rule, _ 


In reality the beetles are merely hiding from heat or cold, as the 
case may be. Personally, I have found such periods among the 
most profitable for collecting, as one soon gets to recognize the 


peculiar little heaps of sand thrown out as a badger would throw ~ 


it out, with the entrance carefully closed. These heaps of sand 
are more compact than those of wasps so common here, and are 
therefore easily recognized. The holes are always on a slant, and 
can be readily traced by pushing astalk of grass along them. Then 


by moving the sand carefully the beetle will be revealed ready to — 


rush out, which it will do and escape too, if one is not careful. 
Their temporary homes are seldom more than six inches long and 
are never used more than once. On cold or rainy days, however, 
they will be occupied until the return of fine weather. 


As arule, tiger beetles retire beneath the ground each night, 
but occasionally some species at least, acquire that desire for 
travelling, which is common to nearly all creation in some shape or 
form and which, of course, is one of the chief factors in the 
distribution of animals. Then they disregard all their usual habits 
and with other diurnal insects fly long distances at night, often 
indeed in the very darkest of nights. Some species of Cicindela, 
however, do this travelling in the day time when, of course, they 
run a greater risk of falling a prey to birds. 


Moving down into a hollow, sheltered by spruce and Wolf 


Willow (Eleagnus), where the sand is no longer drifting, but still 
shows many bare spots among the sparse herbage, we encounter a 
form.of Cicindela lecontei recently described as a new species by 
Colonel Casey. It is an interesting tiger beetle, varying from 


greenish-bronze to rich wine colour and usually having the white _ 


markings united into a continuous marginal band. It is not a 
strong flier, but on account of its habit of remaining on the ground 
- and running to the edge when a net is thrown over it, it often 
escapes. The larval holes are common here in company with 


those of Cicindela lengi (venusta). The latter, however, prefer — 


rather more open situations, as does also the adult. 


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It is bordering the habitat of C. lecontet but nearer the 
drifting sand, that we meet with the finest of all.our tiger beetles, 
a large strong-flying insect which will often travel three hundred 
feet or more at a stretch. This is C. manitoba Leng., next 


to limbata, the commonest on the sand. He isa great terror to 


ants and other small insects, nor does he take amiss medium-sized - 
beetles, in fact there is one, Disonycha quinquevittata, a regular 
pest on a sand-binding willow (Salix longifolia), which seems to 
form a goodly proportion of the tiger’s food. The larve of 
C. manitoba, while very similar to other species, are quite original 
in their methods of constructing a burrow. Other species have 
nearly a straight hole usually at right angles to the surface, but 
manitoba constructs a cup-like pit into which the burrow enters 
horizontally from one side and then gradually curls downwards to 


a perpendicular position, The advantage of this is that it forms 


a regular death trap to the unsuspecting insect which happens to - 
be crawling near. Possibly this simple method of procuring food 
is at least in part responsible for the larger size of the species. 


Returning again to the centre of the sand we encounter a 
longish valley blown a'most down to water and sheltered by sand 
banks. Here on a hot day, we shall encounter all the tiger beetles 
already mentioned,. as well as obliquata, 12-guttata and repanda. 
Among the wet sand here are numerous heaps of sand evidently 
shoved up by an animal burrowing straight downwards. Select a 
fresh one and dig carefully to five or six inches and you will 


‘discover a roundish beetle rather like a large lady-bird beetle 


superficially, which in reality, however, belongs to the Carabidz 
and is Omophron americanum. 


In the higher spots are the larval holes of another tiger beetle 


called C. lepida. They are right on the drifting sand and one 


wonders how the insects manage to keep their holes open or 
procure sufficient food in such a desert. Asa matter of fact there 
is evidence to indicate that such unfavorable conditions have at 


Teast lengthened the larval life to a year beyond the average. 


Should we be lucky enough to discover a mature larval burrow we 


might, at this time, trace from it that of the pupal chamber which 


is the longest I have yet com? across. The larva when mature 


28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


constructs a burrow branching out semi-horizontally from the 
original one, commencing about two inches below the surface and - 


having an average length of nine inches, though some I examined 
extended for eleven. The burrows slant downwards to a depth of 
five inches from the surface at their extremity. Here in an 
enlarged chamber the pupa develops, and afterwards the beetle. 
The adult of C. lepida appears toward the end of June and is as 
perfect as can well be in its colour resemblance to the sand. It is 
a very weak flier, due doubtless to its being far safer on the sand 
in its deceiving dress than it ever would be in an atten to 
escape by flight. 


Lepidoptera are not very sein in evidence here in June! — 
there are a few prizes well worth scouting for. Should we venture 
to the edge near the swamp we should probably see several 
butterflies not strictly belonging to the sand, such as our old friend 


(Eneis jutta, common enough farther in. Returning to the drier : 


sand we may with good luck see a great rarity called Copablepharon 
_convexipennis, though I have no records before July. This species 
is generally at rest on the sand and unless one is very carefully 
~on the lookout—for it is another sand colour mimic—it will have 
- departed almost before we are aware of its presence. 

Among the spreading shoots of Salix longifolia may be found 
a sandy-coloured cutworm, probably Agrotis aurulenta. Its work 
is plain enough to see, but it prefers as a resting place the cool 
~ moistsand, and may, therefore, be several inches below the surface. 


Another moth very rare at this time, but common a month 
later, is Pseudotamila awemensis Dyar, found as yet nowhere else. 
Its fore-wings, like so many other creatures found here, resembles 
te sand, but the secondaries are pure black. It may be found 
throughout July resting on the sand, or more often on the flowers 
of Skeleton Weed, Lygodesmia juncea. 


Among Orthoptera various species of grasshoppers are in evi- 
dence, chiefly, however as nymphs. Hippiscus latifasciatus is com- 


mon, as elsewhere, but to my eye looking rather paler than its> 


brethren of the prairies, as if there were an attempt to harmonize 
just alittle with the sand. Hippiscus neglectus turns up on the edges 
of our tree islands or upon the borders of the sand in small numbers. 


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are ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29 


Then there are various species of Melanoplus, viz. ailanis, 


angustipennis, packardi, scuddert, and probably one or two others. 
None as yet, however, have reached the winged state. We shall 
also observe Ochrilidea cinerea and perhaps Amphitornus bieolor in 
the more grassy spots. But, the most interesting of all and the 
only species that can in any way be called indigenous to sand is 
Trimerotropis agrestis. It is present over the whole area in various 


stages of development, but what makes it particularly interesting 


is its close resemblance in colour to the sand. It seems to have 
an instinctive knowledge of its protective colouration, and as a 
result individuals will be found quite motionless often partly 
buried. The advantage of such protection is, of course, obvidus. 
On a bare area such as it inhabits, contrasting colours would at 
once attract the attention of birds, such as crows, robins and 
others, found in the vicinity, but with a dress matched so 
perfectly detection is reduced to a minimum. 

Of bees and wasps there are numbers, a rich collecting ground 
for a student of the Hymenoptera never as yet worked over. 
Among the curiosities to a novice are numbers of large semi- 
cylindrical cocoons originally buried, but often exposed by the 
winds having shifted the sand. They belong to a large clumsy 
predaceous wasp (Bembex pruinosa), which late in the season 


becomes a perfect nuisance, buzzing noisily around one’s person 


after flies. To those who do not know they prove quite a terror 
and I have seen some interesting movements due to fear of being 
stung. Asa matter of fact, however, they appear to be excred- 
ingly harmless, and I have never observed them sting anything 
larger than a fly, which they use as food for their larvae. . 
We shall also meet with numerous true flies (Diptera) though 
the majority of them are not indigenous to the sand but have 


‘been reared in the bog close by—tabanids are there in thousands 


and it is hardly safe at times to take horses into the vicinity. 
They do not particularly trouble mankind, however, and on the 
sand, males are often more plentiful than females, indeed they can 


be seen hovering in every sunny glade but dart away like a flash 


when disturbed. : 
A few flies, however, make their homes here. One, a very 


| pretty Bee-fly, probably belonging to the genus Exoprosopa, I 


30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


caught some years ago, just emerging from a spot where I had 


previously marked a Cicindela burrow, and as the latter was no 


longer present I suspect the fly of having been the cause, par-— 


ticularly as Prof. V. E. Shelford records an allied genus as preying 
upon the larve of tiger beetles. Several other species are known 
to be parasitic, and one has the distinction of destroying locust 
eggs. 

Lastly, as part of the fauna, ieee 3 is a very beautiful spider 
(Geolycosa) which burrows large holes in, the sand, as winter 


approaches going down five or six feet, but at this time they are 


comparatively shallow and the females are often but a few inches 
down with a host of young clinging to their backs. | When dis- 
turbed with a straw they bite it savagely, and can bite hard 
too, but curiously enough they have a mortal dread of the various 
black wasps found later on, which usually paralyze and make use 
of them for food. J have seen the spiders make frantic efforts to 
escape from a wasp half theirsize and eventually when escape 
was impossible, turn over on their backs and fight, but they fought 
in despair with the knowledge of almost certain death awaiting 
them, and thus it always ended. The wasp while keeping at a 
safe distance was eventually able to use her sting, and soon after 
was dragging the spider to her burrow. 


CATERPILLARS AS WEATHER PROPHETS. 


In a Toronto newspaper there-recently appeared an article 
taken from the ““New York American,” in which a forecast is given 
of the weather during the approaching winter, stating that “after 
the most intense cold weather we have experienced for years we 


shall have a mild spell and great thaws and floods; we shall have. 
a very late and backward spring, with real winter at the time we - 
should have fine spring-like weather. The caterpillar shows light ~ 


in front, followed with a very well-defined spot of considerable size, 


and this dark indicates our mid-winter snap. Then the light ap-— 


pears again, and this indicated the warm spell, and if there was no 
more dark there would be a prospect of a very early spring, but 
another dark spot appears toward the rear of the caterpillar, and’ 
this will bring the late and unseasonable cold at a time we should 
have our mild weather.”’ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ee) | 


Further on it is stated that ‘‘corn husks and the chaff of grain 
were heavier this season than common, and weed seeds are ob- 


tained in heavier coverings than are usually noticed. Larve 


of insects are deeper in the earth. Field mice and other burrow- 


- ing.animals are'going deeper, and bark of new wood is much 


thicker, and weeds are thicker where roots will need protection. 
All these indicate severe freezing.”’ 

The prophet does not tell us what caterpillar he found, but 
if he had met with a banded larva of the Milkweed Butterfly 
(Danaida plexippus), he might have foretold the whole year of 
uniform variations during each month, as shown by the stripes 
on each segment. This is the first time that predictions have been 
based, so far as we know, upon-the markings of caterpillars. 


C.J: Some 


BOOK REVIEW. 


THE GENITALIA OF THE BRITISH GEOMETRIDA&. By F. N. Pierce, 
F.E.S., The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool, Eng., 1914. Clothbound, 
price 10/- 


This i is a companion volume to the work on the ‘‘Genitalia of 


the British Noctuide’’ published by Mr. Pierce in 1909 and it is 


gratifying to learn that the reception accorded it was so 
encouraging that not only is the volume on the Geometers before 
us, but the author promises that an account of the Genitalia of 
the Tortricidz will follow at an early date. 

The superficial resemblances that exist between many species 
of the Geometride of Europe and those of North America and 


especially of Canada have led to endless muddles in our lists, some 
collectors and authors considering them identical while others are 


equally certain that they are not. Having now such excellent 
drawings and descriptions of these structural details of practically 
every one of the British species, made not from one slide of each 


- but from five or six up to over twenty specimens, and checked and 
_ rechecked by the author and his friend, the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 


F.E.S., we should be able to determine whether in our related 


N.A. species these structures show positively that they are distinct 


or that they are the same species. 


32 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Turning to the book, the introduction gives the names and 
descriptions of the various parts, a few of which have been altered 
from those used in the Noctwide, so as to adopt names which had 
the right of priority of usage and it is to be hoped that no further 
changing will be necessary. 


This is followed by a classification of the British species based 
on the male and female genitalia, comprising 78 pages.- The 
family is divided into two primary divisions, designated as 
Gnathoi and Agnathoi, according to whether the gnathos is present 
or absent. The former comprises ten and the latter fifteen sub- 
families, producing an arrangement quite unfamiliar and which 
will no doubt give food for thought and pen to those who hold 
that no classification should be based on one set of characters only. 


The figures of the male organs are given on 48 plates—the 
name of the species being printed below each drawing—a decided 
improvement on having numbers and a key somewhere else. In 
many cases the female genitalia are figured to the left of the male. 


The book and its illustrations, showing not only the diversity 
but also the wonderful beauty of these structures as exhibited in — 
one single family, cannot help being of the greatest interest to 
Lepidopterists and I am sure that the author will gladly extend to ~ 
any of our readers the privilege offered the writer in a recent 
letter, namely to give his assistance in forming opinions on the 


connections of certain species or genera. 
A. F. WINN. 


WE would remind our readers that subscriptions are now a 
due, and that these and all other business matters connected with _ 
the Society or Magazine, such as advertisements, requests for 
back numbers, etc., should be addressed, not to the Editor, but to 


THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. -- 
GUELPH, CANADA. 


Mailed January 8th, 1915. 


rid ee Sane eee 
. é 


3 Ge Ganadiay Foutomolagist 


Vor. XLVI. LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1915 No. 2 


FURTHER NOTES ON ALBERTA LEPIDOPTERA, WITH 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES. 
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MIDNAPORE, ALTA. 
(Continued from page 8.) 

620. Agrotis bollii Grt.?—One female at light, September 
8rd, 1904. This is the specimen mentioned by me in Can. Ent., 
XXXVII, p. 58, Feb., 1905, as “darker and less clearly marked”’ 
than Exxoa mollis, from which [ can easily distinguish it-now that 
I know the latter species better. Grote described the species as 
Agrotis hilaris from a Texas male, which is in the British Museum, 


- but he afterwards found the name preoccupied in the genus in 


Europe, and substituted bollit.. Sir George Hampson, however, 
placing the European and North American hilaris in different 


genera, restores the prior name, which Grote never altered on the 
’ type label. The type has a black collar, which my specimen has 


not, and lacks a dark brown costal mark near the apex possessed 


__ by mine, which is also less grey and -has the orbicular of different 
_ shape. There were no other specimens in the British Museum. 


A female from Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., in Smith's collection, 


I think the only one he had standing as bollit, appeared more like _ 


mine, and also lacked the black collar. 
621. Noctua acarnea Smith.—(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XIII, 


194, Dec., 1905). 
Described from a single male taken by Mr. Sanson at the Banff 


“Museum on July 11th, 1902. I examined the specimen in Smith's 


collection in January, 1910, and took very careful notes thereon, 
as it appeared quite distinct from anything I had previously seen. 
Nor could I, until just before writing the present article, discover ° 
anything which might be it amongst the material sent me for 
naming from time to time by Mr. Sanson. But by good fortune 


I have before me at this moment a male in good condition taken 
__ by him on an electric light pole on July 4th, 1914, and submitted - 
- to me just in time for recording here. 


34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


It fits Smith’s description and my notes exactly, with the 
exception that I should not call the discoidal spots in the recent 


capture ‘‘large,’’ and the space between them jis scarcely darker 
than the ground. The expanse is 36 mm., a trifle smaller than the 
size given of the type. It would never have occurred to me to 
associate the species with bicarnea at all. In type of maculation 
it comes much nearer to dislocata Sm., but the colour differs en- 
tirely, being very even “dark, alnout blackish brown, with a 
purplish tinge,’ except for bright, pale carneous patagia, and a 
carneous shade in and round the reniform. The apparent purplish 
tinge is probably really due to slight iridescence. All the tibie 
are spined, the fore tibiz on the inner side only, as is often the case 
with dislocata and calgary. I was unable, however, to discover 
any spines on the fore tibiz of the type, but noted that they were 
not in a position easy for examination. The antenne are minutely 
ciliate, and in the recent capture at any rate, rather heavily scaled - 
as well. The eyes are without lashes. The head and thorax are 
thickly clothed with rough hair only, without crests. The wing 
form and general build is like dislocata, in which the antennal 
“structure is similar except that dislocata has fewer scales, and 
rather longer ciliations. The thoracic vestiture is rather rougher 
than in dislocata. As far as these characters go, it seems referable 
to Episilia Hbn., which is used by Hampson as prior to Pachnobia 
Gn. and Choephora Grt. It appears to me that both calgary and 
dislocata, if not some others which Hampson refers to Agrotis, fit 
better with Episilia, as both have loose hairy vestiture without 
obvious crests. But acarnea has one structural peculiarity not 
hitherto observed in any North American genus referred to the 
Agrotids except Tvrichorihosia, to which this is quite distantly 
related. The eyes are sparsely and finely hairy. I mentioned this 
to Prof. Smith after examining the type, but he was unable to find 
the hairs and told me that I was mistaken. If I had not been very 
sure of my point, however, I should not have taken a note on the 
fact, and on examining the eyes of the recent capture I find the 
same. The hairs are not easily noticeable, I admit, and anyone 

might -be excused for overlooking them. They are most easily 
Seen in strong sunlight. They are not much easier to find in some 
specimens of Perigea alfkenii, though they are finer in acarnea 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 35 


than in that species. The apparent general relationship to dislocaia 
and calgary led me to expect to find that these might have hairy 
eyes, but an examination of a considerable number of specimens 
has failed to reveal any. 
622. N. bairdii Smith.—(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XVI, 84, 
June, 1908). Described from a single female taken at High River 
by Mr. Thomas Baird. I saw and took notes on it before Fletcher 
recognized it in Mr. Baird’s collection as something strange and 
sent it to Smith. Smith says after the description: ‘‘There is no 
very near ally to this species. It belongs obviously to the Jubricans 
series, and stands next aéricincta, than which it is much larger, 
_ quite different in ground colour and without the obvious transverse 
lines. So far as they go, however, the lines in bairdiz correspond in 
position with those of atricincta.’’ I saw the specimen for the 
second time at Rutgers College, and noted that it was “rather like — 
a large digna. Possibly an ally of exuberans. Certainly not 
atricincta.”’ I have certainly never met with another specimen in 
Alberta that could be this species. 
_ 623. N. vocalis Grt.?—Banff, July 30th, 1910.. N. B. Sanson. 
In 41st Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. for 1910 (page 10 of the ‘‘Record’’) 
- | erroneously recorded this specimen as vernilis. I corrected the 
: error in Ent. News, XXIV, 361, Oct., 1913, and on page 360 I 
followed Dr. Dyar in citing planifrons and congrua as synonyms. 
From my notes I judge my No. 623 to have been vocalis, though I 
cannot be quite sure of it until I see the specimen again. It was 
most certainly not vernilis. (q. v. No. 618). ; 
624. Chorizagrotis boretha Smith*.—(Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., 
- XVI, 86, June, 1908). Described from three males and a female 
from Kaslo, B. C. I have seen a male and female type in the 
-Rutger’s College collection. A note after Smith’s description 
states that it is allied to ¢errealis, and in a general way resembles 
perexcellens. I believe that the supposed relationship to terrealis 
was based on an erroneous identification of that species, and failed 
to notice any resemblance to perexcellens. I have two perfect 
. females taken on my place here on Pine Creek, on Aug. 16th, 1901, 
and Aug. 27th, 1905, exactly alike, and beyond all doubt one 
species, which I have never yet succeeded in closely associating 


*Breeding results have now shown that Nos. 225 and 244 of this list are 
one species, sordida Smith, and in all probability forms of boretha. 


ie 
J 


— 


36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST  - ~~ 


s 


with anything else listed. by me in this series of ‘papers. One: 
these I have compared with the types of boretha and labelled it — 


) 


“Like female type but greyer.” On this comparison I base the 


present record, but it may be as well to remark that my notes state — 


that ‘‘The male type is almost like some ochrogaster.’’ Whereas 
my two females bear not the slightest resemblance to any ochro-. 
gaster that I ever saw, my note seems to suggest that either the 
range of variation in boretha is very wide, or that the female type 
_ is not really the same species as the male. 

The same Pine Creek female I also compared with the unique 
female type—lacking abdomen—of Porosagrotis thanatologia Dyar, 
from Kaslo, which I found in the Washington collection. (Proc. 


U.S. Nat. Mus., XXVHI, p. 833, 1914—‘‘ Kootenai List’’). I noted — 


that it was probably the same species, but my specimen did not 
match it sufficiently closely to justify making a positive reference. 


625. Rhizagrotis querula sp. nov.—Head, collar, thorax, — 
and primaries uniform pale fuscous brown, faintly olivaceous, | 


sparsely irrorate with darker scales, but without any streakiness or 
contrast in shades. Lagena, to which the new species is closely 
allied, has the inferior portion of the collar paler than any other 
part of the inséct, and the upper portion contrastingly dark brown, 


these two shades being divided by a black line, absent in querula. 


~ 


Lagena, in all its observed variations is longitudinally streaky, the” 
most conspicuous streaks consisting of long, inwardly dentate or 
- sagittate dark brown marks on the termen, which contrast with the 


intervening pale streaks bordering the dark veins, especially on 1, 


.3, 4, and 7. In querula, though there is a faint indication of a 
series of dark subterminal shades in the interspaces, most evident 
in the male type, but entirely lacking in the female, the actual 
- terminal space is in all six specimens very slightly paler than that 
immediately preceding it. In querula the conjoined discoidal spots, 


though outlined by a pale shade and partially defined by black 7 


scales, have not the whitish annuli of Jagena, and unlike those of 
that species, are not contrasted by a darkening of the cell before 


and below them. A fine black basal streak is present in all but 


one, and all show indications of dark t. p. lines, produced to points 
on the veins, and in two of the males they are well marked, con- 
tinuous, some specimens showing a faint t. a. line as well. But 


Ol De he 


al 


x 


: HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. eee 


these are occasionally discernible in lagena. In querula the secon- 
~ daries of both sexes are slightly dull, and in the male lack the clear 
whiteness of those of Jagena. Antenne and all superficial structural 


characters, as in lJagena. Expanse: Male 38-44 mm.; female 
- 46 mm. (equalling Jagena in size). 
Described from five males and one female from the Red Deer 


- ie about 50 miles tS the north east of Gleichen, Alta. July 
_ Ast and 3rd, 1905; and July 23rd and 24th, 1907. All but one in 


good condition. Taken by Mr. A. F. Hudson and the author at 
dusk at snowberry flowers, and at treacle. 
Types.—o in the collection of the author, 2 in that of Dr. 


Wm. Barnes. I have made three of the remaining four males __ 


~co-types. 

This is the species sohich I recorded under the name /agena in 
37th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. for 1906, p. 94, 1907, and 38th Rept., 
"p. 121, 1998 (page 9 of the “Record” for 1907). It is possible 
that it may turn out to be mefely a variety of that species, though 
I have nothing suggesting an intergrade, and have no record of 


~ lagena from Canada. The type of Jagena is a female from Nevada, 
- and is figured by Hampson. I have compared it with one of my 


Utah specimens, of which I have a long series. I have it also from 
Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, and it is recorded from 


~ Montana. 


626. Feltia volubilis Harv.—! have three males and-a female 


~ which I took at the Chalet lights, Laggan, on July 17th and 18th, 


1997, and Mr. Sanson took a male at Banff on about June 24th, 


1914. One of the males I have compared with the male type from 


New York in the British Museum, and found it a very close match. 


' It is of the dark red-brown form figured by Hampson, but differs 
__ from all my eastern specimens of that form in having the secondaries 


uniformly dark. I have one Washington and one Oregon specimen _ 
with secondaries pale as in the eastern form. On the other hand, 
all my eastern examples of the paler and greyer stigmosa have 
uniform dark secondaries in both sexes. Holland’s Plate XXII, 


fig. 23, is of this latter form. The two forms appear to be now 
universally accepted as one species, though I can find no record 
that both have ever been bred from one. Specimens from some 
localities certainly appear about intermediate. For instance, I 


38 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


have Manitoba males which belong to neither extreme, but have 
the centrally pale subhyaline secondaries of typical volubilis. 

I have a Kaslo male exactly like those from Laggan. Other’ 
Kaslo specimens have vinous red shades contrasting with a pale, 
sometimes almost violaceous grey ground, like typical vancouver- 
ensis from Vancouver Island. But study of a long Kaslo series 
has left me in serious doubt as-to whether vancouverensis and 
volubilis are really distinct. A somewhat intermediate form is that 
named semiclarata by Grote, of which the type is from Washington 
Territory. 1 have compared a Kaslo male with it, and found it to 
match exactly. A Corvallis, Oregon specimen, perhaps a trifle 
nearer to typical vancouverensis than is semiclarata, | have com- 
pared with Strecker’s three female types of atha from Seattle, 
Washington, and believe it to be the same. 

As a rule a good point of distinction between vancouverensis 
and volubilis is in the subterminal line. In the former this is more 
or less distinct, crenulate, with a fairly ‘well marked and not very 
deep W. In volubilis it is often lacking, or when faintly indicated 
is sharply dentate, with a W reaching clear to the margin. But 
this character does not always hold, and where colour characters 
fail, as is so often the case in the material from the mountain 
districts inland, a positive reference to either vancouverensis or 
volubilis is not always possible. Dr. Dyar apparently met with this 
difficulty when, in the Kootenai List, after recording the capture 
of seventy-five specimens of vancouverensis, he follows them up 
with only one of volubilis, adding: ‘‘This seems to me only an 
extreme form of vancouverensis.’’ (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII, 
p. 832, 1904). I should add that I have examined other Kaslo 
material of this group besides that in my own collection. ‘ 


627. Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr. var. delorata Smith. 
The North-western Canadian form of orthogonia was described as 
a species as delorata by Smith in Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XVI, p. 87, 
June, 1908, from a single male taken at High River by Mr. Baird. 
Mrs. Nicholl had taken a male which stands in the British Museum 
collection labelled ‘‘B. C. prairie 1. 1X. 07,” though the specimen is 
recorded by Sir George Hampson, under orthogonia, in Can. Ent. 
XL, p. 102, March, 1908, as from ‘Alberta prairie.’ From the 
daté, and knowledge of Mrs. Nicholl’s movements, I should judge 


_ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39 


Alberta to be its most probable origin. I had for some years 
previously had a couple of specimens in my collection from Regina, 
Assa. In the spring of 1911 ‘“cutworm” larve were reported as 
doing very serious damage to fodder and field crops in Southern 


Alberta, round Lethbridge, Monarch, etc. (42nd Rept. Ent. Soc. 


Ont. for 1911, p. 94 [p. 6 of the ‘‘Record’’]—1912). Larve sent 
to the Experimental Farm at Ottawa produced specimens of delorata 
on Aug. 14th and 20th of the same year, the specimens being sent 
to me for determination. I received a couple more males from 
Mr. Baird labelled High River, Sept. Ist, 1911, and have seen two 
pairs taken by Mr. J. B. Wallis at Lethbridge on Aug. 23rd to 26th, 
1912. Orthogonia was described from Glencoe, Nebraska. I have — 
specimens from Colorado, and a very large number from Utah. 
The few Canadian specimens I have seen have all been more uni- 
formly dark olivaceous in tone than is usual with southerm 
examples, and have wholly dark secondaries. Morrison’s type, 
which I have not seen, had the “markings well expressed,’’ and 
secondaries whitish inwardly. Pale secondaries are usual in my 
southern series, but some have them very nearly as dark as Canadi- 
an specimens, and differ scarcely if at all as to primaries. In short, 
comparing Alberta specimens with some of my darkest from Color- 
rado and Utah, there is really no difference worthy of remark. I 


‘should never have considered the darkest forms to be worthy of a 


varietal name, but as one has been named, let delorata stand for a 
dark olivaceous variation of orthogonia without pale shades and 
with wholly dark secondaries in the male. I have previously 
explained that the orthogonia recorded by me with a query as No. 
236 in my original notes (Can. Ent., XX XVII, p. 53, Feb. 1905) was 
a different species. I now believe that specimen to have been a. 
badly worn and bleached ridingsiana. : 


628. Euxoa rabiata Smith—(Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XXXVI, 
p. 255, Nov., 1910). Described from six males and two females from 
Volga, South Dakota; Colorado; and Calgary, one of the females 
being from the latter place, and dated Aug. 29th. I happen to 
have taken some notes on a group of specimens standing separated 
in Smith's collection, from which, or from a.selection of which the 
description referred to was subsequently made. Judging from 
these notes in conjunction with the description, I think it very 


— 40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


probable that the name refers to dargo Strecker (No.-237 of this — 
list), or to a mixture of that and mniveilinea. The latter species I — 
have never taken. F 
629. E. dolens Smith.—(Can.Ent., XX XVIII, p.226, Seladbons 
July, 1906); syn. guinta Smith (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XVIII, p. 97, 


Euxoa, Jan., 1908). Dolens was described from a ‘nikon two. 


females from Beulah, Man., and Arrowhead Lake, B. C. I sawa 
pair of types in Smith’s collection, the male from Beulah, and the 
female from Arrowhead Lake. Quinta was described from three © 
males and two females from High River (Baird), and Kaslo (Cockle), 


and I have seen a type from the former locality in Smith's collection. 


I made the reference in my notes after direct comparison of the 
types, and Smith admitted its correctness to me personally, It is 
a close ally of and agrees structurally with scandens Riley, which 
Hampson places in Lycophotia Hbn. Both species lack the tuber- 
culate frons of Euxoa. Compared with scandens the newer species 
is darker, has more distinct t. a. and t. p. lines, and uniform dark 
secondaries. I have a defective male from High River, dated 
September 7th, 1908. The dates given under the description of | 
dolens are Arrowhead Lake, June 8-15, and Beulah, Aug. 28th. 
Under guinia, Kaslo, June Ist, 30th, and July 7th and 10th. No 
dates to the High River types. * 
QOuebecensis was described from a single female from Quebec, 
and referred doubtfully to Setagrotis. I have seen the type in the 
Washington Museum, and though I had nothing with which to 
compare it, I believe that this will be found to be a prior name to. 
dolens. 
630. E. septentrionalis Walk—A male at Lethbridge on | 
Aug. 21st, 1912, by Mr. Wallis. ‘This is the only example taken in 
Alberta that I have ‘seen, which I have been quite certain was 


this species, and all the records I have seen under the name from - | 


other places in Canada east of the Rockies have proved erroneous 
upon investigation. -It is a species sometimes very closely resem- 
bling messoria, so closely in fact as to make separation very difficult, 


but it is undoubtedly distinct, as listed by Hampson, who correctly 


makes incubita Smith asynonym. It is sometimes very common on 
Vancouver Island. Another very closely resembling, though 
smaller species, is pestula Smith. any Nos. 249 and 265). 


S THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 41 


{631. E. rufula Smith.—In Prof. Smith's collection I found a 


“specimen marked ‘“‘rufula Smith Xd type,”’ and bearing label “ Ft. 


Calgary, N. W. B. C.”’ Smith told me, however, that the accuracy 
of the label was doubtful. That‘is to say, that it is doubtful 


_ whether the specimen was really taken at Calgary, which, though 


formerly a fort, was never in B. C. Rufula is not a synonym ‘of ~ 
infausla as listed by both Smith and Hampson, but is the species. 
figured by Hampson, I think erroneously, as basiflava.| 

632. E. compressipennis Smith.—A-female taken at Banff, 
at light, on Aug. 19th, 1909. In 4lst Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. for 1910 
(page 11 of the ‘‘Record”), 1911, I recorded the specimen as 
basiflava, and an added note says: ‘‘This was described from N. W,. 
B.C. Compressipennis was described from Yosemite, B. C. The 
types are identical.’’ That note unfortunately contains two in- 
accuracies. Compressipennis was described from Yosemite, Cali- 
fornia, which I feel convinced was the statement that I sent into 
print. But ‘‘the types are identical’’ was my own unguarded 


& statement. What I should have said was that the male type of 


eS SO AS 


compressipennis in the Washington Museum was _ absolutely 
identical with the female type of basiflava in the same collection. 
The latter was described from ‘‘North West British Columbia’ 
(possibly meaning the Alberta Rockies—who can tell?), I think 


from a single pair only. I had previously seen the male type also 


in the Neumoegen collection in the Brooklyn Museum, and do not 
feel confident that it is the same species, and must therefore modify 
my positive reference until I can positively identify the male type- 


633. E. obeliscoides Gn. and var. infusa Smith.—Jnfusa was 


described as a species from two males, from Cartwright, Man., 


and Black Hills, Wyo. The Cartwright specimen is the type in 
the Washington Museum. The other I have not seen. A note 
after the description adds: ‘‘The species is really obeliscoides 
without the contrasting costa, and with the t. p. line lost so that 
there is an almost even shade below the cell from t. a. line to outer 


margin; the terminal space being scarcely deeper. The ground 


colour and general variation in tint are as in obeliscoides, but the 


“species is perceptibly smaller.” 


Obeliscoides is not rare at Cartwright, and most specimens 
that I have seen from there entirely lack the red-brown shades of 


42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Guenée’s type and of Grote’s sexatilis. I have no note as to whether 
the type of infusa lacks them, and they occasionally exist in Mani- 


toba specimens, but it was not on their absence that the supposed | 


species was based. The costa is not usually very contrasting and 
occasionally the t. p. line is very indistinct, so I suppose Smith’s 
name should stand for a rather small form possessing these 
characters, which are not characteristic of the prairie race as a 
whcele. . : 
I have a female takén here on September 2nd, 1907, to which 
the varietal name seems applicable, and have seen a male of the 
species taken at Lethbridge by Mr. Wallis on August 8th, 1912. 


It is practically impossible to distinguish some Manitoba ~ 


females from some of that sex of British obelisca Hbn. in my posses- 


sion, though North American’ males appear to have finer antennal 


serrations than nrales of obelisca. 


634. E. ‘colata Grt.—I saw a male in Smith’s éoliection= 


_ labelled ‘“‘Laggan, 6,800 ft.,’’ presumably from Bean. A male 
taken by Mrs. Nicholl at 8,000 ft. on Wilcox Peak is in the British 
Museum, and is evidently the same species as the female type 
there from Mt. Hood, Oregon. A third male, in splendid condition, 
was taken by Mr. Sanson on the summit of Sulphur Mt., Banff, 


i SIA ae 


about 7,200 ft.. The species appears to be more closely allied to ; . 


_ mollis than to divergens, with which Grote associated it. 
(To be continued.) 


SOME CHALCIDOID HYMENOPTERA FROM NORTH 
QUEENSLAND. 


BY A. A. GIRAULT, NELSON (CAIRNS), AUSTRALIA. 
(Continued from page 20.) ~ t 
Family ELASMIDA. | 
Genus Elasmus Westwood. 
1. Elasmus marsgiscutellum, n. sp. 
Female.—Length 1.70 mm. 


Dark metallic green, the distal margins of mesopostscutellum _ 
and the scutellum margined with lemon yellow. Sides of thorax 
and legs black, the tegule, knees, tarsi and distal half or less of — 
intermediate and cephalic femora pale yellowish white, the antenna w 


February, 1915 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 


brownish. Abdomen with base concolorous transversely and also 
the distal fourth, the rather long intervening portion orange vellow 
marked along each side (from both dorsal and ventral aspects) 
with a longitudinal row of from 3 to 4 black dots. Wings subhyaline. 
Mandibles with eleven teeth, the first two large, the others minute. 
First ring-joint very short. First funicle joint longer than the 
pedicel, the distal one only slightly longer than the pedicel but 
longer than any of the club joints. 

_Male.—Not known. 

Described from one female captured by sweeping the forest 
growths on Mount Pyramid ae feet), June 2, 1913 
(A. P. Dodd). 

_ Habitat—Australia—Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 


Type.—The above female on a tag and a slide with the head. - _ 


2. Elasmus orientalis, n. sp. 


Female.—Length 1.57 mm. 

Like pallidicornis Girault, but the antennal concolorous with 
the body, the scape (except slightly above) pale brown and the 
cephalic tibize are white; also the knees. Moreover, the funicle 
joints are subequal, all distinctly longer than wide and each a 


er: little longer than the pedicel. 


Male.—Not known. 

_ Described from one female captured by sweeping in a jungle, 
May 18, 1913 (A. P. Dodd ). 

Habitat—Australia—Kuranda, Queensland. 

Tvpe.—The above specimen on a card or tag. 


Family CHALCIDID/2. 
CHALCITELLINI. 
Genus Chalcitelloides Girault. 


7; Chalcitelloides nigrithorax, n. sp. 


~ Female-—Length 2.60 mm. 

Black but like the tvpe species (nigriscutum) except that only 
the scape, pedicel and first four funicle joints are red; abdomen 
blood red, but black above and along upper half of each side (a 
little proximad of middle), the petiole black; tegulae and legs 
~ (except coxee) blood red, the hind femur with a long rounded black 
spot centrally. Antenne 11-jointed. Fore wings lightly stained. 


44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Funicle joints after the first wider than long, the rather indistinctly 
sutured first club joint shorter than the other joint of that part; 
joints of funicle widening distad, the flagellum clavate. Punctures” 
of thorax not dénsely confluent, separated. (Median carina of 
propodeum not seen distinctly). : 


Male.—Not known. 


Described from one female captured from a fara: Novem- 
ber 4, 1912. 


Habitat.—Australia—Proserpine, Queensland. 
Type.—The above specimen on a tag and a slide bearing the . 
- head, a fore and a hind leg. 

| The antenne of this genus were originally described as being 
10-jointed, but a re-examination of the type, shows that its club 
is 2-jointed, the black portion being the distal or second joint. 


Family AGAONIDA. 
Genus Agaon Dalmar. 
1. Agaon nigriventre, n. sp. ~ 

Female.—Length 2.20 mm., excluding ovipositor, which is 
exserted for a length about equal to that of the abdomen. 

Orange yellow, the posterior margin of the head, flagellum, 
all of the abdomen except at base, an hour-glass shaped marking: 
down meson of pronotum and cephalic part of scutum (a smaller 
end cephalad; shaped like an inverted egg-cup), a stripe across apex. 
of thorax (about apex of scutellum), the tegula and a dot in a iine 
longitudinally with them, cephalad (opposite the apex of the egg- 
cup-shaped marking) jet black; also the valves of the ovipositor.. 
Agreeing with all the characters of the genus as given by Ashmead, 
but the mandibles bidentate at apex (but four teeth or even five 
in all), the antenne 9-jointed without a ring-joint, the scape hemi-- 
spherically dilated (foliaciously). First and second funicle joints. 
subequal, longer, longer than the pedicel, which is subequal to the 
distal funicle joint. Postmarginal vein longer than either mar- 
ginal and stigmal, the latter shortest. Wings hyaline. Body 
glabrous. 

Male. —Unknown. 


Described from one female received from the South Australian ee 


Museum, Adelaide, mounted on a card labelled ““A. M. Lea.” 


\ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 45 


— 


Habitat.—Australia—Mount Tambourine, Queensland. 
Type.—The above specimen, the head on_a slide. 


Family PTEROMALIDA. 
SPHEGIGASTEINI. 
Eurydinotomorpha, new genus. 

Female.—Closély allied with Eurydinotella Girault but the 
abdomen is long, pointed conic-ovate, the second segment occupying 
only about a fifth (or slightly more) of the surface, the abdomen 
longer than the head and thorax united. Postmarginal vein very 
long, over twice the length of the stigmal. First funicle joint 
longest, longer than the pedicel. Propodeum with abbreviated 
median and lateral carine. Parapsidal furrows a little over half 
complete. Second abdominal segment nearly four times the 
length of the third, the fourth nearly twice the length of the third, 
subequal to segment 5, segment 6 a little longer than 4 and 5 
while 7 is apparently as long as, or longer than, 2. Petiole distinct, 
but short: Caudal margin of abdominal segments straight. The 
genus has the habitus of Sympvesis of the Eulophide. 
'  Male.—Not known. 

Type.—The following species. 


1. Eurydinotomorpha pax, n. sp. 

Female.—Length 3.00 mm. 

Metallic shining blue, the abdomen neous green, purple 
dorsad, the wings hyaline, the venation tarsi, tips of tibie and 
scape pale yellow, the femora and tibiz reddish brown, the coxa 
concolorous. Pedicel and first ring-joint suffused with pallid. 
First club joint forming over half the club, subequal to the third 
funicle joint which is a fourth longer than the pedicel. Short 


_. white hairs on mesoscutum giving an effect somewhat as is com- 


mon with species of Catolaccus. Head and thorax reticulated, 
the propodeum more densely so, the network smaller, the abdomen 
finely so. Funicle and club black. 
_ Male.—Unknown. 
Described from one female captured by sweeping in jungle, 
October 28, 1911. 
Habitat.—Australia—Babinda (near Cairns), N. Queensland. 


46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Type.—The above specimen on a tag and a slide with hind 
legs and the head. 


Family MISCOGASTERID. 
PIRENINA. 


Erotolepsiella, new genus. 


Female. —Running to Erotolepsia Howard, but the stigmal and 3 


postmarginal veins extremely long, subequal, each over three- 
fourths the length of the marginal, the antennal pedicel somewhat 


shorter than the solid club, the eyes naked or nearly so. There is — 


a single ring-joint and the first funicle joint is subquadrate and — 


narrower than’ the others, the second and third joints longest. 
Fore wings banded. Cephalic femur somewhat swollen, but* 
simple. Mandibles tridentate. Parapsidal furrows complete, deli- 


cate. Abdomen pointed conic-ovate, the second segment longest 


but occupying only about a third of the surface, its caudal margin 
entire. Propodeum with a neck but with no carine, rugose, the 
scutellum with a not very distinct cross-furrow before apex. Abdo- 
men with a short, stout petiole. Antenne 11-jointed. With the 
habitus of the Pteromalide. 

~ Male.—Unknown. 


Type.—The following species. 
1. Erotolepsiella bifasciata, n. sp. 


Female.—Length 1.80 mm. 


Purplish brown, the tip of the abdomen. ringed narrowly with 
white, the distal part of metathorax and the short abdominal 


petiole also white. Legs concolorous, the tarsi yellowish white, 


the antennz concolorous. Fore wings with two conspicuous black- 


brown bands across them, the first narrow and from the bend of — 


the submarginal vein, the second \ very broad and from the stigmal 
wein. Thorax punctate. xf 


Male—Not known. 


Described from a single female captured by sweeping in jungle, ~ 


October 28, 1911. 
Habitat.—Australia—Babinda, North Queensland. 


Type.—The above specimen on a tag and a slide with the head 


and posterior tibia. 


“ 


~ . 
" : 
ee a fe Oe en es 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47 


Family CALLIMOMID&. 
MEGASTIGMIN2. 
Genus Neomegastigmus Girault. 

1. Neomegastigmus collaris, n. sp. 

Female.— Length 1.35 mm., excluding the ovipositor, which is 
about equal to the abdomen in length. ss 

Like lividus, but the ovipositor is shorter-and the pronotum 
pale orange yellow; also the legs are whiter, not pale lemon yellow. 


_. The scutellum is uniformly sculptured in both species, like the rest 


of the mesonotum. Also the meas | is dark orange yellow. Abdo- 
men subsessile. 

Male.—Not known. 

Described from a single female captured by sweeping in open 
forest (grasses), March 11, 1912. 

Habitat.—Australia—Thursday Island, Torres Strait. 

Type.—The above specimen on a tag, the head on a slide. 
2. Neomegastigmus petiolatus, n. sp. 

_ Female—Length 1.95 mm., .excluding the black exserted 


_- valves of the ovipositor, which are about two-thirds the length of 


the abdomen. 

Orange yellow, the abdomen (its short, distinct petiole pallid), © 
propodeum and distal third of scutellum purplish black. _Fuscous 
spot from stigma large, nearly a band across the wing. Caudal 
margin of segments 2—4 of abdomen incised at meson, the incision 
large, wide on segment 2, minute on segment 4. Cephalic legs 
(femur and distad) pale the others concolorous with the abdomen, 
‘but all tarsi pale, the antennz straw yellow; funicle joints all shorter 
than the pedicel. Thorax densely reticulated and transversely. 
lineolated. 

Male.—Not known. 

Described from one female ties by sweeping lantana and 
other bushes in a field near town, October 21, 1911. 

Habitat—Australia—Mackay, Queensland. 

Type—The above specimen on a tag and a slide bearing the 
_ head. 
3. Neomegastigmus lividus Girault. 

One female by sweeping lantana and other bushes in a meadow 
near the town of Mackay, Queensland, October 21, 1911. 


48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


IDARNIN&E. 
Genus Philotrypesis Foerster. 
1. Philotrypesis longiventris, n. sp. 

Female.— Length 2.75 mm., exclusive of the ovipositor. 
Brownish black, the legs including the coxe yellowish brown, the 
wings hyaline; sides and venter of abdomen yellowish brown. 

-Scape concolorous with the legs, the flagellum black, the black 
pedicel subequal to the first funicle joint, the next two (joints 2 


~ 


and 3) funicle joints subequal, each a little shorter than 1; distal — 


funicle joint a little longer than each of the three club joints. ~ Cly- 
peal area yellow. Mandibles bidentate. Body, including propodeum 


and abdomen, finely scaly, the propodeum without a median carina. 


Male.—Unknown. 


Described from one female captured by sweeping in a jungle 


pocket, June 4, 1913. 
Habitat.—Australia—Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 
Type.—The above specimen on a tag, the head on a slide. 
Genus Sycoscaptella Westwood. 
. 1. Sycoscaptella angela, n. sp. 
Female.—Length 2.26 mm., excluding the black ovipositor, 
which is nearly as long as the body. 


Deep pinkish orange, the wings hyaline, the legs and scape 


concolorous, the flagellum dusky. Three transverse black spots. 
across meson of abdomen, the first smallest, all more or less tri- 
angular; also a black dot at meson, apex of fifth segment and which 
is nearly joined to the narrow black dorsal surface of the (following) 
two produced or tubular segments of which the second is shorter. 
- Postmarginal vein longer than the stigmal. Propodeum with three 


delicate sulci at meson, separate, the scutellum simple, but both it. 
and the scutum with a median longitudinal impression. Thorax 
finely reticulated. - Antennz 13-jointed, three ring and club joints, 


the funicle joints only slightly longer than wide and more or less. 
equal. Mandibles bidentate. 
Male.—Unknown. 


Described from one female captured by sweeping in forest, 


‘November 6, 1912. 
Habitat.—Australia—Ayr, Queensland. 


Type.—The above specimen on a tag and a slide with the head. | 4 { 


‘ wae 
y 
Be , ¢ 
. 4 2 ee 
NS aE Rae 
eee ye ee ene a ee 


ee ee ee ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 49 


NOTES FROM OTTAWA. 


Mr. H. F. Hudson, Field Officer of the Entomological Branch, 
in charge of the Entomological Laboratory at Strathroy, Ont., has 
given up his Entomological work and has joined the First Battery 
of the Canadian Field Artillery of the Second Contingent which is 
expected to leave for England for service abroad early in 1915. He is 

; now in training with his company at London, Ont. The good 
___wishes of his many Entomological friends will go with him. 


Mr. J. B. Gareau has been appointed a Field Officer and In- 
~spector of the Entomological Branch and commences his duties on 
January Ist. Mr. Gareau is a graduate of the Quebec Forestry 
School and during the last two years has been an officer of the 
Forest Service of British Columbia. He has also studied under 
Prof. Kellogg at Stanford University, California from which 
- institution he was appointed. Mr. Gareau will continue the work 
- formerly carried on by Mr. Hudson. 


~ POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 
DEFORMED APPLES AND THE CAUSES. — 
BY L. CAESAR, GUELEH, ONT. 


It is a very common occurrence in almost every district to 
_ find apples that are so deformed that they have to be rejected as 
E culls. Neglected orchards have usually, as one would expect, the 
' greater proportion of such fruit; there are, however, exceptions 
_ where the best cared-for orchards suffer-severely. Although most 
es of the causes of these deformities have now been discovered there 


_ are still some cases that have not yet been solved. 


tae Insect Injuries as a Cause. 


_ The chief insects to which malformed apples may be attributed 
are Plum Curculio, Apple Curculio, Leaf-bugs or Capsids, Aphids, 
B Aaiste Maggot or Railroad Worm, Leaf-rollers and Green Fruit- 

a worms. Each of these will now be discussed in turn. 


Plum Curculio. Many apples and pears are deformed as a 
result of the egg-laying and early feeding habits of this small 
_ snout-beetle. The injury in such cases is done while the fruit is 
a still small. ‘The eggs in these apples or pears either fail to hatch 


te! A February, 1915 
| 4 


50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


or the young larve die very early, because if they live, the fruit 
almost always falls prematurely. The malformation is due to the 
tissues immediately around the injured area not growing or growing . 
very slowly while the rest of the apple grows at the normal rate; 
therefore a depression is produced at the affected part. There are 
often several such depressions in a fruit. There is usually a scar 
at the point of injury. Uncultivated and neglected orchards and 
those bordering on woods or thickets or waste places are regularly 
much worse attacked than well cultivated and sprayed ones. 


Apple Curculio. This is also a snout-beetle. It is smaller 
than the Plum Curculio, and has-a longer and more slender snout. 
With this it eats deep 
holes into the fruit for 
feeding and egg-laying 
purposes. As in the case 
of the Plum Curculio, 
apples usually drop 
early if the larve from 
the eggs hatch and live; 
otherwise they remain 
on the tree, but are 
deformed in the manner 
shown in the _ photo- 
graph. Note the regular 
inverted, cone - shaped_ 
outline of the depression 
with the little hole at 


Fig. 1.—The work of the Apple Curculio. Notice 


the little holes at the bottom of the punctures the apex. This helps in 
and the uniform inverted coa2 type - ° x 
of the depression. the identification of the 


injury. Apple Curculios 

are not very common in 
most parts of Canada, but there are a few counties in which they 
do much damage. 


Leaf-Bugs or Capsids. These insects have in recent years 
been found to be the cause of a large number of deformed apples 
in the Northern United States and in parts of Canada. At least 
five species are now known to cause malformed apples, viz., Hetero- 


~ 8 be ee le 


TLE OR 


5 


‘they leave little depressions or dimples. 
_ depressions disappear with the growth of the apple. 


TUE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST dl 


cordylus malinus, Lygidea mendax, Neurocolpus nubilus, Paracala- 
coris colon and Lygus invitus. The injuries in each ease are made 
while the fruit is still small and are caused by the nymphs or young 
bugs making deep punctures into it with their needle-like mouth 


Fig. 2.—Work of Capsids or Leaf-bugs on apples. This is done 


when the apples are very small. 


parts. The juice is sucked out through these punctures. Very 
severely injured apples usually drop off. The remainder hang on 
but are often much distorted in consequence of the punctures- 
received. The nymphs of the first two species are red and easily 


- seen; those of the others are usually greenish or brownish green 


colour, and are more likely to escape observation. The addition of 
a tobacco extract, such as Black-leaf 40, to the regular Codling 
Moth spray will do much to destroy these insects. 


Aphids. Most fruit growers are familiar with the clusters 
of small woody, more or less deformed apples caused by these 
sucking insects. Wherever the aphids feed upon a young apple, 
In many cases these 
The peculiar 
tenacity with which a badly infested cluster of fruit hangs on the 


52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Fig. 3.—Cluster of small, woody, deformed apples, caused by the feeding 
of Aphids on twigs, leaves and fruit. 


tree seems to be the result of the small amount of food and sap 
that the fruit and fruit stems receive in consequence of the feeding 
of the insects on the leaves and new growth of the branch that 
bears the cluster. Such partial starvation produces tough tissues 
in stems and fruit. 


Apple Maggot or Railroad Worm.—If the fruit is only 
slightly infested with this insect it seldom produces any notice- 
able deformity except the very small depressions where the eggs 
are laid, but if the infestation is severe almost every apple on the 
tree may be rendered unsightly by ridges and hulges on the surface. 
These are partly the result of numerous egg punctures and partly of 
the death and therefore failure to grow of tissues here and there 
just beneath the skin wherever the larve happened to tunnel when 
feeding. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 53 


Leaf-Rollers and Green Fruit Worms.—These are greenish 
caterpillars that attack the apples soon after they are formed 
and frequently eat deep holes in them. As the apples grow these 
injuries callous over but are often so deep that the fruit is dis- 
torted and cannot be marketed. Any other biting insect that eats 
out similar areas may also cause a deformed fruit. 


Other Causes of Deformities. 


Although most of the deformities of apples are caused by 
insects, a number is due to some of the following factors: Frost 
injury, fungus diseases, imperfect fertilization, Bitter Pit disease 
or spray injury. 

_ Frost Injury.—Fruit recently set may become Sek frozen 
with the result that the injured area will fail to develop normally 
and a malformed apple will be produced. It is claimed that frost 

injury to blossom buds may also cause deformed fruits. 

Fungous Diseases. Any fungus disease, such as Apple Scab, 
which attacks one side of the apple much worse than the other, 
will by interfering with the growth of that side cause a deformity. 

Bitter Pit Disease.—This is a disease of apples due neither 
to a fungus nor a bacterium, but so far as known to weather con- 

ditions. Good growing weather in spring, or early summer 
followed by drought, 
seems in Ontario to 
be the chief cause. 
Soil conditions and the 
individuality of the 
tree are apparently 
contributing — factors. 
The disease takes 
various forms; some- 
times the apples look 
quite sound but, when 
cut open, are found to 
have dry dead areas 
here and there through 
them; at other times, 
especially in the case 
of Baldwins, the sur- 


Fig. 4.—Duchess Apple deformed by a very severe attack ' : . : 
is Peeters hit Diets ee face is pitted with 


54 ‘ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


small depressed areas that are at first somewhat darker in colour ~ 


than the rest of the epidermis and later turn brown; in still other 
cases the injury inside the fruit is so severe that the whole apple 
becomes much distorted and unfit for use. This last kind of 
injury is not nearly so common as either of the others. 


Imperfect Fertilization.—If during the blossom period one 
or more of the pistils of the fruit fails to be fertilized the result is 
often a lop-sided or malformed fruit. 


Spray Injury.—Sometimes spray mixtures, casted Bor- 
deaux, injures a portion of the epidermis of a young fruit and, if 
the injury is sufficiently deep, will cause an interruption in the 
growth of that side and consequently a deformity. The failure of 
. the surface over these injuries to keep pace with the growth of the 
tissues beneath often leads to its becoming cracked. 


A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS NEPHROCERUS. 
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON, BOSTON, MASS. 


The determination of the two American species of this genus 


has presented some difficulties owing to the dearth of material - 


and to their close resemblancé to some of the European species. 
Through the kindness of Mr. Frederick Knab, I have been able to 
study both sexes of N. daeckei and the specimen of the undescribed 
species collected by Mrs. A. T. Slosson, on Mt. Washington, N. H., 
in 1897. During the past two seasons six specimens of the latter 
have been collected, thus giving ample material to define more 
clearly our two species. © 

The following table, including the three Eurdpean species 
will show some of the structural characters separating them from 
the American species :—, 


F ABLE OF SPECIES. 
1. Last tarsal joints of all the legs without conspicuously long, 
bristly hairs, arista entirely black.................... lapponica Zett. 
Last tarsal joints of all the legs with 4-7 long, bristly hairs........2 
2. Hind tibie rather twisted, widened at the end, and with a 


circle of bristles at the tip..........0.0................ flavicornis Zett. 


February, 1915 


_ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 55 


Hind tibize simple, not noticeably widened at the ends, and 
- without a circle.of bristles at the tip... care 3 


3. Arista entirely black, third joint of the antenne small, 
SUOMI skis ities cicadas: Wiese bids sh ae scutellatus Macq. 


- Arista with the thickened basal portion yellow, antennz entirely 
TE (Co SAG aa do ieee 8d Bey Bee RM Lg Ge TP oe ee Foe 4 


4. Abdomen with two distinct bands in both sexes; upper half of 
ee OF feiiale MnGaris. 2.6 iss .oidsighs oes occ daecket Johns. 


Abdomen indistinctly banded in the male, in the female the 
‘lateral margins are yellow, upper half of the front of the 
mae eiaie NOt linear). i.6.0..osa. eee. slosson@ sp. n. 


-Nephrocerus daeckei Johnson. 
| N. daeckei Johns., Ent. News, Vol. XIV, p. 107, 1993. 


In this species the sexes are so similar that one of the co-types 
_ before me was inadvertently referred to as a male, probably be- 
cause the front is so narrow. For about one-half its length it is 
-amere line. The sides of the first and the posterior margins of the 
second and third abdominal segments are widely margined with 
yellow. The wings are proportionately broader and not of equal 
@ width as in the following species. 


In addition to the types from Richmond Hill, Long Island, 

_ N.Y., July 2, 1901, I have examined two males from Plummer’s 
 Tsland, Md., June 29, 1913 (R. E. Shannon), and one female, 

Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson) in the U. S. National Museum. 


Nephrocerus slossone, sp. n. 
Nephrocerus, n. sp. | Ent. News, Vol. VIII, p. 237, 1897. 


Male.—Face and front covered with silvery white tomentum, 


vertical triangle and occiput black, grayish pruinose, occipital 


__ orbits deeply emarginate, mouth parts and antennz light yellow, 
Pes, arista black, the thickened base light yellow. Thorax, discal 
portion black, shining, the anterior third covered with a grayish 

heen. humeri, broad lateral stripes, and the scutellum, yellow, 

5, he latter much darker than the: humeri, pleura livid, a lighter 


56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


area below the base of the wing bearing a small black spot, metan- 
otum black. Abdomen black, shining, thinly covered with quite 
Jong yellow hair, with conspicuous tufts on the sides of the first 
segment, sides of the first and the posterior margins of the second 
and third segments brownish, hypopygium brown, the two large 
rounded glands diverted to the right, with a black, spirally coiled 
“flagellum” below. Legs and halteres light yellow, the long bristles 
at the end of the last tarsal joints four in number, posterior tibize 
nearly straight, not noticeably thickened and without bristles. 
Wings long, narrow, of nearly equal width, grayish hyaline, pos- 


terior branch of the fifth longitudinal vein scarcely reaching the 
margin, tegule yellow. 


Length 8 mm., wing 9 mm. | 


Female.—Front narrow below the vertex, gradually widening 
above the antenne, about four times its width at the vertex. 
Thorax similar to that of the male except that the pleura-are light 
yellow with small black point below the base of the wing, and 
black spots between the coxz, disc of the scutellum and the metan- 
otum blackish. Abdomen dark yellow, with an irregular, broad 
dorsal line of black constricted at the margins and covering about 
one-third of each of the first five segments, the fourth and fifth 
segments also narrowly margined posteriorly with black, sixth 
and seventh segments and the hook-like ovipositor entirely yellow. 


Length 7.5, wing 8.5 mm. 


Five males amd two females. Holotype, allotype and one 
paratype, Bretton Woods, N. H., June 25 and 28, 1913 (C. W. 
Johnson); and one paratype (c’), Mt. Washington above Base 
Station, N. H., July 4, 1914 (C. A. Frost), in the collection of the 
Boston Society of Natural History. One paratype (o’) summit of 
Mt. Washington (Mrs. Slosson) in U. S. National. Museum. One 
paratype (c") Bretton Woods, June 28, in Museum of Comparative 
Zoology, and one (c*) Mt. Washington above Base Station, July 4, 
in the author’s collection. The specimens collected by Mrs. 
Slosson and one of those collected by Mr. Frost have the abdomen 
entirely black. 


TF ON ERE, hy PO Se eee a eee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57 


AN IMPORTED RED SPIDER ATTACKING FRUIT 


Br TREES. 


BY L. CAESAR, PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST, GUELPH, ONT. 
- For some time the writer had suspected that the Red Spider 


~ so common on fruit trees in Ontario was not our common species, 


Tetranychus bimaculatus. Accordingly specimens were sent in 


‘September, 1912, to Mr. Nathan Banks of the Bureau of Ento- 
mology, Washington, D. C., with some details as to the extent of 
_its distribution and the food plants attacked. In reply Mr. Banks 


stated that the species was Tetranychus’ pilosus, an European 
species that attacks fruit trees, and that its relationship to Tetrany- 


_ chus mytilaspidis, which feeds chiefly on oranges, was very close 
_ and, perhaps, identical. 


be 


Tetranychus pilosus is about the same size as bimaculatus, but 


differs from it in several respects:—It is more nearly circular in 


outline, somewhat stouter and has 
a number of distinct white tuber- 
cles on the dorsal surface, with a 
fine hair arising from each. It is 
dark red in colour, many specimens 
being blackish, with the mouth 
parts and usually a dorsal longi- 
tudinal area much paler than the 
rest of the upper surface, whereas 
the colour of T. bimaculatus varies 
from greenish yellow to red. The 
latter species feeds largely on the 
lower surface beneath a fine silken 
web, in or under the protection of 

Fig. 5.— Tetranychus pilosus, adult female, 2 - 
greatly enlarged. which it lays its eggs; the former 


(D by Miss M. Hearle.) j 
é rawn by Miss earle feeds and lays its eggs on both 


~ surfaces, and makes no web, but fastens its eggs by a few fine 
silken threads to the leaf or twig on which they are laid. The 
_ eggs are uniformly blood red, while those of bimaculatus are pearly 
white. TJ. pilosus passes the winter in the egg stage, these being 


deposited in the axils of the twigs and branches. 7. bimaculatus 


passes the winter as adults in-the ground or in sheltered hiding 


places. 


February, 1915 


58 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5 


The host plants of 7. pilosus so far as observed are the Euro- 
pean plum, apple, sour cherry: pear, peach and hawthorn. Euro- 
pean plums are by far the favorites, 
with apples next and then sour | 
cherries. Peaches and Japanese > 
plums are very little . infested. 
Hawthorns in a few apparently 
exceptional cases have been severely 
attacked. 

The foliage of barig jaieatel 
trees becomes covered with numer- 
ous fine, whitish blotches very 
noticeable on the upper surface. 
After a time such leaves become ~ 
brownish and at a distance of a 
hundred yards or more the whole. 

of the foliage has the appearance 

Brg. @.— Tetranyehus pimacwatus, adult’ Of being covered with fine road 

(Drawn by Miss M. Hearle.) dust. ; : 
This hitherto unrecorded Red Spider has been found by the 
writer in most of the fruit districts of the Province. That it has 
not been mentioned earlier appears to have been due to its close 
resemblance.to our common species, Telranychus bimaculatus. 


GEOMETRID NOTES.—REVISION OF THE GENUS 
HYDRIOMENA, HUB., GROUP WITH LONG PALPI, 

BY L. W. SWETT, BOSTON, MASS. 
(Continued from page 11,) . 

17. Hydriomena bistriolata Zell. (Verh. ‘zool.—bot. Ges. 
Wien, XXII, p. 493, 1872; Packard, Monograph, p. 95, 1876, 
Pl. VIII, fig. 32). This species with long palpi was placed in- 
correctly as a variety of H. californiata with which it has nothing 
in common. The general ground colour is dark olive-green and 
white. It is quite a striking species, as the entire wing seems to 


be surrounded with olive green and has a white mesial space. It 


appears like a specimen of autumnalis with the entire wing suffused 


with dark ‘olive-green and the white central portion contrasting — ae 
February, 1915 %, 


Pate r 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 59 


- sharply. There is a tendency for the extra-discal bands to unite 
at the inner margin of the wing. The entire outer margin is olive- 
green, not lighter near the outer margin as is usual. The median 
band is much wider than usual and the basal runs almost straight 
across the wing, slightly curved outward, The intradiscal band 
is strongly notched on the fore wing at vein 2. This seems to be a 
rare species and is in few collections. The specimens referred to - 
- in the Packard monograph from Kentucky and Missouri I 
_ do not. think belong to this species, as the Kentucky specimen is - 
— anutumnalis, while the Missouri specimen is not in the collection, 
: but was probably returned to the sender, Dr. Riley, and should 
be in the National Museum collection at Washington. The palpi. 
are very stout and the head is rather broad, so that it could not 
possibly be confused with awtumnalis, and how it should be referred 
to the latter I cannot guess. I believe it is strictly Texan. - 
Types—1 o& 10, Dallas, Tex., March 16 (Boll). 

Type—1 2 Texas (Boll) in Zeller collection. 

it is a striking species and can be confused with no other. 


18. Hydriomena regulata Pears. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash; 
Vol. XI, p. 131, 1909). 

This is a peculiar species with olive and liver coloured 
shadings and has a little less than usual the general appearance 
_ of the Hydriomena group. The markings are not common 
for the Hydriomena, as I know of no other with liver coloured 
_ ghadings, and I believe it to be rare, as the specimens in 
_ Mr. R. F. Pearsall's collection are all I have seen. It has no 

discal spots on primaries, the secondaries dusky and shaded with 
yellow brown. 
¥ Types.—2 os, Douglas Ariz., Aug. 22 and 23, 1908. 


19. Hydriomena edenata Swett. (Can. Ent., Vol XLI, p. 232, 
July, 1909). 

This species is a large broad-winged one, on the pattern 
of ruberaia Freger. It has a wide black bar just above inner 
‘margin of primaries which serves to separate it from ruberata, 
_ besides the other differences which I have already pointed out in 
» the description. There is an error in the original description 
(Can. Ent., vol. XLI, p. 232, July, 1909), which I overlooked 
. until now. Instead of ‘‘5 males’’ read ‘‘5 females,’’ and instead of 


ee ee et ene eC oe See tay 
¥ ‘ > ‘ a a 


‘ 


60 THE CANADIAN .ENTOMOLOGIST 


‘‘Eden Vale, Colo.” read ‘‘Eden Vale, Calif.’’ This species seems 
to have quite a wide range and is more common than the others. 
I had specimens from Mr. E. H. Blackmore, Victoria, B. C., and 


have heard that a specimen was even taken in Newfoundland, 


but cannot verify it. 

Tyvpe-——1 92 in my collection, 4 9s, Mr. Broadwell’s col- 
lection; 1 @ in Mr. J. G. Grossbeck’s collection, which was sent 
‘me to compare. 


H. edenata is an early species on the wing, occuring from 


April 5 to May 4, 1913, at Victoria. 


20. Hydriomena chiricahuata Swett (Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, 
-p. 231, July, 1909, Barnes and McD., Contrib. Nat. Hist. Desi eee 
North Am., Vol. I, No. 4, 1912.) 

This species is figured by Drs. Barnes and McD. in their 
valuable work, in which a clear idea of the markings is given. It is 
quite a small and slender species and has a peculiar narrow 
mesial line, and the line on hind wings show only as dots. 
' This is a very rare species and does not approach any other 
very closely, unless it looks superficially like a small barnesaia. 
with narrow mesial space. 

Types—2 o&, Huachuca Mts. and Chiricahua Mts.,- fra: 
in Dr. Barnes’ collection. , 


20. Hydriomena similaris Hulst, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 
Vol. XXIII, 1896, p. 284. 

This species is very closely allied to ruberata, from which it is 
difficult to distinguish. There is a peculiar pale blue and faded 
rusty look to the bands in similaris, while in ruberata they are 
bold and well defined and either smoky or brick red as the type 
species. Similaris occurs in June and July, while ruberata, to my 
knowledge, is only found in early May. This is rather a common 
form in Nevada, and, strange to say, is correctly labelled in most 
collections. How far it varies I cannot say, as my material has been 
somewhat limited, though it is not a rare species. 

Type.—Colorado, Mr. Graef. 

22. Hydriomena ruberata Freyer (Neu. Beit. Schmett.. 
Vol. I, p. 67, pl. 36, fig. 2, 1831). 


This little-understood species was first determined for Rev. | : 


G. W. Taylor by Mr. Lewis B. Prout of London, England. Mr- 


‘ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 61 


Wolley Dod in his list (Can. Ent., Vol. XX XVIII, p. 253, 1906) 
also recorded it from Alberta. It did not-seem to be clearly 


- understood in Europe, for several of the older authors speak about 
‘varieties of autumnalis with long palpi and reddish markings. 

_ Freiherr Von Hoyningen-Heune in the Berl. Ent. Zeit., Vol. LI, 

_ p. 255, 1906, says that it is confounded with autwmnalis in the ma- 


jority of collections in Europe. | It seems strange that Guenée 


and Packard did not note the length of the palpi, which would 


have separated it at a glance. The typical ruberata Freyer has a 
rust-red shading to the bands that cross the wings and rather a 
narrow mesial space; the mesial band, however, is quite wide. 
The discal dots are small and linear, and the hind wings are light 
ashen with two heavy, dark curved bands. Mr. Prout believes 


we have the true ruberata here in North America, as I sent him 


specimens to compare with European examples, and I have also 
specimens from Europe in my collection, which run very close to 
ours. I have not compared the genitalia as yet, and until that is 
done wé can not be sure of its standing. There are several varieties 


_ which I am inclined to think occur in North America, namely, 


literata Donov. and griscens Hoyningen-Heune. Ruberata flies to 


‘light in New England in early May, and is more common in the 


mountainous districts, therefore I am inclined to believe it will 
be met with more commonly northward. 


Hydriomena ruberata var. (a) literata Donov: (Brit. Ins., 
Vol. XIV, 1808, p. 80, pl. 499, fig. 2, 1810; Speyer. Stett. Ent. 
Zeit., p. 171, 1872). 


Literata in the plate has white spots at ends of the veins, 
clear mesial space with discal spot like the letter T reversed. The 
discal spot does not seem to me a sufficient basis upon which to 
establish a variety, but the author’s statement that it lacks the 
reddish markings and is grayish, that the bands are of the colour of 
the wings, and that it resembles autumnalis, except in the palpi, 


appears to justify its status as a variety. A form occurs here 


that is grayish without the red markings, and possibly it had 
better be referred to this variety until more is known of ruberata. 


Hydriomena ruberata Var. (b) griscens Hoyningen euhe 
-sica Ent. Zeit., Vol. LI, p. 257, 1906). ) 


=- 


62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


‘This variety is a unicolorous gray and the bands and red. 
shadings are lacking. It is like the unicolorous variety of 
autumnalis. 


Hydriomena ruberata Var. (c) glaucata Packard (Proc. 
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, 20, 1874; Catal. of the Phal. of Cali- 
fornia, No. 2, Boston, Dec., 1873, PI. I, fig. 6; Monograph p. 96, 
1876). 

The type is not in the Museum of Comp. Zool. at Cam-. 
bridge, Mass., and I suppose therefore that it was returned to 
Edwards, its sender, as was Packard’s custom, and should be in 
the American Museum of Natural History, New York. There is 
a specimen in the Edwards collection in the American Museum, 
New York, that answers closely to the description and figure,but 
unfortunately the head is missing, the most important part. The 
piece torn from the wing is as in the figure and the lines correspond, 
but_it is impossible to tell where it belongs without the head. 
The plate is fairly clear and the figure shows the long beak-like 
palpi, and Packard speaks of them particularly in the description, 
~ so we know from the description at least where the type belonged. 
Since ruberata is the only closely allied species that has reddish 
shaded bands, with gray and unicolorous variations, and since 
we know green varieties always occur with red, it seems reasonable 
to suppose that this is a green variety of ruberata or else a closely 
allied species. This seems hardly possible, as I have specimens 
which agree line for line with glaucata, only they lack the red 
shading. I received a specimen from Mr. Broadwell which was 
green, and agreed with glaucaia in every respect. 

This form has broad. full-rounded wings with five watery 
bands crossing them, and has a pale green ground colour with pale 
ashen hind wings. 

Type.—1 Q (Edwards), Calif., probably in American sintestenns: 
of Natural History, New York. 

This includes all the species and varieties so far listed, and, 
I hope, will help to separate the many tangles. The genus Hydrio- 
mena, as a whole, seems a very compact and natural group, if 
we exclude the heterogeneous forms. The palpi and colour 
scheme seem to be very constant characters, and I believe eventu- 
ally the other forms will be transferred to other genera. Surely 


Pee ee ee 
F - ° Hy 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63 


—— 


Coenocalpe magnoliata does not belong here, but until we know 
the genitalia and life histories better, we had better leave them 
as they are. Mr. Louis B. Prout is in accord with me that the 


- larval characters and imagoes are quite distinct from those of the 


other species listed under Hydriomena. Hera contracta, for ex- 


ample, has a strong hooked clasper, which shows it does not belong. 
to Hydriomena. 


In regard to life histories, very little seems to be known of the 
American forms, but in Europe H. furcata, autumnalis and ruberatw 
have been bred for years 


I take this opportunity of correcting two errors of sex-signs, 


- which appeared in former papers of mine on this genus. In the . 


description of Hydriomena henshawi (Can.. Ent., Vol. XLIV, 


- p. 164, 1912) instead of “Type 1 o, Nevada,” read ‘“‘Type 1 9, 


Nevada.”’ In the description of H. nubilofasciata Pack. var. 
cumulata Swett (Can. Ent., Vol. XLII, p. 281, 1910), instead of 
“Types 2 o, Feb. 6, 1874, Sanzalito, Cal.’ read ‘“‘ Types 2 9 ,”’ etc. 

I realize that the task of unravelling this variable group has 
been a difficult one, and that my work is incomplete, but I hope 
that I have at least made some of the puzzling forms more easily 


_ recognizable to the average collector. 


SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES AND VARITIES. 


14. Hydriomena speciosata Pack.—Green and white mottled: 
Var. agassizi Swett.—Black and green. 
Var. taylori Swett.—Green and brown. 
15. Hydriomena costipunctata Barnes and McD.—Green and 
brownish purple. 
16. Hydriomena barnesata Swett.—Green and white. 
17. Hydriomena bistriolata Zell—Green suffused, white mesial 
space. 
18. Hydriomena regulata Pears.—Green and liver coloured. 
19. Hydriomena edenata Swett.—Green and white (black bar). 
20. Hydriomena chiricahuaia Swett.—Green and white, narrow 
mesial band. , 
21. Hydriomena similaris Hulst.—Green with bluish bands. 
22. Hydriomena ruberata Freyer.—Gray with reddish shaded 
bands. 


64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


22. Hydriomena var. literata Donoy.—Gray, bands unicolorous. 
Var. griscens Hoyn.-Heune.—Gray suffused, 

without bands. 
Var. glaucata Pack: —Pale green, with gray a 


GEOMETRID NOTES—DESCRIPTION OF A 
NEW VARIETY. 


BY L. W. SWETT, BOSTON, MASS. 
Hydriomena speciosata Pack., var. ameliata, n. var. 


Expanse 31-33 mm. Palpi long and blackish; head and 
thorax greenish; abdomen light ashen. A narrow black bar at 
base of antenne. Fore wings olive green, with a broad white 
mesial band. Base of wings blackish, with possibly the beginning 
of a black line; between base and first line of mesial band olive — 
green, then another olive green space to the broad irregular black 
band, then olive green to the intra-discal band. ‘The three irreg- 
ular lines of the mesial band are very striking; the outer one 
nearest the discal dot projects outward on median vein, almost 
touching the dot, and is irregular on the veins. Beyond, the 
mesial space is greenish white, giving the insect a striking appear- 
ance. In some respects it resembles certain varieties of H. 
autumnalis that I have seen from Germany. The extra-discal line 
is very prominent on the costa and then runs irregularly in dashes 
across to the inner margin. Half-way between tip of wing and extra- 
discal line is a broad triangular black spot, which appears to be a — 
broken line running in spots’on the veins across the wing. A broad 
apical black dash. Fringe black and white checkered. Hind wings 
dark ashen brown with a pale checkered fringe. Wings beneath 
dark brown, with markings of upper side showing through. 
This is the white-banded form that we should expect to find, 


according to my colour-scheme (vide -p. 63), and I should not 


have described it were it not for its similarity to certain varieties of 
H.autumnalis, from which it can be distinguished by the long palpi. 
‘ype-—1 9, Victoria, B. C., July 7, 1914. From Mr. E, H. — 
Blackmore, to whose collection it belongs. It was taken at Garden _ 
City, a suburb of Victoria. 
Paratype-—1 2, Victoria, B. C., July 9, 1914, in my collec- 


tion, received through the kindness of the collector, Mr. E. H. i 


Blackmore. It was taken at Swan Lake,’a suburb of Victoria. 


A Nts yi hel a ih ae 
Pere ra? 


Sale 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65 


4 


A NEW SPECIES OF THE MYMARID GENUS CAMPTOP- 
TERA FOERSTER FROM AUSTRALIA. 


BY A. A. GIRAULT, NELSON (CAIRNS), N. Q., AUSTRALIA. 


Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea. 
Family Mymaride. 
Genus Camptoptera Foerster. 
Camptoptera gregi, new species. 
Normal position. 


' Female.—Length 0.40 mm. Minute. 


Ashy black, the abdomen greyish, except toward tip; legs 
pallid yellowish, the antennez ashy black, the scape and pedicel 
somewhat paler; both wings obscurely fumated throughout. 
Differing at once from the North American pulla and the European 
papaveris, the only other members of the genus, in having the first 
funicle joint abruptly shorter than the second, not long and nearly 
equal to it as in those species, but less than half the length of the 


- second joint and distinctly shorter than the pedicel; also, gregi 


is smaller than pulla and has the abdomen paler; the first funicle 
joint is distinctly the shortest of the antennz. Otherwise as in 
pulla or nearly. 


(From one specimen, 2-3 inch objective, 1 inch optic, Bausch 


and Lomb.) 


Male.—Not known. 


Described from a single female specimen captured from the 
window of a residence at Nelson (Cairns), North Queensland, 
December 27, 1912 (A. P. Dodd). gi rs 


Habitat.—Australia—Nelson, Queensland. 


Type-—No. Hy 1343, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
foregoing specimen on a slide. 


On February 12, 1913, 9 females were. captured in the same 


place. 


Respectfully dedicated to Mr. G. R. Greg for his ‘‘The Creed 


‘of Christendom.” 


66 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


BOOK REVIEW. ee 


/ 


Tue AcRIpIIpDzA OF MINNEsoTA. By M. P. Somes, University of 


Minnesota, Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin 141. 
University Farm, July 1914. 100 pp., 4 pls. (3 coloured).. 
Although a descriptive account of the Orthoptera of Minnesota 
has already been published* the present bulletin on the family 
Acridiide or short-horned grasshoppers will be found to contain 
much additional information on the distribution, habitats and 
life-histories of the species described in. the earlier work, as well 
as descriptive notes on 16 species not included in the latter. . It 
also contains keys for the IeSUneare of the subfamilies, genera 
and species. 
No fewer than 78 species are listed, a number which exceeds 


the Ontario list by 30 species; but this is not surprising in view of | 


the geographical position of the state and its relations to the 
Mississippi Valley and to Lake Superior. Minnesota lies on the 
borderland between the prairies and the eastern forest region, so 
that the rich prairie fauna, which is an almost negligible quantity 
in Ontario, is abundantly represented here, while Carolinian species 
enter by the Mississippi Valley and Canadian species find.their way 


into the northern counties, the proximity of Lake Superior probably _ 


favouring the boreal element in the fauna of this section. 


On account of these relations it is to be regretted that the 
author has not given us some account of the topography of Minne- 
sota from the standpoint of locust distribution, particularly. as 
this phase of the subject was also ignored in Lugger’s report. 

Many interesting notes are given on the manner of flight, 
nabits of oviposition, etc., of the various species, one of the most 
noteworthy being the observation of a female of Melanoplus 
blatchleyi in the act of drilling a hole in a piece of dead wood after 
the manner of Chloealtis conspersa, a habit unusual among the 
Melanopli. 

The figures on the plates are all from original drawings, mostly 


in colour and, with a few exceptions, are fairly accurate and very _ 


attractive in appearance. The figure of Arphia sulphurea, however, 


*Lugger, Otto. The Orthoptera of Minnesota. Third Am. Pain of the 
rere ga of the State Experiment Station of the University of 
1897. 


innesota, 


Cad 
\ 


t. 


a 


Ce ee te VL 


Pe ee eye ee 
“y Ce ee ee 
- , 
j 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67 


‘appears to be a composite of two species, the head and thorax 
-resembling an Arphia fairly closely, but the wings belonging un- 


mistakably to Circotettix verruculatus. A number of. photographs 
of habitats and several maps showing the distribution of certain 
species also appear as text figures. 
The following somewhat misleading statements have been 
noted in the text: 
On p. 22 the author states that Bemidji, Minn., where Chloe- 


altis abdominalis was taken, ‘‘is doubtless near the eastern extreme 


of the range of this species, which has hitherto been taken in 
Montana and North Dakota.’”’ This species has been recorded 
from several localities in Ontario and Northern Michigan, ranging — 
eastward beyond Georgian Bay. 

On p. 23 Dichromorpha viridis is stated to be “common through- 
out North America,”’ whereas it has never been reported from any 
part of Canada. 

On p. 26 Mecostethus lineatus is spoken of as a very rare insect, 
ranging from New England to Northern Indiana, Illinois and 
Iona.”’ In Canada it ranges northward at least as far as Anticosti 
Island, femagami District, Ont., and Nipigon, Ont., and is abundant 
in almost all open marshes in Central and Southern Ontario. 

On p. 39 Gomphocerus clepsydra is treated as a distinct species 
from G. clavatus, whereas it has for some years been generally 


regarded as a synonym of the latter. 


These are minor matters and detract but little from the value 
of a useful and interesting account of this attractive group of 
insects. 


Some SoutH INDIAN INSECTS AND OTHER ANIMALS OF IMPORTANCE. 


By T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Imperial Entomologist to the Goy- 
ernment of India. Printed by the Superintendent, Government 
Press, Madras, South India, 1914. 
As a worthy sequel to “Indian Insect Life,’’ published in 1910 

by Maxwell Lefroy, we have this book on the commoner insects 
of South India, with particular reference to economic forms. It 
is the first book of its kind produced in South India, and only the 
second in the whole country, and as such deserves special credit. 


68 ‘ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


It is a quarto volume of 565 pages, and is illustrated with 50 
splendid plates and 440 text illustrations. Most of the plates are 
coloured, and it speaks well for the author and his staff that these 
profuse, and on the whole, excellent illustrations are mostly original. 

The work covers a very wide field, and may be divided into 
two parts. The first nine chapters deal with insects in general, 
their zoological status, structure and classification, their habits and 
the laws which govern them; and the tenth and eleventh chapters 
deal with pests in general and various means of control, 
specially adapted to local conditions. Then follow general de- 
scriptions of different insects classified as pests of crops and grain, 
as household pests and as carriers of disease, and the extent to 
which some are beneficial and useful. One chapter is devoted to 
a few other animals and birds, both beneficial and injurious. An 
important section, and one which will be valuable to its readers, 
is a long list of the commonly-grown plants and crops, with the 
names of some 800 insects attacking them, and a list of allied. 
plants grouped under natural orders for reference when studying 
polyphagous insects. 

The second and main part of the book is taken up with a 
study of the orders of insects, dealing mainly with injurious forms 
under the headings of references, distribution in South India, life- 
history, food plants, economic status and means of control. This 
represents an enormous amount of information condensed to a 
systematic and readily available form, and the profuse illustrations 
are intended to facilitate the tracing out of any particular insects 
which may prove injurious. The fact that many Of the life-his- 
tories are classed as “‘not worked out’’ should be a stimulus to en- 
tomologists in India. The book ends with a complete index. 

The author is to be congratulated on a stupendous work which 
he confesses was undertaken unexpectedly and executed largely by 


the exertions of the Madras Department of Entomology in the ~ 


short space of two years. ‘As a handy and popular work on insects, 
the book should prove of great value to planters and those in- 
terested in entomology, and the low price of six rupees (two dollars) 
places it within the reach of most people. 
G. J. SEENCER. 


Mailed February 11th, 1915. 


a, pln 


ES Se 


AAD. PED e— Sak SPR 


he Canadian Fiutomolagist, 


Vo. XLVI. LONDON, MARCH, 1915 No. 3 


POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 


IMPORTANCE OF OBSERVATIONS ON APE ARES ier 
UNIMPORTANT INSECTS. 


BY F. M. WEBSTER, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


In the course of the writer’s somewhat extended experience 
in the investigations of insects, with especial reference to their 
economic significance, he has occasionally found himself con- 
fronted with criticisms on account of having apparently expended 
both time and funds in studying insects whose attacks were, or 
had been, so far as known, of little or no importance. It therefore 
seems not out of place to direct attention to a number of instances 
showing that such restrictions are not always warranted and that 
the present status of importance of a species cannot be taken as 
conclusive respecting its future, or indeed near future significance. 

Selecting a number of instances in point from my own experi- 
ence and of others working under my direction, that of Myochrous 
denticollis, the southern corn leaf beetle, which has since become 


- better known by reason of its disastrous attacks on growing corn 


in Kansas and southern Ohio, may be first mentioned. The first 
observations made on this insect in the corn field were purely 
accidental. 

The writer happened to be passing through a field of young 
corn in Tensas Parish, La, in April, 1887, and observed a few of 
these beetles attacking the plants by gnawing the outside of the 
stems. There was nothing observed at the time that-would 
indicate the least likelihood of this ever becoming a serious pest, 
such as it has since proven itself. To have passed over the fact 
without mention would have been to fail to record the basic obser- 
vation on the insect as a corn pest. 

Curiously enough, during the same month in the same locality 
the adults of Ceratoma caminea were observed attacking cultivated 


beans in the garden of an old negro, whose cabin was located in 


70 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the midst of the Tensas swamps. Although: the writer had been 
familiar with the beetle for years in the North, this was the first 
time its food plant had ever been determined by him. With this 
initial observation in mind, the same insect was afterwards observed 
to attack the leaves of the cow-pea in great numbers. At that time 
the two observations did not give any basis for assuming that the 
species would ever become a serious enemy of the bean and much 
less so of the cow-pea, such as has since been recorded of it. 


In the same locality reports were received of peculiar injuries 
to growing corn which had been observed by planters in previous 
years. No definite information was just at the time obtainable 
from this source, and it was not until later, when the writer stumbled, 
as it were, upon the larve of Diabrotica 12-punctata in considerable 


numbers, attacking the growing corn in the fields, that anything | 
definite was known. With this limited knowledge, later obserya-_ 


_ tions seemed to be more easily made, with the result that a damage 
of 75% was observed a week or ten days later in other corn fields. 

When Mr. Jas. A. Hyslop made his first observations on the 
clover root curculio, Sitones hispidulus, in April, 1909, there was 
no indication that the species was of any particular economic 
importance. It happened to be convenient for Mr. V. L. Wilder- 
muth to continue the work taken up by Mr. Hyslop, because of 
the latter’s transfer to Pullman, Washington, so there was even 
yet no information obtained that could be presented as an excuse 
for spending much time upon it. However, the investigation was 


carried through to completion, and in presenting the matter for | 
publication we found ourselves somewhat at a loss to give satis-_ 


factory reasons for asking for the publication of the completed 
work. The injuries of the larve to the roots of clover were so in- 


frequent, and the beetles themselves were not found in any great 


abundance, so that the species could not be placed among those 
particularly destructive to the clover plant. Five years later, 
however, in 1914, the larvae of the same insect were found to be 
seriously destructive in alfalfa fields, attacking the alfalfa roots 


in precisely the same way in which Mr. Wildermuth had observed: 


them to attack the roots of clover. It now turns out that an ob- 
scure, though serious trouble, in alfalfa fields which has, up to the 


present time, puzzled agronomists was really due to the subter-_ 


THE CANADIAN ‘ENTOMOLOGIST 71 


' ranean attacks of the larve of this species on the roots of alfalfa. 


Thus, within five years, this insect has advanced from one of 
apparently little or no economic importance, to one of the pests of 
the alfalfa field that must be reckoned with by alfalfa growers in 


- future. 


_ In 1909 Mr. Hyslop, in his entomological investigations about 
Pullman, Washington, found that the larve of the moth Autographa 
gamma californica attacked alfalfa plants, but these injuries were 


- encountered so rarely that there did not appear to be any good 


reason for paying any special attention to the species. It was, 
however, convenient to carry on the observations, and in doing 
this Mr. Hyslop became impressed with the possibility that, in 
the event of its natural enemies becoming so reduced as to be 
unable to hold the species in check, it might become an insect of 
much more- economic importance than his observations at that 
time would indicate. But, here again, it was difficult to explain, 
clearly, the necessity for the expenditures of time and funds re- 
quired to carry out the investigation of the species, or to ask for 
the publication of the results. During the summer of 1914 the 
very conditions that it was thought might possibly come to pre- 
vail, did actually develop. Something transpired to prevent the 
development of the natural enemies of Autographa, in sufficient 
numbers to keep the pest in check, and as a result, throughout a 


number of the northwestern States, the species became a veritable 


scourge, and many letters were received complaining of its ravages. 


_ In June, 1884, Toxoptera graminum, now better known as the 
notorious green bug, was introduced into a breeding cage in northern 


Indiana, where the writer was temporarily located. Up to that 
_ time the species: was not known to occur in America excepting at 


one point, Cabin John Bridge, Maryland, a few miles north of 
Washington; and while, as later examination of the old records 
show, that the species had probably been injurious in Virginia two 
years prior to that date, at the time of the accidental introduction 


into the writer’s breeding cages, it was not known as a destructive 


insect at all, and therefore the investigation made at that time was 
barely warranted by its then economic importance. Since that 
time it has come to be one of the most destructive pests of the 


grain field, and is probably more dreaded by the grain growers of 


72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST \. 


‘northern Texas, Oklahoma, and southern Kansas ay any other 
insect. ‘ 
Stictocephala festina has not until within the last year or two 

come to be known as an insect of any economic importance. A 
few years ago Mr. .R. A. Cushman, at that time connected with 
the southern field crop insect investigations, found a few indi- 
viduals girdling the stems of alfalfa in Louisiana. The species 
was, so far as known, of so little importance that.a careful-in-_ 
vestigation was hardly justifiable. Later on its capabilities for 
seriously injuring the alfalfa became apparent, but still there was 
not sufficient information at hand to indicate that it would be 
likely at any time to become a serious pest. It was, however, 
carefully studied further by Mr. Wildermuth, and suddenly, from 
out of a stage of obscurity, so far as its alfalfa-destroying habits 
are concerned, it has jumped into prominence, by becoming 
seriously destructive during the summer of 1914 in the alfalfa 
fields of Virginia and some other States. 


Other similar instances might be brought forward, but the 
foregoing is sufficient to show the absolute necessity of carrying 
out, judiciously, investigations of insects likely to become injurious, 
whenever a favourable opportunity presents itself for doing so, 
regardless of what the previous record of these may have been. 
It has frequently happened that certain species have, to all appear- 
ances, come suddenly intO prominence and become immensely 
destructive to crops. Because of their previous supposedly lack ; 
of importance, no one having taken the time to investigate them, 4 
all inquiries for information relative thereto coming from those 
who suffered from their ravages, must be given the disappointing 
information that nothing whatever had been learned of their 
habits in any of their several stages of development. There are 
times when an entomologist may be and is criticised for what 
might appear as a wasteful ‘use of both time and funds in investi- 
gating insects not previously known to affect in any way the 
interests of husbandmen. But let him totally neglect these, and 
when one of them suddenly jumps into prominence, as is sooner or 
later bound to be the case with some of them, he will find himself 
equally, or perhaps even more, severely criticised because he 
thus finds himself unable to give a full explanation of the activities a 


~~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 73 


“of the pest and advise methods of control. All of this goes to 
emphasize the necessity of investigating carefully, and as 
thoroughly as possible, using proper judgment of course, insects 

and their attacks upon vegetation, regardless of whether they are 

- at the time injurious or not. It may be that, even at that very 
time, the insect is seriously injurious, but its injuries are of such 
an obscure nature as to be overlooked entirely or perhaps confused 
with those of some of the older and better known pests. Entomo- 
logical investigations cannot be undertaken, carried through, and 
completed by contract, as the erection of buildings, construction 

-of railways, or excavating of canals, but opportunities must be 
judiciously seized upon, and if the problem is followed faithfully 
wherever it may lead, one will be surprised at the number of 
instances like the foregoing, when the final outcome has more than 
justified the investigation. 


NOTES ON THE PUPATION OF THE HOUSE-FLY (MUSCA 
DOMESTICA) AND ITS MODE OF 
OVERWINTERING.* 


BY C. GORDON HEWITT, D. SC. 
DOMINION ENTOMOLOGIST, OTTAWA. 


4 The migratory habit of the larvee of Musca domestica evidenced 
__ prior to pupation has been observed by most of the investigators 

- who have studied the insect’s life history, and these observations 
have been collected by Hutchison (1914). Levy and Tuck (1913) 
appear to be the first workers to call attention to the practical 
value of this habit in fly control, and Hutchison has extended the 
work along lines that will undoubtedly provide us with an additional 
means of control of no little value. The principle involved is the 
capturing of the mature larve leaving the manure to pupate, in 
accordance with their usual custom, either in the cooler outer 
portions of the piles or in the subjacent soil. 

The migratory habit of the larva has also another interest, 
namely, its relation to the suppression of flies breeding in the 
usual type of insanitary privy and in latrines. While a few isolated 
observations have been made in India and elsewhere, I do not 
know of any exact record of the extent to which the larve migrate 


* Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, 


Ottawa. ~ 
March, 1915 


74. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


\ 


from the substance in which they have been feeding. Hutchison 
(l.c.) found that the majority of the pupz were scattered about 
the drier margins of the heaps of horse-manure, sheltered by the 
overhanging straw, and that whereas, in one heap, he found about 
9000 pupz in this position, not more than 100 were found below 
the soil. In this connection the following observation appears to 
be worthy of record. fee. 
Following the experiments which I carried out (1914) on the 
control of the larve by various insecticides, it was decided to 


examine the soil around and beneath the untreated and conse- 
quently natural heap of horse-manure with a view to ascertaining — 


the distance and depth travelled by the larve prior to pupation. 


Also it was desired to discover whether any of the insects were 


overwintering in the pupal state; to this aspect of the question I 
- shall return later. 2 Erte } 

The manure was removed on May 13th and the soil subjacent 
to and around the site of the pile was carefully removed and an 
approximate record was kept of the numerical abundance of the 
puparia at the different depths below the surface of the soil to a 
distance of about four feet. around the site. This task was carried 
out for me by Mr. S. N. Lord, towhom my thanks are due. The 
results of this examination of the soil, which was a sandy loam, 
are represented diagramatically in the accompanying figure. 


rm aa da ae 
igs FOCAL COL? 


FeeT Freer 
ae ie Bee 
bd . * t o> ve * 
i eae | 
AS 2 
3 3 


ste | ae 


Fig. 7.—Diagrammatic section through heap of manure and subjacent soil to show the migration 
of the larvee of Musca domestica. The drawing is to scale, distance and depth in feet-being 
indicated, The black dots in the soil represent the puparia. (Original). 


~ 


0 ee Se oe 


Oe we eee ae a 


4 
" ee a 


> ere Se ee ee 


‘~. 


Te de 


i 


"4 


_ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 75 


A few puparia were found directly beneath the manure pile 
to a depth of twelve inches. The greatest numbers occurred in 
the region about eighteen inches from the pile and at a depth of 
twelve inches to two feet from the surface; this is graphically 
shown in the figure; the puparia were also numerous immediately 
below the surface of the soil. The numbers then gradually de- 
creased proportional to the distance from the pile and dwindled 
away at a distance of about four feet from its base. 


_ This observation is of practical interest to the sanitarian as 
indicating the habits of the larve under normal conditions. It 
illustrates the ability of the flies to emerge from a depth of two 
feet, as particular attention was paid to condition of the puparia, 
and the flies had emerged from all the puparia other than those 
that had failed to develop. 


The Overwintering of the House-fly 

The question as to the state‘in which Musca domestica passes 
the winter has been discussed recently by several workers, and it 
seems desirable to review the subject again in so far as_my ex- 
perierice of conditions in the most northerly temperate latitudes 
of England and Canada are concerned. In my monograph on the 
house-fly (1914) the statement is made that three causes con-. 
tribute to the disappearance of the flies at the end of the summer, 
namely, retreat into hibernating quarters or into permanently 
heated places, natural death, and death from Empusa musce. 1 
must confess that the word “hibernation”’ has been used in too 
broad a sense by me, as it has not only implied a dormant state 
during the winter, which is the usually accepted meaning of the 
term, but it has also had reference to a possible and sometimes 
actual state of activity during the winter months. It is in this 
sense that the word “‘hibernation’’ was used, as will be gathered 
in reading the section under that heading, in the work referred to. 
It would be preferable to substitute the term ‘‘overwintering,” as 
this will adequately cover all conditions and developmental stages 
and will avoid a possible misuse of the term ‘“‘hibernation.”’ 


Taking all the evidence that is now available, it may be 
stated that in northerly latitudes Musca domestica exists in the 
overwintering period in the following states: 


76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


1. Dormant.—In cool retreats where suitable shelter and - 


protection may be found; here flies may truly hibernate. 


2. Periodically active-——In premises where an increased tem- 


perature produces activity in the fly which would otherwise be 
inactive and dormant. 

3. Permanently active—The gradation between the former 
state, and this would be governed by temperature and the pres- 
ence of food. Permanently active flies have been found by my- 
self and other observers in every month of the winter season from 
November to March. I have dissected such flies from Decem- 
ber to March and found them capable of reproduction in many 
instances. Such flies are found in warm bakehouses, kitchens, 
restaurants and stables. Jepson (1909) used such flies for 
breeding experiments in February. 

4. In the immature stages—The previous states, Nos. 1 to 3, 
are based on actual observations. “That in northerly latitudes M. 


domestica may be found in the developmental stages (egg, larva or - 


pupa) is a statement that has only, so far as I know, a theoretical 
and experimental basis. It should be possible, one would think, 
to find M. domestica breeding in permanently warm places, such as 
stables where larval food is present. In many Stables, however, 
the temperatures are very variable, and this fact would lengthen 
the different stages very considerably. Personally, I have so far 
failed to discover evidence of M. domestica breeding under natural 
conditions during the winter months in the latitudes of Ottawa 
(Canada) and England, but observations indicate the possibility 
of such an occurrence in the presence of suitable conditions. 


In the light of the evidence at present available, I think we 
are still justified in regarding the dormant and periodically active 
states during the overwintering period as the usual occurrence in 
- northerly latitudes. But there is no doubt that where circum- 
stances render state No. 3 possible, it Contributes very materially 
to an increase in the number of available and active flies early in 
the spring. I have always held the same view as that suggested 
by Copeman and Austen (1914): ‘‘That the relative lateness of 
the season at which house-flies annually become abundant may be 
due to the smallness of the number-of individuals that, in an active 
condition, survive the winter in houses. or other buildings.”’ This 


{ ; 
ea Se - 


' 
—— Te a ee Tf 


ae SF 


LL 


PAP ln ine 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 77 


idea was supported by my observations in the state of the repro- 
ductive organs of a portion of the flies found and dissected during 
the winter months. ~ 


The last contribution to our knowledge on this subject is the 
report of Copeman and. Austen, quoted above, on the results of 
an examination of the species of flies collected in houses, etc., 
during the winter months. They state: ‘“‘In conclusion, it would 
appear that the customary explanation of the perpetuation of the 
house-fly from year to year has now been fairly tested, and that 
the evidence obtained fails to support it. If, however, during the 
season of greatest fly-prevalence, a selection were made of several 
centres in which house-flies were present in sufficiently large 
numbers, it would be worth while during the following winter to 
endeavour to discover whether living pupz could be found in any 
considerable quantity in the local breeding-places.”’ 

One serious objection prevents my agreement with their 
conclusion. The evidence contained in their report points to the 
fact that practically all the specimens of M. domestica that were 
received were caught in an active condition, and there is no evi- 
dence submitted to show that any of their correspondents found 
these flies as a result of searching for them in the hiding places 
from which Jepson and I have recorded them. In view of this 


- objection the facts submitted by Copeman and Austen cannot be 


fairly considered as failing to support the explanation usually 
given. I may say I have repeatedly applied the test they suggest, 
and in no case have I been able to find either in England or Canada 
living pupee of M. domestica under outdoor conditions during the 


‘winter. Nor has it ever been possible in my breeding experiments 


in Canada and in England to carry the insect through the winter in 
the pupal state. In the experiment described in the first part of this 
paper a special effort was made to find living puparia among several 
thousand examined, and not a single healthy puparium was discov- 
ered; all were either empty or had failed todevelop. Had specimens 


_ been overwintering in the pupal condition, it is reasonable to expect 


that living puparia would have been found in the early part of May, 
as the adults could not have emerged earlier than that date under 
Ottawa conditions. It is a matter, however, that requires more 


‘observations in different localities, but until evidence is secured 


v8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of the insect overwintering in the pupal state we shall be justified 
in believing from the facts available that in northerly latitudes 
Musca domestica is accustomed normally to overwinter in- ihe 
adult state. : 

In more southerly latitudes, where the mean temperature is 
much higher and where the activity of the flies is practically 
continuous throughout the winter months, one would expect the 
occurrence of the insect in an active condition and of the various 
stages of its development during this period, although the duration 
of such developmental stages would be lengthened. This has been 
found to be the case in New Orleans, Florida, in the valuable 
investigation of the Bureau of Entomology of the United States, 
Department of Agriculture, according to the verbal statement of 
Mr. F. C. Bishopp. 

LITERATURE REFERRED TO: 


1. Copeman, S. M., and Austen, E.E—‘‘Do House-flies 
Hibernate?”’ Reports to the Local Government Board on Public 


Health and Medical Subjects. Further Reports (No. 7) on Flies as’ 


Carriers of Infection, pp. 6-26, 1914. 

| 5. Levy, E.C., and Tuck, W.T.—‘‘The Maggot Trap—A New 
Weapon in our Warfare aginst the Typhoid Fly.’’ Amer. Journ. 
Public Health, Vol. III, No. 7, pp. 657-660, 1918. : 

4. Hutchison, R.H.—‘The Migratory Habit of the House-fly 
Larve as indicating a Favourable Remedial Measure. An Account 
of Progress.”” Bull. No. 14, U. S. Dept. Agric., Washington, 11 pp., 
1914. 


Habits and Control of the House-fly, Musca domestica.” Journ. 
Econ. Ent., Vol. VII, No. 3, pp. 281-289, 2 pp., 1914. 

3. Hewitt, C.G—‘*The House-fly Musca domestica Linn. Its 
Structure, Habits, Development, Relation to Disease and Con- 
trol,” pp. XVI+382, 104 figs. and map. Cambridge Uni. Press 
(England), 1914. 


PHYLLOPHILOPSIS, new name—Phyllophila Townsend, Proc: 
Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVIII, 21, is preoccupied, and Phyllophilopsis, 
new name, is hereby proposed to take its place. 

CHARLES H. T. TOWNSEND. 


2. Hewitt, C. G—‘Further Observations on the Breeding | 


ee ee ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79 


NEW EXOTIC TIPULID (DIPTERA). 
_ BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, ITHACA, N. Y.* 
The following species of crane-flies have been received from 
various correspondents during the past year. 
Genus Dicranomyia Stephens. 
1829. Dicranomyia Stephens; Cat. Brit. Ins., Vol. I, p. 243. 


Dicranomyia fullowayi, sp. n. (Fig. 8). 

Small, body coloration brown; wings hyaline with grey spots; 
Sc short, ending opposite the origin of Rs. 

Male.—Length 3.8 mm.; wing 4.8 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi. dark brown. Antenne short, dark brown. ~< 
Head brownish grey. 


Fig. 8.—Dicranomyia fullowayi. 


.. ‘ Thoracic dorsum brown without distinct stripes or markings 
- of any kind; postnotum brownish grey. Pleure dark brownish 
black. Halteres light yellow. Legs with the coxe and trochanters 
dull yellow; femora brown, paler at the base; tibize and tarsi brown. 
| Wings hyaline or nearly so with grey spots as follows: At end of 
f Sc and origin of Rs at end of R: and cross-vein 7, along the cord 
| and outer end of cell 1st M2, a blotch in the middle of cell 2nd Ri 
near the costa, a large blotch on vein Rss clouds at the ends of 
~ most of the veins, a blotch on M before the middle, a blotch at 
the arculus, two large spots in cell /st A touching vein 2nd A. 
Venation as in figure—Sc short ending about opposite the origin of 
Rs, Rs half again‘as long as the deflection of Rass cell 1st M2 very long, 
basal deflection of Cu: just beyond the fork of M. 
Abdomen dark brown, the last segment and the ovipositor 
more yellowish. 
Habitat.—Island of Guam, Ladrones. 


*From the Department of Entomology, Cornell University. 
» March, 1915 


80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Holotype, 7, Guam, Ladrones, D. T. Fulloway, coll. Nov 1384. | 


Dicranomyia guttula, sp. n. (Fig. 9.) 

Brown; wings hyaline with gray spots along the veins; Se. 
short ending opposite the origin of Rs. ie 

Female.—Length 4.5—5 mm; wing, 5.7—6.4 mm. 

Rostrum, palpi and antenne dark brown. Head grey. 

Thoracic prescutum rich yellowish brown with indications of 
darker markings behind; scutum similar with an indistinct darker | 
spot on either lobe in front; postnotum light brown with a faint 
whitish bloom. Pleurz brown, the dorsal sclerites, including those _ 
of the neck, around to the halteres, dark brown. Halteres light 
brown, the knob darker. Legs with the coxe and trochanters 
yellow, femora dull yellow, tibiz and tarsi light brown. Wings 
hyaline, the veins with abundant grey spots at short intervals 
producing a speckled appearance. . Venation as in the figure—sSc - 
_ short ending just beyond the origin of Rs, Sce being exactly opposite — 
the origin of Rs, cell 7st M2 long and narrow, the outer deflection 
of Ms long and arcuated, over twice as long as cross-vein m, basal 
deflection of Cui just beyond the fork of M: 


Fig. 9.—Dicranomyia guttula. 


Abdominal tergites brown, tip of the abdomen, including ovi-. 
positor, yellowish; sternites yellowish. 

Habitat—Lor Marquez, South Africa. 

Holotype, 2 , Lor Marquez, Africa, C. W. Howard, coll. No. 14. 

Paratype, 2, topotypic. 3 

From D, irrorata Endérlein (Zool. Jahrb., vol. 32, pt. 1, p. 74, 
75, fig. Vi) this species differs in having Sc short and in Feasts 
the spots on the wings confined to the veins. 


Genus Libnotes Westwood. 
1876. Libnotes Westwood; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 505. 


Libnotes picta, sp. n. (Fig. 10.) 


Colour “intel the thoracic dorsum with six rounded black “a 


nn eee eee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 81 


-marks; wings hyaline with scanty brown spots including three 
along the costa; cross-vein 7 at the tip of Ri. 


Male. —Length about 6 mm.; wing, 7.1 mm. 

Rostrum. yellowish, the ey segments of the palpi light 
brown, the apical segments dark brown. Antenne with the basal 
segment brown, the remainder of the antennz dull yellow. Head 
brown with a thick light grey bloom. . 

Thoracic dorsum light yellow, the prescutum with four black 
marks, a pair on either side of the middle line about midlength of 
the sclerite, contiguous on their inner faces; a larger mark on the 
sides of the sclerite near the end of the suture; scutum with a very 
large rounded mark on each lobe; scutellum with the caudal margin 
narrowly brown; postnotum with two pale brown rounded markings 
behind, one on either side of the median line, but separated from 
one another. Pleurz vellowish white. WHalteres pale, knob a 
little darker. Legs with the coxe and trochanters pale vellow, 


Fig. 10.—Libnotes picta. 


femora light yellow, the tip narrowly dark brown; tibiz dull yellow, 
_ the tip narrowly dark brown, tarsal segments 1 and 2 dull yellow, 


the tips narrowly darker, segments 3 to 5 brown. Wings hyaline 
Pp j 


with small brown marks a5 follows: a large rectangular blotch at 


the orgin of Rs, a rounded stigmal spot, narrow seams along the 


cord and along the outer end of cell /s¢ M2, the tip of the wing is 


narrowly infuscated, base of the wing in the vicinity of the arculus 
clouded with brown; veins yellow, brown inside the markings on 
the membrane. Venation as in figure. 

Abdomen dull light yellow. 

Habitat.—Island of Guam, Ladrones. 

Holotype, co, Guam, Ladrones, D. T. Fulloway, coll, 
No. 1226. 

By means of Osten Sacken’'s key to the species of this genus 
(Berl. Ent. Zeit., Vol. XXXI, pt. 2, p. 182, 183), L. picta would 


82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


run down to the first group of species, but runs out by its hyaline 
wings with spots. By de Meijere’s key (Tijd. voor Ent., vol. 54, 


p. 33, 34) it would run down to L. notata Wulp, a much larger : " 


insect with entirely different body-coloration. 


Genus Molophilus Curtis. 
1833. Molophilus Curtis; Brit. Ent., p. 444. 


Molophilus sirius, sp. n. (Fig. 11.) 


Body coloration dark brown; hypopygium of the male with two 
pairs of chitinized appendages which are finely denticulate at the tip. 

Male.—Length 3.5 mm.; wing, 5.4 mm. 

Female.—Length 4.8 mm.; wing, 5.5 mm. . As 

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne broken. Head 
brownish grey, the occiput paler behind. . 

Pronotum and anterior margin of the mesonotal prascutum 
pale whitish yellow, remainder of the prascutum brown, the space 
before the pseudosutural fovez yellow, the foveze and tuberculate 
pits dark brown; lobes of the scutum dark brown; scutellum and 
postnotum brown. Pleure brown. Halteres with the knobs very 
large, elongate, stem brown, knobs paler. Legs with the coxee and 
trochanters dull dark yellow, remainder broken. Wings hyaline 
or nearly so, the veins rather pale with abundant long dark brown 
hairs. Venation as in the figure. 


r 


ea 


Fig. 11.—Molophilus sirius. 


Abdomen dark brown, the valves of the ovipositor brownish 
yellow. Male hypopygium with the ventral-lying pleural appen- 


dages fleshy, long, slender and finger-like, clothed with long hairs; 


underneath these fleshy lobes are a pair of chitinized hooks, straight 
basally, curved ventrad and inward at their tips and on the under 
face with several small teeth. Dorsad of these are a pair of shorter _ 
chitinized appendages, almost straight, the dorsal face near the tip — 
with minute teeth. Dorsal lobes, short, rounded at tip, flat, 


—— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83 


clothed Suitwardly with long pale hairs, on the inner or ventral 
face with numerous black chitinized points. 

Habitat.—Phillippine Islands. 

Holotype, &, Phillippine Islands, July. Labelled ‘‘F. Casey, 
Wash. Thru Miss Ludlow.”’ 

ene yPe, 2 , topotypic. 


Genus Mongoma Westwood. 
1881. Mongoma Westwood; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 364. 


Mongoma guamensis, sp. n. 

Fragillima group; colour dark brown; no white on the legs. 

Male.—Length 6.8 mm.; wing, 7.1 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi yellowish brown. Antenne brownish 
yellow, the flagellar segments elongate, brown, clothed with abun- 


~ dant pale hairs. Head grey. 


Fig. 12.—Mongoma guamensis. 


Thoracic dorsum light brown, the pleure lighter coloured, 
more yellowish, especially ventrally. Halteres light brownish 
yellow, the knobs darker. Legs with. the coxae and trochanters 
dull yellow, femora dark brown, paler at the base, tibiae dark brown, 
tarsi much paler, almost yellow. Wings hyaline, the stigma 
indistinct; veins dark brown. Venation as in figure. 

Abdominal ‘tergites brownish grey; sternites more yellowish. 

Habitat —Island of Guam, Ladrones. 

Holotype. #, Guam, Ladrones, D. T. Fulloway coll. No. 1385. 

This species diflers from all of the related regional species of 
the fragillima group by the lack of white on the legs, pennipes O.S., 
tenera O. S., and pallidiventris Brun. having the tarsi snowy-white. 
M. cariniceps End. from Sumatra is a very different insect from 
any of these species and is easily separated by its large size and _ 
orange colour. M. albipennis Meij. from Java is larger than 


guamensis and has the wings and veins whitish. 


84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


INQUILINE BUMBLE-BEES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 


BY F. W. L. SLADEN, APICULTURIST, CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, 
OTTAWA. 


Having been informed by Mr. R. C. Treherné ot a nest of 
bumble-bees in his garden at the foot of the mountain at Agassiz, 
B. C., I dug it up on July 7, 1914. The nest was found at about 
18 inches from the surface. It contained an old queen of Bombus 
flavifrons and about half a dozen workers of the same species; 
also the well-preserved body of a female of Psithyrus insularis Sm., 


and several unopened cocoons, out of one of which I extracted a © 


male, nearly ready to hatch, of Psithyrus consultus Frank. The 
occurrence of Psithyrus in this nest is of considerable interest, 
for Franklin said in his recent monograph of the Bombide of 
North America (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XX XV, page 448), “There 
is not yet a single new world account of a Psithyrus having been 
found in a bumble-bee’s nest.” 


Moreover, several noteworthy conclusions are indicated. 


Corroboration of a new and highly convincing kind is given 
to the already well-founded belief (id., page 458), that consultus 
is the male of insularis, for the female insularis was in all probability 
the mother of the male consultus. It may be remarked that the 
name insularis has priority. 


Second, Ps. insularis is evidently parasitic upon B. flavifrons 
in British Columbia. In Eastern Canada (insularis is common at 
Ottawa) it must prey upon some other species of Bombus, for 
flavifrons is not found in the east. Probably, however, it lives 
with several species in both regions. ; 

Third, Ps. insularis does not apparently kill the Bombus queen, 


as I have found Ps. vestalis and rupestris do in England (“The © 


Humble Bee,’’ page 60), but both females seem to live together in 
the nest, laying eggs. (The death of the insuralis female was 


evidently due to age or accident.) This seems to be in accord | 


with Hoffer’s observations on Psithyrus campestris, the Old World 
representative of insularis. He found Ps. campestris living on 
good terms with its hosts, B. agrorum and helferanus, both queens 


producing young (Die Schmarotzerhummeln Steirmarks, page 101). 
March, 1915 ae 


——— wo 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85 


A NEW APHID FROM FLORIDA. 


BY GEORGE G. AINSLIE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
Carolinaia cyperi, n. sp. 

Alate viviparous female—General colour black. Head, thorax 
and abdomen shining black, the latter with a greenish tinge in 
strong light. Eyes dark red, almost black. Antenne black, 
appearing brownish in strong light, shorter than body, reaching 
beyond middle of abdomen, situated on very flat frontal tubercles, 
6-segmented. Antennal segment VI with basal portion less than 
half as long as spur and shorter than IV, III about two-thirds as 
long as spur, five to seven, generally six, large round sensoria in a 
row on III, the usual ones at tip of [V and at base of spur. Rostrum 
dusky yellow, short, reaching just beyond first coxa. Wings 
hyaline with strong black veins, stigma dusky, articulation greenish, 

- venation of fore wings regular, hind wings with but.one cross vein. 
Legs dusky yellow, tarsi and distal extremities of femora and 
tibie black. Cornicles dusky yellow, sometimes with reddish 
tinge, robust, swollen on inner side, largest about two-thirds out 
_. from base, with a sharp constriction and a flaring ring at tip 
which is turned slightly outward, carried closely appressed to the 
_ body pointing toward the cauda. Cauda dusky yellow, conical, 
_ retracted in life. 


Measurements—Length of body 1.40 mm., width .65 mm. 
_ Length of antennal segments: I .071 mm., II .053 mm., IIT .212- 

.265, aver. .245 mm., IV .141-.177, aver. .157 mm., V_ .159-.194, © 
aver. .177 mm., VI base, .123-.159, aver. .147 mm., spur, .335- 
406, aver. .378 mm. (averages from ten antenna). Total-length 
- 1.213 mm. Wings, fore wing, length 2.29 mm., width .84 mm., 
hind wing, length 1.21 mm., width .33 mm., total wing expanse 
- 5.15 mm. Cornicle, length .212 mm., width .053 mm. Cauda, 
length .106 mm. © 


Apterous viviparous female—General colour black with a sepia 
tinge and shining with a metallic lustre. Surface of head, thorax 
and abdomen: minutely rugose or shagreened. Body flattened, 
_ turtle-shaped, with lateral margins prominent and often furrowed. 
_ Antenne 6-segmented, I, II, V and VI dark with yellowish tinge, 


| i III and IV paler, the articulation between III and IV though 
Match, 1915 . 


86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


sometimes not complete is always indicated, a single sensorium 
near tip of IV and the usual group at base of spur. Legs dusky 
yellow, tarsi and distal extremities of femora of second and third 
pairs darker. Cornicles and cauda as in alate form, the former 
_ closely appressed to the abdomen in life. 

Measurements—Length of body 1.63 mm., width .93 mm.. 
Length of antennal segments, I .07 mm., II .05 mm., III .14-.176, 
- aver. .16 mm., IV .088-.124, aver. .10 mm., V .106-.124, aver. 
.12 mm., VI base .088-.106, aver: .10 mm., spur .212-.247, aver. 
.23 mm., total length .839 mm. Eoenicles: length .265 mm. 
Cauda, length .088 mm. 

Pupa— Head, thorax and abdomen dark mottled green. 
Antenne dusky yellow at base, shading to almost black at tip. - 
Eyes dark red. Wing pads pale yellow with greenish tinge. Legs 
pale yellow. Cornicles as in alate form, though more robust. 
Cauda not apparent. Length of body 1.26 mm., width .79 mm. 

The young are pale yellow or greenish when born and gradually 
darken as they approach maturity. 

The species agrees well with Wilson's definition of the genus, 
except that the apterous forms have indistinctly 6-segmented 
antennz instead of 5-segmented as he gives it. The division 
between III and IV is plainly indicated in all the specimens I 
have seen and in many is complete. 

This aphid was first found at Lakeland, Florida, in N ovaenkiee: 
1912. Further observations’ were made during the following 
winter and during the winter of 1913-14.. Specimens were sent to 
Mr. J. J. Davis and Mr. J. T. Monell, both of whom pronounced 
it anew species of Carolinaia. 1am indebted to them and especially 
to Mr. J. J. Davis for assistance in the preparation of this paper. 

The species appears to be rather generally distributed through- ~ 
out Florida, for it has been taken at a number of places throughout 
the state and as far north as Gainesville. Cyperus esculentus, — 
which in its wild form is the pestiferous nut-grass.of the south and 
in cultivation is known as the chufa, is its only observed food 
plant. It thrives on chufa in cages. and colonizes it readily when 
available in the field. Other species of Cyperus growing in close 
proximity to infested plants of esculentus were examined repeatedly, 
but the aphid was never found on them. 


/ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. | 87 


Notwithstanding its dark colour, it is a very inconspicuous 
: species, for it lives only on the under side of the leaves, where it 
_ forms large colonies, the apterous adults lying in a single regular 
_ row on each side of the midrib with the small forms crowded in. 
among them. It is surprising how many can exist in this way on 
_ the lower side of one leaf. No matter how crowded they may be 
_ on the under surface, they never feed on the upper surface, and 
_ the leaves seem never to show the slightest effect of their presence. 

S The alate forms are very seldom found in the larger colonies, for 
4 ~ they leave the group as soon as matured to establish new ones on 
ES uninfested plants. 


| _ “It has not been followed throughout an entire season. When. 
first found in November the colonies, then rather small, consisted 
of apterous adults, young, and an occasional alate form. In 
a January almost every plant in the field bore large colonies, but 
winged adults.were very scarce. When, however, some of the infested 
~ plants were transferred to a cage, winged forms appeared at once, 
_ indicating that they had been developing, but leaving the parent 
a petony as soon as mature. The Jarge colonies persisted in the field 


; ‘when predaceous enemies - began to make serious inroads ans 

_ them. Previous to this the weather, while not freezing, had been 

; cool enough to suppress most insect activity. From this time on 

_ the colonies grew smaller and more scattered, for Coccinellids and 

_ Syrphids became so numerous that no colony long remained . 
- unmolested. Small -scattering colonies were still present at the, 
Fs time of my last observations late in May. No sexes have been 

~ found, and it is most likely that the species can winter exposed on 

_ its food plant in any normal season. In evidence of this, I have 

_ just received a letter from Mr. R. N. Wilson from Gainesville, 

_ Florida, dated November 27, 1914, in which he states that a recent 

cold snap froze the nut-grass back to the ground, and that the 

aphids are not numerous, but at the same time he sent a good 

_ Supply of them taken in the open. How they fare in summer, 

aw hen the unshaded sand is heated to 130 to 150 degrees F. by the 

sun, I have not had opportunity to observe. 


Coccinella sanguinea and Baccha clavata were the most common 
of ‘the predaceous enemies though other species of Coccinellids 


88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and Syrphids were present in smaller numbers. Numbers of 
parasites were reared from the larve and pupz of these predators, 
among them several undescribed species of Hymenoptera. In- 
ternal parasites were not in evidence, and only a few aphids killed 
by them were seen. Possibly in summer they are more efficient. 
Aside from insect enemies, the most serious foe of the nut-grass 
aphid is the hard dashing rain, which becomes more frequent in 
May and June. The fine sand is driven against the lower surface 
of the leaves with such force by the splashing rain-drops that most 
of the aphids are beaten off or killed, and after two or three such 
showers it is often difficult to find more than a few scattered indi- 
viduats. 8 


Records of a few individuals more closely observed follow. 


On January 20 a migrant taken from the field was put on a potted 


nut-grass plant. While the plant remained fresh apterous adults 
developed, and by January 31 a number of these were producing 
young. February 2 the original migrant was still producing young, 
but the plant had begun to deteriorate. February 11 the plant 
was practically dead, killed by a larva of Bactra lanceolana, so the 
few aphids remaining were transferred to a fresh plant. February 
19 alate forms began to appear, and between that date and April 7, 
when the plant finally died from neglect, 181 winged forms were 
removed, practically all that were produced ee that period 
having developed wings. 

An alate vivipara maturing January 22 was placed on a caged 
plant. Up to March 6, when she disappeared, she had given birth 
to 51 young at the rate of one, two or three per day. 


THE SYMMETRY OF INSECTS. 
BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. 


All insects are bilaterally symmetrical, or, in other words, the 
two lateral halves of an-insect are alike, and symmetry can be 
defined as a pleasing equality of parts. Bilateral symmetry is 
sometimes known as horizontal dual symmetry, inasmuch as 
bilaterally symmetrical objects are usually oriented from a middle 


point or portion and exploited by equal movements of the eyes to ~ ; 
the right and to the left, which is the natural method. Asa result, 


March, 1915 


Be ae ee 


4 

x 
i 
F 
r 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 89 


the aesthetic value of dual symmetry is greater in the horizontal 
than in the vertical. 
In addition, other forms of symmetry can be found in insects, 


due to the arrangement of wings, venation and colour patterns. 


In fact, aesthetic appreciation of insects is due to many factors, 
among which are symmetry, proportion, intensity and arrangement 
of colours and experience and familiarity with the insects in ques- ~ 
tion. 

In the Lepidoptera horizontal dual symmetry is quite common, 
but in addition the lateral halves of many members possess radiating 
symmetry by reason of radiating wings and veins. The repetition 


of certain designs or colour spots arranged in curves or lines can 


be called running symmetry, and at times rotating symmetry is 
found, as, for example, the circular spots of Automeris io. Ina 
few instances lepidopterous insects are exploited by movements of 
the eyes above and below the horizontal line formed by the pos- 
terior edges of the first pair of wings. In many individual butter- 
flies and moths nearly all of the above forms of symmetry can. be 
found, and when such a multiplicity occurs the insect assumes a 
complexity, which may or may not, according to one’s training, 
be viewed with esthetic pleasure. 

Members of the Diptera possess in the main horizontal dual 
symmetry, and at times radiating symmetry of the wing veins. 
Many of the Hymenoptera present radiating symmetry due to 


_ their narrow wings radiating from the thorax, although all four 


elements are not equal. In mounted specimens the arrangement 


of the legs also tends to induce divergent radiating exploitation. 


In the Orthoptera the expanded hind wings of the Acridiide 
contain intense radiating elements, and many of the Odonata 


possess a four-fold radiating symmetry due to the radiation of 


their narrow equal wings. In the majority of the Orthoptera and 
Hemiptera dual symmetry in the horizontal is most apparent. 
While some members are exploited in different ways, very few of 
such movements induce what is known as esthetic pleasure. 
Many of the Coleoptera, in addition to possessing horizontal ° 
dual symmetry, which is not very apparent at times, also exhibit 
proportion or a pleasing inequality of parts shown in the proportion 
between the length and width of the insect. To many persons 


90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


_ the rectangle is more pleasing than the square because of its variety. 
' For example, the Coccinellide are not as pleasing as to form as 
the Elaterida. Symmetry at times becomes monotonous. Some 
members of this order are exploited horizontally from the vertical 
line formed by the inner edges of the wing covers and others, 
vertically above and below the upper edge of the abdomen or 
markings on the abdomen, while still others will impress one at — 
‘the first only with their pleasing or displeasing inequality of parts. 

Some of the Odonata also exhibit a pleasing inequality of 
parts, especially those which are T-shaped when spread. 

Aesthetic pleasure depends in part upon certain habitual 
methods of orientation and exploitation, such as the movement of 
the eyes and attention upwards which is preferred to a movement 
downwards, a movement from the eyes of left to right, which is 
preferred to the opposite movement, and proportion, which is ~ 
more pleasing in some cases than symmetry. As mentioned - 
before, symmetry and proportion are only two of the many factors 
-contributing to the total result known as esthetic appreciation of . 
insects. 


— 


THE CADDIS-FLIES (TRICHOPTERA) OF JAPAN.—II. ° 

BY WARO NAKAHARA, TOKYO, JAPAN. 

(Continued from Vol. XLV, p. 327.) 
Family Limnophilide. 

Of this family I recognize six genera as occurring in Japan, 
viz., Glyphotaelius, Nemotaulius, Grammotaulius, Limnophilus, — 
Noihopsyche, and Moropsyche. : : 

Genus Glyphotelius Steph. 
1. Glyphotzlius admorsus MacLachlan. 
Glyphotelius admorsus MacLachlan—Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 
(3) V, p. 250 (1866); Hagen, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XXIII, 
p. 446 (1873); Matsumura, Thous. Ins. Jap., I, p. 167, pl. XII, 
fig. 4, @ (1904); Ulmer, Cat. Coll. Selys, VI, p. 16, figs. 24 and 25, 
‘pl. I, fig. 4 (1907); Ulmer, Deutch. Ent. Zeit., p. 340 (1908). 

Habitat—Hondo (Gifu, Okayama, Tokyo, Inokashira, near 
Tokyo, Osaka, Teganuma, -etc.); Kiushin (Yanagawa, Prov. 
Chikugo). . 


March, 1915 


. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST . 91 


Time of appearance—April to June. 
2. Glyphoteelius miyakei, sp. nov. 3 
Head lurid reddish brown, covered with minute whitish hairs; 


vertex blackish; narrowly yellowish around eye; palpi fuscous. 


Antenna fuscous, some terminal joints suffused with yellow. Eye 
shiny black. 
Pronotum covered with whitish hairs, divided in the middle 


_by a longitudinal line. Mesothorax fuscous. Metathorax some- 


_ what yellowish. 


ya OR 


- 


Legs yellowish, tibia II and tarsi of all legs more or-less suffused 
with fuscous; spines black or fuscous black; spurs yellow. 

Fore-wing tinged with brownish yellow, rather strongly pro- 
duced at apex and sinuated at apical margin; apical half of the 
wing slightly clouded with greyish; hyaline oblique band in the 
discal area of the wing entirely wanting; a few black stripes and dots 
along cubital and anal veins; pterostigma quite indistinct; hind . 
marginal area of the wing not marked with special colour. 

_ Hind-wing hyaline, colourless, excepting the apical area and 
pterostigma, which are slightly tinged with yellowish; venation 
yellowish. 

Abdomen dark brown above, somewhat paler on ventral side. 
In the male the 9th abdominal segment is produced at its posterior — 
margin into a triangular portion, the edge of which is directed 
downwards and beset with few soft hairs; superior appendage 


‘small, piceous, and subquadrate; inferior appendage very large, 


not parted in the middle by an impressed line; penis very long, 


suddenly dilated a little before its apex, with a hairy accessory 


process on each side. : 
Length of body 13 mm.; fore-wing 20 mm.; hind-wing 16 mm. 
Type—A single male obtained at Matsuyama, Prov. lyo, 
Shikoku, in my collection. 
This species is respectfully dedicated to Dr. T. Miyake, at 
whose suggestion and through whose kindness | was able to take 


‘up the study of Japanese caddis-fliés. 


This species is very closely allied to G. admorsus, but can be 


distinguished by the markings of the fore-wing and the structure of 


the male genitalia. 


92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Genus Nemotaulius Banks. 
3. Nemotaulius brevilinea (MacLachlan). 


Grammotaulius brevilinea MacLachlan, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., 
Zool., XI, p. 107, pl. II, fig.1, 9 (1871); Hagen, Verh. zool.-bot. 
Ges. Wien., XXIII, p. 453 (1873) ; MacLachlan, Rev. Syn. Trichopt. _ 
Europ. Fauna, p. 34 (1894); Matsumura, Thous, Ins. Jap., I, 
p. 169, pl. XII, fig. 7, 2 (1904). 

Nemotaulius brevilinea Banks, Proc. Entom. Soc. Wash., VII, 
p. 107 (1906); Ulmer, Genera Insectorum, Trichoptera, p. 40 
(1907); Ulmer, Deutch; Ent. Zeit., p. 341 (1908). 

Glyphotelius subsinuatus Ulmer, Notes Lyden Mus., XXVIII, 
p. 5, figs. 5, 6, 7 (1906) ; Ulmer, Gen. Ins., Trichopt., p. 40 (1907); 
Ulmer, Deutch. Ent. Zeit., p. 341 (1908). 

MacLachlan’s original description of this species is sufficiently 
precise, except in that his types were females. There is no doubt 
in my mind that the form described by Ulmer under the name of 
Glyphotelius subsinuatus is the male of thisspecies. 

- Habitat—Hondo (Gifu, Kangawa, Yokohama, Tsuchiura, 
Teganuma, Kyoto, etc.); Hokkaido (Sapporo); Shikoku (Matsu- 
yama). 

~ Possibly of general distribution in: Japan. 

Time of appearance—April to June. 


Genus Grammotaulius Kolenati. 
4. Grammotaulius ornatus, sp. nov. 
Head reddish brown, covered with hairs of pale yellow; a 


rather deeply impressed longitudinal line on vertex; narrowly pale 


yellow around eye; maxillary and labial palpi fulvous brown, 
apical joint of the latter blackish; antenna yellowish, with rather 
indistinct brownish annulations. 

Prothorax reddish brown with a median impressed line above; — 


covered with minute pale yellow hairs; beset with long fuscous © - 


hairs on both sides. Mesothorax fuscous black; median part of 
notum reddish brown, furnished with minute tubercles and hairs; 
tegule brown, beset with long blackish hairs. Metathorax en- 


~ tirely dark brown. Legs yellowish; spurs and spines fuscous black. 


Fore-wing semi-hyaline, slightly tinged with brownish yellow; — 


an oblique broad hyaline band in discal area, both sides of the — E 


La Nye res 
¥ aay eh teas na 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 93 


band marked with large fuscous spots, several small fuscous spots 
in the area between radius and its sector; a large hyaline mark, 


with a few fuscous spots in, at the outside of discal cell; apical 
marginal area rather irregularly marked with fuscous. 

Hind-wing hyaline and nearly colourless, slightly tinged with 
yellowish at apex. 

Abdomen fuscous black, hind margin of most segments some- 
what paler. Female with two slender, hairy processes at the apex 
of the abdomen. 

Male unknown. 

Length of body 13 mm.; fore-wing 16 mm.; hind-wing 14 mm. 

The type is a single female in my collection. It was captured 


by Mr. Arakawa at Uwajima, Prov. Iyo, Shikoku, in May, 1913. 


Genus Limnophilus Leach. 
5. Limnophilus correptus MacLachlan. 


Limnophilus correptus MacLachlan, Rev. Syn. Trichopt. Eur. 
Fauna. Suppl. II, p. 18, pl. LIII, fig. 3 (1880); MacLachlan, First 


-add. Suppl., p. 5 (1884); Matsumura, Thous. Ins. Jap., I, p. 171, 


pl. XII, fig. 10, 9 (1904); Ulmer, Deutch. Ent. Zeit., p. 341 (1908). 

Limnophilus borealis Ulmer, Cat. Coll. Zool. Selys, VI (1), > 
p. 17, figs. 26, 27 (1907), nec Zetterstedt. | 

(?) Limnophilus borealis Ulmer, Deutch. Ent. Zeit,, p. 341 
(1908). The Japanese form recorded by Ulmer as L. borealis can 
not be that species. He could not have examined a specimen in 
good condition, or he would never have considered the form identical 
with borealis, from which it is in reality quite distinct. 

The wing-markings of this species vary to a remarkable extent. 

Habitat—Hokkaido (Sapporo, Hokodate); Shikoku (Uwajima, 
prov. Iyo). Outside of Japan—China, Amurland. 

Time of appearance—Unknown. 


6. Limnophilus fuscovittatus Matsumura, 

Limnophilus fuscovittatus Matsumura, Thous. Ins, Jap., I, 
p. 171, pl. XI, fig. 18, 9 (1904); Matsumura, Syst. Ent. (Konchu 
bunruigaku), I, p. 190 (1907). 

Limnophilus subfuscus Ulmer—Cat. Coll. Zool. Selys, VI (1), 
p. 20, figs. 32-35 (1907); Ulmer, Deutch. Ent. Zeit., p. 341 (1908). 


94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The L. subfuscus described by Ulmer is apparently identical 
with L. fuscovittatus, which was overlooked by him. The original 
description of this species, which is not a bad one and is accom- 
panied by a figure, cannot be considered unrecognizable, though 
written in the Japanese language, for the latter is certainly not to 
be regarded as unintelligible by the workers of the western world. 
I was therefore compelled to make subfuscus a aynonyes of sepa hs 
tatus. : 


Habitat—Hondo (Tokyo and Gifu). 


Time of appearance—October, April—It possibly passes winter 
in the imago state. ; 


7. Limnophilus affinis Curtis. 
Limnephilus affinis Curtis, Phil. Mag., IV, p. 123 (1834). 
Limnephilus stigmaticus Kolenati var. (?) affinis Walker, 
Cat. Brit. Mus. Neuropt., I, p. 27.(1852). <3 


Limnophilus affinis MacLachlan, Rev. Syn. Trichopt. Europ. » 


Fauna, p. 82, pl. IX, fig. 8 (1875); Matsumura, Thous. Ins. Jap., 
I, p. 170, pl. XII, fig. 9, 2 (1904); Matsumura, Journ. Coll. Agr. 
Tohoku Imp. Univ., IV, p. 16 (1911). 

Several specimens from Sapporo (H. Okamoto coll.), Gifu 
(S. Yamamura coll.), Uwajima, Prov. Iyo (Arakawa coll.) are 
in my collection. I have compared these with others from Europe 
(I am indebted to Mr. E. Petersen for several European specimens 
of this species) without discovering any difference that appears to 
be specific. The Japanese form is somewhat larger and occasion- 
ally has an oblique hyaline band on the disk of the forewing. 

Distribution—Japan, Saghalien, Siberia, Europe. 

Time of appearance—March and April. 


8. Limnophilus amurensis Ulmer. 

Limnophilus amurensis Ulmer—Stett. Ent. Zeit., ]g. 66, p- 8, 
taf. I, figs. 4 and 5 (1905); Ulmer, Cat. Coll. Zool. Selys, VI (1), 
p. 19, figs. 28, 29, taf. I, fig. 5 (1907); Ulmer, Deutch. Ent. Zeit., 
p. 341 (1908). 

Habitat—Hokkaido (Sapporo). Amurland. 

Time of appearance—Unknown. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 95 


9. Limnophilus ornatus Banks (?). 


B®, Limnophilus ornatus (2?) Ulmer, Cat. Coll. Zool. Selys, VI (1) 
 p. 20, figs. 30, 31, taf. I, fig. 6 (1907); Ulmer, Deutch. Ent. Zeit., 
ip. 341 (1908), nec Banks. 
_. This species is unknown to me. Ulmer recorded two female 
_ specimens from Hokkaido (‘‘Yerse’’), saying, ‘‘ Die. beiden Stiicke 
- stimmen gut, wie das auch meiner Figur auf Tafel I zeigt, mit 
_ der Beschreibung von Banks iiberein; die Appendices przeanales 
_ eines amerikanischen Exemplares, das mir von C. Betten gesandt 
_ wurde (det. N. Banks) sind allerdings an der Basis etwas breiter 
-_undschwach medianwirts statt lateralwarts gekriimmt; re 
4 In any case it is very interesting to know that the same or a 
____very closely allied species occur in such widely separated localities 
4 as North America and Hokkaido. 


3 Genus Nothopsyche Banks. ’ 

2 10. Nothopsyche pallipes Banks. 

____ Nothopsyche pallipes Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VII, 
_ p. 107, pl. III, fig. 1 (1906); Ulmer, Cat. Coll. Zool. Selys, VI (1) 
_ p. 29, figs. 48, 49 (1907); Ulmer, Deutch. Ent. Zeit., p. 341 (1908). 
-_——- Habitat—Hondo (Gifu; and Numata, Prov. Kozuke). 

Time of appearance—October. 


uu. Nothopsyche ruficollis (Ulmer). . 

- Chilostigma ruficolle Ulmer, Stett. Ent. Zeit., Jg. 66, p. 14, 
: _ taf. I, figs. 12, 18 (1905). 
g Nothopsyche ruficolle Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VII, 
. p. 107 (1906). 
= Nothopsyche ruficollis Ulmer, Cat. Coll. Zool. Selys, VI (1) 
_ p. 29, figs. 46, 47 (1907); Ulmer, Deutch. Ent. Zeit., p. 342 (1908). 
a Habitat—Hondo (Tokyo, Gifu, Numata). Shikoku (Uwajima, 
Matsayama). Kiushin (Yanagawa, Prov. Chikugo). 


e Time of appearance—August to November. 
i. 12. Nothopsyche longicornis, sp. nov. 
ia ‘Head fuscous black; frons with long piceous Ratna: maxillary 


i. ‘palpus greyish black; antenna black, much longer than fore-wing. 


* 96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


7 = 


Prothorax dark orange, beset with long fuscous hairs. Meso- 
and metathorax black or fuscous black. Legs blackish, with 
many black spines; spurs black. 


Fore-wing broad, semi-hyaline, nearly uniformly smoky 
brown, somewhat suffused with yellowish in basal area; venation 
fuscous; discal cell very long, twice the length of the first apical 
cell. Hind-wing similar to the fore-wing, but the basal area not 
suffused with yellow; colour of the wing lightened in inner marginal 
area; venation darkish. 


Abdomen dark brown, ochraceous toward: apex; hind margin 
of each segment narrowly variegated with dark yellow. In the 
male the posterior margin of the 9th abdominal segment produced 
into a quadrangular prolongation in the middle; superior appen- 
dage ochraceous, stout, and broad; inferior appendage very long, 
stout, with the apex furnished with numerous spiny hairs; viewed 
from above, between the inferior appendages, are seen two slender 
yellowish processes. 


Length of body 5—5.5 mm.; length of fore-wing 9 mm.; length 
of hind-wing 7 mm. 


The type is a single male specimen captured by Mr. S. Yama- 
mura at Minakuchi, Prov. Ohmi, on November 4, 1911. 


This species is closely allied to N. ruficollis, but can at once 
be distinguished from the latter by the much smaller size. The 
structure of the male genitalia and a certain character in wing 
venation also afford unmistakable distinctive criteria between the 
two species. 

Genus Moropsyche Banks. 


13. Moropsyche parvula Banks. 


Moropsyche parvula Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VII, 
p. 108, pl. III, figs. 3, 8 (1906); Ulmer, Deutch. Ent. Zeit., p. 342 
(1908). 


This species is unknown to me. I have not yet obtained a 
specimen, nor have I seen any in Japan. 


Habitat—Kiushiu (Hikozan), according to Banks. 
Time of appearance—March, according to Banks. 


ee eT 
x in | 


4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SEED CHALCID FROM 
SPRUCE 


BY S. A. ROHWER, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


The following new species has been reared from the seeds of 
: Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni), from the Sitka spruce 
q ' (Picea si!chensis), and from Colorado blue spruce (Picea parryana). 


’ It has been reared from seeds collected in Beulah and Glenwood 
, Springs, Colorado; while the types come from Crescent City, 
California. The material has all been reared by Mr. J. M. Miller. 


. . . . s 
Megastigmus pices, new species. 


In Marcovitch’s correction to Crosby’s table (Can. Ent., 1914, 
. Vol. XLVI, p. 438) the female runs to /aricis Marcovitch, but may 
be separated from that species as follows: 

Propodeum with a median carina; face all yellow and without 
many long black hairs; cheeks yellow; flagellum yellow beneath; 
RESTS SESS ei eel OE i820 ea one ne laricis Marcovitch. 

Propodeum with two short carine basally; face with .median 
brownish spot and with many long blackish hairs; cheeks black; 
flagellum black; femora black basally..........0..000.0... picee Rohwer. 


The male differs from the descriptions of lasiocarpe and laricts 
“3 in a number of characters. . 

a Female.—Length 2.5 mm.; length of the ovipositor 2 mm. 

Head ig rugulose with the saa radiating from the ocelli and 

from the mouth parts; postocellar line 

one-fifth longer than the ocellocular 

line; intraocellar line subequal with the 

b ocelloccipital line; pronotum and meso- 

notum transversely aciculate, on the 


3 prescutum the aciculations are much 
; we finer anteriorly, and they are more 
; pronounced posteriorly; axilla granular 


Fig. 13.—Megastigmus picee, posteriorly; scutellum reticulate, anter- 
stigmatal club, : : wines 

iorly with a tendency towards striation; 

stigmatal club as in Figure /a. Black; palpi, mandibles, face below 

a line slightly above the bases of the antennz, scape and pedicel 

beneath, yellow; face medianly with longish, subcircular, brownish 


spot; legs yellow, with the following black or brownish markings: 
March, 1915 


wa oe ae 
a ss “ a 


98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : p 


Bases of the four anterior cox, the four anterior femora posteriorly 
and the posterior femora except apices; wings hyaline, venation 
brownish. 

Male.—Length 2 mm. Sculpture as in the female. Black; 
palpi, face below a line slightly above the bases of the antenne, 
posterior orbits to the height of the yellow on the face, scape and 


pedicel beneath, spot on the pronotum laterally, spots. on ‘the - 


abdomen laterally on tergites three and four, yellow; legs yellow, 
coloured as in the female except tibie and tarsi are slightly brownish. 


Crescent City, California. Described from four females, one,,. 


type, and four males, one allotype, recorded under Bureau of 
Entomology Number Hopk. U. S. 10850j. Material collected by 


P. D. Sergent and reared by J. M. Miller in April and Ber 1914, 


from seeds of Picea sitchensis. 
Type.—Cat. No. 19066, U. S.N.M. 


THE RATE OF HATCH OF SCALE INSECT EGGS.. 
BY C. W. WOODWORTH, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, CAL. 


Scale insects, particularly those of the sub-family Lecanine, 
are among the most prolific insects, and evidently the normal 
- death rate will be in the neighbourhood of 99.9%, since at least 
a thousand eggs is the normal, reproduction and males are oy 
rare in the two commonest species. 

At what point in the life history the greater part of this re- 
duction in numbers occurs has never been investigated. fully, 
but we have now rather extensive data upon the rate of death 
before hatching. . 

A very large series of experiments was waiter on last spring 
upon the effect of cyanide gas, and half the eggs from each insect 
experimented with were kept untreated as a check. Two hundred 
lots of a hundred insects each were in these experiments, and, 
estimating 500 untreated eggs in each, the data below gives the 


rate of hatch determined from observations on about 10,000,000 


eggs. : ; 
These studies covered five species and twelve localities, 
Ontario and Santa Barbara.in the South,-and Anderson, about 


500 miles to the north, give more than the average hatch, and the 
March, 1915 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


99 


s SCALE 
i Black Scale.........2020c.. 
t 


S$ 
Bs 


_ European Fruit Scale... 


Meemescale... oo... 
me Rine scale. .........2..5.... 
_ Peach Scale 


same is true of Folsom and Merced in the center of the hot interior 
_ valley. Only at Aromas, in one series of black scale on olive and 
_ European Fruit Scale on apricot, is the percentage far below the 
Ss “normal, but the black scale on apricot, both there and at Watson- 
__ ville a few miles away, the percentage of hatch is very high. 

..- We are led to conclude that food plant or locality has very 
little to do with the rate of hatching which this year averaged 
- 87.75% for the whole series. 


Ger 


| NO, 

PLANT LOCALITY LOTS HATCH 
Apricot......:... Aromas.....:........100....100 % 
os Peers Ontario............:. 100...97 % 
eeeyeeit ee Watsonville....... 100....76.8 % 
Grape Fruit...Santa Barbara ..600....86.6 % 

Maytenus......Berkeley............100....96 
Nive 2025: Aromas...0...5.... 100....53.6 % 
aap eee Folsom enki: 300....81.1 % 
Nipissing Merced:...2......1. 300....93.9 % 
Orange..........: Ontario..............400....89.6 % 
Peach.:.>......:: Berkeley... ..:.:.... 300....73..2 % 
Prané.©3.1:/San Jose.....00.0. 100....100 % 
at eae. Lake County ....100....100 % 
fe eae SA SNe ee 2600....86.68% 
Apricot......%.. Aromas.............. 100....52.5 % 
San .Jose.........1.. 100....98.3 % 
Santa Barbara ..100...97 % 
Prune, *..257-% Santa Clara.......400...95.4 % 
San Jose.......... 3600....89.85% 
Lake County...2600....90.99% 
Aromas’. ...0...30. 100....80.6 % 
Anderson........... 200....100 % 
Xmas Berry..Berkeley.......... 7200....83.67% 
POUL. 0. i oictceaeeeh een 14400....87.41% 
ales. ieee Berkeley:........:.. 400....97 .92% 
Pine 2032.90 Berkeley.....:.... 1200....95.17% 
EVs. ial aend San José....:...... 1400....83 .48% 
Grand Total...........4...... 20000....87.75% 


100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


BOOK NOTICE. 3 
INsEcTs INJURIOUS TO THE HOUSEHOLD AND ANNOYING TO MAN- 
By Glen W. Herrick, Professor of Economic Entomology, 
Cornell University, New York. The McMillan Company. 
470 pages, price $1.75. 


Few persons realize to what extent our homes are liable to 
attacks by insects, though everyone may complain of those that 
are directly annoying to him personally. It will be somewhat of 
a surprise, therefore, to the average reader to learn from this 
book how many and how varied are the numbers and modes of 


attack of what may be termed domestic insects. The first — 


hundred and fifty pages of thc book are filled with the life 
histories and methods of control of House and Stable Flies, 
Mosquitoes, Bedbugs, Cockroaches and Fleas. Ants and their 
activities and invasions are next dealt with; then follow chapters 
on insects injurious to clothes and carpets, to cereals and pre- 
served fruits, to meats, cheese and condiments; human parasites, 
annoying pests of man, some troublesome invaders, wood-boring 
insects and a chapter on insects that are poisonous and objects of 
dread, concluding with instructions for fumigating. The book is 
illustrated with 152 cuts and eight plates. 

The writer has had occasion to refer to this work when 
replying to the enquiries of correspondents and has found it most 
convenient for the purpose, especially where one wishes to learn 
the well-tested methods of control. The lists of references to 
economic literature at the end of each chapter are also very 
useful. Those who are in charge of the entomological depart- 
ments of Experiment Stations, and who are, therefore, constantly 
applied to for information and advice 1especting insects of all 
kinds, will find this book a most convenient manual of reference. 
The ordinary householder may fail to. appreciate it until his 
property or comfort is seriously attacked by one or more minute 
insect foes; when such troubles arise hé will find all the information 
he requires in clear and plain language and full directions for 
waging a successful warefare against the invading enemy. 


C. J. SOB: 


Mailed March 10th, 1915. 


ey bdaatetl aba 


te}: 


The Ganacliay | Futomologist. 


VoL. XLVII. P LONDON, APRIL, 1915 No. 4 


POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 


N OTEs OF EcCoNomiIc INTEREST FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA.* 
BY R. C. TREHERNE, AGASSIZ, B. C. 
The Province of British Columbia, from the standin’ of 


insects of economic interest, occupies an extremely interesting 


position, both in regard to those insects indigenous to and acclima- 
tised within its boundaries and because the location makes the 
Province liable to insect migrations from points in the Pacific. 

It has been said that the British Columbia field of economic 
entomological investigation is the most interesting of any in the 
Dominion of Canada. This, of course, is not strictly true, but 
the great interest of the western field lies in the fact that one is 
able to cover the essential history of agriculture, which has occurred 
for the most part within the past half century, and note the appear- 


ance and progress of related insect pests. 


For instance, the Imported Cabbage worm (Pontia rape Sch.) 
was observed in the eastern section of the Province in 1898 and 
1899. It had spread west to the Pacific Ocean in 1901, while in 
1902 it had crossed the narrow strip of water and was taken on 
Vancouver Island. The Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa 


_decemlineata Say) became established at Nez Percé in Idaho State 


some 12 years ago. It now apparently infests southeastern 
Washington seriously and its movement is undoubtedly towards 
the southeastern boundary of British Columbia. As yet, we have 


no record of its presence in the Province. The San José Scale, 


however, was found at one known point in the Province some 
years ago,{ and that in a small isolated orchard area. Through 
radical control measures the outbreak was checked and is now 
believed to be entirely eradicated, but the northern trend of this 


‘scale is being watched from the lower valley of the Okanagan River 


in Washington State. Two years ago it had reached a point at 


*Contributions from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, 
Ottawa. 
T1894, 


102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


the junction of the Columbia and Okanagan Rivers, but thus far 
has not arrived in the southern Okanagan orchards. The Codling 


Moth (Cydia pomonella) has gained access to the orchards of the — 


- Province on four or five definite occasions, each one traceable to 


~ 


Californian, Oregon and Ontario importations. Fortunately each 
of these outbreaks has been caught in its incipiency, consequently 
there is every reason to believe that few moths will appear in the 
spring of 1915. The record of the control of this insect alone 
constitutes an excellent example of applied economic entomology, 
and an account of the methods used might well find its way into 
the pages of this journal at some later date. This insect, however, 
is gradually moving up in natural stages towards the boundary 
line from the South, the nearest record being at a point midway 
between the junction of the two rivers before mentioned and the 
Okanagan boundary line. The Woolly Aphis (Eriosoma lanigera) 
is one of the. most injurious insects in the Province, especially on 
the immediate Pacific Coast region, but there is good reason to 
believe its numbers were quite negligible about the year 1893. 
And this is much the case with most of the farm and orchard 
insects of the Province. 

Horticulture is at present the ‘‘first arm’’ of the agricultural 
interests of the Province, and it is interesting to note that the 
Provincial Horticulturist, Mr. R. M. Winslow, has stated that the 
“census of 1890 showed 6,000 acres of fruit, the census of 1900 an 
increase to only 8,000. At the time of the 1910 census the acreage ~ 
had increased to 33,606, and the survey of 1913 showed this further 
increased to 38,196 acres.” 

These facts, therefore, clearly indicate an original condition 
and establishes the point that the chief interest of economic 
entomology in British Columbia lies in one’s ability to observe 
the growth of the agricultural industry in connection with the 
development of attendant insect pests. 4 

While forest and range insects are not being referred to in 
this article, for the reason that they represent an entirely different 
problem, it is interesting to note that not the least important of 
the insect troubles of the orchard and farm are derived primarily 
from the virgin lands, which, as the above rapid growth of cleared | 
land would indicate, are gradually being broken up to give place 


Pe es Pe ee ee, ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 103 


to cultivated crops. It may be rightly assumed that such insects 
are worst pests to the agriculturist in the years immediately following 
_the destruction of their native host plants. Eventually, it is hoped, 
_their-attacks will decrease for the reason that the food plant may 
— not be entirely suitable. We may place the following insects in 


this category. 
The Fruit Tree Leaf Syneta (Syneta albida Lec), which-is 
believed to to have fed originally on the wild species of willow, 


_ now freely attacks blossoms and leaves of fruit trees and is re- 


ported as doing damage to strawberries and clover. The Bronze 
Apple Tree Weevil (Magdalis enescens) formerly no doubt, in- 


_ fested dying twigs of forest trees, but now is recognized as an 
_apple-infesting insect frequently met with in neglected orchards. 
It causes a series of minute punctures closely congregated on. in- 


jured twigs and branches. Several species of Eleodes are recorded, 
notably pimelioides, obscura, humeralis, hispilabris, and some have 
been observed infesting potatoes. The genus Otiorhynchus 
represented by the species sulcatus, ovatus, and probably rugifrons, 
are in all probability primarily grass-infesting insects, but, in this 
latitude, are among the most important of the insect pests injurious 
to gardens, greenhouses and ‘small fruit plantations. There are, 
again, at least twenty species of Click-beetles (Elateride) recorded 
at present for the Province, and while the larval (wireworm) stage 
is universally recognized as a serious nuisance to pasture land, 
the adults have shown themselves to be of economic importance to 
fruit growers by their attacks on blossoms and buds of fruit trees 
in the spring. Seven and eight-year old apple trees have been 
observed to be entirely denuded of bloom by the adults clustering 
on the flowers and devouring the pistils, stamens and calyces. 
Fruit on the tree will also be attacked in midsummer as will the 
leaves. 

Ants are also, shown to be enemies to the fruit grower. To 
Mr. W. H. Brittain (at present Provincial Entomologist for Nova 
Scotia, formerly of British Columbia) belongs the credit for first 
drawing attention to the injuries of blossoms by ants. Further 
observations which have been made lately have shown the correct- 
ness of Mr. Brittain’s findings. The species Formica rufa subsp. 
obscuripes is alone, as yet, recorded in this form of injury. The 


104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


blossoms of peach, pear, apple and cherry are attacked and the 
settings of fruit totally destroyed. Those trees in the orchard 
immediately adjoining rough land suffer most, it would appear, 
for in such uncultivated places the nests of the species may be 
found. It is particularly interesting to note that no aphids exist 
on the trees at the time the fruit is in bloom, consequently the 
nectar remains the sole attraction. Later in the summer the ants 
attend the aphids of the Cottonwcod poplars. Certain Tischeria 
Leaf-miners-of the apple are noticeably worse in orchards near 
the timber line, and certain Bud Weevils are adopting fruit trees 
as hosts following the destruction of their own food plants. Slugs, 
while not insects, are animals very commonly found in the moist 
alluvial soil of the Lower Fraser Valley, and may frequently be 
observed under decaying leaves and vegetation in the “bush.” 
Injury has been observed to young corn (maize) plantations in 
the spring by these animals and their presence is indicated by the 
peculiar slimy remains about the plants and the esis of 
the young tender leaf shoots. : 

Most of these insects mentioned, it will be seen, are especially 
related to the forest or virgin lands of the Province, and this 
relation constitutes a remarkably interesting phase of the study 
of economic entomology in the West. The majority of the more 
important orchards pests of British Columbia are identical with 
those in other Provinces of the Dominion, and their life histories 
are very similar only in some cases slight variations occur owing 
- to differences in climatic conditions. But as these variations 


take place within the Province itself, specific insects will, it is 3 


hoped, be dealt with on subsequent occasions. 


LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN Ta te 
BY ANNETTE F. BRAUN, CINCINNATI, O. 


Choreutis inflatella Clemens. 
Brenthia inflatella Clem., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1, 5, 1863; 
Tin. No. Am., 209, 1872. 
Var. virginiella Clem., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III, 505, 1864; 
Tin. No. Am., 257, 1872. - ; 
Choreutis inflatella, var. virginiella, Dyar, List N. A. Lep., 


April, 1915 


‘= 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105 


_-No. 5519a; Kearf., Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., X, 111, 1902; Busck, 

Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.; V, 219, 1903.* 

The larvz of this species were found in great numbers feeding 

on leaves of Scutellaria lateriflora L., a plant which grows commonly 
on low-lying grounds around Cincinnati. A slight web is spun on 
the upper side of a leaf, causing the margins to approach. Within 

this folded leaf the larva feeds, picking out the substance here 

and there, but usually leaving the lower epidermis intact. Toward 
_the top of the plant, where the leaves are small, several are drawn 
together. The cocoon is spun within a fold of a leaf, which has, 
-as a rule, not been previously attacked by the larva. It resembles 
the cocoon of other species of the genus, 

e. The larve, which were nearly full-grown when collected, 
“September 9, yielded imagos from Sept. 21 to 28. The entire 
series, some 18 or 20 specimens, represent the varietal or more 
common form of the species, in which all the metallic scales are 
violet-coloured. 

Aristotelia salicifungiella Clemens. 
Gelechia salicifungiella, Clem., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III, 508, 

1864; Tin. No. Am., 262, 1872. 
= Aristotelia salicifungiella Busck, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXV, 
798, 933, 1903; Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., V, 220, 1903; Dyar. List 
N. A. Lep., No. 5599, 1, 1902. . 

This species has several times been recorded as bred from 
cecidomyid galls on willow, but without definite observations on 
its larval habits. I have bred a number of specimens from larve 
feeding on leaves of Salix longifolia, the original food plant. The 
BS larva stretches a very loose irregular network of silken threads 
between the leaves of the terminal or lateral shoots, but does not 
draw the leaves together. It feeds within, eating portions of the 
leaves. Pupation takes place (in the breeding jar) either between 
_ two leaves or amongst the debris in the bottom of the glass. The 
cocoon is spun of silk and particles of earth. Larve taken July 6, 
- varying from very small to nearly full grown, produced imagos 

from July 29 to August 7. 
Larva: Head pale straw coloured; body pale green, with a 


ne a5 
ai 


*Only the reference to the original description, and references to papers 
_ subsequent to Dyar’s List are given. For other references, see Dyar’s List. 


106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


apie Se 
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number of very fine, somewhat broken, faint blackish lines along 
the back and sides. 

It would seem that the original association of the larva with 
cecidomyid galls was merely accidental, due to the frequency of 
the occurrence of these galls on this species of willow, from which, 


in this case, remarkably enough, they were almost entirely absent. . 


The ornamentation of all the bred specimens is very constant, 
and the brick-red colour easily distinguishes them from their 
nearest ally, A. fungivorella Clem. 


Recurvaria dorsivittella Zeller. 


Gelechia dorsivittella Zeller, Verh. zool.-bot. lie Wien, XXIII, 
267, 1873. 

Recurvaria dorsivittella Busck, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXV, 813, 
1903; Dyar, List N. A. Lep., No. 5603, 1902. 

The larva feeds on sweet gum (Liquidambar styracifina L.) 
and is common in Clermont County, O., where the sweet gum 
forms a large part of the forest over the flat, undrained areas. 


A tube of brownish silk and frass, about 1 cm. long, with a 


diameter of about 1 mm., is spun along a vein on the underside 


of a leaf. The tube is open at both ends, but at each end the free | 


side projects slightly over the opening. Along the sides of the 
tube, and around each end, the larva eats irregular patches of leaf 
substance, leaving the upper epidermis and veins; gradually it feeds 
farther from the opening of the tube. When found during the 
later larval stages, the leaf, near the vein, where the tube is at- 


tached, is usually perforated with irregular holes, due doubtless — 


to disintegration of the epidermis where the underneath part of 
the leaf was consumed during the early larval period. 


At pupation, the ends of the tube are closed. 


The larve were collected August 27 and continued to feed for 


a’couple of weeks. Imagos in May of the following year. . 


Elachista przelineata, n. sp. 


Face gray, shining; head blackish behind. Palpi fuscous 
beneath, paler above; .terminal segment with its tip and a broad 


band in the middle fuscous. Antenne blackish with paler annula- — 


tions; last one or two segments pale. 


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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. - OF 


Thorax black, with a few scales at its posterior end, and at the 
‘tip of the patagia white.. Fore wings black; base white with a 
faint yellow tinge; a slightly curved narrow white fascia at 2-5, 
~ about equally distant from the base on either margin; at 4-5, a 
triangular white costal spot, whose inner edge is almost on a line 
= _ with the inner edge of a similar dorsal spot, placed a little nearer 
the base. Cilia around the apex white, elsewhere concolorous: 
with wing. 

Legs black, silvery on their inner sides, tarsal segments tipped: 

with white. Hind tibie with a spot in the middle and the apex 
conspicuously white. 

Expanse: 6.5-7.5 mm. 

Eight specimens, Cincinnati, O., August 2-8. 

Occasionally, especially in males, the fascia and pair of spots — 
are very narrow, but still distinctly defined. 

The larva is a miner in leaves of Hystrix patula Moench., a~ 
common tall grass in dry hillside woods. The -mine starts as a 
narrow line, scarcely visible on the upper side, and gradually 
enlarges into a blotch, with its greatest width 4 or 5 mm. . Except 
in the wider portions of the blotch, the parenchyma near the 
lower side only is consumed; even in the broadest part of the blotch 
some of the parenchyma near the upper epidermis is left, giving 
the mine a speckled and greener appearance on the upper side, 

so that the mine is more distinctly visible on the lower surface 
where the epidermis is whitish. Pupa enclosed in a few criss-cross 
silken threads. At the time the larve were collected, July 18, 
_ many of the mines were deserted. 


Theisoa constrictella Zeller. 


O0ecophora constrictella Zeller, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 
XXIII, 291, 1873. 

Z Theisoa constrictella, Dyar, List N. A. Lep., No. 6130, 1902. 
The larva feeds under a web on the lower surface of leaves of 
white elm (Ulmus americana L.) and cork elm (Ulmus racemosa 
Thomas). A whitish silken tube crosses from the base of the 
petiole to the underside of the leaf, but is not attached to the 
_ petiole except at the base. From the mouth of this tube a thin 
_ web spreads over the basal part of the leaf; gradually covering 
more and more of the breadth of the leaf as the tube is lengthened. 


108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


The web is, however, in large part confined to the half of the leaf 
upon which the tube opens. The tube is of but little greater 
density than the web and is phielly defined by the frass which 
collects along its sides. 


The cocoon is a thin oval silken affair, spun between two. 


leaves or on the ground, and is very similar to that of the species 
of Chrysopeleia. 

The larve from which the above notes were made were col- 
lected July 3 near Cincinnati; one imago appeared July 30. A 
later generation of larve produces the imagos which appear in 
May of the following year. . 

Psacaphora engelella Busck. 


Psacaphora terminella Westw. ; 

? Syn. Momphea engelella Busck, Can. Ent., XX XVIII, 123, 
1906; Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XI, 96, 1909. 

At the time of describing Psacaphora (Mompha) engelella, 


Mr. Busck noted its very close resemblance to Psacaphora (Mompha) — 


terminella Westw. of Europe. I have succeeded in rearing a 
number of specimens, and the life history is identical with that 
of the European P. terminella. The larva mines leaves of Circaea 
lutetiana L. The earliest mine is a narrow thread-like, sometimes 
_spiral, tract, which abruptly enlarges into a small blotch. Several 
successive blotches are formed, the last occupying almost half of 
one of the larger leaves. The mines were collected July 3. At 
this time many of the larve were full grown and ready to leave 
the mines preparatory. to pupation. The cocoon is yellowish, 
flattened, tapering at the posterior end, broadly rounded at the 
anterior end where the two sides form a lip-like opening to admit 
of the emergence of the adult. Imagos emerged July 22-27. 
These bred specimens agree in all respects with a number of 
flown specimens in my collection from one of the type localities 
(Pittsburg). As would be expected, the golden colour of the bred 
specimens is a little deeper—more orange—and the metallic 
margining of the basal black blotch is more conspicuous. 
_ Although I have no specimens of the European P. terminella 
for comparison, the fact that the descriptions are practically the 


same, and that the food plant is native both to Europe and North — 
America, strongly support the synonymy suggested above. ie 


: y a 
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Can. Ent., VoL. XLVII. PLaTE I. 


PAPAIPEMA HUMULI (1-5). 
P. SEILPHII (6-8). 


P. MARITIMA (9). 
(See p. 115). 


_THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 109 


pe SPECIES AND HISTORIES IN PAPAIPEMA ‘SM. 
‘(LEPIDOPTERA.) 


BY HENRY. BIRD, RYE, N. Y. 


(Continued from Vol. XLVI, p. 73.) 


a Recent investigations of the Papaipema fauna in the vicinity | 
of Chicago, Ill, has brought to light, among other things, the 
_prevalence of an undetermined species, a representative of the 
Central States. More success attaches to this, since instead of a 


a chance happening on an imago, a well directed search of the more 


indigenous plants disclosed the larva, and put the additional evi- 
dence of the early stages at our disposal. After moths were reared, 
2 it was seen to be a form that had been taken occasionally in former 
years, but identified as P. necopina Grt., and so distributed in a 
_ few instances by the local collectors. But the departures in the 
larval and pupal stages as well as the apparent difference in the 
_ imago, when a fresh series is at hand, produce a sum of evidence 
; prohibiting its association with any described form. 


To the efforts of Messrs. A. Kwiat and E. Beer, whose early 
studies in these life-histories are thus encouragingly rewarded, we 
are indebted for this fine disclosure, whereby one of our largest 
_ Papaipema species has its individuality proclaimed. Very gener- 
ously they have placed their material and data in our hands for 
treatment. 


In our early correspondence it was suggested that special 
_ attention be given to indigenous and primitive prairie plants in 
_ the effort to locate larva, the writer’s hopes of conducting such 
_ investigations personally, failing of realization up to the present. 
The new form is found working.in Silphium, principally .S. terebin- 
thinaceum, but in some extent in S. perfoliatum and S. laciniatum 

- also, while in one instance a pupa from Arctium indicates an 
‘alternative occupancy of this cosmopolitan substitute, which 

- happens so frequently in suburban borders. . Believing the pre- 
ferred foodplant to be restricted to the genus Si/phium, which 
_ seems more or less a prairie type, we beg to propose the following 


name: 
April, 1915 


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Brits / 
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; 
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— -. 


110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Papaipema silphii, n. sp. 

Ground colour smoky umber brown with whitish to purplish 
grey powderings on thorax and primaries. Head and vestiture of 
thorax show ground colour deeply, the long scales tipped white 
and the border of collar often so defined; antenne of male heaviest 
and show minute ciliations, no conspicuous white scales at their 
bases; anterior thoracic tuft prominent but not broadened out 
laterally so much as usual. Fore wing of similar hue and of almost 
even tone throughout, the median space the darkest, the ante- 
and post-medial areas tinted with a faint lilac or mauve reflection 
in most cases, but contrasts are minute; the post medial line is 
rather straight in its oblique course after turning past the cell 
and but faintly indicated usually, sometimes, especially near the 
hind margin, it becomes conspicuous in a fasciate sprinkling of 
white scales; subterminal line rarely shown as a simple marking of 
lunulate whitish scales, excurved centrally; the central portion of 
the reniform is sometimes indicated as a blackish shade, or it may 
be illuminated by lighter scales of the ground colour, but generally 
the stigmata may be said to be practically obsolete; at the outer 
margin a minute white dot may mark the extremity of the veins, 
and on the costa, outwardly from the inception of the post medial 
line, four prominent white dots usually occur. Secondaries paler, 
suffused in the deeper smoky tone at the outer margin; veins 
darkly marked in similar hue. Expanse 40 to 50 mm. : 


The male genitalia are of the usual generic type, but more 
heavily chitinized and larger than common, the valves broader 
than with the allies, the clasper or harpe (Pierce 1914) is toothed 
but slightly on the outer side, the clavus an elevated ridge densely 
clothed with short pile-like hair. 

Habitat-——The suburban environs of the city of Chicago, HL, 
and undoubtedly following the foodplant generally through the 
Central States. The male specimen marked type with the author 
bears the label Cicero, Ill. Twenty-five examples are under 
examination. Paratypes are with Messrs. Kwiat and Beer, and ; 
one will be placed in the United States National Museum. Emer- | 
gence dates for the series bred are Sept. 17 to Oct. 4. . 


Silphii has broad primaries, is larger than its associates, 


necopina, duplicata, nebris and maritima, being nearest the latter 


ee Cae J 


Tee ta ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 111 


in general appearance, but browner and easily separated when 


‘fresh. Some variation exists, but it’is not pronounced, and old 


specimens seem to fade to an even, sordid brown tone. 


On larval observations: the following is gathered from corre- 
spondence with Mr. Kwiat. In SS. terebinthinaceum the larva 
enters before the principal flowering stem has arisen, working 
usually down through the lower stems of some subsidiary growth, 
and soon is in the root where it tunnels rather extensively about. 
In old established plants the fleshy roots become tough and spread- 
ing, and such are the more likely to be infested. ‘‘These roots 
are certainly immense. We took up some which were fully a foot 


‘in diameter, and eight or ten inches deep in the ground. In turning 


up such roots, we found one pupa and five larve ready to pupate. 
These were under the root, and we observed that they eat through 


the root into the soil for pupation. The proper time. therefore to 


get the species is July 15 to 25.” Arriving at maturity at this 
date would indicate the hatching period to be about the middle of 
May. While parasitism was not observed in the later stages, a 
fungous disease, however, claimed many. : 


The associated insect fauna of these Si/phium root clumps is 
of interest. Mention need only be made of Hydroecia immanis. 
Gn. as a decidedly unexpected occurrence, and of a curious dipteron, 
an Ortalid which seems to be new. Thus tmmanis makes a radical 
departure in this selection, as against the root crown of Hop, in 
which it has so long been known to operate throughout the East. 
The fact of the alternative food plant becomes of some economic 
import, since it permits immanzts to flourish where Hop might not 
grow, and opens the question of a primitive food plant for this 
species. It seems strange that plants so far removed in botanical 
systematisations should both appeal to the taste of an insect so 
discriminating as this one has proved to be in the past. Our 
correspondents inform us they failed to encounter Hop in their 
local observations so far. 


The following brief characterization may sufficiently place the 
larva. 


Penultimate stage: Generically typical; head large, brown, 


a black line at ocelli, plates heavily chitinized, the cephalic wide 


112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. > 


 s 


as head and margined laterally with black border; body colour a 
sordid pinkish hue, the usual lines drawn in pale yellowish, the - 


dorsal entite, the subdorsal broken on joints four to eight; tubercles 
well shown, brown, [Va wanting on joint ten. 


Maturity: Similar, but much more robust; the lines more 
prominent than usual for the stage; tubercles of increased size 
and prominence, on joint ten there is faint indication of a plate at 


IVa, this feature being likely variable and on eleven I and II very 


large. Length 47 and 52 mm. for the stages respectively. 
The pupa is robust, ‘having a dark shell like nebris, a slight 


swelling occurs at the anterior tuft but it is not produced with the , 


prominence attained in maritima; 28 mm. long by 9.5 mm. wide, 


The pupal period. seems rather longer than as. it may 
. average fifty days. 


In 1899, when the late Prof. J. B. Smith published a teenie 


of Hydroecia, among material loaned by the writer for study, two 
specimens returned labelled H. circumlucens Sm., a new specific 
name proposed at that time. One, a pale yellow and much worn 
example, was.in addition marked “female co-type.’’ The fresher, 
browner specimen was later discovered in the larval stage boring 


‘in the vine of the Hop, and its life history was published in 1907, 


Can. Ent., XX XIX, p. 187, as that of “‘circumlucens.” As the 
years proceed and a large number are reared, it is seen there is no 


variation to the yellow, ‘“‘co-type” form, and we are early con-  — 


vinced two distinct species are involved. But as this “co-type”’ 


was a flown, Rye example, it was deemed advisable to await the 


discovery of its larva and the better acquaintance thus offered, 
before calling attention to the matter. Now, after ten years, 
this has come about and supposition fully confirmed. 


In 1908, however, Dr. H. G. Dyar recognizes the Hop vine 


_borer to be distinct from the circumlucens in the U. S. National 


Museum collection, and in writing of the group at that time (Can. 
Ent. XL, p. 78), considers it to be properly the marginidens of 
Guenée, but such an association has been declared erroneous by 


Hampson in his studies of the group in 1910. Without entering — : 
the details, but accepting the later findings, it is sufficient to state ae 


that our Hop vine borer is without a name. 


Y om ek Ree ee 
ee Ne Ae et ee 


ut 
Lite 


2%.” rst) ieee. 


Betas 7. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 113 


‘ 


In our rather extended observations on the species we have 
everywhere found it associated with Humulus lupulus, where 
conditions were at all favorable for the species to gain a foothold, 
and we wish to propose as a name: 


Papaipema humuli, n. sp. 


Ground colour a rather even brick-red brown. Head and 


thorax shaded purplish, the base of the antenna encircled by a 


cluster of white scales; the tufts on thorax and abdomen specially 
prominent in both sexes, the anterior one above collar wide-tipped 
and spreading. Fore wing almost without contrasts, excepting 


- the white stigmata; basal area concolorous, median field similar, 


the postmedial area narrow, tinted purplish, a yellow shading - 
near apex; antemedial line indistinct, postmedial line double, 
curving out broadly past reniform, subterminal faint and very 
irregular; a conspicuous white scale at extreme base of wing, also 
along the costa above the stigmata and near the tip, several whitish 
dots occur; the orbicular and claviform are brightly white, super- 
imposed as usual, the central spot much the smaller; reniform 
narrow, but made up of broken pure white spots collected around 
the central, yellow, lunulate line; fringes purplish dentate. Hind 
wings paler, silken, yellowish rufous with dull purplish shading 
at the terminal area, above which a-medial line is indicated. The 


‘abdomen is of similar hue. Expanse 30 to 38 mm. The male 


genitalia are generically typical and show little individuality; the 
trigonate costa is not deeply indented on the outer margin, the 
anal angle much produced and at a right angle with the axis of the 


_ yalva; the clasper proportionately large and heavily toothed. 


Habitat: Eastern United States, southeastern Canada; New 
Brighton, Pa., Wilmington, Del., West Chester Co., Be es Cart- 


wright, Manitoba; type locality, Rye, New York. 


_ Thirty bred specimens are at hand, the type with the author, 


- paratypes will be placed in the United States National and the 


British Museums and in other American collections, rectifying as 


far as possible the wrong determination of the species as disse min- 


ated from Rye. 


The species seems closest superficially to marginidens Gn., 


114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. > 


but the stigmata are not so large, and the basal area is never white, 
while there is much difference in the genitalia of these two. 


The larva belongs to that group having only the dorsal line 
entire, and has been discussed in the paper referred to. The 
characteristic gall produced in the stem of the vine seems always 
to furnish a restricted food supply, except when very large vines 
are chosen. But one gall is made as it is impossible for a larva 
to re-establish itself a second time due very shortly to their increased 
size, and some seem to perish from the gall becoming too small 
to shelter them, or upon splitting open adversely. Parasitism does 
not appear to be pronounced, but the insect fauna of these galls 
is always noticeable. The larvae of several small dipterous species 
- flourish in the chewed: fragments and frass, especially in deserted 
galls, and the imago of a deltoid moth, Palthis asopialis Gn. has 
several times been reared from a larva feeding upon and having ~ 
pupated within a gall. It seems improbable this common species 
is dependent on humuli galls for food supply, but that its associa- 
tion with Hop may be along more usual lines. The Cecidomyid, 
. Lasioptera humulicaulis Felt, produces a similar gall, at times very 
much larger, up to 50 cm. in length, and frequently on the same 
stem with humuli. Even then the vine manages to thrive very 
well. , 


. 


Since the association of a particular food plant is so noticeable 
with most Papaipema species, and may have had much to do in 
helping fix specific modifications, it seems reasonable to assume 
these associations date back remotely. It is true some Old World 
plants may serve as a substitute for this North American genus, 


Arctium meeting the cosmopolitan taste most conspicuously, but 


in nearly every case an indigenous, preferred food plant is very 
apparent. So that in advancing a name at this time we consider . 
the Hop as indigenous, notwithstanding some botanists have 
designated it as introduced. The insect fauna of Humulus lupulus 
is a very considerable one and seems a fact worthy. of weight. 
That such a large number of species subsist on it would not be 
likely if introduction had occurred since pre-Columbian times. 
We note Britton and Brown in Illustrated Flora, 1918, cite the 
plant as widely distr buted throughout the north temperate zone. 


Can. Ent., Vot. XLVII. ; PLATE II. 


Papilio asterias (1) captured by Misumena vatia (2). 


Celithemis eponina (3) killed by M. vatia (4). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115 


The Japanese Hop, H. japonicus, clearly an introduction, yet 
escaped to some extent, is notoriously free from insect attack. 
Where doubt may arise over the question of a plant being indi- 


genous or not, some evidence should be adduced from its insect 


associations. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. 


Fig. 1—Papaipema humuli, male. 
Fig. 2—Papaipema humult, female. 
Fig. 3—Gall produced in Hop vine by larva. 
Fig. 4—Papaipema humuli, larva, stage III. 
Fig. 5—Papaipema humuli, larva, last stage. 
Fig. 6—Papaipema silphu, male. 
_ Fig. 7—Papaipema silphit, female. 
Fig. 8—Papaipema silphit, larva, last stage. 


Fig. 9—Papaipema maritima, larva, last stage. 


INSECTS CAPTURED BY THE THOMISID. 
BY JOHN H. LOVELL, WALDOBORO, MAINE. 
The Thomiside, or crab spiders, have acquired the habit of 


frequenting flowers for the purpose of preying on the insect visitors. 
They usually lurk in thyrsoid or dense clusters of small flowers, 


like the inflorescence of the sumac (Rhus), meadow sweet (Spirea 


salicifolia), elderberry (Sambucus), Viburnum, Cornus, and the 
bristly sarsaparilla (Aralia hispida), although they are also” found 


~ on large individual flowers as the rose. The commonest species of 
this family is Miswmena vatia, a white spider with a crimson stripe 


on each side of the abdomen (PI. II). It is quite common, but its 
colour will often cause it to be overlooked until a dead insect is 
noticed lying upon the surface of the inflorescence. Mr. J. H. 
Emerton informs me that this species and also M. aletaria may be 
either white or yellow, and the pink stripes on the sides of M. 


valia may be either present or absent. Another species (M. 
April, 1915 


. 
a i i i 


 116— THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


asperata), he further states, has red tnaritinge, and sometimes q 
resembles exactly the sorrel (Rumex acetosella). 


Misumena does not spin a web, but conceals itself among the 


flowers and pounces upon its unsuspecting prey while it is collecting — . 


pollen or nectar. On the 16th of July I had the opportunity to 


observe the capture of a bumblebee gathering pollen on a wild rose 


(Rosa lucida). My attention was a moment diverted, but was 
again recalled by the loud buzzing of the bee. The spider had 
leaped upon its back and grasped it with its mandibles just behind - 


the head. At first the bumblebee struggled violently, but so 


virulent was the poison that its movements speedily ceased en-— 
tirely. The spider then dragged it over the edge of the flower to 
the leaves beneath, where it dined at leisure. 


~ The temerity and success with which the Thomisids attack 
large butterflies or dragonflies, or stinging insects, as wasps, bumble- .. 


bees and honey-bees, is astonishing. Honey-bees are often cap- 
tured, and large flies belonging to the genera Archytas and Therio- — 


plectes and rarely the wasp Vespa germanica. In one case I observed 
that a small butterfly (Melit@a tharos) had been taken. From. 
Framingham, Mass., I have received from Mr. C. A. Frost a 
number of very interesting specimens together in each instance : 
with the spider by which it was killed. The dragonfly Celithemis _ 
- eponina, the large butterfly Papilio asterias and the smaller species — : 
Colias philodice were captured by Misumena vatia (Pl. II); and the 
fly Desmometspa latipes, the wasp Vespa germanica and the copper 
butterfly Chrysophanus americanus by M. aletaria. It is difficult — 
to understand why the spiders were not carried away by such 
strong-winged insects as the dragonfly and the large butterfly 
Papilié asterias. which so greatly surpass them in size and strength. 


The habit of resorting to flowers to capture anthophilous 
insects and the protective resemblance of coloration must have 
been acquired by the Thomisidz in comparatively recent times— _— a 
that is, since the evolution of flowers and the development of — 
‘anthophily among insects. The new habit would seem to be then 
result of observation and experience. 


te 


For the determination of the species of Misumena = am in- 
debted to Mr. J. H. Emerton. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Et7 = 


NOTES ON ITHYTRICHIA CONFUSA MORTON.* 
BY J. T. LLOYD, ITHACA, N. Y. 


To the family Hydroptilidz, the most minute of all Trichoptera, 
-belong the most oddly formed larve of the order. Ithytrichia 
lamellaris, of Europe, with flat form and laterally extended ab- 


dominal segments, and the more common types with swollen 


abdomens are. noticeable departures from the usual cylindrical 
form of Trichopterous larve. The species under discussion, 
Ithytrichia confusa Morton, kindly determined for me by Mr. 
Kenneth- Morton, belongs to the class with swollen abdomens, 
but carries the peculiarity to the greatest extreme. So much 
enlarged is the abdomen that the creature, if removed from its 


case and placed on its back, is unable to aright itself, and only 


under the most favourable conditions of still water can it, with 
its comparatively feeble thorax and legs, drag its great abdomen 
slowly about. In spite of its helplessness when removed from its 
case, the specialized case-building habits of the species adapt it 


__. to life in swift water. Its habits and life-history are described 


more in detail on the following pages. 
Habitat—In December, 1911, my attention was called to 
small ovals of silk which were abundant, tightly cemented to 
- rocks in swift water of Cascadilla Creek on the Cornell Campus. 
Examination proved that these cases contained the peculiar larvee 
which later proved to be J. confusa. At the time of their discovery 
the cases were all securely fastened to the stones, occurring, ap- 
parently, in equal abundance on top, sides, and, when space 
allowed, on the bottoms of their supports. At this time the creek 
was at its winter level, which it had assumed two or three months 
-earlier, with the coming of the fall rains. The water was several 
inches higher than its usual summer level, when rocks and boulders 
everywhere protrude from the surface and one can almost step 
across its breadth. In spite of the facts that the water was much 
higher than when the eggs were deposited (the adults emerge in 
-May) and that the cases, as we know them, are not portable, they 
were often found at slight depth, on rocks that had -previously 
been completely above water and exposed to the intense glare of 


*Contribution from the Limnological Laboratory of the Department of 
_ Entomology in Cornell University. 
April, 1915 


f 


118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the summer sun. Later, when the creek went down in the spring, 
hundreds of larvee were unable to follow the receding water and 
perished of desiccation. Though we do not know the early larval 
stages, the facts accounted indicate that its form and-habits and 
case must be very different from those of the mature larva. The 
sluggish form that is known is incapable of locomotion, and the 
case, with open bottom and tightly cemented periphery, is incapable 
of transportation, even in following the few inches of fluctuation 
of the creek. Yet some get to levels which during their early life 
were exposed to the air; then perish because evident later modifica- 
tions make them unable to follow the receding water. 

Not only do many larve die on account of desiccation, but in 
the spring quantities of larva, as well as pup, also perish from 
some other cause. Until the latter part of April the larve all 
seemed healthy; then great numbers of them died and decomposed 
in their cases. On the Ist of May 132 cases were examined. Of 
these 15 contained living larvae, 9 cases were empty and 108 con- . 
tained Chironomid larve. Apparently the Chironomids, the most 
abundant insects in the stream, had found the cases already empty 
or occupied only by the corpses of their previous occupants. It 
seems probable that this high mortality was brought about by the 
spring growth of alge and deposits of silt smothering the Trichop- . 
tera to death, for larva and pupz on the clean under surfaces of 
rocks, or in places free from deposits, lived to reach maturity. 


In the spring of 1914 there were very few J. confusa in the 
stream—indeed, the entire Trichoptera population of all species 
was far below its normal numbers. 

Larval Case—The larval case, fig. 2, is from 5—6 mm. long 
and 2l44—3 mm. wide. Its height above its support is barely 
enough to accommodate its occupant. In breadth, however, the iu 
occupant is more than amply provided for, having an abundance 
of room to turn around while completely within its case. At 
each end of the case there is a circular opening not exceeding 44 
mm. in diameter. These openings sométimes are at the ends of 
short tubular projections of the case. In structure the upper — 
surface of the case is composed entirely of closely woven silk _ 
cemented tightly along the edges to its support. There is no floor — 
between the larva and the rock. te 


PLATE IT1. 


Can. Ent., VoL. XLVII: 


i 
ey Lae 


La Te = y ee 5 wt ‘ me. 
OO OE WO RA em fae eae ee NeRee Pee pe Pn panne 


ITHYTRICHIA CONFUSA MORTON. 


120 d THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Larval habits —Within its case, with openings less than % © 
mm. in diameter, the larva, fig. 1, measuring three mm. in breadth 
at its 5th abdominal segment, is held a prisoner, unable to move 
from place to place or to escape. In the stream we were never 
able to detect any activity on the part of the larvae, nor to see any 
part of its protruding from its case. In the laboratory, however, 
though the larve remained concealed within their cases during the 
day, they fed actively at night, protruding the long thorax and first 
four abdominal segments from one opening of the case, ‘swinging 
them slowly from side to side while scraping the rock with their 
mandibles; then withdrawing into the case, only to appear and 
repeat the procedure from the other end. 

When at rest in the case, the long neck-like thorax and ab- 
dominal segments are looped back, reaching to about the caudal 
extreme of the abdomen. 

Larval Food.—The stomachs examined contained the alge, 
mostly diatoms, which form the ooze on the rocks where the larvae 
‘live—Meridion, Gomphonema, Synedra, etc., and a few unde- 
terminable fragments of Chlorophycee. 

Pupal Habits.—In preparation for pupation the larva plugs 
the openings of its case with thick, unperforated, silk; and between 
itself and the rock spins a thin loose maze of silken threads. The 
first pupz appeared about the first of May, and by the 12th of 
May almost all had pupated, though a few prepupa still remained. 
On May 21st two adults emerged in captivity. When emerging 
the pupa cuts a jagged, irregular hole in the top, near one end, of 
the case through which it escapes. 


Description of Larva and Pupa. 


Larva.—Length 5 mm. Breadth of 3rd therkeie segment % 
mm., 5th and 6th abdominal segments 3 mm. each. Colour of 


fleshy portions in life, brilliant bluish green, except the two swollen 


segments, which are duller. The colour is apparently due to fat a 
within the body, which shows through the body-wall in irregular __ 


masses, giving an uneven coloration when viewed thrower the ~3 


microscope. 


Head.—Heavily chitinized and uniformly dark: eer except a 
the labium and maxilla and an ill-defined ring around each eye, _ 


which are lighter. The frons, as an area, shows rather distinctly _ 


coos Se 


. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 121 


os 


in intense light but its suture, even in caustic potash mounts, is 
not apparent. 


Thorax.—A heavy chitinous plate on the dorsal side of each 


segment and a narrow semicircular piece of heavy chitin above 


each coxa; the ventral surface is weakly chitinized; the legs are 
robust and heavily chitinized; there is a well-developed tooth at 
the base of each tarsal claw. 


Abdomen.—A chitinous plate, fig. 1, on the dorsum of each 


segment, the plate on the first segment is broader than those of - 


the succeeding segments, the plate on the last segment (not ap- 
parent in the illustration due to the curling of the abdomen) covers 
the entire top of the segment, extending shelf-like over the last 
segment, each plate is armed with several small seta; the 5th 
segment has a collar-like projection to which the 4th segment is 
joined, this projection may be telescoped, as in fig 1, or protruded, 
in the latter position it may easily be “mistaken for a distinct 
segment, but may be distinguished by the absence of a chitinous 
plate; on each side of the median line on each segment except the 
last two and apparently the first there is a small circular spot 
bearing two seta, a similar spot occurs on each side of the same 
segments, and also on the next-to the last segment. 


Pupa—tLength 314% mm.; the antenne extend back to the 
caudal margin of the 3rd abdominal segment; each mandible (fig. 4) 
is connected on its outer margin by two chitinous rods which run 
obliquely back toward the eye; behind the base of each antennz 
there is a semicircular brown mark; the first two thoracic segments 
bear plate-like marks above; the third thoracic and 1st abdominal 
segments are marked dorsally by a few narrow, apparently chitinous, 
lines; the last segment lacks appendages. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE If]. 


Fig. 1—Ithytrichia confusa, larva, dorsum. 
Fig. 2—Ithytrichia confusa, larva, case. 

Fig. 3—Ithytrichia confusa, larva, labrum. 
Fig. 4—Ithytrichia confusa, pupa, mandible. 
Fig. 5—Ithytrichia confusa, larva, mandible. 
Fig. 6—Ityhtrichia confusa, larva, drag-hook. 


% Fig. 7—Ithytrichia confusa, pupa, chitinous plates of abdomen. 


ye 


4 ‘ 
- = \ 
es ee ee eee er 


A RR RD) LEO eS REO Se Se AE ey PY 


122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ; 


FURTHER NOTES ON ALBERTA LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MIDNAPORE, ALTA. 


(Continued from Page 42.) 


635. Mamestra carbonifera Hamps.—(Can. Ent. XL, 104, 
March, 1908, Miselia.) Described from two females taken on 
Wilcox Pass, Alberta Rockies in 1907, by Mrs. Nicholl. I have a 
female in my collection taken at treacle on Pine Creek on July 4th, 
1904. Mr. Sanson has taken it at Banff on several occasions, 
having shown me four males, dated July 25th, 1911, or prior, and 
July 1st and 13th, 1914. It might be taken for a melanic form of 
imbrifera, but lacks the ochreous tints of that species, and has 
more hairy thoracic vestiture. The male antenne are minutely 
serrate-fasciculate, exactly as in discalis, with the addition of a 
short bristle, shorter than in imbrifera.. Hampson finds Miselia 
Ochs. a prior name for Polia Ochs., to which he refers most of our 
species known under Mamesira. 


A close ally of this species is leomegra Smith from Newfound- 
land, in which male antennz are, however, ciliate only. 


[636. M. plicata Smith?—There is a specimen in the Rutgers 
College collection taken at High River by Mr. Baird, and dated 
Sept. 21st, 1907, which seemed distinct from anything known to me 
in Alberta. It stood near plicata, but was spaced apart. It is 
larger than any negussa I have seen from here, and looked to me 
like a pale specimen of plicata. The correct dates, however, for 
both negussa and plicata appear to be May.] 


637. M. chunka Sm. —(Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XXXVI, 265, 
Nov., 1910.) Described from three males from Aweme, Man. I 
have a female in my collection taken at High River by Mr. Baird 
on May 4th, 1910. Its nearest ally known to me is crotchii Grt. 


638. M. lubens Grt.—High River (Baird), three specimens. 
Two on April 31st, 1910, on tree trunks, and the other on June 
15th, 1914. I have already pointed out that this is ieee ee 
cristifera. . . 


639. M. artesta Sm.—Two specimens at Dorothy, Red Deer E 
River, July Ist, 1905, flying at dusk, and at High River by Mr. : 


Se i a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 123 


Baird. Holland’s figure under congermana appears to be this 
species. 


640. M. pulverulenta Smith.—High River, June 16th, 1914 
(Baird), one male. Banff (Sanson). Described from Mrs. Fern- 
ald’s collection as a grey variety of assimilis, the reference having — 
been decided by identity in the rather peculiar structure of male 
genitalia in the two forms. These I have not so far examined, 
but I feel quite convinced that the two forms are distinct species.. 
In assimilis the t: a. line is nearly straight in the sub-median 
interspace. In pulverulenta it is rather deeply crenate. The 
claviform in pulverulenta is both narrower and shorter, and, as a 
rule, the orbicular and. reniform are smaller. The white patch 
near the anal angle is usually larger, and there is more white in 
the s. t. line opposite the cell. A red-brown tinge to the entire 
ground colour of primaries is not unusual. 


No locality is given with the description. In. Hampson’s 
Catalogue pulverulenta is treated as ‘‘ab.1”’ of assimilis, under 
which specific name only two specimens are listed, a male from 
Vancouver Island, and a female from Buffalo, N. Y. (Massa- 


-chusetts in error). Both these specimens are pulverulenta, and 


that from Vancouver Island is figured under assimilis. In Van- 
couver I. specimens the grey overlay.is usually very slight. The- 
most intensely black specimens which I have seen are a pair from 
Tacoma, Washington. The assimilis of the Kootenai List is this 
species. | 


641. Barathra curialis Sm.—Edmonton. A male, rather 


rubbed, June 17th, 1910. (F. S. Carr.) 


642. Xylomiges cognata Sm.—Barnes and McDunnough, in 
Contr. II, No. 1, pl. vii, fig. 4, figure a male of this species from 
Calgary. Its occurrence in Alberta is of course possible, but so 
far I have no authentic record of any Xylomiges from east of the 
Rockies in Canada besides dolosa, with the exception of tabulata, 


which is recorded from Montreal, and is apparently exclusively 
eastern.| 


(643. X. pulchella Smith.—In Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XIX; 
140, Sept. 1911, Prof. Smith claims to have this species in his 


124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


collection from: Laggan. Mr. Bean may perhaps have taken it 
there, and the specimen have come from him. On the whole, the 
occurrence of a species of this genus at Laggan is more probable 
than at Calgary.] 


644. Scotogramma submarina Grt.—Dorothy, Red Deer 
River, July 1-4, 1905. About eight specimens at snowberry 
flowers at dusk, by the author and Mr. Arthur Hudson. 


645. S. conjugata Smith.—Laggan, July 18th, 1907, a fine | 
female at the Chalet lights, by the author. Banff, June 24th, 1912, 
and July 3rd, 1914 (Sanson.) Hampson figures a Colorado female 
from the Washington collection. The ochreous shades shown in 
the figure are non- -existent in the specimen. 


646. Anarta richardsoni Curt.—Wilcox Pass, one male and 
two females; Mt. Athabasca, three males, 1907. (Mrs. Nicholl.) ~ 
The specimens-are in the British Museum. : 


647. A. secedens Walk.—Banff, July 25th, 1911, June 20th 
and 2list, 1912. Five males on electric light poles (Sanson). I 
have compared the type, from St. Martin’s Falls, Hudson’s Bay ~ 
Territory. As I stated in the Entomological Record for 1912, this 
appears to me better placed in Anarta than in Polia, where Hampson 
places it. A close ally of this species which occurs in Northern — 
Europe and Asia is bohemanni Staud. This differs from secedens 
in having a much narrower black border to the yellow secondaries. 


648. A. impingens Walk.—Wilcox Pass, and Brobokton — 
Creek, Alberta Rockies, 5 males, 1907. (Mrs. Nicholl). One is — 
in my collection, and the rest in the British Museum. Banff, — 
July 3, 4, 1914, a pair at light (Sanson). Laggan, 6,800 feet, July, — 
in coll. J. B. Smith. 


649. A. cocklei Dyar.—(Can. Ent. XXXVI, 31, Feb., 1904.) — 
Homohadena, Brobokton Creek, 1907, one female (Mrs. Nicholl) in “ 
British Museum. Laggan, Aug. 23rd, 6,800 ft., oné male in coll. 
J. B. Smith. The latter specimen stood under funebris Hbn., to — 
. which Hampson finds funesta Payk. a prior name. I noted thats 
the specimen was much like a Labrador specimen there, and darker _ 
only than European funesta in the same collection. So far, I have 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 12: 


Qt 


discovered no way of separating cocklei and funesta, and doubt 
their distinctness. I have Labrador (Moeschler) specimens in my 
collection which agree with funesta in the British Museum. I 
have named a Newfoundland specimen cocklei for Mr. A. F. Winn. 
Hampson places both in Sympistis Hbn., with others from our list 
of Anartas having eyes ciliate (i.e., overhung by cilia) and not 


hairy, : 


650. A. Be iccaet Ari. —Brobokton Creek (Mrs. Nicholl), 
one male, Aug. 13th, 1907, in my collection, and four females in 
coll. British Museum. Up to the date of Hampson's publication 
in 1905, this species had not been recorded from North America. 
In the Staudinger Catalogue meschleri and staudingeri are listed as 
_ vars. of leucocycla. Sir George Hampson makes meschleri a var. 
x of staudingert, and leucocycla distinct. Meschleri was described 
from Labrador, whence I have a specimen so named from Bang 
Haas, probably of Meeschler’s collecting. This is greyer than 
‘Greenland leucocycla, and has not the yellowish secondaries of that, 
but otherwise resembles it more closely than it does staudingeri 
from the Alberta Rockies. 


651. Teeniocampa oviduca Grt. 
June 2nd, 1914. 


652. Pleroma obliquata Smith.—Banff, April 25th to May 
: 8th, 1910, several specimens on electric light poles. (Sanson). 
Head of Pine Creek, April 22nd, 1911, a male at light (E. R. Brill). 
The specimens are a darker, bluer grey than a Glenwood Springs, 
Colo. series in my collection. It was described from Colorado. 
as Vancouver Island specimen is much like the ‘Alberta captures. 


A male on Pine Creek, 


653. P. conserta Grt. syn. apposita Smith.—Banff (Sanson)- 
> ee. no record of date. In 41st Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. for 1910 
(p. 11 of the ‘‘Record’’) I recorded conserta from Banff, and re- 
ferred to ‘‘a form without the black suffusion, which I believe to 
be the same species.’’ The latter form was obliquata, recorded 
above. Conserta has a black cloud over the greater part of the 
primaries below the basal streak and median vein, as far as the 
subterminal line, and extending obliquely to the apex from opposite 
ad cell. In other respects the maculation of obliquata and conserta 


t 

ae : 
oe 
uy 


“ 


a 


126 ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


seems practically identical, and an examination of the two forms — 
from Banff led me to believe that they might be forms of one j 
species. I have no Banff conserta in my collection, but have two 
from Vancouver Island. In these the fringe on primaries is cut 
with white opposite the veins, which is not the case with any of 
my obliguata; and my suggestion was probably wrong. 


654.:Calocampa .thoracica Put. Cram.—Common some | 
years in September and October, and again in the spring in April — 
and early May. At light, treacle and sallows. Like most hiber- — 
nating species, it appears in greater numbers after hibernation — 
than before. I am satisfied that this is a distinct. species, and not 
a variety of cineritia as described, and as treated by Sir George ~ 
Hampson. 


Ottolengui, in his ‘“‘ Notes on Calocampa” in Journ. N. Y. Ent: ; 
Soc. X, 77, June, 1902, says: “The study of the genitalia disclosed — 
the fact that thoracica*is not a variety of cineritia, as it has been — 
described and listed, but a distinct species. This I am told has — 
. been corroborated by breeding, the larval stages of the two being” 
also distinct.” 


Last spring Mr. Tams procured batches of ova from four or 
five females of each species. As soon as the eggs turned colour — 
a difference was manifest in each case. The egg of cineritia is 
uniform reddish brown. That of thoracica is yellowish white,, — 
with the exception of a spot at the top, and a ring half way between. 
that and the equator, which are reddish-brown. The largest batch 
of eggs procured of each species was kept, and after hatching. the : 
two broods of larvae were carefully isolated. Both broods were — 
found to feed on several different plants, but seemed to prefer 
willow. No larval differences whatever could be discovered from — 
first to last. Over thirty imagines were hatched from each broata 
and both broods came absolutely pure. y 


me er ee at saidte CaN 


In the imago, the difference is almost entirely one of éolouns 

The ground-colour of both may be described as blue-grey, but the 
grey is far brighter and more silvery in thoracica. The yellowi 
streak from the reniform to the s. t. line is less conspicuous, and 
the area immediately above it always a brighter grey than in 
cineritia. Perhaps the most easily expressed distinctive character 


~ . ~ 


. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 127 


EB which I have so far been able to discern lies in the subterminal 
line. This is brighter and more irregular in thoracica, and is thrown 
a more into contrast in fresh specimens by the dark preceding and 
following shades. But in worn and hibernated specimens con- 
- trasts become lost. The black dash before the s. t. line opposite 
_ the reniform is slightly heavier and longer in thoracica. The 
_ reddish costal shades are often of a lovely bright chestnut in fresh 
specimens. They are far duller in cineritia. The thorax is always 
a trifle grey. But none of these characters are at all obvious, 
. and a student will require to become familiar with the sight of 
3 both before being able to distinguish them with certainty. Both 
~ occur in Manitoba, but I have not so far received thoracica from 
_ B.C., where cineritia, apparently redescribed by Smith as mertena, 
seems widely distributed. I have thoracica also from Glenwood 
_ Springs, Colo. I have what I believe to be a very dark, small, — 
_ subarctic form of this species from Dawson City, Y. T., and have 

seen an exactly similar form taken by Mr. Sanson at Banff. 


_ Mr. Tams has prepared seven mounts of the genitalia of each 
_ species, but we are entirely unable to find any difference between 
_ the two as Dr. Ottolengui appears to have done. The harpes are 
q bifurcate, and their form at the tip may be likened to a snake's 
~ head with open jaws. The relative length and shape of these jaws 
_ varies considerably in the fourteen specimens, but the organs of 


: 655. Rancora solidaginis Behr.—Banff, May 4th, 1911 
_ (Sanson). A specimen bearing this date was sent to me for naming, 
4 and I compared it with the British Museum’ material, amongst 
- which it agreed with a specimen from Osoyoos, B. C. Holland's 

. figure under solidaginis appears to be albicinerea, a closely allied 
es but paler form already recorded by me from Alberta. In the 
a _ Entomological Record for 1912, Mr. Sanson records this species 
a from Banff under date Aug. 20th. The-date, if correct, is probably 


_ 656. Asteroscopus borealis Smith.—A male, in perfect 
“condition, taken at rest at Red Deer, about April-24th, 1914, by 
: Mr. F. C. Whitehouse, to whom I am indebted for the specimen. 


128 . t THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


657. Orthosia inops Grt.—A badly worn male, taken near 
the mouth of Fish Creek on Aug. 27th, 1893, probably at treacle, — 
stood for many years in my collection without a name, until I was © 
at last able to identify it with the help of a Manitoba series, one 
of which I have compared with the type in the British Museum. ~ 
I have received a number from Manitoba at different times, mostly 
from Heath. It appears to be hard to get in good condition. It 
does not belong properly with Amathes, which is the generic term 
used by Hampson for this and other species standing in our lists 
under Orthosia. It differs from the others in having an abundance 
of hair-like scales amongst the thoracic vestiture, and in the eyes 
not being overhung by cilia. 1 noted this concerning the type, 
and it is so in my series. It belongs with the Acronyctine as used _ 
by Hampson, and is better placed with Athetis than with Amathes, ; 

q 


though its position there does not satisfy me, as it is of lighter 
build, and the abdomen has more prominent lateral tufts.. It 
varies considerably in size in the Northwest, my specimens ranging 
from 24 to 33 mm. In Ent. News, XXIV, 256, June, 1913, 1 © 
referred Caradrina insipida Strecker doubtfully to this species, 
and must leave the matter to be decided by someone who can — 
compare a specimen with the type of that. Jnsipida appears in 
‘Hampson’s Catalogue as an unknown species referred doubtfully, 
and probably wrongly, to Proxenus Herr.-Schaff. It was described 
from Wisconsin. Jnops came from Kittery Point, Maine. 


658. Nycteropheeta luna Morr.—Three specimens at Dorothy — 
on the Red Deer River, northeast of Gleichen. Two of them at — 
rest on thistle heads after a rain storm, the other feeding on a_ 
thistle in sunshine. July 24th to 26th, 1907. I understood Mr. 
C. G, Garrett to tell me that he had taken this species near Calgary 
on July 14th, 1906. 


659. Schinia acutilinea Grt.—A female at the Calgary town _ 
lights on Aug. 8th, 1910, by Mr. A. F. Hudson. I know of no_ 
other record for Canada. ae 1 


660. Dysocnemis borealis Hampson.—(Cat. Lep. Phal., IV, 
24, pl. LV, fig. 6, 1903). Mr. A. F. Hudson took a specimen of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129 


this species on May 7th, 1895. It was one of those specimens 

retained by Prof. Smith from amongst consignments sent him for 
naming about that time, and we did not meet with it again for 
years, it remaining as but a vague memory in our minds until I 
saw the specimen in Smith’s collection on my visit to him, fourteen 
years later. I then recognized it as this species, of which Mr. 
Hudson had taken three specimens flying in sunshine at sallow 
blossoms on April 29th, 1906. He took it again in May, 1912, 
but it remained for Mr.-W. H. T. Tams to take the species in any 
numbers. That gentleman took from 30 to 40 specimens between 
May 8th and 24th, 1914, in sunshine, at sallow and-bearberry 
blossoms, and at mud patches in dry weather. Mr. Criddle has 
~ taken the species at Treesbank, Manitoba, and Mr. Garrett at 
Cranbrook, B. C. The type came from St. Martin’s Falls, Albany 
River, Hudson’s Bay Territory. It is a worn specimen, and totally 
lacks the natural beauty of fresh examples.. Both t. a. and t. p. 


i _ lines are present in all the good specimens I have seen, the latter 


fine, thread-like, blackish, outwardly dentate on the veins, inwardly 
crenate in the interspaces, and showing up well against the large 
pale region extending from the orbicular to the terminal border, 
and from the costa to the inner margin. ‘Thereis a narrow terminal 
border in sharp contrast, to this pale area. The thorax is dark 
vinous red, and a faint tinge of this colour pervades the primaries, 
especially towards the apex. This appears to fade to olivaceous 
brown in flown specimens. 


£ 661. Melicleptria villosa Grt.—I have four males and a 
- female taken at Dorothy, on July 25th and 26th, 1907. I er- 
- roneously recorded these specimens as Heliaca diminutiva in 38th 
~ Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. 1907, p. 122 (1908). The female is larger 
* than any of the males, and has larger pale areas on all wings, 
and possesses the pale mark in the cell before the orbicular, which 
_ is one of the characters distinguishing persimilis, but entirely lacks 


Be the vinous shades of that species. I took a pair in cop. on the 
top of a hill near Millarville on July 16th, 1911. In this case the 


i _ female is slightly the smaller and darker of the two, though the 
~ maculation is identical with that of the male. Barnes and Mc- 
~ Dunnough, in Contr. I, No. 4, p. 39, point out that villosa and 


: E. persimilis are distinct. Hampson’s figure under villosa is of 


130 THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST. 


persimilis type, and Holland’s figure under Heliaca diminutiva a 


(Pl. XXVII, fig. 56) is also persimilis. 


662. Calpe canadensis Beth.—I enter this record solely on 
~ the authority of Dr.Holland, who states in the ‘‘Moth Book” that 
the species ranges as far westward as Alberta. Its occurrence in 
the province is by no means unlikely, though I never saw an 
Alberta specimen. 


663. Autographa brassicz Riley.—I found a worn female in 
my house on July 6th, 1905, and took a fine male during the following 
month. Two fine females were taken at light on Sept. 2nd and 
3rd, 1914. — 


664. A sansoni Dod =(Can. Ent., XLII, 349, Nov., 1910). 


Described from a single fine male taken at Banff by Mr. Sanson 


on June 10th, 1910. The type is in the United States National 
Museum at Washington. Before describing it, I had submitted 
the specimen to Sir George Hampson, and he has described and 
figured it in Cat. XIII, 546, pl. CCXX XVIII, fig. 32. Mr. Cockle 
has recently shown me a worn female taken by him at Kaslo, B. C., 
on July Ist, 1913. 


- 665. A. octoscripta Grt.—Two females on Pine Creek, Aug. 


Ae 


2ist , 1903, and Aug. 27th, 1914. Banff, Aug. 1910, one male 


(Sanson). I have a note to the effect that I have seen a second — 


Banff specimen taken by Mr.-Sanson. I referred to this form in. 
my notes under alias (Can. Ent. XLV, 191, No. 402). I have no 


longer any doubt as to the form being octascripta, but still lack the a 
material to decide definitely whether it is really distinct from alias. a 


I enter it here as distinct, as I think it may be. 


666. A. selecta Walk.—High River (Baird). Band, Augcaeue P 


19, 1910 (Sanson). On page 12 of the “Record’’ for 1910 I sug-_ 
gested that selecta, with the subterminal line waved, might’ be — 


distinct from viridisignata, the more usual form with it dentate. . 
Sir George Hampson treats viridisignata as “‘ab. 1,” giving as a 
character, besides the dentate line: “‘the lobe on the outer edge 2 
of the stigma rounded.’’ Recent observation has led me to look 
upon the form as varietal only. The sign varies in colour from — 


bs 
3 
’ 

A 


» 


: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 4 131 


golden to green, and in a female from Hymers, Ont., is distinctly 
blue. 


- 667. A. v-alba Ottol.—Banff, Aug. 19th, 1909. A male on 
an electric light pole (Sanson). The specimen agrees with Otto- 
lengui’s figure of the type in all except the sign, which is more 
like that in his figure of suwrena, though not nearly as wide. The 
sign appeared to me to be well within the probable range of varia- 
tion. 

668. Syngrapha parilis Hbn.—Mt. Athabasca, Mt. Sas- 
katchewan, and Wilcox Pass, 1907 (Mrs. Nicholl). Two of the 
-specimens from Mt. Saskatchewan are in my collection, and are 
labelled July 27th, 7,500 ft. Holland’s Pl. XXVIII, fig.40 is this 
‘species, and not devergens. 


669. Abrostola urentis Gn.—A female at Dorothy, on July 


- 5th, 1905, flying at dusk. 


670. Eustrotia albidula Gn.—Didsbury, June 11th, 190 
(Garrett). — | 


~ 671. Conochares acutus Sm.—(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XIII, 
207, Dec. 1905.) Three specimens, two good.males and a worn 
‘female, at Dorothy, July 5-8, 1905. They were identified by 
Smith as elegantula, but agree with Barnes and McDunnough’s 
figure of a specimen of acutus which has been compared with the 
type. The species was described from Santa Catalina Mts. and 
Southern Arizona. 


672. Cirrhobolina deducta Morr:—A worn female at treacle 


on a fence-post within a few hundred yards of my house on Pine 


Creek, on July 8th, 1909. I made repeated visits to the spot 
again, by both day and night, but never saw another. It is a 
day-flying species common in parts of the southern states. Mr. 


~ Cockle has recorded it from Kaslo, B. C., as well as mexicana 


Behr., of which deducta seems to me only a variation. It is possibly 
only a migrant to Canada. 


673. Syneda perplexa Hy. Edw.—A fine female at Dorothy, 


on July 4th, 1905. It is exactly like perplexa in my collection 


- from Utah and Arizona, and | identified the species by a Glenwood 


132 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Springs, Colo. specimen in the British Museum, named, I think, 
by Dr. Barnes. I know of no other Canadian record. 


*» 


674. Catocala pura Hulst.—A single fine specimen taken at 
electric light in the town of Red Deer about Sept. Ist, 1914, by 
Mr. F. C. Whitehouse. The captor has very generously presented 
‘me with the specimen, which agrees with Holland's figure of pura. 
That figure has never been corrected, but I cannot vouch for its 
accuracy. PaNotaa ct? 


675. Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer.—Dorothy, July 23rd, 1907. 
One female at treacle. 


- 


676. E. emula Hbn.—A female, at the same time and — : 3 
and also at treacle. 


677. Palthis angulalis Hbn.—A pair at treacle on Pine Creek, 
June 26th, 1909. Edmonton, 1914. (D. Mackie.) 


678. Bomolocha chicagonis Dyar var. perpallida Dyar- A 
female taken at St. Albert, northwest of Edmonton, on July 21st, 
1904, by Mr. T. N. Willing, is in my collection, and has been so 
named by Dr. Dyar himself. Chicagonis is brownish grey, and was 
described in Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. VI, p. 105, May, 1904, from a 
single female from Chicago, from Mr. Kwiat. But F. A. Merrick 
‘sent me specimens from Milwaukee, Wis., claiming that that was 
really the type locality. I have a Milwaukee specimen also from 
Mr. Kwiat. In the same paper the varietal name perpallida is 
applied to a pallid whitish ochreous specimen from Turtle Mts., 
N. Dak. (A. H. Verril). This is the colour of my specimen. 


THYATIRIDZE. 


679. Euthyatira pudens Gn.—Two males at light and am 
treacle on Pine Creek, July 13th and 17th, 1914. 


NOTODONTID 2. 


680. Schizura unicornis Sm. & Abb.—Several specimens. 
Pine Creek, end May, 1913, and July 10th, 1914. High a 
two specimens, one of them July 29th, 1911 (Baird). The species — 4 
seems a trifle smaller and less robust here than on Vancouver Island. 


an 


I 


EE IES a Se 


igs te 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 133 


681. Gluphisia severa Hy. Edw.—Banff, May 26th to June 
Ist, 1910. Several specimens on electric light poles (Sanson). In 
the Kootenai List Dr. Dyar treats severa as a western race of 
lintneri. Lintneri occurs at Calgary, but is rare. I- have eight 
specimens at present under examination, two of them females. 
Of severa I have three males from Kaslo, one from Duncans, V. IL., 
and two and a femalefrom Banff. I have little doubt that they 
are distinct species. In lintneri the coloured shades are ochreous. 
In severa they are pale sienna brown. But the colour seems vari- 
able both in shade and degree, and may not always serve to dis- 
tinguish them. The lines differ in course. A basal transverse line 
is occasionally present in both. There is also an extra-basal line, 
about midway between the base and the t. a. In lintneri this is 
sharply outcurved in the submedian interspace... In severa it is 
slightly waved throughout. The t. a. varies in course in both 
species, but is directed more obliquely outwards from the costa 
to the subcostal vein in severa. The t. p. line is also more dentate 
and crenulate in the latter, especially near the inner margin. 
Structurally, severa is rather broader winged, and the scaling and 
vestiture is rather rougher. In my female severa, the antennal 
pectinations are considerably shorter than in Jlintneri, and lie 
closer along the shaft, giving at first the impression of a simple 
antenna, 

LIPARIDA. 


682. Olene plagiata Walk.—Banff, Aug. 2nd. (Fletcher). 
The record is taken from Barnes and McDunnough’s Contr. II, 
No. 2, p. 75, on “The Liparid Genus Olene.”’ In that work they 
point that though plagiata Walk. has been quite erroneously used 
for one species of Olene (vide also Can. Ent. XLV, 301, Sept. 1913, 
No. 447, of this list), through Acyphas plagiata Walk. iv, 799, 
1855, having been misidentified, yet the name must immediately 
be reintroduced for another Olene, which is Edema plagiata Walk. 
xxxii, 427, 1865, and which stands wrongly in our lists as Sym- 
merista. 1 should judge from their figures that this is very likely 


the species referred to by me from Banff as styx B. & McD., though 


paler than Vancouver Island specimens (43rd Rept. Ent. Soc. for 
1912, 121 (1913). Of this Mr. Sanson took four males, July 21st- . 
25th, 1911. As Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough suggest them-. 


134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


selves on page 76 of the above-mentioned revision, that styx may 
prove to be only a melanic form of plagiata, 1 have no cause to feel 
ashamed of my record. It may be as well here to mention that 
B. & McD. have pronounced Acyphas plagiata Walk. to be Hemero- a 
campa definita Pack: and not leucostigma A. &. S., as I at ent a 
thought. (Contr. II, No. 5, p. 208, Aug. 1914). Ҥ 


PLATYPTERYGID&. 


683. Eudeilinea herminiata Gn.—Dorothy, July 5th, 1005. 
One specimen. 


\ 


OCCURRENCE OF EUMERUS (SYRPHIDA) IN > 
CALIFORNIA. 


BY W. M. DAVIDSON, U. S. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGAON, 
Dm ©: 


The large Syrphid genus Eumerus Meigen is well distributed — 
over the lands of the Eastern Hemisphere, occurring from Britain 
to Australia. In the Americas there appear to be no indigenous k 
species, but the onion fly (Eumerus strigatus Fallen) has been bred _ 
from Iris.and Amaryllis bulbs in North America. Felt* records — 3 
that it was reared in New York State from Iris roots found at — 
Saratoga Springs, N.*Y., August, 1911. He also states that it 4 
has been recorded from Buffalo, N. Y., Connecticut and Browns- 4 
ville, Texas. During the summer of 1914 1 was surprised to find — 
an Eumerus on the wing in central California. Ten specimens, of 3 
which 8 were males, were secured, the dates and numbers cxleonl #7 
being as follows: 1 male at Walnut Creek, Cal., May 25; 1 male at 4 
Berkeley, Cal., June 12; 6 males and 2 fccwntaa at Oakland, Cal., — 
July 26. At Borkeley a. few others were observed and at Oak-_ 
land-many more. At both places the flies occurred in garden 
flying close to the ground and making short darting flights. among — 
the vegetation, thereby, reminding one of some of the smaller — 
‘bees. Professor Bezzi of Turin, Italy, to whom I sent a male, 
pronounced the specimen very similar to the European. Ez tuber- — 
culatus Rondani, which he states is perhaps only a variety of of © 


*Felt, New York State Museum, Report of the State Entomologist, rr 
p. 119. + 


Sve Teer SS ee 


epee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135 


strigatus Fallen. Mr. F. Knab, of the U. S. National Museum, 
has pronounced the specimens I submitted to him sérigatus. It 
would appear that this European insect has a wide distribution 
over the United States since it has been taken in the East, South 
and West. Its habits on the wing are rather similar to those of 
Pavagus tibialis Fallen, a common species that superficially re- 


‘sembles the Eumerus. 


4 


FIELD NOTES AND QUESTIONS. 
THE OCCURRENCE OF MANTIS RELIGIOSA L. IN CANADA. 


Four specimens of the European Praying Mantis (Mantis 


religiosa L.), taken in Ontario, have been seen by the writer since 


September, 1914. Three of these were captured in Prince Edward 
County during the past two seasons, while the fourth was taken 
some years ago near Simcoe, Norfolk Co. The latter specimen 
was sent to me for determination by the Rev. Prof. C. J.S. Bethune. 


Of the three specimens from Prince Edward County one was 
taken last year near Picton, and is now in the collection of the 
Picton Collegiate Institute; a second was taken at Green Point, 
Sophiasburg Township, about Aug. 15, by Mr. Hugh W. Clark, 
Assistant Representative of the Dept. of Agriculture, Picton; 
while the third comes from Carrying Place, and is in the Interna- 
tional Collection of Canadian Insects, Ottawa. It was taken by 
Mr. J. H. Herrington on Oct. 10, 1914.—E. M. W. 


Referring to Mr. Bethune’s remarks in the January number 


on “Caterpillars as Weather Prophets,’ according to Brez-in 
~ “Flores des Insectophiles, Notes suppl. p. 134, 


> 66 


when a spider 
spins a long thread, there is a certainty of fine weather for at 


least ten or twelve days afterward.’ Of this Kirby had the 


following to say: “Without going the length of deeming this 
important enough to regulate the march of armies or the sailing 
of fleets or of proposing that the first appearance of these baro- 


_ metrical spiders in the spring should be announced by the sound 


of trumpet, I have reason to believe from my own observations 
that his statement is in the main accurate and that a very good 


136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


idea of the weather may be formed from attending to these crea- 
tures.’ “sl 

The above, however, is a conservative forecast compared with Ht 
the one mentioned by Mr. Bethune. 


H. B. Weiss, New Brsionidss N. J. 


INSECT IMPORTATIONS INTO NEW JERSEY DURING THE FALL OF 1914. 


Four thousand six hundred and eight parcels of nursery stock 
were shipped into New Jersey during the past fall, emanating 
from such countries as Holland, Belgium, United States of Colum- 
bia, England, Germany, Japan, Ireland, Denmark, Scotland, — 
Brazil, Trinidad, France, Cuba, Italy, Canal Zone, Central America — 
and Venezuela. Four-fifths of the above quantity came from — 
Holland and Belgium, these two countries being by far the largest _ 
exporters into New Jersey. Every year it is customary to find — 
on this stock what might be called standard infestations and the © _ 
following list which gives the species found last season may be — 
taken as a fair example of what one can expect more or less regularly. 

Diaspis boisduvalii on orchids from Belgium and England; — 
Pseudococcus sp. on palms and metrosideros from Belgium; Coccus ~ 
hesperidum on bay trees and camellias from Belgium and Germany; _ 
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi on palms from Belgium, England and — 
Scotland; Aspidiotus hedere on palms, camellias, lapagerias from 
Belgium, Germany, England; Hemichionaspis aspidistre on aspi- — 
distra from Belgium; Chrysomphalus aonidum on palms from — 
Belgium; Lepidosaphes ulmi on apple, boxwood from England and ~ 
Holland; Targionia biformis on orchids from Central America; ~ 
Isosoma orchidearum in orchids from Brazil and Central America; — 
Notolophus antiqua eggs on roses from Holland; Aleyrodes sp. on 
azaleas from Belgium, Holland, Germany; Gracilaria azalee larve — 
on azaleas from Belgium; Tingitid eggs on rhododendrons from — 
Belgium, Holland; and Ceuthophilus sp. in packing around stock | 
from England. a 

As is seen, scale insects continue to outnumber all other 
species. This is undoubtedly due to the ease with which they can — 
be transported and overlooked if present only in small numbers. 


Harry B. Wetss, New Brunswick, N.J. 
Mailed Apri! 10th, 1915 


tie Ganadliay Futomologist. 


"Vou. XLVI XLVII. LONDON, MAY, 1915. ——SNo. 5 


POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 


q “Some OF THE BENEFITS FROM SPRAYING WITH ARSENATES IN THE 
APPLE ORCHARDS OF Nova ScotTia.* 


BY GEO, E. SANDERS, FIELD OFFICER, 
Entomological Branch, Dominion Department of Agriculture. 


During the seasons of 1912 and 1913 an experiment was con- ~ 
ducted by the local laboratory of the Entomological Branch to 
_ determine the extent of benefit from each of the four sprays then 
applied to the orchards of the Annapolis Valley in controlling the 
3 aed most important groups of biting insects, neti the Bud- 


@ __ The orchard under experiment was six to seven years old, 
4 standard trees forty feet apart, with Wagner fillers eight feet two 
4 ‘inches apart, and when taken was moderately infested with Bud- 
_ moths, heavily infested with Fruit Worms and moderately infested 
~ with Codling Moth. The results throughout were taken on 
- Wagners. Ten acres of orchard were used, divided into plots of 
~ 10-12 acres each. 


_ The composition of the spray used was commercial lime and 
sulphur, one to thirty-five, and Swift’s acid paste lead arsenate, 
five pounds to one hundred gallons; it was applied with a hand 
“pump. The first application was made when the buds were 
oe bursting, as soon as the first Bud-moth started eating its way into 
- the bud, to be referred to as spray 1. The second was applied 

~ from two to three days before the blossoms opened, to be referred 

to asspray 2. The third was applied immediately after the blossoms 
oll, to be referred to as spray 3, and the fourth was applied two 
_ weeks later, to be referred to as spray 4. 


} ~ The infestation of Bud-moths in the buds in the unsprayed 
Re checks at the end of the experiment was 59.56 per 100 buds, while 


_ *Contributions from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, 
tawa. 


138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


in the plots receiving spray 2 and 3 together they averaged 22.1 
per 100 buds, or the number of Bud-moths was reduced by 60.75 
Pet cent. 


~The i nfestutc ‘of Fruit Worms at the end of the first season 
in the checks (unsprayed) was 12.44 injured apples per 100 picked, | | 
while in the plots receiving spray 2 and 3 together there were 4.33 
injured apples per 100 picked, or the injury by Fruit Worms was 
reduced by 65.19 per cent. The second season, with a much lighter — 
infestation throughout the orchard, the benefit was 63.56 per cent. _ 
reduction in Fruit Worm injury. / 
; 


The Codling Moth infested 4.54 per cent. of the apples inthe 
checks in 1913. It was found that spray 2 gave 71.3 per cent. 
reduction in injury. Spray 3 gave 89.2 per cent. reduction, and 
spray 4 gave 65.6 per cent reduction. From the fact that the — i: 
Codling Moth is, as a rule, an insect of minor importance in Nova — 
Scotia, and that it is largely controlled by sprays other than the ; 
regular Codling Moth spray, the Nova Scotia apple growers are — 
free to advance or retard by two or three days the first spray 
after the blossoms, as may be advantageous to them-in controlling — 
any other pest, with practically no reduction in benefit to Codling— 


Moth. 


The injury done by the three ties under observation was — 
divided into twe classes; the first, reduction in the set of fruit, — 
and the second, injury to the picked fruit. 4 


3 
r 
4 


Effect of Bud-moth in Reducing Set 


In the Experimental orchard 59.56 per cent. of the blossom — 
buds in the checks contained Bud-moth. Counts of 1000 blossom — 
‘clusters infested with Bud-moth showed 305 apples set, while 1000. q 
blossom clusters free from Bud-moth on the same trees set 1205 
apples. In other words, the reduction in set in the blossoms _ 
infested is 75 per cent., or in the checks where the infestation was 
59.56 per cent. the reduction in set was approximately 45 per cent. 
By the use of spray 2 and 3 we reduced the number of Bud-moth , 
~ by 60.75 per cent., so instead of growing 55 apples where 100 wot Id 
have set if no Bud-moth had been present, we increased the set to” 
82, or an increase in set of 49.09 per cent. . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 139 


Effect of Fruit Worm in Reducing Set. 

In the check plots we found 12.44 per cent. of the picked 
fruit showing Fruit Worm injury. Observations during June 
showed that 72.48 per cent. of the young fruits injured by Fruit 
Worms drop to the ground before matufity. So the number of 
___ apples which fell in the checks was 32.75 per cent. of the total set 
on 67.28 apples were grown where 100 would have grown if no 
Fruit Worms had been present. Spray 2 and 3 reduced this injury 
by 65. 19 per cent. and so increased the set from 67.28 apples to 
88.61 apples or an increase in set of 31.7 per cent. 


TABLE SHOWING etre a IN SET DUE Seg BUD-MOTH AND 
RUIT WORM CONTROL 


Per cent. benefit |Per cent. in- 
Diué.to veel span Per cent. set inj/by spraying in|Per cent. seticrease in set 
; injury unsprayed plots|controlling in-|when sprayed. |due to insect 
: sects. control. 
gs Er it Worm...| 32.72 67.28 65.19 88.61 rie fee 
a = -moth...... 45. 55. 60.75 82. 49.09 
Total increase in set. Seeks 80.79% 


ys Or where in the treated plots we grew 100 apples in the enéroatae 
as _ plots we grew 55 apples. 


Bud-moth Injury to the Picked Fruit 


In estimating Bud-moth injury to the picked fruit, the counts 
in the various plots varied greatly, depending on the crop, size of 
_ the leaves, etc., so that no accurate idea of control beyond the 

- general benefit in reducing Bud-moth could be gathered. The 
whole twelve plots averaged 44.7 per cent. Bud-moth infestation 
‘in the buds, while 9.5 per cent of the total crop of apples had 
- leaves tied up to them, the surface showing injury by the young _ 
i  larve. A total injury of about one apple to every five buds 
4 + “injured j in the spring. All apples injured by Bud-moths under the 
5 _ present interpretation of the Fruit Marks Act are packed as No. 3’s 

or ay the injury being properly classed as “‘causing material 


‘ a k Fruit Worm Injury to the Picked Fruit 

In the check plots the total Fruit Worm injury was 12.44 per 

cent. of the picked fruit. Of these 39.5 per cent., or 4.97 per cent. 
of the total, were so damaged as to be fit only for No. 3’s or culls. 


, 


-140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


In many cases the injury is much greater than this, a larger pro- 
portion of those injured being classed as No. 3’s and culls.. " 


Codling Moth Injury to the Picked Fruit. 


In the check plots the Codling Moth injury was 4.54 per cent., - 
while in the plots receiving spray 3 the injury averaged 5 per cent. — 
Both calyx and side injury were present, and the injury predomin- 
ating. 


TABLE SHOWING INJURY TO THE PICKED FRUIT. 


Per cent. injury Per cent. reduc- Per t. i 
Per cent. total|serious enough|Per cent. seri-jtion in injury ee bn 
Due to injury to picked|to throw apples|ous injury in|by spraying be- total 4 rx ts 
fruit. into No. 3's and'sprayed plots. |fore and after} d roy apr es 
culls. | ~ the blossoms, |@U¢ *© Spraying 
Bud-moth..... 9.5 9.5 3.8 60.75 5.7 
Fruit Worm... 12.44 4.97 1.74 65.19 3.23 
Codling Moth. 4.54 4.54 Ps 89.2 4.04 
Total increase in marketable apples........ .. 12.97% 


Economic Results. 


Apples are seldom worth less than $1.00 per barrel on the trees 
in Nova Scotia. For every 100 barrels grown by proper spraying 
in orchards similarly situated to the one in which we experimented, 
45 barrels of the picked fruit in every 100 and 12.97 per cent. more 
Nos. 1 and 2; among those grown may be attributed directly to 
the control of Fruit Worms, Bud-moths and Codling Moth by 
spraying. The results obtained were practically from two spray- 
ings, one from one to three days before the blossoms, and one 
directly after the blossoms. Spray 4 gives some results when 


applied alone in the control of Fruit Worms, Bud-moths and Codling 


Moth; but when spray 2 and 3 are applied, the additional benefit — 3 
of the later spray becomes so small as to be scarcely noticeable. 
Cost of Spraying 


The cost in Nova Scotia varies, but, on the average, five cents _ 
per barrel per application more than covers the cost; reckoning the 


dilute mixture of lime and sulphur and lead arsenate at one cent 


per gallon and the cost of the application at one and one-half cents x 
per gallon and two gallons per barrel per application. For two ~ 


applications of spray mixture costing ten dollars per 100 barrels we 


had in return 45 barrels more of apples and 12.97 barrels more — 
Nos. 1 and 2 to the hundred due to insect control alone. We did 


- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 141 


- not reckon any benefit from black spot control, which is even a 
_ more important problem, leaving’ that to the plant pathologists. 

We conducted the experiment to show that when the weather is 
_ fine and black spot not present that spray is not wasted on trees, 
but that a man pays for his entire four or five applications of spray 
which the plant pathologists recommend to keep black spot off 
the various varieties in Nova Scotia from two to three times over 
by controlling three groups of insects: the Fruit worms, the Bud-~ 
E moths and the Codling Moth, which are present in every orchard 
° and in every year in the Annapolis Valley, often in greater quantities 
5 


‘than in our experimental orchard. , 


pe COLLECTING IN MAINE.—(COLEOPTERA). 
BY C. A. FROST, FRAMINGHAM, MASS. 


June 17th, 1912, found me in the pleasant little village of 
South Paris, Maine, which is situated on the Little Androscoggin - 
River in the County of Oxford, formerly famous for its bears. 
_ The general elevation of the village is about 350 feet above sea 
level, and the highest oars near there is Streaked Mountain about 
1700 feet. 

This was the setuid season I had been able to collect in this 
place, and as I had confined my investigations to the higher land 
_ and the hills in 1910, this year I collected along the river and de- 
voted considerable time to the numerous lumber yards in the 
~ village. The most remarkable collecting I have ever experienced 

was enjoyed in the yard of the Mason Manufacturing Company, 
which contained huge piles of white pine boards and rapidly 
_ diminishing tiers of short logs, mostly white and red (Norway) 
_ pine. There were also long piles of slabs, the composition of which 
showed that spruce, fir, hemlock, and several species of hard 
woods were used in the establishment. 
_ Between the river and the yard on the east is a thick stand of . 
young white pines, which extends also a short distance on the 
_ north side and forms an enclosed angle into which the afternoon sun 
beats with tropical fury. In this corner the logs, the tree trunks, 
along the edge of the woods, a pile of empty packing cases, and the 
sides of several small buildings, provided resting places for hun- 


dreds of wood-boring Coleoptera. Chalcophora virginiensis and 
May, 1915 


oT A ES 2 SES EES 


A Ge 
- 


142 THE ‘CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Monohammus scutellatus buzzed from one resting place to another, 
and the sweating workmen addressed them in unique, if somewhat 
lurid, phrases when the huge insects struck them in the face or — 
scratched an erratic course across the back of their neck. In this 
yard I bottled 160 of the former and 265 of the latter species, 
most of them being taken on two of the warmest afternoons of 
the week. Chalcophora fortis was taken once on a board pile 
and liberta several times in company with virginiensis. 


All the specimens of Dicerca chrysea seemed to have congre- 


~ gated on the trunk of a sickly white pine at the edge of the woods, 


where I secured eleven of them. Many of them were so high up 


that‘I was forced to stand on a pile of logs and dislodge them with — 


a long pine branch. Those that missed the net in their fall were 
found clinging to projecting sticks or to the base of the tree, which 
they must have reached by spreading their wings just before 
striking the ground. I have noticed this neat bit of parachute 
work by Dicerca divaricata after vainly searching for them on the 


ground. This species and punctulata were taken on the trunk of — 3 


a maple tree at the south end of the yard. The single waserea'r: of 
the latter species is my only record. for Maine. 


Chrysobothris scabripennis was common on the pine logs ait 


dentipes became a nuisance as its quick flight distracted the atten- _ 


tion from more desirable species. C. harrisi was seen four times 
and, remarkable enough to record, not a specimen escaped. 


One Buprestis impediia was taken from a pine trunk so close to _ 


the ground that it nearly escaped observation. The remains of B. 
consularis were discovered under a board and by careful patching 
a presentable specimen was secured; then by running melted 
paraffine into the body cavity it was made strong enough to pin. 
Many rare specimens might be saved if care is taken in trans- — 


porting damaged insects from the field and a little ingenuity exer- 


cised in repairing them. It is also a good plan to pick up any — 


_dead, even though imperfect, specimens and reserve for future — 


examination unless they are well-known forms. I have not for- — 
gotten the lesson I once received, for the result brought me an — 


almost perfect specimen of one of my rarest New England Ceramby- — 


cide. I was tramping through a thick forest growth of hardwood, — 
interspersed with huge hemlocks, that clothed the ruggedness of | ’ 


~~ eee ee Pe “ —E ao <r ere 
wees athe lar eat ‘ _ a ie tee mela et tae) 
. eg te ae pO RE ee re ee Set Pee LB: ‘ 
ak “ . Fe Sg i ¥ are hy stay a 2, , 
4 ane i Cael : 


kee et 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 143 


a Maine hillside in the town of Wales, when caught a gleam of 
emerald in a small patch of freshly washed out earth on which a 
wandering sumbeam for a moment rested. I picked up the speci- 


_new record for Gaurotes cyanipennis, for I had never seen it in Maine. 
Some weeks later, when I came to examine it, I found it was — 
Anthophilax malachiticus. 


Elateride were Alaus oculatus and myops, which were taken on the 


and Elater semicinctus. Corymbites cruciatus was taken only once 
flying in the yard. 

When the shadows began to lengthen, the air was filled with 
minute flying forms—<Scolytide, Staphylinide, Lathridiide and 


- many others whose family names have not yet been noted. 


On the second day after my arrival, a small sand-bar at the 
edge of the river attracted my attention, and before I was aware of 
it, an hour had passed. Here I secured a single Elaphrus riparius, 


_ my first record for New England, although I have seen several 


from the Lake of the Clouds, Mt. Washington, N. H. By scooping 
up water and throwing it over the mud and sand, numbers of 
Bembidium, Staphylinide, and a few Omophron americanum, and 
Heterocerus tristis, were taken. 

On another day, when the sun had become obscured and a 
cold wind had driven all the lumber-loving species to cover, I 
spent two or three hours throwing water with an abandoned basin 


upon the stony beach that marks the fording place of an old Indian 


trail. Here several species of Bembidium, Tachys scitulus, Hyp- 
noideus exiguus a larger species of Hypnoideus, A pristus subsulcatus, 


- Omophron tessellaitum, and many species of Staphylinide were driven 
out of their hiding places and captured as they scurried about. 


When the basin failed me and more water came through the 
bottom than out the top, I turned my attention again to the slab 
piles and stray bits of lumber. Here I found Dinoderus substriatus 


(2?) boring into the strips of bark that clung to small bits of pine 


slabs. A fine specimen of Ditylus ceruleus encouraged me to handle 
over a cord or so of pitchy pine and silvery hemlock, without 
further success, except a few well-known Histeride and Cucujide. 


men and carelessly threw it in to the alcohol bottle, thinking it:-a* 


The most conspicuous—that is, after they were once seen— of the . 


board piles with Agriotes stabilis (also taken on raspberry flowers) . 


144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


It was here that I secured my second New England record (first one 
at Wales, Me.) of Geotrupes semiopacus, which was boring in the 
earth beneath excrement. A sluggish Chalcophora fortis that was 
waiting on the end of a log for the sun to appear again, fell over 
backwards to escape my menacing fingers and landed in the waiting | 
net. 


Near here, on a sunny day, I swept two Agrilus crinicornis 
from the leaves of the red raspberry. This genus does not seem 
to be abundant in Main , where I have collected. I have once 
found A. bilineatus in numbers on red oak leaves and logs, and at 
another time captured a good series of pensus on the leaves of 
Ostrya. This species was also taken in small number; by beating 
Alnus tncana after sunset. A single specimen of the rare lateralis 
was taken at the same time at Wales, Me. A very few specimens 
of obsoletoguttatus have been taken on oak and scattering individuals 
of politus are occasionally seen. ; 


Among the other species taken in this locality were the folowing: 
Schizogenius amphibius, Amara erraticus, Rhizophagus approxi- 
matus (?) Lathridius liratus, Tyrus humeralis, Connophron fossiger, — 
Xantholinus cephalus, Conosoma litioreum and knoxii, Gronevus 
(Corylophus) truncatus, Ernobius luteipennis, Annobium notatum, 
Ptilinus ruficornis, Cenocara scymnoides, and Anthicus ephippium. 

A week is a most deplorably short space of time for an ento- 
mologist to explore the possibilities of a new region, and yet, with ~ 
all the fields and forests before’me, I’return again and again to the ~ 
sun-baked piles of logs and slabs, fascinated with the thought that 
just ahead there is another rarity. The noon hour passes into 
oblivion, and the faintly stirring memory of an early breakfast 
vanishes with the capture of a handsome Buprestis. The rays of 
the afternoon sun come slanting down between the pines and I 
say to myself, “Just once more around the piles,’ but the six 
o'clock. mill whistles find me amid the flying bark-beetles and the 
falling dusk sends me reluctant toward the supper table. 

To the entomologist there comes anticipation—and the mind 
conjures up a beautiful country swarming with unknown forms; 
realization—and the nature student is delighted with the never- 
failing unexpected; retrospection—and time has softened the 
harshness, effaced the petty annoyances, and magnified all that 


PLATE IV. 


XLVII. 


CAN. ENT., VOL. 


(Chl eq 9aS) 
(8-S) VINISSISOIDA dS VINAdIVdVd 
GNV (6-1) VLVOUNA VNAdIVdVd 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 145 


__ was joyous and beautiful. And as I sit with open box before me 
and listen to the sleet driven from out the winter darkness against 
a the window panes, I dream of June vacation days—the scent of 
spruce and fir arises and I gaze across the logs through shimmering 
_ heat waves to the cool shadows of the clustering pines. 


NEW LIFE HISTORIES IN PAPAIPEMA SM. 
| (LEPIDOPTERA.) 


BY HENRY BIRD, RYE, N. Y. 
(Continued from p. 115). 


Papaipema speciosissima G & R. 


_ .A thirteen-year search for the larva of this species, one of the © 
_ few eastern ones remaining unknown, culminated successfully in 
_ 1918. By reason of its fine coloration and large size the species 
was well known as a moth, even though but few examples ever 
found a way into collection. At the time of the description in 
- 1868 (Trans: Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. I, 342), Grote and Robinson 
_ relate receiving their type’ from Seekonk, a suburb of Providence, 
_ R. LI, and an accompanying figure made its individuality clear. 
_ Thirty years later Prof. J. B. Smith found ‘‘perhaps a dozen female 
14 examples” in the aggregate of the principal American collections 
which he perused when writing monographically of the genus. 
' While known to be generally scattered over the north-eastern 
5 - United States, most of the examples coming to light of late years 
bore the label of northern New Jersey. As the establishment of 
bt the preferred food-plant through a painstaking search has brought 


_ out a bearing of primitive conditions on the result, it may be helpful 
3 _to relate details. 


3 It was conceded the larva would have a boring habit, its large 
. size would indicate the occupation of some stocky stem or root, 
so this problem of isolating the food-plant was the first question, 
_ and one beset by certain ecological features. So long ago as 1900 

the writer visited the type locality in hopes of meeting some plant 
peculiar to that séction which might furnish a clue to the desider- 
-atum. Obviously, one way of getting an idea of a likely plant 


_ for investigation would be to visit a number of places where the 
May, 1915 


ost aid le heel: Salt oS 


146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


moth had occurred, compare the floral conditions, and note the — 
suitable plant forms common to such stations. Working on these 
lines many stations from Montreal, Can., to Wilmington, Del., were 
visited, but the results led nowhere. What did appear was that 
the great semi-tidal marsh westward of Jersey City and Hoboken, 
N. J., yearly gave up a few of the moths, and made it apparent an 
established colony must be flourishing in these fastnesses. The 
flora of this region is of the usual luxuriance of an ancient marsh, 
though modified by a considerable salinity in its lower reaches. 
Very conspicuous are a number of giant grasses, Phragmites phrag- 
mites, Spartina cynosuroides, Zizania aquatica, and others, which 
are capable and fit to serve as food-plants. For many years we 
laboured under the impression that some of these grasses must be 
the answer to the riddle. A number of large herbaceous species 
also occur and the field for investigation was a large one. From 
a contemplative viewpoint this habitat offers much to be desired. 
Many of the floral conditions here have seen little change in the 
last piling up of centuries, certain sections remaining doubtless in 
their pre-Columbian verdancy, and we should, theoretically at 
least, find our larva easily. But the proximity to so great a popula- 

tion has produced much artificiality and the region is interspersed 
by numerous railroads that are responsible for frequent burnings. 
The principal hinderance to a thorough search, however, is the fact 
that the territory is wet to submergence except during very droughty 
times. 


Our meeting with the larva of P. inquesita in.a Cryptogam, 
in 1898, made us early mindful of the ferns, though the food- 
plants of the genus centre principally among the Composites. — 
Light dawned in 1912 when P. stenocelis proves a fern feeder, for 
inquesita, stenocelis and speciosissima are a trio aloof from the ~ 
allies, and it becomes clear we must now also look for the latter in 
a fern. But what fern was peculiar to the Jersey Meadows? 
Early in 1913 we found a young borer at work in Aspidium, at Rye, 
- but the instance did not reflect a normal operation for our desider- — 
atum. ‘Latterly, Mr. Otto Buchholz, of Elizabeth, N. J., had ; 
rendered assistance in the Jersey Meadow hunt, being close by the 
field, and keen, through a wide experience and with a skill rarely 
equalled, for detective work of this nature. Upon being advised 


3 af ‘ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 147 


_ the search had narrowed down to the ferns, with usual acumen, 
he soon located the great colony of the Meadows. It developed 
the common Osmundas are the ones chosen, both O. regalis and O. 
_ cimnamomea being infested. Whether O. claytoniana is also bored 
Ss did not develope, since that species did- not occur here, being a 


- denizen of dryer places. While it is a surprise this common fern 
proves the food-plant so long sought, Osmunda regalis being the 
_ favourite, and that negative results had followed its examination 
_ in hundreds of cases previously, the prominent feature is the 
> localized colony encountered, with the evidence of its probable 
antiquity. From twenty years’ observation on the growth of 
___ Osmunda under our windows, we do not hesitate to state that most 
of these individual plants represent fifty years development at 
least. The gnarled, ruminating root-stocks are elevated 50 to 60 
em. above the level of the quaking morass, in the effort to get 
‘above the water and from the nature of the yearly accumulations, 
and show the borings of preceding generations. 


es 


_. The presence of the larva in O. regalis is not easily noted. 
_ There is no wilting or drying of a conspicuous frond as happens 
_ with the other fern borers. The newly emerged larva enters a 
_ miniature stipe whose uncoiled, tender tip has sprung up but three 
or four centimeters, and in a few days has tunnelled down into the 
_ root-stock. This dies, it is true, and is some evidence, but a 
_ peculiarity with this fern in this locality seems to be that many 
> more fronds start than eventually mature, what appears to be a 
 fungous blight nipping some in their tender incipiency. Further, 
a dipterous larva bores these young stipes and causes them to die, 
so that we find two other similar results produced at the same time 
. in the plant, as is occasioned by the working of speciosissima. As 
the larval period lengthens, the frass thrown out is the only indica- 
tion, and this is not in the usual well-formed pellets, but a rusty- 
brown, mud-like deposit. Even this sign is hard to detect for the 
fruiting fronds send down their brown inflorescence, which, with 
the chaff-like scales from the stipes sprinkle the root-stock and 
- help to smother the meagre clues: So the apprehension of this 
_ larva is not as easy as with most others, and the surprise greater, 
___ when, at maturity, one of these old roots is cleft open, disclosing 


& eee 
4 na'y 


aay 


pt Sete he eine 


fal at. 


co ate a RA 


148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


: — 


a pair often of great pink larve which have their whereabouts 
hidden to such a remarkable degree. 

The last week of May can be assigned as the date of general 
emergence from the over-wintering egg, and maturity is reached 
about Aug. 1. It did not develope that there was the usual amount 


of parasitism from the smaller hymenoptera that work so assidu- 


ously against most of. the allies about the fourth instar, and only 
Ceromasia myoidea seemed to assail the last stages, but this Tachinid 
was a prevalent check. 


The following brief tabulation, except for the first instar, may 
sufficiently place the larva: ‘i 


Stage II.—Generically typical, of the group with dark purplish- 
brown girdle which is not crossed by the white lines; head shows 
side line; tubercles well developed but not large, blackish, [Va 
absent on joint ten. “Head and cephalic shield concolorous, dorsal 
and subdorsal lines whitish and broken at girdle. 


Stage III.—Colour unchanged, tubercles not prominent, 
except on joint eleven III and 11lla are fused into a large plate 
greater than the spiracle and the latter somewhat larger than the 
anterior ones, and on twelve I and II are of the usual prominence. 

Stage IV.—Head has lost dark line at ocelli, is chestnut brown; 
the cephalic shield is as wide as head, yellow, margined laterally 
with a black border; lines white and conspicuous, the girdle becomes 
a shade paler; tubercles the same. 


Stage V.—Colour changes to a pinker tone, otherwise similar; 


the fused III and IIIa on eleven remain the largest of the lateral — 


plates, which on the whole are small. 
Penultimate Stage.—Colour is pronounced pink, the trans- 


lucence at the sutures giving a ringed appearance, the white lines — 


are nearly lost except the dorsal on the thoracic joints; tubercles 
and spiracles black, the former reduced; IIT and Illa have separated 
on joint eleven. 


Maturity—A robust larva with prominent brown head, — 


cephalic and anal plates, the tubercles except I and II on joint 
twelve inconspicuous; [Va has never developed on joint ten, and 


on eleven III and IIIa still more separated, the former the largest _ 
lateral plate; IV nevér gains its usual prominence as occurs with 


ee a ee, re 


ce a ee, ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 149 


~ _“ 


most other congeners. The colour is a pale pinkish hue, and with 
the large size is productive of an individuality pronounced with 
this species. Length, when full grown, 50 mm.; breadth, 7 mm. 


The gallery is abandoned for pupation, dates Aug. 1 to 15; 
emergence of forty specimens range Sept. 1 to 28. The pupa is 


_ correspondingly robust, the anal extremity armed with two curved 
hooks. Length 28, breadth 8 mm. 


The larval characters further accentuate the relationship with 
inquesita and stenocelis. Like these species, the slightly enlarged 
posterior spiracle indicates these larvae have had a super-abundance 
of moisture to contend against, and is a modification that is yet 
needed. 


Papaipema furcata Sm. 


The larva of this species seems to have been first encountered 
by Mr. Jacob Doll in the vicinity of New York City, but the 
general habitat is that of the central Mississippi valley. It bores 
the terminal twigs of Ash, and an instance of economic record 
against the species is cited by Prof. Washburn in his State Report 
as entomologist of Minnesota for 1907-08. The mature larva is 
there described, and a case of damage to nursery stock noted, with 
suggested remedy for such chance occurrences. My own searchings 
for this borer from Pittsburg, Pa., eastward have born negative 
results. Recently the species has been found as a larva in some 
numbers, by the Chicago collectors, particularly Messrs. A. Kwiat 
and E. Beer, and I am indebted to the former for these further 
details of the life history as well as a fine series of larval and per- 
fect specimens. 


The larval period extends from May 15 to July 30, considering 
early emergencies and tardy maturities. The soft, newly grown 
tip is entered at the base of one of the terminal leaves and the 
larva works in this portion for a short time. - They then leave their 
burrow here and go back and enter the harder, last season’s growth, 
usually a short distance below the point of the wintering bud. 


_ Why they do not continue their first gallery down into the old 


wood is not clear, for a considerable pith exists in both. However, 
the move to a new burrow in harder wood seems very general. 


/ 


150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Three species of Ash were found infested, Fraxinus nigra, F. 
americana, and F. pennsylvanica. At maturity the burrow is 
vacated and pupation occurs in the ground. The larva probably 
falls to the ground, for such borers at maturity are clumsy and 
cannot cling well to vertical surfaces. An indication of its early 
presence exists in the withered leaf at point of entry, with an exuda- 
tion of frass at the orifice; later when in the harder wood, it is less 
easily noticed. The larva belongs to that group in the table 
wherein the lines are broken centrally, but the species considered 
in its entirety is very distinct. 


Stage I.—Markings indistinct, the three anterior and last 
segments of lighter colour, middle brownish; lines not indicated, 
tubercles show slightly, blackish; cervical and anal plates promin- 
ent; duration of stage assumed to be five days. 


Stage II.—Generic characters in evidence, dorsal and sub- 
dorsal lines prominent and pure white, they are broken at and 
unindicated on the first four abdominal segments in general terms, 
though the break is not exactly at the sutures, these middle seg- 
ments appear as a girdle in deep purple brown; on joint ten there 
is indication of tubercle IVa, but the chitinization is not heavy. 

-and is concolorous; anal plate of much prominence, shining black. 
cervical shield much lighter, tubercles black. 


Stages III, IV, V.—Appearance similar, the head shining 
chestnut brown, but lacks the usual black, oblique line at the ocelli; 
on joint ten [Va is a well emphasized plate. 


/ Stage VI.—The colour fades, the brown tone remaining to the 
middle girdle, all tubercles and plates retain their prominence, 
blackly marked, excepting the cervical shield, which is the tone 
of the head, a yellowish brown, and edged at the side with a black 
border. : 


Maturity.—We have now a rather stout larva averaging 40 
mm. in length and 6 mm. in breadth; the head is yellowish brown, 
width 2.8 mm., the colour a whitish translucence throughout, 
the longitudinal lines lost; the black tubercles and spiracles stand — 
out strongly, of the former special reference should point to joint- — 
two, where an elongate plate occurs anterior to Ia and Ib, the fused ~ 
Xa.and Xb apparently; Ia, Ib, Ila show as’ mere dots, IIb, III ~ 


Sra ee ee ee eee 


nw ee Se 


An a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ae 1 9 | 


Sete 


and IV larger, the two latter being greater than a spiracle; on joint 
ten IVa is as large as IV, and I and II are more quadrately placed 
than occurs anteriorly; on twelve these are especially large and 
almost confluent; anal and its preceding plates black, and form a 
heavy armature to the posterior extremity. 


This instance of a black anal plate becomes a specific feature 


paralleled only with cerussata. The larval period seems about — 


sixty days. 


‘The pupa is of the stout, active form normal to the group, 


with a period of about thirty days. The dates for emergence in a 


series of fifty-five specimens are Aug. 26 to Sept. 5. 


The male genitalic modifications, noted already by Smith, 
might be suggestive of departures with the female structures to 


“meet some special requirement in placing the egg, but other than 


a slightly longer ovipositor, there seems no change from the preva- 
lent type. This modification exists in the peculiar two pronged 


’ _ clasper, which is unique absolutely. The eggs which are placed 


in September hibernate and are likely deposited near the extremity 
of the branches so the emerging larva may be near the food supply. 
Parasitism has not been observed so far. The sap beetle, Ips 
quadriguttatus, occurred numerously in the deserted galleries. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. 
Fig. 1—Papaipema furcata, male. 
Fig. 2—Papaipema furcata, female. 
Fig. 3—Papaipema furcata, larva, stage IV. 
Fig. 4—Papaipema furcata, larva, mature. 
Fig. 5—Papaipema speciosissima, male. 
F ig. 6—Papaipema speciosissima, female. 
Fig. 7—Papaipema speciosissima, larva, stage IV. 


Fig. 8—Papaipema speciosissima, larva, mature. 


152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


NOTES ON SOME TROPIC REACTIONS OF MACRO- 
DACTYLUS SUBSPINOSUS FAB. 
’ BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. 


During the summer of 1914, while investigating a “rose chafer”’ 
complaint in southern New Jersey, a long wait for a train, an 
abundance of beetles and favourable surroundings tempted me to 
test the action of this insect in the field under different conditions 
of light and temperature. 


. 


A comparatively cool, shady woods, where ‘the temperature 
was 75 degrees F., a tree in the open under the shade of which the 
temperature was 84 degrees F. and a dead leafless tree in the bright 
sunlight where the temperature was 89 degrees F., constituted all 
the apparatus at my disposal. Forty-five beetles were collected 
while feeding and copulating and three batches of fifteen each were 
liberated one at a time at the base of a tree in each of the sur- 
roundings described above. The following table gives the distances 
(vertical) covered by each beetle. 


Shade, Temp. 75 F. Shade, Temp. 84 F. Sunlight, Temp. 89 F. 

Distance Distance Distance 

Beetle covered Beetle covered Beetle covered 
PSA a Nakane OTe LV Sal i SR ae re te Sane ip oa Aegis) RD Fee ARR oe Bon 1 ft. 0 cin. 
yee sre G:.*° s Dee so ng De aioe oO“ aS Qe mienxes a ROSS 21 i 
SEs ses eiyont ate 3 0 a: ee p.m ek ys Ci! pe: Mis es 
ihe speci ene 1 6 a A Pa | , Pe terme 0o* 10 * 
OSC ean weaeore 5 0 5.. ASB. | Shoat | Go.5 ALC eRe 1 i Dees 
6. rae | 0 6... Oe 5 RO ee a ri ie aie Pah Ae 
DRA ee 0 “8 y CAVA RE iy eT ef 0“ 2 Tod) ives yee ee Ost Lace 
RR 4 a aE 2 0 8.. <a 3. Ss icvi caseeeeene Ps eS 
Sitetis Ritteabae 1 0 9.. Pet Mele Pra ae eed Gay 
10... 0 6 ROPES id, cea tine ets 4" 0 1O30vss.. dase ene Deere ey 
pA 1 0 ) See REE SAY, 0.“ 3 t)- 3. 3.k 20 aneee Ort Be 
12... 9 6 13°. Se: een | ADS a5 nr eee ee es 6st 2 i 
13;. Oot 1S rirwttin obese P89 PIBSy AS ake tee ig eee: Brae 
14., 0 6 14.. Pee Wa eas Wha tke snes etoe Oaks Bia 
16 ee aeRO 16 east oh pe it: Pebrrese ge Gare 
Totals. --.. 5... 22 ft. 38) in. Tétale “oA tS ee 46~ in, f Totals... +. ee 2 ft. 63 in, 
Averages... 20.1 ‘* | Averages........ §.2:**" dU Averages: : ..-Saseke 5.8 “ 


At a shade temperature of 75 degrees F., the average distance 
covered was 20.1 inches. At a shade temperature of 84 degrees F., 
the average distance was 6.2 inches, and in the sunlight, with the 
temperature five degrees higher, the average distance was 5.8 
inches. It thus appears that thermotropism and phototropism 
either together or alone were responsible for the quicker escape 


of the insects into the air and the lessened distances covered. 
May, 1915 


5 telah lds a 


ees ee oe or Pa 


ie: ie oS ce 


E 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 153 


A NEW GENUS OF TACHINIDA FROM THE CANADIAN 
NORTHWEST.* 


BY HARRISON £. SMITH, 
U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Cereal and Forage Insect. Investigations. 


; Saskatchewania, new genus. 
Proboscis long, slender, about two times as long as the dorso- - 
ventral diameter of the head: Labella not well developed. Palpi 


small, well developed. Head slightly broader than the thorax. 


Facial plate with broad, highly raised, distinct median carina. 
Facial ridges bare. Eyes bare. Antenne inserted near a line 
drawn through the middle of the eye, descending but slightly 
below the middle of the face. Parafrontals bare outside of the 
frontal row. Frontal bristles not descending below base of anten- 
nz. Ocellar bristles weak, proclinate. Orbital bristles absent in 
each sex. Diameter of head at the vibrissz as long as at the base 
of antenne. Abdomen not bearing the usual macrochete. Tip 
of apical cell ending at the extreme wing tip. Apical cell closed, 
long petiolate, the petiole as long or slightly longer than the 
posterior cross-vein.. Posterior end of the hind cross-vein nearer 
to the small cross-vein, than to the margin of the wing. Fourth 
longitudinal vein, beyond the bend, with a short distinct stump. 

Type of the Genus—Saskatchewania canadensis, new species. 


Saskatchewania canadensis, new species. 


Black, densely brassy-gray pollinose. Length 5-6 mm. 
Frontal vitta bright opaque, brownish black, slightly concave. 
At narrowest part somewhat wider than the parafrontals at the 


same point. Front at narrowest part not more than two times as 


wide as the distance between the posterior ocelli. Ocellar triangle 
and sides of front grayish pollinose. Head as viewed from the side 


projects but little in front of the eye. Parafacials grayish pol- 


linose with a strong brassy tinge; about one-fifth as wide as the 
median depression. Cheéks covered with black bristly hairs, 
gradually simulating macrochetz on the anterior margins. About 


one-fifth to one-fourth as wide as the eye height. Transverse 


impression of face well defined, concave, piceous. Antenne black, 
the first joint scarcely discernible, brownish black. Second and 
third joints opaque black, the third joint not over two times as 


*Published by permission of the Secretary of Agriculture. 
May, 1915 


154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


_ long as the second. Arista thickened on less than the basal half, 
the penultimate joint as broad or broader than long. Antennal 
fovea deeply concave. Median facial carina on its upper surface 
convex, as broad as the third antennal joint at its greatest width. 
Vibrisse cruciate, situated on a level with the front edge of the 
oval margin, one or two weak bristly hairs above each. Proboscis 
shining black, once geniculate. Palpi black, slightly thickened 
at the tip. Occiput, except the epicephalon, covered with numerous 
short bristly black hairs. : 
Thorax black, brassy-gray pollinose with four distinct sub- 
shining brownish black vitte, the outer vitte considerably wider 
than the two median. Bearing three dorso-central bristles (the 


anterior two, sometimes very weak), and two distinct sterno-. 


pleural bristles. Scutellum rather small, broader at the base, 


gradually narrowing to a rounded point apically. Bearing a pair 


of long basal and a single pair of long apical, marginal scutellar 
bristles. Median discal scutellar bristles weak. 

Abdomen black, brassy-gray pollinose with a distinct median 
brownish black vitta. Clothed with numerous long sub-erect 
bristly hairs, which are somewhat stouter in the male. Hypopygium 


in the male black, pollinose, bearing black bristly hairs, protruding ¥ 


forward beneath the venter. In the female shining black, distended 
outward, a narrow deep median hollow groove on the dorsum. 
The outer margin thickly beset with rather long, flattened, pointed 
spines, directed upwardly. 


Legs black, faintly pollinose. Knees reddish. Middle tibiae 
each bearing a single short bristle on the outerside below the — 
middle. Hind tibize with a few short bristles on the outer margin. — 


Last joint of front tarsi slightly longer than the tarsal claws. Pul- 
villi whitish. 


Wings hyaline with a yellowish tinge at the base. First and 
third longitudinal veins not bristly. Posterior cross-vein straight. _ 
Bend of fourth longitudinal vein right angular, beyond bend — 
approaching the third longitudinal vein in a straight line. Last — 
section of the fifth longitudinal vein much shorter than the pre- — 
ceding section. Calypteres whitish, with a yellowish tinge along 


the borders. 
Habitat—Saskatchewan, Canada. 


vee a a ee 


se 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 155 


-— Described from two males and four females collected June, 
August, and September, 1907, at Farwell Creek, South Saskatche- 
wan, Canada. This genus is named in honour of the Saskatchewan 
region, a very rich collecting ground in the Canadian northwest. 
Holotype—One male, Cat. No. 19213, U.S. N. M. 
Allotype—One female, Cat. No. 19213, U.S. N. M. 
Paratypes—One female in collection of the Boston Society of 
Natural History; one female in collection of the Massachusetts 


Agricultural College and a specimen of each sex in author’s collection. 


GEOMETRID NOTES—NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 
BY L. W. SWETT, BOSTON, MASS. 
Stamnodes blackmorei, n. sp. 


Expanse 21-27 mm. Palpi very short, head dark brown, 
antenne mottled brown and white. Thorax and abdomen fuscous, 
of about the same colour as in Diastictis inceptaria. Wings full 


_ and rounded, the general colour fawn brown, as in inceptaria, 


The insect at first sight looks like gibbicostata Walk., to which it 


is closely allied. Fore-wings form base to outer two-thirds. clear 
' fuscous, except at costa, where they are heavily shaded with brown. 
_ About one-fourth out from body the costa is intersected by a white 
_ dash and about the middle there is another white dash, followed 
by a large brownish patch, which extends to the median vein. 


Beyond this is a broad white band running from costa, at a slight 


angle, to median vein; then curving inward toward the body and 
_ almost disappearing as it nears the inner margin. Bordering this 
white line at costa is a very dark brown and black patch, some- 
_ times square, sometimes elongated. It is very distinct on all 


specimens, and is edged outwardly with yellow, followed by two 


_ white spots on edge of costa, then a black dot at almost apex of 


wing. Fringe light brown, with black checks at ends of veins, 
heavily shaded with dark fuscous from outer to inner margin. 
Discal dots absent, or, if present, to small too be apparent. Hind 


wings of same colour as fore wings. Viewed from beneath, the 
_ difference between this species and gibbicostata is most apparent. 


_ Fore-wings beneath darker than above with a rosy hue, the brown 


: lod 


markings on the costa above being-replaced by reddish beneath. 


There are the same white spots to the extra-discal band, and the 
May, 1915 


156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


black spot shows beneath as small and linear. The extra-discal 
line is quite angled beneath and has a pointed instead of a rounded 
projection, but the line fades out as it approaches the inner margin. 
Beyond the extra-discal white line is a large square reddish-brown 
patch, followed by a whitish ashen patch, which extends to tip of 
wing, and is marked with two minute points on costa. Beneath 
this ashen patch the wing is rosy along outer border to inner margin. 
Hind-wing, from base to white discal dash, clear, with a rosy 
flush. In gibbicostata the same space is heavily striated. In one 
specimen there is a white extra-discal band curving across the 
wing; in the others it shows only on inner and outer margins. 
On the inner margin the white -extra-discal line is shaded with a 
large rosy-brown patch. There is another patch at junction of 
veins 6 and 7, below outer margin. The outer border is rose- 
shaded, this colour sometimes running into the checkered fringe. 

This geometer can be distinguished from allied species by the 
conspicuous costal patch above, shaded with red beneath, and the 
rosy shading of the entire fore-wing. On the hind-wings the two 
widely-separated rosy-brown patches, white discal dash and extra- 
discal line separate it from albiapicata Grossb. The most dis- 
tinctive feature is the clear central space extending to the discal 
dot, which has only a rosy line and lacks striations. I think this 
species, when once seen, can hardly be confused with any other. 

Mr. Blackmore tells me this species is very rare, and even the 
older collectors, like Mr. Hanham, have seen only one or two 
individuals. I take pleasure in naming this pretty species after 
my friend Mr. Blackmore, who has done such valuable collecting 
in the vicinity of Victoria. 

Type—1 o&, Victoria, B. C., July 3, 1914, from E. H. Black- — 
more, in my collection. 

Paratypes—8 o, Victoria, July 2-27, 1913, and 1914, E. H. 


Blackmore; six in his collection, two in mine (No. 264 and No. 305). 


Petrophora defensaria var. mephistaria nov. 


Expanse 20 mm. Head and body light grey. Fore-wings 
flesh-coloured and almost immaculate, except for the solid black — 
median band. There are traces of a faint, slightly angled, basal — 
band below the costa, followed by a clear whitish, ashen or flesh- 
coloured space, extending to the wide, black, median band.” Inner 


ea ee SS 
= ri ’ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 157 


- 


margin of central black band curving slightly outward below costa, 
then running almost straight to inner margin. Outer margin of 
band running almost straight to median vein, where there is a 
deep sinus, then running suddenly outward in a sharp projection, 
curving back and running straight to inner margin. Beyond this 
the wing is almost clear, except for a few faint double dots on the 
veins. Just below apex of wing is a dark dash and a large black 
spot and on the costa, near the apex, are two black dashes. Fringe 
ashen with black dots at ends of veins. Hind wings light ashen, 
with a small, black discal spot, beyond which are five faint wavy 
brown lines curving across the wing, two being very near together 
beyond the discal dot. These lines are most apparent on the inner 
margin. Fore-wings beneath darker than above with the black 
median band showing through. There is a slight reddish cast 
near apex of wing and a slight clouding. Black discal spot distinct. 


’ Hind-wings crossed by five irregular extra-discal lines, the first 


three very close together and appearing as dots on the veins. 
There are traces of two faint lines near the outer margin. 

This is a distinct variety and is very striking. The intense, 
solid, black band crossing the wing will separate it from any others, 
but the general appearance, except for the band, is much like 
normal defensaria. 

Type—o’, Victoria, B. C., Jan. 9. 1909, from Mr. A. J. Croker. 


_ Paratype o, Ladysmith, B. C., Feb. 3, 1906, from Mr. C. Living- 
- ston. Also 1 o& from Victoria in Mr. Blackmore’s collection. 


yA 


The specimen from Mr. Livingston was received by me through 
the kindness of Mr. Wolley Dod. 
Hydriomena grandis Hulst. var. saawichata nov. 
Expanse 23-25 mm. Palpi short and slender. Head black, 
thorax and abdomen dark ashen grey. Fore-wings light rusty 
brown with a large black basal patch, the exterior line running 


out from costa to mesial vein. Just below this it forms a pro- _ 


jecting almost rectangular point, then running obliquely to inner 
margin. Beyond this basal patch to the broad central band the 
wing is rust brown, almost devoid of markings, except two faint 
parallel rusty streaks in the centre of the space. The intradiscal 
line runs irregularly across the wing as in grandis. The central 
band is jet black with no inside lines, but the black discal streak is 


158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


very noticeable. The extra-discal line is bordered externally with 
white, like the intra-discal ‘line, but the extra-discal band runs 
exactly as in typical grandis. Beyond the extra-discal line the 
wing is light rust-red to the outer margin, except for the row of 
white spots, shaded exteriorly with black, which run from costa 
to inner margin. At veins 5 and 6 there are two, sometimes three, 
elongated black streaks and below there is a large silvery-white 
patch. The fringe is light brown with basal line and intervenular 


black dots arranged in pairs. Hind-wings light ashen with spots 


on the veins forming an indistinct extra-discal line. There are 
traces of two fine reddish hair-lines running parallel across the 
wings. Fringe light brown with double spots at margin. Fore- 
wings beneath smoky brown, the black central band showing 
through faintly, and a dark brownish band near outer margin. 
Hind-wings darker than above with black discal dot more con- 
~ spicuous. There is an irregular black extra-discal band with dots 
on the veins. Beyond this, towards outer margin, are two ir- 
regular, parallel, red lines crossing the wings. 

This variety is very striking and does not resemble typical 
grandis closely, the latter having the central band fawn brown, 


as is also the outer border of the fore-wings, and the central band _ 


is composed of double extra.and intra-discal wavy lines. 

I am not sure that this is not a distinct species, but, realizing 
the great variability of the Hydriomenas, I prefer to treat it as 
a variety of grandis. I have placed this species and the variety 


temporarily in the genus Hydriomena, which seems to be a resting ; 


place for mixed genera, until these can be separated more satisfactor- 
ily by a study of their habits and genitalia. Such species of Hydrio- 
mena as autumnalis, fuscata and allied forms, constitute a natural 
group, distinct in markings and in life histories, but no satisfactory 
separation of the species has yet been made upon a structural basis. 

The present variety was discovered by my friend Mr. E. H. 


Blackmore, who called my attention to its distinctness from typical — 
grandis, and suggested the name saawichata. I have never seen it — 


in any other collection, and he assures me it is rare. 
Type o&, Victoria, B. C., May 28, 1914; E. H. Blackmowes 
Type 2, Victoria, B. C., May 5, 1914; E. H. Blackmore. 


Paratypes 10%, 492, Victie. B. C., May 28 to June 20, 1914; ; 


all in Mr. Blackmore’s collection. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 159 


A FOSSIL FUNGUS-GNAT. 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. 


_ Some time ago Miss Olive M. Braden collected a number of 
fossils in the Miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado, and through 
the kindness of Mr. A. E. Holch, of the Cripple Creek High School, 
I was enabled to examine the series and identify the species. Miss 
Braden very kindly gave to the University of Colorado Museum 


-several species new to our collection, the most interesting being a 


PT a Tae a oe Nite te 


fungus-gnat, described below. It is remarkable to find such fragile 
insects excellently preserved, and to note that they are entirely 
of the same type, in many instances, as their modern representatives. 
In a million years or so, some of the Mycetophilidz appear to have 
remained without evolutionary progress, except to the extent of 
slightly modifying or shifting minor specific characters. 


Mycetophila bradenz, n. sp. 


Length about 6 mm.; general appearance and _ structure 
‘. exactly as in the living M. punctata Meigen, but anterior tibial 
spurs longer. Antenne cylindrical about 1.5 mm. long, joints 
bs - about as broad as long; wings brownish, not spotted, venation quite 
normal for the genus; abdomen with alternating light and dark 
bands; hind tibia with two rows of long dark spines, as in M. 
| punctata, about 320 microns long; anterior tibize about 990 microns 
i long, with spur 660. The following wing measurements are in 
{ - microns: End of subcosta (on radius) to origin of radial sector, 
660; length of radio-medial cross-vein, 225; branching of cubitus 
 basad of level of lower end of radio-medial cross-vein, 160; branching 
of media from lower end of radio-medial cross-vein, 145. 


This is the first genuine Mycetophila found fossil in America. 
Scudder’s M. occultata, from White River, Colorado, is said to have 
the legs unarmed, and not very long, and the venation cannot be 
clearly made out. It is evidently not a true Mycetophila. In 
| Europe Mycetophila is known by a number of species from Baltic 
_ Amber, of Oligocene age. 

May, 1915 


“3 


sabe eee ne ee ees OE OE Sea ae 


160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


PODISMA FRIGIDA BOH. IN ALASKA. 


BY A. N. CAUDELL, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 

Among a number of miscellaneous insects recently recuived by 
the United States National Museum from the International 
Boundary Survey were two species of Acrididz collected by J. M. 
Jessup in the extreme northeastern part of Alaska. The labels 
on these specimens read as follows: ‘‘International Boundary, 
Alaska, J. M. Jessup. Lat. 69° 20 N., Long. 141° W. 8-VIII-12.” 
Of the two species of Orthoptera received there were fifteen speci- 
mens, one male and three female specimens of Gomphocerus clavatus 
Thom. and five male and six female specimens of a short winged 
grasshopper, which is determined as Podisma frigida Boh. While 
this record of P. frigida from Alaska is of interest, being the first 
reported occurrence of this European species in the New World, 
it is in no way remarkable, being but an eastward extension of the 
known distribution. 

Podisma frigida was described from Norway, and has been 
reported from various points in northern Europe and Asia and 
from the mountains of Switzerland. Material of both sexes from 
Norway and Switzerland is in the National Museum collection, 
having been received from Saussure, who was quite surely respon- 
sible for the determination. Noticeable variation exists in this 
material from these two regions, but direct comparison of the 
Alaskan material with the specimens from Norway shows scarcely 
any taxonomic divergence. As the Alaskan specimens exhibit no 
tangible structural differences from material from Norway, the typical 
region of frigida, it has seemed wise to determine them as that species. 

Of the known North American species of Podisma, the nubicola 
of Scudder is the most nearly allied to frigida, Here, however, as 
usual throughout the Melanopli, the genital structures of the male 


furnish excellent diagnostic characters. Thus in frigida the 


subgenital plate of the male is apically conical and noticeably 


elevated above the lateral margins and the cerci are about three 


times as long as the median width, while in nubicola the subgenital 
plate is more truncate apically and barely elevated above the 
lateral margins and the cerci are not, or barely, more than twice 


as long as the median width. 
May, 1915 


= 


td 
PUG 


Sap pe 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 161 


NOTES ON THE CAUSE OF THE BLUE COLORATION 
OF THE BLUE LYCAENIDS. 
BY H. M. SIMMS, MONTREAL. 


The question has recently been raised by certain entomologists 
whether the blue tint of the blue species of the genus Lycena and 
its allied genera is actually due to blue pigment or dye in the scales 


_ of the upper surface of the wings, or whether it is due to a kind of 


ia oe GLY 


“construction” similar perhaps to the apparent construction of a 
green tint on the under surface of the wings of certain species of 
the genus Euchloe. The latter, as is well known, on examination 
by a microscope, is found to be caused not by a field of green scales, 
but by one of black and yellowish scales intimately mixed in 
approximately equal quantities. I do not think that it has ever 
been suggested that the blue colour of the Lycenids is produced 


by an exactly similar mixing of scales of two distinct colours, but 


it has been suggested that the blue tint is due to the superposition 


of a layer of white, practically transparent scales over a layer of 
dark-brown or blackish scales, and that the blue effect is in reality . 


either an illusion as in the case of the Euchloid green tints, or else 
a phenomenon of interference of light, analogous, perhaps, to the 
production of the rainbow tints between two reflecting surfaces 
very close together and separated by a transparent medium, these 
being known as ‘‘Newton’s Rings.’ They are familiar to all in 


_ the bright colours visible on the surface of soap bubbles as well 


as the bright tints seen on the surface of stagnant water, or on the 
fine film of oil covering the surface of oily water and at times in 


puddles of automobile oil on roads. Now it can, I think, be clearly 
shown that this latter suggestion is not the correct explanation of 


the present case. The colours of ‘‘Newton’s Rings’ depend upon 
the angle from which they are viewed, as well as upon the distance 
between the surfaces. .If one looks at stagnant water from different 
angles, it will be seen that the colour at any one point varies 
according to the angle, and if the blue colour were due to any such 
cause as those which produce ‘‘ Newton’s Rings,’’ the colour should 
pass right through the spectrum from red to violet or vice versa, as 
the angle of sight was shifted. But not only is this not the case, 
but if the wing of a blue butterfly is placed between two strips of 


_ glass and subjected to pressure, thus changing the distance between 


the two surfaces of any one scale and also between the two layers 
May, 1915 


162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


of scales, it will be found that there is no corresponding change of — 
colour, thus showing that the colour is not due to interference of 
the light reflected from the surfaces in question. 


On the other hand, an examination by means of the micro- 
scope reveals the fact that the light and dark scales are not mixed, 
as are the yellow and black scales of the Euchloids, and hence the 
_ blue colour is not due to the mixing of two other tints. The scales 
are arranged in two layers, the top one consisting of the whitish 
transparent scales, and the lower one of dark opaque scales of a | 
dark-brown or black. In male specimens there are also a vast 
number of small sexual scales known as “‘androconiz” or ‘‘plumules,” 
but these do not contribute towards the coloration, and need not be © 
considered here. There are left for consideration three possible ex- 
planations of the blue effect produced by this Bisse re tic of | 
the scales. 


1.—By diffraction of light from the finely striated upper — 
surface of the top layer of scales in the same way that colours are a 
- produced when white light is reflected from the finely ruled mirrors — 
of a diffraction spectroscope. This theory is untenable, however, 
since the colour would have to range from red to violet, according © 
to the angle of view, and at any one point would only give rise to a 
such colours in shige at right angles to the striations and not in — 
one parallel to them. The effect of diffraction is, however, seen — 
in those species of Lepidoptera which display “sheen.” This not — 
only varies according to the angle, but at any one point becomes 3 
totally invisible when looked at from a point in line with the — 
striations. This sheen, however, is an additional source of colour, a 
and is quite independent of the general tint of the insect. am 
2.—As an optical illusion due to seeing the dark layer of scales — 
through a whitish transparent upper layer. This explanation will — 
be considered together with the 3rd and last, namely, that it is — 
_ due to internal colouring matter in the upper scales. It has been , 
held that this latter explanation cannot be correct, because when 4 
loosely scattered scales from the blue surface are examined by means — 
of a microscope with transmitted light, the blue effect totally 
disappears and we see only an equal number of dark brown or. 
blackish scales and yellowish transparent ones, which are some-— 
times nearly colourless, This, however, is not a valid objection, 4 
since many colouring matters appear of a totally different colour: 4 


le | 


lo ae ee, ee 


2 
- 


ht 


ee ee ka ee 


‘ieee ee eee er 


Pt wt 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 163 


: by transmitted light. Gold leaf appears yellow by reflected light, 


and green by transmitted light. A solution of chlorophyll in 
alcohol appears a beautiful green colour by transmitted light, 
_but blood-red by strong reflected light. Aniline dyes show this 
property also, and hence it is quite possible that if there is colouring 


matter in the scales, that it may also show complimentary colours ~ 


when viewed by reflected and transmitted light. Now, the light 


scales always appear more or less distinctly yellow by transmitted 


light, and yellow is complimentary to blue. If now- such an 
assemblage of loose and scattered scales be viewed by a microscope 
with reflected illumination and against a dark or quite black 


background, it will be at once seen, provided the illuminating light 


is white or nearly so, that the light scales are strongly tinted with 
blue and often are very blue. The dark ones on the contrary 
remain dark and show practically no colour except occasional 
metallic flashes tinted either blue, green or red. Hence we see 
here that the light transparent scales have undoubtedly the power 
to appear blue quite independently of whether they are super- 
imposed on the dark ones. If they are now examined against a 
white background, such as a piece of white paper, they still appear 


_ bluish, but are much paler in colour owing to their transparency. 


If they are further observed against backgrounds of different 
colours, red, green, yellow, orange, violet or blue, they always 
appear distinctly blue, although the background may be _ seen 


; through them, thus complicating the apparent colour. Against a 
_ neutral background or a dark-brown one such as dark-brown paper 


they appear as blue as when viewed in their natural positions on 


the wing. Furthermore, when two of these blue scales overlap 


the density of the blue is very much increased, and in the natural 
positions they occupy on the wing there is a great deal of such 
overlapping. Again, it will be noticed that the blue scales taken 
from the wings of very pale or silvery blue butterflies, such as 
Lycena argiolus, or pseudargiolus, appear very pale blue when 


isolated and examined by reflected light, and are practically 


invisible against a background of white paper. With transmitted 
light they appear very pale yellow. Similar scales taken from 
butterflies of a more intense blue, such as Lycena bellargus, 
appear darker blue by reflected light, and much darker yellow by 
transmitted light, which is easily and obviously explainable on 


-< 


164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the hypothesis that the colour is due to pigment or dye, but is 
not explainable if the colour were due to the superposition of white | 


transparent scales on a background of black or dark-brown ones. 
Finally, further light may perhaps be thrown on the subject by 
actually analysing the colours as they are emitted from the wing, 
by means of the spectroscope. To do this I improvised a small 
spectroscope attachment to an old and low-power microscope in 
my possession. When I examined the wings of white butterflies 
or moths, the whole spectrum was clearly visible. When I ex- 
amined the red portions of such butterflies as Vanessa atalanta, 
Parnassius apollo, the under wing of a Catocala or the red spots 
on a Zygenid, the red portion of the band remained brilliant, 
but the yellow and green was greatly weakened and the rest was 


practically invisible. Orange and reddish-brown butterflies, such ~ 


as the Argynnids or Chrysophanus hypophleas, gave strong red 
and orange bands, weaker yellow and the rest of the spectrum 
was very much weakened, but nevertheless contributed something 
to the total effect. When I examined the wings of L. pseudargiolus, 
I found the green, blue and violet strong, as I expected, but there 
was some red and yellow present also, but weak. The intensely 
blue wing of L. bellargus, however, gave brilliant green and blue 
bands, rather weaker violet and very weak red-yellow and orange. 
When it is considered that these experiments were made with 
the light of an incandescent gas burner, the results are not sur- 
prising. Such light is known to be deficient in the blue and violet 
rays, but are strong in the yellow and red rays, although ,of course, 
the entire spectrum is clearly visible. Again, the presence of red 
in every case is, I think, partly due to total reflection from the 
metallic surfaces of the scales at angular points and from the glass 


itself which covers the wing in those cases where a slide was made 4 
for the purpose of examination. Also it is notoriously difficult to — 
produce artificially a green or blue colour free from red, though it 


is easy to produce red free from blue and green,.and this difficulty 


may also be felt by nature in preparing the natural tints of insects. — 


In any case the strongly-marked blue end of the spectrum and 
the much-weakened red end show clearly that the scales them-_ 


selves are inherently blue, in that the total colour emitted by the — 


wing is actually blue and is not a mixture of rays from a brown 


or black surface seen through a white transparent layer, which — 


: : aD Soy 
a Ie Ce ea el ae ee ee 


ee ——. 
am : i 5 
- + 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165 


from some unknown reason produces a blue sensation in the eye. 

To sum up briefly, it appears to me that there is very little 
evidence in favour of any theory except the old and hitherto un- 
questioned one, that the blue colour of these butterflies is due to 


internal colouring matter, probably a dye of some sort, since, as 


far as I know; pigments, properly so called, do not show compli- 
mentary colours when seen by transmitted and reflected lights. 
The presence of the dark background is probably for the purpose 
of cutting out all transmitted light which might give a yellow tinge 
to the blue, and to hide the variegated pattern of the underside, 


which otherwise, owing to the transparency of the blue scales, 


would be visible through them and finally to give a greater depth 
to what would otherwise be an extremely pale tint. 
(Read before Montreal Branch Ent. Soc. of Ont., Feb. 20,1915.) 


FIELD NOTES AND QUESTIONS. 
NEw JERSEY Nursery INSEcTs For 1914. 


The following is a list of the commoner species found in New 
Jersey nurseries. Most of them are confined to ornamental stock, 
inasmuch as this class of plants occupies 2400 acres out of an 
acreage of 2600 for all the nurseries, the remaining 200 being 
planted to fruit stock, bush berries and strawberries. 

Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. Light infestations on left over 
fruit stock, mountain ash, hawthorn, currants, gooseberries, 


Cornus sanguinea, Aronia arbutifolia, Chinese privet, standard 
privet, Spirea sorbifolia, snowberry. 


Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn. Increasing in importance and 
numbers. Does far more damage than the San José Scale. Found 
principally on lilacs, poplars and willows. 

Gossyparia spuria Mod. on elm. Chionaspis euonymi Comst. 
on euonymus. Aspidiotus forbesi Johns. on cherry. Pissodes 
strobit Peck. more abundant than usual in white pine. 

. Scolytus rugulosus Ratz. common in left-over and neglected 
peach and cherry stock. Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. in poplars and 
willows. Agrilus viridis Linn. var. fagi Ratz. fairly abundant in 
Rosa rugosa. -Agrilus sinuatus Oliv. in pear, scarce. 

Galerucella luteola Mull. on elms. Cyllene robinie Forst. in 
locust. Melasoma scripia Linn. present in small numbers on 
poplars and willows. Podosesia syringe Harr. in lilacs. Macro- 


166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


noctua onusta Grt. very abundant, doing considerable damage to — 

iris in many parts of the state. Zeuzera pyrina Linn. noted in 
lilacs, shade trees, pear and apple stock in northern New Jersey 
nurseries. Hyphantria cunea Dru. fairly common on all kinds of 
trees and shrubs. Certomia catalpa Bois. on catalpa. Vanessa © 
antiopa L. on Lombardy poplars and elms. Thyridopteryx epheme 
ereformis Steph. on spruce, arbor vite, lilac, maple and deciduous 
cypress. Pteronus ribesi Scop. on currants and gooseberries. Vespa _ 
crabro L. and allied species stripping bark from various plants, 
especially lilacs. Leptobyrsa explanata Heid. on rhododendrons. 
Trioza tripunctata Fitch. on blackberries in southern New Jersey — 
nurseries. Eriophyes pyri Pgst. on pear. Eriophyes quadri- 
pedes Shimer. common on silver maple. Aphis forbest Weed on 


strawberry roots in southern New Jersey nurseries, scarce.Chermes 


abietis Linn. scarce, on spruce in northern New Jersey. Aphis — 
mali Fabr. very abundant the past season; did considerable 
injury to apple stock. Schizoneura lanigera Hausm. on apple. 

Tetranychus bimaculatus Harv. on evergreens, shade trees. 


Harry B. Wetss, New Brunswick, N.J 


BOOK REVIEWS. f 
MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY. a 


‘Handbook of Medical Entomology.” By W. A. Riley, Ph.D. 38 
and O. A. Johannsen, Ph.D., IX, 348 pp., 172 figs. Comstoel 4 
Publishing Co., Ithaca, N. Y. Price, $2.00. q 


This volume is the outgrowth, we are told, ‘“‘of a course of 


lectures along the lines of insect transmission and dissemination of — 


diseases of man given by the senior author in the Department of 
Entomology of Cornell University during the past six years.” It — 


is intended ‘‘to afford a general survey of the field and primarily 


to put the student of medicine and entomology in touch with the — 
discoveries and theories which underlie some of the most important _ 
work in preventive medicine. At.the same time the older phases 
of the subject—the consideration of poisonous and parasitic forms a 
—have not been ignored.” & 

The authors do not expect that the book will meet the needs q 
of the specialist, that is not its purpose, which is to serve as a book — 
of reference to physicians, sanitarians, working entomologists and — _ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. - 167 


‘teachers. The admitted purpose of the book prevents us from 


making certain criticisms that we might otherwise feel disposed 
to offer regarding the treatment of the subject. As a work of 
reference for the entomologist and sanitarian who is not a specialist 
on the subject, the book will prove to be very useful, as it contains 


the kind of information not hitherto collected in so convenient a 


form by previous treatises on the subject. The contents are made 


easily accessible by a full index. 


In treating the various groups of insects and diseases, the 


authors summarise the historical facts and experimental work, 
_ and describe the diseases, the methods of transmission and eradica- 


tive measures, thus presenting in a convenient form the essentials 
of the subject. A fairly extensive bibliography enables the student, 


if he has access to the literature, to pursue the subject further, 


should he wish to do so, although the memoirs of the authors 
quoted are not always given in the bibliography, which is only 
intended as an avenue to the more specialized fields. 

The authors are inclined, we think, to assume from time to 
time too great a knowledge of medical terminology on the part of 
the non-medical student or reader; a difficulty that might be 
obviated by means of a glossary. 


While the book deals with species from all countries and will. 


therefore be of use to a wider constituency than that of North 


_ America, in the selection of typical forms the choice has naturally — 
_ been made from those occurring on this continent. - The synoptic 
_ tables given at the end of the book, together with the figures, will 


prove of great assistance to students, as also the notes given from 


time to time in regard to securing material. The illustrations 
also greatly add to the value of the book as they are representative 


in character. 
The omission on page 216 of the name of Bruce’ in connection 


with the origin of the idea that the Sleeping Sickness trypanosome 


~ is carried by Glossina palpalis should be corrected, for to him 


belongs the chief credit of this discovery. On page 215 “‘ Bugosa”’ 


should be Busoga. The authors are to be congratulated on having 


a publisher who not only produces a well-printed book, but enables 
them to include in the text an abstract of a paper published in the 
month previous to the publication of their book! It is a book 


———— 


168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


that is sure to appeal to a large circle of readers; it is reasonable in 
price, and will, we hope, assist in swelling the increasing body of 
investigators now devoting their attention to a branch of ento- 
mology that was so long neglected. CoGek 


MONOGRAPH OF THE BoMBYCINE Motus oF NorTH AMERICA—In- 
cluding their transformations and origin of the larval markings 
and armature. Part III, Families Ceratocampide, Saturniide, 
Hemileucide and Brahmeide. By the late Alpheus Spring 
Packard. Edited by Theodore D. A. Cockerell. Vol. XII, 
First Memoir, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, — 
D.C., 516 pages, 4to., 113 plates, 34 of which, depicting» : 
ae are coloured. 

This sumptuous volume contains the remainder of Dr. 
Packard’s work on the Bombycine Moths, two other parts having 
been published some years ago. At the time of his death in 1905, 
the author left a large amount of material which he had prepared — 
with a view to the completion of his monograph; though neces- 
sarily incomplete, the great value of this material rendered it — 
highly desirable that it should be made available, and thus the — 
present publication was brought about. It is in great measure due — 

‘to Prof. Cockerell that the undertaking has been so satisfactorily 
accomplished. The species described are by no means confined to — 

North American forms, but have been drawn from various parts — 

of the globe, as the author evidently had in view the preparation 

of a complete monograph of the Saturnioid Moths of the world. __ 


THE AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST.—The Royal Zoological Society — 
of New South Wales has begun the publication of a magazine, of 
which the first part has been received. It is edited by Mr. Allan ~ 
R. McCulloch, and printed at Sydney. The number contains 36 — 
pages, large octavo and four plates. The contents include papers — 
on Australian birds and bird sanctuaries, fish, the photograph and — 
description of a live chimpanzee, and the following papers on — 
entomological subjects: The Mallophaga as a possible clue to 
Bird Phylogeny; A Monograph of the genus Tisiphone {button 
flies), and A New Victorian Araneiad. 4 


Mailed May 8th, 1915 


+40 


The Ganattiay Futomologist, 


~ Vor. XLVII. LONDON, JUNE, 1915 me 


POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 


“ 


SoME MANITOBAN WATER BEETLES. 
BY J. B. WALLIS, WINNIPEG, MAN. - 


Beer? Entomologists in Manitoba have as yet given but little atten- 
ee tion to the aquatic Coleoptera, so that our list of these interesting 


. ‘done some work among them, and I, too, have given such time as 
_ could be spared—unfortunately all too little—so that our captures 
Ee comprise practically all the local records. Some seven species of 
 Haliplide, fifty of Dytiscide, seven of Gyrinide, seventeen of 
Hydrophilide, and but two or three of Parnide is but a poor list 
wr a Province containing such a variety of water formations as 
lanitoba. 


___ A few years ago there was a most charming crescent-shaped 
slough situated in Elmwood, and only a half mile from my home in 
Winnipeg. When I first knew it, it was perfectly wild, hardly a 
house on that side of the river within a mile. To get to it from 

cSt, John’s, Winnipeg, one had to go by boat across the river or 
- else about four miles round by street-car and then walk a mile. 


_ But it was well worth the journey. On the southt ist side of 
the slough, in the hollow of the crescent, was a rise crad to the 
_ water’s edge with poplar and oak mixed with many of our prettiest 
" shrubs—Saskatoon plum, hawthorn, tree cranberry and 

others: What a paradise for the nature-lover it was on a sunny 
morning i in late May! As one strolled quietly through the wood 
many of our most beautiful birds were sure to be seen or heard. 
i Ep Here a flash of gold and the rich note of a Baltimore Oriole, there 
if the black, white and rose of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak; down 

> a among the willows by the water the Myrtle Warblers are busy; 
' in the slough itself the cry of a Grebe or Coot or perhaps the 
booming of a bittern. 


: a age 


insects is but a short one. Mr. Norman Criddle, of Aweme, has | 


Ee 


I AG ee oe A et 


170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


_ And the water itself! How it reflected every one of Nature’ 's 
moods. Now frowning as a cloud passes over the sun; now smiling 
back when the sun smiles down through a rift; now rippling ‘in 
glee as the gentle breeze kisses it. But more than all, how mys- 
terious it is! As one stands and looks down into its depths, one 
can understand why the Greeks peopled the water with Naiads. 
It would not be a very great surprise if a dragon did suddenly 
arise from the cool water and sally forth to find its dinner! Bt 

Indeed, though the day of the fiery dragon is long since gone, a 
there are many fearsome beasts below the calm surface, each as 
terrible in its way as the dragon of St. George. Come and look E. 
down through this opening in the weeds. Now see! There is a 
dragon for you! That creature, about an inch long and a quarter 
wide, grayish-white in colour, with the huge pair of jaws, is aa 
water tiger, and well deserves his name. No insect or tadpole — 
into which he can sink those jaws is safe from him, and his appetite 
is similar to Oliver Twist’s, except that he always wants more. a 
Some day he will be a-big, black, shining beetle. Look again! 
Do you see that creature on the dead vegetation at the bottom? — 
It moves very very slowly now. Does it not remind you of acat 
stalking a mouse? Well, it is stalking something—some- tiny 
creature that is near to it. When within range, an extraordinary — 

‘‘jaw”’ is suddenly shot out and—our dragon goes off feeling ‘a 
little more comfortable! By-and-by that ungraceful creature “it 
be a glittering dragon-fly and will charm us with its fairy-lik 
movements and appearance. * 

It was in that slough that, with a beginner’s luck, I took 
several rate beetles. With an enthusiasm worthy of succes” 
went over to it early in April. It was so cold that the net wou! 
stiffen with frost when out of the water and the sheltered parts 
of the pond were masked with ice. Looking over my eon 
is surprising how many are for 13.1V and-15.1V. They include BY 
species of Laccophilus to which Mr. C. H. Roberts, of New York, 
has given a manuscript name, and two specimens of Hiya ey 
oblongus Steph. Of the former I have since taken but one specimen; _ 
of the latter, none. 

-In the first week of May, in the same slough, two more pri 


turned up: Hydroporus ag. aeet Mann and Agabus clavatus Lec. 
2s 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 171 


: - long streets of ugly houses. 
__.___ Another haunt of mine has lost most of its charm from being 
re drained. That is Boundary Creek, not far from Winnipeg Beach. 


edund to spend a Saturday at. Early in June it was at its best. 
In swampy ground near it were clumps of iris, and in shady spots 
clouds of marsh marigolds. On rising ground to the east were 


f doing its best to be beantitat: : 

_ And how insect life abounded! The air was fairly full of 
ragon-flies—some of them, such as Leucorrhinia borealis and 
pmatochlora macrotona, quite rare ones. Butterflies and a few 


hicl Mr. Roberts assigned a manuscript name. He had one ches 
yecimen, and the two matched exactly. It differs from all other 
scies of Gyrinus that I have seen by its shape, which is much 
5 in proportion to its width than usual; in fact, it looks as 
Sif. it had been “pinched.’” Since then I have taken hundreds, and 
: casually ‘examined thousands of this genus in the hope of finding 
Pca of my friend, but with no success, nor has search for tortulosus 
4 n better rewarded. 
. te a _ When hunting for water beetles, a very strong net ring must 
s s- be used and a short bag of stout cotton or similar material. A 
oe. square of cotton on which to dump your catch of mud, 
leaves and weeds is a necessity, as you can then pick out prizes 
at your leisure and allow anything not required to escape. Some 
“species are very lively and j jump around in vigorous effort to escape ; 
% others feign death and do not move for minutes. Parnids are 
es often found in rapid-running streams, and the following method 


_ Suggested to me by Mr. Roberts is a good way of hunting them. 


nt 
18. 
ie 


weS 
Soo 7 


~ 


172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST . 


> : > a4 


Anchor your dumping cloth across stream in shallow water. Stir 

up the stones, commencing several yards up and working down. _ 
Take your cloth to the bank and pick off your catch as the Parnids “ : 
cling to the surface of the material. = 


Where to hunt is a difficult matter to suggest. In Winnipeg 
a number of species, especially Dytiscus, come freely to light. 
Rivers, excepting under stones in rapids and among weeds in . 
back waters, are usually unproductive. Slow moving, weedy Be 
creeks or muddy weedy ponds are usually good ground, but one 
occasionally most unexpectedly comes across species in numbers. 
Several years ago I had hunted for hours in some water near 
Selkirk with the poorest of success. Just about giving up in de- 3 
spair, I waded across a shallow bay in which not a weed could be ~ . 
seen. Making a stroke almost without thinking, I brought up 
my net swarming with a species of Haliplus new to me, which ia 
turned out to be the rather rare borealis. Since then borcalis hast 4 
turned up in several places near here, but always in ones or twos. _ 
In general, try in shallow water rather than deep, and in warm a 
spots rather than in cool shades. a 


We have several interesting species of Haliplide in Manitoba. — 
These include three of Mr. Roberts’ new species: H. subguttatus, — a 
H. strigatus and H. tortulosus. Two others are H. borealis and 4 
HI. cribrarius. | 


is okey near mexicanus Aubé. Its haunt appears to be ae 
slpaghs in early spring. Then there is Deronectes depressus Fab a 


geon Cheek near here. Byarohorus vittatus Lec. is a ie 
little striped species which, so far as I know, is represented fro 
Mapitobs by but one specimen taken i in an. eddy in Sturgeon Cre 


vittatus had been swept down from some comfortable Bivsthe: 
at any rate, it appeared to be alone, as patient dredging failed 
secure more. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 173 


also Ilybiosoma bifarius Kby. They are all also taken:by dredging 
in muddy, weedy situations. 


So far, I have never succeeded in finding any of our species 
of Agabus at all commonly in their real homes. One spring 
several species were quite plentiful in ditches connecting with the 
streams running into the Red River. The water was very high, 
- and apparently beetles which had passed the winter in the river 
were on their way, together with a number of fish, to find a suitable 
summer resort. At any rate, many of these slow-running ditches 
were swarming with beetles. I took several hundreds, most of 
which went to Mr. Roberts. 


Of Rhantus we take notatus Fab. commonly both at electric 
light and in muddy ponds; bdistriatus Bergst. and tostus Lec. are 
much less frequently met with. Binotatus Harr. has been taken 
: by Mr. Criddle, who also records Colymbetes strigatus Lec. The 
~~ common Colymbetes with me is sculptilis Harr., which often swarms 
at electric light. Mr. Roberts tells me that rugipennis Sharp. is 
-___a good species, and divided mine for me, but I don’t know just on 
__what characters, and my eye is not sufficiently trained at present 
to detect the differences. 


ke Dytiscus is fairly well represented in Manitoba, as we certainly 
take six species. Circumcinctus Ahr. easily distinguished by the 
yellow circle around its eyes, is-our commonest species, with 
___ sublimbatus Lec. running it pretty close. Both come to light in 
thousands. Fasciventris Say., hybridus Aubé., dauricus Gebl. and 
_ harrisii Kby. are all rather rare, especially the two former. An 
interesting point about our dauricus is that the specimens taken 
in Winnipeg at light all are small, while several taken at Winnipeg 
A ae* _ Beach, fifty miles away, are nearly double the size. Possibly the — 
__ larvee of Winnipeg specimens live in the Red River and fail to secure 
sufficient food. 


5 eee - Our rarest Graphoderes is liberus Say. and fasciatocollis Harr. 
is almost equally so. We take perplexus and elatus Sharp. ‘more 
frequently than fasciatocollis. 1 believe Mr. Roberts considers 
these all good species, and indeed even I could separate them! 
__ Our commonest species is occidentalis Horn., which comes freely 
to the lights. It is also by no means uncommon in weedy ponds. 


(174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ieee We 


The list of our Hydrophilide i is both short and unsatisfactoreee a 
the latter because so many species are in doubt. Our two largest 
species, Hydrophilus triangularis Say. and Hydrocharis obtusatus 
Say., are common at light, and the latter is frequently taken by __ 
dredging. Two or three species of Helophorus and Hydrochus 
may be found in every slough or ditch among weeds or decaying — 
vegetation. Strangely enough, however, I have never taken 
Helophorus tuberculatus Gyll. except on the wing. 


Berosus striatus Say., Philhydrus bifidus Lec. and homiton at 
are all common, one. or more of these species appearing in almost — 
every wet situation. - a 

In conclusion, I should like to express my gratitude to Mr. 
C. H. Roberts, Mr. Chas. Liebeck and Dr. H. C. Fall for the gener- _ 
ous and ready assistance they have given me by identities mya 
niaterial. 


THE RE-DISCOVERY OF AGRION INTERROGATUM, 
Die re gh 45 


BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO, 


In the “Synopsis des Agrionines” (Bull. Acad. Royale Belg. (2) a 
XLI, 1876, p. 1254) Selys described A grion interrogatum from BD. =: 
single female taken in ‘‘Saskatchewan, Hudson Bay Territory.” 
The description i is a translation from Hagen’s manuscript and the 
type specimen is in the Hagen collection at the Museum of ae Ne 
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. fi 

Since this description was published, 39 years ago, this species 
has not been noted, and there seemed but little possibility of its 
ever being recognized with certainty from the description, as th 
latter was based upon a single female, the last seven abdomin: a 
segments of which were missing. ; 

During a trip to the Pacific Coast, in 1913, I spent two ai 
at Nipigon, Ont., and here I captured a pair im coitu of an entire 
unfamiliar Cenagrion (=Agrion Auctt.) and soon afterwards — 
took another female. These were all I saw of this species u 
the following year, when I came across it again at Spruce Broc ae 
near the west coast of Newfoundland. They were very scarce " 


and I succeeded in taking only four males in all. 
June, 1915 


° THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175 


A comparison of my female specimens with the description of 
interrogatum shows conclusively that they belong to, this species, 
‘d for the description, as far as it goes, is quite detailed, and the 
 colour-pattern distinct enough to be unmistakable. As_ this 
description, however, was based upon an imperfect specimen, | 
and as the male was hitherto unknown, I have prepared the fol- 

_ lowing descriptions of both sexes. 


Male—Face, including anterior margin of frons to base of 
_ antennz, greenish; postclypeus and a heavy line at base of labrum 
___ black; postocular spots bluish, of moderate size, pyriform or sub-' 
_ triangular, the inner angles acute; a narrow blue occipital margin, 
a _ which may be interrupted; underside of head black, with a rather 
_ broad, yellow, ocular margin; basal part of maxille piceous, labium 


a pale yellowish. 


~~ Prothorax black, margined in front and behind with bluish, 


oa pleura with 3 or 4 irregular blue spots just above the fore-coxe; 
_ hind margin broadly curved or subobtusangulate, moderately - 
a elevated except at the median line. Thorax bronze-black with 
: azure blue markings.Antehumeral bands divided into an anterior, 
stripe and a posterior spot, the former slightly incurved in front, 
broader in the middle than half the mid-dorsal black stripe, 
the anterior ends truncate and slightly expanded, posterior ends 
Partly rounded; the posterior spot rounded or oblong. Sides - 
er of thorax with a blue spot above each coxa and two large blue 
1 areas separated at the second suture by a heavy black line which 
: is widened just behind the stigma and again at the upper end. 
_ The anterior blue area is partly divided above by a short black 
ig p tine, is excavated antero-ventrally and has three postero-ventral 
_ concavities, the middle and upper ones corresponding to the 
eens of the black sutural line. Venter pale blufsh, the 
sutures and the space between the middle and posterior legs 
ieavily marked with black, and a heavy black band behind the 
posterior legs continuous caudad with the stem of a median Y- 
: shaped spot. Legs bronze-black, the inner half of the femora 
_ and the outer half of the tibia pale greenish. 
Abdomen bronze-black, marked with azure-blue, as follows: 
Segment 1 blue, dorsum with a transverse black spot oc- 
cupying the basal third or two-fifths, narrowly continuous on the 


176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


sides with a large angular or V-shaped black spot, the anterio 
limb of which is oblique, the posterior limb transverse. Vente 
pale with a dark ventral spot, more or less whitish-pruinose. ~ 


Segment 2 blue with a very broad oblong black patch 
each side, their truncate anterior ends narrowly separated fro om, 
or united with, a black spot in the antero-ventral angle, their — 
posterior ends connected across the dorsum, behind middle | os 
segment,.by a narrower black band, and prolonged ventt-conaaay & 
_into a narrow streak which joins the apical transverse black band. 
Accessory genitalia piceous, the anterior hamuli with pallid ma 


gins. on 
Segment 3 blue; a long black streak on each side, close to t! C : 
tergal margin, extending cephalad nearly to the base and unite 
behind across dorsum by a basal black band, which is prolonge = 
_ cephalad on the median line into a slender tapering streak. There 3 
is a black spot at the antero-ventral angle and a blue spot clos 
to the postero-ventral angle. Venter black. es 


Segment 4: The black distal area covers about three-fifth 
of the segment, separated from the tergal margin by a narro\ 
pale streak and prolonged cephalad on each side into a taperir 
submarginal streak which nearly reaches base of segment. : 
is a black dot near the antero-ventral angle and a small blue 's 
at the postero-ventral angle. Venter black. : 


Segments 5 and 6 blaek, the blue reduced to a basal 4 
occupying two-sevenths (seg. 5) or one-fifth (seg. 6) of the dorst 
and a lateral margin, in which broken indications of a black lat 
streak may be present; a black dot at the antero-ventral a 
Venter black. é SE 

Segment 7 black with a narrow basal and a broader ap 
blue ring connected by a rather broad marginal band, 
generally encloses an ‘irregular black streak, though the « 
may be united with the black of the dorsum. - 

Segments 8 and 9 blue, each with a black latendle ; 
segment 9 also with a pair of black dorsal dots. 


Segment 10 black above, blue beneath and on the sides. = 


wing 8, occasionally 9. Me in front-wing arising opposite » he | 


Can, Ent., VoL. XLVII. PLATE V, 


CGZENAGRION INTERROGATUM (SELYS). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 177 


_ fourth postcubital or between the fourth and fifth; the hind-wing 
_ between the third and fourth, generally near the fourth; pterc-- 
_ stigma™ covering less than one cell, dark besa brown with a narrow : 
a ‘ens margin. 

_ Appendages—Superior appendages bifid, the upper part short, 
"stout, piceous, separated by a constriction from the lower part, 
~ which is somewhat longer and in profile more slender, terminating _ 
ina pale tubercle. In dorsal view the upper part has the form 
if of a stout incurved hook, the pale tubercle is continued along the 
3 ~ mesial surface nearly *to the base and has a slightly concave inner 
edge bearing a minute sub-basal tubercle. Beneath it the ap- 
B= ~ pendage is produced into a slender recurved and incurved hook- 
7. ong process. 


Inferior appendages consisting of an outer piceous and an 
inner pale portion. The piceous part consists of a broad sub- 
triangular base and a slender apical process directed somewhat 


with the single male from the same locality. The colours of the 
other female had apparently not quite matured and are evidently 


be _. The markings of the’ head and Phones are similar to those of 
t “the male with the following slight differences: Postocular spots 
| is “somewhat larger and rounder, transverse occipital line somewhat 
tr broader, pale lateral spots of prothorax slightly larger, tending 

to merge together; long portion of antehumeral bands straight 

and not widened in front. In the specimen taken in coitu the 
; ‘anterior pale area on the sides of the thorax is divided into two 
___ by an extension of the black line which arises at base of front 
ie Wing. (PI. V, fig. 4.) 


t . The abdomen is marked as follows:— 


_ Segment 1—Similar to the male, but with transverse dorsal 
Diack spot occupying anterior half of segment, lateral spot divided. 


 isabag incurved at the tip, and projecting kaa the ps 


/ 


178: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Segment 2—A median dorsal black spot, consisting of a 


-. narrower anterior part, which is continued cephalad as a narrow 


‘line, and a much broader transverse posterior part, connected | 
behind with an apical ring. There is also a black lateral streak, | 
extending the entire length of the segment close to the tergal 
margin and widened posteriorly ' 


Segments 3 to 6—Bronze-black above, with a pale basal 
ring; the black area occupies the dorsal half of the segment and 
is more or less widened, especially on seg. 3, near the hind margin, 
where it is narrowly connected with a black submarginal lateral 
streak extending the entire length of the segment, widening at 
point of contact with the black dorsal area. A small pale spot 
is thus enclosed behind this point of contact. The pale basal 
-ring is of about the same width on segments 3 to 5, narrowing ~ 
somewhat on seg. 6. 


Segment 7—Similar, but the pale basal ring still narrower, a 
very narrow pale apical ring and the lateral streak not quite 
meeting the dorsal black area except at the apical black ring. 

Segment 8—Basal two-thirds to four-fifths black above, 
apical portion pale, continuous with the pale colour of the sides, 
in which a long black streak is enclosed. 

Segment 9—Basal two-thirds of dorsum with a black sub- 
quadrate spot, sides pale with a blackish patch. 


Segment 10 and appendages wholly pale. 


Sternites of segs. 1 and 2 pale, black-margined; all of the ] 
other segments, except apical margin of 8, black. Ovipositor pale. 4 


In one of the females there are 10 postcubitals in each front- : 
wing and 8 in each hind-wing; in the other there are 10 po 
in one front-wing, 11 in the other, and 9 in each hind-wing. “4 
both specimens vein Me arises just before the fifth poeecbt in 
the front-wings and just before the fourth postcubital in the hindi % 
Wings. % 
Length of body, & 28-30 mm., 9 31-33 mm.; abdomen @ ~ 
22.5-25 mm., 2 25-26 mm.; hind-wing, o@ 16.7-17.8 mm., 2 19. 5- 
19.75 mm. The Nipigon male measures about the same as the : 
largest male from Newfoundland, but is distinctly more slender | 
than any of the Newfoundland specimens. A similar difference - 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179 


is seen in other species of dragonflies and is apparently dependent ~ 


upon climatic conditions.* There are no other differences worthy 
of. note, except possibly the somewhat shorter interruption of the 


antehumeral thoracic bands, the posterior spots being more elongate 
and less rounded. 


~Selys placed A. interrogatum doubtfully as a race of the pale- 


‘arctic A. concinnum, with the following statement concerning its 


differential characters (I. c., p. 1254). 
“1° Les taches postoculaires un peu dentelées en arriére; 


“2° Les raies antéhumérales interrompues en point d’exclama- 


tion. 


——— 


te 4 
ies 


(Sip Ol eee Ve 


““3° La tache basale carrée du 2e segment non _ prolongée 
jusqu’au bout, et la bande dorsale des 2e et 3e amincie en avant.”’ 


I have not seen concinnum, but from a comparison of my 
specimens of interrogatum with Selys’ description, I think it im- 
probable that the two forms are conspecific though evidently 
closely related. In concinnum the antehumeral bands are entire, 


_ but narrowed above, while in interrogatum they are sharply di- 


vided, but not narrowed. In the male of concinnum the transverse 


band on segment 2 is described as being connected by a stalk 


with the apical ring, while in interrogatum this connection is not 


present. Segments 3-5 are described as being black in the apical 
half, whereas in interrogatum the black area includes considerably 
_ less than half of segment 3, and more than two-thirds of segment 5. 


The apical blue area of segment 7 in interrogatum is not mentioned 


* in the description of concinnum and instead of a black dot on the 
sides of segments 8 and 9 a black line is described as present. 


The description of the female does not reveal any differences not 
noted by Selys. 


Hagen compares interrogatum with his so-called variety 


servum of C. resolutum. This is a form in which the antehumeral 


bands are divided, resembling an exclamation mark. It is the 
normal form in Newfoundland, but is hardly worthy of a varietal 


*T have discussed this subject as it relates to the genus Aeshna in “‘ The © 
North American Dragonflies of the genus Aeshna” (Univ. Toronto Studies, 
Biol. Series, No. 11, pp. 25-29, 1912). © J : 


180 ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : ,- 


name. Resolutum is abundantly distinct from interrogatum, but 
is more closely related to it than is C. angulatum, the only tyr 
North American species of Cenagrion. 


These three species of Cenagrion may be separated as follows: 


A. Venter of thorax wholly pale; abd. segs. without lateral black 
streaks close to the tergal margins; seg. 1 without lateral 
black markings (except a fine transverse line near age 
margin). ~ 


a. Underside of head black, with a broad Bs ey 
ocular margin; without a pale occipital marginal 
line; seg. 2 in the male with a transverse black 
spot, not connected with the apical black ring; 
seg. 8-of female with a pale basal 
FIDE ane ed ae angulatum Walk. 


-aa. Underside of head yellowish; a pale marginal occi- . 
pital line; seg. 2 of male with a black dorsal spot . 
connected by a stalk with the apical black ring; 
seg. 8 of female without a pale basal ; 
7) pRB n Seay LSA ee EO Fas resolutum (Selys) 


AA. Venter of thorax with a transverse black band behind: the 
posterior legs, connected with a Y-shaped spot; some of the - 
abd. segs. with black lateral streaks close to the tergal — 
margins; seg. 1 with an oblique or angular black lateral ; 
SPO: «i. Qhoagaaen pf ep tebe interrogatum (Selys) 


The three specimens of C. interrogatum from Nipigon, Ont., — 
were taken on June 19, 1913, from a marshy clearing on the shore ; 
of the Nipigon River.. Three of the Newfoundland specimens — 
were captured on July 27, 1914, in an open marsh at the mouth ~ 
of a small trout stream emptying into a-small lake. The other — 
was taken on July 29 in a small reedy marsh, bordering a small — 
lake, surrounded by dense woods.: Both of these lakes are mere— 
expansions of small streams, abounding with brook trout. _Dragon- , 
flies were exceedingly scarce here, in spite of apparently favorable — 
conditions. This was perhaps due to the great numbers of trout — 
present. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 181 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. 
Cenagrion interrogatum (Selys). 

Fig. 1.—Male, dorsal view. Nipigon, Ont. 

Fig. 2.—Male, lateral view. Spruce Brook, Newfoundland. 

Fig. 3.—Female, dorsal view. Nipigon, Ont. 

Fig. 4.—Female, lateral view. Nipigon, Ont. 
é Fig. 5.—Male, abdominal appendages, dorsal view. Spruce 
Brook, Newfoundland. 

Fig. 6—Male abdominal appendages lateral view. Spruce 
Brook, Newfoundland. 


AN INSECT ENEMY OF THE FOUR-LINED LEAF-BUG 
(PGECILOCAPSUS LINEATUS FABR.) 
BY C. R. CROSBY AND ROBERT. MATHESON, ITHACA, N.Y. 

On July 26, 1913, while examining some stems of Weigelia 
containing the eggs of the four-lined leaf-bug we discovered that 
the lower end of many of the eggs had: been eaten into and the 
contents extracted by a small hymenopterous larva. The larva 
burrows through the pith until it reaches a row of eggs and then 


Fig. 14.—Larve of C. ovisugosus attacking eggs of the Four-lined Leaf-bug. 


proceeds to destroy them one after another until three or four 
eggs have been eaten (Fig. 14). Frequent y two larve may attack 
the same row of eggs working from opposite ends and thus destroy » 
the entire egg mass. From an examination of a large number of 
egg masses in this clump of Weigelia about 50% were found to 
be attacked by this parasite. 

The larve reach maturity before cold weather but do not 
pupate until the following spring. In order to secure adults we 
collected a large number of egg masses on February 28, 1914, 


and found the small larve snugly occupying cavities in the pith 
June, 1915 


182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


near the eggs. Sometimes the larve retreat a short distance from 
the egg mass burrowing through the pith. These larve pupated 
about a week later and the adults emerged on March 23. This 
parasite is apparently undescribed. It is a chalcid and belongs to 
the genus Cirrospilus. . : ; 


Cirrospilus ovisugosus sp. nov. 


Female—Length 1.84 mm. Head brown below with a faint 
bluish-metallic reflection in front and above. Thorax seen from 
above brilliant iridescent green, blue in certain lights. Prothorax 
on the sides and the prosternum similar in colour. Abdomen 
seen from above with metallic greenish reflections, becoming brown-— 
ish in front, the greater part of the first segment straw colour. 


Meso- and metapleura and coxe dull brown, almost black. 
Remainder of the legs straw colour, nearly white. Under surface 
of abdomen brownish, pale at the base, with slight 1 metallic reflec- 
tions towards the tip. 


Fig. 15.—Cirrospilus ovisugosus, male. 


Antenne straw-coloured to brownish. Scape slender, pedicel — 
obconic, ring-joint minute. Funicle with three segments, the — 
first the longest, the second and abe: subequal. Club pomvems 
indistinctly three-segmented. a 

Male—Length 1.4 mm. (Fig. 15). Head yellow, eyes and — 
ocelli red. Thorax and legs similar to that of the female. 5 . 

Abdomen with the first and nearly all of the second segments _ 
straw colour, the remainder dark brown with coppery metallic 
reflections. 

Antenne pale straw colour. The scape greatly enlargec 


' segmented, the first slightly longer 


Re eA ae ee 


ea Cat 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST > 183 


narrowed at the base and broadening at the tip. It is about 
One-third the length of entire 
antenna. Pedicel obconic, as long 
as the first segment of the funicle. 
Ring joint minute. Funicle 4- 


Fig. 16.—C. ovisugosus, larva. 


than the others, the second, third and fourth subequal. Club 
pointed, about one-half as long as the 
funicle, distinctly 3-segmented when seen 
in alcoholic specimens. 

Larva—Length 1.7 mm.; white with 
brownish jaws (See figure 16). 

Pupa (newly transformed.)—Length 
1.5 mm. Colour creamy white. At the 
per 4 base of the abdomen on the dorsal side is 
a large, oval, orange-coloured area extend- 
1 ing on the thorax, apparently caused by 

the ingested food (Figure 17). 
UY Described from 4 male and 1 female 
specimens, Ithaca, N.Y., March 23, 1913. 
Fig. 17.—C. ovisugosus, pupa. Types in Cornell University Collection. 


CARNIVOROUS HABITS OF XYLINA .BETHUNEI; 
G. AND R.* 


BY GEORGE E. SANDERS, B.S.A., 
Field Officer Entomological Branch, Bridgetown, Nova Scotia. 


In working with Xylina bethunei G. & R. the most common | 
fruit worm or apple worm in Nova Scotia at the Dominion Entomo- 
logical Laboratory at Bridgetown, N. S., in 1913, it was found 


- that the best place to collect 5th and 6th stage larve was in the 
- leaves about the cocoons of Malacosoma disstria. On opening a 
few of these cocoons the pupa contained were in some cases found 


to be partly eaten. A rough opening having been partly eaten 
and partly stretched through the cocoon from 1/3 to 34 of the 
contained pupa had been devoured. Later on several larvae were 
found in the act of eating into the cocoons or devouring the con- 
tained pupa. On July 8, 9, 10, 1913, 160 cocoons of M. disstria 
were collected from apple trees near the laboratory and 45 of 


Soe eerie from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. 
june, 1915 


184 ~ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


them or 28.12% were found to have been eaten into and destroyed 
by 5th and 6th stage X. bethuner larve. On July 12 and 13, of 
1913, a collection of 201 M. disstria cocoons was made and 70 of 
them or 34.82% were found to be destroyed in the same manner. 
On July 12, 1913, 75 Malacosoma americana cocoons from apple 
at Deepbrook, N. S., were examined and 7 of them were found 
to have been destroyed by X. bethunei larve. In 1913 X. bethunei 
was no further advanced than M. disstria and so was a consider- 
able factor in the control of the latter on apple. In 1914 M. 
disstria was almost as numerous as during the previous season, 


and was greatly retarded by the season, as were apple trees on 


which it was feeding. X. bethunei was not so numerous in 1914 
as in 1913, and for some reason was not very much retarded by ~ 
_ the season, ‘consequently most of them had pupated before the 
M. disstria larve spun up their cocoons so the percentage killed 
-by X. bethunei was much less than during the season of 1913. Of. 
217 cocoons of M. disstria collected from apple on July 17, 1914, 
only 13 or 5.99% were eaten by X. bethunei. ; 


{ 


THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.. 
The Forty-fifth Annual Report of the Entomological Society 


has just been issued by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, — 3 


Toronto. The President’s address is a valuable contribution to 
the history of applied entomology in Canada, by Provinces. The 


insects of the year (1914), both in Ontario and Quebec, are described 


by several observers, and valuable suggestions are given as to their 
control. Among the other practical papers presented are those 
dealing with “The Army Worm in 1914,” Experiments with 
Poisoned Bait for Locust Control,’’ ‘‘An Imported Red Spider 
Attacking Fruit Trees,”’ and ‘‘Control of Forest and Shade Tree — 


Insects of the Farm.’’ The more purely literary contributions 3 
comprise a very discerning biographical sketch of the celebrated 


French entomologist, Jean Henri Fabre, and a chatty article on — L 


‘Mountains and Hills.” The Entomological Record for the year “ 


is, as usual, most complete and informing. The many Huns a 


to any entomologist upon applicatiel to the Department. (Pra % 
Bulletin, Ont. Dept. of Agriculture.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185 


THE PUPAL INSTAR OF THE FRUIT-TREE LEAF- 
ROLLER (ARCHIPS ARGYROSPILA’). . 


BY GLENN W. HERRICK AND R. W. LEIBY, ITHACA, N. Y. 
For the past three years the fruit-tree leaf-roller has been 


exceedingly abundant in New York State and has caused serious” 


losses to fruit growers. The senior author has given all the time 
that could be spared from his University duties to the fight against 


this pest, and during the spring of 1914 it was determined to 


prosecute the fight on a wider scale, according to plans that natur- 


ally grew out of the knowledge that had been gained in past seasons. 


Accordingly the junior author was established in a field laboratory 
in Western New York among orchards seriously infested. As a 
part of the work, it was determined to study certain phases of the 
life history of the leaf-roller that had not been satisfactorily cleared 
up before, and one of these points was that of the length of the 
pupal period. This had become especially desirable in view of the 
interesting data secured by Davidson in California.2 In Bulletin ~ 
311 of the Cornell Station, written by the senior author, it was 
stated that the pupal instar under insectary conditions varied from 


nine to twelve days. Thisstatement was based ona relatively small 


~number of pup, whose actual instars were determined. -It seemed 
_ desirable to observe a much larger number of the pup under as natu- 


ral conditions as possible in order to obtain a more general average. 


Large numbers of the larve, nearly full-grown, were placed in 
jars with an abundance of fresh food. These jars were in an 
open-air insectary and under normal conditions of temperature. 
Every morning about the same hour the jars were carefully ex- 


- amined and each newly-transformed larva removed. During the 


i 


ats ee ee 


first part of the work each pupa was placed in a separate vial, with 


- muslin over the top, and its record of transformation to the moth 


kept separate. Later, all of the pupae gathered on any one morning 
were placed in a lantern globe, together with some leaves, and 
muslin was then tied over both ends of the globe. This arrange- — 
ment gave a clear circulation of air and maintained probably nearly 
normal conditions of temperature and air drainage. As the moths 
emerged, each one was removed and the date recorded. The 
following table shows graphically the results of the study:- 


1. Contrib ition from the Department of Entomology at Cornell University. 
2. Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. 6, p. 396. 


June, 1915 


; 
186 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. eS 
PUPAL INSTAR OF ARCHIPS ARGYROSPILA, = 
Number of Date of £ of Adult Length of — 
Specimens Pupation Emergence Instar 
- 1 June 10 June 20 “10 days ~ 
4 “es 10 ae 23 13 “ee ~ 
2 ae 10 ae 24 . 14 “e 
1 wae) bee’. 1855 
1 “ee 11 “ce 20 = “ 
1 ue 4D ars 10 “ 
1 as ee 2 
5 ‘ yee 1a-/** i 
3 ae ft RT 14 ¢ 
2 cane 8: «26 1585 
1 “ 12 23 iT a 
2 * 33 96 14“ 
5 * 18 “' 23 10 *“* 
3 igs “ 24 Bas 
a “id “<- 25 i 
6 Zee F | “98 aes 
5 “ 13 "37 ey 
4 egos § “28 15 “ 3 
; 4) = ee m ee 10s" 
4 “414 “ 26 19,5 
4 “14 ee ft PY 
-2 “14 28 pe 3 
3 we “29 oe 
2 “ 14 “30 1G irk Fee 
3 “15 “26 th 
8 +85 sar 1950 i 
9 SPAS . a 13." i MT. 
2 ae 15 oe 29 14 «tl a: 28: 
2 ae 16 . “e 26 10 “e ss _ 20 
1 ae 16 ae 27 11 ae nh Ra +E) 
8 “ee 16 ‘ 28 12 “ee 96 : 
9 reste “99 136? ty RYT 
2 “ 16 +) 30 = 14“ Ce 
1: “16 July 1 15° oh TIS TS 
1 is © June 28 elt its eke soe 
4 <r “99 19 0: ae ete 
Bn |e. Sb gay col gl a 
; te . 
; Se 138 June 27. % 3 pie fos SO ot 
4 ‘ ‘ a Stier hy 
5 “18 July 1 13s" es 65) 
ne oat Se Th a 
1 “19 June 29 TO) ** ei 
2 ae 19 30 11 “se 2 * 
6 “sae July 1 125 ‘ie 
z s “ 19 4“ 2 13 ee pt 
1 ot see ee cae 14 i‘ 
1 “ 20 June 30 10“ 
Ls “BN July 1 Ales : 
4 “ 20 July 2 12 °* 
7 “ 20 “a 3 13 ‘ 
2 “ae 20 oo 4 14 “ 
1 “90 “ 5 15 “ 1 
1 “ee 21 “ee ¢ ; 11 re 
3 ee 12°: pe 
5 “21 ee 4g.|* 
2 ae ee | 14“ mi 
1 nat eon. 15 1,% 324 “f 
5 ee oo es en 
5 22 x Se T3\ 3 : © 
1 . 22 “ 6 14 AD . 
1 © VOR “ 3 10 “ Ws 
°10 “23 Pir “op eng 
9 err 3 Pe ¥3* be 
1 23 WEE 2 ~ 12) 
2 “se 23 8 15 “ at 
by 7s “ 24 eS Tite 
3 ‘ 24 eh 12 * F 
5 “ 24 aed, ee 
1 “ 24 “ 8 uJ 14 ae ve 
Total — 
Pupae.....227 
Average Length of Pupal Instar, 12.6 days. vat 4 yi 
‘ 7 


‘>y 


. 
ey 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 187 


It will be seen from the table that 227 pupae were under 
observation and that the minimum length of the pupal instar was 
9 days and the maximum length 16 days, while the ayerage was 
12.6 days. 


During the first part of the investigation no data were kept 
on the sexes, but in the later stages of the observations determina- 
tions of sex were made in case of the last 155 individuals, of which 
70 were females and 85 males. No data, however, were secured 
on the pupal instars of the two sexes separate from each other. 
The average of 12.6 days, therefore, is that of males and females 
combined in probably about the proportions shown by the fore- 
going figures concerning the last 155 individuals. 

The maximum and minimum temperatures, obtained from the 
Weather Bureau at Rochester, N. Y., are given for each day 
covering the period of the experiment. Our own maximum and 


“minimum thermometer was evidently placed in a position which 


did not give the normal temperatures, and we, therefore, took the 
records of the Rochester Observatory. Rochester is eighteen miles 
southeast of Hilton, where the field laboratory was situated, and 
the temperature conditions at the former city would probably fairly 
represent those obtaining at Hilton, although the altitude of Hilton 
is 284 feet, while that of Rochester is 523 feet. At any. rate, they 
would be more representative than the temperatures recorded by 
our own thermometer under the apparently abnormal conditions 
in which it was placed. 

The difference in the length of the pupal instar as recorded in 
California by Davidson and in New York as shown by the foregoing 
data is interesting. More data, however, on meteorological con- 
ditions in the two regions will be necessary before any very definite 
conclusions may be drawn. 


TEMPERATURES FOR PERIOD OF EXPERIMENT* 


EES Se 10} 11 | 12] 13] 14] 15 16] 17] 18] 19] 20] 21 | 22 23 | 24 
* eG aE 

Maximum.............. 84 | 83] 74]. 73 | 65] 70 62 | 76 |] 84] 75] 64] 66] 70] S4] 92 

Minimum.............. 67 | 63] 59 | 50] 527 S51 49 | 44] 56] 45] 41] 54] 57] 64] 69 
ice ‘mas faite 2h $i 

July 

) Ee a ER 25 | 261 27 | 28] 29] 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 rj 8 9 

Maximum.............. 84] 79] 73] 81] 64] 74 73] 71] 73] 80] 79] 79] 80] 85] S82 

Minimum.... ......... 62 | 561 58 | 571 53 | 52 541 60] S581 58 | 62] 61 | 6614 641 65 
_ — 


*From the Records of the Weather Bureau at Rochester, N. Y. 


188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF TINEINA. 
BY ANNETTE F. BRAUN, CINCINNATI, 0. _ 


Several species of Tineid moths in the writer’s collection 
belonging to genera apparently new are of considerable interest 
because of their phylogenetic significance or because they show 
relationship to isolated genera or groups of genera. The -present 
paper includes the description of these genera, together with 
descriptions of a number of new species recently bred. The 
types are in the writer’s collection. 


Corythophora, new genus. 


Face smooth; head elongate, with an erect tuft between the 
antenna. Antenne 4/5, basal segment enlarged and concave 
beneath to form an eye-cap, with pointed projecting flap of scales 
aateriorly. Labial palpi moderate, drooping, smooth-scaled. 
Maxillary palpi rudimentary. 


First segment of 
anterior tarsi thicken- 
ed with scales; pos- 
terior tibia hairy. 


Fore wings elon- 
gate ovate, costa 
thickened for  two- 
thirds its length; 1b 
simple, 3 absent, 6 
and 7 connate, 9 and 
10 arising near’costa, 


/ 
Fig. 18.—Venation of Corythophora aurea. 


vein absent between 2 and 9. Hind wings 4 24, narrow, lanceolate, 

‘cilia 4; 3 absent, 5 and 6 stalked, transverse vein absent between — 

4 and 5. (Fig. 18). 
Type—Corythophora aurea. 


The relationship of this genus to Leucoptera Hb., Crobylophora 
Meyr., and Proleucoptera. Busck., is suggested at once by the 
general appearance of the insect, and a study of all the characters _ 
substantiates this view. It is a much earlier form and undoubtedly g 


indicates the stem from which the genera of this group have sprung, 
June, 1915 5 


mI, absent; transverse 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 189 


s Stkcigh the genus in its present form has acquired a number of 
_ specialized characters. 


The neuration of the fore wings in the three genera just 
- mentioned can easily be derived fron that of Corythophora. The 
_ absence of vein 11 is not significant, but is of recent disappearance, 
as it is virtually absent in one species of Proleucoptera while present 
¥ ‘in the other, and thus can not be considered as a character of im- 
' portance. However, the fact that vein 4 is here present and oc- 

_ cupying its normal position would suggest that a slightly different 
_ interpretation should be put upon the venation of Proleucoptera, 
 yiz., that vein 3 is absent and not 4, as stated by Mr. Busck in his 
_ characterization of that genus. 


y The derivation of the neuration of the hind wings of the 
_ younger genera from this type is not so obvious. However, the 
e examination of the hind wing of. Proleucoptera smilaciella Bsk. 
" discloses a feature hitherto overlooked, which shows clearly its 
_ origin from the present genus. As shown in the accompanying 
. figure (Fig. 2), veins 5 and 6 are stalked from the base and distinctly 
separate from 7 toward base, but almost anastomose with it 
along the middle of the wing, becoming separate again where 
_ they branch. 


___Its affinities with Tineid stock are at once apparent; in fact, 


ws its neuration closely approaches 

ie 8 7 a eae 
i —— that of some of the. Tineid 
. 6 genera. This furnishes strong 
ot. confirmatory evidence of the 


Fig. 19.—Hind wing of Proleucops ‘laciell f 
E - Ce eee eee” “descent: of this group from the 


- Tineide, from which it has been regarded as derived. 


_ Corythophora aurea, n. sp. 


Head and appendages very pale yellow, flap of scales on basal 
segment of antennz somewhat deeper yellow. 


Thorax pale yellow or white, patagia golden yellow. Fore 

_ wings golden yellow, deepening toward the apex, where the colour 

| _is deep orange. Costal margin from 1/5 to just beyond the begin- 

ning of the cilia, and dorsal portion of the wing below the fold, 
"pale al fading almost to white on the extreme margins. 


190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


: Legs pale yellowish white, except the anterior tibiz and tarsi, : 
which are dark brown externally. 


Expanse: 9-9.5 mm. 


Two males, Cincinnati, O., July 13, and Balsam, N. C. ’ July 22. 
The erect tuft and position — 
of the antennal flaps which — 
project obliquely forward in 
the dead insect give this 
species a very _ striking 
appearance. 
Apophthisis, new genus. 
Head with appressed — 
scales, antenne somewhat ~ 
under 1, basal segment with 
pecten. Labial palpi moderate, straight, drooping. Maxillary 
palpi rudimentary. 


Fig. 20.—Venation of Apophthysis pullata 


Posterior tibiz with a row of short projecting scales above. 

Fore wings lanceolate, the margin from the inner angle to the 
apex is almost straight or slightly concave; 2 almost obsolete, 
3 absent, 4 indistinct, from lower angle of the cell, 5 absent, 6 
and 7* stalked, transverse vein indistinct between 4 and 6, 11 — 
obsolete except at origin and near costa. Hind wings about 4, — 
lanceolate, cillia 5; 5 and 6 stalked. (Fig. 20). 

Type: Apophthisis pullata. 

A very peculiar genus, apparently most closely allied to — 
Stomphastis Meyr., with which it agrees in some characters. The — 
loss of vein 5 of the fore wings is a feature not found elsewhere in — 
the Gracilariade, where modification usually results in the loss of Dy 
vein 6. Fe 

In any group it is possible within certain limits to determine — 
which veins are absent, if the primitive type of colour pattern — 
is known. Elsewheret it was shown that the tips of veins mark — 
the extremities of unpigmented (white) fascia, separating the primi-_ 
tive transverse bands of colour. Thus, in Lithocolletis, the primitive 
colour pattern consists of a series of seven transverse bands. separ- 


*In the specimen denuded, 7 is branched near the costa, as shown in the 
, figure; this is probably an individual abnormality. 
tBraun. Evolution of the colour Pattern in the Microlepidopterous Genus. 
Lithocolletis, Jn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XVI, 105-167, 1914. 


, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 191 


_ ated from one another by white fascia. The last of these bands 
crosses the tip of the wing. The costal extremity of the white 
_ fascia preceding it lies over the tip of vein 7, but there is no vein 
at its extremity on the termen. The extremities of the sixth 
band lie between veins 7 and 9 on the costa, and just beyond vein 
_ 5onthetermen. The white fascia preceding this band lies over 
_ the tip of 9 on the costa, and over the tip of 5 on the termen. 
= This general type of colour pattern may be regarded as primitive 
not only for Lithocolletis alone, but for the entire family Graci- 
4 lariade. In more ancestral fogms, where all the veins are present, 
~ the tip of vein 6 occupies the position marked by the extremity 
s of the last white fascia, that is it is almost opposite the tip of 
-yein 7. This must be regarded as the normal position for vein 6 
in this group. Therefore, in Lithocolletis, where no vein is present 
at the extremity of this fascia on the termen, we must regard vein 
_ 6 as the vein which is absent, as has been done in the more recent 
- literature on the group. 


In Apophthisis, the last vein to reach the termen before the 
_ apex occupies the normal position of vein 6. For this reason, 
_ vein 5 has been here regarded absent, in a group where it is, with 
_ this exception, uniformly present. 


a 
&. 


_ Apophthisis pullata, n. sp. 
e. Head and palpi gray, antenne gray with paler annulations. 
Fore wings clothed with sordid grayish white, fuscous- tipped 
scales, giving the wing in general a speckled gray appearance. 
An indistinct black streak in the fold from near base to one-third, 
_a second shorter streak in the fold beyond it. The scales around 


_ the apex form an indistinct line in the gray cilia. Hind wings 


7 
e) 
cs 


mm 


- 


7 
fi 
3 ~ gray. 
7 Legs gray; tibiz tipped with white; tarsi annulate with white. 
ie: ; Expanse: 5.5-6 mm. 

1 rl wo specimens, both males, near Cincinnati, O. The larva 
is a miner in leaves of buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh.) 
The mine lies deep in the leaf substance; linear at first, gradually 
_ broadening into an irregular blotch, 5 or 6 mm. wide,. and oc- 
_ cupying about one-fourth of the area of the leaf. The leaf retains 


} 


_ its green colour, so that the mine is not plainly visible during the” 


4 
t 
a 
5 


192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


early stages; in the later portions of the blotch, the substance of 
the leaf is consumed, rendering the mine distinct. Pupa outside 
the mine in — broadly oval, flat, yellow cocoon spun i in a fold of — 
the leaf or in a crevice. 


There are two generations a year. Mines may be found in eS 
early July and in October. The two imagos in my collection 
appeared July 25 and May | respectively. 


The position of the imago at rest reminds one of a small species. 
of Ornix. 


Marmara auratella, n. sp. a 

Head and thorax dark brown, with a distinct bronzy lustre; - 
face metallic gray. Labial palpi bronzy, third segment with the  __ 
apical half whitish. eenrees 5 palpi with the last segment pales 3 
Antenne dark brown. a 


Fore wings bronzy brown, with an almost golden lustre under 
brilliant illumination. The markings are brilliant silvery white 
and are situated as follows: At the basal fourth a fascia nearly 
straight on its inner margin, but broadening outwardly below the 
fold; at the middle of the wing a somewhat oblique costal streak, 
and nearly opposite it, but a little farther back on the dorsal 
margin, an erect dorsal streak; at the apical third a triangular 
costal streak almost meeting the apex of a similar dorsal streak; 
just before the tip a narrow costal streak, nearly crossing the wing. 
Cilia dark brown, shining white opposite the apex. Hind wings 
dark brownish gray, cilia concolorous. a 

Legs dark brown, with broad silvery annulations. Abdomen 
beneath with segments silvery ‘posteriorly. . . 

Expanse: 6.5 mm. ae 

Two specimens, Cincinnati, O., bred from long serpentine 
mines on stems of the cultivated form of Rudbeckia ldaciniata L., 
the ‘Golden Glow "’of gardens. I have searched for the mines 
on the stems of the wild plants, both here and elsewhere, without cs, : 
success. The mine, which is very similar to that of Marmara — 4 
salictella on willow, is usually situated toward the lower part of - a 
the stem. The larva mines just beneath the epidermis nr 


times. ‘t 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _ 193 


At the time of pupation the larva departs widely from the 


well-known habits of all the other species of the genus. Previous 


to this time the mine has been placed just beneath the epidermis. 
At maturity the larva cuts through the epidermis and two layers of 
bark beneath it around the end of the mine and for a distance of 
3 or 4 mm. on each side. This elongate flap of tissue which hangs 
with its free end downward is then bent into a fold which causes 
it to project beyond the contour of the stem. The cocoon is spun 
on the under side of the flap, so that its lower surface is visible if 


_ the flap is lifted up. At the anterior end of the cocoon a slit is cut 


in the lower layer of loosened bark and through this opening a 
passage lined with silk leads to the exterior, so that at emergence 
the pupa is thrust out between the two layers of loosened bark at 


_ the lower end of the flap. The pearly globules, so characteristic 


of the cocoons of the other species of the genus, are entirely absent 
in this instance. In other respects this species agrees with the 
characteristics of the genus. : . 
There are two generations a year. The larve of the first 
_ generation pupate toward the end of July and produce imagos in 
: ec August. The larve of the second generation pupate in Oc- 

tober, but the imagos do not appear untill the first of the following 
Brite. 


The imago is nearest to M. arbutiella Bsk. 


Marmara apocynella, n. sp. 

Head whitish on face, becoming distinctly yellowish on the 
vertex, with some fuscous scales behind. Palpi whitish, the second 
segment of the labial palpi tipped with black. Antenne gray. 

; Fore wings black; a straight white fascia at basal fourth; an° 
oblique fascia at the middle, a little angulated near the dorsum; 
‘at two-thirds, a triangular costal spot and opposite’ it a small 


__ inconspicuous dorsal spot; a white costal streak before the apex. 
_ Cilia white opposite the apex, elsewhere gray. Hind wings and 


cilia gray, tinged with yellow. 

Legs black, annulate with white; first tarsal segment black 

_ with a white tip, remaining segments pure white with an occasional 

_ black spot near the tip. Abdomen black ppove, grayish beneath. 
Expanse: 5 mm. 


194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. - 


One specimen, bred from a long whitish serpentine mine on _ 
_ the stem of dogbane (A pocynum cannabium L.). The larva leaves 
the mine to pupate, and spins the characteristic white cocoon 
ornamented with pearly globules. “Mine collected near Cincinnati, 
July 3, at which time the larva was nearly full grown. Imago, j 
July 21. by fats 

This species comes very close to Marmara salictella Clem., — 
from which it may be distinguished by the yellow head, more oblique a 
median fascia and smaller size. ae 


Cysticecetes, new genus. 


Head with appressed scales; ocelli present; tongue developed. ¢: 
Antenne 24, outer half very shortly bipectinate and ciliate in _ 
: | both sexes, basal seg- 
_ ent rather long, without — 
pecten. Labial palpi — 
long, recurved, second | ‘ 
segment thickened with — 
scales, terminal segment 
shorter, thickened with — 
scales, apex acute. — 
Maxillary palpi very | 
short, appressed to — 


Fig, 21.—Venation of Cystioecetes nimbosus. tongue. 


Posterior tibia rough-haired above on the posterior half. 
-Fore wings with large tufts of raised scales; 1b furcate, e 
2 from three-fourths of cell, tubular only near the margin, 4 from a 
angle, 6 out of base of stalk of 7+8, 11 from middle of cell. ‘Hind 
wings 2/5, narrow lanceolate, cilia 5; 2 - 4 nearly parallel, 4 and 5 — 
connate, 5 and 6 parallel, 6 and 7 approximated at base. (Fig. 72 a 
Type: Cystiecetes nimbosus. a ‘ 
This genus is closely related to Chrysopeleia Cham., valle it 
very closely resembles in type of markings; the antennal and pal < ‘ 
characters are identical. In Chrysopeleia vein 2 of the fore wings — 
is absent, and 6 is out of 7 beyond 8; the venation of the hind wings — 
differs only in the stalking of 6 and 7. It appears to bear some 
resemblance to some Australian genera in antennal structure a 
in neuration of the hind wings. 


* 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 195 


Cysticecetes nimbosus, n. sp. 


Head gray; scales on the under surface of the palpi becoming 
white-tipped towards the ends of the segments. . Antenne dark 


- gray. Fore wings gray, microscopically speckled with whitish. 


Seale tufts almost black, the scales composing them tipped with 
white; a large tuft below fold at basal third, another below the 
middle of the costa; a smaller tuft on the dorsum a little behind- 


the middle; a fourth small tuft at end of cell; two very small tufts 


on termen before apex. Hind wings and cilia gray. 
3 Legs dark gray, tips of segments whitish. 
Expanse: 10.5-12 mm. 
‘Thirteen specimens, Mills College, Alameda Co., Cal., and 


Camp Baldy, San Bernardino Co., Cal., bred from larve on ‘‘Cas- 


cara’ (Rhamnus purshiana DC.), an evergreen, and also on a 


‘similar deciduous species of Rhamnus. 


The larva feeds within a large inflated gall-like chamber 
formed from the two halves of the leaf, which are closely appressed 
above, just below the margins of 
the leaf, and near each end. The 
leaf bulges between the lateral 
veins forming a series of pouches 

Fig. 22.—Larval dwelling of projecting from the large elon- 
ee ees: gate chamber. (Fig. 22). The 
larva_is pale grayish brown, with head and prothoracic shield 


_ shining pale brown. A small silken cocoon is spun, often just 


ee er—t—“#RUU. lees eee eee 


oe 


ae Ses, WE 


outside the larval habitation, where the sides of the leaf diverge, 


or between leaves on the bottom of the breeding jar. 
Antispila aurirubra, n. sp. 


Head and palpi bronzy; antennze dark brown. Thorax and 


fore wings very lustrous, colour varying, according to the direction 


of light from greenish golden to a brilliant reddish bronze. The 
latter colour predominates near the base and along. the termen 
and around the apex of the wing. At one-third a narrow pale 
golden fascia, somewhat nearer base on the dorsum; at two-thirds 
a triangular costal spot, and a little nearer the base on the dorsum 


_asimilar dorsal spot, with its apex produced and pointing obliquely 


toward the middle of the costa. Cilia dark gray. Hind wings 
dark gray, purple toward the apex, with golden brown cilia. 


- 196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Legs bronzy brown, hind tarsi tipped with pale yellow. 

Expanse: 7-8 mm. a | 

Two specimens, Fredalba, San Bernardino Co., Cal. Larva ~ 
in brownish blotches in leaves of a species of Cornus. The complet- 
ed case appears somewhat truncate at each end. Mines received, 
August 6; imagos emerged May 21 and 25. 

More closely allied to A. nyssefoliella than to any other ABS 
but the more reddish colour‘and the more slender fascia will separate . 
the two species. 

Obrussa, new genus. 


Heat and face tufted. Antennz-2/3, simple in 3, baad seg-.- 
ment enlarged and concave beneath to form an eye-cap. Labial 
palpi well developed, porrected. © Maxillary palpi long, filliform, 
folded. Tongue rudimentary. 

Posterior tibia with spines above; middle spurs above the — 
middle of the tibia. d 

Fore wings elongate ovate; 1b simple at base, 2 hetomibe: 53 
obsolete shortly beyond transverse vein, which closes the cell _ 
before the middle of the wing, 3 ‘4 
and 4 absent, 5 and 6 stalked, the — 
stalk out of 8, 7 to costa out of 8, © 
9 absent. Hind wings a little over — 
14, cilia 214; Ic faintly visible, 3 and — 
4 absent, 6 absent, 5 and 7 stalked 
from before middle, cell open — 

between 2 and 5. Frenulum of at 

Obtings oenrieecaies many spines. (Fig. 23). | 

Type: . Obrussa ochrifasciella Chambers (Can. Ent., V, 128) ~ 
1873.). . 
The genus seems to approach Ectedemia Bsk. more closely — ; 
than any of the other allied genera; from Ectedemia it differs — 
chiefly in the presence of vein 5 of the fore-wings and in the position e 
of the spurs of the hind tibia, which are situated above instead of — 
_ below the middle. Obrussa is relatively somewhat shorter and i 
broader winged than either Ectedemia or Nepticula. * 

In describing Nepticula ochrifasciella, Chambers probably had — 
before him males only, which are uniformly smaller than females. be: 
and alone show the distinct ochreous under surface of the basal _ 


aT; 
i 


2 


A 


. 


ee. 
> 


a 


ae 


° 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197 


half of the fore wings. A fuller description embracing both sexes 


is here given: 
Palpi pale ochreous. Tuft on face and head reddish ochreous. 
_ Antenne fuscous, eye-caps ochreous. | 
Thorax and basal third of the fore wings black, apical two- 
thirds tinged with ‘brown. <A broad pale ochreous fascia crosses - 


- the wing at the basal third. From base to outer edge of fascia on 
costa, and nearly to tornus on dorsum, the under side of the wing 


in the & is ochreous; in the 9, this area though paler is not defi- 


nitely oulined. At two-thirds are some scattered paler. scales, 


sometimes (in 92) forming an indistinct line across the wing. 
Cilia around the apex and last row of scales at the extreme apex 


pale ochreous. Cilia elsewhere concolorous with the wing. Hind 
_ wings gray, cilia concolorous. 


Legs dull ochreous, mixed with fuscous; outer surface of fore 


be and middle tibiz and tarsi dark brown. 


_Expanse: 6.5 mm. (c”); 7-8 mm. (9). 
' | have always found this species resting on leaves of saplings 


_ in dense woods with sparse undergrowth. The specimens in my 


collection were taken May 30 to July 6; a single specimen is dated 
August 5. I have thus far no clue to its life history. 


BOOK REVIEWS. 


Tue House-Fiy. Its StrucTtURE, HABITs, DEVELOPMENT, RELA- 


' TION TO DISEASE AND CONTROL. By C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc., 
F.R.S.C., Dominion Entomologist, 382 pp., 105 figs., Cambridge, 
at the avetsity Press, 1914. Price 15 shillings net. 

It is unusual to find a book dealing with as wide variety of 


_ subjects as this one, that does not show some inequality of treat- 
ment when carefully analyzed. The author generally reveals the 
_ fact that he is more at home in some branches of the subject than 


in others. Of Dr. Hewitt’s book this cannot be said. Whether he 
discusses questions of minute anatomy or parasitology, bacteriology 
or the practical problems concerned with public health, he shows 
a thoroughness of grasp and a clearness of diction only possessed 
by the master. 

The present work is an outgrowth of Dr. Hewitt’s admirable 
monograph on the House-fly, which first appeared in three parts 


198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST oe: vi ; 


in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science in 1907, 1908 
and 1909, and was republished in book form, together with several _ 
appendices in 1910 by the Manchester University Press. This 
edition was very limited and was soon exhausted,and as much new 
material had been brought to light by subsequent investigators in 
various countries, the author deemed it necessary to prepare acom- 
pletely new work, bringing the subject matter thoroughly up to date. 

The book is divided into six parts as follows: Part I—The | 
Structure and Habits of the House-fly.. Part 2—The Breeding 
Habits, Life History and Structure of the Larva. Part 3—The 
Natural Enemies and Parasites of the House-fly. Part 4—Other 
Species of Flies frequenting Houses. Part 5—The Relation of (3 
House-flies to Disease. Part 6—Control Measures. 

Of the 27 chapters, those dealing with structural matters are 
but slightly modified from the author’s original accounts of these — ee 
subjects. All the others contain a large quantity of information 
not found in the earlier work. This is especially true of Part 5, 
in which six chapters are included, an entire chapter being devoted 
to “the carriage of typhoid fever by ;flies,’’ and another to “‘the 
relation of flies to summer diarrhoea of infants.’’ In these and the 
other chapters of Part 5 the enormous literature dealing with 
experimental investigations in the dissemination of bacterial 
diseases and parasitic worms by flies is very carefully and concisely 
summarized and will prove of great interest and value to physicians a 
and public health officers. Fi 

Following Part. 6 is a bibliography of 36 pages and two indices, ~_ 
an author’s and a subject index. : 

This book will undoubtedly remain the chief source of informa- 
tion on the house-fly for many years to come and will rank asa 
classic for all time. ce. 


CANADIAN INsTITUTE: GENERAL INDEX TO PUBLICATIONS, 1852- 
1912. Compiled and edited by John Patterson, M.A. Honorary 3 
Secretary. University Press, Toronto, 1914. Price $5.00. - 

Students of all branches of Science, Literature and Art throu a 
out Canada owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. and Mrs. Patterson 
for having undertaken and completed in such admirable pa ; 

the arduous task of indexing the long series of publications of the 4 

Canadian Institute, from 1852 to 1912, including all the volumes — 2 

published by the Institute before it received the title of ‘Royal.’ 


_ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 199 


- The publications of the Canadian Institute have appeared in 


four principal series: The Canadian Journal (1852-1855) The 


Canadian Journal of Science, Literature and History (new series) 
(1856-1878); The Proceedings of the Canadian Institute (1879- 
1890) and the Transactions of the Canadian Institute (1890-1912) ; 
and one minor series, The Proceedings of the Canadian Institute 


i= (new series) (1892-1904). The last has not been included in the 


general index, but a list of the papers under authors is given in an 
_ appendix. 

These volumes contain a vast amount of informaticn on almost 
all subjects relating to Canada and a general index has been hitherto 


___ muchneeded. The present work satisfies this need most completely, 
being the contents of every paper dealt with in a thorough and de- 
‘tailed manner. The principal entries are in bold-faced type, and 
indented under these are the entries of ‘subordinate topics. For 


instance, Ontario appears in bold-faced type and under it are more 


_ than three pages of entries of subjects relating to the Province. 


Similarly we find references to genera of animals and plants in 


_ beld-faced type, followed by species in ordinary type. Cross 


references are necessarily frequent, but have been avoided as far 


Bsc as possible. 


This work will be of considerable value to entomologists in 


Canada. During the first years of the Institute’s history, when 


there. were few magazines dealing with special branches of science, 
the Canadian Journal formed one of the chief means by which 


' papers on such subjects could be published; hence we find quite a 
-number of articles on botany, entomology, ornithology, etc., in the 
_ earlier volumes. These are at least of historic value and con- 


tain many records of importance to the faunistic student. By 
means of this excellent index they are readily accessible, and 
there will now be no excuse for their being ignored or overlooked 


by modern workers, as has sometimes been done in the past. 


FOREST INSECTS OF SWEDEN. 


_ Sveriges Skogsinsekter. By Ivar Tragardh. VIII, 279 pp. 16 ses rs 


136 text figs. (Stockholm: Hugo Gebers.) 1914. 
The comparative similarity of the forest conditions of Canada 
to those of Sweden gives this book a special interest to Canadian 


200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


entomologists. A number of forest’ insects are common to um 
countries. Our great regret is that, being written in the Swedish 
language, its contents will not be accessible to all who would wish — 
to study it with care. The latter desire and the nature of its con-_ 
tents may, however, induce some to add another language to their 
vocabulary, for the excellence of its treatment would almost warrant _ 
such a venture. aa 
After preliminary chapters on the characters and organization 
of insects, their development, and the general methods of control, — 
the author takes the different orders, commencing with the Coleop- 
tera, and describes those families and their members that are in- 
jurious to the forests, or useful as parasitic or predaceous enemies 
of forest insects. His treatment is somewhat along similar lines 
to that of Taschenberg in his ‘*Praktische Insektenkunde.” In _ 
the longest chapter, riamely, the Coleoptera (Skalbagga), the 
following families are dealt with: Carabidae, Staphylinide, Sil- 
phide, Histeridae, Cantharide, Cleride, Elateride, Buprestidae, 4 
Lymexylonide, Anobiide, Coccinellide, Cerambycide, Phytophaga, _ 
Curculionide, and Ipide, the last ,of course, is treated the most 
extensively. The chief injurious species (or useful species as the 
case may be) in each family are considered individually and a 
description sufficient to enable the insect to be identified is given; — 
the larvae, habits and methods of control are also described in most 
cases. The-excellent series of illustrations, largely original photo-— 
graphs, constitute a valuable feature of the volume. Where the 
insects are of serious importance, special attention is devoted to 
them, for example, the Nun Moth, Lymantria monacha L, whose ~ 
introduction may we be spared, is given eleven pages; the Gipsy 
Moth hardly receives two pages! 
A special chapter is devoted to gall- making insects anda 
Eriophyes, and after a useful chapter on control measures, the book — 
concludes with a table giving keys to the various insects according 2 
to the trees and parts of the trees they attack. We cannot a a 
more than that we wish we had a similar work on our own forest — 
insects. Perhaps the author will make his book more accessib 
to English-speaking readers by translating it some day, a task o 
which we know he is capable. 643, C.@ tis 


Mailed June 4th, 1915 


< 4 


i 


- 
' 


7. ——aaee Se 


Ge Ganatliay. Futomalogist, 


‘Vou. XLVII. LONDON, JULY, 1915. No.7 


POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY, 
POIsONED BAIT FOR CUTWORMS. 
BY E. H. STRICKLAND, 


Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Lethbridge, Alberta. 

Experiments conducted at the Dominion Entomological 
Laboratory at Lethbridge, Alberta, during the past two years 
upon the control of Porosagrotis orthogonia and Euxoa ochrogaster, 
and again this Spring upon a species of Chorizagrotis have proved 
to us that shorts are far more valuable than bran as a bait for the 
purpose of poisoning. 

In 1913, when experiments were first started, bran only was 
tried, and results were extremely disappointing, for it was seen 
that this material lost most of its attractiveness when dry. Under 
our semi-arid conditions it seems impossible to obtain a bran mixture 
that will remain 5ufficiently attractive after it has lost its moisture, 
some fifteen minutes after its application to the heated soil. In 


this connection it should be noted that we have no dew at night. 


Numerous mixtures were given thorough, and repeated, trials 
under varying conditions, in which different quantities of salt, 
sugar, and various syrups were used as attractive-agents. — In all 
cases 1-10 acre plots were treated at, or after, sundown, and they 
were examined once or twice during the three or four days following 
the date of application. The bran was applied at the rate of 100 
lbs, per acre, but even with this amount never more than 26% of 
the worms were Killed. 


The following are a few typical results from shout 40 observa- 


‘tions:— . 


On Fall Wheat 


100 Ibs. Bran, 2 Ibs. Sugar, 2J/bs. Paris Green, 21 gallons Water. 
—20% dead. 

“100 lbs. Bran, 6 Ibs. Sugar, 2 Ibs. Paris ree 216 gallons 
Water.—10% dead. 


202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


100 Ibs. Bran, 6 Ibs. Salt, 2 Ibs. Paris Green, 24% gallons Water. 
—10% dead. 


On Spring Wheat 

100 Ibs. Bran, 1 gallon Molasses, 2 Ibs. Paris Green, 214 aaa 
Water.—26% dead. 

100 Ibs. Bran, 1 lb. Sugar, 2 lbs. Paris Green, 24% gallone Water. — 
—0% dead. ae 

Similar results were obtained when the baits were employed 
on oats and alfalfa. : 

Obviously, we could not recommend any of these to the farmers, 
for even had they been fairly successful an application of 100 Ibs. 
per acre is too heavy to be practical on our large prairie fields. 

From notes made in 1913 we drew the following conclusions :— 

1. Cutworms in dry localities feed largely in order to obtain 
moisture, and dry bran is not sufficiently attractive to be fed upon 
extensively when their normal moist food is available. ; 

2. One species (P. orthogonia) for which we were poisoning 
feeds almost exclusively below ground, and a surface application 
of poisoned bait is therefore mainly wasted. 

3. Molasses gave more hopeful results than any other attrac- 
tive agent used. 

In 1914 we tried replacing the bran with shorts, and harrowing 
the bait in when P. orthogonia was the species present, and special- 
ized upon the molasses mixtures. Results were most gratifying, 
and we found that in each case the improvement was marked. 

In all cases comparative tests were made simultaneously, and 
the following are some of the results on Spring Wheat:— — 


A. Surface application. 
100 Ibs. Bran, 1 gallon Molasses, 2 Ibs. Paris Green, 4 gallons — 
Water.—26% dead. - od 
50 Ibs. Bran and 50 lbs. Shorts, 1 gallon Molasses, 2 Ibs. Paris 2 
Green, 4 gallons Water.—43% dead. . 
100 Ibs. Shorts, 1 gallon Molasses, 2 Ibs. Paris Greeks 4 gallons 4 
Water.—53% dead. i 
25 Ibs. Bran and 25 lbs. Shorts, 14 gallon Moléiibes 1 lb. Paris — 
Green, 2 gallons Water.—36% dead. ‘ 
50 Ibs. Shorts, % gallon Molasses, 1 Ib. Paris Green, 2 gallons 1 
Water.—64%, dead. 


aa 


~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _ 203 


B. Harrowed in immediately after application. ’ 


25 Ibs. Bran and 25 lbs. Shorts, 4% gallon Molasses, 1 Ib. Paris 
Green, 4 gallons Water.—70% dead. 


50 Ibs. Shorts, 4% gallon Molasses, 1 lb. Paris Green, 4 gallons : 


_ Water.—80% dead. 


Most of the experiments were repeated from three to ten times 
under varying conditions, and the relative killing values were in 
every case similar to those given above. A few experiments in 
which sugar was used showed a marked inferiority. 

_. For Euxoa ochrogastcr the unharrowed plots gave slightly 
better results than the harrowed, and it was observed that this 


species feeds more frequently above the ground than does P. 


orthogonia.- 
By experimenting with varying amounts of Paris Green, and 


sweetening substances, we arrived at the following formula as 
giving the best results: Shorts, 50 pounds; Molasses, 4% gallon; 


Paris Green, | pound, and Water, 21% gallons. 

This mixture costs from $1 to $1.25 per acre for the ingredients 
alone, but since cutworms begin to damage a field in nearly every 
case in small well-defined areas, from which they spread subse- 


quently over far larger areas, prompt treatment as soon as damage . 


is seen reduces the cost per acre of the area saved to a small figure. 

The superiority of Shorts over Bran has been again established 
in the control of Army Cutworms (Chorizagrotis spp.), which in- 
vaded part of the Province early this year. Results from field 
experiments upon these species are rather uncertain, since the 
migratory habits are so pronounced. In specially constructed field 
cages definite results were obtained, and comparisons show that 
the value of poisoned Shorts is certain, while the application of 


poisoned Bran is of very doubtful benefit when judged from the 


aspect of cost and results. The cages were set out in a clean field 
of spring wheat, so that the 50 worms placed in each, though 
confined to nine square feet, were in every other respect under 
identical conditions with those experienced in nature. 

Unfortunately the weather turned cold when we started these 
experiments, and has remained so ever since, so that our percentage 
kiiiings are not quite so high as they might have been had feeding 
been more general. Little of the wheat was eaten. 


204 =. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The following are a few of the results selected from 18 experi- 
ments and comprise those in which Kansas Grasshopper mixture, 


and a modification of it in which Shorts were used, were compared: 


Poison was applied at the rate of 20 Ibs. per acre. Examina- 
tions were made 48 hours after application. This was necessary, 
since dead worms are eaten readily by those still alive. 


Applied to moist soil, and moistened by a shower. 


20 lbs. Bran, 2 quarts Molasses, 1 lb. Paris Green, 3 Oranges, 
3% gallons Water.—26% dead. 

20 Ibs. Shorts, 2 quarts Molasses, 1 Ib. Paris Green, 3 Oranges, 
1 gallon Water.—56% dead. 


Applied dry two days after mixing. 

20 lbs. Bran; 2 quarts Molasses, 1 Ib. Paris Green, 3 Oranges, 
31% gallons Water.—24% dead. 

20 Ibs. Shorts, 2 quarts Molasses, 1 lb. Paris Green, 3 Oranges, 
1 gallon Water.—76% dead. 

In the second case the weather was warmer, and more normal. 

We found that the fruit in these and other mixtures had a 
slight beneficial effect, though the killing was as good with the 


following mixture: Shorts, 50 lbs.; Molasses, 2 gallons; Paris Green, 


1 lb., applied at the rate of 20 ines per acre. In this case no 
water was used, and we find that the benefit derived from using 


Paris Green in greater quantities than one pound to fifty pounds 


of Shorts (or Bran) does not warrant the extra cost. 

The only objection to Shorts is the difficulty of mixing, but 
if lots of not more than 50 pounds are mixed at a time, and the 
reduced quantity of water is added slowly during the mixing, the 


dificulty is minimized. Strangely enough, the greater the propor- — ; 


tion of molasses to water the more readily the mixture is made. 
From the above figures, which represent very few of the 
results obtained from our numerous experiments, all pointing to 
the same conclusions, it will be, seen that we are having great 
difficulty in poisoning worms under our dry conditions, but by 
substituting bran with shorts the problem of control is brought 


nearer to solution, and since this modification has proved beneficial 
under a variety of conditions we believe that it will be found to be — 
of value wherever poisoning is practised for the control of cutworms. _ 


= SS 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 205 


CHARACTERS SEPARATING THE SPECIES OF THE BEE 
GENUS C@LIOX YS OCCURRING IN ONTARIO. 


BY F. W. L. SLADEN, 


Apiarist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. 


a (The author has availed himself of a kind offer made by Prof. 

2 T. D. A. Cockerell to look over any tables of bees he had pre- 

‘pared. Prof. Cockerell’s valuable notes are followed by his initials.) 
MALEs. 

In all the following species the fore coxe bear teeth: 


1. Second dorsal segment with a pair of transverse fovea, 
bv. posterior to the transverse depression (inter- 
i. rupted or continuous) that crosses the segment. 
C.ribis, Bs Tooth on either side of segment 5 well de- 
MMOL 1? cbt seg hScd 2.5 NWR GOS eae ee = 3. 
No fovee present, tooth on side of segment 5 rudi- 
, . 6a mentary (apex of ventral segment 4 not emar- 
4 TT SES Rs, ae eee ee ene 2: 
j e [No fovez, place where they would be very densely 
4 by. covered with minute punctures; tooth on side 
ie of segment 5 fairly large. Tegule bright apricot 
| C. alternata colour. (Indiana). .immaculata Ckll.( 1 suppose 
? this might extend to Canada.—T. D. A. C.)] 
hha 2. Transverse depression on segment 2 uninterrupted 
in middle; segment 1 well clothed with long hair, abdomen 
‘comparatively finely and closely punctured; postgenz with 
large groove at lower end, the groove densely clothed with 
hair like rest of hind cheek. Apex of 4th ventral segment short, 
rounded; abdomen short. and wide, no carina on frons, legs 
ns ns as on ca ak eerie Chee ane ribis Ckll. 
~ (C. ribis kincaidii Ckll., from Olympia, Wash., also runs 
here.—T. D. A. C_) : 
‘Transverse depression of segment 2 widely interrupted in middle; 
‘segment 1 clothed scantily, the hair very short and ad- 
pressed, abdomen coarsely and remotely punctured, postgene 
without groove, apex of 4th ventral segment bispinose, abdo- 
men elongate; frons with Y-shaped carina, the forks flattened 
July, 1915 


206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


out, enclosing the middle ocellus............ alternata Say 
( =texana_Cr.) 


3. Fovee on segment 2 linear or very small, legs more or less red; ~ 
teeth on sides of segment 5 large, rudimentary teeth on sides 
of segment 4. Apical margin of 4th ventral segment — 
lamellate and minutely emarginate..................-. 4-3 


Fovee comparatively large and wide (though often shallow), re, 
usually black, teeth on sides of segment 5 rahe small, no_ 
trace of teeth on sides of segment 4...........5...... ha 

4. Fovee linear, each about 4% mm. long, ‘with a narrow impunc- a 
tate margin completely surrounding it; (Good character!—T. _ 
D. A. C.); the hair on head and thorax rather longer, insect 
‘larger; length 8 to10 mm............ Bat ears rufitarsus Sm. 


Fovee rudimentary, not: more than 4% mm. long, sometimes 
minute, resembling a large puncture, hair on head and thorax 4 
rather shorter, insect smaller; length 7 to9 mm. octodentataSay. — 

* 


7. Fovee and the region anterior to it very closely punctured, the a 
elevation posterior to it impunctate;.transverse grooves on si 
segments 2 to 4 widely interrupted in middle, apical felt — 
bands on segments 1 to 4 wide at sides, on segment 1 widely 
interrupted in middle, on segments 2 to 4 very narrow across 
middle; segments 2 to 4 more coarsely and remotely punc- a 
tured; punctures on mesonotum far enough apart to give its > 
a slight shine; hair on base of segment ae x 
ad prewBed a <2 a. vive be wk es ee lucrosa Cr. 

The anterior region of each fovea not closely punctured, the eleva- — 
tion posterior to it remotely punctured; transverse grooves on 
segments 2 to 4 uninterruped in middle; apical felt bands on _ 


Bae y 


1 upstanding. . ne 


s 


FEMALES: | : 


1. Last ventral segment with a small notch on each ia near the tip.3. — 
Last ventral segment not notched... ....... 00. ecu tetas 2 y 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 207 


2. Last ventral segment with apical portion narrowed to form a 
process about twice as long as wide and not more than one-third 
as wide as wider portion of segment; clypeus without basal 
depression, transverse depression on segment 2 uninterrupted, . 
segment 1 well clothed with long hair, abdomen short and 
wide, .comparatively finely and closely punctured, no longi- 
Sulinal carina On frons.....2). 65.06.02 ribis Ckll.. 


[C. ribis kincaidii Ckll. (Olympia, Wash.), runs here. It is 
larger than typical ridis, and has tawny hair on head and 
thorax. It will doubtless be found in B. C.—T. D. A. Gl] 


- ‘Last ventral segment with sides convex, tapering to blunt point 
_ with a fringe of fuscous hair, clypeus with a depression on 
each side of its upper margin, transverse depression on seg- 
ment 2 widely interrupted in middle; segment 1 scantily 
clothed, hair very short and adpressed; abdomen. elongate; 
segments 2 to 4 coarsely and remotely punctured; frons 
with Y-shaped carina with the central ocellus between its 

3 eA Ea a Mile re pet i eS gAaP Sa alternata Say. 

Mumrmemeetinre OF lesS fed... ee ee eee 4, 

| Legs not red; depressions on segments 2 and 3 always shallow, 

e- especially towards middle, where they are widely interrupted 

on segment 3; segments 1 to 5 more evenly and finely 

‘ NU gg aaa: yk ole ele pe ee wok ole ake ee 6. 

_. 4. Segment 6 11% times as long as wide, slightly rounded at apex; 
depression on segments 2 and 3 narrow, deep and _ rugose, 
punctures on segments 1 to 5 large and close, an impune- 
tate line immediately behind depressions on segments 2 and 
3 and behind their vestiges on segments 4 and 5. aes: 

Segment 6.134 times as long as wide, pointed at abex: ‘Cal: 11. 

(C. deplanata, which occurs in Washington State, would come™ 
in about here, but it has the 6th dorsal segment obtuse at 
apex—on looking at other specimens it seems variable and. 
may be fairly pointed. Thé 6th segment is quite broad in 

: deplanata seen from above, its width is about three-quarters 

be its length.—T. D. A. C.) 

: 

: 


5. Sixth dorsal segment strongly angulated at sides so that its apical 
half is narrowed; larger insect; length up to 
LS AS Tis he MBP Ea On Pe va whan my LES rufilarsus Sm. 


208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOG:ST. 


= 


Sixth dorsal segment not or only slightly angulated at sides, 
smaller insect; length up to 10 mm....... octodentata Say. 
6. Transverse depression on segment 2 widely interrupted in middle; 
apical felt bands on segments 2 to 4 wide at sides, very nar- 
row across middle on segment 1, very wide and triangular at 
sides and widely interrupted in middle; punctures on seg- 
ments 2 to 4 larger and less close; punctures on mesonotum 
far enough apart to give it a slight shine; hair on basal part 
of segment 1 adpressed; last dorsal segment about 114 times 
as long as wide; tibial spurs more or less ferruginous . .lucrosa Cr. 
Transverse depression on segment 2 not or scarcely interrupted in 
middle; apical felt bands on segments 2 to 4 less wide at 
sides, less narrow in middle; on segment 1 much less wide at 
sides and uninterrupted in unrubbed specimens; punctures 
on segments 2 to 4 smaller and closer; mesonotum so closely 

punctured as to appear dull; hairs on basal part of segment ~ 
1 upstanding; last dorsal segment about twice as long as 
wide, 4ebial shurs blacks ¢:. 2233 th eh ws moesta Cr. 


A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THE TAXONOMY . 

. OF THE DELPHACID#. 

BY F. MUIR. 

Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu, T.H. 

When working out some Malayan Delphacide the writer 
found it expedient to tabulate as many of the genera of the family 

as possible; unfortunately many of these genera are unknown to.-3 
him except through the descriptions, which, in many instances, do 
not give characters necessary to locate them with accuracy. For — 
this reason the present table has many detest well ea 3 


it will be of use to others, and for this reason oak he publishes ite 

The Spur. As this organ is the characteristic feature of the = 
family it is not surprising that its shape should be of taxonomic ; 
value; unfortunately many species have been described with o : 
a mere reference to its existence, ~ The writer‘is not aware of any- A 
one making a primary use of it for dividing the family into > 
divisions or subfamilies belore Kirxaldy, who was followed by. 3 


Crawford. 
July, 1915 


die ii otay \ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.. 209 


The spine-like, subulate spur is the most primitive and 
some of its possessors show the more generalized form of tegmina. 
The solid cultrate spur with both surfaces convex (Delphacini, > 
Section A) appears to be the next stage, which is followed by 
the inner surface becoming «concave (Section B) and eventually 
laminate (Section C). Section A is of interest as, with the ex- 
ception of Proterosydne* with one Australian and one American 
species, all the genera at present known are Hawaiian. With the 
exception of three species off grasses and sedges which are placed 
in Kelesia, all the native Hawaiian Delphacide belong to this 
section and are not attached to grasses. Swezeyt has shown that 
Nesodryas freycinetie has but an apical tooth on the spur in first 
instar, those on the hind edge appearing at later instars. Section 
B contains six genera; of these, five, of which the habits are 

~known, are attached to grasses. It is highly probable that 
further study will add several more to this section. 


The antenne. These organs come next to the spur for useful- 

_ mess in taxonomic work; there appears to be but little specific 

variation and an absence of the sexual differences found in some 

of the other families of Fulgoroidea. The terete form is probably 

_the more primitive, and the short basal joint more primitive than 
the longer basal joint. 


The mesonotal caring. These are of great utilityas they are 
always mentioned by describers and of their presence or r_ absence 
there is little dispute. 
The pronotal carine. Among some of the more difficult 
genera of section C of the Delphacini it is necessary not only to 
recognize the presence of these carine but also their shape and 
extension. Unless this is done it will be difficult to keep apart 
several genera containing different forms, and it will lead to the 
formation of one or more unwieldy genera of polymorphic char- 
acter, whose species it will be more difficult to locate than are the 
present genera. This has been the case with Crawford’s work on 
the north American forms and it will be still worse if the same 
methods are applied to the genera of the world. 
It is generally possible to recognize two forms, those divergingly 


*Crawford wrongly states this genus to be Hawaiian. 
tProc. Haw. Ent. Soc., IL., 


ee 


210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST oP ates 


curved posteriorly, or following, to a great extent, the contour of the 
hind margin of the eye, and which plainly do not reach the hind 
margin; and those which, although diverging . posteriorly, are 
straight or convergingly curved, and meet the hind margin or 
approach it exceedingly closely. 

Carination of head. In these we have the most unsatisfactory 
taxonomic characters, for in so many species they are obscured at 
the junction of vertex and face, and there is considerable variation 
in such characters as the furcation of the median frontal carina. 
In Homoptera such variation is common in all characters which 
undergo a great alteration at the last ecdysis*. In all nymphs of 
Delphacide with which the writer is acquainted there are two 
medio-longitudinal carine on the face which, in certain species 4 
amalgamate to a greater or lesser extent, the extent of amalgam- _ 
ation being variable. For this reason it has been necessary to 
place certain genera in two or three locations. | With a wider 
knowledge of the species of certain genera, and their variations, 
than the writer possesses it is highly probable that more definite 
characterisation can be constructed. 

Tibial spines of the hind legs have been used for taxonomic — 
purposes, but they do not appear to be of great value for there is 
great specific variation; usually there is one at the base, one about 
middle and several at apex. It is possible that the proportional 
length of the first joint of hind tarsus and the absence or presence 
of one or two spines near the middle can be used more than they 
have been, also the proportional length of the front tibia. 

For specific work it is absolutely necessary that the male 
genitalia be examined, and a use of it for generic distinction i is 
possible in certain groups. e 

In the orismology the writer has used the term vertex as 
indicating that portion of the head, excluding the eyes, which can 

*An extreme case of this nature is found in the Derbid genus Zoraida in — 4 
which the face is only a narrow carina (composed of two carine more or less 
amalgamated) between the eyes; in the nymph the face is broad with two 
median carine well separated. In the adult the wide face still exists but is A 
invaginated medio-longitudinally, the outer carine of the nymph forming the 
narrow face of the adult. This can be demonstrated by boiling a head of 
Z. insulicola (perhaps any other species) in caustic potash when the face will 
open. Several genera have been erected upon slightly widened faces (ier 4 


Shirakia and Zoraidoides) some of which are likely to be found to be impel 4 
developed Zoraida. ra 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST - 211 


be seen in a true dorsal view, irrespective of any carine which 


may appear to separate the vertex from_frons. The term apex 


indicates the most anterior portion, considering the labrum as the 
most anterior of the dorsal portion of the head, irrespective of its 


~. deflexion. 


With the increase in the number of known species and of our 
knowledge, it becomes necessary to divide and subdivide the 
groups of species included in the various sections of the Fulgorids; 
whether we consider the main divisions as families or subfamilies 
is a matter of personal opinion. Personally the writer thinks it 


is more natural and expedient to consider the Delphacids as a 


family, and the divisions as subfamilies. He holds the same 
opinion in regards to the Derbids, a group not so well defined as 
the Delphacids, It is more likely that future workers will follow 


_ Kirkaldy in this matter than those who wish to contain the whole 


of the Fulgorids (sens lat.) in one family. 

The classification of this family, whatever arrangement we 
may use, shows parallel development and convergence. Arranged 
in the present order we see parallel development in carination of 
head and thorax, in lengthening and broadening of vertex and in 


_ the proportional length of joints of legs in each of the divisions. 


Another point clearly shown is the improbability of most or all of 
the characters used for taxonomic purposes being of vital import- 
ance to the individual or species. The spur is sometimes stated 
to be of use in jumping, but other Homoptera jump equally well 
without a spur; even if this argument be allowed can it be shown 


_ that one form of spur is superior to another? 


The fact that a genus is included in the table does not imply 
that the wr ter considers it a good genus, there are several he 
considers it advisable to sink, but not without greater knowledge 
of the variation within the genera than he possesses at present. 

The genera not located are:—Calligypona, placed by Ashanin 
after Chlorionidea, but not mentioned by Melichar in his 


-Homoptera of middle Europe; Epeurysa, placed after Eurysa 


by Matsumura; Dichoneura, a South American genus which 
Crawford places, probably correctly, in the writer’s Section B of 
the Delphacini; Mestus, the specimens marked morio (type 
species) that the author possesses do not agree with the original 


- description; Zuleika placed by Distant near Dicronotropis. 


212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST >a 
The writer’s knowledge of the genera is as follows:— 7 
A. Examination of the type species:— me / = 
Aloha, Anectopia, Asiraca, Bambusibatus, Belocera, Chlorion- 9 
idea, Conomelus, Copicerus, Criomorphus. Delphacinus, Delphax, 
Dictyophorodelphax, Eoeurysa, Eurybregma, Eurysa, Gelas- 
todelphax. Haplodelphax, Kormus, Laccocera, Lanaphora, 
Liburnia, Magemelus, Melanesia, Metropis, Nesodryas, 4 
Nesorestias, Nesosydne, Nesothoe, Pentagramma, Perigrinus, 
Perimececera, Perkinsiella, Phyllodinus, Proterosydne, Pseu- 
dareopus, Punana, Saccharosydne. Smicrotodelphax, Sogatopsis, — 4 
Stenocranus, Stobaera (?). a 
B. Examination of species other than the type:— ie 
Chloriona, Dicranotropis, Eumetopina, Kelisa, Pissonotus, — 
Purohita, Sardia, Tropidocephala, Ugyops. ; 
C. From literature only :— a 
Achorotile, Amblycotis, Bakerella, Bereias. Bostera, Calligy- 
pona, Canyra, Dichoneura, Embolophora, Eodelphax, Epeurysa, 
Epibidis, Eucanyra, Euidella, Haplalomelus, Idiosemus, 
Idiosystatus, Ilburnia, Jassideus, Kalpa, Liburniella, se 
Leimonodite, Livatis, Macrotomella, Malaxa, Meglamelanus, — 
Micromasoria, Nesoplias, Nilaparvata, Ostama, Paranda, — 
Platybrachys, Prokelisia, Pundaluoya, Rhinotettix, Sogata, 4 
Sparnia, Toya, Upachara Zuleika. 4 
The writer hopes to improve upon the present table when he — 
is better acquainted with more of the genera, and for this reason he E 
would be pleased to receive for examination or exchange any — 
species in list C and the type species of list B. m om 
The writer takes this opportunity to thank Dr. L. Melichar c 
for the gift of many species representing most of the Euro an 
_ genera upon which the classification of the family is chiefly based Fi 
In using the table it will be necessary to run the genus down 
in each section, as we are mca of the characters employed 1 
so many instances. - 
The writer regrets that he has not been able to proct 
specimens of any of Mr. Distant’s Indian genera as he feels s 
some are at present wrongly placed in his table, but the natu 
of the spur is not stated in any instance. 


(To be continued). 


t 


Ce NL © eee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 213 


THE BEE GENUS THRINCHOSTOMA IN INDIA. 
BY F. W. L. SLADEN, 
Apiarist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. 
( (This paper was submitted to Prof. Cockerell in March, 1915, 
who kindly added the valuable notes given in brackets.—F.W.L:S.) 
Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell’s description, on pages 35 and 36 of 


Vol. XLV of the Canadian Entomologist, as a new species, of a 


male and female of this curious genus that I recently sent him in 
a box of bees, has led me to examine the remainder of my specimens. 

I find that the male and female described by Prof. Cockerell 
belong to two different species, for, besides a male that agrees 
fairly well with his description of 7. sladeni, there is a male of 
a different species that evidently is the» true mate of a female I 


‘possess that agrees fairly well with Prof. Cockerell’s description of 


the female of 7. sladenz. 
My supposed male of 7. sladeni agrees with Prof. Cockerell’s 


_ description of the male in having the head and thorax clothed with 
‘white hairs, the margin of the clypeus cream-coloured, the legs 


red-brown, with the various creamy-white markings described, 
and in minor details, but it carries at the base of the 5th ventral 
segment of the abdomen, on either side of the middle, a cluster of 
three-hooked spines. The spines are arranged in a transverse line, 
the inner spine is the longest and the outer one the shortest. This 


remarkable and important structure is not mentioned in Prof. 


Cockerell’s description. 

The male of the other species, for which I propose the name 
T. assamensis, has also a transverse row of erect hooked spines at 
the base ofthe 5th ventral segment, but they number eight instead 
of six and are nearly equidistant and of equal length. This male, 
agrees with the female of mine that I refer to this species, and also 
with the female described by Prof. Cockerell under 7. sladeni, in 
every important detail that is not sexual. In addition, it possesses in 
common with my female another remarkable character not men- 
tioned by Prof. Cockerell. The second transverse cubital nervure 
does not reach to the radial nervure. [It does in my female, 
however.—T. D. A. C.] 

The figure of Halictus wroughtoni Cameron, shown on page 


432 of Bingham’s Hymenoptera of India, Vol. I (Fauna of British 


July, 1915 


y ‘ ~ 7 


214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


India, 1897), is that of a male Thrinchostoma, allowing for en- _ 
graver’s errors. But, unfortunately, Bingham’s accompanying 
description, which is of the female, is meager. In the colouring of _ 
the clypeus and legs and the structure of the base of the propodeum © a 
it agrees with 7. sladeni, but in the colouring of the — ner- - 
vures with 7. assamensis. ae 


[Assamensis appears to be near to T. macrognathum (Riese ag 
from Java, which (7) has “Clypeus gelbbraun jederseits an Rande 
mit schwarzer Beule.’’ Head and thorax yellow-haired. “‘Beine _ 
gelblich, gelbbraun behaart.’” Long 9-10 mm:; 2 not known. 


Friese redescribes your Khasia,Hills insect as sladeni, using — 
same 9 and o& formsas_I had. (Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, ay 
LVII (1914), p. 27.) Friese ~ 
makes a subgenus (of Halictus) - 
Rostratilapis for macrognathum 
and sladeni.—T. D. A. C.] 


Thrinchostoma assamensis, 
n. sp. 
o’.—Length 13 mm. (head 
extended), expanse 21 mm. . 
Head and thorax black, clothed 
with short pale fulvous hair; — 
inner margins of the eyes con- _ 
cave; clypeus greatly extended, 
more so than in T. sladeni, clear 
yellow; supra-clypeal area _ 
piceous; malar space piceous. 
its.extremity yellow; mandibles 
yellow, their tips piceous;labru 
yellow; clypeus very shinir 
ccarselyand remotely puncture 
-supra-clypeal space more close 
and finely punctured; antenna 
piceous; apex of scape ee 
Fig. 25.—(See p. 215.) upper part of front finely < 
shallowly punctured, aba c 
impunctate in the region of the ocelli; propodeum round 


‘ 
x 
a 
= 
4 
. 
‘on 
3 
-, 
4 
A 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215 


longitudinally rugose at the base; tegule testaceous. Wings 
hyaline, yellowish; nervures, stigma and hairs on wings pale tes- 


_ »taceous; the first recurrent nervure joins the second submarginal 


cell before the end. Legs entirely testaceous-yellow; hind femora 
not much th'ckened, concave beneath; lobe on hind tibiza wider 
than in 7. sladeni. Abdomen has the first segment testaceous 
blackened in the centre and on either side at the base; second 
segment testaceous, with a transverse black band not narrowed in 
the middle; remaining segment black; as in 7. sladeni, broad 
apical bands of shining white hair are noticeable in some lights on 
segments 3 to 5; abdomen shining, the basal segment impunctate; 
the dull, closely-punctured area on either side of the 2nd segment 
near the middle, present in 7. sladeni, is absent; beneath, seg- 
ments 1 to 4 pale; segments 5 and 6 black; segment 5 bilobate 
(in 7. sladeni it is merely emarginate), bearing at its base a 
transverse row of erect hooked spines, eight in number, equal in 
length and nearly equidistant 
Q.—Described by Cockerell, Can. Ent., Vol. XLV, p. 36, 
under the name of 7. sladeni. 
Habitat: Khasia Hills, Assam, India. 


EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 


a. Thrinchostoma sladeni Ckll., o, 5th ventral segment. 
b. Thrinchostoma assamensis, n.sp., o, 5th ventral segment. 


THE TYPE OF DELPHAX FABR. AND LIBURNIA STAL. 
BY E. BERGROTH, TURTOLA, FINLAND. 


In his recently published ‘‘ Contribution Toward a Monograph 
of the Delphacidz of North and South America,”’ Mr. D. L. Craw- 


_ ford discusses the use of the name Delphax by different authors, 


and correctly states that Delphax crassicornis Fabr. is the type of 
both Delphax Fabr. and Areopus Spin., and that Areopus conse- 
quently is a synonym of Delphax. He then proceeds to say: ‘In 
1866 Stal (Hemipt. Africana, Vol. IV, p. 178) further complicated 
matters by restricting the name Delphax to D. clavicornis, which 
he erroneously supposed to be the type.’’ In the cited place Stal 
does not at all speak of Delphax, but in the cited work and volume, 


p. 175, he expressly states: ‘‘ Delphax Fabr., Stal =Areopus Spin.” 
July, 1915 


216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


As crassicornis is the type of sages it is according to Stal clearly 
also the type of Delphax. D. clavicornis Fabr. is the type of © 
Asiraca Latr., which Stal always called by its correct name; no- a 
where has he called this genus Delphax. Far from having ‘“‘compli- 
cated matters,’’ Stal was the first author who set down the correct _ 
type of Delphax.- Crawford has apparently not seen Stal’s Hen + 
Afr., and what he says seems to be based on wrong second-hand — 
quotations in some obscure paper. He further states, probably 
relying on the wrong statements of Kirkaldy and Distant, that Stal _ 
used Embolophora monoceres Stal as the type of Libyrnia. Hadhe 
known Stal’s Hem. Afr., he would have seen that Stal maintained — 
Embolophora as subgenerically or sectionally distinct from Liburnia ~ ; 
proper. This fact is sufficient to preclude monoceros from the — 
possibility of being considered the type of Liburnia. The type of | 
the latter genus is pellucida Fabr., as pointed out by Van Duzee. 
Crawford gives good descriptions, and in many cases detail- 4 
figures, of the American Delphacids known to him, citing only the 
the names (with bibliographical references) of the other species, — 
but reproducing the descriptions of the genera which he had not 
seen. He has, however, overlooked Stal’s important work, ‘Rio 
Janeiro Hemiptera, Il: Homoptera.’’ Of the new genera and ; 
species of Delphacide described by Stal in this work not even the — 
* names are mentioned. Delphax cylindricornis Fabr., redescribed 
from the type by Stal in his ‘“‘Hemiptera Fabriciana’’ as Canyra 
cylindricornis, has also been omitted. From the facts that Craw- 
ford says this work was published in 1858, and that Delphax jt 
seminigra Stal (not “‘seminegra!’’) is described on p. 275 of ‘tS 
(whereas the work is from 1869, has only 130 pages, and contains — 
nothing about that species) it is clear that the work is ee 
to him. Hygyops pictifrons Stal from the Philippine Islands is — 
cited as a synonym of Delphax pictifrons Stal from Mexico, 
synonymy which had been impossible if the author had knov 
the cited papers where these generically distinct species are descril : 
In all Crawford enumerates seven of Stal's publications in his bib 
graphic list, but it seems dubious whether he has seen any of th 


Ps i! 


Stal is the founder of modern hemipterology, and it is n 
advisable to begin the study of any group of the Home ptera 
Auchenorhyncha without knowing his works. © ys 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST tQt7 


LARVA. * ? 
BY JOSEPH KRAFKA, JR., LAKE FOREST, ILL. 


f undoubted economic importance; but their study is greatly 
ded by the fact that there is available no means of determining 
| even approximately. The larve of the European fauna have 
‘dealt with adequately by Ulmer, Siltala, Klapalek, Struck, 
emann, and other European entomologists. While no 
gh-going attempt has been made to trace the natural re- 
iships in larval characters, the European genera and species 
it least be recognized by keys of a more or less artificial char- 


' ° serviceable, as none has so far appeared in English. Fol 
oi here offered, that of Ulmerf has been used as a basis, bur 


ong axis of the head i in line with the long axis of the body, — 
: abdomen ‘dorso- ae y compressed and the depressions f 
¢t 


sae *This key is oy as a contribution to Dr. Betten’s forthcoming mono- 
ph in which the structure of all the stages of ,Trichoptera is dealt with, and 
hich descriptions of all the American genera and of all eastern American 
pe are included. 

Verte, Dr. Charles T., Studies on the Trichoptera of Wisconsin. Trans. 
te Science Arts and Letters, Vol. XVI, Part 1, No. 6, 1909, pp. 647-738, 
oe cng Dr. Georg, Trichoptera in Brauer’s Die Siisswasserfauna Deutch- 
ia, Heft 5 u. 6, 1909 Key to larve, pp. 213-217. a 
July, 1915 


218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 


la. Larve thysanuriform. (Fig. 1.) Abdomen of nine segments; 
prolegs not fused in median line to form an apparent tenth | 
segment.* (Fig. 3.) No tubercles on first abdominal 
segment. No prosternal horn. No lateral line. Tracheal _ 

gills generally absent; rectal gills generally present, but met a 
always eVertedd ies sheesg2 FS yh ses toe sat ast oe enco nese 2 

1b. Larve eruciform or sub-eruciform. (Fig. 2.) Basal segments J 
of prolegs fused in median line to form an apparent tenth 

- abdominal segment. (Fig. 4.) Tubercles present on first 
abdominal segment. Prosternal horn often present. (Fig. 

35.) Lateral line present, but sometimes very light. No 


rectal gills; tracheal gills generally present.............000...0.... 10 
2a. Abdomen very much wider than the thorax. Small larve 
with portable cases of silk...........0.ccce cee Hydroptilide. —_ 
2b. Abdomen not very much wider than thorax. Cases when 
present not of silk ‘only. :2..-3)..50.co. couch a 3. 
3a. Chitinous shield present on the dorsal surface of the ninth 
abdominal segment.. (Fig. 7 and 8)....0....cc:.:ccctesctesetereesteees 4: 
3b. No chitinous shield on the dorsal surface of the ninth ab- — 
dominal-segment. (Fig: 3) 2c2....sih.ns..2ic3k, 2 jee 5. 


4a. Prolegs well developed, free; claws of the prolegs long and _ 
slender, without teeth on convex surface, but sometimes 
with teeth on concave surface. Sometimes accessory claws e. 
present at side of mainones. (Fig.7). Maxillarylobelong 
and slender. (Fig. 5.)...Rhyacophiline (Fam. Rhyacophilide). 

4b. Prolegs short; basal segments wholly chitinized and fused to 
- the ninth abdominal segment in a nearly vertical position. _ 
Claw very long with small teeth on convex side. (Fig. 8.) 
Maxillary lobes short, broad, with many sense rods. (Fig. 6) a 
a iememiee some ies Pees eo Glossosomatine (Fam. Rhyacophilide). ~ 
5a. Branched tracheal gills present. (Fig. 12.) All three thor- a 
acic segments chitinized dorsally. _Numerous bristles on | 
convex side of mandibles. (Fig. 13):.....0....0.0....0ceeee 6. 4 
hb. No tracheal gills. Only prothorax chitinized dorsally (except 4 
in Economine, where all three segments are chitinized). — 
Only two bristles on convex side of Sa 


“In the Hydroptilid there is an indefinite suture crossing the ninth ae ; 
dorsally, giving somewhat the appearance of a tenth, but this family can coal 
be set off by the general shape of the body (see 2a). 


Ree 


of 


tt 


iat so cae 


mera 


Can. EntT., Vot. XLVII. PLATE VI. 


LARVA OF TRICHOPTERA. 
(See p. 224). 


220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. es 


6a. Dorsal surface of head flattened, forming a broad disk, in- 

closed by a heavy horse-shoe shaped ridge or carina, making — oa 

a false clypeus. This carina crosses the true clypeus near os 

its apex, setting off a small triangle. (Fig. 10.) Mandibles _ 

toothed on whole inner margin; teeth broad and blunt; 
interspaces broad and deep. (Fig. 13) 

steqittissesssesesessetseeyee Macronematine (Fam. Hydropsychida) 


6b. Dorsal surface of the head flattened, but disk not so sharply _ 
defined and practically limited to the true clypeus. (Fig. 11.) _ . 
No carina. Mandibles with sharp teeth at apical ent 
ER ie ee. WSR he Ee Hydropsychine (Fam. Hydropsychide). e 
7a. Labrum not wholly chitinized; its anterior angles and mem- _ 
brane connecting it to the clypeus, forming-a flexible lip, 4 
bearing numerous bristles. Uusally the anterior margin of _ 
the clypeus is asymmetrically curved (Fig. 9) Philopotamide.. 
7b. Labrum wholly chitinized; its anterior angles rounded, — 
Anterior margin of the clypeus never ayo curved 


8a. All three thoracic segments chitinized dorsally = 
FY ROG Hepat eM ee Economine (Fam. Poljrenteopedale i. 

8b. Only prothorax chitinized dorsally. ...0.0.00600000cccccteceees 9: 8 
9a. Claws of legs long, slender, with but one basal spur. (Fig. 15.) a 
Labial lebes short, not so long as the maxillary palps— : 
(except in Phylocentropus). Penultimate segment of — s 
maxillary palpus very long. (Figs. 16, 17)....Polycentropide. 

9b. Claws of legs short; claw on first leg bears a basal spur anda 
bristle beside it. ‘(Fig. 14.) Two basal spurs on claws of — 

, second and third legs. Labial lobe long, slender, pointed, a 
generally longer than the maxillary palps. Maxillary a 7 
short; segments of equal length. (Fig. 18) Dae 

“ss CebeBi a buskeates dame Se aiid ANE ERE OA Wat art oan Psychomyide.- 4 

10a. Labrum with a very distinct row of twenty or more heavy — 
bristles traversing its dorsal surface at about one-third thes a 
distance from its front margin. (Fig. 19) iG ie 

(HEN is alice. kal A RR ee Cilomoceeasediaas e 

10b. Labrum without armature as above in 10a.- Generally only i 
three pairs of black bristles on its dorsal surfaces and three “q 

pairs of yellow spines on its front margin. (Fig. 20)........ u. % t 


Skee ek 
Sse Soe 
; = $4 4 


dh et ee ee ST ee CO 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 221 


da. Labrum much longer than broad. (Fig. 21.) Pronotum and 
mesonotum chitinized.. Metanotum with four plates; two 

- broad medium ones, lying one behind the other (the pos-— 
terior one being hard to distinguish) and two lateral ones, 
small and triangular. (Fig. 22)..0000.00 ccc. Odontocerideé. 


). Labrum much broader than long. (Fig. 20.) Thoracic 
armature various, but not as above..........ccc cee A2; 


. *Gula subquadrate, widely separating the pleura. (Figs. 23, 
24.) Prothorax and mesothorax chitinized dorsally. Meta- 
thorax membranous. No prosternal horn.................0.. 13. 


. *Gula triangular or elongated. Pleurz contiguous or nearly 
so at the apex of the gula. (Figs. 25, 26.) Thoracic 
armature not asin 12a. Prosternal horn generally present. _ 
(a | SS 9 EA ie aa ail ee ey neniae rere co ME" 71 Ths 

. Long spur-bearing processes on distal ends of first and second 
tibiz. (Fig. 27.) Hind tibie divided. (Fig. 28.) Hind 
claw either long and bristle-like or very short and bearing 
many bristles. (Fig. 29.) Labial lobe with numerous 
bristles near the middle of the ventral side 

ip ke aaa > Fe ace ne ae Molannine (Fam. Molannide.) 


. No spur-bearing processes on first and second tibia, but 
sometimes a swelling on,the first tibiae. (Fig. 32.) Hind 
tibie not divided except in Mystacides. Claws normal. 
Few bristles.on labial lobe...............0..c0.::cccptesssereseeensseeezecnsenl 14. 


4a. Femora not divided into a short apical and a long distal piece. 
Mandibles with inner bristles, and a clump of accessory 
bristles near distal end of convex side. (Fig. 39). Chitin 
points over lateral line on abdominal segments III to VIII. 
a Re a aces Bereine (Fam. Molannide). 
“4 14b. Femora of middle and hind legs divided into a small basal 
and a long apical piece. (Fig. 31.) Right mandible with- 
out inner bristles. No accessory bristles on back of 


PMAAL LES Sip cb bcs core cvensac Sovabouptyheaecabntes ete te Leptoceride. 


*In two subfamilies the characters will not agree with all those listed in 
either 12a or 12b. Forms agreeing with 12b in all except the form and position 
of the gula (Brachycentrin) or in all except thoracic armature (Sericostomatine) 
should remain in 12b. 


$e 3 
: ~ 


222 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


15a. 


15b. 


l6a. 


16b. 
17a. 


17b. 


18a. 


18b. 


19a. 


19b. 


Lake Forest College. | ‘ 


_All three tubercles on first abdominal segment well de 


Postsegmental gills on lateral line always covered with blacl 
hairs. (Fig. 33). Prothorax only chitinized. One pair 
small bristle-bearing plates on mesothorax and on meta- — 
thorax.) Cc Abie ee a Re es ... Phryg cancide, 


Gills never with black hairs. Thoracic armature not as in 


membranous, beaaik: three pairs of small shields medial — 
anterior pair very a) second pair small, slightly laterad | . 


shanat lying latéeadl to second; all wall supplied. v 
bristles: CB ig 38)... 1a cscs slotted. nies 
Thoracic armature not as in 16a......0.....00.....ccccceeeceeesteteseeeeees 17% 
Pronotum chitinized. Mesothorax bearing two or three pair ‘ < 
of heavily chitinized plates, metathorax with two or for OL ir 
paifs: of smaller plates, : 2.00.04 ..01 Anata A eee es 
Pronotum chitinized. Mesonotum and metanotum me 
branous, or at most only weakly chitinized............0...00...... 
Anterior angles of pronotum produced into pointed proces: 
Head retractile. Two or three pairs of plates on mice ae 
four pairs on metathorax. (Fig. 36).—Tubercles present 
first abdominal segment. Gula triangular; pleure ne 
contiguous behind its apex. (Fig. 25) 2 
a eee CA eae OE SE Ae my ale Goerine (Fam. Sericostomati 
Anterior angles of pronotum rounded. Head not retra 
Four broad plates on mesothorax, but only two pairs 
~ smaller ones on metathorax. (Fig. 37.) No la 
tubercles on first abdominal segment. Gula subquadi 
pleurz separated widely by the gula. 
vision kpeheca Seah Petes Brachycentrine (Fam. Sericostomati 
Only lateral tubercles on first abdominal segment — 
developed. Gills thread-like, single. Middle and — 
tibia with one distal spur each. Prosternal horn pre 
Chg OF ep RIE RPE ec? Lepidostomatine (Fam. Sericostomat 


Gills thread-like, clustered;only on the anterior ma n 
the segments. Middle and hind tibia without distal 
No prosternal horn.... Sericostomatine (Fam. Sericostome 


iy a " . SeSsave oz 
Tyee ie . at) Wate F * e 
3 ¥ ws : ae 


OT a A ON 


CAN. ENT., VoL. XLVI. PLaTE VII. 


LARVA! OF TRICHOPTERA. 


(See p. 225). 


— 224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES VI AND VII. — 
PLATE VI. 


Fig. 1. Macronema zebratum Hag.; a, branched tracheal gills; i e 
b, prolegs; c, rectal gills. _ 9 

Fig. 2. Phryganea sp.; a, tubercles; b, tracheal gills; c, lateral 
line; d, prolegs. 

Fig. 3. Macronema zebratum Hag.; ventral aspect of prolegs; 
a, 8th abdominal segment; b, 9th abdominal Sexmenes c, basal 
segment of prolegs; d, claw of proleg. 

Fig. 4. Platycentropus hostis Hag.; dorsal. aspect of peck. 
b, 9th abdominal segment; c, basal segments of prolegs forming — 
a 10th abdominal segment; d, claws of prolegs; e, supporting plate 
of claw. 

Fig. 5. Rhyacophila fuscula Walk.; labium. and maxilla; 
a, labial lobe; b, labial palpus; c, maxillary lobe; d. maxillary 
palpus. 

Fig. 6. Mystrophora americana Banks; labium and maxilla; : 
a, labial lobe; b, labial palpus; c, maxillary lobe; d, maxillary — 
palpus. eo 
Fig. 7. Rhyacophila fuscula Walk.; lateral view of prolegs; _ 
a, 8th abdominal segment; b, 9th abdominal segment; c, claw of — 
proleg; d, accessory claw; e, basal segment of proleg; f, dorsal | 
plate on 9th abdominal segment. By 

_ Fig. 8. Mystrophora americana Banks; a, 8th abdominal seg- - 

ment; b, 9th abdominal segment; c, claw of proleg; d, basal seg- 
ment of proleg; e, dorsal plate on 9th abdominal segment. — a 

Fig. 9. Chimarrha sp.; dorsal view of clypeus and labrum; — 
a, clypeus; b, labrum; c, connecting membrane; d, anterior angie :- 
of labrum. : B “a 

Fig. 10. Macronema sebratum Hag.; dorsal view of head; ays q 
true clypeus; b, false clypeus; c, carina; d, labrum; & Rene 4 
membrane; f, mandibles. be 

Fig. 11. Hydropsyche sp. dorsal view of head; a, true elypeuss 4 
b, labrum. ia 

Fig. 12. Macronema zebratum Hag.; branched tracheal gill. B- . 

Fig. 13. Macronema zebratum Hag.; ventral aspect of | mike 
mandible. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 225 


Fig. 15. Phylocentropus sp.; claw of 1st leg. 

7. cas 16. Phylocentropus sp.; labium and maxilla; a, labial 
lobe ; b, max. lobe; c, max. palpus. 

ee. a Pe. 17. Plectrocnemia ‘conspersa Curt.; labium and maxilla 
ie ceiter Ulmer); a, labial lobe; b, max. lobe; c, max. palpus. 
Fig. 18. Psychomyia pusilla Fabr.; labiain and maxilla (after 
| Ulmer) ; a, labial lobe; b, max. lobe; c, max. palpus. 


PLATE VII. 
Fig. 19. Ganonema americanum Walk.; dorsal view of labrum. 
Fig..20. Chilostigma sp.; dorsal view of labrum. 
Fig. 21. Psilotreta frontalis Banks; dorsal view of labrum. 
Fig. 22. Psilotreta frontalis Banks; dorsal view of metathorax 
_ showing chitinous plates. 
Fig. 23. peplicelin UWALOWLE Kol.; ; ventral view of head; a, 


= Fis. 24. Mystacides bal hielis Walk.; ventral view of head; 

= < gula; b, pleura; c, membrane. 

_ Fig. 25. Goera pilosa Fabr.; ventral view of head; a, gula; b, 

- pleura; c, membrane. 

Fig. 26. Arctoecia medialis Banks; ventral view of head; a, 

_ gula; b, pleura. 

e. Fig. 27. Molanna cinerea Hag.; first leg; a, coxa; b. trochanter; 

‘e -e, femur; d. tibia; e, tarsus. 

| Fig. 28. Molanna cinerea Hag.; femur of 3rd leg. 

1 3: _ Fig. 29. Molanna cinerea Hag:; claw of 3rd leg. 

| Fig. 30. Bereodes minuta L; mandible (after Ulmer). 

ke Fig. 31. Leptocella uwarowii Kol.; third leg; a, coxa; b, tro- 

 chanter; c, apical piece of femur; d, distal piece of femur. 

1 ee Fig. 32. Leptocella uwarouii Kol.; first leg; a, coxa; b, tro- 
~ chanter; c, femur; d, tibia; e, tarsus. 

Fig. 33. Phryganea sp.; tracheal gill. 

Fig. 34. Platycentropus hostis Hag.; dorsal view of metathorax. 

, Fig. 35. Arctecia medialis Banks; anterior view of prothorax; 

; a, prosternal horn; b, prosternum; c, pronotum; d, Ist leg. 

; fo Fig. 36. Gera pilosa Fabr.; thoracic armature; a, prothorax; 

____b, mesothorax; c, metathorax; d, base of legs; e, supporting plates. 

, Fig. 37. Brachycentrus nigrosoma Banks; thoracic armature; 

a prothorax; b, mesothorax; c, metathorax; d, base of legs. 


226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, | 


NEW NORTH AMERICAN GALL MIDGES. _ a 
BY E.. P.:FELT, ALBANY, N, Y. 4 


months past. 


Lestremia floridana, n. sp. 


The midge characterized below was collected by Mr. C. Ww. 
Johnson and labelled Jacksonville, Fla. It is easily separable _ 
from both L. elongata Felt and L. barberi Felt by the relatively — 4 
"much longer antennal.segments. The somewhat similar L. sambuci — 
Felt and L. kansensis Felt are easily distinguished from this species ‘5 
by the much greater production and more slender character of the 4 
terminal antennal segment. a 

Female.—Length 1.2 mm. Antenne extending to the base of : ; 
the abdomen, sparsely haired, reddish brown; 11 segments, the — 
fifth with a stem about 4 the length of the cylindric basal en- — 
largement, which latter ‘has a length 21% times its diameter; — 
terminal segment moderately stout, only slightly produced, the — 
basal portion with a length three times its diameter and apically 
with a short, stout, fusiform appendage. Palpi: first segment : 
narrowly oval, with a length over twice its diameter, the second — 
14 longer than the first, more slender, the third 4% longer than the 
second, more slender, the fourth nearly twice as long as the third, 
slender, irregular. Mesonotum yellowish brown. Scutellum yel- — 
lowish, postscutellum reddish yellow. Abdomen reddish brown. — 
Halteres, coxze and femora basally, fuscous yellowish, distal por- — 
tion of femora, tibia and tarsi reddish brown. Claws moderately — 
stout, simple, the pulvilli about half the length of the claws. Ovi- — 
positor triarticulate, the terminal lobe narrowly ovoid and with — 
scattering, large seta in addition to numerous smaller ones. Type " 
Ceeid. 161s 


Microcerata aldrichii, n. sp. 


The midges described below were cliscead by Prof. J. M. a 
Aldrich by sweeping winter wheat at Lafayette, Ind., May 6, 1914. ~ > 
The species approaches closely M. spinosa Felt, from which its 3 
may be easily separated by the darker colour and the fused eighth 


and ninth antennal segments of the male, the latter having a tesgits 4 
July, 1915 


a 
~« 


a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST - 997 


about twice its diameter, while in M. spinosa these two segments 
are free, the last having a length only about three-fourths greater 
than its diameter. There are doubtless other differences in the 
similar appearing midges. 


Male —Length 1.5mm. Antenne moderately short, tapering, 
: the basal segment dark brown, the others light brown; 9 sessile 
| ‘segments, the second greatly enlarged, the ninth plainly fused 
: ‘with the eighth, and with a length about twice its diameter. Palpi: 

first segment subquadrate, with a length over twice its diameter, 
__ the second a little longer and more slender than the first, the third 
one-half longer than the second, more slender, the fourth twice as 
— long as. the third, slightly expanded distally. Body a nearly 
a: uniform brownish black, the submedian lines of the mesonotum 
i sparsely haired. Wings moderately large, costa, subcosta and the - 
third vein yellowish brown, whitish basally. Halteres yellowish 
_ transparent. Coxe dark brown. Legs mostly fuscous yellowish, 
the pulvilli as long as the moderately stout, slightly curved, finely 

“pectinate claws. 


o Genitalia: basal clasp segment moderately stout, long; terminal 
i >.clasp segment short, swollen basally, somewhat recurved and 
thickly setose apically; dorsal plate moderately long, triangularly 
-_ emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded apically; ventral plate long, 
apically roundly and obliquely truncate and thickly setose. 


oe Female.—Length 1 mm. Anténne yellowish brown, the 
i _ second segment only moderately enlarged, the fourth with a length 
Ae about three-fourths its diameter and with thick groups of short, 
. _ stout spines subapically; terminal segment produced, with a length 
nearly twice its diameter, somewhat swollen basally and broadly 
a _ rounded apically. Body a nearly uniform brownish black. Ovi- 
positor short, the lobes yellowish, biarticulate, the distal segment 
roundly oval and thickly setose, minor lobes thickly setose, tri- 
angular, narrowly rounded apically. Type Cecid 1585. 


Porricondyla wellsi, n. sp. 

~ The midge described below was taken by Mr. D. B. Young 
ona window at Wells,°N. Y., July 5, 1914. It is easily distinguished - 
from allied forms by the greatly produced stems of the flagellate 


228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


< } =, . 
antennal segments and the short, greatly swollen terminal clasp 


segment. 

Male.—Length 2mm. Antenne a little longer than the body, 
sparsely haired; 16 segments, the fifth with a stem twice the length 
of the basal enlargement, which latter has a length one-half greater 
than its diameter; terminal segment reduced, with a length nearly 
three times its diameter and tapering almost uniformly to an acute 
apex. Palpi reddish, first segment with a length four times its 
diameter, second a little shorter, stouter, the third longer than the 
second, more slender and the fourth one-half longer than the 
third. Mesonotum shining dark brown. Scutellum and post- 
scutellum yellowish. Abdomen yellowish white, with narrow, 
double, transverse, brownish sclerites on each abdominal segment, 
‘the distal segments tinged with reddish. Genitalia fuscous yel- 
lowish. Halteres and, coxe pale yellowish. Legs mostly a vari- 
able straw; claws rather slender, strongly curved, unidentate, the 
pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment short, 
stout; terminal clasp segment short, greatly swollen near the 
middle and with a length hardly one-half greater than the diameter; 
dorsal plate rather long, deeply and roundly emarginate, the lobes 
broadly rounded; ventral plate moderately long, broad, deeply 
and triangularly emarginate, the lobes tapering to a roundly 
truncate apex. MHarpes short, stout, irregular, heavily chitinized. 
Type Cecid. 1564. 


Asteromyia sylvestris, n. sp. 


The yellowish or brownish blister leaf galls of this species 
were very abundant October 22, 1914, on Aster cordifolius at 
Mount Kisco, N. Y. A number of adults were reared together 
with several parasites, the latter undetermined. 

Gall.—Diameter three to four mm., circular, a variable yel- 
lowish or brownish blister leaf gall on Aster cordifolius. Some are 
yellowish with brown centres and others mostly dark brown. 
There may be three to twenty on a leaf and the larve evidently 
hibernate in the gall, though adults appeared under insectary 
conditions in_ mid-winter. : 

Male.—Length 1.6 mm. Antenne extending to the base of 
the abdomen, sparsely haired, reddish brovén; 16 segments, the 
fifth with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter; terminal 


’ 
ee ae Cee Oe es eee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 229 


than its diameter and sometimes partly fused with the preceding. 
_Palpi; first segment narrowly oval, the second one-half longer, 
tapering to a subacute apex. Mesonotum shining reddish brown, 
the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum and postscutellum 
_ shining yellowish brown. Abdomen mostly dark brown basally, 
’ the segments sparsely margined sublaterally and posteriorly with 
a broken line of white scales, the fifth to the seventh segments 
ie sparsely clothed with fuscous scales, the latter hardly obscuring 
= the reddish orange colour of the abdomen; discal spot white, 
a elongate and near the middle of the wing. Halteres fuscous 
_ yellowish basally, fuscous apically. Coxe fuscous yellowish, 
_ femora and tibiz fuscous yellowish basally, fuscous apically; 
i tarsi a nearly uniform dark brown; claws long, rather slender, 
bn strongly curved, unidentate, the pulvilli nearly as long as the 
fs claws. Genitalia; dorsal plate deeply and triangularly emarginate, 
B the broad lobes broadly and rather irregularly rounded; ventral 


_ Female. borénsth 2 mm. imGecaiite fuscous basally, yellowish 
| Fic reddish apically, sparsely haired; 16 segments, the fifth with a 
_ length about equal to its diameter. Palpi; the first segment with 
i a length nearly twice its diameter, the second a little longer than 
_ the first, abruptly tapering distally. Mesonotum dark reddish 
brown. Scutellum and postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen a™ 
' nearly uniform brownish black, the ovipositor fuscous vellowish, 
about one-third the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes 
te being broadly ovate and thickly setose. Halteres yellowish 
_ transparent basally, brownish black apically. Coxe and legs a 
nearly uniform brownish black, the posterior tibiae narrowly and 
indistinctly annulate distally with white. Type Cecid. a2585. 


_ Kalodiplosis, n. g. 
_—~=The unidentate, heavily toothed claws, the rudimentary 
{ pulvilli, the third vein joining the margin at or slightly before the 
apex of the wing, the triarticulate palpi, the heavy, rather thick 
and moderately short circumfili, and the long dorsal and ventral 
_ plates, the latter deeply emarginate and with relatively narrow 
lobes, serves to distinguish this genus from Dicrediplosis Rubs. 
__ and the series related thereto. Type Dicrodiplosis multifila Felt. 


230... THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. © 


Kalodiplosis multifila Felt ava 
1907 Felt, E: P. New Species of Cecidomyiide IT, Pp. 19- 
(Dicrodiplosis). 
1908 Felt, E. P. N. Y.-St. Mus. Bul. 124, p. 300, ‘ 
(Dicrodiplosis). é: ae 
The male representing this species is in the U. S. Natio 
Museum and was collected by August Busck at Porto Rico. - 
Male.—Length 1.5 mm. Antenne as long as the body 7 
thickly haiyed, dark brown; 14 segments, the fifth having the basal — 
‘part of the stem with a length about one-half its diameter, the — 
distal part with a length three-fourths its diameter; basal enlarge- 
ment subglobular, the distal enlargement vasiform and with two 
circumfili, each with about twelve moderately heavy, stout. loops 
terminal segment, basal portion of the stem with a length twice 
its diameter, the distal enlargement subcylindric, with a | 
nearly twice its diameter, at the distal fourth tapering to an. acute 
apex. Palpi; first segment short, stout, subglobose, the second — 
with a length thrice its diameter, the third longer and more slender — 
than the second. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines 
indistinct. Scutellum dark reddish brown, postscutellum : fuscous. _ 
Abdomen dark brown, the segments sparsely margined posterior! 
with coarse seta. Costa light straw, the third vein joining the 
margin just before the apex, the fifth forked; halteres fuscous — 
yellowish. Coxe and base of femora pale yellowish, the distal ; 
portion of femora, tibia and tarsi a variable brown; claws long, 
stout, strongly curved, unidentate, the pulvilli about half the 
length of the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout 
terminal clasp segment short, swollen basally; dorsal plate long, 
broad, broadly and roundly emarginate, the lobes irregularly — 
rounded; ventral plate long, broad, dilated apically, broadly and — 
triangularly emarginate, the lobes rather slender and se 
rounded, Type Cecid. 1024. S 


Kalodiplosis floridana, n. sp. 


The midges described below were received under date 
September 21, 1914, from Dr. Frederick Knab and recorded a 
having been collected August 22, 1914, on sea grape (Coce 
at Miami, Fla., by W. W. Yothers. This species is easily | ‘teat 


~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 231 © 


tinguished from K. multifila Felt, by the longer stems of the flagel- 
_ late antennal segments as well as by differences in colour. 


a ~ than the body, thickly haired, yellowish brown; 14 segments, the 
@ fifth having the stems nearly equal, each with a length one-half 

ae greater than the diameter; terminal segment missing. Palpi; . 
first segment irregularly ovate, the second with a length over twice 
its width, the third one-half longer than the second, more slender. 
~ Mesonotum dark reddish brown. Scutellum and postscutellum 
a eeerowish. Abdomen mostly dark brown, yellowish brown apically. 
_ Halteres yellowish basally, slightly fuscous apically. Coxe and 
- femora fuscous straw, the tarsi somewhat darker; claws stout, 
3 unidentate, the pulvilli about half the length of the claws. Geni- 
e Be: talia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment 
a _, Short, rather stout, swollen near the basal third; dorsal plate long. 
broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate, the lobes rather long, 
‘a _ broad and narrowly rounded; ventral plate long, deeply and tri- 
r ¢ angularly emarginate, the slender, slightly diverging lobes narrowly 
founded and sparsely setose apically; style long, stout, strongly 


; & curved. 
5 q ____-Female.—Length 1.25 mm. Antenne probably nearly as long 
as the body, sparsely haired, yellowish brown; 14 segments, the 


fifth with a stem~one-fourth the length of the cylindric basal 
ee enlargement, which latter has a length about twice its diameter; 
terminal segment slightly prolonged and obtusely rounded apically. 

- Palpi; first segment irregularly ovate, the second rather slender, 
with a length nearly three times its diameter, the third a little 
longer and more slender than the second. Mesonotum dark brown. 
: ¢ Scutellum and postscutellum yellowish. Abdomen reddish brown. 
1 iy _ yellowish basally and with an oval subbasal spot dorsally. Halteres 
mostly a light fuscous yellowish. Coxe and femora mostly 
i: _ fuscous yellowish, the apical portion of femora, tibia and tarsi 
| 


dark brown. Ovipositor short, the terminal lobes narrowly oval 
and sparsely setose. Other characters practically as in the male. 
» . Type Cecid. 1563. 
oe Hormomyia fenestra, n. sp. 

_ This species is closely related to H. shawi Felt, though easily 
: distinguished by marked differences in colour characters and in 


a> 


CS OS Se SSeS ae 
Por a a 


: sy 
See A 
» 


Male.—Length 1 mm. Antenne. probably one-half longer 


232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the structure of the basal clasp segment. Both sexes were taken 
by Mr. C. P. Alexander, August 22, 1910, at Woodworth’s Lake, 
Fulton County, N. Y. 


Male——Length 5mm. Antenne probably as long as the body, 
sparsely haired, dark yellowish brown; probably 15 segments, the 


_ fifth having the two portions of the stem nearly equal, each with — 


a length one-half greater than the diameter. Palpi; the first 
segment irregular, with a length about twice its diameter and 
apically with an irregular, quadrate, pseudo-segment; the second 
segment extremely slender, with a length fully ten times its diameter 
and at the basal third a pseudo-articulation. Mesonotum reddish 
brown, the submedian lines and posterior median area, scutellum 
and postscutellum mostly brownish yellow. Abdomen dark brown. 
Genitalia fuscous vellowish, the basal clasp segment subrectangular, 
with a length about three times its diameter and a conspicuous, 


broadly rounded internal lobe at the basal third; terminal clasp - 


segment stout, curved, diameter nearly uniform, fuscous apically; 
dorsal plate broad, broadly and irregularly emarginate, the lobes 
broad and tapering irregularly to a narrowly rounded, setose apex; 
ventral plate long, spatulate, sparsely setose, broadly and roundly 
emarginate distally. 


Female.—Length 5 mm. Antenne missing. Palpi; the first 


segment subglobose, the second rectangular, with a length one-half 


greater than its diameter, the third greatly produced, with a 
length fully ten times its diameter. Mesonotum a variable reddish 
brown, the submedian lines brownish yellow. Scutellum and 
postscutellum mostly fuscous yellowish. Abdomen sparsely haired, 
dark reddish brown. Halteres yellowish transparent. Coxe 
yellowish brown, legs a variable straw colour, the articulations 
slightly darker. Ovipositor short, the terminal lobes broadly oval 
and thickly clothed with short, stout seta, minor lobes triangular, 
with a few coarse sete on the rounded apex. Type Cecid. 1596. 


The female, Cecid. 1595 is referred with little question to the 
same species, a procedure justified by similar abdominal structures 
and the capture of the two on the same date and under presumably 
identical conditions. The specific name is given on account of the 
peculiar, light coloured, window-like spots in the body walls of the 
abdomen. 


PN ON eT Oe ee ee, 


eo. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 233 


ae NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF TRICHOGRAMMATID 42 
FROM THE PHILIPPINES. 


BY A. A. GIRAULT, 
Bureau of Entomology, U. S., Department of Agriculture. 


The following genus belongs to the Chetostrichini: 


_ Pseudobrachysticha, new genus. 
Female.—In my table of genera runs to Brachysticha Mayr, but - 

F differs from that genus in that there is only one-ring joint and the 
fore wings are naked, the marginal ciliation at the apex but moder- 
| ately long and the club is 2-jointed, the antennz 6-ijointed. More- 
; over, in the male the club is solid. Because the single funicle joint 
_ is connected rather closely with the club, sometimes making the 

latter appear 3-jointed, this genus may be confused with Plerygo- 

_ gramma Perkins, but the male is different from the female, the 
> discal ciliation of the fore wing is absent, excepting a single line 
of it along the cephalic margin from venation to apex, the funicle 
4 _ is really present and the ovipositor is inserted in the middle of the 
: abdomen. Marginal vein as long as the submarginal, the stigmal 
with a short neck and a rounded knob. Mandibles tridentate. 
Male the same, except the shape of the abdomen and the 5-jointed ~ 

= antenne. A short, distinct postmarginal vein. 


1. Pseudobrachysticha semiaurea, new species. 


Female.—Length, 0.60 mm. 

Bright golden yellow, the abdomen black (the incisions of the 
segments sometimes showing through as yellow cross-stripes), the 
venation dusky black, the fore wing smoky from base to slightly 
beyond the apex of the venation, but subhyaline at base to the 
1? break of the submarginal vein and along under the marginal vein, 
_ the infuscation accented across from base of the marginal vein 

and less so across from the apex of the stigmal (thus more or less 
 bifasciate). Caudal wings slightly dusky to some little distance 
beyond the venation. Two to four isolated cilia on the fore wing 
-in a line longitudinally between apex of stigmal vein and apex of 
the wing. Marginal cilia at apex of the fore wing about between 
a fourth and a third of the greatest wing width, distinctly shorter 
the caudal marginal cilia of the caudal wing. The latter rather 


broad, but distinctly narrower than the length of its marginal 
July, 1915 


a eS Pee 


NR NY Ss SP Ste 


ee 


eee Swe SE ee BO 


234 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


cilia, naked discally, excepting for a pair of isolated cilia in a line — 
longitudinally, central and somewhat proximad of the middle 
between the apex of the venation and the apex of the blade. An- 
tennal club dusky. .Cephalic face of the pronotum black. Hind 
femora sometimes dusky. Scape and legs nearly white. . 

The male is similarly coloured. 

Described from a large number of specimens of both sexes 
reared from the eggs of Hilda breviceps Stal, Los Banos, Philippine 
Islands, February, 1915, C. F. Baker. 

Types.—-Catalogue No. 19300, U. S.N. M., four males, Bes . 
females on a slide. A large number of paratypes on another slide.’ 


A NEW SPECIES OF PSEUDOMPHALE FROM CHILE. 


BY A. A. GIRAULT, 
Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture. 


The genus Pseudomphale Schrottky is the same as Hoteneall 
in the North American sense. It may be Horismenus in the Euro- 
pean sense, yet doubtfully. There are three ring-joints. The 
- single Australian species of Horismenus represents a new genus 
- which may be named Horismenopsis, new genus. The genotype is. 
Horismenus antiopa Girault. The following new species of Horis- 
menus was found in the collections of the United States National 
Museum when reviewing the North American Entedonine. 


1. Pseudomphale hypatia, new species. 


Female.—Length, 2.50 mm. 
Differs from lixivorus Crawford in that the tibia are not irik: 
but merely embrowned centrally or brown except at tips; the 


stripe of scaliness across near apex of segment 2 of the abdomen a 


is not so wide nor so produced proximad at lateral margin, the 
petiole is distinctly shorter and vertical, the abdomen subsessile, 
the median carina of the propodeum longer and broader. From 
floridanus Ashmead in the same particulars except the tibia, 
which are darker than in that species, brown, not white; also in 
floridanus, segment 2 of the abdomen is longer, slightly over half 
the length of that region (somewhat less than half in this new 
species); also the thorax is blue, not black. Differs from micro- 
gaster Ashmead in the shorter segment 2 of the abdomen. Runs_ 


close to brasiliensis Ashmead, but differs-in the shorter abdominal 


July, 1915 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 235 


2 a petiole, shorter segment 2 of the abdomen, which in brasiliensis 
- occupies 34 of the surface and is sculptured broadly distad, the 
__ median carina of the propodeum is broader and the pedicel longer, 
3 - the tibiee darker being brown. Compared with types of the named | 
_ species except microgaster. Three ring-joints. Pedicel slightly 
longer than funicle 1. ; 
: Differs from the genotype in its dark femora, scape, etc. 
Described from three females labelled ‘‘Ceroplastus novaesci, Santi- 
ago, Chile, M. J. Rivera, Letter March 15, 1910.” 
r Types.—Catalogue No. 19320, U.S. N. M., two females on tags 
(one a paratype). Parapsidal furrows half onneeiieed from caudad. 
_ Median groove of scutum delicate, only at proximal third. 


ErrAtTA.—In my article ‘““Geometrid Notes’” in the Canadian 
Entomologist, Vol. XLVII No. 5, pp. 155- 158, I wish to make 
_ the following corrections :— 

P. 157, line 24, for ““paratype’’ read “‘paratypes’’. 

_ P. 157, line 28, for ‘‘saawichata’”’ read “‘saanichata’’, 

P. 158, line 29, for “‘fuscata’’ read ‘ furcata’’. 

P. 158, line 34, for’ ‘saawichata”’ read “‘saanichata’’. 

L. W. Swett. 


; BOOK REVIEW. 


Key TO THE FAMILIES OF NorTH AMERICAN INSECTs.—An Intro- 
. duction to the Classification of Insects. By Charles T. Brues, 
[ ; Assistant Professor of Economic Entomology, Harvard Uni- 
versity, and A. L. Melander, Professor of Entomology, State 
College of Washington, Boston, Mass., and Pullman, Wash. 
_ Published by the Authors, 1915. 137 pp., 18 plates. ; 
This little book brings together a complete analytical key to 
_ the orders and families of North American insects compiled from 
> the works of the most recent authorities in the various branches of 
systematic entomology. Such a work has been a great desideratum 
among teachers of entomology in view of the rapid changes in the’ 
- classification of insects which have been brought about in recent 
“years as a result of the labours of an ever-increasing army of 
workers in this field. 
The book ‘‘has been prepared to meet the requirements not’ 
alone of college courses in systematic entomology, but also of 


ee 


aed 


2 SO) Sts SEL 


f 


—— a ae | 
‘ 


P oS 


236. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


agricultural high schools and of physicians, fruit inspectors, the 
modern farmer, the nature-lover, or anyone who is concerned with 
the practical identification of insects,’’ It-begins with a conspectus 


of the higher groups of insects down to the families, following — 


which is a key to the orders, dealing with the earlier as well as 
the adult stages. The remainder of the text is occupied by short 
diagnoses of each order, followed in each case by dichotomous 


keys to the suborders, superfamilies and families. A few typical. 
genera are mentioned in connection with each family, and when ~ 


these contain well-known species of economic importance, both the 
scientific and common names of such species are given. 

The book is copiously illustrated by 427 simple but excellent 
figures, showing the general appearance of members of typical 
genera or characters of taxonomic value. 

The classification into orders and the grouping a these into 
subclasses and classesis essentially that of Handlirsch*, who recog- 
. nizes five classes and divides one of these, the Piterygogenea, into 
11 subclasses and 30 orders, there being 37 orders altogether. 
Only the orders and lower groups, however, are characterized in 
the keys. This system is undoubtedly based upon a much broader 
and more thorough consideration of all available data on the 
subject than any other hitherto proposed, and probably expresses 
the true relationships of the main groups of insects with corre- 
spondingly greater accuracy, and yet we cannot but think that the 
wisdom of following it in a manual such as this is open to question, 
at least in so far as its usefulness to the average teacher, or the 
physician or nature-lover is concerned, for it is far more complex 


than any of the older systems, and can only be appreciated by the _ 


most advanced students. For some reason, not apparent to the 
reviewer, the most generalized groups, usually known as the 
A pterygota or “Thysanura and Collembola, but divided by 


Handlirsch into four classes, are placed at the end of the series, © 


although the general sequence of groups is an ascending one. 


The book also contains a glossary of special terms, an index _ 
to genera and higher groups, and an index to common names, — 
It should certainly prove a most useful addition to any entomo- _ 


logical or zoological library. 


“Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie derrezenten Formen. Leipzig 1908. _ 


Mailed July loth, 1915 


5] 
i 


Can. EnT., Vor. XLVII. PLATE VIII. 


LICE AFFECTING THE DOMESTIC FOWL. 


he Canadian Futomologist. 


Vor. XLVIT: LONDON, AUGUST, 1915 No. 8 


POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 


Lick AFFECTING THE Domestic FOWL. 
BY A. W. BAKER, GUELPH, ONT. 


The lice affecting the Domestic Fowl are members of the 
order Mallophaga and are commonly called Biting or Bird Lice 


- to distinguish them from the sucking lice of mammals. The name 


“Biting Lice’ is applied because of the fact that the mouth-parts 
of the insects are fitted for biting. The food consists of bits of 
feathers and epidermal scales—the lice never'feeding on the blood 
of the host save possibly where it may have dried around wounds. 
The injury to chickens arises from the irritation produced by the 
constant feeding and probably also to a considerable extent by 
the sharp claws. 

The loss occasioned to Tee a keepers through the attacks of 
lice is of course difficult of estimation, but it is certain that it is 
much greater than is usually supposed to be the case. The injury 
to chicks is especially great, proper growth being prevented through 
the restless activity of the bird. It is even quite possible that much 
of the mortality of small chicks is-due directly to the attacks of 
lice. More mature birds are also prevented from making proper 
growth and egg-laying is doubtless checked to a considerable 
extent by the weakened and restless condition of the birds. Where 
setting hens are used there are often losses in hatching as a result 
of the abnormal activity of the bird. In addition to these direct. 
losses birds as a result of their weakened condition are more sus- 
ceptible to the various diseases to which poultry are at all times 
a prey. 

One point which makes the biting lice of great importance as 
ectoparasites is that the whole life of the insect is passed on the 
body of the host. The female attaches her eggs to the feathers 
of the bird and each young louse escapes by pushing off a cap-like 
structure at the free end of the egg The rest of the life of the 


238 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


louse is then spent on the body of this bird with the exception of — | 
course that migration may take place from bird to bird during — 
contact on the perches-or in nesting boxes. 


Control Measures. 

1.—Lice Powders. . 
There are many different lice powders on the market. Many 

are costly and some are not extremely effective. One of the most — 
successful powders is that known as the ‘“‘Lawry Lice Powder.” 
This is not a proprietory powder and can be prepared cheaply by — 
the poultry man. It will give extremely ssatisfactory results. — 
This powder is made by adding to 3 parts of gasoline and 1 part of 
crude carbolic acid 90-95% enough plaster of paris to take up all — 
-the liquid. The plaster should be stirred in gradually so that a — 
dry pinkish powder results. q 
This powder should be worked into the feathers of the bird 
especially on the more heavily infested parts of the body, that is — 
in the region of the vent, wings and under side of the body. It — 
must be borne in mind that this powder will not kill the eggs or 
“nits’’ of the lice, and it will accordingly be necessary to give — 
another dusting and in severe cases even a third at intervals of — 
5-7 days, to kill those young lice which have hatched since the last — 
dusting. — 
There are several grades of crude carbolic acid on the market. 
That of 90-95% must be used in the powder to obtain satisfactory — 
results. The Poultry Department of the Maine Agricultural — 
Experiment Station state that they have used cresol in place of the 4 
crude carbolic acid with good results where the carbolic could not 4 
be obtained. 


2.—Blue Ointment. : A 

Prof. W. R. Graham, of the Ontario Agricultural College, — 
states that he has used Blue Ointment with success where setting — 
hens are heavily infested with lice. The ointment is worked into | 
the feathers of the bird by hand, but it must be used sparingly 
and very carefully. . a 
38.—Dust Baths. i 

Baths containing a mixture of road dust and tobacco dust — 
may be kept in the poultry house or in the run. Birds will make 


_ free use of these baths and the chances of infestation will be to a 
_ ‘great extent reduced. © 

B: It will be found advisable also where brood: hens are used to 
set them on tobacco stems which may be obtained cheaply from 
any cigar factory. The possibilities of infestation of the chicks 
will thus be greatly reduced. 


 4.—Carbolized Sweet Oil. 

Dusting young chicks will be found to be a difficult practice. 
Where head lice are very bad on young chicks it may be found 
necessary, however, to treat them. In this case a little carbolized 
_ Sweet Oil may be rubbed into the infested regions. The oil, 
however, must be used only in extreme cases and then very sparingly, 
as its use in any quantity may endanger the life of the chick. 

A much surer method is to protect young birds from infestation 
_ by thoroughly treating all old birds with which they may come in 
— contact. 


P ie 


PN A Seba 


_ §.—Disinfection of Houses. 

_ ___ If incubator and brooder-raised chicks are kept free from 
contact with old birds during their development, and are then 
_ placed in houses which have been thoroughly cleansed and dis- 
infected, the danger of infestation is reduced toa minimum. Under 
these conditions any old birds which must be introduced into the 
house should, of course, be given two or three thorough dustings 
before they are allowed to run with the young birds. 


nests, perches, walls and floor should be thoroughly scraped and 
_ scrubbed and then well painted or sprayed with a mixture of 3 
parts of Kerosene and 1 part of Crude Carbolic Acid 95%. This 
_ ensures absolutely lice-free surroundings for the young birds and 
also checks to a great extent, if it does not entirely eradicate, an 
infestation of red mites if such be present. 

Following are the species of lice which are known to infest 
the Domestic Fowl in Canada with brief descriptions to aid in 
their identification. 


The Common Hen Louse (Menopon pallidum N.). 


_ This louse is about .04 to .06 inches in length. The body is 
compact, the head is long and the legs short. The abdomen 


one 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239 


Before the introduction of the young pullets the whole house, . 


/ 


240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


tapers strongly and regularly to the posterior end and is bees 3 
- with numerous bristles. The whole body is a light straw colour. 


This is in Canada as elsewhere the most common species ‘4 
affecting the Domestic Fowl. It can be readily recognized by its — 
light yellow colour and extreme activity on the birds. It has been — 
recorded in America also from the pigeon and is said by some to — 


4 


attack horses if such are in close proximity to lousy birds. The 
writer has never seen horses so attacked. 


- 


Menopon biseriatum Piaget. 


This species is about .08 to .09 inches in length. The female — 
has the body elongate and loosely jointed, the head short and the 
legs long. The abdomen tapers abruptly but slightly at the — 
posterior end, and the posterior margin of the last. segment bears - - 
a close series of fine hairs. The general body colour is yellowish — 
brown, The male is shorter and stouter than the female and a 
lacks the series of hairs on the posterior margin of the last segment. _ 
This species occurs commonly and often abundantly in company 7 
with M. pallidum It can readily be distinguished from the latter — 
by its larger size and less compact form. . It has been recorded in — 
America also from the turkey and pigeon, and is said to attack the 7 
pea fowl. 


The Variable Chicken Louse (Lipeurus variabilis N.). 


The length of this species is about .09 to .095 inches. The — 
body of the female is elongate and slender. The head is broadly — 
rounded in front and the antenne are slender with the first joint — 
short. The legs are long and the abdomen tapers weakly from the — 
sixth segment. The colour is whitish, the margins of the body — 
and front margins of the legs being pitchy black. The abdominal — 
segments each bear a large squarish. median brown patch. The — 
~male is more slender than the female and the first joint of the — a 
antenna is very large, and bears a peg-like appendage as does also. 
the third segment. r. 


This species is quite common and can usually be found on any 
heavily infested flock. ~ 


es 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 241, 


The Lesser Chicken Louse (Goniocotes hologaster N.). 


~The length of this species is about .035 to .06 inches. The 
_ body of the female is very broad. The head is squared behind, 
~ the legs short and the abdomen regularly rounded behind. The 
colour is light yellowish brown. The abdomen of the male is 
_ much shorter and broader and squared behind. 


_ This species is not common in Canada, though I have specimens 
~ taken at Guelph at various times. It has been recorded in the 
- United States and I have received specimens from Prof. Haseman 
taken at Columbia, Mo. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. 


Goniocotes hologaster N. o&. 


7 2. Gontocotes hologaster N. 2. 
3. Menopon biseriatum Piaget. 
e: Egg of a Bird Louse. 
5. Menopon pallidum N. 
6. Lipeurus variabilis N. 9° % 
7. 


Lipeurus variabilis N. &. 


A NEW HOPLANDROTHRIPS (THYSANOPTERA) FROM 


ei 2 BRITISH GUIANA. 


ia 


BY J. DOUGLAS HOOD, U.S. BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


a The new species described below was received for deter mination 
from Mr. G. E. Bodkin, Government Economic Biologist of British 
Guiana. 


E *“Hoplandrothrips affinis, sp. nov. 


Female (macropterous).—Length about 1.8 mm. Colour dark 


~~ blackish brown with bright crimson hypodermal pigmentation; 
tarsi, fore tibize, and bases of antennal segments 3-6 lemon yellow; 
- distal ends of mid and hind tibiz and of tube paler; wings slightly 


August, 1915 


4 


242. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Fig. 26.—Hoplandothrips affinis Hood—1. Head and prothorax of female; holo hi es 
fore leg of male; Allotype. 3, Third segment of right antenna of female; holotype. — 


Head a little less than one and one-half times as long as wide — 
and 1.5 times as long as prothorax, broadest at middle; cheeks - 


forming a neck which is narrower than greatest distance across. — 
eyes or about 0.86 the greatest width of head, set with a few small 4 
spines arising from slight tubercles, a pair at posterior sixth stronger; _ 
dorsal surface smooth and shining except at extreme base, which Ee 
with the lateral surfaces is weakly subreticulate; vertex slightly — 
and narrowly subconically produced, the anterior ocellus only 


Sete THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 243° 


= 


tly overhanging; postocular bristles alone prominent, equal in 
th to eyes expanded at apex. Eyes 4 as long as head, equal 
width to their interval. Ocelli of posterior pair opposite middle 
ves and equal in size to anterior ocellus, which is slightly more 
t. Antenne about 1.6 times as long as head, moderately 
der; segment 1 as broad as long; 2 about 1.7 times as long as 
3a ide, inner side straight, pedicel not curved outward; 4 very | 
; slightly longer and narrower than 3, clavate, pedicellate, narrowed 
apex, broadest in advance of middle, about 1.8 times as long as 
wide; 5 almost similar in form to, but distinctly narrower and 
slightly shorter than, +; about 2.1 times as long as wide; 6 clavate, 
: ore briefly pedicellate than 4 and 5, nearly 2.4 times as long as _ 
wide; 7 oblong, briefly pedicellate, truncate at apex and nearly 
- 2.5 times as long as wide; 8 about three-fourths as long as 7, conical, 
a Piisore than three times as long as greatest width; segments 1 and 2 


* concolorous with head, 2 paler at middle of apex; 3 yellow, lightly 
fuscate in apical half; 4 yellow in basal two-fifths, brown beyond, 


gntly paler at apex; 5 yellow in basal third, brown beyond, 


own, darker than 5; 7 and 8 blackish brown, pedicel of former 
; ler; sense cones: 3, 1-2; 4, 2-2; 5, 1-1*!; 6, 1-1*'; 7 with one on 
dorsum near apex. Mouth cone short, broadly rounded, reaching 
‘only about half way across prosternum, labrum scarcely surpassing 
bium. ; 


_ Prothorax about two- thirds as long as head and (inclusive of 
Soice) about twice as wide as long; pronotum smooth; all usual 
bristles present, expanded apically, a little shorter than the postocu- 
lars. Wings slightly narrowed at middle; fore pair with scale 
brown, light yellowish beyond, six accessory hairs on posterior 
margin. Legs moderately slender; fore tarsus with a_ strong, 
rently curved tooth. 


. Abdomen very slightly broader than pterothorax. Tube 0. 6 
as long as head, only about twice as long as greatest subbasal 
width, which is about 2.1-times the apical, sides straight. Lateral 
bristles expanded at apex, almost colourless; segment 9 with the 


ghtly paler at apex; 6 yellow in basal fourth, beyond. blackish — ar 


244°: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


three long, pointed pairs; terminal bristles brown, about one and — 
one-half times as long-as tube. : 


Measurements of holotype: Length 1.76 mm.; head, length — 
0.274 mm., width 0.192 mm.; prothorax, length 0.180 mm., width : 
(inclusive of coxa) 0.366 mm.; pterothorax, width 0.372 mm.; — 
abdomen, width 0.378 mm.; tube, length 0.168 mm.; width at base — 
0.081 mm., at apex, 0.038 mm. mae 


Antennal segments........ DS ES, eee 
Length ().....2......... 42 35 66 69 64 -59 54 42 
Widthifpic2k ct 42 33 39 38 30 25 aes 13 
Total length of antenna, 0.431 mm. 


~ 


Male (macropterous).—Length about 1.6 mm. Colour and struc- — 
ture essentially as in female. Genal spines a little stouter than in — 
female. Antenne 1.7 times as long as head, more slender. Tarsal — 
tooth large, stout, curved. Abdomen slightly narrower than 
pterothorax. Tube about 0.54 as long as head, about twice as long — 
as greatest subbasal width, which is about twice the apical, sides — 
slightly concave. Segment 9 of abdomen with the lower lateral — 
and the dorsal bristles longer than tube and pointed, the upper — 
laterals very short (three-fifths as long as basal width of tube) 4 

stout, pointed, and dark in colour. ee 


Measurements of allotype: Length 1.56 mm.; head, rengel 4 
0.246 mm., width 0.168 mm.; prothorax, length 0.157 mm., width — 
(inclusive PY cox) 0.318 mm.; pterothorax, width 0.322 mm.;— 
abdomen, width 0.284 mm.; tube, length 0.132 mm., width at base q 
0.068 mm., at apex 0.033 mm. q 


Antennal segments........ Be 8 ES 
Lérigti-ta)s;: foe ca es 38 51 63 65 62 54 47 38 ~~ 
Width ff). eioscnchsrae, 88 30 36 34 27-23: 20- Ito 
Total length of antenna, 0.418 mm. ~ Ky an 


Described from one female and one male taken between le 
sheaths of sugar cane, at Rose Hall, Berbice, British Guiat 
March 2, 1915, by G. E. Bodkin. 


~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 245 


_ MAYFLIES OF THE SIPHLONURUS GROUP. 
BY WILBERT A. CLEMENS, ITHACA, N. Y. . 


The nymphs of two interesting species of gd Siphlonurus 
ip phlurus) mirus Eaton and a eae erodromia Needham, were 


THE NAME Siphlonurus. 


+The name Siphlonurus was proposed for a new genus by 
- Eaton i in the Ent. Mag., vol. 5, p. 89, 1868. The name was used 
again by Eaton in the Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1870, p. 7. But 
~ in.1871i in the Trans. Ent. Soc., London, p. 125, the name Siphlurus 
. is used and Siphlonurus leer.) Etn., 1868, given as a synonym. 
The name Siphlonurus was not preoccupied and therefore according — 
the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the first 
ume used must stand and the name of the genus should be Siph- 
murs. 
New GENUS. 
: In 1913 in the Can. Ent., vol. XLV, p. 338, I described a new 
species which I referred to the genus Siphionurus. This species 
appeared to be nearest to this genus, and as I had no specimens 
2 of this genus with which to compare it, I decided to describe it 
asa Siphlonurus until other material was available for comparison. 
be ENow with such material-at hand, I find this species shows characters 
of sufficient value for the erection of a new genus, and for this ] 
EB eiopose the name Siphloplecton (defective-feeler, from the defective 
2 a of the labial palpus). 


KEYs. 
. The generic keys which follow are simply those parts of the 
_key published by Dr. Needham, Bull. 86, N. Y. State Mus., re- 
f _ fering to the Siphlonurus group, modified to include the two genera 
_ since proposed. 


5 *Contribution from the Limnological Laboratory of the Department of 
Entomology in Cornell University. 
“August, 1915 


246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


IMAGOs. = 


ff. The intercalaries between the first and second anal veins — 
represented by a series of veinlets, often sinuous or forking, q 
extending directly from the first anal to the wing margin — 
(except in Siphloplecton); costal angulation of hind wing — 
close to the base ; but two well developed caudal seta, the 
median one being rudimentary or wanting; basal joint of — 

hind tarsi evident but not well developed. ; ; 
g. Median caudal seta a distinctly segmented rudiment? 
forceps of male three-jointed; posterior prolongation 
of sternum of ninth segment of abdomen of female 


bifid at tip. a 
h. Basalt segment of fore tarsus of male shortest; — 
: claws of each tarsus unlike each to each; hind 


wing with the costal angulation acute, and the 

fork of the median vein occupying two-thirds 

the length of that vein........0.0.0.008 Coloburus, — 

hh. Basal segment of fore tarsus of male longest; 
claws of each tarsus alike, hind wing with — 
costal angulation obtuse, and the median vein — 
forked through one-third its 
Tenge) En ae ee Chirotenetes — 

gg. Median caudal seta more rudimentary or wanting; fore- — 
ceps of the male distinctly four-jointed ; sternum of the — 
ninth abdominal segment not prolonged, or if so, — 
entire at tip. , i 
h. Cubitus 2 with a very pronounced curve at its ; 


agO: 8 Nicci ain oi ee ite en Siphloplecton. 7 
hh. Cubitus 2 without such pronounced curve at its 
base. et 


i. Segments 5-9 of abdomen with very broad M 
lateral expansions (onisciform); mid- — 
ventral, meso- and metathoracic he q 
epineés® §:)nhiSlS Sens . Siphlonisca. — 

. Segments 5-9 of abdomen without such — 
broad expansions and thorax without _ 
ventral spines. : 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 247 


3. Claws of each tarsus alike; caudal 
sete at least one-half longer than 
bi; body (28 cuyatagee Siphlonurus. 


setze about as long as the 


NYMPHS. 


“ longed into thin flat sharp lateral spines. 
_f. Fore legs conspicuously fringed with long hairs; gill- tuft 
____ present upon the bases of maxilla and front coxa and | 
at bases of lamella on abdomen....................... Chirotenetes 
ff Fore legs without conspicuous fringes; no maxillary or 
v coxal gills; no gill-tufts at bases of lamella on abdomen. 
g. Gills double on abdominal segments 1-3; claw of 
| fore tarsus flattened and bifid; terminal segment 
- ee - of labial palpus wanting......0..........0. \. Siphloplecion. 
gg. Gills not double on abdominal segments 1-3; claw 
of fore tarsus uncinate; labial palpus normal. 


AHGACIC BPMs 80a Siphlonisca. 


pansions and thorax without ventral spines 

® i. Gills double on the first two abdominal 

segments; end of maxilla fringed 

with simple hairs............. Siphlonurus 

ii. Gill lamella all single; end of maxilla 
fringed with pectinated 

TOO FSi rand eee canis oie . Ameletus 


Key TO THE SPECIES OF Siphlonurus. 

ee IMAGOs. 

. Wings clear, without clouded areas. 

-_ b. Venter with brown stripes, dots and 
WERE .5)5....:\.48 eae S. alternatus. 

_ bb. Venter with U- shaped brown marks........ S. occidentalis. 

bbb. Venter with triangular brown marks........ S. triangularis. 


jj. Claws of each tarsus unlike; caudal — 


Biefé-lateral angles of the hinder abdominal segments pro- ; 


h. Abdominal segments with broad lateral ex- — 
pansions; mid-ventral meso- and meta-_ 


hh. Abdomen without: such broad lateral ex-_ 


Body oct. idence tt A TNS a oes 


, rs 
af 


248 * THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


aa. Wings with clouded areas. 


c. Venter with brown markings. 4 
d. The hind wing wholly clouded with Be, 
brown or almost so. Fore wing = 9 
Bgad Ie aired sau hone 2. S.mirus 
. dd. A small brownish cloud along the axillar. 
fold of fore wing. Hind wing - . 
Clear itt hank otk! Wad Ss. typicus 
ce. Venter transparent whitish.............. S. femoratus; 9 


NYMPHS,. ; 
a. Soren dark-banded beyond middle. - 
b. Sete dark-banded just beyond middle and again across — 
Che fA ccs. seid insadockihe at sa aad ae *% alerts 
bb. Seta but once banded. 
c. Venter with U-shaped dark areas; spines of the * 4 
\ 9th abdominal segment just half the length of 3 
tergum of 10th segment in the median a 
Set Pann eSB GS cea REE Voit ele S. occidentalis. — 
ce, Venter with large dark triangular areas; spines of | 
9th abdominal segment slightly over half the — 
length of tergum of the 10th segment in the — 
MAT AN, HBA oo ss chet Bol RE S. triangularis, — 
aa. ‘Sete unbanded stig coe oh naden pels Anodes Vcsdebacaaae ah het oi aa ae S.mirus 


Siphlonurus alternatus Say. 


For description of adult see Eaton’s Revisional Monograph, 
p 219, and of nymph, Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus., 1901. ae 


the adult. See Pl. IX, fig. 8. 


Siphlonurus occidentalis Eaton. 


place where subimagos were emerging in numbers. Other speci- 
mens were taken by Prof. Cockerell at Twin Lakes, Col., Upper - 
Lake, July 14, 1902. See Pl. IX, fig. 9. aS } 


es ' 
‘Nymph.—Length 13 mm.; leg 4.5 mm.; sete 5 mm. a 


,= 


Qa ee a ee | 
yaa eee 


arr 


6k Oe oS 


- MAYFLIES OF THE SIPHLONURUS GROUP. 


250 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Structurally the nymph is very similar to that of S. ‘dice b 
except that the lateral abdominal spines are shorter. The sete a 
are but once banded and there is a very pronounced brownish band E 
at the apical end of each tarsus. ‘ 


The nymphs show the same U-shaped ventral abdchinal brown 4 
markings as the adults. 


Siphlonurus triangularis sp. nov. 


Male subimago.—Length 12-13 mm. Head mostly deep brown, — 
varied with whitish and yellowish irregular markings. Lower part | 
of face transparent whitish. Thorax above deep brown; sides and 
ventral surface brown with white areas. Legs uniform light brown, — 
but with darker markings on coxe and trochanters at joints. — 
Wings rather dull with light brown venation and without clouded — 
areas. Dorsal surface of abdomen deep brown with a pair of | 
lateral light areas on segments 2-7. Ventral surface of hee z 
light brown with deep’ brown triangular areas, See Pl. IX., fig. 10. 
Lateral sete 11-12 mm. long, the Neer iits one rudimentary, showing | 5 
4-5 segments. 


Female subimago.—Length 14-15 mm. Similar te male ad 
coloration. 


Female imago.—Length 15 mm; sete 15 mm.; fore leg 8 1 mm. | 
Middle and hind legs 6.5 mm. Very similar in colpraiteet to the — 
male subimago, but lighter and ventral markings of abdomen — 
more pronounced. Wings clear, light brown venation, no clouded” 7 
areas. - : 

Nymph.—Length (mature) 12-15 mm.; sete 5-6 mm.; lege 
5 mm. General colour brown and white. Mouth-parts, see Pl. — 
X, fig. 11-15. Thorax darker on upper surface. Legs whitish, — 
banded with brown as follows: Femur with a basal brown band — 
and another on apical fifth; tibia with a basal band, tarsus with ~ 
basal and-apical bands. Legs covered with numerous small spines — 
and hairs; claws long, slightly curved-and very pointed. Each : 
segment of abdomen dorsally, except 1 and 10, usually light. coloured. a 
in middle with brown band across basal margin from which project’ F 
caudad two brown streaks. Each segment brownish toward ‘the 
lateral margins, but with light areas in both anterior and posterior : 
margins. A pair of very dark dots at posterior margin of each 


nA NINN \N ) My 
TIN 


ly 


/ 


252 ie THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


segment. -Segments of abdomen ventrally whitish with two — 
_ somewhat triangular-shaped brown areas on each segment as in 
case of .adult. The gills are of the typical Siphlonurus. type. 
See Pl. X, fig. 11-15. Sete once banded beyond nteldie, 


Si 
hae vs 


This species is rather larger than S. alternatus. It was found 
emerging at Ithaca from June 5 to the 18th from a quiet spring-fed 
pond. This pond was very much grown up with aquatic vegeta- .. 3 
tion, especially Spirogyra, and many of the nymphs were bovertt ia 
with colonial Vorticelle. 


Transformation.—The pond was about 40 ft. by 15 ft. ek a 4 
maximum depth of about 2 ft., but the greater part of it only 6 i in. 
or so. , The water was very ier: so that the bottom could be seen 
in many places through the vegetation. The nymphs could be seen ~ 
clambering about the water plants, swimming swiftly from place 
to place by means of the very efficient tail fin and gill lamellz, or 
quietly clinging to some object, while the gills moved in gently 7 
undulating movements and the abdomen swayed up and down. — 
Most of the nymphs were mature, and subimagos were continually 
flying up from.the pond. One mature nymph swam about with — 
its head up to the surface of the water as though looking for a _ 
suitable place for emergence, going from plants, to dead leaves — 
and to twigs. It tried to climb upon a small twig, endeavouring | q 
to hang on with its legs and bending its abdomen and sete around _ 
in its attempts to get up on top. It was almost successful, but — 
suddenly abandoned the twig for a dead leaf. The leaf was only | 2 
partly submerged and the nymph climbed up over’ the edge- and — 
up on top until only the abdomen was left in the water. Thus it — 
remained quietly for two minutes with its gills in constant motio 
It then crawled farther up the leaf until entirely out of the wat 
and remained quietly for about 3 minutes, when the body, irik 
the abdomen began to move convulsively, and in a couple of seconc 
the thorax split and the body of the subimago gently slid out ov 
the surface of the leaf. When the legs were freed they were 
tended and at the same time the wings. Then the subimago t 
a few steps, leaving only the setz still in the nymph slough. 


It remained on the leaf for about four minutes, moving its leg 
and wings occasionally, and finally twisted and bent the abdomen 


‘into which it had emerged. Then it took flight, flying 


- the pond. In the meantime three other nymphs emerged 
lin two feet of the first one. One emerged on the side of an 
t. vertical leaf so that the subimago slid out partly on to the 
ace of the water and it had considerable difficulty freeing 
; , but finally it succeeded and remained clinging to the leaf 


"4 Sse: chironomid, mosquito, cranefly, and other dine 


following genera: Heptagenia, Ephemerella, Leptophlebia and 


vici nity of the pond for a week and at various times of the day 
ten o'clock in the morning to nightfall, failed to find any 
gos eine. 


"ea eaab plan 12-14 mm.; sete 18: mm.; fore leg 12-14 


on sides of thorax. Legs uniform brown, a little darker at 


two streaks extending forward from posterior margin. Ventral 
face with two lateral longitudinal bands on each segment 
ar id a darker area in middle. Genitalia, see Pl. IX, fig. 2 


_ Female imago.—See description, Eaton, p. 221. 


RP TEE Nn ROTO PTE IT PAST a ae Ber 
‘el tas ‘ 1 
3 i . 4 we RAY ge "4 y . 
=] re +: Og 


ee 
be ee . 
oS. 
a 
os eg 
be | 
° 
= 
=} 


Head has a light area in front of the middle ocellus 


—> oe, ET 
ye ay pate ee 


rd about thirty feet and coming to rest on a leaf of a tree | 


ua its abdomen resting on, the water for about six minutes. Its ~ 


_ Nymph. —Length 15 mm.; sete 6-7 mm.; legs 5-6 mm. General 


~ 


vee, dragon-fly, and damsel-fly nymphs, and mayfly nymphs of 


ts. Hind wing of male usually entirely brown as compared 5 
h the hind wing of the female, which is only about two-thirds ~~ 
wn. Each segment of the abdomen 2-9, dorsally light in colour’ 
h dark areas toward the lateral margin, along posterior margin 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2538.0 


xn 


No imagos were observed in flight and repeated trips to the — 


ae 


~ Wing 12-13mm. Head and thorax dark brown; a few lighter — ‘ * 


rae 
254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. __ “aaa 
and a very dark band from margin of this area to eye below antenna. 
Clypeus and labrum deep brown. Mouth-parts similar to those of 
S. triangularis. Thorax with light areas on ventral surface and 
sides. Legs light brown, unbanded but.apical areas of tarsi darker. — 
Dorsal surface of abdomen ‘brown with a pair of blackish streaks 

about the middle of each segment, a blackish area lateral to eat a 
streak and a pair of black dots at the posterior margin of each — 
segment. Ventral surface of the same general colour as dorsal 
surface with darker markings similarly arranged to those of adult. r 
Sete unbanded. 


The following notes were given me by Mr. Alexander: 


‘‘Sport Island, Sacandaga River. Adults of Siphlonurus mirus 
Eaton, appeared on June 6, 1909, and were very common on the | 
12th. Seven specimens were taken home alive and three lived 
51 hours.” 


See also under Siphlonisca. : % — 


Nymphs of Siphlonurus femoratus Say, s. bicolor Walker, an . 
S. typicus Eaton have not been taken as yet, and adults of these 
species I have not. had the opportunity of examining. | 


Siphlonisca Necdhani. sets 


With more material at hand, including an nymphs: th 4 
generic characters may be restated as follows: 


Caudal sete two, slightly longer than the body. Cages on 
all the legs (male and female) hooked and clawlike, and the two of 
each leg alike. Hind tibia longer than its tarsus, and last segmet 
of tarsus longest. Female fore tibia about same length as i 
tarsus, last segment of tarsus the longest. Male fore tarsus abou 
3 times the length of its tibia, the last segment of the tarsus 
shortest. Median and cubital veins in the fore wing symmetri 
forked. No humeral angulation of hind wing. Mesothorax ; 
metathorax each with a prominent midventral spine. Abdo 
with conspicuous lateral expansions of the middle segments. J) 
backward prolongation of 9th abdominal segment iri fem 
Forceps base of male very broad; forceps 4-jointed and stror 
divaricate. ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 255 


: 


The nymph has conspicuous lateral expansions to the segments 
of the abdomen and has prominent mid-ventral meso- and meta- 


he - thoracic spines. Gills on segments 1-7 andall single. The terminal 
un ~ segments of the labial and maxillary palpi pointed and the lateral 


_ lobes of the hypopharynx rounded. 


 Siphlonisca aerodromia Needham. 


The description given in Bull. 134 N. Y. State Mus. errs in 
two minor points, namely, the claws of the fore leg of the female - 


are normal, i.e., similar to those on the other legs, and there is a 


metathoracic mid-ventral spine as well as a mesothoracic one. 


Nymph.—Length 19-20 mm.; sete 8-9 mm.; legs 4.5 mm. 


General colour a dark brown. Antenne longer than head, light in 


- colour, but terminal joint tipped with dark brown. Mouth-parts, 


* 


see Pl. IX, fig. 1-5. Thorax darker above. Prominent -mid- 
ventral meso-and metathoracic spines. Legs comparatively short 


_and stout. Tarsi and tibia of about equal length. Abdomen dark 
__ brown dorsally, tending to be darker along median line and along 
_ a line just inside the line of gills. Segments 5-9 greatly expanded _ 


laterally and each expansion produced backward into a spine. 
Two longitudinal lateral dark brown lines on ventral surface. 


_ Gills on segments 1-7 and all single, see Pl. IX, fig. 1-5. Three — 
_ sete, the middle one very slightly shorter than the outer ones, 


which are fringed on the inner sides only. Sete brown, but with 
white tips. 


' Ecological Notes —The following are Mr. Alexander's notes in 


_ regard to this species: 


“The type specimen, a female, was taken on June 6, 1908, 
on rank vegetation at the south end of Sport Island in the Sacandaga 


River. Careful search on that day failed to locate other specimens.” 


“On June 6, 1909, at 5.20 p.m., there were scores of specimens 
flying over the bridge, several of these were in copulation and a 


large series of both sexes. were taken. As it grew dark, the insects 
mounted higher in the air. At dusk the species could be dis- 


tinguished high up in the air by the remarkable breadth of the 
abdomen. It is probable that the type taken in 1908 was the last 


256 Bee CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 
of that season’s brood and the main emergence of the year. 
place in late May. This probably shows that the males die 
the females surviving longer in order to complete oviposition. 


“The following field notes were made at Northampton (Fis 
house) in Fulton County, New York State, from May 25 to 
1914, where adults were reared from nymphs taken in small t 
porary pools left by the vernal overflow of the Sacandaga River: 


x Srphionisca was first noted as a subimago in a tent-trap_ 

on May 25th. The contents of the trap were examined on 
following day and the catch included a subimago of S. erodrom 

After determining the habitat of the nymph, it was a simple mat 

to obtain the later stages. The nymphs crawl up the rush ster 

_in order to emerge, usually leaving the cast skins three to four inc 
above the water level. Occasionally the cast skins are found 

the upper surface of flat leaves.”’ | s 


“The auabiiie of Betisca obesa, Siphlurus mirus, and: 
lonisca erodromia occurred together in company with a gr 
abundance of other mayfly nymphs of smaller and less conspicuo 
habit. The pools evaporated rapidly, and on May 27th, only tw 
days after the first observations were made, had dwindled too 
half of their former size. The water became very warm and tey 
towards midday, and this was more apparent each day as | 
amount of water decreased and the abundant animal life beca 
more concentrated.” tae 


“Nymphs of the various mayflies were isolated and rea 
through to the imago. The most abundant species in the pools, © 
with the exception of some of the smaller and less ‘conspicuo 
species, was Betisca obesa. In an area of a few square yal 
there were hundreds of cast skins of the species adhering to 
rush stems long after the subimagoes had flown away. - ~The 
sins of Siphlonisca were almost as common, on some of the ru 
stems there being as many as four of the cast skins on a single st 
arranged end to end and crowding one another. Betisca was 
to emerge at midday or slightly after, specimens being obser 
2 p.m. Siphlonisca came out at all hours of the day, sais 
abundantly in the late forenoon.” 


aie - PLATE KE 


evaporated, but the larger mayfly nymphs had matured so rapidly — 4 


_ Siphloplecton gen. nov. 


‘ 


256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ; 


“By May 28th, the water in the temporary pools was entirely re 


or were timed so opportunely that not a-single nymph was left. — 
An immense number of the nymphs of smaller species and the ~ 
plankton (a large red ostracod in great abundance; Daphnia and a — 
great number of other Entomostraca; Planarians of two species, — 
one being a small light green form; Mollusca, (A plexa hypnorum, — 
Segmentina, Pisidium sp.; etc.) of the pools were exposed and — 
perished. The stench of their decaying bodies attracted many — 
carrion-loving insects such as Lucilia, Silpha inequalis, etc.” : 


Caudal sete two, middle one rudimentary. Fore tarsus of — 
male with 2nd segment about equal to Ist, the 3rd slightly longer — 
than Ist, the 4th slightly shorter than Ist, the 5th about half the — 
length of Ist. Female fore tarsi 1, 2 (3 and 5) equal, 4.. Hind ~ 
tarsi of both male and female in order of decreasing lengths 1, ~ 
(2 and 5) equal, 3, 4. Hind tibia shorter than its tarsus. Claws — 
of each tarsus unlike. Wing without dependent intercalaries from | 
the Ist anal, and cubitus 2 strongly curved at base. Penes lobes — 
rounded with slight indentations. Sternum of ninth abdominal _ , 
segment of female produced slightly and entire att tip. 


Nymph with hind claws hooked and claw-like, but fore claws — 
flattened and bifid. Labial palpus with but two segments. Gills — 
double on segments 1, 2, and 3. - . 4 


Type species—Siphlurus flexus Clemens (Can. Ent., 1913, 
vol. XLV, p. 338), Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont. ia 


Besides the Georgian Bay material I have seen specimens 
from Douglas Lake, Michigan, Nov. 25, 1904, from Walnut Lake, } 
Mich., April 12. 1906, and from the Michigan Agricultural 
College campus, East Lansing, Mich., July 15, 1910. 4 


REFERENCES. 


1868—Eaton, A. E.: An outline of a re-arrangement of the: F 
genera of Ephemeride. Ent. Mag. V, p. 89. ae 
1870—Eaton, A. E.: On some new British species of Ephe- 3 
meride. Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1870, p. 7. E | 


, A > 
aD oy 


_ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST = 259 


re R.: Oniscigaster wakefieldi. Ent. Mag. X,- 


: 1875—McLachlan, R.: On Oniscigaster wakefieldi. te Linn. 
ool. XII, p. 139. c 


—Eaton, A. E.: ‘Rev. Monog. Recent Ephemeride or_ 
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd series, Vol. III, Zool., p. 214. 


j—Eaton, A. E.: An Annotated list of the Ephemeride of 
E land. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1899, part III, p. 292. 


e 01—Needham, J. G.: Aquatic insects of the Adirondacks, 3 
x State Mus. Bull. 47, p. 423. 


1905—Needham, peG;: Mayflies and Midges. N. Y. State © ay, : 
1. 86, p. 25. | 


Se xcedharn, J. G.: Studies of aquatic insects. N. Y. ; 
us, Bull 134, p. 71. 


3 [ ee Anna H.: sie al of Fall Creek. ag Ent. 
er. ah p. 116. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


- PLaTE IX. 


CPi RT EN! EL ATT IGT I LL GATE BIO 
Fi 


= 


260 — | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOUIST 


Fig. 3—Genitalia male Siphlonurus alternatus. $ 
Fig. 4.—Genitalia male Siphlonisca erodromia. 


Fig. 5—Genitalia male ‘Siphloplecton flexus. 


Fig. 6.—Wings Siphloplecton flexus. 


Fig. 7.—Claws fore leg female cance @rodromia. a. 


f m2 ne 6 he 
Fig. 8. —Ventral colour-pattert on segment of abdomen 
S. alternatus. Baas en 


Ss: paresis 7 


Fig. 10.—Ventral colour-pattern on segment of abdomen 
S. triangularis. J ete 


PLATE X—Mouth- -parts. 


ae 1- 5.—Labrum, maxilla, hypopharynx, “mandible | 


iit 


labrum, reipeniiaelie of Siphloplecton flexus. a3 a 


Fig. 11-15. —Labrum, maxilla, hypopharynx, mandi 
~ labrum, respectively, of Siphlonurus triangularis. 


PLate XI.—Gills. y ~ 


Fig. 1-5.—Gills from-Segments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7, “respec vely. 
of right side of nymph of “Siphlonurus. erodromia. = ai 


Fig. 6-10.—Gills from Segments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 1, respec 
of right side of nymph of Siphloplecton flexus. 4 


Fig. 11-15.—Gills from Segments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7, resp e 
of right side of ny mph of Siphlonurus triangularis. ) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST © 261 


DELPHACI DE. . - 


BY F. MUIR, © ' 
Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu, T. H. 


(Continued from Page 212.) ne - a 
List oF GENERA. ge 


sambusaria Melichar, 1914, Phil. J. Sci., IX, 3, D. 274; PILI, 
f 6, a-b.; type picta Mel. =Syn. Soantapes Prost Muir. | 


Be Scoxt, 1 1881, E. M. M., XVIII, 155; type nimbata (Bee 
a preoc. Syn. Bergias. 


; on Cochise. : 
a, Sahlberg, 1871, Not. Sallsk. Pasi Fenn., MG 


262 


“THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


13 
14. 


15. 


16. 


17. 


18. 


19. 


20. 
21. 


22. 


Canyra Stal, 1862, Svensk. Vet. Ak. Hand., 3> No. 6, p. 7; 
type placida- (Stal). 

Chloriona Fieber, 1866, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, 519; 
type unicolor (H-S); Pl. VIII, f. 5. 


Chlorionidea Low, 1885, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XXXV, 
356; type flava Low; Melichar, 1896, Cic. Mitt. Eur.\Pi. TVy ~ 


f. 23-25: 

Cochise Kirkaldy, 1907, H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull. IV, 63; type 
apacheanus Kirk; Muir, 1913, P. Haw. Ent. Soc., II, 5; Pl. VI, 
f. 3, a. Syn. Bostera Ball. ; 

Cona White, 1879, E. M. M., XV, 218; type celata Wahibersy: pr. 
Syn. Micromasoria 


Conicoda Matsumura, 1900,. Ent. Nachr.,. XXVI, 258: type. 


gramine Mats.—brunnipennis Sign. Syn. Tropidocephala 
(or a subgenus). 

Conomelus Fieber, 1866, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, 520; 
type limbata (Fabricius), Pl. VIII, f.-10. 

Copicerus Swartz, 1802, Kon. Vet. Nya. Hand, XXIII, 181; 
type irroratus Swartz; Pl. VI, f. 2, a-f; also Fowler, B. C. 
Amer , Hem.-Hom., I, Pl. XIII, f. 1, a, 2, a, Syn. Holotus 
Guerin.; Jerala Walker. 

Criomorphus Curtis, 1833, Ent. Mag., I, 195; type albomargin- 
atus. Curtis; Syn. Ditropis Kirsch; Stiroma Fieb. 

Delphacinus Fieber, 1866, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, 
520; type nesomelas (Boheman), Pl. VIII, f. 12. 

Delphacissa (Subg. Delphacodes Fieb.), Kirkaldy, 1906, Can. 
Ent., XX XVIII, 155; type uncinata (Fieber). 


‘Delbhactiles (Subg. Delphax-Liburnia) Fieber, 1866, Verh. Zool. 
. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, 524; type mulsanti Fieber, Pl. VIII, - 


f. 32. 

Delphacodes Melicher, 1901, Wien. ent. Zeit., 55; type lethierryi 
(Rey); n. pre. Syn. Psendareopus. 

Delphax Fabricius, 1798, Ent. Syst. Suppl., 511; type crassi- 

- cornis Fab. Syn. Areopus Spin. 

Dichoneura Lethierry, 1890, A. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6) X 151; opie 
simont Lethierry. 

Dicranotropis Fieber, 1866, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, 
521; type hamata (Boh), Pl. VIII, f. 17 Syn. Phacalastor Kirk. 


‘ oie! gi 
“ot nod | bhi ee mance 


ON are me 
i A, ee he 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 263 


. Dictyophorodelphax Swezey, 1907, Pro. Haw. Ent. Soc., I, 104;,. 
_~ type mirabilis Swezey. Fig. op. c. II, p. 2. 

Dictropis Kirschbaum, 1868, Cicad. Wies. Frank. (nec. Fieber) 
part. Syn. Jassideus crimorphus and Stiroma Fieber. (Fieber 
used Stiroma in text and Ditropis on his plate and Kirsch- 
baum followed the name on plate.) 

__- Ectopiopterygodelphax Kirkaldy, 1906, H.S. P. A. Ent. Bull., 

as I, 412; type eximius Kirk. Syn. Tropidocephala. 

Embolophora Stal., 1853, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh., X, 265; type | 

_ monoceros Stal. ij ; 
. Eodelphax Kirkaldy, 1901, Entom., XX XIV, 39; type serendiba 

Kirk. Syn. Eudelphax setulosus Mel. 

6 Eoeurysa Muir, 1913. Pro. Haw. Ent. Soc., II, 249; type 

 flavocapitata, Muir. 

'. Epeurysa Matsumura, 1900, Ent. Nachr., 261; type nawatt : Mats. 
. Epibidis Fowler, 1905, B. C. Amer., Hem.-Hom., I, 131; type- 

___ goodmani Fowler, Pl. XIII, f. 3, a, b, 4-5. Oe 

). Eucanyra Crawford, 1914, Pro. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLVI, 568; 
___ type stigmata Crawford, Pl. XLIV, f. G. N. R.S. : 
_ Eudelphax Melichar, 1903, Hom. Cey., 32 (Cixiide); type 
setulosus Mel., Pl. I, f. 6; Syn. Eodelphax serendiba Kirk. 

E30. Euidella Puton, 1886, Cat. Hem. Pal., 72; type basilinea (Germ.) 
=. ma. for Euides. 

-Euides Fieber, 1866, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, 519; 
_ type basilinea (Germ). Fig of speciosa (Boh), Pl. VIII, f. 7. 
Syn. Ewidella, n. pr. , 
 Eueides Dallas, 1867, Zool. Rec., III, 560, Syn. Euidella, 


= 


es, “31 Eumetopina Breddin, 1896, Deut. Ent. wie 109; type kruegert, _ 


me. - Bred. 

ae Aaa Ruaybregma Scott, 1875, E. M. M, XII, 92; type wieriléhekian 

Be: Scott (considered by some a syn. of Criomorphus). 

33. _Eurysa Fieber, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, 520; type 

_-__ Jineata (Perr), figure Melichar Cic. Mitt. Eur., Pl. IV, f. 31-35. ~ 

_ Gadora Walker, 1858, Cat. Hom. Suppl. 84; type seco ys 
Walker. Syn. Hapalomelus flavipes Stal. 

34 Gelastodelphax Kirkaldy, 1906, H S. P. A. Ent. Bull. I, 411; 

type histrionicus Kirk.; 1907, op. c., III, Pl. XVII, f. 1-3, 


Pl. XVIII, f. 16. 


Pe 
e 


264 


Fa 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


~ Geoneossus Muir, 1913, P. ‘Haw: Ent, Sot.; = TF; 238: type 


35. 


36. 


37. 


38. 


39. 


AO. 


41. 


42. 


43. 


44. 
45. 


-Holotus (-Holatus) Guerin, 1856, de ‘i Sagras Kist. Cuba, VII, 
_ and 1857, op. c.,.An. Artic., 429; type thoracicus Guerin. 


sacchari Muir., Pl. VI, f. 5-6. Syn. Pseudareopus Kirk. 


Goniolcium Foller, 1905, B. C. Amer. Het.-Hom., I, 132; type 


granulosum Fowler, Pl. XIII, f. 7-8. Syn. Stobera Stal. 

Hadeodelphax Kirkaldy, 1906, H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull., I, 410; 
type pluto Kirk.; 1907, op. c., III, Pl. XVII, F. 12. Syn. 
Sardia Mel. 


Hapalomelus Stal, 1853, Of. Vet. Ak. Forh., 265; tps flavipes 4 


Stal. Syn. Gadora Walker. 


Haplodelphax Kirkaldy, 1907, H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull., ‘Tl, 145; 
type iuncicola Kirkaldy, 1907, XII, f. 8-9. . 


Syn. Copicerus Sebeinias 


Idiosemus Berg, 1883, Ann. Soc. Argentine, XVI, ‘233; type + 


xiphias (Berg). 
Idiosystatus Berg, 1883, Ann. Soc. Argen., XVI, 231; type 
acutiuscula (Spin.). 5 : 
Ilburnia White, 1878, Pro. Zoo. Soc. Lond., 471; type ignobilis 


White (—Ilburnia Scudder, Nom. Zool., IT, 160). Subgenus — 


of Liburnia. 
Jassideus Fieber, 1866, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gia: Wien, XVI, 521: 


type moris Fieber. Pl. VIII, f. 13. Syn. Ditropis Kbm. prt. 


lugubris (Sign). 

Jerala Walker, 1858, List. Hom. Suppl., 85; type nae Walker 
(—Jeralia Scudder Nom. Zool. II, 163) Syn. Copicerus 
Swartz. 

Kalpa Distant, 1906, F. B. I. Rhyn., III, 474; type aculeata 
Dist. Fig. 261. 


Kelisa Fieber, 1866, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, 519; 


type guttula (Germar); Pl. VILI, f. 4. 

Kormus Fieber, 1866, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, 520; 
type artemisie; Fieber, Pl. VIII, f. 8. 

Laccocera Van Duzee, 1897, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., V, 299 and 
241; type vittipennis Van Duzee. 

Lanaphora Muir, gen. nov. 


Leialoha Kirkaldy, 1910, Faun. Haw. II (6), p. 579; type is 


naniicola (Subgenus now erected to genus). 


rie? 


on Se eR sats sake ca? bes ad ole 
ek cari Oe Oe ee ke am ee ee oe ae 


ee ee Ae ee) eee eee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ‘Ss 265 


me odite Kirkaldy, 1907, H. S. P. A.-Ent. Bull., III, 133 
(foot note); type beckeri (Fieber), Fig. Fieber, 1866, Verh. 

Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, f. 17. ‘ 
‘Lepticus- Crawford, 1914, Pro. U. S. N. Mus., XLVI, 567. 

‘rected on nymph. 

burnia Stal, 1866, Hem. Afr., IV, 179; type pellucida (Fab.) 
Syn. Delphax Auct. nec FubsiciGse Delphacodes s. g. Fieber. 
elphacissa s. g. Kirkaldy. | 

Aburniella Crawford, 1914, Pro. U. S. Nat..Mus., XLVI, 585. 
‘Pls. XLV, f. T. XLVII, f. E.; XLIXf£. N. 

Livatis Stal, 1859, Eugen. Resa. Ins. 274; type annulipes ral), 
SPEIV, {. 3. 
facrotomella Van Duzee, 1907, Bul. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sei., (VIL, 

44; type caranata Van Duzee 

Malaxa Melichar, 1914, Phil. Jour. Sci., IX, 3, D_ 275; Pl. II, 
te 

* Ball, 1902, Can. Ent., XXXIV, 265; type bic olor 


FOO, POLE RL TIED LE PON AE RN ere 


i notulus ee Pl. VIL f. 2. 
Melanesia Kirkaldy, 1907, H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull., III, 128; 


Cona; type celata ( White). 

_Nephropsia Costa, 1862, Ann. Mus. Zool. Nap., I, 76; type 

elegans (Costa). Syn. Tropidocephala. 

68. Nesodryas Kirkaldy, 1908, P. Haw. Ent. Soe., I, 203; type 

_ freycinetie Kirkaldy. 

Nesopleias Kirkaldy, 1910, Faun. Haw., IT (6), 582; type 

-—_— nimbata Kirkaldy. Syn. Aloha in part, Nesorestias in part. 
60. Nesorestias Kirkaldy, 1908, P. Haw. Ent. Soc., I, 205; Alicicola 

Kirkaldy. 

51. Nesosydne Kirkaldy, 1907, P. Haw. Ent. Soc., I, 161; type 
a koe Kirkaldy; fig. op. c. 1908, Pl. IV., £2. 


266 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


‘ 


62. Nesothoe Kirkaldy, 1908, P. Haw. Ent. Soc., I, 203: type fletus 
Kirkaldy. . 

63. Nilaparvata Distant, 1906, F. B. I. Rhyn., III, 473; type 
 greeni Dist., f. 260. 
Orchesma Melichar, 1903, Hom. Cey., 94; type marginapuncia’ 
MIil., Pl. III, f. 3, a-c. Syn. Tropidocephala (or Sub. gen.). 

64. Ostama Walker, 1857, J. Lin. Sc. Lond., Zool., I, 151; type 
juncta Walker, Pl. 7, f. 4 a. 


65. Paranda Melichar, 1903, Hom.Cey., 92; type globiceps Melichar, F 


Pl. IIT, £. 10. 
67. Pentagramma Van Duzee, 1898, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Scii, V, 4 
260; type vittatifrons (Uhl). : F E 


68. Perigrinus Kirkaldy, 1904, Entom. XX XVII, 175; type maidis 
(Ashmead); figure, Psyche, V, 1890, 323. f j 
69. Perimececera Muir, 1913, P. Haw. Ent. Soc., Il, 250; type 4 
giffardi Muir, Pl. VI, f. 13. 4 


70. Perkinsiella Kirkaldy, 1903, Entom., XXXVI, 179; type sac- | 
_ charicida Kirkaldy. Figure H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull., I, Pl. 
XXVI, f. 1-8, Pl. XXVII,-f. 1-4; op.c., III, Pl. XI, f 5-8 
Phacalasior Kirkaldy, 1906, H.S. P. A. Ent. Bull., I, 408; tyPe) 
Pseudomaidis Kirk. Syn. Dicronotropis Fiéber. y 

71. Phyllodinus Van Duzee, 1898, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sei., V, 2405, 4 
type nervatus Van Duzee. 4 


72. Pissonotus Van Duzee, 1898, Bul. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., V, 236; 
type marginatus Van Duzee. 

73. Platybrachys Bierman, 1910, Notes Leyden Mus., XXXIII, 41: 
type platypoda Dammerman., 

74. Prokelisia Osborn, 1905, Ohio. Nat., 373; type sethgera. Osborn, ‘ 
f. I a-f. 

75. Proterosydne Kirkaldy, 1907, H. S. P. A. Ent., Bull. III, 130; _ 
type arborea Kirkaldy, Pl. XVIII, f. 11-12. 

76. Pseudareopus Kirkaldy, 1904, Entom , XXXVII, 177 (foot. 
note); type lethierryi (Rey ) n. n. Delphacodes. Melichar 
(nec Fieber) n. pr. Figure Melichar, 1896, Cic. Mitt. Eur. 
Pl. III, f. 46; Syn. Geonesssus Muir. r 

77. Punana Muir, 1913, Pro. Haw. Ent. Soc., II, 249: type brunnea 
Muir. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 267 


Pundaluoya Kirkaldy, 1902, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., XIV, 
_ §2; type ernesti (Kirby), figure Kirby, 1891, J. Linn. Soc. 
‘Lond. Zool., XXIV, Pl. V, f. 14; Melichar, 1903, Hom. Cey., 
1. II, f. 12 a-c, 
hita Distant, 1906, F. B. I. Rhyn., III, 470; type cervina 
‘Distant, F. 257. 
motettix Stal, 1853, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh., 1853, 265; type 
_ fuscipennis Stal. 
accharosydne Kirkaldy, 1907, H.S. P. A. Ent: Bull., III, 139; 
type saccharivora (Westw), f. Westwood, 1833, A. M. N. H., 
413, f. 54 a-c. 
ardia Melichar, 1903, Hom. Cey., 96; type rostrata Melichar, 
_ PIU, f. 4 a-b. Syn. Hadeodelphax.Kirk. 
_ Smara Distant, 1906, F. B. I. Rhyn., III, 478; type festiva 
Distant, F. 264, Syn. Tropidocephala Stal. 
‘microtodelphax Kirkaldy, 1906, H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull., I, 411, 
type perkinsi Kirkaldy; figure Kirkaldy, op. c., III, Pl. XVI, 
-f. 14-16; Pl. XVIII, f. 14. 

gota Distant, 1906, F. B. I. Rhyn., III, 471; type dohertyi 
Distant, f. 258. 
ogatopsis Muir, 1913, P. Haw. Ent. Soc. II, 247; type pratti 
Muir; Syn. Bambusaria picta Mel. 
Sparnia Stal, 1862, Sve. Vet. Sk. Hand, II], p. 6. 
tenocranus Fieber, 1866, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, 
519; type minutus (Fab.), Pl. VIII, f. 3. 

Stiroma Fieber, 1866, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, 521; 
type mesta (Bohman). Syn. Criomorphus (Fieber’s figure 18 
is marked Ditropis). 

Stobera Stal, 1859, Berl. Ent. Zeit., III, 327; type concinna 
(Stal); Syn. Goniolcium Fowler. 
Toya Distant, 1906, F. B. I. Rhyn., III, 472; type attenuata 
_ Distant, F. 259. 
_Tropidocephala Stal, 1853, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh., 266; type 
 flaviceps Stal. Syns. Conicoda Mats.; Ectopiopterygodelphax 
_ Kirk.; Nephropsis Costa; Orchesma Mel. 

-Usgyops Guerin, 1834, Voy. Belanger, Zool., 477 ; type percheronit 
Guerin, Syn. Hygyops, Hygiops; Bidis Walker. 

Upachara Distant, 1906, F. B. I. Rhyn., III, 469; type stigma 
Distant, {. 256. 


268 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


93. Zuleika Distant, 1912, A. M,N. H. (8) 1X 198; type bengalensis 
Dist. 


— 


es ee 


Someta - 


10 
11 
12 
13 
14. 
15 


16 


17 


18 


19 


Fulgorids, with movable spur on hind tibiee 


(3) 


(2) 


(2) 
(1) 
(6) 


(5) 


(4) 
(3) 
(8) 
(7) 
(10) 


(9) 
(12) 


(11) 
(22) 
(17) 
(16) 
(15) 
(14) 
(19) 


(18) 


TABLE OF GENERA. 


Post-tibial spur subulate, with cross section either circular "| 
or angular, apex more or less acuminate, without teeth 
on side | 

Post-tibial spur, cultrate or subcultrate or laminate, witle 4 


or without teeth on hind edge...................0.... Delphacine. — 
ASIRACINA. ie kee 
First femora and tibiz foliaéeous........0...00....c00 2 Ae 


First femora and ‘tibize sgh ae or only slightly flattened. 
Three mesonotal carine. 


ee a | Malaxa — 
Antenne cylindrical or subcylindrical........0..000...... Os fama 
Antenne, with both joints foliaceous........0....... Copicerus — 
More than three mesonotal carine. ah % 
Four mesonotal carima 2.000.060. ccccceeeeees eee _Ldiosemus. % 
Five mesonotal carinz. a 


First joint of antenna cylindrical, shorter than second, | 
second joint ovate and considerably flattened; face with 


two ‘meédiah Caring... 25 A Punanacg 
Both joints of antenne cylindrical or subcylindrical. 
Antenne with’ ‘‘articulo secundo supra sulcato””...... Canyra. 4 
Second joint of antennz not sulcate. a 
Face with two medio-longitudinal carinz. x 


Face much longer than broad. ' 

Second joint of antenna more than three times the length — 
OF fret: 3\-c.3. ck ciadatony eae ee eee Perimececera. — $ 

Second joint of antenne less than three times the length — 
Of firSt se SSS en ree acts Ugyops 

Face about as broad as long, second joint of antenne about - 
twice the length of first. . ae 

Medio-longitudinal carina of face arcuate, nearer togethe: a 
at apex and base than at middle................... Pentagram 

Medio-longitudinal carinz of face ‘ ‘shghtly widening f : 
the lower margin of the frons to apex.’ 


-Clypeus without median carina........ TAN gies ae Idiosystatus. 


(second joint slightly flattened) .......0.0.0.00..... Melanesia. 
Joints of antennz subequal or first, but ere shorter _ 
_than second. 


DELPHACINE. Bre 


Post-tibial spur cultrate, solid, both surfaces convex, dis- 


-__ tinct teeth along the hind edge... Alohini 
A Post-tibial spur cultrate, solid but with inner surface con-_ 
eave; no teeth along hind edge................ Tropidocephalini_ 


form, with or without teeth along hind 


AL OHINI. 


ovaliform (all macropterous). 
3) Two median frontal carine, approximating at base or 
apex, or both, or even meeting together, but not forming 


NT SA Anis Sele nel eiebet, ree Onin h nr 4 es eR eC Leialoha, 
(2) A single median frontal carina, forked at extreme base, if 
ERNE et no, Sh such eled eas naeabne saat one Re Dpctaae Nesodryas. 
Slender, elongate forms.................005 Subgenus Nesodryas 
Broader, more robust forms. Tete setts ce Subgenus Nesothoe — 


second joint cylindrical or only slightly enlarged at 
middle (few macropterous, most brachypterous), 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST - : ae? aa 
-Clypeus with median carina...3.02.00 cc. v.. Bergias. 


Face with one medio-longitudinal carina, furcate or simple. 
First joint of antenne less than half the length of second _ 


eS 
Se 5 


5 - Post-tibial spur laminate or foliaceous, sometimes tecti- — 


Se aeeanen rane Reyer ieee Delphacini ~~ 


5 First joint of antenne very short, broader than long; 
second joint short and thick, often ovaliform or sub- — 


ar. 


RNS Sb Pat)? 


Wwe 
i dw 


--¢ 


nhs 
nh 
ate. 


td 


eB fer 


270 


‘ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Oo C0 “Io 


10 
11 


as 


c CO 


10 


(7) 
(6) 


(5) 
(10) 


(9) 
(12) 


(11) 


(8) 
(7) 
(4) 


(3) 
(6) 


(5) 


(2) 


(11) 
(10) 


(9) 


Teghting reaching well beyond middle of abdomen.. Aloha. 
Tegmina very short, not reaching to middle of Ss 
adonpen iii citiiiss aoe He aoe es hc ee Nesorestias. “a 
One median frontal carina, forked or simple. 2 ’ 
Head enormously elongate, longer than thorax and abdo- — 
men combined oo lacs sien than Dictyophorodelphax — 
Head not elongate. % 
Mesonotum with rounded disk, a depression divadeie tha. 5 
disk from the posterior eee PLEATS EMO AONE 2 ---Proberosyaneg 


+  TROPIDOCEPHALINI. 


Lateral carine of vertex and face only moderately de- : 
veloped. a 
First joint of antenne terete, or if at all flattened choad 
longer than wide with lateral edges sub-parallel. se J 
Vertex turbinate (triangular with curved sides), sometimes a 
_ considerably elongate; lateral edges of face arcuate; 
antenne very much shorter than face, first joint samelieeel ‘ 
second about twice the length of first...... Tropidocephala. — 
Vertex quadrate. “3 
Antenne slightly longer than face, joints subequal in length, 
first slightly flattened; lateral edges of face straight, — 
subparallel; length of vertex equal to width at base; in — 
profile clypeus not bent at right angle to a 
BADE Sh Tiesileiass aie ooh dee nae Se5 
Antenne about length of ‘ace, first joint terete, about 
2-3 length of second; lateral carina of face arcuate; in| 
profile clypeus bent at right angle to face...... “Arcofaciesam 
First joint of antenne subsagittate, broader at apex than ¥ 
base, only a little longer than wide.............. Bambusibatus. 3 
Lateral carine of vertex and face forming deep keels. a” 
First joint of antenne about equal to second, not 
FON ACRONB 5.5 chas ss, fas ossinssgre eacnne Degen 
First joint of antennee much longer than second, flatte ¢ 
foliaceous ( 


eee eee eee eee eee ee eee cece ec eee eee eee eee eee ee ee ee eee 


(To be continued.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 271 


_ON THE EARLY STAGES OF TWO MOTHS. 
BY WM. BARNES AND ]. MCDUNNOUGH, DECATUR, ILL. 


ntesis michabo Grt. 


southern Pines, N. C. They were laid in small patches of from 
40 ova in one patch and were similar to those of A. arge. Thé 
ve fed up quickly on lettuce and dandelion. It was noticeable 
at the larvz producing the male moths underwent one less moult 
| those producing the female; on account of this extra moult 


e fourth and fifth stages, but when full grown were much larger. 


- Stage I.—Head black. Body pale greyish with large black 
ubercles similar in arrangement to those of our sketch (Can. Ent., 
44, p. 133, 1912). Prothoracic plate brownish, rounded posteriorly, 


Posterior to the outer corner of the prothoracic plate is a minute 
white seta situated on a small chitinous patch; laterad to this 
_ plate, on the anterior margin of the segment, is a larger chitinous 
: patch with two black seta, below which again are two small white 
_ seta on a small chitinous area. On the meso- and metathorax 
the two sete of tubercles 1. and the single seta of III are black, 
all the others white and shorter than the black ones; tubercle [V~ 
situated laterad and posterior to III, small; on the first eight 
abdominal segments the seta of tubercle IJ and the upper one of 
III are black, the setee of the other tubercles and the lower one of 
III being white; tubercle I minute. On the 9th abdominal seg- 
ment two large dorsal tubercles contain each 4 seta and the anal 
- plate is shield-shaped with four short sete on each side of the 
centro-dorsal line. 


Stage IJ.—Head black with the sutures of the clypeus strongly 
_ marked in white. Body black-brown dorsally, shading into light 
_ brown laterally; a broad dorsal whitish stripe, a narrower sub- 
; dorsal one above tubercle III and a slightly waved subspiracular 


oe one between tubercles IV and V. The tubercles are black and 
3 August, 1915 


gs of this species were received early in the spring from ~~ 


female larve were considerably smaller than the male ones in | 


272, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


show a considerable augmentation of seta, of which a single black | 
central one from each dorsal tubercle is very long, the individ 
sete thus forming a double dorsal row, the hairs increasing i 1. 
length towards the anal segments where they are pointed rear” 
wards and tend to become white in the upper half; the cen 
seta of tubercle III is almost as long and these form a si 
lateral row pointing sidewards. Besides these long black sete 4 
the. meso- and metathorax tubercle I has 3 shorter black 
and several minute white ones; tubercle III has three white sete; 
tubercle IV of the previous stage is only represented by a faint 
chitinous patch, but immediately below it and posterior to V is « ie 
minute white seta; tubercles V and VII have each about 5 hia | 
seta. On the prothorax the prothoracic plate has the sete on 
- the anterior margin arranged i in two groups, each « containing four re 

black sete, pointing forwards, and several shorter white ones c 
the sete of the posterior margin are as in the preceding stage : 
with the addition of two minute white ones behind the two central — 
black sete. Behind the corner of the plate are two small wh 
setee; the lateral tubercle on the anterior margin is large wi 
two long black sete and 4 or 5 short white ones, laterad to this is is @ ; 
tubercle with one central black and 4 white set@. - | 


On the abdominal segments tubercle I has a single sieick white 
seta, tubercle 1 5 black setae grouped around the long central one, 
with occasional white sete intermingled; tubercle III with a longer 
black seta and 5 short white ones which tend to become were 
on the rear segments; the other lateral tubercles with about Pe or é 
white seta each. Sak Ee 


Stage ITI.—Head as before. Body with dorsal area blac 
shading into paler laterally, with velvety black patches on anteri 
dorsal portion of each segment and along edge of centro-dor: 
stripe which is broad and whitish-yellow; subdorsal stripe | 
before, but tending to break up into- spots; lateral area brown 
than the dorsal area, mottled with ochreous around base of tube 
III and with pale subspiracular band as before. 


Prothoracic plate with two well marked anterior warts 
containing numerous long black and shorter white sete DOI tec 
forwards; the posterior row of sete consists of 4 black ones with 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 273 


‘long black ones is still present, these hairs tending to become 
towards their apices; besides these tubercle III has a single 
ery long white hair pointing sideways. The dorsal sete are 
ly black and tubercle II contains about 12, arranged in two 


three short whitish sete; the lateral tubercles contain each 


represented by a single short seta, whilst below it pe 
ary tubercle now contains two white sete. 


Stage IV.—Head as before. Body dull black blotched dorsally 


n considerably tinged with orange; subdorsal stripe reduced 


and prolegs pale orange; pinot ochreous ringed with back 


al setee are now whitish in colour and besides these there are 
rather long ciel ones from tubercle ar. oe remainder 


a pointing outwards ald the shorter black one pointing upwards 
| preceding stage; all lateral sete white. 

Stage V——-Much as in the preceding stage; the dorsal stripe 
h assumes a more orange hue whilst the subdorsal row of dots 
; s white and is occasionally almost wanting; the subspiracular 
ye is overlaid with smoky and not so sharply defined as in 
ious stages; apart from the subspiracular ones the setae are 
ly dull black and only very slightly barbed, any white ones 
irring on the dorsal and supraspiracular tubercles being very 
’ The orange central portion of the spiracle often tends to 
yme obscure. This is the final stage for the male larva. 

Stage VI (?)—Practically as in the preceding stage with a 
siderable increase in size. The full grown larva may be at 
® distinguished from that of arge by its blacker body colour 
1 the lack of the continuous subdorsal stripe which in michabo 


tric rows around the long central seta; tubercle I is small. 


white seta. On the meso- and metathorax tubercle 1V is 


onal white spots on anterior portion of each segment, occasion- ; 


“much as before, but greatly increased in number, the long. 


1 educed to small spots. Dr. Dyar (Jour, N, Y. Ent. Soc. VIII, 


274 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


36) has recorded 7 stages for the @ larva of arge, spring brood 
we are practically certain that we have missed no stage in ov 
brood of michabo, so if the number of moults is constant, it wou \ 
form a further means of differentiation between the two species 
Of the two michabo would seem to be the newer species, 
being a further development of the arge type, as the subdorsal line 
is present in the earlier stages only, being obsolescent or wanting 
in the mature larva. oh 


Acronycta impressa WIk. 


We use this name in the ordinarily accepted sense, i.e. for th he 
species as figured by Smith in his Monograph of the genus Aer 
nycta, Pl. XIII, figs. 4 and 5, and of which verrilli G. & R. is a 
garded asa synonym. ‘The type of impressa Walker in the Bri 
Museum is in such poor condition that on a recent examinatio 


we were unable to tell definitely to just what form the name sho ld 
be applied; until material from the type locality is available, more 
or less doubt will surround the application of the name. — Ve 
received ova of the species late in the fall of 1914 from New Washing 4 
ton, Pa.; the larve fed up readily on poplar and pupated vie 
month from the time of emergence from the egg. Two 9's 
emerged the same fall, the remainder of the pupe hibernat ec 


and produced i imagines early the following spring. 


Ovum.—Rather flat, base of egg broad, irregularly circulé 
about 1 mm. in diameter, with a slight rim around the peripher 
from this rib arise 50-60 ribs, arranged more or less in pairs, whi ch 
ascend the sides of the egg about half way to the micropylar a rea 
where the two component parts of each pair join and are eith lel 
continued to the micropylar area by a single rib or else end blin dly 
occasionally the upper ends of two pairs are joined by the sin sle 
rib. Colour when first laid yellow, becoming later purple © vith 
numerous white blotches and finally almost black. Br 


Stage I.—Head shiny black; body white with abdominal 
segments I, IV, V and VIII deep black-brown to below the spiracles 
traces of a dark dorsal stripe especially on segments preceding 
and following the dark ones; on the white segments traces of - 
lateral brown band situated above tubercle VI on a level with thi 
lower edge. of the dark colour of the four above mentioned abdo 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _ : 275 


segments. Prothoracic plate black with about eight long 
‘projecting forward; tubercles large, shiny black, the dorsal 
e tubercles with about 3 long setze and the abdominal ones 
about six; all the lateral tubercles bear single black setz, 
e IV being small with very minute seta. Length 2 mm. 

_ Stage IJ.—Head shiny black. Body white with abdominal 
nts I, IV, V and VIII deep black brown as before, at times 
| dorsally with yellowish; a lateral brown band with the 
edge situated on a level with tubercle III, slightly mottled 
white, and with the tubercles contained in this band ringed 
white basally; this white area around tubercle V tends to 
1 laterally forming a more or less. consecutive white sub- 
ar line. On the flange.in some cases is a brown dorsal 
with central white line, in other cases this band is lacking 
the general colour appears in consequence lighter. Tubercles 
y black, large, except IV, situated immediately~ posterior to 
spiracle, which is minute with a single seta; the number of 
have greatly increased, tubercle I bearing about 12 stiff 
< bristles and the other tubercles 6-8 similar ones. Length 


Stage III.—Head black. Body largely deep black-brown, 
inal segments I, IV, V and VIII entirely so, the other 
sgments with an orange-yellow subdorsal stripe occupying. the 

between the lower portion of tubercle I and the upper portion 
of tubercle III; some specimens show a slight white marbling 
both laterally and dorsally on the dark ground colour. Lateral 
t De cles strongly ringed with white, forming, as in previous stage, 
i broken subspiracular line on a level with tubercle V; on the 
d ark segments tubercle II is also white ringed and at times tubercle 
hi wee traces of white at the base; tubercles as before, the dorsal 
_ ones with numerous black stiff bristles and a few slight white ones 
a ce Gail the bases, the lateral ones with several central black sete 
: d numerous white ones; from the prothoracic shield numerous’ 
_ wh on apie overhang the head. The segmental incisions are well 
j , abdominal segments I and VIII being noticeably humped. 

ot 19 mm. 

ppeeee IV.—A considerable changed in the general appearance. 


. : ) 
Bie: ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


_ ments cotrespondiiie. to the pale segments of the™ uciadiel 
and a whitish subspiracular line as before; tubercles large, bla 
prominently white-ringed; spiracle ringed with white. On th 
first four segments the dorsal hairs are red-brown paling to 
laterally, the red-brown colour occasionally extending. over 
abdominal segments IT and III, on the other segments all the h 
are white with the exception of a few black hairs on the 8th ab 
minal segment which is markedly humped; several long w 
hairs arise from the lateral tubercles, these being pone i 
on the anterior segments and backwards on wisi anal s 
Length 12 mm. 

Stage V.—Head black. Body velvety black; all. tate ‘of t the 
orange subdorsal stripe is lost and the white subspiracular li 
and rings round the tubercles greatly reduced, when pre; nt 
the former being orange-tinged. Hairs whitish-yellow except 0 
the meso- and metathoracic ‘and Ist abdominal segments whi re 
the whole area above the spiracle shows red-brcewn hairs whiel 
often extend dorsally on to the 2nd and 8rd abdominal segmer 
occasionally similar hairs are found dorsally on the 8th abdo: 
segment which scarcely ever shows any black sete as in previous 
stage; the tubercles from which these reddish hairs arise are slightly 
tinged with red-brown and the other tubercles are mostly black 
occasionally tinged with whitish. Spiracle white. 
Width of head 1.8 mm. Length 18 mm. ian 
Stage VI (full grown).—Very much as in oréomiag stage. 

quite variable in coloration. Head black. Body velvety blac 
with white spiracles and with reddish subspiracular line eith 
slightly present or entirely -lacking or confined to the— base 0 
tubercle V. Hairs ranging in colour from pure white to yellowi sh. 
the dorsal hairs being usually rather stunted and crinkly; re re 
brown hairing as in preceding stage on the anterior seg ents 
except prothorax and extending dorsally to 2nd and 3rd abdom 
segments and frequently with similar hairs dorsally on 8 
9th abdominal segments; the tubercles bearing the red-b 
hairs are usually themselves similarly coloured, whilst the c 
may be black shaded with white or entirely white and frequ 
the lateral abdominal ones are entirely black. Length 25-30 


Mailed August 14, 1915. 


xv _ LONDON, SEPTEMBER, 1915 No. 9- 


Basin Curious OLtp BELIEFs ABouT INSECTs. 


BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. 


‘Oft from the putrid gore of cattle slain 

: ‘Bees have been bred . . . . A narrow place, 

And for that use contracted, first they choose, i 

we _ Then more contract it, in a narrower room, ss oat die 
Wall’d round, and covered with a low built roof, 

“And add four windows, of a slanting light 

| From the four winds. A bullock then is sought, 

* ~ His horns just bending in their second year; 

~ Him, much reluctant, with o’erpowering force, , 

They bind; his mouth and nostrils stop, and all 

tS _ The avenues of respiration close: 

0 And buffet him to death: his hide no wound 

- Receives; his battered entrails burst within, 

_ Thus spent they leave him, and beneath his sides 

Lay, shreds of boughs, fresh lavender and thyme. 

This, when soft zephyr’s breeze first curls the wave, 


tt 


~ And prattling swallows hang their nests on high. 


. ‘Heated, ferment; and wondrous to 5 eweae. 
Small animals in clusters, thick are seen, 


Humming at length they rise; and more and more 
- Fan the thin air; ’t I! numberless as drops 
_ Pour'd down in rain from summer clouds, they fly.” 


és Ep Siech is the fabulous, poetic method given by Virgil in his 
Georgics for generating a swarm of bees. These erroneous ideas 
of ancient naturalists, philosophers and poets were not by any 
ans confined to insects. For instance, Kircher, a learned man 


278: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of the 17th Century gave the following recipe for the manufactu 
of snakes: ‘‘ Take some snakes, roast them and cut them in s 
pieces—then sow those pieces in an oleaginous soil; then fr 
day to day sprinkle them lightly with water from a watering} 
taking care that the piece of ground be exposed to the spring si 
and in eight days you will see the earth strewn with little worm 
which, being nourished with milk diluted with water, will gradua 
increase in size till they take the form of perfect serpents.”’ 


Other investigators who tried this method succeeded, of cours 
only in raising large broods of flies. Kircher noted flies also, bi 
explained their presence by saying that they were “engendered — 
from that substance which constituted the aliment of the snakes 


For restoring dead bees to life, Columella, a Roman write 
recommended that the dead bees be kept until spring and then — 
exposed to the sun among the ashes of the fig tree properly ae 4 
ized. Another fanciful statement concerning bees is that of Ari 
totle, who said that the olive, the cerinthus, and other plants, ha 
the property of generating young bees from their purest jui 
Quoting Virgil again on bees, we have these lines: . 

‘‘From herbs and fragrant flowers, with their mouths 

They cull their young.’ 

The peculiar stalked eggs of the lace-winged fly (Chrysopa sp.) i 
were at one time described as fungi, but this, however, is not 
surprising when one considers their peculiar appearance. *‘ Minute ie 
insects flying in the air” were supposed to have some connection — 
with intestinal worms in man, and a blight was at one time describe ds 
as ‘‘an easterly wind attended by a blue mist.” the easterly wind 
being loaded with aphids and the eggs of various destructive insect: 4 
Electric changes in the air were thought by some to be respooeay . 
for honey dew, and Linneus thought that the honey dew on h ) 
leaves was due to the caterpillar of the ghost moth (Hepit ; 
humult) attacking the roots. - 

Coming to insect transformations, Heroldt explained this i 
novel way. He stated that ‘‘the blood of caterpillars is the 
original portion of them, which, being endowed with a f 
power, produces an envelope for itself of mucous net-work, ¢ Mi 
again by means of a‘similar power is sticcessively transmuted in 
the caterpillar, the pupa and the perfect insect.’ jim 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : 279 


~ According to Swammerdam, the hairs on the tip of the breath- 
be and end of the body of a mosquito larva are anointed with 
di so as to repel water. He also remarks that this oil is removed 
| the larva is roughly handled. Harvey, who discovered the 
lation of the blood, made the statement that “‘bees, wasps, 
ets, or butterflies, and whatever other animals are generated 
y oe, from a creeping insect, are offspring of chance, , 
id therefore never to keep up their species.’ 
Baster thought that the spiracles of insects were their organs 
1ell, and this opinion was also held by Cuvier, Dumeril and 
mann, Cuvier believing that the lining of the trachee were 
ructed to receive stimuli. The old superstitions connected 
certain wood-boring beetles and their tappings, known as the 
th watch,” prompted Swift to write the following lines: 

“A wood worm 
_ That lies in old wood, like a hare in her form, 
- With teeth or with claws it will bite, it will scratch; 
_ And chambermaids christen this worm a death watch; 

_ Because-like a watch it always cries click. 
_ Then woe be to those in the house that are sick, 
_ For sure as a gun, they will give up the ghost, 
If the maggot cries click when it scratches the post. 
But a kettle of scalding hot water injected, 
_ Infallibly cures the timber affected; 
The omen is broken, the danger is over, 
_ The maggot will die and the sick will recover.’ 


In 1730, during a severe outbreak of the Brown-tail Moth in 
the vicinity of Paris, the French journalists stated that part of the 
: vterpillars were produced by spiders, and that these spiders, and 
' the caterpillars, produced the webs from the slime of snails, 
ee? were said to have been seen collecting for that purpose. 
e garbled idea than this it would be hard to invent. The 
) eak was so severe at that time that the city officials of Paris 
“ied fe ed an order compelling the people to ‘“‘uncaterpillar’’ (dechenil- 
: le) th res. Cold rains, however, produced so much mortality 
ong the larve that it was not necessary to enforce the order. 
Bits And so on, through all of the pages of early entomology, run 
ese curious beliefs and fascinating old accounts of insects. 


280 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


SUNFLOWER INSECTS. | ~ 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. 


I am much indebted to Mr. R. L. Thompson for the folle 
‘information regarding sunflower insects observed at Salis 
Rhodesia: - nai 
“As yet we have no record of any serious pest attack 
~ sunflowers in Southern Rhodesia, and the nearest approa F O 
injury that has come under my notice was a partial defoliation 0 i 
a few plants at the Experimental Station, Salisbury, by the lai 
of Plusia orichalcea. In this case the plants rapidly recove 
and no injury to the flower heads was apparent. The only « otkieh r 
injury I have seen was the work of a species of finch, which strip ed 
the heads of some garden varieties of Helianthus. I regret tha 
is rather too late to collect insects which visit the flowers. Su 
are very numerous, and, from memory, I should say that our w 
and domesticated races of Apis mellifica (var. caffra and - 
unicolor adansoni) rank first, while other insects attracted in- 
clude large numbers of Diptera, mainly Muscids or Syrphids, and 
smaller numbers of Aculeate Hymenoptera, especially Scoliids ane 
Sphegids. Chloridea obsoleta occurred in some numbers at the 
flowers this season, but otherwise I should say that diurnal 
doptera are only casual visitors. Among the Syrphids the 
conspicuous visitor is an undetermined species rather similar i i 


(April 6, 1915.) 
This account is interesting because, although from a region sO 
remote from the original home of Helianthus, it describes a situation 
singularly like that in other parts of the world where sunflo wer 
are grown. Here in Colorado finches attack the heads, so ion 
have to bag them in order to save seed. Here at Boulder, Chilo id ea 
(or Heliothis) obsoleta Fabr.—the very moth observed in Rhoc 
—visits the flowers of annual Helianthus, as well as those « 
perennial H. coloradensis Ckll. In Rhodesia, as in Amato rae 
Europe, there is the same general absence of butterflies as sunflowe 
visitors. The particular Plusia feeding on sunflower in des 
does not occur with us, but J. R. Parker (Journ. Econ. Ent., 19 
p. 288) records that Plusia (or einer? gamma L 


Speyer feeds on sunflower 
September, 1915 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ; 281 


Mr. A. W. Hanham (Canad. Entom., 1914, p. 145) has shown 
in British Columbia sunflowers are especially visited by species 
-lusia and related genera. Records from other localities suggest 
much the same thing may be observed elsewhere, though no. 
r collector has taken the trouble to make a careful list. At 
Boulder, Colorado, Sept. 2, 1914, in bright sunshine, I found 
‘aloplusia ignea (Grote) visiting the flowers of Helianthus lenticu- 
gris. Also at Boulder, July 31, I collected Plusia (or Syngrapha) 
ifera Kirby (simplex Gn.) at flowers of annual garden Helianthus. 
e specimens were taken. ; 


sunflowers (varieties of Helianthus annuus) was the common 
ius. ‘These insects assembled in numbers on the flower-stalks, 
| caused the heads to wilt and die. They seemed to be princip- 
injurious on plants the heads of which had been bagged for 
ss-pollination, multitudes of them collecting just below the bag, 
by their combined attack destroying the head Although this 
a very common insect, its name is not settled beyond doubt. 
merly, following Van Duzee and others, it was labelled N. 
ustatus; but according to Horvath this is a synonym of N. erice 
ill. Professor C. P. Gillette writes, however, that the common 
orado species is now to be referred to N. minutus Uhler. He 
n doubts whether true angustatus occurs in Colorado, Dr. 
n Duzee writes that formerly he considered minutus a synonym 
gustatus, but he now treats it as a distinct variety of erice 
angustatus. At La Jolla, California, he finds that, all the 
mens are minutus; but in Kansas and elsewhere in the Missis- - 
Valley he found angustatus the commoner form. It appears, | 
all this, that we should call our Boulder pest Nysius erice 


Dr. S? A. Forbes, in Rept. Ill. State Entomologist for 1913 
ind 1914 (1915), p. 4, refers to the sunflower weevil, ‘“‘an insect 
new to agriculture which has led to the virtual abandonment of 
: _ growing of sunflower seed for oil.’ Dr. Forbes does not 
ion the scientific name of the weevil, but in a letter he kindly 
as me that it is Smicronyx fuluus. Now, this S. (or Desmoris) 
us Lec. is very common on the sunflowers at Boulder, but we 
ye not found it aserious pest. There are two Torymine Chalcids, 


/ 


\ 282 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


kindly determined by Mr. J. C. Crawford as Callimome sp. 
-Zaglyptonotus schwarzit Cwfd., which we find hovering over a 
alighting on the sunflower heads. and from their actions it 
suspected that they may be parasitic on the weevils. An e 
will be made this year to determine whether this is the case, ar 
whether they can be of any use if introduced in Illinois... A thii 
Chalcid common on the sunflower heads is Perilampus hyalinus 
Say. : eee 

Some years ago Mr. Busck reported of the Gelechiid Paltodo 
similiella (Chamb.) that he had received specimens in poor cone 
tion, but apparently this species, reared from sunflower heads 
E. E. Bogue in Oklahoma. At Longmount, Colorado, Aug. | 
1914, I found a number of small moths at flowers of Helianth: 
lenticularis, and when specimens were sent to Mr. Busck, it turn 
out that they belonged to this same P. similiella, which is doubtless: 
a regular sunflower insect. | im 

A cutworm froma sunflower head, collected at Boulder, : 
16, gave a moth Oct>4. It was the widely distributes tie 
margaritosa Haw. (saucia Hbn.). : 

In Sept., 1914, at Boulder; a larva of Phyciodes i ismeria (carlo ta 
Reak.) was fourid on Helianthus argophyllus in the garden; a new 
food plant. On the ordinary sunflower young larve of P: ismeria, 
about 8 mm. long, were common October 5. Like Chlosyne lac 
this species evidently hibernates as a larva. i 

The yellow Bombyliid fly, Phthiria sulphi.rer Lw., visits sun- 
flower heads at Boulder in August, but I found that it sometim ae 
got caught by the likewise epee coloured bug, Phy ata 
fasciata. 


NOTES ON SOME RECENTLY DESCRIBED SPECIES 
NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.+ 


BY WM. BARNES, M.D., AND J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D., DECATUR, 


In the November number, 1914, of ‘Insecutor Ins 
Menstruus,” Dr. Dyar describes eight species of North Am 
Lepidoptera. As far as can be judged from a mere reading 
descriptions, several of these species appear to have already re 
names, but without an actual knowledge of the type specime 


cannot state authoritatively that such is the case. We t the! 
September, 1915 soy 


- os THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 283 


ffer the following notes in the hope that those students who have 
mm Opportunity to examine the type material may either verify 
r disprove our statements. 


tesis moierra Dyar. E 

This is apparently quadrinotata Stkr., a name at present sunk 
e synonymy of placentia A.&S. Strecker’s species, described 
figured in the Proc. Dav. Acad. N. Sciences, Vol. II, p. 271, 
from several 2’s from Texas agrecs in locality with moierra 
. Sociata B. & McD., described from a single 2 from New 
co (1910, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XVIII, 149), will probably 
prove to be a synonym. Until the o’s are known, nothing 
definite can be said about the species, but we venture the 
; that they will prove to have banded primaries and be inter- 
diate between figurata Dru. and placentia A. & S, 


inia navarra Dyar. 

The description reads remarkably like that of cupes Grt. and 
type localities are similar. If it were not for the fact that 
é should be correctly identified in the National Museum, and 
fore known to Dr. Dyar, we should not hest'tate in making 
two names synonymous. In his tables Hampson has not been 
fortunate in his placing of cupes, and this may have misled 
_ Dyar. 


1ocausta sabinalis Dyar. 
This is doubtless the species referred to by us (Contrib. I, 
) to zephyralis Led. A series will be necessary to prove 
ther the points of distinction mentioned by Dr. Dyar have ~ 
sific value or not. Our single specimen lacks the fringes, so is 
10 value in this connection. 


Artopsis nua Dyar. 
a ey: We fear that the genus Artopsis Dyar must fall before Parachma 
Hampson (Proc. Lond. Zool. Soc., 1897, p. 659), it is true, 
ures and defines the genus as having only 11 veins on the prim- 
ae at the same time making Perseis Rag. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 
890, p. 538) asynonym. This latter genus, founded on culiculalis 
Alst., is distinctly stated, however, to have twelve veins, and later 
- Ragonot himself, after an examination of the British Museum types 
(Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1892, p. 624) sinks his genus to Parachma WIk. 


284° >» ’ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Our own examination recently of the type of Parachma ochracealis 
Wilk. has confirmed Ragonot’s statement and proved Hampson in 
error. Judging by Dr. Dyar's remarks, we doubt greatly whe ne f 
he has correctly identified ochracealis WIk., for he refers to it int 
present paper for som® subtle synonymic reason which we ca 
fathom to Arta Grt., a genus not erected until 1875 and over w 
Parachma, in any case, would have priority if the two were synor 
mous, which they are not. We might further point out 
culiculalis Hlst., at present reposing in the synonymy of ochraceal: 
WIk., was described from Florida as is nwa Dyar, and it is not ata 
improbable that these two names refer to one species, which im 
or may not ke distinct from ochracealis. A study of the type 
material will be necessary before any definite statement in 
connection can be made. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


The 52nd Annual Meeting of the Society will be held at Ot- 
tawa on the 4th and 5th of November. The public lecture wilh 
delivered on the evening of Thursday, the 4th, by Dr. L.O. Ho 


' Chief of the Bureau of Entomology at Washington. The titl eS 0 


papers to be presented should be sent as soon as possible to t 
acting secretary, Mr. Arthur Gibson, Division of Entomology, D D 
partment of Agriculture, Ottawa, in order that they may be include 
in the programme which is shortly to be issued. The length oo im 
required for reading the paper should be mentioned, and | 
whether the use of a lantern is desired. 
The members of the Society will be much gratified to learn a h 
a branch has been formed in Nova Scotia, bearing the name of tl 
Province and with headquarters at Truro. The initial members 
_is twenty-seven, and there are prospects of a goodly i increase V 
the branch has become fully organized and entered upon a 
work. This is the first time that one of the Maritime Provil 
has become formally connected with our Society, though all a lor 
we have had individual members in a few localities by the se t 
Professor Brittain, of the Agricultural College at Truro, N.S. 
is ‘the acting secretary. A career of great usefulness is open t to t 
branch, and hearty good wishes are extended for its aoe 
permanent success. 


a 


‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ~ 285 


NEW CANADIAN AND ALASKAN MUSCOIDEA. 


BY CHARLES H. T. TOWNSEND, 
Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. 


is paper presents descriptions of some British Columbian 
received for determination at the Bureau of Entomology, 
Department of Agriculture, sent by Mr. F. Kermode, Director 
Provincial Museum at Victoria, B. C. To these are added 
tions of a few new forms, represented by material in the U.S. 
al Museum collection, from British Columbia, Saskatchewan 
aska, collected by Messrs. Currie, Cockle, Knab and Kincaid 


Family Callirhoide. 

a Alaskophyto new genus. 

BA WGenotype—Miscopterys obscura Coquillett, 1902, Proc. U.S. 
Mus., XXV, 116.—St. Paul Island, Alaska. 

May be distinguished from other members of the Phyto group 
lows: Male—Vertex and posterior part of front one-ninth or 
th of head width. Ocellars rather strong; vibrisse strong 
‘decussate, curved, single, inserted even with oral margin; 
nd and third antennal joints about equal, arista thickened on 
fourth or less; front but feebly prominent, cheeks over one- 
eye-height; facial profile much shorter than frontal; palpi 
- ‘filiform. Long decussate apical pair of scutellars and two 
als. Macrochete of abdomen weak, rather thickly placed, 
ersed with hair, venter more hairy. Claws elongate. Wings 
w. Apical cell narrowly open or closed, ending slightly 
‘ wing-tip; cubitus very broadly open, no stump or wrinkle, 
l cross-vein straight. Abdomen same width as thorax, elongate. 


! 


Family Miltogrammide. 
Arabiopsis new genus. 


P <A rabiopsis cocklei Townsend, new species. 
3 Allied to Euaraba Townsend, from which it differs chiefly as 
to lows: Head subrectangular in profile, the lower border about 


ennal joint of male shorter and broader, arista slender on distal 
hird or more; parafacials naked below, with a patch of hairs above. 


\ 


286 ~ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


male with row of about six proclinate weak orbital bristles situat 

well in front outside frontal row, usually two or three more stron sly 
developed than the others. Male front at vertex about equal t 
one eye, vibrisse hardly meeting. Macrochetz of mesosct 
scutellum and abdomen long, rather thickly and evenly distribu 
interspersed with long bristly hairs; apical scutellar pair v a 

developed and decussate. Abdominal macrochete only marginal, 
two median on first segment, about four median on second segr ent 
practically complete row on third and anal segments, all 
closely placed. 


“- 
: 


_ Arabiopsis cocklei new species. 


Length of body 5 mm.; of wing 4mm. One male, London 
Hill Mine, Bear Lake, British Columbia, 7,000 ft., July 21, 19¢ 
(J. W. Cockle). . 

Blackish, front and face heavily silvered, changing to a ie de 
shade with incidence of light; frontalia invaded on each side a 
middle by an irregular patch from parafrontals whose light mncicell 
is contrasted with that of frontalia, whereby the latter alternate 
with the patches in brilliancy according to the change of light. 
Mesoscutum thinly silvery on sides and in front, showing fout 
narrow black vitte, of which the middle ones stop at su 1 
very oblique lights the scutellum and disk of mesoscutum are se 
to be also covered with a thin coat of silvery pollen, but this dl 
invisible in direct view. Abdomen blackish below and broadly s 
above, with rather broad silvery margin on sides, leaving a-small 
blackish spot segregated from the median black on hind margit 
of second and third segments laterally. Legs wholly black, th 
femora silvery on outer surface. Wings clear; tegule whi sh, 
narrowly bordered with pale yellowish. Third antennal joint si 
black with a grayish sheen, arista deep black. . 

Holotype, No. 19554 U.S.N.M. 

This species is named in honour of Mr. J. W. Cockle. 


Family Salmaciide. 

Knabia new genus. 

Genotype—Knabia hirsuta Townsend, new species. — - _ 
Differs from Salmacia as follows (male only described): 

at vertex distinctly less than one-half head-width. Fronta 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 287 


es hairlike, in only two rows; parafrontals and parafacials 
1 y covered with long fine hair. Ocellars and the two pro- 
_clinate and two reclinate fronto-orbitals rather hairlike, even the 

| \ner verticals but slightly stronger and still quite hairlike. Marginal 
re of bristles on parafacials same strength as frontals. Face 
cons picuously wider than front. Parafacials fully as wide as cheeks, 
hardly at all narrowed below, the parafrontals very conspicuously 
ie ower. Proboscis much shorter, the part below geniculation, 
not as long as third antennal joint. Thorax, pleure, scutellum, 
abdomen and femora thickly clothed with fine long hair, all the — 
macrocheta comparatively weak, Legs more slender. Claws 


eo: This genus is named in honour of Mr. Frederick Knab. 


Peabia hirsuta new species. ; 
Length of body 10.5 to 11 mm.; of wing 8 to 8.6mm. Two 
“males Oxbow, Saskatchewan, April 30 and May 13, 1907 (F. Knab). 


Black. Head all yellow, pale gold pollinose, satiny; lateral 
i rtions of occiput lead-gray. Palpi and second antennal joint 
‘rufous, third joint soft gray-black, arista jet-black. Occipital 
_ beard pale grayish-golden; cheek, facial, frontal and all the other 
i hair black. Thorax with very faint bloom, four linear brownish 
_ or blackish vittee showing. Scutellum testaceous, broadly black on 
base. Abdomen rather shining black; segments two to four, 
_ narrewly edged on base with silvery-white, broadening on sides of 
anal segment. Legs black, tibie often with a brownish tinge. 
Wings clear except the smoky oblique, basocostal area. Tegule 
‘nearly white, margined with pale tawny. 


| _ Holotype, No. 19555 U.S.N.M. 
i 
. 


, 


Family Minthoide. 
Pseudodidyma new genus. 
] Genotype—Pseudodidyma pullula Townsend, new species. 
Differs from Wulp's description of Didyma as follows: Head 
_ subquadrilateral, but profile much narrowed below, the face very 
B etedinig. Front prominent, much wider than one eye, about 
/ same in both sexes. Facialia not ciliate, with only a few bristles 
that reach hardly over one-fourth way up. Facial depression 


1; 
le 
re 


i= th 


288 ~° THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


> 


broad, facialia flared outward, a weak median carina pres —_ 
Parafacials more on edge in male than in female. Second antenn a 
joint short in both sexes; third joint of male well broadened < 
about six times second in length, that of female no broader ' 
distal end of second and not over four times length of second. 
Arista thickened on basal three-fifths Male without proclinate 
fronto-orbitals, but with three reclinate ones in triangle, of whi ] 
the outer one corresponds to a proclinate one in female. Female 
with two proclinate and two reclinate. Both sexes with 
frontal row doubled anteriorly, the outer row weak. Frontals 
descending quite to insertion of arista. Frontalia occupying fu 
one-third of frontal width in female, broad throughout; these of 
male narrowed anteriorly. Cheeks about one-half eye-height " 
both sexes. Epistoma cut off, vibrisse practically on oral margin. 
Eyes quite thickly hairy in both sexes. Antenne as long as face. 
Proboscis very short and fleshy, palpi slightly thickened apically. 
Scutellum without apical decussate pair of bristles; with thre 
laterals, of which the posterior is longest; and a closely-approxima ted 
discal pair. Abdomen ovate in both sexes; macrochete margin 
and discal, including median marginal pair on first segment. Clay “a 
of male quite elongate, about as long as last tarsal joint; these of 
female a little shorter. Hind cross-vein much nearer to cubitus 
than to small cross-vein Belongs in the Admontia group. May 
be distinguished from Admontia by the bare parafacials and shor 
second aristal joint. 


Pseudodidyma pullula new species. 


Length of body 5.25 mm.; of wing 5 mm. One female 
Farragut Bay, Alaska, June 1, 1899 (T. Kincaid). This is” 
_ specimen determined by Coquillett as Didyma pullula Wul 
Dipt. Harriman Alaska Exped., 488 (sep. pag. 52). 


Blackish, cinereous pollinose. Whole face and anterior edge 
of parafrontals silvery-ashy, cheeks somewhat less so.. Pa i 
fulvous. Frontalia brown. Antenne blackish or brownish. Par 
frontals blackish, thinly pollinose; thorax and scutellum. sar - 
Four vittee on mesoscutum, middle ones narrow, outer ones hea’ er 
and broken. Abdomen blackish, not shining, with a sul m: 
morate ashy-pollinose effect, the pollen for most part of sami 


Sem THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST . 289 


iste as that of thorax and front, but with a silvery shade 
lights; the pollen best defined on narrow base of second 
t, basal half of third, and all of anal segment. Legs brown- | 
rufous. Wings distinctly smoky-yellow along the veins. 
smoky-yellowish, front scale slightly more whitish. 
Holotype, No. 19556 U.S.N.M. 

A male from Victoria, British Columbia, April 2, 1906 (E. M. 
rson, through F. Kermode), measures 6 mm., wing 5.5 mm., 
ers in wings being clear, tegula watery-whitish, pollen of 
second abdominal segment broadening on sides, tibiae only 
y rufous on middle, and antenne wholly deep black. It 
a distinct species, but seems congeneric with the above 


‘Family Larvevoride, 
Okanagania new genus. 


iffers from Ostracophyto as follows: Male.—Facial profile 
bent in, the epistoma very prominent. Facialia with thick 
of bristles just above vibrissee, but otherwise bare. Eyes 
clothed with long hair. Parafacials bare, wide. Front at 
a little narrower than eye, much narrowed in middle, 
g still more anteriorly than at vertex, very prominent in 
-Parafrontals broad anteriorly, with bristly hairs outside 
ontal row and long hair on vertical and ocellar regions. 
-o-orbital fringe very long, decreasing in length gradually 
the outer verticals. Vibrisse inserted well above oral margin, 
‘ly separated. Second antennal joint long; third broad, not 
as long as second. Arista thickened on more than basal half, 
joint short, second joint elongate. Long apical decussate pair 
crochztz on scutellum; discal pair of straight bristles, with 
| others approximating them in strength. Median marginal 
discal macrochztz on second and third segments, median’and 
al discal on fourth with marginal row, fourth and fifth rather 
ly covered with long hair besides the bristles. Thorax, 
e, scutellum, venter and legs also with long hair and bristles. 
vs elongate, about as long as last tarsal joint. Hypopygium 
e. Apical cell narrowed at extremity, narrowly open, ending 


290 ~ . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


far before wing Aigo Hind crcss-vein nearly straight, close to the 
right-angled cubitus. Apical .cross-vein quite evenly concaye 
outwardly. Cubitus’ with slight wrinkle. Costal spine sm 
Wings broad; third vein bristled only at base, others bare. 


Okanagania hirta new species. i 


Length of body 9.5 mm.; of wing 7.56 mm. One nidied 
Okanagan Falls, British Columbia, April 27, 1913 (E. M. Anderson, 
through F. Kermode, No. 190). 


Black. Head silvery-cinereous, epistoma and vertex with 
darker shade. Occipital beard brassy-gray, all other hair black. 
Thorax with submetallic shining greenish shade. Scutellum: 
broadly testaceous on apex. Abdomen blackish, subshining ;_ 
with a small rufous spot on each side of second segment near 
lateral margin, and a faint suggestion of same on thie segment. 
Wings nearly clear. Tegulz whitish. ie 


Holotype, No. 19557 U.S.N.M. 


ag 


Panzeriopsis new genus. 
Genotype—Panzeriopsis curriet Townsend, new species. 


Differs from Ernestia as follows: Male. Front at vertex much 
wider than eye. Epistoma very prominent, subhorizontally Pp - 
jected. First and second aristal joints both elongate, the first 
longer than second. Third antennal joint same length as 
elongate second, widened, rounded apically. Parafacials with lon 
hair, same as front and cheeks. No ocellar bristles. Eyes bare. 
Three to six facio-orbitals. Proboscis much longer than head- ~ 
height, moderately slender. Palpi elongate, slender, a little 
widened apically but thin. Cheeks only a little less than eye- 
height. Mesoscutum devoid of macrochete except on lateral 
margins and a weak pair or two on hind margin, the surface be ving 
clothed with long hair. Scutellum with a decussate apical pair 
of bristles, three fairly strong laterals, some weaker laterals and 
hairs, and some discals and hair. Abdomen with two to fou 
discals on second and third segments, two to four median margi é 
on second, third with marginal row, fourth with marginal row 
and more or less complete discal row. Apical cell ending farther 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 291 


\ 


ing-tip, the cubitus more removed from hind margin of 


opsis curriei new species. 


‘of body 10.5 to ALS mm.; of wing 9 to 9.5 mm. 


*k. Clypeus ae SO silvery: oollenes, shading to | 
oblique lights. Parafrontals polished black. Epistoma 
eks subshining black, former slightly pollinose. Frontalia 
\ Palpi pale rufous to rufous. Beard brassy-gray. 
without pollen or vitte, subshining, with slight metailic 
| lustre. Scutellum rufotestaceous on apex or almost 
so. Abdomen subshining black, without pollen, usually 
dull rufotestaceous on sides of second and third segments 
‘sides of second segment alone. There is some suggestion of 
green on abdomen, especially on anal segment. Legs and 
black. Wings clear, base pale flavous, veins fulvous. 
watery-whitish, with pale yellowish margins. 

iotype, No. 19558 U.S.N.M. July 21. 


Named in honour of Mr. R. P. Currie. 


ogaster new genus. 
enotype—Rhachogaster kermodet Townsend, new species. 

ers from Upodemocera as follows: Male.--Front narrowed 
; to little over one-half eye-width. Third ‘antennal joint 
al, rounded apically. First aristal joint short. Lobular 
iges of second genital segment set with short toothlike spines. 
cond ventral plate with thick bunch of short sharp needle-point 
directed backward. Third ventral plate with some very 
r inconspicuous spines; fourth with a few short hairs; fifth. 
th some long hairs. Ventral profile deeply cut out when hypo- 
um is exserted. 


hack ogaster kermodei new species. 

Length of body 13 mm.; of wing 10 mm. Two males, Pentic- 
n, British Columbia, July 4 and 8, 1913 (E. M. Anderson, through 
Kermode, Nos. 187, 188). ’ 


292 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


-_ 


Black. Face and cheeks pale golden pollinose. Parafron: 
silvery-white pollinose. First two antennal joints and palpi rufous; 
frontalia brownish-rufous, with silvery bloom. Beard brassy. 
Thorax metallic ae ee scutellum testaceous. Abdomen bk 


whitish. 
Holotype, No. 19559 U.S.N.M. 
Named in honour of Mr. F. Kermode. 


ORGANIZATION OF AN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | sg 
FOR NOVA SCOTIA. % 


Ata meeting held at Truro on Aug. 3rd a Nova Scotia bra he 
of the Ontario Entomological Society was successfully fo med. 
This meeting was held in the Assembly Hall of the Norn ne Ue 
College, and was largely attended by members of the stall g 
the Normal and Agricultural Colleges, by students of the Ru 
Science School,-by members of the Provincial and of the Domini on ; 
Entomological Branch and others. ae 

Both an afternoon and evening session were held, at whi 
various interesting and instructive papers on various phas 
of entomology were read and discussed. Following the readin ng 
of the papers, the aims and purposes of the Society were explained eC 
by Mr. W. H. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist, whereupon th 
meeting proceeded to the election of the following officers for 
the ensuing. year: 4 

Hon. President—Dr.A.H. MacKay, Supt. of Education: Halif: aX 
President—E. Chesley Allan, Yarmouth. 
Vice-President—L. A. DeWolfe, Truro. 
Secretary-Treasurer—W. H Brittain, Truro. re 
Assistant Secretary: Treasurer—G. E. Sanders, Bridgetown. 
Committeemen—C. A. Good, Truro; J. M. Scott, Truro. 
At the close of the evening session 27 individuals signees he 
roll of the Society and handed in their annual subecti nea rile” 
a number of others signified their intention of becoming me 
With this auspicious beginning it is hoped that the Nova Scott 
Entomological Society will continue to increase in innadil ind 
influence and remain a live organization in the Province for r 
years to come. . 


Can. Ent., Voit. XLVII. 


PLATE XII. 


BIOSTERES RHAGOLETIS, N.SP. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 293 


“OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA WALSH.* 
BY WILLIAM COLCORD WOODS, ORONO, MAINE. 


ring the summer of 1913 the writer was engaged in study- 
berry insects in Washington County, Maine. A maggot 
nd infesting the berries, which when bred proved to be 


d, |, Maine, in August and September, 1913, twenty-one 


Ee om various fruit-flies (Bulletin 3, Hawaii Board of 
‘e and Forestry, 1914). 


ee gpl last summer, where apparently they had 


sceding season. Unfortunately all the puparia which I 
ed ‘during the summer of 1914 were destroyed so that 
parasites nor flies emerged, but I hope to make further 
tions this present year. I have not observed oviposition, 
species is undoubtedly a larval Parasite, lee ea the” 


ers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. Entomology 


ber, 1915 


\pomonella Walsh, the apple maggot or railroad worm: 


of a parasite, which emerged from puparia kept under | 


scimens of this species were swept on the blueberry barrens’ 


> S 


294 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


wild crab or cultivated apples in Orono, Maine, while engag 
special work for this Station. 2 


Specimens of the Cherryfield parasites were submitted to Mr, 
E. A. Richmond, of Cornell University, who determined it as 
new species. The following description, which he has given 1 iT 
permission to publish, should be credited to him, as well as th 


synonymy of the genus, which follows: 


Biosteres rhagoletis, sp.n. (Plate XII.) 


“Fulvous (xanthine orange); antenne, except scape in 3 
(partly in 9), terminal joints of pro- and mesothoracic tarsi, en 
tire metathoracic tarsi and tips of mandibles, brown; eyes anc 
_ocelli black; wings with membrane colourless, nervures and sti n 
brown; sheath of ovipositor brown; inner stylets fulvous. Lengtl 
3mm.; ovipositor 3 mm. Habitat—Cherryfield, Maine. 


‘Head shining, closely tessellate, punctulate, pilose (includil 1g 
mouth-parts); ocellar elevation impunctate and not pilose; 1 a 
with a median longitudinal elevation, almost a keel; clypeus witl 
sparser punctures in centre; flagellum 36—41-jointed; scape a lit 
longer than first joint of flagellum, pedicellum globular. ~ There 
shining, sparsely punctulate and pilose; parapsidal furrows converg 
ing and ending in a median V-shaped, impunctate impressior 
which lies in the posterior third of the mesonotum; mesonotu 
(including scutellum) margined; propodeum not flat but rounde 
more pilose and punctulate than the rest of thorax, irregul ‘ 
rugulose and tending to have poorly-defined areoles, which — 
more especially prominent in 2 9; r (first abscissa of the radi 
a little more than '/s as long as r-m; shorter than the petiol e 
M:; Ms: petiolate, petiole about ‘ls as long as m-cu. Adbde me: 
finely punctulate, shining, very sparsely pilose; Ist segment mar 
gined laterally, finely and closely striated with some of the e ele 
tions often more prominent at basal half; 2nd segment with a 
more than its basal half finely and closely striated, Se 5: at ? 
3 and @ similar, except as noted above. : 


““Cotypes deposited in collections of the Maine Agricultur 
Experimental Station, Orono, Maine; Cornell University, Ithace 
N. Y., and in the private collection of E. A. Richmond, Tt re 


Experiment Station, Orono, Maine; the United States 


2 


; ete 


us Bibsteres Forster. 


; Piwing ea is a fonstation of the distinguishing 
s of the genus Biosteres Forster, as stated in the Genera 
, fascicle 22, p. 161. 


‘hy peus bare or strongly and thickly pilose (Chilostrichia = 


pilus). Stigma small and long, the inner side shorter or 
s long as the outer. Second submarginal cell shorter than 
. Second abscissa of radial vein as long or barely longer 


t furrows.” ; 
Richmond informs me that B. indotatus Viereck (de- 
| from Kansas in the Trans. Kans. acad. sci., 1905, v. 19: 
8), which is black in colour, is the only other species. of 
s described from Region 5. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. “905 = 


Museum, Washington, D. C., and in the private collec- ~ 
W. C. Woods, Orono, Maine. Type locality, Washington 


Chilotrichia Forster, Verh. Nat. Ver. Preuss. Rheini:, v. 


he r-m. Parapsides usually distinct, mesopleura with or 


296 


~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


A CONTRIBUTION ‘TOWARDS THE TAXONOMY OF 7 H 


a 


cor) 


14 


15 
16 


17 


(17) First joint of antenne sagittate, antennz not z 


DELPHACID£. 


BY F. MUIR, 
Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu, T.H, 


[Continued from Page 270] 
DELPHACINI. 


(6) Mesonotum with five carine. om 

(3) Two medio-longitudinal frontal carinze, { Micro 

meeting together at base and apex Livalis*. 

(2) One medio-longitudinal frontal carina. | eo 

(5) In profile head semicircular; antenne tates Baal 

(4) In profile head not semicircular; first joint of antem in 

compressed and dilated, obliquely triangular, sec con 

slightly longer than first..00..0.0000..ccc ee ‘odel ph 

(1) Mesonotum with three carinz or less, i 
(20) Antennz with one or both segments distinctly flatten ne 

(9) Two medio-longitudinal frontal carinz, distinct throu; 

out or approximate at one or both ends.. Pseudareopr 

(8) One medio-longitudinal frontal carina, simple or fur c 7 

(13) First antennal joint long, subparallel sided, 
foliaceous, antennz as long as face and clyy 

together. ee 

(12) Head as wide, or nearly as wide, as pronotum... Delp k 

(11) Head narrower than pronotam........0..0.c r" 

(10) First joint of antenne subtriangular or ittat 

antennz not as long as face and clypeus togeth r. ae 

(15) Length of face equal to width between eyes; cl 

angled in middle, the median carina forming d d 

at’ bénd?.308. aes Fo RE ee 

(14) Length of face considerably greater than width. 


face; medio-longitudinal carina of face fur 
extreme base; sides of face slightly arcane 
bent nearly at right angle in middle.......... tis 
(16) First joint of antennz triangular, but not s 
clypeus not 3B credeeci in middle. 


*I can find no distinctions between these two genera from the 
September, 1915 : 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 297 


(19) Medio- longitudinal carina of face furcate near lower 
margin of eyes, base of. face narrower than apex, 
lateral margins slightly arcuate; lateral carine . of 
pronotum divergingly curved posteriorly, not reaching 
ESET 1 7 ae eae Re Bo sete Bey og Perkinsiella, 

(18) Medio-longitudinal carina of ‘face~furcate at extreme 
base, lateral margins subparallel, lateral pronotal 
carine at first sharply diverging, then converging, 
reaching hind margin (in some species the posterior 
portion from bend is obsolete)................00. Stobera, 


) (7) Antenne terete or but very little ieeonpceas 
oe (24) Face and notum with numerous “pits.” 
(28) Face with two medio-longitudinal carinz.......... Achortile. 


(21) Face and notum without “‘pits.” 

(26) Anterior and intermediate femora and { Phyllodinus*. 
‘tibia compressed and foliaceous | Platybrachus. 

(25) Legs simple, not foliaceous. 

(30) Only one carina (median) on pronotum (all carinz on 
head very faint; one medio-longitudinal carina on 
face). 

(29) Antenne very short, first joint not longer than 

a Seneca rs eg ychaksncoony ie teuar oe teed Upachara. 

(28) Antenne long, first joint much longer than 

NE ny or, t,o execs Raney tayo t hveicto oats Hapalomelus. 

30 (27) Two or three carine on pronotum. 

“81 (32) Lateral edges of pronotum carinate; **a single *medio- 


a longitudinal carina on vertex f ...............5. Pundaluoya. 
(31) Lateral edges of pronotum not carinate. 
- (34) Vertex with a transverse ridge between eyes............ Toya. 


(33) Vertex without a transverse ridge between eyes. 
(40) Carine of head very indistinct, vertex little broader 
than long. 


a *Some species of Phyllodinus have obscure pits and some Achortile have 
tly flattened legs, but in species I am acquainted with the latter has an 
emarginated posterior margin to the pronotum and in the former it is 
‘not angularly emarginated. 

hs eg cording to Distant’s figure and description. 
_ fAccording to Melichar’s figure. 


roan ae 
) ane ieee | a 


(22) Face with one medio-longitudinal carina........ Laccocera. 


298 


t 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


4 


* 39 


40 
41 
42 

“43 
44 


45 
— 46 
47 


48 


49 


50 


51 


52 


are 


(36) 


(39) 


(38) 


(35) 
(52) 
(45) 
(44) 


(48) 


(42) 
(49) 


(48) - 


(47) 


(46) 
(51) 
(50) 


(41) 


Antenne long, reaching nearly to end a clypeua 
joint distinctly more than half the length of s 
spur with a few distinct teeth on hind 
mary 70 ee Ae Ae 


Antenne not so long, reaching about end of fg sec 0 
joint about double as long as first. ° 
First joint of hind tarsus longer than the otlier’ (1 
together, spur with many fine teeth on hind 
WMACINS b3 ce nin ae ee ‘An clop 
First joint of hind tarsus not so long as the other t 
together, spur with minute tooth at apex, but n 
on hind margin, or very minute hair-like Sale 
ONES i.e ame he 
Carine of head distinct. . 
Face with two medio-longitudinal carine. 


Vertex distinctly broader than long. a 
Face angular, as wide as long........ Seep tae Ambl. CO 
Face longer than wide; carinz on face indistinct, esp 


ally at base and over vertex........0..0.6....00. Eurybreg 
Vertex much narrower in proportion to length. E 4 
Apex of vertex subangular, making vertex some 
5-sided or apex broadly conical. a 
Face broad, about as broad as long, medio-longitu 
carine very faint, especially at base, dividing f 
into three subequal parts.......00....0.0.0c00. Metr tre 
Face much narrower, decidedly longer hase 0 
median carine not so faint, contiguous or Vv 
‘approximate at base and apex; median portion 
narrower than lateral portions... <i Ay lak Je 


square or little longer than wide, not 5-sided 
Lateral carine of pronotum™ divergingly cur 
reaching hind margin........ {rovcles}et Rasvtetit Crio 
Lateral carine of pronotum straight, rea hi 
MALQIN 927 Ai. i, MSR Mac 
Face with one medioslonginidinn carina, si 
furcate. aE Son 


THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST 299 


Medio-longitudinal carina of vertex with small areolet - 
in middle; no transverse or medio-lateral | 
IN ic sft cast ck hy «1 Cessansee groves okt apa Liburniella, 


Medio-longitudinal carinze without small areolet, trans- 
verse or medio-lateral carine present. 


a 


Medio-lateral carine of vertex converging apically,, but 
not meeting on vertex, continued separate on to face, 
where they meet (frontal carina furcate). 


San 


Lateral carine of pronotum straight or convergingly — 
curved posteriorly, reaching hind margin, or all but 
doing so. 


dp’ 
Fae 


First joint of antenne more than half the length of 
EG RDS Ree ea eae UP ero ETE SE Megamelus, 


First joint of antennz less than half the length of second. 


a i ‘ i 2 q y iS te 
My ee tx) ic py ON Sree 
Abs oe ee ae ek Le ee ee eee ead et 


Head and thorax (to end of mesonotum) twice or more, 
the width of head, including eyes; length of. face 
three times the breadth; spur with many (about 12-15) 

Mea teeth Ae re Stenocranus. 


et % 


Less slender forms. Head and thorax about one and a 
half times the width of head, including eyes; length 3 
of face 2 or 21% times the breadth. : % SMe 


, t y 

ic m - 
De 4 edits 
Pe AOR a) LY 


Vertex perceptibly longer than broad, apex narrower 
than base; spur with few (about 8) large teeth......Kelsia. 


Vertex square; spur with numerous minute 
hal pe pee a Rae a aes Terre cee. Pe fe co, Peregrinus. 


Lateral keels of pronotum divergingly curved posteriorly, 
not reaching hind margin. 


Medio-lateral carinee of vertex not meeting lateral . 
carine till base, forming two 4-sided areas; face 
considerably broadened in middle, furcation of median 

. frontal carina very near base................:66. Conomelus, oF 


Medio-lateral carina of vertex meeting lateral carine as 
before base, forming two 5-sided areas; face not so 
broad in middle. 


300 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


66 (69) Vertex longer than broad. Stk 


(68) Vertex double the length of pro- and mesonotum — ei. 
LOMETIEE. ooo asstpaiteciag ad Oa Re 


68 (67) Vertex only slightly longer than wide?.............. ut 
‘69 (66) Vertex not longer than wide. 

70° (71) Face almost circular ......0........... ne Sah se Sea 
71 (70) Face with sides nearly straight, subparallel. 


72. (73) Median frontal carine forked near base............ 


73 (72) Median frontal carine forked near | 
_ middle ......... oth TOON CaN Ss. Appt ees 


a - Median frontal carine forked near apex...... 


74 (55) Medio-lateral carine of vertex meeting together a 
vertex (meeting sometimes obscure) continued on te 
face as single carina. 


? Eee 
Lon, 


75 (92) Lateral pronotal carine straight or convergingly curve 
posteriorly, reaching hind margin or exceeding nea 
76 (77) Medio-lateral carinee of vertex meeting together si 
distance before apex, vertex long and narrow, produc 
well beyond eyes, slightly narrowed in middle; y 
shaped carina obsolete...............0.......... 
77 (76) Medio-lateral carinz of vertex meeting at apex. 4 
78 (79) Head, including eyes, distinctly wider than pronotu 
hind edge of eyes nearly reaching to posterior a 
pronotum; vertex apically truncate, produced bw 
slightly beyond eyes ........5...0.0.00000 oh 
79 (78) Head, including eyes, not wider than pronotum; h 

edges of eyes not reaching near to posteriee angle 
| _ pronotum. | Be 
80 (81) Head in profile semicircular.,..........0............ ..Pro 


1. I place this genus here om the strength of Stal having separate 
Liburnia by the length of head. 

2. I have not seen Ewidella Speciosa or Diacranatropis hamata so 1 
oe ee as above for the present. Nilaparvarta may come- i 
3. It is possible that this genus will be more appropriately” placed in) pect! 


‘a 


ieee. PE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. -3ul 


Sebead 3 in kiecobite 3 more or desis aiaaler at apex “oh vertex, “3 ae 
face flattened. ~ ee . ieee 
) Vertex twice as long as wide.................... Le ores Zuleika. 


: 1) First j joint of antenne more than half the icon oF ee 
_ second, ee. 
Broad fornia: In dorsal view width of head (including a 
_ eyes) nearly twice the length; pronotal carine in oe 
some species not quite reaching hind margin, but not — 


divergingly curved .o......000c:00:000:0:-0000ss000ss0--» Pissonotus. — He 
; More slender forms. In dorsal at Megamelus 
. width of head (including eyes) less | Gelasto- © — — 
7 than 14% times the length; pronotal | — delphax — z 
lateral carinze reaching hind margin. ae ae 


First joint of antennz less than half the length of second. 5 af 
apeead and thorax (to end of mesonotum) twice or more ae 
. the width of head, including = NE Stenocranus, 
bis slender forms. Head and thorax about 1 4 times Suen? 
the width of head, including eyes. ‘ 


pier margins of face straight, face broadest at apex, ee 
MRI CP Cate ooo vaso sagan eee Sogata,. 
Do) Sides of face slightly es apex narrower than . : 


= middle, base curved or subconical. . 
Junction of vertex and face angular in profile, a faint 


ah eh, 


carina dividing them......0.:.cc0000cccen Haplodelphax. 
a Peecien of vertex and face more rounded in ~ 1 alga 
Fervele ENE OL alin a Binh Meets Mad i ceased 2 ai 


* Medio-lateral carine of vertex aiebiag together before 
apex, vertex well produced beyond eyes (Y-shaped ~ 

_ carina LIE) 53, 15,5 dn tee nee ener ene .. Sardia, 

om lus gad Eurysa can be distinguished from this genus by the proadeks: * 4 

if ‘the furcation of the frontal carina are obscure. Megamelanusap-  — _ 


men near this genus. 


- 


Bei ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


94 (93) Medio-lateral carinze of vertex meeting at apex. a 

95 (96) Apical margin of vertex conically or roundly produ cr 
face distinctly longer than wide ............Delphacinus 

96 (95) Apical ‘margin of vertex not conically or roundly 
duced, but truncate or slightly curved, 


97 (100) Vertex distinctly ionger than wide, apex narrower 
base. 


“98 (99) First _ oe of hind tarsus distinctly” jonger than t 


99 (98) First joint of hind tarsus hardly as long as the | o 
_ two together; antenne not reaching to apex of 
FSA AA PEN SSM AF One TRG PS aoe Sat 


100 (97) Vertex not, or slightly, lores than broad. - 
101 (102) Face-nearly as broad as long Fs. ee Rae 


102 (101) Face much longer than broad.................. / 
103 (104) Face very long and slender...................... 


104 (103) Face longer than broad, but not greatly so. 
105 (106) Face with lateral edges nearly paral (rst segme! 


vertex 5-sided; two median pial, frst touchi 
cubitus for short distance, characters not s ‘ie! 
reliable 23 5 Sa Aika a ee 


106 (105) Face with lateral edges more arcuate (first segment 
’  antenne much shorter than second; two basal are 

of vertex 4-sided; one median sector which ama 

mates with first cubitus to apex or near 

ADEX) 053.07, Saldana eas aoe ae ee i 


-tMegamelanus is separated from this genus chielly by the me 
pronotal carina reaching the hind margin. % 
. .*This may prove to be Eumetopina. 
**In the Fauna of India Nilaparvata is separated from Kalpa by fu 
of median frontal carina at base, but in the description of the genus the m 
lateral carine.of vertex are described as meeting before apex. 51 


(To be continued.) 


c THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 303 


THE 1914 RECORD OF CATOCALA AND OTHER 
“ LEPIDOPTERA. 


BY R. R. ROWLEY AND L. BERRY, LOUISIANA, MO. 


_ This record has to do with Missouri and contiguous territory 
nly and is mainly the story of the best Catocala year since 1900. 
¥ The season was not unlike that of 1913, being very hot and dry, 
c both were duplicates of 1900 and 1901. The winter of 1913-14 
a ‘mild up to Christmas, dandelions blooming along the streets 
of Louisiana to the 23rd of December. 
On the 28th of November, the day after Thanksgiving, the 
"senior author collected from black mustard seven larve of Pieris 
rape, one third of an inch long, securing the first pupa on the 30th 
of the same month, and the first imago on the 15th of December. 
This i imago was fed on sweet liquids and lived ten days. 
_ Chrysalids of Smerinthus ophthalmicus, from larve fed the 
summer before, began giving moths April 18th and up to May - 
\! 23rd, but. only two perfect females out of sixteen were secured. 
Most of the seven males were perfect. A fine male of this moth 
at came from the chrysalis at 6 p.m. on the 3rd of May remained 
rn Ditiontess, in a box, till 2.30 the next morning, when it began a 
qT loisy fluttering. An imago of Papilio philenor came from a 
ch chrysalis on the 21st of April. 
Eggs of Catocala cerogama began hatching April 26th, those of 
7. coccinata on the 29th, and of C. lacrymosa on the 8th of May. 
A pair of Samia columbia moths from cocoons, furnished the senior 
. author by Mrs. DeCoster of Buckfield, Maine, emerged April 27th. 
Ten half-grown larve of Catocala illecta were collected from’ 
ioney locust sprouts, April 29th, others on the Ist and 8rd of May. 
The first Samia gloveri, a fine female, May 1st came from a 
“cocoon furnished by the junior author, but collected by Tom 
Spaulding of Utah. 
The first larva of Catocala innubens was found on the 3rd of 
“May, and the first illecta began spinning on the 6th of the same 
“month. 

Eggs of several species of hickory-feeding Catocale began 
Pipa May 5th. 
A Papilio troilus, ex-pupa, on the same date. 

Eggs of Catocala lacrymosa began hatching on the 8th of May. 


: 
: 
: 
Ee 


304 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The first luna from cocoon, on the 11th of May, and the 
larva of Catocala innubens began spinning on the 17th. 


A chrysalis of Ceratomia amyntor gave an imago on May 18 
Imagos of the larger silk moths usually emerge from the chry 
in the forenoon, but occasionally later in the day, even to 9 
while the hawk moths and ceratocampians generally emerg’ 
the night time, probably toward morning, the Cae ma 
the change before midnight. 


The first larva of Catocala minuta was found on pa ; 
May 21st. A pupa of Smerinthus excecatus gave a poi, on h 
following day. | i 

Half-grown larve of Catocala neogama were toate on we nt 
on the 26th of May. = ie 

The heat of the last week of May killed most a the le 
cer ogama, as well as the hickory-feeding Catocalae. SoS 

The first illecta imagos emerged June 6th, and fhe first 
methea moths on the same date. 

On June 6th the senior author received larvae pee pu 
Texas hawk moths and chrysalids of butterflies from Miss _ 
Hutchinson of Beeville, Texas, but for lack of suitable foo 
hawk larve died. er 

The pupa period of Catocala ‘lect 4 is one month. 

The first trip to the woods in search of Catocale was « 
9th of June, when the senior author took a deformed polyga 
and two fine ilie, one of- which was the white spotted variety. — 

On the evening of the 10th of June Miss Gertrude Wal 
took Catocala whiineyi at bait. This was the first Bee scare | 
species. ever taken here. 

’ Fresh specimens of A patura celtis and Callidrvas eubule | 
taken on the 10th. oo ‘ 

The second trip to the woods was made on the Lith, and sp: 
mens of Catocala tia, polygama, epione, and one clintoni were a 

A pupa of Catocala minuta that as a larva spun on 
gave an imago on June 12th. ‘. 

On June 11th, while wading through underbrush on a 
wooded hillside, in search-of Catocale, the senior 
_ upon a great spider web that held entangled twenty-eight 
specimens of Thecla calanus. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 305 


On the 13th of June “Catacala hollow,” as well as the hillside, 
_ was full of “Catos,” polygama, clintoni, minuta, and many iia. 

_ Took also Vanessa antiopa, HERS: huntera, Euptoieta claudia and © 
-Feniseca tarquinius. 

Catocale were numerous on the 14th, but fewer on the 15th, 

_ due perhaps to the cloudy, cool character of the day. What few ~ 
a a moths observed were high on the trees, while on the 7th, 11th and © 
13th, warm dry days, the ‘“‘Catos” were abundant and at the very. — 
_ bottoms of the tree trunks. 

: The first bred imago of Catocala coccinata emerged on the- 17th: 

a minuta on the 18th, and an innubens on the 19th. 

In the woods on the afternoon of June 19th, found “Catos,” 
very abundant and low on the trees. The day was warm. Both - 
_ tha and epione were by the hundreds, but wary. Individuals of — 
the latter species were on both the tree trunks and in the brush, 
flying up at every step, and often as many as four or five would 
- fly off of one tree. Jlia was hardly less numerous. Polygama was 
fairly common. On this trip the first grynea, as well as the first ~ . 
_ innubens, were taken. Minuta and clintoni were ragged. 3 
Saw the first of the metallic black and green dragonflies ~ 

-¢ -(Calopteryx) along the Creek Bank on June 15th, and heard the 
first green cicada on the 16th. 

-Great numbers of Argynnis cybele, with an occasional idalia, 
: were taken at Asclepias blooms during the third week of June. 

At the ssame time hundreds of individuals of Pieris protodice flitted 
~ about the fields; in fact, in greater numbers than the senior author 
ever saw before. Coliads were very few. 

: June 21st was a banner day. Took Catocala amica, porns 
. -ultronia, neogama, paleogama, and two fine dejecta. The woods 
a were full of moths, low on the trees, but very wary. Both the 
cae _ hollows and hillsides furnished good collecting. The day was hot 
ee and dry and the thermometer at 102°. 
fo: The next day, June 22nd, was hot and cloudy, and moths were 
an again abundant, especially amica, polygama, ultronia and innubens, 
mostly along the branch beds. Saw a few scintillans and took a 
-__ fine specimen with a white discal spot and a splendid female dejecta. 
ae — On the 23rd, after a slight rainfall of the night before, but-still 
sultry, moths were not scarce, but hardly so plentiful as the day 


306. ~. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


before. Miss Gertrude Wallace was with the collecting panty 4 on- 
this trip and took some good ‘‘Catos.”’ 


On June 25th saw the first Catocaia junctura of the season, a. 8 
beautiful new specimen. 


On the night of the 25th took at bait in my own yard specimens 
of Catacola epione, illecta, ultronia, amica, innubens, and grynea. 


On the forenoon of the 26th found the woods full of moths, 
25 to 30 often flying from one tree trunk, but mostly epione and : 
innubens. Took two fine neogama, three fine paleogama, the first 
residua of the season and five Catocala serena, the first senior author 
ever saw in Missouri. These last were taken on elm, hickory and 
oak, and when disturbed flew around the tree and alighted a little 
_ “higher up,” like amica, habilis and other small species. _ Catocala 
of several species were not uncommon on cae shade trees along the 
streets at Louisiana. f. 

Another good day was the 28th, when the senior author, in 
company with Frank Caldwell and Lowell Pinkerton, took good — 
specimens of mneogama, paleogama, residua, epione, innubens, — “s 
scintillans, amica, tlia and one junctura, a splendid specimen. The — 
day was somewhat cooler and the moths correspondingly fewer 
than on the 26th. The best catch was, perhaps, a fine male subnata, 
a rare moth here..: 

At “ Bouncing Bet” flowers, on the same day, took nutatboare of — a 
Deilephila lineata of the largest size, and on the 29th took a gots : 
specimen of Hemisesia titan on the same flowers. . 

_ In the, woods on the Ist of July, after a steady all- night rain, 
found no moths on the hillsides, but a few innubens and scintillans : 
about tree roots in the hollows. Took a perfectly fresh specimen 
of Ceratomia amyntor of as large size as the species attains. The 
day was cloudy, damp and threatening rain. ‘a 

July 4th was a hot, damp day and ‘‘Catos’’ were plentiful in f 
the bases of the trees. We took flebilis, retecta, cara, paleogama, — 
neogama, residua, and phalanga. Of these flebilis, retecta, cara and 
phalanga were the first of the season. Miss Wallace and I 
DeGroodt accompanied the-senior author on this trip. 

On the 5th found moths abundant and low on the trees, 
Weather hot and somewhat damp. Took fine specimens of cara, 
residua, obscura, subnata, paleogama, neogama and ager a. 
Other species were poor. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 307 


The 6th was hot and close and the Catocale were abundant 
on the hillside facing the east and in the branch bed, but were few 
er on the hill. The flight of scores of innubens and paleogama, 
urbed by the collector’s approach, scared other and_ better 
things away. Took a splendid female subnata near the head of the 
ho llow, and on the hillside, took the first viduata of the season, a 
ale dejecta and other good moths. -Residua were abundant, and 
wa and battered specimens of ilia common. 


~ On the afternoon of the 8th found ‘‘Catos,” especially paleo- 
yma, innubens, and residua very abundant and neogama fairly 
mon. Among other things, took a fine female subnata and a 
xed female isolabilis. The day was close and hot. 


July 12th was a red-letter day in moth collecting. Weather 
soisciy hot and dry. Took the first nebulosa, habilis and lacry- 
-mosa of the season. The last named, a variety of singular beauty 
th both pairs of wings black and the front ones having a broad 
ter and posterior band of white. The colours much more 
mtense than in paulina. Took also three fine viduata, cara, neo- 
oma, two faded serena and paleogama. The lacrymosa was a 
male, and so was the nebulosa. 
Moths were mostly low on the trees and abundant everywhere, 
ven at the mouth of the hollows where there was but little shade. 
The 13th was dry and hot, and moths were not scarce. Took | 
a paulina, cara, paleogama, neogama, retecta, phalanga, residua and 
7 Cares examples of i/ia were very abundant: Miss Wallace took. 
a second junctura on this date. 
July 15th took six Catocala viduata, all males, four retecia, 
_ one brand-new ilia and a ragged dejecta. 
Weather hot and dry. Few Catocalz in the hollow, more on 
the hillside. Vidwata is almost always at rest on white oak trees 
ir usually under the leaves of vines, but rarely nearer the ground 
than four feet. When scared out of their resting places, they 
“simply fly higher or around to the other side. They seem lazy. 
mnubens and paleogama stay near the bottoms of the trees in dry 
ot weather, and so do neogama, cara, innubens, nebulosa and 
clura under roots along the little brooks.’ Junctura rests also 
der porches, in deserted sheds and under bridges. 
(To be continued.) 


rh 


: 


308 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


FIELD NOTES AND QUESTIONS. 
THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE NEW JERSEY Coast. 


The coastal. strip of New Jersey, which is that portion of L 
state bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, consists of the beach fr on 
and the sand hills immediately back of it, the marshlands lyin; 
between the beach and the mainland and various islands composed 
of different types of soil found chiefly in the southern portio 
the coastal strip. These islands contain sandy areas, some z 
cultural land, salt marsh, cedar and sphagnum swamps, and h 
a varied flora. As a result, their insect fauna is correspondit 
rich and many species occur there which are also found throug! 
the state. 


- The following information, compiled from Smith’ Ss “Thsects) ‘S 
New Jersey,” gives one an idea of the characteristic insect fa ur Pn 
of the marshlands and beach, both of which have been fairly w 
collected over. The Odonata of the beach number nine speci s, 
representing three families, and of the marshland, two spe ecic 
from two families. In the Homoptera, thirteen species oce s 
the marshland, seven of which belong to the Jasside, five tot 
Fulgoride, and one to the Coccide, while none is found on 1 
beach. | a E 

The Hemiptera is poorly represented on both teach’ 
marshland, one family and two species being found on the ‘oil 2 
and two families and two species on the latter. The Orthe Mi 
of the beach number five species and two families, and of the ma 
land, seven species and two families. Of the Coleoptera, seyei 
one species and twenty-two families occur on the belenbseeel i! 
six species and fourteen families on the marshland, this order t 4 
the best represented on the coastal strip. Of the seventy- 
species on the beach, seventeen belong to the Carabidae, and of 
fifty-six on the marshland, thirty-one belong to the same fat Re: hea 

The Lepidoptera is poorly represented on the beach by ¢ 
species and one family, but on the marshland, eleven species 
five families are found. In the Diptera, six species belonging 
the family Tabanidz are found on the beach, while on the marsh 
twelve species, representing the two families, Culicide and Tal 
ide, occur. . ate 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 309 


It must be remembered, of course, that overlapping takes 
place, it being impossible to separate the areas sharply from each 
_ other or from the adjoining section of the state. 
‘Sean Harry B. WEIss, 

New Brunswick, N.J. 


A EUROEEAN BEETLE, RECENTLY INTRODUCED INTO CANADA. 
(Orchestes scutellaris.) 

____-‘ This spring, while sweeping on the border of a wood—not far 

from the city of Ottawa— where small willows and raspberry 

_ bushes were growing, I captured an interesting small ‘‘Curculionid.” 

_ The specimen was sent to the Bureau of Entomology, Washington. ~ 

Mr. Schwarz, who identified it, sent me the following note: ‘Your 


er 
aa 


_ America. It belongs to our jumping Curculionidae (genus Orchestes), 
_which have the hind femora incrassate. It is easily known by its 
brownish coloration, our common species being all black, or black 
with white markings.”’ 

The specimen has been kept for the U.S. N. M. 
Ottawa, July, 1915. Bro. GERMAIN. 


BOOK REVIEWS. 


_ Tue Burrerrty Gur: A Pocket Manual for the ready identifica- 

tion of the common species found in the United States and 
Canada. By W. J. Holland, LL.D. Doubleday, Page & Co., 
Garden City, New York. (Price $1.00.) 


a. This little book is published in the same form as the well- 
known Bird, Flower and Tree Guides, with flexible covers, and in 
shape and size convenient for carrying in the pocket. It consists 
_ of 237 pages, and is illustrated with 295 coloured figures, representing 
255 species and varieties. There are also five plates in explanation 
_ of structure, venation, metamorphosis, and the apparatus required 
_ for catching, breeding and mounting specimens, 


___ The first sixty pages give an admirable introduction to the 
Scientific study of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, explaining clearly the 


beetle is a European species hitherto not known to occur in North 


310 ; - THE -CANADIAN spas ack rates? jor boa 


souarhdl Sad internals <ngtany ak Butterflies, ibe eke 
and the life- history during the four stages of metamorp osis. Th 


and to realign that the Butterflies he captures are something me 
than a collection of pretty objects. 


The coloured figures, though they necessarily fail in some ca 
to represent the splendour of the originals, are true to nature ¢ 
will enable anyone to identify the larger species almost at a glan 
for the Skippers arid other small forms it will be necessary to cc 
sult also the descriptions and comparisons given in the text. 1 
possession of this handy little book will be a permanent joy to eve 
collector of these lovely ‘‘winged flowers of the air,”’ and it oug 
to find a place among the Nature-study books of every sch 
library, as well as in the pocket of everyone whe. takes deliets 
the beauties of the world around him. 


Dr. Holland’s Butterfly and Moth Books were the first publi ica~ 
tions which gave coloured illustrations of the insects at a price’ 
within the means of those most interested, and deservedly 
with a very large sale. Our debt of gratitude to the author is n¢ 
largely increased by the work before us, which is so much cheaper 
and handier, and which includes all our Canadian Butterflies, a h 
the exception of a few very rare species. ee 


C: [5.4 


INDIAN Forest INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. COLEOPTER. Aa 
By Edward Percy Stebbing, London. Eyre & ee le, 
Ltd., 1914. Price 15 shillings. : 


It may come to many as a surprise to see a volume of 
pages on a single order of Indian forest insects, as we are accusto: 
to think of the vast insect fauna of India as too little know 
render possible the preparation of such a work, and while 
Stebbing’s book, as the author modestly. remarks, “‘has no 
tensions to be more than a pioneer endeavouring to indica’ : 
some small degree the lines upon which the further study of . h 
subject. should proceed,” there is nevertheless a vast amot 


‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 311 


ens species of trees, shrubs, climbers and bamboos’’; for 
here, as elsewhere, the number of species of insects corresponds 
‘more or less closely upon that of the plants on which they feed. 


The material for the present work was chiefly gathered by 
the author since 1898 while acting in the capacity of Imperial 
‘Forest Zoologist | and Member of the Forest Research Institute, 
Dehra Dan, India. 


The first five chapters deal with the more general phases of 
___ the subject, such as the distribution of forest insects in India 
(Chap. 1), the methods by which the presence of insect pests in 
Bare forest can be ascertained, the general methods of control and 
the characteristics of the order Coleoptera. The special part 
z _ treating of the various families and species of beetles, which are 
_ arranged according to Lefroy’s Indian Insect Life, comprises the 
remaining 27 chapters. It deals with a very large number of 
species, about most of which very little is known; but the life 
1 of not a few of the more destructive species have been 
worked out by the author, and their economic relations, methods 
of control, etc., are given in considerable detail. 


saree 


ee Eth 


we 


A good many of the species noticed are_of no economic im- 
_ portance, all species showing any definite relation to trees or tree- 

products being included, on account of the necessity , on the part 
g __ of the forester, of being able to recognize such species and distinguish 
them from the truly injurious forms. 


There are no keys, but descriptions of all the species dealt 
with are given and a very large proportion are figured. Unfor- 
tunately a great many new species are described, an undesirable 
~ feature in an economic treatise. This was perhaps difficult to 

avoid, however, in the present work, as it is possible that the 
publication of so many new species in the regular journals might 
_ have caused serious,delay in the issue of the book. . 


312 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


The illustrations include 64 plates, of which sever are coloured, 
and 401 text figures. They are of very variable quality, being 
the work of several different artists. The great majority are — 
excellent in every respect, some of the plates, such as Plate XV, _ 
on which a group of Buprestids is shown in colour, being of great. 
beauty and finish. Some of the coloured plates, however, are 
poor, and among the text figures are a few exceedingly crude 
sketches, which look like rough field notes that had never been 
intended for reproduction. 

As a pioneer effort in the study of Indian forest insects, the 
book is deserving of great praise and will undoubtedly be the 
most useful work on the subject of Indian forest beetles for man} fee 
years hence. We look forward with pleasure to the appearance of : 
the next volume i in this series. : 


A PRELIMINARY LIsT OF THE INSECTS OF THE ‘Peoviven OF QUEBE : 
Part Il—Diptera (Two- winged Flies). Compiled by Albert 
Winn (Westmount) and Germain Beaulieu (Ottawa). Pul 
lished as a supplement to the 7th Report of the Quebec Society 
for the Protection of Plants, 1915. 


We received with much pleasure recently a copy of Part. 
of the Quebec List of Insects, dealing with the Diptera or Twe 
winged Flies. As so few entomologists in Canada have given any 
attention to the systematic study of this order, it was with som 
surprise that we noted the names of nearly 800 species in the lis 
This number must, of course, be very far short of the actual numbe 
of species which inhabit the Province, but it is a very creditab: 
beginning, and sets an example that should be onaleee by en 
mologists in other Provinces. 

The same plan is followed in this list as in that of the Le 
doptera, except in the omission of illustrations—an improve 
in our opinion. 

The localities given for species are naturally fewer than is 
case of the Lepidoptera, there being fewer collectors of this ord 
A large proportion of the species were collected by the’ * 
author and Mr. G. Chagnon, of Montreal. 


Mailed September 13th, 1915. 


x 
¢ 


e. Che Ganadiay Hntomologist 


VoL. XLVII. LONDON, OCTOBER, 1915 No. 10 


POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF. FOREIGN INSECTS IN SPITE OF INSPECTION. 
BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J. 


At Rutherford, N.J., are located two large nurseries which 
import a considerable quantity of nursery stock from Europe, 
Asia and South America every year. During the spring of 1914 
three thousand seven hundred and forty-four cases of imported 
‘stock were consigned to Rutherford; during the fall of 1914 the 
number of cases was one thousand seven hundred and sixty-five, © 
and during the spring of 1915 two thousand one hundred and 
ninety-one cases were received. From these figures, representing 
the combined imports of the two firms, one can get some idea of 
the enormous numbers of imported plants which are set out in 
this vicinity and later distributed to various points in the United 
States and possibly Canada. . 

During the inspection seasons, one or more men are stationed 
at Rutherford for the purpose of examining this stock as it comes 
in, and all possible precautions are taken to see that nothing un- 
desirable is introduced. Yet, in spite of this, the following foreign 
species have recently become established in that vicinity. 

Phytomyza aquifolii Gour. was lately found mining the leaves 
of English holly. This species has also been taken, mining the 
leaves, on English holly imported from Holland. In May, 1915, 
the European pine-shoot moth, Evetria buoliana Schiff was taken 
in Pinus mughus growing in the nursery. During August, 1913, 
Agrilis viridis Linn. var. fagi Ratz. was found infesting rose stems 
and doing considerable damage in this as well as in other sections 
of the state. 

In January, 1914, Aspidiotus tsuge Marlatt was taken in 
considerable numbers on Japanese hemlock. Since that time, 
however, all infested trees found have been destroyed. 

Myelophilus piniperda Linn., which often does extensive 
damage to pine trees in Europe, was also found at Rutherford in 
Pinus sylvestris. In 1909 Dr. J. B. Smith had his attention called 


FS i i 


OI 


“he 


a as 
*- - - 


ss" ye a 
eal eal ps, Lis War 


314 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


to the European Red Tail, Dasychira pudibunda Linn., which had _ 
been bred from pupa collected near Rutherford. This insect is 
widely distributed in Europe and parts of Asia, and ranks as a 
first-class pest along with: the-Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths. 

During June, 1915, a species of Pseudococcus, evidetily from 
Japan, was found doing considerable damage to Taxus sp., origin- 
ally from that country, and in July, 1915, a mole-cricket,* as yet — 
unidentified but supposedly from Europe, was found in compara- 
tively large numbers feeding on the roots of various plants.. In _ 
addition to the above foreign species, Rutherford has also received — 
unwelcome insects from other states, the most important being. the 
Gipsy Moth and the Florida Fern Caterpillar, Callopistria flori- y 
densis Guen. The Gipsy Moth infestation has, of course, been y. 
entirely destroyed. 


With one or two exceptions, the above established infestations 
are light, but it is only a question of time before they will become 
more troublesome. On account of the similarity between the — 
climate, animals and plants of North America and the northern — 
parts of Europe and Asia, various European pests do very well in 3 B 
this country, especially when allowed to develop unchecked by 
parasitic enemies and cultural methods. Imported nursery stock — 
is undoubtedly the greatest source of danger, although some 2 
species come over in merchandise, or in the packing around mer- _ 
chandise, while others are accidental passengers on boats. Many — 
of our now common and destructive pests were imported before _ 
quarantine laws and inspection systems were in force. ii 

The well known San José scale is probably a native of cdi ‘a 
China. The Gipsy Moth, Porthetria dispar Linn. is a serious pest — 
in Europe, and occurs in Asia and northern Africa. The Brown- — 
tail Moth, Euproctis chrysorrhea Linn., is from central and western 
Europe. The codling moth, Cydia pomonella Linn., the pear 
psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerst., the clover leaf weevil, Phytonomus 
punctatus Fab., the clover root-borer, Hylastinus obscurus Marsham, _ 
the seed.corn maggot, Pegomya fusciceps Zeit., the pea moth, — 
Semasia nigricana Steph., the carrot rust fly, Psila rose Fab., the — 
imported onion maggot, Pegomyia ceparum Bouche., both asparagus © 


* This has since been determined by Mr. J. A. G. Rehn as Cas % 
gryllotalpa Linn., the European mole-cricket. od 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 315 


a beetles, Crioceris asparagi Linn., and C. 12-punctata Linn., the 
- strawberry leaf-roller, Ancylis comptana Frohl., and the imported 
_ cabbage worm, Pontia rape Linn., are all of European origin. 
The alfalfa weevil, Phytonomus murinus Fab,. is a native of 
_ Europe, western Asia and northern Africa; the Mexican cotton 
boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, came-from Central America and 
4 Mexico, the sugar beet web-worm, Loxostege sticticalis Linn. from 
: pe wore and northern Asia, the harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia 
_ hastrionica Hahn., from Mexico and Central America, the Angumois 
_ grain moth, Sztotroga cerealella Oliv. from Europe and the Argentine 
ant, which has recently become such a pest in the Southern States, 
Poon Argentina. 

_ Various other pests have also come to us from abroad, among 
Stich: are the elm leaf-beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull., the wood 
card moth, Zeuzera pyrina Linn., the Hessian fly, Mavyettola 
_ destructor Say., the hop plant-louse, Phorodon humuli Schrank, the 
willow and poplar curculio, Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn., the apple 
_-aphis, Aphis mali Fabr., the elm bark louse, Gossyparia ulmi Geoff., 
_ the bed-bug, Acanthia lectularia Linn., the Buffalo carpet-beetle, 
- Anthrenus scrophularie Linn., the larder beetle, Dermestes lardarius 
 Linn., and the rice weevils, Calandra granaria Linn.,and oryze Linn. 
‘ : The above list, while not by any means complete, will serve 


. 


. ia aL ed ee Pgh nr RRS 


bal ta 


_. to show the importance of introduced species. The injuries caused 
by these imported pests are, of course, perfectly enormous, and, 
fF _ running as they do into millions of dollars, are beyond reasonable 
calculation. 


While inspection service is doing considerable to prevent the 
establishment of foreign insects, it is not by any means complete, 
and, as has been suggested before, a federal law prohibiting the 
__ importation of all nursery stock would be the nearest approach to 
perfection. 


A NEW MIDGE FROM GUATEMALA. 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. 


Hardly anything is known of the Chironomid fauna of the 
highlands of Central America, but it cannot be doubted that these 

1 regions are rich in species still awaiting discovery and description. 

When Mrs. Cockerell was in Guatemala City, although not specially 

concerned with Diptera she obtained a couple of specimens of a 

new form which is described herewith. 
. October, 1915. 
4 


'? 
” 
oe 


316 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Chironomus gualtemaltecus, n. sp. 


9—Length about 6 mm., wing 4 mm., anterior tarsus 5.75 
mm. Antennz 7-jointed, pale ochraceous, last joint black; length © 


of joints in microns: (2) 64, (3) 144, (4) 136, (5) 128, (6) 96, (7) 224; — q 
first’ joint very broad, cushion-like; second short, cylindrical, — 


slightly swollen apically; 3 to 6 flask-like, bulbous at base, narrow 
and neck-like apically; 7 narrow and cylindrical, tapering apically; 


joints 2 to 6 with very long hairs (one hair on 4 fully 335 microns — 


long, one on 6 288 microns); 7 with much shorter (about 65-80 


microns) curved hairs. Palpi dusky. Thorax finely hairy, pale - 
ochraceous; mesonotum dull (the bands faintly shining), with three 


reddish or reddish-fuscous longitudinal bands, the middle one 
divided into two by a fine median line and ending abruptly pos- 
teriorly a little beyond middle of mesonotum; lateral bands very 
broad, evanescent anteriorly; scutellum pale yel owish; metathorax 
rufofuscous; halteres with dark knob. Abdominal segments with 
basal half or rather more (especially on segments of apical half) 


black, and apical border pale ochraceous. Legs very pale och- — 
raceous, marked with dusky; femora with a suffused dusky sub- — 

apical ring; anterior tibiz with more than the basal half, as well as 
the extreme apex, dusky; middle and hind tibia dusky at extreme 


apex, and faintly so at base; tarsal joints dark at apex; anterior 


tibie 1408-1440 microns long, anterior basitarsi 1370-2495. Wings — 
hyaline, iridescent, with very pale veins, a dark spot at cross-vein 
as in allied species; fork of vein 5 a little beyond level of fork of — 


The 


3-4; end of vein 3 very near wing tip, about as in C. fallax, but : 


wing is narrower in proportion to its length than in that species; 


three very distinct anals. 
Hab.—Guatemala City, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). 


In Johannsen’s key (Bull. 86, N. Y. State Museum) it runs to — 
C viridicollis, which differs in many details; in the auxiliary key — 
it falls near C. albistria Walker, from Hudson’s Bay. In Malloch’s — 
key (Bull. Ill. Lab. N: Hist., X, p: 416 et seq.) it falls near C. 
serus or C. decorus. It is actually very close to C. decorus, differing 
especially by the dusky anterior tibia and lack of greenish colour. — 
I am indebted to Professor Johannsen for specimens of C. decorus 
(as well as a number of other species), and find that the species is 


undoubtedly distinct, ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 317 


A CONTRIBUTION, TOWARDS THE TAXONOMY OF THE 
DELPHACIDE. 


BY F. MUIR. 


Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu, T.H. 


(Continued from Page 302) 


Three New Genera. 
_Lanaphora, gen. nov. 


Head narrower than thorax; vertex quadrate, the base as 
 broadas the length, apex half the base, a small carina along base 
and apex; face narrow, sides straight, apex about twice the width 
of base, a small simple carina down middle; the lateral carine of 
vertex and face developed into deep keels, diminishing in size 
towards the apex of face; clypeus nearly as long as face, tricarinate. 
Antenne longer than face and clypeus together, joints subequal in 
‘length, arista apical and long; first joint narrow, slightly flattened, 
_ second joint terete with distinct sense organs surrounded with 
_ minute hairs; eyes wide with deep antennal emargination on lower 
edge. Pronotum.very slightly emarginate posteriorly, tricarinate, 
lateral carine straight or very slightly convergingly curved, reaching 
hind margin. Mesonotum tricarinate. First joint of hind tarsus 
equal to the other two together, spur cultrate, thick, inner surface 
concave, a minute tooth at apex; no teeth on hind margin, only 
minute fine hairs; one basal and one median spine on hind tibie, 
_ five small apical spines. Tegmina pointed at apex, radia not 
touching media, a short radial cross-vein present, median with two 
sectors, cubitus touching radia at base of first sector. 

This. genus differs from Purohita in the subequal joints of the 
 antenne, the basal one of which is not foliaceous, and the lateral 
carine of the face being deeper. If we disregard the spur it comes, 
along with Purohita, next to Sparnia. 


- Type—L. bakert. 


_ Lanaphora bakeri, sp. n. 

~ & Light yellow or yellowish white, darker on face, clypeus, 
cox and basal portion of abdominal segments; some darker brown 
spots on lateral keels of vertex and face, antenna, especially a ring 


at base of second joint, and two small irregular rings on tibia; 
- October, 1915. 


AT = mes n ewe so i aa ain's tea a ee jes dal 
RN a eet att: 


318 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


~ 


SS 


slightly darker between carinz of pro- anit mesonotum. Tegmina 
hyaline, veins white speckled with brown dots, six irregular light 
brown spots in basal half, one at end of clavus, one at base of media, 
one at middle of costa, one at middle of radia and two in median cells; a 
a broad brown mark from end of clavus across tegmina to near — 
costal margin, and along hind margin to near end of cubitus, along — 
second median cell to apex and from end of costal cell to end ie \j 
radia; wings hyaline with white veins. fires 

Pygophor round, a small pointed process on medio-ventral 
edge, lateral edges subangularly produced; anal segment a little 
longer than broad, tubular with anus situate within apex; styles — 
reaching end of anal segment, narrow, flattened, straight on ventral 
(inner) edge, slightly sinuous on dorsal (outer) edge, narrowing to 
near apex, where it broadens out and bends at right angle a to main 4 
part, apex truncate. a 
Q Anal segment shorter hui in male, nye style narrowly 
lanceolate. A 

Length 2.5 mm.; tegmen 4.3 mm.* Ag 

Hab.—Mount Maquilin, living at base of leaf-sheath of bam- — 
boos among a white, flocculent secretion. Prof. C. F. Baker — 
called my attention to this and the following species when at 
Los Banos. (Baker and Muir, February.) 
Bambucibatus, gen. nov. 

Head narrower than thorax base as wide as length, apex F: 
much narrower than base, truncate or but slightly curved, lateral — 
carine large, an exceedingly obscure medio-longitudinal carina; — 
- length of face more than double the width, base slightly narrower — 
than apex, the simple median and lateral carine well developed, — : 
clypeus tricarinate; antennz a little longer. than face, joints sub- | 
equal in length, first broad, flattened narrow at base, wide at apex, — 
subtriangular, a keel down middle, second terete, thick. ae 


. 
ied “s 


tricarinate, lateral carine gE RT or slightly convergingly. = i . 
distinctly reaching hind margin; mesonotum tricarinate. oad 


*Measurements are from apex of vertex to anus and from base to apex of 
tegmen. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 319 


2 “spur Guiltrate, Solid, convex on inner surface, a small apical tooth 
s but no teeth on hind margin. Tegmina narrowly rounded at apex, 
Ca media straight, not bent to touch radia, radial cross-vein present, 
" ig median sector bent, touching cubitus. 

_ This genus comes next to Sagotopsis, but differs in having the 
y ost segment of antenne flattened and triangular. If we disregard 
the nature of the spur it comes near Perkinsiella and Sago opsis 
near Sparnia. 7 

‘Type—B. albolineatus. 


_ Bambucibatus albolineatus, sp. n. 

b o& Light brown, ventral surface and legs lighter, dorsum of 
_ abdomen darker. A white or light yellow median line from apex 
of vertex to end of mesonotum, bordered on each side with dark 
brown or black; antenne darker brown. Tegmina brown with 
_ colourless patches, a large colourless patch in middle of costal cell, 
_ a large one at end of clavus extending to media, three from end of 
-. costal cell to second median sector, a small one at end of radia; 
' wings hyaline with brown veins. Pygophor laterally compressed, 

long on ventral surface shortening to the very short dorsal surface, 
bs _ two small spines on medio-ventral edge; anal segment short, 

_ tubular, anus in apex; styles very short and narrow, widest at base, 
slender i in middle and narrowly spatulate at apex. 


q? 9 Anal segment very short, tubular, anus in apex, anal 
F f style spatulate, short, broad. 


Length 2.5 mm.; tegmen 3 mm. 


Ee 2 Hab.—Singapore, under the leaf-sheaths of bamboo. — (Muir, 
_ February.) 
____ Several specimens contain Stylops puparia. 


__ Arcofacies, gen. nov. 
Vertex at base broader than length, apex narrower than base, 
_ truncate with outline broken by facial carina, lateral edges distinctly 
keeled, no medio-longitudinal carina or exceedingly faint; length 
_ of face more than twice the breadth, sides very slightly arcuate, 
_ tricarinate, carina deep, especially the median carina at apex; in pro- 
file vertex and face at right angles; clypeus strongly curved, at 
right angles to face, tricarinate; diagonal carina on gena distinct. 


320 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Antenne as long as face, terete, first joint moré than half the. 
length of second. Hind margin of pronotum shallowly and aay 
emarginate, tricarinate, lateral carine convergingly curved, mee | 
hind margin; mesonotum long, tricarinate. Hind tibiz only slight . 
longer than’ tarsi, one basal, one median and five apical spines; | 
spur cultrate, thick, convex on inner surface, apex with tooth, — 
hind edge without teeth. Tegmina at rest tectiform, sub-acinaci- — 
cate, radia not quite touching media, a short radial cross-vein — 
below first median sector, cubitus touching first median sector) 
near base, then bent at right angle. aS 


~~. 


Type—A. fullawayi. 


This genus comes near to Tropidocephala, copeciaia to such d 
forms as neoamboinensis, but its quadrate vertex, long antennae 
and tectiform tegmina at once distinguish it. ' 


Arcofacies fullawayi, sp. n. 


o Light green or yellowish, a white median line from apex of j 
face to end of mesonotum bordered with black, antenne indistinctly 
ringed with dark brown, a light band bordered with brown across 
the lateral portions of pronotum, pygophor and apex of abdomen — 
brown; tegmina light brown over basal third, rest hyaline broadly 
marked with black, the markings extending from hind margin over 
middle of cubitus, base of first median sector, radial cross-vein, | 
along radia and subcosta to costal margin, and over media and — 
second median sector to apex; in the dark portion the veins bear 
white spots, a series of black spots along cubitus, semi-hyaline | 
‘mark along i inner margin of clavus; apical edge of tegmen sinuous; 
wings hyaline with brown veins. a 


tion on lower edges of sides, anal segment short, anus at 
below anus roundly emarginate with rounded corners projecti 
but no spines; styles long, reaching to anal segment, base broadest 
and flattened, tapering to fine apex which is slightly cured and 
flattened. fo 

2 Styles (oninasthed sheath) compressed laterally ea base. | 

Length 2.5 mm.; tegmen 3 mm. 


abel nll, AGS, 


oe ES mem es 1k = 
= . o 7 y 4 ‘ws 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 321 


NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TENTHREDELLA 
(Hym.) » 


BY M.T. SMULYAN, PH.D., AMHERST, MASS.* 


The following descriptions and notes on the Tenthredinid 
genus Tenthredella are offered here preliminary to the publication | 


_ of a paper on the New England species of this genus. 


_ Tenthredella nortoni, n. sp. 


The type is in the collection of the United States National 


~ Museum: No. 19093. 


Type locality—Massachusetts. 
Male—Head: Straw colour; the following parts black: the 
back of head, a large spot on front above antennze and vertex 


distinctly trilobed anteriorly and somewhat less distinctly laterally, 


extending from the posterior margin of the head to between the 
bases of the antenne mesally and connecting rather narrowly about 
half way between the posterior margin of the eye and the posterior 
margin of the head with a smaller elongate spot behind the upper 
part of the eye and which extends back about half way towards 
the posterior margin of the head; an elongate brownish spot on 
the posterior half of cheek, the upper portion of which is black; 
antenne black, the inside of the basal segment in part rufescent, 
or straw colour. Head behind eyes distinctly narrower than 
through them; vertex plate quite convex; supraantennal ridges 
fairly prominent. 

Thorax black; the following parts straw colour: prosternum 
except medially and longitudinally, a minute spot on the ventral 
face of the propleura on each side, margin of pronotum (interrupted 
dorsally), which may broaden out on the posterior dorsal margin 
of the lobes of collar and on the lower portion of the lateral face 


of the pronotum, pronotal lobe, a V-spot on prescutum, tegulz 


(brownish in part), transverse mesoscutel extensions, upper margin 
of mesoepimeron, an approximately right-angled band on the lower 
limit of mesoepisternum (wider on the anterior half) and which 
may be narrowly interrupted about in the middle, pectus except 


-a rather broad band on each side and more narrowly meso-anterior- 


* Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, Massachusetts Agricultural 


College. - 
Fctioes. 1915. 


Sp pelea THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


ly, a large spot on the metaepisternum, upper margin of meta- — 
.epimeron narrowly, transverse metascutel extensions, and the upper 
margin of the metapostscutellum narrowly sometimes. Meso- — 
scutellum fairly strongly convex; mesoepisternum sharply pointed. 


Abdomen—From pale to quite pale ferruginous; two basal 
terga completely and more or less of the third or third and fourth — 
except medially-and longitudinally, black; sides of basal tergum 
and basal half of venter straw colour. 


Legs—Straw colour; the following parts black: the outside of 
the anterior cox more or less and the intermediate above or above _ 
and outside, the posterior cox except the inner face and the inner — 
longitudinal half beneath, a longitudinal band on the anterior — 
and intermediate femora above (it may be abbreviated in greater — 
part towards the base on the former), the posterior femora behind — 
and faintly at base before, a longitudinal line on the anterior and _ 
intermediate tibize above which broadens out apically, posterior _ 
tibiz entirely or almost entirely, the intermediate tarsi above and _ 


the posterior except the apical segment (may be only brownish in 
both). a 


Wings—Fore wings hyaline, or faintly clouded; costa may be ~ 
brown; stigma brown to dark brown; costal cell only slightly 
translucent and quite strongly beyond costal cross-vein; veins — 
blackish. Hind wings hyaline, apical portion may be very faintly — 
clouded; veins brownish to blackish. ; aa 

Length—9-10 mm. 


Described from one specimen. ~ *= 


This species may be Norton’s angulata, the type of which is — 
lost. It answers fairly well to the description of angulata, 
except in an important respect in connection with the coloration — 
of the head, viz., the presence of the lobate black spot on the front — 
above the antenne and vertex. It is possible, of course, that 
Norton failed to mention this, but he noted it in describing lobata © q 
and angulifera, both of which were described previous to angulata. 
The lobate spot in Jobata and its relation to the black behind they 4 
upper part of the eye, which is the same as in nortoni, is accurately — 4 
noted in a later redescription of lobata (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Il, — 
1868-9, p. 229), but the redescription of the coloration of the head | “4 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 323 


of angulata in the same publication does not differ materially 
from the original description. 


Habitat—Mass.; N. Y.; N. J. 


Tenthredella rohweri (new name). 

Allantus tricolor Harris, ms. (nomen nudum). 

Allantus tricolor Norton, Bost. Jour.-Nat. Hist. VII, 1860, 
p. 247, n. 22, 9. 

Tenthredo tricolor Norton, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. II, 1868-9, 
_p. 236, n. 22, 2 (preoccupied). 

The type is in the Harris Collection in the Museum of the 

Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass., manuscript 
_ number 515; in rather poor condition. It was taken by J. W. 
- Randall in 1836, probably in the vicinity of Hallowell, Maine. 
Tenthredo tricolor being preoccupied, a new name is necessary 
_ for this species. 
Tenthredella macgillivrayi, n. sp 

Tenthredo mellinus var. a. Norton, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. II, 
1868-9, p. 227, n. 2, 9. 

_ The specimen of 7. mellinus var. a. Norton, which I select as 

- the type of this species is Norton’s original specimen, and is in the 

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 
Massachusetts. Type locality, Norway (Norton), Maine. 

A paratype from New Hampshire (‘‘Twin Mt.”’) is in the 
collection of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, 
Durham, New Hampshire. 

_ A metatype from New York (Gloversville) is in the New York 
_ State Collection, New York State Museum, Albany, New York. 

Female—Head: Dark ferruginous; the following parts yellow: 
clypeus, labrum, mandibles, a small spot at the base of the antenne 
near eye, and avery faint, narrow, complete, or partial, inner orbit 
(in a New York specimen which I have seen the inner orbit was 
more distinct), a small spot in the anterior portion of the frontal 
fovea, and the occiput narrowly below and on the sides, black. 
Head behind eyes only very slightly narrower than through them; 
supraantennal ridges fairly prominent and sometimes only to 

about half way towards the anterior ocellus. 
+  Thorax—Dark ferruginous; the following parts black: pro- 
sternum, propleura, lateral face of pronotum in part faintly, a large 


7 
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Albina ah npepasy Abate 
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324 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


spot on the mesoscutum on each side, the lower margin of the 
mesoepimeron in part sometimes, small posterior medial portion of 7 
pectus, and the metascutum anterior to cenchri; tegule and ec 
metaepisternum pale yellow. | Mesoscutellum only slightly convex; __ 
mesoepisternum from fairly sharply to quite sharply pointed. a 

Abdomen—Dark ferruginous; sides of basal tergum yellowish- 
white. 

Legs—Darkish ferruginous (paler towards the extremities); 
anterior pair yellowish before; cox sometimes slightly at the base, 
and approximately the apical half of the posterior femora except 
beneath, black. 


Wings—Front wings pale honey-yellow; stigma brown, basal 
. half paler; costal cell from fairly to quite strongly translucent; 
veins black, or blackish, brown towards base of wing. Hind wings ; 
faintly honey- yellow; veins brown. 


Length 10.5—11 mm. 
Described from two specimens. 


. The four specimens which I have seen are quite constant, and 
are apparently quite distinct from mellina (Norton). 


Habitat—Norway (Norton), Me.; Twin Mountain, N. H.; 
Gloversville, N. Y. (Aug.); “Can.” 


Tenthredella cinctitibiis abdominalis, n. subsp. 
The type is in the collection of the United States National a 
Museum; No. 19094. fa 
Type locality—‘‘Carriage Road,” Mt. Wasington, N. H. 
(Mr. Geo. Dimmock). 

Female—Differs from cinctitibits cinctitibuis in having the abdo- 
men beyond the fourth segment ferruginous and the mesoscutellum _ 
only very slightly convex. 

Length 11 mm. 

Described from one specimen. 

There is another specimen of the same sex in the National — a 
Museum, but it bears no locality label. =. 


Tenthredella lobata maculosa, n. subsp. 


Allantus lobatus var. a. Norton, Bost. penal Nat. Hist. vil, 4 
1860, p. 253, n. 32, 9. 


sale 


_THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 325 


= Tenthredo lobatus var. a. Norton, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. II, 
_ 1868-9, p. 229, n. 6, 9. 

__ Norton’s specimen of var. a., as far as I know, is lost, but there 
is an authentic female specimen from ‘‘Connecticut’’ in the Norton 
Collection in the Peabody Museum, Yale University. Can this 
specimen be the original one? 


Type locality—Farmington, Connecticut. 


Female—Differs from lobaia lobata as follows: 


Head—A yellowish, or yellowish-white spot, or fonipieudiaat 
line usually on the posterior portion of the vertex plate on each 
B attic, very often a minute elongate spot at the terminus of each 
arm of the epicranial suture; the black spot on the posterior half 
_ of the cheek sometimes coalesces with that along the upper part of 
_ the eye; basal segment of antennz usually black inside, and the 
_ yellowish line outside sometimes absent. Supraantennal ridges 
_ from moderately prominent to prominent. 


_ Thorax—Margin of pronotum not interrupted antero-dorsally; — 
_V-spot on prescutum very often not complete posteriorly; the 
following additional parts yellow or yellowish-white; a short 
- longitudinal line on the mesoscutum on each side of the posterior 
- portion of the prescutum a triangular spot at the posterior 
_ end of the mesoscutum immediately in front of each anterior angle 
- of the mesoscutellum, the anterior margin of the mesoscutellum 
in part rarely, a small spot on the metascutum behind and under 
each cenchrus, and the greater mesal upper half of the metapost- 
- scutellum; as a rule only a small spot at the upper anterior angle 
_ of the mesoepisternum, and very often a small yellowish-white, or 
straw-coloured spot at the posterior end of the pectus on each side 
of the median longitudinal suture. Mesoscutellum from slightly to 
_ moderately convex; mesoepisternum from moderately to fairly 
a sharply pointed. 
___ Abdomen—Venter with only the pleura straw colour. 
Legs—Trochanters black above, sometimes almost entirely; 
anterior femora usually black behind; very frequently intermediate 
femora black except more or less before; the black on apical portion 
of posterior tibiae often more extensive above—about half way up 
towards base. 


~- 


PF 


Pe at shel Pdi edaal nae, 


326 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ee 


~Wings—Fore wings sometimes hyaline; costa not brown. 


Described from a type and five paratypes, the female in the ‘ 
Peabody Museum referred to above being selected as the type. e 
Two of the paratypes are in the collection of the Boston Society ; 
of Natural History, two in the collection of the American Ento- — 
mological Society at Philadelphia, and the fifth is in the collection — 
of the Conn. Agricultural Experiment Station at New Haven, Conn. — 


Male—The male differs from the female as follows: Greater — 
part of lateral face of pronotum straw colour; an approximated 1 
right-angled band on the mesoepisternum, posterior mesal half 
pectu, and basal half of venter entirely, straw colour; intermedia 9 
cox black only at base above, the posterior coxe except inside — 
and inner longitudinal half beneath, and the apical So of ft 


the posterior tibia black (continued to base above). 


«Ss 


Length—Female 11-13 mm.; male 11 mm. 


The male is here-for the first time described, and is the only 
one that I have seen. It belongs in the collection of the Boston — 
Society of Natural History. ia 


This subspecies approaches fisheri Rohwer from ‘Maryland, ' 
and may prove to be the same. 


Habitat—Sharon, Auburndale, and Woods Hole, Mass. J ula 
and July); Farmington (Norton) and Westville, Conn. uncle i 
I have records also from New York, New Jersey, and Virginia, | but); 
_ they may refer to lobata lobata. 


THE SPRING OF 1915. 
BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J. 


The following insects arrived in New Jersey during the spring 
of 1915 on nursery stock imported from various countries in Europe. “i 
Practically all were alive when taken and many came over in num- — 
bers sufficient for them to gain quite a foothold. Identifications, 
for the most part, were made by specialists through - 


of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology. 
October, 1915. : 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 327 


Homoptera. 


Pseudococcus sp. on palms and rubber plants from Belgium 
and Taxus sp. from Japan. Coccus hesperidum Linn. on bay trees 
from Belgium. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Morg. on palms from” 
Belgium. Plant lice on maples from Holland. Lepidosaphes ulmi 
_ Linn. on boxwood from Holland. Targionia biformis Ckll. on 
orchids from Brazil. Aulacaspis rose Bouche on rose stocks 
_ from France. Parlatoria pergandei Ckll. on maples from Japan. 

_ Pseudaonidia peonie Ckll. on azaleas from Japan and Chrysom- 
Be ahelus persee Comst. on orchids from Central America. 


Lepidoptera. 


aris buoliana Schiff. on Pinus montana, Pinus mughus, 
_ Pinus wateriana from Holland. Apaiela rumicis (pupz) on roses 
from France. A patela auricoma (cocoon) on shrubs from France. 
__ Psychid cases on azaleas from Japan. Pyralid or Tortricid larva 
_ on rhododendrons from Holland. Noctuid larva in packing from 
_ France. Lepidopterous larve on boxwood tips from Holland. 


Coleoptera. 


4 Rhynchophrid larva in soil around roots of blue spruce from 
Holland. Agriotes sp. (larva) in soil around rhododendron roots — 
from Holland. Curculionid larva in soil around rhododendron 
§ ‘roots from Holland. WHister stercorarius Hoff. in soil around 
thododendron roots from Holland. Cercyon hemorrhoidalis Fab. 
on rhododendrons from Holland. Tyrechus sp. (carabid) on azaleas 
from Japan. 


Hymenoptera. 


Isosoma orchidearum punctures in orchids from Brazil, Gua- 
temala, U. S. of Columbia and Venezuela. Dryophanta longi- 
ventris Hartig (galls) on oaks from France. Jtoplectis and Brachy- 
cryptus spp. from cocoons on azaleas from Japan. 


Diptera, 
Phytomyza aquifolii Goureau (leaf miner) in English holly 


328 THE CANADIAN miniesaton ate 


a a a! s 
I <a 


from Holland. Cecidomyid gall on pine fea Sedan: 
(Ortalide) in soil around roots of blue spruce from Holland. 


Hemtptera. 
Tingitid eggs on rhododendrons from Holland. 


Acarina. 
Notaspis (Oppia) sp. on boxwood from Holland. 


The only desirable members of this list are Hister stercorarius, 
which is insectivorous and possibly the Hymenopterous parasites — 
Itoplectis and Brachycryptus spp. With the exception of Cercyon 
hemorrhoidalis, which feeds on decaying vegetable matter and i is 
therefore. of no economic importance, most of the other species — 
are, to a greater or lesser extent, injurious. The most unwelcome — 
importation was Evetria buoliana, the European Pine Shoot Moth, 
which came over in the larval stage in surprising numbers on six | 
shipments of pines from Holland. As many as ten infested buds — 
were found on numerous plants. Two shipments were burned. 
entirely and all buds on the remainder trimmed off and destro 
In point of numbers, the Homoptera as usual occupy the f 
place. The following table shows how the different orders have 
been represented on imported stock during the past ids eas ae 
in New Jersey. ‘4 


» pet 


Spring, 1915 Spring, 1914 Fall, 1914 


ACATIGA eds eeen bubiacspattae 1 1 ae 
Lepidoptetas.j.5. 50. hee 7 3 2 

Coleoptera: (cei Scion 6 6 0 

Hymenoptera..........5..)..0...006 4 3 1 
Homoptéravy..G). cc. eabniee 9 18 ITs 
Hemiptera... :.:cic tdiasecinn 1 ee cies 
Dipterayé sinc: algo 3 0 pe: Pe 
Orthopitera:. cni.cincieusnoral 0 ok Ls 


Insect importations ‘will undoubtedly-continue just as icagial 
nursery stock is imported and the protection afforded by inspecti 
is necessarily only partial and sometimes ineffective, depending, as 
it does, on the ability and carefulness of the individual inspector. 


3 
fe 


. yi a 
i 7g 


3 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 329 


TWO NEW TIPULIDZ FROM NORTHERN ALBERTA. 
BY W. G. DIETZ, M.D., HAZLETON, PA 


Among a small collection of Tipulide, collected in the Atha- 
_ basca country in Northern Alberta, Canada, and sent me by Dr. 
_ €. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist of Canada, for de-- 
_ termination, are two species new to science, the description of 
_which herewith follows. I wish to state that the types of all are in 
the Entomological Collection of the National Museum at Ottawa, 
Canada.- - 


_Limnobia gracilis, sp. n. (Fig. 27) 

as Wings spotted ; marginal cross-vein at tip of first longitudinal 
= vein, the fuscous spot’ at this point suboval. Halteres pale; 
knob dark fuscous, pale at apex; femora with two brown apes 
ad before the apex. 


Fig. 27. Limdobia gracilis, wing. 


Male—Length of body 8.5 mm., of wings 9.5 mm. 


_Legs—Middle leg: femur 7 mm., t bia 6 mm., tarsus 5.5 mm.; 
Posterior leg: femur 7.5 mm., tibia 7.5 mm., tarsus 6 mm. 


Head’ fuscous, rostrum dark brown, shining above; palpi 
slender, fuscous, third joint yellowish, the second joint shorter 
_ than the others: Antenne short, not reaching the anterior margin 
_ of the mesonotum, joints one and two yellowish, stout, the former 
_ longer than the latter; flagellum very slender, joints elongate, 
each with a few very long and some short hairs, but without whorls. 
_ Head above and beneath beset with short, anteclinal blackish 
hair. Occiput somewhat shining and more grayish posteriorly;. 
orbits edged with pale yellow. Eyes large, rather narrowly 
separated above and almost contiguous beneath. 
~ October, 1915. 


330. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST bt 


Thorax above sordid yellow, prolonged into a long slender — 
neck with a brown line each side of median line. Collare some- — 
what infuscate at middle. Mesonotum with four dark fuscous — 
stripes, the median pair reaching from the transverse suture to 
the anterior margin and narrowly separated by a yellowish line; — 
the lateral stripes abbreviated anteriorly. Pleura yellowish — 
fuscous, with a silvery sheen. Legs sordid yellow; femora with — 
two fuscous bands before the apex, separated by a pale band; 
tibiz slightly infuscate towards the apex; outer tarsal joints fuscous; _ 
the entire leg, except the coxe, beset with shbrt, black’ pubescence. — 


Wings moderately wide, grayish, marked with four fuscous ~ 
spots near the costal margin and nebulosities along the posterio- 
apical margin, as follows: A rounded spot at base of first basal cell; “ui 
a trapezoidal spot at beginning of prefurca, extending from the © 
first longitudinal vein, but not quite attaining the fourth longi- — 
tudinal vein; a large subquadrate spot at end of subcostal vein;a 
suboval spot at end of first vein; transverse veins in apical part of — 
wing edged with fuscous. A nebulous fascia extends across the — 
apical part of the wing and within the wing margin into the fifth — 
posterior cell; a nebulous patch at end of vein six and another large — 
one in the axillary cells. The space between the third and fourth 
costal spots is yellowish. The marginal cross-vein is at the apex — 
of vein one; the subcostal vein ends somewhat anterior to the — 
proximate end of the submarginal cell, and its cross-vein runs — 
obliquely with vein one. Halteres pale; knob dark fuscous, its 
“apex pale. ” 


Ps aha 


Abdomen somewhat shining; first tergite fuscous, yellow at — 
the sides; tergites 2-4 yellow, banded with fuscous posteriorly; ; 
fifth tergite yellowish fuscous, tergites 6-8 fuscous;: underside — j 
similar to the upper. The whole abdomen clothed with short, q 
pale pubescence. Hypopygium ferruginous, pleural lobes large, . 
appendages recurved, beaklike, acute. Fon 


Holotype—Tsolinoi Lake—about five miles north of Athabasca s 
Lake. July 5th, 1914. —F: desi sak a 


r 


its smaller size and the Ailes spot at end of vein one is not circula’ 
as in that species. It resembles somewhat in coloration L. 


SR BS PA eS 


ads tee. 


Sc estaba oes ASE Se 


Nt is 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 331 


fornica O. S., but is very much smaller and lacks the limpid spaces 
in the wing markings of that species. 


Dicranomyia aquita, sp.n. (Fig. 28). 

Yellowish fuscous. The subcostal vein ends before or but, 
little beyond the origin of the prefurca, its cross-vein at some dis- 
tance from its apex; stigma light fuscous; discal cell closed. 


Fig. 28, Dicranomyia aquita, wing. 


Male—Length 7 mm.; wing 9.5 mm. 


Head gray; rostrum yellowish, more than one-half the length 
of the head. Palpi and antennz fuscous, basal joints of flagellum 
incrassate ovoidal, outer joints elongate, beset with short*hairs, 
but no whorls; occiput beset with short blackish hairs. 


Thorax—Collare sordid yellow and, like the neck, brown 
above; mesonotum grayish fuscous; three broad, but ill-defined, 
darker stripes; scutel and metanotum grayish; pleura sordid 
yellow; sterno- and upper part of pteropleura infuscate. Halteres 
pale, knob fuscous. Legs yellowish, apical part of femora slightly, 
of tibia markedly, fuscous; first two joints of tarsi light fuscous, 
remaining joints darker. Wings hyaline with faint grayish tinge, 


immaculate, stigma slightly infuscate, the subcostal vein ending 


same distance before—in some specimens almost opposite or at 
most very little beyond—the origin of the prefurca, its cross-vein 
rather remote from the apex, prefurca longer than vein three from 
beginning to anterior cross-vein, discal cell closed,* the costal 
margin very closely beset with short, blackish hairs. Abdomen 
yellowish, with broad median, fuscous stripe, the lateral margin 
indistinctly margined with fuscous; hypopygium concolorous, the 
part supporting the large pleural lobes velvety brown. 


Female—Length 8 mm.; wing 8.5 mm., similar to male; basal 


joints of antennal flagellum scarcely incrassate; the lateral margins 


$38. 2-2 ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


of abdomen more distinctly margined, ovipositor concolorous, — 
upper valves robust, greatly attenuated towards the apex, which ch 
projects slightly beyond the lower valves. ri. 
Holotype—Fort Resolution—Aug 24th, 1914. (F. Harper 
Allotype—Topotypic. . 
Paratypes—2 07 oh, 3 2 2, topotypic;1 9, Leland at mout Ls 

of Rocker River, Aug. 16th, 1914. (F. Harper.) eo 
The variation in the length of the subcostal vein gave me the 
impression at first that I had-two distinct species to deal with. 3 
Its nearest ally appears to be D. distans O. S., but the subcostal * 
cross-vein is léss remote from the apex of the. subcostal vein. 


THE 1914 RECORD. OF CATOCAL AND OTHER 
LEPIDOPTERA. 


BYR... ROWLEY AND L. BERRY, LOUISIANA, MO. 
- _ (Continued from page 307.) 


On the 17th took a nebulosa, a female subnata, cara and othe: S., fe 
As the 18th was cool, “Catos”’ were few and mostly high on the trees. — 

July 19th—In the woods with George Dulaney and Lowe y 
Pinkerton. Took one viduata, six lacrymosa (one of these was 
paulina), habilis, neogama, one nebulosa, paleogama, two piatr 
-the first of the season, cara and other moths. Temperature § 
-No “‘Catos’’ in. the hollows, and not~ plentiful on the nthe 
They were resting both high and low. 

July 20th was close and warm, above 90°. Took : nine la 
mosa, four viduata and the first vidua of the season, retecta, habi 
neogama, paleogama and ragged specimens of junctura. . 

The 21st was cloudy and drizzling all day. Took one la 
mosa, one nebulosa, four cara, five viduata, five female retecta, | 
flebilis, and saw other species taken on the 20th. The moths w 
under leaves and bark and usually high in the trees. : Geo 
Dulaney accompanied the senior author on both the 20th and 2 

The temperature of the 24th was over 100°. Found’ ey 
tree trunk, stump and hole in the bank full of Catocala. D 


them up the branch -in a perfect swarm. Saw cara, 
October, 1915. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 333 


SSS = — oa 


_ neogama, vidua, aibtediistac retecta and innubens in numbers: 
They flew from the roots and tree trunks by the scores: Took 
ten viduata, and saw many more. Moths were very scary and 
hard to take, flying at our. approach. Everything was at the 
_ bases of the trees and flew low. Even viduata flew from tree to 
_ tree, which is unusual, as they fly from side to side of the same tree, 
and all were within one and a half feet of the tree bases, and several 
_ were seen on other than white oak. Took three vidua, and saw 
“more. Saw many habilis, and took one lacrymosa. 


. Compared with the 19th, 20th and 21st July, there were ten 
_ Catocalz on the 24th to one, and they were in the hollow and on 
E the hillside alike: Never saw so many Catocale in one day before. 


4 On the 25th the senior author visited ‘‘Catocala hollow” in 
[ _ the forenoon, starting at seven and returning at noon. Found the 
__ hollow and hillsides full of moths, fully as plentiful as on the 24th. 
£ Saw a number of nebulosa, taking two. Saw a very large red moth 
_ with front wings lighter than those of cara. It looked larger than 
any other ‘“‘Cato’’ the senior author ever saw. It-was probably 
_amatrix. One nebulosa that escaped the collector was larger than 
' cara. On the hillside took ten #iduata and seven vidua, three 
- lacrymosa, and saw specimens of other species in abundance. The 
_ moths were at the base of every tree and very numerous. — Retecta 
_ was everywhere and paleogama by the hundreds.’ A few ‘‘Catos’’ 
ie _were three or four feet above the tree bases, and all were wary as 
on the 24th, although the days were very unlike, the 24th being 
~ sunny, ‘and the 25th close, cloudy and threatening rain. Vidua 
was on almost all kinds of trees, white and black oak, sugar maple 
and hickory. Lacrymosa was usually on black oak, paleogama 
and retecta everywhere. Viduata almost always on white oak. 
} Habit everywhere 
_ On the 20th of July observed a Limenitis astyanax ovipositing 
| re wild crab. An egg that was taken home hatched onthe 25th 
of July and the young larva readily fed on apple. It pupated 
pee 16th, and gave an imago August 21st 
- July 27th, p.m., thermometer above 100°. Catocale as 
Pptentiful as on previous days. Along the hollow, took four fine 
~ nebulosa,-four cara, four lacrymosa. On the hillside took seven 
- viduata, three vidua, and saw: many habilis, alia, paleogama and - 


eet: 


334 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


neogama. Took a beautiful variety of paleogama with much white | 
on the wings. Moths both high and low on the trees, but mostly — 
low. Took three viduata on the body of the same white oak. Of — 
the seven specimens of this species taken on this date, five were on » 
white oak, and two on hickory. Nebulosa has the habit of flying — 
before you and alighting on dry leaves, the ground or grass, ap- 
parently spurning concealment. At rest it is usually found under 

leaning tree trunks, or logs above the ground. Not very dition : 
to take after alighting. val 


The last collecting trip in July was on the 29th and the tempera= 3 
ure was under 90°. The party consisted of the senior author, John — 
Degroodt and Misses Gertrude Wallace and Charline Parks. We 7 
took eleven viduata, two vidua, six lacrymosa, three phalanga, one 
nebulosa, one junctura, and the first angusi of the season. Moths % 
were not so plentiful as when the temperature was higher. Of the 
lacrymosa specimens two were paulina and one evelina. The ne | 
viduata taken on this date was resting on shag-bark hickory, and was — 

a brand new female, the first female of the entire season, and t 
sixty-second taken in the past 23 days. - The two paulina specimer = 
and that of evelina were also females. The first vidwata was ' > 
on the 6th of July and the first Jacrymosa, a female, on July 12th. 


At 7.30, August Ist, the thermometer registered 80°. At 
1.30 p.m. 90°. In a five-hours tramp did not see 25 Catocale, and 
they were high on the trees. Hard to account for this decrease in 
the number of moths. Took three vidwa and one lacrymosa. Did 
not see a single viduata. a 


August 3rd, p.m., 90°; clear, with a slight breeze. 
were some Catocalz both in the valley and on the hillside. E 
thing scary. Took five viduata, but three of them were battered 
specimens, one nebulosa, with bad hind wings, one ragged fem 
junctura. Saw a few residua, retecta, vidua and more of habilis and 
paleogama. Nearly everything ragged. Saw a /ucetta and a | = < is 
wily lacrymosa. Bi 

Aug. 6th—Temperature 95° and threatening rain. Catocale 
fairly abundant both in the valley and on the hillside. Took a 
fair nebulosa and a battered junctura, an immense but ragged cara, 
eight viduata, but three were unfit for cabinet purposes and all 
were males, four male /acrymosa, one lucetta and one angusi. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 335 


numbers of neogama, vidua, paleogama, habilis, residua, retecta, 


and a few innubens, all ragged. Moths were mostly at the bottom 


q of the tree trunks. Everything hard to approach. 


‘August 8th, 95°—dry. Catocale fairly common, but out of 
date. No new species. Took five viduata. Two were ragged 


and one was a female, the second of the year. Captured three 


ee lll 
a 


ae ee 
fd ee 


at 


ete S 


” 


pe? eee 


ee ts Spells ah ors EE RY CU 


fine vidua, one lacrymosa, two habilis, one phalanga, one flebilis 
_ one lucetta. The last two were somewhat damaged. Took a 


brand-new neogama and a new cara. 
Aug. 12th—Warm, clear, woods dry and bare. No water in 


the creek. Catocale not numerous. Took three viduata, four 


lacrymosa, six vidua, retecta, habilis. Saw neogama, paleogama, 
innubens one nebulosa, cara, residua and angust. 


Aug. 14th—Imagos of Callidryas eubule, Terias lisa and 
Nathalis iola fairly common. 

Aug. 15th—The sun rose with the thermometer at 56°. Tem-_ 
perature warmed up to 90° by mid-afternoon. Saw few Catocale 
in the woods. Took one viduata, one lacrymosa and one neogama. 
Saw a number of lacrymosa, but everything was scary and went 


“sky-high’’ when approached. 


On August 19th Miss Gertrude Wallace took a fine fresh 
piatrix on a window screen. 

August 26th—66° at 7 a.m., 82° at noon. Up “Catocala 
hollow” in the afternoon and in three hours saw but 29 moths, 
three habilis, two retecta, one innubens, two neogama, and the rest 
vidua. Moths high on the trees and on the sunny side. 


The senior author did not see a single specimen of Catocala 


_ robinsoni in 1914, and this is the more surprising, as moths of that 
“species were so plentiful.in August and September, 1913. 


Aug. 30th—Temperature nearly 90°. In the woods in the 


afternoon found moths few, and none of those taken were even 


passable specimens. Captured one lacrymosa, one neogama, three 
habilis, two vidua and one scintillans. 

Sept. 6th—Saw a few vidua one neogama, and one lacrymosa. 

Sept. 19th—Saw two vidua and one paleogama, but all were 
ragged. 

On Oct. 5th and 11th took five new specimens of Junonia 


336° _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


cenia, Colias eurytheme, int age cardut and huntera, 
archippus. 


This Catocala record for 1914 is remarkable for ae abunda 
of viduata and lacrymosa, species usually rare; the over-abundane 
of amica, paleogama, retecta, neogama, and residua, always fai 
common; the re-appearance of serena not reported from here sin 
1901; the presence of subnata, never more than rare here; th 
appearance in increased numbers of those splendid species, junctur 
nebulosa and dejecta; the falling off in the numbers of angusi a 
its variety, lucetta, vidua, cara and amatrix; in the entire abse 
of robinsoni fairly common here, parta and cerogama, always rare 

Of the earlier moths, i/ia and polygama were common as usu al, 
grynea and insolabilis much rarer-than usual, ultronia more abun- 
dant than ever seen here before, clintoni and minuta fairly com 0 n, 
and both rare here of late years, innubens and its variety, scintil- 
' Jans, common as usual; ilecta always common, flebilis always rare 
habilis unusually numerous and epione in greater numbers thé in 
ever known here before.. No coccinata, judith nor consors reported 
in this year. Whitneyi was added to our fauna for the first tm 
this season. 3 

Mr. Ernst Schwarz and other St. Tuanis collectors report t th 
taking of titania; E. A. Dodge found luciana, somnus, parta a 
meskei fairly common in Nebraska in late July and August. 
O. F. Hiser found coccinata common about Nevada, lowa, i in he 
early summer; Perry Glick and A. L. Porter took hundreds « 
Catocale at Hamilton, Mo., in late July, and Miss Pattie ie a ; 
son gathered data for the study of the 1915 crop of Texas Ca 

Eggs of Catocala coccinata began hatching on the 29th of Ay 
The young larve were dark, cross-banded by smoky brown . 
dirty green. Head black, small. Took readily. to bur-oak leave 
On May 3rd the larve were one-fourth of an inch long, gray vitl 
cross-bands of black. Head small, black. Larve very active, li 
those of ilia. On the 8th of May larve over half an inch le or 
brownish gray, indistinctly striped longitudinally. A line of sm 
mid-lateral black dots. True legs black, head small, “dare 
A slight hump over the third pair of prolegs. — a 

May 17th—Larve one and one-fourth inches tomcat ig 
with yellowish ‘tubercles in small dark basal patches. Both 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 337 


_ and prolegs gray. A sublateral row of short sete. A rather strong 
_ mid-dorsal, blunt tubercle over the third pair of prolegs. A rather 
_ strong double tubercular ridge over the 8th abdominal segment. 
_ Head flattened in front, gray with yellow, cara-like spots at upper 
_ lobes (of the head), bounded outside by a black dash. 


May 20th—Larve just after moult, one and one-half inches long, 


i light bluish gray with light brown tubercles and light brown pro- 


legs and cross-dorsal patches on the 5th and 8th abdominal 


_ segments, of the same colour. Head dished in front with light 


_ brown lobes above, and outer bounding black dash. A strong. 


tubercle on dorsum of 5th abdominal segment and a pair of 


. lesser tubercles on dorsum of the 8th abdominal segment. — All 


iia Lae ae ee ee. aye eee 


three of these tubercles are_ brown, the one on the 5th with 
whitish tip. True legs gray. Sublateral row of short sete. Pro- 
legs rather long. 


May 23rd—Larve full grown, two and two and one-fourth inches 


- long, ashen (the exact colour of the gray branches of bur oak). 


The strong tubercle over the 5th abdominal segment, the pair of 


strong tubercles over the 8th abdominal segment and the roughness 
_ of body, due to the other tubercles, give a strong case of mimicry 


(like the knotty twigs of bur oak). 


The general body ~-tubercles yellow-brown, as also the dorsal 


_ pair over the 8th abdominal segment, but the latter are set on a 
bifid ashen ridge. The tip of the tubercle over the 5th abdominal 


segment has the body colour, but a little lighter at the tip.. En- 
closing and extending downward to the ventral surface from the 


5th abdominal dorsal tubercle is an irregular band of brown and 


a similar patch either side of the 8th abdominal dorsal ridge. 


A sublateral row of short sete. Head as in cara, bifid above 
with lighter lobes flanked outside by a black dash. Ventral side 
pole pink with strong central black spots. There is a slight white 
patch either side of the first abdominal segment. 


Larve began spinning May 27th. Just before spinning the 
larve evacuate a bright red fluid. 


The first imago was on June 17th. Pupal period, 15 to 18 
days. 


338 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Catocala lacrymosa. 


Eggs of this species hatched on the 8th and 9th of May, oa 4 
the larve were very small, slender, dirty-green, indistinctly lined — 4 
longitudinally. Head small, dark green. Had grown little up to. 
the 14th. Were feeding on pecan leaves. May 16th, larvae small, — 
light and striped longitudinally. Head small and light brown. 4 
Some of the larva moulted for the first time on this date, or eight — 
days from hatching. May 20th—Larve at second moult one-third 
of an inch long, steel-gray, lined longitudinally with white. Head — 
gray and striped. May 24th—Larve two-thirds of an inch long, — 
light gray with double elongate dorsal black lunules on the first, 4 
second and indistinctly on the third abdominal segments. Head a 4 
little darker than the body. 


May 3lst—Larve nearly an inch long, light ashen orauae x 
streaked with broken dark lines longitudinally. A pair each of © 4 
black spot-like markings over the first and second abdominal 
segments. True and prolegs whitish. Head coloured as the rest — 4 
of the body. No stigmatal band and no row of sublateral seta. — 
Ventral side of body whitish with large black spots. At this date — 
most of the larvae had succumbed to the excessive heat. 


June 19th—The last and only larva left from a hundred that — 
hatched on the Sth and 9th of May passed its third moult. Feeding — 
on pecan. June 26th—Larva passed-4th moult, was over one and — 
one-half inches long, light bluish gray, traversed longitudinally by 
fine lines of black dots. Head lighter than body colour, with % 
brown longitudinal markings. A short lateral mouth dash of black. — 
Tubercles white, sometimes in black basal patches. True and > 
prolegs light gray. Head shaped as in other black-winged hickory _ a 
feeders, large. Row of short sparse lateral sete. No humps. — 
July 3rd—Larva about one and three-fourths inches long, light: r 
bluish gray, with fine longitudinal streaks, white tubercles, lat ; 
row of short sparse seta. Short black streaks about the bases c ; 
the tubercles. Underside of body lighter than above, a little | 
greenish and with brown median spots. No humps. Head as in 
other black under-wings. July 7th—Larva passed 5th moult, 
was about two inches long, light bluish-gray with white cube 
Head large, round and of body colour, with brown lines or streaks © 


~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 339 


‘ 


_ and with a curved black streak on each side of the dorsal part of 
_ the head, reaching from the first thoracic segment nearly half the 
_ head length. Either side of the mouth is a short, black curved 
line. Both true and prolegs body colour. No hump. 

a June 9th—The larva died this morning, two months from 
' hatching. The larval life of this species is either unusually long 
: or pecan is not its proper food plant. A number of the hickory — 
| feeders are of slow growth. 


NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF ORTHOPTERA FROM- 
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND AND THE | 
MAGDALEN ISLANDS, QUE. 


BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO. 
Through the kindness of Mr. James A. G. Rehn, of Phila- 


_ delphia, I had the privilege recently of examining a small collection 


of Orthoptera taken by Mr. Bayard Long on Prince Edward 
Island, the Magdalen Islands, and certain other localities—in 
Eastern Quebec and New Brunswick. The specimens from Prince 
_ Edward Island and New Brunswick were collected during the 
summer of 1912, those from the other Quebec localities during 
1910. 


The collection is of interest mainly on account of the localities, 
Prince Edward Island and the Magdalens having been hitherto 


_ quite unknown from an orthopterological standpoint. Only 14 


species are represented among the 256 specimens in the collection, 
and although this small number is probably far short of the total 
number of species that inhabit these regions, it is doubtless in- 


_ dicative of a restricted boreal fauna, all of the species being well- 


_ known inhabitants of the Canadian Zone and most of them of 
wide distribution in the latter. 

- The most interesting features of the collection are the occur- 
rence of an extremely large form of Melanoplus extremus Walk. 
in the Magdalen Islands and of the typical race of Podisma glacialis 
Seudd. in Prince Edward Island and Quebec, this race not having 


_ been definitely recorded before from Canada, though from its 


occurrence in Northern New England it was to be expectéd here. 


340 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. | 


The following is a list of the localities and dates of captu re. 


as given on the labels :— 


PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 


’ Bloomfield, August 7. 
Brackley Point, August 31. 
Bunbury, August 28. 
Cape Aylesbury, August 29. 


Charlottetown, September 1. 


Douglas, August 26. 
Dundee, August 26. 
Lake Verde, August 9. 
Malpeque, August 29. 
Mt. Stewart, July 30- 


NEW BRUNSWICK. 


Moncton, September 4. 


Bic, July 14-27. 
Cacouna, July 26. 
Father Point, July 21. 


- St. Andrews, Aygust 26. 


QUEBEC. | 


_ Glin House, July 10. ae } ; 
St Fabien, July 23. | 


a 


Souris, July 28, August 24. 
Southport, August 9. 


Summerside, August 7. 
Tignish, August 6. 
Tracadie, August 31. 
West River, Bothwell, 
August 24. : 


Point du Chene, August 1 UL. aa Wg 


MAGDALEN IsLANDS, QUE. sie a 


Alright Island, August 21. 
Basin Island. — 
Coffin Island, August 17. 


List OF SPECIES. 


Chorthippus curtipennis (Harris) —Bloomfield, 1 ry ; 

Bunbury, 4 o, 4 9 ; Charlottetown, 1o7, 2 9 ; Dundee, 43, 
~ (1 &, juv.); Souris, 1 o, 2 9; Southport, 1,19; St. Ar 
19; Tignish, 1 o&; West River, Bothwell, 1c’, 3 2; Mo 
2 2; Bic, 2 @, 4.9 ; Cacouna, (dry roadside), 1 3; Alright Isl 
7%, 5 Q (1 A, juv.); Coffin Island, 1¢; Grindstone Island, 2 


2; Grosse Island, 2 ¢@. 


Grindstone Island, Auguips 23. “a 
Grosse Island, August 16. 7 
Wolfe Island, August 21. 


+ Bek el yer. 


The series shows the usual amount of variation in colo 


_ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 341 


pattern and length of tegnium, though all the species from the 
Magdalen Islands are brachypterous. One of the females from 
Bloomfield, a macropterous individual, is strikingly marked, the 
-antenne, dorsum of head and pronotum being rose-red, the face 
_and lateral lobes of the pronotum grass-green and the tegmina and 
femora tinged with pinkish. 


Mecostethus lineatus (Scudd. \—Bloomfeld, 2; Bunbury, 1 0, 
1 2; Charlottetown, 1 @ (juv.); Tracadie, 1 2 (on sphagnum bog); 
Alright Island, 1c. 

a The two males from Bloomfield are less distinctly marked 
than usual, the pale costal streak of the tegmina being less distinct, 

_ the dorsum of the head and the entire pronotum concolorous, 
without pale lines along the lateral carine. 


Mecostethus gracilis (Scudd.)—Dundee, 1 &. 

Camnula peelucida (Scudd.)—Charlottetown, 1c, 29 ; Dun- 
dee, 1 o&', 1 9; Lake Verde, 1 2 ; Mt. Stewart, 1 o; Souris, 1 &; 
: Tignish, 1 2; West R., Bothwell, 1 o; Bic, 10 o, 16 9; Father 
ePt., 20°, 29; Glin House, 1 &, 2 2; Coffin Island, 1 9 (juv.); 
_ Grindstone Island, 4 o', 1 92 (@ juv). 

; The labels of the Bic specimens bear the following notes: 
_“Dry shaly shore and rocks at head of Ha Ha Bay,” “‘dry shaly 
- fields near Cap Gurgé,”’ ‘dry rocks’’ and ‘‘dry grassy rocky fields.”’ 
f __The specimens from Father Point are labelled ‘‘Rocky shores of 
~ St. Lawrence River.” 

Dissosteira carolina (L.)—Point du Chene (2 o, juv.) 
Circotettix verruculatus (Kirby)—Moncton, 1 0; Bic, P. Q.,6 & 
_The Bic specimens are labelled as occurring on “‘dry exposures, " 
“dry rocky clearing’’ and “‘dry grassy limestone exposures.’ 

. These specimens are rather pale, resembling D. carolina, 
though one example is rather dark and mottled. The Moncton 
specimen is almost black 

Podisma glacialis glacialis (Scudd.)—Dundee, “east on P.E.I. 
Ry. toward Douglas,” 1 2 (‘black spruce swamp”’). St. Fabien, 
1 & (“bog east of Lac de St. Fabien’). 

These specimens are quite typical, showing no variation 
_ toward the race canadensis E. Walk. 

Melanoplus fasciatus (Barnston-Walk.)—Dundee, 2 0,2 92; 
West River, Bothwell, 1 <&; Wolfe Island, 1 @; Alright Island, 


1 29- — pga! hI Tg EE : 
, : ait 


342 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


near the Narrows, 4 o’, 3 9; Coffin Island, 1 0, 4: 9; Gre 7 se 
Island, 1 9. 7 ‘a 


The only macropterous individual is a female from Alrig 
Island, in which the tegmina extend slightly beyond the apices 0 
the hind femora. In the other specimens from the Magdal 
Islands the tegmina reach about the end of the abdomen in th he 
males and in one of the females; in the others they are somewh 
shorter. The specimens from this group of islands are ewes 
are, for the most part, dark and heavily banded. Six character: 


MALES. 
Length of Body Length of Tegmina Length - Hind Femora 
23 mm. 14 mm. 5 mm. 
19 mm. 11 mm. i ‘5 mm. 
20 mm. 12 mm. 11.8 mm. 
FEMALES | é 
Length of Body Length of Tegmina Length of Hind Femora ~ 
24.5 mm. 6.5 mm. 12.5 mm. 
26.0 mm. 14.0 mm 12.5 mm. 


28.5 mm. 19.5 mm. 13.5 mm, 


M. altitudinum in the large size, nearly uniform speckling of | th 
tegmina and broken piceous band on the lateral lobes sf the 
notum. 


Melanoplus extremus Walk. Seiue: 2 o'; ap: 19 , 
Bic, (July 14 and 27), 1 @#, 1 9; Basin Island, 2 @, 2 9 ; Coffii 
Island, 1 &, 3 Q ; Grindstone Island, 3 @, 2 9 ; Wolfe Island, 2 

The specimens from the Magdalen Islands are remar 
their extremely large size, while those from Bic and Prince E 


Island are rather small. atte 
The following measurements show the. range in size 
specimens in this series:— | sits a 
~ x re 
MALES. Pm eet 
Locality ; Length of Body Length of Tegmina Length of 
14.5 mm. 12.5 
16.0 mm. 
. 16.0 mm. 
Grindstonenls, 60008.) ssaiatlnnte i i 14.5 mm. 
GCrilidatone Baio. iii rian 22.0 mm. : 14.0 mm. 
Sourds, Boi Ts 5.08 sbsistseStoteapvane 16.0 mm, 100mm.» + | 


Souris, Py Be Vike sctieetee use 16.0 mm. / + 14.7 mm. 


_ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 343 


FEMALES 


ee. of i Bede Length of Tegmina Length of Hind Femora 
MU iwvasstravsviesiaestcedsse251>.c0c5 28. 16.0 mm. 15.0 mm. 


eee trarpe has oy in, 35.5 pmo 15.5 mm. 14.0 mm. 
OSS ne oa 28.0 mm. 16.7 mm. 15.0 mm. 
ED seco cvnt bagasse Sopuirtee 205652 26.0 mm. 15.0 mm. 14.0 mm. 
rare ok 28.4 mm, 17.0 mm. 15.0 mm. 

reer ttsny, steszt 27.0 mm. 15.0 mm. 14.5 mm. 

StS Rares © aaa 27.0 mm. 18.0 mm. 15.0 mm, 


One of the males from Souris and the female from Bic are 
3 macropterous, the others are all brachypterous. 


ae The large specimens from the Magdalens have the appearance 
of quite a different insect from the typical extremus, but differ 
_ from the latter only in size. 


be Melanoplus femur-rubrum (De Geer).—Bunbury, 2 @, 3 2; 
_ Malpeque, 1 2; Moncton, 1 07, 4 @. 


_  Melanoplus atlanis (Riley)— Cape Aylesbury (sand dunes), 
43,5 92 ; Charlottetown, 1 &,1 9; Douglas, 1 &, 1 9 ; Dundee, 
| 30,4 9; Lake Verde, 2 0, 1 9; Mt, Stewart. 1 92 ; Souris, 2 0, 
_ 2 2; Southport, 1 o; West River, Bothwell, 1 @, 3 9; Tignish, 
mao, 2°; Moncton, 1 o', l 9; Bic, 3 o&', 1 9; Cacouna, 1 9; 
4 Father Point, 1 &#, 1 2; Coffin Island, 1 &,3 Q. 
The series is on the whole of typical size and appearance. 
_ The pair from Moncton are small and the series from the sand dunes — 
at Cape Aylesbury are rather small and pale, as is usual in specimens 
' from such stations. The specimens from Father Point were taken 
_ with C. pellucida from the ‘‘rocky shores of the St. Lawrence River.” 
_- Melanoplus bivittatus Say.—Bloomfield, 1 &@; Bunbury, 2 @; 
Cape Aylesbury (sand dunes), 1 o&; Charlottetown, 3 o, 2 9; 
Douglas, 1 o&; Dundee, 2 <&, 1 9; Malpeque, 1 o&, 1 9; Souris 
(Basel Pond), 9 o,2 2; Southport, 3 2; St. Andrew’s, 2 #, 1 2; 
Summerside, 1 2 ; Tignish, 1 o, 1 2; West River, Bothwell, 2 , 
1 2; Moncton, 1 @. 

_ All the specimens have red. hind tibia. In the Prince Edward 
Island series the dark streak on the dorsal half of the outer side 
_ of the hind femora is heavy and conspicuous, the pale streaks in 
the lateral canthi of the pronotum are indistinct, while those on 
the tegmina are faint or absent. One of the males from Dundee 
is very small, measuring as follows: Length of body, 20 mm.; 

length of tegmina, 16 mm.; length of hind femora, 12.5 mm. 


344 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. © 


Conocephalus fasciatus (Say.)—( = Xiphidion fasciatum) 
Moncton, 1 o&. 


Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm.—Brackley Point, (boggy cle - 
ing), 1 o&; Charlottetown, 1 o, 1 9; Dundee, 1 Q 


- 


A REMARKABLE MONOPHLEBINE COCCID FROM T! 
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. . 


BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. ae 


A few months ago Prof. C. F. Baker sent me a box of Philip- 
pine insects, among which I was surprised to see a male Mono-— 
phlebid, remarkable for having the costal area of the wings broadh ri 
bright red. This feature has long been known to occur in . 
species, Monophlebus raddoni Westwood, from the Gold Coast, We 
Africa. The Philippine insect is readily known from the Afri i 
one by the longer caudal appendages. 


_Liaveia sanguinea, n. sp. 


Male.—Length about 5 mm.; length of wings about 7; an- 
tenne rather thick, middle joints with three whorls of long reddi } 
hairs; eyes dark red, strongly facetted, very prominent, on stout 
stalks, like-a young mushroom; behind each eye is a promir on 
shining red tubercle; anterior part of thorax dull. black, forming a 
lobe extending over head; posteriorly to this the thorax is shini 
black, with a broad transverse bracket-shaped reddish-o 
band; abdomen broad, red, with six long fleshy pro 
much more than half as long as breadth of abdomen, the terr 
al ones longest, but not very much so; penis long, with a> 
large raspberry-pink knob; legs red, hairy; wings ample, black 
with the two hyaline lines as usual, but the extreme base, init th w 
costal region very broadly to within about 1.75 mm. of SPH 
bright red. 


Hab.—P. Princesa, Palawan, Philippine Is. (Baker 8) 


Mailed October 15, 1915. 


Ue Canadian ¥automologist. 


‘Vou. XLVI XLVII. LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1915 No. 11 


POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 
ANSECT FRIENDS AND FOES OF AGRICULTURE.* 
BY LAWSON CAESAR, GUELPH, ONT. 


e Every farmer i is forced to come in contact with his insect foes, 

: and, therefore, knows something about them, but very few farmers 
_ know that there is a large number of insects that are not foes at 

& all, but are friends. We shall, therefore, discuss these friends first. « 


4 Insect Friends. 


The first class of friends we shall treat of is composed of those 
insects which aid agriculture by acting as pollenizers of plants. 
_ Almost everyone knows that before a plant can produce a fruit or 
“seed some of the pollen must first be placed on the sticky tip of 
_ the pistil. This act fertilizes the plant and is called ‘“‘pollination.” 
In this work honey bees are the most important insect agents, but 
bumble bees and numerous other wild bees help greatly, as do also 
‘wasps, various kinds of flies, moths, butterflies and many other 
pansects. Many of the lower kinds of plants, or plants with in- 
- conspicuous flowers, are pollinated in other ways, such as by the 
wind, but nearly all plants with conspicuous bloom require the 
‘aid of insects for proper and full fertilization. What would happen 
_ if we had none of this class of insect friends? We should not have 
“more than one apple, or pear, or plum, or peach or any of our 
other much loved fruit to the one hundred or more we now enjoy. 
Moreover, there would be pract’cally no fields of tomatoes, peas 
or beans, or of several other crops that are so necessary to us as - 
foods. 

The second class of insect friends consists of those insects that 
supply us with food, either directly or indirectly, through serving 
as food for the fish and birds that we use as food. Many tons of 
honey are produced in every country by the honey bee. A large 
part of the food of fresh-water fishes consists of the water insects 


a, “ee | + 


 *An address delivered before the School for Rural Leadership. 


~ 


y 


346 THE ‘CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


that sve about the shores of the lakes and rivers: that hell 
frequent. Even the larve of the troublesome mosquito 
in this way a useful purpose. Both domesticated and wild | ( 
feed to a great extent upon insects, the latter especially du 
the nesting season. So without taking time to go more 
details we see that many insects may be friends in this impo 
matter of providing food for us. 


A third manner in which insects may act as our friends is" 
scavengers. If all the déad animals and plants, including tr 
of course, were to lie undestroyed on the surface of the earth, they 
would soon make an intolerable condition of affairs. But in the 
summer no sooner does an animal or plant die than there gather 
to it various insects that quickly hasten the process of de 
Some of the insects that feed on dead animals are carrion beet 
rove beetles, blow-flies and flesh-flies. Any one who has watch ed 
how quickly a dead horse or smaller animal becomes a seething 
mass of insect life will readily understand why it has been “ 
that a blow-fly can destroy a dead ox as quickly as a lion. | 


In the case of trees we have all seen beautiful pines that har 
been cut down or fallen and allowed to lie for a year or two in» 
forest, and then, when they are examined, are found to 
perforated in numerous places by borers. These borers are — 
larve of certain kinds of beetles, chiefly long-horned beetles. 
feel disappointed at the injury to the tree, but in nature the insect 
while feeding themselves on the wood are at the same time servi 
a useful, purpose, because these holes allow the more” ‘rapid a 
deep entrance of diseases and so hasten greatly the rate of disintegra 
tion of the tree. We see, therefore, that insects help us greatl 
by removing dead animals and plants, and thereby giving back 
the earth the substances of which they are composed and— at t | 
same time making room for other animals and plants to take the 
place. ae 

- The fourth way in which insects serve as friends is by : 
useful kinds helping to control injurious kinds. One cle 
imsect that helps in this way is known as parasites, and 4 
as predaceous insects. The latter merely capture their - 
and feed on them as a lion would capture and devour a sm: 
animal, but the former kind pass all their larval stage either i 


- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 347 


ached to their victims, finally killing them. There are many 
ds of parasitic insects, some, the Tachina Flies, resembling 
y closely house-flies; others, the Ichneumon-flies, Chalcis-flies, 
., resembling wasps. Some of the Ichneumon-flies are quite 
» and sometimes have avery long ovipositor or egg-laying appara- 
, while the Chalcis-flies and Proctotrupids may be extremely » 
1, so small in fact, that one can scarcely see them with the 
ced eye. Some of these very small parasites attack insect eggs, 
aying their own eggs in these. A single tiny egg is large enough 
supply all the nourishment necessary to carry one of these 
ttle creatures through all its stages to maturity. Some parasites 
vy their eggs on the back of their hosts, but many lay them inside 
ne | body. A few species deposit not eggs, but living maggots 
pon or near the victims. The larve of a parasite does not, as a 
ule, kill the thing it feeds upon until it is itself full grown and 
ae Te ady to transform into an adult. 


How useful parasites are can be seen when we remember the 
"severe outbreak of the Army Worm last summer. Towards the 
: id of this outbreak: examination in the field showed that there 


_ There are many useful predaceous insects, but I shall mention 

ly two: namely, Ladybird beetles and Syrphus-fly larve. Every- 
ne knows the pretty little Ladybird beetles with their hemi- 
pherical shape and often brilliant colours. The larve of these 
ue ok like little alligators and are just as fond of destroying other 
asects as are the adults. Syrphus-fly adults usually resemble 
a 1 bees or wasps, but they have only two wings. They may 
en be seen feeding upon flowers or hovering above them. Their 
z are legless, taper towards one end and are stout and usually 
‘grayish or brown in colour. The Ladybird beetles and the 
_ Syrphus-fly larve are the two most helpful insects we have in the 
. x) trol of aphids or plant lice. Without their aid it would often 
be almost impossible to save our crops from these prolific and 
destructive little pests. This is, however, only a single il- 


348 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


lustration of many that could be used to show the good predac ct 
insects do. i. 
The more one studies insects and thinks over what én place, 
the more inclined he is to feel that were it not for our insect fri 
our insect foes would make this earth almost or quite uninhabit: 
for man. Ido not mean, however, that insects are the only He ( 
_ at work in controlling our foes, because disease also plays a g 
part, as do also extremes of heat and cold and several other thin 


We must pass on now to consider briefly our insect foes. 


Insect Foes. 


There is no doubt that injurious insects every year take 
large toll from farmers and especially from fruitgrowers. As the 
is not time to discuss many of these insects, we shall devote o 
attention first to our worst two orchard insects, and then to a | 
of the chief pests of the field crops. 


There are many insects that attack fruit trees, but two 
these stand out prominently for their powers of destruction. These 
are the San José Scale and the Codling Moth. The former is the 
most destructive insect pést ever introduced into the provi 7 
but fortunately, though it has been here for twenty years, se hi 
not spread beyond the south-western counties. It is a very s 
insect, circular, and when full grown, has about the same diam ete 
as the head of a pin. Its powers of reproduction are wonder al: 
from a single female there may be more than a million offspri ing 
by the end of the year. As all of these attach themselves | tot 
trunk, branches, twigs, leaves or fruit and suck the juices, — ey y 
soon do a great deal of harm. Any orchard that becomes infes eC 
with this pest in the warmer parts of the Province, and is ne 
sprayed, is doomed to complete destruction in a few years, ev‘ 
the largest apple trees being killed. An exception to this statemen 
should be made in the case of sour cherries and to some extent : 
Kieffer pears, the former being immune and the latter not o! 
severely attacked. Up to the present time there have been o1 only 
a few parasites attacking this scale in Ontario, but we are hopeful 
that these will become abundant in a few years. a 
deavoured to hasten the process by introducing parasites from 
Pennsylvania, where they are doing much good.. In the meantin 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 349 


: 


e is a very satisfactory remedy against the insect, and no man 
© uses it intelligently need lose a single tree or have his fruit 
coloured and rendered unsaleable by the scale. Even the worst 
ested orchards, provided the trees are not too nearly dead, can 
taken in hand and brought back into perfect condition. For- 
ately, the spraying necessary for this pest kills several others 
», and is very valuable against certain diseases of fruit trees. 


The Codling Moth does no injury to the trees themselves, but 
acks the fruit of the apple and pear. It is the insect that causes 
1e apple to be wormy. It is found all over the province and in 
asprayed or poorly sprayed orchards does a great deal of harm. 
n the warm part of the province, where there is a larger percentage 
fa second brood, the amount of injury to the fruit varies f om 
0% to 90%. In the colder portions it is less and runs from about » 
5% to 50%. : _ 
3: We can easily see, therefore, that the growing of clean apples 
, by no means an easy job. The fact is that insects and fungus 
iseases make it impossible to grow apples successfully on a com- 
cial scale without spraying. It is, however, most gratifying 
know that thorough spraying at the right time and with the 
Tight mixtures (see the Spray Calendar) not only completely 
‘controls these two insects, but practically all other orchard insects 
. anc diseases; so that in an average year it is not uncommon to 
find orchards in any of the fruit districts where over 95% of the 
fruit is free from insect injuries or fungus diseases. 

_ We shall not devote further attention to orchard insect pests, 
pass on to a brief discussion of the common insects of field 


_ The chief insects attacking such crops are grasshoppers, 
itworms (including the army worm), wireworms and white grubs. 
These are familiar insects to almost every one. Each kind is 
3 ‘capable of doing an enormous amount of injury, the amount 
depending partly upon the weather conditions. For grasshoppers 
we have at last in the so-called ‘‘Kansas Remedy" found a most 
satisfactory and cheap remedy, so that no crop need be severely 
injured by these insects if the owner uses this treatment. The 
e remedy, sometimes, however, with slight modifications, will 
usually prove quite satisfactory against cutworms and army worms. 


BDO ts -THR CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


It is interesting to know that attacks from Zieh naiens: wirewc 7 
white grubs and often from cutworms, too, can be prevented b 
simply following the practices of good up-to-date farming in which 
a short rotation of crops with fall ploughing and thorough prep ara- 
tion of the soil before seeding play a very important part. Thi 
is a great source of encouragement to the man who is trying to. 
his best. A short rotation of crops means that there will be 
old pasture fields on the farm. These are the favourite breedi in a 
places of grasshoppers, wireworms and white grubs. It is a 
thing to find serious outbreaks of these pests on farms where 0 
old pasture fields exist. Again, a short rotation of crops means 
that the insects in any particular field are deprived of their sp ecia 
food and either have to starve or seek this food elsewhere, ofte re 
failing to reach it; for instance, wireworms and white grubs attae 
grasses and such cereals as wheat, oats and barley, but seldori a 
any injury to peas or clover; hence a short rotation of crops i 

which clover or peas play a part will help to starve them out. 
Good farming, moreover, means careful preparation of the s 301 
for the seed and the selection of good plump seed, with the natu 

result that the plants will be more vigorous and thus better b 
to withstand the attacks of insects than weaker plants on po i 
‘farmed land. - An illustration of this is seen in the case of t 
Hessian fly. This insect delights in attacking weak or unthrift 
wheat plants. I have counted as many as 1000 of the pupe in” 
single square yard in a poor field of wheat. It is not at- all u 
common to see two fields close together, one scarcely at all i ee 
by the Hessian fly and the other severely injured; the chief re 
for the difference being the better seed and condition of | 
in the former. I am not speaking now of the value of late sowi 
to prevent Hessian fly attack, though this is often very h 
My aim has been to show that the better a man farms, wheth 
knows anything about insects or not, the less injury Mfér be d 
by these to his field crops. 


It is impossible to go into this subject now in fuller , 
but, in conclusion, it may be well to say that we should ne 
into a panic about insects and fear that some day some new ¢ 
terrible pest will come to our country that will do incredible da mag 
New pests are not arriving so frequently as most people thir 


‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 351 


even if some do come, there is very little fear that methods of 
rolling them will not be found. Many of the insects that are 
ight to be new have been here for years, but have seldom been 
iced because of the controlling influences mentioned above. 


| a NEW FLY OF THE FAMILY PHORIDA FROM. 
* CALIFORNIA. 


BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COL. 


When recently (August, 1915) at La Jolla, California, 1 
ptured on the grounds of the Scripps Institution for Biological 
_ Research a Phorid fly remarkable for its-relatively large size, and 
_ interesting to me on account of the armature of its legs, which 
‘recalled one of the fossil species from Florrissant. The species is 
w, and may be called: i 


Dohrniphora gaudialis, n. sp. 


Q—Length about 4 mm., wings over 3.5 mm.; dull black, the 

ont and thorax above anteriorly somewhat polichnes third an- .~ 
te nnal joint ferruginous, blackened above; palpi clear bright red, 
_the spines strong and black; wings pale greenish, the heavy veins 
a sepia; trochanters and immediately adjacent parts pale reddish; 
knees reddened; anterior tibize pale dull ochreous, and middle ones 
: q brownish in front; tarsi dusky brownish; extreme apex of abdomen » 
piiehe ferruginous. Head small; proboscis stout, longer than head; 
arista long, minutely plumose; front with the usual strong bristles, 
rected backward; ocellar region scarcely elevated; four scutellar - 
- bristles, the posterior ones longest; halteres black; wings with the 
- two; heavy veins running closely parallel, with a narrow interval 
Jetween them, the second one (third vein of authors) minutely 
ranched before the apex, which is about half way from base to 
; of wing; costa bristly; first thin vein (fourth of authors) 
ae and evenly curved, not bent, failing at extreme base; third 
oe vein failing at end, but fourth reaching margin; hind femora 
hi sh and flattened; anterior tibiz with a bristle on inner anterior 


ae 


“half; middle tibice main ta very long bristles on basal part, 
vember, 1915. 


352 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


and several apical ones; the middle tibie also have two black lines 
consisting of minute seta, one running the length of the tibia, th ie \e ; 
other only reaching middle, when it is interrupted by a shining 
patch of about ten rows of minute sete, arranged transverse 
comb-like; hind tibiz very minutely hairy, but with no 
bristles except the long apical spur, and a series of four small bla 
apical spine-like bristles, the only other armature being on t 
anterior side, the end of which is fringed with minute black spinul 
while just above is a weak patch of about four transverse rows. 
sete, like those on mid-tibie; basitarsi on inner or anterior si 
with very well developed transverse rows of sete. . 
This is readily known from the other described Americe 
species by its large size and the armature of the legs. On acco 
of the transverse rows of setulae on the legs it resembles Phe 
multiseriata Aldrich and Phora laminarum Brues, the latter i 
Miocene fossil. I have ascertained that the middle tibie of F 
laminarum have a pair of long bristles on the basal part, exactly — 
as on the insect now described. In the characters of the vena ‘ion 
and the armature of the scutellum P. multiseriata is quite dis ‘inet 
from D. gaudialis, but the fossil species has four scutellar bristles, 
as in the La Jollaone. Thus it appears that our insect is actual! ; 
more nearly related to a Florissant fossil than to any living specie: 
The specific name is derived from the name of the locality. 


. JEAN HENRI FABRE ee 
A few days before the present issue of our magazine wet 
press, a telegram from Orange, France, appeared in the a : 
papers announcing the death on Oct. 11;-1915, of Jean Henri 
Fabre, one of the greatest entomological observers the world - ha 
ever known. Owing to his extremely secluded life, his intens 
aversion to publicity in any form, and his dislike of human s 
it is only within recent years that Fabre’s genius has been gen 
recognized, and among English sp:aking nations this recogniti 
has been largely due to the publication of English translation: 5 ¢ 
certain selections from his ‘‘Souvenirs Entomologiques,” and to 
Miall’s translation of Legro’s beautiful work “Fabre, vet 
Science.”’ 5 % % 
A more extended notice of Fabre’s life and work: will apr 
in our December number. An appreciative account of his writ 
by Prof. Wm. Lockhead was published in the 45th AnnAE 
of the Entomological Society of Ontario (1914). 


u 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 353 


Fig. 29. Diastrophus fragariz Beutm., galls on 


koe 
om.) 

bee 

a. 


A NEW DIASTROPHUS ON STRAWBERRY. 


BY WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK, N. Y. 


astrophus fragariz, n. sp. 


: pens jet black, face rufous and coarsely rugose, vertex and 


basal joints rufous, the ‘a: 
lowing joints gradually be- 
coming darker. Thorax jet 
black, smooth and highly 
polished, collar  rugose, 


and well defined, continu- 
ous and rather widely 
separated at the scutellum. 
Lateral grooves indistinct 
and scarcely perceptible. 
Median groove wanting. 
Scutellum coarsely rugose, 
obtusely pointed at the tip, 
fovee at base shining and 
close together. Abdomen 
pitchy black, microscop- 
ically punctate, petiole 
rufous. Legs yellowish 
brown, claws black. Wings 
hyaline, ciliate, radial area 

’ closed, cubitus continuous, 
cross-veins heavy, all veins 
dark brown. Length, 2mm, 
Gall—On the petiole 

of Strawberry: Polythal- 
amous, elongate cylindrical 
petioles of strawberry. swelling tapering at each 
) end. Red and villose like 


Fike rest of the petiole. The internal structure is spongy and 
| eoeamal 1915, 


pleuree somewhat shining. ~ 
Parpsidal grooves broad . 


as + Ae 


a 


354 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


contains a single row of 5-20 larval chambers. Length from ab 
25 to50mm. Width 3-5 mm. 


Habitat—Toronto, Canada (A. Cosens). 


The gall of this species has long been known. Saunders 
mentions it in his “Insects Injurious to Fruits,” 1887, p. 331, and 
calls it the Strawberry Leaf-Stem Gall. Prof. S. A. Forbes also 
mentions the gall in the 22nd Report of the State Entomologis 
Illinois, 1883 (1884), p. 97. H. F. Bassett speaks of a Cynipid 
gall occasionally seen on the petiole of strawberry leaves (Tre 
Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXVI, 1900, p. 325). Mr. L. H. Weld fo 
the galls at Ithaca, New York and Evanston, Illinois and I foun 
the same in the vicinity of New York City for some years pas 
In August, 1913, Mr. A. Cosens collected the gall on wild s 3 
berry in Toronto, Canada. He transplanted some of the infeste shee 
plants into pots and managed to mature the galls from which” 
he reared five males, being the first one to succeed in obtai in 
the flies. 


' The illustration is from a sketch made by Mr. Weld and 
drawn by Mrs. E. x Beutenmuller. 


= 


NOTES ON THE STRAWBERRY LEAF PETIOLE GALL is 
(DIASTROPHUS FRAGARIE BEUTM.) E 


BY A. COSENS, PH.D., TORONTO, ONT. 


A cylindrical enlargement of the leaf. petiole of Progar 
virginiana Duch. constitutes the gall. It has a somewhat segmente 
appearance owing to the separation of each larval cell fro: 
the adjoining one by a shallow annular constriction. The 
face is usually coloured a rich reddish brown and_ bears 
pubescence, varying with that of the petiole from which ~ 
gall originates. The species from which the producers were > 
tained was glabrous. 


‘Length 10-50 mm. Diam. 3 mm. 


In comparison with Diastrophus fusiformans Ashm 1 
on Potentilla monspeliensis var. norvegica (L) Rydb. this species 


differs in the following particulars: The arrangement: of its” 
November, 1915. eee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 355 


larval cells in a row, along the 
petiole, produces a symmetrical 
swelling quite unlike the irregu- 
larly nodular deformity of the 
Potentilla gall. While a cross 
section of this latter species, 
at any level, will show several 
larval cells in the stem pith, 
just inside the ring of wood, 
only one will of necessity be cut 
in a similar section from the 
strawberry gall. 


As the infected leaves 
wither prematurely, it is 
difficult to find the mature 
galls, although the young 
specimens are quite notice- 
™, able. The producers were 


tors secured by transplanting 
rig x. 30. Galls of Diastrophus fragarie Beutm. Upper 
figure, an immature gall; grasa figure, gall from host plants so that they 


5 “which the producers emerged. (Natural siz2.) could be kept under ob: 
fervation. The galls were removed after the leaves had withered, 
ind were kept on earth, out of doors, during the winter. The 
p echicers emerged from May 12-14. 


€ 


& DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF IPIDA& 
(COLEOPTERA).* 


BY J. M. SWAINE, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF 
as AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA. 


rae Ips knausi, n. sp.—A large elongate species, length 5.8 mm., 
width 2.1 mm. ; the sides parallel, thickly clothed with long light ania 
in front, on the sides and behind. Allied to emarginatus Lec., but 
distinct ‘i in the punctuation of the discal interspaces of the elytra, 
and the characters of the declivity. 

‘Description of the male: The head has the front densely 


Satribution trom the Entomological Branch, Department of Apiculture» 


tawa. 
so ber, 1915. 


. 


, s 
— 356 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


granulate- -punctate, rather densely hairy, with a wide, sh 
transverse impression between the eyes, and a shining median 
towards the vertex; the eyes oblique, very narrow, and b I 
emarginate in front; the antennal scape sparsely hairy wit ’ 1 
the club wide, marked with three distinct, bisinuate sutures.y 
are densely fringed with long bristle-like hairs; as broadly rou 
at the tip as at the base, rather densely punctured below. x 


The pronotum is very slightly longer than wide, 10:9; with tl 
base very broadly rounded; the hind angles broadly rounded; 
sides slightly arcuately narrowed or nearly parallel for over two 
thirds their length, then obliquely narrowed and slightly bisinuate 
in front; rounded on the front margin; the asperities of the cepha ic 
half of varying size, the largest more or less concentrically arrangec 
the caudal half coarsely, closely and deeply, but not roughl 
punctured; thickly clothed with sone hairs in front and abeus che 
sides. 


i ee; 


The scutellum is minute, elongate, faintly channelled dad s 
ing. . cs 

The elytra are parallel for the greater part of the length, ther 
rounded to the strongly produced, dehiscent and submucronat 
tip; densely clothed with long light hairs about the sides an 
around the margin of the declivity; with the elytral striae distincth 
impressed, narrow, with deeply impressed, closely placed pune 
of median size; the sutural striz a little more strongly impresse 
than the others, strongly divergent and widened behind; th 
interspaces very wide, not distinctly convex, except the first tw 
which are also more strongly granulate near the declivity; the wic 
interspaces all. confusedly punctured, more sparsely on the d 
towards the base, very densely and roughly on the sides and abo 
the declivity; the declivity oblique, deeply concave, with the 
strongly produced; the first tooth, on the second interspace, z 
distinct and preceded by a row of granules; the third in Hsp 2 
with a row of granules at the top of the declivity; the second t 
on the fourth interspace, large, conical, acute, adjacent bet 
united to the third; the third tooth very long, wide, compre 
with the sides parallel and the tip deeply emarginate, represe tit 
the united teeth of the 5th and 6th interspaces; the fourth to 
smaller than the second, conical, blunt, nearer to the third 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 357 


to the acute apical margin; the declivital margin, viewed from the 
side, straight and vertical from the base of the third tooth to the 
base of the acute apical margin; the acute apical margin elongated 

wards the tip so that the apex of the declivity becomes sub- 

uminate, and the edge with two deep emarginations on each 
side; the depth of the declivity closely punctured and dull from 
numerous minute wrinklings of the chitin, the punctures bearing 
short, slender hairs throughout. The pubescence is long, light and 
prominent about the side and margin of the declivity. 


_ The venter is densely punctured and clothed with long hairs. 


This species was obtained through the kindness of Mr. W. 
aus. The type bears the labels, Cloudcroft, 9000 f., N. M., 
. Knaus, 8-8-03, 197. 


Ips perroti, n. sp.—Description of the type, a male: <A 
ender species, dark reddish-brown in all my specimens; length 
_ 4mm., width 14% mm., relative proportions, length of pronotum 29, _ 
length of elytra 46 ,width of pronotum behind 27, width of elytra 

in front 26, width of elytra behind 28. 


’ The head has the front convex, somewhat flattened in front, 
her closely punctured, more coarsely and roughly towards the 
es, sparsely granulate on the disc, more densely towards the 
istoma, with a short, blunt median tubercle on the epistoma, 
id a row of smaller blunt tubercles along the epistomal margin; 
_ the disc rather sparsely clothed with slender hairs, and the epistoma 
_ densely fringed as usual; the gene moderately closely and deeply 
punctured; the eyes with a very broad, shallow emargination in 
7 if front; the antennal club with the first two sutures slightly bisinuate.. 
iia - the middle, strongly bent distad at the sides. 
| ___ The pronotum is slightly longer than the width, with the caudal 
nargin strongly rounded; the sides nearly straight and parallel 
r two-thirds the length, easher strongly narrowed on the distal 


it dont: smooth and ainidy behind and finely poeta punctured, 
r finely towards the middle line and much more coarsely 
towards the sides; the median smooth space nearly obsolete, 
- more distinct and somewhat impressed at the middle of the disc. 


358 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


The elytra are one-half longer than the pronotum; a little» 
narrower at the base than the pronotum, very slightly wider 


behind; the sides nearly parallel for about four-fifths the length, — 


then rounded to the declivity, which is steep and truncate as 
viewed from above, with the tips dehiscent and slightly tuberculate; 
the elytral striz regular, distinctly, but slightly, impressed on the 


disc, except the sutural striz, which are much wider and deeper — 
than the others and widened behind; the lateral striae not im- — 


pressed; the strial punctures rather small and closely placed, more 
closely on the first two and the lateral striz; the first interspace 
convex, finely granulate near the declivity; the second convex, 
faintly granulate near the declivity; the remaining discal inter- 
spaces flat; all the discal strie uniseriately punctured throughout 


their length, closely towards the declivity, very sparsely towards © 


the base; the lateral interspaces more closely punctured, uni- 
seriately above, confused near the lateral margin, with the punc- 
tures nearly as coarse as those of the strie; the declivity very abrupt, 
deeply concave, not closely punctured, more coarsely than the 
disc; the suture elevated, and smooth on the lower two-thirds; 
the margin strongly elevated and armed with four teeth on each 
side; the tooth of the second interspace well developed, acute, 
recurved, preceded by. a few minute granules; that of the third 
obsolete, or represented by the largest of a row of small granules; 
those of the fourth and fifth interspaces united at the base, the 
connecting ridge nearly vertical; the tooth of the fourth interspace 
acute, recurved; that of the fifth stout, capitate, acute-pointed; 
the fourth tooth conical, in the type occupying nearly all the 
short space between the raised apical margin and the third tooth; the 
raised apical margin wide, moderately produced and entire; the 
pubescence of the elytra long, erect, fine, rather dense on sides 
below and about the declivity; the discal pubescence fine and 
sparse. 


The female type differs from the above only by the less strongly 
developed epistomal armature, and the different declivital teeth. 
The teeth are all acute and less strongly developed than in the 
male; the second and third teeth are similar in shape, conical, 
united at the base and but little larger than the first and 
fourth. ; 


Pe ee CU 


LTT ety OPER Rate cre te 


ee es 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 359 


; Labels with the male type: I. Perrot, Que. 1912; @ 218; 
- o' type. Labels with the female type: I. Perrot, Que. 1912, 2 218; 
_ @ type. Host of type series Pinus resinosa. 

: Variations: The pubescence is somewhat abraded on the disc 
_ of the elytra in the type; and in some specimens the interstrial 
punctures of the disc are more numerous; the third discal inter- 
_ space is frequently impunctate on the basal two-thirds; the frontal 
tubercle varies greatly in size, being nearly obsolete in some females; 
_ the strial punctures of the elytra vary considerably in size; the 
___ length varies from 3.5 mm. to 4.25 mm. 


This species differs from tridens, borealis, and interrup us by 
___the characters of the front which lie between the much sparser 
granulation of one sex of borealis and the extremely dense granula- 
tion of interruptus; from borealis in the longer, much more finely 
punctured pronotum, more sparsely punctured elytral interspaces 
and distinctly much more strongly developed declivital armature; 
_ from interruptus in the usually much smaller size and more slender 
form, finer and sparser pronotal punctuation, the much more 
_ abrupt declivity with strongly marked sexual variation, and the 
fewer and smaller granules on the first and second interspaces. 


Dryocoetes sechelti, n. sp— A very small species, with a 
subcircular, strongly convex pronotum, coarse elytral punctures 
and a flattened declivity. Length 2.1 mm.; comparative measure- 
_- ments: Pronotum, length 9, width 9; Elytra, length 15, width 9. 

The head is more deeply embedded in the pronotum than 
usual; with the front convex, rather coarsely, closely granulate- 
4 punctate, with erect hairs from the punctures; the median carina 
'. narrow but distinctly elevated and shining, from epistoma to 
vertex; the epistomal fringe dense, longer and bright yellow on 

the middle third; the eyes wide, coarsely granulate and rather 

broadly emarginate in front; the antennal club much longer than 

the funicle; the pedicel as long as the outer four segments; the last 

_ segment as wide as the last four are long and the second very 
‘narrow; the club nearly as wide as long; with the distal densely 
pubescent part projecting strongly beyond the truncate tip of the 
basal corneous part which covers about four-fifths of the under 
surface, and is bounded distally by a distally convex suture, the 
_ distal fifth densely pubescent, the basal corneous part with a few 


ii 


360 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


long hairs irregularly placed; the upper surface with the basal 
half corneous with the distal margin nearly straight, sparsely hairy, 
the distal half densely pubescent, obliquely subtruncate, with two 
sutures, the first of which is straight, and the second arcuate. 


The pronotum is subcircular, as wide as long, rather strongly 


produced over the head, very broadly arcuate behind, strongly 


arcuate on the sides and in front, very strongly convex with the ~ 


summit slightly behind the centre; very densely, rather finely and 
somewhat regularly asperate in front of the summit and on the 
sides. behind, coarsely and densely granulate-punctate on the disc 
behind with the asperities there reduced to granules on the margin 
of the punctures; the pubescence rather thick and erect, longer in 
- front and on the sides. 


The: elytra are ‘as wide as the pronotum, the sides parallel 
well beyond the middle, then moderately arcuately narrowed and 
broadly subtruncate behind as viewed from above; the sutural 
striae wide and rather strongly impressed, the remaining discal 
strie slightly impressed, the last three on the sides strongly im- 
pressed; the strial punctures coarse, deep, subquadrate, and very 
densely placed; the interspaces a little convex, very little wider 
than the striz, closely, deeply uniseriately punctured, the punc- 
tures deep, but much smaller than those of the striz, a little coarser 
on the sides than on the disc; the declivity very steep, flattened 
from above, with the suture elevated, the sutural stria strongly 


impressed, the second striz distinctly impressed; the strial punc- © 


tures as coarse as on the disc, the interspaces uniseriately granulate- 
punctate; rather thickly clothed with erect greyish-pubescence of 


moderate length. The venter is closely, coarsely, ang roughly 


punctured. ; : 


There is no apparent sexual difference in our specimens, but 
the front is usually entirely retracted. 

The pronotal asperities are sometimes coarser than in the type 
and always very dense; the elytral striz from the second outward 
are in some hardly perceptibly impressed on the dise, although 
distinctly impressed in the type. 

Type locality: Sechelt, B. C., Canada; Type number, 2170. 

Dryocoetes pseudotsugae, -n. sp.—Description of the 
female type: Length 4.7 mm.; width 1.5 mm.; reddish-brown (not 


eee 


CAN. EntT., Vot. XLVII. PLate XIII. 


IPS PERROTI, N. SP.; SIDE VIEW OF THE DECLIVITY OF THE MALE. 
ENLARGED, ORIGINAL. 


IPS PERROTI, N. SP.; SIDE VIEW OF THE DECLIVITY OF THE 
FEMALE. ENLARGED. ORIGINAL, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 361 


fully chitinized); closely allied to septentrionis, but distinct in the 
confused small punctures of the interspaces, and the more flattened 


4 elytral declivity. 


The front is as in septentrionis; but more densely granulate 


and hairy, with the postepistomal smooth space and median pit, 


and finely carinate above. The pronotum is as in septentrionis, 
but usually more densely punctured and more strongly granulate 
behind on the sides; the median carina narrow, distinct behind. 
The elytra are much as in septentrionis; but much more broadly 
rounded behind and with the declivity very distinctly flattened 
when viewed from above; though not so strongly as in confusus 
Swaine and betule Hopk.; with the striz only lightly and narrowly 
impressed on the disc; the sutural striae rather strongly impressed 
on the basal third; the strial punctures small and moderately deep; » 
_the interspaces wide and flat; the interstrial punctures smaller 
than those of the strie and rather rfumerous, uniseriate on the 
Ist, 2nd and 4th interspaces, on the 3rd and 5th and the outer 
‘ interspaces confused with usually smaller additional punctures; 
the declivity shining, distinctly flattened with the first two strize 
distinctly impressed, the 2nd interspace impressed at the tip, the 
interspaces on the declivity uniseriately very finely and rather 
closely granulate-punctate in both sexes. 

The male has the front very wide, nearly as hairy as in the 
female, with the median area at the base of the epistoma widely 
impressed and shining. 

Variations: The size is fairly constant, as represented in our 
collection, the length varying from 4 mm. to 4.8 mm. The most 
important variation is in the interstrial punctuation. The first, 
second and fourth discal interstrie are usually uniseriately punc- 
tured but often variably confused towards the base and declivity, 
the other interspaces are usually decidedly confusedly punctured 
_ from the base to the top of the declivity with punctures of large 
_ and smaller size. . 

It is apparently a good species, distinct from septentrionis by 
its flattened declivity and confused interstrial punctures. 

It is very abundant on the coast of British Columbia in the 
bark of Douglas fir, and probably occurs also in other conifers. 
We have specimens from as far north as Inverness and Queen 
Charlotte Islands. 


362 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Type labels: Stanley Park, Vanc.; Douglas fir; 2639. 


Phloeosinus pini, n. sp.—A small black species, with' the 
front strongly carinate; the pronotum shining; the declivity without 
conspicuous scuplture; length 2.5 mm.; width 1.25 mm. ; 


The head has the front flattened, densely, coarsely rugulose- 
punctate, with a fine, acute median carina on the cephalic half; 
the rugulose area extending backwards across the vertex as a 
roughly punctured area with its caudal margin converging from 
the eyes to the middle line on the occiput; the pubescence short, 
reddish, inconspicuous; the gene densely punctulate with a few . 
scattered moderate, finely setose punctures; the eyes narrowly 
emarginate, one-half divided; the antennal club nearly twice as 
long as wide, with the first two sutures moderately oblique, and 
with a well developed septum on the dorsal half, the third suture 
more strongly oblique and-indistinct. 


The pronotum is wider than long, 10.5:8; brightly polished; 
with the hind margin strongly bisinuate and obtusely angled at 
the middle; the sides very strongly arcuate on the caudal half, 
nearly straight on the caudal fourth, then strongly arcuately 
narrowed so as to be very strongly constricted behind the broadly . 
rounded front margin, the constriction extending across the dorsum 
as an impression; the disc finely punctured, more densely behind, 
sparsely in front except along the front margin, coarsely punctured — 
on the sides; the punctures finely granulate, more distinctly so 
on the sides and in front; the pubescence short and not very distinct; 
the median line very fine, smooth, more distinct along the middle 
third. A shallow, oblique impression extends latero-cephalad 
on the caudal half of the disc. > 

The elytra are wider than the pronotum, 12:10, stout, one- 
third longer than wide, 16:12 (at the base), one-twelfth wider 
behind than at the base; the front margins strongly arcuate and 
serrate, the serrations isolated on the sides; impressed about the 
minute scutellum; the hind margin, from above, broadly rounded; 
the striz very narrow; the strial punctures indistinct, fine and 
separated; the interspaces very wide, the second interspace much 
wider at the base, causing the remaining discal stria to be out- 
curved at the base; the interspaces slightly convex on the disc, 


1 
THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST. 363 


strongly convex on the sides; strongly rugulose-punctate, with 
larger transverse, subacute asperities intermixed with numerous 
‘smaller granules, the asperities numerous and dense towards the 
base, becoming uniserate towards and upon the declivity; the 
declivital interspaces moderately convex, closely, finely punctured 
and uniseriately moderately asperate; the second more finely, the 
third more coarsely and wider; the ninth subcarinate on the sides; 
the pubescence very short, reddish, stout, stouter and a little more 
- evident on the declivity. 


The male has the front with a similar rugulose-punctate area, 
but with the region between the eyes less densely though coarsely 


’ rugulose and rather strongly and broadly impressed, with a well 


‘developed acute median carina on the cephalic half, ending in a 
small concave median epistomal lobe as in the female; with an 
obtuse elevation on each side opposite the middle of the eyes; 

_the pronotum a little more strongly constricted in front, with the 
sides nearly straight behind; the declivity similar to that of the 
female, except that the second interspace appears slightly flattened, 
with the asperities smaller than on the others, and the asperities on 
the third are less numerous and rather distinctly coarser than 

those on the first. This may be individual, or may indicate the 

sexual differences so distinct in other species. 
I have taken it only in ‘twigs of Pinus divaricata, in the Riding 

Mountains, Manitoba. The occurrence of Phloeosinus in Pinus is 
unusual. Type series number, 2008. 


Phloeosinus utahensis, n: sp.—A large species; length 3% 
mm., width 2 mm., colour black, with the elytra reddish. 


‘The head has the front flattened in the female, densely coarsely 
rugose-punctate and rather densely clothed with short yellow 
hairs; with a faint, curved, transverse impression; the eyes narrowly, 
very deeply emarginate; the gene rather densely, coarsely punc- 
tured; the antennal club elongate with the sutures oblique. 

The pronotum is one-half wider than long, 16:11, widest 
behind, the hind margin bisinuate, the sides rounded and strongly 
narrowed towards the broadly rounded, reddish front margin, 
moderately constricted near the front with the constriction extend- 
ing across the dorsum; finely, densely, deeply and evenly punctured 


364 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


above, with the median carina very fine and nearly obsolete; the 
- pubescence very short and indistinct. 
The elytra are one-half longer than wide, 25:17.5; slightly 


wider than the pronotum; the base strongly arcuate, raised and 


serrate as usual with lunar asperities becoming acute and isolated 
on the sides; with the striz narrow, deep, distinctly and closely 


punctured; the interspaces wide, granulate-punctate and asperate ~ 


as usual, more densely and coarsely towards the base; the asperities 
becoming uniseriate behind; the first and third interspaces strongly 


raised on the declivity, and the asperities as a row of small teeth © 


with granules intermixed; the second interspace convex but less 
strongly raised, closely punctured and with a row of very few and 


much smaller points; the reddish pubescence very short, abundant 


but indistinct, denser, more evident and scale-like on the declivity, 
with minute slender hairs from the asperate punctures. 

The ‘male has the front widely and deeply impressed with a 
median carina on the cephalic half; the pronotum very broadly 
arcuate on the caudal half, and very strongly narrowed in front, 


with the median line fine and slightly elevated; the elytra with | 


the discal asperities very sparse, but on the declivity the first and 


third interspaces bear each a regular row of large, compressed, . 


black-tipped teeth; those of the first interspace are strongly com- 
pressed, with the distal edge elongate, the anterior angle rounded, 
the posterior angle elevated and acute, situated on the lateral half 


of the interspace, the mesal half of which is smooth and finely 


punctured ; those of the third interspace smaller and more numerous 
than those of the first; the second interspace as wide as on the disc, 
flat, finely punctured and entirely without asperities; the fifth, 
sseventh and ninth interspaces each with a row of much smaller 
but very distinct serrations. The pubescence is slightly longer on 
the declivity and less scale-like. 

One male and one female from Stockton, Utah, through the 
kindness of Mr. W. Knaus. These are probably sexes of the same 


species, and are distinct from Leconte’s type of serratus. Type 


number, 2182. 


Phloeosinus hoppingi, n. sp.—A very small species, with 


the alternate interspaces on the declivity strongly serrate. The 


length, 1.9 mm.; width, 1 mm.; the colour black, the basal margin - 


a 


- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 365 


of the elytra, and the declivity reddish-brown, the antennze and 
tarsi yellow. 

The head has the front and vertex shining, moderately, not 
very closely, rather roughly punctured, rugosely on the sides; 
with a rather deep transverse arcuate impression and an acute 


well developed median carina between the impression and the epi- 


stomal margin; the pubescence short, erect, not conspicuous except 
the yellow dense epistomal fringe; the eyes deeply emarginate, 
the antennal club wide, six-tenths as wide as long, with the first 
two segments subequal in length and each nearly as long as the 


_ outer part, the first two sutures nearly transverse, the third strongly 


oblique, a strongly chitinized septum shown on the dorsal third of 
the first and second sutures. 

The pronotum is wider than long, 6:5; with the hind margin 
bisinuate; the sides very strongly arcuate behind, strongly arcuately ~ 
narrowed in front of the middle and bisinuate behind the broadly 
rounded front margin, widest near the hind margin; the disc 
rather coarsely, not densely, punctured, not distinctly granulate; 
the pubescence short, suberect, forming a conspicuous median line’ 


of hairs. 4 
‘The elytra are one-third longer than wide, 13:10; the bases 


RS arcuate, elevated and serrate; the sides slightly wider at the middle; 


the striae deep and moderately narrow; the strial punctures moder- 


ately small but distinct; the interspaces convex, closely coarsely 


granulate-punctuate, and coarsely uniseriately asperate on the 


disc near the suture and alternately on the declivity; the 


first interspace asperate only on the hinder half; the second 
asperate only on the basal half, more coarsely towards the 
base; the third asperate throughout, more coarsely towards 
the base; the fifth and seventh interspaces distinctly asperate on 
the hinder half; the declivity with the alternate interspaces more 
strongly convex and moderately, rather closely, acutely serrate; 
the 1st and 3rd punctured on the mesal side with the row of ser- 
rations along the outer side; the second interspace on the declivity 
hardly convex and narrower than the Ist and 3rd; the 9th carinate 
behind but hardly serrate; the pubescence fine but distinct, larger ~ 


-on the sides, closer and minutely scale-like on the declivity. 


The male has the front rather Seamus ng roughly, closely punc- 


366 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


tured, with the whole central portion broadly and deeply concave, 


but with the margins of the concavity rounded; the median carina 


well developed and acute extending from between the eyes to the 


nearly obsolete epistomal lobe; the pronotum is of the same relative 


length and width as in the female, but the sides are more nearly 
parallel behind and more strongly constricted in front; the elytral 
declivity with the serrations distinctly coarser, with the acute 
apices directed obliquely caudad. 


Seven females and three males from California, received from 
Mr. Ralph Hopping; taken in ‘“‘cedar limbs.’’ Type number, 2171 


Phloeosinus vandykei, n. sp.—A small species, with rather 
sparsely punctured pronotum and deep narrow striae. Length, 
2.2 mm.; width, 1.2 mm. 


Description of the female: The head has the front flattened, 
coarsely, deeply rather sparsely punctured and granulate; with a 
low acute median carina becoming prominent on the epistoma; 


the pubescence short, stiff and erect; the antennal club over half. 


as wide as long, 7.5:11, with the first two segments comprising 
more than one-half the mass; the first two sutures obliquely arcuate, 


the third more strongly oblique; the septa strongly pt ate on . 


the first two sutures. 


The pronotum is wider than long, 5:4; with the base bisinuate; 
the sides broadly rounded on the hinder two-thirds, and narrowed 
towards the front; constricted behind the front margin, which is 
very broadly rounded; the disc’ rather coarsely, deeply, rather 
sparsely punctured, the punctures finely granulate; the pubescence 
fine; the median line very finely faintly carinate behind. 


The elytra are 1.4 times as long as wide; the bases arcuate, 


elevated, and coarsely serrate with the lunar serrations becoming 


coarser, acute, isolated and strongly oblique on the side; the sides 


somewhat inflated behind; the hind margin broadly rounded as - 


viewed from above; the striz very narrow and deep, those of the 
disc outcurved towards the base; the strial punctures very small; 
the interspaces convex, sparsely rather coarsely asperate-punctate; 
the asperities uniseriate on the declivity, larger, confused and 
lunar towards the base, strongly oblique and finally longitudinal 


THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST 367 


towards and upon the sides at the base, moderately confused on 
the disc and sides except on the third, fifth, seventh and ninth, 
which are nearly uniseriate; the ninth interspace carinate; the 
second wider towards the base; the declivity with the first three 
sutures nearly equal, the first and third hardly elevated, the second 
not narrower and hardly impressed, but without asperities, the 
third uniting with the ninth, the fourth met on the declivity by 
the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth; the asperities of the declivity 
uniseriate, fine and acute, and the surface of the interspaces there 
smoother and more shining than on the-disc; the pubescence very 
fine, short and indistinct. The discal interspaces are frequently 
nearly uniseriately asperate; the asperities are reduced to fine 


granules on the sides. 


‘The male has the front broadly and rather deeply concave; 
the pronotum more broadly rounded on the sides and more sharply 
constricted in front; and has the declivity smoother and more 
brightly polished, with the serrations nearly obsolete except for a 
few sparse granules on the third interspace. 


Type locality: Huckleberry Meadow, Fresno Co., Calif. 


Received through the kindness of Mr. Ralph Hopping. It 
was taken in ‘“‘ Cedar limbs.’” Type number, 2173. 


Hylastes ruber, n. sp.—Stouter than usual, the pronotium 
shorter and nearly as wide as the elytra; the elytra with the striz 
hardly impressed, narrow, the strial punctures small, the inter- 
spaces flat.and densely, rather coarsely granulate; length, 4.8 mm.; 
width, 1.75 mm. 


The head has the front strongly convex, the middle line 
evenly moderately convex from epistoma to vertex; closely, 
moderately, rather rugosely punctured; the transverse impression 
at the base of the beak very faintly indicated; the epistoma moder- 
ately impressed on each side; the median carina acute, fine but 
well developed, extending to the middle of the front; the epistomal 
lobe wide, concave at the middle with the sides somewhat tuber- 
culate; the pubescence minute and inconspicuous, nearly obsolete. 


_ The pronotum is but very slightly longer than wide; broadly 
rounded behind; the hind angles rounded; slightly arcuate on the 


368 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


sides, subparallel for three-fourths the length, then strongly nar- 
rowed and rather distinctly constricted; the front margin moder- 
ately rounded; considerably narrower than the elytra; the punc- 
tures rather small and close on the disc, dense and somewhat 
rugose on the sides, smaller, closer and somewhat rugose in front; 
the smooth median line slightly elevated throughout, slightly 
widest at the middle; the pronotum not acutely margined on the 
sides behind. 


The elytra are twice as wide as long; moderately wider than 
the pronotum, 13 to 10.5; the base truncate, acute; the humeral 
angles rounded; the sides subparallel for nearly three-fourths the 
length, then strongly arcuately narrowed and _ semicircularly 
rounded behind as viewed from above, with the side margin bisinu- 
ate behind; very narrowly rounded at the apex; the strie very 
narrow and but faintly impressed upon the disc and sides; dis- 
tinctly impressed on the declivity; the strial punctures small, not 
larger than those of the pronotum, closely placed, deep and bordered 
with black, of about the same size throughout; the interspaces 
flat upon the disc and sides, faintly convex behind on the disc and 
upon the declivity; densely, and rather coarsely granulate upon 
the disc, becoming finely asperate upon the declivity and confused 
throughout; the sides of the declivity impressed before the tip; 
the pubescence minute, reddish and moderately distinct upon the 
declivity; the basal third of the first three discal interspaces with | 
the strial septa and interstrial transverse roughenings strongly 
oblique. : 


The venter has the last segment densely punctured, very 
broadly rounded behind, and moderately convex throughout: the 
prothorax below closely punctured and rugulose with the punctures 
more distinct than usual. There appears to be no sexual difference 
in the few specimens available; probably only one sex is represented. - 


This species is related to macer Lec., and differs in the distinctly 
stouter form; shorter and stouter pronotum, rugose on the sides 
and in front; and the stria much less distinctly impressed. 

Type number, 2310a. 

The type is from Golden, B. C.; also taken in the Creighton 
Valley, B. C., in bark of dying Douglas fir. 


Can. Ent., Voi. XLVII. 


HAY WW Ml 
AANA 


DRYOCOETES PSEUDOTSUGAE, N. SP. 
ORIGINAL. 


PLATE XIV. 


GREATLY ENLARGED, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 369 


‘Variations in our few examples are slight; the pronotumis 


ae -arcuately subparallel on the sides for three-foutrhs the length or. 


‘more and constricted before the front margin, widest at or before 
the middle; sometimes slightly more elongate than in the type. 

The types of these species are in the collection of the Entomo- 
logical Branch, Ottawa. 


SOME OLD CLASSIFICATIONS OF INSECTS. 


BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. 


.From the time of Aristotle to the present, different naturalists 
have advanced and advocated vatious systematic arrangements of 
- insects. Many of the older ones were never generally adopted 
and only a-few’in part hold good at the present day. Linnaeus 
arranged insects in seven orders, but as entomologists became 
more exacting, the number was gradually increased until thirty-> 
seven are now recognized as set forth in Brues and Melander’s” 
“Key to the Families of North American Insects.” 


It is not the purpose of this paper to deal with the history of ~ 
the various changes which have taken place, but simply to set 
-forth, as a matter of entomological interest, some of the systems 
which were proposed several hundreds of years back. 


ARISTOTLE'S SYSTEM. 


Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), Greek philosopher. 
I. Winged insects (Pterofa or Ptilota) 


With wing cases—beetles (Coleoptera) ° 

With coriaceous wings—grasshoppers (Pedetica) 

Without jaws— bugs (A stomata). 

With powdery wings—moths, butterflies (Psyche), 

With four transparent wings (7etraptera). 

Without stings and larger—(dragon-flies). 

With stings—bees and wasps (Opisthocentra). 

6. With two wings (Diptera). 

Without mouth-piercers and smaller—flies and crane-flies. 


- With mouth-piercers—gnats and gad-flies (Emprosthocentra) 
November, 1915. = 


Te ee 


370 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


‘II. Wingless insects: 

1. Occasionally acquiring wings, 
Ants (Myrmices). 
Glow-worms (Pygolampides). 

2. Without wings (A ptera). 


ALDROVANDI’S SYSTEM. : 


Aldrovandi, Ulissi (1522-1605), Italian naturalist, studied law 
and medicine, occupied chair of natural history in 1560 at Uni- : 
versity at Bologna. . Se 

I. Land insects (Terrestria) : : 

1. With feet (Pedata), 

a With wings (Alaia). 
Without wing-cases (A nelytra). © 
With membranaceous wings (Membranacea). 
Honey making ((Favifica). - 
Not honey making -(Non favifica). 
With scaly wings (Farinosa). 
With wing cases (Elytrota). : 
b Without wings (Apiera). . 
With few feet (Paucipeda). 
With many feet (Multipeda). 
2. Without feet (A poda). 
II. Water insects (Aquatica). 

1. With feet (Pedata). 

a With few feet (Paucipeda). 3 
b With many feet (Multipeda). ( 
2. Without feet (A poda). 


RAY AND WILLUGHBY’S SYSTEM. 


Ray, John (1628-1705), sometimes called the father of English 
natural history. Willughby, Francis (1635-1672), English orni- 
thologist and ichthyologist, was pupil, friend, patron and co-worker 
of John Ray. . 

I. Insects undergoing no transformations. 
1. Without feet. 
a Land insects, including worms (Terrestria). 
b Water insects, including leeches (Aquatica). 


awe - 56 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Be 371 


2. With feet (Pedata), 


a With six feet ((Hexapoda). 
Land insects (Terrestria). 
Larger, including lignivorous larve (Majora). 
Less, including lice and springtails (Minora). 
Water insects including the river shrimp (Aquatica). 
b With eight feet (Octopoda). 
With tails—scorpions (Caudata). 
Without tails—spiders, mites (Non caudata). 

c With fourteen feet—woodlice. 

d With twenty-four feet. 

e With thirty feet. 

f With many feet. 

a Land insects (Terrestria). 
With a roundish body—millipedes (Tereti seu subrotundt). 
With a flat or compressed body—centipedes (Plano seu 

compressa). 

b Water insects (Aquatica) - 

With a round body (Corpore tereti). 
With a flat body (Corpore plano). 
With a double tail (Bicaudatum). 


II. Insects undergoing transformations. 
1. Transformations instantaneous. 


a Lace-winged flies (Libelle seu Perle). 
b Wild bugs (Cimices sylvestres). 

c Locusts and mantes (Locuste). 

d Field crickets (Grylli campestres). 

e Hearth crickets (Grylli domestict). 

f Mole crickets (Grylli talpa). 

g Tree hoppers (Cicade@). 

h Cockroaches (Blatte). 

i Crane-flies (Tipule). 

k Water-scorpion (Scorpius aquaticus). 
1 Water flies (Musce aquatice), 

m May-flies (Hemerobit). 

n Earwigs (Forficula seu Auricularia). 


. Transformations twofold, metamorphosis duplex. 


a With wing-cases—beetles. 


SRS THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. - 


~ 


ae Without wing-cases. 

With mealy wings—butterflies oul moths (Alis far 
naceis). 

With membranaceous wings lees, ies (Alis meni 
branaceis). ~ 

With two wings. 

With four wings. 

Gregarious (Gregaria). 

-Making honey—bees (Mellifica) 

Not making honey (Non mellifica) 

Solitary (Solitaria). . 

Bee-formed (A piformia). ; ae 

Wasp-formed (Vespiformia). 

Butterfly-formed (Papilioniformia). 

With an ovipositor (Seticaude seu Triplia). 


SWAMMERDAM’S SYSTEM. 


Swammerdam, Jan (1637-1680), Dutch naturalist. a 

I. Transformations immediate, the insects being hatched per- — 
fectly formed—fleas, spiders, etc. . oi 

II. Transformations taking place under a covert ea ie 
crickets, bugs, dragon-flies, may-flies. 4 

III. Transformations with a pupa-case intermediate — beetles, a 
wasps, saw-flies, gnats. 3 4 
Transformations in the pupa state obtected—moths, butter 3 
flies. a % 

IV. Transformations in the pupa state coarctate—ichneumons,, "4 
flies, etc. 


VALLISNIERI "S SYSTEM. 


Vallisnieri, Antonio (1661-1730), Italian entomolediaks 

Vallisnieri arranged insects into the four following groups 
Plant insects, Water insects, Insects inhabiting earthy or anne 
substances and Insects inhabiting living animals. 


LINNAEUS’ SYSTEM. ; cae 
Linnaeus, Carl von Linné (1707-1778), Swedish botanist. “ge 


om 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST =e 373, 


I. Winged insects: 
1. With four wings. 
= a Upper wings more or less crustaceous, the under wings 
membranaceous. 
Upper wings quite crustaceous and not overlapping 
“i ; (Coleoptera). 
Upper wings semi-crustaceous and overlapping—bugs, 
grasshoppers (Hemiptera). 
b Upper and under wings of same texture. ; 
Wings covered with small tiled scales—butterflies and 
_ moths (Lepidoptera). 
Wings membranaceous and naked, on 
Without a sting—dragon-flies, etc. (Neuroptera). 
With a sting—wasps, bees (Hymenoptera). 
2. With two wings—flies, gnats, etc. (Diptera). 
II. Wingless insects (A ptera). 


LAMARCK’S SYSTEM. 


z Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine De Monet, Chevalier 
de (1744-1829), French naturalist. 
I. Insects with jaws: 
1. With wing-cases—beetles (Coleoptera). 
-2. With straight wings—crickets, etc. (Orthoptera). 
3. With four equal wings—dragon-flies (Neuroptera.) 
II. Insects with jaws and:a sort of sucker. 
4. With four unequal wings—bees, etc. (Hymenoptera). 
~ III. Insects with no jaws but having a sucker. 
5. With powdery wings—moths, etc. (Lepidoptera). 
6. With upper wings of unequal consistence—bugs, etc. 
(Hemiptera). ‘ 
7. With two wings—flies, etc. (Diptera). 
8. Without wings (A plera). 


LATREILLE’S SYSTEM. 
Latreille, Pierre Andre (1762-1833), French naturalist. 
I. Insects with more than six feet and without wings (Myriapoda): 
1. With many jaws—woodlice (Chilognatha). 
2. With many feet—millipedes (Chilopoda). 


374 5 ._ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST  . 


If. Insects with six feet. 


Without wings. 
a With organs of motion like feet (Thysanura). 
b Mouth with a retractile sucker (Pavasita). 
c External mouth with a jointed tube enclosing a sucker 
(Suctoria). : 
. With four wings. ehieidae - 
A Upper wings pede the or coriaceous, at least at the 


base. 
a With under wings folded crosswise—beetles (Coleop- 
tera). 
1, Pentamera; 2, Heteromera; 3, Trimera; 4, Tetra-— 
mera). 


1, With under wings folded lengthwise (Orthoptera). 
Legs formed for running (Cursoria). 
Legs formed for leaping (Saltatoria). 
: With sucker enclosing several bristles (Hemiptera). 
1, Heteroptera; 2, Homoptera. 
_ Upper wings membranaceous. 
a Wings naked and nettled (Neuroptera)—1, Subuli 
cornes; 2, Planipennes; 3, Plicipennes. 
b Wings naked and veined (Hymenoptera)—1, Tere-. 
brantia; 2, Aculeata. < a 
c Wings with dust-like scales (Lepidoptera)—1, Diurna; Bee 
2, Crepuscularia; 3, Nocturna. |. Ls 
With two twisted elytra and two wings (Rhipiptera)—_ 
1, Xenos; 2, Stylops. 
With.two wings (Dipiera). 


Latreille also wrote a paper on the Geography of Insects in 
which he divided the globe into twelve insect zones. Histwomain 
divisions were Arctic (all north of the equator) and Antarctic (all 
south of the equator). The Arctic was sub-divided into the Polar, __ 
sub-Polar, Superior, Intermediate, Supra-tropical, Tropical and 
Equatorial, while the Antarctic embraced the Equatorial, Tropical, © . 
Supra-tropical, Intermediate and Superior. ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 375 


HOME’S SYSTEM. 


Home, Everard (1756-1832), English naturalist. 


Metamorphogenoa—Having the embryo produced from an 
egg which is formed in the ovarium, subjected to transformation 
and breathing by air-tubes (spiracula) ; heart wanting, blood white. 


-1. The embryo developed from eggs attached under the tail—lobster 
(Cancer). 


2. The embryo developed from eggs carried upon the anterior feet 
—spider (Aranea). 


3. The embryo developed from eggs deposited under the cuticle of 
the skin or stomach—gadfly (Cstrus). 


4. Embryos developed from eggs for several generations, im- 
pregnated at the same time—plant louse (A phis). 


5. Embryos produced from eggs of one mother that compose the 
whole republic—bee (A pis). 


6. Embryos from eggs deposited under water—water moth 
(Phryganea). 


: The foregoing classifications are representative of what were 
known as the wing, locality, transformation, mouth and egg 
systems; those of Aristotle and Linnaeus being examples of the 
wing system, those of Swammerdam-.and Ray & Willughby of the 
transformation system, those of Aldrovandi and Vallisnieri and 
one of Latreille’s the locality system, and that of Lemarck the 
cibarian or mouth system. Home's classification represents the 
egg system and the tabulated one of Latreille’s was known at one 
time as the modern or eclectic system, being a combination of the 
principles of several of the preceding ones. 


De Geer, Louis Gerhard, Baron (1818-1896) Swedish states- 
man and writer, was also the inventor of a wing system. Cuvier, 
Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert, Baron (1769-1832), 
French naturalist, and Fabricius, Johann Christian (1745-1808), 
Danish entomologist and economist, both put forth systems based 
on mouth structures, while Clairville, J, whose writings were 
published between 1798 and 1806, Leach, William Elford, who 


~ ~ 


376 - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


. Was at one time connected withthe British Museum and died in — 
1836, and Stephens, James Francis (1792-1852), an English ento-— 3 
mologist, were all advocates of the eclectic system and originators 
of classifications along such lines. 


MacLeay, William Sharp, an English cabaaraieae who y 
published between 1819 and 1838, was the author of what was — 
known as the quinary system, in which insects were arranged in 
circular groups of fives, so placed as to bring those having the 
nearest resemblance, contiguous to one another in their several 
circles. By some authors, insects were also arranged according — 
to the condition of their food, such as those feeding on living 
substances (Thalerophaga) and those feeding on dead substances ‘ 
(Saprophaga). These groups were subdivided, but such systems _ 
on the whole were never brought to any degree of perfection. 


REFERENCES CONSULTED: 


Encyclopedia Britannica.’ 


1915—Brues & Melander, Key to Families of North American 
Insects. 


1915—Woodworth, C. W., Classification of Orders of Insects, 
Ent. News, Vol. XXVI, p. 120. ie f. 
1913—Bastin, Harold, Insects, Their Life Histories and Habits. 


1906—Folson, J. W., Entomology with special reference to its 
Biological and Economic Aspects. 


1905—Osborn, H. F., From the Greeks to Darwin. 
1862—Hagen, Hermann August, Bibliotheca Entomologica. 


1831—Insect Miscellanies (Published under direction of 4 
Society for Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, London, Chas. Knight, x 
publisher). 


1839—Westwood, J. O., An is eecheee to the Modern 
Classification of Insects. ; 


1832—Burmeister, H., Handbuch der Entomologie. 


Mailed November 12, 1915. 


| Ehe Ganadiay Entomologist, 


Vor. XLVII. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1915 No. 12 


FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMO- | 
wis ¢ LOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


This was undoubtedly the most successful meeting of the 
_ Society that has ever taken place. It was held at Ottawa in the 
largé laboratory of the Entomological Branch of the Department 
of Agriculture on Thursday and Friday, November 4 and 5, 1915, 
and the President, Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomolo- 
gist, occupied the chair. Throughout the entire sessions the 
closest interest was evinced in the papers presented, most of which 
were of decided importance to farmers, horticulturists and others 
interested in agriculture and forestry. Valuable discussions 
followed the presentation of many of the papers. Entomologists 
from nearly every province in Canada were in attendance, as well 
as visitors from the United States. Among those who were present 
were Dr. H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass., who delivered the popular 
illustrated lecture on Thursday evening, November 4th, his subject 
being “Life Zones in Entomology and their Relation to Crops’’; 
Mr. C. P. Lounsbury, Chief of the Division of Entomology of the 
Union Department of Agriculture, Pretoria, South Africa; Mr. 
A. F. Burgess, Melrose Highlands, Mass.; Rev. Thos. W_ Fyles, 
Ottawa; Prof. W. Lochhead, and Mr. E. M. Du Porte, Macdonald 
College, Que.; Rev. Father,Leopold, and Prof. F. Letourneau, La 
Trappe, Que.; Prof. L. Caesar, Provincial Entomologist of Ontario; 
Prof. E. J. Zavitz, Provincial Forester, and A. W. Baker, Ontario 
Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont.; A. F. Winn, Westmount, Que.; 
J. C. Chapais, St. Denis en Bas,“Que.; H. G. Crawford, Wilton 
_' Grove, Ont.; F. J. A. Morris, Peterboro, Ont.; C. MacNamara, 
Arnprior, Ont.; Prof. W. H. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist of 
_Nova Scotia, Truro, N. S.; Mr. H- G. Payne, Kentville, N. S.; 
- Sir James Grant, Ottawa; Dr. F, T. Torrance, Veterinary-Director- 
General; Dr. F. T. Shutt, Dominion Chemist; W. T. Macoun, 
Dominion Horticulturist; Dr. C. H. Higgins, Pathologist; F. W. L. 
Sladen, Apiarist of Dominion Experimental Farms; R. H. Campbell, 


378 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Director of Forestry; H. T. Gussow, Dominion Botanist; W. Ide, a 
Private Secretary to the Minister, Dept. of Agriculture; D. Johnson, _ 
Dominion Fruit Commissioner. The following members of the 
Entomological Branch were present: Dr. Hewitt; Arthur Gibson, — 3 
Chief Assistant Entomologist; J. M. Swaine, Assistant Entomolo- 
gist for Forest Insects. Field Officers: R. C. Treherne, Agassiz, 
B. C.; G. E. Sanders, Annapolis Royal, N. S.; E. H. Strickland, — 
Lethbridge, Alta.; G. Beaulieu, Ottawa; J. D. Tothill and L.:S. 
McLaine, Fredericton, N. B.; Norman Criddle, Treesbank, Man.; 
W. A. Ross, Vineland, Ont.; C. E. Petch, Hemmingford, Que.; 
R. N. Chrystal, Vancouver, B. C.; J. R. Gareau, Strathroy, Ont.; 
A. E. Kellett, Artist Assistant; J. I. Beaulne, Inspector. 


The following papers were presented: 

‘Insects of the Season in Ontario.”’ 
“Willow and Poplar Curculio.”’ 

—L. CAESAR. 
“Insects of St. Annes, Que., season of 1915.” 
“Occurrence of Tychius picirostus on clover at 

St. Anne’s, Que.”’ 
—E. M. DuPorte. - 
‘“The Home of Gortyna stramentosa.”’ s 
—A. F. WINN. . 


‘‘Observations upon some of the Predaceous and 
Parasitic Hymenoptera.” 
—ReEv. Tuos. W. FYLes. 
“The Leaf Weevil (Polydrosus impressifrons 
Gyll) in New York.”’ 
—P. J. Parrott AND HuGH GLAsGow. 
“Side Worm Injury by the Codling Moth.’’~ 
’ —E. Pi: Fea. 
“Lygus tnvitus and its Control in 1915.” a. 
—W. BRITTAIN tl 
‘“‘A Capsid Attacking Apples.” mi ar 
—H. G. CRAwrorp. 
“The Foundiag of the Science of Cecidiology.”” . 
—A. COSENS. — 


& "Dy: . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST $79 


“The Army Cutworm in Southern Alberta.” 
—E. H. STRICKLAND. 


: “Some Notes on Nose and other Bot Flies.”’ 
Fe; —W. LocHHEAD. 
“Further Notes on the Warble Fly, Hypoderma 
bovis.”’ 
—S. HADWEN 
“Forest Insect Investigations in Canada ”’ 
—J M. SWAINE. 
“The Life History of Chermes cooleyi in Stanley 
Far; b.C.”’ 
R. N. CHRYSTAL. 
“The Cabbage Maggot (Chortophila brassice) in 
British Columbia’’ (a) Natural Methods of 
Control; (b) Autumn development. 
| —R = TREHERNE. 
“Fresh Woods and Pastures New.’ 
oe . —F. J. A. Morris. 
ae “Some of the methods followed in Nova Scotia 
in Controlling the Brown-tail Moth.”’ 
—G,. E. SANDERS. 
“Raising Brown-tail Moth Parasites at Melrose 
Laboratory for Distribution in Canada.”’ 
—L.S. McLarneE. 
“Locust Control Work with Poisoned Baits in 
Eastern Canada, 1915.” 
—ARTHUR GIBSON. 
“Apple Leaf Rollers In Ontario.”’ 
—L. CAESAR. 


’ In addition to the above, brief addresses were given by Dr. 
Hewitt, by Mr. Charles MacNamara on the Habits of Thalessa, 
-and by Mr. J. D. Tothill on the colonization of the parasites of the 
Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths in eastern Canada. All of the papers 
presented at the meeting, as well as a full account of the discussion, 
will be published early in 1916 as the Forty-sixth Annual Report ~ 
of the Entomological Society of Ontario. 


\ 


* 
Ph) 


380 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : rd 


‘The following were elected officers of the Society. for 1915 | 
PRESIDENT—A. F. Winn, Westmount, One. . ; 


mology, O. A. College; Giaiph: 

LrBrARIAN—Rev. Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A.,, For 
F.R.S.C., Professor of Entomology and Zoology, O. A. College, 
Guelph, Ont. Se 

Drrectors—Division No. 1, Mr. Arthur. Gibson, Eatenaee 
logical Branch;.Department of Agriculture, Ottawa; No. 2, Mr. — 
C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A.~Cosens, Parkdale” S 
Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. C. W. Nash, 4 
Provincial Biologist, East Toronto; Division No. 5, Mr. F. J. A. — 
-Morris, Peterboro; Division No. 6, Mr. J. W. Noble, Essex, oe 
Division No. 7, Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland Station, Ont. : a 


On Friday evening, November 5th, a very enjoyable smoker 
was held. The Entomological Section of the Ottawa Field Natural-_ F 
ists’ Club were the hosts, and brief speeches, reminiscent, anecdote 
and felicitous, enlivened the proceedings. ‘ag 


A. G. 


a 

pi 
car 
a 


A NEW TABANUS 
BY: C...Py WHITNEY, potash: N. H. 


Tabanus wrighti, n. sp. 


Female—Length 11 mm. Face, front and palpi black. Ana 
tenn black, the slightest rufous tinge at base of third joint, which 
is narrow, the upper angle rounded and hardly raised. Frontal 
callus round, a short, tapering prolongation above. = 

Sub-callus denuded, shining (an uncertain character), 
prominent ocelligerous tubercle. Eyes (revived) black, ‘Ones 
row green bands, the interspaces twice as wide. Thorax s 


black. Abdomen black, sparsely pilose, segments with | n 
December 1915 


my 


Can. Ent., VoL. XEVII. 


JEAN HENRI FABRE. 


In his room and seated at the table where he wrote his “Souvenirs Entomologiques.”’ 
(Illustration reproduced from ‘‘L’/llusiration,”’ to which paper grateful acknowledgments are made.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 381 


posterior whitish bands. Second segment with a small dorso- 


lateral rufo-fulvous spot reaching posterior margin. Venter black, 


the whitish bands more distinct. Feet black Wings dark fuli- 
ginous, fading at apex, hinder margin and root. First posterior cell 


ie widely open. 


:. s paratype, slightly damaged, is a little larger and lacks the 
__ spots on second segment. 


Taken in May, at West Palm Beach, Florida, by Dr. H. Ev 


Wright, after whom the species is named. 


JEAN-HENRI FABRE. 
It is liard to believe as I write that Fabre is dead, for the great 
age to which he lived and the extraordinary character of the man 
had, as it were, dulled one’s senses to the inexorable facts of life. 


The photograph before me of ‘‘ that inimitable observer,” as Darwin - 


called him more than half a century ago, showing that keen old 


‘face wrinkled with years of the most intense and penetrating 


observation still intent on the movements of an insect, had instilled 
into one an idea of permanence. But on October 11th, at Orange, 
_he finished a life.of ninety-two years of hard and strenuous toil. 


Born of humble parentage at Saint Léons, a little village in 
the Haute Rouergue, on December 22nd, 1823, he was destined to 
a life of poverty, through which he struggled with an indomitable 
‘perseverance, which was the outstanding characteristic of his entire 
life and the main cause of the imperishable fame that will be his. 
His early years were a perpetual struggle for education. Undeterred 
by disappointment, he laboured on as a teacher, now as a professor 
of mathematics and physics at Ajaccio in Corsica, where an acquain- 
- tance with that brilliant naturalist Moquin-Tandon was responsible 
for his determination to forswear mathematics for the study of 
living things, and later at Avignon, always careless of degrees and 
dignities. The chance discovery in 1854 of a volume of that 
- famous entomologist, Léon Dufour, on the habits of a wasp, 
Cerceris, directed his steps into that path of patient entomological 
study from which, during the succeeding sixty years of incessant 


~ 


382 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


labour, he never turned. In the following year there-appeared in i 
. the Annales des sciences naturelles his memoir on Cerceris, which 
signalises the beginning of his entomological career. While at 
Avignon he met John Stuart Mill, whose love for botany furnished 
the basis of their remarkable friendship; incidentally he took his — 
doctor’s degree in Natural Sciences at Paris, and his discovery by — 
Victor Drury, the Minister of Public Instruction, was responsible 
for his distinction as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Little 
did these honours avail him, for during the twenty years during ~ 
which he stayed at the University of Avignon his salary never 
changed from £64 per annum. Disappointed, but clinging more 
tenaciously than ever to his life’s pursuit, he settled down near 
Orange, in the lower Rhone, and subsequently, “after forty years. 
of desperate struggles,’’ he found his Eden at Sérignan, ‘a little 
village in Provence. oe 


Here for the rest of his life he dwelt; his laboratory was a small 
tract of wwild land ‘‘L’Harmas,” a ‘‘living laboratory,” where he 
studied ‘‘non l’insecte mort, macéré dans le trois-six, mais l’insecte _ 
vivant; un laboratoire ayant pour objet l’instinct, les moeurs, la — 
" maniére de vivre, les travaux, les luttes, la propagation de ce petit 
monde, avec lequel Vagriculture et la philosophie doivent trés 
serieusement compter.”’ 


yaa cents 
5 . Ae Ty ae LOR we ge oe r 
4 : Adit OAV a ee 
. y a ae a . te et = Si ars CX oe wha wl Cie lt ta 
PA ne Tet eee hes pee eee se da’ agalactiae hae a 4s. cers é Mae Pee ass a «hd - 
De LS TE ge a Ptr ee ee he eee A ~ yj . 


The central feature of Fabre’s work was that he studied the 
living insect and its behaviour, and in this fact lies the chief value 
of his contribution to entomological knowledge. Never since 
Réaumur has so wide a range of insects been studied so intensively __ 
as we find in the Souvenirs entomologiques; but while Réaumur = 
described with the greatest precision the objects of his patient ss 
study, he did not enter into the lives of his insects and their instinc- 
tive behaviour to the extent that Fabre has accustomed us. And ~~ 
how different their respective lives: Fabre carrying on a perpetual 
struggle to raise a family in the face of poverty and Réaumur in 
ease and comfort. It is safe to say that no entomologist in the 
past has accomplished a work of so unique a character as that of 
Fabre, and it is unlikely that the future will hold another man 
who will equal his achievement. In 1878 he was able to assemble 
the results of about twenty-five years’ labour in the form of the 


/ 


oa | ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 883° 


_ first-volume of the Souvenirs, and the ten volumes he has left us 
_ constitute his great contribution to our knowledge. | 


In an appreciation of this character it is impossible to refer 
individually to the two hundred and nineteen memoirs, as his 
_. chapters really are, in the Souvenirs, much less to select from the — — 
_ thousand and one inimitable word pictures he gives us, greatly as 
- one is tempted to do so. As the years passed by, his literary style 
déveloped until it reached a beauty of description that cannot be 
excelled in any language, and to appreciate it fully one must go 
to the original memoirs, although the translations of the-selected 
essays, which are gradually being published, will serve to bring 
~ his work to the attention of a wider audience than it has previously 
enjoyed. 


Undoubtedly the outstanding feature of Fabre’s work was his’ 
contribution. to our knowledge of insect behaviour, as I have 
already stated. He was not content with mere observation, with 
-anatomical or physiological studies, but searched deeply for the 
principles underlying the behaviour of the creatures with whom 
he lived hour by hour and day by day: endeavouring to obtain, 
as it were, the insect’s point of view. He was constantly comparing 
insects with men, and this anthropocentric attitude, no doubt, was 
a source of danger. Nevertheless, the evidence he afforded as a 
result of his painstaking work of the “pervasive mentality and _ 
purposiveness,” to use the words of a recent writer, is his main 
contribution to the interpretation of animal behaviour. His belief 
in instinct as a dominant and underivable factor fundamentally 
different from intelligence, his strong vitalistic conception of the 
organism, and his firm opposition to the ideas set forth by Darwin, 
with whom he corresponded and for whom he conceived a real 
affection, are leading characteristics of his work. Although he 
assailed the ‘“‘ vast and luminous balloon”’ of evolution, as he called 
it, his criticism lacked the constructive arguments one would have 
desired from a close observer, and his intense conviction of the 
* fallacy of a mechanistic interpretation appears to have blinded him 
to the possibility of an alternative interpretation of facts consistent 
with the idea of evolution. 
C. Gorpon HEwiIrtt. 


384 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST __ | ~ a 


POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 
THE CENTENARY or KtRBY AND SPENCE’S | oe 
‘‘An Introduction to Entomology.” 7 | Wels: 

_ BY F. J. A. MORRIS, PETERBOROUGH, ONT. Be seo 


' To fill the space, which has been kindly put at my service, 
may I remind our brother entomologists that the current year is 
the centenary of the first (and ‘still the greatest) popular work in 
English on Insects? In 1815 was published the first volume of © 
“An INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY,” by William Kirby and 
William Spence. 


It is no exaggeration to claim this work as effecting a revolu- 
tion in Great Britain in the study of Natural History. As ascience, 
Entomology had already had its foundations well and truly laid 
in the 17th century: in Europe, by masters like Malpighi, Swam- 
merdam, Leeuwenhoek and Redi; in England, by Ray and Wil- 
lughby. The bright examples of Reaumur and Linnaeus, Fabricius, 
Latreille and the Hubers, sufficed in the 18th century to keep the 
torch aflame, and reconcile a little band of devotees to labour 
unrewarded by public recognition, and often the butt of ridicule 
and obloquy. But no attempt was made, in English at least, to 
popularise the science. 


The Rev. William Kirby, father of modern British Entomology, 
was a native of East Anglia. He began his work in Natural History | 
as a botanist, and his name appears among the chartered members 
of the newly founded Linnean Society in 1788. He was at this 
time in his 30th year, but having one day found, in his rambles” 
after plants, a very beautiful insect, he diverted his attention 
to this new branch of Natural History. a 


The first in the long list of his contributions to the Linnean A 
Society is dated 1793; in 1802 appeared his important monograph | ae 
on British Bees; in 1811 he established the Insect Order of Sirep- 
siptera, which still holds good; and in 1812 (as a note in hiscommon- | 
place book goes to show) he had identified what in his day was _ 
considered a bee-louse, the triungulin or young larva of the Oil- ~ 


beetle. 
December, 1915. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 385 


_ When 46, he met for the first time a young and enthusiastic ~ 
_ collector of beetles, William Spence. The two became fast friends, 
_ and three years later was born the idea of a popular introduction 
to their favourite pursuit. This was in the year 1808, and it 
. shows how great examples serve to 


ene ‘inspire posterity, 
Fathering their kind, from son to son;” 


for it was in 1808 that news had come to them of the death of the 
great Fabricius. 


The ‘‘Introduction’’ consists of a series of letters ‘written in 
"delightful style, the more remarkable that both authors were 


- learned in every branch of the science and profoundly read. They 


brought to their task the ripe experience of years of active observa- 
‘tion and collection, and during nearly 20 years of planning and 
publishing, they ransacked whole libraties of British and foreign — 
literature. 


Bigs “the letters were originally in four volumes: Vol. I dealing 
largely with Injuries and Benefits due to Insects, but treating 
also such interesting topics as Metamorphoses, Care of Young, 
Food, and Homes; Vol. II chiefly taken up with Insect Societies, 
but including letters on Weapons, Movements, Emission of Sound 
and Light, Hibernation, and Instinet; Vols. III and IV were syste- 
matic and supplementary; these ceased to be reprinted after the 
sixth edition, and Vols. I and II came to constitute the now world- 
famed Introduction. 


And what a transformation it effected! Just look before and 
after. A little over a century before, and the sanity of Lady 
Glanville had been hotly impugned by British lawyers and the great 
naturalist Ray dragged to court to testify that the lady, though 
indeed a collector of Lepidoptera, was not insane. 


In the first decades of the 19th century ignorance was wide- 
spread and prejudice strong against entomology; but the “Intro- 
duction” changed all that, and in a preface to the sixth edition 
(1843) the authors (Kirby, now an octogenarian) could congratulate 
themselves on the removal of this. public reproach. Moreover, a 


386 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


number of other works now supplemented their iu Introduc- 
tion. 
In 1815 they had enlisted in their service the genius aks ‘ei : 
Government clerk, John Curtis, who drew and engraved five plates 
to illustrate their first two volumes. In 1824, when the “Tottednes a 
tion’”’ was complete, he dedicated to William Kirby the first of his 
16 immortal volumes of plates, illustrating British insects on their x 
food plants; the letterpress is of no value now, but the coloured — . 
plates remain the ne plus ultra of artistic excellence. And the : : 
great systematist, J. O. Westwood, won the favour (his crowning — 
ambition, he calls it) of having his magnificent ‘‘Introduction to — 
the Classification of Insects” recognised as a sequel to Sa and 
Spence; and so it became and is. ae, 4 
The authors of the “Introduction” claim as one of the ak se 
vantages of their epistolary method that it lends itself to— easy 
_digressions. May I close my letter with a little aside in the shape 
of a personal incident? In 1904 I was visiting an uncle in pee e %; 
hurst (Kent, England), and, on the eve of my departure to Scotland 
ona botany trip, got word that an old family friend of my uncle’ sa 
was coming to stay with him. I begged my uncle to ask his “ 
guest’s advice in the choice of a good general treatise on Ento-— a 
mology. A week later I got.a note saying that nothing in English 
had yet displaced Kirby and Spence’s Introduction with J. O. — 
Westwood’s two volumes on Classification as a sequel. I still — 
treasure the note with its signature—Avebury; for my uncle’s — 
friend was none other than the famous author of “ Bees, Ruse and 
Wasps,” the late Sir John Lubbock. . 


AESHNA UMBROSA UMBROSA WALK. IN NEWFOUNDLAND, ; 

In the 45th Annual Report Ent. Soc. of Ont.; 1914, p . 149, 13 
recorded the finding of the nymph of this dragonfly fe “Spruce _ 
Brook, Newfoundland, on July 27, 1914. Recently I received two q 
male adults from Humbermouth, ‘Bay of Islands, Nfd., takenon — 
August 11, 1915, by Dr. A. G. Huntsman, of the Biological Dep 
University of Toronto. They were captured while flying in the 
vicinity of a small creek flowing partly through dense spruce 
woods and partly through a natural meadow. These specime 
resemble some which I have from Anticosti, being somewl 
stouter and a little smaller than usual, this being a general chara 
istic of the species of A¢shna from Newfoundland and other loc: ca 
having a cool summerclimate.—E. M. WALKER. | oe 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST . 387 


NOTES ON STAUROPHLEBIA RETICULATA BURM. 
x BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO, 


Mr. E. B. Williamson, of Bluffton, Ind., recently staged in 
my hands for study a series of the large Aeshnine dragonfly, Stauro- 


 phlebia reticulata Burm., taken by himself, his father (the late Mr. 


L. A. Williamson) and Mr. B. J. Rainey in four localities, viz., 
Los Amates, Guatemala; Baracon, Chaquamas, Trinidad; Rock- 
‘stone, British Guiana, and Tumatumari, British Guiana. 


On handing over the series to me, Mr, Williamson called my 
attention to the marked difference in coloration between the British 
‘Guiana specimens and those from the other localities, and stated 
that this difference was much more conspicuous in the living 
insects, being readily recognizable during flight. It seemed, there- ~ 
fore, desirable to make a careful study of the material in order to 
determine, if possible, the systematic status of the two colour- 
forms. 


While pursuing this object, I have also taken the opportunity —- 
of studying the mutual adaptation between the peculiarly special- _ 
_ ized structure of the male abdominal appendages and the correlated 
parts of the head and prothorax of the female, which are held by 
these appendages during copulation; especially in view of Mr. 
Williamson’s observations on the habits of this species during the 
copulatory act (vide inf.) 
Coloration. 
On the envelope containing oné of the males from Rockstone, 
British Guiana, is the following field-note: ‘‘Thorax and head 
bright grass green; segments 1 and 2 similar, shading into yellowish; 
3-9 golden-brown, clearest on each segment anterior to transverse 
carina; posterior to transverse carina shaded into brown; 10 Bat: 
yellow.” 
- With one of the Trinidad specimens is the following note:— 
“Colours like British Guiana specimens, but abdomen distinct- 
ly bluish-green, very different from British Guiana specimens, so 
- much so that colours in flight are very different.” 
The Guatemala specimen bears the following note:— 
“Eyes bright green, face greenish-blue, thorax dull green, 


abdomen after transverse carina on 3 dull blue.” 
December, 1915 


388 | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


The colour-characters of the males as seen in the dried speci- 
mens may be tabulated as follows:— 


3 BRITISH GUIANA , TRINIDAD — GUATEMALA © 


Face grass green. Face grey-bluish green. Face grayish olivaceous. oe. Sa 
T-spot, with distinct narrow T-spot with distinct narrow T-spot reduced to a i co 
stem. stem. streak along frontal moe my 

no stem. 7 


A dark brown line on fronto- A dark brown line on fronto- Such lines not distinctly pres- te 
nasal suture and base of nasal suture, sometimes faint ent. % ¥ 
labrum. and base of labrum. 

Thorax grass-green, a chocolate Thorax of a darker and colder Thorax -dark reddish-brown, — 
streak in front of antealar or more bluish-green with with a dull greenish ‘cite 


sinus and extending along similar markings. (dull green in life), scarcely 
base of mid-dorsal carina. darkened in front of antealar 
ans) and base of median 


Green colour of thorax extend- Green colour of thorax extend- Abd. : oe 1 and 2 apparently - 
ing on abdomen not beyond ing on abdomen to trans- concolorous with thorax. Seg. 
sides of seg. 1, shading into’ verse carina on 2, distal part 3 anterior to transverse car- 
ochre yellow on 2 and base of of 2 and 8 front of trans- ina clear reddish-brown, sha- 
3, posterior to which abdo- verse carina reddish-brown, ding into dull dark greenish-, 
men is orange-brown, darker shading into dark-greenish brown in the remaining segs. 
on. éach segment behind brown on the remaining seg- (dull blue in life). 
transverse carina (golden- ments (bluish-green in life). 
brown in life). 


The females in the dried condition are similar in colour to the : 
males from the same localities. In those from Trinidad the brown 
line on the fronto-nasal suture is faint, as it is in some of the males. 


STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS, 


A careful search was made for structural characters pavao a 
larly in the genitalia of both sexes, the abdominal appendages ofS 
the male and the wing-venation. The results were entirely nega~ 
tive, except in the venation, and even here no constant differentials __ 
were found, nor anything approaching such characters. All that — 
could be detected was the presence of slight differences in the aver- 
age number of certain cross-veins, cells, etc., as shown in the table _ i 
below. Only the males from British Guiana and Trinidad were in 
sufficiently large series to be used for this purpose. 

In this analysis the following characters were specially noted 
and.tabulated :— 


1. Number of first antecubital veins. oi 
2. Number of first postcubital veins. REO hk” 
3. Number of cubital cross-veins. 
4. Number of cross-veins in the triangle. 

5. Number of cross-veins in the supratriangle. a 
6. Number of marginal cells between Rs and Ms. oa 


THE CANADIAN ENTOROLGGIOS 4 


389° 


- f 8. 


eS) 4 il. 
ae 


The results from 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12 were negative. 


Number of cells in the anal loop. 
Number of cells covered by pterostigma. 
Maximum number of rows of cells between Rs and Rspl. 
Maximum number of rows of cells between Ms and Mspl. 
Position of origin of Mia in relation to first postcubital cells. 
P83. Position of fork of Rs in relation to first postcubital cells. - 


* the other numbers are given in the following table:— 


Marginal Cells 


Cross-veins 


Cross-veins 


Number of irregular podteubiesl cells just beyond nodus; i.e., 
~ those formed by the apparent prolongation of the subcosta. 


Those, of 


~~ Position of — 


: 
2 even | eine | ees Sig im tancle RUE | No: of la, 
\ No.) No. of | No.| No.of | No.| No. of | No.|. No. of | No.}No. of | No.|. No. of 
. of | wings at wings | of | wings | of | wings |v'ns| wings | of | wings 
> oeemeieei tr. |¥lr.c. rr. | C8 lec. [rr. |v 8ip.c Tr. | C8 leoreTr. | C8 ec. 1 Te, 
_ “Fore wings | Fore wings | Fore wings | Fore wings | Fore wings Fore wings 
Pemeeaeiei 0).19| o| +]s6| 0] 1}°4| 1| 2] 6| 2] 2i 5) of 
ae |-1 [a | 20 [Op way, of o| S| 7|.8| 7) 1-8) 6, mae 
26} 0} 2/21) 0] 3} 38] 1) 1| 6|10| 4/ 8 NA 3 
- peepee ii4|22| 4| 1) 30| 1} 3] 7 | 2} 0] 9| 8| 1) 8} 6} 2 
“8| 2|.2|23| 3| 2|40| 4| 2| Hinawings | 10} 1| 0| 9| 8) a. 
991 2|2|24|-3| 2|41| 5) o| 8) 0; 1) | | {20} 2] 0 
“30| 4| 0|25| 4| 1|42| 4| 1| 4| 4| 81 Hindwings | Hind wings 
31/61 0|26| 4]; 1143} 3] 1] 5] 12; 83] 4] of 2] 7) 2) 4° 
az} i|,1|27|1| 0; 44| Oo} 1| 6] 4] 0 3|7| 8| 3| 4 
Sey ae 45} 1} 1 613} 3| 9} 8] a 
34° 1} 0 : Cubital le a Med Be 
Hind wings | Hind wings | Hind wings | Cross-veins Peete eS 
. hy 1 0 | 21 0 1 | 39 0 3 | Fore wings Cells in 
eh 1 | 1/22/ 0} 1/40] 0] 1] 4) 27 0}. Anatloop 
9} 1| 5|23| o| o|41| 3] o| &| 2] 7\ 12} 11 2 
90; 4| 6\|24| 4| 2/42| 3| 1) 6 3 6-18] 2) 1 
1/ 5| 0/25/22] 3\43| 2} o| 7| 3 4] 3/4 . 
23} 4| 0|26| 5| 2) 44| 3| 2 is | 4| 3} 4 
23} 4| o| 27/4) 1/45| 3/ 2| Hindwings | 16] 9| 2 “SES EES) By 
Ae 28| 2| 2/46] 2} 2| 3) 4) 8| 17] o| © | 
iH 29| | oO} 47/ 2] 0] 4/16] 9118] 1] 0 Fx bee 
aes B20. 48) Te BE OLB eo 
31| 1| 0 i 


390 . THE CANADIAN.. ENTOMOLOGIST 


In this table B. G. =British Guiana (Rockstone) and Tr. = 
Trinidad (Baracon) Ten males from the former locality and six 
from the latter were studied, so that the total number of fore or 
hind wings was 20 from British Guiana and 12 from Trinidad. 

It will be seen from the table that in nearly every case the 
prevalent number of veins or cells is slightly greater in the British 


Guiana specimens than in those from Trinidad. In the former, - 


e.g., the number of antecubital veins most often noted is 31 in the 
fore wings and 21 in the hind wings, while in Trinidad specimens 
the corresponding numbers are 27 and 20. Similarly in the case 
of the postcubital veins, the prevalent numbers for the British 
Guiana specimens are 22 and 26 for the fore and hind wings, respec- 
tively, while for the Trinidad specimens they are 21 and 25. The 
difference is too slight to be conclusive for any one table, but when 
taken together the results seem to indicate fairly clearly a slightly 
greater average complexity of venation ih the British Guiana 
specimens than in those from Trinidad. 


The Guatemala specimen is well above the average in com- 


plexity of venation, but it is impossible to judge from a single 
specimen how this form compares with the other two in this regard. 

In view of the apparent absence of distinctive structural 
characters, it is improbable that there is more than one species 
represented in this series. But there are at least two strikingly 
different types of coloration characteristic of different localities, 
and it, therefore, seems best to regard these as geographical races. 
The Guatemala specimen, not being identical with either of the 
South American forms may be considered for the present as the 
type of a third race. 

The type locality of Burmeister’s Aeschna reticulata is Surinam 
and the British Guiana form may therefore be considered the 
typical race. This is also suggested by the expression ‘‘viridi-flava,”” 
which occurs in Burmeister’s description quoted below. 


Staurophlebia reticulata reticulata (Burm.) 


Burmeister’s description (Handb. der Ent., 1839, p. 837) is as . 
follows :\— ; 


“5. A-reticulata; viridi-flava, post mortem seepius fusca, tibiis __ 


intus nigris, alarum venis nigris, cellulis fusco-limbatis, Long. 314.” 
1. Kindly quoted for me by Mr .E. B. Williamson. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST <7 BOE. 


“ #. cercis foliaceis, in latere interno basi apiceque gibbiferis 
s. auritis. . ; 
“Aus Surinam, in Sommers Sammlung,” 

Staurophlebia magnifica Brauer from Brazil is probably a 


_ synonym of this form. 


_The specimens in the series studied are labeled as follows :— 
Rockstone, British Guiana, Feb. 2, 1912, 2 #’s; idem, Feb. 12, 


1912, 7 o's; idem, Feb. 14, 1912, 4 07's, 2 2’s: 


Tumatumari, British Guiana, Feb. 9, 1912, 1 @. 
These specimens measure as follows :— 


~~ Males—Length of body, 94.5-100 mm.; of abdomen (including 


appendages) 73-78 mm.; of hind wing 62-65 mm. 
_ Average measurements of 11 males—Body 96.6 mm.; abdomen 


74.8 mm.; hind wing 63.2 mm. 


Females (appendages broken in one specimen)—Length of 
body 92-94 mm.; length of abdomen (excluding appendages) 64-69 
mm. ; length of hind wing 63-64 mm.; length of appendages 6.5 mm. 


Stauirophlebia reticulata obscura, n. subsp. 


Under this name I include all the specimens in the series from 
Trinidad. They have been sufficiently characterized above. 
These specimens consist of 7 &’s and 3 9’s from Baracon, 
Chaquanas, Trindidad, all dated March 7, 1912. 
The 6 o's and 2 9’s examined measure as follows :— 
~ Males—Length of body, 92-98 mm.; of abdomen (including 
appendages) 71-76.5 mm.; of hindwing, 60-66.5 mm. 
_ Average measurements of 6 o&’s—body 94.4 mm.; abdomen 
73.5 mm.; hind wing 63.5 mm. 
Females—Length of body 88.5-97 mm.; of abdomen (excluding 
appendages) 63-68.5 mm.; hind wing 65.5-71 mm.; appendages 
6.5-7 mm. 


Staurophlebia reticulata guatemalteca, n. subsp. 


The single specimen of this form examined is a male from Los 
Amates, Guatemala, taken by Mr. Williamson, on June 21, 1909. 


It may not represent a valid race, but cannot properly be placed — 
- with either of the other two. 


- 


The specimen measures as follows:— 
Length of body 99 mm.; of abdomen (including appendages) 76 
mm.; of hind wing 67.5 mm. 


392 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST | 


MvuTUAL ADAPTATION OF THE SEXES. 


I have noted elsewhere* that in Aeshna constricta and its allies’ - 


the abdominal appendages of the male are specialized for a firmer 


grasp of the head and prothorax of the female than in those species __ 


in which these structures-have their usual form, and that these 
modifications are probably correlated with the more erratic nuptial 
flight of the species of this group. In Staurophlebia the general 


form of the male superior appendages recalls that of Aeshna con-— 


stricta, but is still more highly specialized, having in addition to a 
very prominent subapical denticulate crest formed by the extreme 
elevation of the distal part of the superior carina, and the bending 
upwards of the margin at its termination, a process from the dorsal 
surface and supero-external margin, just before the middle, directed 
horizontally inwards and slightly decurved at apex(pl.XVII.,fig.1h). 
The inferior appendage is also complicated by the presence of a 
prominent elevation rising almost perpendicularly from the superior 
surface of the appendage at its extreme base (fig. 1, b. inf.). 

_ The appearance of these appendages suggests a very firm union 
between the two sexes during copulation, and it is therefore of 
interest to learn from Mr. Williamson’s notés that the nuptial flight 
is very erratic. 


I relaxed the separated abdomen of a male and the head and | 


thorax of a female, and endeavoured to determine the exact nature 
of this union. This was an easy matter as far as the head of the 
female was concerned, but with regard to the prothorax, much 
careful manipulation was necessary. I think, however, the follow- 
ing account will prove substantially correct. 

By applying the upper. surface of the inferior Ra to 
the front of the head in the usual position for the Aeshnine the 
basal elevation was found to fit accurately in a depression on the 
rear surface of the female’s head just below the occipital margin 
(fig. 1, b. inf.). This feature alone must render the grasp of the 
male firmer than in those species which lack the prominence. The 
superior appendages also fell naturally into position at the rear of 
the head on the slope of. the concavity surrounding the occipital 


foramen, from which their inner margins were but narrowly ~ 


*1912, Walker, E. M., Univ. Tor. Stud., Biol. Series 11, pp: 38-42. © 


‘ 
/ 


pe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, B98 - 


‘ ‘separated. In this position they were divergent at an angle of 


about 35°. The laterally situated apices occupied a position 
adjacent to the inner surface of the base of the cardo, or first joint 


of the maxilla (fig. 1, mx.). 


_ When the exact position of the prothorax in relation to the 
head is observed, it will be seen that the posterior margin of the 


’ pronotum approximately coincides with the position of the hook- 
like processes rising from the upper side of the male superior 
appendages, and there seems little reason to doubt that in copula- 
_ tion these processes hook over the pronotal margin as shown in 


figs. 1 and 2.’ The expanded part of the appendages enclose -the 
pronotum, the crest-like elevations of the superior carine, which 
are directed inward, passing beneath and completing the pair of 
claspers. They appear to fit in a deep depression on the side of the 


_ pro-epimerum. 


Thus the grasp of the male appendages as compared with those — 
of Aishna, etc., is complicated and strengthened by the following 
specializations of structure: 

(a) The basal protuberance of the inferior appendages, serving _ 


- to support the occipital region of the head. 


(b) The hook-like processes of the lateral margins, supporting 
the hind margin of the pronotum. 

(c) The unusual development of the subapical denticulate 
crest, serving to grasp the neck immediately in front of the pronotum. 


Notes By E. B. WILLIAMSON. 


The first Staurophlebia I ever saw came sailing along the 
railroad track below Los Amates, Guatemala, one sunshiny morn- 
ing (June 21, 1909) after a heavy night's rain, As he came towards _ 
me, I saw him at some distance, a gigantic fellow flying now within 
a few feet of the ground and now high up in the air, but following 
the lane or slash made by the railroad through the jungle. As he 
raised to pass me, the impression was of a dull, dark insect which 
might be brown or obscure blue or green. To our mutual surprise 
a despairing, straight backward high-reached sweep of the net 


- overtook him. This was the only specimen I saw in Guatemala 


during two collecting trips. 


394 3 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


On the morning of January 31, 1912, I followed the log-fill od. a 
stream back of the_rest house at Rockstone, British Guiana, for 


a mile or two. On two occasions I saw for an instant alarge 


brilliant green, and golden-brown eschnine which cut across the ~ 
stream, with only a moment’s hesitation above the water. About 
1 p.m. my-father and I were at the stream, when we saw it again, - 
but this time flying a beat, possibly 75 or 100 feet long. It dis- 


appeared over the trees as I. approached, and we decided it was _ a 


some glorified Anax to be found at home possibly at some neigh- 
bouring pond. The next day father and Mr. Rainey made a 
search for such a pond, while I again collected on the creek. Their 
search for a pond was in vain, but they found the home of our shy 
acquaintance of the day before in a small shallow muddy creek 
bed, in the woods, and without running water, there being merely 
pools of greater or less extent. « 


They saw several specimens, got several fair strokes at the 
dragonflies and affirmed that in striking from the rear at the dragon- 
flies they were unable to make the net overtake the insect. The 
next day I visited this creek bed just below the town on the same 
side of the river. Never have I seen a dragonfly apparently more 
out of place—the little muddy wet-weather creek, in some places 
with the jungle crowding it to a scant 2-foot width, with its obscure, 
leaf-filtered sunlight on dry or damp mud banks and isolated pools 
of dirty water—and back and forth in this narrow avenue, from 
shade into sunlight and back into shade again, a great green and 

-golden e«schnine which so clearly belonged to the sunny reaches 
of marsh or lake. After a few futile strokes I caught one, and then 
another, and Staurophlebia does not take its capture tamely or 
philosophically. They fought, tearing and biting, and attacked 
the fingers which drew them from the net. . 

Staurophlebias were seen only rarely elsewhere in British 
Guiana, and then only along smaller streams. None were seen 
the two days I collected in Dutch Guiana. On March 7, 1912, Mr. — 
Rainey and I were accompanied. by Mr. F. W. Urich to Baracon, 
Chaquanas, Trinidad. We found the woods near there very dry 
with the stream beds in many cases without any water. Along 
such a stream bed we found a dark bluish or greenish dragonfly 
flying. Till specimens were captured it never occurred to me that 


CAN. Ext., Vou. XLVII. 


b. inf. 
p- pr. 


hd. 


mx, 


PLATE XVII. 


Fic... 2 


STAUROPHLEBIA RETICULATA Burm. 


COPULATORY POSITION. 


— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 395 


it was the same species we had recently seen in British Guiana. . 
Its appearance was, entirely different and the general colour and 
habits were in keeping with the surroundings ‘which were not 
strikingly different from those of British Guiana. 


On several occasions I saw the male seize an ovipositing female 
as she thrust her ovipositor in the damp but hard soil. So occupied, 
the male would find her as he came swiftly along the creek bed. 
Without hesitation he would plunge down on her, when the liveliest 
tussle would take place, the two tumbling over and over on the 
ground among leaves and other debris with a great rustling of 
wings and a general commotion that indicated a life and death 
struggle. When the male succeeded in fastening his appendages 
on the female’s head a wild nuptial flight to a great height and 
distance immediately took place. Females, presumably the same, 
after a short time returned again to the same spot to oviposit. 
Such females were more or less stained and sticky, and we believed 
that in the pre-copulatory conflicts with the males the abdominal 
integument had been torn at a number of places with a resulting 
leakage of body fluids. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII. 


Fig. 1. Staurophlebia reticulata Burm., rear view. of head of 
female, clasped by abdominal appendages of male; /d. rear of head; 
mx, maxilla (cardo); /b., labium; of, occipital foramen; s. ap, 
superior appendage of male; h., hook-like process on upper side of 
superior appendage; s.c., elevated distal part of superior carina; 
b. inf., basal prominence of inferior appendage; p. pr., position of 
_ posterior margin of pronotum. . 


Fig. 2. Staurophlebia reticulata Burm., front view of prothorax 
of female, clasped by appendages of male; st., prosternum; epm., 
pro-epimerum, showing depression in which the superior appendage 
fits (this is slightly out of place on the right side); ant. pr., anterior 

margin of pronotum; p. pr., posterior margin of same; ap., apex of 
- superior appendage; inf. ap., inferior appendage; other lettering 
as before. 


396 ate. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


AN EARLY REFERENCE TO THE RELATION OF INSECTS 
TO DISEASE. : 


BY C GORDON HEWITT, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGIST, OTTAWA, ONT..: 


- In studying the evolution of ideas respecting the control of” 
insect pests, I came across an early reference to the relation of 
insects to disease which is of interest more from an historical 
point of view than as a serious contribution to the development 
of the insect transmission theory of disease. Nevertheless, I 
believe it is worthy of a place among our entomological documents, 
and this is one of my reasons for calling attention to it. The other 
reason is the relation it has to the ideas advanced by Nott (1848) — 
on the mosquito transmission of yellow fever by insects, Nott 
has been generally accorded the credit of having formulated the. 
insect-transmission idea of yellow fever.. Riley (1914)* however, | 
has recently pointed out that when Nott’s argument is studied in 
its entirety it does not support the conclusion usually ‘claimed, 
but that the term “‘insect’’ was used to denominate micro-organisms 
in general. As the matter is fully discusssed by Riley in his paper, _ 
I will not repeat his interesting statements here. In the quotations 
which I am about to give I do not think that there is acne ambiguity 
about the meaning of the term “‘insect.’ 


In an old volume entitled ‘New Improvements of Planting 
and Gardening, both Philosophical and Practical,’ by Richard 
Bradley, F.R.S., the fourth edition of which was published in 
London in 1724 (this is the edition from which the extracts which 
follow are made) the author quotes a letter from a ‘‘ worthy Gentle-_ 
man, Mr. Balle,’’ which begins (page 254): 


Upon discoursing with you some time since about Blights. 
upon Trees, you seem’d to be of the opinion that they were ~ 
the Effect of Insects brought in vast Armies by the Easterly _ 
Winds and by lodging upon the Plants proper for their Nourish- 
ment, they there produced that Distemper which is called a 
Blight or Blast. a 

You was then desirous of what’ Observations tia dinéie 3 
concerning Pestilential Distempers subject to Mankind, which — s 


*Journal ct Parasitology, I, p. 37, 1914. 
December, 1915 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. — ; 397 


I believ'd to proceed from the same Cause that produced 
_Blights, i.e., from Insects; I have therefore, in answer to— 
your Request endeavour’d to recollect what I have from time 

to time observ'd relating to that Case. 


After five pages of miscellaneous diteoueled which concludes 


aie the belief ‘‘that the most nauseous Vapour of itself will not 
cause any Distemper that is Epidemical,’’ the letter continues: 


It seems that the Plague proceeds from some other Cause, 
_and that I suppose to be Insects of thatextraordinary smallness 
that they are not to be discern’d by the naked Eyes; they are 
so light that they float in the Air, and so are suck’d in with 


' the Breath. Such insects not being among us commonly, 


_ but only when they are either brought to us from some remote 
_ place by the Wind, or hatch’d or nourish’d by some Intemper- 
ance of Air or from poisonous Vapours rising from Boggs, — 
Ponds, Ditches or some such unwholesome Funds of stagnating 
Water. 


‘These Insects are various, according to the Nature of the 
Water or Air they are bred in; their Eggs being first laid by 
some flying Animals, which are then hatch’d, and passing 
through the several Changes common to Insects, at length 
take Wing; and being drawn in-with the Breath, may perhaps 
be either kill’d in our Bodies and cause violent Ferment in 
the Juices, or else finding proper Nourishment, they breed in — 
the Lungs, Stomach, or other parts within us, and probably 
may occasion those Biles and Breakings out in the tender 
parts of the Body that are called Plague-sores. 


But these Insects, are some of them so extremely small, 
that they are only capable of being discern’d with good micro- 
_ scopes; and when they are winged, and so quite perfected, 
may perhaps in Swarms be carried from one Country to 
another by the Wind: It is Insects of several Kinds and Colours, 
- which causes the Surface of Waters to appear sometimes 
Green, Red or Black; which last Colour in Water is observ'd 
by the Herdsmen to poison the Cattle that drink of it; and 


308 (~= THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


they ae causeth the Murrain, which} is the Plague in So 
and it is very infectious. 


It has been observ’d that Hives and the most contagiot 
Distempers, have commonly happen’d in those Years when 
the Easterly Winds have more than ordinary prevail’d in the 
Spring and Summer Seasons; then the Air comes to be infected, 
and rarely or ever at other times. These Winds we see bring ~ 
Caterpillars, and many differing Insects and Flies, which — 
meeting with places fitly adapted to nourish them ee 
there brought to their winged state, which I conceive is the ~ 
same in the invisible Animals as in the visible; nor indeed i in 
any part of the Earth, or Waters. 


The west winds he considered, carried back “the ceniaiiden’! 3 
of these Pestiferous Insects which yet survive, to the Country 
from whence they came.:’ He continues: : 


I have not. yet found that any Winds, except the ~ 
East Winds, such as pass over Tartary, bring any Infection — 
with them, nor have I ever heard of Pestilential Distempers — 
in any part of the World, unless in such places only where = 
the Tartarian Winds reach; Tartary being a country full of 
Woods, Boggs, and Fens it seems the most capable of pro- > 
ducing these Creatures in abundance, which may be ees ‘ 
by the Wind to certain places in search after their Food, as_ 
are Locusts and some certain Birds, which are know to pass Ml 
from one Country to another, 3 

* * * * ok * * * * * * 


Experience shews us how much Insects delight in stinking 4 
Places, and that they increase much faster in uncleanly Cities, 
such as London was formerly, than in cleaner Places; but the — 
city of London having been for the most Part burnt the year — 
after the Pestilence, its streets wereenlarg’d, many drains or 
were made and good Laws were put in execution for keeping ~ ‘ 
the City clean, and it has not had any Plague ever since. 

ok * * * * ok * BS *. * *.. , 


His reference to the occurrence of “Bpidemical Distemper” ‘a 
in Leghorn contains the following: - ‘ ae 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ~ 399 


aR fant th et al ee 
oy he 


To the Northward of the Town, towards the Sea-shore, 


_ lay very boggy stinking Ground: These Marshes commonly ~ 
about Autumn causes Agues and Fevers, which may be from 

vast Swarms of invisible unwholesome Insects, which rise 
from thence at that Season, but of a different Poison from those fe 


which cause the Plague: So the like Places about Civita 


_ Vecchia, Scandaroon, and I may mention the Isle of Sheppy 
likewise, seem to cause Agues.' And it is observable, that 
from the Mouth of the River Magra, which divides Tuscany - 
from Liguria, along the Sea-Coast of Italy, as far as Terracina, | 


is very unhealthy, and .subject to Agues and pestilential — 
Fevers, being marshy Ground. . 


We may also observe that in Turkey, Egypt and Barbary, 
when the Plague rages, the Franks, the English, etc., are 


that this Sickness proceeds from Insects, who having their 


certain natural Nourishments respectively appointed them, do’ — 


not in those Places infect Strangers, who have differing ways 


6 


‘seldom infected with it, which seems to confirm my Opinion, | 


of eating and living from the Natives, and are of a contrary. ~ 


Nature of Body. It would be well worth Enquiry, if the People — 


of those Nations, that were in strange Countries in the Times 
of Pestilence were also free from Infection. 


King Charles the IId when he was told of the Sickness 
at Leghorne, said It must have been occasion’d by the new 
Fortifications which were then building in those marshy Places; 
And it is very rational to believe, that turning up those un- 
wholesome Muds, and exposing them to the Sun, did much 
increase the distemper, by infecting the Air, and filling it with 
greater Supplies of poisonous Insects. " 


' Enough has been quoted of this writer, whose observations 
cover nineteen pages, to indicate the trend of his ideas and also to 
-~show that he was using the term insect in a specific sense and not 
in the general sense evidently ek este by Nott over a hundred ~ 
years later. 


400 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


NEW FOSSORIAL HYMENOPTERA. ~ 
BY NATHAN BANKS, EAST FALLS CHURCH, VA. 


Included below are descriptions of several new species of 
fossorial wasps of the families Psammocharidg and Philanthide. ~_ 


PSAMMOCHARIDE. 

Ageniella hestia, n. sp. : at 
‘Similar to A. apicipennis; clypeus and basal joints of the< — ‘ 
antenne yellow; posterior margin of the pronotum whitish;abdomen 
‘partly reddish yellow on sides of the second segment, and basal 
part of the venter; legs partly yellow, but on mid legs the tibice are ee 
brown and tarsi blackish, and on hind legs black on tip of femur, 
all of tibia and tarsus; spurs pale. Wings scarcely darker at tip, — eo 
the third submarginal higher than long, a little narrowed above, Sg 
receiving the second recurrent before the middle; thorax sericeous ; = 
abdomen sessile, slender. & 


One male from Falls Church, Va., Aug. am differs from , 
apicipennis in pale margin of the pronotum, black on middle and 
-hind legs, heavier venation, and slightly different shape of the third — 
submarginal cell. 


Ageniella cupidella, n. sp. meee 

Female resembles cupida, but smaller, the first recurrent meeting — ae 
second submarginal cell plainly before middle, and antennez shorter, 
the second and third joints together hardly equal the vertex width. 
Head and thorax bluish green, abdomen-blackish, shining, few _ 3 
long hairs on clypeus and vertex, and tip of the abdomen. Legs =~ 
black, inner spur of hind tibia one-half the length of the metatarsus; ae 
fore wings blackish, third submarginal all long below, much shorter 
above, receiving the second recurrent at middle; second submarginal = 
piainly- shorter than the third, receiving the first recurrent plainly a 
before middle. ; : 

Length 7 mm. 

From Ridgeway, Ont., Can., July 9 (Van Duvet): 


Ageniella tenella, n. sp. 


Male black, slightly sericeous, spurs pale, anterior tibie and tase 


pale, and sometimes pale on mid and hind legs; abdomen rather 
December, 1915 


sea 


“ 


ws 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 401 


i Gecwuleh black, hind margins of segments faintly reddish. Body | 
_ very slender, abdomen sessile; wings faintly dusky, basal transverse 
veins of fore wings disjointed; second submarginal longer than 


broad, receiving first recurrent at middle; third submarginal 
_ higher than long, narrowed above, receiving the second recurrent 


before middle, latter vein faintly bent out in middle; these cells 
_ nearly as in aérata, but in that species the second recurrent is 
received at middle and the discoidal i is consequently longer. 
Length 5.8 mm. 
From Niagara Falls, July 31, and Boston, Aug. 1, both N. Y. 
(Van Duzee). Differs from A. atraia in white spurs, and more slender 
body. | . 
Priocnemis hesperus, n. sp. 
— Very similar to the Eastern P. subopacus, the marginal cell 
blunt at tip as in that species. It is separated by the coarsely” 
striated metanotum. It is black, with few long hairs on vertex 
and mesonotum, none on the face, pronotum nor metanotum, 
but some on the venter and apex of the abdomen’ The vertex 
and the ocellar triangle are broader than in P subopacus, the eyes 
not being as much approximated as in that species; the abdomen 
- is more shining than in P. subopacus. The wings are deep black, 
the venation like that of suwbopacus, but tle outer side of marginal 
cell is more angulate rather than rounded; size the same. 
_ From Stanford Univ., Calif. (Doane). 
Priocnemis fortella, n. sp. 
_» This is close to P. fortis, but differs in pale wings, much smaller 
size, in the still shorter antenna, and longer hind spurs. The body 
‘is black and densely hairy, the face and ocelli about as in P. fortis; 
- the antennz short and thick; the fourth and fifth joints hardly 
twice as long as. broad (three times or more in fortis); metanotum 
striate as in fortis; the hind tibia, even in female, still less serrate — 
than fortis, the serrations scarcely distinguishable; the inner spur 
of the hind tibia fully one-half the length of the metatarsus (in 
fortis scarcely one-half the length of the metatarsus). Venation 
about the same, the veins extending out to the margin; the fore 
wings are scarcely darkened (deep black in fortis). 
Length 10 mm. 
From Great Falls, Va., June 12, 29. 


409 2% THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


PHILANTHIDE. ~ 
Cerceris nigritulus, n. sp. 


Male very similar to C. nigrescens Sm., but distinct — dark . 
stigma. Markings as in C. nigrescens,. ehthes more yellowish, but — = 
_ in only specimen seen no spots on pronotum, nor on basal segment ~ 
of abdomen, and ventral marks nearly obsolete. The face broader, — 
or rather not so long as in C. nigrescens, the clypeus broadly, evenly E 
’ rounded below, and very strongly convex in the middle, so that — 
when seen from the side it is plainly protuberant, hair lobes not as. 
broad as in C. nigrescens, punctation and enclgsure as in C. migres-_ 
cens; pygidial area not as in long as in C. nigrescens, and with 
nearly parallel sides. A size smaller than that species. 5 

From Colden, N. Y, July 3 (M. C. Van Duzee). In fiiy: 
table it runs to 24, and of the species there included it is nearest C: 2 
_ nigrescens, but differs from all in dark stigma. i 


‘3 

x Ay 
’ ~ 
3 


fers 


Cerceris dakotensis, n. sp. 


Female black ; base of mandibles, spot on the clypeal process, ee 
spot each side of face near the eyes, small spot each side on prono- | 
tum, tegulz, postscutellum, broad band on second abdominal — 
segment (slightly narrowed in the middle), narrow bands on other — 
segments (broader at sides), yellow. Legs rufous, or yellowish, — 
front and middle femora dark at base; basal half of antennae _ 
yellowish, or rufous beneath, tip rufous behind. Body moderately 3 ‘ 
coarsely sculptured, clypeal process longer than broad, narrowed a 
toward tip, not horizontal, but very much deflected; enclosure 
rather strongly striate all over; abdomen slender, basal segment — 
only a little more than one-half as wide as the second at tip; others % 
not wider than the second; pygidial area very long, with subparallel — ‘i 
sides. Wings plainly fumose, darker at costal tip, stigma yellowish. — 

Male similar in size to the female, and the abdomenalsoslender; 
face below antennez all yellow, other marks as in female, small — 
lateral spots on venter yellow; and one ETS: shows spots a , 


Last joint of aneeatiee slightly curved, third joint not as bone a 2 
fourth and fifth together. Clypeus slightly convex in the middle, — 
the anterior margin here black, and with three teeth; clypeal h 


ine _ lobes about one and one-half their breadth apart, pygidial area 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST a) 403 


——_ 


-- coarsely punctate, sides parallel, about one and a third times as 


long as broad; enclosure:as in female. 
Length 11 mm. . 
From Fargo, N. Dak., July 7 to Sept. 6 (Stevens coll.), 


on Solidago serotina. In Swenk’s table it runs to imitatoria, but ~~~ 


in that species the band.on the second segment is no broader than 


~ the others. 


_ Cerceris floridensis, n. sp. 


.  Themalerunsto C.moratain my table ‘pale the hair-lobes of 
_clypeus much narrower, and the enclosure different. Head broad, . 
_ face reddish, clothed with white hair; clypeus. prolonged in middle, 
the hair lobes small, fully three times their width apart; antenne 
pale on base, and extreme tip; vertex and back of eyes reddish, 
pronotum, tegulz, spot beneath on side, scutellum, postscutellum, 
large spot on sides of metanotum, first and second segments of 
- abdomen above and below, reddish or yellowish red; legs mostly 
yellowish red. Wings blackish, marginal cell black, stigma yel- 
-lowish; second submarginal twice as long as high. Body very 
coarsely punctate, enclosure large, smooth, faint traces of striation. 
Abdomen broad, basal segment much broader than long, but little 
_ more than one-half as wideasthesecond. Pygidial area hardly one ~ 
half as wide at tip as at base, once and a half as long as broad at 
base, coarsely punctate. Last joint of antenna longer than pre-— 
ceding, curved. / 
Length 14 mm. 

~ From Gulfport, Fla. (Reynolds). In general it is related to 

C. gnarina. 


Cerceris carrizonensis, n. sp. 


- In the New Mexico table this runs to C. convexus; it differs in 
the marginal cell being not black, but hyaline, and in lacking a 


spot on pleura behind the tubercles. 


Male small, black, face below antennz yellow, enclosing a black. 
dot each side at angle of clypeus; basal joint of the antennz yellow, 
next black, beyond brown. Two spots on the pronotum, tegule, 
two spots on the scutellum, the postscutellum, band across basal 
segment, rather narrow band at apex of each of the other segments. 


404 5 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _ = 


\ 


Legs yellow, mid femur black on base, hind femora=with large 
black spot near the tip, hind tibie also with black spot near tip; 
hind tarsi dark. Wings infuscated, but not very dark, the stigma 
dark brown, marginal cell no darker than rest of the wing. Se 
not very coarsely punctate, face with dense white hair, oye 
slightly, evenly convex; hair lobes rather broad, hardly one and — 
a half their breadth apart; antenne short, last joint short, not 
curved. Enclosure roughly punctate, no striation. Abdomen — 
short, hardly longer than thorax, basal segment narrow, longer * 
than broad, not one-half the width of the second ‘segment; pygidial 
area not much wider at base than at tip, not one and a half times’ - 
‘as long as broad; in the wings the first recurrent runs into second 
submarginal cell before middle. Body densely long haired, hae 


ee 
es 
a 


_ species, | 
Length 6. mm. 5 

From Walde, Texas. , Fie 
Eucerceris apicata, n. sp. 

Male reddish, face yellow up to the ocelli; the pronotum, scutel- 
lum, postscutellum, two oblique spots on the enclosure, tegule, 
tubercles, two large spots on pleura below: tegule, large side spot - : 
on the metathorax, all yellow. On the anterior part of the mesono- “= ; 4 
tum are four yellow streaks, and between them the surface is black- — 
ish. ‘Abdomen yellow, the narrow basal part of each segment - a 
reddish to blackish; venter with yellow side spots on the basal a 
segments. Legs reddish, with yellow on front of the femora and — 
tibia of anterior and middle pairs. Wings hyaline, a dark cloud © 
from the second submarginal and marginal cell out to tip, this spot a q 
not extending basally. Body rather coarsely punctate, but the 
enclosure smooth; third and fourth ventral segments with erect 
row of yellow hairs. Related to E. canaliculatus; the second ee 
submarginal cell more quadrangular, and the smooth Ch POI Res 
distinctive. F 

Length 11 mm. 

From Yuma, Arizona. 
Philanthus assimilis, n. sp. 

Male close to P. bilunatus; thorax and abdomen smooth as in 
that species, enclosure with the pit as in bilunatus. Markings about 


<a 


E. 


Trt a Uy 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 405 


as in that species; the middle face-mark, however, is much larger 


and broader below, .and at this point the head is more protuberant 
than in P. bilunatus; there is a spot behind eye, and below tegule, 
yellow. Abdomen with the first segment. showing two small 
spots, the second segment with a very broad band, almost divided 
in the middle; third and fourth bands narrow, and emarginate 
each side in front. Last segment more emarginate than in P. 
bilunatus. Legs with femora (except tip) black, rest of legs yellow. 
Wings infuscate, rather broader than P. bilunatus, the third sub- 
marginal as broad as long; vertex broader than in P. bilunatus. 


Length 10 mm. 
From Boston, N. Y. (Van Duzee). 


Philanthus subversus, n. sp. 


Male—Face yellow, an oblique black streak up from the base of 
the antenna, connecting to the black vertex; malar space and the 
mandibles (except tip) yellow; basal three joints of antennz yellow, 
rest rufous, darker above, second joint with a black dot above; 
vertex with curved yellow band and long streak back of eye (as 
in sublimis), collar, tegula, tubercles, most of pleura, four short 
streaks on anterior part of mesonotum, two spots on scutellum, 
and spot each side of it toward base of wing, postscutellum, two 
oblique spots at side of enclosure, large side stripes on mesonotum 
reaching down on pleura, all yellow... Abdomen with broad spot 
each side nearly meeting above; other segments with bands, very 
broad on the sides, triangular median incision in front of second, 
emarginations on other bands, last segment all yellow; venter al- 
most all yellow, with two black bands. Wings faintly fumose, 
stigma yellow, veins brown; legs yellow, last joint of tarsus rufous. 
Head minutely punctate, the clypeus nearly smooth, acutely pro- 
duced in the middle below; thorax sparsely punctate, collar and the 
postscutellum smooth, metathorax more densely punctate; en- 
closure finely, transversely striate; abdomen broad, rather coarsely 
punctate,’ last segment smooth. In wing the third submarginal 
cell no broader above than second, basal sides of the second sub- 
marginal cell subequal. 

Length 8.5 mm. 


From Palmerlee, Arizona (Biederman). 


4 


406 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Philanthus vertilabris var. completus, n. var. 
Male similar in markings to type, but the bands of dhdenhest 


beyond that on the second segment are all much _ broader ‘3 


than .in normal eastern form. Sculptured as in_ typical 
form; the upper yellow face mark much larger than vertilabris, and 


its upper edge not so much emarginate; in the wings the second __ 


submarginal cell has its upper basal side twice as long as the lower 
basal side. In the new Mexico table it runs to P. cockerelli, from 
which it is separated by different markings. 


Length 12 mm. 2 
From San Diego Co., California (Van Duzee). 


FIELD NOTES AND QUESTIONS. 
MIGRATING NOTES ON THE MILKWEED BUTTERFLY, 
Anosia plexippus. 

BY F. M. WEBSTER, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


For a number of years the writer has been able to record the 
banding together of this butterfly as observed by him at various 
points in the United States. Supposedly these gatherings are 
‘preparatory to the annual southward autumnal migration of the 
species. 


The present year, 1915, 1 my son, R. L. Webster, observed one 


of these gatherings near Ames, Iowa, on August 30th; an excep- a 


tionally early record, as such assemblings together do not usually 
occur until September or October. 


The writer observed a swarm of these butterflies near Water- 


man, DeKalb County, Illinois, on September 18, a little north of 
the latitude of Ames, but some two hundred and seventy-five miles 
farther east. , 


It would seem that there is no general uniformity in the dates — 
of the congregating together of these detachments and it would be © — 
exceedingly interesting to learn just what laws, if any, regulate 


the collecting together and of the different swarms, and if they ’ 4 


resemble in any way the systematic migrations of birds. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 407 


BOOK REVIEWS. 


THE Mosguitors or New JERSEY AND THEIR CONTROL. By 
Thomas J. Headlee, Ph.D, Bull. No. 276, New Jersey Agricul- 
tural Experiment Stations. Issued Jan. 30, 1915. 135 pp., 
94 figures. 


The notoriety of the New Jersey mosquito is known to all, 
and probably every American entomologist has some acquaintance 
with the extensive work that has been done by the New Jersey 
Agricultural Experiment Stations, under the direction of the late 
Dr. J. B. Smith towards the control of these really serious pests. 

The present account is the outcome of a need that has been 
felt for a ‘“‘popular, yet accurate and easily available, manual on 
the important mosquito life of New Jersey,” the other publications 
‘on this subject issued by the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment 
Stations being now out of print or the supply practically exhausted. 

The first pages contain a brief account of the habits, life- 
history, structure and classification of mosquitoes in general, in © 
which the author lays emphasis on the importance to anyone who 
undertakes the control of these insects, of knowing exactly the 
species with which he has to deal. This is followed by tables, 
republished from the work of Messrs. H. B. Weiss and R. S. Pat- 
terson, for the determination of the forty species of mosquitoes, 
both in the adult and larval stages, that are known to occur in 
New Jersey. 

Of these species sixteen are considered sufficiently important 
to be treated in some detail, while of the remainder brief notes on 
habits and distribution are given. The sixteen troublesome species, 
only six of which are regarded as first-class pests, are divided. into 
four groups; the salt-marsh, house, swamp and woodland groups. 
The six members of the salt-marsh group are the species that are 
responsible for New Jersey’s fame as a mosquito-infested state, 
and these species naturally receive first consideration. 

The author describes at some length the methods of control 
of the salt-marsh mosquitoes, now in operation by the state, of 
draining the marshes or stocking the pools in localities where 
draining into the sea presents serious difficulties, with killifish 
(Fundulus), various species of which are most important natural 
factors in the control of these mosquitoes. Gratifying progress in 


a 


408 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


this work has already been attained, and it was found as the result 
of an investigation made during the summer of 1912-13 that the 
shore line property values between Jersey City and Rumson had _ 
increased by 45,600,000. Incidentally the drainage operations 
have greatly increased the production of marsh hay on the lands 
treated. 


sats 


“kr 
~ oF 


4 


ty 
_ 


- af ie 


ee ee 


Next in importance to the salt-marsh group is the house group, 
to which the House Mosquito (Culex pipiens L.) and the Malarial 
Mosquito (Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say) belong. The control 
of these forms is considered together with that of the woodland , 
and swamp group, the problem in all such fresh-water forms con- 
sisting in finding the breeding-places and in one way or another, 
according to circumstances, rendering them uninhabitable for the 
larve, either by draining, filling, stocking with fish, or, if these 
methods cannot be carried out, by oiling the surface or using a 
substance (larvicide), which will mix with the water ast kill the 
larve by contact. 


This excellent report is copiously illustrated, the greater~ : 
number of figures having been taken from Dr. J. B. Smith’s elabor- 
ate work. In addition to the figures of the various species of 
mosquitoes and their larval characters, the methods employed 
in draining the salt-marshes, characteristic breeding-places and 
the kinds of fish useful in mosquito control are also well illustrated. 


COLEOPTERA ILLUSTRATA. By Howard Notman, Vol. I, No. 1 
Carabide, 136 Joralemon Street, Brooklyn, N. Ls (Price $1.00). — 


This is a very peculiar little book, consisting: as it does, of | 
fifty outline drawings of beetles, forty-one belonging to the genus —_— 
Carabus, and the remaining nine to Calosoma, Damaster, eae ne 
and Procrustes. None of the species figured are North American. — a 
There are no descriptions, but merely an index to genera and sub-_ a 
genera, species and sub-species. The drawings are clear and well-— : 
executed, each species depicted occupying a single page. As there . 
is no introduction, we are unable to form any conjecture as to the 
author’s object in issuing this publication, ~ a 


C.J.S.B 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 409 


= 


THE Lonpon Narurat History Society. From the Transac- 
tions of this Society for the year 1914, we learn that the organ- 
ization has been formed by the amalgamation of the City of 
London Entomological and Natural History Society (founded 
in 1858) with the North London Natural-History Society. The 
union. has enabled the new organization to meet the war-time 
difficulties with a strength and resource which could not have 
been furnished by either of the old Societies by itself. 

In addition to the official records of meetings and reports, the 
Transactions contain some very interesting papers. The President, 
Mr. L. B. Prout, in his address, discusses various theories respecting 
genera and species, with particular reference to Pierce’s work on 
“The Genitalia of the Geometridz.’’. Mr. L. W. Newman describes 
-his methods of collecting and breeding the Sesiida, which will be 
found useful in this country. Dr. E. A. Cockayne contributes a 
paper on ‘‘Gynandromorphism,”’ in which he describes the various 
forms that are met with, and gives some remarkable examples. 
Other papers cover a wider range, such as ‘‘The Middle Ages in the 
. Wey Valley,” ‘British-breeding Ducks,” and a short DIRE of 

“The City of London Society.”’ 


THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.— 
TENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 


The Tenth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of 
America will be held in Columbus, Ohio, Wednesday and Thursday, 
December 29 and 30, and if necessary to complete programme, on 
_ Friday, December 31st, in affiliation with the meetings of the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science and other 
affiliated societies. Meetings will begin at 2.00 p.m. on Wednesday. 
The meetings of the American Association of Economic Ento- 
mologists will begin Monday afternoon with other meetings on 
Tuesday and Wednesday and Thursday evenings. 

The Annual Public Address will be given on Wednesday 
evening, December 29th, by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion 
Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada. His subject will be “A Review of 
Applied Entomology in the British Empire.’’ The entomologists 
of Ohio are planning a smoker for visiting entomologists, which 
will be held on Wednesday evening after the address.—(From 
Announcement.) 


INDEX TO VOLUME. XLVIL, 2 


Abrostota urentis, 131. 
Acarina, imported into New Jersey in 
1915, 328. 


Acronycta impressa, early stages of, 
4 


~~ 


AEshna umbrosa in Newfoundland, 386. 
Agaon nigriventre, n. sp., 44. : 
Ageniella cupidella, n. sp., 400. R 
hestia, n. sp., 400. . 
¥ tenella, n. sp., 400. 
Agrion interrogatum, rediscovery of, 
174. 


Agromyza aristata, n. sp., 13. 
¥ infumata, n. sp., 15. 
pruinosa, 15. 
Agrotis aurulenta, 28. 
“ bollii, 33. 
AINSLIE, GEORGE G., article by, 85. 
Alaskophyto, n. gen., 285. 
Alberta Lepidoptera, 1, 38, 122... 
Aldrovandri’s system of classification, 
370. 
ALEXANDER, C. P., article by, 79. 
Amphitornus bieolor, 29. 
Anarta cocklei, 124. 
impingens, 124. 
richardsoni, 124. 
secedens, 124. 
k staudingeri, 125. 
Anosia plexippus, migration of, 406. 
Antispila aurirubra, n. sp., 195. 
Ants as enemies of the fruit grower, 


ae 


Apantesis michabo, early stages of, 271. 
Mg moierra, 283. 
Aphid, a new Florida, 85. 
Aphids, apple, 51. 
Aphis, Woolly, 102. 
Apis mellifica, 280. 
A pophthisis, n. gen., 190. 
pullaia, n. sp., 191. 
Apple curculio, 50. 
“leaf rollers, 53. 
maggot, 52. 
Apples, deformed, and the causes, 49. 
Arabiopsis, n. gen., 285. 
ee cocklei, n. sp., 286. 
Archips argyrospila, pupal instar of, 
185. 


a 


Arcofacies, n. gen., 319. 
afi fullawayi, n. sp., 320. 
Argynnis cybele, 305. 
a idalia, 305. 
Aristotelia salicifungiella, 105. 
Aristotle’s system af clasiheation, 369, 
Army Worm, 347. 


Bitter pit disease, 53. 


Stan, spraying in orchard! 
Nova Scotia with, 137. : 

Artopsis nua, 283. 
Asiracine, key to genera of, 268. 
Aspidiotus perniciosus, 165 

tsuge, 313. 
Asteromyia sylvestris, n. sp., 228. 
Asteroscopus borealis, 127. 
Autographa brassice, 130. 

gamma californica, wh 
octoscripta, 130. 
sansoni, 130. 
st selecta, 130. 
ie steers 13}. 


Baker, A. W., article by, 237. AAS 
Bambucibatus, n. gen., 318. 
albolineatus, n. sp. “ 319. 
Banks, N., article by, 400. 
Barathra curialis, 123. Way? 
BARNEs, Wm. and McDuxxoucu, dy 
articles by, 20, 271, 282. . 
Bembex pruinosa, 29. 
BERGROTH, E., article by,. 215. bia 
BERRY, ROWLEY, RoERe and 
~ articles’ by, 303, 332. i 
BETHUNE, C. J. S. , articles by, 30, 100 
310, 408. 
BEUTENMULLER, W.s., article by,’ “353 
Biosteres rhagoletis, Nn. Sp., 293, 
o synonymy of, 
Birb, HENRY, articles by, 1089, 15 


Bombus flavifrons, 84. 
Bomolocha chicagonis, 132. 


Book REVIEWs: 


Australian Zoologist, The, 168. 
Brues and Melander's ' Key t 2 
ie of N, Aner bene a 
23 


1 a 
Fletcher's South Indian Tereaea, or: % 
rid s Mosquitoes of New Je 
Herrick’s~ Insects injurious to u 

household, 1 epi 
Hewitt’s cae F ly, 197. ee 
Holland's Butterfly Guide, aoe 
Notman’s Coleoptera Illustrata ; 
Packard’s Monograph of ‘ir 

Moths, 168. en 
Pierce's Genitalia of British C 

tride, 31. _ wy ts 


7 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLVII. ° 


_— 


ALL 


Book REVIEws: 

Riley and Lege Medical Ento- 

_ mology, 1 

Somes’ BR diac of Minnesota, 66. 

Stebbing’s Indian Forest Insects, 310 

Le cna s Forest Insects of Sweden, 

rewiactions of the London Natural 

History Society, 409. 

Winn and Beaulieu’s Diptera of the 

: Province of Quebec, 312. 

Botanobia hinkleyi, n. sp., 12. 

aes ar ANNETTE F., article by, 104, 
188. 

British Columbia, notes of economic 
interest from, 101. 

Brittain, W.H., article by, 292. 

pen eeh, injury in Nova Scotia by, 


Bumble-bees, inquiline, in 
Columbia, 84. 
Buprestidae, collected in Maine, 142. 


British 


- 


Cabbage worm, Imported, 101. 
- Caddis-flies of Japan, 90. 
Caddis-fly larve, key to families of, 217 
Caesar, i article by, 49, 57, 345. 
Calamoceratide, larval characters of, 


Callimomide from Queensland, 47. 

Callopistria floridensis, 22, 314. 

Calocampa thoracica, 126. 

Calpe canadensis, 130. 

Camnula pellucida, 341. 

Camptoptera gregi, n. sp., 65. 

Capsids on apple, 50. 

Carolinaia cyperi, n. sp., 85 

Caterpillars as weather prophets, 30, 
135 


Catocala coccinata, early stages of, 336 _ 


ae 


lachrymosa, early stages of, 


338. 
‘ ura, 132. 
Species “taken at Louisiana, Mo., 


303, 332. 

Catocale, the 1914 record of, 303. 
CAuDELL, A. N. article by,, 160. 
Ceratoma caminea, 69. 
Ceratomia amyntor, 304. 
Cerceris carrizonensis, n. sp., 403. 

“  dakotensis, n. sp., 402. 
floridensis, n. sp., 403. 
nigritulus, n. sp., 402. 
Chalcid, new seed, from spruce, 97. 
Chalcidide, from Queensland, 43. 


“é 


Chalcitelloides nigrithorax, n. sp., 43. 
Chironomus guatemaltecus,n. sp., 316, 
Chirotenetes, 246, 247. 
Chloridea obsoleta, 280. 
Choreutis inflatella, 104. 
Chorizagrotis boretha, 35. 
Chorthippus curtipennis, 340. 
Cicindela 12-guttata, 27. 
lecontei, 26. 
lengi, 26. 
he lepida, 27. 
limbata, 25. 
. manitoba, 27. 
obliquata, 27. 
Circotettix verruculatus, 341. 
Cirrhobolina deducta, 131. 
Cirrospilus ovisugosus, n. sp., 182. 
CLEMENS, W. A., article by, 245. 
Coccid, a new Monophlebine from the 
Philippines, 344. 
COCKERELL, T. D, A., articles by, 159, 
280, 315, 344, 351. 
Codling Moth, 102, 348. 
injury in Nova Scotia 
by, 140. 
Ceelioxys, table of Ontario species of, 
G cenagrion interrogatum, 175. 
table of N. American species, 
180. 
Coleoptera, Collecting in Maine of, 141 
a imported into New Jersey 
in 1915, 327. 
symmetry of, 89. 
Coloburus, 246. 
Conocephalus fasciatus, 344. 
Conochares acutus, 131. 
Copablepharon convexipennis, 28. 
Corythophora, n. gen., 188. 
aurea, n. sp., 189. 
CoseEns, A., article by, 354. 
CRIDDLE, NORMAN, article by, 24. 
Crossy, C. R., and MATHESON, R,, 
article by, 181. 
Curculio, Apple, 50. 
Plum, 49. 
Cutworms, poisoned bait for, 201. 
Cydia pomonella, 102. -* 
C ystiecetes, n. gen., 194, 
't nimbosus, n. sp., 195. 


Damaster blaptoides, 22. 
Dasychira pudibunda, 314. 
Davinson, W. M., article by, 134. 
Delphacide, list of genera of, 261. 


412 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLVII 


Delphacida, table of genera of, 268. 
taxonomy of, 208, 261, 
296, 317. 
three new genera of, 317. 
Delphacine, key to genera of, 269. 
Delphacini, key to genera of, 296. 
Delphax, type of, 215. 
Diabrotica 12-punctata, 70. 
Diastrophus fragarie, n. sp., 353. 
gall of, 354. 
Dicranomyia aquita, n. sp., 331. 
: fullowayi, n. sp., 79. 
* zuttula, n. sp., 80 
Dietz, W. G., article by, 329. 
Diptera imported into New Jersey in 
1915, 327. 
cs North American, 12. 
Disonycha quinquevittata, 27. 
Dissosteira carolina, 341. 
Don, F. H. WoLLey, articles by, 1, 33, 
122 


Dohrniphora etydialis, n. sp., 351. 
Dryocetes pseudotsuge, n. sp., 360. 

iu sechelit, n. sp., 359. 
Dysocnemis borealis, 128. 
Dytiscus, Manitoba species of, 173. 


ae 


Flachista prelineata, n. sp., 106. 
Elasmide, from Queensland, 42. 
Elasmus margiscutellum, n. sp., 42. 

a orientalis, n, sp., 43. 
Elateride, i injurious in B..C.,.103. 
Eleodes, injurious species in B. C., 103. 
Entomological Society of America, 408 
Entomological Society of Ontario, 184. 
Entomological Society of Ontario, An- 

nual Meetings, 284, 377. 
Entomological Society of Ontario, 

Nova Scotia Branch, 292. 
Epizeuxis zmula, 132. 

te lubricalis, 132. 
Eriosoma lanigera, 102. 
E rotolepsiella, yn. gen., 46. 

bifasciata, n. sp., 46. 

Eucactophagus graphipterus, 22. 
Eucercerts apicata, n. sp., 404. 
Eudeilinea herminiata, 134. 
Eumerus strigatus, occurrence in Cali- 

fornia of, 134. 
Euptoieta claudia, 305. 
Eurydinotomorpha, n. gen., 45. 

pax, n. sp., 45. 

Eustrotia albidula, 131. 
Euthyatira pudens, 132. 
Euxoa colata, 42. 


-Goniocotes hoJogaster, 241. 


Euxoa compressipennis, 41. | 
dolens, 40. : 
“‘ obeliscoides, 41. 
son ha poisoned bait for, — 


‘* rabiata, 39. 

‘ ~ rufula, 41. 
septentrionalis, 40. 
Evetria. buoliana, 313. 


FABRE, JEAN HENRI, obituary, 352, 
381 


FELT, E. P., article by, 226. 

Feltia volubilis, 37. 

Feniseca tarquinius, 305. 

Field notes and questions, 22, 135, 165, 

308, 406. 

Foreign insects, establishment of, 313. 

Frost, C. A., article by, 141. 

she? gs leaf-roller, pupal instar of, 

Fruit worm, green, 53. = 

‘injury in Nova Scotia bye . 

139. “ 

Fungus-gnat, a fool; 159. 


Gall midges, new N. American, 226. 

Gastroidea formosa, 25. 5 

Geolycosa, 30. 

Geometrid Notes, 9, 58, 64, 155. 

GERMAIN, Bro., article by, 309. 

GIBSON, A., article by, 377. 

Gipsy Moth, 314. 

G1RAULT, A. A,, articles by, 17, 42, 65, 

233, 234. 

Gluphisia severa, 133. 4 

Glyphoteelius admorsus, 90. Be 
miyaket, n. sp. 9b. 

Gonatocerus competi, 


Gonocausta sabinalis, 283. 
Grammotaulius ornatus, n. Sp., 92. 
Graphoderes, Manitoba species of, 7 
Grasshoppers, 349. . 
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, 314. _ . 
Gryllus pennsylvanicus, 344. Rav 
Guatemala, a new midge from, 315. aN 


Hadena violacea, 1. 
Haliplus, Manitoba species of, 172. ie 
Helotropha reniformis, 2. . i 
Herrick, G. W., and LerBy, R Ws a 

article by, 185. , tat 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLVII 


413 — 


flevatr, fG.. articles by, 73, 166, 
199, 381, 396. 


Hippiscus latifasciatus, 28. 


“ae 


neglectus, 28. 
Home’s system of classification, 375. 


; Homohadena dinalda, 3. 


fifia, 3 
oe infixa, 3. 


‘Homoptera, imported into New Jersey 


in 1915, 326. 
Hoop, J. D., article by, 241. 
Hoplandrothrips affinis, n. sp., 241. 
Hormomyia fenestra, n. sp., 231. 
capes f pupation and overwintering 
of, 73. 
Hydriomena barnesata, 11. 
bistriolata, 58. 
chiricahuata, 60. 
costipunctata, 10. 
= edenata, 59. 
grandis var saanichata, n. 
var., 157. 
regulata, 59. 
revision of group with 
long palpi, 9 
. ruberata, 
ruberata, var. 
i tee 62... 
ruberata, var. griscens, 61 
ruberata, var. literata, 61. 
similaris, 60. 
speciosata, "9. 
speciosata, var. agassizii, 


glaucata, 


speciosata, var. ameliata, 

n. var. 64. 
speciosata, var. taylori, 10 
Hydreecia immanis, 111. 
Hydrophilide, Manitoba, 174, 
Hydroporus vittatus, 172. 
side, larval characters of, 
Hydroptilide, larval characters of, 218 
Hylastes ruber, n. sp., 367 
Hymenoptera, chalcidoid,from Queens- 

land, 17, 42. 
24 imported into 

ersey in 1915. 
new fossorial, 400. 
Hyppa brunneicrista, 1. 

*““ indistincta, 1. 


New 


Ilybiosoma bifarius, 173. 
Ilybius angustior, 172. 
** ~~ confusus, 172. 


Importance of observations on ap- 
parently unimportant insects, 69. 

Insect friends and foes of Agriculture, ~ 
45 


Insects, curious beliefs about, 277. 
‘* relation to disease, 396. 
some old classifications of, 369. 
Ipidz, new species of, 355 
Ips knausi, n. sp.,'355 
‘* perroli, n. sp., 357. 
Ithytrichia confusa, life history of, 117. 


Jounson, C. W., article by, 54. 


Kalodiplosis, n. gen., 229. 
ortdana, n. sp., 230. 
¥ multifide. n. sp., 230. 
Knabia, n. gen., 286. 
‘hirsuta, n. sp., 287. 
KRAFKA, J., article by, 217. 


Lamarck’s system of classification, 373. 
Lanaphora, n. gen., 317. 
bakeri, n. sp., 317. 
Lathromerella fasciata, 17. 
Lathromeroides fasciativentris, n. sp., 17. 
Latreille’s system of classification, 373. 
Leaf-bug, Four-lined, an insect enemy 
of, 181. 
Leaf-bugs on apple, 50. 
Leaf-rollers, apple, 53. 
Lerpy, R. W., Herrick, G. W., and, 
article by, 125. 
Lepidoptera, imported into New Jersey 
in 1915, 327 
new genus and species of, 
20 s 


“ Notes on Alberta, 1, 33, 
122. 

r recently described -N. 

American, 282, 
symmetry of, 89. 
Lepidosaphes ulmi, 165, 
Leptoceridz, larval characters of, 221. 
Lestremia floridana, n. sp., 226. 
Leucocnemis, ns gen., 21, 

3 barbara, n. sp., 21. 

Libnotes picta, n. sp., 81. 
Liburnia, type of, 215. 
Lice of domestic fowl, 237. 

‘* control measures for, 238. 
Limegitis astyanax, 333. 


“ 


414. 


‘INDEX TO VOLUME XLVII. 


Limnobia gracilis, n. sp., 329. 


Limnophilide ,larval characters of , 222 - 


Limnophilide of Japan, 9 
Limnophilus affinis, 94. 
amurensis, 94. 
correptus, 93. 
fusconitatus, 93. 
ornatus, 95. 
Linnzus’ system of classification, 373. 
Lipeurus variabilis, 240. 
Llaveia sanguinea, n. sp., 344. 
Lioyp, J. T., article by, 117. 
Louse, common hen, 239 

‘lesser chicken, 241. 

_‘* variable chicken, 240. 
LovELL, J. H., article by, 115. 
Rha cause of blue coloration of, 
i: 


Ts 


McDunnouca, J., WM. BARNEs and, 
articles by, 20, 271, 282, 
Macrodactylus subspinosus, some trop- 
ic reactions of, 152. 
Bend Islands, Orthoptera from, 
9 
Magdalis znescens, 103. 
Maine, collecting Coleoptera i in, 141. 
Mat toca, J. R., article by, 1 
Mamestra artesta, 122. 
carbonifera, 122; : 
4 chunka, 122. 
abe lubens, 122.. 
plicata, 122. 
oe pulverulenta, 123. 
Manitoba water-beetles, 169. | 
Mantis religiosa, occurrence in Canada 
of, 135. 
Marmara apocynella, n. sp., 193. 
Sg auratella, n. sp., 192. 
MATHESON, RoBert, Crossy, C. R. 
and, article by, 181. 
Mayflies of Siphlonurus group, 245. 
Mecostethus gracilis, 341. 
lineatus, 341. 
Megastigmus laricis, 97. 
picee, n. sp., 97. 
Melanoplus angustipennis, 29. 
attanis, 29, 348. 
sf bivittatus, '343. ’ 
) extremus, 339, 342. 
“ * fasciatus, 341. 
ff femur-rubrum, 343. 
* _packardi, 29. 
A scudderi, 29. 
Melicleptria vi'losa, 129. “ 


| Miscogasteride, from Queensland, 46. 


Menopon eet 240, 
pallidum, 239. 

Microceraia aldrichii, n. sp., 228, 

Midge, a new, from Guatemala, 315. 


ee 
Molannide, larval chasacters of, 221.. 
Molophilus sirius, n. sp., 82 
Momaphana comstocki, 2. 

Mongoma guamensis, 83. 4 
Moropsyche parvula, 96. Aah 
Morris, F. J. A., article by, 384 
Mur, F = articles by, 208, 261, 06 


Misumena vatia, insects captured by. 
115. 


Musca domestica, pupation and over- 
wintering of, 73. : 
ng ony new Canadian and Alaskan, a 
Mycetophila bradene, n. sp., 159. 
Myelophilus piniperda, 313. 
Mymaride, from Queensland, 18. 
Myochrous denticollis, 69. 
NAKAHARA, WARO, article by, 90. 


Nemotaulius brevilinea, 92. - 
Neobrachista novifasciata, n. sp., ‘18. 
Neomegastigmus collaris, n. sp., 47.— 
lividus, 47. 
ny petiolatus, n. P 47, 
Néphrocerus daeckei, 55. 
scutellatus, 55. 
slossone@, n. sp.;-55. 
Ls table of species, 54. 
New Jersey, insect importations into, 
New Jersey captures, 22. a 
New Jersey Coast, insect fauna of 308. 
New Jersey nursery insects, 1 
Noctua acarnea,33.. 
*  bairdii, 35. 
“. vocalis, 35. As fast 
Nothopsyche longicornis, n. sp., 95. 
tans pallipes, 95. - eae se 
. ruficollis, 95. — Pee 
Notodontide, Alberta, 132. — 
Nycteropheta luna, 128. 
Nysius, species injuring sunflowers, 28. 


Obrussa, n. gen., 196. 

rf ochrifasciella, 196. 
Ochrilidea cinerea, 29. e 
Odontoceridz, larval characters of, 
Oeneis jutta, 28. 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLVII. 


: Okanagania, n. gen., 289. 
hirta, n. sp., 290. 


~~ Olene lagiata, 133. 


Omophron americanum, 27. 

Oncocnemis barnesii, 5. 

chandleri, 5. 

figurata, 5. 

glennyi, 5. 

levis, 5. 

regina, 4. 

_ Orchestes scutellaris, 309. 

- Orthoptera from Prince Edward Island 
-and the Magdalen Islands, 339. 

Orthoptera, symmetry of, 89. 

Orthosia inops, 128. 

Otiorhynchus, injurious 

ne C., 10. 


species in 


*  Palthis angulalis, 132. 
Paltodora similiella, 282. 
Panzertopsis, n. gen., 290. 

curriet, n. sp., 291. 
Papaipema furcata, life history of, 149. 
humuli, n. sp., 113. 
new species and. life his- 
tories of, 109, 145. 
“ silphii, life history of, 110. 
a life history of, 


Papilio philenor, 303. 
*-troilus, 303. 
Perilampus hyalinus, 282. 
_ Petrophora defensaria, var. mephistaria, 
n. var., 156. 
Philanthus assimilis, n. sp., 404. 
sf subversus, n. sp., 405. 
vertilabris, var. completus, 
n. var., 406. 
Philippine Islands, a new coccid from, 


ae 


Philopotamide, larval characters of, 

220. 
Philotrypesis longiventris, n. sp., 48. 
Phle@osinus hoppingi, n. sp., 364. 

pint, n. sp.; 362. 

utahensis, n. sp., 363. 

ss vandy kei, n. sp., 366. 
Phoride, new Californian species of, 


Deccidic larval characters of, 2 
Phe sulphurea, 282 

Phyciodes ismeria, 282. 

Phyllophilopsis, new name, p. 78. 

Phymata fasciata, 282. 

Phytomyza aquifolii, 313. 

- Phytonomus quadricollis, 25. 


Platagrotis gelida, 7. 
imperita, 7. 
speciosa, 6. 
Pleroma conserta, 125. 
< obliquata, 125. 
Plum curculio, 49. 
Plusia falcifera, 281. 

‘““ gamma californica, 280. 
orichalcea, 280. 
Podisma frigida in Alaska, 160. 

‘“  glacialis glacialis, 341. 
Poecilocapsus lineatus, an insect enemy 

of, 181. 
Poisoned bait for Cutworms, 201. 
Meee irate larval characters of, 


ae 


ae 


Polydotes tortulosus, 171. 
Polynema Spectosissimum, n. sp., 19. 
zolai, n. sp., 18. 

Pontia rape, 101. ; 

Popular and Economic Entomology, 
24, 49, 69, 101, 137, 169, 201, 
237, 277, 313, 345, 384. 

Porosagrotis orthogonia, poisoned bait 
for, 201. 

Porosagrotis orthagonia, var. delorata, 


Porricondyla wellsi, n. sp., 227. 
Potato Beetle, 101. , 
Prince Edward Island, Orthoptera 
from, 339. 
Priconemis fortella, n. sp., 401. 
hesperus, n. sp., 401. 
Priophorus acericaulis, 23. 
Protagrotis nicholle, 8. 
Pseudobrachysticha, n. gen., 233. 


semiaurea, Nn. sp., 
233. : 
Pseudodidyma, n. gen., 287. 
ula, n. sp., 288. 


Pseudomphale hypatia, n. sp., 234. 
Pseudotamila awemensis, 98. 
Psithyrus consultus, 84. 

fe insularis, 84. 
Psocaphora engelella, 108. 
Psychomyide, larval characters of, 220 
Pteromalide from Queensland, 45. 
Pyrameis huntera, 305. 


Queensland, Chalcidoidea from, 17, 42. 


Rancora solidaginis, 127. 

Ray and Willughby’s system of classifi- 
cation, 370. 

Recurvaria dorsivittella, 105. 


416 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLVII. 


2. 


a7 


‘Red Spider, an imported, attacking 
fruit-trees, 57. 
Rhachogaster, n. gen., 291. 
& kermodei, n. sp., 291. 
Rhagoletis. pomonella, a new parasite 
of, 293 
Rhantus, Manitoba species of, 173. 
Rhizagrotis querula, n. sp., 36. 
Rhyacophilide, larval characters of, 
218. 
RouWER, S. A., article by, 97. 
Row.ey, R. R., and BERRY, L., article 
by, 303. 


Samia columbia, 303. 
 gloveri, 303. 
- SANDERS, G. E., article by, 137, 183. 
Sand Plain, some inhabitants, of a, 24. 
San José scale, 348 
Saskatchewania, n. gen., 153. 
canadensis, n. sp., 153 
Scale insect eggs, rate of hatch of, 98. 
Schinia acutilinea, 128. 
a! navarra, 283. 
Schizura unicornis, 132. 
Scotogramma conjugata, 124, 
submarina, 124. 
Semiphora elimata, 8. 
rhe sr ar larval characters of, 
Setagrotis vernilis, 8. 
Stums, H. M., article by, 161. 
Siphlonisca, 246. 247, 254. 
zrodromia, 255. 
Siphlonurus alternatus, 248. 
occidentalis, 248. 
mirus, 253. 
table of species (adults), 
\ 247, 


triangularis, n. sp., 250. 
Siphloplecton, n. gen., 258 
flexus, 258. 

Sitones hispidulus, 70. 
SLADEN, F. W. L., article by, 84, 205, 

213. 
Smerinthus ophthalmicus, 303. 
Smicronyx fulvus, 281. 
SmitH, H. E., article by, 153. 
SMULYAN, M. T., article by, 321. 
SPENCER, G. J., article by, 68. 
Spray injury to apple, 54. 
Stamnodes blackmorei, n. sp., 155. 


te of species (nymphs), - 
248. 


Tipulide, new Alberta, 329 


Staurophlebia reticulata, ‘copulato ao 
position of, 392. ? 
ss “habits of, 393. 
notes on, 387. 
guatemalteca, n. 
subsp., 391. 
obscura, n. subsp., 
391. 


reticulata, 390. 
Stictoceplala festina, 72. 
Strawberry leaf petiole gall, 354. 
STRICKLAND, E. H., artiéle by, 501. 
Sunflower insects, 380, 

SWAINE, J. M., article by, 355. 
Swammerdam’ s system of classification, 
3 

SwEET, L. W., article by, 9, 58, 64, 155. 
Sycoscaplella angela, n. sp., 465% 
Symmetry of insects, 88. 

Syneda perplexa, 132. 

Syneta albida, 103. 

Syngrapha parilis, 131. 


Tabanus wrighti, n. sp., 380. 
Tachinide, a new Canadian genus of, 
153 


Tzniocampa oviduca, 125. 
Tenthredella cinctitibiis abdominalis, 
n. subsp., 324. 
lobata’ maculosa, n. _sub- : 
sp., 324. 
macgillivrayi, n. sp., 323. 
nortont, n. sp., 321. 
rohweri, n. n., 323. 
Tetranychus bimaculatus, 57. 
pilosus, 57. 
Thecla calanus, 304. 
Theisoa constrictella, 107. wy 
Thomiside, insects captured by, 115, cae 
Thrinchostoma assamensis, n. sp., 214, 
heehee, in India of, 
1 : 


ie sladeni, 213. : 
Tineina, life histories of N. America, 
104 The 


ow 


4 “a 
“cc 


ae 


ae 


new genera and species of, 188 


new exotic, 79. 
TownsEnp, C. H. T., article by, 78, — 
285. Vad 
Toxoptera graminum, 71. 
TREHERNE, R. C., article by, 101. a 
Trichberamanagiase from eensland, 
1 ‘ 


Trichogrammatide, 


new genus and 
species of, 233. Tas 


a Ante eet ~ _ = “ ~ ee 
ia? See = ° 7 . 7 7 a 
> GF fi . ‘ ‘* a“ A ee + his o & by ‘ i vas 
; 0 : cn dies aa ea i a Ret ad Ah ey bs 
@ es ' ¢ ny ft i; ti! 4 Sy. et a 
: - inet eas, 
’ ype 
% . ef 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLVII. 


417— 


_ Trichoptera of eae 90. 
alee” i larve, key to families of, 


~ Trimerotropis agrestis, 29. 


Vallisnieri’s system of classification, 
372 


Vanessa antiopa, 305. 


WALKER, E. M., articles by, 66, 135, 
174, 197, 198, 235, 310, 312, 339, 
386, 387, 407. 

WALLIs, J. B., article by, 169. 

Water beetles, some Manitoba, 169. 

WEBSTER, F. M., articles by, 69, 406. 

Weevil, Bronze Apple- -tree, 103. 


Weiss, H. B., articles by, 22, 23, 88, — 
135, 136, "152, 166, 277, 308, 313, 
326, 369. -- 

White grubs, 349. 

WituiaMson, E. B., article by, 393. 

Winn, A. F., articles by, 31. 

Wireworms, 349. 

Woops, W. C., article by, 293. 

WoopwortH, c W., article by, 98. 


Xylina bethunei, carnivorous habits of, 
183. 2 


Xylomiges cognata, 123. 
pulchella, 123.° 


Zaglyptonotus schwarzi, 282, 


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G. T. PORRITT J. J. WALKER R. W. LLOYD 


It contains descriptions of new genera and speciesin all orders 
(British and foreign), life-histories, reviews of new works, etc., and 
is illust: ated by at least two chromo-lithographic plates per annum, 
Vol. LI was commenced in January, 1915. The subscription for 
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the publishers : 


GURNEY & JACKSON, 33 Paternoster Row, London, E. C. 
Advertisements are inserted at low rates. For terms, apply to: 
R. W.\ LLOYD, 1. 5, Albany, London, W., England. 


of The Entomological Society of America. Published 


Annals quarterly by the Society. 


Subscription price in the United States and Mexico $3.00; Canada 
$3.50; other countries $4.00. “Volume vii (1914) contained 368 > 
pages, illustrated by 45 plates and papers by 25 authors. Money 
orders should be made payable to 


‘**ANNALS, ENTOMOL OGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA” 
State University, - Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. 


, 


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